raffW m m | LIBRARY O F CONGRE SS. \ I ^' <&& f ♦UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA.J ' \ ;> \ BEVISED EDITIOIT, 1 ^ HISTORY v OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS. EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS TO THE PRESENT TIME; WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS, TOGETHER WITH A NOTICE OF AMERICAN ANTI- QUITIES, AND THE INDIAN TRIBES. BY EGBERT GUERNSEY, A.M. 1 Our history takes as its guiding star the simple and pregnant truth that GOD IS IN HISTORY." PHILADELPHIA: MOSS & CO., 418 MARKET STREET, 1869. Mo, ;, Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1847, BY EGBERT GUERNSEY, A.M., In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for .ne Southern District of New York. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by MOSS AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by MOSS AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. .1 PREFACE To commune with the great and mighty dead — to turn our thougnts backward along the path of time, and call from their silent gravef the buried heroes of the past, and people with their living iorms thosa old battle fields where freemen, under the protection of the God of Hea- ven, fought, not for a crown, but for liberty — is an employment both pleasing and instructive. All history is instructive, but that of our own country is peculiarly interesting. The actors in its earliest periods, and in its revolution- ary struggle, were meo of patriotism, virtue, and religion. Rising above the selfish feelings of human nature, they planned and acted, not tor themselves alone, but for their country, and the unborn millions who were yet to tread its soil. Believing in the overruling provi- ience of God, they were not ashamed to look to Him for direction, nor to lean on his arm for support. Convinced that no people could flou- rish without a proper training of the mind, they early turned their at- tention to schools and colleges, believing them to be the nurseries o! freedom. The study of American history not only unites us more closely, and with stronger love to our free institutions, but it ennobles the mind by tne lessons of virtue and patriotism which are given in the teachings and examples of our fathers. The whole course of the American Revo- lution shows but one traitor. The infamy which is forever attached to the name of Arnold, is a sufficient warning to youth not tc follow in his footsteps. There are a few points, which I think have been neglected, or too lightly passed over, in all the histories of our country with which 1 am acquainted. One of these is, a particular notice of the direct interpo- sition o*. Providence, so often displayed in our history. This fault I have endeavored to shun. While it has been my object VI PREFACE. to present a correct historical chain of events, in a style pleasing to iae young, I have also endeavored to impress on them the important fact, that their fathers were working out the great designs of God, and were aided by him in their glorious consummation. As undoubted remains of a civilized people, inhabiting America be- fore the Indians, are scattered over the country, I have thought proper to devote an introductory chapter describing their appearance, locality, and the various opinions respecting them. In another chapter is given an epitome of the different Indian fami- lies, with a notice of their languages, manners, and customs. As this history has been compiled for educational purposes, I have endeavored to make the plan striking and simple, and to adapt my style to the minds and feelings of intelligent youth. In selecting my plan, three great epochs presented themselves as pro- per to be noticed particularly. The first presenting a picture of our country from its discovery by Columbus, during its colonial history. A clear outline is here given ; but much matter of a dry and prolix character, usually introduced in school histories with little effect, has been omitted. A dislike to an entire book has sometimes been produced, by crowding into this epoch a collection of isolated facts, which the young mind has struggled in vain to connect. If we succeed in enlist- ing their feelings in the commencement, the grand events which follow will surelv enchain them, and our point is gained. The second epoch presents the story of the Revolutionary War. fi ,m the Declaration of Independence, until the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution. I have endeavored faithfully to describe the most important of those thrilling events which cluster around this period. It is strange, that while in many school histories the colonial period is tediously minute, the long struggle of a whole people for liberty, with a mighty nation, is briefly recorded. In the third and last epoch, each administration is separately noticed, from the commencement of the Federal Government until the year 1806. A. concise biographical sketch of each President is given, that our American youths may know, who were their rulers, and associate kind and noble thoughts of them, w r ith the story of their public acts while in office. This has never been introduced in any of our school books, and, as a body, our children are strangely ignorant of the character of those great men. This is evidently a de r ect which should be remedied; for American children, above others, should early be taught, m connection with the principles of a republican government, the fact, that most of these ven- erable and beloved men, were once children in humble life, and that they PREFACE. Vll under Providence, by their own exertions and their virtues, arose to th«» highest station in the gift of their country. The eyes of the civilized world are on America. They are nar- rowly watching all her operations, and scanning her motives of action. Prom this land of freemen an influence pervades the globe. Much is expected from the American youth, and a deep responsibility rests on their guardians and instructors. Next to the Bible, no book is better adapted to teach lessons of impor- tance, both to the heart and intellect, than a faithful history of God's dealings with our countrymen. A strange iadifference to the study of American history is manifested throughout our land; and it is time that a better state of things existed. It is surprising how many schools of high standing entirely exclude it from their classes. Histo- ries of classic Greece and Rome are mastered, those of England and France are not forgotten, but American history is regarded as a simple elementary subject, unworthy the study of an advanced scholar. This is a fact beyond dispute. In relating the history of the Americans, our ancestors, I do not wish to throw into the shade the merits of any other nation. I would have all history faithfully studied and remembered. It is worthy the time and talent of every immortal mind. History is a harp whose strings are swept by the hand of Time. It tells us of the birth of creation — the uprising of empires — the passing away of mighty nations — it sounds in our ears the events which lie scattered along the path of life. Its notes tremble mournfully over the graves of greatness and virtue entombed. Its tones are ever varying, and will be heard until Time severs the strings, as they are sounding the requiem of the world, and historv is ao more ! NOTE TO TEACHERS. The questions on the margin are only intended as leading ones, to answer which, however, a knowledge of the whole subject is necessary. These questions can be altered and others suggested, at the pleasure of the teacher. Great pains have been taken to make the Chronology as correct as possible. To avoid confusion, all the dates have been given in New Style. This History is not only intended for a recitation book, but to be used in reading classes. The events forming a connected chain, a habit of attention will be elicited, and much historical knowledge gained. A plan similar to this, I have pursued in a long course of teaching, with decided advantage. CONTENTS. Pase American Antiquities 13 — io Indian History 45 — 68 Division of the Work 70 PAKT I. CHAPTER I. EARLY DISCOVERIES. Columbus— Sebastian Cabot — Alonzo de Ojeda — Contereal — Cartier— Ponce de Leon— Ferdinand de Soto— Coligni— Gilbert— Sir Walter Raleigh— Bartholomew Gosnold— Capt. John Smith — London Company 70—84 CHAPTER II. COLONIAL HISTORY Virginia — Under the first charter — Under the second charter — Under the third charter — From the dissolution of the Lon- don Company until the French and Indian War 84—99 CHAPTER III. Massachusetts. — Massachusetts Bay Colony — King Philip's War — King George's and dueen Anne's Wars 99 — 123 CHAPTER IV. New Hampshire 123 — 125 CHAPTER V. Connecticut 125 — 133 CHAPTER VI. Rhode Island 133—135 viii CONTENTS. ix Page CHAPTER VII. New York.— Dutch West India Company — Swedish Colony Grant to the Duke of York— Leisler and Milborne 135—149 CHAPTER VIII. New Jersey 149 — 152 CHAPTER IX. Delaware 152 CHAPTER X. Pennsylvania 154 — 158 CHAPTER XI. Maryland 158— i62 CHAPTER XII. North Carolina 162 — 16G CHAPTER XIII. South Carolina 1 66 — 170 CHAPTER XIV. Georgia 170—174 CHAPTER XV. French and Indian War 174 — 191 CHAPTER XVI. Causes of the Revolution 191 — 20« CHAPTER XVII. Revolutionary War — Campaign of 1775 208 — 224 CHAPTER XVTI1. Campaign of 1776 224—235 PART II. CHAPTER I. ^Conclusion of Campaign of 1776 235—266 CHAPTER II. Campaign of 1777 266—302 CHAPTER III. Campaign of 1778 302—313 CHAPTER IV. Campaign of 1779 313—324 x CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Page Campaign of 1780 3-24—336 CHAPTER VI. Campaign of 1781 336— 350 PART III. CHAPTER I. Washington's Administration 350— 35S CHAPTER II. Adams' Administration 358—363 CHAPTER III. Jefferson's Administration 362 — 368 CHAPTERS IV., V., VI., VII. Madison's Administration — War with England — Campaigns of 1812, '13, '14 368—396 CHAPTER VIII. Monroe's Administration 396 — 400 CHAPTER IX. J. Gt. Adams' Administration 400 — 403 CHAPTER X. Jackson's Administration 403 — 409 CHAPTER XI. Van Buren's Administration 409 — 413 CHAPTER XII. Harrison's Administration 413 — 416 CHAPTER XIII. Tyler's Administration , 416—419 CHAPTER XIY, Polk's Administration— War with Mexico. . . ., 419 — 447 CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XV. page Taylor's Administration 451- -456 CHAPTER XVI. Fillmore's Administration — Death of Webster 456 — 459 CHAPTER XVII. Pierce's Administration 460 — 46V CHAPTER XVIII. Buchanan's Administration 468 — 488 CHAPTER XIX. Lincoln's Administration — Rebellion 488 — 497 CHAPTER XX. Events of 1862 : 497—511 CHAPTER XXI. Events of 1863 511—518 CHAPTER XXII. Events of 1864 518—529 CHAPTER XXIII. Events of 1865 529—541 CHAPTER XXIV. Events of 1866 541—546 CHAPTER XXV. Events of 1867 546—554 CHAPTER XXVI. Events of 1868 554—563 Constitution of the United States 565 Chart of American History....,- 572 LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Bancroft's History of the United States Thatcher's Military Journal ; Robertson'3 History sf America; Botta's War of the Independence ; Holmes' Annals of America ; Irving's Life of Columbus; Marshall's History of the American Colonies ; Marshall's Life of Washington; Sparks' Writings of Washington.; Pitkin's History of the States; Perkins' History of the Late War with Great Britain ; Belknap's History of New Hampshire ; Trumbull's Civii and Eccle- siastical History of Connecticut; Life of Capt. John Smith ; Hutchinson's History of Massa- chusetts Bay ; Smith's History of New York and New Jersey ; Proud's History of Pennsylva- nia ; Hewitt's Histories of Card\ina and Geor v sia ; Ramsay's Revolution of South Carolina ; Dwight's Journal ; Stewart's Travels; Willard's History of the United Stares ; Hale's History of the United States ; Goodrich's History of the United States ; Stone's Life of Brandt ; Vol- ney's View of America; Schoolcraft's Travels; Rafinesque ; Mitchell ; American Antiqua- rian Researches ; Clavigero's History of Mexico; Humboldt; Morse's Universal Geography ; Jefferson's Notes; Gazetteer of Missouri ; Vater ; Grimshaw's United States; Colden's His- tory of the Five Nations ; Encyclopedia; Brackenbridge's History of the Last War ; State Papers; Niles' Register; Priest's Antiquities of America; Lossing's 1776 ; Life of Jackson ; Life of Harrison ; Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence ; Lives of the Presi- ients ; Head'p.y's Washington and his Generals ; Make Brun's Geography : De Tocqueville'a Democracy in America : Trumbull's Indian Wars ; Prescott's Conquest of Mexico; Life of General Houston ; Taylor and his Generals ; life of General Scott; Robinson's Mexico and her Military Chieftains ; Longacre and Herring's National Gallery. Ijistorn of tl)c Unitco States. AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES AND DISCOVERIES IN THE WEST. HE leading incidents in the & What if \ history of the old world have ^j,' 1 ,^,, been recorded by the pen of dentaTn" faithful historians, either sa- to^ of ' the old cred or profane. The Bible, world? the only book that has moved gf bl * h , e along upon the great stream of time and not been ingulphed in its eddying whirlpools, has thrown upon the earlier nations the bright light of inspiration. It commenced a clear and historical chain of events, stretching from the birth-day of Creation to the deluge, and from the deluge to the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 2. In looking at the old world, we have spread ° . What 13 out before us a grand panorama of six thousand gjjj 1 ^ years. We can trace its events, witnessing the wo ' lin different nations, which have stepped upon the theatre of life and then passed away, while the 14 AMERICAN ANTIQ.L TIES. finder of time has written ruin and desolation orr the proud temples and monuments of art. which they vainly deemed to be eternal, and scattered dust in the halls and palaces of their kings. The events which cluster so thickly around each point in the career of these ancient nations, make theii history full of peculiar interest. 3. As the antiquarian wanders among the broken columns and scattered fragments of their ruined cities, the very small portions of their history with which he is acquainted give double interest to the scene. He stands by the broken gates of Thebes, upon her shattered walls, and gazes upon the stu- pendous ruins of that now silent and pulseless city. The veil is lifted from the past, his mind glances back through the long, dim vista of buried centuries, and he hears the throbbings of her mighty heart, the thundering tramp of her men- at-arms, as they sweep with waving crests, and burnished arms, in battle array through her broad gates. He listens, as the rays of the sun stream over the hills, and light up those shafts and domes. He hears strains of sweetest music, filling the air with its rich melody, pouring out from Memnon's temple, as if its tones were instinct with life. 4. There, by its base, stands the sightless, bald- headed Homer, striking the harp of poesy with so bold a hand, as to fill all Greece with music, and send its immortal strains onward through all time. He stands upon the site of ancient Troy, and there pass before his vision the armed hosts of Gveece- Ajax, Agamemnon, and the god-like Achilles, bat- ANTIQUITIES FULL OF INTEREST. 16 (ling with Trojan Hector and Priam for the beau- tiful Helen. He enters the ruined cities of the Pharaohs, wanders through the three thousand chambers of her mighty pyramids, descends into the sepulchres of her dead, and drags out from their long rest of thousands of years, the bodies of the kings and great men of Egypt, who sat upon the tli rone, and moved in splendor in those days when Israel groaned beneath their heavyweight of bond- age, slaves to their oppressors. As he stands on the cast-up mounds of what was once Babylon, and looks around him upon the wide scene of desola- tion — the waters of the Euphrates rolling over a what of portion of the city — he sees the fulfilment of a auaaan, 1 J as he prophecy of God, pronounced thousands of years [^ the before, when that nation was glorying in its strength Sfijkmi and power. " I will also make it a possession for the bittern, and pools of water ; and I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the Lord of Hosts." 5. Wander where he will through those ancient cities, and over the graves of those buried na- tions, scenes constantly start up before his eyes, made sacred by the pen of inspiration, the fulfil- ment of prophecy, the tongue of the orator, or the harp of poesy and song ; and every crumbling city, every hill and mountain, every stream of water has its own peculiar tale to tell. Hence, we have grown more familiar with those ancient nations than with thai 1 w« the antiquities and earlier history of our own coun- ha grown more try, Indeed, travelers seem never to have known, Siti?'" these 31* to have forgotten, in their enthusiastic researches ancient and admiration of the ruins of the old world, that ,h; nati than awn; 16 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. What do there exists a vast continent, far beyond those lands seem e to of poesy and song- — beyond the broad bosom of have for- *\ / . . . , .„ gotten in tlie Atlantic — containing hills and mountains, rivers their ;ul- O C/ Iri the n an d lakes, far more stupendous and magnificent Ehe n8 o?d than any thinsr of which either Asia or Europe can woild? . f ■ i i • • boast: that here, on tins western continent, we are living — are moving over the tombs of nations, as ancient, and as far advanced in civilization as the Roman, the Persian, Chaldean, or Egyptian — that we are surrounded by the ruins of cities and fortresses, which bear evident marks of having been constructed hundreds of years before the landing of Columbus upon our shores, and by a race of men cotemporary with the Egyptians and Romans. 6. No country in the world presents so broad a What is J r of re ou? ld ne ld f° r stu dy as does our own : none so rich in an- c-mntry? cient ruins, in mineral wealth, in internal resources, bold, majestic mountains, in vast inland seas, and in rivers, forming channels of communication with the ocean, thousands of miles in every direction into the interior of the country. 7. North America stretches from north to south, tent?" through a part of three zones, and covers an ex- tent of about 7,800,000 square miles. The middle portion comprises the United States, to the his- tory of which our attention will be more par- ticularly directed. It contains about 3,221,000 square miles. The eastern shore is washed through- out the whole extent by the waves of the Atlantic, and its western resounds with the roar of the Pa- cific. 8. It has Niagara thundering on its northerr boundaries, connected with the great Lakes, whose RIVERS OF THE WEST. 1 waters it pours into the river St. Lawrence, through Whax i» said of which great arter) they are conveyed 1,900 miles to the (he ocean. From the western face of the Allegha- Jivem nies, a range of mountains presenting some of the most sublime scenery in the world, the Ohio takes its rise, and flows for 1,250 miles, until it empties itself into the Mississippi, the great father of waters, whose source is found at the extreme northern frontier of the United States, and winds on its ser- pentine course through every variety of climate and soil, 2,600 miles, until it discharges its swollen and turbid waters into the Mediterranean of the West, the Gulf of Mexico. 9. Far back, toward the setting sun, on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, formed by the trickling streams which flow down its channeled sides, the Missouri, another mighty river, takes its rise, and sweeps on through a country teeming with the most luxuriant vegetation, 2,500 miles, until it pours its dark volume into the Mississippi. These are some of the great streams which, like arteries, pervade every part of the country, causing it to bud and blossom like the rose, and teem with life and vegetation. On our northern shores lie vast inter- nal seas, many hundred miles in extent. 10. What nation, or what country in the world, can boast of mountains, lakes, and rivers like our own ? But we are not to suppose that this country has remained quiet and undisturbed during the ter- rible commotions of nature which have shaken the eastern world. The same great causes which plowed a channel for the Black Sea to the Medi- •e ranean, opened a passage through the Straits of 2 IP AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. Gibraltar for its waters to the ocean, overwhelmed with a flood of fire Pompeii and Herculaneuni, hurled up from the bottom of the sea vast islands, and rolled its waves over others, have been at work here. 11. The whole land, from north to south and Wliat is ' said of f rom eas t t0 we st, plainly shows the change which SSkff has been produced by these great agents. Many produced of the vales of our rivers were once the bottoms of in the country? immense lakes ; and now, where the tops of the tallest forests wave, or where the towering spires of many a Christian temple make glad with their sight the heart of civilized man ; and where are the smoking chimneys of his wide-spread habitations ; once sported (long, perhaps, before the advent of our Saviour) the monstrous lake-serpent and finny tribe, or birds of bright plumage passed along the horizon. 12. We look to the soil, where grazes the peace- ful flock — to the fields, where wave a thousand har- vests — to the air above, where play the wings of the low-flighted swallow — and to the roads, where the passing wheels denote the course of men — and say, can this be so ? Yes ; where the waves once rolled is now fixed the foundation of many a state- ly mansion, the dwelling of man. Such the muta- tion of matter and the change of habitation. 13. The principal ridges of the Alleghany, Blue W hit Ridge, &c, run in a transverse direction to most '" M evf- of the great rivers, so that their mounds must have the sua been broken through, to make a way to the sea from quehan- nah, tomac, Jamt 1°' the bosom of the valleys. This is evident in the umFSbI- Potomac, Susquehannah, Delaware, James rivers, and others, where they issue from the confines of the mountains to enter the lower country ANCTENT LAKES. 19 14. The Potomac, three miles below the mouth what lf of the Shenandoah, gives a striking example of this S ie of fact. It here dashes and foams along upon its toman? rocky bed, through what is evidently a breach in the Blue Ridge, about twelve hundred yards wide, and three hundred and fifty yards high. This chasm plainly displays traces of an ancient wall, composed of grey quartz, which once dammed up the river, forming immense lakes, that stretched far back over a great extent of territory. 15. The valley of the Shenandoah and Conigo- What clieague must have been the basin of a single great vwh-luui lake, extending from Staunton to Chambersburg. a f. r rc;;t. Like The upper branches of the James river would have {j ™^ swelled it with their waters, and finding no obsta- dSa'Vd cie below, must have extended not only to the Sus- cheaguei quehannah and Schuylkill, but even to the Delaware. The outlets to these vast lakes must have been over the rocky walls of the mountain barriers, which have since broken : thus they would have formed falls of the most magnificent description, which had thundered in their descent from the time of Noah's flood till the rupture of the ridge took place, and the immense lake, drained of its waters, laid open a tract of rich soil to the genial warmth of the sun. 16. There is every reason to suppose that the what Hudson was checked in its passage to the sea, by a hav" g08 chain of rocks stretching across the present chan- m e a e "e in ° . l the Hud- nel, at the Highlands, causing the waters to extend S0I1? over a considerable surface of the country, in the form of a large lake. A strong argument favoring What this theory exists in the presence of alluvia, petri- Sw/tiiii fied shells, &c, found along the banks, in different 20 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. parts of the valley of the Hudson, and in fact, in the valleys of most of our large rivers, what 17- These ancient lakes, now drained by the supposed breaking awa)^ of their mounds, explain very beau- [} a ™ tifully the appearance observed in the valleys of lakes 7 gucn r ivers as are supposed to have been once lakes, as the Tennessee, the Kentucky, the Missis- sippi, the Kanhaway, and the Ohio. This appear- whatap- ance is the several stages or flats, observed on the in l these banks of these rivers, and most of the rivers of rivers is 7 by pl this d America, showing that subsequently the waters of theory? tne r i verg were higher, but as the mounds which dammed up their course became gradually broken away by the weight of the mass above them, the waters being thus drained off, new marks of em- what of bankment would be formed, far below the original the banks . .. . . ,. . . ohiof ones > circumscribing, by a large distance, the chan- nel of the river. This is very perceptible on the Ohio, at Cincinnati, where the original bank is nearly 50 feet above the present level of the river. 18. When we examine the arrangement of these faTther 18 flats, we are furnished with indubitable evidence this 6 h°v- that the place where the city of Cincinnati now stands was once, not only the seat of waters, but the primitive bed of the river, which appears to have had three different periods of decline, till it has sunk to its present bed or channel. The level of the second flat of the Ohio, which is the general surface of the country, is no more than 70 feet below Lake Erie ; consequently, a mound of two hundred feet at Silver Creek, six hundred miles down the Ohio from Pittsburg (where there is every reason to sup- pose that a cliB'it of hills stretched across the pre- ANCIENT LAKES. 21 ten-ce hese ncient sent bed of tlie river), would have been sufficient to keep back its waters, not only as far as Lake Erie, but even to spread them from the last slopes of the Alleghanies to the north of Lake Superior. 18. The existence of ancient lakes explains why, what is r J ' farther in every part of the basin of the Ohio, the land is fonT'th! always leveled in horizontal beds of different heights, of and why we find in various places, remains of trees. kk ^ of osier, and other plants. The vast amount of drift wood carried down by the various streams which discharged their water into the lakes, would be de- posited on the bottom near the shores, as the surface of these internal seas became lowered by the new outlets. 19. The lower part of the Mississippi river gives what is us many evidences that the waters were once dam- JJ^Jj?* med up, forming above them a lake which filled up f a |K a large portion of its valley. The West India ley of the ° r J Missis- islands are supposed by naturalists to have been 8ippi? the Atlantic coast of the continent; the breaking away of the mound confining the immense body of water, which once covered an almost boundless portion of the West, must, beyond doubt, have raised the Atlantic so as to submerge in its increase many a sunny spot along its coasts, leaving only the more elevated tracts above the surface of the water, in which we now see the numerous islands on our eastern shore and on the Gulf of Mexico. What 20. Though the northern parts of North America gj™* 68 have been known to us but about two centuries, yet, dSTi during that time, no less than forty-five earth- 9^ 3 quakes have occurred, many of them so severe as to North? prostrate houses, dry up wells and streams of water. 22 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. What eviden- ces of VolCKIIIC action taiio.' The shocks of these earthquakes extended north- east, and south-west, particularly affecting the direc- lX'um ^ on °f I^ake Ontario, and were attended by a fetid smell of sulphur. Volney supposes, from the singu- lar structure of this lake, that it was once the crater of a vast volcano. Another reason for this supposi- tion is the great depth of the lake, being generally upward of three hundred feet, and in many places the bottom cannot be found with a line of forty rods. Volcanic productions are found in vast quantities on its shores. Whether this idea of Volney is correct, or not, the northern part of this country, especially in the vicinity of Lake Ontario, bears strong marks of having been exposed to the action of those two powerful agents, fire and water, which are constantly producing such mighty changes in the universe of matter. 21. We have now glanced briefly at the general face of the country, the changes which have been produced by the draining of the vast internal lakes, by the breaking away of their barriers, &c, and shall now touch upon those ancient ruins of cities, mounds, and fortifications, in which this country is so peculiarly rich. 22. Foreign travelers complain that America pre- sents nothing like rams within her boundaries ; no ivy-mantled towers, nor moss-covered turrets, as in other quarters of the earth. Old Fort Putnam, on the Hudson, rearing its lofty decayed sides high above West Point ; or the venerable remains of two wars at Ticonderoga, upon Lake CL&mplain, they sny, afford something of the kind. But what are mouldering castles, falling turrets or crumbling MOUNDS AND FORTIFICATIONS. 23 abbeys, in comparison with those ancient and arti- ficial aboriginal hills which have outlived genera- tions, and even all tradition — the workmanship of unknown hands ! Here are skeletons of strange forms, unknown to the Indians ; preserved bodies, fortifications, immense mounds and tumuli, which, from their number, obscurity of origin and magni- tude, are to be ranked among the wonders of ancient things. It remains for America to tell the story of her antiquities — to arouse her virtuosi and anti- quarians to the search ; for here, beyond a doubt, are traits of nations coeval with ancient, and pro- bably with the oldest works of man, this side the flood. 23. These mounds and fortifications are generally where found on fertile bottoms, and near rivers. Several mounds, hundreds have been discovered along the valley of f™n5i the Mississippi ; the largest of which stands not fir from Wheeling, on the Ohio. This mound is fifty rods in circumference, and ninety feet in per- pendicular height. It is filled with thousands of wheel- human skeletons, and was probably situated near some great city, and was a general deposit of the dead for ages — where they were placed in grada- tion, one layer above another, till they reached the top. 24. Judging from the large trees growing on the mound, amid old and decayed timber covered with mould and leaves, showing them to be of the second or third growth, it must have been at least twelve hundred years since it was deserted. 25. In the lower part of Wisconsin are found mounds exceedingly curious in their form and struc- What of the mound mg] AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. ture. They consist of elevations of earth of diversi- fied outline and various size, for the most part con- sisting of effigies of beasts, birds, reptiles, and of the human form, but often circular, quadrangular, 01 oblong in shape. None of these works exceed fifteeu feet in height. In Dade county, Wisconsin, the figures generally resemble the bear or buffalo, and vary in size from ninety to one hundred and twenty feet. In the midst of one group is a representation of a human figure, placed with its head toward the west, and having its arms and legs extended. Its length is one hundred and twenty-five feet, and it is one hundred and forty feet from the extremity of one arm to the other. The body is thirty feet in breadth, the head twenty-five feet in diameter, and its elevation, greater than that of the others, being about six feet. The human figure is not uncommon among the effigies, and. is always characterized by the unnatural length of the arms. Half a mile west of this group stands a solitary mound, ninety feet long, representing an animal with its head toward the south-west. This class of mounds are scattered to a considerable extent throughout this portion of the country, and are generally found in groups in a fertile country, and near streams of water. They form a class unlike those in the southern part of the valley of the Mississippi, and in the vicinity of the Ohio and the Lakes. 26. At Marietta extensive fortifications are found, consisting of walls and mounds of earth, eukr* running in straight lines, from six to ten feet high, and nearly forty broad at their base. There is What of le forti- fications at Muri Of Hu- man ori- gin? FORTIFICATIONS IN OHIO. 25 also at this place a fort of this ancient description, which incloses nearly fifty acres of land. There are openings in this fortification, supposed to have been, when thronged with its own busy multitudes, used as gateways, with a passage from one of them, formed by two parallel walls of earth, lead- ing toward the river. This fort gives us some- thing of an idea, not only of the power of the builders, but the strength of their enemy. These whal fortifications correspond, in almost every respect, SLTwi with the Roman forts and camps ; and it is highly P*fe U 'hat 17 O J the>e lor probable, as we shall hereafter show, that they were 8S" aii constructed by that nation. 27. Any one, on looking at the account given by Joseph us of the forms of the Roman camps, in his Book 5, chap. 5, page 219, will be surprised at the striking similarity between the two ; a similarity which could not have been the result of chance. Dr. Morse says the forts of the Romans in Eng- land were universally square; and those of the ancient Danes, Belgse and Saxons, were distinguish- ed by being round. Here, too, are the parallel walls, the ditch, the elevated squares at its corners, the parapets and gateways, like those of the Romans. At the time that the Romans held Britain as a province, their character was a martial and a mar- itime one. They possessed a sufficient knowledge of navigation to traverse the ocean, by means of the stars and the sun. Their ships, as early as the year 55 before Christ, were large and heavy ; and it was equally in their power to have found Ame- rica by chance, as well as other nations — the Welsh or the Scandinavians, who made a settlement 20 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. at the mouth of the St. Lawrence in the year 1000. \\h ,< re- 28. In the month of December. 1827, a planter [JSyjf discovered in a field, a short distance from Monte fca/'/i 1 " Video, a sort of tomb-stone, upon which strange, and to him unknown characters were engraved. He caused this stone, which covered a small exca- vation formed with masonry, to be raised, in which he found two exceedingly ancient swords, a helmet, and shield, which had suffered much from rust ; also an earthen vessel of large capacity Greek words were easily made out upon them, which, when translated, read as follows : " During the dominion of Alexander the son of Philip, King of Macedon, in the sixty-third Olym- piad, Ptolemais " it was impossible to decypher the rest, on account of the ravages of time on the engraving of the stone. 29. On the handle of one of the swords is the portrait of a man, supposed to be Alexander the Great. On the helmet there is sculptured work, that must have been executed with the most ex- quisite skill, representing Achilles dragging the Towhai corpse of Hector round the walls of Troy, a scene *"».'! 'lire taken from Homer's Iliad. From the discovery of f™m these relics it is quite clear that the soil of Brazil has been dug by some of the old Greeks, who lived near the time of Alexander. It is highly probable that some of the Grecian navigators, in their voy- ages of discovery, of which they made many, were driven upon the southern coast, and left behind them this monument to preserve the memory of their vovage to so distant a country. relics GREEK DISCOVERIES. 2/ 30. Eratosthenes, a Greek philosopher, mathe- matician and historian, who flourished two hundred ^i" 1 ' years before Christ, mentions the name of Pytheas, thc,ies? who lived in the time of Alexander the Great, as being a Greek philosopher, geographer and astron- omer, as well as a voyager, if not an admiral, as he made several voyages into the Atlantic Ocean. There was a great liability of these adven- turers being driven off in a western direction, not only by the current which sets always toward America, but also by the trade-winds, which blow in the same direction for several months in the year. 31. In 1821, on the bank of the river Desperes, what in Missouri, was found by an Indian a Roman have J been din coin, which was presented to Gov. Clark. A Per- ooveret1 ' sian coin was also discovered near a spring in the Ohio some feet under ground. The remains of former dwellings, hearths and what of fire-places, and bones of animals in immense quan- maihsof tities, are found along the banks of the Ohio, many dweii- feet under ground ; while above these former habi- tations of men are found growing trees, as large as any in the surrounding forest. Surely, this car- ries us back into the dark past, and tells us a mournful tale of the overthrow of mighty nations, and the final extinction of their name from the earth. 32. Lexington, in Kentucky, stands nearly on w the site of an ancient town, of great extent and [^"1 magnificence, which is amply evinced by the wide &d range of its works covering a great quantity of u-«u»nj ground. 28 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. There is connected with the antiquities of this place a catacomb, formed in the bowels of the limestone rock, about fifteen feet below the surface of the earth. This was discovered in 1775 b} some of the first settlers, whose curiosity was ex , cited by the singular appearance of the stones the cma- which covered the entrance to the cavern. They rd he?/? removed the stones, when was laid open to their view the mouth of a cave, deep, gloomy, and terri- fic, as they supposed. Providing themselves with lights and companions, they descended and entered without obstruction a spacious apartment. The sides and extreme ends were formed into niches and compartments, and occupied by figures, repre- senting men. When their alarm had sufficiently subsided to permit them to pursue their investiga- tions, they found these figures to be mummies, preserved, by the art of embalming, in as great a state of perfection as any that have been dug out of the tombs in Egypt, where they have remained more than three thousand years. Unfortunately for antiquity and science, this inestimable discov- ery was made by an ignorant class of people, at a period when a bloody and inveterate war was car- ried on between the Indians and whites. 33. The whites, indignant at the many outrages "ot committed by the Indians, wreaked their hatred and revenge upon every thing connected with them. Supposing this to be a burying-place for their dead, they dragged them out to the open air, tore open their bandages, kicked the bodies into dust, and made a general bonfire of the most an- cient remains antiquity could boast. The descent W hat b& came 'he aium CATACOMB NEAR LEXINGTON. 2V* to this cavern is gradual — the width four feet, the whaf o , height seven, and the whole length of the catacomb [Si of was found to be eighteen rods and a half, and the er»V width six and a half; and calculating from the niches and shelvings on the sides, it was capable of containing at least two thousand subjects. 34. Here they had lain, perhaps, for thousands of years, embalmed and placed there by the same race of men with those who built the Pyramids of Egypt, and who excavated their tombs in the earth, or in the rocky mountain sides. What changes had passed over the world since they were deposit- ed there in their quiet resting-place by the hands of affection ! Over the ruins of their cities a new race flourished. Earth had grown old and hoary, and time had crumbled their monuments into dust. 35. The conviction forces itself irresistibly upon our mind, that the people who made this cav- ern and filled it with the thousands of their em- formers" balmed dead were indeed from Egypt. If they «tu- b were not, whither shall we turn for a solution of this mystery ? The North American Indians were never known to form catacombs for their dead, or to be acquainted with the art of preservation by embalming. Catacombs are numerous all over Egypt — vast excavations, with niches in their sides for their em- balmed dead, exactly such as the one we have de- scribed. This custom is purely Egyptian, and was practised in the earliest age of their national ex- istence. 36. A trait of national practice, so strong aid Whf nr» suppled to have 30 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. why are palpable as is this peculiar art, should lead the mind UeVe 0be " to a belief that wherever the thing is practised, we of Bgyp- have found in its authors either a colony from Egypt, or the descendants of some nation in Africa ac- quainted with the art. 37. But if this be so, the question here arises,, how came they to America, since the shortest dis- What tance between America and Africa is about 1700 tian ori- voyapes miles? This question is easily answered. The ggp- ancient Egyptians were a maritime people ; and we make? g n( j t j iat as f ar |j ac j- as B c -^§5 veaiS) one Dana- us, with his fifty daughters, sailed into Greece and anchored at Rhodes. 881 years after the landing of this vessel at Rhodes, we find the Egyptians, un- der the direction of Necho, their king, fitting out some Phenicians with a fleet, with directions to sail from the Red Sea quite around the continent of Af- rica, and to return by the Mediterranean, which they effected ; thus performing a voyage of more than 16,000 miles — two-thirds of the distance around the earth. It is true they were without the use of the compass and magnet ; yet they were much better skilled in the knowledge of the heav- enly bodies than navigators at present. 38. From the western coast of Africa there is a constant current of the sea setting toward Amer- ica : so that if a vessel were lost it would naturally reach at last the American coast. Egypt and the West India islands are both between 20 and 30 de- grees north. Sailing from Egypt out of the Medi- terranean, through the Straits of Gibraltar, would anS? throw a vessel, in case of an easterly storm, aided by the current, as high north as opposite the Baha- How Could they P r O' ha vi ANCIENT RUINS. 31 ma islands. The trade-winds sweep westward across the Atlantic, through a space of 50 or 60 de- grees of longitude, carrying every thing within their current directly to the American coast. Kentucky is but live degrees north of Egypt ; so that a band of adventurers could easily have been driven near the eastern coast on the Gulf of Mexico, and there found in our majestic Mississippi something like the Nile. 39. On the banks of the Muskingum, and at Whai Circleville, are the ruins of immense walls, forts, S"™ mounds and wells, built, many of them, of beauti- "ferule? fully hewn stone, and according to the most scien- tific principles of architecture. At Paint Creek, in Ohio, are works of art more wonderful than any deek? yet described. They are six in number, and are in the immediate neighborhood of each other. In one of those grand inclosures are contained three forts : one embraces 17, another 27, a third 77, amount- ing in all to 121 acres of land. 40. There are fourteen gateways leading out of tne works, from one to six rods in width — at the them" e outside of each of these gateways is an ancient well, from four to six rods in width at the top. Within the large inclosure is an elliptical elevation 25 feet in height, 100 feet in circumference, and fill- ed with human bones. The elevation is perfectly smooth and level on the top, and it may have been a place where the priests of their religion sacrificed human beings before the vast throng which con- gregated around the mound to witness the bloody rites. 41. New discoveries are constantly being made 32 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. of these ancient ruins. These works are alike in their construction, and contain articles similar to those found in mounds in Europe, Asia and Af- rica. Some have supposed that all of the great, works of the West which we have noticed belong to our present race of Indians ; but, from continual mce W h2 wars with each other, they have driven themselves supposed from agricultural pursuits, and thinned their num- these bers, until they have been reduced to sav ageism. belong? Have our present race of Indians ever buried theii dead in mounds by thousands ? Were they ac- quainted with the use of silver or copper? These metals, most curiously wrought, have been found. Did our ancient Indians burn the bodies of distin- Whal ces (Ie are guished chiefs on funeral piles, and then raise a to d the d lofty tumulus over the urn containing their ashes ? Did the Indians erect any thing like the walled towns on Paint Creek ? Did they ever dig such wells as are found at Marietta, Portsmouth, and above all, such as those at Paint Creek ? Did they ever manufacture vessels from calcarious brec- cia, equal to any now made in Italy ? 42. To this we respond, they never have : no, not even their traditions afford a glimpse of the ex- istence of such things as forts, tumuli, roads, wells, mounds, walls inclosing between one and two hun- dred — and even five hundred acres of land ; some of them of stone, others of earth, twenty feet in thickness and very high, are works requiring too much labor for Indians ever to have performed. The skeletons found in the mounds never belonged Dwcribe to a people like our Indians. The latter are tall ta»«. anc j ra ther slender, straight-limbed people ; but WELSH COLONY. 33 tl ose found in the barrows and tumuli, were rarely over five feet high ; their foreheads were low, their faces were very short and wide, their eyes large, and their chins very broad. 43. Weapons of brass have been found in many parts of America ; as in the Canadas, Florida, &c, with curiously wrought stones ; all of which go to prove that this country was once peopled with civ- ilized and industrious nations. 44. The celebrated Lord Monboddo, philosopher and metaphysician, spent some time on the study of the origin of languages, and was a firm believer , ,_ & & & > ^ What in the account of America having been visited by g-J^J - a colony from Wales, long previous to the discovery MonW- of Columbus ; and says the fact is well recorded by spectiW ' J J a Welcl; several Welsh historians, and cannot be contested. A°me- yi< nca? There are many circumstances which render this probable. Of late years, accounts have been re- ceived of a nation inhabiting a region a great dis- tance up the Missouri, in manners and appearance resembling the other Indians, but speaking Welsh, and retaining some ceremonies of Christian wor- ship. Irnlay, in his history of America, says this is universally believed to be a fact. 45. On the head-waters of the Red river is a tribe calling themselves the McCedas tribe, whose manners, customs, and speech resemble S^s the Welsh. Powel, in his history of Wales^ in pj^en' the 1 2th century, speaks of a lost colony ; and also of the voyage of Madoc, son of Owen Groyn- wedk, prince of Wales, wiio becoming dissatisfied at home, started on a voyage west, in quest of 6oni8 new country, in which to settle. He found 34 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. there a pleasant home ; and after a while returned to Wales and persuaded many of his countrymen to join him ; he put to sea again with ten ships, and there the Welsh historian stopj, for their story was never known at home, what of 46. Lord Monboddc says that America was vis- Sian'col- ited by Norwegians long before this lost colony left Ameri- Wales. They came from Greenland, which they discovered in the year 964. He endeavors to prove in his most curious and interesting book, that Ame- rica was peopled as soon after the flood as any other country as far from Ararat, and perhaps soon- er. He supposes the people of the old w r orld to have had a knowledge of this country as early as the siege of Troy, about 1100 years b. c. A very plausible account of the discoveries of count of these northern islanders is given by Snoro Stuile- the dis- # . . coveryof sonj m n j s chronicle of King Olaus. He says, one mentis Biorn of Iceland, voyaging to Greenland in search fJoro of his father, from whom he had been separated by 80n? a storm, was driven by tempestuous weather far to the south-west, until he came in sight of a low country covered with woods, with an island in its vicinity. His account of the country he had seen excited the enterprise of Leif, son of Eric Rauder, the first settler of Greenland. 47. A vessel was fitted out, and Leif and Biorn departed together in quest of this unknown land. They found a rocky island, to which they gave the name of Helleland ; also a low, sandy country, to which they gave the name of Markland ; and twc days afterward they observed a continuance of the coast, with an island to the no>'h of it. This last DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN. 35 they described as fertile, well wooded, producing agreeable fruits — and particularly the grape a fruit with, which they were not acquainted ; but on being informed by one of their companions, a German, of its qualities and name, they called the country Vineland. 48. They ascended a river well stored with fish, particularly salmon, and came to a lake from which the river took its origin, where they passed the winter. It is very probable that this river was the St. Lawrence, and the lake, Ontario. It is said by the same writer that the relatives of Leif made sev- eral voyages to Vineland ; that they traded with the natives for peltry and furs; and that in 1121, a bishop, named Eric, went from Greenland to Vine- land to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. 49. There is every appearance that the tribe ofwh which still exists in the interior of Newfoundland, tribe he of and who are so different from the other savages of fimnd- North America, both in appearance and mode of jj° se( J |° living, are descendants of the ancient Normans, Bceniled -' Scandinavians or Danes. 50. In the year 1354 a fishing squadron was driven about the sea by a mighty tempest, for many days, until a boat, containing seven persons, was cast upon an island, called Estotiland, about one thousand miles from Friesland. They were taken to a populous city, the inhabitants of which were intelligent and acquainted with the mechanical arts of Europe. They cultivated grain, made beer, and lived in stone houses. In the king's library were Latin manuscript books. They had many towns and castles, and carried on a trade with Greenland for pitch, sulphur, and peltry. 36 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. 51. Finding the Frieslanders acquainted with the compass (which they had never seen), they held them in great esteem, and the king sent them with twelve harks to visit a country farther south, where they found in their travels a civilized region where the people had a knowledge of gold and si I vei'j lived in cities, and sacrificed human victims in their splendid temples. A distinguished writer of Copenhagen possesses ancient genuine documents, showing that America was discovered soon after Greenland, and that it was again visited in the 11th, 12th, and 13th cen- turies. 52. The remains of stone houses, Avails and for- ma/ we tifications, iron tools, and various mechanical im these, re- struments, which are found in different parts of the mains to ' * Europe- country, compare with those in Europe about the Jin? ori " 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th centuries ; from which we conclude them to be wholly of European origin. 53. In Onondaga county, N. Y., is the site of an eviden- ancient buryinsr-ground, on which timber 'of the res of a J ° ° ' m"!tare second growth was growing — judging from the old S e oM,i" timber reduced to mould lying round — which was a hundred years old, as ascertained by counting the. concentric grains. In one of the graves was found a glass bottle, and an iron hatchet edged with steel. The eye, or place for the helve, was round, and projected like the ancient German axe. In the same town were found the remains of a black- smith's forge, and crucibles, such as mineralogists use in refining metals. 51. In Scipio, a Mr. Halsted has from time to time ploughed upon his farm, seven or eight hun- ANCIENT RELICS. 37 dred pounds of brass, which appeared to have been formed into various implements of husbandry and ^Sfen- war. On this field forest timber was growing Idpioo/ abundantly, which had attained a great age and size, menu Mr. Halsted found also sufficient wrought iron to shoe his horses for many years. We cannot resist the conclusion that on this farm was situated a European village of Danes or Welsh, who were ex- terminated by war hundreds of years before Colum- bus was born. 55. On the Black river, a man in dWin^ a well At what ' fob & other found a quantity of China and delf ware, at the {;|; l v c e es iel . depth of several feet. In Tompkins county, Mr. foimd? en Lee discovered on his farm the entire works of a what are they? wagon reduced to rust. On the flats of the Genesee river, on the land of Mr. Liberty Judd, was found a bit of silver, about the length of a man's finger, hammered to a point at one end, while the other was smooth and square, on which was engraved in Arabic figures, the year of our Lord 600. 56. The traits of a Scandinavian, W^elsb and what is 7 the re- Danish population are clear ; and we agree with the ™ r e k o| remark of Professor Beck, that they certainly form Beck % class of antiquities, entirely distinct from the ingthes* 1 aiUiqui- ivalled towns, barrows or mounds. ties? 57. Did our limits allow, we could go still more minutely into the history and description of these ancient ruins, at which we have but just glanced. Yet we think we have described enough to show that this so called " New World' 7 is as rich in ruins as Asia or Africa : that here, long before the discov- ery of Columbus, have lived and flourished nations possessing a knowledge of the true God, and as far 38 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. advanced in civilization as those on the eastevr con tinent. After having glanced at the first settle- ment of this country since the flood, and its separa- tion from the old world, we shall bring this highh interesting section to a close. 58. It may be reasonably supposed, that, foi what some length of time after the great delude and the may we , ° ° ° Sect- portioning out of the world by Noah to his three direct* sons, there might have been a direct communica- niraSon tion by land between every part of the earth ; but by land J J l ' earth* 6 D y earthquakes and convulsions of nature, the uniting deluge 1 ? 6 links between the tw 7 o great continents have been broken away and overflown by water, while in other parts of the earth the same convulsions have thrown up land above the surface of the water. this not 8 This supposition is not at all improbable, for we are improba- * * . . l ble * constantly witnessing the disappearance of large tracts of country, the extension of the dry land far into the sea, and the appearance of large islands. Recite ^9. The 25th verse of the 10th chapter of Gene veree°of sis would rather favor the idea of the union of con- ot.oeu- tinents, for it says, " In the days of Peleg the earth was divided." This passage is supposed by Jo some manv eminent commentators to refer to a separa- JurSose tion of the two great continents by the breaking up refer? and overthrow of the land intervening. The birth of Peleg was about 100 years after the what flood, the very time when Babel was being built. was the J n ofBufibn 60. BufTon and other naturalists believed that natural 61 America and China were united on the west, and Bpecting Europe and America on the east. It was contend- eastern 6 e ^ by the learned Clavigero that the equatorial SeSfj parts of Africa and America were once united ISLAND OF ATLANTIS. 39 Whether this be true or not, the two countries ap- proach each other in a remarkable manner, along the coast of Guinea on the side of Africa, and the coast of Pernambuco on the side of South America. 61. Among the early Egyptian priests was pre- served an account of the existence and final destruc tion of a large island, situated in the Western Ocean, called Atlantis. This island is mentioned by Pla- to, who wrote about 500 b. c, in his dialogue, enti- tled u Timeaus." 62. Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, is supposed to have traveled into Egypt, about 600 years b. c. He arrived at an ancient temple on the Delta, a fertile island formed by the Nile, where he held a conver- sation with certain learned priests respecting the antiquities of remote ages. 63. " This island, Atlantis." said the Egyptian What priest, " was situated in the Western Ocean, opposite SriS* the straits of Hercules," which would place it exact- tian gyF 1 priests ly between a part of Europe and America. " There [g| pe g; was," said the priest, " an easy passage from this Atfantu to other islands which lay adjacent to a large con- tinent, exceeding in size all Europe and Asia. The Atlantians made irruptions into Europe and Africa, subduing all Lybia, as far as Egypt, Eu- rope and Asia Minor. They were resisted, howev- er, by the Athenians, and driven back to their At- lantic territories." The Athenians settled at Athens, in Greece, 1556 b. c. One hundred years after their establishment at Athens, they had be- come a powerful nation : so that the time the At- lantians were repulsed must have been about the year 1443 b. c. 40 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES 64. " Shortly after this," says Plato. * there wav Sunt a tremendous earthquake, and an overflowing of iv plato? the sea, which continued a day and a night ; in the course of which the vast island of Atlantis, and all its splendid cities and warlike nations, were swallowed up, and sunk to the bottom of the sea which spreading its waters over the chasm, added a vast region to the Atlantic Ocean. For a long time, however, the sea was not navigable, on ac- _ . , count of rocks and shoals of mud and slime, and What al- ' mj'd " to tne ruins of that, drowned country." Sand by 65. An allusion to this same island, Atlantis, is made by Euclid, who flourished about 300 years b. c, in a conversation which he had with Ana- charsis, a Scythian philosopher, who had, in search of knowledge, traveled from the far distant north to Athens, where he became acquainted with Euclid. They conversed on the various convul- sions of the globe ; and among other changes Euclid spoke of an island, as large as Africa, which existed beyond the shores of Europe, which, with all its wretched inhabitants, was swallowed up by an earthquake. Here, then, is another witness, be- sides Solon, who lived 300 years before the time of Euclid, who testifies to the past existence of the island Atlantis. These allusions to the vast island, and the noble continent beyond it, are ex- ceedingly curious, and not without some foundation of probability. Ume'o? 66. There are many undoubted evidences of an i£ncesof antediluvian population in America, in a class of antcdilu- ... -. . • i i • ^ r 1 i • i uw"i' ? limit of the Algonquin speech. 12. The Shawnees connect the south-eastern Algonquins with the west. The basin of the said of Cumberland river is marked by Kirch eval as the Jjjjy home of this restless nation of wanderers. For many years, they wandered undisturbed from the Cumberland river to the Alabama, from the Santee to the Susquehannah. 13. The Miamis were more quiet in their wishes, H ow did and we can go to their own orators for their tradi- mis dif- ° . fer from tions. "My forefather," said the Miami orator, g^e^ Little Turtle, at Greenville, " kindled the first fire ne ™ at Detroit ; from thence he extended his lines to the head-waters of the Sciota ; from thence to its mouth ; from thence down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash ; and from thence to Chicago, on Lake Michigan. These are the boundaries within which the prints of my ancestors' houses are every- where to be seen." The early French narratives confirm his words. 14. The Illinois were kindred to the Miamis. and wher « ' was the their country lay between the Wabash, the Ohio, $ U ?K i .1 t\t* ' • • Illinois? and the Mississippi. 15. In the early part of the 18th century, the what of Potawatomies had crowded the Miamis from their Ra- mies r dwellings at Chicago ; the intruders came from the islands near Green Bay, and were a branch of the Ohippewas. That nation, or, as some write, the 4 Chippe was or Ojibwas? What of the Sacs 50 INDIAN HISTORY. Ojibwas, — the Algonquin tribes, of whose dialect, SSe'the mythology, traditions, and customs we have the fullest accounts, — held the country around Green Bay and Lake Superior. 16. South-west of the Menomonies, the roaming and fox- Sacs and Foxes, the enemies of the French, wan- dered in pursuit of conquest over the whole country Mention between the Wisconsin and the Illinois. These the the e A? f were some of the different tribes speaking the Al- Dy n gonquin language. we have II. 17. The next confederacy or family speak- noticed? . ■' J * ing a different language were the Sioux or Dahco- dwe!t e tas, encamped on the wide prairies east of the Mississippi, wandering between the head-waters of Lake Superior and the Falls of St. Anthony. the Sioux ? What said of Their wigwams were discovered by French traders the sioux? m 1659, and they were visited by Jesuit priests in 1687, and again in 1689. Between the Dahcotas of the and the Chippewas there long existed an hereditary was P ? pe ' warfare. Like other southern and western tribes, their population appears of late to have very much increased. III. 18. Another of the eight distinct language? What is . . ° . • ,, i ih^Hu*- 1S * e JLiuTon-lroquots, or, as it is sometimes called. auoiT tne Wyandot. At the time of the discovery ol America, they were powerful in numbers and scat- tered over a wide territory. The peninsula inclos- ed between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario had been the dwelling-place of the five confederated tribes of the Hurons. 19. They were defeated by the Five Nations, and a part of their tribe descended the St. Law- rence, and som^ of their progeny may still be seen THE HURON-IROQUOIS. 51 at (Quebec ; a part were adopted into the tribes of their victors. The Wyandots fled beyond Lake %*%£ Superior, having first halted on the shores of the andots? noble Huron lake, and afterward near where De- troit is now situated. 20. Thus the Wyandots within our borders are emigrants from Canada. By forming treaties with whom » _ J & did the the Algonquin tribes, they spread along Lake Erie, J l^ m and gradually acquired a claim to the vast territory treuties ' from the Miami to the western boundary of New York. 21. The Iroquois or Mingoes, or, as they were sometimes called, the Five Nations, w T ere tribes JJJJJ^ bound together by a league or confederacy. The |oe? Im " French called them Iroquois — the English, the times 1 ° ' called? Five Nations — and the Connecticut Indians, Mo- W hi 9 h hawks, from the most warlike tribe. Three of confede. the original confederacy consisted of the elder tribes, w j, r e e d called the Senecas, Onondagas, and Mohawks, and SbeS" two were called the younger tribes, viz., the Cayu- which gas and Oneidas. younger 22. The number of their warriors, in 1660, is where said by the French to have been 2,200. They in- HJS* habited the region lying between the borders of Vermont and western New York, from the lakes to the head-waters of the Ohio, the Susquehannah, and the Delaware. Their geographical position made them umpires in the contest of the French for dominion in the West. They acquired a name what j 8 among the boldest tribes by their conquests, and slid °of thus increased their political importance. Not ? che- ' ' rokee in all America there was no alphabet, and know- lan s u 's e ' ledge was only conveyed to the eye by rude sym- bols and imitations. 26. The Cherokees dwelt chiefly on the head- Where waters of the Savannah, Chattahoochee, and Ala- c'hero- 8 kees bama rivers, and the branches of the Tennessee riweU? and Cumberland, a tract of about 24.000 square miles. Bancroft, in his graphic and beautiful lan- guage, speaks of this region as the most pic- turesque and salubrious east of the Mississippi. He Describe says the homes of the 4 Cherokees were encircled by ffyoftKi blue hills rising beyond hills, of which the lofty ke h e e s ro " peaks would kindle with the early light, and the overshadowing ridges envelop the valleys like a mass of clouds. There the rocky cliffs, rising in naked grandeur, defy the lightning, and mock the loudest peals of the thunder storm ; there the gentler slopes are covered with magnolias and flowering forest trees, decorated with roving climb- ers, and ring with the perpetual note of the whip- poor-will ; there the wholesome water gushes pro- fusely from the earth in transparent springs ; snow T -white cascades glitter on the hill-sides ; ahd the rivers, shallow, but pleasant to the eye, rush through the narrow vales, w T hich the abundant strawberry crimsons, and coppices of rhododendron and flaming azalea adorn. 27. At the fall of the leaf, the fruit of the hick- ory and the chestnut is thickly strewn on the 54 INDIAN HISTORY. ground. The fertile soil teems with luxuriant herbage, on which the roebuck fattens ; the vivify- ing breeze is laden with fragrance ; and daybreak is ever welcomed by the shrill cries of the social night-hawk and the liquid carols of the mocking bird. Here, too, were running waters, inviting to the bath, tempting the angler, alluring wild fowl — for the Cherokee towns were always upon some of their much-loved rivers. 28. The " beloved " people of the Cherokees were a nation by themselves. Who can say for how many centuries, safe in their undiscovered fast- nesses, they had decked their war-chiefs with the fea- thers of the eagle's tail, and listened to the counsels of their aged warriors ? We must look to the white man for the sad story of the ruin of the Cherokees. In the history of the United States we find a mournful account of pleasant places laid waste, and the mingled bones of brave warriors, with their squaws and young maidens, bleaching together with those of the cunning and usurping white man's, all over their sunny vales. VI. 29. South-east of the Cherokees dwelt the S at of 3 Uchees, boasting to have been the oldest inhabi- iv.hees? tants of that region. They now constitute an inconsiderable band in the Creek confederacy, and are known as a distinct family only by their singu- larly harsh and guttural language. VII.- 30. The Natchez are also now united in what of the same confederacy ; but thev, with the Taensas, the Nut- J ' -/ chez? W ere known to history as a distinct nation near the banks of the Mississippi. It has been supposed by travelers, Dumont, Du Pratz, and others, that their MOBILIAN FAMILY. 55 language was a dialect of the Mobilian ; but by f their the persevering curiosity of Gallatin; it is at last iUlguge known that their language, as far as compari- sons have been instituted, has no etymological affinity with any other. VIII. 31. With the exception of the Uchees and W hatof the Natchez, the whole country south-east, south, tent e of and west of the Cherokees, to the Atlantic and biilan ' , t familv? the Gulf of Mexico, to the Mississippi and the con- fluence of the Tennessee and the Ohio, was in the possession of one great family of nations, of which the language was named by the French the Mobi- lian, and is described by Gallatin as the Musk- hogee-chocta. It included three large confeder- wnat ° larse acies (Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks), still %£■£** existing, and perhaps, even with an increase of ?h? 8 fam i ily? numbers. 32. The country bounded by the Ohio on the north, by the Mississippi on the west, on the east by a line from the bend in the Cumberland river to the Muscle Shoals of the Tennessee, and extending south into the territory of the State of Mississippi, was the land of the cheerful, brave Chickasaws, long- Describe . ° the to be remembered as the invincible allies of the country of the English. Around their wigwams the grass was ver- £S a dant in midwinter ; the blue bird and robin are heard in February ; the springs of pure water gur- gle up through the white sands, to flow through natural bowers of evergreen and holly ; and if the earth be but carelessly opened to receive the ker- nel of maize, the thi:k corn springs abundantly from the fertile soil. The region is as happy as any beneath the sun ; and the love which Of the Choc- taws? 56 INDIAN HISTORY. it inspired made its occupants, though not numer- ous, yet the most intrepid warriors of the south. 33. The country of the Choctaws was below the Chickasaws, between the Tombigbee and Mississippi rivers. Dwelling in plains or among gentle hills, they excelled every North American tribe in their said of agriculture, subsisting chiefly on corn, and placing 2w8j litt ie dependence on the chase. Their warriors were over 4,000 in number, and their love for their sunny hills was so intense, that in defending their homes they utterly contemned all danger. what of 34. In Georgia, extending into Alabama, were creeks? the Creeks or Muskhogees. They were divided into Upper and Lower Creeks, a part of which are called Seminoles, inhabiting Florida. The term Seminole means " wild man," and was applied to all the vagrants of the nation, who abandoned agriculture for the chase. This country abounded in beautiful creeks and bold rivers, descending with a clear current through a fertile region. They were careful in agriculture, and before going to war, assisted their women to plant what is 35. The Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees are all considerably advanced in civilization. Ir this respect, they evidently form an exception to the Sdche- Indian race, who, generally speaking, flee from rokees in .... , . -. ,. • 1 i • poij.yif civilized society, and relinquish their possessions tion? rather than their wild independence. The earliest European accounts of these people, which are con- tained in the history of the expedition of Ferdi- nand de Soto, show them to have been more civil- ized than any other tribes of the United States. The Cherokees have an impression, that they be- said ot the Ohicka INDIAN LANGUAGES. 57 ong to a superior stock ; and some of our ablest antiquarians suppose that they migrated from Ma- lacca, Southern Asia. 36. Such is a synopsis of the American nations east of the Mississippi. Very great uncertainty must attend any estimate of the original number of Indians east of the Mississippi and south of the what » St. Lawrence and the lakes. The diminution of or the number their population is far less than is usually suppos- jjjJJ 1 - ed ; they have been exiled, but not exterminated. Sgl*' The Cherokee and Mobilian family are more nu- merous now than ever. 37. Terrible epidemics have raged among them, and thousands have fallen in war ; but amid their keenest sufferings, they disdain to manifest their agony by a cry or groan, and even in the death- struggle triumphantly sing their death-song. 38. The study of the structure of the various n . w J Of what dialects of the red men sheds light on the inquiry JgjSr 6 into their condition. Languages do not lie, says ousTn-* Home Tooke. They reveal what time has buried lects? in oblivion. A late German writer, Prof. Yater, has publish- Whaf of ed, at Leipzig, a book on the population of Ameri- Pr ca. He lays great stress upon the tongues spoken by the aborigines, and dwells considerably on the unity pervading the whole of them, from Chili to the remotest district of North America. The work has been continued by Adelung and Vater in their Mithridates, which surpasses all similar performances that have evei been achieved by man. They give an extensive comparison of all the Asiatic, African, and American languages. ter's book ? 58 INDIAN HISTORY. wha ia 39. No American language bears marks of being e?i' n of k an arbitrary aggregation of separate parts ; but Amtri each is possessed of an entire organization, having su-gei unity of character, and controlled by exact rules. Each appears as a perfect whole, not as a slow for- mation, springing directly from the powers of man by painful processes of invention ; each dialect is not only free from confusion, but is almost abso- lutely free from irregularities, and is pervaded and governed by undeviating laws. Each American language was competent of itself, without improve- ment from scholars, to exemplify every rule of the logician, and give utterance to every passion. A tribe has no more been found without an organized language than without eyesight or memory. The savage had, indeed, never attempted the analysis of the primitive sounds ; but the analogies are so close, that they may all be expressed by the alpha bet of European use. 40. The tribes vary in their capacity or their What is J . said of cus tom of expressing sounds. Of the several dia- o? un the lects of the Iroquois, that of the Oneidas is the ian lou3 softest, being 1 the only one that admits the letter guages? ' ° •* I (L) ; that of the Senecas is the most rude and energetic. The Algonquin dialects, especially those of the Abenakis, heap up consonants with prodigal harshness ; the Iroquois abound in a concurrence of vowels. The Algonquins have no/; the whole Iroquois family never use the semi-vowel m, and want the labials entirely. How 41. Their style was adorned with noble meta- ua.yheir p}-, org? anc [ g} 0W ed with allegory. They spoke of ' prosperity as a bright sun or a serene and cloudlesb INDIAN LANGUAGES. 59 sky ; to establish peace is to bury the tomahawk or plant the forest tree ; to offer presents as conso- lation to mourners, is to cover the grave of the departed. 42. The great peculiarity of the American or j What „ speech is the absence of all logical analysis of J^reat ideas, and the synthetic character pervading them " n S he all. The American does not separate the compo- g a "agei nent parts of the proposition which he utters. His thoughts rush forth in a troop, for the picture is presented at once and altogether. This synthetic character is apparent in the attempt to express, in the simplest manner, the name of any thing. The Algonquin and the Iroquois could not say father ; they must use a more definite expression. The noun, adjective, and pronoun are blended into one word. The Indian never kneels ; so, when Eliot trans- lated kneeling, the word which he was com- pelled to form filled a line, and numbered eleven syllables. 43. In investigating these and other languages, i • /• mi What of two momentous conclusions follow. The gram- the ~ gram- matical forms, which constitute the organization of £^ a language, are not the work of civilization, but of nature. It is not writers, nor arbitrary conven- tions, that give laws to language ; the forms of JJJJ^, grammar, the powers of combinations, the possi- bility of inversions, spring from within us, and are a consequence of our own organization. 44. The study of these rudest dialects tends to prove.! J by the show, if it does not conclusively prove, that it was gjj* of not man who made language ; but He who made ES? d- ' consti- tute the 60 INDIAN HISTORY. man gave him utterance. From the ice-bound Ed a1 of b regions of the Esquimaux in the north, to the l?rent lf " Straits of Magellan on the south, the primitive guages? American languages, entirely differing in their roots, have, with slight exceptions, a similar physi- ognomy, resembling each other in their internal mechanism. 45. In the Esquimaux, there is an immense \Vhatco- i ' JFencere- number of forms derived from the regimen of pro- different nouns. The same is true of the Basque language, guagee? in Spain, and of the Congo, in Africa. Here is a most wonderful coincidence ; and as it pervades languages of different ^ces, dwelling on different continents, it must be the result of law. what 46. Another and more certain conclusion is this. condu- that the ancestors of our tribes were rude like drawn 18 themselves — not yet disenthralled from nature. from the Han* ^ ne character of each Indian language being one dialects? un i vei . sa i } all-pervading synthesis, proves them to have been still in the earliest stage of intellectual culture. 47. War and hunting are the principal employ- ments of the men. The young Indian travels the (hem° y war-path frequently, that he may encounter an enemy ; and at the great war-dance and feast of his tribe, he will boast of his exploits, and exhibit the shining marks of vermillion on his skin as records of his wounds. 48. The Indian woman leads a toilsome life. How do the In- rli;uimen selves ? How the women? Patiently she plants the maize, the beans, and run- ning vines, with the rude wooden mattock and shell; her hands draw out the weeds, and in due season athcr the harvest. She brings home the INDIAN EMPLOYMENTS. 61 game which her husband has killed — she bears tile wood and draws the water ; and if the men pre- pare the poles for the wigwam, it is the woman who builds it, and in their toilsome journeyings she bears it on her shoulders. 49. In the language of our Indians is no word no* n h i eir important to distinguish the American nations of eastern origin from those of the northern, who, he says, were invaders from Tartary, and were as dif- ferent in their manners as were the Romans and Vandals. what 67. Dr. Mitchell, after much research, concluded said Dr. 7 ... Mitchell? that Asia and America were peopled by similar races of men — that America as well as Asia had its Tartars on the north, and its Malays on the south. in what The American and Mongolian races of men on do the ° Indiana tlie two sides of the Pacific have a near resem- resembw iohan 01 '' blance. The skulls are so nearly alike, that a careful observer could not distinguish one from the other. 68. The dwellers on the Aleutian isles resemble the inhabitants of each continent ; and as the FATE OF THE INDIANS. 67 adventurous Ledyard stood in Siberia, wk.i men what did of the Mongolian race before him, and compared remark ° ' # 1 on this them with the Indians who had been his com- subject! panions and school-mates at Dartmouth, he writes deliberately that, " universally and circumstan- tially, they resemble the aborigines of America." On the Connecticut and the Obi, he saw but one race. 69. He that describes the Tungusians of Asia, seems also to describe the North American. That the Tschukchi of North-eastern Asia and the Esqui- maux of America are of the same origin, is proved by the affinity of their languages, thus establishing a connection between the continents, previous to the discovery of America by Europeans. The indigenous population of America offers no Wrui t is new obstacle to faith in th*» unity of the human regard t« ^ p the bear- race, agreeable to the plain statement of the Bible jjj* ,5£ n . on that subject, which is a book entitled to the Xujol? term antiquity paramount to all records now in man existence. 70. A melancholy interest surrounds the fate of what . the red man. Once, sole lords of a rich and almost $*££* boundless country, they have been crowded farther of us the and farther from their sunny hunting-grounds — farther from the noble rivers they so much loved, and the blue Atlantic, upon whose waves they thought many a good spirit dwelt. Some of them, overwhelmed with misfortunes, calmly submitted to their fate, and after the last struggle over the graves of their nation and kin- dred (a spot venerated by the red man), they de- parted never to return. Others fought long and 68 INDIAN HISTORY. bravely, and chose rather to die within sight of the soil they once owned and upon the graves of their warriors. " By and by," says one who mourns their hapless fate, " they will have passed the Rocky Mountains, and in a few centuries scarcely a remnant will be seen, unless along the beach of the Pacific, the utmost boundary to which they can flee ; where, as they gaze upon the illimitable expanse, and turn back to the country of their ancestors, they will mingle with the resounding surge the death-song of departed nations." HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OE AMEEICA, DIVISION OF THE HISTORY, BY EPOCHS, IN THREE PARTS PART I. COMPRISES THE EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS, TO THE DECLARA TION OF INDEPENDENCE, IN 1776, EXTENDING 284 YEARS. PART II. COMPRISES THE EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, IN 1789, EXTENDING 13 YEARS. PART III. COMPRISES THE EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO Til 1^ PRESENT TIME. ^ oftht ^ -_ FR ENCH, ENCLIShTdUTCH e ss/ons or ®& ^. in tlae (TED STATES DEATH OF KING PHILIP. PART I., EXTENDING 284 YEARS FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA IN 1492, TO THE DECLARA- TION OF INDEPENDENCE IN 1776. CHAPTER I. HE voyages and discoveries of Christopher Columbus opened a new and brilliant, era in the history of the world, and ex- cited the admiration of all the nations of Europe. The mon- archs, who had derided his undertaking, when he presented himself before W r hat spirit did the dis- covery «| In I ni- hil cite id Europe l 72 EARLY DISCOVERIES. Part I. 1492 them, in poverty, to beg their assistance, now saw, in the newly-discovered wilds of the Western whatdid World, which the genius of Columbus had laid ferent open to their view, a golden prize, a share of which [hlse in tne y ea £ ei 'ly attempted to secure. discover- 2. Columbus was born at Genoa, in the year 1447, and early manifested a strong partiality for when tne different sciences, but more particularly for that £here of mathematics. Blessed with a vivid imagina- \va9 Co- . . _ jumbua tion, with ardent courage and great piety, oi untir- ing energy and perseverance, he seemed raised up by Providence for the great work in which he S at of engaged, and in which his success excelled even history'/ his wildest dreams, or the most gorgeous pictures of his glowing and vivid imagination. 3. The mariner's compass had already been dis- ^ covered, and with this sure guide and trusty com- coium ad panion, the voyager boldly launched out into embra- ly unknown seas. Columbus early embraced the idea, entertained by few, of the rotundity of the earth ; hence he believed that the Indies and a vast amount of undiscovered land might be reach- ed by sailing west. Strongly impressed with the truth of this idea, and knowing that such discov- eries would be of incalculable benefit to the whom nation which made them, he explained his views explain successively to John II. of Portugal, Henry VII. of views? England, and to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain, beseeching them to aid him in the with prosecution of his great enterprise ; but they, Success? ignorant and short-sighted, and believing him to be a wild adventurer, refused their assistance. 4. He had already wasted seven years of his When did Co- lumbus make his Chap. I. DEAT. H OF COLUMBUS. 73 life in a fruitless struggle to obtain his wish. His 1493 suit had been twice rejected by the court of Spain, when he was summoned by Isabella to appear before her. This amiable queen interested herself so strongly in his behalf, that, finding it impossible iast°he* ii p i.ii-ii came his to take the money irom a treasury which had been fnend ? impoverished by a long war, she offered to pledge her private jewels, to obtain the means to fit out what the expedition and defray the expenses of the bSi a Is oP ierto do J voyage. 5. The necessary funds were accordingly ad- vanced, and on the 3d of August, 1492, Colum- bus, with three small vessels, set sail from Palos, on his voyage of discovery. After having encoun- jjjf, 1 tered innumerable hardships, controlled his muti- nous crew, and sailed thousands of miles over an 0ct 21> unknown ocean, on the 12th of October, 1492, the£j£. joyful shout of "land, land" rung from ship to 2^ of ship, and soon after his feet trod the soil of thedisc firsl New World. Throwing himself up>on his knees, and kissing the ground, he unfurled the banner of Spain, and taking possession of the soil in the name of his royal mistress, called it "San Sal- vador." 6. He subsequently made three other voyages, what of during the years of 1493, 1498, and 1502, in which voyages; he discovered many of the West India and Carib- bean isles, and a considerable portion of the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. On returning from his last voyage, finding Isabella, his patroness, dead and his claims disregarded, he gradually sunk beneath his sufferings, and died on the 20th of May, 1506, in the 59th year of his age. His last SCOV- ery? What of his clos- • ing hia tory 74 EARLY DISCOVERIES. Pai . t 1 14 97 words were. " Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend ~ my spirit." His body was deposited in the convent of St. Francisco, but afterward was conveyed, with the remains of his son Diego, to Hispaniola, and here ag^in disinterred and removed to Havana, in the island of Cuba, where it now reposes. 7. Near the close of his life he was misrepre sented and persecuted. The honors due to him when living, have been freely awarded to him ny succeeding generations. In his career, we perceive what perseverance and untiring energy, aided by a firmness of purpose, can accomplish. During his whole life he was surrounded with difficulties and dangers ; yet, instead of shrinking before their magnitude, he pressed eagerly on, surmounted them all, and placed his name, surrounded with glory, upon the brightest page of history. what 8. The magnificent achievement of Columbus waa now ° or 01 !^ revealing the wonderful truth, of which the germs 2? of may have existed in the imagination of every thoughtful mariner, won the admiration which was due to an enterprise that seemed more divine than human, and kindled, in the breast of the emu- lous, a vehement desire to gain as signal renown in the same career of daring. Give an 9. John Cabot, a Venetian merchant, residing at o/Th" Bristol, Ensr'and, with his son, Sebastian Cabot, disc-over- O 5 ? J cailots 10 Dotri men °f great learning, obtained a patent from Henry VII., "the most ancient American state paper of England," authorizing tliem to plant the flag of England upon any soil hitherto unseen by Christian people. They sailed from England in Ma}*, 1497, and in June discovered the American enter prise Col um Chap. I. ALONZO DE OJEDA. 75 continent in the latitude of fifty-six degrees, among 1497 , the rude savages and the dismal cliffs of Labrador. "~ This discovery was made fourteen months before Columbus, on his third voyage, came in sight of the main-land, and nearly two years before Ameri- go Vespucci sailed west of the Canaries. Shortly after their return, another voyage was planned by Sebastian Cabot. With three hundred men, he sailed for Labrador, by the way of Iceland, which he reached in latitude 58° ; but owing to the severity of the weather, he turned his course south, and proceeded along the shores of the United States to the southern boundary of Maryland. 10. In 1499, Alonzo de Ojeda, a companion of whatof Columbus in his first expedition, sailing under the Series patronage of several Portugese merchants, dis- deojedsS covered the continent at Paria. Americus Vespu cius, a Florentine gentleman, accompanied him, and on his return published such an account of his voyage, as to lead to the belief that he was the first discoverer. The honor of giving a name to the continent, which should have been given to Columbus, was accordingly bestowed on him. 11. In the year 1501, a vessel, under the com- mand of Caspar Contereal, was fitted out by the account king of Portugal, and sent on a voyage of discov- o/cSai ery to the New World. He proceeded to North re°T~ America, and sailed along the coast for six or seven hundred miles, admiring the freshness of the ver- dure and the density of the stately forests. After Having freighted his ship with more than fifty Indi- ans, he returned to Portugal and sold them as slaves. 76 EARLY DISCOVERIES. I'arf 1 1524 12. The French king, Francis I., in 1523, sent out John Yerazzani, a Florentine, who reached the of John continen f in the latitude of Wilmington, North Yerazza- ait Carolina. His crew were filled with admiration at the tawny color of the Indians, their ornaments, and garlands of feathers. As they proceeded far- ther north, the groves, redolent with fragrance, spread their perfumes far from the shore, and gave promise of the spices of the east. They anchored in the harbor of Newport for fifteen days, and from thence sailed along the coast of New England to Nova Scotia, when they returned to France. what 13. In 1534, James Cartier, under a commission discover- janS fr° m the king of France, sailed to America, visited m a ake e ? r the island of Newfoundland, discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the great river of Canada. On his second voyage, in the following year, he sailed up the river as far as the Isle of Orleans. Here, leaving his ship, he proceeded in an open boat until he reached an Indian village, near the site of which now stands the city of Montreal. At the Isle of Orleans he spent the winter, which was rendered frightful by the intense cold and the rava- ges of the scurvy. In 1540, Cartier again returned to Canada, for the purpose of planting a settle- To ment, but was unsuccessful. The king of France wSTh.s afterward granted to De Monts the territory from S- ory New Jersey to Nova Scotia. In virtue of this granted ? g r ant, in 1604 he commenced the settlement of Port Royal, on the south-eastern side of the Bay of Fundy; and in 1608, his agent, Samuel Cham- plain, laid the foundation of Quebec. 14. In 1512, Juan Ponce de Leon, a fellow voy Chap. J. PONCE DE LEON. 77 ager of Columbus in his first expedition, sailed 1512. from Porto Rico with three ships, which he had fitted out at his own expense, and in about a month ^ hat discovered Florida, and landed upon the coast a e'ydTd short distance above St. Augustine. In Spain he * e a ^ n had heard a tale, which was there credited by those distinguished for virtue and intelligence, of a foun- tain which possessed virtues to renovate the life of those who should bathe in its streams, or give a perpetuity of youth to the happy man who should drink of its ever-flowing waters. 15. This elixir of life was to flow from a per- petual fountain in the New World, in the midst of ... . , _ _ For what a country glittering with gems and gold. To dis- {jjjp 1 ^ cover this fountain, De Leon, whose cheeks had com" to been furrowed by hard service, made this voyage ; VoridT but, although he sought for it long and earnestly, he was compelled to return without having drunk of its youth-renewing waters. 16. In 1520, a company of seven, at the head of whom was Lucas Vasquez de Allyon, fitted out obj two slave ships from St. Domingo, in quest of ^^J laborers for their plantations. From the Bahama vessels3 islands they passed to the coast of South Carolina, invited the natives to visit the ships, and when a number had crowded upon the decks, at a given signal they weighed anchor, and set sail for St. Domingo. Husbands were torn from their wives, WhRt and children from their parents ; but the crime w r as ba&bft finally avenged, for one of the ships foundered at sea, and the guilty and guiltless perished, together. Vasquez again sailed to the coast, with the royal permission to conquer the country; but his men For wha*. ect De 78 EARLY DISCOVERIES. Part I# 15 26 were slaughtered by the enraged natives, and he returned to his home to die of wounded pride. 17. Pamphilio de Narvaez attempted, at a later Kar 01 day, to conquer Florida; but of three hundred men who landed with him on the coast, only five return- what of ed. Ferdinand de Soto, the favorite companion of Pizarro in his conquest of Peru, believing Florida to be a land full of gold and diamonds, and unin- timidated at the fate of Narvaez, determined to make the conquest at his own expense. No sooner were bis intentions known, than hundreds of the nobles of Castile Hocked to his standard. Six hun- dred men, in the prime of life, in the glittering- array of polished armor, with brilliant hopes, sailed with him for the land of promise. 18. In 1539, he landed in the Bay of Spiritu Santo, in Florida. Fearing that his men might wish to return, he sent his ships back to Cuba, and what of marched boldly forward into the wilderness. Gold the ail- J Md tl fu- 8 was ^ le 0D j ect °f hi s search, and for that he pene- tory of 3 ' trated the country hundreds of miles, in every °" direction, entered Georgia and Carolina, crossed the Alleghanies, fought a bloody battle with the Indians at Mobile, and another with the Chicka- saws, in which all their clothes were destroyed, and they compelled to clothe themselves in the skins of beasts. 19. When, at length, they reached the Missis- sippi, the spirit of their leader was broken down by their long journey. Attacked by a malignant fever, and feeling himself to be near his end, he called his followers around him, bade them fare- well, and died. His body was wrapped in his man- What is id of in Chap. I. DE SOTO AND COLIGNI. 79 tie, and, in the stillness of midnight, sunk in the -[543 middle of the stream. The discoverer of the Mis- sissippi slept beneath its waters. His men, under the successor which he had appointed, wandered m the wilderness for a few months, and then em- barking upon the river in boats, sailed down the stream until they reached the Gulf of Mexico, when they pursued their way along the coast until they arrived at a Spanish settlement in Mexico nearly four years from the time they first com- menced their wanderings in the wilderness. 20. Jasper Coligni, the leader of the Huguenot party in France, determined to establish a settle- c<$ g ment in America, to Avhich the Protestants could flee from the persecutions which harassed them in their native land. He accordingly, in 1562, after having secured a commission from the king, sent out two ships under the command of John Ribault. Land was first discovered on the coast of Florida, in the latitude of St. Augustine. Sailing north, he entered a river, which he named Port Royal, and erected upon an island a fort, which he called Fort Charles. Leaving there a colony under Cap- tain Albert, he returned to France. 21. The people soon after mutinied, killed Cap- tain Albert, and in a small ship set sail for France. whBtrf In 1564, Laudonnier sailed for Florida with three JS^tSS ships. He landed at the river May, and built a fort, which, in honor of the French king, he named Carolina. In the following year, Ribault arrived a second time, and was made governor of the colony at Carolina. Spain had never relinquished her claim to this country, which, she maintained, be- 80 EARLY DISCOVERIES. Part j. 1564 longed to her by right of discovery. Philip II. determined to destroy the nest of heretics who had settled there, and plant in their place a Catholic colony. what of 22. He accordingly sent over Pedro Melendez, Mden- a man accustomed to scenes of blood and butchery. iJez"! . Landing upon the coast of Florida, south of the French settlement, he laid the foundation of the city of St. Augustine, the oldest town by forty years of any in the United States. The French had received intimation of the design of the Spaniards, and sent out an expedition by sea to attack them in their harbor ; but meeting with a terrific storm, the ships were wrecked, and nearly all on board perished. Melendez, marching with his troops through the forest, attacked the French in their rear, and massacred the whole company excepting Laudonnier and a few others, who escaped to France. 23. Over their corpses he placed the inscription, " We do not this as unto Frenchmen, but as unto heretics." Upon the ground, smoking with the blood of a peaceful colony, a cross was raised and the site of a church selected. Melendez then erected three forts for the defense of the country, and strongly garrisoned them with Spanish sol- diers. what of 24. The French king took no notice of this mas- tes'i 01 ' sacre ; but the Chevalier de Gorges, a bold soldier, fitted out an expedition at his own expense, and sailed for Florida, determined to avenge the death of his countrymen. On his arrival, he made a descent upon the Spaniards, razed then forts, hung Chap. I. SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 81 two hundred of their garrison, writing over them, i56§. " / do not this to Spaniards, but unto traitors, rob- bers, and murderers! 1 '' France disavowed the expedition, and relinquished all pretension to Florida. 25. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a soldier and 1 J ' What ol a statesman, having received a grant from Queen gJibertj Elizabeth of such lands as he might discover and occupy, sailed with five ships for the purpose of making a settlement in America. Landing at Newfoundland, he took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, and then proceeded south ; but meeting with a terrific storm, in which one of his ships was wrecked, he altered his course and sailed for England. His ship foundered at sea, and the brave Gilbert, with all his crew, per- ished. 26. Sir Walter Raleigh, warned bv the sad fate /• 7 ' " • what of his step-brother, resolved on a settlement in a gat&irf milder climate. Having obtained from Elizabeth W i' g hob- a patent as ample as that conferred on Gilbert, in £a fn ' nl which he was constituted a lord proprietor with almost unlimited powers, he dispatched two vessels for the New World, under the command of Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. Arriving opposite the shores of Carolina, they entered the first conveni- ent harbor, and took possession of the country for their queen. It was in the month of July, and the land seemed like the garden of Eden. The grapes S at of were so abundant on every vine, that the surge of Sydi's"-"" the ocean, as it rolled in upon the shore, dashed its spray upon the clusters. Elizabeth, as she heard their reports of the enchanted regions which they 6 82 EARLY DISCOVERIES. Part j i 6 si had discovered, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named them Virginia, what 27. Raleigh, encouraged by these favorable ac- j£n e j£a c -cunts, fitted out, in 1585, seven ships, to convey to in less? his new possessions the emigrants who were eager to settle in so delightful a country. The command of the expedition was given to Sir Richard Green- ville, and Ralph Lane accompanied it as governor Edi? of the colony. In a short time he reached Vir- Laief ginia, and having left the settlers on the island of Roanoke, returned to England. Lane was cruel and avaricious, and by his imprudence excited the animosity of the Indians. Fortunately, in the fol- lowing year, when the colonists were reduced JIn°to almost to starvation, Sir Francis Drake arrived oflhe 1 from an expedition against the Spaniards, and car- nists? r j e d them back to England. Shortly after their departure, a ship, sent out by Raleigh, arrived with supplies, but found no one to receive them. 28. In 1587, Raleigh sent out another coiony, under the command of Captain White. Soon after loiysent their arrival, White returned to England to obtain 1587? supplies. Owing to a war in which England was embroiled with Spain, nearly three years elapsed before he could return, and then the colony was what is completely destroyed, no one being left to tell its Ito&te? fate. Raleigh, discouraged at these repeated fail- ures of his plans, made no farther attempt to colo- nize the country, which for many years remained in the quiet possession of the natives. 29. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold sailed for «aid of America, and reached the coast of Massachusetts the voy- Gosnoid? in May. Proceeding south, he discovered Cape ■I'ider whom Chap. I. THE 10ND0N COMPANY. b6 Cod, entered Buzzard's Bay, and, alter trading a 1003 while with the Indians, returned home. In 1603 and 1605, two voyages were made, one by Martin What Piing, and the other by George Weymouth, in voyages which many rivers and bays on the coast of Maine made? and Massachusetts were discovered. 30. The accounts of these navigators re-awaken- ed the spirit of emigration which had so long remained dormant, and led to an extensive scheme of colonization. Through the influence of Mr. Richard Hackluyt, an association of influential gentlemen was formed for the purpose of sending colonies to America. Virginia, at that time, ex- tended from the southern boundary of North Caro- lina to the northern boundary of Maine. 31. Two companies were formed ; one, composed what of noblemen and gentlemen in and about London, £om P a- was called the London company; the second, of Sed, knights and gentlemen in the west, called the Ply- territory mouth company. The former had an exclusive right g a ^, to occupy the regions from thirty-four to thirty-eight degrees of north latitude ; the latter had an exclu- sive right to the country between forty-one and forty-five degrees. The intermediate district from thirty-eight to forty-one degrees was open to both companies. 32. The superintendence of each district was how T-> '111 We ' e t ' ie confided' to a council in England, appointed by the £*»** king. The local administration of each colony gg^, was entrusted to a council residing within its limits, also appointed by the king, and to act in conform- ity with his instructions. Thus to the corporation nothing was given but a territory, with the right S4 VIRGIN A. part , 4 1606 °f peopling and defending it, while to the monarch was reserved absolute legislative authority, with the control of all appointments. CHATTER II. VIRGINIA. 1. One hundred and nine years had rolled away what since the discovery of the American continent bv was the^ J vri°inia f Cabot, forty-one years from the settlement of Flor- afterca 8 icla, and yet no permanent colony had been estab- hot dis- ,. , , . , T . . V -r, f , , . A°meri- d * lsneo - ln Virginia. Repeated attempts had been ™ made, but through want of proper foresight they had proved unsuccessful. In 1606 the London wuMiit Company, after having matured a plan of settle- •he Lo y n - uient, and formed the laws which were to go vein pany.ln" it, sent out to South Virginia three ships and 105 men, under the command of Newport. 2. The names and instructions of the council were handed to Newport in a sealed box, with S at of orders not to open it until twenty-four hours after joC n his arrival in America. During the voyage the Smith? t l a «. t genius and energy of Capt. John Smith excited J h ^} jealousy, and under the frivolous charge of wish- route »i •/ / o TueVTy ing to murder the council and proclaim himself iud vor ' king of Virginia, he was placed in confinement. when ° ° ' Schthe ^ ew P ort saileci by the way of the West India ponti- Chap. II. CAPT. JOHN SMITH. 85 lent storm drove him north into the Chesapeake ieo7 bay. Discovering a noble river, they named it James, after their monarch. what 3. The rich country ard the flowery shrubs which he di»- J J cover, oordered the shore invited them to enter. They J^gjj 1 sailed up the stream about fifty miles, encountering JeiLJtVoi the hostility of but one small tribe, and selected the menu peninsula of Jamestown for the site of the colony. . . . What Wingfield was elected President of the council ; but ^ e r Smith, although released from confinement, was smith?* excluded from his seat in their body, notwithstand- ing he had been duly appointed by the Company. The attempt at his trial was finally abandoned, and he restored to his station. Although surrounded by Indians, from whom they could expect but little what of assistance, the colony, which was composed princi- meter Sf . , , . the emi- pally of indolent gentlemen, paid no attention to^ rants? the cultivation of the soil, so that famine soon stared them in the face. 4. Newport sailed for England in June, and in a What t few weeks after his departure scarcely ten of the SriiS?" settlers were able to walk. Thev fell victims to c ^»y after the diseases occasioned by the want of food, the heat J^Jj of the climate, and the decay of luxuriant vegeta- JoT-' tion. Often four or five died in a night, and in the morning their bodies were trailed out of the cabin, like dogs, to be buried. Such was the mortality that by autumn fifty men had perished. Gosnold, the projector of the settlement, was among the number. 5. Disunion completed the work of misery. Wn atof Wingfield, the avaricious President, was deposed trelch- from offne for dishonesty in appropriating the pub- J v c |^* 86 VIRGINIA. Parti J60T lie stores to his own use, and Ratcliffe appointed in ~" his place ; but the latter, ignorant and indolent, J™!' was glad to leave the management of affairs to "h.'"ai ?a Smith, whose cheerful courage alone diffused light fairs of the ™io amid the general gloom. ny? © o 6. His whole life had been spent in the service of lAimanity. The trials through which he had passed were evidently intended to fit him for the said of great part he was to play in the settlement of Vir- Ihe ener- or i j Iari> ai i?fe ginia. He had visited Egypt, Italy and France, and ofsmifhj fou g] lt m manv battles against the Turks. At length taken prisoner and sent to Constantinople as a slave, he was relieved by a Turkish lady and finally regained his liberty. Returning to England, he shared in the general enthusiasm of planting States in America, and now the infant common- wealth of Virginia depended for its existence upon his firmness. He inspired the natives with awe, and quelled the spirit of anarchy and rebellion among the emigrants. 7. He was accustomed to make frequent excur- sions into the interior to obtain provisions and ex- Howwas plore the country. In one of these expeditions, prison^" after having ascended the Chickahorniny river near- indians? ly to its source, he was attacked by a party of In- dians and all of his companions killed. Seizing an Indian youth he held him as a shield between his body and the enemy and fled ; but being unac- quainted with the country, he sunk to his neck in a swamp and was taken prisoner. 8. Smith now preserved his life by his calmness be pre- and self-possession. Displaying a pocket compass Jfel he amused the savages by an explanation of its Chap. II. CAPT. JOHN SMITH. 87 powers, and increased their admiration of his genius jeos by imparting to them some conception of the form ~~ of the earth and the nature of the planetary sys- To tern. Their wonder, however, soon seemed to abate, diln'hey and he was led in triumph to Powhattan, their ffiano . . . w,,al king. Powhattan and his council doomed him to ^.-^ death, as a man whose genius and courage were Ste? 13 dangerous to the Indians. He was accordingly led to execution, but just as Powhattan had raised his club to perform its murderous work, Pocahontas, his youthful daughter, rushed through the crowd whatcir- J ~ ' ° cumstan- and with a shriek threw herself upon the prostrate £f| tf£ a form of Smith, at the same time casting an im- served? ploring look toward her father, with eyes swim- ming with tears besought his life. The heart of the savage king was touched with pity, and drop- ping the war-club he raised his daughter and the jjjy 8 *" captive from the ground. Smith was now looked [*he efitto upon as a friend, and succeeded in establishing a w ' es peaceful intercourse between the English and the tribes of Powhattan. Thus his captivity, on the whole, was a benefit to the colony. 9. Returning to Jamestown he found the colony Jnwhal in a state of great confusion and distress. Only dTrte" forty of the emigrants were alive, and the stronger coionyon part of these had seized the pinnace to make their turn? escape. This third attempt at desertion he re- pressed at the hazard of his life. Newport soon sair ,u the° n appearance of a regular place of abode ; yet at the nvo ny expiration of two years not more than thirty or trom 8 its fortv acres of land had been cultivated, and the settle- ment? colonists were often compelled to solicit food from the Indians to preserve themselves from starvation, what is 11- I n 16(39 the London Company obtained a thf d new new charter, enlarging their territory and increas- cbiained ing their privileges. The council in England and compa- tne g° Yeinov i before appointed by the king, were to " y? be chosen by the stockholders, and the governor to reside in Virginia. Lord Delaware was appointed What is & rr 'he d expe- governor for life. Soon after, nine ships, carrying iut'out? five hundred emigrants and certain officers appoint- ed to supersede the existing government, were sent CHap. II. SECOND CHARTER. 8 ( .) out from England. A violent storm arising, the i^ q. ship in which these officers sailed was wrecked on *~ the island of Bermuda. A small ketch perished, and seven ships only arrived in Virginia. 12. The new emigrants were most of them rakes and libertines, men more fitted to corrupt than to What found a commonwealth. Declaring that the old chTia? 6 charter was abrogated, and that until the arrival the . new ° 7 emi of the governor , no one in the colony had any* JL™ whw authority from the new grant, anarchy seemed at pf 88 hand. Rut Smith insisted that his office did not p"«ue? expire until the arrival of the new governor, reso- 1 ~ ' What m- lutely maintained his authority until, disabled by i^ e . an accidental discharge of gunpowder, he delegated England} his authority to Percy and embarked for England. 12. The colonists, no longer controlled bv an What acknowledged authority, were soon abandoned to *«* idleness. The Indians learning that the only man dSSn-" whom they dreaded had left the colony, not only urc " refused to supply them with food, but murdered a large number, and laid their plans to starve and destroy the whole company. So great was the famine, that the settlers devoured the skins of their Sw horses and the bodies of the Indians whom they ine? iam " had killed. Smith, at his departure, had left more than four hundred and ninety persons in the colo- ny; in six months the number was reduced to sixty, and these were so dejected that if relief had not arrived, in ten days all must have perished. 14. At this frightful period, Sir Thomas Gates arrived with the passengers who had been wrecked %*££& upon the coast of Bermuda. All immediately de- "he 1 " 1 , 1 ,?." termined to sail for Newfoundland. They accord- SL1 What prevent- ed (heir carrying their plans in to e.xecu 'ton j 90 VIRGINIA Parti. 16l0 ingly embarked on board of tbe newly-arrived ~~ ships and dropped down the stream with the tide ; but the next morning they fell in near the mouth of the river with the long-boat of Lord Delaware, who had arrived on the coast with emigrants and supplies. The fugitives immediately returned to Jamestown. 15. The severe trials through which they had passed had taught them their dependence upon God, and they now recommenced their colony with appropriate religious services, acknowledging the hand of Providence so signally displayed in saving the^ad- tnem from famine and utter extinction. Under the tw" 1S oT mild administration of Lord Delaware order and aware*" contentment were restored, and the colon}'- soon as- sumed the appearance of affluence and security. In a short time his health making it necessary for him to return to England he was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, what is 16. In the same year Sir Thomas Gates was ap- pointed governor and sailed for Virginia with six ships and three hundred emigrants. On his air: val he assumed the government of the colony, which then numbered seven hundred men. Hitherto all property had been held in common, but now a new plan was adopted, and each man had a few acres assigned to him as his own. This produced a beneficial change, for the love of pos- session stimulated each one to improve his own to the utmost. EJe 17. In 1612 another change in the charter of the the ad ministra tion of Giites* tlMlK fcnai ^hginia Company took place, granting to them the j!k, in Bermudas and all islands within three hundred Chap. II THIRD CHARTER. 91 leagues of the Virginia shore, and giving the con- iei\5 troi of the colony to the members of the company. These men appointed the officers, and made the laws — the settlers being excluded, as heretofore, from any influence in the government. 18. In the following year the hostility of the H ow Indian tribes was changed into friendship by the hostm- ° . ties oi marriage of Pocahontas to a young Englishman, by j£® n3 ln " the name of John Rolfe. With the approbation of S " ged her father and friends, Opachisco, her uncle, gave the ship? bride away in the little church at Jamestown, and she stammered before the altar her marriage vows according to the rites of the English service. In what of 1616 she sailed with her husband for England, and ture h«- ° ; tory ot was received at court with the distinction due to an Jonfe American princess. As she was preparing to return to America she fell a victim to the English climate, at the age of twenty-two — saved, as if by the hand of mercy, from beholding the extermination of the tribes from which she sprung, leaving a spotless name, and dwelling in memory under the form of perpetual youth. 19. In 1619, under the administration of Yeardly, the first colonial assembly ever held in Virginia met cuned J ° under at Jamestown. The house of burgesses, as it was ^f nis ^i- called, could debate and enact laws, but they could Yeardly i not be of force till they were ratified by the compa- ny in England. Nearly thirteen years had now passed away since the settlement had been begun. w a h s a the More than eighty thousand pounds had been ex- of "the' ° J * m colony pend^d by the company, yet the colony contained J^ en only six hundred persons. In 1620, however, S a . lts through the influence of Sir Edward Sandys, 92 VIRGINIA. Part I. 1620 twelve hundred and sixty-one emigrants came Settiera 20. Most of these settlers were without families. lohIo ? To strengthen their attachment to the land of their Tuu\v^ adoption, the company prevailed upon ninety young tn°f^ women to embark for the colony, where they were "hem assured of a welcome. On their arrival they had wives? no difficulty in finding agreeable partners. The husbands paid the expenses of emigration, the price of a wife being about one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Domestic ties were formed ; new emi- waTthe grants constantly arrived, and within three years, result) t jj ree thousand five hundred persons found their way to Virginia, which was a refuge even for Puritans. what is 21. In 1620 a Dutch man-of-war entered James ductioS " " ver anc ^ l an d e d twen ty negroes for sale. This is £eS° the sad epoch of the introduction of negro slavery in the English colonies. The system w T as fastened on the rising institutions of America, not by the consent of the corporation, nor the desire of the emigrants ; but, as it was introduced by the mer- cantile avarice of a foreign nation, so it was subse- quently riveted by the policy of England, without regard to the interest or wishes of the colony. The number of slaves increased very slowly in Virginia, so that thirty years after their first importation there was not more than one slave to fifty whites. wj5' 22. In 1621 Sir Ralph Wyatt arrived as the sue- SFcin! cessor °f Yeardly. He brought with him a written SS constitution, securing many valuable privileges to wyau by the colonists, and among them the trial by jury and local courts founded on English law. "Ilia CUap. II. WRITTEN CONSTITUTION. 93 governor and assembly chosen by the people were 16 ' the r'oio- persons who had been sent from England but 1624 v" eighteen hundred existed in the colony. 27. King James declared that these continued Btepdid misfortunes were owing to the bad government of King ° ° ta£e e8 to tne colony, and sent out three commissioners to the char- Virginia to inquire into the state of the plantation ; viiginias but, determined to have the government in his own hands, before they returned a judicial trial was in- stituted, which resulted in the canceling of the charter. Virginia was changed into a royal pro- vince and a governor appointed by the king. 28. In 1625 Charles I. ascended the throne of England. One of his first Virginia measures was What followed the*e lostili- ties? Flow ma measure of Chas LI Chap. II. CHARTER CANCELLED. 95 toannounce his fixed resolution of becoming, through 1625 his agents, the sole factor of the planters ; but this 1625 resolution was never carried into effect. In 1628 wafthe ~. T , TT . , t-, first Vir- bir John Harvey was appointed governor, b rom & the time of his first appearance in America, in 1623, he had been looked upon with aversion by 1628 . the colonists. They beheld in him a tyrant, who said 1 of J J } Governoi preferred the interests of himself and patrons to the Harvey? welfare and quiet of the colony. 29. The colonists at length, indignant at his re- For what ' purpose peated acts of injustice, deposed him from office ^ s t J® and sent him to England for trial ; but Charles re- SifShat fused an audience to his accusers, and sent him result? back to Virginia with a new commission as gov- & & 1642. ernor. In 1639, however, he was suspended by the Who appointment of Sir Francis Wyatt, who, at the ex- |d CC Har- piration of two years, was succeeded by Sir Wil- ve liam Berkeley. Immediately after his arrival, he J J . What of convened the colonial assembly. Religion was pro- ,he . \hatis earlier discoveries of Massachusetts, and the form- thedisso- ation of the Plymouth Company. This company lution of J • 1 1 the piy- was unsuccessful in forming a colony here, and in mouth o J compa- 16 20 they were superseded by the Council of Ply- mouth, to whom was granted all the territory between the 40th and 48th degree of north lati- tude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. ■aMof 8 2* r ^ ne ^ lst sett l ers °f Massachusetts were a rettiS? band of Puritans, who, exposed to a fierce persecu- Baphu-" tion in their native land, on account of certain reli- setts? gious views, and of refusing to comply with the tyrannical exactions of a bigoted king and corrupt, government, rather chose a home in the wilder- ness, where they could at least worship God accord- ing to the dictates of their own consciences, than to give up principles which they believed were found- ed on the " word of God." 3. Their eyes were first turned toward Holland, but when they attempted to embark many of them Describe were seized and thrown in prison, by order of a Endand king who could not endure that his prey should removal" tli us easily escape from his hands. At length, in nnd - 1608, they arrived in Amsterdam, and from thence proceeded to Leyden, where they formed a distinct society, under the care of their pastor, Rev. John Robinson. Chap. 111. PILGRIMS LEAVE HOLLAND. 101 4. By their piety and exemplary deportment, they 1620 acquired the respect and love of the magistrates and citizens, and but for the fear of offending King James, they would have met with public favor. After having resided eleven years in Leyden, they determined to remove. The language and manners of the Dutch were disagreeable to them ; they were Seed suffering from poverty ; and their children, sharing" leave & 11 i -i Hollend ' their parents' burdens, bowed under the weight, and became decrepid in early youth. Conscious of their abilities to act a higher part in. the great drama of humanity, they determined to emigrate to the New World. 5. Mr. John Carver was accordingly sent to Eng- land to apply to the London Company for a grant of land in America, and to petition the king for Uf n y fr °5; Liberty of religion, to be conferred under his broad doncom- seal. The grant was obtained, but the most they what & J from the could derive from the king was an informal prom- klIlg? ise of neglect. Having obtained two small vessels, the Speedwell, of sixty tons, and the Mayflower, In what of one hundred and eighty tons, Brewster, with as dfduiey many as could find room, prepared to embark. Robinson, with a large part of the congregation, remained behind. 6. The parting scene was very affecting. They all knelt upon the ground and mingled their voices . . , f.i, Describe together in prayer, then arose, and with the tears the part, ° l •> J } u,g scene streaming down their cheeks, waved to each other JSjagJ? an adieu, which they could not speak. They im- mediately proceeded to Southampton, in England, and after tarrying there for a fortnight, set sail foi America. They had proceeded but a short dis- 102 MASSACHUSETTS. Part 1. 1620 tance on their voyage, when the Speedwell, owing to the weakness of the vessel, was obliged to re- turn, leaving the Mayflower to continue its course alone. 7. Look for a moment upon that little vessel, careering upon the rough waves of the ocean, and tossing like a feather on its tempestuous bosom ; behold a germ which shall yet grow to a mighty tree — a spark, which, at some future day, will kin- dle a beacon on Bunker Hill, that will shine a pillar of fire to the world. Witness the guiding What is sauiotan power of an overruling Providence for those self- overrul- * ° lfience" v ' denying men, and others who preceded and fol lowed them to different colonies, forging, uncon- sciously perhaps, the first link of that great chain of civil and religious freedom, which is yet to sur- round the earth. where 8. They expected to land near the Hudson, but first dis- were carried so fer north that their first sight of cover ~ land? i anc | wag t ^ e D i ea k: shore of Cape Cod. They now What drew up a civil compact, signed by the whole body dX'they of men. forty-one in number, in which they bound officers themselves to be obedient to all the ordinances choose y made by the body. John Carver was appointed landing? governor, and Miles Standish captain. 9. They sailed along the inner coast of the bay, What did J ^ J ' to ey iand d Ending at different times to explore the country. Srent dif " At one place they found a number of Indian graves. and a quantity of Indian corn buried in the ground. (he leather? what is The weather was so intensely cold that the water Kaid of J froze upon their clothes and made them like coats of ice. On the third morning, they found them- selves at the entrance of Plymouth harbor. Here Chap. III. FIRST WINTER IN AMERICA. 103 they determined to land and make their settle- igso ment. 10. The next day was the Sabbath. They rest- £™ did ed and kept it holy ; and there, for the first time, theVb- • , V i i i . ■ bath? on those ice-bound shores, were heard the voice of prayer and the song of praise, ascending to when heaven. On the following day, the 21st of De- dilPthey cember, they landed on Plymouth rock, naming it cum- 1 " 1 from the last place they left in England. A dreary {Jf^^ prospect was before them ; on one side lay a vast wilderness covered with a snowy mantle, on the w a h s a [ he other, rolled the broad Atlantic, separating them fS ct from their kindred and their native land ; yet their trust in God remained unshaken, for they knew J^jjgf that the same mighty power which watched over trust? them on the stormy deep could still protect them. 11. The freezing weather to which they had been exposed sowed the seeds of consumption and inflammatory colds, and the bitterness of mortal disease was their welcome to these inhospitable Whatig shores. Their buildings went up slowly, for it was gSr^ a difficult matter to erect them when one-half of during the first their number was wasting away with consump- wmteu tion and fever. Week after week, during the whole of that dreary winter, they carried out one after an- other of their friends to their long homes ; and ere spring again smiled upon the earth, more than one- half their number, including the governor and his wife, lay buried jn the shore. 12. Until they could cultivate their ground and gather in their crops, they suffered much from want of fond. At one time, they were reduced to a pint of corn, which, being divided, gave only five ker- 104 MASSACHUSETTS. Part I 1620 nels to each individual. The living were hardly How able to take care of the sick and bury the dead their af- Yet, during all this season of suffering, the cheer- fiictions the"s e et by ^ IU confidence of the pilgrims in the mercies of tie™? Providence remained unshaken. After their first desolating sickness, and the gathering in of their crops, prosperity seemed to attend them. 13. And here we cannot refrain from pausing to what draw a contrast between the pilgrims and the set- do w e tiers of Virginia. The latter were made up of a draw be- ~ r the let class of wild adventurers, destitute of piety and M e is S a f thirsting for gold. The former came, that they chusett9 and vir- might worship God in peace ; and on first pressing the soil of the New World, their knees were bent in humble supplication and thanksgiving to their Maker. The foundations of their settlement were laid in prayer, and after their first severe trials had passed away, the smiles of that Being in whom they had trusted attended them. The latter, rent by internal dissensions, and their number constant- ly thinned by famine and the knife of the Indian, planted their colony in suffering and blood. 14. When the pilgrims landed there were traces of a previous population, but no living inhabitants. A fearful disease had, a short time before, swepl them all away or driven them farther back into the wilderness. Indians from abroad were occasionally discovered hovering around the settlement, but dis appearing when pursued. aive an 15. At length, after several months, Samaset. an ofine 1 Indian who had learned a little English of thefish- dian visit ermen at Penobscot, boldly entered the town, ex- to the . merit? claiming — " Welcome, Englishmen." With the aid Chap. III. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 105 of this Indian they entered into a treaty of peace 102s with Massasoit, the great Sachem of the Wampe- Vhal noairs, in which *hey promised to ahstain from mu- w^ y & ' J 1 formed tual injuries, and to aid each other when attacked ;v ,h J ' Massa- unjustly. This treaty remained unbroken for more BO,tl than half a century. 16. Canonicus, the chief of the Narragansetts, ma. disliking this intimacy between the English and Massasoit, sent to Plymouth a bunch of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake's skin, as a token of his hostility. The governor, after having filled the skin with powder and ball, returned it ; the com- JJJjgJjJJ age of the Indian quailed, and he desired to be at n 0n ? C us • i 1 /. subdued! peace with a race whose weapons 01 war were so terrible. 17. In 1628 a settlement was made at Salem by a company under the charge of John Endicott. In what ■ the following spring he was joined by Mr. White, a |£ftion r oi non-conformist minister of Devonshire, and about mth^ 3 ' one hundred emigrants. Through the influence colony? of Lord Dorchester and the Earl of Warwick thev J 1629. obtained a charter from Charles I., and were con- stituted a body politic under the name of the " Gov ernor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." 18. The new colonists immediately began the What formation of their church. They elected a pastor, firltateps teacher, and elder ; disencumbered their public wor- g« coio- ship of most of its ceremony, and reduced it to the lowest standard of Calvinistic simplicity. Forget- ting, in their religious zeal, that others had a right 2far heirreli gious to the enjoyment of the same Christian liberty as \ themselves, those who refused to worship according 106 MASSACHUSETTS. Part lt 163 to the ritual of their church were expelled from the colony. 19. In the mean time, men of greater opulence STcE" ana " higher rank, weary of the religious persecution ofthe" which harassed them in England, determined to join £ed to tne Massachusetts Bay Colony. Through their influ- Amcrica? ence? (^q government of the colony was transferred KVh0 from the company to America, and vested in mem- pointed' hers who should reside in the country. John Win- no^ throp was appointed governor, and Thomas Dudly Howma- deputy governor. In the course of the following SverSe y ear ? fifteen hundred persons sailed for Massachu- jrea°ra"a setts ; but many of them, dissatisfied with Salem, where did they settled at Boston, Charlestown, Roxbury, Dorches- ter, &c. What 20. In 1631 a law was passed at Charlestown pamediu providing for the election of the officers of govern- or * , & „ . . . . & ment by freemen alone, but recognizing none as 1634. freemen excepting church members. In 1634 the settlements had become so scattered that it was found extremely inconvenient for all the freemen When J rnTneed to assemble and transact the necessary public busi- e ness. The authority granted by the charter to the whole body of freemen, was accordingly dele- gated to twenty-four representatives. 21. Notwithstanding the Puritans had suffered so much for opinion's sake, yet the same religious whatw intolerance prevailed among them as in the land said nt l ~ 2n9°aiid they had left. Roger Williams, a minister who had t'mn 6 /./' come over from England to escape persecution, wif- boldly maintained that toleration ought to be grant- ed to all sects ; that oaths of allegiance to the king and magistrates were wrong : and that the colonial a rep Bents form of govern merit? Cliap. III. MRS. HUTCHINSON. 107 charter was founded in injustice. For maintain- ^63 5 ing these doctrines, he was tried and banished from the colony. He shortly aftet settled at Providence, and became the founder of Rhode Island. l636 . 22. During the previous year three thousand new emigrants arrived; among the number were Henry Vane and Hugh Peters. Vane was a young ny m cTe • T-l 1 1 1 UVer tlUJ man from one of the first families in England, and ensuing ~ ; year, ana possessed of brilliant talents and great piety ; affa- Jjjjjj. ble and winning in his manners and conversation, Smu?" he so gained the affection of the colonists, that in ber? 1636 he was appointed governor. But his popu- . g larity was of short duration ; for during his admin- fj*°f istration a religious controversy arose, which ended in destroying his influence in a great measure in the colony. 23. Mrs. Hutchinson, a woman of considerable talent and eloquence, advanced certain doctrines what » which were considered by many as mystical and gre^ full of heresy. She opposed every form of despot- ^%*" d ism over the mind, and declared that the clergy of conve ' Massachusetts were the ushers of persecution, who had not imbibed the true doctrine of Christian reform. 24. Her opinions spread rapidly among the peo- ple, and were embraced by Governor Vane, Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wheelwright, two distinguished clergymen, and many other influential men. The ^ a h s at the majority of the people deemed her doctrines erro- re: neons, and she, with many of her followers, was Z banished from the colony. Vane, disgusted at the bitter feeling which was manifested toward himself and the sect to which he belonged, in the following year returned to England. thebitn feelinga against them ? 108 MASSACHUSETTS. Part 1 What in- duced many to flee to America? How • Crom well rent) from 1638 25. The persecutions of Charles I. induced many ~ to emigrate to New England, that they might enjoy the civil and religious liberty which was denied them at home. Sir Arthur Haselrig and Oliver Cromwell had embarked, but were prevented leav- Howwas ] n g the country on account of a proclamation issued vel'!ed re " by the king, prohibiting all emigration without coming? previous license. Thus the monarch kept at home the very persons who afterward led the way to his dethronement and death. 26. The attention of the colonists was early turned to the subject of education, and in 1636 the Baifof 3 general court of Massachusetts appropriated about founding one thousand dollars for founding of a college, vard'coi- which was accordingly established within the limits lege? ° J of Newtown. In 1638 John Harvard bequeathed to the institution about three thousand dollars. In honor of the donor, it received the name of Har- vard College, what 27. In 1643 Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecti- union of ' •> took nies cut ana " New Haven formed themselves into a con- feind federacy, called the "United Colonies of New Eng- pu^osei land." Rhode Island, not willing to comply with the terms, was refused admission. This confede- racy, formed for mutual defense against the Indi- ans, French and Dutch, existed for more than forty years, and greatly strengthened the several settle- ments which were parties to it. what 28. The affairs of the confederacy were intrusted were the . . . _ _ reguJa- to commissioners, consisting of two from each coi- tions of . iedenS"? un y- Church* membership was the only qualifica- tion required for the office. The commissioners Chap. III. UNION OF COLONIES. 109 were to assemble annually to transact the public lose business of the colony. 29. The contest in which the unfortunate Charles became engaged, and the revolution that followed, left the colonists, for the space of twenty years, what , s nearly unmolested in the enjoyment of virtual in- the pro- dependence. Plenty prevailed throughout the set- |Jf te c ° l0 " tlements. The wigwams and hovels, in which the English had first found shelter, were replaced by well-built houses. The number of emigrants, who had arrived in New England before the assembling of the Long Parliament, is esteemed to have been twenty-one thousand, two hundred. In a little more than ten years, fifty towns and villages had been planted; between thirty and forty churches built; and strangers, as they gazed, could but acknowledge God's blessing on the endeavors of the planters. 30. In 1656 several Quakers arrived in the colo- what lS ny, whose conduct gave great offence to the rigid theliuL Puritans. A law was passed banishing them from the colony, and imposing the sentence of death upon those who should return. Several were exe cuted before this unjust and cruel law was repealed. 31. In 1660 Charles II. ascended the throne, and w T as reluctantly acknowledged by the colonies in thecoii New England. They apprehended, with good rea- P re f^ d son, the loss of their civil and religious privileges. sf^ n of The regicides who had condemned Charles I. to u.? ares death were sentenced to die, and all fell upon the scaffold excepting three, who escaped to America. Their names were Edward Whalley, William Goffe and John Dixwell. Whalley and Goffe arrived in 110 MASSACHUSETTS. Part 1. 1661 Boston, where Endicott, the governor, received them what is with courtesy. For nearly a year they resided. the regi- unmolested, within the limits of Massachusetts ; judses? but when warrants arrived from England for their i66i. apprehension, they fled across the country to New Haven, where it was considered a crime against God to betray the wanderer or give up the outcast. Yet such diligent search was made for them, that they were never in security. For a time they re- moved in secrecy from house to house ; sometimes concealed themselves in a mill, sometimes in clefts of rocks by the sea-side, and for weeks together they dwelt in a cave near New Haven, which is still called the "Regicides' Cave." Great rewards were offered for their apprehension. Indians, as well as English, were urged to scour the woods in search of their hiding-place, as men hunt for the holes of foxes. 32. When the zeal of the search was nearly over, they retired to a little village on the Sound, till at last they escaped by night to an appointed place in Hadley ; and the solitude of the most beautiful valley of New England gave shelter to their wearisome and declining age. At New Haven two graves are now shown, said to be those of the two judges. Their bodies were probably removed to this place from Hadley. John Dixwell was more fortunate. Changing his name, he became absorbed among the inhabit- ants of New Haven, and lived undiscovered. How did ' . workup- growing and prosperous condition of the prUuIri- colonies soon excited the avarice and jealousy of «>iouie«1 the government at home ; and they were not long Their fa ture lives ? CltiKp. 1*1 THE R0YAL COMMISSIONERS. Ill in renewing those commercial restrictions, from iqoi which they had been exempt during the time of the commonwealth. 34. The importation of European commodities whatty . into the colonies, except in English ships from Eng- 3a- land, Avas prohibited ; the harbors were shut against [J^ eT the Dutch and every foreign vessel, and the colo- nists were even forbidden to manufacture those 1663. articles for their own wants, which might in any manner compete with the English. Thus were the commercial liberties of the rising States shack- led and the principles of natural justice subjected to the fears and avarice of the English people. 35. In 1664 a fleet, equipped for the reduction 1664 of the Dutch settlements on the Hudson, arrived at Boston, bearing three commissioners charged to S a !/ . . i'ii • • /.the arri- mvestigate the manner in which the provisions ot ™i of ° l the royal the charters of New England had been exercised ; g?™™ 8 ; with full authority to provide for the peace of the country, according to the royal instructions and their own discretion. 36. The colonists, viewing the appointment of the commissioners as uncalled for, and a violation of their charter, paid but little attention to theii acts. Massachusetts, from the first, descried ,the approach of tyranny ; and, professing sincere loy- alty, refused to acknowledge their authority, and protested against the exercise of it within their limits. In Connecticut and Rhode Island they re- ceived more favor ; but in Plymouth they were met with bold, decided opposition. Finding it impossi- ble to accomplish any thing, they were in a short time recalled. 1 12 MASSACHUSETTS. Parti. 167 5 37. King Philip's War. Up to the breaking out of King Philip's war, the New England colo- What nies continued lo enjoy peace and prosperity. Their Htote t Sf population increased, and their settlements extend- nies pre- ed far into the country ; but the clearness of their vious to ^ ' breaking S ^Y was to De overcast by the clouds of war, and lvar°? the the quiet of 'their homes broken by the war-cry of the Indian and the dying shrieks of their wounded wives and children. 38. In 1662 the aged Massasoit slept with his who was Others, and his son Philip, of Pokanoket, succeed- reLr'of ed him as chief over the allied tribes. During his Boit? a father's life, the treaty which had been made with the English shortly after their arrival remained unbroken ; but after his death, the feelings of the Indians were changed to hatred toward a race who were dispossessing them of their rich territory, and turning their beautiful hunting-grounds into pas- tures. Shortly after, an Indian missionary was found murdered. Three Indians were identified, What ... feTto 3 seized, tried by a jury, of which one-half were In- th,swar? dians, and, on conviction, were hanged. The young men of the tribe panted for revenge, and urged Philip to commence a war against the whites. Yielding at length to their entreaties, he sent the women and children to the Narragansetts for pro- tection, and in July, 1675, attacked the English at Swanzey, killing a number of men. what 39. Philip was thus hurried into hostilities, and L e fni?s e he is reported to have wept as he heard that a on me lp white man's blood had been shed. Against his com- ment e o/ judgment and his will, he was involved in war. !Br He had no prospect of success. Destiny had Chap. III. KING PHIL1F S vyAF. 113 marked him and his tribe. The English vvere i6?5 united ; the Indians had no alliance. The Eng- lish had sure supplies of food ; the Indians might easily lose their precarious stores. The individual growing giddy by danger, rushes as it were toward his fate. So did the Indians of New England. Frenzy prompted their rising. It was but the storm in which the ancient inhabitants of the land were to pass away. They rose without hope, and, therefore, fought without mercy. For them, as a nation, there was no to-morrow. 40. At the very beginning of danger, the colo- what , , . , -cr l r steps did nists exerted their wonted energy. Volunteers from the coiw Massachusetts joined the troops from Plymouth, ^wiSt 1 and within a week from the commencement of weflthe hostilities, the insulated Pokanokets were driven attacked from Mount Hope. 41. During the same month they were attacked in a swamp at Pocasset, now Tiverton, but repulsed their enemy with considerable slaughter. Soon after, they fled westward and united with the Nip- s » id °f 1 J r the union mucks, a tribe in the central part of Massachusetts, {Joes 6 which Philip had induced to join him in his war KUecu- against the whites. Philip possessed a strong in- l t»ewari fluence over most of the New England tribes; and now, banished from his patrimony, where the pil- grims found a friend, and from his cabin, which had sheltered the exiles, he, together with his war- riors, spread through the country, awakening their brethren to a warfare of extermination. In a short time a large number had joined his forces, and now commenced a war which, for cruelty and suf- fering, is unparalleled in colonial history. 8 114 MASSACHUSETTS. Part 1. 16T5 4.2. The Indians, fleet of foot, and conversant what of v,T i tn a ^ tne P a ths, of the forest, never met the Eng Sanner lish in open fieM, but hovered around their paths fare and and shot them down from places of concealment. their cm- * eines? Exploring parties were waylaid and cut off, and the mangled carcasses and disjointed limbs of the dead were hung upon the trees, to terrify pursuers. The laborer in the field, the reapers as they went forth to the harvest, men as they went to mill, were shot down by skulking foes, whose approach was invisible. 43. The mother feared the tomahawk for herself and child rei. and was often compelled to fly with her child in her arms. Men carried their fire-arms into the field and to church, and when they return- ed to their homes would frequently find their dwell- ings a heap of ruins. 44. Brookfield was set on fire; Deerfield was phS burned; Hadley, surprised during a time of reli- stroyed? gious service, was saved only by the daring of yhom Goffe, the regicide, now bowed with years, a heav- did Had- ? & 3 J 1 Ita Sea- en ty messenger, who darted from his hiding-place, ervanon? ra jjj e( j t i ie disheartened, and having achieved a safe defense, sunk away into his retirement, to bp no more seen. 45. On the 28th of the same month, as a corn- Describe pany of young men, under the command of Capt. ■acre at Lathrop, were conveying the harvests of Deerfield creek. t0 tne i ower towns, they were surrounded by a horde of Indians and nearly all destroyed. The little stream that winds through the tranquil scene is called " Bloody Creek," to commemorate the mas- sacre of that day. Cliap.IlI. INDIAN MASSACRES. 115 46. Phmp, who had been prosecuting the war in 1075 the western part of Massachusetts, having accom- plished all that could be done there, returned to Whose Rhode Island, for the purpose of obtaining the aid Philip at of the Narra^ansetts. In this scheme he succeed- obtain, . aiu ' ed, and, with 3,000 Indians, fortified himself in the g el h e e Centre of an immense swamp in the southern part S™ m p 3 of Rhode Island. The island on which he had stationed himself, he surrounded with palisades, and here, with plenty of provisions, considered him- self safe from any enemy. 47. The English determined to attack him, and accordingly raised fifteen hundred men from the SS colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connec- raised to ' J oppose Lieut, and sent them thither under the command him? of Josiah Winslow. On a stormy day in the month of December, after having spent a night in the open air, and waded a long distance through the snow, they arrived in front of the Indian camp. 48. A body of water lay between the fort and the English, across which the trunk of a tree had fallen. Over this they endeavored to pass, but in making their way a large number was shot down. In the mean time, a small force having detached „ ., 7 1 ~ Describe itself from the main body, passed around to the thesie «*- rear of the fort, and wading through the swamp, broke the feeble palisades, and rushing in, set fire to the cabins, and were immediately masters of the place. In this bloody battle, which continued for three hours, one thousand Indian warriors were killed, and a large number taken prisoners. Of the whites, six captains and eighty men were killed, and one hundred and fifty wounded. Indians at the com- mence- ment of the win' ter? [16 MASSACHUSETTS. Pa it I ir>7 6 49, Winter had just commenced, and Philip, inwhat with the remnant of his forces, now without shel- wt-re'the ter from the cold, scattered themselves over the country, and burning with revenge, continued the war with energy and spirit. Many a New Eng- land village was clothed in mourning; many a whatdid town laid in ashes. Several detachments were sent out against him, under Cant. Church, of Plymouth, What ° . . 5°e% s and Capt. Dennison, of Connecticut, and during the against year, two or three thousand Indians were killed, or ami with submitted. Philip refused to hear of peace, and what re- *■ ' ' 81,1,1 was chased from one hiding-place to another. 50. At length, after the absence of a year, he re- Describe solved to meet his destiny, and returned to the liVesThat beautiful land where were the graves of his fore- pwiip'a fathers, the cradle of his infancy, and the nestlinar- return, ' J ' ° manner place of his tribe. Once he escaped narrowly, lieath. 8 leaving his wife and only son as prisoners. "Now," said he, in an agony of grief, "my heart breaks; now I am ready to die." He was shortly after sur- rounded by a party under Capt. Church, and in attempting to fly was shot by a faithless Indian, who had deserted his chief and gone over to the English. 51. His son, a prince cherished as the future sachem of the tribes, was sold into a bondage bit- wimtbe- ter as death, and compelled to drag out his life as hKn a slave, under the sun of Bermuda. So perished remnant the princes of the Pokanokets. After the death of his lol- ' lowers? f Philip, the remnant of his followers either sub- mitted to the English or united with distant tribes. 52. During the Avar more than six hundred houses were burned, and six hundred men perished sinc- tions? ■hat of Edward Chap. III. ROYAL GOVERNOR. 117 in the field. There was scarcely a family in the ± G7 s colony, from which death had not selected a victim. What is Although burthened with a heavy debt, which had SntcSfai been contracted during the war, they refused to apply to England for assistance. This omission what of ri J p g the ex- excited surprise and jealousy. "You act," said a P ensesi ? privy counselor, "as though you were independent of our master's crown, and though poor, yet you are proud." 53. The people of Massachusetts, believing that the commercial restrictions which had been impo- Se W coi2 sed on them at different times, were unjust and a treat the . J comracr- violation of their charter, paid but little attention cial to them. This had given great offence to the mother-country, and in 1681 Edward Randolph Wh8 was sent over as inspector of the customs of New Ran- 8 England. He was strongly opposed by the colo- nists, and in a short time returned. This disobe- JW^ dience served as a pretext for the king to enter form?and upon a design which he had long" entertained of was" it i • 11 r 11 • carried taking away the charter from the colony ; but in f l ° n e{ ~ 1685 he died, leaving his scheme to be completed by his successor, James II. 54. In 1686 the charter of Massachusetts was taken away, and Sir Edmund Andros appointed 1GS6 ' governor of all New England. One after another, what is the colonies reluctantly submitted to this tool of an Andros arbitrary king. His administration was full of acts of oppression, and so thoroughly was lie hated by the colonists, that he was called the tyrant of New England. 55. In 1689 intelligence reached Boston that James II. had been driven from his throne, and was his dminia US MASSACHUSETTS. Parti. 1089 succeeded by William, of Orange. They immedi- His im. at ely rushed to their arms, took possession of the Inentand fort, seized Andros and other obnoxious individu- Engiand? als, sent them to England for trial, and again re- sumed their old form of government. Safthe ^6. King William's War. James, on being Kni-Ava- driven from England, repaired to France. This Av.-ir? 3 nation espousing his cause, a war ensued between the two powers, which in a short time extended to %Vhat m- r ' [he ds of tne colonies in North America. Tn 16S9 the French and n iS- and Indians fell upon the northern colonies, and shortly the contest soon became general. During this followed , to & mencc'- 11 " y ear ^ a j 01 ' Walden, with twenty persons, was slain iSeiraf] at Dover, in New Hampshire. 57. In the ensuing year, the settlement at. Casco, in Maine, was attacked ; Schenectady, in New pedition York, was burned, and its streets drenched with was sent 7 ' the"ene- D l°°d- Massachusetts deemed it necessary to re- w3th and sort to retaliation, and fitted out an expedition suit? under Sir William Phipps, which proceeded to Nova Scotia and captured Port Royal. The same year, Massachusetts and New York united their forces for the purpose of subjugating Canada. They proceeded to Quebec and attempted to reduce . the place, but failed in their object and returned home. 58. In 1692 a new charter was granted to Mas- When sachusetts, which added Plymouth, Maine and n e w a Nova Scotia to her territory. Sir William Phipps charter . 1 c , . _ granted, was appointed governor; and one or his nrst acts, o?ihe ue on coming into power, was to institute a court, to SPke 5 * 8 try the victims accused of witchcraft at Salem. 59. In England, the belief in witchcraft had be- Ctiap. III. SALEM WITCHCRAFT. 119 come so prevalent, that parliament had passed an 1692 act punishing the crime with death. Under this Wha( is law numbers had been tried and executed in that witch- . , craft in country, and two or three in Massachusetts. England, J ' and its 60. In Salem village, now Danvers, there had g[°g£' - been, between Samuel Parris, the minister, and a colomes part of his people, a strife so hitter that it had even attracted the attention of the general court. The delusion of witchcraft would give opportunities of terrible vengeance. In February, 1692, his daugh- ter and niece began to have strange caprices. The physicians, who could make nothing of their con- tortions, pronounced them bewitched, in which opinion Mr. Parris concurred. An old Indian woman was whipped until she confessed herself a witch. Several private fasts were kept in the fam- ily, and a general fast throughout the colony. 61. The delusion spread rapidly ; parents ac- cused their children, and children their parents, and a word from those supposed to be afflicted, oc- casioned the arrest of the devoted victim ; so that the prisons were soon filled. 62. At first, the victims were confined to the lower class: but, emboldened by success, many of those moving in the higher circles were accused and convicted. Among the rest was a magistrate of great talent, and George Burroughs, a minister of unexceptionable character ; both were tried and executed. 63. At length the eyes of community began fcc Hov7wa be opened; each felt alarm for himself, his family "w^ and friends, and they examined more closely into the nature of the evidence which was ad J 20 M A SSA CHUSETTS. Part \. What events toHowed the com tnence- ment of 1B93 uuced. The current of popular opinion began to turn, and in a short time the governor reprieved those who were condemned, and directed that all who were in prison should be set at liberty. Du- ring the delusion twenty persons had been exe- cuted, fifty-five tortured, and several hundreds im- prisoned. when The hostilities between the French and Indians was cfared de " and the English continued until 1697, when peace England w T as declared between England and France. and France? (54. Queen Anne's War. In 1701 England became embroiled in a war with France and Spain. Hostilities immediately commenced in the colonies. Deerfield was attacked, forty persons killed, and Anne's niore than one hundred made prisoners. Scenes war " of cruelty and blood, like those we have just re- counted, were renewed in different parts of the col- onies. what °5. In 1710 New England, assisted by a fleet place in furnished by the mother-country, took possession mot J 1 of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, and changed its name to Annapolis. In 1711 Admiral Walker, with fifteen ships of war and forty transports, car- rying a large number of troops, sailed from Boston for the purpose of subjugating Canada. Shortly after their departure nine of the transports were wrecked in a terrible storm, and more than one thousand men perished. 6(3. Weakened and disheartened by this misfor- tune, the admiral gave up the expedition and re- Je^fce turned to England. In 1713 peace was concluded atwicdi between France and England at Utrecht, and shortly after hostilities ceased with the Indians. What in 1711? When and where Chap. III. KING GEORGE'S WAR. 12] For the space of thirty years from this time, till the 17^4 commencement of King George's war in 1744, the settlements were unmolested by the Indians. 67. Daring this time no event of importance oc- What £ a tinned. Through the administration of three of theiong die royal governors, a bitter quarrel was carried on w j} ich , J ° » followed' between them and the representatives of the peo- ple. The governor insisted upon being allowed a permanent salary ; this the representatives objected to, but they finally consented to vote a certain sum annually in the room of it. 68. King George's War. In 1744 the friendly 1744. relations which had for a time existed between France and England, were broken by disputes rela- was the ° . •' « rause oi tive to Austria. War was declared between the forge's 1 two nations, and the French and English colonies war? in North America joined in the contest. 69. The first important place which was attacked during the war was Louisburg, a French post strongly fortified, situated on Cape Breton. The whai commerce and fisheries of the colonies suffered great fi jst © place . injury from privateers fitted out from this port ; and tacke(h Governor Shirley of Massachusetts resolved on an Who enterprise for its reduction. The expedition was uwpLni resolved upon in the legislature by a majority of one vote. 70. Solicited to render assistance, New York sent a small supply of artillery, and Pennsylvania of who provisions. New England furnished the men; of iissist ; 1 ~ ' ance? whom Connecticut raised five hundred, New Hamp- shire three hundred and four, and Massachusetts three thousand volunteers. 71. In April, 1745, these forces, under the com- 122 MASSACHUSETTS. Part h 17 45 mand of William Pepperell and Roger Wolcott, siM Who sail for Louisburg. Shortly after their arrival at minded Canseau, where they were detained a number of the . fcis^.. days from the ice, they were fortunately joined bv the squadron of Commodore Warren. On the 11th of May, an hour after sunrise, the combined forces came in sight of Louisburg. Its walls, raised on a Describe neck of land on the south side of the harbor, forty Louis- ' J burg - feet thick at the base, twenty to thirty feet high, were furnished with one hundred and one cannon seventy-six swivels, and six mortars ; its garrison was composed of sixteen hundred men. 72. The day after the landing of the English, a detachment of four hundred men under William Vaughan marched by the city, and took post near the north-east corner. The French who held the royal battery, struck with panic, spiked the guns, and fled in the night. The English immediately descrip- took possession of it, removed the spikes from the thesiege. guns, and turned them upon the city. Batteries were erected at the west and south-west of the city, and the cannon dragged over the boggy morasses upon sledges, drawn by the men with straps over their shoulders. Another battery was erected near the north cape of the harbor, on the Light-house Cliff; while, within two hundred yards of the city trenches had been thrown up near an advanced post, which, with the guns from the royal battery, played upon the north-west gate of Louisburg. 73. The Vigilant, a French ship of sixty-four guns, laden with military stores, was captured by the fleet under Warren within sight of the city On the 28th of June the governor sent out a flag Chap. IV. KING GEORGE'S WAR. J 23 of truce, and surrendered the fortress and the whole 1145 island. This was the greatest success achieved by England during the war. France planned its re- JS covery and the desolation of the English colonies ; did -> ° ' France but in 1746, the large fleet from France, under the '(£*?££*. command of the Duke d'Anvilie, wasted by storms, er> ? and shipwrecks, and pestilential diseases, was com- pelled to return without having struck a blow. 74. The war was finally closed in 1748, by the when treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which restored all the Pf a a r ^ e_ territory acquired by either party during the war to its former possessors. Thus, with the exception of the expenditure of a vast amount of wealth, and the loss of many valuable lives, the two countries remained the same as at the commencement of hostilities. CHAPTER IV. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. The colonial history of New Hampshire is wa. intimately blended with that of Massachusetts: it J ' What is having been a part of that colony until 1680, when ^eafiy it was made a royal province by the king. A brief New ryo1 sketch of its separate history, therefore, will only shire? be necessary. 2. The first settlements were made in 1623 at and by whom Little Harbor and Dover, by a company of emi- w ®[ e s 2?. 6 grants sent out by Capt. John Mason and Sir Per- madcf 124 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Part I# 1623 dinand Gorges, two influential members of the Plymouth council, from which they had just re- ceived large grants of land north of Massachu- setts. what is 3 In 1629 Rev. John Wheelwright purchased thepV the country between the Merrimac and Piscataqua ehase of UK"* rivers, of the Indians. In the same year, but at a later date, this territory, extending sixty miles back from the sea, was granted to Mason alone, and then first called New Hampshire. For several years each town remained distinct and independent ; but in 1641, fearing their own weakness, they placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts. 4. In 1675 Robert Mason, a grandson of John Mason, applied to the king to obtain possession of the territory granted to his ancestor. Notice was given to Massachusetts, and the parties heard by the king, but no decision given to affect the land K 1 of titles. In 1680 New Hampshire became a separate ewreasa province, to be governed by a president and council pruvmce? appointed by the king, and a house of representa- tives chosen by the people, lego. 5. In 16S0 the first assembly met at Portsmouth, and adopted a code of laws, which declared, "that no act, imposition, law or ordinance should be im- posed upon the inhabitants of the province, but such as should be made by the assembly and ap- proved by the president of the council " 6. In the following year, Robert Mason arrived in the colony, and assuming the title of lord protector, S'Vf" ^id claim to all the lands granted to his grand- biS'? s father. The colonist- refused to acknowledge these claims, and although Mason frequently prosecuted What is said of Robert Mason ? Cliap. IV. 12? them, yet he was never able to recover anything, igs'i so very unpopular had he become. 7. In 1690 New Hampshire united with Massa- chusetts, but at the expiration of two years separated from her, and was formed into a royal province. They were again united in 1699, and continued i under one governor, having separate legislative as- semblies, until 1741. 8. The heirs of Mason, in 1691, weary with the contention to which their claims to lands in New Z5 a of" jjjg gale Hampshire gave rise, sold them to Samuel Allen ; of Ma- 1 ° ' ' son's but he was as unsuccessful in obtaining rents from ckiims? them as his predecessor. In 1746 one of the descendants of Mason renewed the original claim, renewal and conveved the territory granted to his ancestor of then to twelve persons for fifteen hundred pounds. These -Wn? persons, in a short time, voluntarily relinquished their claim to lands already occupied. 9. From this time, the vexed land disputes ceased, and the people settled down in the quiet enjoy- What a ment of their possessions. New Hampshire suffer- S^of ed alike, with many of the other colonies, during Ha! the bloody French and Indian wars ; but as we have already noticed them in another place, it will not be necessary to recapitulate here. New amp- shire ? 126 CONNECTICUT. Part I( 1 was spent in no temple reared by man, but under mTcSo" a branching oak, while Davenport taught his little flock that, like the Son of Man, they were led into Jfowwat 7 ' J the in si the wilderness to be tempted. 52S? 12. On the following day, they rested their gov- ernment upon the simple declaration, that " all of them would be ordered by the rules which the S at J s Scriptures held forth to them ;" and when, on the f™em. succeeding year, some of the planters desired a m< more perfect form of government, they held their constituent assembly in a barn, and declared that 9 130 CONNECTICUT. Part lt 1638 ^ ie Bible should be their only law book, and that church members only should be free burgesses. 13. Meanwhile their pleasant villages spread what of along the sound, undisturbed by the natives, of pmsperi- whom the land had been fairly purchased. Mr. tv? Eaton was annually elected governor of the colony for twenty years, until his death, and to his wise administration, under the providence of God, they were indebted for their unusual prosperity. 14. In Jan., 1639, the freemen of the settlement? JKoe- u P on tQ e Connecticut river, who had heretofore ac- i639 e ' din knowledged the authority of Massachusetts, assem- bled at Hartford, and adopted a constitution for themselves. It was ordained that the governor and all public officers should be elected annually by the people, and that in the assembly alone should lie Describe r r . . J constitu- tae P ower °f making or repealing laws. Thus did Uon ' the colonists, by these wise regulations, early show their firm attachment to the principles of liberty and justice. 15 A dispute, of so bitter a nature as to threaten hostilities, had long existed between the English and Dutch respecting the boundary line of their ter- .*5o. ritories. In 1650 Governor Stuyvesant visited Hart- t ford, and entered into a treaty with the English, in Describe ' ^ . . . . IjVith 1 which the Dutch were to relinquish their claim to n£ch. the territory of Connecticut, except the lands they actually occupied. 660. 16. Upon the overthrow of the Commonwealth and the re-establishment of Monarchy in England, the inhabitants of Connecticut proclaimed the new king, and petitioned through Winthrop, their Gov- ernor, for a royal charter. Winthrop repaired to Chap. V. ROYAL CHARTER. 131 England, and securing the interest of Lord Say and igsjs Seal obtained an ample charter, confirming the con- Howwaa stitution which they had previously adopted, and charter' tt f i i tvt tt • i obtained, connecting" Hartford and New Haven in one colo- ami what ^ was its ny, of which the limits extended from the Nana- ^ af " gansett bay to the Pacific ocean. 17. The sale of a portion of those lands has given to Connecticut its valuable school fund, through fund was derived which education is placed within the reach of all. trom a a portion For a number of years New Haven refused to unite {^/J^ 6 with Hartford, but in 1665, fearful of being joined to some other colony, she reluctantly gave her consent. 18. In 1687, Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Bos- „ TU AY howas ton with a commission from James appointing him e!u"!ver- governor of all New England. In the autumn of Iran" the same year, he proceeded to Connecticut attend- e i • What did ed by some of his council and an armed guard, and he ( ] e - J O mand on on his arrival, finding the assembly in session, de- S a ( n '" manded the immediate surrender of its charter. 19. The assembly was alarmed, and pleaded Describe J ' r the scene long and earnestly for their cherished patent. The ^|^ eQ * discussion was prolonged until late in the evening, when the charter was produced and laid on tlie table, a large number of citizens being present. On a sudden the lights w T ere extinguished, and when rekindled the charter had disappeared. Joseph Wadsworth had concealed the precious document in the hollow of an oak tree, which is still standing, and from this circumstance called the charter oak. Andros, however, assumed the government and con- ' ° How tinned in his office until the dethronementof James, v ^\t»f when he was deposed, and Connecticut resumed m"his' ue h,. ollice? er tormer government. 132 CONNECTICUT. Part 1. 169 3 20. After this, no attempt to infringe upon her rights occurred until 1693, when Colonel Fletcher, For what wno bad been previously appointee 1 governor of Fieuher New York, with authority to take command of the Ha'niurd? militia of Connecticut, appeared at Hartford and demanded that they should be placed under his command. This being contrary to the charter of the colony, the governor refused, but in compliance with his request, ordered the militia to assemble on the green. 21. Fletcher now attempted to read his com* the mission, but Capt. Wadsworth ordered the drums to scene * -I mSitia? 6 beat, so that nothing could be heard. Fletcher commanded silence and again began to read. " Drum, drum, I say," said Wadsworth, and the voice of the reader was again drowned in the noise. The colonel again demanded silence, and Wads- worth again shouted, " Drum, drum," then turning to Fletcher with meaning in his looks, he said, "1( I am interrupted again, I will make the sun shine through you in a moment." Deeming it unwise to contend with such a spirit, Fletcher returned to New York, and never again troubled Capt. Wadsworth or the Connecticut militia. 22. Education was cherished in Connecticut as the great source of freedom, and religious knowledge carried to 1 he highest degree of perfection. In 1700 B aidof a Yale College was founded at Saybrook by a party don and f clersrvmen, but was soon after removed to New IS" of Haven. It derived its name from Elihu Yale, who "° Uege? made several donations to the institution. For nearly a century, with transient interruptions, the republican institutions of Connecticut were un- Chap. VI. ROGER WILLIAMS. 133 harmed, and peace and prosperity were within its 1(J3 e borders. CHAPTER VI. RHODE ISLAND. 1. Roger Williams, the pastor of a church in __ r Who was Salem, Massachusetts, having rendered himself founder obnoxious to the Puritans from certain religious island* e views which he entertained, was banished from the colony. Early in 1636, he left Salem in winter, 1636. during snowy and inclement weather, of which he & J ' What, led remembered the severity in his old age. For fourteen b ° ani ^ h s . weeks he wandered in the wilderness, often without 5v e m a guide, and with no house but a hollow tree. But chusett* lie was not without friends, for Massasoit and Ca- ; Describe nonicus, whose cause he had advocated, welcomed J^ " 1 ' him with warm hearts to their cabins. Until his death, he remained the firm friend of their tribes, and was ever regarded by them with the warmest affection. 2. He first commenced a settlement at Seekonk, where but was soon informed by Governor Winthrop, that fostrom ^ *■ } mence a he was within the patent of Plymouth, and advised Jgg* to steer his course to the Narragansett bay. He [S2? accordingly with five companions, embarked in a remove* frail canoe, and sailed down the Narragansett river, until he reached Moshassuck, where he land- did hi at ed, and having bought the land of the Indians, f e ™ nent Uement I 134 - RHODE ISLAND. Part t 1636 broken confidence in the mercies of God lie called Providence. 3. He founded the colony on the broadest principles of vivil and religious liberty, making his govern- what i s merit a pure democracy, where the will of the ma- Baid of . r J ' jftLmfrfjorfry should govern the State in civil things, God ny e aml " alone being respected as the ruler of conscience, acte? of' He labored long and earnestly for the temporal and iwms? spiritual good of the Indians, and manifested a friendly feeling toward the people of Massachusetts, who had banished him, giving them the first inti- mation of the conspiracy of the Pequods for their destruction, and at the peril of his own life, went among the hostile tribes and succeeded in breaking up their designs. 1638. s. In 1G38, William Coddington and seventeen others, diiven by religious persecution from Massa- What is ' J n f the J set- chusetts, formed a setttlement at Portsmouth, upon an m the the bland of Aquetnac, now called Rhode Island, A.'iuet- which they had purchased from the Indians. Cod- tiac ? J l dington was chosen governor. The toleration of all Christian sects and the democracy of the gov- ernment attracted many emigrants from the adja- cent settlements. Newport was founded the next year, and the settlements on this beautiful island rapidly increased. 5. As yet, Rhode Island had no royal charter, and when the New England colonies formed theii why memorable confederacy in 1643, she was refused was thlfl J refused admittance unless she would submit to the juris- •a.™ in- diction of Plymouth. This she declined doin^, ■° ,he r • * l En-iand P re ' en ' in o to remain in her present state, rathei ac/l de " than in one of dependence. In the following Chap. VI. ROYAL CHARTER 135 year, Williams haying visited England for that pur- 1044 pose obtained of the Plymouth Company a patent of the territory, and permission to institute a government for the colonists. In 1647, delegates elected by the people, held a general assembly at Portsmouth, organized their government, and es- tablished a code of laws. 6. In 1663, Rhode Island and Providence plantations obtained a royal charter, which con- what is tmued in force with but one short mterrup- th , e ™>'«ji r charter i lion until 1842. The governor, members of the legislature, and all public officers, were to be elected by freemen, and no person within the col- ony could be molested or called in question for any difference in opinion in matters of religion. 1 ° What is 7. When Andros became g"o vernor over the New s A aid , ol " Andros J England colonies, he dissolved the charter govern- ment of Rhode Island, but three years after when deposed from his office, the freemen assembled at Newport, and resumed their old charter. In 1730, iSrown Brown University was founded by Nicholas sity? Brown, who gave to the institution five thousand dollars. no Part I. 1609 CHAPTER' VIT NEW YORK. what 1. One great object in the voyages of the early ffict of navigators was the discovery 01 a western passage gjft* to the East Indies much shorter and more safe than the one then known. In pursuit of this passage, Cliao. VII. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 137 Henry Hudson made two voyages in the service of teos a company of London merchants, but being unsuc- !nwhoS6 cessful, his employers gave up the attempt in d!d V Hud- dp^nair. two voy- 2. Hudson, still confident of success, now entered £j* t the service of the Dutch East India Company and su in 1G09, sailed on his third voyage. He reached in whose service the continent in the vicinity of Newfoundland, pro- *J a h « n . ceeded south along the coast to Virginia, then ter turning to the north, on the thirteenth day of Sep- Wnat | 9 tember he anchored within Sandy Hook, where he hi* third remained a week, and then entered the harbor and sailed up the river as far as the present city of Albany. Having completed his discovery, he de- scended the stream to which time has given his name and sailed for Europe.* 3. Shortly after, a vessel was fitted out by a com- pany of merchants at Amsterdam and sent out to wha t r traffic with the natives. When Ar^ell in 1613, re- settle- 8 turning from his piratical excursion against the set- tlements at Port Royal, entered the waters of New J^luV York, he found on the island of Manhattan a num- Der of hovels erected by these Dutch mariners and traders. His larger force made him, while he re- mained, lord of the island, but as he retired, the Dutch continued their profitable traffic, and in the * Hudson, shortly after his return, sailed on another voyage to discover a western passage, in the employment ot a company of English merchants. Sailing north into the Arctic ocean, he searched through a gloomy winter in vain. At length provi- sions were nearly exhausted, and his crew broke forth into mu- tiny. Hudson was seized, and, with his son, thrown into a small boat and left to perish* Pie never was heard of afterward. 138 NEW YORK. Part It 1614 following year having received reinforcements, erect- Fort Am- eu> Fort Amsterdam on the south end of the island, and foti Emigrants horn Holland frequently arrived, and in 1615, a settlement was commenced at Albany, and Fort Orange erected. ™ he 4. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was fhe nt of formed, and immediately received a grant of a large Kit'-! m- tract of country on both sides of the Hudson, ex- dia Com- J panyj tending from the Connecticut river on the north to the Delaware river on the south. The territory was called New Netherlands. In 1623, Cornelius Mey ascended the Delaware river, and on Timber Creek, Xt at did where it enters the Delaware a few miles below erect* Camden, erected Fort Nassau. Two years after, Peter Minuits the commercial agent of the West ., India Company, arrived at Manhattan with the What of l / J ' Minuitsi commission of governor, which office he held for six years. 5. For a considerable length of time, a friendly what is feeling existed between the Dutch and the Pilgrims. th" i'ii- The latter were invited to remove to the rich mead* Bnd the ows of the Connecticut, and they in their turn re- Dutch? ' j ciprocated the kindness of the former in many ways. These were the rude beginnings of New York. Tts first age was the age of hunters and Indian traders ; of traffic in the skins of beavers and otters. Describe It was the day of straw roofs, and wooden chim- York us nevs, and windmills. The straw-roofed cottages i; wa» •"d m anc | uncultivated grounds on the island of Manhat- If IS. ~ tan, in little more than two centuries, have g.'ven place to the marble mansions of the rich and the crowded streets of the metropolis of the lew World. Chap. VII. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 139 6. The sombre forests which met the eye of Hud- j G2 9 son as he sailed up the river that bears his name, have passed away, and in their place we behold cul- tivated fields and smiling villages. The vast wil- derness traversed only by wild oeasts and savage men, its silence unbroken save by their cry, is now penetrated in every direction by railroads and canals, and its rivers and lakes resound with the breathings of the steam-engine, as it impels floating palaces, conveying the busy traveler and the rich products of the soil to their destination. Such are the changes which have been brought about by the action of mind upon matter. 7. In 1629, a new company was formed in Hol- land, called the " College of nineteen." By the what of ° J the regu- regulations of this company, every one who would Jgjj ^ emigrate on his own account, was entitled to as fe. * much land as he could cultivate. He that within four years would plant a colony of fifty souls, be- came Lord of the Manor, or Patroon, possessing in absolute property the land he colonized, which might extend sixteen miles in length ; yet it was stipulated that the soil must be purchased of the Indians. 8. Under these regulations several settlements were formed. Five Indian chiefs, in return for parcels of goods, conveyed the land from Albany jjjgj to the mouth of the Mohawk to the agent of Van ™ s r c formed J Rensselaer, and a few years afterward, the pur- chase was extended twelve miles farther south. 9. In 1631, Ue Vriez conducted from Holland a 1631 - colony, which settled at Lewistown, near the Dela- ware. After a .residence of a vear in America, De 140 NEW YORK. Pai . t lt 163-2 Vriez sailed for Holland, leaving his colony to the. what of care °f Asset. At the close of the year he returned, and w's 62 and found the soil he had planted strewn with the bones of his countrymen. The Indians had at- tacked the settlement, and nearly all had been de- stroyed. In the following spring, De Vriez sailed to New Amsterdam, where he found Wouter Van T wilier, who had been recently appointed Gov- ernor in the place of Minuits. what 10. The Dutch laid claim to a large portion of cause of the territory of Connecticut, and had early occupied the nuar- J ' J i tween 6 * tne soil, and erected a fort in the vicinity of Hart- ticut'and ford. But the swarms of English in Connecticut Dutch, grew so numerous as not only to overwhelm the and how ° J Mtaed? feeble settlement at that place, but to invade the less doubtful territories of New Netherlands. A bitter quarrel ensued, which continued until 1650. when Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Ne therlands, met the commissioners of the New Eng- land colonies a. Hartford, where a line of partition between their territories was fixed by mutual agree- wa h s a the ment. Long Island was divided between them, iine" dary and on the main-land, New Netherlands was al- lowed to extend to Greenwich near the present boundary. 11. While encroachments were thus being made what is upon the Dutch in the east, a new cause of trouble 5?fcr. arose in the west. Gustavus Adolphus, the King rTt'h" of Sweden, had loner cherished the plan of forming Swedish . col,,ny? a colony in America, which should be a blessing to the whole Protestant world. After his death in 1633, his ministei revived the plan, but more than Chap. II. NEW SWEDEN. 141 four years passed away before the design was car 1638 ried into effect. 12. In 1638, the Swedish colony under Minuits / i 6 38. the former governor of New Netherlands, arrived in the Delaware bay ; purchased the lands of the natives, from the southern cape to the falls in the river near Trenton, and not far from the mouth of Christiana creek erected Christiana fort. Dela- ware was colonized, and notwithstanding the oppo- sition of Kieft, the Dutch governor, for a consider- able length of time prospered and increased in pop- ulation. The banks of the Delaware, from the ocean to the falls, were known as New Sweden. 13. While the limits of New Netherlands were narrowed by competitors on the east, on the south, the colony was almost annihilated by the vengeance of the neighboring Algonquin tribes. sa id a o! ? Rum had been freely sold to the Indians, and un- nuties' J with the der its influence many outrages were committed. ln,,ians? One of the Manhattan Indians had killed a Hol- lander, and Kieft demanded the murderer. An angry quarrel ensued. Shortly after the Mohawks came down upon the Manhattans, when in terror they begged the Dutch to assist them. The bar- barous Kieft sent his troops, and at night murdered J^JJjk them all, men, women and helpless children, to the Kleit? number of a hundred. 14. Every Algonquin tribe around Manhattan burned with the frenzy of revenge. No English Describe family within their reach was safe. The Dutch ", ress ° r J the war villages were in flames, and the people fleeing to \ Holland. At length, through the intervention of Roger Williams, peace was restored. But hostili the p ro- ar its Jiose. 142 NEW YORK. Parti. 16 15 ties soon recommenced. Capt Underbill vas ap- pointed commander of the Dutch troops. The war continued two years, when it was brought to a close through the influence of the Mohawks, who claimed a sovereignty over the Algonquins. 15. Great was the joy of the colony on the return of peace. The policy of the infamous Kieft was disavowed by the West India Company, and he re- Whatbe- moved from office. Two years after he embarked kieft? for Europe in a richly laden vessel ; but the ship, unable to breast the fury of elements, as merciless as his own passions, was dashed in pieces on the coast of Wales, and the guilty Kieft was over- whelmed by the waves. , 64: 16. Peter Stuyvesant succeeded Kieft as gover- nor of the colony, and with the commencement of appoint his wise administration a better day dawned on place, New Netherlands. During his administration, ami what O &s S ad- of tne difficulties existing between the Dutch and aZT™' English were amicably arranged, mention of which has already been made. In 1651, Stuyvesant, from motives of commercial security, built FortCasimer What . . fort was on the site of Newcastle, within five miles of Chris- erecteJ, wM h it w tiana, where the Swedish fort was situated. The edV° y Swedish governor, looking upon this as an encroach- ment by means of stratagem, overpowered the gar- rison and took possession of the fort. 17. Stuyvesant determined to punish them, and in September, 1655, at the head of a force of six tE a iead hundred men, sailed into the Delaware for the pur- pose of conquest. Resistance was unavailing, and one after another of the Swedish forts surrendered, Chap. VII. GRANT OF THE DUKE OB" YORK. H3 until the whole country was in the hands of the iggi Dutch. Such was the end of New Sweden. To 18. New Netherlands soon fell into other hands, w!Sw for in 1664, Charles II. granted the whole of the lands ' ° grunted 111 1664? territory, from the Connecticut to the Delaware river, to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany. The same year, the Duke dispatched three ships for his new possessions, under the command of Col. Richard Nichols. 19. In August, Nichols arrived in the harbor what ° ' took of New Amsterdam, and immediately demanded a ?l^*™ surrender of the territory to his English majesty. nU?oi s Governor Stuyvesant being unprepared for defense, »or? was compelled to comply with the demand, and the whole country passed into the hands of the Eng- To what lish. In honor of the Duke, the name of New n^f es th l Amsterdam was changed to New York, and Fort Amster- Orange to Albany. Nichols assumed the govern- F » rt o J o Orange ment, and continued for three years to rule over it cnaI1 °' ed? with absolute power, but with great integrity and moderation. Upon his return to England in 1667. v-howas he was succeeded by Lovelace, who administered c<4c^ r the government with equal moderation. 20. In 1672, war broke out between England what and Holland, and in the following year a few Dutch $*™ '" ships were sent to reconquer their old territory, in the ^ 1 •" breaking America. Arriving in New York bay, John Man- ££°j£ ning, who had charge of the fort, sent down and Sand covertly made terms with the enemy. The Dutch knd? immediately sailed up the harbor and took posses- sion of the fort and city without firing a single gun. The nexi year, peace w^as concluded, and the coun- l57L try was restored to the English. 144 NEW YORK. Part lt 1674 21. The Duke of York obtained a new patent, whowaa confirming his former grant, and appointed Edmund edgover- Andros, afterward known as the tyrant of New nor under . S£tenu England, governor of his possessions in America. During the administration of Andros and that of his successor, Anthony Brockholst, no event worthy of particular notice occurred in the colony. In 1682, Colonel Thomas Dongean, a Roman Catholic, was appointed governor, and on the fol- When was appoint- lowing year arrived at the colony. Heretofore the nor? governor and council had possessed absolute power, but now Dongan was directed to call an assembly of representatives. What wii -. the -esult of 22. Early in October, the first assembly consist- tofiret ing of the council and eighteen representatives met die as- and formed a " Charter of Liberties." The legis- sea.bly? J & lature was hereafter to possess the sole power of enacting laws and levying taxes, but the laws could have no force, until ratified by the Duke. With these just regulations the people were grati- fied and contented. In 1684, a treaty of peace was renewed with the Five Nations, from which time it continued unbroken for a number of years, now was 23. In 16S5, the Duke of York ascended the l,,n ' - barbarities and others perpetrated in New England, Kan- it was resolved to attack the French in Canada, commit™ 10 ted? 14G NEW YORK. Part 1690 Two expeditions were formed, one under S What William Phipps to proceed by sea, the other by tire tions dl ~ way of Lake Champlain, but both were unsue- planned? r , cessful. whowaa 27. In 1691, Henry Sloughter was appointed by appoint- 7 J a i r J nor g< i n ' er " tne Ki R &5 Governor of New York. Never was a l69U governor more necessary to a province ; but it would have been almost impossible for the king to have what is selected one less qualified for the station than said of him? Sloughter. He refused to treat with Leisler ; but put him with many of his companions in prison. what of Under the absurd charge of high treason, Leisler Sfili. and Milborne were tried ; pronounced guilty, and sentenced to be executed. Their property was con- fiscated, but was afterward restored to their de- scendants. In August, Sloughter ended, by a sudden death, a short, weak, and turbulent administration. what of 28. The war between the French, with their Iri- tne ; and nc i h n- dian allies, and the English, still continued, and ianwaf? aDout ^jg t j me jyj a j or Peter Schuyler, at the head of three hundred Mohawks, made a successful at- tack upon the French settlements, at the north end of Lake Champlain. whosuo 29. In 1692, Col. Fletcher was appointed as the ceeded ' l l siough- successor of Sloughter. He was a good soldier, a what is religious man, and labored zealously to promote his ad- the interest of the English Church. Near the close ministra- , . . uon? f hjg administration, the bloody war which had so duifthe l° n & been carried on between England and France, and n il- by the French and English colonies in America, dian wa; . i i i r t-» • i teimi- W as terminated by the peace ol Kyswick. 1698 30. In 1698, the Earl of Bellamont arrived in Cnap.VXI. CAPTAIN KIDD. 147 New York, as the successor of Governor Fletcher 1G9S About this time, the American seas were much in- Whosuc . tested with pirates. Bellaniont, before his departure Fietchcri from England, had received instructions to wage a to ' ° what, in- war of extermination against them. He had already, g£- did when in England, in connection with several oth- !.',';', v ;. ,; ," n ers, procured a vessel of war, placed it under the command of Capt. Kidd, and directed him to pro- ceed first to New York, and then to cruise against the oi rates. Kidd disobeyed his instructions, turned what is A J ' Baid oi pirate himself, and for a long time ravaged the At- jggfj*" lantic and Indian oceans. 31. Three years after, appearing publicly in Bos- ton, he was apprehended and sent to England, where he was tried and executed. Bellaniont and his partners were accused of sharing in his plunder, but after an examination in the House of Com- mons, they were pronounced innocent. 32. On the death of Bellaniont, in 1701, Lord Corn bury was appointed as his successor. Mean, profligate and unprincipled, he looked upon a resi- dence in America as a happy escape from his credi- tors at home. His persecution of all religious sects Wha)i3 except the Church of England, his indecent and cofnbu- vulgar manners, and his many acts of injustice and ry oppression, rendered him universally odious. The assemblies of New York and New Jersey, of which he was also governor in 1708, petitioned the queen wnatof for his removal. The request was complied with, history and he was soon after thrown into prison by his creditors for debt, where he remained until the death of his father, when he exchanged his cell for a peerage and a seat in the House of Lords. Who suc- ceeded Bella- niont ? What is Eaid of the negro 148 NEW YORK. Part j 1 ? 1 1 33. During Queen Anne's war which broke out in 1702 and continued until 1713, and King George's En^did war ? which commenced in 1745, but few events of Anna's interest transpired in New York, which have not tmue? been already touched upon in connection with the colonial history of Massachusetts. The quiet of the country for many years was only disturbed by political contests, which would possess but little in- terest for tbe youthful mind. mi - 34. In the year 1741, a supposed "negro plot" created great alarm in the city of New York. Rob- beries of a bold and daring character were often NeV n committed, and fires were of frequent occurrence, York? ' ... which were evidently the work of incendiaries. The suspicion of the citizens fell upon the slaves who resided among them. They were accused, by a number of abandoned females, of combining to- gether to burn the city, and make one of their number governor. The excitement in a short time became so great, that, upon the evidence of persons of the most infamous character, a large number were arrested and confined in prison. When the time of trial arrived, so strong was the prejudice against the prisoners, that every lawyer in the city volunteered against (hem, and the poor victims of an unjust suspicion were compelled to endure the ny were mockery of a trial, and be convicted upon evidence «uted* the most extravagant and contradictory. Fourteen were burned, eigbteen hung, and seventy-one trans- ported. When all this blood had been shed, and Were the apprehension of danger bad subsided, men be- 'Sty? gan to reflect calmly upon the evidence that had been advanced against the prisoners, and the con- Cliap. VIII. NEGRO PLOT. 149 elusion was that the plot originated in their own 1711 brains, and that they had executed innocent men. Wjth The negro plot in New York and Salem witchcraft Kon^ in Massachusetts show into what extravagances So e 1 1 T 1 1 • 11 Pl0t l>e men may be led, when their actions are uncontroll- classed? ed by the calm dictates of reason. From the close of King- George's war, in 1748, until the Whnt|f breaking out of the ' : French and Indian war," the Net of inhabitants of New York were relieved from the from the burdens and distresses of hostilities. Mention will , K,Pi , George's be made of that contest, in which all the colonies vvarJ acted in concert, at a future period in our histow. CHAPTER VIII. NEW JERSEY. 1. The province of New Netherlands included within its limits the State of New Jersey, and, up to the time of the conquest of the whole of that coun- try by the English, in 1664, its history is a part of the history of that colony. The first settlement within the limits of New Jersey, was made by the Danes, about the year 1624, at a place called Bergen ; shortly afterward, several Dutch families settled themselves in the vicinity of New York. But little progress, however, had been made in settling this territory, until 1664, when a settlement was formed at Elizabeth town. 2. Shortly after, the Duke of York, having re- What is said of the early history of New Jer sey? Of its first set tlement 150 NEW JERSEY. Parti. 16G4 eeived a grant from Charles II., of all lands within To the province of New Netherlands, conveyed that \\ horn u-rts this country Duke of York? What is said of Ne v 'er- ; .< v under fcha ad- ministra- tion of Carteret? portion of them lying between the Hudson and punted Delaware rivers, to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. This tract, in compliment to Sir George, who had been governor of the island of Jersey, was called New Jersey. A constitution, securing equal privileges and liberty of conscience to all, was formed by the proprietors, and Philip Carteret ap- pointed governor. He arrived in 1665, and fixed the seat of government at Elizabethtown. The liberal spirit of the constitution, and the beauty of the climate, attracted many settlers from New England and New York. The population rapidly increased, and for a number of years, they enjoyed uninterrupted peace and prosperity. 3. But at length domestic troubles arose, which, troubles in a short time, assumed a serious character. The arose Inland inhabitants who had purchased lands from the In- dians, previous to their conveyance to the duke, re- fused to pay rent to the proprietors. Disputes were followed by confusion, and in 1672, the disaffected colonists displaced Philip Carteret, their governor, and transferred his office to the young and frivo- lous James Carteret, a son of Sir George. Philip Carteret, hastened to England, in search of new authority, while the colonists remained in the un- said of disturbed possession of their farms. vuTthe ^' * n 1^73, the Dutch re-conquered the country, jJUfSf and retained it until 1674, when it was restored by try 6 anT" treaty. A new patent was then granted to the ernment duke, who immediately appointed Andros governor \ over the re-united province. In 1675, Philip Car- CJmp. VIII. LAND TITLES. 151 teret returned to New Jersey, and was gladly re- iot4 ceived by the inhabitants, who had become heart- ily weary of the tyranny of Andros. 5. In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Describe Jersey to Fenwick, in trust for Billings and his quenf" assignees. Billings subsequently became embar- which o o i j were rassed in his pecuniary affairs, and made an as- ^ s de te ? signment of his claims on New Jersey to William ritory ' Penn, Gawin Lawrie, and Nicholas Lewis. In 16?'6, the assignees of Billings divided the territory with Sir George Carteret, they taking the western, and he the eastern portion. The western proprie- tors divided their territory into one hundred lots, which were sold separately. They then gave the settlers a free constitution, under the title of Con- cessions, granting all the' important privileges of civil and religious liberty. 6. The Duke of York continued to urge his ■ claims to jurisdiction over New Jersey, to the great How J J i o were annoyance of the inhabitants, until 1680, when the JJg. fi " question was referred to Sir William Jones, for his from the decision. The decision was in their favor, and the theDuke ' of York ? people finally succeeded in securing a formal recog- nition of their independence. In 1681, the Gov- ernor of West Jersey convened their first legislative assembly, when several laws were enacted, estab- lishing the rights of the people and denning the power of the rulers. 7. In 1682, William Penn and eleven other per- what of sons of the society of friends, purchased of Sir sey W un er " der Qua- mini tion* George Carteret, the whole province of East New J^jg, Jersey. Twelve other persons of different denomi- nations, were then united with the purchasers, 152 NEW JERSEY. Part I. 1G82 and Robert Barclay, author of the " Apology for the ~ (Quakers," appointed governor for life. Under his brief administration, a large number of emigrants arrived from Scotland. what led 8. The vast numbers of proprietors, and the fre- to the fjerrf' c l uent transfer and subdivision of shares, introduced their gov- ernment »o the confusion in land titles, which gave rise to long and c°owni angry disputes. At lengtn, the proprietors, weary 1702. of contending, surrendered in 1702 their rights of government to the crown. The two divisions were f united and joined to New York under the govern- ry e or' s the" merit of Lord Cornbury. The two provinces from e this remained under the same governor, but possessed distinct legislative assemblies until 1738, when, in compliance with the urgent request of the peo- ple of New Jersey, they were allowed a separate governor. From this period until the commence- ment of the Revolution, no event of historical interest occurred in New Jersey. Chap. IX. DELAWARE. 153 1G82 CHAPTER IX. DELAWARE. 1. The history of Delaware until its conquest whatl8 by the Dutch, has already been given in connec- the e "riy uon with that of New York. It will therefore be Dela- ware! unnecessary to refer to that period again. The settlements on the Delaware continued under the control of the Dutch, until 1664, when New Neth- erlands was conquered by the English. They were then considered a part of New York. 2. About the year 1682, William Penn pur- >V hat chased of the Duke of York the country at present comprised within the State of Delaware. This curred a about tract w T as called the " Territories," and was for 1682? twenty years governed as a part of Pennsylvania. 3. They were divided into three counties : New Castle, Kent and Sussex, each of which sent six to tLir e separa- delegates to the general assembly. These dele- jj™^ ^ gates in 1703, being dissatisfied with the last char- vania? ter which Penn had prepared, broke off from that colony and formed a distinct assembly ; but they still remained under the jurisdiction of the former proprietor. 4. Delaware was but little disturbed during the various Indian wars which harassed the country, farther' and enjoyed peace and quiet until the breaking out J}^ of the Revolution, when her troops were foremost in fighting for the liberties of their country. impor- tant event oc 154 PENNSYLVANIA. Parti* 1 681 CHAPTER X. PENNSYLVANIA. 1. The territory comprised within the limits of Sj at oi 8 * ne State of Pennsylvania was granted in 1681, by uTftenni Charles II., to William Penn, son of Admiral Penn, as a recompense for services which he had render- ed the British nation. What of 2. The charter constituted William Penn and ttochar- ^g h e j ls proprietors of the province of Pennsylva- nia, and gave to him, his heirs and their deputies, power to make laws with the advice of the freemen, and to erect courts of justice. Wishing to dis- Penr ija- p se of his lands and found a colony, Penn now Swhat published a description of the country holding out kefire" many inducements for emigration. He offered the ti""~? land at the rate of twenty pounds for every thou- sand acres, or to lease it to those who preferred for a yearly rent of a penny an acre. At these low rents, large tracts of land were sold, mostly to Quakers, of which denomination Penn was a member. 3. In the latter part of the same year, three ships carrying settlers sailed for Pennsylvania. Among their number was Markham, who was to act as deputy governor. On their arrival, they selected, as a proper place for their settlement, a position above the confluence of the Delaware and the Schuylkill. 4. In the following year, Penn published the frame of government for Pennsylvania, and a code Cliay. X. TREATY WITH THE INDIANS. L55 of laws, which had been approved by the emigrants iG82 in England. To prevent future claims to the prov- what did ince by the Duke of York, he obtained a release publish J ' in the from him of all lands under his control in Pennsyl- J^y 111 * vania, and also a grant of the territory comprised whatdid within the present State of Delaware. from the 1 . Duke of 5. In the latter part of September, accompanied York ? by about two thousand emigrants, he set sail for When America, and early in the following November Jj d it he landed at New Castle. The next day possession of the " Territories" was legally given him by the magistrates. From New Castle, Penn ascended the Delaware to Chester, and from thence proceeded in an open boat to the beautiful bank on which the city of Philadelphia was soon to rise. 6. Shortly after his arrival, surrounded by a few J™. friends in the habiliments of peace, he met the Sedtate- numerous delegation of the Lenni Lenape tribes inaam- & l val? under a large elm tree, and entered into a treaty with them which ever remained unbroken. " We meet," said he in addressing them, " on the broad Deacril pathway of good faith, and good will ; no advan- jjij'and'" tage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be with n» openness and love. The friendship between me and you, I will not compare to a chain, for that the rains might rust or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood." 7. The children of the forest were touched by the sacred doctrine, and renounced their guile and their revenge. " We will live," said they, " in love with William Penn and his children, as long as the 156 PENNSYLVANIA. Part a. 1682 moon and the sun shall endure." After having re- How did ceived the stipulated price for their lands, and a dians'ev- copy of the treaty, which they were requested to the aua- preserve, they retired. to their wigwams, and long after would repeat to their children, or to the stran ger, the words of William Penn. 8. In nearly all the other American colonies, Indian hostilities and massacres were of frequent occurrence ; but in Pennsylvania, they lived in har- mony with the w T hites, and were inspired with a feeling of affection for those whose conduct gave evidence that they were their sincere friends. During the whole period that the other colonies suffered from the vengeance of the red man, not a drop of Quaker blood was shed by an Indian. The plan Shortly after the formation of this treaty, Penn laid he y ia id out tne P^ an °^ a c ^^' wn i cn ne called Philadel 3UU phia, or the city of " Brotherly Love." 1633, 9. In this city a second assembly was held in March, 1683, and a second charter granted, differ- were the ins^ iu some respects from the first. To prevent regula- ° ' J ijonsof lawsuits, three arbitrators were to be chosen by the the sec- ' J ?embTy? county court, to settle differences between man and man ; children were to be taught some useful wnAhe trade, and no one was to be molested for religious result of ' te n-uia- opinions. These wise regulations attracted many nous? emigrants, so that, in four years from the grant to when Penn, the province contained twenty settlements, retumTo and Philadelphia two thousand inhabitants. In England. r ™J o J. n August, 1684, he returned to England, leaving the Si' ( i"he province under the administration of five cominis- povem- sioners, chosen by the people. 10. Soon after his return, James II. ascended the Chap. X. WILLIAM PENN. 157 throne. For many years he had been his father's 1^94 and his own friend, and when, a few years after- Whaf l)e . ward, he was deprived of his throne, Penn was sent afteXw . r 1 . 1 , ~ -. return to to prison tor Ins attachment to the cause of the un- England* fortunate monarch. In a short time he regained 169-1. the good opinion of King William, was released from prison, and restored to his rights. The gov- JJ5£ raed eminent of his province, during his confinement, SnceTn had been administered by Governor Fletcher, a seuce? man appointed by the king. 11. In 1699, Penn again visited his colony. Find- 3y t f e p n enn ing the people dissatisfied with their old charter, returnJ in 1701 he prepared another, still more liberal than JfdTe the former. The colony of Delaware disapproving other J I l O charter? of the charter, separated from Pennsylvania, and whatdi were allowed a distinct assembly. Saredoi 12. Penn soon after returned to England, and the affairs of the province from that time were ad- said\>f ministered by deputy governors. In the early part of the Revolutionary war, a new constitution was [J , 1 adopted by the people, excluding the proprietary from all share in the government. His claim to rents was afterward purchased for 580,000 dollars. the fu- ture his- tory of 158 MARYLAND. 1632 CHAPTER XI MARYLAND. Parti. 1. The territory of Maryland was granted in 1632, by Charles I., to Sir George Calvert (whose To whom was Ma- ryland granted? title was Lord Baltimore) ; but before the charter was completed, he died. Cecil Calvert, his eldest "ed son, and heir to his estate and title, obtained the the grant death?" g rant intended for his father. The country was name hat called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the give' it? Queen of England. The Calverts, father and son. were Roman Catholics, and their design in found- Wh.it _ ' & caTvertel m & a coion y in America was, to furnish a place of refuge to their religious friends who suffered from persecution. 2. Near the close of the year 1633, Leonard Cal- appoint^ 8 vert, who had received the appointment of c;ov- til cover* nor of ernor of the province from his brother Cecil, set the pro- « ' „' n ' d ce sail for America, accompanied by about two hun- was r the dred emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics. They first set- . tiement arrived in March 1634, and commenced their set com- ' menced? t] emeu t on St. Mary's river, about ten miles froi) its junction with the Potomac, at an Indian village which they purchased from the natives, and to which they gave the name of St. Mary's. 3. The ample provisions of their charter, and the whaned mildness of the climate, attracted many emigrants, rapid in- not only from Europe, but from the other colonies crease of J l [-,', 1 ,; 1 ', 1 ;}' in America. From the south churchmen drove bw7? puritans, from the north puritans drove churchmen, Chap. XI. CLAYBORNE. 159 into her borders, where all were received and pro- je^i tected. The charter granted to the emigrant reli- gions freedom, and the power to make their own laws, independent of all influence or action of the crown. 4. In 1635, the first assembly of Maryland met When at S-t. Mary's. During the same year troubles first as- arose from the resistance of William Clayborne, meeU who had, prior to the grant of Maryland to Lord Baltimore, received a license from the legislature What of Virginia, to traffic in the country with the In- ^fselff . the troii- dians. This, he said, made him independent of the bies Maryland government, which he refused to obey. ^' I lly A bloody skirmish followed, and several lives were arose? lost, but Clayborne and his party were defeated. Clayborne fled to Virginia, and when reclaimed by whatis Maryland, was sent by the governor of that colony gay to England for trial. The Maryland assembly convicted him of treason, and confiscated his es- 1638 tates. He applied to the king for redress, but was dismissed, without obtaining any order in his fa- vor.. 5. At first the people of Maryland assembled to- did u n .e gether for passing laws, each freeman having a JJ^°p^ right to come and vote, but in 1639, the colony had fo r m C of increased to such an extent, that the people adopt- menu ed a representative form of government. In 1642, what 1 hostilities commenced with the Indians, which £;*",! ",„ were not appeased till 1644. During the civil war between the king and parliament, Clayborne em- said' 1 of braced the cause of the latter, and in 1645, returned J,™, to Maryland, and fomented an insurrection against JuVIn" Us rulers, who were attached to the royal cause. \w ' IGO MARYLAND. Part 1 1G45 The governor was obliged to flee to Virginia, and ~~ confusion reigned in the colony. The next year the insurrection was suppressed, and tranquillity restored. what di- 6. In 1650, the legislature of Maryland was di- nvVs"" vided into two branches — the delegates, chosen by m.-ide in , , , , • , , theiegis- the people, constituting the lower house; and the lature in r I J a ? ,65u? governor and council, appointed by the proprietor, the upper house. It is worthy of remark, that dur- What is Ai!.'[y 01 ing the whole period that the Catholics held the land tilts w hiie ascendency, no law was passed, interfering in the iics th were l° ast w ^ tn religious freedom. Maryland was a cenden- s * place of refuge for the persecuted of every reli- gious denomination. 7. After the parliament had triumphed over the king, and Cromwell commenced his rule as " Pro- wLm tector of the Commonwealth," government sent out was the . , . . . govern- commissioners to govern the colonv within the Bay ment in- n J J durf.S of Chesapeake. Among these was Clayborne, who ofVro'm- had been at the bottom of nearly all the difficulties which had occurred in Maryland. Disturbance what and confusion ensued, and Calvert, the governoi disturb- ° curredTn appointed by the proprietor, was obliged to surren- Ef der the government, and the Catholics, after hav- ing settled the country, were shamefully persecuted were the in it bv the English authorities. It was ordain- Calho- J o ienn'ted ea * D y trie assembly, that persons professing the the new Catholic religion should not be considered within ment? the protection of the laws. At the restoration in ic6o. 1660, Philip Calvert was appointed governor, and JJJf the ancient order of things restored, there* 8. In 1675, Lord Baltimore died, and was suc- ceeded by his son Charles, who possessed the same Cliep. XI. DEATH OF BALTIMORE. i61 amiable qualities which had rendered his father 1689 respected and beloved. At the time of the revolu- When tion in England, in 1689, the repose of Maryland morSe, •,.,,. l-i • and what was again disturbed. A rumor having been circu- is. said oi ° ° his sue lated, that the Catholics had leagued with the In- cessor? dians to destroy all the Protestants in the prov- 1 • • /• r i-i What 00- ince, an armed association was formed for the de- pasioned ; the dis- fense of the Protestant faith, and for asserting the ffESH* rights of King William. 9. At first the Catholics endeavored to oppose by ^"caff force this association, but were finally compelled to ° llC8do? ' J l In whose abdicate the government. From this time the au- ^aTthe thority was exercised in the name of King William, men™' and for twenty-seven years, the crown retained the muns- con troll of the province. In 1716, the proprietor when i 1 • -i 1 t»/t 1 i • . was the was restored to his rights, and Maryland continued gj° p ™- a proprietary government from that time, until the h ^ redto commencement of the Revolution, when a consti- Smd how tution was adopted, and the claims of Lord Balti- he retain 1 ' nns more to jurisdiction or property rejected. thTgoi- j 2 •rnmentt 162 NORTH CAROLINA. Part If 1630 CHAPTER XII, NORTH CAROLINA. Eft? l - In 1( J30, Sir Robert Heath, attorney-general !c.u pa of Charles I., obtained a patent for all the country to sir between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude, Robert t _ ° Heaih? extending from the Atlantic ocean to the South sea, by the name of Carolina. Heath's patent led to no settlements, and was finally declared void. ^.d en by Between 1640 and 1650, a number of families suf- wm car- fering from religious persecution in Virginia, tied explored to Carolina, and without a errant from any quarter and set- ' ° J n. tled? occupied that portion of the State which lies north of Albemarle sound, whatia 2. In 1661, a number of emigrants from Massa- the d cdo- chu setts formed another settlement, near Cape Massa- Fear river, but the land being unproductive, and chusetts? ' or? the Indians hostile, they two years afterward abandoned it. The place, however, was in a short the a co?i time supplied by emigrants from Barbadoes, over Barba- m whom Sir John Yeamans was appointed governor. In 1663, the territory which had been before granted to Heath, was given to Lord Clarendon the Sbe- ano " seven others, and in the same year, a govern- Sunty ment under Mr. Drummond was established over the settlement in the vicinity of Albemarle sound, why did which was called the " Albemarle county colony." the pro- m •> J Seter 3 -" ^. The Proprietors, judging from the richness of establish the soil and the beauty of the climate, that North eovem- Carolina would soon be extensively settled, determin- Oliap. XII. THE FIRST CONSTITUTION. 163 ed to establish a form of government, commensurate igg9 in its dignity with the auspices of the colony, and the vastness of the country. They accordingly deputed the Earl of Shaftsbury, the most active Whn of their number, to frame for the dawning States a Seti* perfect constitution, worthy to endure throughout °?™f tu " all ages. 4. Shaftsbury engaged to assist him the cele- brated John Locke, whose political writings have been much admired. The constitution which was S&Tu formed was little relished by the colonists, as it de- prived them almost entirely of political freedom, establishing a government to be administered by lords and noblemen, and placing every office of importance out of the reach of the common people. 5. The attempt to enforce this, to the colonists, 1670 odious constitution, created an insurrection, in which the principal officers of government were imprison- ed, and which could only be subdued by the threat [J| £|£ of bringing out an armed force against them. After S&fonj an opposition to the constitution of more than twenty years, it was finally abrogated by the pro- prietors themselves. 6. In 1670, a settlement was made at Charlestown, J^ l f within the present limits of South Carolina, by tiement William Sayle, but he dying soon after, was sue- isto? ceeded by Sir John Yeamans, the governor of Cla- 167L rendon. Many of the inhabitants of Clarendon why removed to the new settlement, which being remote Separate irom Albemarle, the proprietors established a sep- mem"" r \ l formed, arate government, and thence arose the distinctive ™|^ c ha appellations of North and South Carolina. j£g 7. In 1683, Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, tive ap- pella- tions were i.i. uicd ' 164 NORTH CAROLINA. Parti. 1689 was appointed chief magistrate. He was avari- What is ISM id ol CIO us, hard-hearted, and tyrannical. He cared not j, 01 for truth, and eagerly plundered the people under the cloak of law. The colonists, after having en- 1689. . , . . dured his oppression six years, banished him from the colony. 8. Ludwell, the next governor, and John Arch- what „ f dale his successor, were deservedly popular and and " e beloved, for under their administrations the colonists da.e? prospered and were happy. What In 1707, a company of French emigrants who Irants had formerly settled in Virginia, arrived in Caro- S n i707 lina. In 1710, thev were followed by a hundred and 1710? , J German families from the Rhine, who sought refuge in the same part of the province, from the religious persecution which harassed them at grant home. To each of these the proprietors granted was l * ° them/ one hundred acres of land, upon which they set- tled and were soon in the enjoyment, of ease and competency. ni2. 9. In 1712, the Tuscarora and Coree Indians, smarting under recent injuries and alarmed at the Give an mcrease of the white population, formed a conspi- ofTn? rac y f° r destroying the colony by a general massa- c°7o P rrn a -" ere. Twelve liundied warriors united in the plot, ed by the . i i i j-/» Tuscaro- and in the same night attacked the different set- ra and a Kalis tlements. Their measures were taken with such secrecy, that no alarm was spread until the work of death had commenced. In one night, one hundred and thirty persons were butchered. A few escaped and hastened to South Carolina for assistance. 10. Colonel Barnwell, with nearly a thousand m-^n, was immediately sent by Governor Craven to Cliap. XII. SEPARATION OF THE CAROLINAS. I6i enu of the *van their assistance. After a fatiguing march, they m% met the enemy, defeated them and then entered into a treaty of peace. But in a few days the treaty was broken and hostilities again commenced. At WnatIS length Colonel Moore arrived from South Carolina the pro- . , gress and with forty whites and eight hundred friendly In- dians, beseiged them in a fort near Catechny river, and took eight hundred prisoners. The remainder of the Tuscaroras, in 1713, migrated to the north, and joined the Huron confederacy. In 1715, the Corees sued for peace, and afterward continued friendly. 11. Until 1729, the two Carolinas had been un- der the control of the same proprietors, but they were now separated, and royal governments entirely to( unconnected with each other established over the C |ov- ii -n • • em ment each colony. Immigrants constantly arrived from in 17 ~ 9 ? the north, and from different parts of Europe ; the settlements extended far back into the wilderness, and the colonists at peace with the Indians, con- tinued to enjoy quiet and prosperity until they were involved in the troubles of the Revolution. What change 166 SOUTH CAROLINA. Parti. I67Q CHAPTER XIII SOUTH CAROLINA. what is 1. The whole territory of South Carolina was, the first as we have already stated, included in the charter colony in J ' caroLa? granted to Lord Clarendon and seven others in 1663. No permanent settlement was made until 1670, when a company of emigrants sent out by the proprietors, under the direction of William Sayle, commenced, on a neck of land between Ash- ley and Cooper rivers, the erection of Old Charles- town. 2. The emigrants had hardly landed, before they appointed delegates to their colonial parliament, and instituted a government on the basis of liberty, what ^ ie C010n y from this time rapidly increased in smuts population. Within a year after their first arrival. sooner- manv of the Dutch on account of the conquest of tcr they tuted a New York removed to Charleston. They were e°o r ™rn f speedily followed by emigrants from Holland. Pu- ritans in England gladly sought a refuge in Caro- lina, where they could avoid the vice of tbe King's licentious court. The tyranny of Louis XIV. in- duced many French Protestants to seek a home be- yond the Atlantic, where their worship would be tolerated, and their civil rights respected, what 3. I lA 1(571. Sir John Yeamans was appointed sov- occurred ' r r o mien? emor# He brought from Barbadoes several African slaves; thus, South Carolina alone of the thirteen original States was from its cradle a planting State move to Oyster Point ? What oc- curred in the same CH*4> XIII. SETH SOTHEL. 167 with ^iave labor. The number of blacks increased igso so rapidiy, that in a few years they numbered more than the whitss. 4. The situation of Charleston not being conve- Why did nient for commercial purposes, most of the inhabit- P ie P re°" ants removed in 1680 to Oyster Point, where they laid the foundation of the present city of Charles- ton. The same year the Wistoes, a powerful tribe of Indians, commenced hostilities against the year whites, but in the following year peace was re- stored. 5. In 1690, Seth Sothel one of the proprietors, who had been previously banished from North Car- SKf" olina for his corrupt conduct, suddenly appeared at sotheiin Charleston, and aided by a large party, assumed the reins of government. But his conduct was soon found to be intolerable, and in two years he vras removed from office. 6. The French Protestants who had been driven Whyhad from France by the tyranny of Louis XIV., up to f^mrh the present time, possessed no voice in legislative ta'ntaleft r . . France? matters, but now their good conduct induced the proprietors to extend to them the right of represen- 1686 - tation. This the English settlers strongly opposed, How and such was the general turbulence and disorder The7 re- respecting - this and other matters, that in 1695, John lt-\he r O 5 5 English Archdale, a pious Quaker, was sent over as govern- settlers ' or, with authority to redress all grievances. He succeeded in restoring order, but was compelled to whati9 exclude the French Protestants from all concern in Arch- the legislature. In a few years, however, they were govem- & J 5 5 J menu admitted to all the rights of citizens and freemen. 7. In 1702, soon after the commencement of the l702 - 168 SOUTH CAROLINA. Part ^ 17 02 war between England and Spain, Governor Moore Give an proposed an expedition against the Spanish settle- ortheex- ment at St. Augustine, but the attempt which was pedition . . . _, nrirk . , igainst made with 1.4UU men, was entirely unsuccess- St. Au- ' ' J # tutine. f lx \^ an d cos t the colony about twenty-six thousand dollars. Moore, on his return, to silence the re- proaches of the people of Charleston, marched what of with a large force against the Apalachian Indians, dition pe " who had at different times manifested their hostility the A P a- to the whites. In this expedition, he was success- .aohian l ' Indians 1 f u ^ an( j a f ter having burned many of their towns 1704. and villages, and sold several of their number as slaves, he compelled them to submit to the govern- ment of the colony. 8. According to the constitution, religious liberty was to be freely enjoyed by all ; but Governor Moore, by bribing the voters, succeeded in procuring duToov tne P assa g e °f a l aw j establishing the Episcopal iiiake e in religion, and excluding dissenters from a seat in the mafterei assembly. The lords, however, disapproved of the law, and Queen Anne shortly after declared it void. The war between England and Spain still contin- ued, and in 1706, a Spanish squadron appeared off the harbor of Charleston ; but on the enemy at- The war between England and Spain still contin- Why dio ° r Spanish uea \ an d m 1^^ D > a Spanish squadron appeared off send a squadron ic'a? 1 " 61 " tempting to land, they were driven back with con- siderable loss, when they took a final leave of the coast. l715 - 9. The colonists now remained in peace for eve an several years, but in 1715 their quiet was broken oHhehi- by the horrors of Indian warfare. The Yemassees, »m5. ' a brave and warlike people inhabiting the interior, had long meditated the total destruction of the whites. They had engaged in the conspiracy all Clxap.XIII. YAMASSEE WAR. 109 the tribes from Cape Fear to Florida, and in April ij\ji commenced their attack. Ninety persons were massacred at Port Royal, and other attacks no less bloody made in different parts of the country. 10. Governor Craven, at the head of twelve hun- whatjy dred men, marched against the savages, and the veo' a«- > ° . com " tide of war was speedily changed. Straggling phsh? parties of the Indians were cut off, and the great body of the enemy totally routed in a pitched bat- tle at Saltcatchers. Most of them fled to Florida, where they were welcomed by the Spaniards. The war with the Yemassees was now closed, and a wh! it heavy public debt contracted. The proprietors not discon- only refused to pay any portion of this debt, which ar08e, had been incurred in the defense of the colony, but deprived the emigrants of the land from which the Indians had been driven. 11. This tyrannical conduct led to frequent conten- tions; the emigrants refused to submit to the au- Ho w aw thority of the proprietors, and appointed John Moore trovere/ governor in the name of the king. They shortly after obtained a hearing before the king, when it was declared the proprietors had forfeited their charter, and the colony from thenceforth became a royal province. In 1729 it was separated from North ,7a Carolina. From this time to the breaking out of the Revolution but little of interest occurred. 170 GEORGIA. PftrtIj 1732 CHAPTER XIV. GEORGIA. 1. A portion of the territory of Georgia had been included in Carolina, but previous to the sur- render of that charter, no settlement had been made in the country. In 1732, a number of benevolent piaifwaa gentlemen in England formed the plan of planting in 1732? the sunny clime with those, who, in England, had neither land nor shelter, and those on the conti- nent to whom, as Protestants, bigotry denied free- dom of worship at home. vhatis 2. At the head of this company stood Jamei orie- 01 Oglethorpe, a member of the British parliament, a man of a heroic mind and merciful disposition. Through his influence a charter was obtained in w,., 1732 from George II erecting the country between »Mnt did to 5 S J * e jve re the Savannah and Altamaha, due west to the Pacific, Sge into the province of Georgia, and placing it for twen- ty-one years under the guardianship of a corporation " in trust for the poor." In November of the same year, Oglethorpe, with about one hundred and twen- ty emigrants, sailed for America, and on their arri- val commenced the foundation of their town, on the high bluff where now stands Savannah. 3. In the following June, the chiefs of the Creek nation assembled at Savannah, and bade the stran- the in- gers welcome to the lands which their nation did diuns re- w . ■ retriera? not use * One °^ tnem m token of sincerity, laid eight bundles of buck-skins at Oglethorpe's feet; u. i What w as set tied in Chap. XIV. WESLEY WHITFIELD. 17l a treaty of peace was signed, by which the English 1733 claimed sovereignty over the land of the Creeks as far south as St. Johns, and the chieftains depart- ed loaded with presents. 4. The poverty and indolence of the new settlers, most of whom were the refuse of cities, for a time prevented the colony from prospering, but on the trustees extending their invitation, which had here- tofore been confined to the poor and persecuted, to the ne* 1 l ' company all who might wish to settle in Georgia, a large f n J t f l ~ number from Scotland, Germany, and Switzerland, from the of a more respectable class, joined the colony, which from this time assumed a more flourishing condi- tion. In the regulations adopted by the trustees, what the introduction of ardent spirits was prohibited, l h ey dld and no slaves were allowed in the colony. 5. Oglethorpe in 1734, after a residence in Amer- nae. ica of about fifteen months, sailed for England. In ' ° What 1736, he again returned to his colony, with a new "^ pany company of three hundred emigrants, among whom S 6 were John and Charles Wesley. John Wesley came thoipe? out as a minister of the gospel, but his severe habits of conduct and opinion brought him into difficul- ties, and at the end of the year he returned home. 6. Two years after, George Whitfield, another Forvuai J ' ~ purpose eminent divine, came to Georgia, for the purpose %\ it . of founding an asylum, where orphan children could come .to be educated in the knowledge of Christianity. The ° J 1740. house, during his life, did not flourish, and after his whatdid death was entirely abandoned. thorpe J t do on tua On the commencement of the war in 1739 be- ™™ ce . twcen England and Spain, Oglethorpe received a thelrS commission as genera, in the British army, and at Spanish O J ' war ? 172 GEORGIA. Parti. 1T40 tne head of two thousand men, from Virginia and the Carolinas, marched against Florida. Two Spanish forts were taken, but meeting with an ob- w{th stinate resistance in his attack upon St. Augus- Bucceasf tine, he was compelled to raise the siege and return to Georgia. Give an 7. Two years afterward, the Spanish government account J *■ spanifh m retaliation resolved on invading Georgia. It t e ion edl * collected its forces at Cuba, and a large fleet sailed Georgia, toward the mouth of the St. Mary's. Oglethorpe m2 having been informed of the proposed invasion, made preparations for a vigorous defense. He as- 8iorpe£ sembled his forces consisting of about seven hun- ments. died men at Frederica, on the island of St. Simon, and awaited the attack. 8. On the last of June, the Spanish fleet of thirty- six vessels, having on board about three thousand men, entered St. Simon's harbor. And notwith- standing the resistance of General Oglethorpe, sailed up the river Altamaha, and landed upon the Give a account island. In attempting to advance toward Freder- war! he ica by a road leading through a morass and dense wood, the Spaniards fell into an ambush, which had been prepared for them, and were compelled to re- treat with the loss of nearly two hundred men. The swamp from that time received the name of " The Bloody Marsh." What 9. Despairing of success, and weakened by divi- rSft sions — deceived, too, by an ingenious stratagem — duionT" the Spaniards, early in July, re-embarked leaving a quantity of ammunition and guns behind them. Thus was Georgia deliveied, with a trifling loss, from the horrors of a bloody invasion. The Span- lards were so mortified at the result of the expedi- 1743 tion, that the commander on his return was tried by a court martial, and dismissed from the service. 10. In the following year, Oglethorpe returned wha]t ig to England, never again to behold the colony, with conciu- i • i i 1. • i m r 1 v • i sion af which the disinterested toils of ten years had id en- ggie-^ tified his fame. For ten years longer, the colony remained under the management of the trustees, but their regulations were often unwise, and created 1753. much dissatisfaction. At length in 1752, they sur- rendered their charter to the crown, and Georgia what ' & change became a royal province, having the same gcvern- JJ^ e in ment as the Carolinas. SoDment* L74 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Parti. IT 48 CHAPTER XV. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. what is 1. After long years of strife, of repose, and of si rife the trea- renewed, England and France agreed to be at peace. ty ol Ajx- > O & I Sb2?" The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded between those two nations in 1748, for a time restored tran- quillity to America. That treaty was negotiated by the ablest statesmen in Europe. They believed themselves the arbiters of mankind, the pacifica- tors of the world, and supposed they were establish- ing the colonial system on a basis which would endure for ages. where 2. At the time of the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, wash- the woods of Virginia sheltered the youthful George bom.and Washington. Born by the side of the Potomac, what is & J ' his 1 ' eafiy beneath the roof of a Westmoreland farmer, al- 1,fe? most from infancy his lot had been the lot of an or- phan. No academy had welcomed him to its shades ; no college crowned him with its honors ; to read, to write, to cipher, these had been his degrees in know- ledge. And now at sixteen years of age, in quest of an honest maintenance, encountering incredible toil, wandering over the Alleghaniesand along the banks of the Shenandoah, among skin-clad savages, with their scalps and rattles— holding a bearskin a splendid couch, this stripling surveyor in the woods, with no companion but his unlettered associates, and no im- plements of science but his compass and chain, con- Cliap. XV. CAUSES OF THE WAR. 175 trasted strongly with the imperial magnificence of 1753 the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. 3. And yet God had chosen not Kaunitz nor Newcastle, not a monarch of the house of Haps- burgh nor of Hanover, but the Virginia stripling to his alter give an impulse to human affairs, and as far as events can depend on an individual, had placed the rights and destinies of countless millions in the keeping of the widoAv's son. Yes, the voice of that boy was soon to be heard in the din of battle, and the mind of that stripling surveyor, strengthened and matured by years, was to guide the steps of his suffering country through a long and bloody war, and finally lay the foundation of the noblest structure of human freedom ever designed by man. 4. The colonists had but short time to reap the benefits of peace, after the conclusion of the treaty w a h s en vvaT already referred to, when their prospects were again Cd de " clouded, and the sound of approaching war filled France^ the land with anxiety and gloom. After an inter- val of about eight years, from 1748 to 1756, Great Britain formally declared war against France. 5. The causes leading to this w T ar were the L a What alleged encroachments of the French on the fron- r e a ,> ls f e n s led to this war? tiers of the colonies in America belonging to the English crown. The possessions of the French in the what north reached from the mouth of the St. Lawrence f^nt <» f the to Montreal ; and they had erected trading houses F , r a e £$ on Lake Ontario. They had planted New Orleans on the south, and having discovered the Mississip- they in 1 " pi, claimed the vast tract of country watered by it <» and its tributary streams. At length they deter- mined to connect their northern and southern pos- tend to connect northern and southern settle- ments t 176 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Part 1# 17 53 sessions, by a line of posts extending along the frontiers of the English, from Lake Ontario to the Ohio, and down the Ohio and Mississippi, to New Orleans. what 6. While busily engaged in the prosecution of theEni this design, a company of traders from London and 1mm the Virginia having obtained of the king a grant of six king? hundred thousand acres of land, on and near the Ohio river, erected trading houses there for the pur- pose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians. noient r ^ ne g overnor °f Canada, fearing that the plan of Snowed 5 this company might prevent their communication part of between Canada and Louisiana, seized some of the French? these traders, and sent them prisoners to Canada. 7. The company complained bitterly of this en- what croachment on their rights to Governor Din widdie, waTlent of Virginia, who immediately sent a letter to the French French commandant, to demand the reason of this ram- ™Hi n by nt ' hostile conduct, and to summon the French to whom? evacua t e t ne f or t s j n that region. This message was intrusted to George Washington, who, at the age of twenty-one, began that line of service which ended in the independence of his country. S. On the 31st of October, he left Williamsburg, Virginia, to proceed on his dangerous journey. The allconnt distance he was obliged to travel, through the forests ionrSey. and over the most rugged parts of the Alleghanies, was about five hundred and sixty miles. On the way, his horse failed ; he nevertheless proceeded with a single companion on foot, with a gun in his hand, and his shoulder burthened with a pack. On the 13th of December, he reached the French fort, Chap. XV. F0RT NECESSITY. 177 on French creek, and delivered his letter to the 1754 commander. 9. In a few days he received his answer and re- What turned to Williamsburg. The reply of the com- repVof mandant was. that he had taken possession of the French ' t 1 com- country, under the direction of the governor-general mandai of Canada, to whom he would transmit the mes- What measures sage, and whose orders he should obey. This re- were plv not being satisfactory, the British ministry, on conse - r J o j i j 1 quence being made acquainted with the determination of afwwe?? the French, instructed the Virginians to resist the encroachments by force of arms. 10. Troops were accordingly raised in Virginia, which were joined by an independent company from South Carolina, amounting in all to about four hundred men. The command of the expedi- tion was given to Washington, who in April, 1754, ™™ dcd marched into the territory in dispute. Meeting at pedition Great Meadows a French force that had been sent out to intercept his retreat, he attacked and de- feated them. At this place he erected Fort Neces- sity, and after having been reinforced with troops from New York and Carolina, he proceeded toward JJ'^f Fort Du Quesne, situated at the confluence of the proceed Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. 11. Hearing that De Villiers was approaching from this fort at the head of nine hundred men, he thought best to retire to Fort Necessity and await reinforcements. Here the enemy, one thousand ™ five hundred strong, soon appeared, and commenced a furious attack on the fort. After an engagement of several hours, De Villiers offered honorable term3 12 .78 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. P*rt 1. 17 54 of capitulation, which Washington accepted, and returned with his troops to Virginia. Par what 12- In the same year, delegates from seven of the dla'ade- colonies assembled at Albany for the purpose of atA?ba- f° rmm g a treaty of friendship with the Six Nations. ny? After accomplishing this business, they proceeded to adopt a plan of union, similar in its construction to the present Constitution of the United States, to be submitted to the colonial legislatures and to parlia- whatu ment for their approval. This plan was rejected thepkn by parliament, because they considered it gave too ol" union , poTed? much power to the people. It was rejected by the colonies, because it placed too much power in the hands of the king. how did 13. England was already jealous of the colonial aKy assemblies, and saw in them a spirit which, unless view the . J colonies? checked in its embryo state, might soon become too powerful for her control. The colonies having failed in their plan of union, England determined to cany on the war with the French, which was now inevitable, with her own troops, aided by such of the colonists as chose to join them. 3""* 14. In the spring of 1754, General Braddock did Gen. i o 5 dock ar- arrived from Ireland, with a large force of English whatls troops, with the authority of commander-in-chief him? over the English and colonial forces in America. Shortly after his arrival, the governors of the sev- eral provinces met at his request to make arrange- wnat ments for the ensuing campaign. Three expedi- three ex- or© i wele're 3 ti° ns were resolved on, one against Fortdu Quesne, uST? to be commanded b/ Braddock ; a second against Niagara, under Governor Shirley ; and a third 1751 against Crown Point, under General Johnson. 15. While preparations were making for these what expeditions, a plan, which had been previously plan wa « 1 j l 1 1 under- formed for attacking the French in Nova Scotia, ^ken? was carried into effect. In May, Gens. Monckton and Winslow at the head of about three thousand men sailed from Boston, and in June arrived at their place of destination. The resistance of the enemy was slight, and the English in a short time gained possession of the whole province, with the loss of only three men. 16. The preparations of General Braddock in W hy WB s Virginia proceeded slowly, owing to the difficulty dock de of obtaining horses, wagons, and provisions, so that J^..[ ,re it was on the tenth of June before he was able to t,01 ' s ' leave Fort Cumberland. Wishing to proceed as rapidly as possible toward Fort du Quesne, he marched on with twelve hundred troops, leaving the baggage under the command of Col. Dunbar, with directions to follow as rapidly as possible. 17. Braddock was a brave man, possessed of . r . What is great military skill ; but educated in the science gd of of war as then taught in Europe, he knew but lit- tle of Indian warfare. He was strict in the camp, but his strictness was tinctured with severity, and his severity approached to arrogance. Unfortu- nately for him, he entertained the most supreme contempt for the colonial troops, and the advice of Brad- dock? How did he treat the American officers ; so that when Washington, Y lce <£ > ° ' fered 1" who was his aid-de-camp, suggested the propriety JJ sh " Wash- ington of employing the Indians as scouting and advance parties, he disdained the advice, which, if followed, 180 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Part x 17.55 would have saved his army, and changed a shame- ful defeat into a glorious victory. 18. Taking none of the necessary precautions to v - hat insure his safety, on the 9th of July, within a few ZZ* he miles of the fort, he fell into an ambush of French quenceof t T 1 • mi -n t 1 • 1 his msh- and Indians, lne English troops, panic struck as they heard the war-whoop of the Indians, broke their ranks, and would have fled, but Bjaddock rallied them and sought to preserve a regular order of bat- tle ; thus were they kept cooped up like sheep — fair marks for their unseen enemy. 19. The slaughter was dreadful. Every officer What 19 . _ XT . . . the J b°t on horseback excepting Washington was shot Je ' down; and he, riding over every part of the field, had two horses shot under him, and four balls lodged in his coat. The Indians afterward assert- ed that they had repeatedly fired at him with rifles which never missed the mark before ; but at length they were convinced that he was shielded b}^ the Great Spirit, and that no balls could harm him. ueV" God preserved his life to be a leader in the great struggle of his country for liberty. 20. Braddock, undismayed amid the continual dock? shower of bullets, encouraged his men by his coun- tenance and example. At length, after having had three horses shot under him, he received a mortal wound. After his fall, the regular troops fled in confusion, and were only saved from complete de- nJ'lie-" struction bv the coolness of the bravest provincials striction? J l under the command of Washington, who covered their retreat. Sixty-four officers out of eighty-five, "°™" and more than half of the privates were killed or u'<>,imi or wounded. The army continued to retreat until ed? J Of Wash- ington dunn was found by a soldier near the close of the battle, sitting against a tree. While feeling in his pocket for bis watch for the purpose of surrender- was a the ing it. the soldier, supposing him to be in search Dieekau* of a pistol, fired and killed him. The poor re- mains of his army halted in its flight at French mountain, where they were the next day cut off by of hjs a detachment from Fort Edward, and their dead Uiny? bodies thrown into a lake, since called the "Bloody Pond." General Johnson having left garrisons at Forts William Henry and Edward, retired to Albany and dispersed his army to their respective provinces. 24. Although this bloody warfare had continued me. for a considerable length of time in America, war was not formally declared by Great Britain until foraaT" ^ a y> 1756, and by France until the following declared? m onth. A^ t a council of governors held in Albany, wbat it was determined to raise from the several colonies termiiied twenty-one thousand men, and to direct their en- at a ecu n- elmrfin ev S ies during the year toward the reduction of Albany? Qrown Point, Niagara, and Fort du Quesne. what 25. Lord Loudon was appointed by the crown com- ' ' J "vefe lo a r p- commander-in-chief of all forces in America ; but pointed? ow j n g t0 necessary delay, General Abercrombie preceded him and took the command. Abercrombie arrived in June, but thinking the forces in readi- ness too small for the emergency, deemed it pru- dent to await the arrival of Loudon, which Ook Sfof P iace hi July. Both officers were inefficient, And ^r*'? offi ' by their delays allowed the French not only « ime to strengthen tl eir posts, but to attack those o* the English. 20. Early in August, the Marquis Montcalm o *sed tion m 1757? Chap. XV. FORT WILLIAM HENRY. 183 Lake Ontario, with more than five thousand 1756 French and Indians, and with between thirty and Give an forty pieces of cannon, attacked Fort Ontario on Kont- the east side of the river, at Oswego. The garrison exped.- ill a short time, finding their number reduced to fourteen hundred men, and their commander, Col. Mercer slain, were forced to capitulate. One hun- ffdid died and thirty-four pieces of cannon, with a large iish *"? amount of military stores and several ships in the £j£° n ' harbor, fell into the hands of the enemy. 27. In June 1757, Lord Loudon sailed from New 1757. York, with six thousand regular troops, to attempt what i> the capture of Louisburg. , On the 30th of the same \%[? don , a month, he arrived at Halifax, where he was rein- e forced by a naval armament under Admiral Hoi burn, but learning that a French fleet had arrived why dm ' & he aban- and that the fort was strongly garrisoned, he aban- don it? doned the expedition, and returned to New York. 28. In the mean time, Montcalm had collected his US* 1 forces at Ticonderoga, marched against Fort Wil- ca ?m" liam Henry, and compelled it to surrender. The gar- }|^™ ean rison were to be allowed to march out with the lion- what is said of ors of war, and rejoin their countrymen ; but ^ d | l r ir o( the Indians violated the stipulation, and butchered £am Wil " a great number of them. It is said that Mont- ^TZ' & Of the calm endeavored to prevent the massacre, but he l^TL was held responsible for the act, and there was ac- ?\iont- ind cordingly aroused in the breasts of the colonists a deep thirst for vengeance that called for more vigor- ous measures against the enemy. 29. Hitherto, disaster and disgrace had marked most of the operations against the French, espe- cially on the part of the English officers and their calm IS! . FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Parti. 17,58 troops. The British nation was indignant at the Vhat mismanagement of the war, and the king was waL" 86 obliged to change his councils. William Pitt [he Ens- (afterward Lord Chatham) was intrusted with the XyV uld public helm. His active mind and enterprising genius, seemed to be infused throughout the ?aid a ojP empire, through the senate and the people, the army and the navy. Lord Loudon was recalled, and General Abercrombie appointed commander- in-chief. whatex- 30. Three expeditions were planned ; one of Efned? twelve thousand men against Louisburg ; one of sixteen thousand against Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and one of eight thousand, against Fort du Quesne. Give an On the expedition against Louisburg, Admiral ofA^mi- Boscawen sailed from Halifax, May 28th, with a expe e di- 8 fleet of thirty-eight armed vessels, and an army of twelve thousand men under the command of Gen. Amherst. what is 31. On the 26th of July, after a vigorous resist- eaid of the sur- render of ance this fortress was surrendered, and with it five burg," thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven prisoners of war, and one hundred and twenty cannon, be- sides which the French lost five ships of the line what is ana " f° ur frig a tes. During this siege Wolfe served w'oife? next in command to Amherst, and displayed those traits of character which afterward covered his name with glory, with 32. In the mean time, General Abercrombie. at l n the head of 15,000 men, 9,000 of whom were pro- her- * n ' e vincials, was advancing against Ticonderoga. On firondc- the 5th of July, he embarked on Lake George, and how ma n/ me " of five thousand men stood on the heights of Abra- wdfel ham, in bold defiance of Montcalm and his over- whelming force. That was a proud moment for the leader of those gallant troops, but little did he dream as he thought of the coming conflict, that before night his body would be stretched cold in death on that bloody field. 45. Montcalm could hardly credit his own senses, w-hatu said of as he beheld the firm battalions of the English JJom.- army drawn up in battle array on so advantageous HK) FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. tart It 11.59 a position. He saw that an engagement was inev- itable, for unless they could be driven from their position, Quebec was lost. "1 see them," said he, " where they ought not to be, but since we must fight, I will go and crush them." And immediately with his whole army, he crossed the river and ad- vanced to the attack. ' 46. Wolfe, in the beginning of the battle, was struck by a musket ball in the wrist, but binding Sfof his handkerchief around it, he continued toencour- during asre his men. Shortly after he received another the >>at- ° J ,le? ball in the groin ; this he also concealed, placed himself at the head of his grenadiers, and was leading them to the charge, when he received a mortal wound. Col. Monckton was dangerously wounded by his side, and the command devolved or Mont- upon Townsend. About the same time, Montcalm received a mortal wound, and his second in com- mand also fell. 47. Wolfe, on receiving his last wound, was tar- ried to the rear of the line ; there, leaning on the arm of an officer for support, he was seized with the Describe agonies of death. At this moment was heard the munSs distant shout, " They fly, they fly ! " The dying two ders nei ° ra ^ sec ^ h* 3 drooping head, and eagerly asked, ""Who fly?" On being told, "The French," "Then," he replied, "I die happy;" and expired. Montcalm lived to be carried to Quebec, and when informed that his wound was mortal, he replied, "I shall not then live to see the surrender of Quebec." iWhen ci'i'i ' ,h s e ur- Five days after the battle the city surrendered An end(ir? attempt was made by the French to retake il m 760. the following spring, but. it was unsuccessful. Chap. XVI. TREATY OF PEACE. 191 48. Shortly after, they were compelled to evacu- 1703 ate Montreal, and were driven from all the important posts in Canada. In 1703 a treaty of peace was con- Whe „ eluded in Paris, by which Fiance ceded to Great peace Britain all her northern settlements in America. clu ; le, !< ami whai The bloody war which had so long raged upon the *%£ to American frontiers, was at length closed, and the Britain; provincial soldiers returned to their homes to enjoy what r J J was t a short respite of peace before they again took the the next struggle of the field. The next struggle in which we shall see provin- cial sol them engaged, will be the struggle for liberty against die the tyranny of England. icrs CHAPTER XVI. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1. We are now to detail the causes of events, Whal the most interesting of any in the history of the Save -we " DOW t.O world ; the overthrow of tyranny and despotism in detiul} the United Colonies, and the erection there of an altar, sacred to liberty. A dark cloud had hung over the nations of the Old World for more than a J,",* 6 thousand years. The rulers were the rich and the worfd 01d great, and the rod of empire was swayed by them \17r'-v- with no gentle hand. The groans of the down-"' trodden and oppressed arose faintly through the gloom which surrounded them, yet they entered the ear of the Most High, and he, in his own good 192 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Part , # \ig\ time formed a plan for the civil and religious emancipation of the world. Vhat 2. A new era was to commence in the West. i.-lsl/of The link, which for ages had bound England to emmeni America, by the corroding influence of evil minis- th£w£*i ters ? was t0 De broken ; a new government was to be formed, based on the principles of justice to all, in which the voice of the lowest as well as the highest could be heard. wh at 3. The causes of the great American Revolution, Sea of which ended in the firm establishment of our lib- the Rev- ...... . oiunon? erties, lay in the jealousy, tyranny, and oppression .„. , . of the English government. The British king, What is o o ©J the d Brft- like Rehoboam, " forsook the counsel which the old s ' men gave him, and took counsel with the young men, that were brought up with him, that stood before him," and, in effect, said to the colonies " Whereas my father put a heavy yoke upon you, I will put more to your yoke : my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scor- whatdid pions." And " when the people saw that the king pildoT would not hearken unto' them, they took counsel among themselves, and a shout went up from every hill and valley, city and hamlet, mountain and plain, from the rock of Plymouth, to the lagoons of Florida, ' To your tents, O Israel !' " 4. They had freely expended their blood and treasure for the maintenance of the power of the What naH (he colonists the Brit British crown. They had rushed to the battle-field isfa crown ? and endured every hardship, when the home gov- ernment demanded their aid, and then patientlj submitted to manifest wrong from the very hand their loyalty and prowess had strengthened. They Chap. XVI. SYSTEM OF TAXATION. 193 had ever regarded England with reverence and t J and what the delegates excepting Thomas Ruggles of New d -j 10 t r h ' e , York, and Mr. Ogden of New Jersey. ' take? 16. On the arrival of the first of November, the day on which the obnoxious stamp act was to go into operation, hardly a sheet of the stamped pa- per which had been sent to America could be found. It had been destroyed or re-shipped to Eng- land. The general aversion to the act was de- monstrated in a variety of ways. In Boston, the morning which ushered it into existence, spoke forth the destroying agency, in the mournful accents stratedt of the funeral knell. Shops and stores were closed ; effigies of unpopular characters were paraded through the streets and burned. 17. In Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the day what tvas ushered in with strong evidences of hostility $* e iq and grief. Notice having been given to the friends mouth, of liberty to attend her funeral, a coffin inscribed with the word " Liberty, " was borne along in sol- emn procession to the grave. The muffled drums, the death march, the booming minute guns, and the tolling bells as they threw out their mournful tones upon the air, gave evidences of the greatness of their bereavement. On their arrival at the place of interment, a eulogium was pronounced upon the deceased. Scarcely was it ended before the coffin was taken up, the inscription was changed to " Liberty revived/' the bell3 exchang- 198 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Part I. 1T65 ed their melancholy for a joyous peal, and satis- faction appeared on every countenance. ^yhatin 18. In New York, the act was printed under the Yoritand title of "The folly of England, and the ruin of in differ- , . ent parts America," and distributed through the streets. countryi j n (]iff eien t parts of the country, the stamp-mast ers were compelled to resign their offices to prevent being mobbed. The stamp act was so formed that the penalty of disobedience would be no less than suspension of the whole machinery of the political and social order, and the creation of a state of anarchy. what ef- 19. Neither trade nor navigation could proceed, would no contract could be legally made, no process the act . hi.. i produce against an offender could be instituted ; no appren- on the o 7 rr country? t j ce C0[Ji \^ De indented ; no student could receive a diploma, nor even could the estates of the dead be legally settled, or the marriage ceremony performed, until the stamp duty was paid. By degrees, how- ever, things began to assume their usual course, and all kinds of business were transacted in open defiance of the act. X- as " 20. Associations under the title of the "Sons of we'll Liberty," were formed in every part of the country, ind tor' They denounced the stamp act as being an out- purpose? raG p e on lne British constitution, and resolved that they would defend those who fell into the hands of British tyranny, on account of their clinging to their rights as freemen. Merchants resolved to import no more goods from Great Britain until the act was repealed, and families denied themselves the use of foreign luxuries. 21. The information of the violent proceedings Chap. XVI. STAMP ACT REPEALED. 199 of the colonies, was received in England with con- i?G6 sternation and alarm. It was well that about this How dld time Lord Grenville was dismissed, and the Mar- Sve d quis of Rockingham, a friend of the Americans, ap- news pointed in his place. He, with many others, felt JJ^ that the stamp act could only be enforced at the See in point of the bayonet, and that it must be repealed istry.and or the death knell of their power would be tolled in Jg* the America. ST P 22. A proposition for its repeal was accordingly laid before parliament. Lord Grenville strongly Lord r ° J Grenville opposed it, and declared that to repeal the act would op y po " ine disgrace the government and encourage rebellion. £aij re " He demanded when the Americans were emanci- pated, and by what reason they claimed exemp- tion in defraying expenses incurred in protecting them? 23. Mr. Pitt arose to reply. In his speech he what 1 ~ L was Mi. 6aid, "We are told America is obstinate — America JjJ l j s rb " is in open rebellion. Sir, I rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions of people so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves, would have been fit instruments to make slaves of all the rest. 24. " When, asks the honorable gentleman, were the colonies emancipated? At what time, say I in answer, were they made slaves? I speak from ac- curate knowledge, when I say the profit to Great Britain from the trade of the colonies is two mil- lions per annum. This is the fund which carried you triumphantly through the war. This is the price America sends you for protection ; and shall a miserable pensioner come with a boast that he can 200 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Part j IT 66 fetch a pepper-corn into the exchequer at the loss of millions to the nation? 25. " I know the valor of your troops — 1 know the skill of your officers — I know the force of thia country — but in such a cause, your success would be hazardous. America, if she fell, would fall like the strong man : she would embrace the pillars of the state and pull down the constitution with her. 26. " Is this your boasted peace, not to sheathe the sword in the scabbard, but in the bowels of your countrymen ? The Americans have been wronged, they have been driven by injustice ! Will you punish them for the madness which you have occasioned ? No, let this country be the first to resume its prudence and temper ; I will pledge my- w hat self for the colonies, that on their part ani- ° p a rSton f troops were removed from the city, and Capt. Pres- men*" ton and his men tried for murder. Although the most intense excitement prevailed in the place, yet such was the love of justice, that the soldiers wev* all acquitted excepting two, who were convicted of manslaughter. 39. In England, on the very day of the com- didLord mission of this outrage, Lord INorth was appointed North in- ° ' J l into'T.Mr- to the ministry. He introduced a bill into parlia- liament? ment, which passed on the 12th of April, removing the duties that had been laid in 1767, excepting those on tea, but still declaring their right of taxing what fi- the colonies. For a long time, no tea was imported, d'Jed' n " and the effect was beginning to be severely felt by ment to the commercial part of Great Britain. Parliament remove r fromtea? therefore passed an act permitting the. East India on ctlTl- tha iea? Chap. XVI. TEA THROWN OVERBOARD. 205 Company to import their teas into America free of 1773 duty in England. 40. The naked question of principle on taxation Whatia was thus presented. It was an insidious plan, but tlleVrfn the energy of the Americans foiled it most signally, thuspw Three pence a pound on tea was nothing, but the principle of tyranny was strong, and the re- sistance was as unyielding as though it had been an act of confiscation. Tea was accordingly shipped from England in vast quantities, but on ... . * i What did its arrival, the people refused to receive it. In °»ig Charleston, the tea was landed, but not permitted Son to be offered for sale ; and being stored in damp cellars, finally perished. 41. In Boston, a large company of men disguised what dm r J ° the peo- as Indians, went on board the ships during the ^ to ° n f night and threw the cargoes into the water. Three J° with hundred and forty-two chests were thus broken open and the contents thrown into the harbor. Parliament, in order to punish the inhabitants of wtmt'did Boston, passed the " Boston Port Bill," which pre- ^ e ;; i t II , 1 , " h vented the landing and shipping of goods at that fibit?" place, and removed the custom house to Salem. dn But the people of Salem refused to raise their for- whatdid 1 V the '"' tunes on the rums of their countrymen, and the ll :i ,> .' t * A,,ta J or e>aiera inhabitants of Marblehead generously offered them bUsheSST the use of their warehouses and harbor. 42. In the following March, two other bills what &• ° ; rannical equally tyrannical passed both houses of parlia- Jjjjj^, ment. One subverted the whole constitution and menfin charter of Massachusetts, taking all power out of lowinV ° 1 March' the hands' of the people, and vesting it in the crown. The other authorized the governor to 206 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Parti 1 77 1 send to England or some other colony, for trial any person indicted for murder, or any other capital offence committed in aiding magistrates in the dis- charge of their duty. For what 43. Shortly after, General Gage arrived to super- did Gage sede Hutchinson as governor of the province, and nrrive? ° ' ' also to enforce the odious "Port Bill." The as- Ku- sembly resolved that "the impolicy, injustice, inhu- theW inanity, and cruelty of the act, exceed all oar pow- pass? ers of expression," and declared that they would leave it to the just censure of others, and appeal to the God of the world. 44. The legislature of Virginia appointed the 1st of June, the day on which the act was to go What did • he legis- lature of dof tma into effect, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, to implore God to give them one heart and one mind firmly to' oppose by all just and prop- er means every injury to American rights. Gov- ernor Dunmore resenting this proceeding, dissolved the assembly. They, however, formed an associa- tion, resolved not to use any East India production, until the act was repealed, and concluded by pro- posing a " General Congress" of the colonies, when 45. On the 4th of September, the proposed con- meeu g ress > consisting of deputies from eleven colonies, assembled at Philadelphia. They passed a reso- SoS : lution highly commending the conduct of Massa- tbey chusetts, in the conflict with wicked ministers, and pass, and ' t ' See- exhorted all to press on in the cause of liberty. they t en- d They drew up a Bill of Rights — entered into an ' agreement for themselves and for their constitu- what ents, to cease all importations from Great Britain, measures ; * ju'ipt? 5 an d adopted measures for organizing committees Chap. XVI. MASSACHUSETTS ASSEMBLY. 207 in every town and city, to see that this agree- m\ ment was enforced by every species of popular in- fluence. 46. They addressed a letter to General Gage, entreating him to desist from military operations. They also voted an address to the king ; one to Great Britain, and another to Canada. Their peti- tion to the king entreated him in eloquence the most affectionate and respectful, to restore to them their violated rights, their rights as English freemen. whatdk In their add) ess to the English people they de- £1!' clared "that they never would be hewers of wood dress tV r c • • • the Eng * and drawers of water, for any ministry or nation in Jjj*, peo " the world." 47. This frank expression of feeling on the part of the colonists aroused the indignation of the "Hmd 1 British government. America, they said, had long expres- & . ' J . & sion of wished (o become independent, and to prevent this, feeling? was the duty of every Englishman, and that it must be done at every hazard. 48. Boston Neck was fortified, and powder and What other military stores in Cambridge and Charleston, SPEy by order of General Gage, removed to Boston. An ad 0P u & assembly was called in Massachusetts, but dissolved J ' Where by the governor. The members then met in Salem, S e mbi y appointed a committee of safety, and supplied and chS^' sent messengers to New Hampshire. Rhode Island andwha* ^ * action and Connecticut, asking for their assistance in rais- toke» ey ing an army of twenty thousand men to act in an emergency. England, although she could distinctly see the upheaving of the violence of colonial indig- nation, refused to listen to the warning sound, and determined upon another act of oppression. What is SilllJ of the ap- pro;! ch- 208 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part I§ 1111 CHAPTER XV11, REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1. Matters were now rapidly approaching a crisis ; the spirit of resentment was being fanned into a flame ; a dark and bloody cloud was hovering Sine? 8 over the land, and the great question was soon to be decided, whether they should be slaves or free- men, whether their names should be blackened with the stigma of rebellion, or handed down to posterity as the saviors of their country. 2. On the 10th of February, a bill was passed biii at restricting the commerce of the New England pariia- States, and forbidding them to fish on the banks ment on 7 ° ofFeb th °f Newfoundland. The same restrictions soon ruury? after extended to all the colonies. The people of what Massachusetts were pronounced rebels, and ten other . fafarts thousand men with several ships of the line ordered lowed?" to America to enforce obedience. 3. The committee of safety and supplies had porpSe* collected a large quantity of stores and am muni- Smith 01 tion at Concord, about twenty miles from Boston, pjtcairn' General Gage, deeming it advisable to obtain pos- toCon- d sess i° n °f them, sent out a detachment of eight hun- cord? died men, under the command of Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn. 4. Notwithstanding the precaution of the British officers, to prevent the spread of the intelligence. the march of the troops had been made known by Chap. XVII. LEXINGTON. 209 Relato cum- stances the meeting expresses and signal guns. On their arrival at 1775 Lexington, five miles from Concord, they saw the militia of the place were drawn up to receive How dM them. The regulars approached within musket pie "re-" ceive the shot, when Major Pitcairn riding forward with ltltelJi - . J O gence of drawn sword, exclaimed, " Disperse, you rebels ! JSSJi 1 }" throw down your arms and disperse." Not being obeyed, he discharged his pistol, and ordered his the soldiers to fire. They fired, and killed eight men g and wounded several others. The rest dispersed, but the firing continued, The enemy then pro- ceeded to Concord, and destroyed the greater part of the stores. 5. The militia had in the mean time assembled and a skirmish ensued, in .which a number were What killed. The British commenced their retreat, but ensued7 were pressed on all sides by the now enraged Americans. At Lexington, they met Lord Percy, with a re inforcement of 900 men. They, however, contin- who was ued their retreat. in e ton1 6. The whole country was in arms. Every wall, house, and tree, contributed to shelter some exasperated New Englander. A perpetual fire was kept up in this manner, during the whole length of their weary and laborious march, until at night, with the loss of two hundred and seventy-three how J great men, they encamped on Bunker's Hill, under the J^* ei protection of the men of war, and the next day BunKi passed over to Boston. 7. Intelligence of these events spread like wild fire through the country. . The torch of war had 14 210 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part I# 1TT5 Deen lighted — blood had been offered on the altar What of liberty : fearfully was the death of those patriots h!Id ct slain at Lexington and Concord to be avenged. evenuan Couriers galloped in every direction, beating a mMyV 1 *' drum, and shouting in tones, that thrilled every ear that heard, " To arms, to arms! liberty or death." The streets of Lexington and Concord have been soaked in blood, and the country is in a blaze. what is 8. Gen. Putnam heard it, and leaving his oxen Putnam? in the field, he stayed not to change his far- mer's dress, but springing on his swiftest horse, was soon seen speeding along the road to Boston. Those that saw that rough form fly past, knew that wild work would be done. Old age with hands trembling from palsy, threw aside the cush ioned crutch, and grasped the deadly firelock. Me- chanics left their shops, and farmers the plough, and bursting away from their wives and children sped on to the field of battle, where liberty was to be bought with blood. What 9. In a few days a line of encampment stretched extern of from Roxbury to the river Mystic, and the British camp- forces in Boston were environed by an army of merit J J twenty thousand men. In New Haven, on the news being known, Benedict Arnold, a druggist, gathered around him a band of volunteers and Amoid marched on to the scene of strife. At Boston he formed the bold plan of seizing the important fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 10. Having received instructions from the com- mittee of safety to raise a sufficient number of men formed 1 What Chap. XVII. C0L * ETHAN ALLEN. 211 for the purpose, he marched on to Bennington, 1775 where he found that Col. Ethan Allen had collected Whowaa a large band for the same object. They marched SiS? on together at the head of three hundred men from Castleton, and reached Ticonderoga on the 10th of May. 11. They advanced to the gateway, Arnold and Describe Allen entering side by side. A sentinel snapped jjjjjjjj of his fusee at Allen and retreated. Allen rushed up nofdt*" the stairs, and exclaimed in a voice of thunder as he reached the governor's room, " Come out here, you white-livered wretch, and surrender ! " The governor started up, and pale with terror, stammered out, "In whose name do you demand it?" "In the name," said Allen, " of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress !" 12. This was high authority, and the governor immediately surrendered. They were equally sue cessful in obtaining Crown Point. By this fortu- JJ^. nate expedition, executed without bloodshed, they Sea gained possession of two important fortresses, more expecu- than one hundred cannon, and a large quantity of ammunition. On the 10th of May, the Continental Congress again assembled at Philadelphia, and issued bills ^h™ °f credit to the amount of three millions of dollars, freaTin for defraying the expenses of the war, and pledged * tne faith of the United Colonies for their redemp- tion. 13. In May,, the British army in Boston received what reinforcements from England, under Generals Howe, merits * Clinton and Burgoyne, which, together with the British J ' ' c receive garrison, formed an army of more than twelve 212 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parti. ITT5 thousand men. General Gage now proclaimed Vhat martial law throughout the State, offering, how- was done ky Gei Gage ! ,. ever, to pardon all rebels who would return to theii allegiance excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock. what or- 14. The Americans, learning that General Gage we're was determined to penetrate into the country by given to l J J pJescott tne wa y °^ Charlestovvn Neck, issued orders to Col. andwhy? p rescolt on tne evening of the 16th of June, to take one thousand men and form an intrenchment on Bunker's Hill, an eminence which commanded the neck of the peninsula of Charlestown. By what, some mistake they went farther on and occupied was Breed's Hill. At midnight those stern-hearted men made, # ° dFdtheT stood on the top while Putnam marked out the line succeed? o ^ intrenchments. By daylight they had con- structed a redoubt eight rods square, in which they could shelter themselves, what 15. In the morning the English officers and the the next people of Boston could hardly believe their eyes as morning? r r J • j they saw this redoubt almost over their heads. All now was bustle and confusion ; and, in two hours' *ime, all the artillery of the city, the ships of war, and the floating batteries, were pointed against that single silent structure. The city shook to the thun- der of cannon, and that lonely height rocked under the bombs and balls which tore up its sides. Still, those hardy men toiled on as they never toiled* be- fore, heedless of the iron storm that rattled around them, until by noon they had run a trench nearly djwn to the Mystic river on the north. what 16. The cannonading having failed to dislodge ioon? them, about noon General Gage sent a body of Chap. XVII. BATTLE OF BUNKER'S HILL. 213 about three thousand men, under Generals Howe and Pigot, to carry the height by assault. They left Boston in boats, and landing at Moreton's Point, under the protection of the shipping advanced in two columns, setting fire to Charlestown on their way, by which act two thousand people were de- prived of their habitations. 17. The day was clear, not a cloud rested on the summer heavens. The soldiers on the hill gazed upon the moving mass below them with a stern and anxious eye. In the intervals of the roar of artillery, were heard the thrilling strains of martial music, while plumes danced and standards waved in the sunlight, and three thousand bayonets gleamed and shook over the dark mass below. 18. A solitary horseman moved swiftly over the ITT What is said of the burn ing of Charles- town? What is said of the. bat- tle? VICINITY OF BUNKER S HILL. VL° 214 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part 1# 1775 nill, and rode up to Putnam. It was General War- whatof ren - " Tell me" said he, while his lips quivered \varren? with the excitement, "where the onset will be heaviest." " At the redoubt," said Putnam ; " Pres- cottis there, and will do his duty." Away galloped Warren, and as he rode up to the intrenchments, a loud huzza rent the air. what 19. Nothing could exceed the excitement of the "ceneat scene at this moment. Stretched over that hill tiuie * and out of sight lay fifteen hundred sons of Liberty, coolly awaiting the onset of the veteran thousands of England, and sternly resolved to prove worthy of the high destinies intrusted to their charge. The roofs and steeples and shores of Boston were black with spectators. Many of them had hus- bands, brothers, and lovers on the hill. At home, the earnest prayer went up to Heaven. With what intense longing each heart turned to the silent redoubt ! what or- 20* The English advanced. Putnam rode along Sven'tv tne nnes urging them not to fire until the com- n ' mand, and then aim at their waistbands. On came the battalions, stopping every few yards, to deliver their deep and regular volleys on the em- nescribe bankments ; not a shot replied, but flashing eyes kel were there bent in wrath on the enemy, as they slowly ascended the hill and sternly closed foi the death struggle. That silence was more awful than the thunder of cannon — it told of carnage and death slumbering there. 21. When the hostile columns had almost vasthe reached the intrenchments, the stern order "Fire." order ' &e e " to rung with startling clearness on the air. A sheet succeed- ed? Chap. XVII. BATTLE OF BUNKER'S HILL. 2L5 of ilame burst along that low dark wall, and down 1775 went the enemy rank on rank, as that tempest of fire smote their bosoms; still the battalions strug- gled against the deadly sleet, but all in vain. Fu- What rious with rage, the army broke and fled for the shore. A loud huzza rose from the redoubt, which was answered by thousands of voices from Boston. 22. The English officers rode swiftly among their flying troops, and finally succeeded in rally- f™™£* ing them. Again the drums beat their hurried chiUge charge, and the columns pressed gallantly forward. On, on they came, shaking the firm ground with their heavy tread, until they stood breast to breast with that silent redoubt, when it again opened and sent forth a tempest of fire and lead, sweeping away the firm-set ranks like mists, in its path. Rank after rank went down before that fire, until the bravest gave way and rushed furiously down the hill. Again the triumphant huzzas rocked the height, and the slopes of that hill turned red with flowing blood. 23. At this critical moment, General Clinton ar- ' What re- lived with reinforcements. By his exertions the jj|5 ir . troops were again rallied, and a third time advanced "nlihat to the charge. Throwing aside their knapsacks the^pro- and reserving their fire, the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, marched swiftly and steadily over the heaps of their fallen companions, up to the in- trenchments. Only one volley smote them, for the Americans had fired their last cartridges and were without bayonets. Clubbing their muskets, they still beat back the enemy, until the order was given DeOTIib to retreat. Putnam could not b3ar the idea of re- treat. re * 216 REVOLUTIONARY WAR, Par , f> 1175 treating, and attempted again to rally them. Find- ing his efforts in vain, he burst forth into a torrent what is of indignation. Warren, too, urged them to another warren? effort. He reminded them that Heaven watched over their cause and would sustain their efforts. An English officer who knew him, snatched a musket from a soldier and shot him dead in his footsteps. 24. The Americans retreated with little loss what is across Charlestown Neck, which was swept by the loss? cannon, and finally took up their station on Wintei and Prospect Hills, still maintaining the command of the entrance to Boston. The battle-field re mained in the hands of the English, but the victory he was ours. It had been a bloody day. Nearly two Who were victors ? thousand slept in death on that height, fifteen hun- dred of whom were British soldiers. The news spread rapidly, and one long shout went up from every corner of the land. what 25. In the meantime Congress had assembled at done iii n Philadelphia. Once more they addressed letters to the mean l , time hy t ne king, the inhabitants of Great Britain and Con- o' sress? j re i anc | ; anc j a t the same time published to the world the reason of their appeal to arms, whowas On the 15th of June, they elected George Wash- com- ington by a unanimous vote to the high office of mander- n J o in-chief? C ommander-in-chief of the United Colonies, and voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men. Washington, who was present, accepted the ap- 8Sh? u pointment, expressing a sense of the high honor 'r'-ceive which he had received, and the vast responsibility his ap- ' l Kent"? °f tne station. He refused to accept any compen* Chap. XVII. APPOINTMENT OF GENERALS. 217 nation for his services, merely asking that Congress n75 would defray his expenses. 26. In subordination to the commander-in-chief, Who Messrs. Ward, Charles Lee, Schuyler and Putnam, SntelT were appointed major-generals ; Horatio Gates, ad- gene- jutant-general ; and Messrs. Pomeroy, Montgomery and Wooster ; Heath, Spencer, Thomas, Sullivan and Greene, brigadier-generals. 27. Soon after his election, General Washington, accompanied by Lee, proceeded to Cambridge to take command of the army, which amounted to H ow about fourteen thousand men. He found them full the r i • • army? of love to their country, but without tents and am- munition, destitute of discipline, and averse to JJ^ej, subordination. By his own energy and the assist- JJK?" ance of Gates, order and discipline were soon in- troduced ; stores were collected, and every thing provided for carrying on their operations. 28. In July, Georgia chose delegates to Congress, Howma- J ' & ° m ? nyUnited increasing the number of the United Colonies to Colomes thirteen. there,,, were there July? The British army was now closely blockaded in Boston, and Congress resolved to seize the opportu- congress ' ° 1 l resolve t< nity of sending a force into Canada, and thus an- ^ c ' r il t „ Why did Congress resolve to send an army to ticipating Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of that Ca,mda) province, who was evidently preparing to attack the colonies. 29. The army of invasion consisted of about three thousand men. Two expeditions were plan wvu two ex- ned : one by the way of Lake Champlain, under the peditioru command of General Schuyler, aided by Generals p l^i "» ed, Montgomery and Wooster ; the other by the way of the river Kenebec, under the command of Arnold. 218 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Par J I. it? 5 30. Arnold's march of above forty days through wha: is ^ ]e wilderness, at the head of more than a thou- Amours sand men, is one of the most stupendous things through in the annals of war. He marched through a the wil- D denies) f ores t more than two hundred miles in extent, climbing mountains and scaling precipices, drench- ed with rains, and wasted with toil, enduring cold and hunger. Bonaparte fleeing from Mos- cow, Julian retreating across the desert, and Su- warrow over the Alps, are wonderful events in history ; but the wonder would have been tenfold greater, had they encountered these perils and hardships in marching after an enemy, instead of fleeing before one. 31. On the 9th of November, Arnold arrived at h£ SC at be Point Levi, opposite Quebec, and on the 13th Quebec, boldly led his men up the precipice, where Wolfe sixteen years before ascended to the field of his fame and his grave. Closing sternly around their leader, at early dawn these gallant troops stood in battle array upon the plains of Abraham. He sent a summons to the commander to surrender, which was treated with scorn. To have attempted to carry the place by storm, would have been mad- ness, he therefore withdrew his troops twenty miles above Quebec, and awaited the arrival of Mont- gomery. whom 32. A severe illness prevented General Schuyler did i he r J nmodde- nom g om g *° Canada, so that the whole command an!i why? of this expedition devolved on Montgomery. On when the third of Novembe* he took possession of St. did ihey ~ r gninpos- Johns, and then proceeded to Montreal, which cci- *e%i" pitulated on the 13ih, Governor Carleton having Chap. XVII. SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 219 previously abandoned the place and fled to Que- 1775 bee. 33. On the 1st of December, Montgomery ar- what rived, and uniting his forces with those of Arnold. Edition marched to Quebec, then garrisoned by a superior ™^. hen force. The army was in a miserable condition, amied? Worn out with fatigue, its numbers thinned by the ra 'ages of the small-pox and the severity of the winter, they were but poorly prepared to capture a place like Quebec. 34. After a sie^e of three weeks in the midst of _ , o \v hat winter, it was determined to attempt the place by p|™ c £ ( assault. On the last day in the year, in the ^ n s ? CK midst of a heavy snow storm, the army in four divisions made tile attempt. Two divisions were to make feigned attacks on the upper town, while Montgomery and Arnold with the other divisions, were to attack the lower town, at opposite points, intending to meet. 35. Montgomery advanced on the banks of the whatw river, lifting with his own hands at. the huge blocks ji t of of ice, digging away the snow, and cheering on his g0 men as they, one by one, struggled through. With his sword waving over his head, he rushed forward to the pickets followed by his devoted soldiers. After one discharge from the battery, the gunners fled, the pickets were forced, but on entering, the discharge of a wall-piece from a neighboring house stretched Montgomery lifeless on the bloody snow. The officer next in command immediately ordered a retreat. Soon all had fled excepting one boyish who re- form, who stood by the mangled body of Mont- with1n« corpse (a gomery, his dark eye wet with tears. That fair JJJJJ^, pomery death ? 220 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Par< 1# 1TT5 boy, covered with the blood of fight, was he who in after years was almost president of the United States and emperor of Mexico — Aaron Burr. wha> is 36. In the mean time, Arnold had entered the Arnold? town at the head of his troops, bravely fighting, when his leg was shattered by a cannon ball, and much against his will he was carried to the rear. The command then devolved on Capt. Morgan, What of r & ' Morgan? wri0 pressed on through the storm of grape shot, and fought desperately for a number of hours, when he was compelled to surrender the remnant of his brave band prisoners of war. what of 37. The death of Montgomery was deeply la s mented. He died in the flush of heroism, in the pride of early manhood, before the laurels which were green on his brow could fade in the poisonous breath of envy and jealousy, which the great and the good so often and so keenly feel. He left on the rock of Quebec his blood, and to his coun- try the legacy of his fame. A monument was erected to his memory in St. Paul's church, New York. 38. Arnold retired after his repulse three miles Why was r obiljed De l°w Quebec, where he remained during the a.'.'r-u! 1 -" winter, kept the place in a state of blockade, the and reduced it to distress for want of provisions. spring? ■ Early in May, General Carleton having received reinforcements from England, the Americans were obliged to make a hasty retreat, and on the 18th of vHiatia June they entirely evacuated Canada. Thus ended rl'.niC the expedition against Canada, having proved an BUM! of , _ . 1j rheexpe- entire failure. We can now see, that it was well for our independence that it did so, as the protection dii iii-.mist ^Hnailn Chap. XVII. EVENTS ON THE SEA-BOARD. 221 of the province would have drawn away too many 1775 men from more important colonies. 39. While these events were transpiring on our Whal northern frontiers, English ships were laying waste were . towns and cities upon our Atlantic coast. Bristol, ring on 1 ; the Vt- in Rhode Island, and Falmouth in Massachusetts, J.^ during this time? were burned by the orders of Capt. Mowatt of the British navy, because they had taken part in the rebellion. Congress thought it time to turn their attention to the construction of armed vessels. Thirteen were accordingly fitted out, a navy estab- J rh |f d na ~ lished, and a large number of privateers licensed, ^mT which scoured the seas and did great injury to the English commerce. 40. Gen. Washington employed in the service what i . . 1 . c , was several cruisers to intercept the store ships 01 the done by 1 l the crui- enemy. Regular courts of Admiralty were estab- sers? lished for the adjudication of prizes, and by these timely measures much good was accomplished. 41. Qne of the most fortunate leaders in these what i„ enterprises was Captain Manly, of Marblehead. mK He captured an English ship loaded with ordnance tion ? stores and ammunition of immense value at that time. Among them was a large brass mortar on a new construction, which he called the Congress. An invoice, it is said, could scarcely have been formed of articles better suited to the pressing wants and circumstances of the army. Cargoes of pro- visions and various kinds of stores were seized to What 1=! d very considerable amount. the^Cf 42. It is said that the distresses of the Bostonians Ihe ? Bos° f and the troops there, exceeded the possibility of during description. They were almost in a state of star- ^° e c ? k - 222 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parti j_7-j5 vation, and suffering for want of fuel. The wretch- ed inhabitants were totally destitute of vegetables, flour, or fresh provisions, and were actually obliged to feed on horse flesh. A number of houses were taken down, and pews were removed from churches to supply them with fuel, what ef- 43 Efforts were still made by the British minis 23 by try, to detach New York from the confederacy, and |fh to to retain the colony under their influence. To detach J !Jo£ this end, they restored Governor Tryoti, who was union? 6 greatly beloved by the people, and empowered him to make use of measures to bribe and corrupt in various ways. Congress immediately recommend- What did gress J on - ed that "all persons, whose going at large would mend? endanger the liberty of America, should be ar- rested and secured." On hearing this intelligence, Gov. Try on was obliged to take refuge on board a ship in the harbor. 44. Virginia, during this year, was involved in jaji°f difficulty through the insolent conduct of tjie royal andTi?- 6 governor, Lord Dunmore. The government of «ima? Virginia was now in the hands of the colonial assembly, but Lord Dunmore, who had retired to the king's ship, did not abandon all hopes of re- gaining his former station ; and in November, he issued proclamations, instituting martial law, and promised freedom to such slaves as would leave their n asters, and join his party. Many loyalists and negroes joined his numbers, when Dunmore left his ships and occupied a strong position near Norfolk. The Virginians took post nearly oppo- site. 45. Lord Dunmore being completely defeated, Cliap. XVII. LAST OVERTURES FOR PEACE. 223 again repaired to his ships, where, with his party \*n& of royalists, he became reduced to great distress, Whatoc . for want of provisions. He sent a flag to Norfolk SHuS demanding a supply for his Majesty's ships, which being refused by the provincial commander, he set lire to Norfolk and reduced it to ashes. 46. Bv this inhuman act nearly 6,000 persons what . . 1 waH the were deprived of habitations, and three hundred ?* te , nt °* r ? the loss? thousand pounds sterling were lost. At length he was obliged to relinquish all at- Where tempts to regain his government, and finally, after £! the eolo- houses of parliament refused to hear it, alleging that they could not receive any proposition coming re« fiom an unlawful assembly. Until now, they « hoped for reconciliation with the mother count This was enough. The rejection of this last peti- tion determined the eternal separation of Great X' K 'V h 11 • II 1 1 •• .jr. -lion of nntatn and the colonies — the suppliants were sup their Ian ' r I petition piiants no longer. The flag, which had hitherto ,loJ e to cure a li iul how the; 221 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parti- it? 5 been plain red, was changed to thirteen stripes, What emblematical of the union of the colonies. S lge 50. At the close of this year (1775), the American made in the flag? army was almost entirely destitute ot the supplies necessary for carrying on the war, and the terms F for enlistment of all the troops expired with the at ie ihe liy year. Although active measures had been taken 1775? f or enlisting troops, yet on the last day of December when the old troops were to be disbanded, there were but 9,650 men enlisted for the ensuing year. What \\as the CHAPTER XVIII. CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 1. General Washington had continued the block- ade of Boston, during the winter of 1775-6, and at had last resolved to bring the enemy to action. It wag Boston ~ J thought expedient to fortify Dorchester Heights, nd which commanded the harbor and British ship- \*£*e- ping". The night of the 4th of March was selected solved r o o upon? f QY tne attempt-— and a bright full moon favored what is them in their toilsome employment. The amount the ton.!- of labor performed through the night, considering notches- the depth of the frozen earth, was incredible. Heigh's? Q reat preparations were made to defend themselves from the raking fire which they expected from the enemy's ships. General Washington, was present animating the soldiers, and they in turn manifested warm hearts in the service. 1776 How on;: Bosh been block- aded, what was at Chap. XVIII. BLOCKADE OF BOSTON. 225 2. The surprise of the British the next mom.ng ms cannot easily be conceived. A few moments suf- whatu need to tell Gen. Howe the advantage the Ameri- Gen. ** cans had rained, and no alternative remained for and him but to dislodge them or retire, for his vessels l™™£ 1 were too much exposed to remain in the harbor. fnf% It was his wish to attack the Americans, but a «ansj violent tempest of wind and rain came on the night after, and obliged him to abandon his enterprise. How dw The Americans looked on this as the work of a £ meri . kind Providence, in frustrating a design which H"d thw . storm? must have been attended with immense slaugh- ter. 3. On the morning of the 17th of March, the when royal army commenced their embarkation, and the royaiar- j l • i • my ' eave inhabitants beheld, with great joy, the whole fleet BostonJ under sail. By this event they were relieved from a force Howma . of 7,575 regulars, exclusive of the staff, which, em troopa with the mariners and sailors, may be estimated at about 10,000 in the whole. 4. This force greatly exceeded the five regiments what o J o had been with which Gen. Grant vauntingly boasted in Eng- g* a n nt , s land that he could march successfully from one England? end of the American continent to the other. Fif- teen hundred tories left the country with their j 1 ^™ families on board the transports with the army, not country7 knowing what part of the world was to be their home. What i9 5. The houses and streets of Boston presented a tnecon- 1 dition of deplorable scene to the army as they entered. gg° n ha Wretchedness and desolation were written on every ftof side, and reflected disgrace on the late occupants, troops? 15 226 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parti. \ 776 A spacious brick building which, for more than a century, had been consecrated to the service of God, was occupied as a riding school for Burgoyne's regi ment of dragoons. A beautiful pew ornamented with carved work and silk furniture, was demolish- ed, and the carved work used, by order of an officer. as a fence for a hogstye. wa> a h did 6. Gen. Washington requested the Rev. Dr. Eliot S"q!?e"t t0 preach a thanksgiving sermon, which he did on Dr. Eliot? the 28th, from Isaiah xxxiii. 20, in the presence of his Excellency and a numerous audience. what The remains of that hero and patriot, Major was done * ' *' remain? Gen. Warren, were taken from the earth at Breed's wa G rrTn? Hill, placed in an elegant coffin, and brought into the Stone Chapel. After the eulogy was pro- nounced, the remains were deposited in the vault long had under the chapel. The port of Boston was now the port r r Erf 10 " again opened, having been closed during two years, closed? j^ rder f an ac t of the British parliament. what 7. The British resolved on two expeditions for tions the campaign of 1776, besides the relief of Quebec Por n the d an d tne recovery of Canada. The object of one paiSnof expedition was to reduce the Southern Colonies — the command of which was given to Gen. Clinton and Sir Peter Parker; the object of the other was whosuc to gain possession of New York. The command Gage? °f tms was given to the successors of Gen. Gage. Admiral and Sir William Howe. what i 9 8. During this time the most melancholy ac- thecon- counts were received from our army in Canada; ditton of J my in r " ^ iev weie subjected to great hardships, sufferings, Canada? an( j p r j va tion s. Destitute of provisions, sinking under fatigue, and reduced by the small-pox, which Chip. XVIII. DEATH OF GEN. THOMAS. 227 was attended with unexampled mortality, they i?n*j were in a state bordering on desperation. Reinforcements had been ordered by Congress, biit when they arrived, they were worn out and sinking under disease. 9. Gen. Thomas succeeded Arnold in the com- „ ru What mand, and endeavored to reduce Quebec. He sent ^gS 18 a fire ship down the St. Lawrence, to destroy the amfS governor's vessels, intending, in the confusion which success? would ensue, to make a desperate assault on the town. The design was discovered by the garrison, and the attempt failed. On that very day, several British vessels came in sight, bringing reinforce- ments, and thus cutting off any communication wnywaj between the different parts of the American camp. Thomas 1 1 oblige! Gen. Thomas was obliged to retreat in the greatest £^»- precipitation, leaving behind him the baggage, ar- tillery, and whatever else might have impeded the march. 10. Many of the sick fell into the hands of Gen. Wnai Carleton, who treated them with great kindness, they ' After a toilsome retreat of 45 miles without halting, JJJJJJJJJ they reached the river Sorel, where, in addition to lreaU all their sufferings, they were called upon to part with their brave General Thomas. He was vio- lently seized with small-pox, which in a few days wnosue. proved fatal, when the command devolved upon r.en. ' ' r Thomas* Gen. Sullivan. 11. The British forces in Canada under Gen. ^ tt * Frazer, now numbered 13,000. The general place SFuJ of rendezvous was Three Rivers, but a party un- force in . l Canada? ler Gen, Nesbit was near them on board the trans- where ports: while one exceeding the other in number theysta 1 ° tionwi'! 22S REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parf , j TT6 with Generals Burgoyne, Carleton, Philips, and "~ Baron Reidesel, was on its way from Quebec. For what 12. Gen. Sullivan dispatched Gen. Thompson was P Ge e n. with a considerable body of troops to attack Gen. b»ii d?s- Frazer at Three Rivers. Intending to surprise him, patched, = r ' wiTte* tne y sa il eal down the river by night, but were dis theexpe- covered and defeated with the loss of 200 prisoners. Adverse fortune followed the American arm?; in what is every part of Canada, although the contest dis- said of J » ' & ce^of " played ^ ne military character of the colonial officers Amen- in the most honorable point of view. Gen. Sulli- sausein van soon received orders to embark on the Lakes Canada ? | for Crown Point, and thus ended the bold but un- successful attempt to annex Canada to the United Colonies. what 13. An official letter had been intercepted enrly was in this year, announcing the departure of a large a h 'm~ h armament from England, under Sir Peter Parkei !S? ted and Gen. Clinton, its destination being against the Southern States. Forthwith the gallant Southern- What . • mi l prepara- ers began to prepare tor its reception. 1 he only EJJ resistance which the inhabitants of Charleston S en the could make, was to defend Sullivan's island, and people ot ..... r , , Charles- the militia ol the country were summoned to sur- ton? J round the capital. 14. Palmetto trees which resemble the cork, had STe C ftru- Deen cut m ^ e f° rest 5 an d the logs in immense •Ration. ra ^ were moore( j t0 the beach. With these huge palmettoes, a square pen was made with bastions at the angles, capable of covering a thousand men. When completed, it presented the appearance of a solid wall 16 feet wide. 15. Although ignorant of gunnery, these valiant Chap. XVIII. FORT MOULTRIE. 229 men, nerved with courage, were confident of sue- it?6 cess, and toiled on in their preparations. The com- To • /~iit\ti' whom mand of this fort was snven to Col. Moultrie, was me ° com- Behind it he placed 435 brave soldiers, with m ;i^, 31 cannon, the total calibre of which was about 513 pounds. Much had been said to Col. Moul- trie in derision of this rudely built affair. A former captain of an English man-of-war, warned them hadbeen • /-i saia m in the most emphatic manner, saying to Col. Moul- Jjnjjj^ trie, " Sir, when the enemy's ships come to lay gjff alongside of your fort, they will knock it down in half an hour." Moultrie very coolly replied, " Then- reply?" 1 we will lie behind the ruins, and prevent the men from landing" 16. Gen. Lee, whose eye had been accustomed what did J Gen. Lee to the scientific structures of Europe, requested the {J^gJv # governor to have it immediately evacuated ; but [edge? looking proudly on the brave men who had sworn to protect it, Governor Rutledge replied, " That he would never give his sanction to such an order the «jv- o ernoi re- while a soldier remained alive to defend it." The ply? sequel will tell how bravely they kept their deter- mination. 17. On the morning of the 28th of June, a de- what tachment from the fleet, consisting of two ships of [£ ce on 50 sfuns each, 5 of 28, 1 of 26, and a bomb vessel, «TThe came steadily up, driven by a fair wind. As they Ju»e neared the fort, Col. Moultrie's eyes flashed with delight, and he gave orders to his men to fire. That bold onset was an earnest of what followed. Descnbe Not a shot was returned from the fleet, until they J®^ cast anchors directly abreast of the fort, when a the" m- fearful volley from more than one hundred cannon 230 RE VOLUTION A R\ WAR. Part T76 What is said of Lee's move- ments ? Describe the bat- tle. greeted them, and the battle had fairly com- menced. 18. Gen. Lee had stationed himself atHaddrell'a Point, expecting to see the fort shattered in frag- ments in thirty minutes. Hour after hour passed, during which time the firing seemed like one con- stant peal of thunder ; the fort trembled at times like a frightened thing, as hundreds of balls buried themselves in the good palmettoes. Lee passed over to the fort in an open boat, amazed that an English fleet of 266 guns should be kept at bay by 31 cannon and 400 inexperienced artillerists. 19. His astonishment was increased as he gazed upon the coolness and intrepidity of those noble men. Finding his presence of no avail, he left the fort, and returned to his old station. An incessant shower of bombs flew through the air, and quanti- ties dropping within the fort, were lost in the morass in the middle. With joy they saw the bomb ves- Yimnitaj Charleston is situ- ated on a point of bind formed by the junction of the Ashley and Coo- per rivers, about seven miles from the ocean. The entrance to the ci- ty is through a narrow channel, on the east of which, and about six miles below the town. is Sullivan's Kland. On this island Fort .Moul- trie was erected, in a position which com- pletely commanded the entrance, and pre- sented a formidable obstacle in the way ••! an attack on the city. Fort Johnson was erected on James' In Island, which is about / sanies Isl. _ 2l - - ^^^ES^M l '' r ee miles below 1 ■■— " r= ^ Charleston. Gen. Clinton lunded with his troops on Long Island, a short distance east of Sullivan's Island, and erected two batteries, chiefly for the purpose of covering ins forces when they lliould land on Sullivan's Island to attack the fori. y Chap. XVIII. ATTACK ON FORT MOULTRIE. 231 sel rendered useless, while every succeeding dis- i^e charge told with murderous effect. 20. During the heat of the battle, the flag-staff Whati| was shot away, and the flag dropped on the fffli beach. One deep groan of despair was heard* from hundreds of the citizens of Charleston, who ofthe agitation had crowded the wharves and steeples, and were °[^ s1 watching with intense anxiety for the event of the battle. Every face grew pale, as the flag disap peared, and many an eye filled with tears. 21. But the firing continued, and blaze, and smoke, and thunder answered from the sea. But a few mo- ments elapsed, and they saw the flag shaking its folds in the sea-breeze in its former place. Among _ . . , T , „ What is the bravest of those brave ones within the fort, was | aid of ' Sergean Sergeant Jasper. Quickly he sprang from one of Jasper1 the embrasures, snatched the dripping flag from the ditch, and walking the whole length of the works, though the balls were falling fearfully around him. coolly mounted the logs and supported the flag upon the parapet, until another staff was procured. A shout of joy rung from the wharves and heights of Charleston at the sight. 22. All day long beneath a burning sky, they fought without cessation, and when the level beams JlJ/ 1 ^ of the setting sun lighted up the sea, the battle &* 0at " still raged furiously. Slowly, says one in graphic style, the gray twilight began to creep over the wa- ter, and at last darkness settled on the shores and the sea. The scene now became one of indescri- bable grandeur. That heavy cannonade still con- Wha[ „ tinued, and still the spectators who lined the main- the scene land, gazed seaward through the gloom, toward set? 232 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parti 1T7G the P°t where the combat still raged. Night hod fallen on the island and fort, and all was dark and invisible there, except when the flash of the guna lit up its form, and then its mysterious bosom for a moment would be inherent with flame, and it seemed as if the sea itself had opened and shot forth fire. Around those ships, the smoke lay like a dark and heavy storm cloud, through which the lightnings incessantly played, and thunders rolled. Moultrie and his men could distinctly hear the heavy blows of their shot, as they struck the ships, and crashed through the solid timbers. Sedth ^' finally, the English, despairing of conquer- w\he a m g such men, moved quietly away, and it is said retreat- Marion (who was afterward so famous for his ed, and . x _ . _ i 1 • wjth bravery) fired the last gnin as the ships were retir- what ef- J ' a r ing, as a parting salute, and so well aimed was the piece, that it struck the cabin of the commander's ship, killing two ofjcers and three sailors. All through the streets of Charleston one loud huzza feet? What expres Bions of rent the air — " Victory ! Victory /" while from joy were ^ ** given? the little fort went up three hearty cheers, and thenceforward it was named in honor of its gallant defender, Fort Moultrie. v - hat 24. They mourned over the dead bodies of ten lo^son 6 of their band — but they grieved as for brave men, ■idea?, who died in the service of their country fighting for liberty. Twenty-two were wounded, while the loss of the British was about one hundred and seventy-one killed, and two hundred and sixty wounded. A number of officers were slain and their ships shattered almost to a perfect ruin. 25. A few days after this brilliant action, the Chap- XVIII. DEATH OF JASPER. 238 bold soldiers at the fort were visited by Gov. Rut- mo ledge and many of the fair women of Charleston. The gallant Jasper was brought forward, and as a What reward for his chivalric act in replacing the flag weVaf- 1 terward on the parapet, Gov. Rutledge buckled his own £ 1 r ' a ^ tbe sword around the stalwart form, while a pair of sokJlurs? elegantly embroidered colors were presented to Col. What Moultrie's regiment, by Mrs. Eliott, saying at the by Mrs. close of a few words begging them to accept the colors P r J s a e " ah &c., " I make not the least doubt, under Heaven's tocS a protection, you will stand by them as long as they tries can wave in the air of Liberty." Jasper heard this meilt? speech and remembered it well. 26. Some time after, during the assault on Sa- What of vannah, Jasper received a mortal wound while £,e s in the act of replacing these colors on the para- pet of the Springhill redoubt. Feeling the damp dew of death gathering on his brow, he sum- moned his companions in war about him to hear his last words. Said he, " I have got my furlough. That sword was presented to me by Gov. Rutledge, wha| for my services in the defense of Fort Moultrie, ^e of Give it to my father, and tell him I have worn it requests with honor. If he should weep, tell him his son died in the hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Eliott, that I have lost my life, supporting the colors which she presented to our regiment." 27. He then sent a message to a Mrs. Jones, what whose husband he had rescued with much bravery did he J send *.o from the enemy, saying, "If you should ever see f^cai Jones, his wife and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of the battle which he fought for them, brought a secret joy to his heart, 234 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part J# IT76 when it was about to stop its motion forever." He expired in a few minutes After closing this last sentence. w^re 28. The remainder of the fleet set sail for the British 6 north, where the whole of the British fleet had been fleet as- sembie: ordered to assemble. During these transactions at the South, the Con- tinental Congress was in session, watching with anxiety the aspect of affairs in both countries, and revolving the chances for success in the approach ing contest. ENCAMPMENT AT VALLEY FORGE. PART II., EXTENDING 13 YEARS TO THE FORMATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN 1789. CHAPTER I. N the first week in June, Richard Henry Lee, one of the deputies from Virginia, made a motion in Congress, To declare the Ameri- can colonies free and independent States, and supported it by an eloquent speech, which found an echo in many hearts. It was still farther discussed on the 11th of June, when it was 776 Whai motion was rrni(!e in Congress by Rich- ard Hen- ry Lee? 236 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. l TT6 postponed for subsequent consideration until (he first whm day of July, and at the same time it was ^oted "'as ' 1 that a committee be appointed to propose a kill taken? 7 7 declaration. who 2. The committee was elected by ballot, ami were the J Si e Ti!e ers consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben- tee ni to t " jamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. prepare a T . . tuii pec- Livingston. laration ? ° Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Adams acted as a sub- To whom does the committee to prepare the draft, and Mr. Jefferson ment'of drew up the paper. The merit of this document writing the dec- laration is Mr. Jefferson's. Some changes were made in it, belong? on t | ie suggestion of other members of the com- mittee, and by others in Congress while it was un- w h en der discussion. colonies 3. On the Ath of July : 1776, upon the report of their ai- the committee, the 13 confederate colonies dissolved legiance ' British their allegiance to the British crown, and boldly "™"" declared themselves Free and Independent under TheT did the name of the Thirteen United States of America. ^° pt1 In their declaration they boldly expressed the expr? s e s y grievances and oppression for which they could lieSa- not obtain redress, and proclaimed to the world the causes which impelled them to a separation from the Crown of Great Britain. 4. The author of a pamphlet entitled " Common n"pam of Sense" thus argues the necessity of the measure : Sied-"" " We had no credit abroad, because of our rebellions ™ n se „ dependency. Our ships could obtain no protec- tee ne n rion in foreign ports, because we afforded them no fndepen 3 - justifiable reason for granting" it to us. The call- ing of ourselves subjects, and at the same time What does the Chap. I. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED. 237 fighting against the prince we acknowledge, was an*g dangerous precedent to all Europe. 5. "If the grievances justified our taking up arms, they justified our separation ; if they did not justify our separation, neither could they justify our taking arms. All Europe was interested in reducing us as rebels, and all Europe, or the greater part at least, is interested in supporting us in our inde- pendent state. 6. " At home our condition was still worse ; our currency had no foundation ; and the state of it would have ruined whig and tory alike. We had no other laws than a kind of moderated passion ; no other civil power than an honest mob ; and no oth- er protection than the temporary attachment of one man to another. 7. "Had independency been delayed a few months longer, this continent would have been plunged into irretrievable confusion ; some violent for it, some against it, all in the greatest cabal, the rich would have been ruined, and the poor destroyed. "The necessity of being independent would have brought it on in a little time, had there been no rupture between Britain and America. 8. " The increasing importance of commerce, the weight and perplexity of legislation, and the en- larged state of European politics, would clearly have shown to the continent the impropriety of remaining subordinate ; for after the coolest re- flection on the matter, this must be allowed, " that Britain was too jealous of America to govern it justly ; too ignorant of it to govern it well ; and too distant to govern it at all." 238 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II 17-76 9. This pamphlet was universally read, and Whal most highly admired. The language was plain tlTpro- and forcible, and produced a powerful effect on the thepam- public mind. The principles of hereditary govern- ment were ridiculed, while the excellences of republican institutions were faithfully portrayed. Jf a h s at 10. According to recommendation of Congress, mended those colonies that had not yet adopted constitu- by Con- . . J , r cresF | to tions, were advised to establish " such governments •™ 8? as might best conduce to the happiness and safety of the people." The colonies had become accus- tomed to look upon themselves as sovereign States, and the recommendation was generally complied with, and the government was in every instance entirely elective, and at such short periods as to impress upon the rulers their immediate accounta bleness to the people, what 11. The subject of independence had for some o^'the 1 tmie a » ltate d lne public mind, and various opinions oMmie- were entertained relative to that momentous trans- dence bv action. Some objections were raised, as it was uc ? considered doubtful whether the grand object, lib- erty, could be gained. And when we reflect on the deranged condition of the army, the fearful defi- whvdo ciency of resources, and the little prospect of foreign woider assistance, and at the same time contemplate the ?.o!d hls prodigious powers and resources of the enemy, we e look with wonder upon this bold measure of Con- gress. 12. It has been said, that the history of the world \V nat is J thefoni- cannot furnish an instance of fortitude and heroic aUV'gn- magnanimity parallel to that displayed by the members, whose signatures are affixed to the Dec- Chap. I. DECLARATION RECEIVED WITH JOY. 239 laration of American Independence. Their vener- it?g ated names will ornament the brightest pages of American history, and be transmitted to the latest generations. 13. A signature to this paper would be regarded w h u f d in England as treason, and expose them to the £ the halter or the block. These brave men knew well queues to thera what an ignominious death awaited them, in case j£ Jgg their experiment failed. But they had counted the Ki , ? ad cost, and realized the responsibility of their station. As a nation the American people, in their helpless- ness, bowed before the omnipotent Ruler of the whom ' r did they world, and besought his protection and guidance. JjfaJjj They felt that their cause was just, they were op- S " pressed in their dearest rights and privileges, and they hesitated not to appeal to Heaven for aid. 14. The President of Congress, John Hancock, what» ° snid of led the way in this bold work, and the original *££* paper still exhibits the characters written by no "inSs* coward's hand. Of all the 56 signers, but one hand trembled as they signed what might have proved their own death warrant. The name of Stephen Hopkins is traced in trembling lines owing to a sever? attack of palsy, with which he had been afflicted. 15. The pen with which these signatures were made, is now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society. But the signers have all gone, what is J ^ & siiid of Their bodies are at rest in the tomb, but they live d h e ^ t r h in their example, in the recorded proofs of their examS own noble actions, principles, and opinions, which for succeeding generations will act upon the affairs of men throughout the civilized world. 240 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part ,, < itt 6 16- Charles Carroll of Carrolton was the last of What 7" this venerable body who survived. He lived to see the'iaft one after another leave the stage of life, and go band?' 5 down to the grave with whitened hairs. The lon- gevity of the signers has been frequently noticed. what is 17. The average lives of the New England said ot O © SvitTof delegation (14 in number) was 75 years. Four of ere e ofthe the others lived to the age of 90 and upward ; 14 tion? exceeded 80 years, and most of the others reached the age of threescore years and ten. They had what lived to see the goodness of the Lord in granting S3d them freedom from oppression, and in their ad- toYhef" vanced age could bear testimony to their posterity, that God was the hearer and answerer of prayer. Kaji- 18. Anthon says in his Lives of the Signers to !n°his say the Declaration, " It remains to us to cherish their thesVn- memory, and emulate their virtues, by perpetuating SST*" an ^ extending tne blessings which they have be- queathed. So long as we preserve our country this fame cannot die, for it is reflected from the sur face of every thing that is beautiful and valuable in our land. We cannot recur too often nor dwell too long on the lives and characters of such men; for our own will take something of their form and impression from those on which they rest. If we inhale the moral atmosphere in which they moved, we must feel its purifying and invigorating in- fluence." how was 19. Voices of joy throughout the Union welcom- hmuilr ed the declaration. From old and young, master b y d old and servant, the glad tones were echoed, America ESS*, is, and of a right ought to be, a free and indepen- dent nation. out the Union? was done in Vir- giaia ? Chap. I. DECLARATION RECEIVED WITH JOY. 241 20. In Virginia, the rejoicings were almost be- 1770 yond description. The name of King George was What suppressed in all public prayers, and the great seal S a fir of the commonwealth represented Virtue as the tutelary genius of the province, trampling on ty- gjjjjj fanny, under the figure of a prostrate man whose the 1 com; crown had fallen from his head, and bearing in one wealth hand a scourge and the other a chain. The words Sic semper tyrannis were inscribed around the effigy of Virtue. The reverse represented Liberty with her wand and cap ; Ceres, with a horn of plenty in one hand and a sheaf of wheat in the other, and at the foot these words : Deus nobis hcec otia fecit. What 21. In New York, the leaden statue of George wa^done ' ° with the III. was taken down and converted into bullets. George 01 In Boston, thirteen salutes, corresponding to the n< III. in New number of American States, were fired, and Kins ' What street received the name of State street. The bells -J^bJ! ? 6 rang out a joyous peal, while members of the coun- ton? cii and House of Representatives, magistrates, clergymen, selectmen, assembled to hear the news proclaimed, and in the loud huzzas from the con- course of people, every voice joined. After ensigns of royalty, lions, crowns and sceptres were destroyed, what dm the people felt that they were forever absolved from piefeeii all allegiance to a tyrant's throne. 22. The British ministry were confounded at What m what they called the daring enormity of the colo- said of the sur- prise of rusts, in spurning their mighty power and authority, the b They were surprised, that rebels dared to show jg ■■* ish min- try.aru hat did such temper and spirit. Forthwith they determined [Sine* cr IS bv augmented forces to crush them at a blow, and 242 REVOLUTIONARY WAR Pari II. 1176 to coerce them into a sense of duty and submission to their king. Stotibr- 23. Doubting the competency of their own power pnnces to subjugate the colonies, the English parliament, English at an immense expense, resorted to the aid of foreign ment ob- tro0 p S t0 p lose cute their bloody work. They en- troops i tere( j j nt0 a treaty with several German princes to furnish 17,000 men, to aid in reducing the Ameri- ^-hat cans to vassalage. Besides the wages parliament was said . . to be the paid these foreigners, the terms in tne treaties stipu- expense re? i iand n of lated that thirty pounds sterling should be paid for troops? each soldier slain, and fifteen for each one disabled. It was asserted in the House of Lords, that the ex- pense to England for these foreign troops was not JIme l ess tnan 1,500,000 pounds for one year. with the 24. With a horde of Hessians, Brunswickers, army. Waldeckers, Enerlish. Scotch and Irish came two and with ' ° ' p^vjrs commissioners, Lord Howe and General Howe, toe? in- with powers to restore peace to the colonies, and an5 ere g rant pardon to such of his majesty's subjects as when did snou id deserve clemency. These royal commis- LTwhom sioners landed at Staten Island on the 12th of July, they and about the same time Gen. Clinton arrived with loined? L he Gen. trie shattered fleet from Charleston. The troops Srive under Gen. Howe, which had evacuated Boston, Boston? reached Staten Island on the 2d of July, so that What J ' t^num tne British army here amounted to 24,000. When English the Hessian troops joined, the army would consist theam- of 35,000 of the best drilled soldiers in Europe. vai ol the ' r I g; l 25. In June, Gen. Howe had announced his V rodu- proclamation of pardon to all well-disposed rebels, aid Gen and promised a large remuneration to any who Howe r & J juneV" should aid in re-establishing the royal authority. Chap. I. INSOLENCE REBUKED. 213 Congress boldly and wisely caused this proclama- 1776 tion to be printed with accompanying remarks, ~ [lid showing the people its insidious nature, and ad- £»fttS vising them to be true to their own cause. matiom 26. The commissioners then dispatched Col. whowaa 1 dispatch- Patterson, adjutant- general of the British army to ^[Z^o Gen. Washington at New York with letters re- iti"? specting their mission, but as the letters were not K£ directed in a manner expressive of his official ce.ve" capacity, his Excellency refused to receive them. 27. In a few days after, Col. Patterson again [J™^ 8 waited on Gen. Washington, with a' letter directed Messed 1 " to George Washington, Esq., $*c, tj'c, $*c 3 which ington^' they hoped would remove all difficulty, as the three et ceteras might be understood to imply every thin^ that ousrht to follow. Gen. Washington ab- & . ... Why did solutely declined receiving this letter, addinsr that herefusc J o o to re- as the three et ceteras might mean every thing, this e aiso7 they might also mean any thing, and he must • have all public letters directed to him according to his rank. 28. Col. Patterson then said that the letters con- p'.^ r iid tained offers of pardon, &c, to which Gen. Wash- jJJJ, ^ ins^ton coolly replied, that the Americans had*™ the ■ 7 1 1 ! reP,y ° f committed no wrong, and therefore wanted no par- JJJjJ^, dons ; they were only defending what they deemed their indisputable rights. Col. Patterson mani- fested great solicitude that the letters might be received, and a reconciliation take place. Gen. of what > r was Washington with firmness and dignity refused. ^ron 29. Gen. Washington was well assured that and'whai prepara- tions were im- warlike operations would speedily follow, and forth- \y made J with preparations were made to fort'fy New York, m 214 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part i I. 17TG and increase the army. The possession of New wh^did York was a favorite object of the British, on [£hw"ifh account of its central situation, and the ease with P °os°es^ n which possession could be maintained. In April, York? Gen. Washington had fixed his head-quarters in where that city, and endeavored by every means in his Sum* power to prepare for its defense. Quarters? 30. The greatest part of his army was stationed where in New York, while a division was ordered to Can- was the j[Fg.. ada, and another left in Massachusetts. Two de- tloned?" tachments guarded Governor's Island and Paulus where Hook, while ' Gen. Clinton with some militia, ciinton ' observed New Rochelle, East and West Chester, in station- ' m ' for what order to prevent the British from landing on the purpose? Nofthi Gen Greene had been ordered in the W hat Greene" - spring to occupy Long Island, and had thoroughly todoT 1 examined the ground, established his posts, and made great preparations for meeting the enemy. whosuc- At this most critical moment he was seized with a hiV'Jirk- bilious fever, which prostrated him for many da3 r s. whywas Putnam was ordered to succeed him, and from pored'for his ignorance of the ground, was unprepared, in every way, for an efficient defense. His army hi,'-''rmj occupied Brooklyn, the left wing resting on Walla- occupy? Yioxxi Bav ; his right was bordered by a marsh near Where J ' ° J suiif- Gowannus Cove. Gen. Sullivan guarded the coast forces? and the road from Bedford to Jamaica. what 31. The continental army numbered only 10,514 was the . • J J number effective soldiers, and these were so circumstanced of the ' wm7 ' 1 that but a small part could be brought into action. Howma- Thirteen thousand troops were ordered to join the SrdesBd army, which with the invalids and men destitute of arms, would increase the number to 27,000. Chap. I. BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 215 32. On the 22d of August, the British forces 17T6 under Generals Clinton, Corn wall is, Percy, and VVh Giant, landed on the southern shore of Long Island, tire causing the inhabitants to flee in terror before Enaiish them. Many of them fired their own houses and h E d »"«j J what did stacks of grain, to prevent their becoming British n h a e bi i n ulUl property. The two armies were about four miles their°V !• i i r i 'it r proaeh ? distant, separated by a range ol hills running from Bywhat east to west. E( a %p. 33. Over these hills called the heights of Gowan- ara,ed? i i i i tvt i Describe nus were three roads : one by the IN arrows, through * hed i f - J ° ferent, which Gen. Grant passed ; another by Flatbush, ™]S through which the Hessians under Gen. Heister S took marched ; and the third road by way of Flatlands, which was taken by the column under Gen. Clin- ton. It was important that these passes should have been thoroughly guarded, but Gen. Clinton on the morning of the 27th gained possession of G e " tdid Clinton make to one of the defiles without any resistance. The British were seen advancing on the other roads, and the r at- ° 7 tention the American troops were drawn up from their ° f m ^ camps to oppose them. from Ms 34. These movements of the enemy proved to be force? only feints to divert the attention of Gen. Putnam from the main body, who were cautiously and silently advancing under Gen. Clinton bv the road J ° J When on the left. Early on the morning of the 28th, an ^'Jjf attack was made by the Hessians and a detach- TtTaVk ment under Gen. Grant. The Americans were '"" fighting bravely when first informed of the approach of Gen. Clinton, who had passed round to the left. 35. In this desperate situation, the affrighted Americans had no safety but in retreat. They ho 246 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II; IT 76 What was their situation \\ hen Clinton ap- proach- ed. J Describe the ac- tion. endeavored to regain their camp, but were inter- cepted by the light infantry and dragoons of Gen. Clinton, who drove them back on the Hessians. An awful scene of butchery took place during a succession of attacks and many were taken prison- ers. For six hours several regiments of the Amer icans under Lord Stirling, continued fighting in this desperate manner, but being ignorant of the movements made by Gen. Clinton, their retreat VICINITY OF NEW YORK. The British army occupied the plain extending Horn the Narrows to commanaed the left win? near the coast, De Heiater, with the Hessian Sir Henry Clinton the right The city of New York stan Is on the south-east end of an island anciently named Manhattan, but now called by the name of the city. The Hudson or North riv- er bounds it on thci P -. 1 •'line tn troops, whose officers even were not acquainted with umph? the science of war. The American loss, according J2 a the to Gen. Washington's computation, was 1,000. can e "nd . ° ' ' ' what the Among the prisoners were Generals Sullivan and J^f 1 '^ Stirling, and 82 other officers of various ranks. Sr°e The British loss was estimated at 450. the "™- 38. This battle was considered the most unskil- what'w ful and imprudent one fought during" the war. tills oat. . . tle ' and Had the British shown sufficient energy, all the Jjfjjjf Americans except the cavalry might have been w^TIt secured or slain. The battle was fought against ° UB the advice and wish of Washington, and but for his consummate skill and energy, the whole army would have been lost. 248 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parf (i IT7 6 39. During tlie engagement, Gen. Washington what is crossed over from New York to Brooklyn, and his w.ih of stout heart was moved to anguish, on seeing so many of his best men slaughtered. Had he, in this moment of affliction, acted from impulse or for vain- Sect?* glory, he might have drawn all his troops from the encampment and from New York, but on mature deliberation, he decided to preserve his army for the future. where 40. Gen. Greene tossing on his sick bed, heard .nffton as lie saw t>o many of his n-en WHS Greene the thunder of the first cannon as it shook the during house in which he lay helpless, and half rising the ac- tion, and what is »aid of from his feverish couch, he clasped his hands, ex him? claiming on the affliction of " being confined at such a time." His brave heart was wrung with such sorrow as only heroes know, and as the up- roar of the combat increased, his agitation became intense. Explosion after explosion shook his bed. and constant inquiries were made as to the fate of the battle. At last, when told that his favorite regiment had been terribly handled, and cut to pieces, he could contain himself no longer, but burst into an agony of tears. 41. After this distressing defeat, our army re- treated within their lines at Brooklyn, and were deteatT exposed to the greatest hazard; the troops fatigued and discouraged by defeat, a superior enemy in their front, and a powerful fleet about to enter the What ' l ?eTved it E ast r i yer w i tn a Yiew °f effectually cutting off Sue- their retreat; the care of Providence, and the wis- dom and vigilance of Washington, preserved them from destruction. 42. Having resolved to withdraw his troops from What is laid of the army after tins ami chap. i. Washington's retreat. 249 their hazardous position, he crossed over to the Isl- it 76 and on the night of the 29th of August, and in When person conducted the retreat in so successful a man- what n , , "Iplace did ner, under circumstances the most trying, that it the a™, 7 ^ D ' retreat? is considered a remarkable example of good gener- alship. A circumstance, which is remarked as JJJg manifestly providential, is, that a thick fog envel- Sum- oped the whole of Long Island in obscurity about remark 2 o'clock in the morning, which at this season of the year is quite unusual, while the atmosphere on the opposite bank was perfectly clear. 43. About 8 o'clock in the evening, the troops Describe began to move in the greatest silence. A violent treat. north-east wind, and the ebb tide, which rendered the current very rapid, prevented the passage. Many hearts beat anxiously, for much depended on this retreat. Suddenly and unexpectedly the wind veered to the north-west. They were imme- diately wafted over, and in a few moments landed in New York. 44. Never was any movement more manifestly favored by Providence, and the Americans felt and stances are give'i openly acknowledged the especial care of God in ^"3- so signally favoring their safe retreat. The wind St?"" seemed to change, at one time, exactly to their need, and at another, an unusual fog veiled them from an enemy so near, that the sound of their pick-axes was plainly heard. 45. The field artillery, tents, baggage, and 9,000 men were conveyed over a river upward of a mile wide and landed at New York in less than 13 hours. Gen. Washington saw one regiment after another safely depart, and, notwithstanding the entreaties ruvi' dence* 250 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II 1-J76 of his officers, was the last to leave the shore. In a few minutes after the rear-guard had left the lines, they were entered by the British. vvh:it 46. Lord Howe, supposing that the hostile spirit h" Lord of the rebels must have been humbled by this de- fend to feat, sent a message to Congress stating that his feat?" Lordship was desirous of a conference with some of the members as private gentlemen. The mem- bers aid not consider themselves justified in doing Ji'the this ; but, ever desirous of establishing a peace on con ° reasonable terms, offered to send a committee to gress? ' inquire whether his lordship had any authority to treat with persons authorized by Congress for this purpose, and what that authority was, and also to hear such propositions as he should think proper to make, who 47. Accordingly Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and were ap- ° " ' } Edward Ru fledge, were chosen to meet with Lord Howe on Staten Island. The first proposition of what his lordship was, that the colonies should return to was the . . ,. tit i their allegiance and obedience to the government of Great Britain. The committee replied, " It is not to be expected after the contempt with which pointed lo meet Howe ? proposi tion of Howe? What reiVof our former humble petitions have been treated ; onittee? and it was not till the last act of parliament, which denounced war against us, and put us out of the king's protection, that we declared our independ- ence, and now it is too late for oppressed and indig- nant people to return to a dependent state." The committee conducted the business with great dig- nity and judgment. 48. Gen. Washington finding New York city an unsafe place, as he was in danger of being sur- ciiap. i. Washington's retreat. 251 rounded, retired with his whole army about m'ne 1 . TT6 miles to the north. This also was a hazardous Whal undertaking ; but he was allowed by a protecting mov( Wish- Providence to effect it — though under a heavy mgfon make, circum- stance occurred i cannonade from the British shipping. undwhyi 49. A circumstance occurred on the route which What excited considerable interest. Major-general Put- nam, at the head of 3,500 continental troops, was in the rear, and the last that left the city. In order to avoid any of the enemy that might be advancing by the main road, he chose another near the North river, and parallel with it. But at the same time he little suspected, while he was swiftly marching with his weary and dispirited soldiers, that a body of 8,000 British and Hessians was advancing on the same road. Most fortunately for the fate of the Americans, the British generals seeing no prospect of engaging our troops, halted their own and re- paired to the mansion of Mr. Robert Murray, a house b /» r Were tha firm friend to the cause of American independence. Jgjjjj* Mrs. Murray kindly offered them cake and wine, taine,1? and they were induced to tarry there some hours. 50. In the mean time, the soldiers of Putnam leached the cross road, and thus escaped a ren- counter with a greatly superior force. Ten minutes more would have been sufficient to have brought them together, and thus cut off Gen. Putnam's retreat. Mrs. Murray was often afterward noticed in terms of high commendation. 51. The enemy immediately took possession of the city. A few days afterward a most destructive fire broke out and raged so violently, that about 3 at f 1 ; 000 houses were consumed. Some of the finest 252 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part Xlj ittg edifices were destroyed. It was estimated, tha about one-quarter of the city was laid waste. Some supposed the disaster was occasioned by American emissaries, and others maintained that it was purely accidental, wtat 52. It was found, by sad experience, that perience little dependence could be placed on an army of tiiught l J . J l , he . militia, whose terms of service were so limited, Amen- > i ^"pect- that they were continually passing from the enlist " camp to their farms. It had been the fond hope of the Americans, that the struggle for their mde- slia at ot s P en dence would not be of long continuance, and dpiilie of thousands, after the battle of Lexington, rushed the army? f rom tae ] r f arms to the scene of action. Many of the soldiers were indulged in the privilege of choosing their own officers, who too frequently proved unqualified to discharge their duties in a manner advantageous to the public service. 53. After the unfortunate battle of Long Island, the militia deserted theii colors by hundreds, and in some instances, whole regiments disbanded. From These inconveniences proceeded, in some meas- what did ..... c ~ these in- U re, from the inability of Oonsrress to remunerate conve- J ° an™ tne troops for their expenses and toil during the war, but the state of affairs became alarming, and threatened a dissolution of the army. 54. At this critical moment, the energetic mind h- of Washington strove earnestly to arrest this fear- ful spirit of disorganization. He plainly assured Congress, that unless furnished with a permanent army, to remain with him until the termination of the war, he must despair of success. Hitherto they had been unwilling to incur the expense of a stand- nijfion plainly a-sure Con- giess? cllap#I . STANDING ARMY. 253 ing force, but they now were aware of the absolute 1770 necessity of the case, and forthwith resolved to raise W hat d i s army ? serene countenance. 64. Ever relying on God for support and direction, lie moved calmly forward amid the darkest 0n storms, assured that even defeat in battle, insults 3°™ of foes, or ingratitude and treachery in friends, would ineton eventually work together for good to those whose his - ials? cause was blessed of God. Here we still behold Washington in this darkest hour in American history, firmly trusting in an overruling Provi- dence, calling on those around him to exercise the same faith, and cheering them in their toilsome marches. 65. Darker and darker grew the cloud above 256 REVOLUTIONARY AVAR. Part II. j 7 76 them. Every day ushered in some unlooked-for Whritjs calamity. In their retreat through New Jersey, thlsitua they were exposed in an open country in mid- dreary winter, without tents to shelter their scantily clothed ^Jft forms — poorly fed, without instruments to intrench themselves, and in the midst of a population of n»any of tories. Many of the soldiers, both militia and regu- diers do? lars, alarmed at the fearful prospect before them, deserted in bodies. Whu 66. Still Washington pressed onward, while wu ; fh did exulting thousands of the enemy, well fed and con- taL°in fident, pursued. From Newark, Wasbington suc- treat? cessfully retreated to Brunswick, then to Princeton and Trenton, and finally across the Delaware with Howma- tne enemy often in sight. Here again a call was ny of the citizens deipWa " Pennsylvania, and to the honor of the latter, 1,500 respond- J edtothe f t ne citizens of Philadelphia came promptly to made for reinforcements from New Jersey and call for fo r "e- the aid of Washington. They cheerfully abandon » ed their comfortable fire-sides, and for the love they bore their country, were content to spend the nights in tents or barns, and oftentimes in the open air in mid-winter. *5 at f ^' ^ was g eneran y agreed, that in this distres- gjS; sing retreat through New Jersey and over the Dela- th"u"re- ware, under the most pressing difficulties, Wash- ington displayed the talents and wisdom of a great military commander, endowed with unfailing re- sources of mind. 68. Gen. Howe, again availing himself of the procia- forlorn condition of the continentals, issued another mation Bued'by proclamation, couched in haughty style, demand- Howe? ing submission to the king's authority within sixty days from the date of the paper. Two of the 177^ members of the continental Congress, Mr. Gallo- Ilow way and Mr. Allen, accepted pardon, and submit- demands ted to kingly rule — but the greater part of the American people rejected the offer, though told that the gallows would be the alternative. 69. On the day that our army was driven over ^en J J did the the Delaware, the British, with a fleet and 600 of JggJ the army, took possession of Rhode Island without £,on se of any opposition, many of the inhabitants being island 1 friendly to the royal cause. Congress resolved, on the 12th of December, that What it be recommended to all the United States, as soon ZweT as possible, to appoint a day of fasting and humil- wesson iation, imploring God to show favor to them in this of Dec - ? time of affliction. 70. They resolved also to retire for safety to Bal- why did timore, knowing it to be the intention of the enemy £4 to possess themselves of the city of Philadelphia. pnia a ? e Washington, during his retreat, had ordered Gen. Lee to join him from White Plains with all possible ™ J ^ What or- speed, but Lee refused to move. Day after day passed by, and still no reinforcements appeared, from At length he saw fit by slow T marches to put his togton? troops in motion, but on the route, as a just punish- ment for his disobedience, he was taken prisoner. 71. For some unaccountable reason, he had taken tT 7 Howwas up his lodgings at a house three or four miles from his l^E troops in the heart of a disaffected and tory coun- diencl'of try. Information of this astonishing fact was soon ™ ndl given, and a body of light-horse under Col. Har- Describe court surrounded the house, and made Gen. Lee n h erof aD " prisoner. Here was another untoward disaster lure 08 "" 17 ders had Gen. Lee received 258 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part I] >! T76 for the Americans. The first major-general of their army hurried off as prisoner hy a party of dragoons, without hat or cloak, to New York, n triumph. what T2. Many suspicions were aroused by this sin- poba- gular event. Considering his protracted disobe- reaso.iof dience in the moment of the most critical danger to Lee'sdi3- o nnieraf tne army, and knowing the unbounded ambition of Gen. Lee, we have no doubt but he delayed, that Washington and his dispirited band might fall into the hands of the enemy, and the supreme command devolve on himself, what of 73. Gen. Lee was a man of great military ex- miiituy perience, had fought in European battles, and been ledge? a chosen friend and aid-de-camp of the king of Poland, and knew perfectly well what belonged to every subordinate officer, and that there could be no greater act of disobedience, than to refuse orders like those of Washington. We shall see in pur- suing our history, how the wicked are punished from their own actions, while the good are rewarded by walking in accordance with the laws of God. now took 74. Gen. Sullivan now took command of Gen. com- ™,' v " f Lee's division, and hastened to join the main army, what did thus augmenting it to 7,000 effective men. With these, Gen. Washington resolved, with all the ener- BoKS re " SY °f his mighty spirit, to make one fearful strug- wlsh. gle. He dared not go into winter-quarters in the taL") 1 midst of such a season of gloom — almost of despair. who At Trenton, on the other side of the icy waters of weresta- ' J J^gJ the Delaware, were stationed 1,500 Hessians ; while eld! of farther on, at different places, were several other the l)e!a- , , ware! detachments. Chap. I. CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 259 75. Headley says, that the noble form of Wash- i^ 7 fi ington, on the night of the 25th of December, just What i8 at dusk, stood on the shore of the Delaware. His wlif horse, saddled and bridled, was near him. while all he. the streets, and with a battle shout Cliap. l. BATTLE OF TRENTON. 261 aroused the Hessians from their dream of security *??6 The smoke of the artillery curled around the form Scribe of Washington, as, still beside them, he moved on JuL 00 "" and calmly pointed out the different objects on which the fire should be directed. 82. Ail now was confusion — the clattering of flying horsemen sounded through the streets, offi- cers hurried to and fro to rally their men, and shouts and cries rung through the air in every direction. Just then, the enemy wheeled two can- non into the street up which the column of Wash ington was advancing. Young Monroe, afterward one of our presidents, and Capt. Washington, a re- lative of the commander-in-chief, immediately sprung forward with their men, charged up to the very muzzles, and took them, although the lighted matches were already descending on the pieces. When the smoke lifted, these two gallant officers were both seen reclining in the arms of their fol- lowers, wounded, though not mortally. 83. The Americans pressed onward, bearing What down all opposition, until the enemy, confused and St^oi terrified, struck their flags. At a gallop Washing- tie? d ton dashed forward, exclaiming to one of his offi- cers, l - This is a glorious day for our country /" Col. Rahl, the commanding officer, was mortally wounded, and seven other wounded officers were left on parole at Trenton. 84. About 35 soldiers were killed, 60 wounded, and 948, including 30 officers, were taken prison- what ers, amounting in all to 1,048. Of our troops, not d?d irso more than 10 were killed and wounded. Gen. f^\ u Washington recrossed the Delaware the same day g, r h $ e 2G2 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part lt 1TT6 in triumph, bringing off six excellent brass cannon, 1,200 small arms, three standards and a quantity of baggage. This was a brilliant achievement, and was every where considered a master stroke m the art of war. what 85. The Hessian prisoners were allowed to retain wns done l H, ith !!, ie their ba^ga^e, and sent into Pennsylvania with Hessian o© o / j eretand strict orders from Washington, thai they should be they call treated with kindness. This wae unexpected to Wash- ' ington? them and called forth emotions ol gratitude and veneration for Washington, whom they called a "very good rebel." what. 86. The British were astonished that an armv, were the J > Shf which they considered as on the point of annihi- lation, should dare to attack thein. They were Briti.-h on hear- ingot'the . battle? idly reposing, in the hope that one battle would What cruelties had 1 hey Eomnut- t,,l in New Jer- sey ? forever crush the rebellion, as they termed our war. In their march through New Jersey they had com- mitted such outrageous ravages and indiscriminate plunder, as must be deemed disgraceful to any peo- ple. Hundreds of inoffensive inhabitants were stripped of their clothing, and exposed, in the midsj of horrid insults and indecencies, to the inclemency of the season. 87. The cries of the oppressed were heard, an* reinforcements of militia and troops enabled Wash- What did Wash- ington deter- mine to . dot melon a sain to cross the Delaware into New Jer- sey, and face the enemy under Cornwallis, who had been dispatched from New York with a large army What was the amount English to retrieve the heavy disasters of Tienton. Wash- folces?" ington had 4,700 men, only 1,200 of whom were regulars, while Corn wallis was at the head of 8,000 Chap. I. POSITION OP THE ARMIES. 2G3 veteran troops, well supplied with dragoons and 1776 artillery. 88. Detachments of the Americans were sent what or- ders were forward to harass the march- of Cornwallis, with fS by orders to dispute every inch of the ground. Bravely lngt0 " they oheyed their command, bearing up gallantly against the advancing host, until at sunset, the two armies, drawn up for battle, stood front to front, in terrific uproar from the cannon on both sides. Washington's situation was one of peril, with a su- themeet r i i t-x i • ingot' the penor enemy in iront, and the Delaware river in tw.oar- r J ' mies. the rear. 89. A successful attack on our army would JJ£ a 'he situation Wash- ington, and what did he prove its ruin. But he relied on Providence, as he of told his troops before facing the enemy — " Main tain every inch of your position till night, and trust gj*^ to Providence for the rest." When the gathering shades of evening deepened, Cornwallis, contrary to tnTS 9 the repeated remonstrances of his officers, com- p^vi- manded the attack to cease until daylight. Here shownJ was shown the kind care of Providence in which the Commander-in-chief trusted. 1777 90. Forthwith Washington began to extricate Ijffig* himself from this perilous situation, and here again exffiate we see the skill and address of a great general. In fiimhia ° . perilous the eveninsr he ordered a number of blazing fires f. itua - to be kindled in his camp, leaving men to keep them j an . 3. burning, and to work on the intrench ments to de- ceive his antagonist. 91. Rousing his weary men, he bade them JS* * wore given, and how silently move on by a circuitous route. The weather was very cold, and the night dark, but were they cheerfully followed their general, without noise obfcyed 264 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parf If m ' ' in New York, and received the most rigid and un- generous treatment. Gen. Washh.glon opened a correspondence with Gen. Howe, and made propo- sals for his exchange, which were rejected. But How is it 11- • iv e Y"'\> Gen. Lee was not the onlv imprisoned suilerer. ei$?ct guage, and acknowledging the same God, exhaust- "nersj ed every means of cruelty to torture those whom they spurned as rebels. The following, taken from Gen. Washington's letter of complaint to Gen. Howe, is a brief summary of the systematic method Rfipeat adopted and practised for their destruction. "The ,h prisoners were crowded into the holds of prison- was r _ ' instc ships, where they were almost suffocated for want letter of air, and into churches, and open sugar-houses, &c, without a spark of fire. Their allowance of provisions and water for three days was insufficient for one, and in some instances they were four days entirely destitute of food. The pork and bread, for they had no other sustenance, and even the water allowed them, were of the worst quality, and totally unfit for human beings.*' 5. He adds that a minute detail would only serve to harrow up the feelings of surviving friends ; suffice it to say, that in consequence of the most barbarous treatment, not less than 1500 American oldiers died within a few weeks. Thus perished, in the utmost wretchedness, brave young men, the priJfi and shield of their country, and the beloved tract fiom h- lnctou's 268 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. 1777 of inany a devoted parent. After death had re leased the sufferers, their bodies were dragged out what be of the prisons, and piled up till enough were col- thei'r° lected for a load, when they were carted out and dead bodies? tumbled into a ditch, and slightly covered with earth. What 6. Prisoners were, in addition to this, constantly in- ifzin? suited and tantalized by the British officers, who told were toid them with the most frightful profanity, that the treat- pnson- ° * J ' ersl m en t was too good for rebels, and they should get twice as much severity unless they returned to his Majesty's service. But they loved liberty, and chose death rather than subject themselves and their pos- terity to a tyrant's sway. what in- 7. In one instance, four of our wounded officers, dienity SrV* respectable rank, were put in a cart, and convey- wSmanis e d through the streets of New York, as objects of ers? ot ' derision — reviled as rebels, and treated with the utmost contempt. Otho Williams, subsequently adjutant-general to the Southern army, and others, were seated on coffins, with ropes around their necks, as a farce to make them believe they were riding to the gallows. Repeat 8. To the foregoing unparalleled catalogue of crim- •xtract. inal proceedings, we add others, taken from another writer. "The enemy wantonly destroyed the New York water works, an elegant public library at Trenton, and the grand orrery made by Ritten- house, which was placed in the college at Prince- ton, a piece of mechanism that the most untu- tored savage, staying the hand of violence, would have beheld with wonder and delight. Thus they warred against liberty, virtue, and the arts and Chap. II. BRITISH CRUELTIES. 209 sciences. To make war against learning and lite- 17? T rature is only fit for the rudest savage." 9. Gov. Livingston, in an elegant speech to the Gov at Liv d General Assembly of New Jersey, said, " They say in J . jj j j lhjs gub _ have plundered friends and foes; effects capable J ect * of division they have divided ; such as were not they have destroyed ; they have waned on de- crepid old age and on defenseless youth ; they have committed hostilities against the professors of lite- rature and the ministers of religion ; against pub- lic records and private monuments ; books of im- provement and papers of curiosity ; and against the arts and sciences. They have butchered the wounded while asking for quarter, mangled the dead, weltering in their blood, and refused them the rites of sepulture ; suffered prisoners to perish for want of sustenance ; insulted the persons of fe- males ; disfigured private dwellings of taste and elegance, and in the rage of impiety and barba- rism, profaned edifices dedicated to Almighty God." 10. We do not wonder that the Americans re- fused to return to allegiance to a power allowing such treatment. We involuntarily shudder as we our emo- read their sufferings, and ask if all this was re- v jf?. of o ' all this ceiyed from people, from whom we derived our ori- f^V~ gin ? Reconciliation to such a power ! A more dreadful curse could scarcely be denounced ! How J were It is here worthy of observation, that the British gjgj 1 ^, P-nd Hessian prisoners in our hands were treated in Kldi a manner directly the reverse of that just described, ™l\ f and they never found cause to complain. hist at- tacks q< 11. The first atten pts of the British during" the ish di- 1 3 rented campaign of 1777, were against the American »»i^" 270 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part IT. 1777 stores collected at Courtland Manor in New York, and at Danbury in Connecticut, vv-hat On the 25th of April, 2,000 men under Gov. lions did Tryon, major of the Provincials or Tone* having Governor J ' J & 2Xp° 8 P assea< tne sound, landed between Fairfield and ««nmitj Norfolk. The next day, proceeding to Danbury they forced the garrison to retire, destroyed 1.80C barrels of beef and pork, and 800 of flour, 2,000 bushels of grain, clothing for a regiment, and 1.790 tents. Besides this wanton destruction of food and clothing, they burned the town, and after murder- ing three inhabitants, threw them into the flames. What . wasdone 12. Generals Sullivan, Wooster, and Arnold, by Gene- , ' . ' 7 JJJSbJJS 1 " happening to be in the neighborhood, hastily col- woosten i ecte( j aD out 600 militia, and marched in pursuit for two miles, in a heavy rain. On the morning of the 27th, they divided the troops, Gen. Wooster taking about three hundred, and falling in the rear of the enemy, while Arnold took post in front at Ridgefleld. Both parties conducted with distin- wounded guished bravery, but were obliged to retreat. Gen. ["ulan Wooster was in his 70th year, and was mortally wounded. what i ? 13. The next day the enemy set fire to Ridgefleld, [£,££ and were still harassed by Arnold, who fought rouductj w j tn n * s accus tomed bravery, almost amounting to recklessness. In the thickest of the lire, be was always to be seen galloping hither and tbither, seemingly impervious to bullets, although his brave charger often sunk, being shot under him. Noth- ing daunted in such cases, he would mount an- Wt.ilt loss Oil •joi b he other and on to the battle. The British de- rides] spaired of gaining any of the inhabitants tc t^eir Chap. II. GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 271 ranks, and being annoyed by Arnold, took refuge j??? on board their ships. They had lost 170 men, and ~~ the Americans 100. 14. Congress resolved that a monument should watte- be erected to the memory of Gen. Wooster, and a c°on e f beautiful horse properly caparisoned, was presented " to Gen. Arnold, as a reward for his gallantry on this occasion. The British had collected at Sag Harbor, on ^ s a j OM Long Island, immense magazines of forage and §3aM grain. Col. Meigs, who had been one of Arnold's brave associates in the expedition to Canada, with 130 men on the 23d of May, destroyed the stores, burned a dozen brigs and sloops, killed 6 of the enemy, took 90 prisoners, and returned in triumph, not having lost a man. 15. While these and similar events had been wiydid ... a . .i . . , Fiance transpiring in America, the commissioners who wish u success had been sent to France, to procure assistance, in war? were not idle. France wished us success, because it would avenge her for the loss of her colonies in this country, and humble the haughty bearing of What her rival in the New World. Amid conflicting F Si e ch- i . . man es- emotions in many hearts, there was at least one pomed J our cause brave and noble soul, who espoused our cause from f™ 1 ^?™ love for liberty. This was the young and gallant eity? Lafayette. 16. He listened with enthusiasm to the story of our wrongs and oppressions, and forthwith ex- claimed, " My heart espouses warmly the cause of liberty, and henceforth I shall think of nothing", Latuy- , & ette soy but of adding my aid. The moment I heard of °!'A mer - '.Vmerina 1 loved her ; the moment I knew she was 272 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. 17T7 fighting for freedom, I burned with a desire of bleeding for her ; and the moment I shall be able to serve her in any part of the world, will be the hap- piest one in my life." w-hntex- 17. He obtained an introduction to Silas Deane, m d ike e in wno gl au ty g ave him a letter to Congress, requesting Situs'? his appointment as major-general in the American army. A vessel was ordered to be fitted out, but the sad news of one defeat after another seemed to ren- der our cause hopeless. It was no longer possible to obtain a vessel. The difficulty only urged on the Lover of freedom, and immediately he purchased a vessel which he intended fitting out with his own means, when the king, hearing of his plans, ordered him back, while his friends were loud in their cen- sures of the interest he took in our cause. with 18. Finally, he disguised himself as a courier, ^,eces9 and escaped to his vessel, in which, accompa- finaiiy nied by the Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers, hf^^drf ne set sau m sa fety- After a voyage of about fifty wage» days, he reached Georgetown, in South Carolina, and having visited Charleston, and listened with tke a Washington relinquished his own superior tro\>ps» judgment, by risking a- disadvantageous action. He, however, with acknowledged skill, planned the mnge- ar " order of battle, and stationed regiments at difler- ment did . wash- ent fords to guard the river, sending scouts out in make? var i us directions, on a strict watch for the ap- proach of the troops. Gen. Sullivan commanded the highest and most important, post, up the river. Had he used all the precaution demanded of him, he might have saved much disorder and loss of life. 23. On the 11th of September, the British army moved forward in two columns, intending with one to occupy the attention of Washington, while the what other should silently march round and attack the false in- leI)i rear. Washington was prevented from executing gence or a e™ind a bold design of dividing the British army, and Li was cutting off Knyphausen's regiment, by false intelli- «**» gence from Sullivan, that Cornwallis was not ap- proaching. By this, much time was lost in coun- termanding orders, and Cornwallis fell upon the Americans, when they were in some measure un- prepared to receive him. 24. A destructive action ensued, in which Sul- livan and his troops, in connection with all engaged what is fought with great bravery. Lafayette seeing two 8 Laiy f of Gen. Sullivan's aids killed, and the discomfited, conduct general in vain trying to rally his shattered troops, thebat- [ ea p e( j f r0 m his horse and marched amo»g them hat is of tor- ition Chap. II. BATTLE OF BRANI ViNE 275 sword in hand, when he too feL wounds ..d by a 1777 musket ball. Washington then came up with W] Greene's corps as a reserve. Thev fought bravely, the for a while keeping tne British in cneck — but nothing of the ^ could now arrest the disorder, and they retreated after having contested the ground in the most determined manner. 25. The American loss in killed, wounded, and what prisoners, was over 1,000 ; the British about half JM»°n that number. Side by side with the Americans, Sltles - were Lafayette, the Baron St.- Ovary a brother Wh;it Frenchman who was made prisoner, and the brave Shed Count Pulaski, who was afterward rewarded with g£ the rank of brigadier-general. b n j£ 26. The Americans retreated through Philadel- to what ™ , Tlfr i . . , place did nhia to Germantown, but Washington, notwith- the . standing the unfortunate event of the battle of ™'£; e Brandy wine creek, determined to risk another at- tempt for the defense of the capital. He according- what ly repassed the Schuylkill, and met the enemy near meat Goshen, about 18 miles west of Philadelphia. But jjj*- a violent shower of rain compelled them to defer with aml the engagement. Gen. Wayne had been detached success? with 1,500 men to annoy the rear of the enemy, but in ^ at / a the darkness of the night, his men were surprised, JSJJJ 1 and about 300 killed. detach- ii. . merit? 27. Consrress, deeming themselves insecure in ° ° _ Why did Philadelphia, removed the public archives and mag- ggg^" azines to Lancaster, to which place they ad- caster"" journed. An easy access to Philadelphia was now given to the enemy, and on the 26th of September, they made a triumphal entry into the city without wa^thea opposition. The main body of the British was sta- wj£j£, 276 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. Where were tho two ar- mies en- camped ? To what ?.* tioned at Germ antown, which is distant about 7 miles north-west from Philadelphia. Washing-ton encamped at 18 miles distance from Germantown. Immediately ifter the occupation of the capita^ reci his atten- tion ? (i]' 1 Gen. Gen. Howe directed his attention to the reduction Howe ui- of some forts on the river Delaware, which foils rendered it unsafe for the British to navigate that river. Why were for- 28. The Americans hoped to prevent the enemy erected from receiving supplies of provisions by water, and island? for this purpose had erected batteries at Mud Island, Red Bank, and Billing's Port, and had sunk ranges of frames in the river to obstruct the navi- Why was # ° lint 5S- g a ti° n - It was t° remove these impediments, that twtE Col. Stirling was sent with a detachment of the royal army. Washington seized this opportunity to attack the remainder of the army at Germantown. 2d a of ls 29. This enterprise planned with great judgment tie of promised success. On the morning of October 4th German- r # ° Uiwal the enemy was surprised, and at one point a party was routed and 110 made prisoners, but they were afterward retaken. Nearly the whole force of the what two armies was involved in the contest, in which was said ^-,'sh-' both fought bravely. Gen. Washington, in a letter inpton in to Con Kress a n fefter ,n to Congress, says, " The morning was extremely foggy, which prevented our improving the advan- tage we had gained as well as we otherwise should have done. This circumstance by concealing from us the true situation of the enemy, obliged us to act with more caution and less expedition than wa could have wished, and hindered our different par- ties from acting in concert." 30. In the midst of the most promising appeal* Chap. II. BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. 277 ances of victory, the troops suddenly began, to 1711 retreat in spite of every effort made to rally them. Wh . lt The enemy were broken, dispersed and flying ini^'on I - sides at German town? all quarters, and we were in possession of their whole encampment, artillery, &c, but confusion at last ensued, and we were repulsed with a loss of 200 killed, 600 wounded, and 400 prisoners." The Brit- ish lost about 100 killed and 500 wounded. Gen. Knyphausen was wounded, and Gen. De Heister's son and several other officers of rank were wounded or slain. 31. Washington was mortified at the repulse at ^ l the Germantown, after an auspicious commencement, oT\S- which indicated a speedy victory. Congress ex- this re- pressed their approval of his plan of attack, and what epoke in high terms of the courage of most of the sress ex - r & & press? troops. The British, after this action, removed to to what Philadelphia, and Washington encamped about gj^ En- eleven miles from Germantown. ^j ve ' 32. After considerable skirmishing and a pro- did ere tracted defense of the forts on the Delaware, the h ^ ton , ' encamp? river was at last cleared, and a free communication what finally opened for the British between New York and g e on Philadelphia. The enemy flattered themselves that ware? 181 " the possession of Philadelphia would soon prove JL h: the decisive in the contest. The Americans were not flatted disheartened. Notwithstanding they had gained selves? little by the last battles, so much skill and bravery werenoi had been shown that their reputation was en- JP5J 1 " rt hanced. ?S 33. In the mean while Washington's army had ^ hat re received reinforcements from the North, and m l S amounted to 12,000 continentals and 3l)0 militia, wash- ' ington 278 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part , L itt* With these, he advanced to White Marsh, within 14 miles of the capital. Gen. Howe marched within three miles, but rinding Washington too o ar- prudent to leave his strong position, he thought take up? proper to withdraw, and retire for the winter to Philadelphia. )J,f eTe 34. Washington now gave orders that prepara- injton" tions should be made for winter-quarters, and York, rccerve an.i wha' position tiki the deter- mine to Lancaster and Carlisle were named as proper go into winter quarters 3 places. But rather than leave a large and fertile region exposed to the enemy, he chose to march to Valley Forge, a deep dale, about 20 miles north- west of Philadelphia. Accordingly, on the 11th of December, he left White Marsh, and retired to Valley Forge. In this dreary place they passed one of the most rigorous winters ever experienced in the United States. 35. The troops, scantily clothed, prepared to What is eaul ot\ ferlngsof meet the riffor of that winter by the army J at this place ? number of log huts, rilled in with mortar. The weather was so intensely cold, that before these barracks were completed, many a soldier was frozen to death. So destitute of necessary cloth- ing were they, that the greater part were with- out a shirt — some with a remnant of a blanket, and many without a shoe or stocking. In the midst of sufferings to which the world can scarce- ly show a parallel, they were seldom heard to whvdid murmur. Relying on the justice of their cause. SSmwi they pressed forward, crying, " We are fighting for Liberty — let us have freedom from oppression for ourselves and our children !" 36. While these events were transpiring in the C.liap. II. EVACUATION OF CANADA. 279 Middle States, scenes of thrilling interest were en- \m acted in the North. To retain, as far as possible, a why hag connected view of the war, we have chosen to leave the northern i i • 1 1 1 • • i army no - our northern army unmentioned till this penod. been The young reader will, we trust, endeavor to go back tloned? in the order of time to the year 1775, and recall the situation of both armies at that period. To pre- What i S sent the events of 177'*', we will merely state, in review 1 " review, that in the autumn of 1775, after Colonels Allen and Arnold had taken Ticonderoga and Crown Point by surprise, Gen. Montgomery re- duced the fort of St. Johns, captured Montreal, and made an ineffectual, though desperate attack on Quebec. 37. On the return of spring, 1776, the American onthe army gradually retired up the St. Lawrence, and the after losing one post after another, in June they JJJJ t did entirely evacuated Canada. These reverses did my™' not at all dampen the ardor of the troops in this quarter, and preparations were busily made to meet an expected invasion from the enemy in the spring of 1777. A plan was concerted by which Bur- What goyne, who had superseded Carleton in the com- adopt!!' mand of the British forces in Canada, was to pene- goyne to ' r fcut off trate the back settlements of New York, and form Sj^; a junction with Gen. Howe at the metropolis, thus SlS cutting off all communication between New Ensr- die ° , ° States? land and the middle States, after which, they sup- posed both sections could easily be subdued. 38. By express orders of the ministry, Burgoyne whose immediately armed and secured the services of d "i Bur- J goyne sp several tribes of Indians inhabiting the country be- cure1 tween the Mohawk river and Lake Ontario, about pre para tions to attack ? 280 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part 11 IT 7? 2,500 French Canadians, and as many Hessians What exclusive of a corps of artillery and a large body he lC ma d ke of veteran troops from England. With this formi- dable army, on the first of July, he made prepara- tions to invest Ticonderoga. pndt 39. Before proceeding to the attack, Burgoyne didS. made a great war feast for the Indians, and issued goyne ,. , . ... , wsue? a most extraordinary proclamation, calling on the Americans to submit, or suffer the consequences of savage ferocity. After enumerating a string of titles in the most pompous manner, he threatens all who shall oppose his authority, saying, " I have but to give stretch to the Indian forces under my direction, and they amount to thousands, to over take the hardened enemies of Great Britain and what America." The British ministry, neither ashamed fufexpe- nor satisfied with the disgraceful expedient of hip- dients . . BritSf m £ Hessian soldiers of low principles, resorted also for'rein to savages to aid in the subjection of a band of menTs? " half-starved and distressed rebels " — their own kinsmen. what 40. Gen. St. Clair with about 3,000 men, had move- ' gPlfc charge of Fort Ticonderoga. Deeming this force make, inadeqate to maintain the post, not having provis- ions for more than twenty days^ he perceived no safety for the garrison, except in a hasty flight. Accordingly he let his camp-fires go out, struck his tents, and amid the " profound silence of the forest and the night," retreated. what is 41. He was soon discovered and as they ap- ihere proached Skeensborough, the British pressed or in hot pursuit. After various conflicts and losses, {iie remnants of the divisions reached Fort Ed- and why? July 5. What i aid of the re reat? JD KJ JX*JKJ X 1\ Hi O 1Y1 »_» V S-i 1Y1 H. 1>I J. O • from the honest farmers of Vermont. For this Bee purpose he dispatched Col. Baum, a distinguished German officer, with 500 Hessians to seize some of the American stores of corn, cattle, &c, collected at Bennington. The instructions of Burgoyne are very curious, showing that the event of defeat never entered his mind. 44. Col. Baum marched off with a commission in his pocket, to " scour the country for horses, oar- 2S2 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. p arf „ 17 71 riages, and cattle, and make prisoners of all offi- What cers, civil and military, acting under Congress ; U were 8 tax the towns for whatever they wanted, and taht coi hostages for the performance ; to bring all horses Jit to mount the dragoons, with as many saddles and bridles as could be found ; to bring at least 1,300, the horses to be tied, in strings of ten each in order, that one man may lead ten horses." What 45. It was a providential circumstance, that Eai Gen. Stark* was on his way to join Gen. Schuyler, stance" with a reinforcement of 800 Green Mountain boys. occurred? A heavy rain coming on, prevented an immedi- ate action ; several skirmishes took place with little loss on our side, but these were sufficient to alarm why did QqI, Baum, who immediately dispatched a messen- Sslmtcn ger to Burgoyne for a reinforcement. Fortunately sengertn its progress was much delayed, owing to the state Bur ^ ° , J ' ° eoyiKt f t ne loads, alter the heavy rain, and it did not ar- * Gen. Stark had been in the old French and Indian war, and was at Bunker Hill and Trenton. At the brilliant charge at Bennington, he animated his brave band by shouting, with uplifted sword, <; My fellow-soldiers, we conquer to-day or Mary Stark sleeps a widow to-night." His character as a private citizen is unblemished, and no neglect or wrong could turn him from the path of duty. Although he had reason to feel aggrieved at the treatment he received from Congress, in having inierior and junior officers appointed over him. he loved his country still, and fitted out his sons one after another for the field. Would that Arnold had possessed the virtues of this noble and incorruptible patriot. Amid all his perils through two long wars, and in many desper- ate battles, he never received a wound. He was the last sur- viving general of the Revolution, and died in 1822, at Man- chester. New Hampshire, in his 94th year. A simple stone upon which is inscribed Major-general S'arle, marks the soldier* resting place — I it his memory is fresh in many hearts. ihe ac- tion Oiiap. II. BATTLE OP BENNINGTON 283 rive until the Americans were victorious. A lu 177-; rious battle was fought for more than two hours, What ." during which the Americans opposed, with singu- ,:l lar bravery / a force nearly twice their number. 46. Although the British were defended by breast- wh.it is J tart her works, they were stormed by the Americans, and gg 1 £ the troops finally obliged to surrender at discretion. tlua? The yells of the Indians when surrounded were ter- * rifle. The roar of the fire-arms resembled a prolonged (thunder peal. Gen. Stark's troops had scattered in pursuit of plunder, when news arrived of the ap- proach of the reinforcement of 1,000 men. 47. At this critical moment, a regiment under what Col. Warner arrived ; the other troops rallied, and JESn^X the whole were ordered to advance. They fought he? until darkness came on, when the enemy yielded a second time in one day to their Yankee conquerors. The whole number of killed, wounded, and prison- What ers, was 934. Col. Baurn received a mortal wound io* s s 'J the Bri he of which he soon after died. Instead of bringing, tish in pursuance to the orders of Burgoyne, a train of r & J ' Did Bur- necessary things, on their return, the troops were ^iv^hfs obliged to leave behind 1,000 stand of arms, 8 loads SpuS? of baggage, 4 brass field-pieces, and several horses, what The loss on our side was not more than 100. loss? 48. The victory at Bennington greatly encour- aged the Americans, but as greatly mortified Bur- t goyne. An affecting incident occurred on the field £§dent at Bennington, which illustrates a point in the atBeTi- a • 1 * 1 i 1 <• ningtonv, American character. An old man, whose five sons were engaged in the battle, was told that he had been unfortunate in one of his sons. With up- raised hands and trembling voice, he exclaimed, 284 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part H 11* on boih »ic"en? Cliap. II. GATES AND ARNOLD. 293 The British lost 60( in killed, wounded, and m? prisoners. 68. The royal army lay all night on their arms What on the battle field, strewed with the slain — while S^S?* the soldiers in search of spoils stripped, indiscrimi- of the nately. the bodies of the gay uniform of the Eng- my? Jish, or the plainer blue garb of the American. Both parties lay within sound of each other's voices for 16 days, and considerable skirmishing took why did place, resulting from the attempts of the British to goyne forage. Burgoyne looked with the utmost anxiety ™[£*J for aid from Sir Henry Clinton, from New York, jgfS but finding starvation staring his army in the face, foetus he determined to make a desperate effort to force l ^omh his way through the American lines. 69. During this interval, a dissatisfaction arose WhywM Detween Gates and Arnold, because Gates refused diSL iO give Arnold even a tenth part of the praise due cites J to him for his undaunted bravery at Stillwater. Gates was envious, because the whole army gave Arnold and his division the credit of the battle of the 19th, and falsely represented the affair to Con- gress in his official report. To crown the injustice of Gates, he took away Arnold's division from him and gave it to Col. Lincoln ; so that now, on the eve of another battle, one of the bravest officers in the American army was without a command. His whatii J said of nature was too proud to bear this — he had never Ar ' Ud learned in childhood to brook an insult. How many hours of bitterness would have been spared Arnold, had he felt the beauty of the Saviour's ex- ample of humility and patience under insults. 70. When the roar of the cannonade of the 7th 294 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part n< \m of October reached his ears, while sitting in his whmis tent, he could no longer restrain his maddened Tmoik feelings. He would enter the battle, and, for aught m the we know, he wished it might be his last. His con- 7th of ° October? c | uct was frightfully daring, as, mounted on a beau* tiful horse, named Warren, after the hero of Bun- ker Hill, he rushed madly in the hottest of the fire, while his shout was heard above the honid din of conflicting armies. Regardless of danger, he rode at one time from one extremity of the line to the other, exposed to the cross fire of the armies, fol- lowed by the loud huzzas of admiring troops. 71. Gates, fearing lest this impetuous horseman irhat should, by winning this battle, eclipse his own' waTlent naine 5 at t-' ] i s penlous moment, dispatched Col. t6 Ar- tes Armstrong after him, with a command to retire from the field.* The beloved general of the army, now without a command, was obeyed in an in- stant ; and groups of veterans, who had followed him in many a toilsome march, crowded around him, eager for orders, who did 72. Pointing to the camp surrounded with a recie- wa\\ of armed men and cannon, he shouted to them niw on ibfoui as his quick eye recognized the scarred faces of his old comrades. " You will not fail me now — on to the fortress, my brave soldiers, you and you, on again — you know me well.*' The black horse is urged forward amid the fierce blaze of a thousand V hat is . .. , mi • |»<«t of guns, to the very sally port of the enemy. 1 Ins £* on position must be won, or the American cause was lamp) . * During the battle of Saratoga, Gen. Gates was quietly sit- ting in his room, conversing with a British officer. He fought both tf ese battles like a European gentleman — in hi* camp. D U IVUU X L\ Hi O O U XV IV£il\ U H. rv . j£J& dishonored. So shouted Arnold at the sally port. 1777 As the piteous screams of " quarter, quarter" reached the ears of the Americans, the gallant charger which had borne the victorious general through scenes of blood and fire, fell pierced by many balls, and Arnold l#y wounded and bleeding, shouting, " The battle is ours, Saratoga is won" 73. This was Arnold's last battle for his still beloved country, and yet no tidings of his bravery, or of Morgan's came to Congress from the envious Gates. Arnold was carried bleeding from the field amid the deafening shouts of " Victory, victory." The British lost several valuable officers, among Wha , 1 ,. o was the whom none was more lamented than Gen. Frazer. fe 011 Their entire loss was over 400 men ; that of the Americans about 80. 74. The British camp was evacuated during the . . , r , Why Aia night, and soon after an attempt was made to not Biir - o ' * poyne re- retreat to Fort Edward, but intelligence was ^ Ed- brought that this foit was already in possession of the Americans, and every avenue of retreat was blockaded by the enemy. Still Burgoyne was too proud to submit to his fate, and yield all his bright visions of future fame and glory at once. He resisted until the last moment, as hope after hope proved vv c j 1s n Bul ^ vain, until worn out and weary he agreed, after obhild much consultation, upon an honorable surrender of the relics of his once splendid army of 10,000 men. 75. It was stipulated, that on the 17th they were what to march out of their camp with the honors of war termsof 11 'li 1 t surren- to the place assigned, where their arms and artillery <*er? were to be piled at the command of their own offi- cers That a passage should be allowed them to 296 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Pan II. 1T?T Great Britain on condition of their not serving what again during the war. The trophies obtained by vere'ob- this great capitulation were, officers and soldiers, thi" e ,y 5,791. The train of brass artillery and other ord- jrreat ca- ; , pnute- na nce was of immense value, consisting of 42 pieces of cannon, besides 7,000 muskets, with six thousand dozen cartridges, a vast supply of shot, shells, &c, a great number of tents and military stores, with clothing for 7,000 men. how 76. Every possible courtesy was shown to the tr a o P o t ps ed officers, and our soldiers were not allowed to wit- teated? negg ^ g sulTenc j ei . \y e here see one of the most unexpected reverses of fortune, as ordained by divine Providence. The proud, presuming foe, the haughty commander, who threatened to lay waste our cities what is and expose our helpless women to the merciless here said r l . , °Syne r i H ess i an an d sa.vage — who said his army should not retreat — was at last obliged to sue for terms of sur- render to the very people whom he had treated with sovereign contempt. With the long and loud huz- S at za of victory from an oppressed people, arose an- withthe other crv over the land, of praise to Him who limits loudhuz- J ' ■ w vic " tne extent of human power, and decrees in wisdom ihe destinies of nations. 77 The testimony of several English writers is given to the magnanimity with which such foes as Burgoyne and his army had been treated. The »aid at of magnanimous Gen. Schuyler, notwithstanding Bur- Gen S uy ' g°y ne na< l m wantonness ordered his splendid nent of country-seat near Saratoga to be destroyed, opened to? the old family town-mansion to the captive officers. Burgoyne learned a lesson on the beauty of forgive- ness, and could not forbear saying to Gen. Schuyler, Chap. II. FORTS MONTGOMERY AND CLINTON. 2°^ "You show me great kindness, sir. t/iough I have 1777 done you much injury." Tc which the noble- hearted man replied, " That xoas the fate of war, think no more of it." 78. It is worthy of note, that at the very time what is that Burgoyne was receiving the most honorable wormy and generous terms for himself and his army, acts of the most wanton barbarism were committed by the army of Clinton, on the North river. Clin- ton, on the 5th of October, while Burgoyne was JJJJJ. anxiously looking for aid previously to the last bat- hadciia- tle of Saratoga, and only ten days before his sur- m * J e? render, had moved from New York, and under con- voy of some ships of war, sailed up the river about forty-five miles, landing at Verplanck's Point. 79. This was done as a feint to deceive Putnam, why was stationed at Peekskill, who, supposing it to be Clin- do " e ' ton's intention to push on northward to Burgoyne, drew away as many troops as could be spared from Forts Montgomery and Clinton, to oppose his pro- press. The feint succeeded, and immediately Clin- what dm , • , r . ■ . , Clillton ton, taking advantage of their weakened state, b to r at Vallei {brings of our ancestors at Valley Forge. Night For ^'- after night, they sat shivering, nearly naked and starving, around their fires. Famine stared them in the face, and disease disabled hundreds of their number. During the day, amid sleet and snow, they performed the duty of pack-horses, and carried heavy loads of fuel on their naked shoulders, or yoked themse'ves together before rude vehicles of their own construction, drawing logs, while the snow was stained with the bloody tracks of their What is *sid of our so'Uhern ? ariav ? 3(J0 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II, 1777 bare feet. When the night came on. their weary limbs ached for repose — the bleak and frozen hill-side was the only lesting-place for hundreds; and as the cold increased, they dared not lie down, but slept, sitting in groups around the fires. 85. Washington's heart was often wrung with anguish, and he devised every means in his power to alleviate their sufferings. But even at this time of struggling and adversity, when his soul was rent with emotions of grief for their suf- What . . . ~ ° . . , party, ienngs, a party arose in Congress, in concert with fre""s at General Conway and others, endeavoring to re- iimei move the chief command from the beloved of the people, the only man who could keep a mutinous, naked, sick, and starving army together — the man selected by the God of the oppressed to break the chains of bondage. wh0 86. The candidates named to supersede Wash- candi* 6 ington were Gens. Mifflin, Lee, Gates, and Conway. named to Gen. Gates seemed to be the favorite candidate, and supei- w'Sh- there is every reason to suppose that he did all he dared, in undermining the fair character of Wash- ington. But Washington came out of the fire of persecution like tried gold. The evil deeds of his enemies fell on their own heads. what ii 87. Gen. Conway was afterward challenged by Gen. Cadwallader for some vile speeches against Washington, and received a wound which he sup- posed to be mortal. He afterward trembled at the remembrance of his treatment of Washington, and confessed that he had slandered him. In all his pain, and at the honest hour of death, as he sup- posed he wrote a letter to Washington, saying, supei sede Wish ington nam ot Sen. Join ay Chap. II. BARON STEUBEN. 301 among" other expressions of sorrow for what he had 1777 done, " You are in my eyes the great and good many Truly he was a great and good man. what Though his heart recoiled at such base insinuations waV and slanders, he chose to suffer contumely in god- conduct J ° under in' like silence, feeling that God had all hearts in his jur,e3 ' hands, and could make even such enemies to be at peace with him. Besides, for his country's sake he was silent, for he knew that a public defense would expose many facts which an exulting enemy should not know. 88. On the 15th of November, 1777, a plan of whatI8 confederation for the States was adopted, which, the plan however, amounted to little more than a friendly fejera- league, and served to unite the colonies more closely in their common cause. The plan was proposed in the summer of 1775, by Benjamin Franklin, but obstacles to its execution arose, which could not easily be surmounted until the close of 1777. 89. In December of this year, Baron Steuben, what . g relying on the promises of the French Court for ^ of remuneration, arrived in this country, and was re- steuCem ceived by Congress with every mark of distinction. He was a man highly respected in Europe, had been aid-de-camp to the renowned Frederick, king of Prussia, and was singularly fitted by his previous life to aid and instruct our undisciplined army. Thus the same Providence that raised a leader eminently qualified for his work, gave us also friends to plead our cause among the princes of the earth. The noble foreigner hastened to Valley Forge, and forthwith commenced an active system of discipline which conduced greatly to our future good success. Part II. 302 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 17 1? CHAPTER III. CAMPAIGN OF 1778. what is 1. In the spring of 1778, the French frig-ate, " La said of . . tjVaS" Sensible," arrived with the intelligence of the nego- with the tiation of a treaty of alliance between France and America. It was formed on the basis of perfect reciprocity of interest. In it Louis XVI. guaran- tied our commerce and independence. Intelli- gence was brought that other European powers were favorably inclined to the Republican cause. p'oHa- Washington issued a proclamation from head- ways" quarters at Valley Forge, appointing a day of pub- valW d lie than ksgiving to the Almighty Ruler of the uni- Forge? ° ° . verse, for having so propitiously defended the cause of the American United States, why did 2. When the English Ministry were informed oi the Eng- , • , • . i • i , '^ ia " this treaty, they immediately dispatched commis- SSto sioners to America, to attempt a reconciliation ; but uca their offers now could not be accepted : once, the How colonists had humbly petitioned as just and loyal »S r ?e f - subjects f° r the very favors now offered, but were covr.d? S p urne( j f rom tne throne, and their petitions treat- ed with the utmost contempt. 3. After the country had been deluged with the blood of its inhabitants, and after innumerable acts 83118 of violence and tyranny, the British meanly offered to give them what they asked for in humble terms. No, they said with one voice. Independence now, and Independence forever. Never would they return What is here «aid Of 3 Amtt Chap. III. ENGLAND HUMBLED. 303 to the mother country. Tney were firm in this S7? 8 resolve to the last. They had pledged their lives, — their fortunes, and their sacred honors, to the cause of American independence. 4. They felt the justice of their cause, and had In what n strong confidence in the overruling providence J a s trons y of God, and though deficient in many things neces- •> bur- from the party which had opposed the war. They £$££■" had little anticipated the ignominious result of Burgoyne's campaign, and were not. prepared to act in view of such an event. They had now been foiled in their attempt at negotiation and bribery, and were at a loss what new method to adopt. 6. The ratification of the treaty of alliance Wh „ AVM warned them that French soldiers would soon join phia ade1 ' heart and hand with Americans. Deeming Phila- atedi delphia a disadvantageous position, being too far from the sea, and liable to be blockaded, the minis- try transmitted orders that it should be evacuated and the -oyal troops concentrated at New York. 304 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. l778 As Gen. Howe had resigned, Sir Henry Clinton Who was appointed commander-in-chief, and on him ed C Ge e n." devolved the execution of these orders. 7. He immediately set about the movement in the most secret manner, but it was discovered bv Why was J Lafoy. the little band at Valley Forge. Washington im- ed^aJd mediately dispatched Lafayette with 2,000 men to did'^r watch the enemy, and guard the country against their marauding parties. He crossed the Schuylkill and took post on Barren Hill, mid-way between "Valley Forge and Philadelphia, being about nine miles from either place. What 8. A spy brought information of his movement b v > a sfr one t0 Sir Henry Clinton. He immediately sent out cimton a superior force against Lafayette to surprise him, seivin? and by cutting off his retreat, oblige him to sur- aspy? om lender. Through the negligence or perfidy of one of Lafayette's piquet guard, he was nearly Lafay- e surrounded at night. At sun-rise the next morn- eition. ing a spectacle, which was sufficient to appall an older heart than Lafayette's, met his gaze. Be- tween him and the Schuylkill lay the British troops strongly guarding one of the fords of that river, while a large number were so detached as to de- scend upon him, when he should attempt to move for the remaining passage. " whatdid 9. At the same moment, Washington from his ineton do camp discovered the approach of the enemy, and "heTp" 5 ordered the whole army to be in readiness to march ?he a cne° f to the relief of the detachment, if necessary. With his officers he mounted a hill, and with the utmost anxiety gazed through his glass, toward the Schuylkill. map. III. BARREN HILL. 305 10. Cool and collected, Lafayette hesitated not m& a moment. He dared not attack so large a body, but he would not surrender. He had recourse to a To whal manoeuvre which gave him great credit. Forming ™e"dld" his little band partly in heads of columns which *«« re- r J sort? only extended beyond the woods, the British were ltd to suppose that the whole army was advancing against them and halted to give battle. In the mean time, beneath the very hill on which the ^T^ 6 British were posted, Lafayette was silently passing on his way, when at last, to the utter surprise of the enemy, the heads of the columns retreated with speed and the whole detachment reached Valley Forge, losing only nine men. Washington em- braced his youthful friend, while the army from their gloomy huts received him with joyful shouts. The retreat at Barren Hill has always been re- garded as a most skilful achievement. LI. The number of troops at Valley Forge in y a h s at the May of this year, was about eleven thousand, and of m the the whole American force then in the field did not can force * exceed fifteen thousand men. The British army in Philadelphia and New York amounted to thirty thousand, of which nineteen thousand were in the SJr^ former place. Besides these there were nearly 4,000 ,s " ? at Rhode Island. 12. On the 18th of June the English troops what move evacuated Philadelphia, and crossed into New Jer- m ^ nt sey, whither Washington speedily followed them. Spilth 1 The country seemed filled with red-coated soldiers, ° and the baarsra^e train alone covered twelve miles took 00 ~ place at of road. On the 28th of June the two armies were JJJJJJih warmly engaged at Monmouth, sixty-four miles 28th j 306 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II m& from Philadelphia. The action was contfucted with great skill on both sides, but although favorable to the Americans, was not a decided victory. From 13. This battle was fought on the Sabbath day, the" sol- and a fearful one it was. All day long they fought furi f JJ y on tMe P^ ams of Monmouth, the sun pouring down rays of intense heat, the thermometer being ninety- six degrees. Many of the soldiers died of the heat. and the cry for water was more awful than the moans of the wounded. An unfortunate retreat permitted by General Lee,* nearly deranged the plan of operation, and but for the singular bravery of Gen. Washington, who commanded the troops in person, the battle would have been lost, what is 14. When word came to Washington, that Lee said of to J ■Kn was m m ^ retreat, the expression of his usually pla- Smed" 1 ' cid face is said to have been dreadful — with a retreat? burst of indignation, he sprang on his horse, and the cloud of dust alone told of his route. " Long live whntdid Washington /" the troops shouted as he galloped mandof furiously on until reining up in Lee : s presence, he Lee? demanded of him in tones of severity, whence arose the disorder and confusion. how did 15. Rebuke from Washington was terrible to rebuke 1 ? 6 anv one ' Dllt g amn & m tne extreme to Lee. Not a moment was to be lost. Commands were given in quick succession and promptly obeyed. Order once more was restored, when Washington again qSd re -i rode up to Lee and in token of his forgiveness, ex- ington claimed, " Will you, sir, command in thai place?" * Major-general Lee, who was captured in 1776, was ex- changed in May, 1778, for Major-gentral Prescott, who wa3 taken at Rhode Island bv Col. Barton. KB&ap. III. BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 3jme hurried step and quickened speech of the old men, and the anxious face and tearful eye of the women, that danger was apprehended. 25. Their fcars were somewhat calmed by a message from (Jol. Butler, the Tory commander, Chap. 111. MASSACRE AT WYOMING. 311 that he would not harm them, but would like to i-j-j^ hold a parley with them. Accordingly Col. Zebu- What Ion Butler, a cousin of the commander of the sav- did'mf® age horde, accompanied by nearly all the men in Who e ra the settlement, capable of bearing arms, went out meet *° to meet them. Instantly the work of murder com- ^ k what nienced, and nearly every man was butchered in £f a ? D the most awful manner. rmd? 26. The affrighted women and children fled to where the forts, which had been hastily erected, and every ^p 1 "^ possible means of defense was adopted by Col. £ Dennison, who was left in command of the remain- der of the men. Soon, the horrid band came with the c "p* 11 i • • e i pearance yells and imprecations to the fort, and to make °^ he their errand known, they threw the bleeding scalps Scted of 196 heads of their beloved ones into the fort. Feeling resistance to be vain, Dennison sent out to inquire the terms of surrender, to which Butler re- Describe 1 the com plied, " The Hatchet" A few moments completed pj. etl tm ? 8 the horrid work. The men were murdered, and Z'&f the women with their babes were locked in the houses and forts, and destroyed in one awful con- flagration. Humanity sickens at the recital of such scenes. 27. Wyoming was never more called the happy Whatl9 valley. The few who survived the massacre, had wy -° a bitter lot, and the grave received crushed and broken hearts, when at last their pilgrimage was JJjg«P ended. Similar acts of atrociry took place at Cherry j5j!5». valley in New York and at Tappan, but we for- -J^ t *, bear : the story of human beings engaging in such thf d cru f - deeds, is painful to the heart. In all these instan- theene- 71 my? 3i2 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. p art IX 177 8 ces " Quarter" was asked, and answered only with a plunge of the bloody knife, whatdid 28. Toward the close of this campaign, the Brit- ish re rlt ish finding, after the capture of Burgoyne, nothing thedose cou ld De gained at the North, determined to change J^i* the plan of operations, and attempt the subjugation of the bouth. wtat i n November, Sir Henry Clinton dispatched Col. sir n Hen^ Campbell with about two thousand men to corn- ton ^ mence operations against Georgia, then one of the weakest States. The American forces under the com- Sfotf ma nd of their general, Robert Howe, were inadequate Ameri- to resist the enemy. They fought bravely, howev forces in er, but finally were overcome, and after a short con south? i es i the capital surrendered, and the whole of Geor- wnatof gia came into possession of the British. This was in eo !he a the only State in the Union in which a legislative jhe ? Brit- body assembled, under the authority of Great Brit- ain, after the Declaration of Independence. what is 29. Thus ended the campaign of 1778, the least Ba 'd of . ..... , this cam- important of any since the beginning of the wai Gen. Lincoln received orders from Congress to iK£w* take command of the southern forces, and the army under Washington retired to winter-quarters near Middle-Brook in New Jersey. 1779? What !.s here said of Wash- Viiap. IV. PLAN OF CAMPAIGN. 313 1179 CHAPTER IV, CAMPAIGN OF 1779. 1. Never had the finances of the country been in what J was the so low a state, as in the beginning of 1779. Never f^f. had party spirit and private jealousies been more na rife in Congress, than at this moment. A gloomy prospect was presented to the American patriot. Here, again, the peculiar virtues and talents of Washington were exhibited in their brightest light. Attacked by misrepresentations and angry speeches, and loaded with a weight of troubles both in the Underfill his triaJsf camp and out, still hoping and confiding in the arni of Providence, onward he went in the path of duty, the " great and good man," imitating the meek and lowly One, who, when he was reviled, reviled not. again. 2. Washington spent some time in Philadelphia what 01 l plan wai with Congress, maturing a plan for the campaign, g^g* It was concluded to hold the army entirely on the p^m defensive, with the exception of visiting with con- dign punishment the Tories and Indians, who had committed such merciless ravages the preceding year. This defensive plan was necessary, from the Whatef exhaustion of the treasury. Efforts had been made h b e r ^ s n had lo negotiate loans in Europe, but only small sums ££? to had been obtained. No other resource remained than lo emit bills of credit, or paper money. In 1775 wh , al j theemiS' three millions of dollars were issued. As a circu- lating medium, these hills were exceedingly valuable, li ion of per money? 314 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Pari Tf. UJ9 3. At the commencement of 1779 the amount issued had risen to over one hundred morions of wasihe dollars, and during this year, the amount wa& dou- 2"such bled. ^ necessary consequence of such an in an cm is sion of mense issue of hills of credit, was a depreciation of noiieyi notes to nearly a fortieth of their nominal value. 4. The scanty provision made for the mainte- nance of the officers, induced many resignations, what unt ^ Congress, after having been repeatedly warned rwn'did Dv Washington, awoke to the true state of affairs They resolved that half-pay should be allowed theii con- gress [ive >o officers, for &even years after the expiration of their soldiers, services, and subsequently extended it to the dura- ami why? tion of their lives. wh.uex- 5. Throughout this year, little more was aimed & out a - ky the British in the North, than depredation and vortf* butchery. For this purpose an expedition was ?" said of fitted out from New York against Virginia, in which private and public property was indiscriminately destroyed, and the most ferocious cruelty every where marked their path. In twenty-one days Portsmouth and Norfolk w T ere seized, one hundred and twenty-seven vessels were taken or burned, and two and a half millions of property destroyed. It was an expedition only worthy of Goths — being undertaken merely for plunder. 6. A similar expedition was made against Con *■ necticut, under Gov. Tryon. In works of brutality he was often selected by Gen. Ciinton. No act was too vile for him to perform — no place too sacred to desecrate. New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk were visited, and exhibited fearful scenes of plun- der, conflagration, and distress. Before applying here said of Gc Tryon Chap. 'IV. PUTNAM AT HORSE NECK. 315 the torch, the soldiers were allowed to break open 17^9 trunks, closets, and places of deposit, and appropri: What ate to their own use money, jewelry, or any other Mnd»ct article they coveted. After these marauding incur- on-amer* sions, females, frantic and starving, were found wan- dering in swamps and solitary places, whither they had tied for safety. 7. Washington could do little to protect these whv places. He dared not divide his small army sta- wash- not tioned on both sides of the North river, in-the im- 3" ... rr.en to mediate vicinity of the enemy, as he would then gj^w* subject the whole to be destroyed. Besides, in places order to protect the inhabitants, he must have an army sufficiently large to cover the country, he therefore deemed it prudent to risk no more than was consistent with the general welfare. 8. About this time General Putnam performed Describe his celebrated feat of riding down the stone stairs nam's ° celebra- nt Horse Neck. He with 150 men was attacked by Jf/Zdirfg Gov. Tryon, with 1,500, and retarded the advance &?£ «? of the enemy, until he saw the infantry and cavalry Neck, preparing fur a charge. He instantly ordered his men to retire to a neighboring swamp, and plung- ing his rowels in his steed, rode down the precipice to the utter consternation and chagrin of the British dragoons. A shower of balls was poured upon him. He remained unharmed, though one pierced his hat. After procuring a reinforcement, he faced about and pursued Gov. Tryon, taking about fifty prisoners. 9. The campaign of 1779 will ever be memora- Die for the reduction of Stony Point, one of the most «»JJ ly rf brilliant actions during the war. This post was PoiuU on the west bank of the Hudson river, and was of 316 REVOLUTIONARY WAR Part 1I# 1T79 vast importance to either army. It had been strengthened by every means of art. Situated on an eminence washed by the Hudson on two sides, while a swamp overflowed by the tide lay on the other side. Six hundred men guarded this fort, and a double row of abattis surrounded the entire hill. Washington committed this hazardous en- terprise to the gallant Wayne. Describe ^* ^ n tne evening of July 16th, after marching Sarch fourteen miles over lofty heights, through deep mo- stony rasses and narrow defiles, with his band of twelve hundred, he approached the fort, within a mile. Every thing depended on silence, and he sternly or- dered each man to march with unloaded musket and fixed bayonet. At midnight, dividing his men into two parties, and heading one division himself, orders were given for one party to enter the fortress at the right, and the other at the left. The tide had flooded the whole marsh, yet they stopped not for that. De-rribe 11- An advance party of twenty men attacked tack. the double palisade, when instantly the sentinels upon the fort shouted in hot haste, "The foe — they come, they come ! '' while from below Wayne sounded in startling accents, " On to the fort, my brave men, on to the fort !" A tremendous fire wa9 poured upon them, but onward they marched through the morass, driven into spray by the grape- shot and balls, while the hissing, bursting shells fell around them in every direction. At last the heavy axes of the advance party or forlorn hope forced meir way, and a shout of joy sounded through the air. e*» P .rv. STONY POINT. 317 12. At this moment their gallant leader fell, mo wounded in the head. Although wounded, he said what is to his men, with enthusiastic tones, " March on, Wayne? and carry me to the fort, for I will die at the head of my column" They lifted him, and with his head upon a faithful breast, they bore him onward until the centre of the fort was reached, and both parties met, when a deafening shout rent the air. w ere The point was gained. The fort was carried, and Sulfa the military stores, standards, and ordnance fell teck? into the hands of the Americans. The English lost over six hundred, in killed and prisoners. 13. The brave are scrupulous in the observance what of the laws of humanity toward a conquered foe. c ° nd t j} cl Our honest soldiers abstained from pillage or dis- victorsi order, and disdained to take the \\ves of those who asked " quarter ;" thus showing, as was said to Wayne, that "bravery, humanity, and magnanimity are the national virtues of the Americans." Soon after, the British at Paulus Hook, opposite what to New York, were surprised by Major Lee, who post 'was succeeded in storming the works and taking one hundred and sixty prisoners. 14. While these events were transpiring at the ^ y ^f- North, scenes of equal interest were enacted in l^uffi- Georgia and South Carolina. The enemy were south Encouraged by hope of a speedy victory, as the ease? country was weak through a scanty population, numerous slaves and tories. As has been already mentioned, Gen. Lincoln was dispatched to collect the army, scattered after the battle of Savannah, in December of 1778, and to defend the inhabitants as much as possible from Why was Gen. Lin- coln sent South! 318 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II mo the marauding attacks of the British and tories what is Many of these were men of infamous character the S- more solicitous for booty than for the interests of the king. They had been reinforced by troops from whosuc- Florida, and Prevost received the chief command be'/iT °f tne Southern British army, in the place of Camp bell, who had returned to England. 15. The first object of the British was to get pos- session of Port Royal in South Carolina, but they were met by Col. Moultrie, of whom we have spokea and repulsed with great loss, why did Encouraged by this action, Gen. Lincoln sent an coinselld expedition of fifteen hundred men under Gen. Ash, Gen - Ash i • r l /~i j^e'ene- to repress the incursions ot the enemy in Georgia, Georgia? and by driving them from their posts on the Sa- vannah, confine them to the low and unhealthy country near the ocean. The British, as they ap- proached, evacuated Augusta, and Gen. Ash pur sued them as far as Briar Creek. Here he was sud- What was the first ob- ject of the Brit- ish? denly and unexpectedly surprised by Prevost, who gjj,* with nine hundred veterans, by a circuitous march, Creek? had fallen upon his rear. One hundred and fifty of the Americans were killed by the first fire of the enemy, and in retreat, many were drowned in the Savannah river, or engulfed in the deep morasses on its margin. By this unfortunate surprise, Gen. Lincoln lost one-fourth of his army, and the British were again in full possession of Georgia. w-hat 16. Great apprehensions were now entertained ?o e u%n f° r tne ^fety of tne adjacent States, and the brave ertun- Carolinians, defeated but not discouraged, gathered around the standard of Lincoln. John Rut ledge, a man beloved and extensively known in that re- Cfiap. IV ADMIRAL D'ESTAING. 319 gion, wa« elected governor, and invested with die- 1775) tatorial powers. The condition of the southern States claimed the w _ hat is immediate attention of Congress, as Lincoln's army, um»bi*i except a few hundred continentals, consisted of andwhat inexperienced militia, and many of these were be- w ^ e coming impatient of absence from their homes, enlarge Washington sent a part of his own small band, and solicited D'Estaing, who was still employed in ope- rations against the British in the West Indies, to proceed immediately to the southern States, to en- gage in the fall campaign. 17. D'Estaing at once accepted the invitation, what is and in September appeared off the coast of Georgia, d'Es- to the great surprise of the British, and captured armu " three frigates and a fifty gun ship. But the Bri- tish concentrated all their forces at Savannah, and wh atdivas the # J feeiin" f at increasing at the South, while the adherents >f the *d ti ™hy crown were becoming more numerous. The suc- J eopie t cessive defeats of the Americans during a protracted .ong for . peace? waFj aF1 d the numberless miseries accompanying such a state of affairs, made the people long for whatdid peace. Savannah, the chief town in Georgia, was io? nton in the hands of the British troops ; and Sir Henry Clinton, taking immediate advantage of the depar- ture of the French fleet, resolved to gain possession of the capital of South Carolina. Leaving the com- mand of the royal army to Gen. Knyphausen. he sailed from New York, on the 26th of Dec, 1779, with about 8,000 troops, and a large amount of military stores, ^scnhe 2. He had not proceeded far, when a violent 5 e the 61 storm arose, in which the fleet was driven far from its course. A vessel was lost, containing all the heavy ordnance, and nearly all the artillery and cavalry horses perished. The troops, after a dan- gerous passage, effected a landing in the last of January, and began to repair their losses among the tory population, preparatory to the siege of Charleston, what i 8 3. Gen. Lincoln was at Charleston, doing every Lincoln? thing in his power to prepare for a bold defense. He had "nily a small hand, amounting to about Chap. V. SURRENDER OF CHARLESTON. 325 3,000 effective men and some armed citizens, to i?8 check the approach of 9,000 veteran troops. Clin- WhatI3 said of the move- ton, with his well-fed and clothed army, might have entered the town in a few hours, but he chose to ment 8 < Clinton) nrotract his operations. 4. After remaining a month on the islands south of the city, he crossed the Ashley river on the first of April, and began the siege in form, by the erec- tion of batteries within eight hundred yards of the J h e e RcriDe American works. These works consisted of a chain £m en * of redoubts, lines, (fee, stretching across the penin- ^ w ^h sula from the Ashley to the Cooper river, on which Jf^nJ were mounted eighty cannons and mortars. A nvers ' canal, filled with water, was in front of this, besides under two rows of abattis and a picketed ditch. These supem- 1 sion defenses were constructed under the superintend- ^eycon- ence of the French engineer, Launay. 5. On the 9th of April, Gen. Clinton sent a sum- what is mons to Gen. Lincoln, to surrender, which he thesiege, and why promptly refused, and the siege w T ent on for ten Sn L "ur days, when a second summons was sent and re- render? jected. After a vain and desperate struggle, day after day, and night after night, amid the most alarming discouragements, shut up by sea and land — all provisions, save a little rice, exhausted — Lin- coln, at last, listened to the entreaties of the dis- tressed inhabitants, and capitulated. 6. On the 12th of May, his entire army laid down J[jJ atI / meii arms, and South Carolina was given over to SSj the exulting troops of a rapacious and sanguinary foe. There was scarcely a soldier in Georgia or South Carolina, who was not either in arms for the crown or a prisoner on parole. The number that 326 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. p . lM ,, 1^80 surrendered was about 6,000, including 1,000 An,eri« can and French seamen. The artillery amounted to about 400 pieces. The loss during the siege, on each side, was nearly equal ; of the Americans, 254 were killed or wounded ; of the British, 268. JJJ 7. Clinton immediately endeavored to gain the Eon entire possession of the State, and dispatched three seci'ie detachments to seize important posts. By these oosses- J ion of <| le country bordering on the Santee was scoured, state? Georgetown and Ninety-six seized, while the infa- Describe uious Tarleton spread terror and death wherever eitleT 1 " he passed. When the helpless and dying sued for practised ' i i b^Tarie- quarter, it was refused — whole bands of men, who, after fighting bravely, were obliged to surrender, asking quarter, were barbarously murdered. tTrmfor 8- Feeling satisfied with the state of affairs in tykept' South Carolina, Sir Henry Clinton embarked for ir.cord- J SromLsi New York, leaving Cornwallis with an army of 4,000 men to complete the subjugation of the South. In a short time the terms of the treaty signed at the capitulation were openly and grossly violated, and the people, who, under honest and What kind treatment, would have quietly obeyed, arose ■nation indignantly at such treachery. Cornwallis had was is- . * . . . . . . sued? issued a proclamation, stating, whoever would not take an active part in securing his majesty's gov- ernment, should be treated as rebels. Many suf- fered for a time, but the provocations becoming more insufferable, they formed themselves in small bands for partisan warfare. These, for a long time who spread desolation among the tories. Among the were he lenders while in British, in 1778 3 Arnold was stationed there as JS 1 ®* 332 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II 1T80 military governor; his wounds at Saratoga, for a time, prevented his engaging in active duty. While in Philadelphia, he selected a wife from one of the disaffected or tory families. His wife is supposed to have been instrumental in weakening his attach- ment to his country. He hired a splendid mansion furnished it in the most sumptuous style, and having expended most of his private fortune in the By what war, he found difficulty in meeting his expenses. did he Rather than retrench his extravagances, he resort- procure ° ; tmd'what e d t0 dishonest means to procure money, and by a cmse he system of fraud and deceit succeeded in appropri- quence) . .. ... . . . ating public treasure to his private use. At length he was arraigned before a court martial, and rep- rimanded with all possible delicacy by Wash- ington, who was ever indulgent and forgiving to Arnold, in what 21. But he had determined to retrieve his for- intamous he°ati d ait tunes > ana " gi'.atify his passion for revenge under engage? wron g S inflicted, and in an evil hour, he consented to barter away the liberties for which he had once so nobly fought. He was too proud to become a deserter, and gold he must have in some way. At last, he opened a correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, and speedily after that, the infamous work proceeded. He had procured from Washington the SSToSr command of the fortress at West Point,* which, Point? for its strength, had been called the Gibraltar of America. It was more important than any other post, as it commanded the whole extent of country from New York to Canada, and secured a commu- * In the vaults of one of the forts was lodged the ammunition r vr its own defense, and the stock of powder for vhe whole army. Chap. V. ARNOLD TURNS TRAITOR. 333 nication between the eastern and southern States, nso Foi 30,000 pounds sterling and the rank of briga- die r -general in the British army, Arnold at last agreed to betray his country, and place West Point in Sir Henr^ Clinton's possession. 22. Taking advantage of the absence of the with vigilant Washington, who had gone to Hartford to cUd'he ° ° ' ° confer on meet Count Rochambeau, he resolved to finish ]^ s u 8Ub ' quickly the foul deed, and for that purpose held a conference with Major Andre,* the adjutant-gen- eral of the British army. All his plans were laid before Andre, and it was agreed to surrender the forts on the 25th. At a given signal from Arnold, the British transports were to sail up the Hudson, and land their troops, who, by manoeuvring, were to obtain possession of West Point. All American children are familiar with the story ; but perhaps they have not recognized the hand of Providence in thwarting the plans of Andre and Arnold. 23. Sir Henry Clinton had enjoined it on Andre How . J •> were An* not to leave the sloop-of-war Vulture, in which he Jf^ sin . came up, and it was his own determination not to fhwalt- ed? land ; but here, in the first place, his plans were thwarted. Again he was disappointed in his ina- bility to return by water, as the Vulture, on account of the firing from an American vessel, had moved down the river ; then in the stubborn refusal of the man who brought him ashore, to take him back the next day — his unaccountable determina- St? .. , . . - . • l l • show (ha tion to change Ins route after parting with his ^gjp°- f guide — his confusion and loss of presence of min 1 ,?° ll h ^ - half? * Andre, in Philadelphia, was a warm friend of Arnold's wiffl, and was favorably treated by Arnold. :iou i 3^4 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part n i_7 80 when arrested on the road by the three* An.eri cans — are miraculous links in a chain of providen tial events, in which an interposing hand is plainly visible. _ . 24. Andre was examined before a court martial what is Andrei at Tappan, and, agreeably to the law and usage of 4 nations, was condemned as a spy to suffer death. Washington and his officers would gladly have saved the life of the accomplished and excellent Andre, but necessity required the rigorous enforce- ment of the punishment. He wrote a most pa- thetic appeal to Washington, that he might be shot, as a more honorable death ; but this could not be granted according to the strict rules of war. 25. He was treated with the utmost kindness by Washington, who daily supplied him with food from his own table ; and Andre acknowledged all the civilities he received, and throughout his trM manifested those elevated sensibilities which indi cate greatness of soul. Andre was universally lamented both by the British and the Americans, and the spot of his sufferings and interment was consecrated by the tears of thousands.f * The captors of Andre were named John Paulding, Davie 1 Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. Arnold's dispatches, plans &c., found in Andre's boots, were evidences of his being a spy. He offered them his horse, watch, purse, and large rewards from the British government, if they would let him go. Although they were poor men, they were not to be bribed, and steadily re- fused — declaring that ten thousand guineas, or any other sum : would be no temptation. • + Much has been said by friends and foes on the death of An- dre, while the death of the excellent Hale, under more painful cir- cumstances, srems almost forgotten even by his ovrn countrymen. In 1776, when the British, by the retreat of Wash.r.gton, were Chap. V. DISGRACE OF ARNOLD. 335 26. Arnold escaped detection and death; but his i?8o fate was more tragical than that of Andre. Doom- whatis ed to perpetual banishment from his native land, of ap 110 branded as the only traitor in America, and scorn- ed by those to whom he bartered himself, he drag- ged out a miserable existence, constantly stung with remorse ; and wherever he moved, he heard in burning words whispered, " Arnold, the traitor /"* Sensible of the gracious interposition of Provi- whywaa dence. and grateful for another signal evidence of thanks- ' & © giving His superintending care, a day of public thanksgiv- ^j"™' ing was appointed on the 2d of November, through- X) out the State of New York. left in possession of Long Island, it became necessary to obtain information of the strength and future movements of the enemy. Bale, animated by an ardent love for his country, volunteered to undertake this hazardous enterprise. He passed in disguise to Long Island, examined every pait of the Bi.'tish army, and obtained much valuable information. On his return he was apprehended, and carried before Sir William Howe. Being convicted, he frankly acknowledged who he was and what were his views. The next morning he was executed in the most un- feeling manner. He desired the attendance of a clergyman ; this was refused. He asked for a Bible ; this was also denied. Letters which, on the morning of his execution, he wrote to his mother, were destroyed, " that the rebels should not know they had a man in their army who could die with so much firmness." His last words were — " I lament, I have but one life to lose for my country." " To the memory of Andre magnificent monuments have been erected by his country, and the highest honors and liberal re- wards bestowed on his family. To the memory of Hale not a stone has been erected, nor an inscription to preserve his ashes from insults * The contempt that followed Arnold through life, is illus- trated on an occasion when Lord Surrey, since Duke of Norfolk, rising to speak in the Housdlof Commons, perceiving Arnold in the gallery, sat down with precipitation, exclaiming, " I will not speak while that .nan," pointing to him, " is in the house." What cheering event took 336 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Parl Ug IT80 27. Toward the close of the year, Holland de- clared herself the open enemy of Great Britain and a friend to America. This event revived the piaeeat drooping spirits of the Americans, and they began, in the darkened future, to see dawnings of a brighter day. Congress listened to Washington's appeal for more troops, and orders were issued for enlistments during the war. It was resolved that all officers should have half-pay for life. The two armies went into winter-quarters in nearly the same position occupied by them in 1779. vania troop: 1781 CHAPTER VI. CAMPAIGN OF 1781. What is 1. At no period during the war were the prospects 8ome°of °f tne Americans more gloomy than at the com- pennsyi. mencement of 1781. On the first of January, 1,300 Dsin Pennsylvania troops, rendered desperate by their sufferings, and contending, that they were detained beyond their time of service, declared their inten- tion to march in a body to Philadelphia, and de- mand redress for all their grievances. They mu- tinied, because their sufferings were intolerable, and to show that they were still firm friends to their country, they cheerfully returned to duty when their slkHenS grievances were only in part redressed. Sir Henry offer ^ Clinton offered them remuneration, if they would join his forces, but they indignantly scorned his tliem ? Ctoap. VI.: ROBERT MORRIS. 337 offers, and delivered over the emissaries sent from nst Ins camp to Wayne, who executed them as spies. 2. A similar mutiny was undertaken by the New WhSLii s Jersey troops, and as this state of th ngs became the New alarming, Washington determined to punish them troops? severely, as a warning to others. Two of the ring- leaders were shot by the most guilty of the muti- neers. This was a most painful task ; being cul- How prits themselves, they were greatly distressed, and ? h fy when ordered to load, many of them shed tears. It ed" l8h " was important that the spirit of revolt should be effectually repressed, or the ruin of the army was inevitable. what ef. forts 3. Congress now felt, that the sufferings of the ^e to troops were indeed pitiable, and unprecedented money? efforts were made to raise money and supply the wants of the army. Taxes were imposed, and cheerfully acquiesced in. A commissioner was sent ■ to Europe to negotiate loans of money, and a large amount of gold and silver was introduced by a bene- 1 ficial trade with the Spanish West India Islands. During the year, the Bank of North America, the Whatl8 « said of Robert Morris ? oldest moneyed institution in the United States, was established by a charter from Congress, under the supervision of Robert Morris. To this distinguished patriot the army was greatly indebted, for he used 1 his own ample private fortune and his personal credit, without hesitation, to sustain the govern- w T j! l e t . ar " ment. The issuing of paper money was now dis- was nt su». continued, and the old continental bills ceased to cir- by the people J culate. Two hundred millions of paper dollars were made redeemable by five millions of silver, and this, w 7 ith every other arrangement, was sub- 99 338 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. 1781 milted to without murmur, in the hope of a happier future. where 4. The British enlarged their plan of operations, British and hostilities raged not only around their head- carry on ° J SJj* quarteis, at New York, but in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, and Connecticut. In the latter places, the traitor, Arnold, became notorious what for his plundering achievements as an incendiary wasdone anc [ ro bber. Even in his native State, in the very r>old7 spot of his boyhood's home, he rested not in his work of destruction. 5. The British, encouraged by their good fortune in the reduction of Savannah and Charleston, de- termined to advance into North Carolina. After who the unfortunate battle of Camden, Congress thought mcceed- . & ed Gates? proper to appoint Gen. Greene as successor to Gen. Gates. Washington spoke in high terms of com- mendation of Gen. Greene, but added, what can a general do, without men, without arms, without clothes, stores, or provisions ? The southern army* what is was a * this time reduced to two thousand men, more the suite than half of whom were militia. Although Gen, of the . ° •"■my? Greene's men were scantily clad, half-starved, and dispirited, destitute of arms and ammunition, the officers under his command were as brave men as ever followed a leader. Morgan, Lee, Marion, Sum- ter, and Col. Washington, formed a group to which the British army could furnish no parallel. why wag 6. In order to procure subsistence for his army detach- as wen as t0 distract ana " harass the enemy, Gen. cd? Greene was constrained to divide his army, by dis- patching Gen. Morgan to the western frontier of South Carolina. Morgan soon found employment. Chap. VI. BATTLE OF COWPENS. 330 Lord Cornwallis had made preparations for invad- i 78 i ing North Carolina, and was unwilling to leave an enemy in the rear. He therefore sent Tarleton, at What the head of 1,100 men to dislodge him, and "push §5«op him to the utmost" They met at Cowpens, on the re< 17th January, and after one of the severest conflicts what is witnessed in the war, Ta.Ieton was defeated with {Jjfjf^' the loss of 300 men, killed and wounded, besides JJ*", 500 prisoners, his artillery, and baggage. The Americans had only 12 killed and 60 wounded. The defeat of Tarleton was mortifying to himself, thefe- J ^ ' feat of and a surprise to Cornwallis ; and the loss of the Tarietona light infantry crippled his movements during the campaign. The battle of Cowpens, it has been justly re- marked, proved, in the end, nearly as disastrous to Cornwallis as that of Bennington did to Burgoyne. 7. Cornwallis now determined to take the field What move- in person, and, by vigorous exertion, he expected w^ 11 soon to subdue the whole country south of Vir- comwJ J lis? ginia. On the 19th of January, having destroyed all his superfluous baggage and all the wagons, except a few for necessary purposes, he commenced his re- markable pursuit of Morgan, who had moved off to Virginia with his prisoners. He marched with such rapidity that he reached the Catawba the evening of the same day on which Morgan had crossed. Cornwallis, not doubting his ability to overtake the JJJjJJjf adversary, halted for the night ; but, before morn- {jfeTo* mg the rain fell in torrents, the river was im- cataw- he . ba? passable without boats, and these, the Americans had carefully removed to the other side. 340 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part u< i ? 8i 8. The swelling- of the river was regarded by the Howwas l at t er a? a gracious interposition of God, as by it, the Veiling enemy were delayed about two days. During this time, Gen. Greene hearing of Morgan's victory, and nver re garded by the Ameri- cans } afterward of the rapid pursuit by Cornwallis, or- dered the remainder of his troops to march to their relief, while he, himself, with only two or three at- tendants, after a ride of 150 miles, arrived in Mor- gan's camp on the 31st of January. Describe 9. To understand the ground over which this re- gmund markable reti;eat was performed, it is necessary only thfs C re- t0 g^ ance at a map. Three large rivers rise in the ma a de was north-west parts of North and South Carolina, and flow in a southerly course. The most southern is the Catawba. Greene and Morgan were now across the Catawba, approaching the Yadkin, which they passed on the evening of Feb. 2d, partly by fording, and partly by flats and boats, which were secured Btnuted* on the other side. Here, again, it happened as at «age at the Catawba — the swelling of the river presented a fan? barrier to obstruct the enemy. This second inter- position in their behalf inspired them with fresh en- thusiasm in that cause which seemed to be the pe- culiar care of God. 10. Cornwallis still determined to pursue, but the What is r ' the d tdis Americans toiled on, day after day, and night after AmeS night, without a murmur, although many of them were only allowed three hours' sleep out of twenty- four, and but one meal a day. Pressing on through the wintry storm, most of them bare-foot, and with only one blanket for four men at night, drenched by the rains, and chilled by the water through which Chap. VI. BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT-HOUSE. 341 they waded, they were obliged to dry their clothes i?8i by the heat of their own bodies. 11. Cornwallis determined to pursue still, hoping Whywaa to overtake the Americans before they reached Vir- £ J, ''ie al ginia ; but, arriving at the Dan, which separates the Dan> North Carolina from Virginia, he found the Ameri- cans had already passed^ and a third time his army wa? delayed ; the boats had been taken over and the liver was unfordable. So clear an interposition S?™ 1 of Providence was this, that the whole countrv ° y th ? regarded it as a special mark of favor to the Amer- cans? ican cause, and their hearts were cheered, as they thought of the future. So firm was their belief in this, that, although enduring severe sufferings dur- ing a retreat of more than 200 miles, not a single man deserted. 12. As soon as Greene had rested, he recrossed the Dan with an army of about 4,500 men, and tfiebS* on the 15th of March reached Guilford Court-house. Guilford Court- It was a lonely spot, not another house being in house - sight, and a boundless forest on every side. On the day of Greene's arrival, Cornwallis attacked him. The battle was desperately fought for two hours, and all the advantages of victory w r ere on what the side of the Americans. They lost about 400 b^ on e in killed and wounded; the British nearly 600. si(ie6? Notwithstanding Cornwallis claimed the victory, he retreated, closely pursued by Gen. Greene. 13. Cornwallis avoided a battle, and retreated to Whlther Wilmington, where, after remaining three weeks, J u j£oi he left the State and proceeded to Petersburg]*, in Virginia. Gen. Greene moved toward South Carolina, to *isnds of the Ameri cms ? VJ* REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II *tfi A\r^ the British from their posts. At Hobkirk's rhat/s J^ 1 '': near Camden, the Americans were attacked 5?»? 07 z?ine hundred men, under Lord Rawdon. In Hob- the beginning of the action, victory inclined toward ?irk's & o J iIlll? tlie Americans, but they were at last compelled to retreat. Each army sustained an equal loss. w-hat 14. During April and May, several British post in the fell into the hands of the Americans. Marion an^ Lee invested Fort Washington on the 15th of April. Though provided with muskets and rifles only, they were successful, and one hundred and fourteen men surrendered, after a resistance of eight days. In rapid succession post after post surrender- ed 10 small bodies of troops, led on by Marion, Sumter, Lee, and Pickens. On the 3d of June, the British were confined to three posts, Ninety-six, Eutaw Springs, and Charleston. 15. Lord Rawdon now resigned his command to Col. Stewart, and soon after returned to England. the 1 bat In the beginning of September, Col. Stewart took post at Eutaw Springs, about 50 miles from Charleston. Greene, being joined by Marion, re- solved to attack them at once. The contest lasted nearly four hours, and great bravery was exhibited on both sides. The British were driven in confu- sion from the field, with the loss of eleven hundred men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Amer- icans lost over five hundred, of whom sixty were officers. 16. The battle of Eutaw Springs was the las* general action in South Carolina ; the British abandoning the open country, retired to Charles- ton. What is tie of En taw Springs Chap. VI. UORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN. 343 Cornwall is left North Carolina in April, and 1731 arrived at Petersburgh, in Virginia, on the 20th of Whatis May. Having received several reinforcements, cwnwd- and formed a junction with the forces under Arnold hisarmy? and Phillips, he flattered himself he should soon „ ru 1 ' Whywas subjugate this section of the country. Lafayette ett?L- had been dispatched with a small detachment from ByS? the main army to watch the motions of the British. They were unable to hinder the enemy from de- stroying much valuable property.* 17. Cornwallis soon after fortified himself at J^uie Yorktown, on the south side of York river. Glou- of m the r ^ . . . British in cester roint, opposite Yorktown, was occupied by Virginia? Tarleton. The British force in Virginia, at this time, was about seven thousand men. Washington had made active preparations to July6 - form a junction with the French army, for the pur- Why dl(l pose of making a combined attack on New York. Son" A letter was received from Count de Grasse, in-h'spfan 1 of attack - forming Washington that he was about to leave York? w France with his whole fleet and about three thou- sand two hundred land troops, for the Chesapeake. Washington immediately resolved to proceed to _ , ,. * July 19. Virginia. 18. This movement met with the cordial co-oper- what ation of De Rochainbeau, who was eager for a accom- ' ^ ° panied decisive action. They took with them the whole JJJ^" to French army, and as many Americans as could be Virguu * spared from the posts on the Hudson. A show * It was estimated that in the course of the invasion of Corn- wallis, Arnold, Phillips, Leslie, and Collier, about 30,000 slaves were carried off from Virg nia, and property destroyed to the amour* of $15,000,000. Wha; telli- 344 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part „ 178! of an intention to attack New York was still main- tained, and so completely was Sir Henry Clinton deceived, that it was not until the whole army had crossed the Delaware, that he suspected the real object of the Americans. Clinton hoped still to draw off a part of their troops, and perhaps cause Washington to return. 19. For this purpose he sent Arnold on a plun- dering expedition to Connecticut ; but this manoeu- vre did not effect its object. Washington and De Rochambeau pressed forward with the utmost alacrity. At Chester, their spirits were greatly SSemal cheered, by the intelligence of the arrival of Admi- r ' ral de Grasse, who, with a large fleet, blockaded when the Chesapeake, and prevented the escape of the Kh British by water. On the 25th of September, the town"? combined troops reached Lafayette's head-quarters at Williamsburgh,* and on the 30th they marched in a body to invest Yorktown and Gloucester, what 20. The allied army consisted of about sixteen was the J of m \h& thousand troops. As the British force did not tr'Ss? amount to half that number, Cornwallis would probably have abandoned Yorktown before its investment, had he not confidently expected rein- forcements from Clinton. 0ct 9 A close siege was commenced, and carried on vigorously by the combined forces. During the 3 at f siege, which lasted 17 days, two redoubts were ofYorf- 6 stormed simultaneously — one by a party of light infantry, headed by Lafayette and Col. Hamilton : * So complete was the discipline of this army, that during theii march of 500 miles, scarcely an apple or peach was taken with out the consent of the inhabitants. ijhap. VI. SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 345 the other by a detachment of French grenadiers, ns! under De Viomenil. 21. Finding his situation a desperate one, and What farther resistance of no avail, Cornwallis was comwai- obliged to surrender his whole army, amounting to obliged ~ J > ~ to do ? seven thousand. The British lost nearly six hun- dred killed ; the Americans three hundred. On the 19th of October, the articles of capitulation 0n what were signed, and Gen. Lincoln was selected by %TL Washington to receive the sword of Cornwallis, on der? the same terms which the latter had, eighteen months before, received Lincoln's submission, at Charleston. 22. About 12 o'clock the combined army was Describe . . , . , . , . , the seeae drawn up in two lines, extending more than a mile of the 1 . . capitula- in length, the Americans on the right side of the road, tlon - with Washington at their head, and the French on the left, headed by Count Rochambeau A con- course of spectators assembled from the country, in numbers equal to the military. Every face beamed joy, but universal silence prevailed. About two o'clock the captive army advanced between the lines, with slow step, shouldered arms, and colors cased. Cornwallis, vexed and mortified, was unable to endure the humiliation of marching at the head of his garrison, and made Gen. O'Hara his substitute. Tarleton's troops, at Gloucester, surrendered at the same time to t'le command of the French general, De Choise. 23. The amount of artillery and military stores what amount captured was very considerable — 7b brass and 169 ofmiHt*. 1 •> ry stores iron cannon, 7,794 muskets, 28 standards, and 2,113 £j£ n , pounds sterling taken from the military chest. 346 REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part II. 1181 l' 01 ^ Cornwallis and his officers, after their capitu- latiot , received many civilities from Washington* and other general officers, for which they returned grateful acknowledgements. what 24. The surrender of Cornwallis sent a thrill of ^ined joy through the country, and was the most decisive der? n " event in our glorious war. The territory of the thirteen States was now restored to the jurisdiction of Congress, and the contest decided in favor of America. When intelligence of this brilliant suc- Hovv was ^ news re cess was received by Congress, the aged doorkeeper by'oon- fell down and expired through excess of joy. Gen. Washington ordered divine service to be performed in the different brigades of the army, and the Mem- bers of Congress marched in procession to church, i and there publicly offered up thanksgiving to God for the signal success of the American arms, prada- ^5. A proclamation was issued for religiously j was'Ts- observing throughout the United States the 13th of December as a day of thanksgiving and prayer. The many instances in which God r s interposing What , hand was clearly seen were recounted. They pilb- was pub J J i finnen Kcly affirmed that " it was God, whose voice com- mands the winds, the seas, and the seasons, who formed a junction at the same time between a for- ' midable fleet from the South, and an army rushing from the North like an impetuous torrent. Who but He could so combine the circumstances which * On one occasion, while in the presence of Gen. Washing ton, Lord Cornwallis was standing with his head uncovered, his excellency said to him ] jlitely. •' My lord, you had better be covered from the cold." His lordship, applying his hand to his head, replied, " // matters not, sir, want becomes of this head now" Chap. VI. CLOSE OF THE WAR. 347 led to success? 'The unparalleled perseverance ns2 of the armies of the United States through almost ~" every possible suffering- and discouragement, for the Bpace of eight long years,' Washington declared to be ' little short of a startling miracle.' " It. has been estimated that the loss of life during the war, in the United States armies, was not less than seventy thousand. The number who died on board the prison ships of the enemy cannot be calculated. No less than eleven thousand died on board the Jersey prison-ship ! These facts, with the whole story of our American revolution, should be handed down to posterity, that they may know the high price their fathers paid for freedom. 26. The people of Great Britain became clamor- whatdia ous for peace, and, at last, after much hesitation Britain 1 ' ; ; finally and discussion on the part of the British Govern- £" c j£ ( { e ment, they concluded to abandon the attempt to subjugate the United States. Much firmness and wisdom were shown by what is J said of Messrs. Jay, Franklin. A.dams, and Laurens, our ™{ a £?™ Commissioners, and through their negotiations, the when nd preliminary articles of peace were settled at Paris, where 1 J r ' was the on the 30th of November, 1782, and in September, J^g of 1783, a formal treaty was signed. By this treaty Slgned? Great Britain acknowledged the independence and m3. sovereignty of the United /States. 27. Thus the Americans obtained a high reward for their toils, and a sanctuary sacred to civil and religious liberty, was opened in the western hemi- sphere. BTrf The patriot army was now to be disbanded, ditionof 1 u the army Once more, fathers and husbands were free to re- gMJj" 34S REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Part H 1 7 83 turn to their own fire-sides, but they must go in ex- treme poverty. Many of them had not received What any compensation for five years. Anonymous iet- "ere s ters were circulated tending to inflame their minds promote and induce them to insist on a forcible redress of their dis Show grievances. Washington soothed them by kind the? words and promises, and in his farewell address changed? appealed to the nobler sentiments of the heart. On the 3d of November, still glowing with patriotism, they separated, resolved to endure all necessary when Privations, jgjg 28. On the 25th November the British evacuated evacuate tvt ~\T 1 n. York? New York. when On the 4th of Dec, Washington, with a heart full wash- of love and gratitude, bade his officers adieu. It was a fpive of d ee ply affecting scene, and men, who had braved the ceW? ffi " honors of many a battle, now, as they approached Describe Washington, were melted to tears, and incapable Fcene. f utterance. whatdid Washington then proceeded to Annapolis, the Wash- & • i . ! • ington seat oi Congress, to resign his commission as then do ? o 3 © commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, what 29. At the close of the war, the debt of the United was the condition of the States was estimated at forty millions of dollars. aTthl They were not able to pay the interest, and many close of . J . . *L J ' ■ . J th. war? incurred great losses. Congress had not the power to provide means for discharging debts, incurred during the war. During this disorganized state of the general government, attempts were made in some of the States to satisfy their creditors. The what of attempt of Massachusetts to effect this by levying a rei.cifion? heavy tax produced an insurrection among the peo- Chap. VI. CONSTITUTION ADOPTED. 349 pie, usually styled Shays 1 insurrection, from the 178T leader of the insurgents, Daniel Shays. 30. In May, 1787, deputies from each of the when States, except Rhode Island, assembled atPhiladel- where phia, for the purpose of forming a new constitution, new con After four months' deliberation, they presented the adoptedi Constitution to the several States, and finally it was adopted. The blessings of civil and religious liberty are what © © ^ ^ J were guarantied to the people, and one of its chief excel- f£ m ^,° f lences is, that it contains a provision for future tures? amendments. The executive power is vested in a President and Vice President, and the legislative in a Senate and House of Representatives, all chosen by the people. 31. The same Providence that granted victory wi.atare the con- tO our fathers in the hour of battle, gave them wis- ^"g, dom, in a day of peace, to devise means of secur- ing to their children the independence they had won. May their posterity, to the latest generation, daily look to the Giver of every good and perfect gift for wisdom, that they may enjoy the blessings of a fi ee and happy people, whose God is the Lord. GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON. PART III. 1189 When and where was Wash- ington btrn) FROM THE FORMATION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTI TUTION TO THE CLOSE OF THE HISTORY. CHAPTER I. ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON, FROM 1789 TO 1797. HE name of George Washing- [^ ton calls up many thrilling emotions in the mind of every American citizen. He was the third son of Augustine Wash- ington, born on the 22d of Feb- ruary, 1732, near the banks of the Potomac, in Westmoreland county, Virginia. Chap. I. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 351 2. His father, in 1730, married, for his second ii89 wife, Miss Mary Ball, by whom he had four sons, what is George, John, Samuel, and Charles, and onedaugh- jiVtkmi t,er, Betty. His great grandfather, John Washing- ton, emigrated from the north of England about (he year 1657, and settled on the place where Wash- ington was born. 3. At the age often he lost his father. His mother what a ° said of now became his sole guardian, and early instilled £ cn . into his mind those principles of religion and virtue EST ° which formed the solid basis of a character that has been the admiration of statesmen and philoso- phers wherever the name of the American republic is known. It was the teaching of that sainted mother, which prepared his mind for those scenes of strife and turmoil, through which he had to pass, and which made him a fit instrument in the hands of Providence, for sundering the chains of slavery, and guiding his country over the stormy sea of war into the harbor of peace and liberty. He was re- For what 1 •' was he markable, in his younger years, for his strict ad- w™ 3 arka " herence to truth, and for the fond affection which he bore to his mother. 4. Stimulated by the enthusiasm of military ge- what nius, at the early age of fifteen, he had obtained a ed him ' J ° ' from en midshipman's warrant to enter the English navy. ^ n i ngm His trunk was already in the boat, but as he went vyV a " to give hi? mother a parting kiss, he saw the tears roll down her cheeks ; he ordered his trunk back, and determined not to go. Four years after, he was whatof appointed adjutant-general of Virginia, with the Sie'lime rank of major. From that time, his history is the election J ' J to the history of his country. General Washington's elec- gJJJ, What did he say in his ad- dress on that oc- casion) 352 Washington's administration. Parf II1# it 89 ti° n to the office of chief magistrate of the United States, was announced to him at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of April, 1789. when 5. On the 30th of April, he appeared be/ore Con- where gress, then assembled in the City of New York, rated?'" an( ^ ta ^ m o tne required oath of office, was pro claimed President of the United States. In an impressive address to both Houses, he expressed a sense of his own unfitness for the high office to which he had been called. He declined all pecuniary compensation for his presidential duties, and concluded by invoking the blessing of that Al- mighty Being who rules over the universe, praying that He would consecrate to the liberties and hap- piness of the people of the United States, a govern- ment instituted by themselves, and that He would whet did bless all engaged in its administration, grew do 6. After the address, both Houses adjourned, and, after the ' J ) 1 address? w j tn tne President, attended divine worship. They felt that God had carried them through a long and arduous war, and to Him they must still look for in what support and protection. was Con- ' ' * prind- Congress was principally employed, during its raged ea * first session, in providing revenues for the exhausted thTfirst treasury, and in establishing and arranging the different public offices. Three executive depart- H°^™ a - ments were organized to assist the president in me r nts carrying out the plans of government. These were a eanized, secretary of state, of the treasury, and of the war and who J 5 J 5 pointed" department — the offices to be filled by appointment u, each? Q f t j ie president. Thomas Jefferson was appointed o/wfaat to the state department, Hamilton to the treasury, ; udiciary and Knox to the war, consist 7 Chap. I. FIRST CONGRESS. 353 7. A national judiciaiy was constituted, consist- xi& 9 ing of a supreme court, having one chief justice and several assoc ate judges. John Jay was ap- pointed chief justice, and Edward Randolph attor- ney-general. How ~ . . 1 /-m • • were tne several amendments to the Constitution were amend- ments to proposed, and subsequently ratified by the States. SuSo" making it acceptable to all. North Carolina and receivedl Rhode Island, shortly after, adopted the Constitu- tion, forming the thirteen original States. Howwas 8. To provide a revenue, duties were laid on the im- n » e p r °- 1 ' vided? portation of merchandise and the tonnage of vessels. The second session of Congress commenced Jan. 1790. 8th, 1790. Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas- ' J What ury, proposed that government should not only as- £3^ a ; suine its own foreign and domestic debts, amount- upcom- ing to more than fifty-four millions of dollars, but mentof ° . 'the next also that which several States contracted during f/ 8 ^. the war, estimated at twenty-five millions. 9. The plan of Mr. Hamilton was finally adopted, what To cancel these several debts, the proceeds of pub- adopted 1 'to cancel lie lands, lying in the western territory, were di- *^ al rected to be applied, and the president was author- debts? ized to contract a loan of two millions of dollars. 10. This measure laid the foundation for that whatdw unrivaled prosperity, which the United States en- measure joyed in subsequent years. On the 18th day of February, 1791, Vermont, by 179L consent of Congress, became one of the United When States, and on the 1st of June, in the succeeding Vermont year, Kentucky, then part of Virginia, was also ad- }^ d ad ' mitted into the Union. gj?** 11. In thir year, a bill for the establishment of a 23 aeainst the (I 354 Washington's administration. Paii IIT> 17 91 national bank was introduced into Congress, which what passed after a strong debate. The bank was to be EXbhi situated at Philadelphia, the capital stock to be ten ihisycar, millions of dollars, two millions to be subscribed foi ami what were its tne benefit of the United States, and the residue by what' individuals. This year the first census of the in- sula 6 habitants of the United States was taken. They united amounted to 3,921,326. States at 7 11. time? ^' While matters of high importance were occu- whowas py m g tne attention, and party strife was filling the d^patch- counc |i s f Congress with agitation, an Indian war e in- broke out upon the north-western frontier. Pacific how "ml? overtures being rejected, General Harmer was dis- ny men? p atcne( ] against the Indians with an army of 1400 was a the men. Havinsf burnt a number of Indian villages, result? ° . . 1790 he was finally defeated in two successive battles, r « near Chilicothe, in Ohio. ^ horn c V om- the 13. Additional troops were raised, and the corn- then mand of the whole given to Gen. St. Clair. With and what 2.000 men, he marched, in October, into the wil- derness. On the 3d of November, he was surprised in camp, near the Miami, and defeated with great thi er de- slaughter, leaving nearly 600 men dead on the field. ftt wi " 14. After the defeat of St. Clair, Gen. Wayne m™d, was appointed to carry on the war. On the 20th fuLeed? °f August, 1794, with an army of 3,000 men, he met the Indians near the rapids of Maumee, and completely routed them, and laid waste their coun- try. In 1795 a treaty was completed at Grenville, which gave peace to the inhabitants. In the autumn of 1792 Gen. Washington was re- elected president, and inducted into office in March, 1793. Mr. Adams was re-elected vice president. meet with 1791. Chap. I« TREATY WITH ENGLAND. 355 15. About this time the revolution, which had for 1793 some time convulsed France, resulted in the fall of the monarchy, and the establishment of a republi- can government on its ruins. 16. M. Genet, the minister of the new govern- When ment, arrived at Charleston in April of this year. French c • minister Our citizens, grateful for the kindness of his nation, am . v ^ ' & ' and how received him with the most extravagant marks of receive* public attachment. Flattered by these demonstra- tions of regard, he fitted out privateers from our he en-' • • • r ^ 1 deaVOr ports to cruise against the enemies of France, and todo? sought to embark the American people in the cause of his country, whatever might be the determina- tion of government. As he persisted in his en- deavors, in opposition to the remonstrances of the Whywa9 administration, France, at the request of the presi- called* dent, annulled his powers, and he was succeeded in the following year by M. Fauchet. 17. About this time, a war was apprehended be- 1794. tween the United States and England. The Ameri- whywas o awarap- cans were accused of preventing loyalists from re- ed eh be- d * gaining possession of their estates, and the English England of making illegal seizures of American property at %™f™ sea, and of holding possession of military posts, on Nov. 19. Who the western frontiers. Mr. Jay was sent to Eng- land, where he concluded a treaty with the British to a EnJ- nl government. In the spring of 1795 he returned. IfegotSt* 18. His treaty, which was adopted by the gov- 1795 eminent, provided that the western posts be surren- June. dered to the United States ; compensation be made JSfthe for illegal captures of American property, and Brit- ™'" f ish creditors were to be secured the means of col- treaty lecting debts, contracted prior to the revolution. 356 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. 1T9T Treaties were also made with the western In- Witb dians, with Algiers, and with Spain. By the latter, Ser the Mississippi was made the western boundary, powers , . . . . . , . r _- were but a right to its navigation, and the use ot JNew treaties ° . fnto? ed Orleans, as a place of deposit, secured to the United States, was Ten 19. In June, 1796, Tennessee was admitted into admitted the Union. As the period for a new election of into the ' union? president of the United States drew near, Washing- ya/n- 1 ton signified to the nation his determination of re- retire to tiring mt0 private life. He longed for that repose FifeaVfhe in the seclusion of Mount Vernon, far from the histerm cares of public life, to which, for so many years, he had been a stranger. what is 20. His farewell address, on his retiring 1 from the said or ; o wdfal- presidential chair, breathed the warmest affection for his country. He besought them to frown indig- nantly on any attempt at the separation of the Union, to discard local attachments and sectional animosi- ties. The candidates for the office of president were who John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The result were the dales for was tne choice of Mr. Adams as president, and Mr. S,"and Jefferson as vice president. Mr. Adams was inaug- eiectedf mated on the 4th of March, 1797. Washington retired to Mount Vernon, there to spend in rest and How ' r w , a ? sh- id °i inet the remainder of his life ; but that life which frKtef had been devoted to his country was drawing near f?om" ls its close. Onlv two years of repose were allowed «>nice? J J r him, when he was taken aw r ay to that eternal rest prepared for the good. 21. Riding out one day, on horseback, to visit his .K»n- id f arm j ne was overtaken by a storm, which chilled dfseaS him through. A cold followed, which, settling ifl Cliap. I. DEATH OF WASHINGTON. 357 his throat, hurried him rapidly to the grave. The 1T9 o efforts of his physicians to arrest the disease were powerless, and it was soon evident to all, that his Describa hours were drawing to a close. His breathing Jy^ became laborious, yet he bore all with Christian resignation. " I die hard" said he, "but I am not afraid to die. I believed, from the first, that I could What if not survive it. My breath cannot last long." Some sawtf hours before his death, after repeated efforts to be houl8? understood, he succeeded in expressing a desire that he might be permitted to die without interrup- tion. 22. He sunk gradually away, and on the night of the 14th of December, 1799, two days after his Whatl? attack, he ceased to breathe. Not in the delirium theman- ; net of his of fight, upon the battle field, did his soul take its **** flight, but calmly departed amid the lamentations of a heart-broken people. 23. Solemn ceremonies attended the funeral, and thousands followed the slow procession, but the what mourners were not all there — they were scattered effect it on every hill and along every valley of the land. ™ tio l J* Minute guns were fired, as his body was borne to the place of burial, and his old war-horse, saddled and bridled, walked riderless beside the coffin. That noble steed he could mount no more, and to that cold cheek, the loud-pealing cannon could never again send the blood, as of yore. His work was done, his fierce battles over, and, crowned with the noblest laurels ever worn by created brow, the more than kingly sleeper was laid in his last resting-place. The land was hung in crape, and one convulsive sob shook the heart of the nation. 358 ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. Part III t«99 No people ever mourned a leader so, and no leader what did was ever worthy such sorrow. Even the young do'on 6 republic of France, then wading in blood, put on hearing . . . , . , the intei- crape, and imposing ceremonies were lecreed in his licence? r ' r © honor by the young Napoleon. What tie the conclu- ding re- marks ? 24. I would speak of his many noble acts, but his whole life was noble. Criticism was baffled, slan- der struck dumb, and even emulation rebuked in his presence. J. would speak of his boyhood — but he was one of those great minds, that never had a boy- hood. Morally and intellectually, he was a man from his youth up. Can it be that Washington is dead? No! '•' The woods are peopled with his fame ; His memory wraps ine dusky mountain, His spirit sparkles o'er the fountain; The meanest rill, the mightiest river, Roll mingling with his name for ever I" CHAPTER II. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH, 1797, TO MARCH 4TH, 1801. when 1. John Adams was born at Quincy, in Massa- wher « chusetts, on the 19th of October, 1735., He was the was Ai ' b^n,? son of John Adams, and the founli in descent from Henry Adams,who fled from persecution in England. what is In 1755, he graduated at Harvard College, and ■aid of • t JtudT? * 0lir y ears afterward commenced the practice oi faiiil law in Braintree. In 1764, he married the daugh- Chap. II. FRENCH RESOLUTIONS. 359 ter of Rev. Wm. Smith, of Weymouth, by whom 1797. he had four children, one of whom, the Hon. John Quincy Adams, also became President of the United States. He early manifested a strong interest in the welfare of the colonies. 2. He was a delegate to the first general Con- Give the 11 i i /^ lea,llng gress, and was re-elected to the second. On the ? ve >< ts .. r b ' in his life 6th of May, 1776, he introduced a resolution into election Congress, which was in fact a declaration of inde- Sent? 81 " pendence. Near the close of the war he was ap- pointed minister to England, and succeeded in negotiating a peace. He then returned to his country, and was elected for two successive terms ;o the office of vice president, when he left that ohair to fill the presidential. 3. Shortly after the commencement of Mr. J^ h . Adams' administration, the French Directory, dis- a™ e e pleased with the strict neutrality which this coun- France r ... about try had observed during its war with England, gjj^, and also on account of the treaty of peace, which had been recently entered into between England and the United States, adopted resolutions highly injurious to the American commerce, and refused to receive Mr. Pinckney, the American minister, un- til the United States complied with their demands. 4. On the receipt of this intelligence the Presi- wna.. 1 ° procia- dent issued his proclamation to convene Congress ^the on the 15th of June. In his speech on that occa- He!* 1 sion, he stated the unprovoked insult of the French ^hat government, yet still manifested a desire for peace. ta| r e e nto Three envoys were accordingly sent to France, bul abo.tta J ° J ' peace? the French Directory refused to receive them, and How die ordered two of them to leave the country Seed? 110 * 360 ADiMVIS ADMINISTRATION. Part IH. 1T9T 5. During these transactions, open war continued How was to De made by the cruisers of France on Ameri- rejardfd can commerce, the flag of the United States being Franco considered a sufficient justification for the capture 1798 - of any vessel over which it waved. Congress at confess length, after these repeated insults and injuries, resoivf determined to place the country in a state of de- todo? r J fense. General Washington was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the land forces, the capture of French vessels was authorized, and all treaties with France declared void. 6. The French government witnessing these preparations for war, signified to the President their willingness to accommodate difficulties on reasona- ww. ble terms. Three envoys were accordingly ap- pointed, who proceeded to Paris ; but on their arrival there, they found the government in the hands of Bonaparte. With him they commenced negotiations, which terminated in a treaty of peace, s Sept. 30th, 1800. yfheri 7. On the 14th of December, Gen. Washington did ' & 5 adop'? requested to write a letter of condolence to Mrs. Washington ; that a monument be erected by the United States, at the city of Washington, and that it be recommended to the citizens of the United States to wear crape on the left arm for thirty days." These resolutions passed unanimously, and the whole nation appeared in mourning. The funeral procession at the city of Washington was grand chap. ii. Adams' retirement. 361 and solemn, and the eloquent oration delivered by isoo Gen. Henry Lee, was listened to with the deepest interest. 8 In the summer of 1800. the seat of government 180 ° was removed to the city of Washington, and in the JSied same year the western portion of Georgia was ,n erected into a district government, and called the Mississippi Territory. 9. On the return of the period for the presidential who \ t l were the election, the nation was divided into two great po- ^" e d s '" for litical parties, the republican and the federal. The £ t res the nl federalists supported Mr. Adams and Gen. Pinck- election i ney ; the republicans Mr. Jefferson and Col. Burr. After a warmly contested election, the republican candidates obtained a majority ; but, as Mr. Jeffer- son and Col. Burr received the same number of votes, the choice of president devolved on the House of Representatives. After thirty-five trials, WhowM during which the nation felt the most intense solici- elected * tude, Mr. Jefferson was chosen. Col. Burr, by a provision of the Constitution, became, of course, vice president. 10. Mr. Adams retired from the arena of public life to the quiet of his home in Q,uincy. He lived [™ shlg What 13 said of history long enough to see his son raised to the high- of Mr. est office in the gift of a free people, and during his administration died. The 4th of July, 1826, the day on which he breathed his last, completed half a century since he had set his name to that Declaration, which was to bring peace to his coun- try or a halter to his own neck. Only two, besides himself, of that band of heroes then lived. Being re- quested, a few days before his death, to give a toast 362 Jefferson's administration. part hi. I801 f° r the 4th of July, he gave "Independence for ~~ ever." Dmcribe 11. As the morning was ushered in hy the ring- aeath. [ n g of bells and the pealing of cannon, he was asked if he knew what day it was. " Oh yes,'' said he, " it is the glorious fourth of July. God bless it, God bless you all." His last words were, " Jefferson survives ;" and at about one o'clock his spirit took its flight. He was a man of strong powers of mind, and an ardent lover of liberty. In early life he devoted himself to the cause of his coun- try, and his declining years were cheered with a view of that country's happiness and prosperity. CHAPTER III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH, 1801, TO MARCH 4TH, 1809. 1. Thomas Jefferson was born on the 2d day of April, 1743, at Shadwell, in Albemarle county, Vir ginia. He was educated at the college of Williair- and Mary, in Williamsburgh. At the age of twenty-one he was admitted to the bar, and in the following year chosen a representative to the pro- vincial legislature. From early youth his mind was hll'aViy imbued with liberal political sentiments. On one Sent* of his seals he had engraved, " Resistance to ty- rants is obedience to God." 2 On the 21st of June, 1775, Mr. Jefferson took What is Chap. III. OFFICIAL CAREER OF JEFFERSON. 363 his seat in the general Congress, then in session at ^soj. Philadelphia, and immediately became one of its what is most distinguished members. In the following Jeife"o» . . . ° in the summer, the various expressions of public sentiment ^f. ral showed, that the time had arrived for a final and f^f' Who entire separation from Great Britain. Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson were appointed to draft a declara- we're a P 1 ' pointed tion to that effect. The Declaration of Independ- d ° e( t . l , , ; i a r t a t . a ence, at the urgent solicitation of Mr. Adams, was SepL prepared by Mr. Jefferson, and so faultless was it found, when it came from his hands, that, with one w l, ..>.V,H IK ^LV.llW .IWm LiO Ill^HW^, ULJCA.U, hose declara- or two alterations, it was adopted on the 4th of adopted™ July, 1776. 3. In June, 1779, he was elected governor of Vir- BhW- ginia, and re-elected the next year. In 1783. he Mr. jef- . ' ferson was again elected delegate to Congress from Vir- fill? ginia, and, in the following year, appointed, in con- nection with Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin, minister plenipotentiary, for the purpose of negotiating trea- ties. Returning to the United States in 1782, he was appointed secretary of state by General Wash- ington. At the next presidential election, he was What elected vice president, and on the succeeding one, waT se president of the United States. S^afoS 4. At the commencement of Mr. Jeffersons's ad- ces of govern - ministration, the principal offices of government ££"«£* were transferred to the republican party, and many ment e of ii. . • , . . ,his;ui unpopular acts, passed during the previous aJ minis- t r ^"'? stra tration, repealed. • when 5. In 1802, the State of Ohio was admitted into Emitted 1 in the the Union. Slavery was entirely excluded from u " iun? .i . . • t i ^ Wf »at is tnis extensive region. In the same year Spam here ceded Louisiana to France, and the Spanish intend- ^ a u j si " 364 Jefferson's administration. Part I1I# 1802 ant announced to the United States that they could no longer deposit their merchandise, (fee, in the port of New Orleans. Great was the excitement throughout the western States on this violation of a solemn engagement. They apprehended a de- struction of their commerce, and advised a resort to arms. But a more pacific course was adopted, and in 1803 the whole territory of Louisiana was pur- chased of France for $15,000,000. 1804. ^ ' ' what 6. In 1804 Gen. Alexander Hamilton was killed Bad event , hi^f in a duel, fought with Aaron Burr, Vice President ^ no of the United States. His death caused a deep sen- were r president sation among both his personal and political friends. presi uce In the fall of this year Jefferson was re-elected pres- dent? . J r ident, and George Clinton, of New York, was chosen vice president. what is 7. Since 1801, a war had existed between the said of Tripoli? United States and Tripoli, one of the Barbary pow- ers. These powers were nations of professed pirates, respecting no flag, capturing vessels of every nation, excepting those which paid to them an annual tribute. This tribute had long been paid by the United States, with many other nations, but, at length, the American republic determined to resist, and declared war against Tripoli. 8. In 1803, a squadron, under Commodore Preble, was sent to the Mediterranean to bring the corsairs to submission. Capt. Bainbridge, in the Philadel- were phia, joined Com. Preble ; but, in chasing a cruiser tborS- mto tne harbor of Tripoli, grounded his vessel, and pontans? j ie an( j j^ cj . ew were ta k en prisoners. The officers With , . r i l what were treated as prisoners or war, but the crew success ? ■ chained and compelled to labor as slaves. Chap. III. WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 365 9. The Tripolitans, soon after, got the Fhiladel- iso4 phia afloat, and warped her into the outer harbor. In this situation, Lieut, (afterward Commodore) 1804 Decatur conceived the daring plan of setting her Fe b. 3. on flie. Choosing twenty men. and a pilot, who what understood the Tripoli tan language, he approached feat wan perlorm- ed by the Philadelphia under the cover of evening, and, Lieut at the first onset, swept the deck of every Tripoli- tan, set the ship on fire, and, under a heavy can- nonade from the surrounding vessels and batteries, escaped out of the harbor without the loss of a sin- gle man. 10. In consequence of the burning of the Phila- howw M 1 this re- delphia, the sufferings of the Americans in Tripoli g 1 ™* were greatly increased. To compel the Bashaw to JS? 1 ' release them, the government authorized Cant, who was ~ I sent from William Eaton to unite with Hamet, an expelled Sd S Ses bashaw, to assist him to regain his former station, matter? 11. With a small force, consisting of seamen 1S05 - from the American squadron, the followers of Ha- what met, and some Egyptian troops, Gen. Eaton and by a Gen ne Hamet, with incredible toil and suffering, passed andoth- the desert of Barca, and took possession of Derne, the capital of a large province belonging to Tripoli. ers? efteot was pro- with terror. Trembling for his fate, he offered duced by terms of peace, which were accepted by Mr. Lear, <*«*? the authorized agent of the United States. 12. For a time, Col. Burr, notwithstanding his , . , o In what brilliant talents, had sunk into merited obscurity; JJ'waJ*' but his ever-scheming mind was constantly in ac- detected! tion, and, in 1806, he was detected in a conspiracy, isue. the design of which was to form, in the valley of 366 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. Pari III 1 8O6 the Mississippi, a separate government, of which ~ he should be the ruler, and New Orleans the capi« tal ; or, to invade the rich Spanish provinces of Mexico, and found an empire there. In 1807, he was arrested and brought to trial on the charge of treason ; but for want of sufficient evidence was ac- quitted. JJ2ft he 13. Europe at this time was convulsed with war. Europe The nations, which had combined against the time? French republic, now trembled before the victorious troons of Bonaparte. France was a nation of sol- diers, and on land, the flight of her eagle was ever toward victory. But on the sea, the fleets of Eng- land rode in triumph. Ma> is. 14. England, anxious to injure as much as pos- How did sible Fiance, her enemy and rival, declared several England ' J ' to^n?u P re P orts under her control to be in a state of block- France? ac j e American vessels attempting to enter those ports were captured and condemned. France in \ov. 21. r r letaliation, declared the British islands in a state rwe id 0I " blockade, and authorized the capture of neutral retaliate? vesse i s attempting to trade with those islands. Both what i ? of these decrees by which the commerce of tlie these de- United States suffered severelv, were contrary to crees ? . . the laws of nations, and highly insulting to neutral powers. Sfhad 15. England, to man her numerous fleet, had lor H long been compelled to resort to impressment. For a claimed? \ on g time, she had claimed the authority of search- ing American vessels for British seamen, and in this way, frequently carried off American citizens, and compelled them to perform the degrading duties of the English navy. Chap. III. COMMERCIAL DIFFICULTIES. 367 16. In June, the frigate Chesapeake, while near the ^ g OT coast of the United States, was fired on by an Eng- Describa lish snip ; and three of her men killed and eighteen Sck on wounded. Being unprepared for action, she struck chesa- ner colors, and was then boarded and four of her men carried off on the pretence, that they were British seamen. It was afterwards proved, that three of them were American citizens. 17. This insult to the nation was followed by a JX. proclamation of the President, prohibiting British was 1 ?" r ' ' & sued by ships of war from entering the harbors of the United d ^ lt p / esi ' States. He also summoned Congress to meet, and decide what measures should be adopted. Instruc- tions were given to the minister in London to demand satisfaction for the insult. 18. In November, England issued a decree pro- J h e a, w ° a e ; hibiting ail neutrals from trading with France or England? her allies, except on the degrading conditions of i mi Whatdid paying a tax to her. This was followed in a few BJj»- weeks by a decree from Bonaparte, which declared thendo1 that any neutral vessel, which should submit to be visited by a British ship, or pay the tribute on enter- ing any of her ports, should be confiscated. Thus almost every American ship sailing the ocean was liable to be captured. 19. Congress, to retaliate on France and Eng- Dec 22. land, decreed an embargo ; but this being ruinous to our commerce, was repealed in 1809; but com- gtXy mercial intercourse between France and England Six interdicted. Thus was our nation standing on the land? verge of war, when Jefferson's administration closed. A.t the next election, James Madison was chosen president, and George Clinton, vice president. 368 Part III. iso-i 20. Mr. Jefferson on the 3d of March, 1809, at the age of sixty-five closed his political career, and what is retired to the quiet of his home at Monticello. Here Mr.Jef he lived until the time of his death, enjoying 1 the ferson'a . . ... J . J ° last days? love and lespect ot his country. At the age of eighty-three years, on the 4th of July, 1826, he expired without a murmur or a groan. What It is a singular fact, that Adams and Jefferson, comci lar two men, who had stood by their country in its too"k e darkest hours, and side by side had placed their place ? names upon the Declaration of Independence, should both have died upon that day. 21. Mr. Jefferson was gentlemanly in his appear ance and intercourse with others. Possessed of kind feelings and extensive information, he was a Goliah in debate, and the interesting and amusing companion in the social circle. Whalis said of Mr. . ei- ferso ) ? CHAPTER IV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM MARCH 4TH, 1809, TO MARCH 4TH, 1817. 1. James Madison was born on the 5th of March, 1751, at the dwelling of his grandfather, in Port Royal, Virginia. In 1771, he completed his colle- giate education at Princeton College, New Jersey ; but continued a course of miscellaneous reading for a number of years afterward. After having filled several important offices in his own State, in 1779 I V Chap. IV. INDICATIONS OF WAR. 369 he was elected to the Congress of \he revolution, isio From this time to his election to the presidency, we find him in Congress and in the different conven- tions for drafting and amending the constitutions, where he had ample room for the display of his talents. 2. Shortly after the commencement of Mr. Madi- son's administration, a treaty was concluded with the English minister, which engaged, on the part of Great Britain, that the orders in council, so far as they affected the United States, should be with- drawn. Acting on this arrangement, he imme- diately issued his proclamation renewing commer- cial intercourse with England ; but when the British government disavowed the acts of her minister, the act of non-intercourse with England was re- vived. 3. In 1810 France repealed her decrees, and on JJJ^, the 2d of November the President issued a procla- F^ce mation, allowing unrestrained intercourse with that ln nation. Great Britain, determined to persist in her hostile plans, had stationed men of war before the whatdM r ' Great principal harbors in the United States, to impress *£*»** seamen from our merchant vessels, and insult our national flag. 4. In one instance, however, their insolence was I deservedly punished. Com. Rogers, sailing in the , 81l . frigate President, met in the evening, near the coast May i6. i of Virginia, the British sloop of war Little Belt, and how , ° r ' was then hailed her. A shot was the only reply. The fire j™"; io was instantly returned by the Commodore, and JuSkIS" continued until the enemy's guns were silenced, ed" 13 24 370 Par* III. 1811 Thirty-two of the English were killed, and the brig much shattered, what 5. While these events were indicating a war with tJanspi- England, others of no less interest were transpiring thAvest- on our western frontiers. Tecumseh, a celebra- ern fron- ' * iers? ted chieftain of great eloquence, and Ol-li-wa-chi-ca, h's twin brother, generally called the Prophet, were vhatDf stirring up the different Indian tribes against the Behind whites. Tecumseh, by his eloquence, and thePro- hisbro- . . . . it-, ther? phet, by his cunning, at length obtained complete ascendency over the minds of the Indians, and united them in a firm compact against the United States. 6. Gov. Harrison, of the Indian territory, was di- ected to march against them with a small force, Who was Bent against dians?"' to reduce them to submission. On the 6th of No- vember, he encamped at Tippecanoe, where he met Whatoc- r rr ' Wsarn° n messengers from Tecumseh, who agreed that hos- Tippeca- tilities should be deferred until the following day. Harrison, however, fearing the treachery of the In- what dians, drew up his men in battle array, and ordered precan- ' l J ' Hamlon them to repose on their arms. The result proved toke? that this precaution saved the troops from complete Descnbe destruction ; for, just before the break of da) 7 , the dianat- savages, with their fearful war-whoop, rushed upon them. An obstinate and bloody fight ensued, which ended in the complete rout of the Indians, with great slaughter on both sides. 7. Such was the state of our affairs, at this time, JJJvj 1 . with Great Britain, that provisions were made to conga's increase the army to thirty-five thousand men, and ttate' to enlarge the navy. The President was author- ized to borrow eleven millions of dollars, and the Chap. V. WAR WITH ENGLAND. 371 duties on imported goods were doubled. On the t s\2 19th of July, 1812. war was formally declared against Great Britain. What is said of America the CHAPTER V, CAMPAIGN OF 1812. 1. America was again to enter into a contest with that nation whose haughty power she had once humbled on the ocean-wave and on land, and with L- strong hand had torn her liberties from its iron mentor ° this war' grasp. The situation of the country, at the com- mencement of the two wars, was entirely different. In 1775, the Americans were a warlike people, but their military ardor had cooled, and they had be come enervated by a peace of forty years. But lit- tie dimculty, however, was experienced in rousing Jg 1 ™* the people to action. Henry Dearborn, one of the jSSSfi surviving officers of the revolution, was appointed commander-in-chief of the American army. 2. The plan of the campaign was to invade Can- JJfJ^ ada from Detroit and Michigan, and the armies from &cam. these places were to be joined on the way, by the force w stationed at Plattsburgh, and all to proceed to Mon- treal. The army destined for Detroit was placed under the command of Gen. Hull, the governor of Michigan territory. 3. On the 12th of July, with 2,000 regulars and volunteers, Gen. Hull crossed the river at Detroit, Sdona and encamped at Sandwich, with the object of Huii?"" 372 madison's administration. Part hi. jS12 marching on the British post at Maiden, a. id from What thence proceeding to Montreal. On the same day, mdtion he addressed a proclamation to the Canadians, as- wed? suring them, in ? lofty tone, that his force was suf- ficient to break down all opposition, and offered to them the blessings of civil and religious liberty m . . . But Hull was more fond of words than of action. What is nilif and instead of pressing on, and striking a powerful blow, which would have insured him success, he wasted nearly a month, in ruinous delay. what in- 4. In the mean time, Maiden had been reinforced, hon was and, at this critical moment, information was re- brought ioHull? I, KA.X, „ U . U Vi .^^«,X X^V,!*^**,,, ceived, that Mackinaw, an American post above Detroit, had surrendered to the British and Indians, who were rushing down the river in numbers suffi- what cient to crush the American forces. Gen. Hull, ment aid panic-struck, in spite of the entreaties of his officers, make? an d the indignation of his troops, hastened back to Detroit. Wh0 5. Gen. Brock, the commander at Maiden, pursued ium? ed him, with a large force, composed of militia and In- dians, and stationed himself opposite Detroit. On the 15th of August, he sent a summons to Hull to What . . sum surrender, threatening him, that if he did not, he monsdid ' . . f e r nd k to wou ld let loose the Indians upon Detroit. On the Hldl? following morning Brock crossed to Spring Wells, and moved toward Detroit. what 6. While the American troops, drawn up in or- evem oc der of battle, in numbers superior to the combined eurred A. ' r Detroit? f Grce f the British and Indians, were anxiously waiting to commence the fight, they were suddenly ordered within the fort, and a white flag hung from the walls, in token of submission. This shameful Clin p. V. NAVAL VICTORIES. 373 surrender, in which an important post and a vast 1812 amount of ammunition passed into the hands of the T ~ English, excited the rage and mortification not only wS,i 8 of the officers and troops, but of the whole nation, derdis- 1 pleasing; Hull was afterward tried before a court martial, con- icted of cowardice, and sentenced to death. On ac- JSftiie count of his age, he was pardoned by the Presi- Huu4 of dent, but his name was stricken from the rolls of the army. 7. On the 13th of October, Gen. Yan Rensselaer, what 1 ' was done at the head of a part of the forces stationed at Lew- van 3 ™' iston, composed principally of New- York militia, s R e ia n e. : on crossed the river and made an attack upon Queens- gfoeio- town. During the battle, Van Rensselaer was wounded, and Gen. Brock killed. The English receiving a reinforcement of one thousand men, while a portion of the militia on the American Srs*?' shore refused to cross, the republican army was obliged to surrender. While our army was suf- sai/of 3 c . r . ,: the sue- ienng from these many successive disasters, on ™ hung by order of his government, received the rank of major-general in the army. 6. Gen. Harrison, on receiving the news of this JJJjfS melancholy defeat, was on his way toFrenchtown, Me r ^8? but fearing an attack from Proctor, he halted at the rapids of the Maumee, and erecied Fort Meigs, Here he was besieged by Proctoi, with a force of Chap. VI. DEATH OF PIKE. 377 more than 2,000 British and Indians. But Ge... 1813 Clay coming to his assistance, with 1,200 Kentuck- ians, Proctor was defeated, and obliged to raise the whai siege. Col. Dudley and his party, however, fell Stc? • , 1 1 , 1 . . 1 Col.Dud- into an ambuscade, and were slaughtered by the { said of conflicts had been fought upon the ocean. On the [[»« £«*- 4th of February, the Hornet, commanded by Capt. |h e ee H 0r . Lawrence, met the British brig Peacock, of about Peacookj equal force. The conflict lasted fifteen minutes, when the Peacock struck her colors, and displayed a flag of distress. On his return to the United States, Capt. Lawrence, for his bravery and suc- cess, was promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying at Boston. what in- r '. J ° forma- 15. On being informed that the British frigate [i;;"/' 1 ' Shannon had been cruising for a number of weeks J^ re olf the harbor, inviting" an attack, stimulated b\ wiV" ' ° J turn' OOU ra.2\.lJ1.0\JlM O ALliU UH 10 1 IVA 1 lUiH. 1813 former success, lie determined to meet it. With a nescrioe crew enlisted for the occasion, he sailed out of .he the bat- Shan non. Describe rence's a*' mo OJPUts. tie e be- lt ' harbor. At half r. ast five on the same evening, the} the 6 " met, and engaged with great fury. peake 15. gy the first broadside, the sailing-master of the Chesapeake was killed, and Capt. Lawrence and three lieutenants severely wounded. The se- cond and third broadsides so cut up her rigging, that her quarter fell on the Shannon's anchor. The enemy now sprang on the deck in great numbers. Captain Lawrence, in the act of sum- Law- moiling the boarders, received his mortal wound. When carried below, be was asked if the colors should be struck. He replied, " No, they shall wave while I live." With the most intense eagerness, he listened to the combat, which was carried on upon the deck of his ship, and hoped for victory. When he knew that the American flag had been lowered, and that he was conquered, reason fled its throne. Whenever able to speak, he would exclaim in the most beseeching tones, " Don't give up the ship." He only survived his defeat about four days. *J° w n did 17. Lawrence, by his bravery, his previous vic- Svelhe tory, and magnanimous conduct, had become the his Vs ° idol of the nation, and his death was lamented with leath? 7 sorrow and with tears. The Shannon lost, during MuTthe tne engagement, 24 killed, and 56 wounded ; the Chesapeake 48 killed, and nearly 100 wounded. The honors which were heaped on the commander Howwaa of the Shannon for his victory, by the British £ov- tnis vie- . o , viewed eminent, showed the pride with which they viewed English ? a victory over a frigate, in a navy which had so often humbled their power. bo! h sides Chap. VI. BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 381 18. The next encounter at sea was between the 18 i3 American brig Argus, of 18 guns, and the British What brig Pelican, of 20 guns, in which the latter was ITexten victorious. On the 5th of September following, the at sea? British brig Boxer surrendered to the Enterprise, whaten o i " counter commanded by Lieut. Burrows. The fact that both gg^ 6hips were of equal force, was a strong fact in favor Sept? of the superiority of American seamen. Both of what 1 J fact is the commanders were killed, and interred beside P ot j« ed ? in thesfl each other at Portland. baltles? 19. While the navy was winning glorious lau- What ig rels on the ocean, through the exertions of Com. the squadron Perry, a squadron had been fitted out on Lake Jj n tc L d a ™ 1 Erie. It consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty- Ene1 four guns. The English squadron, which had been built and equipped, under direction of Commodore Barclay, consisted of six ships, carrying sixty-three guns. 20. On the 10th of September, Com. Perry, forming the line of battle, hoisted his righting flag, on which JjJ en were inscribed the dying words of the gallant Law- beg! rence, "Don't give up the ship." At 12, the ene- my's flag-ship, Queen Charlotte, opened a heavy the com, fire on the Lawrence, the flag-ship of Perry. The j£ entof wind was so light that nons of the other ships could come to the assistance of the Lawrence, and for two and a half hours she sustained the fire of the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, and Hunter. 21. Perry was as cool as if on ordinary duty, Wht . fl working with his own hands at the guns. But by f^'f this time, the brig had become unmanageable, and the crew, with the exception of four or five, lay around the bloody deck, either dead or dying. contest hi? 382 madison's administration. p ar tiii. 1813 While thus surrounded, with death and destruction pouring in upon him, Perry, taking his righting flag Describe under ms arm, and waving his sword, left his now Kjthe v " disabled ship, and proceeded in an open boat to the Niagara. The combat now raged with redoubled fury. Broadside after broadside was poured into the English ships, with unerring aim. Soon one Describe , . ° , , , , i •,, t, the close oi the enemy s vessels surrendered; and still Ferry contest, followed up his victory, until his flag waved in tri- What umph over all. At 4 o'clock, the victorious and didPeny fortunate Perry sent to General Harrison, at Fort Harrison? Meigs, this modest and laconic epistle, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." what is 22. The news of this brilliant victory was re- said ot J this vic- tory ? ceived with great joy by the nation. It had been gained over a superior force, and opened a passage to the recovery of all that had been lost by the sur- render of Hull. Not only Perry, but all under his command, gained laurels of which they might well be proud. where 23. Gen. Harrison, who had been joined by Gov. HarrLo^ Shelby, of Kentucky, with 4,000 men, as soon as he did (ien. Harrisoi proceed had received intelligence of the victory, hastened to the lake, and embarked for Maiden ; but, to his sur- he find' prise, he found that fortress and the public store* whatdid nouses burned. The enemy were pursued by Gen. he do? Harrison, who, on the 29th, took possession of De- troit, and then pressed on after the retreating foe. Wh er e 24. On the 5th of October, he came up with eome e u P them, about 80 miles from Detroit, at a Moravian with the ' ' enemy i village, on the river Thames. His force being Describe greatly superior, victory was speedily gained. The u!t. con ' mounted men charged impetuously through the Chap. VI. D[,'A fM OF TECUxMSEH. 383 enemy's ranks, then formed, and charged in their isi3 rear. The British threw down their arms and fled. The Indians behaved better, and fought with the fiercest desperation. Tecumseh pressed eagerly into the midst of the contest, urging on his men, what is and throwing" his tomahawk with the greatest fury, the death Suddenly the voice of command was silenced, for ciimseh the haughty chief had fallen. The Indians now What fled, leaving 33 dead on the field. Nearly 600, St h of being almost the whole of Proctor's forces, were tie ? taken prisoners. 25. Leaving Gen. Cass in command of Detroit, ^| at j? Harrison, with a part of his forces, proceeded, ac-m re fu " r-k «v> i • • i * move- cording to instructions, to Buffalo, to loin the Amer- mentsof & \ . Harrison! ican army, on the Niagara frontier. But there having been a sufficient number of general officers assigned to that army he returned to his home. 26. The fall of Tecumseh was deeply felt by the Indian tribes. Possessed of a powerful mind, and s&h? the soul of a hero, had his lot been cast in a differ- ent state of society, he would have shone, not only as a warrior, but one of the most distinguished ora- •*£*; tors and statesmen. The result of the operations prepare of the north-west, and victory on Lake Erie, pre- forV Vd pared the way to attempt a more effectual invasion of Canada. 27. Gen. Dearborn having been compelled to withdraw from active service, on account of sick- ness, the command of the army of the centre, con- sisting of 7,000 men, had been given to General centre Wilkinson. It was his plan to descend the St. t Lawrence, and attack Montreal. Owing to the JS^ What is said of Tecum- What did Why chtj Wilkin- son corn mand the arm> of the difficulty of concentrating his troops, it was in the 384 Part HI 18 13 early part of November, before he commenced oper- Dereribe ations. He then proceeded to St. Regis, when, atJons' er ' finding the reinforcements which he expected from General Hampton, who commanded the troops at Plattsburgh, had failed him, he abandoned the pro- Who ject of attacking Montreal, and encamped for the c^n- winter at French Mills. Gen. Hampton soon after JJj* 1 "- resigned his commission in the army, and the com- mand of the post at Plattsburgh was given to Gen. Izard. what is 28. Creek War. The Creek and Seminole creeks Indians, looking upon the whites as the robbers of taSfsf" their nation, and feeling toward them the most bit ter hatred, made use of every means -in their power maimer to torment and annoy them. Without declaring ot war- .,.,.. tare? warj they ravaged the country, causing the mhabit- Describe antS t0 ^ ee t0 tneU " ^ 0ltS ^ 01 * Sa f et y* About 300 6hu.?hter men, women, and children had fled to Fort Min- Minims. ims for protection. About noon, on the 30th of August, the place was surrounded by 600 Indians, who, with their axes, cut their way into the fort, burned the houses, and butchered men, women, and children. Only 17 escaped to carry the horrid tid ings to their homes. whowas ^9- The whites, indignant at these cruelties, re- dispatch- so j ve j on vengeance. Gen. Jackson, with 2.500 iff* men, and Gen. Floyd, with 1,000, proceeded agpinst Hid what ' J ' ' ' r ° dwthey them, and laid waste their country ; burned many of their villages, and defeated them in bloody battles at Talladega, AutasGea, and at Emucfau. Yet. the Creeks, still unsubdued, and confident of victory, made a final stand, with 1,000 warriors, at the bend of the Tallapoosa. Three thousand men, Chap. VI. CLOSE OF THE CAMPAIGN. 385 commanded by Gen. Jackson, marched to attack 1^13 them. The conflict was long and bloody. Six hun- Degcriba dred warriors soon lay dead on the field, and the battK remainder, believing that the Great Spirit had in- creeks. deed forsaken them, fled. 30. The principal chiefs, fearing an extinction why did «f the nation, entered into a treaty of peace with now en - J r ter into a Gen. Jackson. One of them, in asking for peace, l ™£f said, " I have done the white people all the harm I could, but now even hope is ended. Once I could OTe at or m , x . , the animate my warriors, but 1 cannot animate the chiefs J " say ' dead. They can no longer hear my voice ; their bones are at Tallushatches, Talladega, and Toha- peka. While there was a hope of success, I never supplicated peace, but my people are gone, and I now ask for my nation and myself." In spite of th^ir atrocities, we cannot help admiring some traits in their character, and dropping a tear over the graves of their fallen dead, and their now almost buried nation. 31. In the winter of 1813-14 Congress held an what extra session, when the President was authorized to borrow twenty-five millions of dollars, and issue treasury notes to the amount of five millions. A communication was received from the British gov- ernment, declining the mediation of Russia, and pro- posing a negotiation for peace at London or Gottin- gen. The proposition was accepted by the Ameri- can government, and Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell appointed commissioners. The conven- tion was held at Ghent. 25 were thf transac- tions of the nex» Con- gress ? 386 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. Partial. 1814 CHAPTER VII. CAMPAIGN OF 1814. what is 1- For three months the armies of both nations tnecom- remained idle. In the mean time, the troubler of mence- thL'cam- Europe, Napoleon, the emperor of France, had been and s the checked in his victorious career, and banished to the n f Eu- island of Elba. Europe was once more restored to rope at l time? P eace 5 and England, with no other hostile foe in the world, was enabled to direct against the United States the whole of her immense force. how ma- 2. Fourteen thousand soldiers, who had fought ny Ens- ° dfil^em- "iider the Duke of Wellington, embarked for Cana- for' cana- da, and a strong naval force sailed along the Ameri- can coast, and blockaded many of our ports. Early what i n the spring-, Gen. Brown marched from Sackett'a move- r &' ™" Harbor toward Niagara. On the 3d of July Gens. Gten. e y Scott and Ripley, with three thousand men, crossed the river, and with but slight opposition took pos- session of Fort Erie. On the next day Gen. Brown, with the main body of the army, marched to Chip- what is peway, where the British troops were intrenched, f commanded by Gen. Riall. On the morning of the the bat tie of chippe- 5th, both armies met in open field. After an obsti- nate and bloody contest, the enemy withdrew to their intrenchments with the loss of five hundred men. 3. Gen. Riall, after his retreat, retired to Bur lington Heights. Here he was reinforced by Gen. Drummond, who, assuming the command, led back Chap. VII. BATTLE OF LUNDY's LANE. 387 the army toward the American camp. About sun- iqi^ set on the 25th the battle of Lundy's Lane com- What menced, and continued until midnight. com- 6 4. Two armies meeting within a few miles of the on the ° evening cataract of Niagara, the roar of which was silenced °( th ^ e by the thunder of cannon, with no light save the flashes from instruments of death, and glimpses SC en a e of the moon, presented a sceoe of great subiim- Bentedou ' 1 to the Ni- it.y. General Scott, leading on the advance, first gfttie attacked the enemy, and maintained the fight for groun more than an hour, against a force seven times his Desert the at number. The main army, under General Brown, tack. coining up, the contest was renewed with great fury. A British battery, stationed on a commanding emi- nence, sorely annoyed the Americans during the first part of the engagement. It must be silenced, or the victory is lost. 5. " Can you storm that battery?" said General Ripley to Col. Miller. " I'll try, sir," was the laconic ™ did answer ; and placing himself at the head of the ££jjj d 21st regiment, marched, in the face of a terrific fire, Suiter i to the mouth of the blazing cannon, sprung over , ■ i-ii Whatdk, the guns, as the match was being applied, drove g^V 1 " the artillery men back at the point of the bayo- net, and seized the pieces. The whole war does not furnish an instance of a more daring act of bravery than this. 6. This eminence was the key to the British po- sition, and every exertion was made by the English whatef commander to regain it. Thrice he charged with m fjf e to the bayonet, but was repulsed and at last driven from the hill, and the Americans left in quiet possession of the field. The thunder of battle was. at length. regiiit the emi- nence .' 3SS Madison's administration. Partnr. 1814 hushed, and no sound was borne on the midnight NV)mt air, save the roar of the cataract and the groans was the result of I he bat- lie? of the dying, who strewed the field. On that bloody field lay. ghastly in death. 878 English sol- diers, and 858 American. Gens. Brown and Scott having been wound- Scom 1 - C( ^ tne command devolved on Gen. Ripley, who, voiveon" after having remained for a few hours on the Ripley? hill, and collected the wounded, retired to Fort Erie, and there intrenched himself. Gen. Drummond. What by l Gen ne w ^ tn 5,000 men, on the 4th of August, besieged mo"""? him. On the night, between the 14th and 15th, the besiegers made an assault on the fort, but were whatiosa repulsed, with the loss of more than nine hundred were the * ' besiegers men repulsed? meu - 8. On the 17th of September, Gen. Brown, who what had taken command of the garrison, ordered a sor- waa done . ° ; tie fiom the fort, and destroyed the advance works of the enemy. Shortly after, Gen. Izard arrived from Plattsbursrh with a reinforcement of 5,000 men, on the lTihof Sept. ? What ''""PS , . . , I • • ' 1 with when the enemy retired to their intrencnments, Sd? behind Chippeway. General Izard followed, but finding it impossible to dislodge them, evacuated Canada, and placed his troops in winter-quarters at Buffalo, Black Rock, and Batavia. 9. Early in September, Sir George Prevost, avail* wnatdid j n g hi mS elf of the absence of General Izard, with a PrevMt large portion of the garrison, advanced toward sept 1 Plattsburgh, with 14,000 chosen troops, most of whom had served with Wellington, in the peninsu- lar campaign. On the 6th. the enemy arrived at . Plattsburfffi, which is situated near Lake Cham- Where if & ' JJjJJJ" 7 plain, on the banks of a small river.. On their ap- Chajj.VII. BATTLE ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 389 proach, the American troops formed a breast-work iqi* of the planks, which they tore from the bridge. How 10. On the 11th of September, the British squad- e£^ 8 i , , A received! ron- was seen oearmg down upon the American squadron, which was anchored off Plattsburgh, and how commanded by Com. McDonough. The former Z??^ 9 J o squad- carried 95 guns, and was manned with 1,050 men ; rons1 the latter carried 86 guns, and was manned with 820 men. 1 1. The battle commenced at 9 o'clock, and con- tinued for a number of hours. Seldom had the Describe i til -ii the ac " ocean witnessed a more bloody or terrible contest tl0u - than that which took place on the still waters of Lake Champlain. Two hostile fleets, borne on the bosom of that placid lake, awakening the deep echoes of those giant hills by the roar of their artil- lery, as they poured their broadsides into each other, what is . " . J ^ . . ' said of in quick succession, and the immense army of Sir lhesc *; n « l ' J present- GeOlge Prevost, drawn up in order of battle, wait- edJ ing for the striking of the American flag, to open their fire on land, presented a sublime scene. 12. Thousands on the shore watched the con- test on the lake with intense interest. The firing-, at length, ceased : a light breeze swept away the sulphurous cloud which overhung the combat- ants ; when lo, the stars wave in triumph, and the Which red cross of England lies on the bloody deck. Now, fees in Sir George Prevost, look at^our humbled flag, and tnumphl then for your contest with the cowardly Yankees. Boldly he led on his forces to the river's edge, but they marched to death. The American fire thinned his ranks, and the dead bodies of his troops floated Prevost down the river, which was crimsoned with blood. f he , at - ' tack; 390 madison's administration. Part II1( How i«ng did What was the Ameri- What the Brit- ish loss ? What victories isn 13. The contest continued until night-fall, wnen the enemy fled. On the lake, the American loss was 110, the British 194. On land the Amer- ican loss was 119, that of the British 2,500. With these victories the campaign closed on the northern frontier. 14. On the ocean many battles were fought, in which the Americans were victorious, or only yield- ed to superior forces. The Essex, commanded by Oapt. Porter, after a bloody combat, struck to a Joined British frigate and sloop of war, whose united force ocean 1 ? was vastly superior. The American sloop Wasp, commanded by Capt. Blakely, captured the Rein- deer, and afterward sunk the Avon. The sloop Peacock captured the Epervier, of equal force. 15. On the Atlantic coast, the citizens anticipat- ing an augmentation of the enemy's force, took every precaution to fortify and garrison their forts. 2? ef ~ For the protection of Washington, 1,000 regular made to troops were raised, and placed under General Win- fortify the At lantic coast? der. A British fleet, under Admiral Cochrane, shortly afterward entered the Chesapeake with a with large land force, commanded by Gen. Ross, who 2truc- m was instructed by his government to destroy and tions did , . • l i a British lay waste such towns on the coast as might be as- fleet en- J & ches?' sailable. peake? 16 Qn the 1Qth f August, Gen. Ross landed at what Benedict with 5,000 men, and advanced through was ilon* T „ . .% , byGon. the country to Washington. A stand was made at Ross i J ° Bladensburg, but the militia fled, although a body of seamen and marines, under Com. Barney, main- tained their ground until they were overpowered by numbers. The enemy then proceeded to Washing- Cliap. VII. BURNING OF THE CAPITOL. 391 ton, which had been deserted by the militia, burned 1814 the Capitol, President's house, and all the public a ur . 24. buildings, and then retired to their shipping. 17. This shameful and cowardly act, by which a vast amount of treasure, works of art and sci- ence, were destroyed, excited the indignation of the whole people, and made the war popular with al- most all parties. The loss of the enemy, during the incursion, was eight hundred men. 18. In the mean time, a portion of the fleet where ' r did the ascended the Potomac to Alexandria. The inhab- ^eXi Slants, to purchase their safety, delivered up their the at in' d shipping, all the merchandise in the city, and the do?' ar naval and ordnance stores, public and private. 19. General Ross, elated with his success at Wash- whatdid ington, determined to attack Baltimore. With this termini" intent, he sailed up the Chesapeake, landed with s eP t. 12. five thousand men at North Point, and commenced Where his march toward the city. General Strieker ad- 1^1 his J mp.nl men? vanced with two thousand men to retard his pro- gress. A skirmish ensued, in which Gen. Ross was 2S a Vf killed. The Americans gave way and retired to Sarch, the heights, where Gen. Smith was stationed with skirmish ' which the main body of the army. Coi. Brooke, on ensued} whom the command devolved on the death of Gen. H?w d;d Ross, finding it impossible to draw Gen. Smith from P ed his intrenchment, removed his army in the night, nate and re-embarked at North Point. The fleet shortly after left the Chesapeake, and proceeded south. 20. The coast of New England suffered much 2Sf*£ from the attacks of the English navy. The ports JS/rf" of New York, New London, and Boston were block- l >^ navs ' on the N. aded, and Stonington was bombarded by Commo- ^', ntJ this ex ifion termi- 1 392 madison's administration, Part III isytdore Hardy. In several attempts which he made to land, he was repulsed by the militia, and finally compelled to draw off his forces. poVwas 21. In the spring of 1814, Andrew Jackson was appoint 1 - appointed major-general in the service of the United States, and directed to protect the coast near the whatdid mouths of the Mississippi. On his arrival at Mobile, he learn ri riva h i is at r ' ne learned that three.British ships of war had en- Mobjie? teret | t | ie h ar bor of Pensacola, and landed three hundred soldiers with a large amount of arms and ammunition, to be distributed among the Spanish and Indians. what 22. General Jackson, after having remonstrated steps did # ' ° j^uksun j n va j n w jjjj t [ le governor of Pensacola, for afford- ing protection to the enemies of the United States. marched against the place, forcibly took possession of the city, and compelled the English to evac- uate Florida. Having given the haughty foe a foretaste of that which was to come, he re- whatin- turned to his head-quarters at Mobile. Here here- forma- l;;";.;, 1 " 1 ceived information, that a powerful expedition Avas h1are- on on i ts way to attack New Orleans, and without de- what did lay, marched with his troops to that city, where he arrived on the 1st of December. , n what 23. On liis arrival he found the city in a state of condition J n>li tie confusion and alarm. The militia were composed hi/alri- of men of all nations, imperfectly organized. No fortifications existed on the various routes by which the place could be approached. Gen. Jackson, undismayed hy the difficulties which sur- what rounded him, proceeded to fortify the place. To nTtaS direct tne energies of the motley mass undei his direction, lie took the daring responsibility of pro* Chap. VII. BATTLE OF NEW ORj.EANS. claiming- martial law. This measure, although a violation of the constitution, was thought to he jus- tified by necessity. 24. The enemy passed into Lake Borgne, and mastered a flotilla which guarded the passes into Lake Pontchartrain. On the 22d of December, about 2,400 of the enemy reached the Mississippi nine miles below New Orleans. On the following night they were attacked by Gen. Jackson, but they stood their ground. Jackson now withdrew his troops to his intrenchments, four miles below the city. On the 28th of December and 1st of January, vigorous but unsuccessful attacks were made on his forti- fications by the enemy. 25. On the 8th of January, Gen. Packenham brought up his forces, amounting to 12,000 men. While approaching, fearless and undaunted, in solid columns over an even plain, showers of grape-shot thinned their ranks. When they came within mus- ket shot, a vivid stream of fire burst from the American lines, and poured on them an unceas- 393 1814 Describe the move- ment of the esse my. The at- tack of Jack -<>n and the result How large wa Par ken- ham's force ? Jackson's fortifications were of a. novel character. Bags of cotton, which no balls could penetrate, were made use of for breast-works. His front was a straight line of one thousand yards, defended by upward of 3,( infantry and artillerists. The ditch contained five feet of water, and his front was rendered slippery and mud- dy by frequent rains. Eight distinct batteries were judiciously disposed, mounting in all twelve guns. On the opposite side of the river was a strong battery of fifteen guns. V VICINITY ,) MEMranEAN k LMaa^cmLP^ m l mr lrain. Part III. 1814 ing title of death. Hundreds fell at every dis- how charge, and whole columns were swept away they re- Closing their broken ranks, they pressed on ovei b / m £? the dead bodies of their comrades, but to fall before that iron tempest, which poured in incessant vol- leys upon them. 26. General Packenham was killed, Gen. Gibbs wounded mortally, and General Keene severely. Without officers to direct them, the troops at first halted, and then fled to their camp. On the night of the 18th, with great secrecy, they embarked on board their shipping. Two thousand of the enemy w;J\he lay on the field of battle, while the Americans lost result of . ' thecal- but seven killed, and six wounded. This was one of the most brilliant victories in the war. 27. In the midst of the rejoicings of the nation, news arrived of a treaty of peace, which had been Amen cans ? What officers were mortally wound- ed' What joyfui in- telli- rived concluded at Ghent, nn the 24th of December. The about this time 3 tones were gained 1 motives for the impressment of seamen had ceased with the war in Europe, and the treaty provided merely for the restoration of peace, and the bound- aries remaining as they were. whatna- 28. After the declaration of peace, two additional val vie- J ' victories were gained upon the ocean, which im- parted a brighter lustre to the American flag. In February, the Constitution, Capt. Stewart, captured the Cyane and Levant, and in March, the sloop Hornet captured the brig Penguin, stronger in guns and men than herself. All parties gladly welcomed the return of peace, and a general rejoicing pre- vailed throughout the country. JJfwar 29. War with Algiers. The Algerines hav Jainst d insr violated the treaty of 1795, and committed nu- Algiers 1 ° J Clutp. VII. WAR WITH ALGIERS. 395 merous depredations upon the American commerce, isi 5 the United States declared war against them. An American squadron, under Com. Decatur, sailed JJ^° geat into the Mediterranean, captured an Algerine brig ^l^j and forty-four gun frigate, and, at length, appeared before Algiers. The dey, intimidated, signed a what r i i ■ -r-r • i o success? treaty of peace advantageous to the United (States, on the 30th of June, 1815. 30. During the session of Congress in 1815-16, JJJf"^ United States tered, with a capital of $35,000,000. In December, Bank 1816, Indiana was received into the Union as an eJ1 charter- ed "> independent State. At the presidential election state held in the autumn of this year, James Monroe, of ^ edta Virginia, was chosen president, and Daniel D. ^0"' Tompkins, of New York, vice president. elected the next presi- dent? 31. At the age of 66 years, Madison retired from pr public life, to his estate in Virginia. Here he re- mained a greater portion of his time, until his death. Jjjf'oj? On the 28th of June, 1836, at the age of 85, he died— K ad as serene, philosophical, and calm, in the last mo- ments of his existence, as he had been in ail the trying occasions of his life. Of that band of bene- factors of the human race, the founders of the Con- stitution, James Madison was the last who went to his reward. 396 monroe's administration. Part hi CHAPTER VIII. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH, 1817, TO MARCH 4TH, 1825. wSi. ■"■• J ames Monroe was born in Westmoreland ESS7*" county, Virginia, on the 28th of April, 1758. In 1776, he graduated at William and Mary College. On leaving college, he commenced the study of law, but very soon relinquished it for the army, in gmnll ' dto which he received an appointment as lieutenant. He was wounded at Trenton, and for his bravery gradually rose to the rank of major. Failing in army? raising a regiment in Virginia, Major Monroe left the army, and entered on the study of law in the office of Mr. Jefferson. 2. In 1780, at the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the Virginia legislature, and in the fol- lowing year to the Continental Congress. From 1790 to 1794, he was a member of the Senate of the United States, and was taken from that body to be minister plenipotentiary from this country to the court of France. On his return, he was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1803, he was a« ain ap- pointed minister to France, and was afterward sent both to England and Spain. what 3. In 1810, he was again elected governor of Vir- iir' ( '' r ,r,'d ginia, the duties of which office he continued to perform until he was appointed secretary of state under Mr. Madison. In 1817, when the war had ended and the nation had once more settled dowr. When and where did Mr. Monroe What rank did ne hold the What of- fices did he (ill un- til 18033 Cttap. VIII. WAR WITH THE SEMINOLES. 397 into a state of quiet and peace, lie was elected pres- isn Went. 4. The country at this time, perhaps, had brighter What prospects before it than for a long time previous, pjVect Peace reigned within its borders, and continued country prosperity soon relieved it from embarrassments, " me - which were the necessary consequences of the war. When On the 11th of December, Mississippi became anS p ? independent State, and was admitted into the to "the 1 1 ; Unions Union. 5. In 1818, Illinois adopted a State Constitution, S en n!j . and became a member of the Union. During this JSttedui year, a war was carried on between the Seminole union? Indians and the United States. Many outrages J & What were perpetrated by the Indians upon the border g™' - nhabitants, and Gen. Gaines was instructed to pro- th,syear ' ceed against them, and reduce them to submission ; who out his force being insufficient, Gen. Jackson was againsv ° ' them, ordered to take command, and raise from the sur- hoi w,th rounding States such forces as he might deem ne- 1 £? cessary. At the head of 1,000 Tennesseeans, he marched into Florida, took possession of St. Marks, a feeble Spanish garrison, where he found Arbuth- not and Ambrester. These men were accused of exciting the Indians to hostilities, tried by a court- martial, and executed. 6. On learning that the governor of Pensacola why favored the Indians, Jackson inarched against, and ™^' lif took possession of that place, meeting with but Lnce?' 8 *" slight resistance, the governor having fled to Bara- cas, a fort six miles distant. To this place Jackson followed, and having commenced a furious cannon- *** 7 ° place at ade upon the place, the governor was glad to sur- Buraca " flirt ks.jn 398 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. 1818 render. Agreeable to the terms of capitulatory the governor and officers were sent to Havana. Jack- son now announced that the war had closed, and returned to Nashville. what 7. The conduct of Jackson in the war was ceil- opinion 6 sured by very many, but approved of by the Presi- jS3?™* dent. A resolution of censure was rejected in Con- ro.'.liuct ? gress by a large majority. On the 22d of February. 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington, bv which East and West Florida were ceded by Spain 1S19. What treaty Was con- •hSear? to the United States. On the 22d of March, the government of Arkansas Territory was organized. other On the 14th of December, Alabama was admitted lew -tates into the Union, and the vear following the province were ad- • / n r nutted i f Maine, which bad been connected with Massa- chusetts, was separated from it, and became an in- dependent State, what 8. In 1821, Missouri applied for admission. The arose 'on question arose, should she be admitted as a slave the ap- ' ' of Mil™ State? After a strong debate, it was decided that admit- or slavery should be tolerated in Missouri, but prohib- ited in all the territory of the United States north and west of Arkansas. 9. Mr. Monroe's term of office having expired, he r^nS™* was re " e l ecte d president, and Mr. Tompkins vice mtevof president. The Gulf of Mexico having been for ofMexi- some time infested with a gang of pirates, Commo- dore Porter was sent out to chastise these miscreants, that regard no law and that feel no mercy. He What succeeded in a short time in completely breaking JJS3 e Crawford, Jackson, and Clay. Neither of these candidates having received a majority, the House of Representatives decided in favor of Mr. Adams. Mr. Calhoun of South Carolina was elected vice president. 13. After having been for fifty years in public what, n life, Mr. Monroe found the quiet of his home in conciu- ' ' sion of Virginia peculiarly acceptable. Here he remained J2e ? Mon for a number of years, when he came to reside with his daughter in New York. On the 4th of July, 1831, just five years after his illustrious predeces- sors, Adams and Jefferson, had quitted the scenes of their labors, he expired. He had passed the or- 4UU j. \d. a.L»Aiui3 Ai)iuii\ioniaiiui\, Fart I 1825 dinary boundary of human life, being over seventy- three years old. lVh . ltis 14. Mr. Monroe possessed many of those traits ur'.Mun necessary to form an able diplomatist. In making up his mind on any subject, he was never dazzled • by the brilliant colorings of his own imagination, nor led astray by any tormenting passion. Some may be greater, many as great, but ages may pass before one more fortunate will be found in the presidential chair of the Republic. DC S nental CHAPTER IX, J. Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH, 1825, TO MARCH 4TH, 1S29. 1. John Glu incy Adams was born at Ouincy, in Massachusetts, in 1767. His father, John Adams, early identified himself with the liberties of his country ; and from the time that the colonies first began to writhe beneath the oppression of England, until the close of his presidential career, was ever by their side, cheering them on by words of hope and encouragement. Nursed in such a school, and rocked by that patriot father in the cradle of liber- ty, high hopes were formed of his future success, nor were these hopes disappointed. 2. In early life he accompanied his father on his On what . . r_ F _ j SdhSo misslon t0 France, and subsequently to England, life 1 } in where he was sent to negotiate peace. At the age When and where was J. Q. Adams born •' What is said of his lather? Chap. ix. Adams' early life. 40j of eighteen he accompanied Mr. Dana, the minis- ig^s ter to Russia, as his private secretary. On his re- turn, wishing to complete his education, he entered When Harvard College at Cambridge, and graduated there gJLiuam? m 1787. He then commenced the study of law in the office of Theophilus Parsons, chief-justice of the State, and in due time was admitted to the bar. 3. In 1794 he was appointed resident minister to what 1 l honora- Netheriands, where he remained for a considerable ^"'-.i" length of time. Near the close of Washington's Shat ..... .... -X is said ol administration he was appointed minister to rortu- him* gal, but was afterward transferred to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1806 to the Senate of the United States. Here he distinguished himself, not only as a sound diploma- tist, but as a fluent and eloquent speaker. 4. But his country demanded his services abroad, and in 1809 he was appointed minister to Russia. Xer 13 Here he enjoyed the confidence and affection of the mm? Emperor Alexander, and established on a firm basis those friendly relations which have ever since been maintained with that nation. In 1817 he was ap- pointed minister to the court of St. James, where he was received with the respect due not only to the office, but to his distinguished talents. On the elec- tion of Mr. Monroe to the presidency, he made choice of Mr. Adams as secretary of state, in which position he proved himself as able in council as he had been in the Senate. In 1824 he was elected President of the United States. 5. During the administration of Mr. Adams the whatof country enjoyed continued peace and unexampled J* for- prosperity ; manufactories increased, the arts and 2£§Sqi" 26 402 J. Gt. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. Part III- 1829 sciences flourished, and a general spirit of content and happiness prevailed throughout the country. whatoc- The 50th anniversary of American independence. the sou? 1 rendered memorable by the event which it celebra- aimher- . sary of ted, was made still more so m the annals ol Ameri- our ir.ae- ' SeScei can history by the death of the two venerable ex- 1S - 6 presidents, Adams and Jefferson. But few other What is ■aid of events of historical interest occurred during this ad- the next ° Il'if dec- ministration. The next presidential election was more closely contested than any preceding one. General Jackson was elected president, and John C. Calhoun vice president. what is G. Mr. Adams, at the close of his term of office. farther 7 Mr d Ai- retne( i to his farm ; but anxious to serve his coun- ims! try, he shortly after was elected representative in Congress, which office he retained until his death. Mr. Adams' history has been one of great interest. From early boyhood he was in public life, devoting the energies of his giant mind to the welfare of his country. He died at his post of duty, in the na- tion's Capitol, surrounded by the greatest of her sons. Caesar fell in the Senate House, but the hand of violence struck the blow. Adams died in the Capitol, with the nation at his side. Even the wife of his bosom retired from his couch, that his country might be the only mourner present when he expired. On Monday, February 21st, 1848, he was struck with paralysis, in his seat in the Hall of Representatives, and removed from thence to the Speaker's chamber, where he remained in a state of insensibility until a few T moments before his death, which occurred on Wednesday, Feb- ruary 23d, at 7 o'clock P. M. His last words were. " This is the last of earth ; I am content." Chap. X. Jal.KSON's EARLY LIFE. 40^ 1829 CHAPTER X, JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM MARCH 4TH, 1829, TO MARCH 4TH, 1837. 1. Andrew Jackson was born on the 15th of ^*> en and Marcn, 1767, in Waxsaw, Soutli Carolina, a settle- Jjj? re ment whither his family had emigrated from Ire- born? 1 * land, two years previous. Shortly after his birth, his father died, leaving three sons to be provided ° . What is for by their mother. She determined to educate ^ ]d »*" J his early Andrew for the clerical profession ; but scarcely Uto1 had he entered on the study of the ancient lan- guages, when the revolutionary struggle com- menced, and at the age of fourteen he abandoned school for the colonial camp. The body of troops to which he was attached, was surprised by a large number of the enemy, and compelled to surrender. Jackson and his brother were kept in strict confine- said 1 of ment until they were exchanged, after the battle brotherai of Camden. His elder brother had previously per- ished in the service of the colony, and his younger brother shortly after died from a wound which he had received during his imprisonment. 2. In 1786 he commenced the practice of law, and removed to Nashville in 1788, where pmfes- what or ' " rices dia sional success immediately attended him. In 1796, hetill? he was elected to the lower house of Congress, and delegated to the national senate in the following year, but resigned near the close of the session. 404 jackson's administration. Fart I II. 18 29 alleging- his distaste for the intrigues of politics. Within that period, he was chosen major-general, of the Tennessee militia, and held the office 'intiJ called to the same rank in the United States' ser- vice. 3. As mention has already been made of* his Efdid' military career, it would be useless to recapitulate flsand here. In 1823 he was elected to the Senate of the United States, but resigned his seat in the second session. In 1829 he was elected to the presidency of the United States. 4. The condition of the United States at this was the time was one of unexampled prosperity. The condition * i smes at countl T was at P eace with all nations ; the na-r Ee? tional debt was in the course of rapid diminu- tion, and the treasury had within its vaults more than five millions of dollars. Agriculture, com- merce, and manufactures were in a highly flourish- ing state. 5. In 1832, a bill for re-chartering the United 183 -~ States' Bank passed both houses of Congress, but what i ? was returned by the President, with his objections ; the bin not being repassed bv a majority of two-thirds, the charter- bank ceased to be a national institution on the ex- mg the Bank? 68 piration of its charter, in 1836. During the spring of this year, hostilities were commenced by the Sac hostui- and Fox Indians, on the western frontiers of the ties broke United States, under the celebrated chief, Black out n ' ' this >ear? jj aw jj # Generals Scott and Atkinson were sent against them, and after a harassing warfare they defeated the Indians, drove them beyond the Mis- sissippi, and took Black Hawk prisoner. 6. The most intense excitement prevailed for a Chap. X. NULLIFICATION. 405 time in South Carolina, respecting a tariff bill, im- i@3 2 posing additional duties on foreign goods, which had what is passed Congress-in the summer of 1832. The Cam- the tariff linians declared and boldly maintained, not only in their own State, but through the person of their illus- trious senator, John C. Calhoun, in the halls of .Con- gress, that the act was unconstitutional, and that the duties should never be paid by South Carolina, and that if government persisted in the attempt to enforce the payment, they would withdraw from the United States, and establish an independent gov- ernment. 7. This doctrine of declaring- an act of Congress how was lh;s null and void, was little relished by the majority of jjggpg the na- tion ? the nation, and the proclamation issued by the President was generally popular with all parties, what He declared that the laws must be executed, and procla- mation that any opposition to their execution must be re- j^;.^ pelled, by force, if necessary. ldent? 8. South Carolina still retained her hostile feel- ings, and determined on resistance. It would be impossible to tell what the sad result of this con- troversy might have been, had not Mr. Clay, of what is said of Kentucky, introduced a compromise bill, which the «"■*■ J ' y promise passed both houses of Congress, providing for the blli2 gradual reduction of duties until 1843, when they were to sink to the general level of 20 per cent. In 1833, Jackson was re-elected president, and Martin X h ?e,? s Van Buren was chosen vice president. uTSm" 1 9. In 1833, the President removed from the Bank of the United States the government funds ^ T ] deposited there, and transferred them to certain &efy si . j nni • i i Jackson btate backs. I his measure was strongly censured in i833? public 406 jackson's administration. p ar tiii. Who op- posed this act ? What did Jackson declare ? What law did Congres pass in 13S0? 1833 D y the opponents of the administration, who attri- buted the pecuniary distresses of 1836 and 1837 to the war of the President upon the United States Bank. The President declared, that the bank had become the scourge of the people, and that the dis- tresses of the country were owing to its mismanage- ment. 10. In 1830, Congress passed a law authorizing the President to remove the remaining Indian tribes, inhabiting our southern states, to a territory which should be appropriated to their use. beyond the Mis- sissippi. With the Chickasaws and Choctaws trea ties what were made, by which they exchanged their lands, wire 68 and quietly removed to the country fixed upon, west of the Arkansas. But the Cherokees were loth to leave their cultivated fields and pleasant homes, why which they had surrounded with the luxuries of were the J kqeaun- civilized life. Too many interesting associations leave 8 ° clustered around those running brooks, those hills their 3 . . r-mies? and vales, where they had played in childhood, and where slept the ashes of their fathers. The spirits of the silent dead seemed looking down upon them, and urging them not to desert their graves, and they boldly refused to go. 11. It was the policy of Georgia to make their How did position as unpleasant as possible. They ac- h'.aMhe cordingly extended over their territory the laws of Indians? ^i%u State, and, among other things, declared that Dec. a, no Indian, or descendant of an Indian, residing within the Creek or Cherokee nations of Indians, should be SEP 1 ? f ^ eeme( i a competent witness, or party to any suit, ,'";..:,',; ;J; in any court where a white man was defendant ■fiwi" The Cherokees had been civilized, and possessed a Cliap. X. CHEROKEES AND SEMINOLES. 407 national government, and written laws, and now 1835 they asked, what right have the people of Georgia to exercise jurisdiction over us ? The Supreme Whatda Court of tlie United States had declared these acts prime 11 " • • 1 1 • • t Court de- to be unconstitutional ; yet the decision was disre- cIare ? garded, and when they appealed to the President Jlg^ for protection, he stated that he had no power to in- thKb- terfere with the acts of a sovereign State. 12. In 1835, a few of their chiefs signed a treaty what ' J treaty for the sale of their lands, and a removal west of the g edil] Mississippi. Most of the Cherokees were opposed 1835? to the treaty, but finding resistance would be in vain, they removed without bloodshed. The Sem- whatia inole Indians, however, refused to leave their coun- the.sem- 7 moles } try, declaring that the treaty executed in 1832, at Payne's landing, by which they agreed to re- move, was unfair and treacherous. Gen. Wiley Thompson was sent to Florida, to prepare for the emigration ; but Osceola, their most noted chief, What of said, " They wished to rest in the land of their osceoia? fathers, and their children to sleep by their side," and strongly remonstrated against the proceedings of government. His proud bearing and haughty tones displeased Gen. Thompson, and he ordered the chieftain to be put in irons, and confined in prison. Osceola, in a day or two, affected peni- tence, signed the treaty to remove, and was re- leased — but not to fulfil the treaty, for he had de- termined on a deep and cruel revenge. 13. At this time Gen. Clinch was at Fort Drone, wha. Being in want of supplies, and in great danger situation from the Indians, who surrounded him, Major Dade cli " ch was directed to march, with 117 men, from Fort BLfcf 9 * 10S jackson's administration. Part I1I# 183.5 Brook, at Tampa Bay, to his assistance. He had proceeded about eighty miles on his way, when on the morning- of the 2Sth of December, he was sur- rounded by a band of Indians, and he, with all but four of his men, killed and horribly mangled. u-hato C - 14. On the same day, Gen. Thompson, who was curreii at . . . „ T _. . . . Fort j dming with a convivial party at tort King, within sight of the garrison, was surprised by a discharge of musketry, which killed himself and five of the party. Osceola, at the head of the Indians, rushed in, and himself scalped the man who had dared place fetters on his free limbs, and then retreated, unmoles- cihch en ' te( ^ ky the garrison. Shortly after, Gen. Clinch was aiucked? attacked by the Indians, on the bank of the With- what is lacooche, and met considerable loss. The Seminoles th'i.uii- now commenced ravaging the country, burning the houses, and murdering whole families. Gen. Scott who W as now invested with the chief command, but was succeed- ^ ' siotu"' soon after ordered to the country of the Creeks, and his place filled by Gen. Jessup. wbSafc- 15. In May, the Creeks commenced hostilities, the in- setting fire to houses, and murdering families, de- dians at. ° 7 . rirerT stroying towns, burning steamboats, and ravaging the whole country. The governor of Georgia raised sdd a of s troops, took the field in person, and was joined by creek Gen. Scott on the 30th May. By their combined hostili- J J tl " ? efforts, peace was restored early in the summer. What On the 16th of June, 1836, Arkansas and Michi- |>°uce in gan were admitted into the Union, on equal foot- \w' ing with the original States. At the next presi- dential election, Martin Van Buren, of New York, was chosen president, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, vice president. Chap. X. DEATH OF JACKSON. 409 16. On the expiration of his term of office, Gen. i83« Jackson retired to his farm in Nashville, where he Whatia resided until his death, which occurred June 8th, the'cbs- 1845, in the 78th year of his age. On the morning events of of the day on which he died, he swooned, and, for a sons life? time, was supposed to be dead ; but he soon after revived, and lived until evening. A short time be- fore his death, he took an affectionate leave of his friends and domestics, retaining to the last his senses and intellect unclouded. He expired with the utmost calmness, expressing the highest confi- dence in a happy immortality through the Re- deemer. 17. Perhaps no statesman has ever had warmer What friends or more bitter enemies. All admit, however, £i that he was an able general, and possessed strong de- termination of mind. Future generations, when the rancor of party feeling has subsided, will be enabled to form a more accurate estimate of his merits and demerits, than those who live when the waves of that sea of party strife on which he rode, are still dashing; at their feet. are the osin°r remarks? CHAPTER XL VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1. Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, WhGn 7 and in New York, Dec. 5th, 1782. His parents were Sf£ aD of Dutch descent, and in humble circumstances, bora 1 ? " I vJ VAN uunj^n o ni»iuii\ioiivAi iui\. Par 1 183 7 Martin received his education at the academy of Whatjs his native village, which he attended until the age SSct- of fourteen, when he commenced the study of law ediica- in the office of Francis Sylvester, Esq., in Kinder- lion ? u ' i ; hook. Here he remained until the last year of his professional study, which he spent in the office of William P. Van Ness, in the city of New York. 2. In 1803 he commenced the practice of law in his native village, and was shortly after appointed surrogate of Columbia county. In 1809, on ac- Whaf is ° J ' hWfe of coimt °f tne increase of his business, he removed to Hut"? the city of Hudson. He was elected State Senator in 1812, and in 1815 appointed Attorney-general of the State. Here he had ample opportunity to display the acuteness of his mind, and soon enjoyed the reputation of being one of the first lawyers in the State. what 3. In 1816, on account of his professional busi- honora- ness, he removed to the city of Albany. In 1821 he bie ofn- ' ^ he' ain was elected to the Senate of the United State.-, where he distinguished himself as an eloquent speaker, and a skilful statesman. In 1828 he was elected Governor of New York, but resigned the office in the following year to fill the post of Secre- tary of State, to which he had been appointed by Jackson. In 1831 he was sent as Minister Pleni- potentiary to England. In 1833 he was elected Y -},at v i ce president ; and in 1837, president of the United the spirit States. lit'"" 4. After the public moneys had been removed £,dwhat from the United States Bank to the State banks, the facilities for borrowing on credit were greatly were ihe conse- Chap. XI. COMMERCIAL DISTRESS. 411 increased. The old roads of honest industry were issi abandoned, and fortunes were made in an hour by speculation. Cities were planned in the wilder- ness, on the rocks, and the sea-coast below high water mark ; and building lots sold at immense prices. This unnatural state of things had its cri- sis in 1837. Many having contracted large debts were obliged to fail, and in failing drew others into the vortex with them, until a large portion of the heaviest establishments in the country were com- pletely prostrated. The banks now stopped specie payment, and apprehension pervaded the whole mercantile community. 5. During the months of March and April, the whati* -.,.,. said of failures in the city of New York alone amounted [J^/^ to more than one hundred millions of dollars. Men yIai who had been living in affluence, and supposed themselves worth an independent fortune, retired in comparative ease and comfort at night, and awoke bankrupt and without a home in the morning. The banks where the public moneys were deposited shared the common fate, and the question now arose, how was tha government to meet its expenses, and what should be done with the public purse ? 6. To decide these and other questions, an extra what session of Congress was convened. The President the prea- ° ident recommended a mode for keeping the public funds, called the "sub-treasury scheme," which was re- jected by Congress. Treasury notes were ordered to be issued, and other measures taken to supply how did the wants of government. The pressure in the money market was gradually removed, and on the 13th of August the banks resumed specie payment; recom- mend i'or keeping the 1 1 m. lie fundsl reed. ' What is said of the seiz- ure of Osceola 412 VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. Part m. i8-io but it was a long lime before the country came back to its former prosperous condition. what i ? 7. The war with the Seminole Indians, in Flo- thesem jida, which was supposed to have been brought to * far/ an end, again broke out with renewed fury. The Indians, hid in their swamps and everglades, hunt- ed down our troops and the inhabitants like wild oweoki beasts. In October. Osceola and several principal chiefs, with about seventy warriors, came to the American camp under a flag of truce, and were taken prisoners by order of Gen. Jessup. Osceola pined away, and shortly afterward died. The seizure of an enemy under a flag of truce, which was contrary not only to the usages of civilized, but of savage nations, was severely censured by many ; by others it was justified, from the fact that Osceola was treacherous, and that no treaties could bind him. The war continued, with varied success on the part of our troops, until 1840, when it was brought to a close. what 8. The Sub-treasury bill, which was rejected by PwSL Congress in 1837, was again introduced in 1840, lllls4u ' and passed both houses. The census of 1840 what showed the population of the United States to be was the census of 17,068,666. Gen. William Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames, was elected president, and John Tyler, of Virginia, vice presi- dent. Mr. Van Buren, on leaving the presidential chair, retired to his property at Kinderhook, where he continued to reside until his death, July 24, 1864. IMO ? "What is farther said of Van Bu reti? gfeap. xii. Harrison's early life. 413 1841 CHAPTER III. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM MARCH 4th, 1841, TO APRIL 4th, 1841. 1. William Henry Harrison was born at Berk- what is J said ot ley, on James river, twenty-five miles from Rich- JJ« birth mond, Virginia, in the year 1773. He was the ofHam youngest of three sons of Benjamin Harrison, a de son scendant of the celebrated leader of the same name in the wars of Cromwell. His father was chairman of the committee of the whole house, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted, and was one of the illustrious signers of that act. 2. At the age of seventeen, William Henry left Wh?t Hampden Sydney College, and commenced the K e did study of Medicine. The death of his distinguished Jg t parent, immediately after his arrival in Philadel- did he' phia, in 1791, to prosecute those studies, checked his professional aspirations ; and the note of pre- paration, which was sounding through the country for a campaign against the Indians of the west, decided his destiny. In opposition to the wishes of his guardian, he determined to enter the army, Zi^afa and received an ensign's commission from General the in Washington. In the following year he was select- ed by General Wayne as one of his aids. After the treaty of Grenville, Harrison was left in com- mand of Fort Washington, now Cincinnati. 3. Weary with a garrison life, he resigned his commission, and at the age of twenty-four was ap- 414 Harrison's administration. Partni 1841 pointed Secretary of the North-western Territory. wnatof- I Q 1799 he was elected the first delegate in Con- he*fiiiaf- arress from that extensive resrion now comprising ter leav- o r -5 in? the the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michi- gan. what in- 4. In 1801 Harrison was appointed governor of h»m i to Indiana Territory, a post of great responsibility. A ™£yi he never-slumbering watchfulness was the means lie used in keeping down Indian invasions. During the year 1811, the intrigues of the British agents stirred up the passions of the Indians, and rendered hostilities unavoidable. The events of this cam- paign have already been recorded. The judgment displayed in its prosecution, and the battles of Tip- whatia pecanoe and the Thames, have given Harrison a saw of high rank among heroes. In 1817 he resigned his his "eiec- commission, and retired to his farm at North Bend, tion as ' Sen?* from which he was repeatedly called to represent the people in Congress. 5. In 1824-5 he was elected to the Senate of the United States, and in 1S28 appointed minister to Colombia. On his return to his country, he re- tired to the pursuit of agriculture at North Bend, where he remained until called by the voice of his whatis country, in 1841, to the presidential chair. But his h!s d ad- administration was of short duration, for in one tion? month from the time when the shouts of thousands went up at his inauguration, he was. lying cold in death in the presidential mansion. 6. On Thursday, the 25th of March, he caugh a slight cold from undue exposure, and on the day "ess."iu following was overtaken in a shower, which in- creased the symptoms. Continuing unwell on Satur- Describe the z-M\se of his sick- progress ami his day, he was prevailed on to send for a physician, |$4| who prescribed some medicine. On Sunday, his fever increased, accompanied with general symp- toms of pneumonia. The disease now assumed an alarming character, and seemed, until his death, to bid defiance to the skill of his physicians. 7. On Saturday morning he felt someAvhat bet- ter, and requested the 103d Psalm to be read ; when it was concluded, in the presence of several of his family, he thanked the Lord for his good- ness, and seemed overpowered with deep emotion. At 6 o'clock on the same day, the physicians pro- nounced him beyond their skill. He gradually sunk into a state of stupor, from which he partially re- vived about 9 o'clock. Seeing his cabinet and his nearest friends around his bed — even in that last hour of his earthly existence, the welfare^ of his country lay near his heart, and he faintly uttered, "I wish you to understand the true principles of government. I wish them carried out. I ask no- thing more." His breathings now became more difficult, and about half an hour after midnight on Sunday morning, April 4th, without a struggle, his spirit passed away from earth. 8. He professed to be a Christian, and his friends what is r ' said of" who were acquainted with his life, and knew his -^™ respect and affection for the cause of religion, and clus!ODl his intention in a few days of uniting with the church, entertained no doubt of his sincerity. The nation telt, as they received the news of the death of their President, that God was chastising them for theii sins ; and as they bent beneath the rod, they learned the important lesson, that ; ' God only 416 tyler's administration Pari ni 184 1 * s great." Party spirit was forgotten, and the whole nation mourned together. " Death ! Death in the White House! Ah, nev:r before. Repeat the Trod his skeleton toot on the President's floor ! Hani- He is looked for in hovel, and dreaded in hall — death. The king in his closet keeps hatchment and pall — The youth in his birth-place, the old man at home, Make clean from the door-stone the path to the tomb ; But the lord of this mansion was cradled not here — In a church-yard far off stands his beckoning bier ! He is here as the wave-crest heaves flashing on high As the arrow is stopped by its prize in the sky — The arroAv to earth, and the foam to the shore — Death finds them, when swiftness and sparkles are o'er.'' • CHAPTER III1. TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM APRIL 4TH, 1S41, TO MARCH 4TH, 1845. what is 1. John Tyler was born in Charles city, Vir- the birth nrinia, in 1789. His father, John Tyler, was a dis- ami pa- o 5 7 J 3 BSif tinguished man, and from 1808 to 1811 held the high office of governor of Virginia. Tyler was edu- cated at William and Mary College ; on leaving which, he commenced the study of law in the office his early of his father. At the age of twenty-one, he was elected to the State legislature, and from 1816 to 1821 held a seat as representative in Congress. Here he distinguished himself not only as a work- ing man, but as a bold and fluent debater. In 1825 he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1827 to Chap. XIII. DIFFICULTIES IN RHODE ISLAND. 417 the United States Senate. In 1841 he was elected igu vice president of the United States, but on the death of the lamented Harrison, by the Constitution, the duties of the presidential office devolved on him. 2. Gen. Harrison had called an extra session of what Congress, to consider matters which he believed to some of ° ' the acts be of vital importance to the nation. During its gjfg* session, the sub-treasury bill was repealed, a bank- ofcon- rupt law passed, and two bills chartering a bank gr of the United States were vetoed by the President, whatbiu was ve- As this was one of the favorite measures of the toed whig party, the conduct of the executive caused Hovv him to be denounced bv them in no measured terms. Suef His entire cabinet were indignant at what they con- Regarded? sidered his treachery toward his party, and with but one exception, resigned. In 1842 a dispute ]842 with England, respecting the north-eastern boun- What oc- dary line, was negotiated between Mr. Webster and m^ in Lord Ashburton. 3. In this year, domestic difficulties commenced whatlS in Rhode Island. An attempt was made to setthedfrR cultics aside the ancient charter, which had hitherto been whi(; h ' occurred in force. One party adopted a constitution, and, l ^^ e unauthorized by the laws of the State, elected a legislature, and chose Thomas W. Dorr governor. The law and order p?rty also met, and chose Sam- uel W King governor. Both parties met in 1843 Ma g fc and organized their government. The legally or- ganized party now attempted to put down what they considered a rebellion. The insurgents under Dorr appeared in arms, but were dispersed with but little resistance. The whole State was placed un- der martial law. Dorr tied, but shortly after returo- 27 418 Tyler's administration. Parl III# 1843 ing", was tried for treason, and sentenced to be im- prisoned daring life. In a short time, he was par- doned. In the mean time, a constitution for the State was adopted. what is 4. Texas was formerly a province of Mexico, and Texas; settled principally by emigrants from the U. States. In 1834, her citizens becoming displeased with what they considered the unjust and tyrannical policy of the Mexican government, declared themselves inde- pendent. A long and bloody war followed, which finally ended in the defeat of the Mexicans, and the establishment of a republican form of government in Texas. It had long been the wish of the Tex- treaty ans to be admitted into the Union as a State, when, was sub- mined to in 1845, the President submitted to Congress a Congress ' o Inl845 ' treaty for the annexation of that country to thd United States, whatis 5. The discussion of this question awakened the said of . , , , the dis- most intense excitement, throughout the nation. cussion t . TCci c - hit r ^ ne wn ig party strongly opposed it as a measure eioned? intended, to increase the limits of the slave territory, and to perpetuate in the country what they consid- ered a foul blot on our national escutcheon. They contended, that we had territory enough without Texas, and independent of this, that we had no right to admit her into the Union. The democratic party contended, on the contrary, that we not only had the right, but were in duty bound, under the then existing state of affairs, to form with her a treaty of annexation. They insisted that Texas, as an independent and sovereign State, had full power to enter into any treaty with a foreign gov- ernment. After a long and boisterous discussion in CLap. XiV. EARLY LIFE OF POLK. 419 Senate, the treaty was defeated by a large ma- 1^45 jority. What 6. At the next presidential election, James K. feteof 6 the irea* Polk, of Tennessee, was elected president, and ty? George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, vice president. Jf™ Mr. TVler, at the close of his term of office, retired the C n e c ( xt J ' presi- to his estate in Virginia. He died Jan. 18, 1863. dent ' CHAPTER XIV, POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH, 1845, TO MARCH 4TH, 1849. 1. James K. Polk was the eldest of ten children, what is ' said of and was born in Muhlenberg county, North Caro- Jj£ •jj* Una, on the 2d of November, 1795. His ancestral £3 t k s ? of name, which was Pollock, was gradually abbrevi- ated to Polk. His father was an unpretending farmer, who, by industry, energy, and perseverance, had arisen from poverty to comparative wealth. In r J r What of 1806 he removed to Tennessee. James being of del- |»» ' ifc '<> ° the time icate constitution, his father determined on educat- ef e( £i ing him for commercial pursuits, and went so far Jfreskien- as to place him in a counting-house. But this em- ployment was exceedingly distasteful to him, and he pleaded so hard with his father that he would permit him to alter his course, that he at length consented. 2. On leaving the counting-house, he entered upon a course of studies preparatory to college, and in 1818 graduated at the University of North Caro- 420 folk's administration. Part III. 1845 lina, with the highest honors of the institution. In the following year, he commenced the study of law in the office of Senator Grundy, and in the lat- ter part of 1820, was admitted to the bar. Here he met with great success, and soon became exten- sively known as an eloquent pleader, and a close and logical reasoner. In 1823 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1825 he took his seat as representative in Congress. In 1835 he was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, and re-elected to the same important post in 1837. In 1838 he was elected by a large majority, governor of Tennessee, and in ] 844 president of the J* United States. vvas bl " 3. During the session of Congress in 1845, a bill during passed both houses, instructing the president to en- the ses- ' & r confess ter mt0 a treaty of annexation with Texas. The treaty was concluded the same year, and Texas outrages admitted into the Union as an independent State. had the l Snffre- ^. WAR WITH MEXICO* CAUSES, &C. Almost commit- from the commencement of the Mexican republic, outrages on the persons and property of American the Ameri * Mexico was discovered by Grizaivia, a Spanish navigator, in 1518. On the 2lst of April, 1519, Hernando Cortez, sent out by the Governor of Cuba, landed his force of 617 men where now stands the city of Vera Cruz. Mexico was inhabited by numerous warlike nations, who understood many of the arts of civilized life. In 1521, with his small force, Cortez had con- quered the whole country, and overturned the throne of Monte- zuma. From this time, Mexico was governed by viceroys iron? Spain, until 1822, when Iturbide was proclaimed emperor. From 1810 till 1820 insurrections against the home government prevailed throughout the country. In 1823 Iturbide was ban ished from the country; and in 1824 a constitution was formed simf ir to that of the United Slates. Chap. XIV. RELATIONS WITH MEXICO. 421 citizens have been committed by Mexico, and re- ^4 5 dress, although frequently demanded, has been either refused, or the subject evaded. On the 5th What was con- of April, 1831, a treaty of amity and navigation ciufieu 1111 1 ii- i between was concluded between the republics, yet scarcely the two count nea in 1831 ! had two months passed away, before fresh outrages were perpetrated. 5. In 1837, during the administration of Jack- whatde- son, a messenger was dispatched to Mexico, to wla made by make a final demand for redress. This demand jj***™ was made on the 20th of July. The Mexican gov- ™4t ernment expressed a wish for the continuation of Yepijof friendly feelings, and also promised that the diffi- culties should be settled. These solemn assurances were never fulfilled. 6. On the 11th of August, 1840, a joint commis- ^ n y s sion was organized, the powers of which were to terminate in February, 1842. The claims that ? were allowed by this board, before the commission expired, amounted to two million, twenty-six thou- sand, one hundred and thirty-nine dollars, and sixty-eight cents. The amount of unsettled claims at that time was nine hundred and twenty-eight thousand, six hundred and twenty-seven dollars, and eight cents. 7. On the 30th of January, 1843, a second con- w vention was concluded between the two govern- theVc- ments, which declared that the interest due on the ventSni the com- mission of Au- t, 1840? r hat is awards made in favor of the claimants in the con- vention of 1840, should be paid to them on the 30th ' r Have tha of April, 1843, and the principal, with the interest ^ la - accruing thereon, in five years, in equal instalments Slid? 11 every three months. Notwithstanding the payment 422 polk's administration. Par( ni 1815 of these sums was secured by treaty, yet the claim- Whsl is ants had only received the interest due on the 30th the'.Mex- of April, 1843, and three out of the twenty in- rages> stalments. Mexico thus showed a want of good faith, in the repeated violation of solemn treaties. These outrages were, without doubt, one of the rea- sons for war ; yet we are to look to another quarter for the principal cause. ™he 8. On the 29th of December, 1845, Texas was bSary admitted into the Union. The original boundary tween line between Texas and Mexico was the Nueces, Texas ' ? c n d ? Mex - but on the 19th of December, 1836, a few months Wh en after the establishment of the Texan independence, dafmed her Congress passed an act in which they declared by Texas . . and how? the Rio Grande, from its mouth to its source, to be Mexico* 1 i ts boundary. The Nueces was held to be the boun- riaim? dary line by the Mexicans, and the territory between what the two rivers claimed by that government. Mexi- feL'linsrs J ° foSSEa co had l° n £ manifested hostile feelings toward ILL) nia.ui* o o toward Texas, and had frequently threatened to send troops to reduce to submission what she considered a re- volted province. what 9. On the admission of Texas into the Union, Mas Tar- geted to Gen. Taylor was directed to proceed with a small do? force to some position west of the Nueces, that he did e he might be in readiness to repel any attempt at inva- ion dh dii s * on D y M ex i co - I 11 August, 1845, he encamped at main?" Corpus Christi, on the west side of the Nueces, where what in- he remained six months in perfect quiet, there being f orma- i 1 ? n ow&v- no attempts at invasion by the Mexicans. During Reived, this time our government had been informed, that wasTay- it was the intention of Paredes to assemble a large .or di- > & rejed to ami y on the Rio Grande, for the invasion of Texas, Cliap.XlV. FORT POLK AND FORT BROWN. 423 they therefore directed Taylor to advance, and oc- ±sie cnpy the east bank of the Rio Grande, opposite Mata moras. 10. Taylor commenced his march on the 8th of When March, 1846. On the 20th he reached the Colo- cl he .. mence rado, where he was met by Gen. Mejia with a small gj^ , force, who informed him that if he crossed the river it would be considered a declaration of war, and would be immediately followed by actual hostili- ties. Taylor crossed the river without resistance, and marched to Point Isabel. The inhabitants pro- hf s scn 8 march tc tested against the occupation of any portion of their g^J™ territory by the Americans, set fire to the public buildings, and abandoned the place. Taylor fixed on this point as a depot for provisions ; and hav- ing made preparations for the erection of Fort Polk, moved forward, and reached the Rio Grande opposite Matamoras on the 28th of March. 11. In the mean time, Mr. Slid ell, an agent of Jgfo? the United States, was in Mexico, insisting on Seiif 11 ' being received as a plenipotentiary, while Mexico would only recognize him as a commissioner. Mr. S Udell was finally compelled to withdraw from the country. General Taylor, on arriving before Mata- Taylor ,Q moras, placed his cannon in a position so as to ^f^ command the streets of the city, and shortly after Grande ' erected Fort Brown. 12. These measures, adopted by the president, what is by which our troops crossed the boundary claimed [Je by Mexico, were considered by a large portion of ^ited the people of the United States as impolitic, if not pL-i- 6 unjust; and the occupation of a territory by our troops, which at least was a subject of dispute, was 424 POLKS ADMINISTRATION. Part III. Thorn- ton'' Why did 1846 deemed by many a belligerent act. Gen. Ampndia what did so considered it, and notified the American general d^and to retire beyond the Nueces, within twenty-four do? * hours. On the 24t,h of April, Gen. Arista super- seded Ampndia in command, and communicated to Taylor, that he considered hostilities com- menced. 13. On the 23d of April, Gen. Taylor received intimation that a large body of Mexicans had what is crossed the Rio Grande, and on the following' day said of ' t> J dispatched Gapt. Thornton with a small force to reconoitre ; but in charging the Mexicans, he was captured, and his men either killed or taken TayLr Jm prisoners. On the 29th, information reached Gen. Point is- Taylor that Point Isabel was surrounded by the ahel on J J the 29th? enem y anc i j n danger. Taylor immediately made preparations to go to its relief, and open a commu- nication between the two posts. On the 1st of what or- May, he departed with the main body of the army, he leave? leaving orders to defend the fort to the last, and if surrounded, to fire signal guns. JJJf* 14. On the 3d, the enemy, taking advantage [held / 1 of the absence of Taylor, opened their guns on the fort, and the holy quiet of that Sabbath day was broken by the thunder of cannon. From this time till Saturday, shells and shot were constantly flying over the heads of that devoted band, shut up with- in the intrenchments, with but four hundred rounds of ammunition. At the end of three days, Arista mm* sent a summons to the fort to surrender, declaring mons did . . Ansta that if it was not obeyed m one hour, he would semi to J ' in?] what P ut tne garrison to the sword. A council of war reply? 6 was called, and the question put to the youngest Cliap. XIV. BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 425 first. His short reply, " Defend the fort to the isig death /'' was echoed from lip to lip, and in thirty minutes the guns of the enemy were raining balls on the intrenchments, and that brave garrison coolly prepared for the death-grapple with their foe. 15. Previous to this, signal suns had been fired ; how did Taylor as the heavy reports broke in dull and distant Ji u e / ir ° f J l this con- echoes over Point Isabel, and Taylor stood and lesU listened, he remembered the smallness of the garri- son he had left behind and the number of the ene- Wha tdid he say my, and on the 7th commenced his march, saying, when he 3 oint Isabel? "If I meet the enemy, I will fight them." On the £ 8th, he came in sight of the enemy at Palo Alto,* Mays, drawn up in order of battle, stretching a mile and di.iTe a half across the plain, along the edge of a chap- with the 170 ~ l enemy, paral ; a little in advance, on the left, were the "" e d re how lancers, a thousand strong, while throughout the ^f tu rest of the line were masses of infantry and bat- teries, placed alternately. 16. Our army was immediately formed in order how J J . was our of battle. Gen. Twiggs commanded the right, *™* e f composed of the 3d, 4th, and 5th infantry and u e r ? bat * Ringgold's artillery. Lieut. Churchill commanded the two 18 pounders in the centre, while Col. Bel knap was placed over the left, composed of Dun can's artillery and 8th infantry. The battle com- said 1 menced Ringgold opened his battery on the right gjta-ri with terrible effect, the deadly precision of his guns sweeping down platoons at every discharge. On the left, Duncan poured in his destructive volleys °n'S . , . . . i -i • i ot the in fierce and rapid succession, while in the centre centre? the two 18 pounders shook the field with their * Pronounced Pah-1-o-alto. What ia oi 426 POLKS ADMINISTRATION. Part III 1846 steady fire, as, slowly advancing, they sent death through the Mexican ranks. GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR. 17. The shot of the enemy told on our ranks Z !( severely ; but the soldiers, cool as veterans, kept diL wl ' their position without a murmur. Ringgold, while seated on his horse, received a shot, which pass- ed of ed through his horse, cutting in two the pistols ■"' in his holsters, and tearing away the flesh from hoth his legs, from his knees upward. As he tell, i Chap. XIV. COUNCIL OF WAR. 427 3ome officers gathered around, but he waved them 1340 away, saying, " Leave me alone, you are needed forward." The sun went down on the field of blood ; and as his departing rays struggled for a moment to pierce the cloud that curtained in the whatw * said oi two armies, the firing ceased, and the battle of [Josingoi Palo Alto was over. Our little army encamped on tie* and the loss the field amid their dead and dying companions. °/ de e j thel With 2,300 men, Taylor had beat 6,000, and killed "" and wounded nearly 400, with a loss of only 9 killed and 42 wounded. 18. The weary night wore away. Ringgold lay dying — Page, speechless and faint — and many of our brave men stretched on the field of their fame, wounded or dying, while hundreds of the enemy made the night hideous with their cries and groans. That was an anxious night for the brave Whatia Taylor. He was within a short distance of the ffsitua fort, but far from reinforcements : while the ene- Taylor, and whal did he do? my within reach of help from Matamoras, were resolved to dispute his entiance. In this position lie called a council of war. Only a few were in favor of advancing, while the remainder advised to intrench where they were, or retreat to Point What Isabel. When all had spoken, the brave veteran SedsSn said, " I will be at Fort Brown before night, if 1 live." council' 19, There spoke out the spirit of the true hero, the same that on the heights of Bennington ex- ««"* claimed, as the sword pointed to the enemy moving }j™ted ,„ Tfl vlor's to battle, " Those red coats, men, before night they answer? are ours, or Mary Stark's a widow /" — the same that uttered, in the very blaze of the hotly worked battery at Lundy's Lane, " Til try sir /" — the same, 428 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. that, on the rending decks of the Chesapeake, faintly murmured. " Doiil give up the ship /" It was a noble resolution to save the garrison, or leave his body at the foot of the walls, and right nobly was it carried out. 20. The next day, Taylor recommenced his march, and soon came up with the enemy, occupy- Mow ing- a strong position on the farther side of a ra- was the & , te r Sefend" vme - Eight pieces of artillery, divided into three portions, defended this position — one on the left side May 9. f tn e r oad, one on the right, and another in the centre. Scarcely were our troops in order of bat- what ^e, when the artillery of the enemy opened and «Mi e rained a shower of balls on our ranks and the bat- com- menced? tie of Resaca de la Palma* commenced. Describe ^l* Th e Y03L ^ was swept at every discharge with the bat- grape-shot and balls. On the right, our men, ad vancing through the chapparal, had outflanked the enemy, and were pouring in their well-directed volleys ; while on the left, the incessant flash of musketry, drowned now and then by the roar of cannon and shouts of the men, told how fierce ZTot ? was tne conflict. The battery of Ridgely kept steadily advancing, like a moving volcano, sweep- ing down the enemy at every discharge like grass before the scythe. what is 22. The whole army fought with unparalleled said oi J o r bravery, led on by officers as brave as ever trod a battle field. From the outset, our army steadily advanced on every side, except along the road where the central battery was playing. At length, goaded to madness by the galling fire kept up * Pronounce 1 Ray-sah-cah-day-lay-Pal-mah. Ri cice- ly's bat- tery ? our ar my ? Cfiap XIX. RESACA DE LA PALMA. 429 from those few pieces, and seeing that the whole isie battle rested there, Gen. Taylor ordered Capt. May to charge the battery with his dragoons. His words dKaT were, " You must take it /" May wheeled on his capt. 7 _ J May? steed, and said to his followers, "Men, we must take that battery /" 23. In a moment those eighty-two stern riders were moving in a dark mass along the road, headed Describe by their fearless commander. The next moment charge? the bugle sounded to the charge, and the black and driving mass swept like a thunder-cloud to the shock. A whirlwind of dust marked their career. The attention of the army was directed to this des- perate charge. The muffled tramp could be heard as they broke into a gallop, and rushed forward to the muzzles of the guns. In advance was seen the commanding form of May, as, mounted on his powerful charger, he rode fiercely on, with his hair streaming in the wind, while behind flashed the sabres of his followers. 24. One discharge tore through them, stretching nearly a third of his company and half of his what » horses on the ground ; but when the smoke lifted, May o 1 5 after tha there was still seen the war-horse of May leaping £££?■ the ditch, breastwork and all, his remainingfollowers pressing on, riding down the artillery-men at their pieces, and bursting through the Mexican lines. A wild hurrah went up from the entire army when they saw those fierce dragoons clear the breastwork. The infantry now rushed forward with furious shouts, driving the enemy before them. The battle then Whatof became a rout, and the affrighted Mexicans rolled Sans?' 4 furiously toward the river, to escape to Mata moras. 1846 25. The garrison at Fort Brown had stood and what of listened to the sound of the heavy cannonading of 'I'.nT"' the two days' fight. When the cavalry, plunging H.OWP- wildly over the plain, emerged into view, they mounted the rampart, and under the folds of their flag, that still floated proudly in the breeze, sent up the shout of victory. Three thousand five nun- dred shots had been fired into that single fort, and what yet but two men had been killed. The Mexicans loss on l gt their whole artillery, 2,000 stand of arm, 600 both j j j i sides? mules, together with Gen. Arista's private papers, and Gen. Vega himself, whom May had made prisoner in his charge, and about 250 killed and 600 wounded. The American loss was 39 killed and 82 wounded. Both these battles were fought against a vastly superior force. 26. On the morning of the 17th, Gen. Taylor hav- message ing made preparations to obtain possession of Mat- send°to amoras,* sent to the Mexican genera], demanding iJan Mex " its surrender, together with all the public property in the city, and giving him until three o'clock to decide. In the mean time, a communication was S a the sent tu tne P re ^ ect j wno replied, Taylor could enter reply? whenever h e chose. On the 18th he took posses- sion of the city, and found it deserted by Arista ; and a large number of cannon thrown into wells Gen. Taylor, though in possession of Matamoras, J 101 found it impossible to follow up his success from the want of troops and supplies, and was cora- Why rould Taylor follow up Ills SllC- * Matamoras is situated 28 miles from Point Isabel, six from Palo Alto, and three from Resaca de la Pal ma. It contains a population of 40,000. [See Map.] Cliap.XIV. SIEGE OF MONTEREY. 431 peiled to remain inactive at this post the gi eater part i84« of the summer. In the mean time, a large force Wh0 had been concentrated at Monterey, the capital of mailed New Leon, under the command of Gen. Ampudia. }P™ 8tt 27. On the 7th of September, Gen. Taylor hav- jjj"*- ing received reinforcements, marched from Mata- whai moras ; and on the 19th, with 6,600 troops, en- gent did camped at Walnut Spring, under the walls of Mon- JJfJ " terey,* then strongly fortified by nature and art, and m ' garrisoned by an army of 10,000 men. The nar- theforti ° j j i ^ fications. row streets of the city were barricaded with huge piles of masonry ; while the houses, most of which had but one story, with flat roofs and battle- ments breast high, were fortifications, from which, as well as from their windows, a deadly fire could be poured on an advancing foe. The city was for- tified with thick stone walls, and strengthened by ditches and bastions. 28. To the west, on a steep eminence crowned how u r was the with stones, stood the Bishop's Palace, a fort ^3, forti ' strongly fortified ; on the north, a strong and massive citadel, and on the east three forts, while the river San Juan flowed along the east and south. These defenses were mounted with forty pieces of artillery, and manned by more than 10,000 men. Notwithstanding the strength of the position and the difference in their forces, Tay- lor determined to take the city, and noblv did he what was the succeed. The order of attack was formed in three r u 'f°/ battie * divisions ; the first under Gen. Twiggs, the second * Monterey is a mountain city, about 170 miles from Mata- moras It is the capital of New Leon, and contains 15,000 in- habitants. 432 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. t&ifi under Gen. Worth, and the third under Gen. But- ler. General Woith was to attack the heights, while Gen. Taylor, with the other two divisions, was to favor this movement by a division on the east and north. oesrnhe 29. On the evening of the 21st of September the battle commenced, and raged with great fury for three days. The Bishop's Palace was stormed, and the guns turned upon the Mexicans, and all the strong points in and about the city successively carried. As our army advanced into the city, the fight became terrific. From every door, window, and house-top, a deadly fire was poured upon our troops ; yet still they advanced, fighting hand tc hand, until by night on the 23d the troops of Quit- man and Worth had nearly met each other at the main plaza. sept. 24. 30. On the following morning Gen. Ampudia surrendered the city. The Mexicans were allowed what to retire with their arms. An armistice was conclud- were the Bu r r™ii of ea " on t0 continue eight weeks, or until instructions from government should be received. The Ameri- what can loss was 126 killed and 350 wounded. The loss on Mexican loss was estimated at about 1,000 killed both ' sides? an( j W ounded. This contest, in which a large force strongly fortified was overcome by a smaller, forms a brilliant chapter in the pages of history. struo- m " 31. On the 2d of November, Gen. Taylor received tions did . . , ^ e,, ; instructions from government to terminate the ar- /romlov- mistice. He accordingly notified Ampudia that it ™!f would end on the 13th of November. Santa Anna, paid of tvliita Anna •' formerly President of Mexico, who was a short time before banished from the country, had been recalled, Chap. XIV. SCOTT ARRIVES IN MEXICO. 433 placed at the head of affairs, and Paredes deposed. i8$f Before December, he had succeeded in raising an army of 20,000 men, and concentrating them at San Luis Potosi, which he strongly fortified. 32. In the mean time, Gen. Winfield Scott* had who ' t was the been appointed Commander-in-chief of all the land gamier forces in Mexico, and directed to withdraw from Am8 Gen. Taylor nearly all the regulars under his com- forces in J J o Mexico mand, and proceed south to obtain possession of How did Vera Cruz. Taylor was deeply chagrined at this receive intelligence. The idea of parting with the veteran Ugence ■ /• ii/r ■ J ■ i • i that he warriors of Monterey was painful in the extreme. ™ r ' t st witl . Not only were most of the regular troops withdrawn troops? from him, but Gen. Worth Avas ordered to march Dec at the head of them, from his post at Saltillo, to- ward Yera Cruz; while Taylor was directed to fall back on Monterey, and await the arrival of re- cruits. 33. In February, Taylor had received reinforce- whatra- T . . . inforce- ments. Learning that an attempt was about to be men** made b}^ Santa Anna to possess himself of the line [p e r ive r t of posts between himself and Matamoras, he de- termined to meet the Mexican President. On the he deter- i i -ivT mine to 20tn of r ebruary lie was encamped at Agua JNueva, do? about eighteen miles south of Saltillo, with a force _. . o ' What of 5,000 men. Here he learned that Santa Anna, %£l% at the head of 20,000 men, was twenty miles dis- makf? * Winfield Scott was born June 13th, 1786, in Virginia. In 1808 he became a Captain of Artillery, in 1812 a Lieutenant-Colonel, and in 1814 a Brigadier and Major-General. In 1855 the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-General was conferred upon him. In October, 1861, he was placed upon the retired list. He died on the 29th of May, 1866, at the age of eighty years. 19 434 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III 1847 tant. Tdylor immediately fell back to Buena Vista, seven miles from Saltillo. 34. On the morning of the 22d, the American Xray- troops were drawn up in order of battle, in a posi- scribehis tion of great strength. Taylor thus describes it : " The road at this point becomes a narrow defile, the valley on the right being full of impassable gul- lies, while on the left rugged ridges extended far back to the mountains. The ground was such as nearly to paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy. Capt. Washington's battery was posted to command the road ; another force under Cols. Har- din and Bissel occupied the crests of the ridges on the left and in the rear, and a small force under Cols. Yell and Marshall occupied the left near the base of the mountain, while another body was held Z^vim 35. At eleven o'clock, Taylor received a commu- recelve nication from Santa Anna, telling him that he santa was surrounded by 20,000 men, and that if he Anna? J 7 7 would surrender, he should be treated with con- £j£ e J t e sideration. Taylor declined acceding to this very theofler? courteous request,* and on the following morning * On the 21st considerable firing occurred on the part of the Mexicans, which was not answered by our forces. An officer was dispatched to Taylor from the Mexican lines. He found him sitting on his white horse, with one leg over the pom- mel of the saddle, quietly watching the movements of the enemy. The officer stated that " he had been sent by Santa Anna to in- quire what he was waiting for." Taylor replied, " he was only waiting for Santa Anna to surrender." The officer returned, and shortly after the battery seemed to open on Taylor's posi- tion, but there he sat, indifferent to the perils ot his situation, coolly peering at the enemy through a spy-giass, His officers CHap. XIV. BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 435 the battle of Buena Vista commenced. The sun \sn that day looked on a battle as bravely fought as any in American history. Five thousand troops, nescrib ^ most of whom a few months before were pursuing tie! the quiet walks of civil life, now stood face to face Feb. 23. with 20,000 soldiers, the flower of the Mexican army ; yet that little army never quailed, but with the coolness and firmness of the veterans of a hun- dred fields, poured their volleys with terrible preci- sion into the midst of the advancing foe,* or like a thunderbolt swept them away in the deadly charge. 36. Washington's, Sherman's, and Bragg's bat- teries poured forth an incessant sheet of flame, while the infantry sent showers of leaden hail into the opposing columns. At length darkness closed the contest. The loss on the American what was th« side was 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23 missing. jgg» J» The Mexican loss in killed and wounded was esti- wound mated at 2,000. ed? The next day, the Mexican army retired to San Louis Potosi, leaving behind them hundreds of dead and dying. Among the brave officers who fell jjat on that day, none were more lamented than Capt. offiwrs suggested that old " Whity" was too conspicuous a charger for the commander, but he replied, " that the old fellow had missed the fun at Monterey, and that he should have his share this time." * A body of Mexican infantry had been detached from the main army, and were being cut down with great slaughter. Mr. Crittenden was sent to them to ask them to surrender. He was carried before Santa Anna, who told him if Taylor would sur- render he would be protected. Mr. Crittenden replied — " Gen. Taylor never surrenders" 436 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. 1846 Lincoln. Cols. McKee, Harden, Fell, Davis, «tnd Clay. After this victory, Gen. Taylor remained in garrison at Saltillo and Monterey, in the 37. In following the career of our brave army S" under Gen. Taylor in Mexico, little mention has ha W Mexico, the capital of the Mexican Republic, is situated in the midst of the beautiful vale of Mexico, 252 miles from Vera Cruz. The valley of Mexico, or, as it wns formerly called, the plain of Tciiochtitlan, is 230 miles in circumfer- ence, and elevated 7,000 feet above the level of the ocean. The valley con- tains a number of lakes besides Tezcuco. and is surrounded by small bills except on the south. when are kjrs. The road leading to the city passed along by the side of a hih strongly lortiiif... callea Chmmltepec. On the too of this hill, which was two miles from the city, was the Miliary Hid a stron-' fortification which commanded the road trom I acubaya. I he is over the aqueduct which conveys water to the city. Here, righting ai".ii. the forces of Quitman and Smith marched into the city. Sj- WORTHS / HCXOUMRTEFlkQ Shd:quabters r/TacubajO-. *> / .3 Wlshoas^Pal are. hd:quahters. "tv\- '(/| vs -* "' ,fc *Mjr* lrom arc! lit my were in- treiicheil } Chap. XIV, BATTLES NEAR MEXICO. 445 with regular bastions at the head of a bridge, over isi? which the road passes from San Antonio to the How capital. These intrench men ts were defended by ^ 27,000 men, determined to make a desperate stand, there for if beaten here, their capital would be in the Aands of the enemy. 55. The attack commenced about 1 p. m., and whatia continued for three hours. The firing was one the at- tack? continuous roar, while the combat lasted. At length the enemy fled, closely pressed by our victo- rious squadrons, who followed them within 500 yards of the gates of the city. Our loss in killed 2^ a the and wounded was 1053. The Mexican loss was & °L 500 killed, 100 wounded, and 1100 taken prisoners. What is The battles of Contreras and Churubusco were the these 01 most furious and deadly in the war. After so ties? many victories in one day, our army might have might easily marched into the city ; but Scott, hoping that eas™ the Mexicans would more readily treat for peace done? without this humiliating stroke to their pride, halted his victorious troops. 56. On the 21st, he occupied the Bishop's Pal- What ace at Tacubaya, and on the 22d proposed an b/s'cott* armistice, that the Mexican government might con- sider the proposition of Mr. Trist, the commissioner of the American government, who had accompa- nied him on this mission. The armistice was ac- cepted. By its terms, neither party was to un- dertake any operation, nor receive any reinforce- ments, within thirty leagues of the city of Mexico. The negotiations were unsuccessful, and on the 5th of September Scott discovered that the city w as being foi tilled, in direct violation of the armistice. 446 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III 1847 That, of course, was now at an end ; and prepara- tions were made for an immediate attack on the city. Describe 57. The enemy had strongly intrenched them [teofihe selves at Molino del Rey, or the "King's Mill." Miin Their works consisted of a regular field-work sur- rounding the mill, which was filled with men, and mounted ten pieces of artillery. The attack com- menced on the morning of the 8th, and for two or three hours the slaughter was dreadful. At length, the enemy was driven from the field, with the loss on our side of about 1,000 in killed and wounded. Our force amounted to 3,700, while that of the ene- my was 10,000. of cha- 58. After considerable skirmishing, an attack was made on the 13th on the fortress of Chapultepec, which was considered the key of the Mexican lines. The scene which now presented itself, was one of terrible sublimity. Our shot went crashing through the buildings, and tearing up the intrenchments at the top of the hill. The Mexicans fought des- perately, but they could not withstand the fierce charge of our troops, who soon gained possession of the fortress. Describe 59. Smith's and Quitman's forces now dashed the imo C t h he U P tne roa d leading to the city, in the face of a ter- C1,y ' rifle fire from the enemy's batteries, stationed along the road, until they were silenced. At twenty minutes past one, on the 14th of September, om forces, fighting hand to hand, entered the city of The con- - r . _. . c ^t Mexico, but the contest was not yet over, 101 a terrible fire was poured upon our troops from bat- teries stationed in streets, and from the windowa and housetops, until night. In the mean time. Gen &ere. CJvap. XIV. POSSESSION OF THE CITY. 447 Worth's division had filed round to the left, and en- ig^-j tered the city by the gate of San Cosmo. During the night, Santa Anna evacuated the city, and re- tired to Guadaloupe. 60. The next morning, at daylight, our forces marched into the plaza, in front of the cathedral what occurred and palace ; and at 7 o'clock, p. m., on the 15th of ™ x * e September, 1847, the "Stars and Stripes" floated ™* nins7 in triumph over the capital of the Mexican Repub- lic. Skirmishing continued for two or three days, when all became quiet. Of the 10,000 gallant How - spirits that had welcomed Scott at Puebla, scarcely S££, ps 7,000 were left. The bloody fields of Contreras, eniince ChurubuscOj San Antonio, Molino del Rey, and PuaWai Chapultepec, had laid low 3,000 of our brave army, and filled with grief the hearts of all the rest. A great difficulty under which both Taylor and Scott labored, was the want of a sufficient number of troops to garrison effectually the different places they conquered. 61. The most exciting subject, during the Con gress which closed its session in March, 1847, was JS ng the appropriation of $3,000,000, recommended by SmS" the President, to be employed by him as he pleased, * e co» in securing a peace with Mexico. To this resolu- m7? tion an amendment was offered, called the Wilmot Proviso, which excluded slavery from all territory which might be acquired by the United States in Mexico. After a warm debate, the resolution passed, shorn of the proviso. 62. After our troops had taken possession of the city of Mexico, no important battle took place. A treaty of peace between Mexico and the United 448 Part III. 1848 States was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the two nations, at the city of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 2d, 1848. This treaty was afterward amended by the Congress of the United States, and ratified as amended, by Mexico. The respective ratifications were exchanged at Q,ueretaro, on the 30th day of May, 1848. By the treaty, the bound- ary line between Mexico and the United States commenced in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, and proceeds from thence up the middle of the Rio Grande to the southern boundary of New Mexico ; from thence to its western termination ; thence along its western line until it intersected the river Gila, down that river until it empties into the Rio Colorado, across the Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific ocean. 63. Tims, the United States gained a vast amount of territory, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico westward to the ocean, embracing New Mexico and a large portion of California. The United States paid Mexico fifteen millions of dol- lars, besides exonerating her from all claims from citizens of the United States previous to the treaty. Peace was hailed with joy by all parties. Territory and national glory are dearly purchased at the expense of blood and human life, and the untold miseries which follow in the train of war. The strength and prosperity of a republican gov- ernment depend not so much upon fleets and ar- mies as upon the intelligence of the people. Chap. XIV. ELECTION OF TAYLOR. 449 64. The subject of a government for California and 1848 New Mexico occupied much of the time of the 30th JJSrf 8 Congress, in which the admission of slavery was the c o e n- 0th principal topic. 65. On the 3d of March, an act was passed creating "49. a new executive department, called the Department passed of the Interior. The head of this Department is called Jjj^j the Secretary of the Interior, and forms an additional member of the cabinet. 66. The three candidates for the Presidency in the Who were the What is said of the eleo tion? election of 1848, were Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, Si Lewis Cass of Michigan, and Martin Van Buren of the p^ o i ldency 1 New York. In the political contest, the subject of slavery was strongly agitated. Lewis Cass the nominee of the Democratic party, and Zachary Tay- lor of the Whig party, were supported by their re- spective friends at the South, because it was believed they would uphold southern views, and at the North on grounds entirely different. Martin Van Buren the Free Soil candidate received no electoral vote. The election resulted in the choice of Zachary Taylor for President ; out of two hundred and ninety votes he having received one hundred and sixty-three, m Millard Fillmore of New York was elected Vice- President. 67. This year will long be remembered in History. If we turn our eyes for a moment away from the im- portant events which have transpired in our own country, to the older nations of Europe, we find there ?h£"* revolution succeeding revolution, the people rising in their strength and calling, in loud and indignant tones, for iHose rights which had long been denied them. In France, liberal principles had gradually 29 Who were the success- What is said of Europe 1848 been diffused among the masses. Louis Philippe RevoL an d his ministry, in attempting to interfere too Fmn'ce? strongly with what the people considered their just rights, found they had aroused a spirit which they could not subdue. The Tuilleries was taken by the people, and the King and Queen compelled to flee in disguise to the coast, from whence they sailed to England. The Throne of the Bourbons was over- turned, and a Republican government established in its place. inthe ect 68. The effect of this startling Revolution was Europe? tremendous ; its rebound came back from nearly every capital in Europe. In Germany, Austria, Hungary and Italy, the people roused themselves as from a long sleep, and Europe shook to the battle-cry of millions, who had just learned they were men, and entitled to rights of which they had long been de- frauded. Thrones were overturned, governmfats remodeled, and temporary concessions granted by quaking potentates, who trembled at the storm which was raging around them. We need not say that the people of the United States, strongly sympathizing with every effort for freedom, opened wide their arms to those exiles who, failing in their struggles, were compelled to flee their country. S a o/ 3 69. Mr. Polk, at the close of his presidential term, in« pan retired to his private residence in Nashville." His ai Mr. t - 1 Pgl|' 8 close application to business had undermined his constitution, and a chronic disorder proved at last the cause of his death. He bore his sickness with fortitude, and although he was at that time of life when he might have anticipated years of quiet enjoyment, he met death with serenity and without a murmur. During Chap. XV. DEATH OF POLK. 451 his sickness, he was admitted to the communion of 18t8 the Methodist Episcopal Church. On the 15th of June, 1849, he calmly breathed his last. 70. Mr. Polk's Administration was a most event- Ofeventa ful one. The dispute with Great Britain in 1846, {[£""£ in relation to the Oregon boundary, was peacefully SUE 1 - settled by a treaty of compromise. The annexation of Texas, in 1845, was the principal cause of our subsequent war with Mexico ; by which we obtained nearly 590,000 square miles of territory, a portion of it rich in mines of gold and containing the finest harbors on the Pacific. mistra- CHAPTER XV. ZACHARY TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM MARCH 5TH, 1849, TO JULY 9TH, 1850. 1. A brief epitome of the life of General Taylor what \ a x m " said ol has already been given. When he entered on the tS!«wt duties of the Presidency, he had received but little education in the so-called school of diplomacy. His brilliant victories in Mexico, his previous career in the service of his country, the strong good sense which characterized all of his dispatches and letters, his sterling honesty, firmness and uprightness of purpose, had endeared him to the hearts of the Amer- ican people. His friends looked with hope and con fidence upon his administration, to carry the country through those troubles which were already casting their dark shadows over the land. *t>^ j. ^v i i^vjav t- ajjiuiiMoixvAiiuin. Parti 184 9 2. This year, the United States were visited by nL h il ch£- the Asiatic cholera ; that fearful scourge which, in 1832 and 1834, had marked its pathway through the land with mourning and death. Although less fatal, its victims were numbered by thousands. 3. The first session of the thirty-first Congress was one of the longest and, most exciting ever held, continuing ten months. After a long and stormy contest, Mr. Cobb, the Democratic candidate, was elected speaker. „ 7U , 4. Shortly after the termination of the war with What of */ Mvwy of Mexico, a workman of Capt. Sutter in California, in cfciifw- digging a race, discovered shining particles of gold. On exploring farther, the soil for miles around was found to be full of the precious metal. The news, on reaching the States, spread like wild-fire. Cali- fornia and her untold sums of mineral wealth, were the theme of every tongue. The most intense ex- citement prevailed not only in our own country, but even in Europe and a portion of Asia. Thousands and thousands left their homes, and departed, some by land, some around the cape, and others across the Isthmus, for the land of gold where fortunes were to be made in a few days. The gold was found scat- tered in scales or lumps nearly pure, generally near the surface of the ground, in the vicinity of the Sac- ramento and its tributaries. Many acquired fortunes in a short time ; some returned to their nomes unsuc- cessful in their search ; others, unaccustomed to the hardships they were obliged to endure, sunk to their graves, far away from their friends, and oftentimes breathing their last with the earth for their bed, and the heavens above them their only canopy ; others 2ini^r;i- tiun thuher? riiap. XV. CALIFORNIA. 453 still, either partially or entirely successful determined 1 8t9 on making California their future home. Thus, in a gj,^ 1 }" very short time, the nucleus of a mighty state was formed on the shores of the Pacific. Towns and cities sprung into existence with the rapidity of magic. The harbor of San Francisco, one of the finest in the world, was soon crowded with shipping ; regular lines of steamers communicated, by the way of Panama and Chagres, with the States ; and a commerce was established in a few months, which heretofore, under the most favorable auspices, was the work of years. Gold from California, to the amount of nearly six millions of dollars, had been coined at the United States Mint during 1849, and probably a still larger amount had been sent abroad. 5. On the 31st August, deputies chosen by the people of California assembled at Monterey and formed a constitution, in which slavery was prohib- ited. They also organized themselves into a state government, electing representatives and senators to Congress. Not long after this, the Mormons who had established themselves near the Salt Lake in California, constituting a community of 25,000 souls, formed a constitution, and, like California, asked to be admitted into the Union without going through the usual probation as a territory. 6. At an early day after the assembling of Con- what did / J . ° the Pre.- gress, the President transmitted a special message, ^ re * recommending that California should be admitted meild? with the constitution she had adopted, and that the territories should remain under the military govern- ment established after their conquest, until they were desirous of admission into the Union as States, He, 454 taylor's administration. Part m 1349 however, made no provision for the settlement of the boundary of Texas, which State claimed to include most of the people of New Mexico, and her entire the dis- territory east of the Rio Grande. The first six suasion " treJsT months of this long session were characterized by the most intense excitement, not only in Congress but throughout the country. The admission or non- admission of California into the Union as a State, excluding slavery, at one time bid fair to rend in twain that Union, under which our nation has been prospered in a way unparalleled in the history of the world. Disunion was not only heard at the north and the south, the east and the west, but boldly and threateningly uttered in the Halls of our National Legislature. areued 1 ' 7. In the midst of this excitement, fresh fuel was cite- added to the flame by the announcement that the ment' ^ . people of New Mexico, in consequence of a proclama- tion of the military officer in command, had held a convention and formed a constitution. Texas imme- diately commenced the organization of a force, to march into it and take possession of Santa Fe. 8. At an early day Mr. Clay made a speech to the Senate, insisting that the Territories should be organized under Territorial Governments, and the Texas boundary settled. In the course of the dis- cussion, Mr. Clay waived his preference for separate whatoi action, for a combination, in which the admission of the Om- < 7 nibus? California, the organization of the Territories, and the adjustment of the Texas Boundary, should be in- cluded in one bill. The bill, therefore, received the nickname of the Omnibus. A Committee of thirteen was raised with Mr. Clay at its head, and in due What is said of the death Chap. XV. DEATH OF GENERAL TAYLOR. 455 time, the Omnibus bill was reported* and thencefor- 185 ° ward contested with the tremendous strength, as well w ,f m ^ t is as a portion of the weakness, of the Senate. In the position? Senate, at this time, were gathered some of the most powerful minds that have ever existed in our govern- ment or the world. When so much was at stake, these minds were drawn out in all their strength. 9. While the elements of strife were thus convuls- ing the country, and threatening civil war, Congress and the nation were startled at the intelligence that the venerable President was lying dangerously ill. He grew rapidly worse until the evening of July 9th, when he breathed his last in the Executive Mansion, surrounded by his cabinet and his family. His last words were, " I am willing to die. I have done my fw duty." The good and noble old man, who had moved unharmed through the iron tempest of death which had raged around him on many a battle field, who had been unharmed in the Indian warfare in the ever- glades of Florida and on our Western Frontier ; the Hero of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Buena Vista, now at the nation's capital, is cut down by the scythe of death. His disease began on the fourth in the form-of cholera morbus, but soon passed into a bilious remittent fever. He was buried in the Congressional burial ground, but his remains have since been removed to Kentucky. 10. Thus, for the second time, the hand of death removed from us our Chief Magistrate. Occurring at a time when the nation was heaving like the an- gry waves of the sea, with sectional strife, and the mad cry of disunion was waxing louder and louder, God by this terrific stroke seemed to rebuke man's 456 fillmore's administration. part hi, i?^L2. folly, and for a moment paralyzed the angry spirits of rival factions. CHAPTER XVI, MILLARD FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. FEOM JULY 10TH, 1850, TO MAKCH 4TH, 1853. 1. Mr. Fillmore was born at Summer Hill, Cayu- Mr.pifi- jra County, New York, Jan. 7th, 1800. His father waa early life? a f armer f moderate circumstances. At the age of fifteen, Mr. Fillmore, who had only enjoyed the ad- vantages of an ordinary school education, was sent to learn the trade of a clothier, at which he worked until he was nineteen, when he commenced the study of law in the office of Judge Wood of Cayuga County. In 1828 he commenced the practice of law in Aurora, RLat an( * m 1829 was elected to the Assembly, and re- 'eerf" elected three years in succession. In 1832 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1836. He was re- elected to the next Congress, and distinguished him- self, in a trying crisis, as the Chairman of the Com- mittee of Ways and Means. In 1847 he was elected Controller of the State of New York, and in 1848.. Vice President of the United States. On the death of President Taylor, by a provision in the constitu- tion, the duties of President of the United States de- volved on him. 2. The troubled waters of party strife were onlv calmed for a moment by the death of the President Hardly was he ccld in his grave when the contest again commenced. After various amendments to the Chap. XVI. NEW MEXICO. 457 biil Omnibus had been rejected, the bill was dismembered, * 8SO limb by limb, until nothing remained but the sections organizing Utah as a separate territory, which was wSona passed. The California admission, the New Mexico pmni- 1 ' bus J Territorial, and the Texas Boundary bills all subse- quently passed as independent propositions — the Texas Boundary bill, giving $10,000,000 to Texas wi(h for relinquishing her claim to New Mexico, and also SSSj securing to her a larger and more desirable area Mexicoi than she would have had by the Omnibus bill. H. Two additional bills reported by the Senate's Compromise Committee, were also passed. One abolishes the slave-trade in the District of Colum- bia, and the other provides more summarily and rig- orously for the re-capture and return to their mas- fjjjSJ"* ters of all runaways from slavery who shall take refuse in free States. 4. A bill was also passed at this session, granting a certain amount of government land to every sol- dier who had been engaged in any of our wars. 5. Heretofore the brave sailors who have con- tributed so much to the glory of our country, were liable to be cruelly flogged for even slight misde- meanors. Humane individuals had for a long time endeavored to have the odious and tyrannical practice abolished. At this session their efforts were crowned with success. A law was passed prohibiting it, and it is to be hoped that never again will the backs of free-born Americans be scarred with the lash. During this year the nation was called to mourn the death, not only of its President but also of one of its most distinguished statesmen. Hon. J. O. Calhoun died in Washington on the 31st March. 458 SKETCH OF J. C. CALHOUN. Part IIIt 1850 ' He was born in S. Carolina in 1782, graduated at Yale College, studied law at Litchfield, Conn., and in 1811 was elected to Congress, and strongly advo- cated the war with Great Britain. He was Secre- tary of War from 1817 to 1824, when he was chosen Vice-President and re-elected in 1828, resigned in 1831, and entered the Senate. In 1843, he was ap- pointed Secretary of State by Mr. Tyler, and in 1845 re-elected to the Senate. He was a man of strong mind, unsurpassed in logic and force of diction. During Mr. Fillmore's administration, the nation enjoyed continued prosperity and rapidly increased in wealth and strength. Little more of importance occurred during the administration, except the death of two of America's noblest sons and greatest statesmen, Henry Clay and Daniel WebstePw Mr. Clay was born in Hanover county, Virginia, on the 12th of April, 1777. His parents were poor, and at the age of five, his father died. Young Clay struggled on through his childhood, but he possessed a spirit which poverty could not crush, and no difficulties could daunt. At length, he com- menced the practice of law, and shortly removed to Lexington, Kentucky. Almost from this time, his history was identified with the history of his country. Elected, at an early age, to the United States Senate, and from this time until his death, with but short intermission, filling the high position either of a Senator, Speaker of the House of Rep* resentatives, or Secretary of State, his influence was felt, and he was everywhere acknowledged, as one of the master minds of his country. Cliap. XVI. DEATH OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 459 On the 29th of June, 1852, in the seventy-sixth I££? year of his age, Mr. Clay closed a long and event- ful life. Scarcely had the public demonstrations of mourn- ing for Mr. Clay ceased, before the nation was start- led with the intelligence, that Daniel Webster had retired to his home, at Marshfield, Massachusetts, to die. Here, in the quiet of his home, but a short distance from where the Pilgrim Fathers landed, the soul of Webster passed to its eternal rest. He died on the morning of Sunday, October 24th, 1852, in the seventy-first year of his age. Mr. Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hamp- shire, on the 18th of January, 1782. His parents were in moderate circumstances, and Webster was compelled to rely, in a great measure, on his own exertions in his preparations for the active duties of life. In a very short time after commencing the practice of law, his talents and industry placed him in the front rank of the profession he had chosen. In whatever position of life he was placed, whether at the bar, in the Senate Chamber, or as Secretary of State, in point of intellect, he towered above his compeers, and was ever the firm and faith- ful champion of his country, and a powerful " defender of her Constitution." At the next Presidential election, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was chosen President, and William R. King, of Alabama, Vice President. 460 pierce's administration. Part, it CHAPTER XVII. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1C *, FR0M MARCH 4TH, 1853, TO MARCH 4TH, 1857. ™J ea 1. Franklin Pierce was born in Hillsborough, Z^™ New Hampshire, in 1804. His father, Benjamin i4Tc9 1U Pierce, was a major in the war of the Pevolu- boru? . ' J tion, and afterward held several political offices in New Hampshire. farther 8 2. Franklin Pierce, after leaving Bowdoin hlm? of College, turned his attention to the study of law, and in due time was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession in his native town. Before the end of two years, he Said" was elected to the State Legislature, and, during hofiU! the second year, was elected Speaker of the House. In 1837 he was elected to the United States Senate, but, after five years, resigned, intending to devote himself to his profession. JSkdid 3. During the war in Mexico he served, as inth° e brigadier-general, in Scott's campaign, and was engaged in many of the battles between Veia Cruz and the city of Mexico. At the close of the war he resigned his commission, returned home, and recommenced the practice of law in Concord. was* the 4. He found, on entering the Presidency, the condition C •/ ' unfed nation at peace with the world, respected by thetfmo foreign nations, and enjoying a remarkable de- S"rld g ree °f prosperity. Questions of grave import Sdenoyi had been decided during the previous adniinis* Chap. XVII. RESCUE OF MARTIN XOSZTA. 461 tration, and, for a time at least, the clouds which 1853 * had gathered darkly around our political horizon had been dispelled. 5. In 1853, considerable excitement prevailed 5J£_ respecting an attempt to kidnap, by the Austrian p^anod Government, Martin Koszta, a Hungarian by birth, who took part in the Hungarian Revolution in 1848-49, being at that time an Austrian sub- ject. At the close of that unfortunate struggle, £ e f 8 Koszta, with many others, took refuge in Turkey, and from thence proceeded to the United States. 6. After remaining here one year and eleven months, he returned to Turkey to transact busi- ness of a private nature, and placed himself under the protection of the United States Consul at Smyrna. While waiting for an opportunity to return to the United States, he was seized by a band of ruffians, taken on board the Austrian brig of war Huszar, and placed in irons. The intercession of the United States Consul and Charge were of no avail. 7. Fortunatelv, at this time the United States ™?*® sloop-of-war St. Louis, under command of Cap- J^ do? tain Ingraham, arrived at Smyrna. Captain In- graham, on being made aware of the facts in the case, demanded the release of Koszta, on account of his American nationality, and intimated that he should resort to force if the demand was not complied with by a certain hour. The firm stand S* the taken by Captain Ingraham was sufficient, andwi Koszta was immediately delivered into the hands of the French Consul- General, to await the deci- sion of Austria and the United Slates. In a nd complied ith? 462 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. Part III. .18.54, s h or t time lie was liberated, and ie turned to the JiiUJJ} land of his adoption. This affair showed that ihowl the United States possessed not only the power, but the will, to protect even her adopted citizens, in wnatever land they migh* be cast. Tritty 8. In 1854, a Reciprocity Treaty was negotiated potiated between the United States and the British North in ldo4 ? American Provinces, extending the right of fish- ing, and regulating the commerce and naviga- tion between the two countries, on terms equally advantageous to both. what is 9. In 1853, an expedition was sent out, under the o?m.° f command of Commodore Perry, to open friendly Expedi- an( j commercial relations between the Emperor tion to •*• japau? of j apan anc i t h e United States. This expedi- tion was entirely successful; and the gates of that vast empire, which had been for ages closed, with but one or two exceptions, against the civil- ized nations of the earth, were thrown open to the commerce and friendly intercourse of the West- ern World. On the 31st March, 1854, a treaty was signed at Yeddo, which opened several ports in Japan to our commerce. what is io. The bill of Mr. Douglas of Illinois, known *:ud of ~ 3 mS 1 as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was the most absorb- k.u'wu 3 ins: topic of the first session of the 33d Congress. " the r* • j Nebral~ This bill repealed the Missouri Compromise, de- kaAct? daring it to be inconsistent with the acts of 1850 known as the Compromise measures, threw open the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska to the admission of slavery, and left to the actual settlers to decide whether they should be Free or Slave States. To understand more clearly this Chap. XVII. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 463 matter, it may be necessary to speak more par- 1854, tieularly of the character of the Missouri Com- promise, in connection with Kansas Territory. 11. Kansas Territory, as originally organized, j..^™ 3 embraced the country between 37° and 40° north b0 ^ d? latitude, and from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains, containing 115,000 square miles, or almost as large as the whole of Great Britain. This Territory formed a portion of the vast tract what is J l said of of country ceded to us by France in 1803, and *j££° n * known as the Louisiana Purchase. That purchase chase? also included all the territory west of the Missis- sippi River to the Rocky Mountains, excepting Texas and New Mexico. The cost of this pur- chase was fifteen millions of dollars. 12. In 1818, the Legislature of Missouri Tern- ^^ tory sent a petition to Congress for admission into cu^ed 8 " tt • r» mi i on t ' 10 the Union as a fetate lnen came up the ques-f.pp 1 ^- ■t u tion ot tlon, " Shall she be admitted as a Slave State?" The discussion of this question created the most intense excitement throughout the country, pene- trating to almost every town and village in the land. The entire session passed away without any decision on this important, all-engrossing subject. 13. At the next session, in January, 1820, anow*ai ' J 7 ' the mat- compromise was introduced by Mr. Thomas, of p e r r _ ccm ~ Illinois, providing "that all that territory ceded mised ' by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six de- grees thirty minutes north latitude, excepting Missouri to he ad- mitted into the Uuiou? On what condition was Mis- 4(34 pierce's administration. Part in. iss4* omy such part as is included within the limits of the State contemplated by this Act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited." 14. In this form the bill passed both Hoascs, FonriTd- and Missouri was admitted as a Slave State, with- union? ou t aD y restriction or limitation as to slavery, on condition that slavery should be forever pro- hibited in all territory of the United States north of 36° 30'. 15. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, already referred to, introduced by Mr. Douglas, after a protracted discussion, and the most intense excitement, in which the entire nation participated, passed both Houses of Congress in May, 1854, and was im- lg54 mediately signed by the President. who was 16. A. H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, was ap- appoint- J tr ern?r°of pointed Governor of the new Territory. whTIf- 17. Every effort was now made, both by the fort was J 7 J made by North and the South, to secure the ascendency North 16 in the Territory. Emigrant Aid Societies were and the „ , , . . south? formed, and every encouragement given to induce people to settle in Kansas, what 18. In March, 1855, Governor Reeder issued followed ciama r -°" a proclamation for the election of a Territorial gov. Legislature. From nearly everv district in the Reeder & J " ei'ecSn Territory Pro-slavery men were returned to the gisfa^ e " prospective Legislature. On the 2d of July, the Legislature assembled at Pawnee. In the course What © bythe one of the first week it passed an act removing the tu/e'P" seat of government to the Shawnee Manual Chap. XVII. REMOVAL OF GOVERNOR REEbER. 465 Labour School, and also adopting the laws gene- 1855 - rally of Missouri for the laws of Kansas. The Governor vetoed the bill removing the seat of government, but the Legislature repassed it by a two-thirds vote. Governor Reeder then informed them he should not recognise any further act of theirs, but should consider the Legislature dis- solved. This, however, made no difference, for they continued to legislate without his sanction. Shortly after this, Governor Reeder was removed on what from office by the President, on the charge of Ree<£ v ' speculating in Indian lands. This the Governor remove denied, and insisted upon it that his removal was solely at the instigation of the Pro-slavery party. Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, w T as appointed J^J™? Governor in his place. ImST 19. It will be seen that in Kansas there were what were the two great parties, one, the Pro-slavery party, JJJ*J: insisting that the Territorial Legislature was agrLV™ legally-constituted body, having the right and Kansas ? power to legislate, and whose acts should be valid. These called themselves the law and order party. The other, the Free State party, denied the legality of the Legislature, asserting that it did not represent the actual inhabitants of the Territory, that its members were elected by persons coming over in armed bands from Missouri, who were not, and never intended to be, inhabitants of Kansas, taking possession of the ballot-boxes, and electing a Pro-slavery Le- gislature, when, as they asserted, a majority of the actual settlers were Free State men. They 30 466 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. Part in 1 855. therefore refused to recognise the actions of that Legislature as binding. JJrLie 20. When, therefore, the Legislature appointed pLS an election-day to elect a delegate to Congress, tion-dky? the Free State party refused to recognise the Act, and appointed a day of their own, On the day of election, Mr. Whitfield was elected to Con- gress by the Pro-slavery party, and, on the day appointed by the Free State men, Governor Reeder was elected. what 21. Mr. Whitfield was admitted to a seat in followed? Congress but that seat was contested by Gov- ernor Reeder. A committee was appointed to proceed to Kansas and investigate affairs. A why wa8 majority of this committee, after a most laborious a com- ed G,,v - Ivansas, the most intense excitement prevailed eimjE? throughout the country. In Kansas, numerous murders were committed and many lives lost. The time now was at hand when the people of the United States were to elect a President for the next four years. 23. John C. Fremont, of California, was the* h r ° the nominee of the Republican party, James Ba-SS chanan, of Pennsylvania, of the Democratic JJ^Jf* 1 party, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, of the American party. The great point at issue wasSTtke the admission of slavery in the new Territories, point at ^ issue ? The Republican party, " while they disclaimed any whatdid wish to interfere with slavery in those States where p ^ t lioan it already existed, yet insisted that it should be JUS 1 **™ excluded from those Territories now free." 24. The Democratic Party claimed "that the What did the De : Territories should be thrown open to all, leaving pan™' 10 the question of slavery in the Territory to be decided by the actual inhabitants of the Terri- tory." The American Party occupied ground similar to the Democrats. 25. At the election, Mr. Buchanan was chosen Sen** President. dent?" 26. In the short session of Congress- of 1856 -57, Mr. "Whitfield was admitted as Delegate from Kansas. 468 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION 1857. CHAPTER XVIII. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. FROM M^ARCH 4TH, 1857, TO MARCH 4TH, 1861. what was 1. James Buchanan was born in Franklin the early J!'! r B V u- f county, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1791. Having chanan? , , , . ^ , acquired a handsome competence as a lawyer before he had reached his fortieth year, he aban- doned the active practice of his profession, and entered into public life. He held many high offices; having been successively a member of the House of Representatives and of the Senate, Secretary of State, and Minister to Russia and England. He was seventy years old when he what was became President. Naturally cautious, and even his cluirao- " ' ter? timid, he proved himself insufficient to meet the difficulties which were to arise during his admin- istration. When the troubles arose, his 011I3' policy was to wait, in the hope that they would cease of themselves, or, at all events, that the crisis would not come during his term. whaHssaid ]\j r# Breckinridge, the Vice-President, was fidge k ? m " born near Lexington, Kentucky, January 21, 1821. He was a young man of show} 7 talents, but deficient in all the higher qualities of a patriot and statesman. Having been defeated for President in 1860, he was appointed member of Congress from his native State. Here, even THE DRED SCOTT CASE. 469 after the secession of the South, he so openly isst. advocated the cause of the rebels that he was expelled from that body in December, 1861. He then joined the Confederates, and was made a general in their service. 2. At the opening of Mr. Buchanan's admin- what was J *■ °. the state of istration the country was in a state of great pros- thecount '' ! perity, and there seemed little danger of any serious disturbance. In his inaugural address he congratulated the country that the great ques- tions at issue had been settled, and that the minority had quietly submitted to the decision of the majority. Government had a revenue exceeding its wants, and, in order to diminish this, it had been necessary to reduce the tariff. 3. On the 5th of March the Supreme Court of the United States pronounced its decision in the famous "Dred Scott case," which had for a long time occupied public attention. Dred Scott w r ^™ tl and his wife were slaves, held by Dr. Emerson, a surgeon in the United States army; by whose consent they had for some time resided in the free State of Illinois, and in the territory in which, by the Ordinance of 1787, slavery had been prohibited. In 1838, they, with their chil- dren, were taken to Missouri. They claimed whyaid ' «/ he claim lu« their freedom on the ground that they had been freedom? taken by their master into a free State. The w e h ^ d ;J m| court decided against them, holding that tneSde r ? tde ~ legal condition of a slave in a slave State was not affected by his having temporarily resided 470 Buchanan's administration. 185T. m a free State, but depended solely upon the laws of the State in which he was held. The court also incidentally decided that negroes could not be citizens of the United States ; and, moreover, that so much of the Compromise of 1820 as undertook to give freedom and citizen- ship to negroes in the northern part of the Louisiana purchase was unconstitutional. 4. Troubles broke out in the Territory of Utah, whither the Mormons had taken up their resi- dence after having been driven out of Illinois. Brigham Young, who after the death of Joe theoriS? of Smith had been raised to the head of the Moi- Lut r au? cs mon Church, was appointed by Mr. Fillmore Governor of the Territory, and exercised un- limited power both in civil and religious mat- ters. The population having largely increased, application was made for the admission of Utah as a State into the Union. This was refused, mainly upon the ground of the existence of polygamy among the Mormons. This refusal excited great discontent ; and the Mormons were charged with committing serious outrages upon all persons in the Territory who did not belong to their faith. what was 5. At length, in January, 1857, a party of done by & ' J > ' r J Young? Mormons, under the direction of Young, went to the office of the United States Court, and took away the books and papers, burning them in Great Salt Lake City, saying that if Congress w T ould not admit them into the Union thev TROUBLES IN UTAH. 471 would not allow the officers of the Government 1857. to remain in the Territory. This act was fol- lowed by many other indications of hostility; J e h ^ d ; e d rn . and it was determined that Young should be mentd0 ' removed from his post as Governor, and that a military force should be sent to Utah to main- tain the authority of the Government. Mr. Cum- mings, of Missouri, was appointed Governor, with instructions to see that the laws of the United States were enforced; but to use the military force only when the civil power was inadequate, while no person was to be molested on account of his religious or political opinions. 6. At first it appeared that the Mormons were what was A * the conduct determined to resist; but when Mr. Cummings^ h s e ? Mor - arrived at Great Salt Lake City he was received with respect, and his authority as Governor was recognized. The President thereupon appointed [*° e w a ™* Messrs. Powell and McCulloch as peace commis- settled? sioners. Reaching Salt Lake City in June, 1858, they found the city almost deserted ; but they entered into communications with the principal Mormons, who declared their readiness to sub- mit to the authority of the United States. Go- vernor Cummings thereupon issued a proclama- tion of amnesty, and granting a full pardon for all offences. 7. Although the troubles in Utah were thus 1858. brought to a peaceful close, they had indirectly w ^™_? an unfavorable influence upon the affairs of thefronweA nation ; for they occasioned the removal of 472 Buchanan's administration. 1858. considerable part of our small army to such a distance as to render them unavailable when thev were needed to garrison the forts which were threatened by the Southern seceders. Kifort id 8. The relations of the country with foreign tious r ? ela " powers were, with slight exceptions, wholly ami- cable. Treaties were concluded with Denmark, Persia, Japan, and several of the States of Cen- tral and Southern America. An unsuccessful effort was made to induce Spain to sell the island of Cuba to the United States. The only con- siderable exceptions to these amicable relations were in the case of Paraguay, and a misunder- standing with Great Britain respecting the boundaries on the Pacific. SedttiT 9. During the Administration of Mr. Pierce a t'SiSa- treaty was signed with Paraguay, by which the navigation of the rivers of that country was opened for commercial purposes. The United States steamer Water- Witch was sent to explore the rivers. She was fired upon from a Paraguayan fort, and, redress having been refused, a consider- able naval expedition was fitted out to obtain no W was it satisfaction. Before any hostile action had taken iettled ? J place, General Urquiza, the President of the Argentine Confederation, offered his mediation, which was accepted, and terms of adjustment were agreed upon in January, 1858. whmissaid 10. In running the line, in 1855, between the *f the island ° ' ? fSanJuau? British and American possessions on the Pacific coast, certain islands in Puget's Sound, of which THE KANSAS STRUGGLE. 473 San Juan was the principal, were claimed by 1858. both parties. Americans who had settled there were annoyed by Indians, and a company of troops was sent to protect them ; the commander took possession in the name of the United States ; the British Governor of Vancouver protested, and despatched troops thither. For a time the affair threatened serious consequences; and Gen. J*™]™ Scott was sent by the President in September, Sd? set " 1858, to take command on the Pacific coast. By his wise and conciliatory conduct a collision was avoided, and an agreement entered into by which, until the question of right was decided by nego- tiation, each party should be at liberty to occupy the islands with a small force, to prevent out- rages by the Indians. 11. But, while the country was apparently whatnwr 7 » rl » trouble wa» prosperous, the storm was slowly gathering. The arisin s? struggle respecting Kansas, which had been going on for a long time, w r as now renewed with in- creased violence, and it soon took the shape of a contest respecting the general question of the protection or prohibition of slavery in the Terri- tories. A volume would not be sufficient to narrate the details of the fierce Congressional struggle; we must content ourselves with giving the most important incidents. 12. In June, 1857, an election was held, for when was ' ' the Lecomp. delegates to frame a State Constitution. The KmS? 11 " 1 " Free State men refused to go to the polls ; only 2200 votes were cast, and all the delegates elected submitted to the people? 474 Buchanan's administration. 1858. were pro-slavery. They met in October, 1858, at Lecompton, and drafted a Constitution pro- tecting slavery in the most explicit manner, and containing many other objectionable features. Instead of the question of the adoption or rejec- tion of this Constitution being submitted to the u,?n a vvar s " people, they were only allowed to vote u for the Constitution with slavery," or "for the Constitu- tion without slavery." The Free State party re- fused almost wholly to vote, and the result was the'rosuit 8 ' that ^266 votes were cast "for the Constitution with slavery," and 567 " for the Constitution with- out slavery." In the mean time the Territorial Legislature had passed an act submitting the acceptance or rejection of this Constitution to the h Free d ^ ie P e °pl e I an d the result was that 10,226 votes sute people were cas (- against it, and only 162 in favor of it, — the pro-slavery men refusing to vote. The Le- compton Constitution was submitted to Congress what was by the President, who accompanied it by a spe- 2de h ntf re ~ cial message, February 2, 1858, recommending the admission of Kansas under it. what did 13. After much discussion, a bill was passed, Congress d0? by which Kansas was to be admitted under the Lecompton Constitution, provided that a majority now did the of the people at a new election should vote to people A *■ vutc? accept it either with or without slavery. The vote was taken on the 3d of August, and the what wa« Constitution was rejected by a majority of more the result? J J J J than 10,000, and Kansas remained a Territory. 14. Early in 1859 the Territorial Legislature JOHN BROWN. 475 passed an act convening a new convention to 1859. form a Constitution. This convention met atgo^j-" tue Wyan- Wyandot on the 5th of Jul} 7 , — the Republicans d ;'^; jaati having a majority of two to one. They framed ^™* b waa a Constitution prohibiting slavery, which waspwpi&f*" submitted to the people, who accepted it, and Kansas applied for admission into the Union as a State, early in the session of Congress which began December 2, 1859. The Republicans had now gained the control of the House of Repre- sentatives, and the bill passed by a vote of 134 2^ fc e b ^ the to 73. It is to be noted that all the members of S5H" enta " all parties from the free States, with but three exceptions, voted for the bill; while all the mem- bers from the slave States voted against it. The yhntbjthe © Senate? Senate, however, postponed consideration, and finally adjourned without acting upon the bill. Kansas thus remained a Territory until January, Wh endid " * ' Kansas 1861, when it was admitted into the Union. £*??* 15. During the Administration of Mr. Bu- what new n 01 f t States were chanan, three States, all tree, were admitted : admitted? Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas. 16. The excitement in respect to slavery was greatly enhanced by a singular affair. Among those who had suffered in the Kansas troubles who wa« John were John Brown and his sons. Two of the Brown? sons were murdered, and the remainder of the family imbibed a monomaniacal hatred against slavery. After the pacification of Kansas, Brown, with two of his sons, went to Virginia, where he collected arms and ammunition, and gathered a 476 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 1850. What did he do at Harper's Ferry ? What be- came of Brown ar his baud ? What was thought of his attempt? 1860. What was done in the Democratic Convention at Charles- ton? band of seventeen whites and five negroes. With these, on the night of the 17th of October, 1859, he made a descent upon Harper's Ferry. The arsenal, containing 100,000 stand of arms, was unguarded. Brown took possession of it in the night, and in the morning, when the workmen came to labor, they were one by one secured. They held possession of the arsenal until nearly noon of the next day, when they were attacked by a company of United States marines. Of the twenty-two persons who composed the band, eleven were killed, among whom were the two sons of Brown, two escaped, and the others w T ere captured. Among the prisoners was John Brown, who was wounded. The prisoners were tried, found guilty of murder, treason, and inciting slaves to insurrection, and were executed in a few days. It was thought incredible that so bold an enterprise should have been undertaken by so small a party, and it was at first believed to be a part of an extensive plan to arouse the slaves. It was, however, clearly shown that this was not the case, but that Brown had few or no accomplices except those who joined his band. 17. The excitement on the subject of slavery grew more and more intense in Congress and throughout the country as the time approached for the nomination of candidates for the Presi- dency at the next election. The Democratic Convention met at Charleston, South Carolina, on the 23d of April, 1860. After a stormy ses- POLITICAL CONVENTIONS OF 1860. 477 Bon of ten days, the majority of the Southern i860. members withdrew when the Northern delegates declined to adopt a platform recognizing the fullest right of slave-holders to carry their slaves into the Territories. The remaining members proceeded to ballot for candidate for the Presi- dency, having first passed a resolution that two- thirds of the votes of the full Convention should be necessary for a choice. As there were in a full Convention 303 votes, 202 were requisite. Mr. Douglas was the leading candidate, but his highest vote was 152; next was Mr. Guthrie, whose highest vote was 66. After forty-seven ballots, finding no possibility of a choice, the Convention adjourned, to meet at Baltimore, June 18. 18. In the mean time, a Convention composed what ™^ mainly of the American party met at Baltimore, ^ion? 11 " May 9, and nominated John Bell for President, and Edward Everett for Vice-President. This Convention declared that it recognized "no poli- tical principle other than the Constitution and the country, the union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws." . 19. The Republican Convention met at Chi- w e h Jf ™ 8 rra cago on the 16th of May. It adopted a platform £«£££?" recognizing the right of every State to regulate its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively; denying that the Constitution carried slavery into any of the Ter- ritories, and denying the right of Congress, of a 478 Buchanan's administration. i860. Territorial Legislature, or of individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of tbe United States. wto were 20. The leading Republican candidates for the the leading © I candidates? Presidency were Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and William H. Seward, of lew York. There being 465 members, 233 votes were necessary for a choice. On the first ballot Mr. Seward received 173, and Mr. Lincoln 102; on the second ballot Mr. Seward had 184, and Mr. Lincoln 181. On the third ballot Mr. Seward received 180, and Mr. Lincoln 231; but, before the result was an- nounced, many members changed their votes in favor of Mr. Lincoln, — so that 354 votes were who were announced for him, and he was duly nominated. nominated? _ ' " Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was nominated for Vice-President. what was 21. The Democratic Convention re-assembled done at the ?oTv e c n r t a iou at Baltimore on the 18th of June. A dispute more 1 ? " arose respecting the admission of delegates from the States which had withdrawn at the Conven- tion in Charleston, and a large number of South- ern delegates seceded from the Convention. On the first ballot Mr. Douglas received 173 votes, being all but 15 that were cast. On the second ballot he received 181, whereupon it was resolved who were that he should be considered nominated, although nominated ? he lacked 21 votes of having two-thirds of the number of a full Convention. Mr. Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, was nominated for Vice-President, but he declined, and Herschell V. Johnson, of SLAVERY QUESTION. 479 Georgia, was put in nomination. The platform i860. adopted by the Convention re-affirmed the Demo- JJ*}^ cratic platform of 1856, and pledged the party to form? submit to the decision of the Supreme Court upon the question of slavery in the Territories. Mr. Douglas, however, had, not long before, put forth an elaborate argument to show that every Territory, as well as every State, possessed the right to decide for itself the question of slavery. 22. The members who had seceded formed what did the seoedon themselves into a Convention, and nominated d0? John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Presi- dent, and Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice- President. 23. The question of slavery in the Territories what ™s x . ° tlio question was the absorbing one upon which the election oftheda ^ of 1860 was to turn : though it constituted only a single plank in the platform, every one felt that it was the essential one, and that upon it the issue was to be made. 24. The Republicans distinctly disavowed any what ^ere 1 j j the prin _ right or wish to interfere with slavery in the f[P 1 n B h j£ fl * States where it exists. But they held that it was cans? a purely local institution, established by State laws, and not by the Constitution of the United States, and that it could not, therefore, claim protection from the General Government, and could, therefore, have no legal existence in the Territories. Mr. Lincoln, who belonged to the moderate portion of his party, had expressly what had declared, moreover, that, while Congress had the said( 480 Buchanan's aDxMinistration. i860, power to abolish slavery in the District of Colum- bia, he was not in favor of this being done with- out the consent of the masters. He, moreover, considered that any Territory with proper quali- fications should be admitted into the Union with the Constitution which it might adopt, whether it admitted or prohibited slavery. But he held, also, that slavery could only be legally established in a Territory when it should become a State and be admitted as such into the Union. Before that time it was under the control of Congress; and, as that body had no power to establish slavery, it could not grant it to a Territory. SJjosTtfon 25. The Northern Democrats agreed with the ornDemJl 1 " Republicans as far as the jurisdiction of a State orats? L . ... over the subject of slavery within tis own limits was concerned ; but they held that the people of each Territory had the same right to regulate their domestic institutions. As it was admitted that the people of all the Territories were op- posed to slavery, the success of this party would practically prevent slavery from extending be- yond its present limits. s^tL°r f n the 26. The extreme Southern Democrats, on the Democrats? ^ er j-^^ maintained that the Territories of the United States belonged to all the States in common, — that every citizen had a right to go into them with all his property, — and that slaves being property as much as horses or cattle, their owners had a right to demand the recognition and protection of their property in slaves in the PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 481 Territories. They withdrew from the Conven- i860. tion at Charleston because that body would not assume this ground. 27. The Constitutional Union party, as those what of tha r J ' Bell and who nominated Messrs. Bell and Everett styled Jj r e t yf themselves, endeavored to ignore the absorbing question altogether, and went into the contest claiming the Constitution as their only platform, and the maintenance of the Union and the en- forcement of the laws as their sole objects. 28. The Republicans bein^ firmly united, and wl \ a H ssaid ± o J of the fusion their opponents divided, the election of Mr. Lin- ticketf coin was considered as almost inevitable, although in some States an attempt was made to unite all the opponents of the Republicans upon a com- mon or "fusion" ticket, with the understanding that if successful the electoral vote should be cast so as to defeat Mr. Lincoln if possible. None of these union tickets, however, succeeded. 29. The election took place on Tuesday, No- what™ r J ' the result of member 6. The polls closed at sunset, and before the election * midnight the telegraph brought the tidings with sufficient accuracy to render the result certain. In a -short time it was definitely known that, of the 183 electoral votes of the free States, Mr. Lincoln had received all, except 3 from New Jer- sey. These were cast for Mr. Douglas, who also what was J ~ ' the elec- received the 9 votes of Missouri, giving him kut toralvote? 12. Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee cast their 39 votes for Mr. Bell. The other slave States gave their votes, 72 in number, for Mr. ol 482 Buchanan's administration. i860. Breckinridge. The number of electoral votes <-> being. 303, 152 were necessary for a choice. Mr. Lincoln, having received 180, was chosen. S'JfoJuar 30. The electoral vote presents a very imper- fect indication of the votes actually cast by the people for the several candidates. The entire vote was about 4,660,000. Of these Mr. Lincoln received 1,857,000 ; and, distributing the votes cast on fusion tickets among the other candi- dates, according to the best data, there were cast for Mr. Douglas something more than 1,350,000, and for Bell and Breckinridge about 725,000. Each electoral vote cast for Lincoln thus repre- sented about 11,000 votes ; each for Bell, 18,000; each for Breckinridge, about 10,000. 31. When the result of the election was known, the excitement at the South was intense, and the sentiment in favor of secession became predomi- what was nant. The Legislature of South Carolina called done in ° ^ hCaro ' a Convention to consider the question. It met on the 17th of December, and three days after, by a unanimous vote, passed an ordinance de- claring that the " union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the^iame of the United States of America, is hereby dis- solved." The Convention put forth a long list of grievances, mainly relating to the subject of slavery. This movement of South Carolina was JJSf* speedily followed by other States: Mississippi :S? at3S seceding January 9, 1861; Florida, January 10; CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE. 483 Alabama, January 11; Georgia, January 19 ; i860. Louisiana, January 26; Texas, February 1. 32. Congress convened on the 3d of Decem- ber. Mr. Buchanan's message was mainly de- voted to the secession movement. He re com- what did Mr. Bu- mended that the Constitution should be amended po S a e T pr(> so as to recognize the right of property in slaves in all States where it exists or shall be esta- blished ; to protect this right in all the Territo- I ries while they continue such, and until they be admitted into the Union as States, with or with- out slavery, as their Constitutions shall pre- ; scribe ; to uphold the fugitive slave law, and declare all State laws impairing it to be void. This message was, in the Senate, referred to a what was ° ' • done in ; committee of thirteen, embracing the leading Cunsreas/ \ members of all parties. This committee reported, December 31, that they could not agree upon any plan of adjustment. 33. In the mean time, Mr. Crittenden, of Ken- what was ' Mr. Crittea* ■ tucky, proposed, December 19, in the House of JrSillT" .Representatives, a plan of compromise. This plan restored the Missouri Compromise, prohi- biting slavery north of 36° 30', permitting it south of that line; admitted new States, with or without slavery; prohibited Congress from abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia while it existed in Virginia or Maryland ; allowed the free transportation of slaves through any State ; provided for the payment for fugitive slaves who should be rescued after arrest; and "What is said of tlio Peace Congress ? 484 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. i860, asked the States which had passed "Personal Liberty Bills" to repeal them. All these provi- sions to be submitted, as amendments of the Constitution, to the people, and, if adopted, to be unalterable. This plan of compromise was taUSitt rejected by the House. 1861. 34. The State of Virginia now requested the pother States to appoiut commissioners to meet in a "Peace Congress" to adjust the difficulties. Members were appointed from most of the loyal States, — none appearing from those which had seceded. The Convention met at Washington, February 4. Ex-President John Tyler was elected chairman. They framed a plan embracing the main provisions of the Crittenden compromise, i besides forbidding any future acquisition of ter- ritory without the vote of a majority of the Sena- tors from both the free and the slave States, and prohibiting the foreign slave-trade. This plan did was presented to the House of Representatives MB do! *- r and rejected. But a resolution was passed, by a vote of 133 to 6b, proposing an amendment to the Constitution, providing that no amendment to the Constitution should be made abolishing slavery in any State where it may exist by law. matww 35. The forts, arsenals, and other public pro- «r.f»A with / / J- ■*■ perty in the seceding States were seized by the insurgents, with the exception of Forts Pickens, near Pensacola, Florida, which was held by Lieut. Slemmer, ar"} Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by Major Anderson. The latter officer, having ior.e with tiie forts ? CxVBINET TROUBLES. 485 ) reason to apprehend that Fort Moultrie, where i86i. ■ he was stationed, would be attacked by a force JJJJ^J. which his small body of troops could not resist, dersoudo? had withdrawn, on Christmas night, to Fort : Sumter, a fortress more capable of defence. Fort Moultrie was at once seized, and strong batteries I were thrown up bearing upon Sumter, which was closely invested. 36. The question of the reinforcement of these where wag x our army f ■ forts was warmly debated in the Cabinet. This I was no easy task. Our army numbered in all f but 16,000 men at the breaking out of the . troubles, and was widely dispersed : only four . or five companies were available now. In Texas ! General Twiggs surrendered all the men under ■ his command, with an immense amount of stores why did Mr. Caas i and ammunition. Mr. Buchanan wavered where wiSd 1 he should have acted. Mr. Cass, the Secretary chlnaador ; of State, resigned, because the President delayed J to act. At length he decided to attempt to rein- ! force Fort Sumter. There was not a single war- 1 steamer ready for service on the home station. 1 An unarmed steamer was sent; but, on approach- ing the harbor, she was fired upon by the bat- teries, January 9, and forced to return. '< 37. Mr. Buchanan had been unfortunate in the whati* sa id . of Mr. Bu- • selection of a portion of his Cabinet. Mr. Cobb, caEt* ' Secretary of the Treasury, had resigned his post, and returned to Georgia, where he took an active ^art in favor of secession. A sum of $870,000, belonging to the Indian Trust Fund, was stolen 486 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. i86i. from the Department of the Interior by a clerk named Bailey,under circumstances which strongly implicated Mr. Floyd, Secretary of War, as an Ks^neT access ory- The President ordered him to resign and why? - m C(m sequence. He sent in his resignation; but, although he had himself ordered Major Anderson to remove from Moultrie to Sumter, he impudently based his resignation on the ground that the President refused to order An- whatiseaidderson to return to Fort Moultrie. He fled to of Mr. Fioydr Virginia, — boasted that he had, while in oflice, aided the secession movement by dispersing our army and sending large quantities of arms and ammunition to the South, where they could be easily seized. He was subsequently appointed a brigadier-general in the Confederate army. SompLn? - Mr. Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, also resigned. While acting as a member of the Cabinet of the United States, he had received and acted upon a commission from the revolu- tionary government of his State of Mississippi. The place of these traitors was supplied by loyal men. But the term of the Administration was now so short that the new Cabinet could do little, and Mr. Buchanan still clung to the hope, though State after State was seceding, that the difficulty what was mi^ht be settled without actual hostility. The Mr. Bu- ° ehanan'B utmost that he could be induced to do was to course ( refuse the demand of certain commissioner?, delegated by the Governor of South Carolina, that Major Anderson should be ordered to eva- CONFEDERATE CONSTITUTION. 487 cuate Fort Sumter, and, when they sent him an 1861. insulting letter, to refuse to receive it. 38. On the 4th of February a Congress of dele- ^^L gates from the seven States which had now congress? seceded met at Montgomery, Alabama, and adopted a provisional Constitution, electing Jef- ferson Davis as President, and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice-President. This Constitution was on the 11th of March superseded by a perma- nent Constitution, which in most respects was what is said ' x of the Con identical with that of the United States. The Sl e n ?°* main points of difference were that the doctrine of State sovereignty, and by implication the right of any State to secede, were recognized ; that the President was chosen for six years, and could not be re-elected ; and that no law could be passed impairing the rights of property in negro slaves ; and slavery was to be recognized and protected in all territory which might thereafter be acquired by the Confederacy. 39. Mr. Buchanan's administration closed on thewhatfeara ■were enter- 4th of March, 1861. Fears were entertained by tained? many that an attempt at insurrection would be made during the inauguration of the President elect, and to guard against this an ample military force had been provided, upon the advice of Gene- ral Scott. 40. Mr. Lincoln left his residence at Spring- field, Illinois, on the 11th of February, for Wash- ington, proceeding by the way of Cincinnati, Howdia New York, and Baltimore. He reached Harris- w ^ ing . burg, Pennsylvania, on the 22d. Here he learned oa 488 Lincoln's administration. 1861. that there was a plot to assassinate him on his passage through Baltimore. He then changed the proposed time for departure, hurried through Balti- more in disguise, and reached Washington the next day. CHAPTER XIX. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. FROM MARCH 4TH TO DECEMBER, 1861. What was the state of public 1. When Mr. Lincoln assumed the Presidency option at on the 4th of March, 1861, public opinion was this time? x * divided, North and South, as to the best way to restore harmony to the country. Many prominent men at the North publicly approved the course of the Southern States in seceding, and not a few even among the Republicans thought peaceable separation would be better than civil war. what course 2. The President, in his inaugural address, laid didthePreai- o mu.^upon? down clearly the policy he designed to pursue : he disclaimed any intention to interfere with the insti- tution of slavery in States where it was already established, and acknowledged the validity of the Fugitive Slave Law, and the duty of the govern- ment to enforce it in good faith. He declared that no State could of its own accord go out of the Union, and that it would be his duty, so far as the people gave him the means, to preserve the Constitution and the Union unbroken. 3. The army at this time numbered about 14,000 MEASURES OF THE GOVERNMENT. 489 How wag the army situ- ated? men, but they had been distributed in distant parts 1861 of the country, while the navy was scattered in other parts of the world, beyond the reach of orders. Officers both of the army and of the navy were resigning daily, while many others remained solely for the purpose of embarrassing the adminis- tration. The civil offices in the Southern States were filled by disaffected persons, and no loyal men could be found willing to take their places even if the government had possessed the power to re- move them. 4. From the moment of the organization of the how did the O Confederates Confederate government, the leaders had been work- actv ing with great energy. The Congress passed reve- nue bills, and authorized a loan of $150,000,000 secured by a tax upon exported cotton. Forts and arsenals were seized and garrisoned ; and when the capital was removed from Montgomery to Richmond, troops were at once hurried to that State to protect the capital. 5. On the 9th of April the Southern commis- Howdid * e i government sioners at Washington were informed that the fed government could not recognize them in an official capacity ; and on the 13th a delegation from the Virginia convention then in session waited on the President to learn his intentions. He informed ]U t ^. them that he designed to retain possession of such fiSTi 1 ° x legation? property and military posts as were in the hands of the government on the 4th of March; that if, as now appeared probable, an assault had been made upon Fort Sumter, he should hold himself at liberty to repossess it, if he could, as well as all government treat the Con- federate Commission- ers? 490 Lincoln's administration. 1861. like places which had been seized previously, and that, in any event, he should repel force by force. p^i.us' 6. In the mean time, measures had been taken to made? en place the country in a defensive condition. The few vessels within reach of the government were hurriedly fitted for service, and in the various arse- nals an increased force of workmen was employed. About the 7th of April an expedition sailed for the purpose of reinforcing Forts Pickens and Sumter, — the only forts within the limits of the seceding States at that time in the hands of the government. On the 8th, General Beauregard, commanding the Confederates at Charleston, was notified that an attempt would be made to provision Fort Sumter. This information having been communicated to the Confederates, he was ordered to reduce the fort, when .ud the 7. The attack commenced at half-past four on attack mi A Takepiac u e7 the morning of the 12th of April, and continued without cessation for thirty-four hours, when Major equaled 8 ?* Anderson was compelled to surrender. The evacu- ation took place on the 15th. The garrison, con- sisting of seventy persons, was permitted to salute the flag as it was lowered, and to march out with colors flying. Major Anderson was conveyed to New York by a government vessel, and at once proceeded to Washington. He was everywhere greeted with the wildest enthusiasm. whatciitect 8. The attack on Fort Sumter aroused intense . did tins event whaVdid the feeling in the North. The President at once issued President ~ , d0? a call for i 5,000 men to assist in reoccupymg the forts which had been wrested from the government. The Confederates treated this as a declaration of RIOT IN BALTIMORE. 491 war, and began to move troops towards Viiginia, 1861 » with the purpose of seizing upon Washington and JjJsyjJJJS inducing all of the border States to join with them. d0? But before they could arrive, the capital was too strongly guarded for them to have any hope of success. 9. The first troops advancing for the defence of what took 1 O place April Washington were regiments from Pennsylvania 197 and Massachusetts. A portion of these, when passing through Baltimore, were attacked by a mob, and several lives were lost on both sides. This encounter, in which the first blood in the civil war was shed, took place on the 19th of April, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, fought just eighty-six years before. During the night of April 20, the bridges along the Philadelphia and Balti- more Railroad were partially destroyed, in order to prevent the passage of troops for the defence of Washington. 10. Further additions were soon made to the list what was done in Vir- of the seceding States. On the 17th of April, ginia? the Convention of Virginia passed, in secret ses- sion, an ordinance of secession, to take effect if ratified by the people at an election appointed to be held early in May ; but, in anticipation of its adoption, the military force of the State was placed under the control of the Confederate Government. The northwestern part of Virginia, embracing what in a r ° ' to part of tho about a quarter of the State, refused to be bound State? by the act of the Convention, and in effect seceded from the State. A new Convention was called, and a new government organized under the name of 192 Lincoln's administration. ^si. West Virginia. On the 81st of December, 1862, the Representatives of the new State were formally admitted to the United States Congress.* A loyal government was also established over several coun- ties of Eastern Virginia, the legislature meeting at Alexandria until after the fall of Richmond, when the seat of government was removed to that city. 11. The State authorities of Virginia did not wait for the formal vote of the people before pro- ceeding to actual hostilities against the Union. a^faTHar- O n tne 18 th of April they took possession of the 7 arsenal at Harper's Ferry, where they secured a large amount of arms and ammunition. The navy- yard and arsenal at Norfolk were the largest in the United States. Here were several of the finest vessels belonging to the United States, undergoing what at repairs. An attack was threatened upon this navy- Norfolk? r . yard, and the officers in command abandoned it, after setting fire to or scuttling all the vessels there, except one — the Cumberland — -which was got off. The Virginians took possession of the place, and secured with it more than 2000 cannon, besides a large amount of ammunition. what is said 12. Anions: the vessels sunk at Norfolk was the of the Mer- o rimac? Merrimac, one of the finest steamers of our navy. She was, however, only slightly injured, and was raised by the Confederates ; her upper works were cat down, and the vessel plated with iron and con- verted into a formidable engine of war. when did 13 # The progress of secession still went on. Arkansas r o Carolina 11 Arkansas seceded on the 6th of May, and North Carolina on the 21st of the same month. In ACTION OF THE STATES. 493 Tennessee, where there was a strong Union feeling 1 Q^ 1 » _ in the eastern part of the State, the course adopted Whatwa3 was similar to that in Virginia. An ordinance of TeuueLe? secession from the Union and of accession to the Confederacy was passed in May, and submitted to the people on the 8th of June. The vote, as offi- cially announced, was 105,000 for separation, and 47,000 against it. 14. Thus, in three months after the close of Mr. what states ' had seceded? Buchanan's Administration, eleven of the thirty- four States of the Union, with about one-fifth of the free or nearly one-third of the total population, had seceded, and set up as a new government. Monteomerv, Alabama, had hitherto been the capi- where™ ° •> 7 ' A the new capi- tal of the Confederacy ; but on the 17th of May Sn iL£5*e the Congress adjourned to meet at Richmond, Vir- ginia. 15. In Missouri the Convention was controlled ™^^ s . by Union men, and on the 30th of July it vacated soun7 the offices of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, and ordered a new election. Hamilton R. Gamble was appointed temporary Governor. 16. The Governor of Kentucky endeavored to in Kentucky? remain neutral, and on this ground he declined to furnish troops in obedience to the President's call, and a commissioner was sent to Washington to de- mand the withdrawal of troops already organized in the State. This the President declined to do, and his course was sustained by the legislature and people of the State. 17. Immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter what pro- «/ clamation the blockade of the Southern ports was proclaimed. wasiS8Ue4? Who con- ducted the blockade- runuiug business? When did the army invade Vir ■What oc- curred in West Vir- 494 Lincoln's adminisi ration. 1861 » This measure was imperfectly carried out at first, but gradually became more perfect, until long before the close of the war but one port on the Southern coast could be entered by a blockade- runner. The business of blockade-running was mainly in the hands of British merchants ; and the town of Nassau, in one of the British West India Islands, became an important place of rendezvous for the small steamers engaged in the illegal traffic. 18. On the 24th of May the first troops advanced into Virginia. Alexandria was taken possession of, and a detachment sent out to examine the railroad towards Manassas Junction. Two days later, two giuil? vir " regiments of Ohio troops entered West Virginia and occupied Clarksburg. A rebel camp had been established at Grafton, and rebel troops were pre- paring to take possession of or destroy the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad. The rebels fell back to £efi r r e sfen- Philippi? and here, on the 3d of June, the first en- gagement in Virginia took place. The battle of Rich Mountain was fought July 11, and resulted in a brilliant victory for the Union troops. Several other engagements occurred favorable to the Union arms ; and on the 14th of July the last rebel force in West Virginia was defeated at Carrick's Ford, and their commander, General Garnett, killed. what, or the 19. A considerable force had been collected at battle of Bettei? Fortress Monroe, and on the 9th of June three regiments started on a reconnoissance up the Penin- sula towards Yorktown. On the following day they suddenly came upon a rebel battery at Big Bethel. An attempt to storm the works failed, the first en^ gagement occur? What other important actions took place ? BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 495 and our forces were compelled to withdraw, with ^ci. the loss of 16 killed and 57 wounded. 20. The main force of the rebels was now con- where was the chief centrated at Manassas Junction, 27 miles west of Rioted ? Washington, under command of General Beaure- gard. The Union army commenced moving upon when did ° J or the Union this position on the 7th of July, the main body vance a ? d " from Washington, under General McDowell, and another force from the direction of Harper's Ferry, under General Patterson. General McDowell reached Centreville on the 19th. On the 21st the what of the battle of battle of Bull Run was fought. During the morn- BullRun? ing the Union army was everywhere successful, but at three o'clock the rebels were reinforced by the arrival of General Johnston, and the Union army, exhausted by the struggle and outnumbered, was compelled to fall back. Soon the retreat became a rout, and the whole army fell back to Washington, completely disorganized. This event caused a momentary despondency through the North, but a reaction ensued, and new regiments were rapidly organized in obedience to the call of the President. 21. Immediately after this battle, General Mc-who ^ callei Clellan was called to the command of the Army of SJK the Potomac, and at once commenced the work of reorganization. No further movements of import- ance were undertaken during the year. The rebel gSSSJft army remained at Centreville and Manassas, and Access •/ ieir for some time their advance could be seen from the dome of the Capitol. 22. A disaster occurred on the 9th of October at what or «« battle at Ball's Bluff, on the Potomac. A portion of the BaUs Bluff? What was the result ? What effect had this dis- aster on the was called to the com- ? 49G Lincoln's administration. 1861 « army, under General Stone, crossed the Potomac to reconnoitre in the direction of Leesburg. They were met by a greatly superior force, and, after fighting all day, were overpowered, and retreated to the river. There were no sufficient means of cross- ing, and many were drowned, and many more killed. Colonel Baker, commanding the California Regi- ment, was killed early in the day, while cheering on his men. 1900 men were engaged in this action, of whom 200 were killed, as many wounded, and over 500 taken prisoners. irkattook 23. A battle took place at "Wilson's Creek, Mis- place in Mis- *■ ' souri, August 10, between the Union army under General Lyon, and the rebels under McCulloch and Price. General Lyon was killed early in the action, when the command devolved upon General Sturgis, who maintained his position during the day, after which he fell back to Springfield, the rebels failing to pursue. On the 12th of September, trhatoc- General Price surrounded a force of 3500 men, curred at ' Lexington? un( i er Colonel Mulligan, at Lexington, Missouri. The latter made a brave resistance, but was com- pelled to surrender after a siege of ten days, his supplies being exhausted. Se^fo^ 1 24. Two naval expeditions were fitted out during the year, both of which were successful. The first one, under Commodore Stringham, captured J 8 * 6 the forts at Hatteras Inlet, with their garrisora vere fitted out? What i was cap- of 715 men and 30 cannon and 1000 stand of What of the Port Royal expedition ? arms. 25. The second, consisting of 84 vessels of all kinds, and carrying 13,000 men, left Hampton REBEL COMMISSIONERS CAPTURED. 497 Roads on the 29th of October. On the 7th of *86i. November they attacked the forts at the entrance to Port Roj^al Harbor, South Carolina, and, after a fight of three hours, drove out the enemy and captured the entire armament. 26. The Confederate government appointed John TThat com- missioners Slidell and James M. Mason Commissioners to the federates 00 * send abroad governments of England and France, and while on their way from Havana to Europe on board a British mail-steamer, Commodore Wilkes overhauled how were ' they cap- the steamer, seized the commissioners, and carried tured? them to the United States. This event created an intense excitement in England and France, and seemed likely to cause a war with Great Britain ; but the government promptly disavowed the act, how did the o i J. «/ 7 government and released the commissioners, who were conveyed act? to their destination on board a British vessel. 27. On the 30th of December the banks of the when w a <. specie pay- country suspended specie payment. This event pTndedT was Hastened by the withdrawal, by depositors, of heavy amounts of coin, for the purpose of selling it at a premium. CHAPTER XX. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1862. 1. The beginning of the year 1862 found the gov- ernment everywhere actively preparing for a vigor- ous prosecution of the war. In the East the army 32 498 Lincoln's administration. 1862. was mainly concentrated in the vicinity of the capital. w-hat battle In Kentucky the battle of Mill Spring was fousht occurred in ' ° Kentucky? January 19. Hie union army, under General Thomas, gained a complete victory over the Con- federates, under Generals Crittenden and Zollicoffer, the latter being killed. when was 2. This victory opened the way for further suc- Fort Henry . captured? ce sses. On February 6, Commodore Foote, with seven gunboats, attacked Fort Henry, a strong position defending the Tennessee River. This work surrendered after one hour and a half, the Fo^Donei- garrison, however, escaping. The national forces immediately advanced upon Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, and on the 14th the attack commenced. 3. This work was regarded by the enemy as im- pregnable, and was garrisoned by about 20,000 men, under command of General Floyd. On the 15th the enemy commenced a vigorous attack upon General McClernand's division, pressing them hack, and killing and wounding many. While this attack on the right of our army was in progress, the Federal left was ordered to assault the Confederate intrenchments. These were carried, whereupon our right resumed the offensive, regained the lost ground, and took possession of some commanding positions. 4. On the following morning, February 16, a flag of truce was sent from the fort by General Buck- ner, to whom during; the night the command had been turned over, asking for a suspension of hostili ties until noon, that terms of capitulation might be How did the snemv re- gard it ? cesses have on the plans of the eu- BATTLE OF PITTSBURG LANDING. 499 arranged. General Grant, in reply, demanded an *86g. immediate, unconditional surrender ; and the enemy what terms complied, 14,000 men laying down their arms, 5000 auted? having previously escaped with Floyd and Pillow. 5. These successes made it necessary for thejj^jj^ enemy to abandon Bowling Green and Columbus, on ss th in Kentucky, and Nashville, the capital of Ten- em r ? nessee. On the 25th, our forces having reached Nashville, the city was formally surrendered. 6. The national forces were pushed rapidly for- ^ hat j t as ward, and early in April were concentrating a t movemeat? Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee River, a few miles north of Corinth. Here they were attacked Apme, 7. by the enemy, commanded by Generals Beaure- gard and Johnston. On the first day the national how did the ^ ^ " first day ter army was driven from the field to the protection of minate? the gunboats, but on the second day, having been strengthened by the arrival of fresh troops under Buell, Grant assumed the offensive, and after a severe contest obliged the enemy to retreat. The what was ° J the loss in total loss on both sides in this battle amounted to thisbattle? 3463 killed, and 15,894 wounded. 7. Soon after this, General Halleck assumed com- mand of the Army of the Tennessee. General Beauregard after his defeat at Pittsburg Landing had retired to Corinth, which was strongly forti- fied. General Halleck prepared to invest the place, and prosecuted the siege so skilfully that the enemy determined to withdraw without risking another battle. On the 30th of May the town was occupied by General Halleck. 8. While these operations were in progress, Com- To what place did the Confederates retire ? 500 Lincoln's administration. 1862. modore Foote, in conjunction with the land forces donfoTthe un( ler General Pope, was working vigorously to open ii8aippi? the Mississippi River. The enemy had evacuated March 3. Columbus after the fall of Fort Donelson, and re- whendid tired to Island No. 10. This position was attacked Island No. 10 * on the 16th of March ; and on the 7th of the follow- iand No. 10 suneuder? ing month it was surrendered. Where did the uext en gagement 9. The next stand made by the Confederates wST" was at Fort Pillow, about fifty miles above Mem- phis. Here was gathered the entire naval force of the enemy, consisting of gunboats and rams. These attacked the Union fleet on the 8th of May, but were completely defeated, with the loss of three vessels. Fort Pillow was evacuated on the 31st, and a final stand was made at Memphis, whither the Union forces followed. The fleet, under Captain Davis, reached Memphis on the 5th of June, and when did early the next day the fi^ht commenced. In one Memphis ^ •/ O ■urreuder? nour an d a half, seven out of the eight Confede- rate vessels were destroyed, and the city sur- rendered. 10. Affairs on the Lower Mississippi were not dSfoTom- l ess encouraging than those just detailed. Coinmo- amdoreFar- ^ oYQ F aiTa g U ^ i n command of a fleet carrying 286 guns, prepared to attack the defences of New Orleans. Ascending the river, he reached Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the 18th of April, and opened fire at once. After continuing the bombard- ment for six days, he determined to pass the forts. This was done, in the face of a furious fire from the enemy, with the loss of two out of sixteen steamers. Above the forts they were attacked by OPERATIONS ON THE COAST. 501 the Confederate fleet of iron-clad vessels, rams, and 1862 » , fire-ships. Sixteen of these were destroyed, in- cluding a formidable ram, which had been con- structed on the plan of the Merrimac. On the 25th, New Orleans surrendered, the Confederates destroying several millions of property to prevent its falling into our hands. 11. In Arkansas an important victory was gained J^f at ^ s of by General Curtis, at Pea Ridge, over the Con- fo e ught? ge federates under Van Dorn, Price, and McCulloch. The battle commenced March 6, and lasted three days, ending in the complete defeat of the enemy. 12. The operations on the coast in the early what took - 1 v place ou the part of this year were of considerable importance. coasC? Roanoke Island was captured on the 8th of Febru- ary by the forces of General Butler and Commo- dore Goldsborough. Newbern and Beaufort, in North Carolina, fell into our hands in March. On where is 7 Port Pu- the 11th of April, Fort Pulaski surrendered to Iaski? General Gillmore, after a bombardment of thirty hours. Various expeditions were also sent outy har ; was 1 done by from Port Royal, by Commodore Du Pont, capturing Su pout? re many important places along the coast of South Carolina and Florida. 13. On the 8th of March, the Confederate iron- whathap- 7 pened in plated ram Merrimac surprised our vessels at Hamp- kII'X™ ton Roads, and sunk the Cumberland, while the Con- gress, after a resistance of half an hour, surrendered and was run ashore and burned. During the engage- ment the Minnesota ran aground, and was entirely at the mercy of her opponent ; but the approach of night checked the work of destruction. 502 Lincoln's adminisi ration. 1862 » 14. During the night of the 9th, the Monitor, an wm^tTour iron-clad turreted vessel, arrived from New York. In the morning, the Merrimac proceeded to engage the Minnesota, still aground ; but the Monitor inter- posed, maintaining a close engagement for three hours, when her antagonist withdrew, considerably damaged, while the Monitor was uninjured. The loss on board the Congress and Cumberland amounted to two hundred and one killed, and one hundred and eight wounded. Arhatpian 15. At the opening of the year a plan had been was adopted J. o «/ l ninJ e of e the' arranged for the simultaneous advance of all the H,^ was it Union armies ; but, while all the others had moved, carried out ? and had accomplished their work, the Army of the Potomac was mud-bound, and compelled to remain until wind and sun had dried the roads. Early in March 7. March the long-expected advance commenced, in the direction of Manassas ; but the enemy had dis- appeared, destroying roads and bridges as he retired towards the Confederate capital. wi»tpiiui 16. As it was impossible to follow, General was now I ' adopted? ]\XcClellan changed his plan, and, returning to Alexandria, 'the army was embarked on transports and sent to Fortress Monroe, from which place the whatwas advance upon Richmond was resumed. On the town? or 5th of April the army was in front of Yorktown, which the enemy had fortified, and a month was spent in erecting batteries and digging trenches. On the 4th of May, when every thing was arranged for an assault, the Confederates evacuated, leaving 70 guns in our hands. Our forces pursued them to Williamsburg, where an engagement took place, re Where did tin.- enemy fall hack to ? OPERATIONS AGAINST RICHMOND. 503 suiting in the defeat of the enemy and a further 1 Q62. advance of our army to within seven miles of Rich- mond. 17. The Confederates at once withdrew their What ™ ea - suies did troops from all unimportant points and concentrated to strength 1 x x , their forces 1 them for the defence of Richmond. Norfolk, having ceased to be of any value, was abandoned ; and the Merrimac was blown up to prevent her capture bywayio. the Union forces. 18. Skirmishes were now of daily occurrence, what took " ' place daily ? but our army steadily advanced, securing each new position by elaborate earthworks, until on the 27th of May the line extended to Hanover Court-House, sixteen miles north of Richmond. A severe battle occurred at that place, in which the enemy were repulsed with heavy loss. 19. On the 15th of May an engagement took whatoccur- •/ o o red on the place between the Monitor, Galena, and Naugatuck, JamesElvei? and the Confederates at Fort Darling, on the James River, resulting in the repulse of the fleet. The fort was built upon a high bluff, from which the enemy were enabled to pour their shots directly on the decks of our vessels. The Galena suffered Y hat was „ the result? severely, but the Monitor was uninjured. 20. The army in Northern Virginia was divided what was " ° the position into two bodies. One, under General McDowell, had %£%££* reached Fredericksburg, and was prepared to unite with McClellan at Hanover Court-House at the first opportunity ; the other, under General Banks, was in the Shenandoah Valley, between Winchester and Strasburg. The enemy, learning that Banks had been greatly weakened by the withdrawal 504 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION 1862> of his force to strengthen McDowtii, dispatched Stonewall Jackson with about 20,000 men to cap- ture or destroy him. Suddenly, on the 23d of 3mgk££S?" ^ a y> tne advance, under Colonel Kenley, was saasburg? attacked and routed. Jackson at once advanced Ba'LkVdo? u P on Strasburg, when Banks retreated to Win- chester, where he made a stand ; but, being over- powered, he again retreated, and the following day succeeded in crossing the Potomac. Jackson was in turn pursued by Generals Fremont arid Shields, but succeeded in eluding his pursuers. uo h u a did°the 21. The army in front of Richmond was en- pZLac 1 e camped on both sides of the Chickahominy, com- hold? ... munication being kept up by means of bridges. A sudden rise in the river having carried away some ™v le to the °f these, the enemy thought it a proper time to fhistime? a attack, and it was accordingly arranged that this should be done on the morning of the 31st of May. A portion of their army having been delayed, however, the attack did not take place until noon. SsSuf? General Casey's force was driven back in confusion by the heavy columns of the enemy, but the retreat was checked by the arrival of reinforcements under Heintzelman and Kearney. General Sumner having succeeded in bringing across the two divisions of Sedgwick and Richardson, the ground lost was junei. recovered. On the following day the battle was uow ^d the resumed by the Confederates; but they were de- gecond day " " terminate? f ea t e d, and retired within their lines. General Johnston, the Confederate commander, was wounded on the first day, and General Lee succeeded him in command. was purpose frustrated ? OPERATIONS AGAINST RICHMOND. 505 22. The plan of the Confederates in this battle 1862 » was to crush General Casey's division before rein- For what ** purpose was forcements could be brought up, and had the attack f ouguT? tle been made early in the morning it would doubtless have been successful ; but the delay gave the Union how commanders time to get reinforcements under way and on the second day fresh troops were brought into action, who turned the battle in our favor. Had the advantages then gained been followed up, it is probable that Richmond would have been cap- tured without further resistance. 23. The losses on both sides were very heavy, ™; s w ^£ the loss of the Confederates being 8000, including lfveeir ° eS " five generals, and the Union loss being about 5000. The Federal force maintained its advanced position, and finally the whole army was transferred to the west bank of the Chickahominy ; but no further offensive operations were undertaken. 24. On the 10th of June our army occupied a semicircular line extending from Whiteoak Swamp to Hanover Court-House, a distance of more than fifteen miles ; the depot of supplies was at the White House, on the Pamunkey, twenty miles in the rear. On the 13th, General Stuart, with 1500 what oc- curred on rebel cavalry, dashed through our lines at Hanover Junel3? Court-House, rode to Tunstall Station and the White House, where they destroyed some supplies and captured a few prisoners, and then escaped by way of New Kent Court-House, having gone en- tirely around our army. 25. This event, coupled with the knowledge that what effect | • • ditl this the enemy had been largely reinforced, convinced ™ a ° v v e 7 ent What did General Olellan de 506 Lincoln's administration. 1 86g * General McClcllan that his only safety depended mc- upon an immediate change of position. Accordingly, on the 25th he commenced moving towards the James River. The enemy, aware of his intention, hurled heavy masses of troops against our army, whither did endeavoring to cut off its retreat. After seven tin* army re- O treat? d a y S ' continuous battle, the army reached Harri- son's Landing, on the James River, having lost, during the retreat, over 15,000 men. what did 26. General Lee, relieved of the presence of a Jem el' formidable army in front of Richmond, at once turned upon Washington, hoping to be able to cap- ture that city before means could be taken to defend when did the it. On the 9th of August his advance, under Jack- em action ° take place? sorij defeated General Banks at Cedar Mountain. The Union forces, under Pope, fell back to the Rappahannock, and shortly afterwards to Ma- nassas. On the 29th the second battle of Bull Run was fought, the enemy being repulsed with August 30. great loss. On the following day the battle was renewed, and, after a desperate contest, General what did Pope was obliged to retreat to Centreville, where Poi.edu after 1 O -* this battle? j ie wag j oined by a portion of the Army of the Potomac, which had been hurriedly brought from dM the con! the Peninsula. Lee, fearing to make a direct attack ? upon Washington, advanced towards Leesburg, and on the 5th of September crossed the Potomac. On the 7th he occupied Frederick, and issued a proclamation to the people of Maryland, inviting them to join the Confederacy, and promising them the protection of the South. 27. The Army of the Potomac moved rapidly to federates now pursue at im- portant bat- tle followed? BATTLE OF ANTIETAM. 507 meet tlie invaders, marching between them and the 58e2 » Potomac in order to cut off their retreat. Lee, JSj*^ e perceiving this, hastily retired from Frederick and occupied Hagerstown. Harper's Ferry was cap- tured on the 15th, with almost the whole garrison of 14,000 men. On the 14th the battle of South Mountain was fought by a portion of the two armies, resulting in the defeat of the Confederates ; and on the following day General McClellan came up with the main body of the Confederate army strongly posted on Antietam Creek. The action wha commenced at daylight on the 17th, and continued until night, when the Union army held possession of the field. The following day was spent in caring for the wounded and burying the dead, and on the night of the 18th the enemy escaped across the how did Potomac, unpursued. The Confederate loss in the esuai)e? two battles was about 4000 killed and 16,000" wounded ; the Union loss, 1742 killed and 8066 wounded. 28. The Army of the Potomac was not in condition how was to follow Lee into Virginia immediately, and the time until the 26th of October was spent in re- organizing and in equipping the new troops called into the field. 29. On the 22d of September the President what pnoii. raatior-B wire issued a proclamation, which declared that on the timber? first day of January, 1863, ''thenceforward, and forever," all slaves in any State or part of a State at that time in rebellion should be free. On the 24th of September he issued another proclamation, suspending the operation of the writ of habeas corpus the folio v mouth sijent? 508 Lincoln's administration. 1862 - during the rebellion. This action caused much agitation in all parts of the country ; but subse- quent events fully manifested its wisdom. June i6. 29. An attempt was made in June to capture the city of Charleston. A Union force, having been landed upon James Island, made three assaults upon the Confederate works, but was repulsed in each with heavy loss ; and the expedition returned to Hilton Head. KUSJErf 6 ^O, In September, the Confederate General Kentucky. j> ra gg^ a ^ ^ ae nea d f a strong force, invaded Ken- tucky. He captured Munfordsville, Richmond, and Frankfort, and then marched for Louisville. In the mean time, however, General Buell, at the head of the Army of the Ohio, having reached Louisville, Bragg retreated towards Tennessee, the Federal General pursuing and giving him battle at TPerryville. Soon after this, Buell was relieved, and General Rosecrans succeeded him. JXySSS 31. A severe battle was fought at Iuka, Missis- ms8issippii g -pp^ September 20, and another at Corinth, Octo- ber 3 and 4, in both of which the Confederates were defeated with heavy loss. in Arkansas? 32. Two important engagements took place in Arkansas, the first near Pea Ridge, October 22, the second at Fayetteville, December 7, where General Blunt completely defeated the enemy after a severe engagement. whatoo- 33. After his retreat from Kentucky, General cuiral in J ' tESSbSf* Bragg prepared to go into winter quarters at Mur- freesboro. Rosecrans was at Nashville, awaiting the accumulation of sufficient stores tc enable him BATTLE OF STONE RIVER. 509 to move again. By Christmas, thirty days' provisions J5??i_ had been obtained, and the army was at once^^er*;. put in motion. The battle of Stone River com- ■*■ When was menced on the 30th of December, and lasted three s£Xi&£ days. During the first two days the advantage was wholly with the Confederates. The Union army was forced back from its position, losing 6000 prisoners and 36 guns. On the third day and the morning of the fourth the Confederates again assaulted the position of Rosecrans, but were re- pulsed with heavy loss, and at noon on the 4th of what™* January they commenced to retreat, leaving many of their wounded in our hands. 34. Simultaneously with this movement, an at- how did ^ ' Sherman at- tempt was made by General Sherman to capture ^ p y|^ p Vicksburg. The expedition ascended the Yazoo *"" River on the 26th ; they landed, and one portion was sent out to destroy the Vicksburg and Shreveport Railroad, while the other advanced towards the city. On the 27th and 28th they drove the Con- federates to within two miles of the city. On the 29th the enemy, having been largely reinforced, attacked General Sherman and drove him back to his first line of defence. Sherman had calculated whydid he not succeed? on assistance from General Grant ; but, help not arriving, he was compelled to abandon the enter- prise, and soon after was succeeded by General McClernand. 35. Towards the end of October, the Army of what move- * ment was the Potomac, having been strengthened by rein-eS;™^ forcements and repose, started once more in pursuit of its old enemy. The Potomac was crossed with- oct. 26-29. 510 Lincoln's administration, 186 ^* out opposition, and the army was pushed rapidly forward, to prevent Lee from escaping through the numerous gaps in the Blue Ridge Mountains. On M-hatoo. the 7th of November, while at Warrenton, General curved at warreatoa? ]\x c Clellan was relieved of his command, and Gene- ral Burnside appointed in his place. A few days were spent in reorganizing, and on the 15th the Nov. n. line of march was again taken up; and two days later the advance reached Falmouth, on the Rappa- hannock, below Fredericksburg. Lee's army, pass- ing down the opposite side, had not yet reached whatcuefly this point ; but, in consequence of an unexpected campaigu? 13 delay in the arrival of the pontoons, it was not until the 11th of December that our army succeeded in crossing, this movement being effected during a fierce bombardment of the city from the Union batteries along the river. 86. The Confederates had taken advantage of the delay to fortify the line of hills behind the city ; and these General Burnside now attempted to carry. how m n g did The attack commenced at daylight of the loth, and the engage- ^ ° meat last? con tinued until dark. Several desperate charges were made, but they failed to make any impression Dec.u. on the Confederate lines. On the next day each army maintained its position until night, when, under cover of darkness, General Burnside with- drew and returned to his old camp-ground. Our loss in this undertaking was 1152 killed and 7000 whot other wounded. Preparations were at once made to Nvan™jeot- effect a crossing at another point, and the 20th of January was fixed as the day ; but, owing to dis- satisfaction on the part of some of the commanders, EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 511 the project was abandoned, and on the 24th of 186> ^ , January General Burnside resigned, and was suc- ceeded by General Hooker. 37. On the 31st of December, West Virginia was what admitted into the Union as a State. The new State contains 50 counties, lying principally west of the Alleghany Mountains. Its population is 350,000. new State was a>} litted iu Do' ;mber? CHAPTER XXL LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION". EVENTS OF 1863. 1863. What in. portaiit pi'O- did the Presi- dent ia=ue? 1. In accordance with his proclamation of Sep- tember 22, 1862, on the 1st day of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued another proclamation, libe- rating all slaves in the insurrectionary States, except in some parts at that time under the military con- trol of the United States. The proclamation ad- vised the persons so freed to abstain from all vio- lence, and to work for fair wages when allowed to do so. It also declared that all freedmen of suit- able condition would be received into the military service of the United States. 2. As a counter-measure, Jefferson Davis issued what re 7 tahatorj a proclamation declaring that all slaves captured in £?&"«! arms against the Confederate States, and all captured officers of such soldiers, would be handed over to the States to which the slaves belonged, to be punished according to the laws of such States. measure cHd ■ Confede es adopt? 512 Lincoln's administration. 1863< 3. After the repulse of General Sherman at Zlv inTr Vicksburg, the troops under McClernand proceeded SfeoSS&ffiUp the Arkansas River to Arkansas Post, where January 10. they captured 5000 prisoners, 17 cannon, and 3000 small arms. who now 4. General Grant now assumed command of the was directed to command the Western armies ? Army of the Mississippi, and another attempt was ptE 'iere ma de to complete the canal in front of Vicksburg, VickJbuig? in order to pass the fleet of gunboats below the city. Failing in this, it was determined to endeavor to run the gunboats past the Confederate batteries, April is. as had been already done at New Orleans and Port wi,at move- Hudson. This plan having proved successful, the men t fol- r or 1 lowed? armv marched to Bruinsburg, 65 miles below Vicks- burg, where they effected a crossing, and by rapid Mari. marches gained the rear of Vicksburg, defeating the Confederates at Port Gibson and Raymond. On the 14th of May they were attacked by General Johnston at Jackson, the capital of Mississippi. 5. Having defeated this force, Grant turned west- ward towards Vicksburg, and on the 16th was con- fronted by General Pemberton, at Baker's Creek. 55S*£g{jA battle ensued, which resulted in the defeat of 15 Pemberton with heavy loss. On the following day May n. the Confederate general was again defeated, at Black River Bridge, 10 miles from Vicksburg. In these two actions Grant captured 46 pieces of artillery. when was 6. On the 18th of May, Vicksburg was closely the invest- «-' 7 c5 J 2df tperfect " invested, the fleet under Admiral Porter guarding the river above and below. Two attempts were made to capture the town by assault, both of which terms was the town sur rendered? CAPTURE OF VICKSBURG. 513 were unsuccessful, and entailed severe loss on the '863. army. No further fighting of moment occurred until June 25, when General McPherson captured one of the forts. On the 3d of July Generals on what *> terms wh Grant and Pemberton had an interview, which re suited in the unconditional surrender of the city on the following day. The garrison consisted of 31,277 officers and men, with 200 pieces of artillery and 60,000 small arms. 7. During the siege of Vicksburg, General Grier- ^ e h n a e t r ^; d son made one of the most remarkable cavalry raids GnersoudoT of the war. Leaving La Grange, Tennessee, he traversed the entire State of Mississippi, a distance of 800 miles, and reached Baton Rouge in fourteen days, having destroyed 4,000,000 dollars' worth of property and captured 1000 prisoners. 8. On the 8th of July, Port Hudson, which had when did ^ ' Port Hudson been for some time closely invested, surrendered to fall? General Banks, with its garrison and stores and 51 pieces of artillery. This was the last stronghold of the Confederates on the Mississippi ; and its loss what effect A •*■ ' had these was the more severe from the fact that most of the 2?S3m£. supplies for their armies were drawn from the country west of the Mississippi. 9. After the battle of Stone River, Bragg had ^hither did ' oo Bragg now retired to strongly fortified positions at-Tullahoma retire? and Shelby ville. By skilful movements Rosecrans how was h* J "* dislodged • compelled him to fall back to Chattanooga. Thither Rosecrans followed him, and Bragg again retreated. Chattanooga was occupied by the Union army, Sep- tember 9, and the army at once pushed on to Chickamauga Creek, 10 miles beyond. Bragg, 33 511 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1863 - having been reinforced, now assumed the offensive, what cn - and on the 19th and 20th of September fought the gagement x ° fouowed? battle of Chickamauga. The Confederate forces Se'rS? were g reat ^J superior in numbers, and the Union army was saved from total rout only by the bravery of the division of General Thomas. On the 21st the army retreated to Chattanooga, which was at once fortified. The Union loss in this battle amounted to 16,000, and the Confederate loss to 18,000. 10. This reverse placed the Union army in a pre- carious position. The enemy had advanced on Chattanooga and fortified the heights of Missionary Ridge, which overlooked the town. The army was short of provisions, and its communication with Nashville was frequently interrupted. General ™> at „ A Grant now hastened to the scene. Rosecrans was changes did Grilutmake? removed, Thomas was appointed to the command, and measures were taken to dislodge the enemy. L-kou? 8 H* ^ n ^ ie -^th °f O ctoDer tne enemy's position SJmt at Lookout Mountain was carried by assault, and on the 24th and 25th of November they were driven from Missionary Ridge and compelled to re- treat to Dalton. ™tu? 3 ioti! -^* During the early part of 1863 the two eari^ini 1 ^? armies in Virginia remained opposite each other on the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, neither seem- ing inclined to give battle. On the 26th of April, General Hooker despatched a strong cavalry force, under General Stoneman, to cut the enemy's com- munications with Richmond; and at the same time the Army of the Potomac crossed the river a few INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 515 miles above Fredericksburg. This movement com- 18G3 - pelled Lee to leave his intrenchments and give ^ n a *^° ve - battle in the open field. The two armies met atSSS? 1 " Chancellorville, where a sanguinary battle was Whaten - O «/ gagement fought, May 2 and 3. On the 5th, General followed? Hooker recrossed the river, having failed to turn the enemy's position. The cavalry expedition sent out at the commencement of the movement suc- ceeded in destroying the railroads to Richmond, but not until after reinforcements had reached Lee. pat was done by A portion of the force advanced within two miles of c^Try? 11 ' 8 Richmond, capturing some prisoners within the forti- fications of the city, and then escaped by way of the Peninsula, after having destroyed several miles of railroad, and much other property. 13. Early in June, General Lee moved northward What «/ ? ment again. The route taken was west of the Blue Ridge, and through the Shenandoah Valley. General Hooker followed by way of Warrenton Junction and Tho- roughfare Gap, occasionally skirmishing with the enemy. Lee's advance crossed the Potomac at Wil- liamsport on the 14th, and the main body crossed on the 27th. They at once advanced through Mary- land into Pennsylvania. York, Gettysburg, and Carlisle were successively occupied. The Army of J rha * WM J I ./ done by the Potomac, meanwhile, followed closely. On theS^Y 8 27th, Frederick City was occupied, and General Meade succeeded General Hooker in command. On the 29th of June the Confederates massed their where** the Confede- forces at Gettysburg, and awaited the movemenl the Union army, which advanced from Emmettsburg on the 30th of June. move- did Lee make? 516 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1863. 14. The battle commenced at nine in the morn- whatim- m or, and continued until four P. M.. the Confederates portant bat- O 7 ' ' fiuginin holding their ground and driving our forces back vauia? some distance. In the early part of the fight General Reynolds was killed, and his command devolved on General Doubleday. During the night what was additional troops arrived, and at noon of the 2d the result * ontheseoond @ enera i Meade, with the reserves, came upon the ground. At four o'clock the Confederates attacked the left of the Union position, driving our forces back, until the arrival of reinforcements enabled them to regain their position. The right was now attacked furiously, the conflict lasting until ten P. M., when the Confederates retired. 15. On the 3d the battle was opened by General Meade. A heavy infantry attack was made by the Confederates upon our right, which was for a time overpowered, but soon rallied and regained their position. The battle was now suspended until one o'clock, when it was resumed by a fierce cannonade, and repeated charges upon the Union lines, which how did the were gallantly repulsed ; and at five o'clock the Con- battleend? ° * l 7 federates retired, leaving the Union army in posses- sion of the field. The Confederates commenced to retreat during the night. Their pontoon bridges at Harper's Ferry having been destroyed by General •whither did French, Lee proceeded to Williamsport, where *he Confede- ' * *■ rates retreat? ot ^ erg were cons t ruc t e d of canal-boats and lumber, and on the 14th he succeeded in recrossing the what losses Potoinac, having lost since entering Maryland over did the ar- ° o ^ mies^ustaiu 3Q,000 men. The Union loss was severe, numbering WUe? about 20,000. DRAFT RIOTS IN NEW YORK. 517 16. Lee now made his way to the Rapidan, 1863. where he fortified in anticipation of further pursuit, whatpod. 1 i tirm did Lee General Meade, however, halted at Culpepper, no t uowocoupy7 deeming it prudent to attack Lee in his intrench- ments. 17. In October, Lee again advanced on General what aid ° Lee again Meade, who retired to Bull Run. The Confederates, attempt? having failed to turn his flank, contented them- selves with destroying the railroads, and then re- sumed their former position. 18. On the 13th of July of this year a terrible what oc- ^ curred in riot, in opposition to the draft, broke out in one of New Yoik? the upper districts of New York City. The office of the district provost-marshal was destroyed, the draft-officers were maltreated, negroes were as- saulted, beaten, and hanged in the streets, many buildings were sacked, and the Colored Orphan Asylum was burned. About 100 persons were killed during the four days' reign of terror, and order was finally secured only by the presence of the military force of the government. 19. The tide of success had now fairly turned in what was affairs at thii time? federates by September, and its capital occupied by General Steele. In June, General Morgan in- who invaded vaded Indiana and Ohio, but his band was dispersed and he was captured and imprisoned. In East what wag L L done at Tennessee, General Longstreet besieged Knoxville, Knoxville? but was compelled to raise the siege and retreat to Virginia to escape capture. 20. In April another effort was made to capture Describe the 1 A operations at Fort Sumter. The force employed consisted of Charleston - 518 Lincoln's administration. 1863. nme monitors, with the New Ironsides and the Keokuk. The latter vessel was so badly damaged that she sunk, and two monitors were slightly injured. The operations around Charleston were now placed in the hands of General Gillmore. On the 10th of July he landed on Morris Island, and at once commenced the siege of Fort Wagner. He also established batteries bearing on Fort Sumter, and on the 17th of August commenced the bombard- ment of that fort. At the end of ten days it was reduced to a shapeless mass of ruins. On the 6th of September, Fort Wagner was evacuated. Thence- forward the siege of Charleston was kept up, with- out any noticeable event, until the evacuation of the city in February, 1865. CHAPTER XXII. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTEATION. EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1864. 1864. 1. The year 1864 witnessed a change in the conduct of military operations that promised more favorable results than had been obtained through the how did previous system. .The Confederates had managed tin- rnntede- . r> t ' • i pate* in- hitherto to transfer parts ot their armies to the crease iheir 1 strength? eagt Qr to ^ ie wes t as the situation demanded, and thus, while actually possessing a smaller army, they were able to concentrate a superior force at any threatened point. The appointment of General Grant to the chief co maud? What move- ment did Butle BATTLE OE OLUSTBE. 519 Grant to the rank of lieutenant-general and com- 1864 » mander-in-chief gave him control over the move- what advan- O tages arose ments of all the departments, and secured that JXt££it «r 1 Grant to t'- uniformity of action so necessary to success. 2. A large number of prisoners held by the Confederates were confined at Richmond. In February an attempt was made by General Butler to liberate them ; but, the enemy having learned of KkeT the movement through a deserter, the design wasgj™3fl frustrated. 8. On the 5th of February an expedition left }£****• Port Royal for the purpose of establishing the dulon? national authority in Florida. The expedition reached Jacksonville on the 8th, and at once pro- ceeded to the interior. On the 20th our forces were met at Olustee by the Confederates, and after a brief engagement were completely defeated, with 2J*j™J t the loss of 1200 men. 4. An expedition, commanded by General Sher- ™£ f n , man, left Vicksburg on the 3d of February, and Expeduloa? proceeded as far as Meridian, destroying all the railroads and public property within reach. An- other expedition, under General W. S. Smith, Jg&fif designed to co-operate with Sherman, moved from a/o r ut this Memphis on the 11th and proceeded as far as^Su? Okalona, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Here General Smith was confronted by a superior force of the enemy, and was compelled to retreat. The expedition, closely pursued by^ the Confederates, returned to Memphis, with the loss of 200 men in killed and prisoners. 5. On the 10th of March, General A. J. Smith What oc- curred at Pleasant 520 Lincoln's administration. 1864. conducted an expedition to the Red River country. SdBw^ Proceeding up that river, he captured Fort de ^edition? j^ ugse y on ^ ie 12th. He then advanced to Alex -where did andria, where General Banks joined him, and the Banks join 7 . . it? combined forces proceeded some thirty miles farther to Cane River, where they defeated the Confede- rates under General Dick Taylor. Proceeding onward, they reached Grand Ecore on the 6th of April. On the 8th, at Pleasant Hill, 50 miles from Shreveport, they were surprised by a large body of Confederates, and were defeated after a short engagement. The next day another engage- ment took place, resulting more favorably ; but the army was obliged to withdraw, and finally returned to New Orleans. \rhatwas 6. Taking advantage of the absence of the main doue by the 5 ° ° f^ body of Sherman's army on the Red River expe- dition, the Confederates, under General Forrest, made an incursion into Tennessee. On the 12th of April they attacked Fort Pillow, and carried the place by assault. The garrison consisted of 557 men, of whom 260 were colored. The surrender was followed by an indiscriminate slaughter of the wiRtout. garrison; nearly 400 were killed, the greater part mu'^FoT of whom were butchered after the surrender of the Pillow? -, fort. 7. Congress on the 29th of February passed a bill reviving the rank of lieutenant-general. On the same day the President appointed General Grant to the position, and on the 9th of March he was made commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. At the time of his appointment ho Wha1 porta rray the Potomac j commence e opera- hat direction did BATTLE OF SPOTTSYLVANIA. 521 was in command of the Division of the Mississippi ; 1864> but he at once proceeded to Washington, and until what roiiow- the close of the war was constantly with the Army pn,moUou? of the Potomac. 8. The operations of the Army of the Potomac when aid 1 " the Army of were confined principally to skirmishing and raids until the 3d of May, when a forward movement tk,u was commenced. The Rapidan was crossed at ^4 1 In wh Germania.and Ely's Fords, 12 miles east of Cul-$K«or. d t pepper, where Lee's army was intrenched. On the E£J$ 0B1 5th, Lee advanced and gave battle, but failed to dislodge Grant or break his lines. On the morn- ing of the 6th, Lee again attacked, the fight con- tinuing until nightfall ; but the result was the same as on the previous day. Several times our army was on the point of giving way, but was promptly rallied, and maintained its ground, and in some instances had gained a little from the enemy. 9. On Saturday, the 7th, Grant found that Lee J ^^ Le9 had abandoned the contest and was retiring in per- fal1 back l feet order to Spottsylvania Court-House. At this point they halted, prepared to dispute the further advance of the Union army. On the 8th and 9th the fighting was sharp, but no general engagement took place. On the latter day General Sedgwick was killed while posting a battery of artillery. The 10th was spent in heavy cannonading, but without decisive results. On the 12th, General Wha * ' cess d Hancock captured a portion of the Confederate S? line, including an entire division of the enemy. A how were 7 O •> operations severe storm now set in, which interrupted opera- imeiru J >te 13. Grant now occupied a position extending 1864-. from the Appomattox on the east of Petersburg to what pod- r l ° tion did near the Weldon Railroad on the south, while Sy? ow General Butler was posted on the north bank of the Appomattox, threatening the railroad between Petersburg and Richmond. On the 22d of June an effort was made to gain possession of the Weldon Railroad, but the movement was anticipated by the enemy, and our forces were driven back, with the loss of 4 guns. A cavalry expedition, however, what was •/ A 1 ,J 0ne b y tftg succeeded in reaching the road at Ream's Station, cavalr y ? 11 miles from Petersburg, where they tore up the track for several miles. Passing on, the following day they reached the Danville and Lynchburg Rail- road, the track of which they also damaged con- siderably, after which they returned. 14. Several weeks were now spent in preparing what P ve P a. ° rations were for a grand assault. The works were gradually nowmade? pushed closer, and in one place a mine was run a distance of 400 feet until it reached the Con- federate works. In this eight tons of powder were placed. On the morning of the 27th, the prepara- tions having been completed, the mine was ex- ploded. This was followed by a terrific cannonade, in the midst of which the assault was made. Thewhatwas • the result? troops rushed for the opening made by the ex- plosion, but, when they reached it, some delay occurred, which gave the enemy time to rally, and enabled them to repulse the advancing column. Other assaults followed, but failed, and the effort was abandoned. The Union loss is estimated at 6000 men. The next movement of importance was the 524: Lincoln's administration. 1864 » extension of the line to White Oak Swamp, followed by a battle on the 13th of August. On the 18th, while the Confederates were confronting Grant Gi h a a at^ow nortn °f tne Appomattox, he suddenly moved to trj? Ream's Station, on the Weldon Railroad. For seve- cl^ 8 far? suc * ra l days the enemy endeavored to dislodge him, but without success. ^nfonThe 15. ® n ^ ne 28th of September an attempt was te & muer? Sep ' made to advance on Richmond from the north of James River. Fort Harrison was captured, the outer works at Chapin's Bluff were carried, and an assault on the second line was made. The works, however, proved too strong, and the assault- ing column was repulsed, losing about 800 men. Describe the On the same day another movement, having for its operations ^ ° °ldt h Ra S r th " purpose the capture of the Southside Railroad, was made, but ended in a severe repulse, with the loss of a large number of prisoners. On the 26th and 27th of October another movement was made at each end of the line, but ended without advantage to the Union army. patww i(3 # While Grant was advancing towards Rich- done by Gen- © inNorthera mond, General Hunter endeavored to capture Virginia? Lynchburg. On the 5th of June the Confederates were defeated at Staunton, and Hunter, having been joined by the cavalry under Averill and Crook, pushed on towards Lynchburg, destroying the railroad as he advanced. He reached Lynch- How dw the burg on the 17th, and at once opened with cannon enemy defeat ° him? upon the enemy. During the night, heavy reinforce- ments from Richmond came up, and the following day General Hunter retreated towards Gauley, in OPERATIONS IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 5l!5 West Virginia. This movement having left the 1884 ' Shenandoah Valley almost unprotected, Early, with what m- about 22,000 men, advanced rapidly up the Valley, St ^ crossed the Potomac near Harper's Ferry, and on the 9th of July defeated General Wallace at Mono- cacy. The Confederates now spread over the sur- rounding country, plundering it of every thing valuable. On the 11th they seized the Baltimore Railroad, capturing two trains, and partially de- stroying the Gunpowder Bridge. 17. On the 11th they attacked Fort Stevens, pat was v ' doue uear near Washington, but were driven off with con- Washin8ton? siderable loss ; and on the 14th they retreated from Maryland. Another part of the Confederate force what in v i Pennsyl- entered Pennsylvania, and on the 30th of July vauia ' burned a great part of the town of Chambersburg. 18. General Sheridan succeeded Hunter in com- who suc- ceeded Hnn- mand, and on the 19th of September defeated s^Vudoah Early at Winchester, and again at Fisher's Hill on wuaTim- v ' ° po.tant vie- the 22d. Early retreated towards Richmond, andSr? didUe Sheridan, as he returned from the pursuit, destroyed every thing in the Valley that could in any way be useful to the enemy. In October, Early again ad vanced to near Winchester, and was again routed £ by Sheridan at Cedar Run, October 19, losing 50 pieces of artillery and nearly 2000 prisoners. These operations relieved that part of Virginia from any further incursions during the war. 19. About the middle of March, General Slier- what did man assumed command of the military division of the Mississippi, and at once proceeded to carry out the plan previously agreed upon between Lieutenant- What fol- lowed Early's se cond ad- vance ? Sherman now under- take? avoid their new posi- tiou? 526 Lincoln's administration. 1864 - General Grant and himself. The force at his com- mand numbered about 100,000 men, with 250 pieces of artillery. 20. On the 7th of May the advance upon Atlanta was commenced. On the 16th Sherman attacked Johnston at Resaca, and, after a severe battle, occu- pied that place. Dalton and Rome were evacuated. wMther aid The enemy retired to Allatoona Pass, where pre- the euemy " ' r now retreat? parations were made to check Sherman's further "?.Z*}.t advance. Sherman, however, avoided Allatoona, and marched directly to Dallas, about fifteen miles southwest of Johnston's position. This movement, however, was detected by the enemy, and, having the shorter route, they occupied Dallas first, and several days were spent in desultory fighting at this place. On the 1st of June Allatoona Pass was captured, and Johnston again retreated, taking position at Kenesaw Mountain, in order to cover Marietta, — his line extending to Lost Mountain, six miles from Kenesaw. On the 20th, Sherman cap- wheredid turecl Lost Mountain, and the Confederates con- the Coutede- ' coL C cemi x a t te?centrated their force at Kenesaw, which place Sherman endeavored to carry by assault ; but the Confederates made a successful resistance. TThpredid 21. Sherman, abandoning!; the assault, rapidly Sherman D ' r J kuten to* p US hed forward to Marietta. On the 15th of July the opposing armies were both across the Chatta- hoochie, Sherman making for Decatur, and Jolm- vhosuc ston endeavorine; to intercept him. On the 18th ceeded Gene- o i siou? olm " Johnston was succeeded in command by Hood, didhV'°uT- se wno tried to stop the retreat by assuming the offensive. On the 20th he attacked a part of aue? CAPTURE OF ATLANTA. 527 Sherman's line, but failed to make any impression. I 8 O ■/ captured? arm y f 00 k poSSCSSioil. what did 25. In the mean time, Hood, relieved of the pre- Hood at- r 5to? sence of Sherman, commenced operations against I™ i ** cou ™ e Thomas. As Hood advanced, Thomas fell back did Thomas pursue? slowly to Franklin, Tennessee, where he was attacked, but succeeded in maintaining his position. A few days later, Thomas fell back upon Nashville, and the wnatoc- Confederates laid siege to the town. On the 15th curred at o Nashviiie? f December, Thomas advanced upon the enemy's line, and in a two days' conflict compelled him to withdraw to Franklin, and subsequently to retreat beyond the Tennessee River, leaving many of his wounded in our hands, and having lost, in the aggre- gate, 17,000 men. whatim- 26. On the 19th of June an engagement took portant en- ° ° toofpiace at place in the British Channel between the Confede- rate privateer Alabama and the United States steamer Kearsarge, in which the former was sunk, after a fight of one hour and twenty minutes. whatever Two other privateers were captured during the privateers x i o tu e red? ap " year, — the Florida, in the port of Bahia, Brazil, and the Georgia, at sea, off the coast of Portugal. what sue- 27. In August, Admiral Farragut captured the cess did O - ' © r S forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay. The fleet passed the forts on the 5th, and prepared to invest them. Fort Gaines, on Dauphin Island, surrendered on the 8th, and Fort Morgan on the 23d, with their garrisons, numbering 1600 men. 28. In the autumn of this year Abraham Lincoln RE-ELECTION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 529 was re-elected to the Presidency of the United ^e*. States. This event was viewed as an endorsement what poim- cal event oc- of the general course of the Administration in the Number? conduct of the war, and particularly of the emanci- H ° w was it 1 J regarded? pation of the slaves, and the refusal to consider any terms of peace which did not recognize the absolute integrity of the Union. The opposing candidate was General George B. McClellan. The number of votes cast was 4,000,850: of whatyot* 7 ' was polled at these, Lincoln received 2,203,831, and McClellan thi8election? 1,797,019. 29. On the 27th of April a convention met at what con- r vention met Annapolis, Maryland, to frame a new State Consti-n s ^ nnapo * tution, and on the 13th of October it was adopted by a vote of the people. By it slavery was abolished, and a uniform system of free schools established. CHAPTER XXIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF LINCOLN AND JOHNSON. EVENTS FROM JANUARY 1 TO MAY, 1865. lg65# 1. The military operations of the year opened ^^ with the capture of Fort Fisher, on the 15th of SSed" 1 t January? January, and the subsequent advance of the Union army upon Wilmington, N. C. On the 18th, Fort £££™; Anderson, near the city, was evacuated by the Con- lowed? federates ; and on the 22d, Wilmington was occupied by the Federal troops under General Terry. 34 530 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865. 2. On the 15th of January, Sherman's army was men did again in motion, advancing northward. On the Sherman » ' ° vancef' Hth of February, Branchville, in South Carolina, was occupied, and on the 17th Columbia surrendered, the Confederates under Beauregard retreating. In consequence of these movements, Charleston was what aid evacuated on the 18th. The enemy on retiring set this move- ^ O Sfconfeae- fire to a number of buildings stored with cotton ; rates to do? -tin t • i i i • f» and, the names spreading, a considerable portion ot the town was destroyed. On the 11th of March, Sherman reached Fayetteville, North Carolina, and established communication with Terry at Wilming- Vha ' oc ; ton. On the 21st he reached Goldsboro, where curred at Goidsboro? ^ j i ne d the columns under Schofield and Kil- patrick. The army was here halted for rest, while Sherman proceeded to Petersburg to confer with General Grant. On his return he at once took up the line of march for Raleigh, which point he reached on the 13th of April. what event 3. On the 3d of February the President and the took place in * fo a ads?° Secretary of State met, on board of a steamboat in Hampton Roads, three commissioners appointed by Jefferson Davis to confer on the subject of peace ; w M any but the meeting ended without result. The Con- thing accom- ° tnu h mee b t- federates desired to postpone a consideration of the question of reunion, while the President insisted on that point as the basis of all negotiation. when did 4. No movements of consequence occurred in Grant com- Virginia until the beginning of February, when Grant extended his line on the left towards Hatcher's Run, in the face of a determined opposition on the part of the enemy. mence opera tions ? OPERATIONS AGAINST RICHMOND. 531 5. General Sheridan, who had been in command 1865 » at Winchester, on the 27th of February again ad- how did ' J G Sheridan. vanced up the Valley, and defeated Early at Waynes- l°Zia a borough, capturing 11 cannon and 1300 prisoners. He then proceeded to Charlottesville, and from that point, on the 6th of March, moved towards the James River to join Grant. One division took a directly southern route, and, passing to the north of Richmond, crossed the James at Deep Bottom. The other division proceeded towards Lynchburg, de- stroying the railroad to Amherst, a distance of forty miles. 6. On the 25th of March, Lee attacked Grant's what did ' Lee now at- line at Fort Steadman, on Hare's Hill. At this tempt? point the Confederate works approached within three hundred yards of the Union line, and by a sudden movement in force they gained possession of w J 1 n a ? tdidh " Fort Steadman and captured the garrison. An effort was made to capture Fort Haskell; but here the advance was checked, and the Confederates were how «* the soon dislodged from Fort Steadman by the 9th Corps, under Hartranft. While this engagement what^d was in progress, Grant attacked the enemy a t- meanwhile7 Hatcher's Run. Their picket-line was captured, and the position was held against a heavy attack. 7. On the 30th of March, Grant sained posses- what sue- ' a ± cesaes now sion of the Boydtown road, and on Saturday, April followed? 1, Sheridan defeated the enemy at Five Forks and gained the Southside Road. On hearing of this success, Grant ordered an assault on the Confede- when aid ' the final rate line at Petersburg, which was entirely success- $ ful, and on Sunday night the whole line was in our assault take ace? 582 Lincoln's administration. 1865. possession. During Sunday afternoon and night to what did Petersburg and Richmond were abandoned, and on this lead 1 ° 7 Aprils. the following day were occupied by the national troops. whither did 8. Lee retreated southward, endeavoring to Lee endea- ° t"U'? re " reach Lynchburg, one hundred and sixteen miles S°"arT£i? he f roni Richmond, while Grant's forces were pushed rapidly forward, and on the 5th of April Sheridan reached Burkesville, about fifteen miles west of the Confederate position at Amelia Court-House. Meade's army having come up, Lee's forces were April 7. completely surrounded. He was now summoned to when did surrender. On the 9th the two commanders had the surren- ptlcet 6 an interview, at which the terms were arranged, and a few days later the Army of Virginia laid down their arms, and the men returned to their homes. vhatfoi- 9. The remaining armies of the Confederacy lowed with ° ^ £nnl h ? er were accorded the same terms, and by the 2b th of May the last insurgent army had melted away. 10. The wildest joy was everywhere manifested at this happy termination of the great struggle ; whatcaia- but on the loth of April the country was startled mitv fol- L " mZ!£¥ by the intelligence that the President had been assassinated on the evening before, while witnessing ■vrhateise a performance at a theatre in Washington. An did the con- l ■ _ t£tT at ' attempt had also been made to take the life ot the Secretary of State, who at the time was confined to his bed by sickness. President Lincoln died at twenty minutes past seven on the morning of the Sedp're. 15th, and a few hours afterwards the oath of office Sola" Lin " was administered to Andrew Johnson, the Vice- President. RETURN OF PEACE. 533 11. Almost simultaneously with the surrender *865. of the principal Confederate forces, orders were what m- x x ' lowed the given for the mustering out of the greater part of lender? 9 the immense Union army. After garrisoning the more important points in the Southern States, the remaining troops were ordered to report at Wash- ington, where, on the 24th of May, the combined armies of the Union were reviewed by the Pre- sident and the chief officers of the Government. The pageant was also witnessed by the representa- tives of the foreign Governments at Washington and a large concourse of citizens. At the close of this, the last grand review, these war-worn veterans departed for their homes, to resume once more their places among their grateful fellow- countrymen. 12. On the 23d of May the Grand Jury of the whatindicv *> v ment was District of Columbia brought in a bill of indictment *£ff£ for treason against Jefferson Davis, who had been captured on the 10th of this month, and with Alexander H. Stephens, John H. Reagan, Clement C. Clay, and others, had been confined in Fortress Monroe. 13. Clay, who had been charged with participa- tion in the assassination of President Lincoln, and for whose apprehension twenty-five thousand dol- lars was offered, surrendered himself voluntarily to General Wilson. The trial of several persons who were charged with complicity in this crime, com- menced on the 10th of May, before a military court ; and in accordance with the decision of the court, which was approved by the President, on the punish men t of the conspira- tors? 534 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865. t h e 7 t h f July D av i(I E. Herrold, George A. Atze- M-hat was roth, Lewis Payne, and Mary E. Suratt were hung, having been found guilty of the charges preferred against them. Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel A. Mudd, Samuel Arnold, and Edward Spangler were sentenced to imprisonment at hard labor, the first three for life and Spangler for six years. 14. On the 29th of April the President removed all restrictions on trade with the Southern States, except on a few articles contraband of war. 15. On the 29th of May the President appointed a Provisional Governor for the State of North what con- Carolina, authorizing him to take measures to form ditions were ° iK^r a State Constitution in harmony with that of the states n ? ary United States. Certain conditions were required, of which the principal were the repudiation of the Confederate war debt and the adoption of the Con- stitutional Amendment abolishing slavery. This course was pursued with all the insurrectionary States, and the conditions were generally complied with. 16. Measures were now undertaken to place the army and navy, by reduction, on a peace footing. Eive Military Districts, covering the whole area of the United States, were established and their com- what steps manders appointed; and on the 6th of June an order was issued, by w T hich all prisoners of war confined at depots in the North, under the grade of captain in the army or lieutenant in the navy, who had not graduated at the Naval or Military Academy, or who did not hold commissions in the army or navy of the United States at the corn- were taken as a return to peace ? PLBLIC OPINION IN THE SOUTH. 535 mencement of the rebellion, should be discharged 1 B65. on taking the oath of allegiance. They were to be furnished with transportation by steamboat or rail to the nearest accessible point to their homes. On the 23d of this same month an order was issued by the President removing the blockade from the Southern ports, and declaring them all open, after July 1, to foreign commerce. 17. At this time the army had been reduced from a million to about one hundred thousand ; the amount of the debt, as stated by the Secretary of the Treasury, was $2,757,253,275; and the great body of the Southern population seemed willing what was " * ° the feeling to accept any means of restoration to peace andf ^ era civil rule which the Government might propose. peoPle? Throughout the whole South, the prominent men of all professions, including such men as Generals Johnston and Wade Hampton, were exhorting the people to accept peaceably the issues of the war, — among which were the abolition of slavery and the supremacy of the United States, — and to return to the occupations which engaged them before the war. The status of the freedmen at the South had been defined in the proclamations of the President, appointing Provisional Governors in the different what in- Btructions States. These officers were directed to make such t h e e r p?o-' en regulations as might enable the loyal citizens to Governors? elect delegates to a convention in each State, to form a Constitution ; this convention, or the Legis- lature of the State, to determine the qualifications of electors and office-holders. As no one could vote or be a Relegate to the convention unless he "VHiat was the result the election in Rich- mond? 536 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1 865. h a fl taken the oath, and was as well a voter ac- cording to the State laws existing at the out- break of the rebellion, the freedmen were excluded from all participation; and it would remain with the conventions or Legislatures of the States to determine whether they should receive the right of suffrage. 18. The President appointed, on July 16, Judge William Marvin to be Provisional Governor of Florida, all the other seceding States having either regular or Provisional Governors. On the 25th of this month the first of the elections under a of Provisional Governor took place in Richmond, for the municipal officers. The military commander of the district, General Turner, set aside the elec- tion, on the ground that the issue was made, both with regard to the voters and the candidates, be- tween those men who had aided the Union or the rebellion. 19. The Convention of Mississippi met on the 17th of August ; and, having declared the ordi- nance of secession null and void, its chief acts re- lated to slavery, and the protection of the lives and property of the freedmen. The Constitutional ^ re Amendment providing that " neither slavery nor M^Jsippi involuntary servitude, otherwise than for the punish- ment of crime, whereof the party shall have been convicted, shall hereafter exist in the State," was adopted by a vote of eighty-six to eleven. This action was the more marked, as, next after South Carolina, Mississippi had the largest proportion of slaves. With this may be contrasted the action What the chief acts of the Mississi Conven tion? THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONVENTION. 537 of the South Carolina Convention, which met less *865. than a month later. 20. The Democratic Convention of New Jersey met on the 30th of August, and that of Ohio shortly after. The action of these two bodies was the first notable exception to the generally ex- pressed desire of the people, both of the North and of the South, to support the Administration in the efforts made towards reconstruction. The first- named convention declared that the war was due entirely to the abolitionists and the secessionists, whatposi- •> > Hon did the regretted that a general amnesty had not been P aro- c a? Uc "extended to all rebels who abandon their cause ;"S au(i and swear obedience to the old Union," and opposed negro suffrage. Upon the latter point, the action of the Ohio Convention was still more severe, — affirming that " this Government was made by white men, and, so far as we have the power to preserve it, it shall continue to be a Government of white men." 21. The Convention of South Carolina met Sep- tember 13. At the commencement of its session a resolution was introduced which affirmed that "under the present extraordinary circumstances what™ - 1 v the senti- it is both wise and politic to accept the condition southed in which we are placed ; to endure patiently the vention * evils which we cannot avert or correct; and to await calmly the time and opportunity to effect our deliverance from unconstitutional rule ;" which was explained as having reference particularly to the aid furnished by the Democratic party of the North in procuring a constitutional Government. Although 538 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 18C5 « this resolution was tabled by an almost unanimous vote, yet this, with another introduced the next day, in which the "fanatics of the North" are spoken of as "shrieking for the blood" of "our noble and beloved Chief Magistrate Jefferson Davis," and for which a substitute was passed, petitioning for the pardon of Davis and others, in- dicated sufficiently well the sentiment of the con- vention. After passing, by a vote of one hundred and five to three, an ordinance repealing the ordi- nance of secession, the attention of the convention was of course turned to the subject of slavery ; and in the ordinance which was passed in relation to this subject it is implied, if not clearly expressed, that the act of emancipation was contrary to the wishes of the people. A^ma 1110 22. On the 12th of September the Alabama SKY*" Convention met. Among its acts was the repeal of the ordinance of secession, recognizing the aboli- tion and forbidding the establishment of slavery, and declaring void the debts incurred by the rebel authorities. 23. The Union party were successful at their elections in Maine and Vermont. In Connecticut, a proposed amendment to the State Constitution, extending the right of voting to negroes, which was submitted to the people, was rejected by majority of about six thousand. what act of 24. On the 11th of October the President directed clemency Ktto re ' that the Vice-President of the late Confederacy, Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia; its late Secre- tary of the Treasury, George A. Trenholm, of NORTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA CONVENTIONS. 539 South Carolina; its late Postmaster-General, John 1 8C5. H. Reagan, of Texas, with John A. Campbell, of Alabama, and Charles Clark, of Mississippi, who were in custody at Fort Warren, having "made their submission to the authority of the United States, and applied to the President for pardon under his proclamation," should be released on their parole, ordering them to remain in the places designated until further orders. Mr. Reagan had just before his release issued an address to the people of Texas, similar to those of General John- ston and others, and urging the conferment of the elective franchise upon the freedmen. Two days after the President had issued the above order, he had a conversation with a committee of the South Carolina Convention, petitioning for the freedom whatwaa Johnson's of Davis, Stephens, Magrath, and Trenholm. To°^ u ^; this he replied that discrimination must be made, and the power of the Government to punish the crime must be determined by the highest tribunals of the land, intimating that clemency might be shown afterwards. 25. The Conventions of North Carolina and what were the acts of Georgia assembled respectively on the 2d and 25thc£E 1 of October. By both of these conventions, ordi- conven- 01 J tions ? nances for the abrogation of slavery and repealing the ordinance of secession were passed immediately. Both conventions showed much indisposition to pass any ordinance repudiating the war debt ; but the President having given formal notification that no State would be considered as loyal who did not adopt such ordinance, it was passed in both conventions. 540 Johnson's administration. 18G5 * The State Convention of Florida assembled on the vrhatof the same day (October 25) as that of Georgia. Ordi- Florida . $™™ a ~ nances annulling the ordinance of secession, repu- diating the war debt, prohibiting slavery, with some others, were passed. 26. A correspondence of considerable import- ance, concerning questions arising from the rebel- lion and affecting the relations of the two nations, had been carried on between Mr. Adams, our minister to Great Britain, whose first letter was dated April 7, and the British Foreign Secretary, Earl Russell. Most of the questions involved had been settled by the overthrow of the Confede- racy; one yet remained, — our Government claiming damages for the injury done to our commerce by vessels built and equipped in Great Britain, but whatdis- claiming to belong to the Confederacy. In pro- cussion be- o O J r S' posing to submit to a commission the decision of the questions under discussion, the British Govern- io7 ment declined to submit this, the most important. The question turned upon the depredations of the Shenandoah ; and in accordance with the request of Mr. Adams, the Earl of Clarendon (Earl Rus- sell's successor) took possession of this vessel, but refused to hold her crew in arrest. bunion, ^' Congress assembled on December 4, none of the names of the persons claiming seats from the seceding States being placed upon the roll. Schuyler Colfax was re-elected Speaker, receiving one hun- dred and thirty-nine votes. A despatch was re- ceived from Mr. Parsons, announcing that Alabama had adopted the Constitutional Amendment. This cussion be- tween Great Britai the United States did the rebellion Southern members ad mi: tod to seats in Con tioual Amendment announced? THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU. 541 State was tlie twenty-seventh which had adopted it, l8C5 * the number required to make it a part of the Con- stitution, — a fact which was not, however, officially when was ^ the ratifies* announced by the Secretary of State until the 18th §£*«£ of this month. A joint committee of fifteen — nine from the House and six from the Senate — was ap- pointed to " inquire into the condition of the States which formed the so-called Confederate States of America, and report whether they or any of them are entitled to be represented in either House of Congress," no representation to be received until the report was made and acted on. CHAPTER XXIV. EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1866. 1866. 1. The opening of this year was marked by awwa* great difference of opinion in the Republican party pX b w c as n " apparent a as to the best means of reconstruction. One portion mistime? asserted that the States which had seceded had by this act caused the suspension of their political functions, that these could not now be restored to them, and that they should be supplied with Pro- visional Governments ; the other portion held that they had not succeeded in their revolution, were not therefore out of the Union, and were entitled to representation. This latter was the view of President Johnson. A bill enlarging the powers of the Freedmen's Bureau was passed in the Senate 542 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1866 » January 25, but was vetoed by the President. A bill was passed in the House, on the 18th of January, extending the right of suffrage to the negroes in the District of Columbia. 2. An important bill passed at this session of Congress was one presented in the Senate by Mr. Muntwere Trumbull, entitled, " An Act to Protect all Persons the provi- > ' ••ATtoPro- in the United States in their Civil Rights," pro- tect all Per- ~ , bohs,"&c? viding that " there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of slavery." The text of this bill was lengthy, setting forth these rights and immunities, and prescribing punishments for their violation. This bill was re- wasit turned by the President with his veto on the 28th adopted? ^ of March, but afterwards passed both Houses of Congress by more than the two-thirds majority required to make it a law. ^ewarTe- 3. On the 2d of April the President issued a eL"? atan proclamation declaring the war at an end in the what state seceding States, except Texas, which had not yet eepted? adopted a Constitution in which the necessary con- ditions were embodied. 4. On the 30th of April the Joint Committee on Reconstruction presented to Congress, together with two bills bearing on this subject, a resolution pro- posing an amendment to the Constitution, which, after much discussion and modification in both Houses, was finally passed on the 8th of June by the Senate, and on the loth by the House. Copies were sent at once by the Secretary of State to the DEATH OF GENERAL SCOTT. 543 Governors of each State. On the 24th the Pre- 1866 » sident sent a message to Congress, setting forth his objections to the measure, although his sanc- tion was not required. 5. A bill of indictment for treason and conspiracy By whom 1 •> and when was brought in against Jefferson Davis, in May, by dk^entfor the Grand Jury of the District of Virginia, the trial bought in t/ o ? against to take place before the Supreme Court of the United rS? oa States of America, in the fall. On the 29th of this month, Winfield Scott died suddenly at West Point, JJ™^} *°; in his eightieth year. He was born near Petersburg, raiscou!" 6 ' Virginia, June, 1786, and was admitted to the bar in 1806. Turning his attention to military matters, he was appointed captain of artillery in 1808. In 1812 he was made lieutenant-colonel, and served in the war against Great Britain with brilliant suc- cess. He was made prisoner at the battle of Queens- town, but was soon after exchanged, and was severely wounded at the battle of Lundy's Lane. He was appointed brigadier-general in March, 1814, afterwards major-general, and on the death of General Macomb, in 1841, he succeeded him as general-in-chief of the army. His services in the Mexican war are well known. In 1852 he was the candidate of the Whig party for the Presidency. In 1855 he was appointed lieutenant-general, by brevet, his commission to date from the capture of Vera Cruz ; and six years later (1861) he was at his own request placed on the retired list. 6. By a joint resolution which passed in the Senate on the 23d of July, and which was imme- diately signed by the President, who objected, 544 Johnson's administration. 1 866. however, to some of the statements of the resolu- whenwas tion, Tennessee was restored to her place in the Tennessee * theunion ? Union. Congress adjourned on the 28th of July, its session lasting, however, until after daylight of the next day. 7. On the 29th of July a despatch was received in New York from Cyrus W. Field, announcing the completion of the Atlantic cable, the work having been begun by the landing of the shore-end of the •what w as cable at Valentia, Ireland, on the 6th of this month. the date of tkm c ot m ti!e" The first message transmitted on the cable was, Atlantic • i i cable? " a treaty of peace has been signed between Austria and Prussia." On the 27th, Queen Vic- toria sent to the President of the United States a despatch congratulating him on its completion, and expressing the hope that it might be a " bond of union between the United States and England;" to which a suitable answer was returned. 8. On the 11th of August, Mr. Hamilton, the Provisional Governor of Texas, was relieved by the President, and his authority was assumed by Governor Throckmorton ; and on the 20th, by a proclamation, the President annulled the exception which was made with regard to Texas in his pro- whenwM clamation of April 2, declaring the war at an end claredatan Jjj- ^g SeCe ding StateS. Texas ? 9. On the 14th of August the " National Union \n ia t 1* sa id Convention" met in Philadelphia, in accordance ventious? w ith a call issued by the "National Union Club" of Washington on the 15th of June. As the call took the form of a measure of the Administration, and was sanctioned only by those who favored the THE PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION. 545 policy of the President, it resulted in several *866« changes in the Cabinet. The Attorney-General, the Postmaster-General, and the Secretary of the Interior resigned their places, disapproving of the convention, and successors were appointed to their places. This convention was speedily followed by a "Southern Loyalists' Convention," in which the strongest denunciations against the policy and course of the President were pronounced. The " Republican Union" State Convention of New York, which met on the 5th of September, indorsed the course of Congress as opposed to that of the President, while the "National Union" Convention of that State, meeting six days later, reaffirmed the principles set forth by the convention of August 14. 10. In the elections held in most of the Northern, what was the result of Middle, and Western States, during October and £ e t hL ecttoM November, the reconstruction policy of the Re- publican party was made the issue, and in most of these States the Republican candidates were suc- cessful. It had now become an acknowledged fact that the policies of Congress and the President were supported respectively by the Republican and the Democratic parties. 11. The Legislature of Texas rejected the Con- stitutional Amendment by a vote of sixty-seven to five. Three-fourths of the States having ratified it, it was already a part of the law of the land. Those States which had annulled the ordinance of ™,° d b {|£ secession, repudiated the war debt, and abolished s?ate S n make 71 ' to the slavery, expected immediately to be restored to^J- their former position in the Union, and objected 35 546 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1866. seriously to the fifth section of this amendment, which renders ineligible to office all those who, having sworn to support the Constitution, have afterwards given aid to the rebellion. 12. Congress assembled on the 3d of December, 1866. The President's message was mainly a de- fence of his policy. The Report of the Secretary wnatreduc of the Treasury showed a decrease of the debt tinn haf\ * i within the year commencing October, 1865, when it was the largest, of $206,000,000 ; $99,000,000 of this reduction having been accomplished during the last four months of the year. 13. A bill providing for the right of suffrage in gramedin the District of Columbia, forbidding any distinction on account of color or race, and prescribing the penalty for interfering with or rejecting any vote on such account, was passed in the Senate on the 13th, and in the House on the 14th of December. This bill, returned by the President without his approval on the 7th of January, was passed over his veto. tion had been made in the debt When -was the right of suffrage District of Colum- bia? CHAPTER XXV. 1867# EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1867. What was the feeling of the 1. The feeling of the people of the South at the southern opening of this year was very different from that mistime? w hi cn was expressed immediately after their subju gation. Then they felt that as a conquered people they must submit to any terms offered ; now, ex- ADMISSION OF NEW STATES. 647 cited by the hopes of an immediate return to their *S67. old footing in the Union, by the policy of the Pre- sident, they were unwilling to submit to the terms which were demanded of them by the North, through the legislative power. Memorials were presented to Congress from the Union League of Norfolk, and from the white loyalists in Louisiana, setting forth this fact, and asking that their present State Governments should be abrogated, — in the one case a Territorial and in the other a Provisional Govern- ment being asked for. As instances of the refusal to submit to the laws of the general Government, may be cited the sale at public auction, on Decem- ber 22, in Maryland, of two negroes convicted of larceny, in accordance with the old State laws ; and an attempt to punish a negro by whipping, by the Sheriff of Raleigh. 2. The bills for the admission of the Territories of Nebraska and Colorado as States, which had been passed at the last session of Congress, — the former of which had not been acted on, and the latter of which had been vetoed by the President, — were introduced again and passed. The last of these was returned on the 28th of January, .-. 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PREAMBLE.— We, the people of the United States, inorderto formamore perfect union estab- lish, justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promofe the general wel f.ire, and secure the blessing's of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I.— Legislative powers. Sect. I— All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the United States which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. Sect. II.— I. The house of representatives shal.l be composed of members, chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each stale shall have the qualitiea- tions requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. ■2. No person shall be a representative, who shall not have attained to the age oftwenty-five years and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in-' habitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. :*. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to servitude tor a term of years rmole power of impeachment. Sety. Ill— l. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state chosen by the, legislature thereof. Ibr six years : and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immedi itely after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second class.at the expiration of the fourth ye ir ; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year: so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess , if the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislature which skill fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United stales 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sittinc for that pur- pose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of toe United stales is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in case of i^neachment shall not extend further than'to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sect. IV.— l. The times, places, and mannerofholdin? elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by 'aw, snake or alter such regulations, except as to the place of-chooiins senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sect. V — l. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members • and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business . but a >mallei j(ij 506 CONSTITUTION OF number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compe. ths attendance c4 absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rule olits proceedings, punish its members lor disorderly je^ havior. and. with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keel) a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nay. -.oft ha members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those presen'., ba entered on the journal. , 4. .Neither House during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adj urn tor more than three do 's, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses sha. be Bitting. Zect. VI. — 1. The sena.ors and representatives shall receive a compensation for *heir services, to be ascertained by law. and paid out of the treasury of the United States. Tl ey shall in all cases, except treason, telony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at- tendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning fiom the same; and tor any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other plar-.t. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been crealed, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United Suites shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sect VII— 1 All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; bu* the S nate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. •2. E/ery bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, be- fore it become a law. be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign ii ; but if not. he shall return it, with his objections, to thai House in which it shall h;iye origin ited, who shall enter the objection at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, aftar such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree ro pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the vote;i of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives may be necessary, (except a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him. or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sect. VIII— The Congress shall have power— I. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises bhall be uniform throughout the United States. •2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the In dian tribes. 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankrupt- cies, throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post offices and post roads. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to author! and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences agains* the law of nations. II. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 13. To provide and maintain a navy. 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 15. To provide tor calling forth the militia ♦«> execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec- tions, and repel invasions. 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states reaper lively the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to thn discipline prescribed by Congress. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeds g ten miles square), as mav. by cession of particular states and the acceptance of Congress, beenn a the seat, of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places pur- chased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be. for the enction nf forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings i and THE UNITED STATES. 507 18. To make ai .aws which shall be necessary ana proper for 'tarrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof. Sect. IX— 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing Khali think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thou- sand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- ceeding ten dollars for eacn person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 3. No hill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumei- ation hereinbefore directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another . nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 6 No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any officii cf profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emol- ument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sect. X.— 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts : pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-fiicto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 2. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports ot exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports shall he for the use of the treasury of ttie United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent dangei as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II.— Of the Executive. Sect. I.— 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of Ameri ca. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :— 2. Each stale shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in Congress; but. no senator or representative, or person holding any office of trust oi profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meetin their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one af least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a listofall the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sigi; and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person haviiiH- the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immedi- ately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states ; the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be Vice President. But if 1 here should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot, the Vice President. 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which they »ha!l give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No peison except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person \e eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. . . . , ... 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the \ ice I resi- dent ; and the Coneress mav bv law provide for the case oi removal, death, resignation, or ina- bility, both of the Presidentand Vice President, declaring what officer shall then art as | resident and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. . ,. . . ., 7. The President shall, i< stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, anil he shall not receive within that period any other emolument lrom the Limed auies, or anj of them. 568 CONSTITUTION OF 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation i " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will faithfully execute the office of President of tha United state*, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sect. II.— I. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United Slates; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in case; of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur : and he shall nominate, and by and with thei advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers anil consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. Bui the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such interior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to till up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sect. III.—]. He shall, from time to time, give to Consress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; ami in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public min- isters; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. . Sect. IV.— I. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III.— The Judiciary— their Poicers, fyc. Sect. I.—\. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time, order and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. H.— \. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, undei their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states; between a state and citizens of an- other state ; between citizens of different states; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states ; and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and lbreign states, citizens or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as Consress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such hiaV shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- mitted within any state, the triai shall be at such place or places as Congress may by law have directed. Sect. I1I.—X. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 2. Congiess shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person at- tainted. ARTICLE IV.— Relative to States. Sect. I— i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and ju- dicial proceedinss of every other state. And Congress may, by genera! laws, presence the man- ner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sect. II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of "itizens in the several states. i. A person charsed in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from jus- tify and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be lischargec from such service or labor: but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may he due. Bert. 171.— 1. New stales may be admitted by Consress into this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other stale, nor any state be formed by the THE UNITED STATES. 569 junction of two or more. states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the itates concerned, as well as of Congress. 2. Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respect- ing the territory, or other properly belonging to the United Slates; and nothing in this Consti- tution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United Slates or of any pert.iculai state. Sect. IF.— 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legialfe ture, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V.— 0/ Amendments. 1. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of tl:e several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, sha'l be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sulFrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI.— Miscellaneous. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance tnereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state -hall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the severa' states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under the United States. ARTICLE VII— Of the Ratification. 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment ol this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of Sep- tember, in. the year of our Lord, one thousand seven, hundred and eisrhty-scven, and of the In- dependence of the United States of America, the twelfth. Inioitness whereof, toe have here- unto subscribed our names. The Constitution, although formed in 1787, was not adopted until 17S8, and did not commence its operations until 1789. The number of delegates chosen to this Convention was sixty-five, of whom ten did not attend, and sixteen refused to sign the Constitution. The following thirty nine signed the Constitution :— New Hampshire.— John Langdon, Nicholas Oilman. Massachusetts.— Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut.— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York.— Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey.— William Livingston, David Brearlev. William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton: Pennsylvania.— Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Th-ynas Fitzsimmons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Delaware.— George Read, Gunning Bedford, jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Rroom. Maryland.— James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia — John Blair. James Madison, jr. North Carolina.— William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spnight, Hugh Wilb'amson. Smith Carolina.— John Rutledire. Ch'irles C. Pinkney, Charles Pinknej, Pierce Butler. Georgia.— William Few, Abraham Baldwin. GEORGE WASHINGTON President WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 570 CONSTITUTION OF AMENDMENTS To th* Donstitution of the United States, ratified according to the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. __ Art J.— Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibitin? the free exercise thereof j or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of tht people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Art. II — A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep ami bear arms shall not be infringed. Art. ///.—No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Art. IF.— The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Art. V.— No person shall be held to answer tor a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand.jury. except in cases arising in the land or naval Ibices, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger; nor shall any peisofl be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compel- led, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or prop- erty, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Art. Ft— In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his de- fense. Art. VII— In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-ex- amined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Art. VIII— Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Art. IX — The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Art, A".— The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Art. XL— The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Art. XII.— The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot, for president and vice president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the sam-„ state with themselves : they shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as president, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as vice president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice president, and of the number of votes foreacn. which lists they shall sien and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president ot the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of renresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such a number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- pointed ; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest num- bers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But. in choosing the president, the vote b'jhII be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the slates, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shali nol choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth daj of March next following, then the vice president shall act as president, as in the case of the death, or other constitutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice president, shall be the vice president if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose 'he vice president— a quorum for the purpose shaH consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice president of the United States. Art. Xlll.—Srr. J.— Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States 01 inv place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. -'.—Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. THE UNITED STATES. ^"J\ ARTICLE XIV. See. 1. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. — Repi'esentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their re- spective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and vice president of the United States, representatives in congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3. — No person shall be a senator or representative in congress, or elector of president and vice president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. U. — The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or re- bellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. — The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. CHART OF HENRY VII., HENRY VIII., EDWARD VI. MARY, ELISABETH. 1400. 492. Columbus discovers America. I4tf7. The Cabots, under Henry VII., discover the Continent of North America. 14P9. The Portugese send out Ojeda with Americus Vespucius. 1500. 1502. Columbus makes his fourth and last voyage. 1506. He dies at Valladolid, in Spain 1512. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. 1523. Verrazani, under the French, explores the American Coast. 1525. Narvaez attempts the conquest of Florida. 1534. Cartier discovers the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and possesses it in the name of the King of France. 1535. Cartier, in a second voyage, in which he ascends the St. Lawrence, names tb.2 country New France. 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi. 1562. Ribault leaves a French Colony on the Coast of Florida. 1564. Laudonniere begins a French settlement on the river May. 1565. Laudonniere's Colony destroyed by the Spaniards, who possess the country.— St. Augustine founded by Pedro Melendez. 1568. The. Spanish Colony on the May, de- stroyed by De Gorgez. 1.576. Frobishers Expedition. 1578. Uueen Elizabeth grants the first English Patent to lands in North America, to Sir Walter Ruleiirh. 1533. Sir H. Gilbert takes possession of New- foundland. 1589. Raleigh sells his Patent to the London Company. MISCELLANEOUS FACTS. The total population of the United States in 1790 was 2.819.811; in 1NI0. 5.305,937: in 1S10, 7.-39.811; in lNJO. 9.038.191; in 18.30, 12.866,020: in 1840, 17.069.453; iu 1850, 23,191.876; in 1800, 31,445.060. Total white pop. in 1S60. 27.003.314: free co- loured, 487,996, slaves, 3.953,760. Pop- of the loyal States and Territories, 22,341,747 ; seceded States, 9.103.333. The number of Universities and Colleges was 239; Students. 27.S21 : Academies and Pri- vate Schools, 6,085; Pupils, 263,096; Public Schools, 80.078: Pupils. 3.354.011. Number of Baptist Churches, 9,360: Episcopal, 1,461; Friends, 728; Jewish, 37; Lutheran, 1.221; .Methodist, 13,388; Presbyterian, 4,SJ3 ; Roman Catholic, 1,227. MEXICO. 1519. Cortez. lands in Mexico U21. He conquers 'he City.— From this time u-itil 1321, Mexico was governed by Vice- toys from Spain.— Revolution in Mexico, 18'.? -1W1 572 JAMES I., CHARLES I., CROMWELL, CHARLES II., JAMES II. 1600. 1602. Gosnold discovers Cape Cod- 16U3. Henry IV., of France, grants Acadia to De Monts. 1605. First permanent French settlement in North America made at Port Royal. 1606. First Charter of Virginia issued. —Virginia divided between the London and Plymouth Companies. 1607. Jamestown, in Virginia, founded— the earliest permanent English settlement in North America. 1608. Quebec settled by Champlain. 1609. Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson river. 1610. Starving time in Virginia. 1611. Sir Thomas Dale arrives in Virginia. 1613. New York settled by the Dutch. 1619. First General Assembly in Virginia. 1620. Landing of the Puritans.— Young women sent to Virginia, as wives for the planters, and sold for tobacco.— Negroes introduced bv the Dutch, and Slavery commenced. I 1621. Charter granted to the Dutch West India Company, for settiing the country between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. 1623. The Dutch erect Fort Nassau, on the Delaware.— Albany settled by the Dutch. , 1624. London Company dissolved. 1627. Swedes and Fins settle on the Delaware. 1628. Patent of Massachusetts obtained.— Set- tlement of Salem commenced. 1629. Sew Hampshire granted to John Mason. 1630. Heath's Patent to S. Carolina granted. j 1631. First General Court in Massachusetts.— Patent of Connecticut granted. 1632. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 1633. First house erected in Connecticut. 1634. Commissioners appointed in England to govern the Colonies.— Roger Williams ban- ished. ( 1636. Hartford settled.— Roger Williams settles Rhode Island. 1637. Harvard College established.— Pequod War. 1633. New Haven settled. 1639. First Printing Office in America, at Cam- bridge. 1643 Confederation of the New England Colo- nies. 1653. Disputes between the United Colonies and the Dutch. 1671. Charleston founded. 1673. It7/r between England and Holland — The Dutch take New York. [53; \ King Philip's War. 1681. Penn receives a Charter for Pennsylvania 1 1682. Philadelphia founded. 1694. Cull nre of K ice introduced in South Car- olina, from Africa. '697. Peace of Ryswick terminates King Wil- liam's War. AMERICAN HISTORY. WILLIAM AND MARY, ANNE, GEORGE I. GEORGE II., GEORGE III. 1700. 1702. Queen Anne's War. American Newspaper.— (Boston J7U3. First News Letter.) 1710 First Post Office in America. 1719 Aurora Borealis first seen in New Eng. 1723. Vermont settled. 1709. North and South Carolina separated. 1733. Georgia settled. 1738. Nassau Hall College founded at Prince- ton, New Jersey. 1744. War between France and England. 1748. Peace restored. 1754. Commencement of the old French War. Congress o-f'De legates from seven Colonies meet at Albany. 1755. Defeat of Braddock. 1757. Fort William Henry taken by Montcalm. 1759. Quebec, taken— Wolfe killed. 1764. Philadelphia Medical School founded. i~65. Stamp Act passed.— First Colonial Con- gress, from nine States, meet at N Vork, and publish a Declaration of Rights. 1766. Stamp Act repealed. 1767. New Taxes imposed. 1770. Boston Massacre. 1773. Tea thrown into the Harbor at B^ton. 1774. CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, at Phil- adelphia. 1775. Revolutionary War begins.— Skirmish at Lexington.— Bunker Hill. 1776. Independence declared.— Americans de- feated on Long Island.— Battle of White Plains— Trenton. V777- Battle of Princeton— Bennington— Bran- dy wine— Stillwater— Germantown— Sara- toga.— Surrender of Burgoyne. 1778. treaty of Alliance between France and America.— Battle of Monmouth.-A French Fleet, under D'Estaing, arrives. — Massacre at Wyoming. — Savannah taken by the British. 1779.— Sunbury taken by the British.— Battle at Briar Creek.- Storming of Stoney Point and Paulus Hook.— Battle of the Bon Homme Richard and Serapis.— Siege of Savannah. 1780. Battle near Camden, S. C— Treason of Arnold. 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops.— Bat- tle of Cowpens— Guilford— Hobkirk's Hill. Euta wSprings.— Surrender of Cornwallis. 5782. Treaty of Peace signed. 1783. Army disbanded.— Washington resigns his commission. 1784. Shay's Rebellion. 17*7. Convention for Framing a Constitution. 1788. Eleven States adopt the Constitution. 1789. Commencement of the Federal Govern- ment— Washington President. 1791. Vermont admitted into the Union. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union.— U. S. Mint established. 1793. Washington again elected President. 1'96. Tennessee admitted into the Union.— Washington's Farewell Address.— John Adams President. 1799.— Washington dies. 1806. 1800. Seat of Government transferred to Wash ington. 1801. Jifferson elected President. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 1SU3. Louis/ana purchased. — War with Tripoli 1807. Affair with ihe Chesapeake and Leop ard.— Burr's Conspiracy and Trial. 1809. Madison's Administration. 1811. Affair of the Little Belt.— Louisiana ad- mitted i\.to the Union.— Battle of Tippe- canoe. 1812. Declaration of War against Great Britain by the United States— Surrender of Hull. —Battle of the Constitution and Guerriere —Wasp and Frolic— United States and Macedonian— Constitution and Java. 1813- Battle of the Hornet and Peacock.— Cap- ture of York— Death of Pike — Forts George and Erie taken.— Battle of LakeErie— of the Thames— on Lake Ontario— of Taladega. 1814. Battle of Talapoosa— Chippewa— NorUi Point— Bridge water. 1815. Battle of New Orleans.— Treaty of Peace. 1816. National Bank established.— Indiana ad- mitted into the Union.— Colonization So- ciety formed. 1817. Monroe elected President.— Internal Im- provements—Roads and Canals, com- menced.— Mississippi admitted. 1818. Jackson chastises the Seminoles. — Illi- nois admitted. 1819. First Steam Ship sails for Europe.— Ala- bama admitted into the Union. 1820. Northern Canal completed.— Maine ad- mitted. 1821. Missouri admitted— Florida ceded to the United States. 1824. Lafayette visits America. 1825. John Q. .4dfl'tt/s'Administration. 1826. Adams' and Jefferson's death. 1828. Tariff Bill amended. 1829. Andrew Jackson's Administration.— First appearance of Cholera in America, at Que- bec—Black Hawk's War. 1833. Removal of the Deposits from the U. S. Bank to the State Banks. 1835. Great Fire in New York.— Michigan ad- mitted.— 1835 to 1837, mania for Specula- tion rages. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union. 1C37. Van Bvren's Administration.— Great pe cuniary distress.— Banks in New York stop Specie Payment. 1839. Banks in N. Y. resume Specie Payment 1841. William H. Harrison President.— Dies April 4.— John Tyler President. 1842. North-Eastern Boundar y Question settled. 1845. loiva and Florida admitted.— Jamen K Polk, President— Morse s Telegraph car- ried into operation.— Texas admitted into the Union. 1846. May 3. Fort Brown bombarded. " 3. War declared against Mexico. " 8. Battle of Palo Alto. " 9. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. June 16. Orcgoa boundary settled. 573 CHART OF An jr. New .Mexico conquered. Sept. 21. Siege of Monterey commenced. *' 24. Monterey capitulated. 1847. Feb. 8. California annexed. " 22. Btttle of Buena Vista. " 28. Chihuahua captured. Mar. 29. Vara Cruz captured. April 18. Cerro Gordo captured. Aug. 20. Battle of Churubusco. Sept. 8. Battle of Moliuo del Rey. " 13. BattleofChapultci.ee. " 14. General Scott entered the city of Mexico. ISIS. Feb. 2. Gold discovered iu California. " Treaty of peace with Mexico. May 29. Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 1849. Second appearance of cholera in America. Mar. 5. General Taylor inaugurated Presi- dent. Sept. 1. State Constitution adopted by Cali- fornia. 1850. March 31. John C. Calhoun died. May 31. First American Arctic expedition sailed. May 3. Great fire in San Francisco. July 9. Great tire in Philadelphia. " 9. President Taylor died, and was suc- ceeded by Millard Fillmore. ' 10. The question of the admission of Cali- fornia, and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Bill, caused intense excitement throughout the country. Sept. 1. Invasion of Cuba by General Lopez from New Orleans. " 9. Territories of Utah and New Mexico organized.— California admitted as a State. " 20. Flogging in the navy abolished. Oct. 9. Texas boundary settled by payment of $10,000,000 to the State of Texas. " Jefferson Davis made a speech in favor of secession. Nov. 13. Personal Liberty Bill passed in Ver- mont. " 18. Governor Quitman, of Mississippi, called an extra session of the Legislature to oppose the admission of California. " 25. Mississippi Legislature convened. Dec. 11. State Convention held at Milledge- ville, Ga. 1851. Jan. 27- Steamer John Adams sunk in Missis- sippi Kiver— 123 lives lost. May 3. Great fire in San Francisco. " 5. Southern Rights Convention held at Charleston, S. C. June 22. Great tire in San Francisco, destroyed $3,000,000 worth of property. July 4. Corner-stone of the new Capitol at Washington laid. Aug. 12. Second invasion of Cuba by General Lopez. Sept. 30. First Grinnell expedition returned. Dec. 4. KossuMi visited the United States. 574 1853. June 29. Henry Clay died. Arizona purchased. Oct. 24. Daniel Webster died. 1853. Mar. 4. Franklin Pierce inaugurated Presi« dent. April 18. Hon. Wm. R. King, Vice- President, died. May 31. Second Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin sailed. July 14. Crystal Palace at New York opened. 1854:. Mar. 31. Treaty with Japan concluded. April 1 1. Southern Couveution held at Charles- ton. May 25. Kansas and Nebraska Bill passed. Missouri Compromise repealed. July 13. Greytown bombarded by Commodore H.jllins. 1855. Aug. — . First attempt to lay Atlantic Tele- graphic Cable. Oct. 11. Grinnell expedition returned, aftet an absence of two years and a half. ~856. Feb. 2. N. P. Banks elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, after balloting two months. May 14. Disturbances in California.— Vigi- lance Committee appointed in San Fran- cisco. May 27. British minister and consuls at Phi- ladelphia and New York dismissed for procuring enlistments in the United States for British army. June. Disturbances in Kansas between the Free State men and the Lecomptou gov- ernment. " Indian war in Oregon and Washington Territories. " 19. Quantity of arms belonging to the State of California seized by the Vigilance Committee. July 4. Topeka Legislature dispersed by gov- ernment troops under Colonel Sumner. Aug. — . Charter Oak, near Hartford, Conn., blown down. " 18. San Francisco Vigilance Committee disbanded. Sept. 1. Riot at Leavenworth, Kan.— Two persons killed. " 24. Steamer Niagara burned on Lake Michigan — 100 lives lost. Oct. 10. Disturbances in Kansas suppressed. " 15. Two hundred and forty organized Free State emigrants arrested in Kansas, and disarmed by Governor Geary. " 24. Riot between 2500 Chinese miners at Mound Spring, Cal. Nov. 23. Governor Adams, of South Carolina, advised the Legislature to prepare for the coming conflict, and advocated the revival of the slave-trade. Dec. — . A general feeling of alarm in the Southern Statos, in consequence of rumors of slave insurrections. AMERICAN HISTORY. Dec. 8. Southern Convention assembled at Savannah. 1857. Jan. — . Court records burnt in Salt Lake City, by order of Brigham Young. Feb. 16l Dr. Kane died at Havana. Mar. 1. Attempt to poison Mr. Buchanan, while at the National Hotel, Washington. *' 4. James Buchanan inaugurated Presi- dent. April 20. Steamer Niagara left New York to assist in laying Transatlantic Telegraph. June — . Mormon rebellion. June — . Personal Liberty Bill passed in Maine. Aug. 11. Laying of telegraph cable suspended. Sept. 12. Steamship Central America wrecked —400 lives lost. " 15. Emigrant train attacked by Indians, at Mountain Meadows, 300 miles south of Salt Lake City, and 134 emigrants mur- dered. Oct. — . Financial crisis in the United States. •' 5. Mormons attacked three government trains, and destroyed 78 wagons. " 13. Banks in the principal cities sus- pended specie payments. 185 8. April 8. Governor Cumming arrived at Salt Lake City. " 10. Thomas II. Benton died. May 22. Minnesota admitted into the Union. June 7. Troubles in Utah settled. " 10. Second attempt to lay Atlantic Cable failed. July 17. Third attempt to lay Atlantic Cable. Aug. 5. Atlantic Telegraph Cable successfully laid from the U.S. steamer Niagara and the British steamer Agamemnon. " 16. First message transmitted from Lon- don to America, and on Sept. 1 the wires ceased to work. Oct. 5. Crystal Palace, New York, burned. " 9. First overland mail from California reached St. Louis. Dec. 2. Cargo of negroes landed on Jekyll Island, coast of Georgia. 1859. Jan. 28. Wm. H. Prescott died. Feb. 14. Oregon admitted into the Union. May 6. Gokf discovered at Pike's Peak. "11. Southern Convention met at Nash- ville. Aug. 1. Wyandotte Convention framed Con- stitution for Kansas. Oct. 11. United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry seized by John Brown and 22 men. Dec. 2. John Brown hung at Charlestown, Va. " 16. Four of Brown's accomplices hung. " — . Governor Gist, of South Carolina, re- commends the secession of the South in case a Republican President should be elected. 1860. Jan. 10. Pemberton Mill, at Lawrence, Mass., fell, killing and maiming 525 persons. Feb. 1. Mr. Pennington, of New Jersey, elec- ted Speaker of House of Representatives, after a twe months' Mar. 21. Japanese Embassj arrived at San Francisco. They reached Washington May 14, and left 'New York to return to Japan 29th June. July 3. Third American Arctic expedition sailed. " 28. Great Eastern arrived at New York. Sept. 21. Prince of Wales visited the United States. Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln elected President. This event was immediately followed by preparations, on the part of several South- ern States, for withdrawing from the Union, and measures were at once taken to place the South on a war footing. " 22. Large number of banks suspended specie payments. Dec. 10. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Trea- sury, resigned— succeeded by Philip F. Thomas. " 17. Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, re- signed—succeeded by Jeremiah S. Black. 17. South Carolina State Convention as- sembled. " 20. Ordinance of Secession passed South Carolina Convention. " 22. Robbery of $870,000 in Indian Trust Bonds discovered at Washington. " 25. South Carolina commissioners arrived in Washington. — Major Anderson aban- doned Fort Moultrie, and transferred his garrison to Fort Sumter. " 30. Secretary Floyd resigned. " 31. Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, the government buildings in Charleston, and the revenue cutter in the bay, seized by the South Carolina authorities. 1861. Jan. 8. Mississippi seceded. " 10. Florida seceded.— The Star of the West fired upon at Charleston. " 11. Alabama seceded. " 19. Georgia seceded. " 26. Louisiana seceded. " 30. Kansas admitted into the Union. Feb. 1. Texas seceded. " 4. Peace Convention met at Washington. —Confederate Congress met at Montgo- mery, Ala. Mar. 2. Territories of Colorado, Nevada, and Dakota formed. Mar. 11. Permanent Constitution adopted by Confederate Congress. April 10. Confederate government called for 32,000 men. " 12. Fort Sumter bombarded. " 14. Fort Sumter evacuated. " 15. President Lincoln called for 75,000 men for three months. " 18. Harper's Ferry abandoned by U.S. garrison, and the armory destroyed.— Pennsylvania troops entered the capital. " 19. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania troops tired on by the mob at Baltimore.— 3 of the soldiers and 9 of the mob killed. " 20. Gosport Navy Yard abandoned and destroyed by the U.S. forces.— Virginia seceded. — Bridges between Baltimore and Philadelphia burned by Secessionists.— Tennessee seceded. April 21. People of Western Virginia declared themselves for the Union. 575 CHART OF April 2o. Governor Letoher, by proclamation, declared Virginia united with the South. — Arms removed from St Louis Arsenal by Illinois troops, " 26. Confederate Congress met at Mont- gomery, Ala May 3. The President called for 60,000 soldiers for 3 years or the war, and 18,000 seamen for the navy. " 5. General Butler took possession of the Relay House. Sid. " 6. Arkansas seceded. Confederate Con- gress reoognised the existence of war be- tween United States and seceding States. " 10. Captain Lyon, afterwards General, seiaed the camp of State .Militia near St. L mis. .Mo. " 13. Proclamation of neutrality by British government.— Convention in western Vir- ginia to oppose seoession. " 20. telegraphic messages seized through- out the North. " 21. North Carolina seceded. *' 24. Union forces advanced into Virginia, and occupied Alexandria and Arlington Heights.— Colonel Ellsworth killed. une 1. Postal service in the seeeded States discontinued. " 2. Battle at Philippi, Western Virginia. " o. General Beauregard in command of Confederate troops at Manassas.— Senator Stephen a. Douglas died at Chicago. " 8. Tennessee adopted ordinance of seces- sion. " 10. Disastrous skirmish at Great Bethel, Va. Union . 60 wounded. " 11. Convention met at Wheeling to form a provisional government. " 1."). Harper's Ferry evacuated by Confode- -. the machinery carried away, and the railroad bridge destroyed. " 17 and .Inly 2. General Patterson's force crossed the Potomac at Williamsport.— Skirmish at Booneville, Mo., between troops of Governor Jackson and General Lyon's forces. " 19. Rebel camp at Philippi. Va., dispersed. fnly ."). Victory at Carthage, Mo. "9. MCClellan's victory at Laurel Hill, Western Virginia. " 11. Skirmish at Monroe. Mo.— Virginia, Texas, Arkansas, and Teuness- tors expelled from the U.S. Senate. " 12. General McClellan captured Beverley, Va.— Colonel Pegram and GOO meu sur- rendered. " 13. Victory at Rich Mountain, Va. One hundred and fifty rebels killed and wounded, and 600 captured. " 14. Victory at Carrie k's Ford, Va. — Gene- ral Garnet killed. " 15. Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va., between Patterson's advance and Confederate ca- valry. — General McDowell commenced his forward movement from Washing- ton. '• It'. President Lincoln author'zed to call out 500,000 volunteers. " 17. Fairfax Court- House ocoup al McDowell's advance. — Skirmish ■ytown, Western Va. " 1>. Fight at Blackburn's Ford, near Ccu- treville. Va. 570 July 20. Confederate Congress met at Rich- mond. Va. • 21. Battle of Bull Run, between 18,008 Union troops, under General McDowell, and 23.000 Confederates, under G Beauregard. Union loss, 481 killed. Mil wounded, and 1216 missing. Coo'' loss, killed 399, wounded 1200, missing 150, The Union troops lost twenty-live can- non, two thousand live hundred small arms, besides ammunition, and eight thou- sand knapsacks and blankets. " 22. General MeClellau oalled to Wash- ington to take command of the Army of the Potomac. •• 'J7. Fort Fillmore abandoned. " 30. .Missouri Convention declared vacant the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and the Assembly. Aug. 1. Slaves imprisoned at Alexandria re- leased, and employed on fortifications, by order of the Secretary of War. •• 2. Battle of Dug Springs, Mo. Skirmish at Athens, -Mo.— Galveston, 3, bombarded, " 9. The village of Hampton, near Fortress .Monroe, burnt by order of General Ma- '• 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, between rals Lyon and McCulloch. I' ea thousand rebels and about 6000 Union troops were engaged. General Lyon was killed. The Union loss was lJ.'x"). and that of the rebels, 1065. The Union forces afterwards fell back to B ilia. " 16. The President, by proclamation, de- clared the seceding States in a state of insurrection, and forbade all commercial intercourse with them. " 17. Fight at Charlestown, Mo. " 18. Privateer .left'. Davis wrecked at St. . istine, Fla. " 20. General Wise defeated at Hawk's Nest, Va. " 26. Surprise of the 7th Ohio Volunteers, while at breakfast, at Summerville, West- ern Va.— Genera] Butler's expedition left Fortress Monroe for llatteras Inlet, XT " 27 and 29. Bombardment and surrender of Forts llatteras and Clark, at llatteras Inlet, X.C. Seven hundred prisoners. 31 cannon, and 1000 stand of small anus w ore captured.— Confederates repulsed at Lex- ington, Mo., by Home Guards. " 29. Fort Stanton, New .Mexico, abandoned by order of Colonel Canby. " 31. General Fremont issued a proclamation (which was soon after annulled) declaring the slaves of all persons in arms against the government free men. Confederates occupied Munson's Hill, in sight of Wash- ington. Sept. i. Kentucky invaded and Columbus oc- cupied by rebels, under General Leouidas Polk, and Bowling Green soon after occu- pied by General Buckuer. ■' t> Paduoah, Ky., occupied by General Grant. " 1L. Fight at Lewinsville, Va, between Griffin's battery and Stuart's rebel cavalry. — Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Western Va.' " 12-15. Skirmishes at Cheat Mountain.— John A. Washington killed. AMERICAN HISTORY. Sept. 12. Confederate camp at Petersburg, Va., routed and destroyed. " 13. Skirmish at, Elkwater, Western Va., between rebel General Anderson and Loomis's battery .—Fight between .Missouri Hume Guard and rebels under C<>1. brown. " 14. Privateer. ludali burnt, under the guns of Pensacola Navy Yard, by Lieutenant Russell, U.S. Navy. " 15. Affair at Darnestown, Va., between Colonel Geary's pickets and 400 rebels. " 16. Siege of Lexington, Mo., commenced, and continued unti] the 20th inst., when Col Mulligan and 3.500 men surrendered, with 3300 small arms and sabres, 760 horses, $100,001) worth of commissary stores, and $900,000 in money, which had been buried. —Legislature of Maryland prevented from meeting to pass ordinance of seces- sion, by the arrest of many of the mem- bers. — Naval expedition destroyed Fort Oregon, at Ocracoke Inlet, N.C. " 17. Routof Confederates at Mariatown, Mo. — Skirmish at Bine Mills Landing. Union loss, 12 killed and 91 wounded a ad missing. " 20 Kentucky invaded by rebels. " 21. Confederates at Papinsville, Mo., sur- prised and routed by General Lane. Confederate loss, 40 killed, and 100 pri- soners. " 23. Skirmish at and capture of Mechanics- burg Gap, Va., by Ohio troops. " 24. Skirmish between the 28th Pennsylva- nia and 500 rebels, near Point of Rocks. " 30. Colonel Geary shelled the rebel works on the Potomac opposite Berlin, Md. Oct. 3. Skirmish at Green Briar, Western Va., between Union force8, under i. Reynolds, and rebels, under General Lee. ** 4. Confederate foroes, 4000 strong, attacked the Union troops at Chicomacomieo, on Hatteras Island, but were repulsed and driven off by the g a nboa t Monticello, with heavy loss to the Confederates. " 8. Johu C. Breckinridge, ex-Vicc-Presi- dent, and a United States Senatoi an address to the people of Kentucky, de- claring his intention to resist the Federal authority, lie was afterwards made a general in the rebel army. " 9. Attack upon Wilson's Zouaves on Santa Rosa Island, by 1800 rebels from Pensacola. They were repulsed, with a loss of 350 killed, wounded, and missing. " 12. Commodore llollins unsuccessfully at- tacked the Union fleet at the Southwest Pass of the Mississippi, by means of fire- ships, a " turtle" ram, and 6 gunboats. " 14. Secretary Seward advised the Gover- nors of the loyal States to perfect the fortifications of the seaboard and lake boundaries. " 16. Colonel Geary, with 400 men, captured 21,000 bushels of wheat near Harper's Ferry. Returning, he was attacked by the rebels, but repulsed them, capturing one 32-pounder. " 18. Potomac River completely blockaded by rebel batteries. " 21. Battle of Ball's Bluff. Colonel Baker, with about 1900 men, crossed the Potomac, near Leesburg. but were driven back by the rebels, under General Evans, with a loss of 200 killed and about TOO wounded and prisoners Colonel Baker was killed. —Genera] Zollicoffer attacked the Union troops at Camp Wildcat, but was repulsed with severe loss.— Colonel Plummer, with 2500 Union troops, attacked and routed 5000 rebels, under Generals Jeff. Thoinp- B ud Lowe. Oct. 24. General Fremont's body-guard, under Major Zagonyi, charged Into Springfield with about 160 men. The rebels were completely routed. Of the guard, 16 were killed, 27 wounded, and 10 missing. " 25. General Kellej attacl the rebels at Romney,Va., capturing their guns and camp equipage. " 28. Genera] Fremont entered Springfield. "29. General Sherman's expedition, con* [nj of men-of-w arand (rant ports, Bailed from Hampton Loads for Port Royal, S.C. —Provisional Government for Kentucky established at Boh ling Grei " 31. Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott retired from active service in the army. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1807; appointed captain in 1808, lieute- nant-colonel in 1812, colonel in 1813, bri- gadier, and soon after major-general, in 181 1, and, as a reward for his distinguished services, the rank of lieutenant was conferred on him in 1855.- G McClellan appointed to the chief command of the army of the i Inited E Nov. 2. Genera] Fremont removed from the command of the Western Department. " 4. Part of General Sherman's expedition arrived off Port Loyal, S.C. " 7. Forts Walker" and Beauregard, at Port Royal, attai I under Commodore Dn Pout, and, after a bom- bardment of three ho i red, the garrison escaping to the interior. Forty- two heavy guns were captured, and also a large, amount of ammunition.- liattle at Belmont, Mo., between Generals Grant and McClernand and the rebels, under General Cheatham. The rebel camp was destroyed, and after a long and Contest, the Union troops retired to their transports. Union loss, 81 killed, 28 wounded, and 235 missing. Rebel loss, 261 killed, 427 wounded, and 278 missing. " 8. Town of Beaufort, s.c, occupied by Union troops.— Commodore Wilki tured the rebel commissioners. Mason and Slidell, while on board the British mail steamer Trent. " 9. General Nelson attacked the rebels near Piketon, Ky., and compelled an un- conditional surrender. Two thousand prisoners were taken. " 10. General Halleck appointed to the command of the Department of the West; in place of Generals Hunter and Fremont. —One hundred and fifty Union soldiers enticed into a private house in Guyan- dotte, Va., and there murdered or taken prisoners. The next day the village was burnt by Virginia Union volunteers, in retaliation for the murder. " 13. General Lockwood, with 4000 troops, occupied Accomac and Northampton coun- ties, Va. 37 577 CHART OF Nov. 14. General Benham defeated Floyd at McCoy's Mills. •' 19. Rebel privateer Nashville burnt the ship Harvey Birch, near the British Chan- nel. " 20. " Stone fleet" sailed from New London, Conn., to blockade Charleston harbor. — Throe thousand Confederates laid down their arms and disbanded, in Aceomac county, Va.— General Floyd retreated from Gauley River, losing most of his camp equipage and ten wagon loads of arms and ammunition. " 22 and 23. Forts McRae and Barrancas bombarded by Fort Pickens and tli3 ships in the harbor. Fort McRae was silenced, and the town of Warrington destroyed. •* 23. Part of General Butler's expedition sailed for New Orleans. " 26. Convention to form a new State met at Wheeling. Dec. 2. Engagement between four Union gun- boats and the rebel iron-clad Patrick Henry, near Newport News. " 3. Skirmish at Salem, Lent county, Mo. — 3d Pennsylvania cavalry, while on a reconnoissance to Vienna, Va., captured, but cut their way out, with a loss of 45 killed, wounded, and missing.— Advance of General Butler's expedition landed at Ship Island. " 4. Arms and munitions of war prohibited from exportation from any British port. " 9. Rebel batteries at Shipping Point de- stroyed. " 11-12. Destructive fire in Charleston, S.C. " 13. General Milroy defeated General John- ston at Camp Alleghany, Va., killing 31 and wounding 97. " 17. Battle near Munfordsville, Ky. Sixty- two rebels killed. " 18. Colonel Jeff. C. Davis captured 1300 rebels at Milford, Mo. " 20. Fight at Drauesville, Va., between General Ord and rebel General Stuart. — Stone fleet sunk in the channels leading to Charleston. " 26. Mason and Slidell released by Secre- tary Seward. " 30. Banks again suspended specie pay- ments. 186a. Jan. 1. Battle on Port Royal Island, S.C— Second bombardment of Forts Barrancas and Warrenton, from Fort Pickens. " 2. Mason and Slidell embarked onboard British steamer for Europe. " 4. General Jackson defeated the 5th Connecticut regiment, which was guard- ing the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, near Hancock, Va.. and destroyed the track. " 5. Senator Bright, of Indiana, expelled from the United States Senate. " 8. Severe skirmish, and defeat of rebels, at Blue Gap, near Romney, Va.— Skirmish at Paiatville, Ky.— Rebel camp in Ran- dolph county, Mo., destroyed. " 13. Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. resigned. Succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton. M 17. Ex-President John Tyler died at Rich- mond. 578 Jan. 18. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. General Zollicofler killed. Rebel loss, 115 killed ; 10 cannon, 100 wagons, and 1200 horsci captured. " 28. Fort Pulaski cut off from Savannah, by expedition under Captains Davis and Rodgers, of the navy. Feb. 6. Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, captured by Commodore Foote's naval expedition. " 8. Roanoke Island, N.C., captured bj General Burnside. " 9. Naval engagement near Elizabeth City, N.C. Four rebel vessels destroyed. " 13. General Curtis surprised the rebels at Springfield, Ark.— Skirmish at Blooming Gap, Western Va. " 15. Rebels evacuated Bowling Green, Ky. " 16. Fort Donelson surrendered to General Grant, the garrison consisting of 14,000. " 17. Nashville abandoned by rebels. " 19. Clarksville, Tenn., surrendered to Commodore Foote. " 21. Battle at Valverde, New Mexicc. " 22. Jefferson Davis inaugurated President of the Southern Confederacy for six years. " 25. Military possession taken of all tele- graphs in the North. " 28. Skirmish at Keittsville, Mo. Four guns captured from the rebels. Mar. 2. General Lander died. " 3. Columbus, Ky., evacuated. " 6. President Lincoln sent to Congress a message, proposing a seheme for emanci- pation with compensation. " 6, 7, and 8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., between Union forces, under Generals Curtis and Sigel, and the rebels, under McCulloch, Price, and Van Dorn. Union loss, 212 killed. 926 wounded, 174 missing. Rebel loss, 4000, including prisoners. " 8. Destruction of the frigates Cumberland and Congress, by the rebel steamer Mer- rimac, in Hampton Roads. " 9. Great naval battle between the rebel iron-plated steamer Merrimac and the Monitor. " 10. Centreville, Va., occupied by Union troops. " 11. General McClellan, on taking the field, was relieved from the chief command of the army.— Manassas evacuated by rebels, and occupied by General McClel- lau's advance. " 12. Winchester, Va., reoccupied by Union forces. " 14. New Madrid, Mississippi, evacuated by the rebels, leaving all their guns and ammunition.— Fort Marion, Fla., repos- sessed.— Battle at Newbern, N.C. Forty- six siege guns, 18 field pieces, 3000 small arms, and 300 prisoners captured. " 16. Island No. 10 invested by gunboats under Commodore Foote. — Pound Gap, Tenn., captured by General Garfield. " 18. Skirmish at Salem, Mo. One hundred rebels killed and wounded. Union loss, " 23. Battle of Winchester, Va., between the troops of General Shields and the rebels, under Stonewall Jackson. Union loss. 132 killed, 540 wounded. Rebel loss, 500 killed and about 1000 wounded. AMERICAN HISTORY. Mar. 25.— aopua Creek evacuated by rebels.— Rebel gunboat sunk near New Madrid. ** 28. Battle at Apache Canon, New Mexico. Rebel loss, 150 killed, 200 wounded.— Skir- mish near Tullahoma, Tenn. " Skirmish at Middleburgh, Va. April 1. Skirmish near Watt's Creek, near Newport News, Va. — One hundred men of the 43d Illinois surprised a rebel battery at Island No. 10, and spiked the guns. " 5. Yorktown, Va., invested by General McClellan. *' 6. Gunboat Pittsburg safely passed the rebel batteries at Island No. 10.— First day's battle at Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. General Albert S. Johnston killed. •' 7- Second day of battle of Pittsburg Landing, between 60,000 rebels, under Johnston, Beauregard and Polk, and 70,000 Union troops, under Generals Grant, Buell, Nelson, and Prentiss. Union loss, 1735 killed, 7882 wounded, and 305b* miss- ing. The rebels left 2700 dead on the field.— Island No. 10 abandoned by the rebels. One hundred and twenty-three pieces of artillery and large quantities of ammunition captured.— General Pope sent a portion of his force across the Missis- sippi, and captured 6700 rebels, with 30 field-pieces and 7000 small arms. " 10. Iluntsville, Ala., surprised by General Mitchel. Fifteen locomotives and 200 prisoners captured. " 11. Fort Pulaski, Ga., surrendered, after a bombardment of 30 hours.— Second raid of the rebel steamer Merrimae, in Hamp- ton Roads. " 12. Expedition from Huntsville to Stevens Station captured 5 locomotives and 2000 prisoners.— Decntur, Ala., occupied by General Mitchel. — Bridges on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad destroyed by United States troops. " 16. Eattle at Lee's Mills, near Yorktown, Va.— President signed the bill abolishing slavei-y in the District of Columbia. " 17. Skirmish at Edisto Island, S.C. " 18. Bombardment of Forts St. Philip and Jackson, below New Orleans, commenced. — General McDowell's advance reached the Rappahannock, opposite Fredericks- burg. 19. Skirmish near Newmarket, Va.— The ex- pedition underGeneral Reno, sent to South Mills, N.C., succeeded in destroying the locks of the Dismal Swamp Canal. " 23. A portion of Commodore Farragut's fleet succeeded in passing the forts below New Orleans, and attacked and destroyed the rebel fleet of iron-clad gunboats and rams, 11 of which were sunk. " 25. New Orleans surrendered to Commo- dore Farragut. — Forts on Lake Pontehar- train abandoned by the rebels. " 26. Fort Macon, N.C., surrendered after a bombardment of 11 hours. Fiftv heavv guns, 20,000 lbs. of powder, and 400 small arms captured. " 27. Fort Livingston, below New Orleans, surrendered. " 28. Forts Jackson and St. Philip surren- dered to Captain D. I). Porter. " 30. Expedition to Bridgeport, Ala , under General Mitchel, dispersed 6,800 rebels, under General Kirbv Smith. May 4. Yorktown evacuated, the rebels aban- doning 70 guns and a large amount of army stores. " 5. Battle of Williamsburg, Va. Union loss, 300 killed and 700 wounded. Rebel loss, 400 killed, 800 wounded, and 1400 prisoners. " 7. Battle at West Point. Va. . " 8. Sewall's Point shelled by Union gun- boats. " 9. Fight near Farmington, Tenn.— Gene- ral Hunter issued a proclamation declaring freedom to all slaves in the military de- partment of South Carolina, Georgia', and Florida. " 10. Fight at McDowell, Western Va. Union loss, 230 killed and wounded. Re- bel loss, 240 killed and wounded. — Naval battle at Fort Wright, on the Mississippi. —General Wool landed 5,000 men atWil- ioughby's Point, and marched on Norfolk, which surrendered.— Gosport Navy-Yard burned by the retreating rebels. " 11. Rebel iron-clad Merrimae blown up by the rebels. — Robert Small, a slave, and a negro crew, ran away with the rebel steamer Planter, from Charleston, and surrendered her to the blockading fleet. " 12. Ports of New Orleans, Beaufort, N.C., and Port Royal, S.C, opened to trade by proclamation of the President. " 13. Natchez, Miss., surrendered to the Union fleet. " 16. Skirmish near Front Royal, Va., be- tween 17 men of Colonel Geary's regiment and 300 rebel guerrillas. " 17. Union iron-clads repulsed at Fort Dar- ling, on Drury's Bluff, near Richmond.— Suffolk, Virginia,, occupied byUnion troops, under Colonel Dodge. " 19. Severe skirmish at Lacey, Ark., 150 rebels killed. Union loss, 15 killed, 31 wounded. — Proclamation of Hunter free- ing slaves annulled by the President. " 20. General Naglee's division crossed the Chickahominy. " 21. Skirmishing along the whole line of works at Corinth, daily, until its evacua- tion. " 23. Skirmish near New Bridge, Va. Four cannon, 200 small arms, and 100 prisoners captured. — Colonel Kenly, with 900 men, attacked by Jackson with 20,000 men, at Front Royal. " 24. General Banks retreated from Stras- burg towards Winchester, pursued by Generals Ewell and Stonewall Jackson.— Mechanicsville, near Richmond, captured. —Fight at Ellison's Mills. " 25. General Banks made a stand at Win- chester, and, after a severe fight, continued his retreat to Martinsburg.— Fight at El- lison's Mills, Va., renewed.— Skirmish at Mechanicsville, near Richmond. " 26. Battle at Corinth, Miss.— General Banks crossed the Potomac, having re- treated 53 miles in two days, losing only 50 out of 500 wagons. " 27. BaMle at Hanover Court House, Va. Union loss, 53 killed, and 320 wounded and prisoners. Rebel loss, 100 killed, aaj 579 CHART OF 900 wounded and prisoners.— Battle at Corinth, and defeat of the rebels. May 29. Rebels, under General Beauregard, abandoned Corinth, the retreat having been commenced two weeks previously. They succeeded in taking away every gun, and all the ammunition and stores. " 30. Corinth occupied by Union army, un- der General Halleck.— Front Royal re- captured by Colonel Nelson. " 31. First day of the battle of Fair Oaks. June 1. General Fremont recaptured Stras- burg, driving out the rebels, under Jack- son.— Second day of the battle of Fair Oaks. Union loss in the two davs: killed, 890; wounded, 3627; missing, 1222. Rebel loss, 5897. " 2. General Hooker advanced to within four miles of Richmond. — General Banks recrossed the Potomac, and advanced to Bunker Hill. * 3. Bombardment of Fort Wright com- menced. " 4. Cavalry engagement near Mumfrees- boro, Ala. Six Union cavalry killed, and 64 captured. " 5. Evacuation of Forts "Wright and Pillow, on the Mississippi. " 6. Memphis surrendered to the Union gun- boats, after a severe naval battle, in which seven of the rebel fleet were destroyed, one only escaping.— Battle at Painter's creek, near Washington, N.C. " 7. Fight at Harrisonburg, Va., in which the rebel General Ashby was killed. — General Negley cannonaded the rebels at Chattanooga.— Wm. B. Mumford hung at New Orleans for tearing down the Ameri- can flag. •• 8. Engagement before Richmond, Va.— Battle of Cross Keys, Va., between Gene- ral Fremont's forces, and rebels, under Jackson. Rebel loss, 500 killed, wounded unknown. Union loss, 125 killed, 500 wounded. - 9. Battle at Port Republic, Va., between General Shields and Stonewall Jackson. Union loss. 124 killed, 292 wounded, and 514 prisoners.— Engagement at Grand Gulf, Miss. "11. Artillery skirmish at Gaines' Mills, Va. " 12. Reconnoissanoe in force to Meadow Bridge, on the Chickahominy. " 13. General Stuart's cavalry raid to Tun- stall's Station and the White House, on the Peninsula. " 15. Fort at St. Mark's, Fla., captured. " 16. Battle at Secessionville, on James Island, S.C. Union loss, 700 killed, wounded, and missing. " 17. An expedition ascended White River to St. Charles, Ark. During the engage- ment a rebel shot entered the boiler of the gunboat Mound City, killing and scald- ing 154 persons. Rebel loss, 230 killed and prisoners. •* 18. Union troops occupied Cumberland Gap, Tenn.— Grand Gulf, Miss., shelled by Union gunboats. — Six Union soldiers hung at Atlanta, Ga.— Re^l camp at Manchac, La., dispersed. " 20. Hollv Springs, Miss., occupied by OSO Union troops. — Mississippi Central Rail- road destroyed.— Skirmishing commenced in front of Richmond, continuing until the 26th. June 21. Rebel camp at Simon's Bluff destroyed by gunboat Crusader. " 25. Battle at White Oak Swamp, Va. Union loss, 200 killed and wounded. " 26. Bombardment of Vicksburg com- menced. — Expedition up the Yazoo River. Two rebel gunboats destroyed.— It having become evident to General McClellan that the rebel army in Richmond had been so largely reinforced that he could no longer hope to maintain his extended line of operations, he determined to change his base from the Pamunkey to the James River. The retreat occupied seven days, on each of which a severe battle was fought, commencing at Mechanicsville on the morning of this day. The total loss during the retreat was 15,224 killed, wounded, and missing, and the total loss in the campaign on the Peninsula, from sickness, resignations, wounds, and death, is estimated at 36,000. " 27. General Pope takes command of the Army of Virginia.— General Fremont, de- clining to serve in an inferior position, was relieved of his command. — Battle at Gaines' Mills, and at Coal Harbor, Va.— White House evacuated. " 28. Commodore Farragut's fleet passed the batteries at Vicksburg.— Fight at Garnett'f Farm, Va. — McClellan's entire army crossed the Chickahominy. " 29. Battles at Peach Orchard and Savage Station. " 30. Skirmish at Lurav, Va.— Battles of White Oak Swamp, White Oak Creek, Charles City Cross Roads, and New Mar- ket Cross Roads, Va. July 1. Governors of the loval States requested the President to call out 300,000 men. —Battle of Malvern Hills, Va.— Battle at Booneville, Miss. Union loss, 41 killed and wounded. Rebel loss, 65 killed, wounded unknown. " 2. The Army of the Potomac reached Harrison's Landing, on the James River. — Canal at Vicksburg, designed to change the course of the Mississippi, commenced. " 3. Bombardment of Vicksburg by com- bined fleets of Commodore Farragut and Captain Davis. " 5. Skirmish at Harrison's Landing. " 6. Fight near Memphis, Tenn. " 7. General Burnside, with a portion of his command, reached James River. — Fight near Holly Springs, Miss.— Battle at Round Hill, Ark. Rebel loss, 94 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Union loss, 8 killed and wounded. " 9. Engagements on Roanoke River, and at Hamilton, N.C— Fight at Tompkins, ville, Ky. " 10. Memphis, Mo., captured by rebel guer- rillas.— The President, at the request of the loyal Governors, issued a call for 300,000' volunteers. " 11. General Halleck appointed comman- der-in-chief of the U.S. Army. " 12. Skirmish at Culpepper, Va. AMERICAN HISTORY. Faiy 13. Capture of Murfreesborough.Tenn., by rebel General Forrest. Union loss, 33 killed, 62 wounded, and 80(3 prisoners. Rebel loss, 50 killed, and WO wounded.— Rebel cavalry attacked Orange Court- liouse, and tore up the railroad-track, and burnt the bridge over the Rapidan. •* 15. Fight at Fayetteville, Ark.; 1600 rebels routed.— Rebel ram Arkansas es- caped from the Yafcoo River to Vicksburg. " 18. Mr. .Lindsay, in British Parliament, introduced a resolution, for the recogni- tion of the Southern Confederacy, and for mediation. ** 21. A general exchange of prisoners of war agreed upon. " 22. Rebels captured Florence, Ala., and burnt a steamboat, a warehouse, and much government property. " 24. Martin Van Buren, ex-President, died. " 25 Siege of Vicksburg discontinued. " 27- Steamer Golden Gate burnt, near Man- sanilla: 180 lives lost, and $1,400,000 in treasure. —Skirmish near Patten, Mo., be- tween Missouri Militia and guerrillas.— Fight near Moore's Mills, Va. Rebels routed, with a lots of 52 killed and 100 wounded. " 29. Guerrillas dispersed at Mount Ster- ling, Ky., with a loss of 8 killed, and 100 prisoners. " 30. Skirmish near Brownsville, Mo. " 31. Rebels shelled the camp and shipping at Harrison's Landing, Va., killing 5, and wounding 2 men. Aug. 1. Expedition crossed James River and drove away the rebel batteries engaged in shelling Harrison's Landing.— Fight at Newark, Mo. Eight hundred guerrillas captured. " 2. Guerrilla fight at Ozark, Mo.— Gene- ral Burnside's army left Newport News to join General Pope.— Reconnoissance to Cox's Mill routed the 13th Virginia ca- valry, and burnt their encampment. " 4. The President ordered a draft for 300,000 men.— General Butler, at New Orleans, ordered an assessment on all persons who contributed to the million- and-a-quarter rebel loan, of one-fourth of such contribution, to support the poor of that city. " 5. General Hooker defeated the rebels at Malvern Hills, capturing 4 guns and 128 prisoners.— Attack upon Baton Rouge, La., by General Breckinridge.— Fight at Tazewell Gap, Tenn. Rebel loss, 225 killed and wounded. Union loss, 318 killed and wounded, and 50 prisoners. " 6. General Robert L. McCook murdered by guerrillas near Salem, Ala. — Com- modore Porter, with the Essex, destroyed the rebel ram Arkansas, near Baton Rouge. «• 7. Fight at Kirkville, Ark. One hundred and twenty-eight rebels killed. Sixteen of the prisoners captured were hung for violating their parole.— Rebel cavalry sur- prised at Faulkner, Tenn. " 8. Order issued prohibiting persons liable to military dutv from leaving the conn- try. Aug. 9. Battle at Tazewell, Tenn. RebelloHS, 250 killed and wounded, and 213 wagons and 70 horses captured. —Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Union loss, 1250 lullid and wounded, and 250 prisoners.— Fight at Sparta, Tenn. Thirty rebels killed. " 11. Fight at Kinderhook, Ky.— Bayou Sara occupied by Union troops. — Indepen- dence, Mo., surrendered to the rebels. Union loss, 20 killed, 230 prisoners, and a large amount of stores. " 12. Rebel General Morgan captured Gal- latin, Tenn., and 300 men and 60 horses. — Clarksville, Tenn., surrendered. '* 13. Collision on the Potomac between steamers General Peabody and West Point. Seventy-nine lives lost. " 16. General McClellan's army moved from Harrison's Landing, through Williams- burg and Yorktown, to Fortress Monroe, and thence to Alexandria, where it was united to that of Pope and Burnside.-- Fight near Warfield, Ky., between 70 Ken- tucky Home Guards and 208 rebels. " 17. Governor Magoffin, of Kentucky, re- signed. " 18. General Pope retreated from Cedar Mountain towards the Rappahannock. " 19. Skirmish at White Oak Ridge, Mo. " 20. General Blunt drove the rebels across the Osage River, they abandoning their baggage and equipments.— Skirmish near Brandy Station. Va. — Captain Atkinson with 20 men repulsed 1000 guerrillas at Edgefield Junction, Tenn. " 21. Captain Goodwin and one company of 34th Indiana regiment surrendered to" 500 rebel cavalry, after killing 25 of their as- sailants. " 22. Gen. Stuart's and Lee's cavalry at- tacked Catlett's Station, Va., capturing Gen. Pope's baggage and official papers, and destroying a large amount of stores. — Fight at Edgefield Station, Va. Rebel loss, 7 killed, and 20 wounded.— Gen. Johnston defeated near Gallatin, Tenn., with a loss of 59 killed and wounded, and 300 prison- ers. " 23. General Pope retreated from Rappa- hannock Station, Va., destroying the rail- road-bridge, depot, and station-houses. — Severe tight near Richmond, Ky. Union loss, 10 killed, and 40 prisoners. " 24. Skirmish at Red Bend, Ky.— Rebels defeated at Cape Girardeau, Mo., with a loss of 30 killed, 50 wounded, and 16 pri- soners.— Rebel camp at Monroe, La., cap- tured. " 25. Cavalry fight at Waterford, Va.— Bat- tle near Bloomtield, Mo. Rebel loss, 20 killed, 60 wounded, and many prisoners, 60 horses, and 70 small arms. — Guerril- las surprised near Danville, Ky. — Rebels repulsed at Fort Donelson, Tenn. Loss, 30 killed. " 26. Rebels appeared at Bri.stow and Ma- nassas Stations, and captured seven trains and ten locomotives, with immense quan- tities of military stores, and on the same eveningsurprised and captured three com panics of infantry at Manassas Junction. — Fight near Chattanooga, Tenn. " 27. Battle ncuv Kettle Run. Va. 300 re- 5S1 CHART OF bels killed and wounded, and 700 captured. Union loss, 50 killed, and 200 wounded.— Skirmish at Bull Run. Aug. 2s. Fight near Woodbury.Tenn. Rebelloss, 8 killed, SO wounded, aud 15 prisoners. — Fredericksburg, Va., evacuated by General Burnside, and the bridges blown up. •" 29. Second battle of Bull Run. Va., lasting from daylight of the 29th until night on the 30th when General Pope ordered the whole force to fall back upon Centreville. Union loss, 4000 killed and wounded. Rebel loss estimated at 5000 killed and wounded.— Skirmish at Richmond, Kv. " 30. Fight at Bolivar, Tenn. Union "loss, 25 killed and wounded. — Battle at Rich- mond, Kv., between 9000 men under Ge- neral Manson, against 15,000 under Gene- ral Kirby Smith. Union loss, 250 killed, and 600 wounded. — Buekhaunon and Wes- ton, Western Virginia, captured by rebels under Jenkins and Imboden. " 31. Union troops surprised at Morganfield, Kv. Sept. 1. Battle at Chantilly, Va.,— Generals Kearny and Stevens killed. Loss, 1000 killed and wounded.— Fight at Medon, Tenn. Rebel loss, 110 killed, and 300 wounded and abandoned. — Rebel cavalry routed at Pittman's Ferry, Mo., and their camp captured. " 2. Engagement at Plymouth, N.C-, be- tween 300 Union troops, under Sergeant Green, with 1400 rebels. After one hour's fighting, the rebels were repulsed with a loss of 30 killed, aud 41 prisoners.— Gene- ral McClellan in command of all the troops for the defence of Washington and of the Armies of Virginia and of the Po- tomac, when they reached Arlington Heights.— Defeat, of the rebels at Britten's Lane, Tenn. Rebel loss, 110 killed, and 250 wounded.— Martial law declared in Cincinnati. Frankfurt, Ky., occupied by General Kirby Smith. — Winchester, Va., evacuated by Union troops, and Fort Sigel blown up. — United States Army train of 100 wagons captured near Fairfax Court- Honse, Va. " 3. Skirmish at Geyer Lake, Ky.— General Pope's army fell back from Centreville to Arlington Heights and Munson's Hill. —Pope superseded by General .McClellan. *' 4 — 6. The rebel army, under Lee, Long- street, Hill, and Jackson, crossed the Po- tomac, near Leesburg. " 6. Colonel Lowe recaptured Clarksville, Tenn., driving out 450 guerrillas. — Union troops at Washington, N.C., attacked by 1400 rebels, who were repulsed. Rebel loss, 30 killed and wounded, and 3(3 pri- soners. *' 7- Frederick, the capital of Maryland, oc- enpied by 'J.-neral Lee.— Rebels repulsed at Martinaburg.Va., and 50 prisoners cap- tured.— Bloomfield, Mo., shelled by the rebels. " 8. General Lee issued a proclamation to tlo- people of Maryland.— Fight atGauley, Va. — Skirmish atPoolesville, Md. "9. Williamsburg, Va., captured by the r.'bels. Colonel Campbell and 9 men were killed. 5?2 Sept. 10. Battle at Fayette, West Va., between 4000 rebels, under General Loring, and 1200 Union troops, under Colonel Sil>er. Union loss, 100 killed aud wounded.— Gauley, Va,, evacuated, and §500,000 worth of army stores destroyed. " 11. Hagerstown, Md., occupied by General Lee.— Governor Curtiu, of Pennsylvania, called out 50,000 State militia, to repel threatened invasion by the rebel army in Maryland.— General Burnside's divi- sion of McClellan's army entered Fre- derick, the rebels withdrawing. " 12. General Kirby Smith fell back from the line of the Ohio River, and ceased to threaten Cincinnati.— Attack on Harper's Ferry commenced. — Rebels driven from Sugar Loaf Mountain, Md. — Jackson re- crossed the Potomac, for the purpose of attacking Harper's Ferry. " 13. Cavalry skirmish at Middletown, Md. —Rebels advanced near the Pennsylvania line. — Colonel Miles abandoned Maryland Heights, aud retreated to Harper's Ferry, having spiked the guns and thrown tliein down the Heights. " 14. Battle at Munfordsville, Kv. Rebels repulsed, with a loss of 500 killed and wounded, and two guns. — Battle of South Mountain, Md., between 40,000 rebels and the army under General McClellan. Ge- neral Reno was killed. Union loss, 443 killed, 1806 wounded, and 76 missing. Rebel loss, 500 killed, 2000 wounded, and 1500 prisoners. General Garland, of N. C, killed.— Prentiss, Miss., burned by United States gunboats. " 15. Harper's Ferry surrendered to the rebels under Jackson and Hill. 11,583 men, 73 pieces of artillery, 11, HOD stand of arms, 1800 horses, with immense quantities of military stores, fell into their hands. — 2000 cavalry, who had escaped from II ir- per's Ferry, captured Longstreet's ammu- nition-train. " 16. Fight at Pleasant Valley, Md. " 17. Battle of Antietam, Md., between the whole army of the rebels, 97,000 strong, and that of'Geueral McClellan. The bat- tle commenced at daylight, and continued for fourteen hours. During the night and the next day the rebels retreated" across the Potomac, abandoning their dead and wounded. Rebel loss at South Mountain and Antietam, killed 4000, wounded 18.742, prisoners 5001). Union loss, 2453 killed, 12,222 wounded, and 76 missing. The re- belslost I3guns,with caissons. 2 field-forges, and 39 stand of colors: 14,000 small arms were picked -up on the battle-field. Ge- neral Mansfield, of the Union army, was killed, and, on the rebel side, Generals Starke, Anderson, Whiting. Branch, and Colquit were killed. — Munfordsville, Ky., surrendered to the rebels, with a gai of WOO men.— Cumberland Gap evacuated by General Morgan " is Harper's Ferry :.ad Maryland evacu> by the rebels. " 19. Battle at Iuka, Mi s. General Rr.se- crans, with 12,000 men, defeated General Price, with 17,000. Union loss, 120 killed AMERICAN HISTORY. and 200 wounded. Rebel loss, 261 killed. —Fight at Boonsboro, Ky. Sept. 20. Rebels routed at Boonsboro, Ky., with a loss of 38 killed and 25 wounded.— Fight at Carthage, Mo.— Fight at Shepherds- town, Va. Philadelphia Corn Exchange Regiment lost 45 killed, 121 wounded, and 112 missing. "21. General McCook drove 8000 rebels out of Munfordsville. Ky.— Kentucky Home Guards surrendered to the rebelsat New- castle. " 22. President Lincoln issued a proclama- tion, declaring that the slaves of all per- sons in States in rebellion against the United States on the 1st of January, 1863, should be forever free. — Rebels advanced on Louisville.— General Nelson ordered all women and children to leave Louis- ville, in anticipation of an attack. " 23. General Bragg demanded the surrender of Louisville. " 2-1. The Governors' Convention met at Altoona, Penna. " 25. General Buell's advance reached Louis- ville, Ky.— Town of Randolph, Miss., de- stroyed by United States gunboats. " 27. Rebel cavalry burned Augusta, Ky. —Buell's army entered Louisville, and General Bragg' retired two davs afterward. Union killed, 15 Rebel loss, 75 killed and wounded. " 28. Rebel General Anderson demanded the surrender of Nashville, Tenn., which was refused by General Negley.— General Foster, with 12,000 troops, left Newbern on a secret expedition to Goldsborough. " 29. General Nelson shot at Louisville, Ky., by General Jefferson C. Davis. " 30. Rebels routed at Russellville, Ky. 50 killed, and 15 taken prisoners.— Fight at Newtonia, Mo. Union loss, 140 killed, wounded, and prisoners. )ct. 1. Western gunboat fleet transferred from the War to the Navy Department.— Sabine Pass, Texas, captured, with the fort. 2 camps, 30 buildings, and 10 rebel vessels were burned. " 2. Skirmishing near Louisville, Ky. " 3. The rebels attacked at Franklin, on the Blackwater River, Va. Rebel loss, 200 killed and wounded. — Fight at Black- water, near Suffolk, Va.— General Rose- crans attacked at Corinth, Miss., by 40,d00 rebels, under Price, Van Dorn, and Lovell, " 4. Second day of tlie battle of Corinth, Which lasted from early in the morning of Oct. 3 until evening of the 4th, and ended in the total rout of the rebels, they leaving 1423 dead on the field, besides 2628 prisoners, and 3300 small arms cap- tured. — Fort at St. John's Bluff, Fla., cap- tured. " 5. Battle at Hatchie, Miss.— Jacksonville, Fla., captured.— Galveston, T/axas, sur- rendered. " 7. Battle at Lavergne, Tenn.— Lexington, Ky., evacuated by the rebels. --Skirmish on the Rappahannock. " 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. Union loss, 230(1 killed and wounded: rebel oss, as re- ported by General Bragg, 2500. Oct. 9. General Bragg continued his retre.al from Perryville.— Galveston, Texas, occu pied by Commodore Renshaw. " 10. General Stuart, with 1800 rebel cavalry and 2 field-pieces, having crossed the Po- tomac on the 9th, captured Chambersburg, Penna., and seized a large amount of army clothing and burned the railroad-depot. They retreated on the 11th. " 11. Fight at Danville, Ky. 500 rebels cap- tured. " 12. Stuart's cavalry reerossed the Potomaa near Monocacy Creek, having made a complete circuit of the army in Mary- land. " 14. Lexington, Ky., occupied by Union troops.— General Bragg retreated from Camp Dick Robinson. " 15. Expedition up Appalachicola River, Fla.— Union troops advanced to Paris, Ky. " 16. Fight near Charlestown, Va. " 17. Rebel raid into Shawneetown, Kansas. " 18. Ten rebels shot at Palmyra, Mo., by order of General McNeil, of the Missouri State Militia. " 19. Skirmish at Catlett's Station, Va. " 20. Thoroughfare Gap occupied by General Schurz.— General McClellan's advance crossed the Potomac at Berlin. " 21. Skirmish at Lovettsville, Va. — Expe- dition sent out to destroy the Charleston & Savannah Railroad. " 22. Rebels evacuated Martinsburg, Va.- - Battle at Pea Ridge, Ark. " 23. Fight at Waverly, Tenn., and defeat of the rebels. Rebel loss, 25 killed, and 26 prisoners. " 24. Fight at Morgantown, Ky.— Donald- sonville, La., captured. " 25. Skirmish on the Blackwater River, Va. " 27. Skirmish at Snicker's Gap, Va. " 28. Fight at Cross Hollows, Ark. " 30. Napoleon proposed to England and Russia a plan for mediation in American affairs. — General O. M. Mitchel died at Beaufort, S.C. — General Buell removed, and General Rosecrans appointed to his command. " 31. Railroad-train captured by rebels near Manassas.— Bombardment of Tampa Bay, Fla. Nov. 1. Skirmishing at Aldie and Philomont, Va. " 2. Fight at Snicker's Gap, Va. " 3. General Sickles occupied Warrenton, Va.— Skirmish at Thoroughfare Gap, Va. — Manassas evacuated, and occupied by Union troops. " 4. Haymarket, Va., burned. " 5. General Foster occupied Hamilton, N.C. — Rebels attacked Nashville, and were re- pulsed — The first telegraphic message sent from New York to San Francisco, and an- swer received the same day. " 7- Rappahannock Station and Warren-tot occupied by the Union advance. " 8. 300 Minnesota Indians ordered to be hung.— General McClellan, at Warrentonj received the order removing him ai>'l as- signing the command to General Buvn- side. " 9. Capt. Dalgrehn's cavalry made a dash 583 CHART OF mto Fredericksburg, Va.— St. Mary's, Fla., bombarded. Nov. 10. Fight at Amosviile, Va. — Skirmish at Lebanon, Term. " 11. West Liberty, Ky., burned by the re- bels. " 12. Fight near Newbern, N.C. " 13. Skirmish at Blackwater, Va.— Holly Springs, .Miss., occupied by the Union army. " 14. Skirmish at Jefferson, Va. " 1.5. The Army of the Potomac commenced the advance upon Fredericksburg.— Skir- mish at Falmouth.— The Russian Govern- ment declined taking part in Napoleon's plan for intervention. " 16. General Bayard occupied Falmouth.— Severe skirmish near Nashville, Tenn. M 17- General Burnside's army arrived at Falmouth. " 18. Skirmish at Chattanooga.— Warrenton evacuated. " 19. Fight at Blackwater and Suffolk, Va. " 20. Rebel provision-train captured near Clarksville, Tenn.— Skirmish at Bull Run bridge, Va. " 21. General Sumner demanded the sur- render of Fredericksburg. " 22. All political prisoners confined in the forts of the United States were released. " 27 Rebel attack upon Newbern, N.C. " 28. Battle at Cave Hill, Ark. " 29. Fight at Snicker's Ferry, Va. Dec. 1. Grenada, Miss., occupied by Union forces under General Hovey. " 2. Abbeville, Miss., evacuated by the re- bels. " 4. Winchester, Va., surrendered, and occu- pied by General Geary. " 6. Hartsville, Tenn., surrendered to the guerrilla General Morgan. Union loss, 50 killed and wounded.— Battle near Fa- yetteville. Ark. Union loss. 600 killed and wounded. Rebel loss, 900.— Pirate Alabama captured the California steamer Ariel. " 9. Concordia, Miss., bombarded by the Union gunboats. " 10. Encasement at Port Royal, on the Rappahannock. " 11. Fight at Blackwater, Va.— General Burnside commenced laving his pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock. The rebels resisting, he shelled the city from 146 pieces of artillery, and, under cover of their fire, the troops succeeded in cross- ing, and occupied Fredericksburg, the enemy retiring to his fortifications on the heights west of the city. — Gunboat Cairo sunn, uv me explosion or a torpeio, in the Yazoo River. I>ec. 13. Battle at Tuscumbia, Ala.— Battle of Fredericksburg, and repulse *>f the Union army. Generals Taylor, Bayard, and Jackson killed. Union loss, killed, 1152, wounded, 7000, prisoners. 700. Rebel loss, reported by Gen. Lee at 1800. " 1«. Artillery fighting at Fredericksburg. —Battle of Kingston, N.C. " 15. General Banks's expedition arrived at New Orleans. General Hanks s i] General Butler in command.— Rebel raid int.. Poolesville, Md. " Hi. Battle of Whitehall. N.C— The Army of the Potomac recrossed the Rappahan- nock, and ocoupied the same position ..1 before the crossing. " 17. Baton Rouge, La..reoecnpied by Uni- ted States troops. —Battle at Goldsborough, N.C, and destruction of the railroad bridge and track by General Foster. " 18. Skirmish at Lexington, Tenn. " 19. Holly Springs, Miss., surrendered to the rebels. 1800 men and 150 officers wee paroled. Clothing, arms, ammunition, medical stores, and cotton, valued at mure than $2,000,000. were destroyed. " 20. Fight near Grand Junction. Miss. " 22. In consequence of a Congressional de- mand on the President for a chancre in his Cabinet, Secretaries Seward and Chase tendered their resignations, which were not accepted, but finally withdrawn. " 23. Jefferson Davis issued a proclamation announcing that General Butler and any of his officers captured should be hung and ordering the exchange of Union om- ens to cease.— 4000 rebels at'r.cked a part of General Sigel's command it Dumfries, Va. " 26. Thirty-eight of the 3CO condemned Minnesota Indians hung, and the remain- der pardoned. — General Ro/ecrans moved from Nashville towards Mv /freesborough. — Attack upon Vicksburg, Miss., by Gene- ral Sherman. " 27. Van Buren, Ark., captured by Gene- rals Herron and Blunt. 2 uteambbats and 120 prisoners captured. " 28. New Madrid, Miss., evacuated.— The Louisiana State-House, at Faton Rouge, burned. " 29. Battle of Murfreesborcugh, Tenn. Union loss, 1500 killed, 6000 mounded, aDd 4000 prisoners. " 31. The iron-clad steamer Xjnitor f.nin- dered at sea near Cape lieu .v. Sixteen of the officers and crew wtr» .est. 1863. Jan. 1. President Lincoln proclaimed the free- dom of slaves in all states in rebellion. — Galveston, Texas, captured by rebels. — Rebels defeated at Red Mound, Tenn. " 3. Conclusion of the battle of Stone River, which commenced Dec. 29. — Gen. Bragg evacuated Murfreesborough and retreated to Tullahoma. " 8. Battle at Springfield, Mo., lasting two days.— Lieut. W. B. dishing, U. S. N., captures rebel redoubt near Fort Caswell, N.C. " 9. First official declaration of exchange of prisoners. " 11. Arkansas Post surrendered to Gen. McClernand. 1720 prisoners captured. " 14. Gens. Butler, Milroy, and McNeil de- clared outlaws by Jefferson Davis.— Naval battle near Pattersonville, La. " 15. Mound City, Ark., burned. " 17. U. S. steamer Hatteras sunk by the privateer Alabama, off Galveston.— Pol- focksville, N. C, captured from the rebels. " 20. Gov. Andrew, of Massachusetts, author- ized to enlist colored troops. " 21. Gen. Fitz-John Porter cashiered fof AMERICAN HISTORY. disobedience of orders at the battle of Bull Run, in Aug. 1862. Jan. 23. Arkansas Post evacuated, and the fortifi- cations blown up. " 26. Gens. Burnside, Franklin, and Sumner relieved, and Gen. Hooker appointed to the command of the Armj of the Potnmae. " 29. Battle with Indians at Bear River, 'Wash- ington Territory. " 30. Battle near Suffolk, Va. " 31. Rebel iron-clads attack the blockading fleet off Charleston. — Capture of the Princess Royal at Charleston. Feb. 1. Rebel attack upon Island No. 10, in the Mississippi. " 3. Rebel attack upon Fort Donelson repulsed. " 5. Gen. Hooker orders the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac. — Three rebel steam- ers destroyed by the Queen of the West, on the Red River. " 12. Rebel privateer Florida burns the ship Jacob Bell. " 18. Siege of Vicksburg commenced. " 26. Cherokee Indians repeal the act of seces- sion passed in 1861, and also abolish slavery among them. " 28. Rebel steamer Nashville destroyed, under Fort McAllister. Mar. 5. Battle of Spring Hill, Tenn. " 6. Gen. Hunter, in command at Hilton Head, orders a draft of able-bodied negroes in his department. " 7. Rebels defeated at Unionville, Tenn. " 10. Jacksonville, Fla., taken possession of by the 1st and 2d S. C. Colored Troops. " 11. Peace resolutions introduced into the rebel Congress. " 14. Admiral Farragut attacks Port Hudson during the night, a portion of his fleet passing the batteries. " 14: Newbern, N. C, bombarded by rebel Gen. Pettigrew. " 17. Battle at Kelly's Ford, Virginia. " 21. Gen. E. V. Sumner died. " 22. Mt. Sterling, Ky., captured by rebels. " 24. Slavery abolished in West Virginia, by amending'the State Constitution. " 27. Jacksonville, Fla., evacuated and burned by the Union troops. " 31. Battle at Somerset, Ky., and defeat of the rebels under Pegrara. April 1. Admiral Farragut succeeds in passing rebel batteries at Grand Gulf, Miss.— Bread riot in Richmond.— Palmyra, Tenn., burned. " 2. Rebel privateer Georgia sails from Green- ock, Scotland, for the coast of France, where she receives her armament. " 7. Attack upon Fort Sumter by the New Ironsides and the Monitor fleet. " 10. Battle at Franklin, Tenn., between Gen. Grander and ihe rebel Gen. Van Dorn. " 12. Admiral Dupnnt'o iron-clad fleet returns to Port Royal from Charleston. " 13. New Iberia, La., captured by Union 16. Admiral Porter's fleet passes the batteries at Vicksburg. 17. Gen. Grierson starts on a cavalry raid through the State of Mississippi, and succeeds in destroying over $6,000,000 worth of pro- perty.— Rebels abandon the siege of Washing- ton,"?*. C. 18. Col. Harrison defeats 3000 rebels at Fay- etteville, Ark. 26. Rebel attack upon Cape Girardeau, Mo., repulsed by Gen. McNeil. 28. Army of the Potomac crosses the Rappa- hannock at Fredericksburg. 29. Rebel Geu. Joaes captures Fairmount, West Va. — Admiral Porteralticks and silences the rebel batteries at Grand Gulf, Misv. April 30. Gen. Grant crosses the Mississippi near Grand Gulf. May 1. Gen. Grant defeats the rebels under Gen. Bowen, at Port Gibson, Miss. " 2. Battle at Chanccllorville, Va., continued through three days.— Stonewall Jackson killed. " 3. Battle at Fredericksburg, Va., in which the Union troops, under Gen. Sedgwick, succeed in carrying the heights of St. Marye. " 4. Gen. Hooker reerosses the Rappahannock during the night, leaving the dead and many wounded in the hands of the enemy. Total Union loss, about 15,000. " 7. Rebel batteries at Warrenton, Miss., de- stroyed. " 8. Bombardment of Port Hudson, Jliss. — Gen. Stoneman returns from a raid in the rear of Lee's army. in which he had advanced to within two miles of Richmond. " 12. Raymond, Miss., captured by Gen. Mc- Pherson. " 13. Yazoo City, Miss., captured by a Union fleet, and the rebel navy-yard and three rams destroyed. " 14. Gen. Grant defeats Gen. Johnston at Jack- son, Miss. " 16. Gen. Grant defeats Gpn. Pemberton at Champion Hills, Miss., with a loss of over 5000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners.— C. L. Val- landigham convicted of treason and ordered to close confinement in Fort Warren. " 17. Gen. Grant defeats Gen. Pemberton at Big Black Bridge, Miss., capturiug 3000 prisoners and 29 pieces of artillery. " 18. Gen. Grant invests Vicksburg.— Haines's Bluff, near Vicksburg, abandoned by the rebels. " 19. Rebels defeated at Winchester, Va., by Gen. Milroy. " 21. Gen. Grant assaults the works at Vicks- burg, and is repulsed, after nine hours' fight- ing. " 22. Second assault, and repulse at Vicksburg. — The President rescinds the order of Gen. Burnside, and directs that C. L.Vallandighaui be sent South. " 24. Austin, Miss., burned by Col. Ellett. " 27. Gen. Banks orders an assault upon the rebel works at Port Hudson. " 28. The first colored regiment organized in the North leaves Massachusetts for Hilton Head. June 1. Rebels evacuate James Island, S. C. " 4. Gen. Wheeler attacks the Union forces near Murfreesborough, Tenn., and is repulsed. " 8. Battle and Union victory at Milliken's Bend, La. " 9. Cavalry battle at Beverly Ford, on the Rappahannock, between 8000 cavalry, under Buford and Gregg, and the rebel cavalry under Stuart.— Rebel cavalry enter Poi les- ville, Md., and destroy a camp located there " 14. Winchester, Va., captured by the rebels. — Second assault upon the works' at Port Hud- son, and repulse of the Union troops.— Mar- tinsburg, Va., captured by rebel Gen. Rhodes. " 15. Rebels under Jenkins enter Chambers- burg, Pa.— Advance of Lee's army cross the Potomac at Hagerstown. " 17. Rebel iron-clad ram Atlanta captured by the monitor Weehawken, after fifteen minutes' engagement. " 18. Gen. Kilpatrick defeats the rebel cavalry at Aldie, Va. " 10. McConnel'.sburg, Penna., sacked by the rebels. 585 CHART OF June 20. Rebel occupation of Frederick, Md. " 21. General Pleasanton defeats Stuart's cav- alry at Ashhv's Gap. " 22." C. L. Yallandigham arrives at Nassau, N. P., having run the blockade in a rebel steamer. " 25. Col. Spear's 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry advance within six miles of Richmond.— Gen. McPherson captures a rebel fort at Vicksburg. — Carlisle, Pa., occupied by rebel troops. " 2G. Gettysburg, Pa., occupied by Gen. Early. — Rear Admiral Foote dies at New York. " 27. Gen. Meade assumes command of the Army of the Potomac— Revenue-cutter Caleb dish- ing captured in Portland harbor by rebel pirates, and afterwards destroyed. — York, Pa., occupied by rebels.— Susquehanna bridge at Columbia destroyed. " 29. Rebel army concentrates at Gettysburg, Pa. " 30. Battle at Hanover Junction, Pa. July 1. Commencement of battle of Gettysburg. " 3. Closing of the battle of Gettysburg, and de- feat of the rebel army under Gen. Lee, with the loss of one-third of bis army. " 4. Vicksburg surrendered to Gen. Grant, hay- ing withstood a siege of over two months. The garrison numbered Ml, 200 men. — Vice-Presi- dent Stephens, of the rebel government, ap- plies for permission to visit Washington to confer with the authorities, and is refused. — Union victory at Helena. Ark. " 5. Gen. Sherman, in pursuit of Gen. Johnston, overtakes and defeats him on Big Black River, Miss. " 7. Natchez captured by the Union fleet. " 8. Port Hudson, La., surrenders to the United Slates Army under Gen. Bauks ; 5500 prisoners captured.— Cavalry fight at Hagerstown, Md. " 10. Gen. Gillmore lauded on Morris Island, S. Carolina. " 13. Yazoo City captured by the Union forces. —Rebel army recrosses the Potomac at Wil- liamsport, Md., during the night— Commence- ment of the draft-riots in New York. " 14. Willianisport, Md., occupied by Union forces. " 16. Gen. Sherman captures Jackson, Miss. " 17. Steamer Imperial arrives at New Orleans from St. Louis, — the first since the secession of Louisiana. — Suppression of the New York draft-riots. " 18. Assault upon Fort Wagner, Morris Island, by Gen. Strong. " 20. Gen. Morgan's raiding party captured at Buffington, Ohio. " 24. Indian'battle at Big Mound, Dakota. " 26. Gen. John Morgan captured at l\ew Lisbon, Ohio. " 29. Battle at Paris, Ky. Aug. 1. Cavalry fight at Brandy Station, Ya. ' 17. Granada, Miss., captured and occupied by Union troops.— Bombardment of Fort Sumter. " 20. Massacre of ISO citizens, and burning of Lawrence, Kansas, by Quantrell's guerrillas. ' 21. Gen. Gillmore shells the citv of Charleston. " 27. Battle at Rocky Gap, W. Ya. " 30. The Army of the Cumberland crosses the Tennessee River. Sept. 6. Fort Wagner captured by Gen. Gillmore. " 8. Rebels evacuate Chattanooga. " 9. Rebels retreat from Cumberland Gap. " 15. Writ of habeas corpvs suspended by Presi- dent Lincoln. " 19 and 20. Battle of Chickamauga, Tenn., be- tween the forces of Gen. Rosecrans and those jf Gen. ) Oct. 6. Rebel., attempt to destroy the New Iron- sides, in Charleston harbor.— Rebels on Look- out Mountain bombard Chattanooga. 580 Oct. 8. Battle at Farmington, Tenn. " 9. Seizure of rebel rams by the British Go vernment. " 10. Cavalry battle at Madison C. H., Va— BatAe at Blue Springs, Kv. "11. Defeat of the rebel army at ColliersviUe, Tenn. " 14. Battle at Bristow Station, Ya. " 19. Gen. Rosecrans relieved of his command, Gen. Thomas succeeding. " 25. Union victory at Pine Bluff, Ark. " 28. Lookout Valley captured by Gen. Hooker. Nov. 4. Gen. Banks's Texas expedition lands at Brazos Island. " 7. Rebels defeated at Rappahannock Station, Ya. " 17. Knoxville invested by rebel forces. " 19. Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Penna. " 25. Battle at Chattanooga, and capture of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. — Gen. Meade crosses the Rapidan at Culpepper and Germania Ford. " 27. General John Morgan escapes from the jail at Columbus, Ohio.— Battle at Mine Run, Ya.— Battle at Ringgold, Ga. " 29. Rebel assault upon Fort Saunders, at Knoxville, repulsed. Dec. 1. Gen. Meade recrosses the Rapidan at Mine Run. — Siege of Knoxville raised, the rebels retreating towards Virginia. " 6. The monitor Weehawken sinks off Morris Island, with thirty of her crew. " 7. Steamer Chesapeake seized by rebel pas- sengers while on a trip from New York to Portland. " 8. Amnesty Proclamation issued by the Presi- dent. " 14. Union troops defeated at Bean's Station, Tenn. " 16. Gen. Averill cuts the Virginia and Tennes- see Railroad at Salem, Va., and destroys 160,000 b'ushels of grain. " 17. Steamer Chesapeake captured in Sambro Harbor, Nova Scotia, and turned over to the British authorities. " 23. The Red River expedition leaves Port Hudson. " 28. Battle at Charleston, Tenn. — Rebel autho- rities refuse to enter into negotiatious with Gen. Butler. " 29. Battle at Mossy Creek, Tenn. 18«4. Jan. 3. Defeat and capture of 280 men at Jones- ville, Va., under Major Beers. " 11. Gen. Banks issues a proclamation for an election for State officers of Louisiana. " 17. Battle at Daudridge, Tenn., between Gen. Sturgis and Cens. Hood and Bushrod Johnson. " 20. Loyal provisional State government or- ganized in Arkansas. " 25. Corinth evacuated, and Union troops con- centrated at Memphis. — Battle at Athens, Teun. " 28. Battle at Fair Gardens, Tenn.— Scotsville, Tenn.. captured by rebels. Feb. 3. Gen. Sherman's army leaves Vicksburg on a raid through the State of Mississippi. " 4. Defeat of rebel Gen. Early at Moorfield, West Va. " 5. Gen. Sherman reaches Jackson, the capi- tal of Mississippi.— Battle at Yazoo City. " 6. Expedition sentout by Gen. Butler, intended to release Union prisoners near Richmond, fails, the rebels having been apprized of the movement by a deserter. — A pan of the Army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan, to ascer- tain the strength and location ol the enemy. AMERICAN HISTORY. Feb. 8. Geu. Gillmore's Florida expedition lands at Jacksonville, Fla. " 8. Destruction of Colt's armory at New Haven, Conn., by lire. " 10. Escape of 109 Union officers from the Libby Prison by tunnelling under the prison- walls. " 14. Gainesville, Fin., captured. — Gen. Sher- man reached Meridian, where he destroyed the railroads and about 2,000,000 bushels of grain. " 15. The Admiralty Court of Nova Scotia re- stored the Chesapeake to her owners. " 17. Suit- works at St. Mark's, Fla., destroyed by a naval expedition. " 18. Geu. Sherman reached Quitman, Miss. — The Housatouic destroyed in Charleston har- bor by a rebel torpedo boat. " 20. Gen. Longstreet retreated from Strawberry Plains, near Knoxville.— Battle of Olustee, Fla., and defeat of the Union troops under Gen. Seymour, with the loss of 1000 in killed and wounded " 21. Battle at West Point. Miss., between Gen. A. J. Smith, and Gens. Forrest, Lee, and Roddy. " 25. Geu. Smith's expedition, returning, reached Memphis, bringing back 1500 mules and horses and over 2000 negroes. " 28. State election in Louisiana held in obe- dience to Gen. Banks's proclamation. — Gen. Kil patrick left Stevensport on a raid to Rich- mond, and succeeded in advancing to the second line of works guarding that city, but, not being properly supported, was obliged to retreat by way of Yorktown. Mar. 1. Gen. Ulysses S. Graut nominated lieuten- ant-general in the United States Army. " 9. Suffolk, Va., recaptured by colored'troops. " 14. Lieutenant-General Grant appointed to command the armies of the United States ; Gen. Halleck relieved, and appointed Chief of Staff of the army. — Fort de Russey, at the mouth of Red River, captured by Gen. A. J. Smith. " 15. Admiral Porter's fleet captures Alexandria, La. " 24. Union City, Ky., surrendered to the rebel Gen. Forrest. " 25. Paducah, Ky., attacked by Gen. Forrest. " 28. Riot at Charleston, 111., between disloyal citizens and soldiers, resulting in the death of seven persons.— Battle at Cane River, La., be- tween Gen. Smith's forces and the rebels under Gen. Dick Taylor, who were defeated after a fight of three hours. " 30. Rebels defeated at Mount Elba, Ark. April 1. Steamer Maple-Leaf destroyed by a torpedo in St. John's River, Fla. " 6. Flection in Maryland resulted in favor of a convention to amend the State Constitution. " 7. Gen. Banks's cavalry-force checked beyond Pleasant Hill, La. w 8. Battle at Pleasant Hill. La., resulting in the defeat of the entire force of Gen. Banks and the abandonment of the expedition. " 9. Battle of Pleasant Hill resumed, and the rebel advance checked by Gen. Smith's reserve, thus enabling the Union forces to withdraw safely to Grand Ecore. " 12. Fort Pillow, Ky., surrendered to the rebels under Forrest. After the surrender, nearly 400 of the garrison were massacred, including the women and children who had taken refuge there. " 17. The rebels assault Fort Gray, near Ply- mouth, N. C. but are repulsed. " 18. The rebel iron-clad ram Albemarle attacks the Union fleet at Plymouth, destroying the gunboats Southfield and Bombshell. " 19. Gen. Steele captures Camden, Arkansas. April 20. Plymouth, North Carolina, captured by the rebel Gen. Soke. ." 80. Little Washington, N. C, evacuated. May 2. Defeat ofrebe valry at Bolivar, Tenn. " -!. The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapi- ilan in a new movement against. Richmond. " 5. Gen. Kaut/.'s cavalry let t Suffolk for the purpose of destroying the Welch. n Itailroad.— Engagement in Albemarle Sound, between rebel ram Albemarle and the gunboat Sassacus. —Gen. Butler's forces land at City Point, Vii ginia.— -Battle of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania county, Va., commenced. " 6. Gunboat Commodore Jones blown up by a torpedo iu the James River.— Second day of the battle of the Wilderness. " 7. Gen. Grant moved from the Wilderness towards Spottsylvania Court-House, followed closely by Lee. — Gen. Thomas, advancing from Chattanooga, occupied Tuunel Hill. " 9. Gen. Crook defeats the rebels at Cloyd Mountain, West Virginia. — Gen. Sheridan succeeds in destroying Lee's communications with Richmond.— Gen. Sedgwick killed. " 10. Battle at New River Bridge, West Vir- ginia. " 11. Ashland Station captured by Gen. Sheri- dan.— Gen. J. E. B. Stuart killed. " 12. Conclusion of the battle of Spottsylvania Court-House, which commenced on the 10th instant and ended in the defeat of Lee's army. " 13. The fleet forming part of the Red River expedition, having been caught by the rapid falling of the water, released by the construc- tion of a dam, which enabled the vessels to pass over the shallow water. — Gen. Sherman ad- vances to Resaca, Ga. " 14. Dalton evacuated by Johnston. " 15. Battle of Resaca, Ga., ending in the defeat of the rebels and the evacuation of the town.— Battle at Newmarket, Va., and defeat of Gen. Sigel. " 16. Battle at Port Walthall, and defeat of Gen. Butler, who withdrew to Bermuda Hundred. " 18. Gen. Kautz's cavalry returns to City Point, having destroyed portions of three railroads leading to Richmond.— A fraudulent proclama- tion, calling for 400,000 men, published in the New York papers.— Kingston and Rome, Ga., occupied by Gen. Sherman. " 20. Attack 'upon Gen. Butler at Bermuda Hun- dred repulsed. — Gen. Grant moved from Spottsylvania to the south of the Mattapony River. " 21. Gen. Beauregard's forces attack Gen. But- ler, and are repulsed with heavy loss. " 22. Gen. Graut advanced to the North Anna River. " 23. Gen. Sherman's army commenced a flank movement to the right of Allatoona range. — Gen. Grant crossed the North Anna River. " 24. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry defeated by negro troops on James River. " 28. Battle of Dallas, Ga., resulting in the repulse of Gen. Johnston's army. " iiO. Battle of Bethesda Church, Va. " 31. Battle at Cold Harbor, Va., which continued three days. June 1. Battle iu the James River between rebel iron-clads and the monitors. " 2. Allatoona Pass captured by Gen. Stone- man. " 5. Battle at Piedmont, Va. " 8. Paris. Ky., captured by Gen. John H. Mor- gan. — Abraham Lincoln renominated for the Presidency. " 10. Gen. Kautz's cavalry succeeds in entering Petersburg. 587 CHART OF June 12. Gen. Grant withdraws from Cold Harbor, crossing the Chickabominy and the James River without opposition. — Gen. Sheridan re- pulsed at Gordor.sville. " 13. Gen. John H. Morgan defeated at Cynthi- ana. Kv. " 15. Battle of Pine Mountain, Ga. " 17. Gen. Hunter's army repulsed four miles from Lynchburg. " 19. The pirate Alabama sunk off Cherbourg by the United States gunboat Kearsarge, after a contest of two hours. " 20. Petersburg bombarded by Gen. Birney. — Battle at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. " 22. Battle at Jerusalem Plank Road, near Petersburg. " 23. The Weldon Railroad destroyed by Gen. Wright. " 24. The Maryland Convention adopts the amendment to the State Constitution abolish- ing slavery. " 25. Fight at Big Shanty, Georgia. " 26. Gen. Pillow attacks Lafayette, Tenn., and is repulsed with great loss. " 27. Gen. Sherman assaults the rebels at Kene- saw Mountain, but is repulsed, with a loss of 3000. " 30. Kenesaw Mountain evacuated in conse- quence of a flank movement of Gen. Slier- man, the rebels falling back to the Chatta- hoochie. July 2. Gen. Hunter retreats to Charleston, West Virginia. " 3. Gen. Sherman occupies Kenesaw, Georgia. " 6. Gen. Early crosses the Potomac near Antie- tam. — Haserstown occupied by the rebels. " 8. Frederick. Md., occupied by the rebels, Gen. Wallace falling back. " 9. Battle at the Monocacy, in which the rebels under Breckinridge detest the forces of Gen. Wallace, who retreats towards Baltimore. *' 11. The rebels advauce to Magnolia, on the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, capturing two trains, which they destroy. — Gov. Brad- ford's residence, four" miles from Baltimore, burned by rebel troops. " 12. Attack upon Fort Stevens, near Washing- ton, repulsed, with the loss of about 300 killed and wounded on the rebel side ; the rebels then retreated towards Edwards' Ferry.— Ap- j.'ication made by rebel agents in Canada to open negotiations for peace. " 13. Battle at Tupelo, Miss. " 15. Gen: Wright's corps crossed the Potomac in pursuit of the rebels. " 17. Gen. Johnston removed, and Gen. Hood appointed in hi; place.— Battle at Grand Gulf, Miss. " is. Gen. Sherman reaches Atlanta.— Defeat of rebels at Snicker's Gap, Va.— President calls for 500 000 volunteers. " 20. Battle at Winchester.— Rebels attack Gen. Sherman at Decatur. Georgia. ' 21. Gen. Crook defeated at Winchester, Va. " 26. Battle at Haxall's Farm, near Petersburg. «' 28. Battle of Four Mile Creek, Va.— Rebels cro-s the Potomac :it Willi anisport, aud ad- vance towards Chambersburg. " 80. Explosion of the mine at Petersburg, and assault upon the rebel works.— Chambersburg occupied by rebels. " 31. Gen. Stoneman's force surrendered at Hillsboro, Georgia. • Aug. 2. Pennsylvania Constitution amended, al- low inu' soldier- in the field to vote. " 5. Admiral Farragut passed the forts below Mobile. ' 7. Geo. Averill defeated the rebels at Moore- field, Va. 588 Aug. 8. Fort Gaines, below Mobile, surrenders,!. " 10. Bombardment of Atlanta.— Cavalry fight at Abbeville, Miss. " 16. Battle at Deep Bottom, Va. " 16. Battle at Deep Run. and extension of tha Union- line towards Richmond.— Rebel repulM at Dal ton, Georgia. " 18. Peace Convention assembled at Syracuse, N. Y.— Night attack on Birney s lines at Rich- mond.— Ream's Station, on the Weldon Rail- road, captured by Gen. Warren, " 19. Rebel attack upou Gen. Warren at Ream's Statiou. " 21. Gen. Forrest made a dash into Memphis.— Rebels again attempt to dislodge Warren at Ream's Station. " 23. Fort Morgan in Mobile harbor surrendered. " 31. Wheeler's cavalry destroys the Great West- ern Railroad near Nashville.— Battle at Jones- boro, Georgia. Sept. 2. Atlanta evacuated by Gen. Hood and oc- cupied by Gen. Slocum. 'The total Union loss in the movement from Chattanooga to Atlanta was 31,000, and the rebel loss 43,000. " 4. Gen. Sherman ordered the inhabitants to leave Atlanta.— Battle at Berryville.Va. — John H. Morgan killed at Greenville, Tenn. " 18. Early defeated by Sheridan at Opequan, Va. " 22. Battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. " 23. Athens. Alabama, captured by Gen. Forrest. " 26. Staunton, Va., captured by Gen. Torbert. " 29. Battle of Chapin's Farm, near Petersburg. " 30. Battle at Poplar Grove Church, near the Weldon Railroad. Oct. 2. Gen. Burbridge attacked the rebels at Saltville Va. " 4. Battle at Big Shanty, Georgia. '• 7. Battle at Darbydown Road, Va.— Privateer Florida captured in Bahia harbor, Brazil. " 11. Adoption of the new Constitution of Mary- land. " 12. Chief-Justice Taney died at Baltimore. " 13 Dalton, Ga., surrendered to Gen. Hood. " 14. Poolesville, Md,, sacked by rebels uuder Moseby. " 19. Raid upon the banks at St. Albans, Ver- mont, by armed rebels from Canada.— Battle at Lexington, Mo. — Gen. Sheridan defeated Early at Cedar Creek, Va., and captured his artillery. " 25. Gen. Price defeated at Osage Crossing, on the Big Blue River, Missouri. " 27. Rebel ram Albemarle destroyed by Lieut, dishing, U. S. N. " 29. Gen. Hood repulsed at Decatur, Alabama. " 31. Plymouth, N. C, captured. Nov. s. Abraham Lincoln re-elected President of the United States. " 9. Rebels attacked Atlanta, Georgia. " 11. Breckinridge defeated at Bull's Gap, Tenn. " 12. General Sherman started on his march through Georgia to the coast. " 13. Battle at Russell ville, Tenn., and defeat of Gen. Gillem by Breckinridge. " 16. Atlanta evacuated, and public buildings destroyed. " 22. Battle at Griswoldsville, Ga. •' 23. Milledgeville, Georgia, entered by Gen. Sherman. " 24. Batileat Columbia, Tenn., between Thomas and Hood. " 29. Battle at Spring Hill, Tenn., and retreat of Thomas to Franklin. " 30. Battle of Franklin, Tenn., followed by the retreat of Thomas to Nashville. Dec. 2. Sherman entered Millen. Ga. " 5. Rebel attack upon Murfreesboro, Tenn. " fi. Battle at Gregorys Landing, on the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. AMERICAN HISTORY. Dec. 7. 7. Battle of Wilkinson's Pike, Tenia. " 12. Geu. Sherman communicated with Grant for the first time siuee leaving Atlanta. " 13. S.. Albans raiders discharged by Judge Coursol.— Fort McAllister, below Savannah, captured by assault.— Expedition left Fort- ress Monroe to capture Wilmington, N. C. " 15. Battle at Nashville, and total defeat of Gen. Hood's army by Gen. Thomas. • '20. SaltviUe, Va., captured by Gens. Bur- bridge and Stoueuiau. " 21. Cavalry tight between Custer and Payne, at Newmarket, Va. — Savannah occupied by General Sherman. " 22. Cavalry tight at Liberty Mills, Va. " 24 and 25. Fort Fisher, N. C, bombarded. IS 65. Jan. 1. Completion of Butler's Dutch Gap Canal. " 11. Ordinance abolishing slavery passed by Missouri Convention. " 13. Second attack upon Fort Fisher. " 14. Poeotaligo Bridge,between Charleston and Savannah, captured. " 15. Fort Fisher captured. " 17. Monitor Patapsco blown up in Charleston harbor. " 25. Rebel fleet attempted to escape from James River. Feb. 2. Peace conference held at Fortress Monroe between President Lincoln, aud Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell, the rebel commis- sioners. " 6. Battle at Hatcher's Run, near Petersburg. " 18. Charleston evacuated, and destruction of a portion of the town by tire. — Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, captured by Gen. Shernmn. " 21. Rebel raid into Cumberland, Md., and capture of Generals Kelley and Crook. " 22. Wilmington, N. C, occupied by Gens. Terry and Schotield. " 2-1. Gen. Sherman reached Camden, S. C. Match 3. Cheraw, S. C, captured by Gen. Sher- man.— Sheridan defeated General Early at Waynesboro, Va. *' 4. Charlotteesville, Va., captured. — Abraham Lincoln re-inaugurated President. " 11. Gen. Sherman reached Fayetteville, N. C. " 15. Battle at Averysboro, N. C. " 16. Second day of the battle of Averysboro, and total defeat of the rebels. " 19. Battle of Beutousville, N. C. ' 21. Gen. Schotield occupied Goldsboro. N. C, ■where he was soon after joined by Gen. Sher- man. « 23. Gen. Sheridan reached the Army or the Po- tomac, having started from Winchester on the 2d inst. ' 25. Rebel attack on Fort Steadman, near Pe- tersburg. — Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. — Gen. Steele defeated the rebels at Pollard, Ala. Mar. 29. The Army of the Potomac commenced the final movement which ended in the capture of Petersburg aud Uichmond. " 30. General advauee of the Union lines at Petersburg. " 31. Battle of Five Forks, in which Sheridan was driven back. April 1. Continuation of the battle of Five Forks, aud total defeat of the euemy by Gen. Shoii- dan. " 2. A general assault ordered upon the whole rebel line, by which the rebels are forced from their intreuchments aud compelled to evacuate Petersburg aud Richmond. " 3. Richmond aud Petersburg occupied by the Uuion army. " 6. Battle at Sailor's Creek, Va. " 7. Gen. Grant demanded the surrender of Lee's army, then at Amelia Court-House. " 9. Gen. Lee surrendered his army or 20,000 men to Gen. Grant. — Gen. Sherman moved from Goldsboro against Johnston's army. " 11. Lynchburg, Va., surrendered. " 12. Battle at Salisbury, N. C— Montgomery, Alabama, surrendered.— War Department or- dered the suspension of the draft. " 13. Raleigh, N. C, surrendered. " 14. Mobile surrendered. — Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.— Attempt to assassi- nate the Secretary of Stale. " 15. Death of the President, at 7 22 a. m.— Oath of office administered to Andrew Johnson. " 18. Generals Sherman ana Juhnston agreed upon terms of surrender of the latter, embra- cing a truce to extend forty- eight hours after notice of its termination" was given. These terms were promptly rejected, and Gen. Sher- man ordered to give immediate notice of the terruiuatiou of the truce. " 19. Funeral services of the President at Wash- ington. " 21. Gen. Wilson captured Macon, Georgia. " 24. Geu. Grant reached Raleigh, with instruc- tions to Geu. Sherman to terminate the truce. " 26. J. Wilkes Booth shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett.— Geu. Johnston's army surrendered to Sherman on the terms granted to Gen. Lee. May 4. Remains of the President interred at Springneid, Illinois. " 6. Trial of the conspirators commenced at Washington. " 22. Blockade removed from all Southern ports except those of Texas. " 23 and 24. Armies of the United States re- viewed at Washington. " 29. Amnesty proclamation issued. June 2. Kebel armies in Texas surrendered to Geu. Canby. July 7. Execution of four of the conspirators al Washington. 539