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Academic Sorority Badges 
 
THE 
 
 SORORITY HANDBOOK 
 
 BY 
 
 TWIDA (SHAW MARTIN 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 5 COBDEN STREET 
 
 1921 
 
\^ 
 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 
 
 1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1914, 1918, 1921 
 
 BY 
 
 IDA SHAW MARTIN 
 
 MAV -3 iq?l 
 0)CU614290 
 
 IDA SHAW MARTIN. Publisher 
 5 Gobden Street 
 Roxbury, Mass. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION 
 
 In general plan the present edition follows that used in 
 the six preceding issues. There are a few departures, how- 
 ever, that call for special mention. The most important of 
 these is the substitution of the word Academic for the word 
 Congress in defining those sororities that were built to meet 
 the needs of students in the colleges of liberal arts. The de- 
 signation previously employed was found to be inadequate, 
 since several organizations worthy of representation in the « 
 present issue were not members of the National Panhellenic 
 Congress. 
 
 The Junior and Professional classifications have been re- 
 tained. The word Junior is still used to designate those soror- 
 ities that confine their charter grants to Junior, or two-year 
 Colleges. In the case of the Professional Sororities the al- 
 phabetical arrangement has been followed instead of the sep- 
 arate divisions formerly employed. The particular class of 
 each, however, has been indicated in parenthesis. It is be- 
 lieved that this method of presentation will prove a conveni- 
 ence to the reader. 
 
 The admission of many new names to the list of colleges in 
 the section given over to statistical data has crowded out sev- 
 eral that were formerly featured because of the prominence 
 or age of their local Greek-letter societies. The elimination 
 of this material made special classification unnecessary. Of 
 
VI 
 
 Preface 
 
 the one hundred seven colleges listed in this edition there are 
 but eight that are for women only,— Adelphi, Brenau, Flor- 
 ida, Goucher, Hollins, Hunter, Newcomb and Randolph- 
 Macon. 
 
 Ida Shaw Martin.-- /2v A A. 
 
 (Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin.) 
 5 Cobden Street, 
 Roxbury, Massachusetts. 
 January 1, 1921. 
 
I CHAPTER I 
 
 The Higher Education of Women 
 
 To the popular mind the higher education of women is 
 synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking the 
 term covers a wider field and includes professional as well as 
 collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite famil- 
 iar with the four types of institutions at which the alumnae 
 of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the 
 coeducational college, the independent college, the afifiliated 
 college and the coordinate college. 
 
 Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of col- 
 lege education in the United States. About sixty per cent of 
 the six hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, 
 while there are less than twenty independent colleges of high 
 grade, seven affiliated colleges and about the same number of 
 coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this 
 characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system 
 of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's 
 history. 
 
 The close of the Revolution found the American States 
 independent, but not united. The country was without a 
 head and Congress without power. There was distress and 
 discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and 
 the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortunate 
 circumstance at this critical period was the common interest 
 that seven of the thirteen states had in the great Northwest 
 
8 The Higher Education 
 
 Territory. The people were buoyed up by the hope that these 
 states would release their claims and by transferring their 
 interests to the national government would furnish Congress 
 with the means to pay off the war debt. This generosity 
 was of far-reaching significance in its influence upon education 
 in the Western States. The thirteen original colonies had 
 copied closely the educational systems of the Old World, 
 particularly those of England. The great Northwest Ter- 
 ritory was sparsely settled and education was at best em- 
 bryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental 
 Congress provided for the government of this vast section and 
 specified that there should be a reservation in every town- 
 ship for the maintenance of public schools. This was later 
 interpreted as providing also for the reservation of lands for 
 university endowment. In this way the future of the state 
 university was assured. At the time this ordinance was 
 passed, however, there was no thought in the minds of the 
 legislators that a strong impulse was given to the higher edu- 
 cation of women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy 
 with baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with 
 the manifold household duties for which no labor-saving 
 devices had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the 
 well-to-do had little time or interest for any education save 
 such superficial knowledge as might be acquired at the fash- 
 ionable finishing school. 
 
 The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy 
 for the establishment of district schools and academies, and 
 for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of 
 girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, is 
 an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States 
 
The Higher Education 9 
 
 and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. 
 The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities 
 was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- 
 sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and nor- 
 mal schools for girls. The years immediately following wit- 
 nessed the transfer of many industries from the home to the 
 factory and deprived women of their usual occupations, leav- 
 ing them a large measure of leisure. 
 
 It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with her 
 gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look for 
 the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin Col- 
 lege, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, but 
 not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institution 
 to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 1836 
 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts Legis- 
 lature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did not 
 pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious 
 work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated 
 by the Legislature of Georgia and opened in 1839, was the first 
 woman's college to receive a charter from any state, and was 
 one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the 
 South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, 111., is 
 worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support 
 two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted 
 women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, 
 the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioch College in Ohio was 
 opened under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted 
 men and women on equal terms. Elmira College, established 
 in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's col- 
 lege in the north to receive a charter. The state universities 
 
■^Q The Higher Education 
 
 of Iowa and Utah, opened respectively in 1847 and 1850, ad- 
 mitted women from the first. A few institutions under re- 
 ligious control in the Middle West, bearing the name of col- 
 lege, but doing work little higher than the best secondary 
 schools of the present time, were induced to admit women as 
 the result of these experiments. Except, however, in the dis- 
 tricts, where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, 
 little marked progress was made. Women were still the slaves 
 
 of tradition. 
 
 Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must look 
 for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The 
 continuous fighting during the four years of the war and the 
 consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers 
 drained this section of its men and led to the employment of 
 women as teachers in the secondary schools. This arrange- 
 ment at first considered only temporary, proved to be perma- 
 nent and thinking men soon realized that the much debated 
 question of higher education for women had become a matter 
 of e-xpediency. In this time of immediate need what was more 
 natural than that the people should demand that existing col- 
 leges hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women: 
 The well-endowed universities made a strong stand agamst 
 what they considered an intrusion. They claimed that the) 
 did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the founders am 
 givers of endowments. The state universities, however, couk 
 make no such plea. Their endowments came from state o 
 federal government without restriction as to sex, and th 
 people failed to see the need of establishing separate college 
 for women when the state universities were already in exisl 
 ence. Before long their doors, willingly or unwiUinglj 
 
The Higher Education H 
 
 swung open to maid as well as man,— Kansas in 1866, Indi- 
 ana and Wisconsin in 1867, California in 1868, Minnesota, 
 Missouri and Nebraska in 1869, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio 
 in 1870. The opening of the University of Michigan to women 
 was in direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon 
 demand from the state legislature and is interesting as show- 
 ing the sentiment of the people. All state universities or- 
 ganized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 
 
 Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were 
 very different. There were no state universities and the 
 famous colleges already established refused to admit women. 
 Certain concessions, to be sure, have been made after pro- 
 longed agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard 
 Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 
 and granting its own degrees, where the instruction is given 
 by members of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas counter- 
 signed by the President of Harvard University as a guarantee 
 that the degrees are equivalent to the corresponding degrees 
 given by the university; again in the case of Barnard, opened 
 in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate wo- 
 man's college of Columbia University, where the instruction 
 is given entirely by professors appointed by university trustees 
 and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. degree 
 is granted by the university and women who have taken their 
 first degree are admitted to Columbia on the same terms as 
 men, and lastly, in^the case of the Woman's College of Brown 
 University, established as a regular department in 1897, 
 though women were admitted informally as early as 1892. 
 These concessions grudgingly given turned many promising 
 young women, who resented this attitude of what they con- 
 
12 The Higher Education 
 
 sidered selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for 
 women and resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of 
 these institutions in the East. Four of these, Vassar, Wells, 
 Wellesley and Smith, were chartered within a period of ten 
 years, and were soon followed by Bryn Mawr, Goucher and 
 Randolph-Macon Woman's College. Mt. Holyoke, Hollins and 
 Wheaton grew out of famous seminaries. Rockford College 
 in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, chartered as a college 
 in 1892, and Mills College in California, opened as a seminary 
 in 1865, chartered as a college in 1885, are the only examples 
 of independent colleges of A rank for women in the vast sec- 
 tion devoted to coeducation. By their smallness they bear 
 eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. 
 
 Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and 
 affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as re- 
 gards its location and faculty, and Florida College for Women, 
 opened in 1905 as an affiliated college of the state university, 
 which had become coeducational in 1888, are examples of the 
 old-time Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coeduca- 
 tion at Western Reserve University in 1888 after a trial of 
 sixteen years and the establishment of a coordinate college 
 for women under the university charter resulted from a de- 
 cision of the trustees to call the college back to its original 
 purpose, to educate men only, a decision which seemed the 
 wisest solution of the difficulties growing out of an attempt 
 to engraft coeducation upon an institution modeled after New 
 England ideas. The decision of the trustees of Wesleyan 
 University to limit the number of women admitted in any 
 one year to twenty per cent, of the whole number of students 
 enrolled in the preceding year and their later acknowledg- 
 
The Higher Education 13 
 
 ment of defeat when they voted to admit no women after the 
 class of 1913, may be taken as another instance of the futility 
 of the attempt to introduce coeducation at a New England 
 college. The segregation policy of Chicago University, 
 adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby separate 
 instruction is provided as far as possible for men and women 
 during the freshman and sophomore years, was explained at 
 the time as due in a large measure to the proximity of the 
 university to a great metropolis and the increasing enrolment 
 of young women students. The decision of the trustees of 
 Leland Stanford, Jr. University to limit the number of wo- 
 men students to five hundred at any time is in harmony with 
 the founder's purpose. Adelphi College, after sixteen years 
 of coeducation, solved its own particular problem in 1912 by 
 becoming a woman's college. 
 
 The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in estab- 
 lishing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of 
 coeducation and the complete separation of the two in the 
 required work of the first two years is said to be due to a 
 desire to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture 
 and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to 
 enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and to pro- 
 vide for them an independent system of honors and prizes. 
 The College for Women opened at Bucknell University in 
 1905, though at present only a hall of residence, since very 
 little instruction is given separately, is nevertheless the begin- 
 ning of a definite plan for separation. The system of co- 
 ordination in vogue for some years at Colby and the more re- 
 cent decision to introduce separation in chapel exercises are 
 the first steps toward the establishment of an affiliated col- 
 
14 
 
 The Higher Education 
 
 lege for women. The opening of Jackson College for women 
 in 1910, after an experience of eighteen years with coeduca- 
 tion at Tufts, came as no surprise to the college world of New 
 England The coordinate college seems to be the accepted 
 solution of the vexatious problem of providing collegiate in- 
 struction for women in connection with well-established col- 
 leges for men. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
 witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the union 
 of thirteen colonies, a union that was to stand preeminently 
 for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations laid for 
 another union, another brotherhood, that, like its prototype, 
 was destined to grow into a mighty power. On the fifth of 
 December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded at Wil- 
 liam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. This was the first 
 of the secret Greek-letter Societies and therefore the parent 
 of the modern fraternity system, which has become so large 
 a factor in the college life of the United States. 
 
 The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision 
 for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a century 
 passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before an- 
 other Greek-letter society was founded. Colleges were few 
 and scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The 
 colleges established prior to the Revolution were but nine in 
 number, Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale 
 (1701), Princeton (1746), King's, now Columbia (1754), 
 Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764), and 
 Dartmouth (1770). No small proportion of their endowment 
 had come from the mother country, but the Declaration of 
 Independence naturally put an end to donations from Eng- 
 land and crippled the resources of existing colleges. The 
 
16 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 period of business depression immediately following the close 
 of the war, the general instability of the government, the con- 
 tinued difficulties with England resulting in the War of 1812, 
 were not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. 
 
 The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the country 
 in a flourishing condition. The United States had demon- 
 strated on land and sea its right to be considered a world pow- 
 er. Its credit was good, its people prosperous. The tremen- 
 dous impulse given to trade and immigration by the use of 
 steam as a motive power, the rapid development of the country 
 owing to the construction of state roads and artificial water- 
 ways, the mighty stimulus afforded public thought by the 
 daily appearance of the penny newspaper, the great awaken- 
 ing of interest in popular education as a result of the heroic 
 labors of Horace Mann in Massachusetts and of Henry Bar- 
 nard in New York, had produced a nation that was alert and 
 enterprising. It was but natural that these same years of 
 peace, prosperity and progress should witness the establish- 
 ment of many new colleges as well as a great increase in ma- 
 triculation at the older institutions. 
 
 While a college is small it is possible for every student to 
 know intimately all the others and to be in close touch with 
 the different members of the faculty, but, as the numbers in- 
 crease, the personal relation between professor and student is 
 eliminated more and more, and the undergraduates are forced 
 to find sympathetic companionship in a small group of class- 
 mates. So long as a boy is conscious of sympathy and in- 
 terest on the part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, 
 his ambitions, he will seek no further, but the moment he has 
 lost faith in those of his own household he will go elsewhere 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 17 
 
 in search of the perfect understanding that his nature craves. 
 The American professor is a boy at heart, so he understands 
 young men, but the pressure of work is severe both in and out 
 of the classroom and there is a Hmit to human possibilities, to 
 human endurance. The crowded classroom, the ascetic dor- 
 mitory, the cheerless boarding house gave birth to the frater- 
 nity. They have given birth to worse impulses, but to no 
 better. That the fraternity became a college society instead 
 of a more limited organization, that it eventually included 
 members from all undergraduate classes instead of being 
 restricted to those of one particular year is a tribute to the 
 democratic spirit and magnanimity of the American college 
 student. 
 
 The need and attractiveness of these organizations is at- 
 tested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities were 
 founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter century, 
 —Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 1827, all 
 three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, Psi Upsilon, 
 Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, Beta Theta Pi, 
 Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 
 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta Psi, New York Univer- 
 sity, 1847, Phi Gamma Delta, Jefferson, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, 
 Union, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848. Alpha Sigma 
 Phi, Yale, 1845, was also established during this period, but 
 did not enter upon a career of extension until rather recently. 
 The period from 1850 to the Civil War was an era of insta- 
 bility, yet six new fraternites came into existence, four in the 
 North and two in the South, — Phi Kappa Sigma, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, Chi Phi, Prince- 
 ton, 1854, which lays claim to being a revival of a similarly 
 
18 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 named society established at the same college thirty years be- 
 fore, Sigma Chi, Miami, 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 
 1856, Delta Tau Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years im- 
 mediately following the close of the Civil War are remarkable 
 as giving birth to five fraternities and those all founded in 
 Virginia, — Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 
 1865, Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), Washington and Lee, 
 1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Sigma 
 Nu, Virginia Alilitary Institute, 1869, Kappa Sigma, Univer- 
 sity of Virginia, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, to- 
 gether with one other. Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at the 
 Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, had the field 
 practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but the 
 twentieth century has given evidence of renewed activity in 
 founding fraternities, for the first two decades witnessed the 
 birth of several vigorous orders. 
 
 When opportunities for collegiate training became a possi- 
 bilty for women, it was but natural, especially in the coedu- 
 cational institutions, that college girls should be anxious to 
 enjoy the manifest advantages that membership in the men's 
 organizations secured. It was not surprising, then, to find 
 that one-third of the existing sororities were founded at co- 
 educational colleges within three years after the admission of 
 women. The first secret society for women, so far as is known, 
 was the Adelphean, founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., 
 in 1851, which changed its name in 1905 to Alpha Delta Phi, 
 and again in 1913 to Alpha Delta Pi. A similar sorority, es- 
 tablished in 1852 as the Philomathean, became Phi Mu and a 
 national in 1904. Though these two societies were suspended 
 for a few years during the Civil War, owing to the closing of 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 19 
 
 the institution, both were kept aHve through the efforts of 
 resident members. Another society, founded in 1856, and in- 
 teresting historically as probably the first one composed of 
 women to bear a Greek name, was Chi Theta Delta, which 
 existed for several years at the Troy Female Seminary, and 
 which was instituted by delegations from the Rensselaer and 
 Union chapters of Theta Delta Chi. The first national soror- 
 ity was the I. C. Sorosis, founded at Monmouth College in 
 1867, and known since 1888 as Pi Beta Phi. The first soror- 
 ity to bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded 
 at De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth College, of Al- 
 pha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta Gamma at 
 Louis Institute, — a boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., 
 the seat of the State University, in January, 1874, of Gamma 
 Phi Beta at Syracuse University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby 
 College in November of that same year, shows how simul- 
 taneous and spontaneous was the development of the frater- 
 nity idea among college women in different sections of the 
 country. There is no doubt that numerous similar organiza- 
 tions existed in other colleges, for sorority records show a 
 number of instances where such societies applied for charters 
 and became enrolled as chapters of the more vigorous orders. 
 The phenomenal growth of the latter and the rise of the more 
 recent sororities can be readily accounted for by the rapid 
 increase in matriculation. 
 
 Of the nine Greek-letter societies established prior to 
 1880 and in existence today, all have established chapters, but 
 only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kap- 
 pa Gamma and Delta Gamma were anything more than local 
 
20 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 organizations at that date. Alpha Phi established its second 
 chapter at Northwestern in 1881, Gamma Phi Beta its second 
 at the University of Michigan in 1882. Sigma Kappa waited 
 nearly thirty years before granting its first charter. Alpha Delta 
 Pi and Phi Mu remained locals for more than half a century. 
 The fact that barely twenty chapters established between 
 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken existence is a striking 
 proof of the general disfavor with which the higher education 
 of women was regarded in its experimental stage. The es- 
 tablishment of sixty-three vigorous chapters during the next 
 decade shows conclusively that the experiment was a success 
 and that the sorority idea was becoming firmly entrenched. 
 The granting of sixty charters to college petitioners between 
 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing popularity of 
 collegiate training for women. The fact that over two hun- 
 dred college chapters were established between 1900 and 1910, 
 and that the following decade witnessed the establishment of 
 almost four hundred, would indicate that the twentieth cen- 
 tury is extending the heartiest kind of welcome to the sorority 
 as well as to the college girl. 
 
 An interesting phase in the evolution of the system, and 
 one that has come about quite naturally as a result of a grow- 
 ing popular interest in higher education, has been the found- 
 ing of sororities for women enrolled in special university de- 
 partments. Though by no means affecting such large num- 
 bers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems that 
 confront the academic sororities, especially along the line of 
 providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- 
 ships. The simple social life that these organizations make 
 possible is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 21 
 
 out from active participation in the general college life that 
 centers about the academic departments of the large uni- 
 versities. 
 
 Standards 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national 
 sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at 
 institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of "collegiate 
 rank" was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is 
 no organization whose decision could be taken as official and 
 final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal con- 
 trol over the schools of the country, there is no national system 
 of education and no national board of education to determine 
 what particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a col- 
 lege or university. In the Annual Reports of the Department 
 of the Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education 
 groups all universities, colleges and technological schools, 
 without any attempt at classification. There is much interest- 
 ing information to be gleaned from these reports concerning 
 "the valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different 
 colleges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little 
 to show that some of the six hundred are doing higher grade 
 work than others. It is left to the student of college data 
 to make his own deductions and the most natural inference 
 is that a large endowment, a large corps of professors, a large 
 registration, mean high standards, but conclusions from these 
 premises alone are not necessarily correct. 
 
 In 1911, to be sure, a sincere effort was made by the United 
 States Bureau of Education to give the public some idea of 
 the relative standing of the various colleges on its list. Four 
 
22 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 tentative groups were made, following a decision based on 
 equipment, and on the amount, quality and kind of work 
 done. The classification, however, called forth such a storm 
 of opposition from faculties and trustees, whose institutions 
 were rated lower than they deemed fair, that the plan had to 
 be abandoned. The Bureau has since announced that for the 
 present the classification of educational institutions has been 
 suspended. For some time at least it will still devolve, as 
 in the past, upon privately organized associations to set the 
 collegiate standards for the country. 
 
 One organization that has done much to determine what 
 the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of 
 Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in Novem- 
 ber, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight col- 
 leges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institu- 
 tions for practical educational work. Later by reason of the 
 limitations placed upon admission, it came to be recognized 
 as a power in the maintenance of high standards of education. 
 No college applying for membership in the body corporate 
 is examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an en- 
 dowment of $500,000. A preparatory department under the 
 government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. 
 Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the 
 corps of instruction, the average available income and the 
 value of the equipment of the institution for the work it under- 
 takes. Through rigid requirements for admission to its honor 
 roll of colleges and universities the Association of Collegiate 
 Alumnae has done much toward helping to raise and broaden 
 collegiate standards in matters of endowment, equipment, 
 course of study, faculties and salaries. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 23 
 
 A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., in 
 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, which 
 was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in Northern 
 colleges. Its object is ''to unite college women in the South 
 for the promotion of higher education for women ; to raise the 
 standard of education for women; to develop preparatory 
 schools and to define the line of demarcation between prepara- 
 tory schools and colleges.'' The corporate members are all 
 colleges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 
 the Carnegie Foundation, and the Association of Colleges and 
 Secondary Schools of the Southern States. 
 
 Another agency that is making for uniform standards is 
 the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta Kappa 
 means that the institution receiving it has met the require- 
 ments as to organization, equipment, financial standing, fac- 
 ulty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations de- 
 manded by a body of men who are well qualified by training 
 and experience to decide what the word college should mean. 
 It does not always follow, however, that a college is below 
 grade because it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only 
 recently that this honorary society began to become really 
 representative, and some well-known colleges have not 
 awakened to the need or meaning of a charter grant. 
 
 By far the most potent factor in the standardizing move- 
 ment during the later years, and one that is being recognized 
 by the sororities as particularly authoritative when the ques- 
 tion of standards is under discussion, is the Carnegie Founda- 
 tion for the Advancement of Teaching. On April 16, 1905, 
 Mr. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000, the income from 
 which is to be applied to the payment of retiring allowances to 
 
24 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 professors and officers of universities, colleges and technical 
 schools in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland. The 
 donor's original idea was to limit the benefits to undenomina- 
 tional and non-tax-supported institutions. On March 31, 1906, 
 however, Mr. Carnegie gave an additional $5,000,000, so as to 
 include state and provincial colleges, where the application is 
 approved by the governor and the legislature. The rules of the 
 Foundation require that an institution to be entitled to the 
 privileges of the retiring-allowance system must possess a 
 revenue sufficient to guarantee stability, must maintain ade- 
 quately organized collegiate departments and must require for 
 admission enough training to insure real college work in the 
 freshman class, namely fourteen units, a unit being defined as 
 representing a year's study in a secondary school and consti- 
 tuting approximately a quarter of a full year's work. The 
 Foundation believes that no college can maintain fair educa- 
 tional standards on an endowment less than $200,000. 
 
 Another powerful force in the educational uplift and in 
 the standardizing of all kinds of institutions is the General 
 Education Board, chartered by Congress, January 12, 1903, 
 following the offer of $1,000,000 by Mr. John D. Rockefeller 
 in 1902, its object being ''the promotion of education within 
 the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex 
 or creed." In 1905, Mr. Rockefeller gave the sum of $10,000,- 
 000 as a permanent endowment for the purposes of the Board, 
 and two years later added $32,000,000, one-third of which 
 went into the permanent endowment fund. In 1920 Mr. 
 Rockefeller increased the resources of the Board to the ex- 
 tent of $70,000,000, giving a fund of $50,000,000 to be used in 
 assisting colleges and universities to increase teachers' sal- 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 25 
 
 aries, and the sum of $20,000,000 for the improvement of med- 
 cal education. One of the principal objects for which the income 
 is expended is the increasing of the endowments of universi- 
 ties and colleges, the custom being to offer a certain number 
 of thousands on condition that the institution raise a very much 
 larger sum within a short period of time. The Board employs 
 a force of experts in a systematic study of educational condi- 
 tions and is thus enabled to use wisely the funds which have 
 been placed at its disposal. The many ''whirlwind" campaigns 
 that have followed offers from the Board have been the in- 
 spiration that has raised a number of mediocre colleges to 
 recognized rank and has made possible their presence on the 
 rolls of the oldest and proudest sororities. 
 
 Another organization that has done much to stimulate in- 
 dependent self-activity through local initiative is the Southern 
 Education Board, which began active work in January, 1902, 
 and whose educational campaign has awakened the people in 
 the vast section in which it operates to the need of adopting 
 sound, constructive educational policies. No one that has 
 watched the change that has come over the face of Southern 
 education within the last two decades could be blind to the 
 splendid work of this Board, which has given a distinct tone to 
 all grades of education, from the lowest to the highest. The 
 General Education Board has been of incalculable aid to the 
 Southern Education Board in its efforts at uplift. Together 
 they have worked for a finer spirit of nationalism, and the 
 results are a splendid testimony to their success. The rapid 
 growth of the many Southern sororities and the granting of 
 numerous charters by strong Northern orders to institutions 
 in the South give unmistakable proof of the improved collegi- 
 
26 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 ate standards in a section that has been regarded for many 
 years as the special home of the ''finishing school/' 
 
 Government 
 
 The supreme governing body of the sororities is the Na- 
 tional Convention, which in most cases meets biennially. In 
 order, however, that important questions requiring immediate 
 decision may receive attention during the interim, it is custo- 
 mary for the sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, 
 judicial and executive powxr in the hands of a few members 
 who are responsible to the succeeding conventions for their 
 acts and who constitute what is known as the Grand Council, 
 the Executive Committee, or the Grand Chapter, as the case 
 may be. The number of members elected for this purpose 
 differs somewhat in the different sororities, but a President, 
 a Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and, where a mag- 
 azine is published, an Editor, are always found among the of- 
 ficers. These five officers are usually sufficient for a small 
 sorority, but where the chapter roll numbers more than twenty, 
 the task of welding so many separate units into an harmonious 
 whole becomes a serious problem. Hence it has come to pass 
 that the older and larger sororities have found it necessary 
 to create new offices, in order that no member of the executive 
 staff may have more work than she can accomplish satisfac- 
 torily, and in order that every phase of fraternity development 
 may receive its due share of attention. The sororities are 
 tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods 
 than the usual interim of two years between conventions, 
 those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 27 
 
 Publications 
 
 The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, those 
 that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued for 
 members only. To the first class belong the magazines, the 
 catalogues or directories, the songbooks, the histories and the 
 calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, 
 convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 
 
 The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most 
 of their space to reports from chapters and personals about 
 alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor en- 
 deavors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing 
 in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 
 are noteworthy as marking the period during which a great 
 impulse was given to fraternity journalism by the publication 
 of magazines by many of the men's orders. The sororities 
 were quick to see the advantages that such issues had and 
 the next decade saw five in the field, — The Golden Key of 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma in 1882, The Anchora of Delta Gamma 
 in 1884, The Arrow of Pi Beta Phi, The Kappa Alpha Theta 
 in 1885, and The Alpha Phi Quarterly in 1888. Delta Delta 
 Delta followed with The Trident in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega 
 with The Lyre in 1894, and Chi Omega with The Eleusis in 
 1899. Succeeding years have brought out The Crescent of 
 Gamma Phi Beta, The Alpha Xi Delta, Themis of Zeta Tau 
 Alpha, The Angelos of Kappa Delta, The Triangle of Sigma 
 Sigma Sigma, To Dragma of Alpha Omicron Pi, Mu Phi 
 Epsilon Quarterly, The Beta Sigma Omicron, The Triangle 
 of Sigma Kappa, The Adelphean of Alpha Delta Pi, The 
 Parchment of Sigma Iota Chi, The Agalia of Phi Mu, The 
 
28 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 Adamas of Eta Upsilon Gamma, The Lamp of Delta Zeta, The 
 Phoenix of Alpha Sigma Alpha, The Shield of Delta Sigma 
 Epsilon, The Laurel of Pi Kappa Sigma. One of the most 
 significant movements of the last few years has been the or- 
 ganized effort, on the part of fraternities and sororities, to 
 provide for the endowment of the magazine. 
 
 Catalogues, or directories, have always been found very 
 useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by 
 all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names 
 and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them 
 well supplied with valuable historical data, the location and 
 time of founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists 
 of present and past grand officers, chapter officers and sta- 
 tistical reports. All sororities find it a somewhat difficult task 
 to compile their directories, and as an aid to the work have 
 established card catalogues. The cards are sent out periodi- 
 cally with the request that the members return them to the 
 cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is pos- 
 sible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of accurate 
 information, much of which is of permanent value. 
 
 Songbooks have been published by nearly all the sororities, 
 and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright 
 music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct 
 literary merit. 
 
 All the sororities of prominence have established archives 
 and the majority of them have an officer whose duty it is to 
 collect and arrange historical data. Whenever historical mat- 
 ter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in 
 some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as the 
 Historical Number. Kappa Kappa Gamma issued a small 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 29 
 
 pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distrib- 
 ution among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, 
 brought out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elab- 
 orate attempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega 
 pubHshed a very attractive manual. Kappa Alpha Theta fol- 
 lowed with an interesting brochure in 1911 and Alpha Chi 
 Omega with an exhaustive volume in 1912, which was re- 
 vised in 1917. 
 
 Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and 
 Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one 
 who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. 
 It is not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, 
 especially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common 
 problems that confront the different organizations. In this 
 way it is possible for those who are deeply interested in the 
 advancement of the sorority idea to secure a very fair knowl- 
 edge of the policies and regulations of the various organiza- 
 tions as laid down in the different constitutions. 
 
 Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care, 
 and on many occasions very important decisions have been 
 made public through discussions in the magazines. From the 
 historical numbers one may glean information concerning the 
 successive steps in all the great movements and changes of 
 policies. The older and larger a sorority becomes, the more 
 likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it 
 actually has done, what it is doing, and what it expects to do. 
 The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly 
 in Boston in 1891, practised occasionally before that time by 
 broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
 
30 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity 
 in general policies. 
 
 Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by many 
 sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount of rou- 
 tine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is made to 
 secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chapters. 
 Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, place 
 matter demanding immediate attention before all the chapters 
 at the same time and create a reference library that is of in- 
 calculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega 
 belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority magazine. 
 Its Mystagogiie appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a 
 close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 and elaborated 
 the idea still further by starting a secret annual, called The 
 Trireme, in 1908, supplementing these somewhat later with a 
 monthly Triglyph and a weekly Triad. Phi Mu started its 
 annual, now called The Philomathean^ in 1907 and began its 
 quarterly. To Sakos, in 1912. Alpha Chi Omega brought out 
 its annual Heraeum in 1911 and two years later its monthly 
 Argolid. Other private issues are Kappa Alpha Theta's Bi- 
 monthly, 1911, Kappa Delta's Ta Takta, 1911, Alpha Gamma 
 Delta's To Skiouros, 1913, Beta Sigma Omicron's Lamp, 1913, 
 Alpha Delta Pi's Adelphean Chronicle, 1915, Alpha Xi Delta's 
 Quill, 1915. Pi Beta Phi publishes one issue of its quarterly 
 Arrow for members only. 
 
 Alumnae Associations 
 
 The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with 
 the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- 
 
p 
 
 The Evolution of the Sorority System 31 
 
 ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make 
 for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a 
 strong body of alumnae, in addition to the financial backing 
 afforded, will more than repay any society for the labor ex- 
 pended in looking out for the interests of the ex-collegio mem- 
 bers. Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not 
 recognized by the oldest sororities very early in their careers. 
 
 Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae asso- 
 ciations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed until 
 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges of ac- 
 tive chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the Alumnae 
 Association was organized under a constitution of its own, and 
 was given the right to hold conventions at the same time and 
 place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in 
 policy was made and the entire work along this line was given 
 over to the Grand Vice-President. Alumnae clubs may send 
 representatives to the convention if they choose, but, though 
 these delegates have the right to the floor in the general ses- 
 sions, they have no vote save through the Alumnae Depart- 
 ment's one representative, who is whenever possible the Alum- 
 nae Editor of the Arrow. In special sessions of their own 
 these alumnae representatives may legislate on all matters of 
 interest to the alumnae clubs. 
 
 Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea immedi- 
 ately, probably because conditions were not favorable to its 
 dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, exchanges un- 
 known. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the establish- 
 ment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never per- 
 mitted any association to exist that is not the direct out- 
 
32 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 growth of an active chapter. Each is given representation 
 in the national convention. 
 
 Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its 
 very inception for the organization of Alliances, as it terms 
 its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special 
 constitution for them and a special ritual, by taking which 
 graduates become eligible to membership in an Alliance. The 
 first was formed in August, 1892. For a number of years 
 only graduates were permitted to take the higher degree, but 
 the convention of 1900 modified this policy somewhat, so that 
 it is now possible for a non-graduate member to become as- 
 sociated with an Alliance. Provision is made at the national 
 convention for. an Alliance session and for representation m 
 the undergraduate section as well. The Convention of 1906 
 provided for a special officer who has charge of all matters 
 pertaining to the Alliances. The Convention of 1910 arranged 
 for the formation of alumnae clubs, these same to be without 
 voting privileges or other benefits of the regular Alliances. 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirability 
 of alumnae associations as early as 1887, and agitated the mat- 
 ter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- 
 couragement from the active membership. A group of Chi- 
 cago alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority's exhibit 
 for the World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for 
 a charter. After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was 
 finally carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of 
 a chapter burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. 
 A few other associations and clubs were organized after this, 
 but it was not until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority 
 as a whole recognized the need or importance of providing 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 33 
 
 for its alumnae. At that time the work was put into the 
 hands of the officers' deputies, and the growth has been phe- 
 nomenal. At the Convention of 1906 a national organization 
 of the alumnae association was effected under the control of 
 three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and 
 treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations at 
 convention for the transaction of business of special interest 
 to alumnae. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae in 
 December, 1892, and has always given the associations all the 
 privileges of the active chapters. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for alumnae 
 associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but in that year 
 it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle, Ind. The 
 associations are named alphabetically in order of founding re- 
 gardless of location, so, except in the case of the first, the 
 names of the associations are different from the active chap- 
 ters with which they are allied, a method that seems a trifle 
 confusing when it is customary to name the groups from the 
 cities in which they are located or from the chapters with 
 which they are affiliated. 
 
 Delta Gamma granted its first charter to alumnae in 1895 
 and until 1903 this was the only alumnae chapter. The 
 sorority has made provisions for two kinds of groups, alumnae 
 chapters and alumnae associations, the former possessing a 
 charter, paying dues and having a vote in convention. 
 
 Chi Omega established its first alumnae chapter in 1900. 
 ft gives a vote to every alumna attending convention. Char- 
 :ers are granted to alumnae chapters on practically the same 
 
34 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 conditions as those to college petitioners and examinations 
 are required of them as of the active chapters. 
 
 Chapter Houses 
 
 The chapter house movement among sororities came about 
 quite naturally, because at many colleges the houses of the 
 men's fraternities were a conspicuous feature of the student 
 life. Many faculties have fostered the development of the 
 fraternity house idea because it relieved them of the necessity 
 of providing accommodations for a large number of students, 
 and, to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, but 
 not all have been ready to accord the same privileges to the 
 sorority girls, and dormitory life or residence with relatives 
 is still insisted upon at certain universities. The city univer- 
 sity, drawing its material largely from the immediate environs, 
 ofifers but little or no opportunity for the sorority house, though 
 it is not unusual for chapters at such colleges to have rooms 
 which provide ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour 
 in rest or study, passing the night after some college function, 
 or offering informal entertainment to members or friends. 
 
 Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1886 when it erected ai 
 chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were 
 quick to see the advantages of such a course, and many now 
 have homes which they own wholly or in part. 
 
 Panhellenism 
 
 The Panhellenic movement dates back to the time when 
 the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 35 
 
 cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- 
 ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet 
 in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in 
 The Key, was to be that of recommendation only, the reports 
 to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. An 
 attempt, however, was to be made, 'To secure (1) uniform- 
 ity of inter- fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in purchasing 
 fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased 
 security and cheapness, (3) a practical Panhellenic plan for 
 the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the frater- 
 nity publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and etiquette." 
 A careful reading of the report of that first inter-sorority 
 convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority 
 magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic 
 were the Panhellenic pioneers and how much might have been 
 accomplished had the work continued without interruption. 
 The probable reason for the failure of a movement so auspi- 
 ciously begun may be found in the fact that there was no city 
 at which representatives from all the sororities could meet 
 conveniently. Though the value of the work accomplished 
 appealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertain- 
 ment for the official delegates during such a session probably 
 deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 
 
 The Congress of Fraternities 
 
 Beginning in the spring of 1892, representatives appointed 
 by all the sororities and by many of the fraternities held 
 monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing space 
 and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Columbian 
 
36 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily in favor 
 of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any active 
 interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan of the 
 Panhellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity 
 congress was substituted with one half day given to the fra- 
 ternities, another half day to the Greek Press, and a third half 
 day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were 
 most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
 present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent 
 value was accomplished, though for some months afterwards 
 the dififerent magazines gave considerable space to the dis- 
 cussion of the advantages of Panhellenism. The time, how- 
 ever, was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter 
 languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Conferences 
 
 It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, '95- 
 '97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900-'02, that the inspira- 
 tion came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the 
 problem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with 
 the presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned 
 that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta 
 Delta Delta had been conferring upon this very subject, and 
 that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed 
 a petition before the Grand Council asking that the sororities < 
 be invited to consider some means of reform in rushing. 
 With such a general sentiment in favor of correcting evils; 
 and securing hearty cooperation along various lines of en-- 
 deavor, Mrs. Whitney was encouraged to call the first Inter- 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 37 
 
 Sorority Conference, which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, 
 and which was the beginning of annual meetings presided 
 over by each sorority in turn in the order of founding. 
 
 The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of dele- 
 gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and 
 Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future opera- 
 tions by submitting a set of motions of which it approved to 
 the different sororities represented in the Conference. Al- 
 though the meeting did not result in any inter-sorority com- 
 pact, since all the sororities were not unanimously in favor 
 of the recommendations submitted, yet much advance was 
 made in providing for annual conferences. 
 
 The Conference of 1903 suggested the formation of Pan- 
 hellenic Associations at every college where two or more na- 
 tional sororities existed, and urged sorority girls to take an 
 active part in such college organizations as were intended for 
 the good of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the 
 sororities, two were unanimously accepted during the succeed- 
 ing year, and so the first definite gain was made in an agree- 
 ment not to pledge prior to matriculation. 
 
 The Conference of 1904 decided upon the order of rota- 
 tion in office. It defined the purpose of College Panhellenics, 
 and directed the sororities to insist that these organizations 
 should not merely promote good feeling and social intercourse, 
 but that they should make earnest efforts to improve standards 
 and remove evils. The Conference also took up the problem 
 of social service, recommended the establishment of women's 
 leagues, made preparations to form a Bureau of Comparative 
 Legislation, and raised the question of the advisability of ask- 
 
38 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 ing that Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational 
 colleges. 
 
 The Conference of 1905 defined a national sorority as one 
 having at least five chapters, all at institutions of collegiate 
 rank. In addition to the great advance made by the Confer- 
 ence in adopting tentatively a constitution and thus determin- 
 ing its own powers, it provided for the drafting of a model 
 constitution for women's leagues. 
 
 The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 
 1905, which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It 
 showed renewed interest and activity in furthering the social 
 service work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women 
 in the amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in 
 the Panhellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for 
 College Panhellenics was approved and ordered printed for 
 distribution and arrangements made to intensify the interest 
 through the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school 
 sororities were condemned, and the Conference put itself on 
 record as proposing to use all its influence to have them dis- 
 countenanced. An investigation of the laws of each state 
 concerning the making and wearing of badges by unauthor- 
 ized persons was instituted. 
 
 The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along 
 the line of social service and in the work of the College Pan- 
 hellenics. It laid special stress upon the need of securing the co- 
 operation of alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a 
 late pledge day. 
 
 The Conference of 1908 made an urgent plea for definite 
 scholarship attainment as a qualification for sorority member- 
 ship. It suggested the organization of resident alumnae in 
 
i 
 
 The Evolution of the Sorority System 39 
 
 the case of every college and changed the name of the associa- 
 tion to that of National Panhellenic Conference. 
 
 The Conference of 1909 provided for the annual appoint- 
 ment of a committee on extension, to which should be referred 
 all petitions for admission. It also arranged through com- 
 mittees for reports on college facilities for student social af- 
 fairs and on scholarship standards in the Conference soror- 
 ities. The Conference deplored its lack of legislative power 
 and the delay and inconvenience to all concerned caused by 
 the necessity for referring back to the sororities even insig- 
 nificant details. 
 
 The Conference of 1910 voted to request the sororities to 
 vest in their delegates such limited legislative power as the 
 Conference may deem necessary to make its action effective. 
 The Committee on Extension was given authority to define 
 and enforce the standard for admission. The Conference 
 recommended that every effort be made to encourage scholar- 
 ship among sorority women, that the sponsor system be in- 
 augurated in all chapters, that chaperons be salaried and that 
 they be given unlimited authority to enforce rules for the 
 common good. 
 
 The Conference of 1911, following the granting of limited 
 legislative powers by the various sororities represented there- 
 in, adopted a constitution and changed the name of the organ- 
 ization to the National Panhellenic Congress. The powers 
 were defined as five- fold: — (1) to make laws that pertain to 
 its own government, (2) to admit at its discretion petitioning 
 sororities, (3) to levy annual dues, (4) to make final settle- 
 ment of College Panhellenic difficulties, (5) to have advisory 
 power over College Panhellenics. The government between 
 
40 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 sessions was placed in the hands of an executive committee 
 of three, to serve as chairman, secretary and treasurer. Pro- 
 vision was made for the issue of quarterly bulletins. 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Congresses 
 
 The Congress of 1912 reported an unusually auspicious 
 growth of the Panhellenic movement, and provided for still 
 greater extension of the idea by bringing City Panhellenics 
 into close touch with the work and ambitions of the Congress. 
 The number of officers was increased from three to four by 
 the election of an historian to serve for five years. The Con- 
 gress went on record as heartily disapproving high school 
 fraternities. A feature preliminary to the Congress, but 
 fraught with unusual possibilities, was the first Conference of 
 National Sorority Presidents. 
 
 The Congress of 1913 was essentially a standardizing 
 agency, in that it adopted a uniform scholarship card and 
 uniform house rules for the regulation of chapter house life. 
 The Congress also went on record as favoring the extension 
 of the sorority system. In addition to stressing vocational 
 training and occupations for college women it made a con- 
 tribution to the Chicago Bureau of Occupations. The Congress 
 of 1914 adopted a Code of Ethics, authorized a study of the 
 chapter house system, and arranged for the extension and 
 supervision of City Panhellenics. 
 
 The Congress of 1915 adopted a Panhellenic Creed, au- 
 thorized a study of cooperative buying and catering, voted for 
 biennial conferences instead of annual, and increased the num- 
 ber of Congress officers by the creation of an editorship. 
 
The Evolution of the Sorority System 41 
 
 The Congress of 1917 reported 'the distribution among 
 colleges of literature bearing upon the efficiency and economy 
 of cooperative management of chapter houses. The represen- 
 tation of professional sororities in City Panhellenics was 
 made a matter of courtesy on the part of each panhellenic. 
 The Congress recommended a scholarship basis for initiation. 
 
 The Congress of 1919 called attention to the splendid rec- 
 ord made by the sororities during the World War, and rec- 
 ommended that each carry over its war-time enthusiasm, en- 
 ergy and efficiency into some form of sustained social service. 
 The Congress, believing that everything of value to civiliza- 
 tion had been made possible through organized social groups, 
 went on record as favoring concerted action along American- 
 ization lines in conjunction with college authorities and other 
 agencies. It also suggested that local panhellenics broaden 
 their scope by arranging programs at which topics of national 
 or cultural interest should be handled by people of promi- 
 nence. Among the more notable features of the Congress 
 were the Round Table conferences at which matters of vital 
 interest to sorority and college women were presented for 
 discussion. 
 
 There is practically no limit to the valuable results that 
 may be attained through these annual conferences. The reg- 
 ulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the high- 
 est importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority 
 standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be 
 done. To understand something of the possibilities of the 
 National Panhellenic Congress, one need only realize that 
 the ex-collegio members of the sororities number in the neigh- 
 borhood of 100,000, and that the Congress literature reaches at 
 
42 The Evolution of the Sorority System 
 
 least one-third of these through the various sorority maga- 
 zines. The active membership of 15,000 is even more vitally 
 affected, and each Fall 6,000 new initiates are brought into 
 touch with every movement that receives the sanction of the 
 Congresses. Except to a very limited degree, the college wo- 
 man has been unable to have any marked influence upon the 
 college after graduation. During her student days she has 
 been obliged to follow the lines laid down for her brother, 
 and if life's experience has shown her that college courses 
 should be adapted more peculiarly to her own needs, she has 
 had little or no opportunity to say so. Her ideas on this 
 point, unexpressed except to a very few, have had little weight. 
 The Association of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has de- 
 termined certain important facts relative to the higher edu- 
 cation of women, but its work has been hampered by the small, 
 restricted, scattered membership. It lacks, moreover, the vi- 
 vifying touch that comes only from actual cooperation with 
 the undergraduate body of college girls. The National Pan- 
 hellenic Congress is the only organization that can bridge the 
 chasm between college theories and life's realities. Thus far 
 it has confined most of its efforts to improving social condi- 
 tions. The larger opportunity of making the college course a 
 more vital force in the lives of college women is still before it. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a 
 factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to under- 
 stand what combination of circumstances called it into being, 
 what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, and 
 what it is doing at the present time to warrant its continuance. 
 Begun as an experiment at Elmira more than half a century 
 ago, and copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after these 
 institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the in- 
 dependent colleges for women seems to have been established 
 with the full sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might 
 serve to unite in a common interest the most prominent mem- 
 bers of the student body. In the days when the elective system 
 was unknovv^n, the lines of demarcation between the different 
 classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were 
 not always conducive to the development of a proper college 
 spirit. By forming a nucleus around which should cluster 
 some of the most precious associations of college life, the ad- 
 ministration hoped to foster a strong esprit de corps. Except 
 to a very few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely 
 appeal. To the majority of women in college thirty years 
 ago, when so much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and 
 Mathematics, the societies, by copying the methods of the 
 popular lyceum, offered a much-prized opportunity for the 
 study of the masterpieces of modern literature and for the 
 
44 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 discussion of questions of permanent or passing interestTA 
 Since the development of a strong college spirit was the de- 
 sideratum in the formation of the societies, the originators 
 gave little heed to the possibilities that these organizations 
 afforded for the cementing of college friendships. It is rare 
 indeed to find among their members the close bond of sym- 
 pathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in spite of 
 the fact that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy is 
 concerned. 
 
 In those colleges however, Vv^here the administration had 
 decided upon coeducation, and where the men students were 
 often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, the 
 Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded at 
 faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a 
 protective league through which the members endeavored by 
 united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital 
 part of college life. Misunderstood in the classroom, shut out 
 from participation in the literary and debating societies or- 
 ganized by the men, unrecognized in the social life that crys- 
 tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous 
 enough to brave outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in 
 need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From 
 the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
 sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a 
 potent factor during the college course and which, at the same 
 time, should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. 
 
 Just how much the sorority did for the first generation 
 of college girls in making their position secure and in demon- 
 strating their right to educational privileges equal to those 
 enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records. 
 
The Mission of the Sorority 45 
 
 but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter Society 
 rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by 
 encouraging members to complete their college course and by 
 influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years 
 an experiment, nay more, an experiment that met with slight 
 favor and scanty support from the general public. That the 
 sorority did cement friendships there is ample evidence to 
 prove, for the earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled 
 with the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the 
 enrichment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic 
 interest such friendships had bestowed. Only those who have 
 been blessed with true friendships can understand how very 
 barren and spiritless life would be without the stimulus and 
 zest they give. To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, 
 makes possible the practically impossible, renders the joy of 
 success more keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. 
 
 It is not, however, in these two important particulars 
 alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar and 
 efficient service. If there was any element of danger in the 
 higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the 
 fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and 
 their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under 
 the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of such 
 erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress 
 of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by 
 ^er sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self -consciousness. 
 ^Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal 
 conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
 parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially 
 feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
 
 I 
 
46 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted upon 
 regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the 
 sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, 
 feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first genera- 
 tion of college girls the sorority was primarily a humanizing 
 agency. 
 
 Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the so- 
 rority as a protective league is long since past, its importance 
 as a prominent factor in the college life of today is even great- 
 er than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where 
 once it touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering 
 friendships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly 
 in need of the close companionship of those who will treat 
 her with a mixture of charity and frank criticism, there are 
 yet other important services that the sorority renders its mem- 
 bers. In these days when it is no unusual thing for a girl 
 to go to college, the young matriculate is in no immediate 
 danger of considering herself a rara avis or of developing 
 eccentricities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it 
 will certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, 
 of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced views. 
 Rather will she be lost in the crowd. Today in the great* 
 throngs attending our popular colleges, amid the complexity 
 of academic life, there can not be the opportunity for the 
 development of individuality, so marked a feature of the 
 earlier period when the personal relation between faculty and 
 students was noticeably strong. Personality is a tremendous 
 force in the development of personality, but modern exigencies 
 and modern methods have built up barriers between professor 
 and student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher 
 
The Mission of the Sorority 47 
 
 education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily 
 solved, the modern educator is no longer so interested in the 
 annual solution as it applies to individual cases. 
 
 There is, without doubt, another reason why the college 
 has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, 
 to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the 
 creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, 7 
 not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens 
 the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make 
 the individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle 
 originality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to 
 a certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much 
 liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary 
 education which trains the masses and prepares primarily 
 for apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to 
 demand subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention 
 to detail, for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's 
 success in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the 
 case of the secondary education, however, which trains the 
 classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, 
 sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of indi- 
 vidual taste and talent. In the case of the college education, 
 which trains only the elect and which should prepare pre- 
 eminently for leadership, the dominant thought should be the 
 development of individuality. The college in preparing its 
 students for intellectual and spiritual leadership must furnish 
 a broad, a liberal education, and must train specifically the 
 intellect, the heart, the will, the taste, the conscience. All this 
 the college does, but more is needed. Abstract studies, invalu- 
 able as they are for mental training, lead to theorizing. 
 
48 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 Theory is not practice. In great as in small things man learns 
 by doing. If a man is to be a great leader, he must lead first 
 in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, finally in great 
 enterprises. He must serve his apprenticeship. 
 
 In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
 great student leagues of our famous universities, there is op- 
 portunity for only a very few to rise above their college mates. 
 The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. To 
 follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that 
 the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of the 
 college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by presenting 
 opportunities for apprenticeship such as the college of itself 
 is unable to give save in limited degree. To understand the 
 peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to 
 consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leader- 
 ship is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime 
 essentials are the same. Most important of all is self- 
 confidence. This fundamental requisite of success in any 
 undertaking must not be confounded with that most undesir- 
 able attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. 
 Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of 
 self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to 
 inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, courage to dare. 
 Self-confidence begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without 
 an enthusiastic interest in the thing to be accomplished, with- 
 out the courage resulting from a consciousness of power, with- 
 out an abiding faith in the ability to carry any undertaking 
 to completion, leadership is impossible. By taking its mem- 
 bers out of the crowd and making each a distinct unit in a 
 small group, the sorority is able to foster individuality. By 
 
The Mission of the Sorority 49 
 
 providing every initiate with innumerable opportunities for 
 all sorts of service and for all kinds of experience, first in the 
 simple work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
 national organization, the sorority is particularly well-quali- 
 fied to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self-con- 
 fidence. 
 
 According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only 
 requisite for leadership, but he who would be master over 
 others must first be master over himself. Self-control is like- 
 wise indispensable. Self-control implies perfect insight, the 
 ability to see the end from the beginning. Self-control implies 
 perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies 
 perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may 
 of itself secure leadership but it ^iH^Jbe the leadership of the 
 demagogue. Without the penetration that insures a grasp 
 of the situation, without the disposition to recognize the rights 
 of others, without the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, 
 there caQ. be no useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever 
 before its members a very definite aim, by demanding of each 
 individual a due consideration for the rights of every other, 
 not only of her own chapter but of the entire organization, by 
 expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the sorority 
 exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues well for the 
 growth of self-control. 
 
 Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- 
 fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings material 
 rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. Leadership that 
 has both self-confidence and self-control as basic principles 
 will be lasting, will win rewards, will be productive of honor. 
 Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular 
 
50 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 approval. To understand, however, v^hether such is the high- 
 est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the 
 great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As 
 the Son of God, He was conscious of His power. The miracles 
 He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though 
 all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He 
 exercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. 
 Yet this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily for 
 the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. 
 Christ s message to the world was the beauty of service, the 
 sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that 
 harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- 
 sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice 
 recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes the 
 , need for sympathy. By insisting that every privilege brings 
 with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging always the 
 great importance of patience in dealing with the problems 
 in one's own life or that of any other, by making love the 
 mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- 
 takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teach- 
 ing the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell 
 of this great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, then, 
 is creative, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. 
 Leadership that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to 
 bring success with honor and peace. 
 
 Such is the education that the college is pledged to give, but 
 the college has its limitations. By emphasizing and developing 
 these requisites for leadership, by providing innumerable op- 
 portunities for the 'practical application of the same, the so- 
 rority is supplementing the work of the college and rendering 
 
The Mission of the Sorokity 51 
 
 a special service to society. In thus enhancing the value 
 of academic training, the sorority makes the college a much 
 more vital force in the life of the student than it could other- 
 wise be. The fine college spirit that is an outgrowth of this 
 increased interest leads the sorority girl to advocate college 
 residence. This, though in no sense a definite aim that the 
 sorority has placed before itself, means much for the cause 
 of higher education. The benefit that comes to the college 
 from an increased matriculation, from a student body fired 
 with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae whose names 
 are synonymous with honorable accomplishment is, in no small 
 part, a result of the existence of the sorority. 
 
 Although the work done in preparation for leadership is 
 perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, 
 it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. 
 Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes 
 during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or 
 from service in the national organization after the college 
 course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude 
 for business, some, especially those who work their way 
 through, understand the value of a dollar, but the average col- 
 lege girl, whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose 
 every whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy 
 ideas on the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a 
 teacher, will very likely expect to have her income supple- 
 mented by generous checks from home, while, if she should 
 preside over a home of her own, she will expect, from past 
 experience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be 
 thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may not? 
 — should enter upon the third decade of her life without a 
 
52 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of transacting 
 business. Yet, how few women ever do acquire this knowl- 
 edge. To have a stated chapter income, to decide just how 
 it must be appointed for rent and taxes, for furnishing or 
 repairs, for food, heat, light and entertainment, is always val- 
 uable experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, to 
 understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums of 
 money such as the national sororities annually receive, is as 
 important a training for a woman as for a man. If wage- 
 earner or inheritrix she will have money to invest. As wife 
 and mother she will handle funds in trust. 
 
 Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its mem- 
 bers because of their affiliation with a large organization is the 
 chance it gives them through correspondence, fraternity publi- 
 cations and conventions to get a wide outlook over the entire 
 field of collegiate education. Though one of a group small 
 enough to admit of the growth of the individual, each is also 
 one of a mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through 
 concerted action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even 
 in the small college. The inspiration that has come to many 
 a small college to broaden its student life has been the directs 
 result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some ^ 
 large university. The awakening of many a large university 
 to the need of deepening its student life has come through the 
 magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of 
 some small college. The important part that the sorority is 
 playing in developing a national type of cultured womanhood 
 is another phase of the work it is doing for society and one for 
 which it takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is 
 always an honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured woman 
 
f 
 
 The Mission of the Sorority 53 
 
 with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the 
 nation's crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. The badge 
 she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that 
 she has pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that 
 she has set her face to the light, never to turn back. 
 
 Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are 
 prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the 
 ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an 
 undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe, 
 the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary 
 arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial coteries. 
 Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. 
 A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies, 
 but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her 
 friendships should not be numerous and shallow, but limited 
 and deep. The harmony resulting from the union of a few 
 with common interests bears rich fruit later when college wo- 
 men in any locality unite for effective work along any line. 
 The sorority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty 
 aims, for conservation of force. 
 
 Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and making 
 her a permanent member of a small group, the sorority is 
 rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her 
 during her college course with family affiliations and with the 
 essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise 
 supervision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is 
 benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the 
 family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or col- 
 lege boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's an- 
 chorage and drift far from home moorings during four long 
 
54 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 year^^ There is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four 
 years' residence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right 
 ideals of home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the 
 freedom that comes from community living. It is in recogni- 
 tion of this fact that some of the large colleges for women have 
 adopted as far as possible the cottage system of housing stu- 
 dents. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we 
 cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it we are weaned 
 from home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If 
 there is a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than! 
 any other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger ^^ 
 generation to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home life. \ 
 Dangerous as this tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college 
 graduates are to be inoculated with the virus. To them as its 
 most finished product society looks for leadership. Yet an 
 exceedingly large number of students, while in pursuit of the 
 very culture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest 
 home, are forced to forego the influences that experience has 
 proved most potent in the right adjustment of social con- 
 ditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for the 
 mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. 
 Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of life 
 and thought, perilous any that would substitute new ideas for 
 old ideals. The sorority through the chapter house empha- 
 sizes the advantage of home life over dormitory residence. 
 Through the chapter organization it keeps ever before its 
 members the imperative need of living together in harmony, 
 of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so ordering one's 
 life that every act shall reflect only honor. The chapter, like 
 the family, is a corporation, which, though closely associated 
 
The Mission of the Sorority 55 
 
 or affiliated with many others, has still within itself a very 
 distinct and separate existence. The individual members of 
 both are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely 
 and their position in society depends upon the individual part 
 that each member plays. Both lay many responsibilities upon 
 their members, but every responsibility has its attendant 
 privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after the 
 other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority chapter 
 is an expression of the college girl's belief in the beauty and 
 power of the home. The transition from dormitory residence 
 to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Here- 
 in lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of 
 those v/ho have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or 
 college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. 
 It is like patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. \The 
 sorority, by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes 
 the break between homiC and college and later between college 
 and homic almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to 
 take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be 
 substituted for paste in some rare old setting or as an artist 
 may renew the colors in some old masterpieces. Any organiza- 
 tion that, fosters love of home should be encouraged, for from 
 the home as the central force in civilization must emanate all 
 the influences that make for progress. 
 
 Whatever the line of service to which she may consecrate 
 herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot 
 fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. She is, to be 
 sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, her college and 
 her sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. 
 They consider their investment safe as long as her name is a 
 
56 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 synonym for honor. As a college woman she will adjust her- 
 self in time to any position in which she finds herself, but as 
 a sorority girl she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, 
 because, in addition to the stores of knowledge acquired 
 through years of study and always available for pleasure or 
 profit, she will have gained through the discipline of the chap- 
 ter both wisdom and understanding. If called to be the pre- 
 siding genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a col- 
 lege woman, to contribute of her wealth of intellect to all 
 those agencies that are working for the betterment of social 
 conditions, but sinse she is a sorority girl her appreciation 
 of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her judg- 
 ment concerning means and methods to be employed in deal- 
 ing with human problems, saner and sounder. If not needed 
 in the home, the college woman will find ample opportunity 
 out in the world for the exercise of her various talents. Es- 
 pecially will there be an urgent call for her to act as a guide, 
 philosopher and friend of aspiring youth, but wiser will be 
 her guidance, more practical her philosophy, more potent 
 her friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through associa- 
 tion with the different members of her chapter she has gained 
 a knowledge of human nature such as can come only from 
 being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. 
 /To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college 
 girls the sorority is essentially an individualizing and har- 
 monizing agency. 
 
 With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, 
 with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may 
 look forward to the future with courage, confident that its 
 existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other 
 
The Mission of the Sorority 57 
 
 or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of the 
 humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested 
 advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- 
 sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social 
 life as a safety valve, ever present, amid the multitudinous 
 distractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- 
 tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of 
 supplementing the college in its preparation for the serious 
 work of life. 
 
 The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it 
 ^ tries to do, is unimpeachable. By demanding excellence in 
 classroom records, by insisting on indications of a proper col- 
 lege spirit and a proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine re- 
 gard for the best social observances, by emphasizing the im- 
 portance of simplicity, sincerity and sympathy on the part of 
 the members in their relation to one another and to other col- 
 lege women, the sorority is continually calling every chapter's 
 attention to the high ideals that the order has placed before 
 itself, and incidentally paves the way for the organization as a 
 whole to be highly respected by student body and faculty. 
 If the sorority in the past was ever the cause of anxiety on the 
 part of faculties, it most assuredly is no longer so, because fac- 
 ulties generally have awakened to a realization of the fact that 
 the organization can be made a most invaluable assistant in all 
 reforms, experiments, or enterprises that the administration 
 may wish to undertake, and which may depend for their ulti- 
 mate success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. 
 The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, its 
 present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of 
 a very royal welcome w^henever it decides to enter a college 
 
 I 
 
68 The Mission of the Sorority 
 
 or university, because its advent means that a number of stu- 
 dents have banded together and pledged themselves to work 
 unfaltering and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. 
 The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member 
 is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual 
 grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be con- 
 tent with nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. 
 
ACADEMIC SORORITIES 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega 
 
 October 15, 1885 
 National Council 
 
 President, Mrs. Sheldon D. Graff, 104 Strathmore Rd., 
 Brookline, Mass. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, Myra H. Jones, 2518 17th St.,, N. W., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. ; Mrs. R. E. Bennett, Gotham Apts., Kansas 
 City, Mo. 
 
 Secretary, Mary-Emma Griffith, 1661 Newton St., N. W., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. G. E. Starr, 905 L. C. Smith BIdg., Seattle, 
 Wash. 
 
 Inspector, Mrs. Oliver J. Troster, 514 Warburton Ave., Yon- 
 kers, N. Y. 
 
 Editor, Mary-Emma Griffith, 1661 Newton St., N. W., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Albion, Allegheny, Baker, Brenau, California, Cincinnati, 
 Colorado, De Pauw/^ Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Milli- 
 kin, Mt. Union, Nebraska, New England Conservatory, New 
 Mexico, Northwestern, Oklahoma, Oregon State College, 
 Pennsylvania, Purdue, Simpson, Southern California, Syra- 
 
 *Place where founded. 
 
60 Academic Sororities 
 
 cuse, Washington, Washington State, Washington State Col- 
 lege, Wisconsin.^lvv.A^cV-- KK^oX^ 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega has 29 college chapters and 40 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 4,500, the active mem- 
 bership 700, the average initiation 300. The badge is a Greek 
 lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority let- 
 ters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extending 
 across the twisted strings. The pledge pin is diamond- 
 shaped, of scarlet and olive enamel, and displays a gold lyre. 
 The flag is a rectangle of olive green with a scarlet chevron 
 bearing three olive stars, below which is a scarlet lyre-bird 
 crest, its torse and the stars fimbrated with white. 
 
 Colors — Scarlet and Olive. Flower — Scarlet Carnation 
 with Smilax. Tree — Holly. Jewel — None. Open Motto — 
 Together let us seek the Heights. Insignia — Lyre, Three Stars, 
 Sheaf of Wheat, Open Book, Lyre-bird. Patron — Hera. 
 Call— Hi ! Hi ! Hi ! Alpha Chi ! Chio ! Ohio ! Alpha Chi Omega ! 
 
 Magazine — The Lyre — 1894. 
 
 Esoteric Annual — The Heraeum — 1911. 
 
 Esoteric Quarterly — The Argolid — 1913. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, August, 1921. 
 
 Alpha Delta Pi 
 
 May 15, 1851 
 Executive Council 
 
 President, Mrs. Philip E. Smith, 1513 Scenic Ave., Berkeley, 
 
 Calif. 
 Vice-President, Mabelle Fuller, 809 Berry Ave., Houston, Tex. 
 
Academic Sororities 61 
 
 Secretary, Dorothy Shaw, 1844 Canyon Drive, Hollywood, 
 CaHf. 
 
 Treasurer, Bessie M. Dudley, Columbus, Ga. 
 
 Inspector, Irma Tapp, Kingston, N. C. 
 
 Registrar, Emily Langham, 802 W. Alabama St., Houston, 
 Tex. 
 
 Historian, Mrs. Arthur Williams, 151 College Ave., Talla- 
 hassee, Fla. 
 
 Editor, Jessica North, 1116 E. 59th St., Chicago, III 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Boston, Brenau, California, Colby, Colorado, Florida, Han- 
 over, Howard, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kan- 
 sas State College, Lawrence, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, 
 Newcomb, Ohio, New Mexico, Oregon, Pittsburgh, Randolph- 
 Macon, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas, 
 Trinity, Washington State, Washington State College, Wis- 
 consin, Wittenberg. C^ v-'^^^^^^N^''^'^'^-r.<jtA'>s 
 
 Alpha Delta Pi has 32 chapters and 20 alumnae associa- 
 tions. The total membership is 4,000, the active membership 
 800, the average initiation 350. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
 enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and 
 the sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white sur- 
 mounted by a diamond of light blue bearing two stars and 
 the sorority letters in white. 
 
 Colors — Pale Blue and White. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
 None. Open Motto — We live for each other. Insignia — 
 Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron — None. Call — Secret. 
 
 Magazine — The Adlephean — 1907. 
 
 Convention — Estes Park, June, 1921. 
 
62 Academic Sororities 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Phi* 
 
 October 24, 1909 
 National Council 
 
 Dean, Lillian R. Hirsch, 115 Broadway, New York City. 
 Exec. Sec, Lillian Unterberg, 11 West 86th St., New York 
 
 City. 
 Rec. Sec, Frances V. Erdofy, 854 West 180th St., New York 
 
 City. 
 Treasurer, Dorothy Grant, 35 Mt. Morris Park West, New 
 
 York City. 
 Historian, Mrs. Nathan H. Feitel, 830 Broadway, New Or- 
 leans, La. 
 Ritualist, Mrs. Alice Borchard Greene, 137 West 110th St., 
 
 New York City. 
 Field Secretary, Harriet Moses, 1626 Amsterdam Ave., New 
 
 York City. 
 Editor, Mrs. Ellis Slatoff, 580 St. Nicholas Ave., New York 
 
 City. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Cornell, Denver, Hunter, Illinois, Newcomb, New 
 York State College for Teachers, New York University, Penn- 
 sylvania, Pittsburgh, Syracuse. 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Phi has 11 college chapters, and 5 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 500, the active mem- 
 bership 200, the average initiation 75. The badge shows the 
 three sorority letters, jeweled in pearls, and placed in sequence 
 upon a narrow gold bar. The pledge pin is a triangle en- 
 
 *For Jewish Women. 
 
Academic Sororities 63 
 
 ameled in white with a narrow border of green. The coat-of- 
 arms displays three pillars, supporting an entablature that 
 carries the three sorority letters, and resting upon a broad 
 base inscribed with the sorority name in Greek. At the base 
 of the central pillar is the Book of All Ages carrying the mot- 
 to, Multa Corda Una Causa. Above the book is a lamp of 
 friendship. At the base of the outer pillar burn bowls of in- 
 cense. The sorority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors — Green and White. Flower — Lily-of-the- Valley. 
 Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Multa Corda Una Causa. Insig- 
 nia — Three Pillars, Book of All Ages, Lamp of Friendship. 
 Patron — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine — Alpha Epsilon Phi Quarterly — 1918. 
 
 Convention — New York City — 1921. 
 
 Alpha Gamma Delta 
 
 May 30, 1904 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Louise Leonard, 309 Orange St., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, Mrs. F. M. Lockhart, Morrison Apts., Som- 
 erset, Pa.; Marie Bellinghausen, 6317 Sheridan Rd., Chi- 
 cago, 111. 
 
 Secretary, Gladys Branegan, 418 N, Francis St., Madison, 
 Wis. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. M. W, Slocumb, 117 E. Wabasha St., Wi- 
 nona, Minn. 
 
 Historian, Georgia Dickover, 18 W. Ross St., Wilkes-Barre, 
 Pa.' 
 
64 Academic Sororities 
 
 Extension Chairman, Mrs. Wm. Ganong, Klamath Falls, Ore. 
 Custodian, Ruth M. Bielby, 309 Orange St., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Editor, Mrs. Henry F. Carlton, 1200 Massachusetts Ave., Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Allegheny, Boston, Brenau, California, Coe, Goucher, Il- 
 linois, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Kentucky, Min- 
 nesota, Northwestern, Ohio, Oklahoma, Syracuse, Toronto, 
 Washington State, Wisconsin.j'^^vo^''^^^^ \;^y\^j^(i^0^Mi>^ 
 
 Alpha Gamma Delta has 18 chapters and 20 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 1,600, the active member- 
 ship 500, the average initiation 150. The badge is a monogram 
 of the three letters. The pledge pin is a small shield enameled 
 in red, buff and green, and displaying the sorority letters. 
 
 Colors — Red, Buff and Green. Flower — Red and Buff 
 Roses. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Shield, 
 Helmet. Patron — None. Call — Secret. 
 
 Magazine — Alpha Gamma Delta Quarterly — 1909. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — To Skiouros — 1913. 
 
 Convention — Chicago, 1921. 
 
 Alpha Omicron Pi 
 
 January 2, 1897 
 Executive Committee 
 
 President, Mrs. M. L. McCausland, Jr., 517 Angell St., Prov- 
 idence, R. I. 
 
 Secretary, Mrs. A. J. Hennings, 2714 Central St., Evanston, 
 111. 
 
Academic Sororities 65 
 
 Treasurer, Viola C. Gray, 1527 S. 23rd St., Lincoln, Neb. 
 Editor, Mrs. E. I. MacPhie, 49 Daniel St., Bozeman, Mont. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 California, Cornell, De Pauw, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, 
 Maine, Miami, Minnesota, Montana College, Nebraska, New- 
 comb, New York, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Randolph- 
 Macon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, 
 Tufts, Vanderbilt, Washington State, Wisconsin.sl.VcA-cX'^c^*^ 
 
 Alpha Omicron Pi has 24 college chapters and 21 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 3,000, the active mem- 
 bership 500, the average initiation 250. The badge consists 
 of the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other 
 in sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, 
 though the rest of the pin may be jeweled in accordance with 
 individual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold. The flag 
 is a cardinal banner with the Greek letters in white. 
 
 Color — Cardinal. Flower — Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel — 
 Ruby. Open Motto — None. Patron— None. Call— A Whistle. 
 
 Magazine — To Dragma — 1905. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1921. 
 
 Alpha Phi 
 
 October 20, 1872 
 General Board 
 
 President, Mrs. W. H. Ives, 26 Highland Ave., Yonkers, N Y. 
 Vice-President, M. Belle Churchill, Women's University Club, 
 New York City. 
 
66 Academic Sororities 
 
 Corresponding Secretary, Ruth Atkinson, 421 W. 118th St., 
 
 New York City. 
 Recording Secretary, Mrs. Otis C. Skeele, 21 Sycamore Ave., 
 
 Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Edward Zink, 446 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 Panhellenic Delegate, Amy Comstock, Tulsa, Okla. 
 Editor, Mrs. G. F. Thomson, 142 E. 19th St., New York City. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, Goucher, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
 Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, 
 Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Washburn, Washington 
 State, Wisconsin. ) y^^j^^Xj^- MO^ 
 
 Alpha Phi has 23 college chapters, and 16 alumnae chap- 
 ters. The total membership is 4,500, the active membership 
 550, the average initiation 250. The badge is a monogram. 
 The pledge pin is an ivy leaf. The sorority has no national 
 flag. 
 
 Colors — Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers — Lilies-of -the- Val- 
 ley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel — None. Open Motto — Hand 
 in Hand. Insignia — The Constellation of Ursa Major. Patron 
 — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine— 7//^ Alpha Phi Quarterly— ISSS, 
 
 Convention — Syracuse, N. Y., 1922. 
 
Academic Sororities 67 
 
 Alpha Xi Delta 
 
 April 17, 1893 
 Grand Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. John M. Knote, Jr., 179 W. 4th St., Mans- 
 field, Ohio. 
 
 Vice-President, M. Olive Johnson, 24 '^B" St., San Rafael, 
 CaHf. 
 
 Secretary, Ethel Baldwin, 670 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Treasurer, Lulu L. Runge, 1523 ''M'' St., Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 Inspector, Mrs. C. D. Stevens, 2107 Pleasant Ave., Minneap- 
 olis, Minn. 
 
 Editor, Ethel Baldwin, 670 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Albion, Bethany, California, Coe, Cornell, Illinois, Iowa, 
 Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky, Lombard, Michigan, Min- 
 nesota, Mt. Union, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Ohio 
 State, Oregon State College, Pittsburgh, South Dakota, Stet- 
 son, Syracuse, Tufts, Vermont, Washington State, West Vir- 
 ginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. 
 
 Alphi Xi Delta has 29 college chapters and 24 alumnae 
 chapters. The total membership is 3,500, the active member- 
 ship 500, the average initiation 350. The badge is a quill 
 with the society's initials in raised and burnished gold on the 
 feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel with 
 the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek letters. Alpha Xi Delta, 
 being in gold on the black background. The recognition pin 
 is a triangle of black enamel bearing the society letters. The 
 
68 Academic Sororities 
 
 flag is a pennant of three horizontal bars, the top and bottom 
 of dark blue, one bearing ten gold stars and the other a gold 
 quill, the middle bar of light blue with the sorority letters in 
 gold. 
 
 Colors — Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower — Pink 
 Rose. Jewel — None. Open Motto— None. Insignia — Quill. 
 Patron — None. Call — Secret. 
 
 Magazine— ^//?/^a Xi Delta— 1902. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — The Quill — 1915. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Chi Omega 
 
 April 5, 1895 
 Supreme Governing Council 
 
 President, Mrs. Mary C. Love Collins, 910 Fayette Bank Bldg., 
 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 Vice-President, Ada Caldwell, 355 Marion St., Denver, Colo. 
 Secretary, Annie Whiteside, Bell Buckle, Tenn. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. C. A. Watson, 1742 Lamont St., N. W., 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Alumnae Work, Helen Denny, 18 Grace Apt., Salt Lake City, 
 
 Utah. 
 Editor, Eleanor F. Lewis, Pearsons Hall, Evanston, 111. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Arkansas, California, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, 
 Colorado, Cornell, Dickinson, Florida, George Washington, 
 Hollins, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kansas College, Kentucky, 
 
ApADEMic Sororities 69 
 
 Michigan. Miami, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, New Hamp- 
 shire, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
 Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, Swarthmore, 
 Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Tufts, Utah, 
 Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chi Omega has 45 college chapters and 35 alumnae asso- 
 ciations. The total membership is 5,500, the active member- 
 ship 1,000, the average initiation 350. The badge is a mono- 
 gram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl 
 engraved upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Rho, 
 Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, round- 
 ed at each end, enameled in black, with the letters Chi Omega 
 in gold. The flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and 
 two of straw color, broadly banded across the top with a bar 
 of cardinal bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with 
 five points. 
 
 Colors- — Cardinal and Straw. Flower — White Carnation. 
 Jewels — Pearls and Diamonds. Declaration — Hellenic Culture 
 and Christian Ideals. Insignia — Skull, Cross-bones, Owl, 
 Five, Laurel. Patron — Demeter. Call — Mellomen Peirasthai 
 Hamillasthai, Mepot' Apothaneisthai, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi! 
 
 Magazine — Eleitsis — 1899. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — Mystagogue — 1905. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
70 Academic Sororities 
 
 Delta Delta Delta 
 
 Thanksgiving Eve, 1888 
 National Council 
 
 President, Mrs. W. M. Hudson, Greencastle, Ind. 
 
 Director for Panhellenics, Mrs. E. N. Parmelee, 2726 Central 
 
 St., Evanston, 111. 
 Vice-President, Helen Balsley, 124 rue de Stassart, Brussels, 
 
 Belgium. 
 Secretary, Pearle Bonisteel, 221 7th Ave., LaGrange, 111. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. S. L. Slover, 530 Fairfax Ave., Norfolk, Va. 
 Marshal, Mrs. E. L. Hulett, Canton, N. Y. 
 Historian, Mrs. F. E. Priddy, 502 Forest Ave., Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 Alliance Officer, Ethel W. B. Chase, 87 Commonwealth Ave., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 War Reconstruction Activities, R. Louise Fitch, 1270 Ferry 
 
 St., Eugene, Ore. 
 Editor, Luella A. Latta, 30 Latta Ave., Ludlow, Ky. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Adrian, Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Boston, 
 Brenau, Bucknell, Butler, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, 
 Colorado, Colorado State College, Cornell, De Pauw, Drury, 
 Florida, Franklin, Goucher, Hollins, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Iowa State College, Kansas State College, Knox, Maine, Mi- 
 ami, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, 
 Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
 Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pitts- 
 burgh, Randolph-Macon, Simpson, Southern Methodist, South- 
 
Academic Sororities 71 
 
 western, St. Lawrence, Stanford, Stetson, Syracuse, Texas, 
 Transylvania, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington State, Wash- 
 ington State College, Wisconsin, Wyoming. rTlA^^''^^^^^^^'^^ 
 
 Delta Delta Delta has 61 chapters and 65 alumnae asso- 
 ciations. The total membership is 9,000, the active member- 
 ship 1,500, the average initiation 600. The badge is a crescent 
 inclosing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pin of the 
 first degree is a silver trident. Graduate members wear an 
 equilateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides 
 three Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surround- 
 ed by six spherical triangles in blue enamel. The pledge pin 
 of green enamel is an inverted delta surrounded by three del- 
 tas. The recognition pin is a Roman gold monogram of 
 three Deltas. The flag is rectangular in shape and is com- 
 posed of three vertical bars, the first and third sea-green, one 
 bearing three Deltas in white and the other three stars in 
 white, the middle bar white with a green pine tree upon it. 
 
 Colors — Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower — Pansy. Tree — 
 Pine. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Let Us Steadfastly Love 
 One Another. Insignia — Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine 
 Tree. Patron — Poseidon. Call — Alala! Alala, Alala! Ta 
 Hiera Poseidouia! 
 
 Magazine — Trident — 1891. 
 
 Esoteric Quarterly — The Triton — 1906. 
 
 Esoteric Annual — The Trireme — 1908. ^ 
 
 Esoteric Monthly — The Triglyph — 1912. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
72 ^ Academic Sororities 
 
 Delta Gamma 
 
 January 2, 1874 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Mrs. J. Ralph Wilbur, 1235 Maple Ave., Evan- 
 ston, 111. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Arthur H. Vandenberg, 316 Morris 
 Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Secretary, Mrs. Edward W. Hawley, 323 11th Ave., S. E., 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Treasurer, Lenore Richards, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 Historian, Mrs. Hugh McM. Kingery, 1101 Aurora St., Boul- 
 der, Colo. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. Edward W. Hawley, 323 11th Ave., S. E., Min- 
 neapolis, Minn. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Akron, Albion, California, Colorado, Cornell, 
 Goucher, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Lawrence, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
 Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Stanford, 
 Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Washburn, Washington, 
 Washington State, Whitman, Wisconsin. 
 
 Delta Gamma has 31 college chapters, 17 alumnae chapters 
 and 21 alumnae associations. The total membership is 6,500, 
 the active membership 800, the average initiation 350. The 
 badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of 
 white enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, 
 also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, Delta and 
 
Academic Sororities 73 
 
 Eta in gold. The pledge pin in a shield of white enamel 
 similar to the one on the badge with the Greek letters Pi 
 Alpha in gold. 
 
 Colors — Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower — Cream-colored 
 Rose. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — None. 
 Patron — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine — The Anchora — 1884. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Delta Zeta 
 
 October 24, 1902 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Rennie Sebring Smith, Y. W. C. A., Muncie, Ind. 
 
 Vice-President, Ruby Long, Cashmere, Wash. 
 
 Secretary, Louella Reeder, Baldwin, Kansas. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Carl G. Malott, Box 411, San Benito, Tex. 
 
 Historian, Mrs. John M. Coleman, Loveland, Ohio. 
 
 Big Sister, Mrs. Nettie W. Shugart, 231 N. 14th St., Lincoln, 
 Neb. 
 
 Registrar, Henrietta Schlegel, 73 Harwood Ave., Mt. Wash- 
 ington, Pa. 
 
 Parliamentarian, Alys Sutton, 1640 Fowler St., Portland, Ore* 
 
 Editor, Arema O'Brien, 78 W. 4th Ave., Columbus, O. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Baker, California, Cincinnati, Cornell, Denver, De Pauw, 
 Eureka, Franklin, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas State College, Lom- 
 bard, Louisiana, Miami, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio State 
 
74 Academic Sororities 
 
 Oregon State College, Pittsburgh, Washington State, Wash- 
 ington State College, Wisconsin. ^"'WvXcU^iyr^wv^> , ^'^cr^ ^A/Vt^ 
 
 Delta Zeta has 22 chapters and 13 alumnae associations. 
 The total membership is 2,200, the active membership 450, the 
 average initiation 200. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked 
 with Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic 
 column. The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the 
 bowl of the lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the 
 flame of the lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The 
 pledge pin is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. 
 
 Colors — Old Rose and Nile Green. Flower — Killarney 
 Rose. Jewel — Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
 Lamp, Bible, Scroll, Distaff, Bodkin. 
 
 Magazine — The Lamp — 1909. 
 
 Convention — New York City, 1922. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta 
 
 November 11, 1874 
 Executive Board 
 
 President, Lindsey Barbee, 1565 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. M. B. Holt, 820 Gaylord St., Denver, 
 
 Colo. 
 Secretary, Mrs. B. W. Jackson, 1180 St. Paul St., Denver, Colo. 
 Treasurer, Madelyn M. Keezer, 2430 E. 14th Ave., Denver, 
 
 Colo. 
 Panhellenic Delegate, Lillian W. Thompson, 224 W. 61st PI. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
I 
 
 * Academic Sororities 75 
 
 Chmn. Visiting Delegates, Adaline S. Bullen, 315 Franklin St., 
 
 Denver, Colo. 
 Editor, Lindsey Barbee, 1565 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Boston, California, Colorado State College, Denver, 
 Goucher, Hollins, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, 
 Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
 Northwestern, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon State College, 
 Stanford, Syracuse^ Toronto, Washington, Washington State, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta has 25 college chapters and 25 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 6,300, the active mem- 
 bership 500, the average initiation 250. The badge is a mono- 
 gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent 
 of black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for 
 ''Four.'' The pledge pin is a triangular shield of dark brown 
 enamel, carrying a crescent in light brown. The sorority has 
 no national flag. 
 
 Colors — Light and Dark Brown. Flower — Carnation. 
 Jewel — None. Open Motto — Founded On a Rock. Insignia — 
 Crescent. Patron — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine — The Crescent — 1901. 
 
 Convention — Seattle, 1921. 
 
76 Academic Sororities 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta 
 
 January 27, 1870 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Betty Newsom, Ark. Nat. Bank Bldg., Hot Springs, 
 
 Ark. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. J. T. Haviland, 203 Midland Ave., 
 
 Wayne, Pa. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Martha Cline Huffman, Broken Bow, Neb. 
 Secretary and Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Allegheny, Arizona, Butler, California, Cincin- 
 nati, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, De Pauw, 
 Goucher, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Lawrence, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, North 
 Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State 
 College, Oregon, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pitts- 
 burg, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southern Cal- 
 ifornia, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, 
 Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washburn, Washington, Washington 
 State, Washington State College, Wisconsin. ^y)u)cA^^^^^^i(>iC 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta has 46 college chapters and 34 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 10,000, the active mem- 
 bership, 1,100, the average initiation 460. The badge is a kite, 
 the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slightly raised, 
 of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are the 
 society's initials in gold. Above are two stars set with dia- 
 
Academic Sororities 77 
 
 monds and below in Greek the date of founding. The pledge 
 pin is a small diamond shaped shield and divided diagonally 
 into two triangles, one of gold, the other of black enamel. The 
 flag is the coat-of-arms on a gold field with bands of black to 
 right and left. 
 
 Colors — Black and Gold. Flower — Black and Gold Pansy. 
 Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Stars, Eagle's 
 Head, Three Links, Ermine. Patron — None. Call — C. G. G. 
 E. flat. 
 
 Magazine— i^a/)/?a Alpha Theta— 1885. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — The Bimonthly — 1911. 
 
 Convention— Lake Placid, N. Y., 1921. 
 
 Kappa Delta 
 
 October 27, 1897 
 
 President, Mrs. Edwin C. Gilbert, 140 Oak St., Indian Or- 
 chard, Mass. 
 
 Secretary, Effie Moncure, Oakland St., Shreveport, La. 
 
 Treasurer, Rebecca Smith, 1505 Broadway, Paducah, Ky. 
 
 Registrar, Mrs. D. Shaw Duncan, 2174 S. Columbine St., Den- 
 ver, Colo. 
 
 Chapterian, Sarah Blue, Box 277, Union Springs, Ala. 
 
 Editor, Christine Hopkins, Box 546, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Alabama, Beloit, Bucknell, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Col- 
 orado Agricultural College, Cornell, Denver, Florida, Hollins, 
 
78 Academic Sororities 
 
 Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Kentucky, Lawrence, 
 Louisiana, Hunter, Millsaps, Minnesota, Nebraska, North- 
 western, Oklahoma State College, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Ma- 
 con, Southern California, Southern Methodist, Trinity, Wis- 
 consin, Wyoming. • ^^Ua^o^^^ ', -Vva^ca^c^uL^.^v 
 
 Kappa Delta has 39 chapters, and 20 alumnae associations. 
 The total membership is 2,000, the active membership 700, 
 the average initiation 300. The diamond-shaped badge dis- 
 plays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. O. T. 
 in gold on a background of black enamel. The pledge pin 
 is an open equilateral triangle of gold superimposed upon 
 a dagger, straight lines connecting the center of the base with 
 the center of each side. The flag is a trice barred and den- 
 tated pennant, the olive bar bearing a white rose, the white 
 a dagger and stars of gold. 
 
 Colors — Olive Green and Pearl White. Flower — White 
 Rose. Jewels — Pearl and Emerald. Open Motto — Let Us 
 Pursue the Honorable. Insignia — Skull, Cross-Bones, Skele- 
 ton, Dagger, Snake, Ermine, Cross, Lamp, Stars. Patron — 
 None. Call— C. F. F. F. F. F. A. 
 
 Magazine — Angelas — 1904. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — Ta Takta — 19n. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, August, 1921. 
 
Academic Sororities 79 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma 
 
 October 13, 1870 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Sarah B. Harris, College of Oratory, Northwest- 
 ern University, Evanston, 111. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Frank A. Kemp, Jr., 135 Grant St., Den- 
 ver, Colo. 
 
 Secretary, Delia Lawrence, Bryan, Texas. 
 
 Treasurer, Gertrude K. Wood, 814 Second PI., Plainfield, N. J. 
 
 Registrar, Catherine Burnside, 234 Tillamook, Portland, Ore. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. Katherine T. Mullin, 111 W. 11th St., New York 
 City. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Adrian, Akron, Allegheny, Arizona, Boston, But- 
 ler, CaHfornia, Cincinnati, Colorado, Cornell, De Pauw, Hills- 
 dale, Idaho, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- 
 sas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesoto, 
 Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, New Mexico, North- 
 western, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pitts- 
 burgh, Purdue, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syra- 
 cuse, Texas, Toronto, Washington State, Washington State 
 College, West Virginia, Whitman, Wisconsin .^'^^''^^'^'^ 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma has 46 college chapters and 60 alum- 
 nae associations. The total membership is 10,000, the active 
 membership about 1,200, the average initiation 450. The 
 badge is a key, bearing the society's initials and the date of 
 founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or light 
 
80 Academic Sororities 
 
 blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. The 
 sorority has no national flag. 
 
 Colors — Light and Dark Blue. Flower — Fleur de Lis. 
 Jewel — Sapphire. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Owl. 
 Patron — Athena. Call — Hai Korai Athenes. 
 
 Magazine— T/^^ Key— 1882, 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Phi Mu 
 
 January 4, 1852 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. Z. W. Keller, Gladstone Hotel, Chicago, 111. 
 Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Chas. G. Eidson, 218 N. Robert Blvd., 
 
 Dayton, O.; Mrs. R. E. Bailey, Tifton, Ga. 
 Secretary, Leah R. Sturdevant, 2096 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 Treasurer, Berenice Ford, 2917 Flora Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 
 Historian, Mrs. Frank B. Henderson, 3906 Penn St., Kansas 
 
 City, Mo. 
 Registrar, Mrs. Cecil C. McNeil, 175 Dodge Ave., Akron, O. 
 Editor, Margaret K. Swan, 482 Second St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Adelphi, Akron, Baker, Brenau, California, Colby, Dick- 
 inson, George Washington, Hanover, Hollins, Indiana, Iowa 
 Wesleyan, Knox, Lawrence, Maine, Millsaps, Missouri, New- 
 comb, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio State, Randolph- 
 Macon, Southern California, Southern Methodist, Southwest- 
 
Academic Sororities 81 
 
 ern, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Washington 
 State, Whitman, Wisconsin. 
 
 Phi Mu has 32 chapters and 15 alumnae associations. The 
 total membership is 5,000, the active membership 800, the 
 average initiation 300. The badge is an oddly shaped shield 
 of black enamel displaying in the center a hand holding a 
 heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters 
 and below another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of 
 black enamel and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of rose and 
 white bordered with rose, the former field bearing three white 
 stars and the latter the sorority name in rose. 
 
 Colors — Old Rose and White. Flower — Rose-Carnation. 
 Jewels — Ruby and Pearl. Open Motto — Les Soeurs Fideles, 
 Insignia — Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions, Stone. 
 
 Magazine — The Aglaia — 1907. 
 
 Esoteric Annual — The Philomathean — 1907. 
 
 Esoteric Quarterly — To Sakos — 1912. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1921. 
 
 Pi Beta Phi 
 
 April 28, 1867 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Mrs. George W. Tannahill, Beloit College, Beloit, 
 
 Wis. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. David D. Nickerson, 74 Rockland Ave., 
 
 Maiden, Mass. 
 Secretary, Amy Burnham Onken, Chapin, 111. 
 
82 Academic Sororities 
 
 Treasurer, Anne Stuart, 1906 ''D'' St., Lincoln, Neb. 
 Editor, Mrs. F. A. Rugg, 201 Davis Ave., Brookline, Mass. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Arizona, Arkansas, Beloit, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, Cal- 
 ifornia, Colorado, Cornell, Denver, Dickinson, Drury, Frank- 
 lin, George Washington, Goucher, Hillsdale, Hollins, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, 
 Kansas State College, Knox, Lombard, Maine, Michigan, 
 Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, 
 Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Okla- 
 homa State College, Oregon, Oregon State College, Pittsburgh, 
 Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Simpson, Southern California, 
 Southern Methodist, St. Lawrence, Stanford, Stetson, Swarth- 
 more, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Vermont, Washington, Wash- 
 ington State, Washington State College, West Virginia, Wis- 
 consin, Wyoming. 
 
 Pi Beta Phi has 62 college chapters and 75 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 12,000, the active mem- 
 bership 1,500, the average initiation 750. The badge is an 
 arrow about an inch in length, bearing the sorority letters upon 
 the feathers. The pledge pin is an arrow head in Roman gold, 
 bearing a burnished Beta. The recognition pin is a miniature 
 of the badge. The flag is an indented pennant of wine red sur- 
 mounted by a triangle of silver blue, the latter field bearing 
 a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded by a halo and 
 a monogram of the letters Pi Beta Phi. Its lowest point is 
 apparently pierced by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral 
 sections of wine red. 
 
 Colors — Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower — Dark Red 
 
Academic Sororities 83 
 
 Carnation. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
 Arrow. Patron — Pallas Athena. Call — Ring Ching Ching! 
 Ho Hippi Hi! Ra Ro Arrow! Pi Beta Phi! 
 
 Magazine — The Arrow — 1885. 
 
 Convention — Charlevoix, Mich., 1921. 
 
 Sigma Kappa 
 
 November, 1874 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Mrs. B. T. Weston, Temiskaming, Quebec, Can. 
 Vice-President, Lorah S. Monroe, 808 N. Prairie St., Bloom- 
 
 ington. 111. 
 Secretary, Ruth Litchen, 607 Olive St., Leavenworth, Kan. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Harry Blunt, 603 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, 
 
 Minn. 
 Counselor, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 97 University Ave., Buffalo, 
 
 N. Y. 
 Editor, Mrs. Frances M. Wigmore, Orland, Calif. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Boston, Buffalo, California, Colby, Denver, Florida, 
 George Washington, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Jack- 
 son,"^ Kansas, Middlebury, Ohio State, Oregon State College, 
 Randolph-Macon, Rhode Island, Southern Methodist, Stan- 
 ford, Syracuse, Washington State, Wisconsinj"V\^<-^^Y*-^ 
 
 Sigma Kappa has 22 college chapters and 17 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 3,000, the active member- 
 
 ♦Cf. Tufts. 
 
84 Academic Sororities 
 
 ship 700, the average initiation 225. The badge is an equi- 
 lateral triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel 
 with the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a mono- 
 gram of the letters, arranged in the form of a serpent entwined 
 about a K. The recognition pin is a gold monogram of the 
 sorority letters. The flag is an indented banner of maroon, 
 superimposed upon a background of lavender, and displaying 
 a hollow triangle enclosing the sorority letters interlaced. 
 
 Colors — Maroon and Lavender. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
 None. Open Motto — One Heart, One Way. Insignia — Dove 
 and Serpent. Patron — Secret. Call — S-i-g, Sig, m-a, ma; 
 Sigma Kappa, Rah, Rah, Rah. 
 
 Magazine — Sigma Kappa Triangle — 1907. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Theta Phi Alpha* 
 
 August 30, 1912 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Mildred M. Connely, 1126 Virginia Park, Detroit, 
 
 Mich. 
 Vice-Presidents, Mary Lyman, 502 S. Lynn St., Champaign, 
 
 111. ; Plermina Hoppe, Grand Vista Ave., Cincinnati, O. 
 Secretary, Beatrice Rademacher, 5275 3d Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 Treasurer, Mary Antorietto, 47 S. Fort St., Athens, O. 
 Historian, Edna Stevenson, 544 W. 4th Ave., Columbus, O. 
 Marshal, Olga Shinkman, 7392 Churchill St., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 *For Catholic Women. 
 
Academic Sororities 85 
 
 Visiting Delegate, Irene Doyle, 615 N. Jackson St., Clinton, 111. 
 
 Organizer, Frances Kelley, Columbus, O. 
 
 Editor, Frances Best, 809 S. Wright St., Champaign, 111. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Cincinnati, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ohio State. 
 
 Theta Phi Alpha has 6 college chapters and 7 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 300, the active member- 
 ship 200, the average initiation 60. The badge is a Theta 
 jeweled with sapphires or pearls and superimposed upon the 
 • other two letters. The pledge pin is a black enamel square 
 displaying a compass of gold. The sorority has no national 
 flag. 
 
 Colors — Silver and Gold. Flower — White Rose. Jewel — 
 Sapphire. Open Motto — We shall grow old ever learning 
 many things. Insignia — Cross, Compass, Lily, Laurel, Open 
 Book, Staff. Patron— None. Call— None. 
 
 Magazine — The Compass. 
 
 Convention — Champaign, 111., 1921. 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha 
 
 October 25, 1898 
 Grand Chapter 
 
 President, H. Alpha Burkart, 5600 Baum Blvd., Pittsburgh, 
 Pa. 
 
 Vice-President, Mary Poggi, 1619 W. 48th St., Los Angeles, 
 Calif. 
 
 Secretary, Helen M. Donaldson, 37 Watson Blvd., N. S. Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
86 Academic Sororities 
 
 Treasurer, Ethel Charnock, Elkins, West Va. 
 Historian, Gladys Ayland, Chestnut St., Joplin, Mo. 
 Inspector, Evelyn Callicut, 4th St., Corsicana, Tex. 
 National Panhellenic Delegate, Dr. May Agness Hopkins, 
 
 Southwestern Life Bldg., Dallas, Tex. 
 Editor, Abbie Graham, Alice, Tex. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Bethany, Boston, Brenau, But- 
 ler, California, Drury, Iowa Wesleyan, Michigan, Millikin, 
 Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, Southern Cali- 
 fornia, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas, 
 Trinity, Washington State.^ C^.^^ ^^^^'^^^^''^^^ 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha has 22 college chapters and 25 alumnae 
 associations. The total membership is 3,000, the active mem- 
 bership 500, the average initiation 250. The badge, an artis- 
 tically shaped shield, bears a crown in its center, flanked by 
 the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. The 
 pledge pin is a carpenter's square with a turquoise jeweling. 
 The sorority flag is a rectangle of turquoise blue bearing in 
 Greek lettering the w^ord Themis, which is flanked by triangu- 
 lar fields of steel gray carrying as devices an A and a flaming 
 torch in turquoise blue. 
 
 Colors — Turquoise and Gray. Flower — White Violet. Jew- 
 el — None. Open Motto — Seek the Noblest. Insignia — Eye, 
 Crown, Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Ol- 
 ive Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron — Themis. 
 Call— None. 
 
 Magazine — Themis — 1903. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1921. 
 
Y 
 
 Miscellaneous Badges 
 
PROFESSIONAL SORORITIES 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Iota 
 
 (Medicine) 
 February 26, 1890 
 i ' Grand Chapter 
 
 I President, Dr. Margaret Warwick, Minneapolis, Minn. 
 Vice-President, Dr. Marion R. Lucke, Bryn Mawr, Penn. 
 Secretary, Helen Slaughter, Minneapolis, Minn. 
 Treasurer, Alice Ford, Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 California Medical Department-at-Los Angeles, California 
 Medical Department-at-San Francisco, Chicago, Cornell, Illi- 
 nois, Michigan, Minnesota, Stanford, Syracuse, Tulane, Wo- 
 man's Medical College of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alpha Epsilon has 11 chapters. The total membership is 
 700, the active membership 100, the average initiation 50. The 
 badge is a five-pointed star superimposed upon a jeweled cir- 
 cle. The star is of black enamel and displays the sorority let- 
 ters together with a serpent's head. 
 
 Colors — Black, White and Green. Flower — White Car- 
 nation. 
 
88 Professional Sororities 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha 
 
 (Education) 
 
 November IS, 1901 
 National Council 
 
 President, Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin, 5 Cobden St., Roxbury, 
 
 Mass. 
 Vice-President, Ida A. Jewett, Shelbina, Mo. 
 Secretary, Margaret Veil, Scalp Level, Penn. 
 Treasurer, Ruth Duffey, South Charleston, O. 
 Registrar, Naomi Caldwell, Urbana, O. 
 Historian, Mrs. Chas. M. Chenery, Petersburg, Va. 
 Librarian, Mrs. Carl T. Brunson, Rockford, 111. 
 Ritualist, Minnie Shockley, Alva, Okla. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Colorado State Teachers College, Kansas State Teachers 
 College-at-Emporia. Kansas State Teachers College-at-Pitts- 
 burg, Miami University, Missouri State Teachers College-at- 
 Kirksville, Missouri State Teachers College-at-Warrensburg, 
 Ohio University, Oklahoma State Teachers College-at-Alva. 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha has 8 chapters and 16 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 900, the active member- 
 ship 200, the average annual initiation 100. The badge is a 
 concave square of black enamel bordered with pearls and dis- 
 playing the sorority letters, a star and a crown. The pledge 
 pin is of silver similarly shaped. The flag is a white oblong 
 and carries as a device a crimson phoenix rising from lam- 
 bent flames. 
 
Professional Sororities 89 
 
 Colors — Pearl White and Crimson, Palm Green and Gold. 
 Flowers — Aster and Narcissus. Jewels — Pearl and Ruby. 
 Open Motto — Aspire, Seek, Attain. Insignia — Star, Crown, 
 Palm Tree, Phoenix. Patron — Hermes. Call — Rah, rah, rah, 
 rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, A-S-A, A-S-A, A-S-A, Forever ! 
 
 Magazine — The Phoenix — 1914. 
 
 Convention — Easter, 1922. 
 
 Delta Omega 
 
 (Osteopathy) 
 
 October 15, 1904 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Dr. L. Alice Foley, 505 Essex Bldg., Minneapolis. 
 
 Vice-President, Dr. Ada A. Achorn, 687 Boylston St., Boston. 
 
 Secretary, Dr. Mabel Gibbons, 616 Traders Bank Bldg., Scran- 
 ton, Pa. 
 
 Treasurer, Dr. Kathleen Mayo, 303 Cantrell Bldg., Jackson, 
 Tenn. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 American School of Osteophy, Los Angeles, Still College. 
 
 Delta Omega has 3 college chapters, but no alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 200, the active member- 
 ship 40, the average initiation 15. The badge is a kite of 
 olive green enamel bordered with gold and bearing in gold a 
 skull and cross-bones in the upper part, while below are the 
 sorority letters in gold on a white chevron. The pledge pin 
 is a Delta of green enamel within a gold Omega. 
 
 Colors — Olive Green and Gold. Flower — Chrysanthemum. 
 
90 Professional Sororities 
 
 Jewel— Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Kite, Skull, 
 Cross-Bones. Patron — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine— T/i^ Alpha— 1912. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Delta Omicron 
 (Music) 
 
 September 8, 1909 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. Harry Roy, Louisville, Ky. 
 Vice-President, Mrs. George Stewart, Cincinnati, O. 
 Secretary, Mrs. L. L. Springer, Duluth, Minn. 
 Treasurer, Bess Hagmeier, Newark, O. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Cincinnati College of Music, Cincinnati Conservatory, De- 
 troit Institute of Musical Art, Denison, Louisville Conserva- 
 tory, Morrey School. 
 
 Delta Omicron has 6 chapters. The total membership is 
 500, the active membership 90, and the average initiation 50. 
 The badge is a lyre with a scroll bearing the sorority letters in 
 raised gold. The pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters 
 in silver. 
 
 Colors — Old Rose and Silver. Flower — Lily-of -the- Valley. 
 Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Continenter Nitentes Conse- 
 quimur. Insignia — Wheel, Torch, Serpents, Stars, Javelin, 
 Triangle. 
 
 Convention — Louisville, Ky., 1921. 
 
Professional Sororities 91 
 
 Delta Sigma Epsilon 
 
 (Education) 
 
 September 28, 1914 
 National Council 
 
 President, Mrs. J. Edward List, 1235 S. Peoria Ave., Tulsa, 
 
 Okla. 
 Secretary, Mary L. Holt, 1011 S. Lea Ave., Roswell, N. Mex. 
 Treasurer, Martha Johnson, Grant St., Indiana, Penn. 
 Organizer, Maude Morris, Alva, Okla. 
 Editor, Mrs. Wilbur J. Gier, Elk City, Kans. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Colorado State Teachers College, Kansas State Teachers 
 College-at-Emporia, Kansas State Teachers College-at-Pitts- 
 burg, Miami Univo^sity /Michigan State Teachers College, Mis- 
 souri State Teachers College-at-Kirksville, New Mexico Nor- 
 mal University, Oklahoma State Teachers College-at-Alva, 
 Temple University. 
 
 Delta Sigma Epsilon has 9 chapters and 8 alumnae associa- 
 tions. The total membership is 500, the active membership, 
 200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a seven-sided 
 shield of black enamel, bearing the sorority letters, a cornu- 
 copia and a circle. The pledge pin is a cornucopia. 
 
 Colors — Olive Green and Cream. Flower — Cream Tea 
 Rose. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Nihil Sine Lahore. In- 
 signia — Circle, Cornucopia. 
 
 Magazine — The Shield — 1917. 
 
 Convention — August, 1922. 
 
92 Professional Sororities 
 
 Kappa Beta Pi 
 
 (Law) 
 
 December 15, 1908 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Leonore' Simpson, 3408 Cherry St., Kansas City, 
 Mo. 
 
 Secretary, Charlotte M. Stevens, 1040 Otis Bldg., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Editor, Cathryn O'Loughlin, 58 Green Hall, Chicago Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 California, Chicago, Chicago-Kent, De Pau^|, Detroit 
 School of Law, Detroit L^niversity, George Washington, John 
 Marshall School of Law, Kansas City Law School, Michigan, 
 Northwestern, Texas, Washington College of Law, Yale. 
 
 Kappa Beta Pi has 14 chapters. The total membership is 
 300, the active membership 150, the average initiation 75. The 
 badge is a monogram with the Kappa superimposed. The 
 pledge pin is a small shield enameled in turquoise and old gold. 
 
 Colors — Turquoise Blue and Old Gold. Flower — Yellow 
 Tea Rose. 
 
 Magazine — Kappa Beta Pi Quarterly — 1916. 
 
 Convention — September, 1922. 
 
Professional Sororities 93 
 
 Nu Sigma Phi 
 
 (Medicine) 
 
 March IS, 1898 
 J General Officers 
 
 President, Dr. Lois Wynkoop, Chicago. 
 Secretary, Dr. Victoria Bergstrom, Chicago. 
 Editor, Dr. Anna Hinds, Berwyn, III. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Chicago, Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Southern California, Valparaiso. 
 
 Nu Sigma Chi has 8 chapters. The total membership is 
 300, the active membership 50, the average initiation 25. The 
 badge is a gold monogram of the three sorority letters, super- 
 imposed one upon the other in sequence, the Nu having as the 
 required jeweling three emeralds on the cross bar and five dia- 
 monds on each standard. 
 
 Colors — Green and White. Flower — White Rose. 
 
 Convention — Undecided. 
 
 Phi Delta Delta 
 (Law) 
 
 November, 1911 
 Grand Officers 
 
 President, Olive J. Shontz, Los Angeles, Calif. 
 Vice-President, Eloise Slatte, Seattle, Wash. 
 
94 Professional Sororities 
 
 Secretary, M. Eleanor Mack, 320 Trust and Savings Bldg., 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 Treasurer, Nettie M. Rankin, 1157 E.Broadway, Portland, Ore. 
 
 Recorder, Jeannette Jewell, 1485 Columbia Rd., N. W., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 George Washington, Oregon, Portia School of Law, South- 
 em California, Washington State. 
 
 Phi Delta Delta has 5 chapters. The total membership 
 is 200, the active membership 75, the average initiation 30. The 
 badge is a kite of black enamel displaying a monogram of the 
 sorority letters. 
 
 Colors — Old Rose and Violet. Flowers — Rose and Violet. 
 Jewel — Pearl. 
 
 Pi Kappa Sigma 
 (Education) 
 
 November 17, 1894 
 National Council 
 
 President, Margaret E. Brady, 716 Garrard Ave., Covington, 
 Ky. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. W. D. Zipperton, 405 W. South St., Ar- 
 canum, O. 
 
 Secretary, Mrs. C. R. Colburn, 3945 S. Jefferson Ave., Nor- 
 wood, O. 
 
 Treasurer, Helen M. Cook, 307 N. Adams St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 
 A. E. S. Representative, Inez W. Beattie, Box 263, Alva, Okla. 
 
 Editor, S. Edith Todd, 196 King Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
Professional Sororities 96 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Colorado State Teachers College, Kansas State Teachers 
 College-at-Emporia, Miami University, Michigan State Teach- 
 ers College, Missouri State Teachers CoUege-at-Warrensburg, 
 Oklahoma State Teachers College-at-Alva, Oklahoma State 
 Teachers College-at-Durant. 
 
 Pi Kappa Sigma has 7 chapters and 4 alumnae associations. 
 The total membership is 1000, the active membership 150, the 
 average initiation 90. The badge is a modified triangular shield 
 of black enamel displaying the sorority letters and a lamp, and 
 carrying a diamond surrounded by thirteen gold rays. The 
 pledge pin is a modified triangle enameled in turquoise, and 
 carrying the sorority letters. 
 
 Colors — Turquoise and Gold. Flowers — Forget-me-not and 
 Jonquil. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
 Lamp, Star, Phi, Open Book, Laurel Wreath, Scroll. Patron 
 —None. Call— C, E, E Flat, E, C. 
 
 Magazine — The Lauj^el — 1918. 
 
 Convention — Detroit, 1921. 
 
 Sigma Alpha Iota 
 (Music) 
 
 June 12, 1903 
 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Elsie M. Chapman, 1110 W. 8th St., Topeka, Kans, 
 Vice-President, Donna M. Hayes, 1635 ''¥'' St., Lincoln, Neb. 
 Rec. Sec, Amy Grau, 1635 ''¥'' St., Lincoln, Neb. 
 
96 Professional Sororities 
 
 Cor. Sec, Margaret Worden, 404 Washington St., Klamath 
 
 Falls, Ore. 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Eleanor W. MacKay, 218 Southern Ave., 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Historian, Claudia Peck, 5015 Marion St., Cardington, O. 
 Editor, Mrs. E. D. Lindberg, 397 Walnut St., Appleton, Wis. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 American Conservatory (Chicago), Cincinnati College of 
 Music, Cincinnati Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Drake, 
 Fargo, Indianapolis College of Musical Art, Ithaca Conserva- 
 tory, Lawrence, Michigan, Millikin, New England Conserva- 
 tory, North Dakota, Northwestern, University School of Mu- 
 sic (Lincoln, Neb.), Washburn. 
 
 Sigma Alpha Iota has 16 chapters and 3 alumnae associa- 
 tions. The total membership is 800, the active membership 
 300, the average initiation 150. The badge consists of seven 
 gold Pan pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing the 
 sorority letters in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is 
 the Pan pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. 
 
 Colors — Crimson and White. Flower — Crimson Rose. 
 Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Vita Brevis, Ars Longa, Insig- 
 nia — Pan Pipes, Ellipse. 
 
 Magazine — Pan Pipes — 1909. 
 
 Annual— r/z^ Year Book— 1910. 
 
 Convention — April, 1922. 
 
Professional Sororities 97 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma 
 
 (Education) 
 
 April 20, 1898 
 Grand Chapter 
 
 President, Alabel L. Walton, Woodstock, Va. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. W. M. Stryker, 110 N. B St., Arkansas 
 City, Kans. 
 
 Secretary, Hazel I. Greer, 701 Congress St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 
 Treasurer, Carrie K. Mason, Mattoax, Va. 
 
 Inspector, Mrs. W. J. B. Devor, 130 Parkway Ave., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Alumnae Representative, Mrs. Hugh Tistadt,Caruthersville, Mo. 
 
 A. E. S. Representative, Mrs. A. J. Hathaway, Jr., Welland, 
 Ontario. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. J. J. Eaton, 1327 S. 20th St., Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 Business Manager, Mabel West, 426 N. Walnut St., Wilming- 
 ton, O. 
 
 '■ Chapter Roll 
 
 Colorado State Teachers College, Florida State College 
 for Women, Kansas State Teachers College-at-Emporia, Mi- 
 ami University, Michigan State Teachers College, Missouri 
 State Teachers College-at-Kirksville, Missouri State Teachers 
 College-at-Warrensburg, New York State Normal-at-Buffalo, 
 Ohio University, Oklahoma State Teachers College-at-Alva, 
 Union University, Virginia State Normal School. 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma has 12 chapters and 12 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 1600, the active member- 
 ship 250, the average initiation 150. The badge is an equilat- 
 
98 Professional Sororities 
 
 eral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of 
 black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and 
 cross-bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented tri- 
 angle superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of 
 purple crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the soror- 
 ity letters in purple, the purple fields displaying a triangle 
 and a circle in white. 
 
 Colors — Purple and White. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
 None. Open Motto — Faithful unto Death. Insignia — Skull, 
 Cross-Bones, Triangle, Circle. Patron — None. 
 
 Magazine — The Triangle — 1905. 
 
 Convention — Detroit, August, 1921. 
 
 Zeta Phi 
 
 (Medicine) 
 May 29, 1900 
 
 President, Dr. Edith Hale Swift, 110 Bay State Rd., Boston. 
 Secretary, Dr. Alice H. Bigelow, 13 Warren Sq., Jamaica 
 
 Plain, Mass. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medi- 
 cal College of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The total membership is 150, the active membership 25, 
 the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black 
 enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and 
 serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear to left and 
 right of the caduceus. 
 
 Colors — Black, White and Gold. Flower — Daisy. 
 
 Convention — Undecided. 
 
I 
 
 JUNIOR COLLEGE SORORITIES 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron 
 
 December 12, 1888 
 
 Grand Council 
 
 President, Erna B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. 
 Vice-President, Florence M. Fenner, 3948 Wyandotte St., 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 Secretary, Janie Gilreath, 621 Buncombe St., Greenville, S. C. 
 Treasurer, Florence Poteet, 1012 Manheim Rd., Kansas City, 
 
 Mo. 
 Editor, Ina May Newton, Long Beach, Miss. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Greenville, Grenada, Ham- 
 ilton,"^ Hardin, Stephens, Synodical. 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron has 9 chapters and 15 alumnae as- 
 sociations. The total membership is 2,000, the active mem- 
 bership 200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a mono- 
 gram of the sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omicron and 
 the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon the Omicron. The 
 pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each 
 corner and a Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed 
 of three horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two out- 
 side pink. The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink 
 
 *Cf. Transylvania. 
 
100 Junior Sororities 
 
 bar. On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The of- 
 ficial banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with 
 a pink centre. The sorority letters are in pink and are placed 
 in the corners. The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the 
 centre of the pink field. 
 
 Colors — Ruby and Pink. Flower- — Richmond and Killar- 
 ney Roses. Jewel — Ruby. Open Motto — We live to do Good. 
 Insignia — Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron — Hestia. 
 Call — Taxu-Taxu-Taxu-Ton, Beta Sigma Omicron. 
 
 Magazine — The Beta Sigma Omicron — 1905. 
 
 Esoteric Magazine — The Lamp — 1913. 
 
 Convention — Colorado, 1921. 
 
 Eta Upsilon Gamma 
 
 November, 1901 
 Grand Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. A. H. Smith, 620 N. Union St., Independence, 
 Mo. 
 
 Vice-President, Mrs. Wm. Kent Cooper, 36 Liberty St., James- 
 town, N. Y. 
 
 Secretary, Mrs. Ralph Buckner, Casper, Wyo. 
 
 Treasurer, Elizabeth Plunkett, 621 W. 59th St., Kansas City, 
 Mo. 
 
 Organizers, Isabel Craig Rader, 510 E. Main St., Jefferson 
 City, Mo. ; Sue Holmes, 814 Russell St., Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. Wm. Kent Cooper, 36 Liberty St., Jamestown, 
 N. Y. 
 
Junior Sororities 101 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Greenville, Hardin, Stephens, 
 Synodical. 
 
 Eta Upsilon Gamma has 7 chapters and 6 alumnae associa- 
 tions. The total membership is 2,000, the active membership 
 100, the average initiation 90. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
 the central portion being of black enamel and bearing the so- 
 rority's letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross-bones. The 
 pledge pin is clasped hands of gold. The scholarship pin is a 
 Grecian lamp of gold, with a diamond flame, and bearing the 
 sorority letters in black enamel. The flag is of green with 
 gold lettering and a gold coat-of-arms. 
 
 Colors — Olive Green and Gold. Flower — Yellow Rose. 
 JeweJ — Diamond. Open Motto — Be Strong in the Truth. In- 
 signia — Clasped Hands, Skull, Cross-Bones, Lamp, Triangle, 
 Unicorn. 
 
 Magazine — The Adamas — 1909. 
 
 Convention — Undecided, 1922. 
 
 Sigma Iota Chi 
 
 December, 1903 
 Grand Chapter 
 
 President, Ethlyn Wisegarner, Mansfield, 111. 
 Secretary, Velva Thompson, La Belle, Mo. 
 Historian, Nan Stevens, Russellville, Mo. 
 Custodian, Edith Salyer, Navasota, Tex. 
 Representative, Anna M. Camp, Lumberton, Miss. 
 
102 Junior Sororities 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Greenville, Hardin, Stephens. 
 
 Sigma Iota Chi has 6 chapters, and 5 alumnae associations. 
 The total membership is 1,200, the active membership 100, the 
 average initiation 90. The badge is a gold shield bearing a 
 skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroll dis- 
 playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a shield of 
 purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no official flag. 
 
 Colors — Purple and Gold. Flower — Violet. Jewel — Ame- 
 thyst. Open Motto — Deus^ Lihertas, Lex. Insignia — Eagle, 
 Arm, Star. Patron — None. Call — None. 
 
 Magazine — The Parchment — 1907. 
 
 Convention — St. Louis, Mo., 1921. 
 
NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega— Bucknell University, 1898-99. 
 
 Alpha Delta Pi — Wesleyan College, 1851-1916; Salem College, 
 1905-09; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1906-08; Alabama, 
 1907-08; Judson College, 1910-19; Alabama Women's Col- 
 lege, 1910-13. 
 
 xA.lpha Gamma Delta — Wesleyan University, 1906-12; De 
 Pauw University, 1908-1919. 
 
 Alpha Kappa Psi— St. Mary's School, 1904-11; Virginia 
 Female Institute, 1904-09; Wesleyan College,* 1907-13; 
 Stetson University,* 1909-13; Shorter College, 1911-12; 
 Florida,* 1908-16; Synodical,t 1913-16. 
 
 Alpha Omicron Fi— Barnard; 1897-1915. 
 
 Alpha Phi— Barnard, 1903-15. 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha — Lewisburg Institute, 1904-07; Columbia 
 College (S. C), 1904-10; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1905- 
 08; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06; Fairmount Seminary, 
 1906-08; Ward Seminary, 1907-10; Randolph-Macon 
 Woman's College,§ 1908-13; St. Mary's School, 1909-11; 
 Brenau,* 1909-14; Mt. Union,* 1909-14; Shorter College, 
 1910-12; Hamilton School, 1911-12. 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron — Christian, 1888-92 1910-15; Missouri 
 Valley College, 1892-93; Sedalia, Mo. High School, 1898- 
 1906; Pueblo, Colo., High School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin 
 Seminary, 1903-08; Ward-Belmont, 1903-15; Fairmount 
 Seminary, 1904-12; Potter College, 1906-09; Brenau, 1907- 
 14; Liberty College, 1908-13; Crescent College, 1909-14; 
 
 •Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta. 
 fAffiliated with Pi Beta Phi. 
 tAffiliated with Eta Upsilon Gamma. 
 
104 Necrology of Chapters 
 
 Woman's College of Alabama, 1911-13; Colorado Woman's 
 College, 1914-20; Lindenwood College, 1915-20. 
 
 Chi Omega — Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-02; Hellmuth 
 Woman's College, 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899-1903; 
 University of Mississippi, 1899-1912; Union University, 
 1903-11; Barnard, 1906-15. 
 
 Delta Delta Delta— Wesleyan University, 1895-1912 ; Barnard, 
 1903-15; Mississippi, 1904-12; Wooster, 1912-14; Wes- 
 leyan College, 1913-16; Judson College, 1913-19. 
 
 Delta Gamma — Warren Female Institute* 1874-89; Water 
 Valley Seminary, 1877-80; Fairmount College, 1877-80; 
 Bolivar College, 1878-81 ; Franklin College, 1878-83 ; Han- 
 over College, 1881-87 ; Synodical College, 1882-85 ; Mt. Un- 
 ion College, 1882-1909; St. Lawrence University, 1884-87; 
 Adelbert College, 1883-88; University of Southern Cali- 
 fornia, 1887-97. 
 
 Eta Upsilon Gamma — Christian, 1901-15; Forest Park Uni- 
 versity, 1903-12 ; Lindenwood College, 1905-20, Potter Col- 
 lege, 1907-09; Judson, 1910-14; Brenau College, 1910-11; 
 ColoradoWoman's College, 1910-20 ;Ward-Belmont, 1912-15. 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta — Barnard, 1901-15. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta— Moore's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois 
 Wesleyan University, 1875-95 ; Wooster University, 1875- 
 1913; Ohio University, 1876-86; Simpson College, 1879- 
 91 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1881-81 ; Hanover College, 
 1882-99; Wesleyan University, 1883-87; Albion College, 
 1887-1908; University of the Pacific, 1889-90; Barnard, 
 1898-1915. 
 
 *Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford Female Institute, and located 
 at Oxford, Miss. 
 
Necrology of Chapters 105 
 
 Kappa Delta — Virginia Normal School, 1897-1912; Chatham 
 Episcopal Institute, 1902-04,- Sub-rosa, 1902-04; Gunston 
 Hall, 1903-12; Fairmount Seminary, 1903-12; St. Mary's 
 School, 1904-11; Judson College, 1904-19; Columbia Col- 
 lege, 1905-10; Caldwell College, 1907-08; Woman's College 
 Alabama, 1913-13. 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma — Monmouth College, 1870-84; St. 
 Mary's School (Knoxville, 111.,), 1871-74; Smithson Col- 
 lege, 1872-75 ; Rockford Seminary, 1874-76 ; Wooster, 
 1876-1913; Franklin College, 1879-84; Simpson College, 
 1880-90 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1880-84 ; Lassell Sem- 
 inary, 1881-82; Barnard, 1891-1915. 
 
 Phi Mn— Wesleyan College, 1852-1916; Salem College, 1904- 
 09; St. Mary's School, 1906-10; Chevy Chase School, 1907- 
 10; Hardin College, 1907-11; Belmont College, 1907-11; 
 Shorter College, 1911-12. 
 
 Phi Mu Gamma— Fo//m.y College,^ 1898-1916; The Ely School, 
 1902-06; Brenau, 1902-14 ; Judson College,! 1904-13; Lou- 
 isiana State University, 1908-10; Potter College, 1908-09; 
 New England Conservatory,^ 1908-15; Shorter College, 
 1910-12; Newcomb,^ 1910-14; Woman's College of Ala- 
 bama, 1911-13; Christian, 1914-15; Ward-Belmont, 1914- 
 15; Middlebury,t 1914-16. 
 
 Pi Beta Vh\—M onmouth College, 1867-84; Mt. Pleasant Fe- 
 male Seminary, 1869-71; De Pauw University, 1870-77; 
 Baptist Young Ladies' Seminary, Indianapolis, 1870-71 ; 
 
 tAf?iliated with Delta Delta Delta. 
 'Affiliated with Sigma Alpha Iota. 
 'Affiliated with Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 §Affiliated with Gamma Phi Beta. 
 
106 Necrology of Chapters 
 
 Illinois Wesleyan College, 1872- ? State Institute, Bloom- 
 ington, Indiana, 1872-85 ; Pella College, Pella, Iowa, 
 1881- ? Dearborn Seminary, Chicago, 111., 1881-83; Jack- 
 sonville Female Academy, Jacksonville, III, 1881-84; Iowa 
 State Normal, Bloomfield, Iowa, 1881-85; Carthage Col- 
 lege, 1882-88; Nebraska Methodist College, York, Neb., 
 1884-92; Coe College, 1884-86; Wesleyan College, Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, 1885-86; Callanan College, 1886-88; Hastings 
 College, 1887-90; Barnard, 1904-15; Wooster, 1910-13. 
 
 Sigma Iota Chi — Alexandria, La.,^ 1903-06; Winchester Nor- 
 mal College, 1904-07; Cincinnati Conservatory,*}* 1904-15; 
 Hannah Moore Academy, 1906-08; National Cathedral 
 School, 1907-08; Potter College, 1907-09; Virginia College, 
 1907-10; Hagerman College, 1907-10; Gunston Seminary, 
 1908-10; Crescent College, 1909-11; Lindenwood College, 
 1909-20; Brenau College, 1910-13; Shorter College, 1910- 
 12; Ward-Belmont, 1914-15; Colorado Woman's College, 
 1915-20. 
 
 Sigma Kappa — Brown University, 1908-12. 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma — Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08; Ran- 
 dolph-Macon Woman's College,^ 1904-11; Searcy Insti- 
 tute, 1905-07; Hollins,$ 1905-14; Southwestern Univer- 
 sity,$ 1905-11 ; Frederick Woman's College, 1906-07. 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha — Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906; Hannah 
 Moore Academy, 1900-04; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 
 06; Richmond College, 1905-08; Judson College, 1905-19. 
 
 *Sigma Iota Chi was founded by graduates of two sister schools, located 
 at Alexandria, St. James and St. Xavier. The society had no constitution until 
 1906, when the Belmont Chapter, founded in 1905, became incorporated under the 
 laws of Tennessee. 
 
 tAffiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon. 
 
 JAffiliated with Delta Delta Delta when Sigma Sigma Sigma became an 
 educational sorority. 
 
HONORARY SOCIETIES 
 
 Honorary Greek-letter societies grow more numerous with 
 the years, as speciaHzation leads most naturally to differentia- 
 tion in degrees, and as university authorities endeavor to find 
 some way of adding distinction to the student who has done 
 work of unusual excellence. Women are at present eligible to 
 membership in eight, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa 
 Phi, Alpha Omega Alpha, Kappa Delta Pi, Mu Phi Epsilon, 
 Theta Sigma Phi and Pi Lambda Theta. The last three were 
 founded by and for women. 
 
 Of the five honorary societies open to both men and wo- 
 men, Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as repre- 
 sented by the humanities, and Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scien- 
 tific studies to a place of honor among the humanities, while 
 Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any department 
 of collegiate education. Alpha Omega xA^lpha was established 
 for medical students, and has high scholarship, honorably ac- 
 quired and honestly employed, as its object. Kappa Delta Pi 
 is for those who expect to enter the teaching profession, and 
 therefore endeavors to encourage in its members a high de- 
 gree of consecration to social service. 
 
 Of the three honorary societies founded for women, Mu 
 Phi Epsilon is for those specializing in music. Theta Sigma 
 Phi seeks to confer honor 'on those who have distinguished 
 themselves in journalism either as undergraduates or in the 
 profession. Pi Lambda Theta is for students in schools of 
 education connected with universities. 
 
108 Honorary Societies 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the Col- 
 lege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 
 5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was ''A happy spirit and resolu- 
 tion of attaining the important ends of society.'' With this 
 aim in view much attention was given to essays and debates 
 with an anniversary banquet as an outlet for the youthful 
 spirits of the members. The society was essentially secret, had 
 a most binding oath of fidelity and a peculiar token of saluta- 
 tion. The original records give no clue to the source from 
 which came the inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter 
 society, but the philosophical clubs then so common among the 
 students at French and German universities may have led the 
 founders to establish an organization that should stand for 
 good fellowship. Then, too, the stirring times in which they 
 lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patriots, the very 
 Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless suggested the 
 value of a united brotherhood. 
 
 Early provision was made for placing branches elsewhere, 
 for the organizers believed it was ''Repugnant to the liberal 
 principles of Societies that they should be confined to any 
 particular place, Men or Description of Men, but that they 
 should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree 
 and of whatever country.'' The records show that Beta, Gam- 
 ma and Delta charters were granted, but do not indicate that 
 such branches were organized. The War of the Revolution 
 may have put an end to them as it did to the parent society. 
 On January 3, 1781, the British fleet appeared off the coast 
 and three days later the last meeting was held. It is interesting 
 
Honorary Societies 109 
 
 to learn from history that nearly one-third of the fifty mem- 
 bers enlisted in the Continental Army, that seventeen served 
 in the state legislature, that eight were members of the Vir- 
 ginia convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, that 
 two became United States Senators and five Representatives, 
 that many of the others were famous men in their day. 
 
 No attempt was made to revive the society at William and 
 Mary until 1849. Two years later it was finally reestablished, 
 but the reorganized society had existed less than a decade, 
 when the Civil War broke out. A second reorganization was 
 eflfected in 1893, and the mother chapter is now in a vigorous 
 condition and likely to remain so for many a year. The sus- 
 pension of meetings in 1781 would in all probability have rung 
 the death-knell of this most interesting organization had it 
 not been for the fact that a Northern man, "Elisha Parmele, 
 Harvard, 78, went to Williamsburg for a season. While 
 resident there, he was invited to become a member, as it was 
 thought that he might be of assistance to the society in its 
 plans for extension. Mr. Parmele was initiated on July 31, 
 1779, and immediately asked for permission to establish 
 branches at Harvard and Yale. The charters were called the 
 Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. 
 Eight years later these two chapters granted a charter for a 
 branch at Dartmouth, and for thirty years these colleges con- 
 stituted the roll. 
 
 When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arous- 
 ing all New England in 1831, John Quincy Adams, Judge 
 Story and other prominent members prevailed upon the Har- 
 vard society to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to 
 the Yale society to secure acquiescence. The records say 
 
110 Honorary Societies 
 
 that, ''He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard 
 had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking 
 the oath of secrecy, and the society hfe was thus endangered. 
 There was stout opposition, but the motion prevailed and the 
 missionary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the 
 Harvard boys/' 
 
 The establishement of the branch at Union College in 1817 
 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, because 
 it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 1825. The 
 newer organizations with their charm of secrecy appealed 
 strongly to the undergraduates, and little by little, as greater 
 emphasis was laid upon scholastic records and honor men 
 alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa, it tran- 
 spired that the mother of fraternities lost many of its original 
 characterisitcs *and came to stand, as it does today, for a 
 brotherhood of scholars. 'Tor nearly half a century," wrote 
 Edward Everett Hale, in his Fossil from the Tertiary, which 
 was published in the Atlantic Monthly of July, 1879, "it was 
 the only society in America that could pretend to be devoted 
 to literature and philosophy." And it happened, therefore, 
 that in the infant literature of the nation some noteworthy 
 steps are marked by orations and poems delivered before the 
 Phi Beta Kappa. Among the famous men whose names have 
 appeared upon the programs of the great public gatherings of 
 the society are Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wen- 
 dell Phillips, Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and 
 Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary was noteworthy as 
 suggesting the culmination of a movement that resulted in the 
 formation in April of 1877 of an alumni association in New 
 York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. 
 
Honorary Societies 111 
 
 For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring 
 the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could 
 be established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in 
 that state being dependent upon the will of the Alpha. This 
 most unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the 
 impossiblity of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, 
 the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without defi- 
 nite organization, the absence of any system of literary activ- 
 ity, were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt was 
 made to evolve a national organization until the Harvard chap- 
 ter celebrated its centenary on June 30, 1881. At this time 
 the idea of a governing body was suggested, a committee ap- 
 pointed to draft a constitution. This document was drawn up 
 on October 18, 1881, and referred to the chapters. At Sara- 
 toga Springs, September 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen 
 chapters unanimously adopted a constitution, which was rat- 
 ified in 1883 by sufficient chapters to put it into operation. 
 The organization was known henceforth as 'The United 
 Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa.'' 
 
 Under the present arrangement all applications for char- 
 ters must be made to the vSenate, which is composed of tw^enty 
 prominent members of national reputation, who hold their of- 
 fice for six years. Each application must be endorsed by at 
 least five existing chapters. The charter grants depend to a 
 large extent upon the recommendations of the Senate, but the 
 final decision is made at the Triennial Council. No charters 
 are issued without the consent of delegations representing a 
 majority of all the chapters. Since the new constitution went 
 into effect, the society has given evidence of greatly increased 
 vigor. Thirteen triennial councils have been held and nearly 
 
112 Honorary Societies 
 
 seventy charter grants have been made. Much has been done 
 also to bring about the unification of the chapters and to se- 
 cure higher standards. Only such institutions as grant the A. 
 B. degree in regular course are eligible for charters and no 
 chapter is allowed to elect to membership more than one- fourth 
 of the graduating class. The recent movement to gather val- 
 uable historical data and to publish periodical literature, cul- 
 minating in a quarterly, called The Phi Beta Kappa Key, is 
 a most important one. The Elisha Parmele Scholarship, for 
 which a fund had been accumulating, became effective in 
 1911, and is devoted to educating at William and Mary Col- 
 lege a son* of a worthy Phi Beta Kappa member. 
 
 Women were first admitted to membership in the year 
 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cor- 
 nell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its or- 
 ganization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, how- 
 ever, was very small up to the year 1900, for until that time 
 few chapters existed at colleges open to them. The decision 
 of recent conventions to grant charters to independent colleges 
 for women, beginning with Vassar in 1899, and the election 
 of several women to the Senate, indicate that Phi Beta Kappa 
 is well on the road to becoming truly representative of the 
 highest scholarship in the United States. 
 
 *If William and Mary should admit women, daughters will be eligible to 
 the scholarship. 
 
Honorary Societies 113 
 
 Alpha Omega Alpha 
 
 August 25, 1902 
 Officers 
 
 President, Dean John L. Heffron, M. D., Sc. D., Syracuse Uni- 
 versity Medical Department, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Vice-President, Prof. John J. Mackenzie, M. B., University 
 of Toronto Medical Department, Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, B. S., M. D., Box 500, 
 Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbia, Cornell, Har- 
 vard, Illinois, Indiana, Jefferson, Johns Hopkins, McGill, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, 
 Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Toronto, Tulane, Washington, Western 
 Reserve. 
 
 The badge is a watch key bearing the society's letters and 
 the year of founding. To Be Worthy to Serve the Suffering is 
 the motto of the society. 
 
 Next Convention — With American Medical Association. 
 
 Kappa Delta Pi 
 
 March 11, 1911 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Dr. Wm. C. Bagley, Columbia University. 
 Vice-President, Dr. Wm. W. Phelan, University of Oklahoma. 
 
114 Honorary Societies 
 
 Sec.-Treas., Mabel I. Payne, Drake University. 
 Counsellor, President Frank E. Thompson, University of Col- 
 orado. 
 Editor, Prof. Alfred L. Hall-Quest, University of Cincinnati. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Cincinnati, Colorado, Colorado State Teachers College, 
 Columbia, Drake, Illinois, Kansas State Teachers College-at- 
 Emporia, Oklahoma, Purdue, Texas. 
 
 The badge is a gold scroll displaying the letters Kappa Delta 
 Pi and a beehive. The motto of the society is Knowledge, 
 Duty, Power. 
 
 M^g^zmt— Kappa Delta Pi Record— 1920. 
 
 Mu Phi Epsilon 
 
 November 13, 1903 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. Doris Benson, 447 Oakdale Ave., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Vice-President, Lilyan Braden, Lawrence Conservatory Ap- 
 pleton, Wis. 
 
 Secretary, Persis Heaton, Simpson Conservatory, Indianola, la. 
 
 Treasurer, Mildred Rood, Northwestern University School 
 of Music, Evanston, 111. 
 
 Historian, Mrs. Dorothy Watson, 1112 Fairmount St., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Brenau, Bucknell, Chicago Conservatory, Chicago Musical 
 College, Cincinnati Conservatory, Comb's Conservatory, De- 
 
Honorary Societies 115 
 
 troit Conservatory, Drake, Horner Institute, Ithaca Conser- 
 vatory, Kansas, Kroeger School of Music, Lawrence, Metro- 
 politan Colleges of Music (Cincinnati, and Indianapolis), Mc- 
 Phail School of Music, Michigan, Mt. Union, New England 
 Conservatory, Northwestern, Oregon, Pennsylvania College of 
 Music, Simpson, Syracuse, Toledo Conservatory, University 
 School of Music (Lincoln, Neb.), Washington College of Mu- 
 sic, Washington State, Washington State College. 
 
 The badge is a jeweled triangle bearing the sorority letters, 
 and supporting another of black enamel ornamented with a 
 lyre in gold. 
 
 Colors — Royal Purple and White. Flower — Violet. 
 
 Magazine — Mu Phi Epsilon Triangle — 1905. 
 
 Next Convention — Washington, D. C, June, 1922. 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa 
 
 December 5, 1776 
 Officers 
 
 President, Edward A. Birge, LL.D., Madison, Wis. 
 Director, Francis W. Shepardson, LL.D., Springfield, 111. 
 Secretary, Rev. Oscar M. Yorhees, D. D., 350 East 146th St., 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Boston, Bow- 
 doin. Brown, California, Carleton, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cin- 
 cinnati, Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin 
 
116 Honorary Societies 
 
 and Marshall, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell,* Hamilton, Har- 
 vard, Haverford, Hobart, Hunter, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Knox, Lafayette, Lawrence, 
 Lehigh, Marietta, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, 
 Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, 
 North Dakota, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- 
 leyan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Pomona, Princeton, Radcliffe, 
 Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, 
 Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Trin- 
 ity, Trinity, (N. C), Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vas- 
 sar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington 
 State, Washington and Lee, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western 
 Reserve, West Virginia, Whitman, William and Mary, Will- 
 iams, Wisconsin, Yale. 
 
 The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one 
 side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek initials of the 
 society's motto. Early in the Northern history of the frater- 
 nity the familiar watch key pattern of the present day came 
 into use. There were many styles and for years much latitude 
 was allowed, but since 1910 there has been a standard badge. 
 On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words 
 Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, The Love of Wisdom, the Guide 
 of Life, and a hand pointing to three stars, symbolic of the so- 
 ciety's lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the date of found- 
 ing, the owner's name, college and class, and the letters S. P., 
 which mean Societas Philosophiae. 
 
 Colors — Pink and Blue. 
 
 Magazine— r/^^ Phi Beta Kappa Key— \9\0. 
 
 Next Convention — Cleveland, September, 1921. 
 
 *The corporate name is Iowa College. 
 
Honorary Societies 117 
 
 Phi Kappa Phi 
 
 July 14, 1897 
 Officers 
 
 President, James S. Stevens, M.S., LL.D., Orono, Me. 
 Secretary, L. H. Pammel, M.S., Ames, Iowa. 
 Registrar, L. E. Woodman, M.S., Rolla, Mo. 
 Treasurer, C. H. Gordon, M. A., Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Arizona, Alabama Polytechnic, Cornell, Delaware, Florida, 
 Georgia School of Technology, Iowa State College, Kansas 
 State College, Maine, Mass. Agr. College, Missouri School of 
 Mines, Nebraska Wesleyan, Nevada, New Mexico, North Da- 
 kota Agr. College, Oklahoma Agr. College, Pennsylvania State 
 College, Rhode Island State College, Syracuse, Tennessee, Utah 
 Agr. College, Washington State College, Wisconsin. 
 
 The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin or medal, 
 is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- 
 rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The 
 society's motto is The Love of Learning Rules the World, The 
 seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above 
 which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and 
 below the words, "Founded 1897." The ribbon of the frater- 
 nity is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and 
 the walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on 
 the front edge of the sleeves. 
 
 Colors — Black and White. 
 
 Next Convention — December, 1921. 
 
118 Honorary Societies 
 
 Pi Lambda Theta 
 
 July 2, 1917 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Helen R. Hoopes, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 
 Kans. 
 
 Vice-President, Virginia Athen, University of Washington, 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 Secretary, Katharine Foulke, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
 Recorder, Mrs. E. I. Axon, University of Missouri, Columbia, 
 
 Mo. 
 Treasurer, Miss Ruth Austin, Syracuse University, Syracuse, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, 
 Syracuse, Washington State. 
 
 The badge is a gold key modelled after the Egyptian key of 
 life, and displays the letters Pi Lambda Theta and an Egyp- 
 tian sceptre. 
 
 Colors — Blue and Gold. 
 
 Flower — Yellow Rose. 
 
 Next Convention — July, 1921. 
 
Honorary Societies 119 
 
 Sigma Xi 
 
 November, 1886 
 Officers 
 
 President, Clarence E. McClung, Ph. D., University of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of Illinois. 
 Treasurer, George B. Pegram, Ph.D., Columbia University. 
 
 Chapter Roll , 
 
 Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
 Cornell, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 
 Mayo Foundation, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, 
 North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
 Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, 
 Union, Washington, Washington State, Wisconsin, Worcester, 
 Yale. 
 
 The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the Sigma 
 and Xi in black enamel. The motto, Spoudon Xunones, means 
 Companions in Zealous Research. The seal is a laurel wreath 
 surrounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 
 
 Colors — Electric Blue and White. 
 
 Magazine — Sigma Xi Quarterly — 1913. 
 
 Next Convention — December 30, 1921. 
 
120 Honorary Societies 
 
 Theta Sigma Phi 
 
 April 8, 1909 
 National Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. Margaret G. Stone, 126 Claremont Ave., New 
 York City. 
 
 Vice-President, Sally Spensley, Leamington Hotel, Minne- 
 apolis. 
 
 Secretary, Harriett E. Daily, 804 S. High St., Columbus, O. 
 
 Treasurer, Opal. Cannon, 407 Robinson St., Danville, 111. 
 
 Organizer, Grace Edgington, University of Washington, Se- 
 attle, Wash. 
 
 Editor, Mrs. Merze M. Seeburger, 942 28th St., Des Moines, 
 la. 
 
 Chapter Roll 
 
 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State 
 College, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio State, 
 Oklahoma, Oregon, Stanford, Washington State, Wisconsin. 
 
 The badge is a small gold linotype matrix, and displays the 
 letters Theta Sigma Phi and a torch. 
 
 Colors — Violet and Green. 
 
 Magazine — The Matrix — 1915. 
 
 Next Convention, June, 1922. 
 
THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE 
 
 November, 1881 
 General Officers 
 
 President, Mrs. Marvin B. Rosenberry, 1717 Kendall Ave., 
 Madison, Wis. 
 
 Executive Secretary, Mrs. Gertrude S. Martin, 934 Stewart 
 Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Vice-President-at-large, Mrs. R. B. Morgan, 35 ''B'' St., N. 
 W., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Katharine P. Pomeroy, 938 Glengyle PI, Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Roll 
 
 Akron, Allegheny, Barnard, Bates, Beloit, Boston, Brown, 
 Bryn Mawr, California, Carleton, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clark,^ 
 Coe, Colorado College, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell College, 
 Cornell, De Pauw, Drake, Earlham, Elmira, Franklin, Goucher, 
 Grinnell, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns 
 Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lake Erie, Lake Forest, Lawrence, 
 Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Mills, Milwau- 
 kee-Downer, Minnesota, Missouri, Morningside, Mt. Holyoke, 
 Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, 
 Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania State Col- 
 lege, Pennsylvania, Pomona, Purdue, Radcliffe, Randolph-Ma- 
 con, Reed, Ripon, Rochester, Rockford, Smith, Stanford, St. 
 
 *Only those women are eligible in italicized universities who hold ad- 
 vanced non-professional degrees. 
 
122 Association of Collegiate Alumnae 
 
 Catherine, St. Elizabeth, St. Teresa, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
 Texas, Toronto, Trinity, Tufts, Vassar, Vermont, Washington, 
 Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, Western Reserve, Whit- 
 man, William Smith, Wisconsin, Wooster, Yale. 
 
 Branches 
 
 Albany, Alva, Ames, Ann Arbor, Appleton, Atlantic City, 
 Battle Creek, Bellingham, Beloit, Binghampton, Bloomington, 
 111., Bloomington, Ind., Boston, Buffalo, Cedar Rapids, Cha- 
 nute, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Col- 
 umbia, Columbus, Corning, Davenport, Delaware, Denver, 
 Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Elgin, Elmira, El Paso, Eugene, 
 Fairmont, Fall River, Flint, Fresno, Glenn Falls, Grand Forks, 
 Gray's Harbor, Great Falls, Greencastle, Greenwich, Grinnell, 
 Helena, Honolulu, Huntington, Imperial, Indianapolis, Ithaca, 
 Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Kenosha, Lafayette, Lansing, Lara- 
 mie, Lawrence, Lincoln, Los Angeles, Louisville, Madison, 
 Manila, Mankato, Marshalltown, Marysville, Milwaukee, Min- 
 neapolis, Missoula, Mt. Vernon, New Haven, New London, 
 New York, Niles, Northfield, North Yakima, Oberlin, Omaha, 
 Oswego, Oshkosh, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Pomona, Port- 
 land, (Ore.), Providence, Pueblo, Pullman, Reno, Ripon, Ro- 
 chester, Rock Island, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Ber- 
 nardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Barbara, 
 Seattle, Sheridan, Sioux City, Spokane, Springfield, 111., St. 
 Louis, St. Paul, Superior, Syracuse, Tacoma, Toledo, Topeka, 
 Tulsa, Urbana, Utica, Valley City, Vermilion, Warrensburg, 
 Washington, Wichita. 
 
 Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 192L 
 
SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN 
 
 July, 1903 
 Officers 
 
 President, Mary Leal Harkness, Newcomb College, New Or-^ 
 
 leans. La. 
 Secretary, Mrs. Charles Spencer, Edgewood, Birmingham, Ala. 
 Treasurer, Alice Wildman, 214 S. 12th St., Columbus, Miss. 
 
 Roll 
 
 Agnes Scott, Akron, Alabama, Allegheny, Barnard, Bates, 
 Baylor, Beloit, Boston, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Bucknell, Califor- 
 nia, Carleton, Chattanooga, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clark/^ Coe, 
 Colby, Colorado College, Colorado, Columbia, Converse, Cor- 
 nell College, Cornell, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Doane, 
 Drake, Drury, Earlham, Elmira, Fargo, Franklin, George 
 Washington, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell, Hobart, Hunter, Illi- 
 nois, Illinois Woman's, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, 
 Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kentucky, Knox, Lake Erie, Lake 
 Forest, Lawrence, Louisiana, Louisville, Maine, McGill, Mar- 
 ietta, Mass. Inst. Technology, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Mid- 
 dlebury, Millikin, Mills, Millsaps, Milwaukee-Downer, Min- 
 nesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Morningside, Mt. Holyoke, Ne- 
 braska, Newcomb, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, 
 Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Park, 
 Parsons, Peabody, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State College, 
 Pittsburgh, Pomona, Purdue, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, 
 
 *Cf. pg. 121. 
 
124 Southern Association of College Women 
 
 Reed, Rice, Richmond, Ripon, Rochester, Rockford, Smith, 
 South Dakota, Southern, Southwestern, St. Lawrence, Swarth- 
 more, Stanford, St. Catherine, St. Elizabeth, St. Teresa, Syra- 
 cuse, Tennessee, Texas, Toronto, Transylvania, Trinity, N. C, 
 Trinity, D. C, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Ver- 
 mont, Washington, Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, Wes- 
 leyan, Western, Western Reserve, Westhampton, West Vir- 
 ginia, William Smith, Wisconsin, Wooster, Yale. 
 
 Branches 
 
 Asheville, Atlanta, Baltimore, Baton Rouge, Birmingham, 
 Charlotte, N. C, Chattahooches, Columbus, Miss., Durham, 
 Fort Worth, Georgia, Greensboro, Greenville, Jackson, Knox- 
 ville, Lexington, Macon, Mobile, Montevallo, Montgomery, 
 Murfreesboro, Nashville, Natchitoches, New Orleans, Norfolk, 
 Raleigh, Richmond, Rome, San Antonio, Tampa, Winston- 
 Salem. 
 
 Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 192L 
 
THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION 
 
 March 10, 1906 
 Officers 
 
 President, Henry Smith Pritchett. 
 Secretary, Clyde Furst. 
 Treasurer, Robert A. Franks. 
 
 Headquarters, 522 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 
 
 Roll 
 
 Allegheny, Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Bowdoin, Brooklyn 
 Polytechnic, Bryn Mawr, California, Carleton, Carnegie, Case, 
 Central, Cincinnati, Clark, Clarkson, Coe, Colorado College, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Dalhousie, Dartmouth, Dickinson, Drake, 
 Drury, Grinnell, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Indiana, Johns 
 Hopkins, Knox, Lawrence, Lehigh, McGill, Marietta, Massa- 
 chusetts Institute Technology, Michigan, Middlebury, Minne- 
 sota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, New York, Oberlin, Pennsylva- 
 nia, Pittsburgh, Princeton, Purdue, Queen's, Radcliffe, Rensr 
 selaer, Ripon, Rochester, Rose, Smith, Stanford, Stevens, 
 Swarthmore, Toronto, Trinity, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vander- 
 bilt, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington and Jef- 
 ferson, Washington, Wellesley, Wells, Wesleyan, Western Re- 
 serve, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. 
 
STATISTICAL DATA 
 
 Adelphi College 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1896; Valuation $750,000;* Endow- 
 ment $200,000 ; Faculty 22, Men 14, Women 8; Students 299; 
 Tuition $250; Expenses $500 ;t Degrees, B.A., B.S. 
 
 Motto — The truth shall make us free. Colors — Brown and Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
 1908, Delta Gamma; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu; 1916, Al- 
 pha Epsilon Phi. 
 
 Adrian College 
 
 Adrian, Mich. 
 
 Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted 
 1859; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, 
 Men 15, Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; Tui- 
 tion $80; Expenses $375; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.M., M.A., 
 M.S. 
 
 Motto — Let the truth shine. Colors — Canary and Black. 
 
 Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 University of Akron| 
 
 Akron, Ohio 
 
 Municipal; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valua- 
 tion $800,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 33, Men 22, Wo- 
 
 *Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 
 
 tAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 
 
 JBuchtel College. 1872-1913. 
 
Statistical Data 127 
 
 men 11; Students 508, Men 376, Women 132; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., C.E., M. E., E.E. 
 
 Motto — Let there be light. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold, 
 
 Sororities — 1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma; 1912, 
 Phi Mu. 
 
 University of Alabama 
 University, Ala. 
 
 State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 57; Students 
 1216, Men 992, Women 224; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; 
 Degrees, A.B, B.S, A.M., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta; 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1914, Delta 
 Delta Delta. 
 
 Albion College 
 
 Albion, Mich. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened as Seminary 1843 ; as col- 
 lege 1861; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $350,000; En- 
 dowment $450,000; Faculty 28, Men 19, Women 9; Students 
 512, Men 275, Women 237; Tuition $80; Expenses $450; De- 
 gree, B. A. 
 
 Motto — Lux Fiat. Colors — Purple and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Alpha Chi Omega; 1915, 
 Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
128 Statistical Data 
 
 Allegheny College 
 Meadville, Pa. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1815; Women admitted 
 1872; Valuation $850,000; Endowment $1,025,000; Faculty 
 34, Men 25, Women 9; Students 536, Men 336, Women 200; 
 Tuition $200; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Navy Blue and Gold, 
 
 Sororities — 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1891, Alpha Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Gamma Delta. 
 
 University of Arizona 
 Tucson, Ariz. 
 
 State; Opened 1885; Women admitted 1890; Valuation 
 $1,200,000; Endowment, $10,500; Faculty 100, Men 75, Wo- 
 men 25; Students 1656, Men 1002, Women 654; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., LL.B., J.D. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Red and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1917, Kappa Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi; 1920, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma. 
 
 University of Arkansas 
 
 Fayetteville, Ark. 
 
 State; Opened 1871; Women admitted in 1871; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 90, Men 72, Wo- 
 men 18; Students 1008, Men 650, Women 358; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., C.E., M.S., M.A., M.E., 
 C.E., E.E., Ch. E. 
 
 Motto — None. Color — Cardinal. 
 
 Sororities— 1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1909, Pi Beta 
 Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
Statistical Data 129 
 
 Baker University 
 
 Baldwin, Kan. . 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; Women admitted 
 
 1858; Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 
 
 35, Men 24, Women 11 ; Students 512, Men 245, Women 267; 
 
 Tuition $75; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B. 
 
 Motto — Let him be Hrst a man. Color — Cadmium. 
 
 Sororities— 1895, Delta Delta Delta ; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1910, 
 Delta Zeta;* 1912, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1916, Phi Mu. 
 
 Beloit College 
 
 Beloit, Wis. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Val- 
 uation $608,000; Endowment $1,800,000; Faculty 45, Men 33, 
 Women 12; Students 548, Men 305, Women 243; Tuition 
 $150; Expenses $700; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S. 
 
 Motto — Scientia Vera Cum Fide Pura. Colors — Black and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1919, Pi Beta Phi; 1920, Kappa Delta. 
 
 Bethany College 
 
 Bethany, W. Va. 
 
 Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Valua- 
 tion $400,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 29, Men 21, 
 Women 8; Students 400, Men 260, Women 140; Tuition $90; 
 Expenses $325 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — White and Green. 
 
 Sororities— 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 ♦Inactive 1912-18. 
 
130 Statistical Data 
 
 Boston University 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1873 ; Women admitted 1873 ; Val- 
 uation $2,000,000; Endowment $4,250,000; Faculty 294, Men 
 274, Women 20; Students 6665, Men 4411, Women 2254; Tui- 
 tion $200; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.B.A., B.S.S., 
 B.E., B.R.E., S.T.B., S.T.D., LL.B., LL.M., LL.D, M.D, 
 M.B., Ch.B., A.M., Ph.D. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and White. 
 
 Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, 
 Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, 
 Sigma Kappa; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Alpha 
 Gamma Delta. 
 
 Brenau College 
 
 Gainesville, Ga. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1878; Valuation $400,000; Faculty 
 42, Men 15, Women 27; Women Students 568; Tuition $110; 
 Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.O., B.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Gold and Black, 
 
 Sororities— 1910, Alpha Delta Pi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1911, 
 Alpha Chi Omega; 1913, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1914, Delta Delta Delta.* 
 
 Bucknell University 
 
 Lewisburg, Pa. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Women's 
 College created 1905; Valuation $550,000; Endowment $600,- 
 
 *Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. 
 
Statistical Data 131 
 
 000; Faculty 36, Men 32, Women 4; Students 800, Men 600, 
 Women 200; Tuition $192; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., 
 Ph.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Orange and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, 
 Kappa Delta. 
 
 University of Buffalo 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1846; Val- 
 uation $1,000,000; Endowment $5,000,000; Faculty 226, Men 
 216, Women 10; Students 1459, Men 980, Women 479; Tui- 
 tion $200; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., 
 LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., Ph.G. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — White and Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1920, Sigma Kappa. 
 
 Butler College 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- 
 tion $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 29, Men 20, 
 Women 9; Students 1004, Men 275, Women 729; Tuition 
 $125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White, 
 
 Sororities — 1874, Kappa Alpha Theta;t 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, Delta Delta Delta; 1920, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 tinactive, 1886-1906. 
 
132 Statistical Data 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
 $14,000,000; Endowment $7,000,000; Faculty 857, Men 817, 
 Women 40; Students 11,891, Men 6230, Women 5661; Tui- 
 tion Free; Expenses $700; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., 
 Ph.D., C.E., M.E., E.E., Mech.K, M.D., LL.B., D.D.S., Pharm. 
 B., Ph.C, J.D. 
 
 Motto — Let there be light. Colors — Blue and Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma ;t 1890, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1894, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta 
 Gamma ; 1909, Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1910, Sigma Kappa ; 
 1913, Alpha Delta Pi; 1915, Alpha Gamma Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha, 
 Delta Zeta; 1916, Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta; 1905, Alpha Epsilon 
 Iota (Med.). 
 
 University of Chattanooga 
 
 Chattanooga, Term. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1904; Women admitted 1904; Val- 
 uation $1,200,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 13, Men 9, 
 Women 4; Students 211, Men 125, Women 86; Tuition $120; 
 Expenses $325 ; Degrees, A. B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Faciamus. Colors — Gold and Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1919, Chi Omega. 
 
 Cincinnati University 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Municipal; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valua- 
 tion $3,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 351, Men 
 
 ^Inactive, 1885-97. 
 
Statistical Data 133 
 
 281, Women 70; Students 3436, Men 1957, Women 1479; 
 Tuition Free; Expenses $500; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., 
 Ph.D. 
 
 Motto — Alta Petit. Colors — Scarlet and Black. 
 
 Sororities — 1885, Kappa Kappa Gamma;* 1892, Delta Delta Delta; 
 1913, Kappa Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1916, Delta Zeta; 
 1917, Alpha Chi Omega; 1919, Theta Phi Alpha. 
 
 Coe College 
 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1881; Women admitted 1881; Val- 
 uation $750,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 36, Men 16, 
 Women 20; Students 1048, Men 341, Women 707; Tuition 
 $100; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B, B.S., B. Mus. 
 
 Motto — Veritas Virtusque. Colors — Crimson and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1911, Kappa Delta; 1912, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, Chi 
 Omega; 1917, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1918, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 Colby College 
 
 Waterville, Me. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871; Women's 
 Division created 1890; Valuation $600,000; Endowment $1,- 
 000,000; Faculty 25, Men 24, Women 1; Students 450, Men 
 275, Women 175 ; Tuition $90; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., 
 B.S. 
 Motto — Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors — Gray and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega; 1908, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi; 1917, Phi Mu, 
 
 ♦Inactive 1885-1914. 
 
134 Statistical Data 
 
 Colorado Agricultural College 
 
 Fort Collins, Colo. 
 
 State; Opened 1876; Women admitted 1876; Valuation 
 $1,052,590; Faculty 82, Men 58, Women 24; Students 743, 
 Men 506, Women 237 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $400 ; Degrees, 
 B.S, D.V.M. 
 
 Motto — Service. Colors — Green and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1915, Gamma Phi Beta; 1916, Kappa Delta; 1917, Delta 
 Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 
 University of Colorado 
 
 Boulder, Colo. 
 
 State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
 $1,500,000; Endowment None; Faculty 225, Men 190, Women 
 35; Students 3254, Men 1472, Women 1782; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $600; Degrees, B.A., B.S, M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., 
 E.E, M.E., M.D., LL.B., B.Pharm. 
 
 Motto — Let your light shine. Colors — Silver and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma ; 1906, Chi Omega ; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1910, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 Cornell University 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Val- 
 uation $9,000,000; Endowment $15,000,000; Faculty 725, Men 
 672, Women 53; Students 5764, Men 4628, Women 1136; 
 Tuition $200; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
 
Statistical Data 135 
 
 LLB, M.D., D.V.M., C.E., M.E, M.C.E, M.M.E., B.S. in 
 Arch., M.S. in Arch., B.S. in Agr., M.S. in Agr. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Carnelian and White. 
 
 Sororities — 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, 
 Delta Zeta; 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1917, Kappa Delta, Chi Omega; 
 1918, Alpha Xi Delta; 1919, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Epsilon Phi. 
 
 University of Denver 
 
 University Park, Colo. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 
 1880; Vahiation $450,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 90, 
 Men 80, Women 10; Students 1214, Men 700, Women 514; 
 Tuition $60; Expenses $200 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., M.S., Ph.D. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Red and Yellow. 
 
 Sororities— 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma 
 Kappa; 1914, Kappa Delta; 1917, Delta Zeta; 1920, Alpha Epsilon Phi. 
 
 DePauw University 
 
 Greencastle, Ind. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1837; Women admitted 
 1867; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $2,600,000; Faculty 
 47, Men 31, Women 16; Students 942, Men 427, Women 515; 
 Tuition $75 ;Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
 
 Motto — Decus Lumenque Reipublicae Collegium. Color — Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi; 
 1908, Delta Delta Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. 
 
136 Statistical Data 
 
 Dickinson College 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1884; Val- 
 uation $850,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 19; Students 
 380, Men 260, Women 120; Tuition $160; Expenses $400; 
 Degrees, A.B, Ph.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Pietate et Doctrina Tttta Libertas. Colors — Red and White. 
 Sororities— 1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega; 1919, Phi Mu. 
 
 Drury College 
 Springfield, Mo. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1873 ; Women admitted 1873 ; Val- 
 uation $550,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 21, Men 12, 
 Women 9; Students 471, Men 224, Women 247; Tuition $65; 
 Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., S.M. 
 
 Motto — Christ et Humanitati. Colors — Scarlet and Gray. 
 
 Sororities— 1909, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta 
 Delta. 
 
 Eureka College 
 
 Eureka, 111. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1848; Val- 
 uation $250,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 25, Men 15, 
 Women 10; Students 291, Men 117, Women 174; Tuition $90; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1917, Delta Zeta. 
 
Statistical Data 137 
 
 Florida State College for Women 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla. 
 
 State ; Opened 1905 ; Faculty 54, Men 12, Women 42 ; Stu- 
 dents 662; Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S., 
 A.M., M.S. 
 
 Motto — Vires, Mores, Artes. Colors — Garnet and Gold, 
 
 Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta; 1908, Chi Omega; 1909, Alpha 
 Delta Pi; 1916, Delta Delta .Delta ;t 1920, Sigma Kappa; 1920, Sigma 
 Sigma Sigma (Educ). 
 
 Franklin College 
 
 Franklin, Ind. 
 
 Baptist; Opened 1834; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
 $288,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 26, Men 15, Women 
 11; Students 438, Men 198, Women 240; Tuition $100; Ex- 
 penses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Christianity and Culture. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold 
 
 Sororities— 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1912, Delta Delta Delta; 1920, Delta 
 Zeta. 
 
 George Washington University 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; Val- 
 uation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 254; Stu- 
 dents 2960, Men 1322, Women 1638; Tuition $180; Expenses 
 $350; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., 
 M.D., Pharm.G., LL.B. 
 
 tAlpha Kappa Psi, 1908-16. 
 
138 Statistical Data 
 
 Motto — Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors — Continental Buff and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma 
 Kappa; 1915, Phi Mu. : v . . ,c ,-; ^ 
 
 Goucher College 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1888; Valuation $1,800,000; En- 
 dowment $1,200,000; Faculty 50, Men 23, Women 27; Wo- 
 men students 791 ; Tuition $225 ; Expenses $450; Degree, A.B. 
 
 Motto — I Thess. V. 23. Colors — Dark Blue and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma 
 Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta 
 
 Hanover College 
 
 Hanover, Ind. 
 
 Presbyterian; Opened 1827; Women admitted 1880; Val- 
 uation $250,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, 
 Women 4; Students 300, Men 140, Women 160; Tuition $75; 
 Expenses $250; Degree, A.B. 
 
 Motto — Philosophia Pietati Ancillans. Colors — Red and Blue, 
 
 Sororities— 1913, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 Hillsdale College 
 
 Hillsdale, Mich. 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1855 ; Val- 
 uation $175,732; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 24, Men 16, 
 Women 7 ; Students 476, Men 200, Women 276 ; Tuition $70 ; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
 
 Motto — Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors — Ultramarine Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
Statistical Data 139 
 
 HoUins College 
 
 HolHns, Va. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1842; Valuation $400,000; Faculty 
 28, Men 10, Women 18; Students 297; Tuition $125; Ex- 
 penses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.M. 
 
 Motto — Levavi Oculos. Colors — None. 
 
 Sororities— 1902, Kappa Delta; 1904, Phi Mu; 1914, Delta Delta 
 Delta;* 1916, Gamma Phi Beta;t 1917, Pi Beta Phi; 1919, Chi Omega. 
 
 University of Idaho 
 Moscow, Idaho 
 
 State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
 $1,300,000; Endowment $6,000,000; Faculty 94, Men 76, Wo- 
 men 18 ; Students 1014, Men 625, Women 389 ; Tuition Free ; 
 Expenses $500; Degrees, B.A., B.S., LL.B., M.A., M.S. 
 
 Motto — Esto Perpetua, Colors — Gold and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1910, Gamma Phi Beta; 1911, Delta Gamma; 1916, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1920, Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 
 University of Illinois 
 Urbana, 111. 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
 $8,000,000; Endowment $647,000; Faculty 891, Men 771, Wo- 
 men 120; Students 7839, Men 5977, Women 1862; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.M., A.M., B.L.S., 
 LL.B., Ph.G., Ph.C, M.S., Ph.D., J.D., M.D., D.D.S., M.E., 
 C.E., E.E., A.E., E.M., M. Arch. 
 
 *Sigina Sigma Sigma, 1905-14. 
 tPhi Mu Gamma, 1898-1916. 
 
140 Statistical Data 
 
 Motto — Learning and Labor. Colors — Orange and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1895, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1895, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 
 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa, Delta Gamma; 1911, Alpha 
 Omicron Pi; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Gamma Phi Beta; 1918, Alpha 
 Gamma Delta; 1919, Theta Phi Alpha; 1920, Alpha Epsilon Phi, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1898, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.); 1899, Alpha Epsilon Iota 
 (Med.). 
 
 Illinois Wesleyan University 
 
 Bloomington, 111. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 
 1877; Valuation $207,500; Endowment $830,000; Faculty 45, 
 Men 30, Women 15; Students 462, Men 217, Women 245; 
 Tuition $100; Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — Scientia et Sapientia. Colors — Green and White. 
 
 Sororities — 1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 
 1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Gamma Delta. 
 
 University of Indiana 
 Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
 $1,500,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 228, Men 208, Wo- 
 men 20 ; Students 3838, Men 2070, Women 1768 ; Tuition Free ; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S, A.M., M.S., Ph.D., LL.B., 
 M.D., J.D., LL.M. 
 
 Motto — Lux Et Veritas. Colors — Cream and Crimson. 
 
 Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta ; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 
 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta; 1916, Alpha 
 Omicron Pi; 1917, Delta Delta Delta; 1918, Sigma Kappa; 1920, Phi 
 Mu, Theta Phi Alpha; 1910, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 
 
Statistical Data 141 
 
 Iowa State College 
 
 Ames, Iowa 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
 $4,000,000; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 318, Men 223, Wo- 
 men 95 ; Students 4056, Men 3266, Women 790 ; Tuition Free ; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, B.S, C.E., M.E., D.V.M., M.S. A, 
 M.S., M.A.E. 
 
 Motto — Science with Practice. . Colors — Cardinal and Gold, 
 
 Sororities— 1877, Pi Beta Phi;* 1889, Delta Delta Delta ;t 1908, 
 Kappa Delta; 1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1917, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1918, 
 Gamma Phi Beta. 
 
 University of Iowa 
 
 Iowa City, Iowa 
 
 State; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valuation 
 $5,000,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 319, Men 261, Wo- 
 men, 58; Students 4933, Men 2903, Women 2030; Tuition 
 $40; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.E., M.A., M.S., 
 Ph.D., LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., Ph.G., Ph.C. 
 
 Motto— None. Color— Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887, 
 Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega; 1912, 
 Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Delta Zeta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Gamma Phi 
 Beta; 1919, Chi Omega; 1919, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 
 
 ♦Inactive 1891-1906. 
 tinactive 1891-1912. 
 
142 Statistical Data 
 
 Iowa Wesleyan College 
 
 Mt. Pleasant, Iowa 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1843; Women admitted 
 1843; Valuation $250,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 24, 
 Men 12, Women 12; Students 265, Men 98, Women 167; Tui- 
 tion $90; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.M. 
 
 Motto— None, Colors— Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Phi Mu; 
 1918, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 Kansas State College 
 
 Manhattan, Kan. 
 
 State; Opened 1863; Women admitted 1863; Valuation 
 $2,100,000; Income $1,500,000; Faculty 305, Men 209, Women 
 96; Students 3440, Men 2355, Women 1045; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $500; Degrees, B.S., M.S., D.V.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Color — Royal Purple. 
 
 Sororities— 1915, Delta Zeta, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha 
 Delta Pi, Chi Omega; 1916, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 
 
 University of Kansas 
 Lawrence, Kan. 
 
 State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation 
 $2,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 239, Men 184, Wo- 
 men 55; Students 4002, Men 2456, Women 1546; Tuition $15; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S., M.A., Ph.D., 
 LL.B., CE., E.E., M.E., Ph.C. Mus.B. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 
 
Statistical Data 143 
 
 Sororities— 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, 
 Sigma Kappa; 1914, Alpha Chi Omega; 1915, Gamma Phi Beta, Alpha 
 Xi Delta; 1918, Alpha Omicron Pi. 
 
 University of Kentucky 
 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 
 State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1880; Valuation 
 $1,600,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 127, Men 112, Wo- 
 men 15; Students 1543, Men 1111, Women 432; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A, B.S., M.A, M.S., Ph.D., C.E., 
 M.E., E.E., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1910, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Delta; 1914, Chi Omega. 
 
 Knox College 
 
 Galesburg, 111. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; Val- 
 uation $800,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 35, Men 
 24, Women 11; Students 847, Men 283, Women 564; Tuition 
 $150; Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Purple and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, 
 Phi Mu. 
 
 Lawrence College 
 Appleton, Wis. 
 
 Interdenominational; Opened as seminary 1847; Chartered 
 as a college 1849 ; Women admitted 1849 ; Valuation $928,000 ; 
 Endowment $1,100,000; Faculty 52, Men 38, Women 14; Stu- 
 
144 Statistical Data 
 
 dents 652, Men 350, Women 302; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; 
 Degree, A. B. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Yale Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1908, Alpha Delta Pi; 1914, Phi Mu; 1915, Kappa Al- 
 pha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1918, Kappa Delta; 1918, Sigma Alpha Iota 
 (Mus.). 
 
 Lombard College 
 
 Galesburg, 111. 
 
 Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; Valua- 
 tion $550,000; Endowment $275,000; Faculty 22, Men 12, 
 Women 10; Students 183, Men 101, Women 82; Tuition $130; 
 Expenses $600; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Gold and Olive. 
 
 Sororities— 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta; 1915, Delta 
 Zeta. 
 
 University of Louisiana 
 
 Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 State; Opened 1860; Women admitted 1903; Valuation 
 $1,500,000; Endowment $5,000,000; Faculty 75, Men 65, Wo- 
 men 10; Students 1778, Men 1193, Women 585; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M. A., M.S., C.E., E.E., 
 M.E. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Purple. 
 
 Sororities— 1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi; 1917, Delta 
 Zeta. 
 
Statistical Data 145 
 
 University of Maine 
 
 Orono, Me. 
 
 State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
 $1,100,000; Endowment $600,000; Faculty 119, Men 102, Wo- 
 men 17; Students 1462, Men 1079, Women 383; Tuition $60; 
 Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., M.E., 
 E.E. 
 
 Motto — None. Color — Light Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1912, Phi Mu; 1917, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1920, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Miami University 
 Oxford, Ohio 
 
 State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
 $800,000 ; Income $270,000 ; Faculty 83, Men 56, Women 27 ; 
 Students 1049, Men 479, Women 570; Tuition $50; Expenses 
 $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Prodesse Quam Conspici. Colors — Red and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1902, Delta Zeta;* 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1912, Chi 
 Omega ;t 1919, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma (Educ.) ; 
 
 1914, Alpha Sigma Alpha (Educ.) ; Delta Sigma Epsilon (Educ.) ; 
 
 1915, Pi Kappa Sigma (Educ). 
 
 University of Michigan 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
 $8,(X)0,000; Income $1,180,000; Faculty 462, Men 442, Women 
 
 ♦Inactive 1905-1908. 
 
 tPhi Delta Kappa 1909-1912. 
 
146 Statistical Data 
 
 20; Students 5900, Men 4800, Women 1100; Tuition $39; Ex- 
 penses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., Sc.D., Ph.D. 
 
 Motto — Artes, Scientia, Veritas. Colors — Maize and Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta;$ 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 
 1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 1892, Alpha Phi; 1894, Delta Delta Delta ;§ 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 
 1905, Chi Omega ; 1912, Theta Phi Alpha ; 1920, Alpha Xi Delta, Zeta 
 Tau Alpha; 1890, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.); 1903 Sigma Alpha Iota 
 (Mus.); 1910, Delta Omicron (Mus.). 
 
 Middlebury College 
 
 Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; Wo- 
 men's College created 1902; Valuation $750,000; Endowment 
 $1,700,000; Faculty 43, Men 36, Women 7; Students 387, Men 
 200, Women 187; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. 
 B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 
 Motto — Scientia Et Virtus. Colors — Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Sigma Kappa; 1916, Delta 
 Delta Delta. 
 
 Millikin University* 
 
 Decatur, 111. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1903; Women admitted 1903; Val- 
 uation $1,000,000; Endowment $1,300,000; Faculty 69, Men 
 32, Women 37; Students 1373, Men 479, Women 894; Tuition 
 $150; Expenses $600; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
 Motto — In His Plenitudo Vis. Colors — Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1912, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
 1913, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.). 
 
 JInactive 1886-1893. 
 
 §Inactive 1900-15. 
 
 *The corporate name is The James Millikin University. 
 
Statistical Data 147 
 
 Millsaps College 
 Jackson, Miss. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1892; Women admit- 
 ted 1892; Valuation $320,000; Endowment $520,000; Faculty 
 10, Men 10, Women 0; Students 234, Men 174, Women 60; 
 Tuition $60; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Purple and White, 
 
 Sororities — 1914, Kappa Delta, Phi Mu. 
 
 University of Minnesota 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
 $16,300,000; Income $4,400,000; Faculty 775, Men 664, Wo- 
 men 111; Students 7379, Men 4679, Women 2700; Tuition 
 $60; Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., 
 LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E., Met.E., M.D., D.S., B.Pharm., 
 D.C.L., LL.B., LL.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1889, 
 Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi;t 1894, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Al- 
 pha Gamma Delta; 1912, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1918, Kappa Delta; 1901, 
 Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 
 
 tinactive 1897-1905. 
 
148 Statistical Data 
 
 University of Missouri 
 
 Columbia, Mo. 
 
 State; Opened 1839; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
 
 $6,000,000; Endowment $1,350,000; Faculty 296, Men 251, 
 
 Women 45; Students 3977, Men 2526, Women 1451; Tuition 
 
 Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, AB., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., 
 
 M.D., C.E., M.E., E.E. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Black, 
 
 Sororities— 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, 
 Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1910, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu, 
 Chi Omega; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 Montana State College 
 
 Bozeman, Mont. 
 
 State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
 $300,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 65, Men 45, Women 
 20; Students 1225, Men 733, Women 492; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $450; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
 Motto — None. Colors — None. 
 
 Sororities — 1917, Alpha Omicron Pi. 
 
 University of Montana 
 
 Missoula, Mont. 
 
 State; Opened 1895 ;« Women admitted 1895; Valuation 
 $700,000; Endowment. $850,000; Faculty 71, Men 56, Women 
 15; Students 818, Men 432, Women 386; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $675; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — None. 
 
 Sororities — 1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, 
 Delta Gamma; 1918, Alpha Phi. 
 
Statistical Data 149 
 
 Mt. Union College 
 
 Alliance, Ohio 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 
 1846; Valuation $600,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 24, 
 Men 16, Women 8; Students 383, Men 232, Women 151 ; Tui- 
 tion $120; Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Sit Lux. Color — Royal Purple. 
 
 Sororities— 1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Delta Delta Delta;* 1920, 
 Alpha Chi Omega. 
 
 University of Nebraska 
 
 Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
 $4,600,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 218, Men 142, 
 Women 76; Students 3992, Men 2236, Women 1756; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., 
 J.D., M.D., D.D.S., E.E., M.E., C.E., A.E. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Cream. 
 
 Sororities — 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, 
 Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha 
 Chi Omega; 1910, Delta Zeta; 1912, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Gamma 
 Phi Beta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi; 1920, Kappa Delta; 1912, Nu Sigma 
 Phi (Med.). 
 
 University of Nevada 
 
 Reno, Nev. 
 
 State; Opened 1886; Women admitted 1886; Valuation 
 $700,000 ; Endowment $500,000 ; Faculty 48, Men 37, Women 
 
 ♦Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. 
 
150 Statistical Data 
 
 11; Students 430, Alen 244, Women 186; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Silver and Blue. 
 
 S8rorities— 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Newcomb College 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1887; Valuation $1,500,000; En- 
 dowment $3,100,000; Faculty 62, Men 19, Women 43; Stu- 
 dents 621; Tuition $180; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B. 
 Mus. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Light Blue and Bronze, 
 
 Sororities— 1891, Pi Beta Phi ; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi ; 1900, Chi 
 Omega ; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1906, Phi Mu ; 1907, Alpha Delta 
 Pi; 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta;* 1916, Alpha Epsilon Phi. 
 
 New Hampshire College 
 
 Durham, N. H. 
 
 State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1900; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 95, Men 75, Wo- 
 men 20; Students 818, Men 631, Women 187; Tuition $75; 
 Expenses $425 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S. 
 Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1914, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1915, Chi Omega ; 1918, Phi Mu. 
 
 University of New Mexico 
 Albuquerque, N. M. 
 
 State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
 $300,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 22, Men 15, Women 
 
 *Phi Mu Gamma, 1910-14. 
 
Statistical Data 151 
 
 7; Students 284, Men 154, Women 130; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. 
 
 Motto — Lux Hominum Vita. Colors — Cherry and Silver, 
 
 Sororities — 1911, Phi Mu; 1918, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Chi 
 Omega; 1920, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 New York University 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1886;* Val- 
 uation $7,000,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 500, Men 
 485, Women 15; Students 11,720, Men 9511, Women 2209; 
 Tuition $250; Expenses $750; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.C.S., M. 
 A., M.S., M.C.S., M.B.A., Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.M., Pd.D., LL.B., 
 LL.M., J.D., J.S.D., M.D., D.V.S., C.E., M.E., Chem.E. 
 
 Motto — Pestare Et Praestare. Color — Violet. 
 
 Sororities— 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1917, Alpha Epsilon Phi. 
 
 University of North Dakota 
 
 University, N. D. 
 
 State; Opened 1884; Women admitted 1884; Valuation 
 $1,200,000; Endowment $2,250,000; Faculty 102, Men 78, Wo- 
 men 24; Students 1032, Men 561, Women 471 ; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $450; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., 
 E.E., M.E., LL.B., J.D. 
 
 Motto — Lux et Lex. Colors — The Wild Rose (Pink and Green). 
 
 Sororities— 1911, Alpha Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1917, Delta 
 Gamma; 1918, Delta Zeta; 1920 Gamma Phi Beta. 
 
 *The undergraduate college proper is not open to women. 
 
152 ' Statistical Data 
 
 Northwestern University 
 Evanston, 111. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1873 ; 
 Valuation $12,000,000; Endowment $4,500,000; Faculty 571, 
 Men 521, Women 50; Students 6821, Men 4899, Women 
 1922; Tuition $200; Expenses $600; Degrees, A.B., B,S., 
 A.M., M.S., Ph.D. 
 
 Motto — Quaecumque Sunt Vera. Color — Royal Purple. 
 
 Sororities — 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, 'Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, 
 Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, 
 Chi Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1913, Alpha 
 Gamma Delta; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.). 
 
 Ohio State University 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 State; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Valuation 
 $7,000,000; Endowment $1,100,000; Faculty 512, Men 451, 
 Women 61; Students 7817, Men 5751, Women 2066; Tuition 
 $40; Expenses $650; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., Ph.D., 
 C.E., M.E., E.M., M.D., D.D.S., LL.B., LL.M., D.V.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Gray. 
 
 Sororities — 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Delta Zeta, Delta 
 Gamma; 1912, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu; 1916, Alpha Xi Delta; 1919, 
 Chi Omega, Sigma Kappa, Theta Phi Alpha. 
 
 Ohio University 
 
 Athens, Ohio 
 
 State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
 $1,200,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 98, Men 57, Wo- 
 
Statistical Data 153 
 
 men 41; Students 1146, Men 512, Women 634; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S. • 
 
 Motto — Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors — Olive Green and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1911, 
 Alpha Xi Delta; 1912, Chi Omega;* 1916, Alpha Delta Pi; 1919, Theta 
 Phi Alpha; 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma (Educ.) ; 1917, Alpha Sigma 
 Alpha (Educ). 
 
 Oklahoma State College 
 
 Stillwater, Okla. 
 
 State; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; Valuation 
 $1,500,000; Income $400,000; Faculty 163, Men 123, Women 
 40; Students 1358, Men 918, Women 440; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $350; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Orange and Black. 
 
 Sororities — 1919, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 
 University of Oklahoma 
 
 Norman, Okla. 
 
 State ; Opened 1893 ; Women admitted 1893 ; Valuation 
 $2,500,000; Endowment $3,670,000; Faculty 188, Men 160, 
 Women 28; Students 2574, Men 1607, Women 967; Tuition 
 Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.G., B.M., M.D., 
 LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E. 
 
 Motto — Civi et Repuhlicae. Colors — Crimson and Cream. 
 
 Sororities— 1909, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta, Pi 
 Beta Phi; 1914, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, 
 Alpha Phi; 1918, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta; 1919, Alpha Gam- 
 ma Delta, Chi Omega. 
 
 *Pi Delta Kappa 1907-12. 
 
154 Statistical Data 
 
 Oregon State College 
 Corvallis, Ore. 
 
 State; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1885; Valuation 
 $2,900,000; Income $1,200,000; Faculty 325, Men 200, Women 
 125; Students 3060, Men 2119, Women 941; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $550; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Orange and Black. 
 
 Sororities — 1915, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Klappa Alpha Theta, Pi 
 Beta Phi, Chi Omega; 1918, Gamma Phi Beta, Sigma Kappa, Delta 
 Delta Delta; 1919, Delta Zeta, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 University of Oregon 
 
 Eugene, Ore. 
 
 State; Opened 1876; Women admitted 1876; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 119, Men 80, Wo- 
 men 39; Students 1785, Men 1121, Women 664; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B, B.S., M.A, M.S., Ph.D., M.D., 
 LL.B., J.D. 
 
 Motto — Mens Agitat Molem. Colors — Lemon Yellow and Green. 
 
 Sororities— 1908, Gamma Phi Beta ; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta 
 Gamma; 1914, Alpha Phi; 1915, Pi Beta Phi; 1920, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;* 
 Valuation $15,000,000; Endowment $6,500,000; Faculty 827; 
 
 *A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 
 
Statistical Data 155 
 
 Students 10,120, Men 8,175, Women 1945; Tuition $200; Ex- 
 penses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., 
 M.E., B.Mus., LL.B., LL.M., M.D., D.D.S., V.M.D., Dr.P.H. 
 
 Motto — Literae Sine Moribus Vanae. Colors — Crimson and Navy Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 
 1917, Alpha Epsilon Phi; 1918, Alpha Omicron Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
 1919, Chi Omega, Alpha Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta. 
 
 University of Pittsburgh 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1786; Women admitted 1870; Val- 
 uation $2,300,000; Endowment $600,000; Faculty 579, Men 
 514, Women 65; Students 5240, Men 3720, Women 1520; 
 Tuition $250; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., 
 M.S., Sc.D., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., 
 Phm.D. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Blue and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1915, Zeta Tau Alpha, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1916, Delta 
 Zeta, Delta Delta Delta; 1917, Alpha Xi Delta; 1918, Pi Beta Phi; 1919, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma, Chi Omega ; 1920, Alpha Delta Pi, Kappa Delta. 
 
 Purdue University 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 State; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
 $2,250,000; Income $1,000,000; Faculty 211, Men 193, Women 
 18; Students 2962, Men 2646, Women 316; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $450; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
 
156 Statistical Data 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Black. 
 
 Sororities — 1915, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1918, Alpha Chi Omega; 
 1919, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Chi Omega; 1921, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Randolph-Macon Woman's College 
 
 Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation $1,- 
 000,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 49, Men 16, Women 
 33; Students 632; Tuition $160; Expenses $540; Degrees, A. 
 B., A.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Lemon and Black. 
 
 Sororities-r-190a Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha 
 Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1905, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Phi 
 Mu, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Pi Beta Phi;* 1916, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
 1917, Sigma Kappa. 
 
 Rhode Island State College 
 Kingston, R. I. 
 
 State; Opened 1890; Women admitted 1890; Valuation 
 $450,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 40, Men 30, Women 
 10; Students 347, Men 279, Women 68; Tuition Free; Ex- 
 penses $350; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. 
 
 Sororities — 1919, Sigma Kappa. 
 
 Simpson College 
 
 Indianola, Iowa 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 
 1867; Valuation $350,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 33, 
 
 *Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1908-13. 
 
Statistical Data 157 
 
 Men 18, Women 15; Students 578, Men 197, Women 381; 
 Tuition $80; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.Mus., B.S. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Red and Old Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907, Al- 
 pha Chi Omega. 
 
 University of South Dakota 
 
 Vermilion, S. D. 
 
 State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
 $700,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 65, Men 50, Wo- 
 men 15; Students 961, Men '502, Women 459; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B, B.S., A.M., B.Mus., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — Veritas, Color — Vermilion. 
 
 Sororities— 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1912, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1920, 
 Alpha Phi. 
 
 University of Southeirn California 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
 1880; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 
 378, Men 298, Women 80 ; Students 3874, Men 2324, Women 
 1550; Tuition $120; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., 
 LL.B, LL.M., D.D.S., B.D., Ph.G., C.E., E.E. 
 
 Motto — Palman Qui Meruit Ferat, Color — Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta;* 1895, Alpha Chi Omega ;t 
 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1915, Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 
 1914, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 
 
 ^Inactive, 1895-1917. 
 tinactive 1898-1905. 
 
158 Statistical Data 
 
 Southern Methodist University 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1915; Women ad- 
 mitted 1915; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $1,000,000; 
 Faculty 56, Men 47, Women 9; Students 1190, Men 519, Wo- 
 men 671; Tuition $150; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., 
 B.D., A.M. 
 
 Motto — Veritas Liberbit Vos. Colors — Crimson and Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1915, Alpha Omicron Pi, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta 
 Tau Alpha; 1916, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Chi 
 Omega; 1917, Sigma Kappa. 
 
 Southwestern University 
 
 Georgetown, Tex. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women ad- 
 mitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $150,000; Fac- 
 ulty 28, Men 19, Women 9; Students 680, Men 384, Women 
 296; Tuition $75; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Lemon and Black. 
 
 Sororities— 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, Alpha Delta Pi; 1908, Phi 
 Mu; 1911, Delta Delta Delta.* 
 
 St. Lawrence University 
 
 Canton, N. Y. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Val- 
 uation $430,000; Endowment $1,300,000; Faculty 50, Men 42, 
 
 *Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1905-1911. 
 
Statistical Data 159 
 
 Women 8; Students 645, Men 470, Women 175 ; Tuition $100; 
 Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S, B.D., LL.B, A.M., M.S. 
 
 Motto — Fides Et Veritas. Colors — Scarlet and Brown. 
 
 Sororities — 1881, Kappa Kappa Gamma ;t 1891, Delta Delta Delta; 
 
 1914, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Stanford Universityij: 
 
 Palo Alto, Cal. ' 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; Val- 
 uation $33,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 246, 
 Men 223, Women 23 ; Students 2946, Alen 2207, Women 739; 
 Tuition $40; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
 LL.B., J.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D. 
 
 Motto — None. Color — Cardinal. 
 
 Sororities — 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
 
 1893, Pi Beta Phi;* 1897, Delta Gamma; 1899, Alpha Phi; 1905, 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Alpha Omicron Pi; 
 
 1915, Chi Omega, Sigma Kappa; 1902, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 
 
 Stetson Universityft 
 De Land, Fla. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1887; Women admitted 1887; Val- 
 uation $900,000; Endowment $1,023,000; Faculty 49, Men 28, 
 Women 21 ; Students 500, Men 300, Women 200; Tuition $72; 
 Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., Ph.B. 
 
 Motto — Pro Deo et Veritate. Colors — Green and White. 
 
 Sororities— 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta;** 1917, Alpha 
 Xi Delta. 
 
 tinactive 1898-1915. 
 
 JThe corporate name is Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 
 
 ♦Inactive 1897-1905. 
 
 ttThe corporate name is John B. Stetson University. 
 
 **Alpha Kappa Psi, 1909-1913. 
 
160 Statistical Data 
 
 « 
 
 Swarthmore College 
 
 Swarthmore, Pa. 
 
 Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
 $2,000,000; Endowment $2,500,000; Faculty 44, Men 30, Wo- 
 men 14; Students 494, Men 246, Women 248; Tuition $200; 
 Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., A.M., C.E., M.E., E.E. 
 
 Motto — Mind the Light. Color — Garnet, 
 
 Sororities— 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1912, Delta Gamma; 1919, Chi Omega, Phi Mu. 
 
 Syracuse University 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1871; Women admitted 
 1871; Valuation $4,500,000; Endowment $2,600,000; Faculty 
 407, Men 337, Women 70; Students 5600, Men 3599, Women 
 2101; Tuition $150; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., 
 B.Ar., B.Mus., B.L., B.L.E., M.D., LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E. 
 
 Motto — Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. Color — Orange. 
 
 Sororities — 1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi 
 Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma 
 Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1911, Chi Omega; 
 1914, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1919, Alpha Epsilon Phi; 1920, Phi Mu; 1900, 
 Zeta Phi (Med.); 1910, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 
 
 University of Tennessee 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
 $762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 157, Men 152, Wo- 
 
Statistical Data 161 
 
 men, 5; Students 888, Men 716, Women 172; Tuition Free; 
 Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.S.A., A.M., M.S., M.E., 
 E.E., C.E., M.S.A., LL.B., LL.M., M.D., D.D.S. 
 
 Motto — Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. 
 
 Colors — Orange and White, 
 Sororities— 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Zeta 
 Tau Alpha; 1908, Phi Mu; 1920, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 University of Texas 
 
 Austin, Tex. 
 
 State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
 
 $2,250,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 200, Men 165, 
 
 Women 35; Students 3980, Men 2384, Women 1596; Tuition 
 
 Free; Expenses $500; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., 
 
 M.E., LL.B., LL.M., B.B.A., M.B.A. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Orange and White, 
 
 Sororities — 1902, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1904, Kappa 
 Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, 
 Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu; 1920, Alpha Phi. 
 
 Toronto University 
 
 Toronto, Can. 
 
 Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; Val- 
 uation $4,800,000 ; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 385, Men 
 354, Women 31 ; Students 4044, Men 3306, Women 738; Tui- 
 tion $52; Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., M. A., Ph.D., M.B., 
 M.D., LL.B., LL.M., C.E., E.E., M.E., D.D.S., B.S.A., B.V.S., 
 Pharm.B., B.Paed. 
 Motto — Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors — Azuret Argent, 
 
 Sororities— 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta;* 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi 
 
 ♦Inactive 1888-1903. 
 
162 Statistical Data 
 
 Beta Phi; 1911, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1913, Delta Gamma; 1919, Al- 
 pha Gamma Delta, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Zeta Phi (Med.). 
 
 Transylvania College 
 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1798; Women admitted 1887; Val- 
 uation $1,000,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 30, Men 19, 
 Women 11 ; Students 290, Men 130, Women 160; Tuition $70; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S-, A.M. 
 
 Motto — In Lumine Illo Tradimus Lumen. Color — Crimson. 
 
 Sororities — 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, 
 Delta Delta Delta. 
 
 Trinity College 
 
 Durham, N. C. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1859; Women admit- 
 ted 1901; Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $1,700,000; Fac- 
 ulty 40, Men 39, Women 1 ; Students 300, Men 235, Women 
 65; Tuition $50; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
 
 Motto — Religio et Eruditio. Color — Dark Blue. 
 
 Sororities-r-1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Kappa Delta; 1915, Zetai 
 Tau Alpha. 
 
 Tufts College 
 
 Tufts College, Mass. 
 
 Nonsectarian; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
 man's Collegef created 1910; Valuation $2,275,000; Endow- 
 ment $1,600,000; Faculty 336, Men 332, Women 4; Students 
 
 tjackson College. 
 
Statistical Data 163 
 
 1996, Men 1758, Women 238; Tuition $200; Expenses $500; 
 Degrees, A.B, B.S, A.M., M.S., M.D., D.M.D. 
 
 Motto — Pax Et Lux. Colors — Brown and Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1910, 
 Chi Omega; 1913, Sigma Kappa; 1909, Zeta Phi (Med.). 
 
 University of Utah 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1850; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Faculty 160, Men 120, Women 40; Students 4938, 
 Men 2293, Women 2645; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; De- 
 grees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. 
 
 Sororities — 1914, Chi Omega. 
 
 -Vanderbilt University 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Women admitted 1888; Val- 
 uation $1,725,000; Endowment $5,700,000; Faculty 145; Stu- 
 dents 1050, Men 910, Women 140; Tuition $150; Expenses 
 $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., D.Sc, Ph.D., B.E., 
 CE., M.E., M.D., D.D.S., L.L.B. 
 
 Motto — None, Colors — Gold and Black. 
 
 Soronties--1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 
 1917, Alpha Omicron Pi. 
 
164 Statistical Data 
 
 University of Vermont 
 Burlington, Vt. 
 
 State; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1871; Valuation 
 $1,400,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 110, Men 103, 
 Women 7; Students 864, Men 601, Women 263 ; Tuition $100; 
 Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., M.D. 
 
 Motto — Studiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors — Green and Gold. 
 
 Sororities— 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
 1898, Pi Beta Phi; 1915, Alpha Xi Delta. 
 
 Washburn College 
 
 Topeka, Kan. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1865 ; Women admitted 1865 ; Val- 
 uation $650,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 61, Men 47, 
 Women 14 ; Students 855, Men 368, Women 487 ; Tuition $100 ; 
 Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.M., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — Non Nobis Solum. Color— Yale Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1916, Alpha Phi; 1920, Delta 
 Gamma; 1917, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.). 
 
 Washington State College 
 
 Pullman, Wash. 
 
 State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
 $1,800,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 172, Men 134, 
 Women 38; Students 2593, Alen 1698, Women 895; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., 
 E.E., M.E., D.V.M., Ph.G. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and Grey. 
 
 Sororities— 1912, Pi Beta Phi ; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega; 1918, Delta Delta Delta; 1919, Delta 
 Zeta; 1920, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 
 
Statistical Data 165 
 
 University of Washington 
 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation 
 $3,000,000; Endowment $7,400,000; Faculty 225, Men 188, 
 Women 37; Students 7135, Men 4134, Women 3001; Tuition 
 $30; Expenses $600; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., B.S., 
 M.S., C.E., M.E., E.E., Forestry, Pharm. 
 
 Motto — Lux Sit. Colors — Purple and Gold. 
 
 Sororities — 1903, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma; 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Kappa Alpha 
 Theta ; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta ; 1910, 
 ^igma Kappa, Alpha Chi Omega; 1914, Alpha Phi, Delta Zeta; 1915, 
 Alpha Omicron Pi; 1917, Alpha Delta Pi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau Alpha. 
 
 Washington University 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1870; Val- 
 uation $5,000,000; Endowment $9,500,000; Faculty 295, Men 
 268, Women 27; Students 2196, Men 1198, Women 998; Tui- 
 tion $200; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., 
 Ph.D., M.D., D.D.S., LL.B., C.E., M.E., E.E., Ch.K, B.Arch., 
 M.Arch. 
 
 Motto — Per Veritatem Vis. Colors — Myrtle and Maroon. 
 
 Sororities— 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, 
 Delta Gamma; 1917, Gamma Phi Beta; 1920, Alpha Chi Omega. 
 
 University of West Virginia 
 
 Morgantown, W. Va. 
 
 State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation 
 $2,000,000; Endowment $115,769; Faculty 132, Men 116, Wo- 
 
166 Statistical Data 
 
 men 16; Students 1992, Men 1125, Women 867; Tuition $50; 
 Expenses $450; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., LL.B., M.E., 
 C.E. 
 
 Motto — To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. 
 
 Colors — Old Gold and Navy Blue. 
 
 Sororities— 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa 
 Kappa Gamma; 1918, Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Whitman College 
 
 Walla Walla, Wash. 
 
 Nonsectarian ; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Val- 
 uation $600,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 26, Men 20, 
 Women 6; Students 346, Men 160, Women 186; Tuition $125 ; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
 
 Motto — Christo et Patriae. Colors — Maize and Blue. 
 
 Sororities — 1913, Phi Mu; 1916, Delta Gamma; 1918 Kappa Kappa 
 Gamma. 
 
 University of Wisconsin 
 Madison, Wis. 
 
 State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1860; Valuation 
 $9,700,000; Endowment $710,000; Faculty 886, Men 714, Wo- 
 men 172; Students 10,155, Men 6170, Women 3985; Tuition 
 Free; Expenses $800; Degrees, B.A., B.M., B.S., Ph.B., M.A., 
 M.S., Ph.M., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., Ch.E., LL.B. 
 
 Motto — Numen Lumen. Color — Cardinal. 
 
 Sororities — 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 1884, 
 Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, 
 Alpha Phi ; 1898, Delta Delta Delta ; 1902, Chi Omega ; 1903, Alpha Chi 
 Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1917, Alpha 
 Omicron Pi; 1918, Delta Zeta ; 1919, Sigma Kappa, Phi Mu; 1920, 
 Kappa Delta, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
Statistical Data 167 
 
 Wittenberg College 
 
 Springfield, Ohio 
 
 Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valua- 
 tion $750,000; Endowment $600,000; Faculty 22, Men 18, Wo- 
 men 4; Students 426, Men 243, Women 183 ; Tuition $90 ; Ex- 
 penses $400; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
 
 Motto— Having Light JVe Pass It On To Others. 
 
 Colors — Cardinal and Cream. 
 
 ' Sororities— 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi. 
 
 University of Wyoming 
 
 Laramie, Wyo. 
 
 State; Opened 1887; Women admitted 1887; Valuation 
 $1,000,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 43, Men 29, Wo- 
 men, 14 ; Students 450, Men 250, Women 200 ; Tuition Free ; 
 Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. 
 
 Motto — None. Colors — Brown and Yellow. 
 
 Sororities— 1910, Pi Beta Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, 
 Kappa Delta. 
 
MEN'S ACADEMIC FRATERNITIES 
 
 ALPHA CHI RHO— June 4, 1895— Allegheny, Brooklyn Polytechnic, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Dickinson, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, 
 Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Syracuse, Trinity, Virginia, Wes- 
 leyan, Washington and Lee, Yale— 17. *2000-450-200. 
 
 Garnet and White. . Garnet and White Carnation. 
 
 The Garnet and White — 1900. 
 The Labarum — 1907. 
 
 ALPHA DELTA PHI— 1832— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
 Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Johns Hopkins, 
 Illinois, Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Stanford, 
 Toronto, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wis- 
 consin, Yale— 25. 1800-600-250. 
 
 Emerald Green and White. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 ALPHA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1845— California, Colorado, Col- 
 umbia, Cornell, Harvard, Illinois, Iowa State College, Kentucky, Mar- 
 ietta, Mass. Agri. Col., Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio State, 
 Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
 State, Stanford, Washington State, Wisconsin, Yale— 24. 2800-400-200. 
 
 Cardinal and Stone. Red Rose. 
 
 The Tomahawk — 1847. 
 
 ALPHA TAU OMEGA— September 11, 1865— Adrian, Alabama, Ala- 
 bama Polytechnic, Albion, Birmingham-Southern, Brown, California, 
 Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado Agr. Col., 
 Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hillsdale, Illinois, 
 
 *Total membership, active membership, average initiation. 
 
^0^\ 
 
 
 ]l^l 
 
 jy-''.- 
 
 mF^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ^1? 
 
 44 
 
 Fraternity Badges 
 
Academic Fraternities 169 
 
 Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Ken- 
 tucky, Lehigh, Maine, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Muhlenberg, Nebraska, New Hamp- 
 shire, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, Oregon 
 State College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, 
 Purdue, Rose Polytechnic, Simpson, St. Lawrence, Southern Methodist, 
 Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. 
 C), Tufts, Tulane, Union (Tenn.), University of the South, Vander- 
 bilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington 
 State College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, West- 
 ern Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Worcester Pol. Inst, Wyoming 
 —n. 20,000-1500-700. 
 
 Sky Blue and Old Gold. Tea Rose. 
 
 The Palm— 1880. 
 
 BETA THETA PI— August 8, 1839— Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Bos- 
 ton, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Carnegie, Case, Centre, Chicago, Cin- 
 cinnati, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Colorado Mines, Colum- 
 bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Denver, De Pauw, Dick- 
 inson, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa 
 State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kenyon, 
 Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, 
 Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, 
 Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, 
 Purdue, Rutgers, South Dakota, Stanford, Stevens, St. Lawrence, 
 Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
 Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, 
 Washington and Jefferson, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, 
 West Virginia, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Yale — 82. 
 26,000-2500-750, 
 
 Pink and Blue. Rose. 
 
 Beta Theta Pi— 1872. 
 
 CHI PHI— 1824*— Alabama, Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
 Emory, Franklin and Marshall, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hampden-Sid- 
 
 *Claimed but not proved. 
 
170 Academic Fraternities 
 
 ney, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Ohio 
 Wesleyan, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Stevens, Texas, Virginia, 
 Wisconsin— 23. 7400-350-200. 
 
 Scarlet and Blue. None. 
 
 Chi Phi Chakett—l86S. 
 
 CHI PSI — 1841 — Amherst, Bowdoin, California, Chicago, Cornell, 
 Georgia, Hamilton, Illinois, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, 
 Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens^ Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 
 19. 5500-350-200. 
 
 Purple and Gold Amethyst. None. 
 
 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON— June 22, 1844— Alabama, Amherst, Bow- 
 doin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, 
 Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, 
 Minnesota, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rut- 
 gers, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, 
 Virginia, Washington State, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, 
 Wisconsin, Yale— 43. 19,000-1000-400. 
 
 Crimson, Blue and Gold. None. 
 
 The Delta Kappa Epsilon Quarterly — 1881. 
 
 DELTA PHI— November 17, 1827— Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Illinois, 
 Johns Hopkins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, 
 Sheffield, Union, Virginia— 13. 4200-250-100. 
 
 Blue and White. None. 
 
 DELTA PSI— January 17, \%A7— Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Penn- 
 sylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams— 7. 3500-200-75. 
 Light Blue. None 
 
Academic Fraternities 171 
 
 DELTA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1899— Albion, Alfred, Boston, 
 California, Chicago, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, 
 Franklin and Marshall, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hillsdale, Illinois, Michigan, 
 New York, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio Northern, Ohio 
 State, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Rensselaer, Southern Methodist, Tex- 
 as, Thiele, Trinity (Texas), Tulane, Waynesburg, Washington and 
 Lee, Wisconsin, Wofford— 31. 2000-800-300. 
 
 Nile Green and White. White Carnation. 
 
 The Carnation — 1907. 
 
 DELTA TAU DELTA— January 5, 1859— Albion, Allegheny, Amherst, 
 Armour Inst. Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Emory, George 
 Washington, Georgia, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Illinois, Indiana, Indianapo- 
 lis, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Lafayette, 
 Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- 
 souri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, 
 Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Rens- 
 selaer, Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Tufts, University 
 of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington and Jeffer- 
 son, Washington and Lee, Washington State, Wesleyan, Western Re- 
 serve, West Virginia, Wisconsin— 62. 15,000-1100-600. 
 Purple, White and Gold. Pansy. 
 
 The Rainbow — 1877. 
 
 DELTA UPSILON— November 4, 1834— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, 
 California, Carnegie, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, De- 
 Pauw, Hamilton, Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
 Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Mich- 
 igan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Northwestern, Ohio, 
 State, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rochester, Rutgers, 
 Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union, Washington 
 State, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin — 46. 15,000- 
 1000-450. 
 
 Old Gold and Sapphire Blue. None. 
 
 Delta Upsilon Quarterly — 1882. 
 
172 Academic Fraternities 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA (Northern)— November 26, 1825— Cornell, Hobart, 
 Lehigh, McGill, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Williams, Union — 8. 2000- 
 150-70. 
 
 Scarlet. None. 
 
 KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)— December 21, 1865— Alabama, Alabama 
 Polytechnic, Arkansas, Bethany, California, Centenary, Central, 
 Charleston, Davidson, Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. 
 Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, 
 Kentucky State, Louisiana, Maryland, Mercer, Millsaps, Missouri, Mo. 
 Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oglethorpe, Oklahoma, 
 Oklahoma State College, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Southern Meth- 
 odist, Southwestern, Stanford, St. John's, Tennessee, Texas, Transyl- 
 vania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, 
 Virginia, Washington, Washington and Lee, Westminster, West Vir- 
 ginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wofford,— 51. 12,000-750-400. 
 
 Crimson and Gold. Magnolia and Red Rose. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Journal — 1883. 
 The Special Messenger — 1899. 
 
 KAPPA NU*— November, 1911— Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Columbia, 
 Harvard, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, 
 Union College, Union University, Western Reserve — 13. 400-250-125. 
 
 Purple and White. None. 
 
 Kappa Nu—\9\7. 
 
 KAPPA SIGMA— December 10, 1869— Alabama, Alabama Polytechnic, 
 Arizona, Arkansas, Baker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, 
 Chicago, Colorado, Colorado College, Colo. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cum- 
 berland, Dartmouth, Davidson,* Denison, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, 
 Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Harvard, Idaho, 
 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State Col- 
 
 *For Jewish students. 
 
Academic Fraternities 173 
 
 lege, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 
 Mass. Agr. Col., Mass Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Min- 
 nesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, New York, New Hamp- 
 shire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Okla- 
 homa State College; Oregon, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Penn- 
 sylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Rutgers, South- 
 western, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
 Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Vir- 
 ginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Wash- 
 ington State College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
 West Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Wof- 
 ford,— 88. 18,000-2500-900. 
 
 Scarlet, White and Emerald Green. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 Caduceus — 1885. 
 Star and Crescent — 1897. 
 
 LAMBDA CHI ALPHA— November 2, 1909— Akron, Alabama, Ala- 
 bama Polytechnic, Boston, Brown, Bucknell, Butler, California, Cin- 
 cinnati, Colby, Colgate, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Denison, 
 Denver, De Pauw, Franklin and Marshall, Georgia, Harvard, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Iowa State College, Knox, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Agr. 
 Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Missouri School Mines, New 
 Hampshire, Northwestern, Ohio, Oklahoma State College, Oregon State 
 College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Rhode 
 Island, Richmond, Rutgers, South Dakota, Syracuse, Texas, Union, 
 Wabash, Washington and Jefferson, Washington State, Washington 
 State College, Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Worcester — 53. 3500- 
 1500-500. 
 
 Purple, Green and Gold. Violet. 
 
 The Purple, Green and Gold— 1913. 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA— December 26, 1848— Alabama, Alabama Poly- 
 technic, Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Butler, California, Case, Central, 
 
174 Academic Fraternities 
 
 Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Col- 
 umbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Emory, 
 Franklin, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, 
 Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, 
 Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, North- 
 western, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Ore- 
 gon State College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania 
 State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, South- 
 western, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, 
 Union, University of the South, Utah, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, 
 Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Washington State, Washington State 
 College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westmin- 
 ster, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin— 85. 24,000-2500-800. 
 
 Argent and Azure. White Carnation. 
 
 The Scroll— 1S75. 
 The Palladium— 1894 
 
 PHI EPSILON PI— November 23, 1903— Ala. Pol. Inst, Brown, Car- 
 negie, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Connecticut, Cornell, Dickinson, Georgia, 
 Ga. Sch. Tech., Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, 
 Pittsburgh, Rhode Island, Rutgers, Syracuse, Tufts, Virginia — 20. 
 1,000-400-175. 
 
 Purple and Gold. None. 
 
 Phi Epsilon Pi Quarterly — 1915, 
 
 PHI GAMMA DELTA— April 22, 1848— Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, 
 Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado 
 College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Hanover, 
 Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns 
 Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio 
 Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, 
 Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Richmond, Rutgers, Stanford, 
 
Academic Fraternities 175 
 
 Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, University of the South, 
 Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Wash- 
 ington and Lee, Western Reserve, William Jewell, Williams, Wiscon- 
 sin, Wittenberg, Worcester, Yale— 63. 18,000-2000-700. 
 
 Royal Purple. Heliotrope. 
 
 Phi Gamma Delta — 1879. 
 
 PHI KAPPA PSI— February 19, 1852— Allegheny, Amherst, Beloit, 
 Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colum- 
 bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, 
 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
 Lafayette, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
 Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
 State, Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
 Texas, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington 
 and Lee, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 
 47. 16,000-1000-400. 
 
 Dark Red and Dark Green. Jacqueminot Rose. 
 
 The Shield— WS, 
 Mys tic Frie n d — 1911. 
 
 PHI KAPPA SIGMA— October 19, 1850— Alabama, Armour, Califor- 
 nia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, 
 Ga. Sch. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
 Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Stanford, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
 Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
 West Virginia, Wisconsin— 30. 5000-600-200. 
 
 Black and Gold. None. 
 
 Phi Kappa Sigma News Letter — 1901. 
 
 PHI SIGMA KAPPA— March 15, 1873— Brown, California, C. C. N. 
 Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George 
 
176 Academic Fraternities 
 
 Washington, Illinois, Iowa State College, Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. 
 Col.y Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, Pennsylvania, 
 Pennsylvania State College, Stevens, St. John*s, St. Lawrence, Swarth- 
 more, Union, Virginia, West Virginia, Williams, Wisconsin, Worces- 
 ter, Yale— 30. 4500-750-300. 
 
 Silver and Magenta Red. None. 
 
 Signet— 1903. 
 
 PI KAPPA ALPHA— March 1, 1868— Alabama Polytechnic, Arkansas, 
 Beloit, Birmingham- Southern, California, Cincinnati, Cornell, David- 
 son, Emory, Florida, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), Hampden-Sid- 
 ney, Howard, Illinois, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State Col- 
 lege, Kentucky, Louisiana, Millsaps, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, New 
 Mexico, New York, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, 
 Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania State, Rich- 
 mond, Rutgers, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Southwestern 
 Presbyterian, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trinity (N. 
 C), Tulane, Utah, Virginia^ Washington and Lee, Washington, Wash- 
 ington State, Western Reserve, William and Mary, Wisconsin — 51. 
 5000-1100-400. VO^wC J^-^p..^ 
 
 Garnet and Old Gold. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 The Shield and Diamond — 1890. 
 
 The Dagger and Key — 1900. 
 
 PI KAPPA PHI— December 10, 1904— Alabama, California, Charleston, 
 Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Nebraska, North Carolina, Roanoke, 
 Oglethorpe, Trinity, Wofford— 12. 900-250-100. 
 
 Gold and White. Red Rose. 
 
 Star and Lamp — 1909. 
 
 PSI UPSILON— November 24, 1833— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
 fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Illinois, 
 Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, 
 
Academic Fraternities 177 
 
 Rochester, Syracuse, Trinity, Union, Washington State, Wesleyan, 
 Williams, Wisconsin, Yale— 25. 15,000-600-250. 
 
 Garnet and Gold. None. 
 
 The Diamond — 1878. 
 
 SIGMA ALPHA MU*— November 26, 1909— Alabama, Buffalo, C. C. 
 N. Y., Columbia, Columbia Med. Dept., Cornell, Dickinson, Harvard, 
 Illinois, Kentucky, Long Island Med. Col., McGill, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
 Minnesota, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, 
 Toronto, Utah, Washington, Yale— 24. 2000-500-250. 
 
 Purple and White. Violet. 
 
 Octogonian — 1912. 
 
 SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON— March 9, 1856— Adrian, Alabama, Ala. 
 Pol. Tech. Inst., Allegheny, Arizona, Arkansas, Beloit, Bethel, Birming- 
 ham-Southern, Boston, Bucknell, California, Carnegie, Case, Central, 
 Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Colorado State College, Colo. Sch. Mines, 
 Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Den- 
 ver, Dickinson, Emory, Florida, Franklin, George Washington, Georgia, 
 Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State 
 College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Lafayette, Louisiana, 
 Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Millikin, Minneso- 
 ta, Missouri, Montana, Mt Union, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, 
 North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, 
 Oregon, Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, 
 Pennsylvania State, Pittsbuugh, Purdue, South Carolina, South Da- 
 kota, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, St. Lawrence, St. Stephen's, 
 Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, Union, University of the South, 
 Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington State 
 College, Washington and Lee, Wisconsin, Worcester, Wyoming — 91. 
 24,000-2800-900. n^K^^^di^f'-^ Jtt,^CC tr^J^x^^^ 
 
 Royal Purple and Old Gold. Minerva. Violet. 
 
 The Record— \m). 
 Phi Alpha— 1S92, 
 
 *For Jewish students. 
 
178 Academic Fraternities 
 
 SIGMA CHI— June 20, 1855— Alabama, Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, 
 Brown, Bucknell, Butler, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 Colorado, Colorado College, Colorado State College, Columbia, Cornell, 
 Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, George Washington, Geor- 
 gia, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State Col- 
 lege, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. 
 Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Montana State 
 College, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, North- 
 western, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon State 
 Col., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pitts- 
 burgh, Purdue, Southern California, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, 
 Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, 
 Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, Washing- 
 ton and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin— 73-20,000-1600-700. 
 
 Blue and Gold. White Rose. 
 
 The Sigma Chi Quarterly — 1881. 
 
 The Sigma Chi Bulletin — 1887. 
 
 SIGMA NU— January 1, 1869— Alabama, Alabama Polytechnic, Al- 
 bion, Arizona, Arkansas, Bethany, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Car- 
 negie, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado State College, Colo. 
 Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Delaware, De Pauw, Dru- 
 ry, Emory, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Howard, Ida- 
 ho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas State 
 College, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Maine, 
 Maryland, Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, 
 Montana, Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, N. C. A. & 
 M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
 Oregon State College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rose 
 Polytechnic, South Carolina, Stanford, Stetson, Stevens, Syracuse, 
 Texas, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, 
 Washington State, Washington State College, Washington and Lee, 
 Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wiscon- 
 sin— 82. 15,000-3000-1200. 
 
 Black, White and Gold. White Rose. 
 
 Delta of Sigma Nu—1883. 
 
Academic Fraternities 179 
 
 SIGMA PHI— March 4, 1827— California, Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, 
 Lehigh, Michigan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 10 3000- 
 200-75. 
 
 Light Blue and White. None. 
 
 SIGMA PHI EPSILON— November 1, 1901— Alabama Polytechnic, 
 Arkansas, Baker, Brown, California, Colorado, Colorado State College, 
 Cornell, Dartmouth, Delaware, Denver, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Wash- 
 ington, Kansas State College, Illinois, Illinois (Med. Col.), Iowa, Iowa 
 State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Lawrence, Lehigh, Mass. Agr. Col., 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, N. C. A. & M. C, 
 Norwich, Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Oregon State College, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Syracuse, Tennessee, Trin- 
 ity (N. C), Virginia, Va. Mil. Inst., Washington State College, Wash- 
 ington and Lee, West Virginia, William and Mary— 45. 3000-1000-400. 
 
 Purple and Red. American Beauty and Violet. 
 
 Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal — 1904. 
 
 SIGMA PI— 1897— California, Cornell, Franklin and Mlarshall, Illinois, 
 Iowa, Kenyon, Ohio, Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Penn- 
 sylvania State, Purdue, Tulane, Utah— 14. 2500-350-100. 
 
 Lavender and White. Orchid. 
 
 The Emerald — 1911. 
 
 TAU KAPPA EPSILON— January 10, 1899— Beloit, California, Car- 
 roll, Chicago, Coe, Eureka, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State Col- 
 lege, Knox, Millikin, Minnesota, Washington, Wisconsin — 14. 700- 
 350-100. "-l/VWCJr^Ypv^ 
 
 Cherry and Gray. Pearl. Red Carnation. 
 
 The Teke—\90^. 
 
 THETA CHI— April 10, 1856— Alabama Polytechnic, California, Col- 
 gate, Cornell, Dickinson, Florida, Hampden-Sidney, Illinois, Maine, 
 
180 Academic Fraternities 
 
 Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, New Hampshire, New 
 York, North Carolina, N. D. Agr. Col., Norwich, Oregon State Col- 
 lege, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Rensse- 
 laer, Rhode Island, Richmond, Rochester, Stanford, Virginia, Wiscon- 
 sin, Worcester— 30. 4,000-900-300. 
 
 Red and White. Ruby. None. 
 
 The Rattle— 1911. 
 
 THETA DELTA CHI— June 5, 1848— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
 fornia, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, George Washington, 
 Hamilton, Hobart, Illinois, Iowa, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
 McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Stanford, To- 
 ronto, Tufts, Virginia, Washington State, William and Mary, Williams, 
 Wisconsin— 29. 6000-700-250. 
 
 Black, White and Blue. Ruby. Minerva. Red Carnation. 
 
 The Shield— 1884. 
 
 ZETA BETA TAU*— December 29, 1898— Boston, Brooklyn Polytech- 
 nic, Case, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Illinois, 
 Louisiana, McGill, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Missouri, New York, 
 Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Southern California, Syracuse, Tulane, Union, 
 Vanderbilt, Virginia, Western Reserve— 24. 2000-500-225. 
 Light Blue and White. None. 
 
 ZETA PSI — 1847 — Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, Colum- 
 bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Illinois, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minne- 
 sota, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rutgers, Stanford, 
 Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Washington State, Wisconsin, 
 Williams, Yale— 26. 8000-550-250. 
 
 White. White Carnation. 
 
 The Circle— 1910. 
 
 *For Jewish students. 
 
MONTHLY STUDY TOPICS 
 
 October Inception of the Sorority Idea. Phi Beta Kappa and its 
 successors ; types ; educational opportunities for women ; 
 rise of sorority; causes; centers of activity; types. 
 
 November Extension. 1870-1885; 1885-1900; 1900-1910; open and 
 closed fields; voting privileges in different sororities; ad- 
 vantages and disadvantages of long, short, compact, scat- 
 tered, sectional rolls ; conservatism vs. expansion ; univer- 
 sity vs. college. 
 
 December Standards. Governmental ; A. C. A. ; S. A. C. W. ; Phi Beta 
 Kappa; Phi Kappa Phi; Carnegie Foundation; other agen- 
 cies at work; pressing need for a definite and fair crite- 
 rion. 
 
 January Government. Supreme governing body ; usual council ; 
 variations in numbers and elections; advantages and dis- 
 advantages in long term and tenure ; present tendencies ; 
 salaried officers ; central office. 
 
 February Publications. Usual; special; contemporaneous fraternity 
 and sorority magazines ; finance ; life subscriptions. 
 
 March The Alumnae Movement. History; duty owed by sorority; 
 
 advantages; national prestige; financial security; conven- 
 tion representation; obligations and privileges of alumnae 
 associations. 
 
 April The Chapter House Movement. Advantages and disad- 
 
 vantages localty and elsewhere; finance; methods used by 
 other fraternities and sororities ; ownership ; house rules ; 
 chaperons. 
 
 May Panhellenism. History; growth; ideals; National Pan- 
 
 hellenic; city Panhellenics ; college Panhellenics ; local 
 rules; rules elsewhere; sophomore pledging; compulsory, 
 voluntary; net gains to date; men's movement. 
 
182 Addenda 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
Addenda 183 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
184 Addenda 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 The Higher Education of Women 7 
 
 The Evolution of the Sorority System 15 
 
 Standards 21 
 
 Government 26 
 
 Publications 27 
 
 Alumnae Associations 30 
 
 Chapter Houses 34 
 
 Panhellenism 34 
 
 The Congress of Fraternities 35 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Conferences 36 
 
 The Inter-Sorority Congresses 40 
 
 The Mission of the Sorority 43 
 
 Academic Sororities 
 
 Alpha Chi Omega 59 
 
 Alpha Delta Pi 60 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Phi 62 
 
 Alpha Gamma Delta 63 
 
 Alpha Omicron Pi 64 
 
 Alpha Phi 65 
 
 Alpha Xi Delta 67 
 
 Chi Omega 68 
 
 Delta Delta Delta 70 
 
 Delta Gamma 72 
 
 Delta Zeta 73 
 
186 Index 
 
 Academic Sororities — Continued Page 
 
 Gamma Phi Beta 74 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta 76 
 
 Kappa Delta 77 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma 79 
 
 Phi Mu 80 
 
 Pi Beta Phi 81 
 
 Sigma Kappa 83 
 
 Theta Phi Alpha 84 
 
 Zeta Tau Alpha 85 
 
 Professional Sororities 
 
 Alpha Epsilon Iota 87 
 
 Alpha Sigma Alpha 88 
 
 Delta Omega 89 
 
 Delta Omicron 90 
 
 Delta Sigma Epsilon 91 
 
 Kappa Beta Pi 92 
 
 Nu Sigma Phi 93 
 
 Phi Delta Delta 93 
 
 Pi Kappa Sigma 94 
 
 Sigma Alpha Iota 95 
 
 Sigma Sigma Sigma 97 
 
 Zeta Phi 98 
 
 Junior College Sororities 
 
 Beta Sigma Omicron 99 
 
 Eta Upsilon Gamma 100 
 
 Sigma Iota Chi 101 
 
 Necrology of Chapters 103 
 
Index 187 
 
 Page 
 
 Honorary Societies 107 
 
 History of Phi Beta Kappa 108 
 
 Alpha Omega Alpha 113 
 
 Kappa Delta Pi 113 
 
 Mu Phi Epsilon 114 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa 115 
 
 Phi Kappa Phi 117 
 
 Pi Lambda Theta 118 
 
 Sigma Xi 119 
 
 Theta Sigma Phi 120 
 
 The Association of Collegiate Alumnae 121 
 
 Southern Association of College Women 123 
 
 The Carnegie Foundation 125 
 
 Statistical Data 126 
 
 Men''s Academic Fraternities 168 
 
 Monthly Study Topics 181 
 
 Addenda 182 
 
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