LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Chap. .t.A.jc8)yrigUl No. Shelf.. H^6 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. u o z a a z ts CL. a a z b. O o z z 2 Young Folks' Story of Our Country A THRILLING AND ACCURATE HISTORY OF AMERIC/* TOLD IN THE SIMPLE LANGUAGE OF CHILDHOOD THE MOST INTERESTING EVENTS THAT HAVE HAPPENED FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO AND INCLUDING THE AMERICAN-SPANISH WAR BY / JOHN WESLEY HANSON, Jr. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED PUBLISHERS W. B. CONKEY COMPANY CHICAGO !t>r,i8 Copyright ma. by W. 15. Conkcv Company CONTENTS. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter VII. Chapter VIII. Chapter IX. Chapter X. Chapter XI. Chapter XII. Chapter XIII. Chapter XIV. Chapter XV. Chapter XVI. Chapter XVII. Chapter XVIII. Chapter XIX. Chapter XX. Chapter XXI. Chapter XXII. Chapter XXIII. Chapter XXIV. Chapter XXV. Chapter XXVI. Columbus and His Voyages Early Explorers. Landing of the Pilgrims. Settlements by the Dutch. The Old Dominion. The Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Virginia Colony. The End of the Dutch Rule. Peril and Hardship. The Settlement of Pennsylvania. Discoveries in the Northwest. The French and Indian War. The English Victorious. Liberty or Death. The Boston Tea Party. First Blood. Hard Times. Crossing the Delaware. Valley Forge. Treason. Victory at last. From Washington to Lincoln. The Civil War. Unconditional Surrender. The Monitor and the Merrimrc. Sinking the Alabama Chapter XXVII. Chapter XXVIII. Chapter XXIX. Chapter XXX. Chapter XXXI. CU.\ 1 i.N Vii -Continued. The March to the Sea. From Lincoln to McKinley. The Destruction of the Mains. The Hawaiian Islands. The American-Spanish War. APPENDIX. Constitution of the United States. Presidents of the United States. *&25^ ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Washington Crossing the Delaware (Colored Frontispiece.) President McKinley lo Columbus and his Son Begging 12 Teaching a Young Indian How to Shoot 13 Isabella and Columbus 14 The Three Caravels 15 Columbus Frightening the Indians into Lending him Assistance 16 De Soto on the March 18 Sebastian Cabot at Labrador 20 Bnrial of De Soto 21 Old Stone Mill at Newport 23 An Indian Camp 25 Meeting Between De Soto and the Indian Chieftainess 26 A Puritan Soldier 28 Trading with Indians 3° Dutchmen at an Inn 32 Going to Church 33 Peter Stuyvesant Defiant 34 Queen Elizabeth 3^ First "Wash Day" of Pilgrim Mothers .3'^ Arrival of Sir Walter Raleigh 4° Charles II. of England 42 Captain John Smith 44 Are the Indians Coming? 46 Forefathers' Rock 47 Mary Dyer Going to Execution 48 "The Children Soon Learned to Love Squanto" 50 A Puritan Girl 5 ' A Friendly Indian 52 The Pipe of Peace 54 Little Puritans 5^ The Charter Oak S^ Attacking the Block House 60 A Patroon's Manor House 62 Puritans Building Homes 63 Stuyvesant at the Gun 64 King Philip 66 Philip's Monument 67 On the Hudson 68 Death of Montgomery 7° A Farmer's Hut in Winter 72 Unexplored Regions _ 74 Scouts '. ' 76 George Washington in his Youth 7^ On the War Path 80 Penn and Walker Lost 82 Pontiac 84 William Penn's House at Rickmansworth, England 85 A. Jesuit Missionary 86 lLLUSTRAT10NS-0«/;«;/^^/ An (Jld Trapper .88 French Traders 89 An Indian Attack 90 Incident of the French and Indian War 92 Into the Wilderness 94 (Juebec 95 A British Sentry 96 Indian Troops 98 Braddock's Defeat 99 Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga f 00 Scene of the Tea [Mot 102 Bunker Hill Monument 104 Addressing the People 1 06 Colonial Days 1 08 Young Patriots no House in Which the Declaration of Independence Was Signed 112 Marquis De Lafayette 114 General Putnam 116 A Hand to Hand Fight 118 Indians Playing Ball on the Ice 120 Crying the Stamps 122 The Call to Arms 1 24 Burning the Stam])s 126 The Young Minute Man 128 Independence Hall 130 Battle of Harlem Heights 132 Signing the I )eclaration of Independence 134 George Washington 136 Recruiting 138 King George III 140 Escape of Benedict Arnold 142 Sir Robert Peel 144 The Retreat 146 The Washington Elm , 1 48 Inauguration of Washington 150 Old Heacon Hill, Boston 152 Winter Sports 154 A District School 156 Peaceful Days 158 The Surrender 160 Capture of Andre 162 The Patriot Army 1 64 Burning of the Gaspee 166 'I'he Spirit of ' 76 168 Listening for the Guns 1 70 Benjamin Franklin 172 The White House 173 John Adams 174 Thomas Jefferson 176 On the Canal i 78 A New England Jumper 179 ILLUSTRATIONS— Co;;//;/;/iv/. Page. Abraham Lincoln 1 80 James Madison 182 James Monroe 184 The Gun at Work 186 John Quincy Adams 188 Federal Iron Clad River Gnn Boat igo Andrew Jackson 192 Bombardment of Fort Sumter by the Union Fleet 194 The "Merrimac" Sinking the "Cumberland" 196 Martin Van Buren 198 Monitor and Merrimac 200 William H. Harrison 202 Lieutenant Cushing's Attack on the Albemarle 204 John Tyler , 206 James Knox Polk 208 Zachary Taylor 210 Early Home of Abraham Lincoln 212 Millard Fillmore 214 Franklin Pierce 216 Admiral Farragut 218 James Buchanan 220 General W. T. Sherman 222 A Railroad Battery 225 Andrew Johnson 226 U. S. Grant 228 Rutherford B. Hayes 230 James A. Garfield 232 Chester A. Arthur 234 Grover Cleveland 236 Benjamin Harrison 238 President McKinley and Cabinet 240 Navy Officers 242 Army Officers 244 Rear Admiral Dewey 246 Rear Admiral William T. Sampson 248 Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley 250 Battleship Maine 252 Protected Cruiser Olympia 252 Battleship Oregon 254 Armored Cruiser New York 254 Battleship Iowa 256 Protected Cruiser Boston 256 Battleship Indiana 258 Armored Cruiser Brooklyn 258 General Maximo Gomez 260 Admiral Dewey's Victory at Manila 262 The Fighting Line at Santiago 264 The Destruction of Admiral Cervera's Fleet 266 Cuban Soldiers going to the Front 268 A Wounded Volunteer 268 HON. WII.r.IAM McKINI.KY. YOUNG FOLKS' STORY OF OUR COUNTRY CHAPTER I. COLUMBUS AND HIS VOYAGES. In the year 1435 ^ son was born to an Italian wool-carder by the name oi Co-lum-bus. The boy was called Chris-to-pher and grew to be a fine, handsome lad. He was kind and obedient to his father, but like many boys he longed to become a sailor. But he loved books almost as well as he loved the sea, and so he spent his leisure moments in study. It was probably from reading the works of old scholars that he conceived the idea that the world was round. So it seemed natural that if it was a sphere it would be possible by sailing westward to reach the rich countries of In-di-a, Tar-ta-ry and Cath-ay. Co-lum-bus became so interested that he could think of nothing else but the wonderful discoveries that would result if his plan could only be carried out. But who could he get to help him? He went from one city to another seeking aid from the great nobles. He even went to the King of Por-tu-gal and pic- tured to him the wealth he would gain by furnishing ships for the dis- covery of these far-away lands. But the King and every one else only laughed at him. In the midst of these disappointments the wife of Co-lum-bus died. For a year he and his boy, Di-e-go, wandered about the country hungry, destitute and almost starving, but he endured his troubles with patience, believing the time would come when he would realize the one dream of his life. It so hap- COLUMBUS AND HIS SON BEGGING. COLUMBUS AND HIS VOYAGES 13 pened that one day he sought shelter in the Fran-cis-can Con-vent of San-ta Ma-ri-a de la Ra-bi-da. He told the prior of his plan and through the influence of the worthy priest he was enabled to obtain an audience with the King of Spain. But it was five years before King Fer-di-nand would listen and then he refused to place any confidence in his scheme. Unable to endure any longer the ridicule of the courtiers who made fun of his visionary ideas, he left the court TEACH-ING A YOUNG IN-DIAN HOW TO SHOOT. in rage and resolved to go to France. Queen Is-a-bel-la however sent a messenger after Co-lum-bus and he was induced to return. The Queen offered to fit out an expedition at her own expense, and in a short time Co-lum-bus was ready to start out on his voyage into the unknown. Bffore departing he secured from Fer-di-nand and Is-a-bel-la an agreement COLUMBUS AND HIS VOYAGES, 15 by which he was to receive one-eighth of the profits of the voyage and also by which he was made High-Ad-mi-ral and Vice-roy of the lands he might discover. On the third day of August, 1492, he set sail with three ships, the San-ta Ma-ri-a, the Pin-ta, and the Ni-na. The voyage was long and tedious and the sailors grew discontented, and at length plotted to throw Go-lum-bus overboard. He quieted them by saying that he would turn back if they did not discover land within three days. Fortunately on the morning of the third day land was seen and they sailed toward it. It was night when they finally came to anchor, but early on the following morning Co-lum-bus THE THREE CARAVELS, landed, magnificently dressed and attended by his officers and sailors all in gay attire. This was the fourteenth day of October, 1492. The land that Co-lum-bus discovered was probably the island of San Sal-va-dor. On the following day he sailed farther on and visited Cu-ba, Hay-ti, and other islands of the West In-dies. When Co-lum-bus returned to Spain he was received with much honor by the King and Queen. When he made his second voyage he had seventeen vessels and fifteen hundred men On this journey he discovered Ja-mai-ca < O w Id O 52 < a c 5 ■4 X O a o « 2 O o B w K u< O a O, w COLUMBUS AND HIS VOYAGES. 17 and Por-to Ri-co and founded the colony of Hay-ti. In 1497 A-mer-i-go Ves-puc-ci obtained ships and discovered the mainland of the new continent. The same year, John Ca-bot, an English merchant, sailed to A-mer-i-ca and landed upon the coast of Lab-ra-dor. In the following year, Se-bas-ti-an Ca-bot sailed with two ships and three hundred men, and on a later voyage discovered Hud-son's Bay. In the meantime Co-lum-bus had reached the mainland of South A-mer-i-ca, which he explored and then returned to the colony of Hay-ti. Here he was arrested by Bob-a-dil-la, a Spanish commissioner, and carried on board the ship in chains, which he insisted on wearing until he reached Spain. The King and Queen were ashamed when they saw their faithful servant so humiliated and ordered him to be released. Co-lum-bus asked to be permitted to return to A-mer-i-ca and the request was granted. He landed at Hon- du-ras and attempted to form a colony. Finally, two of his ships were lost, his crew rebelled, and, broken in spirit, he returned to Spain, where he died May 20th, 1506. History gives Co-lum-bus the credit of having discovered A-mer-i-ca, although the first white man to set foot on this continent was probably Leif E-rik-son, a viking, who landed at Mar-tha's Vine-yard. SE SOTO ON THS MARCH. CHAPTER II. EARLY EXPLORERS. When Co-lum-bus made his second voyage there sailed with him a brave and gallant gentleman, named Ponce de Le-on, who determined, when the op- portunity came, to organize an expedition himself. Accordingly, in 15 13, he set sail with three ships. Now, strange to say, the ambition of De Le-on was not to discover lands or gold. Like a great many persons he did not like the idea of growing old, and in some fable of the day he had read of the wonderful fountain of youth, from which all who drank would remain forever young. He became convinced that this fountain was in the New World. It was on Easter Sunday when he first came in sight of land and in honor of the day, which the Span-iards call "The Day of Flowers," he named the new land Flor-i-da. He had many adventures and in an encounter with the Indians was wounded by a poisoned arrow. He returned to Spain, where he died soon afterward. About this time, Vas-co Nu-nez de Bal-bo-a crossed the isthmus which divides North and South A-mer-i-ca and beheld the Pa-cif-ic O-cean, which he named the South Sea and which he took possession of in the name of the King of Spain. In the meantime, Cor-tez had discovered Mex-i-co and Yuc-a-tan. In 1519 the King of Por-tu-gal fitted out some ships and placed Ma-gel-lan, a noted sailor, in command. Ma-gel-lan passed the In-dies, and sailing south- ward explored the coast of South A-mer-i-ca and named the great body of water, which Bal-bo-a had called the South Sea ,the Pa-cif-ic O-cean. Her-nan-do de So-to had been given the province of Flor-i-da by the King of Spain, and on May 30th, 1537, he landed in Tam-pa Bay. De So-to was very ambitious and cruel. His sole desire in coming to A-mer-i-ca was to found a great empire. His followers were dressed in magnificent costumes and glittering armor. This gorgeous procession traversed the lakes and ever- glades of Flor-i-da, but the men were obliged to live on water cresses, shoots of In-di-an corn and palmetto leaves. The Span-iards seemed to be actuated by a desire to exterminate the In-di-ans. They killed the defenseless natives .13 20 EARLY EXPLORERS. and destroyed their wigwams. On one occasion they were met Dy an In-di-an princess who came to them bearing gifts, and who seemed anxious to be friends with the whites. Moving gracefully forward to meet the stern Span-ish com- mander, she placed around his neck a string of pearls. But her friendlinesy was not appreciated, for she was taken prisoner and her people used as slaves wiem SEHASTI.\N CABOT AT LABRADOR. De So-to continued his search for gold and robbing the In-di-ans of what treasures they possessed. He explored the Mis-sis-sip-pi River and then travel- ed westward almost to the Rock-y Mount-ains. Upon his return he was taken sick, while in the swamps of the Mis-sis-sip-pi, and there died. His body was placed in a hollow log and buried at night in the great river. Long afterwards 22 EARLY EXPLORERS. the remainder of his brilliant band of followers reached the Span-ish settlement on the Gulf of Mex-i-co. In the meantime wonderful stories had come to Mex-i-co of stately cities, ivithsilverand gold in rich profusion, on the coast of Cal-i-for-ni-a. An expedi- tion was sent out, and although they found well-built cities, they discovered but little silver or gold. A short time afterwards, Sir Fran-cis Drake, a famous Eng-lish voyager, landed upon this coast, but the wonderful wealth of Cal-i- for-ni a remained practically unknown until two centuries \a*fr The discoveries of the Eng-lish and Span-ish voyagers naturally attracted the attention of the French. Early in the sixteenth century this nation sent out Ver-az-za-no, who reached the shore of North Car-o-li-na where he landed and treated with the In-di-ans and then returned home. Ver-az-za-no was the first one to give an accurate description of the new continent. Some years later France sent out Jac-ques Car-ti-er, who landed in New Found-land but in 1535 he returned and sailed up the St. Law-rence River. The In-di-ans received them kindly, but the French gave a poor return for their hospitality. When he was aliout to return lie seized a friendly chief and nine other In-di-ans and carried them to France. It is said that these unfortunate natives died of broken hearts. The French built two forts in 1540 when they returned to found their colony, one at the mouth of the St. Law-rence, the other at the mouth of the St. Croix. At the time of the persecution of the Prot-es-tants in France many of them fled to Hol-land, but later made up their mind to find shelter in the New World. These people were called Hu-gue-nots and they founded a colony at Port Roy-al, Ma-ry-land, which was commanded by Lau-don-ri-ere, but John Ri-bault sailed with supplies and provisions. When the King of Spain heard that the French had started a colony he sent one of his famous generals, Me-nen-dez, against them, who landed in Flor-i-da and founded the city of St. Au-gus-tine. While Ri-bault was at sea his fleet became disabled by a storm and he was wrecked on the coast. In the meantime, Me-nen-dez made up his mind that Ki-bault had not arrived at Port Roy-al, so marching overland he surprised the French at the fort and massacred nearly every one of the inhabitants. A few endeavored to make their escape, but were captured and hanged. Over these Me-nen-dez put an inscription, which read: "I do not this to Frenchmen, but to heretics." Ri-bault and many of his companions OLD STONE MILL AT NEWPORT. 24 EARLY KXl'LOKERS. surrendered afterwards to Me-nen-dez and they were inhumanly killed. A few preferred to take their chances with In-di-ans and wild beasts rather than with the Span-iards, and so went south. About three years afterwards the French sent over an expedition under the command of De Gour-gues, who attacked the Span-iards and massacred nearly every one of them. The fugitives were captured and hung, and, following the example of Me-nen-dez, he put over them the following inscription: "1 do not this as unto Span-iards, but as unto traitors, robbers, and murderers." The Hu-gue-nots, who escaped these terrible massacres, fled to Eng-land and the stories they told of the wonderful country from which they had come induced Eng-lish navigators to make an attempt to secure the land. They had frequently attempted to discover the northwest passage, which Cab-ot had failed to find, and in 1578 Sir Fran-cis Drake sailed up the Pa-ci-fic coast as far as Wash-ing-ton territory. It was in 1576 that Mar-tin Fro-bish-er left Eng-land bent on making im- portant discoveries. His first voyage did not amount to much, for about the only things he brought back were a few black stones, which he gave to his wife as keepsakes. She threw them in the fire, but they turned out to be gold. Of course Fro-bish-er at once made up his mind that he only had to return in order to find great wealth. He set sail with fifteen ships, which returned filled with ore, but, unfortunately, there was no gold in the ore, so their jour- ney was a failure. In 1583 Sir Humph-rey Gil-bert, a brave and gallant gentleman, with a fleet of five ships and a company of two hundred and si.xty men, left Eng-land. He settled near the mouth of the St. John's River, in New Found-land, and attempted to form a colony. But discouraged at the failure to find wealth many of Sir Humph-rey's men deserted, and some of them conspired to seize the ves- sels. Finally, Sir Humph-rey was obliged to return to Eng-land, but on his way the vessel foundered and all on board were drowned. AN IN-DIAN CAMP. CHAPTER III. LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. When James the First was King, there Hved in various parts of Eng-land a rehgious sect called the Pu-ri-tans. For years they had been persecuted be- cause they refused to submit to the tyranny of the Established Church of Eng- land. They preferred a simple gospel and desired only to worship God according to their own belief. The Pu-ri-tans were plain, sturdy people and unaccus- tomed to luxuries. But they had strong wills, _and when they were unable any longer to endure persecution, they fled to Hol-land. Hearing of the New World, and believing that there they could find an asylum, they sent two of their men to Eng-land to see if the King would give them a grant of land. After some delay this was obtained, and on August 5th, 1620, two ships, the Speed-well and the May-fiow-er set sail. The Speed- well turned back, but the May-flow-er continued on her course. After a stormy voyage they arrived at Cape Cod on the ninth day of November. Near- ly a month was spent in looking for a spot where they might settle. In the meantime they had drawn up articles of agreement in which they bound themselves into a political body to enact laws for the good of the colony. All the profits in trading, fishing and farming were to go, for a period of seven years, into common stock. At the end of that time it was to be divided equally among those who had contributed money to the enterprise. The Captain of the May-flow-er was impatient to land his passengers and return to Eng-land, so on the fifteenth day of December the May-flow-er left her harbor at Cape Cod and anchored near Ply-mouth. But it was not until the twenty-first of March that the entire company landed. The sufferings of these people were terrible ; there was little shelter and few provisions. When spring came nearly one-half of the brave little band had perished. Miles Stand-ish, the Captain, had lost his wife, as had many of the principal men of the company. And, to add to their unfortunate condition, they lived in constant fear of the In-di-ans. Truly, it was a perilous time, 27 i8 LANDING OP THE PILGRIMS. You can imagine their surprise when one day in the spring an In-di-an came walking into the settlement. But he made offers of friendship to the white people and established good feeling between them and the In-di-an tribes in that vicinity. This In-di an's name was Sam-o-set,and he introduced them to Mas-sas-o-it, the chief of that region. As the fear of an attack from the savages wore away and the spring came on the settlers made trips of exploration, even going as far as Boston harbor. In November a ship arrived from Eng- A PURITAN SOLDIER. land, bringing a patent issued by the Ply-mouth Company and which legally established the Pu-ri-tans. The people were very religious, and Governor Brad-ford refused to allow them to have any amusement except a little quiet enjoyment. The Nar-ra-gan- sett In-di-aHS once sent a bundle of arrows tied together with the skin of a rat- tlesnake, which was really a declaration of war. Captain Miles Stand-ish filled the skin full of bullets and sent it back, so the In-di-ans left them undisturbed. LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 29 In 1622 s'iveral ruffians, who had in some way been sent to the colony, were guilty of several cruel acts against the In-di-ans, who decided to attack the colonists. But Mas-sas-o-it happened to be sick at this time, and two delegates from the Ply-mo'uth Company were sent to nurse him and give him medicine. The chief recovered and in return for this kindness told the settlers of the plot to attack them. Stand-ish went with only eight men and succeeded in per- suading the In-di-ans to give up their plans. Meanwhile the colony prospered and the days were spent in work, every one going to bed soon after sundown. These people were very strict in re- gard to church duties, and every one was obliged to attend service on Sunday unless they were sick. The sermon was usually three or four hours long, but no one, not even a little child,, was allowed to go to sleep, but was prevented from doing so by officers with long sticks, who sharply tapped any one who nodded. The men were well drilled and carried heavy matchlock muskets, which were fired by a slow match. No one was allowed to wear finery unlesf they could well afford it. They were simple, industrious people. rRADINC, WITH INDIANS. CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENTS BY THE DUTCH. On the fourth day of August, 1609, a Dutch ship under the command of Hen-ry Hud-son, an EngHshman, came to anchor in the bay of New York, Hud-son had been sent out by the East In-di-a Com-pa-ny to discover a north- west passage to Chi-na. But storms forced him to change his course and or July i8th he anchored in Pe-nob-scot Bay. Then turning southward he con- tinued on his way until he reached Ches-a-peake Bay. Turning northward again he sailed along the coast until he reached a beautiful harbor. Before him lay the wooded shores of New York and like a broad silver band the noble river that was to bear his name threaded its way among the High-lands. Realizing that rich and fertile lands lay beyond, he- resolved to explore this beautiful stream. The In-di-ans came in great crowds, bringing com and tobacco as gifts. Hud-son realized that the best policy was to make friends with the natives, who were willing to trade rich furs in exchange for glass beads and glittering trink- ets. At length it was impossible to go farther up the river and Hud-son decided to send a part of his crew in small boats. These went as far as the present site of Albany. Before Hud-son left he gave a grand banquet to the In-di-an chiefs who had befriended him and with whom he had traded. So when it came time for him to go the In-di-ans were sorry to lose their white friend. Unfortunately, however, they were unable to leave a good impression be- hind them, for the cruel murder of two In-di-ans brought on a fight and Hud- son set sail for Hol-land. He stopped at Dart-mouth Harbor in Eng-land and afterwards entered the service of the Eng-lish government. In 1610 he made his last voyage to the northwest when he reached Hud-son's Bay. Here his crew mutinied and he and several of his companions were deserted and left to perish. 3; 32 SETTLEMKNTS HY THE DUTCH The discoveries of Hud-son did not attract much attention in Hol-land, but its merchants saw an opportunity to make money by trading with the In- di-ans. A few buildings were erected on Man-hat-tan Island as a station for their wares. It was not long, however, before others followed their example and the merchants who had opened the trade, in order to protect their inter- ests, obtained a Charter and the name of New Neth-er-lands was given to the territory. In 1621 the West In-dia Company secured a charter which gave it DUTCHMEN AT AN' INN. the power to appoint all the officers in the Dutch territory in A-mer-i-ca and to make the laws. In 1623, the first ship with settlers sailed from Hol-land. They settled on thepresent site of Al-ba-ny, and at once began the erection of houses; a few settled at Fort Or-ange, some went north of the Con-ne»--t5-cut River, while others went to the western end of Long Island. A brisk trade sprang up and the settlers began to prosper. The Ene-lish objected to the Dutch set- SETTLEMENTS BY THE DUTCH. 83 tlements and claimed that they gave nothing in return for the products they took to Hol-land. Pe-ter Min-u-et, the Governor, attempted to make friends with the Eng-Hsh, but without avail. New Jer-sey was setteled by the Swedes in 1637 by a company called the Swe-den West In-dia Company. Pe-ter Min-u-et, who had been discharged from his post as Governor, was put in charge of the expedition. As soon as he arrived he bought of the In-di-ans all the land on the west side of South River from Cape Hen-lo-pen to where Trent-on now stands. The Dutch did not GOING TO CHURCH. like this and told Min-u-et that he was an intruder. But the Swedes made up iheir minds to remain and began to build houses and till the soil. In the meantime, more settlers came from Swe-den, and, as they were all industrious people, the settlement prospered rapidly. Governor Min-u-et died and a Swede named Hol-le-an-dare became Governor. Finally a number of New Eng-land colonists came into this territory. Wil-Ham the Testy, Governor 3 25 r:;«'"''f^r THE CHARTER OAK. THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 50 resolved to put an end to these massacres. Governor Berk-e-ley, who did not wish any war with the natives because he was afraid of injuring the trade, ordered Ba-con, who had already set out on his expedition, to return. Ba-con refused and in a short time he and his followers had exterminated one of the principal tribes. Pleased with his success Ba-con marched to James-town at the head of five hundred men, and demanded a commission to organize a campaign against the In-di-ans. For a long time the governor was obstinate but finally he consented. After Ba-con had gone Berk-e-ley declared him to be a rebel and pro- claimed him an outlaw. When Ba-con heard of this he promptly returned only to find that the governor had Hed. Ba-con at once organized a new government, calling a convention for the revision of the laws. In the mean- time Berk-e-ley had obtained possession of an armed fleet and as soon as the royalists saw that he might be successful they joined his forces and James- town was retaken. Ba-con assembled his army again and throwing up some ATTACKING THI". IlLOCK HOUSE THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 61 breastworks near the city he awaited the attack of the governor. But the attack never came and on the following morning when Ba-con entered James- town he found it deserted. He made up his mind that the indolent and proud followers of Berk-e-ley should have no excuse for returning so he ordered the city to be burnt. Ba-con admitted his warfare against the In-di-ans but soon afterward died. When Berk-e-ley heard of this and no longer had anything to fear he sent out an armed force which captured or killed most of Ba-con's friends. But the seeds sown by Ba-con had already borne good fruit for he had taught the people to resist oppression and stand up for their own rights. Berk-e-ley was ordered to return to Eng-land, wncic ne shortly afterward died. When Charles II. was restored to his throne he gave to certain gentle- men of his court that tract of land which included the present states of North and South Car-o-li-na. These dashing cavaliers at once made prepa- rations to found a model settlement. The constitution was prepared by John Locke, the famous philosopher and statesman. Eight proprietors were to be made Lords of the province; the eldest to be called the Pal-a-tie. There were to be seven other officers, namely: Admiral, chamberlain, chancellor, constable, chief-justice, high steward and treasurer. All the rights of property were hereditary in the male line. There were orders of hereditary called land- iories and every seigniory barony and colony contained 12,000 acres, graves and cassiques. The domains of the proprietors were to be called seign- while each colony contained four hundred and eighty thousand acres of which three-fifths were to be owned by the people and two-fifths by the nobility. The common people were prohibited from entering into the titled class, and the highest dignity to .which a man of the people might aspire was to become lord of the manor. There were eight supreme courts and a parliament which was regulated by very elaborate laws. The amusements, the fashions, even the marriages and funerals were systematically arranged. It took Locke three years to prepare this system of government, and in the mean-time two colonies had been established in Car-o-li-na. In 1664 Sir John Yea-mans brought over the first expedition, and as the territory be- came settled the people set to work to make more simple and practical laws than those of the "Grand Model," which were finally rejected in 1698. Sir Wil-liam Berk-e-ley of Vir-gin-i-a formed a colony of Al be-marle and Wil-liam Sayle was commissioned governor of that part of Car-o-li-na THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 68 lying south and west of cape Ro-maine, which was called Charles-ton. The rule of Yea-mans was very unpopular and he was finally succeeded by Jo-seph West, under whose management the colony began to prosper. Al-be-marle was unfortunate in its governors, who could not manage the people. These difficulties were finally overcome by the appointment of one governor for PURITANS BUILDING HOMES. North and South Car-o-li-na. Phil-lip Lud-well was the first general governor but he was unequal to the task and so Thom-as Smith, a Car-o-lin-i-an, succeeded him. But it was not until John Arch-dale, a Qua-ker, was put at the head of the government, that the colony became fully established. Geor-gi-a was settled in 1732 and in 1752 became a royal province. z O Z < D CHAPTER VIII. THE END OF THE DUTCH RULE. Under the stem but kindly nale of Peter Stuy-ve-sant, New Am-ster- dam prospered. But while the old one-legged governor was fighting with the Swedes the In-di-ans fell upon the settlements of Pa-vo-ni-a and Ho-bo-ken, killed the men and carried ofif the women and children as prisoners. These In-di-an attacks occurred at frequent intervals till finally the easy-going Dutchmen resolved to teach the savages a lesson, which they did and for a time there was comparative quiet. For a time the Qua-kers were persecuted as in the New Eng-land settlements and Governor Stuy-ve-sant was anxious that they should be ex- pelled from the Dutch settlements. For this the directors in Hol-land re- buked him and the Friends were no longer annoyed. In the mean-time slaves were brought in large numbers to New Neth-er-land. There was one fact which the Dutch observed with alarm and that was that Eng-lish settlers were gradually encroaching on the land claimed by the Dutch. Lord Bal-ti-more declared that a supposed south river region was included in his patent and sent a delegation to Ma-ry-land demanding its sur- render. John Win-throp obtained a grant of land from Charles II. which covered not only Long Is-land but the northern part of New Neth-er-land. The Eng-lish bought land from the In-di-ans which the Dutch had already purchased from them and the king gave grants of land which included the territory occupied by the Dutch. In 1664 Colonel Rich-ard Nich-olls sailed from Eng-land with a force of four hundred men, to enforce the claims of the Duke of York, to whom the king had granted Long Is-land. He brought his four ships up the bay before New Am-ster-dam, seized the block house on Sta-ten Is-land and blockaded the harbor. He issued a proclamation stating that no one would be harmed who declared allegiance to the King of Eng-land. Stuy-ve-sant endeavored to persuade his people to resist but they could see nothing except defeat and stubbornly refused to fight. On September 8, 1664, KING PHILIP. THE END OF THE DUTCH RULE. 87 New Neth-er-land surrendered and was re-named New York, while Port Orange was given its present name of Al-ba-ny. The Duke of York gave many grants of land to Eng-lishmen. New Neth-er-land was divided into two provinces, one of which was given to Lord Berk-e-ley, the elder brother of Sir Wil-liam Berk-e-ley of Vir-gin-i-a, and the PHIL-IP'S MON-U-MENT. Other to Sir Gv;orge Car-te-rett. Car-te-rett's province was named New Jer-sey. Nich-olis ruled as governor for about three years and was then suc- ceeded bv Colonel Fran-cis Love-lace. In 1672 Pe-ter Stuy-ve-sant died. iHNnCS;-, ON THE HUDSON. THE END OF THE DUTCH RULF 69 On August 7, 1673, twenty-three Dutch ships carrying sixteen hundred men arrived in the liarbor of New York. The Dutch commander demanded instant surrender and when the Eng-hsh requested that they be aUowed to treat with him, he turned an hour-glass over and quietly told them that if they did not surrender within half an hour, he would open fire. He did as he promised and receiving no answer he fired on the fort, killing and wounding many people. The fort then surrendered and the Dutch took possession. Dutch names were restored to cities, rivers, forts and bays and An-tho-ny Clove was chosen governor. Two ships were left him for protection and then the fleet sailed away. Peace was made between Eng-land and Hol-land, who had been at war for some time and the Dutch gave up their possessions in the new world to the Eng-lish. Eng-lish names were restored and Ed-mund An-dros was appointed governor. Under Eng-lish rule New York took on a more rapid growth. Wheat and tobacco were largely cultivated; while fish, peltry and lumber were ex- ported abroad. The affairs in the colonies were greatly influenced by the situation in the mother country. The Duke of York had become King of Eng-land, but had been obliged to leave the kingdom and Wil-liam and Ma-ry, the Pro-tcs- tants had been proclaimed King and Queen. King James had been a Cath-o- lic and the Eng-lish of New York were members of that faith. The Dutch in- habitants of New York were in sympathy with Wil-liam and Ma-ry. Nich- ol-son, the lieutenant governor, who ruled in place of Sir Ed-mund An-dros, who had been deposed, did not like the situation so he resigned his position and sailed for Eng-land. Every one seemed to be afraid to assume command at this time; but a man named Ja-cob Leis-ler, who was captain of the militia, called his soldiers together .and made them sign a declaration stating that they held the fort for Wil-liam and Ma-ry and would protect the Prot-es-tant re- ligion. The council were very much frightened and fled from New York leaving Lais-ler in complete control. Now when King James fled from Eng-land he went to France, where he was the guest of Louis XIV. King Louis sent word to Fron-te-nac, governor of Can-a-da, ordering him to search among the inhabitants of New York and send all French Prot-es-tants to France and all Eng-lish Prot-es- tants of New Eng-land or other places. The French Cath-o-lics were to be allowed to remain. In Feb-ru-a-ry, 1669, Fron-te-nac assembled a large body K ^ S a g I 2 » tk fc s <^ £ tt S Q THE END OF THE DUTCH RULE. 71 of men and divided them into three parties. His plan was to attack Al-ba-ny, New Hamp-shire and Maine at the same time. A part of the force was com- posed of Ir-o-quois and these were afraid to attack Al-ba-ny and induced the French to march upon Sche-nec-ta-dy. It was a total surprise, for there had been a merry making in the village and the entrance to the fort was un- guarded save by two snow men which had been erected by the boys and girls during the day. Nearly every one was slain and the village was burned. The i^eople in the other towns became alarmed at this and banded themselves together to resist the French. On May i, 1690, a colonial con- verse met, when it was agreed that New York should provide four hundred men; Mas-sa-chu-setts one hundred and sixty; Con-nec-ti-cut one hundred and thirty-five: Ply-mouth sixty, and Ma-ry-land one hundred. Leis-ler showed himself to be the right man in the right place. He rebuilt the fortifi- cations of New York, he captured some .French cruisers and succeeded in put- ting the colonies in a state of security. Then King Wil-liam sent over Colonel Hen-ry Slaught-er as governor. Slought-er's first act was to issue a warrant for the arrest of Leis-ler and his council. The political enemies of this brave man saw in this a chance to ruin him so one day when Slought-er was under the influence of wine, he was induced to sign the death warrant of Leis-ler. Slought-er's rule lasted only four months, when he was succeeded by Ben-ja-min Fletch-er, who at- tempted to assume control over the New Eng-land colonies, as well as his own. Holding a charter from the home government they naturally protested against this and even sent representatives to Eng-land to complain against this tyranny. At one time Fletch-er went to Hart-ford and ordered the militia to assemble. Governor Treat refused to allow Fletch-er to take command of the soldiers, but allowed them to muster at Hart-ford. Fletch-er gave orders that his instructions from the King be read aloud to the troops. Captain Wads-worth, who was in command, at once gave orders for the drums to be beaten. They made such a noise that not a word could be heard. Fletch-er grew very angry and insisted that the drums should cease, but Wads-worth was master of the situation and finally Fletch-er had to retire, and return to New York. The rule of Fletch-er was dishonest and tyrannical, and he was finally dismissed from office and the Earl of Bell-o-mont succeeded him. The new governor succeeded in reforming the government, and during his administra- A FARMER'S HUT IX WINTER. THE END OF THE DUTCH RULE. 78 tion New York enjoyed a season of prosperity. He died in 1701, and Lord Corn-bu-ry was appointed governor. Corn-bu-ry was a very worthless man. He used the public funds for his own enjoyment and his administration was a long series of debaucheries. He persecuted the Pres-by-te-ri-ans and insulted the Oua-kers and abused every one. Finally he was recalled by Queen Anne, who was then on the throne. Lord Love-lace was next appointed Governor, but he lived only a short time, and was succeeded by Rob-ert Hunt-er. He in turn was succeeded by Bur-net, who ruled until 1727, when he was removed. The next governor died soon after his arrival, and finally in 1732 Colonel Cos-by was sent over to take charge of the Colony. It was during the rule of the Earl of Bell-o-mont that the famous pirate. Captain Kidd, was the terror of the seas. During the administration of Fletch-er commerce had become almost an impossibility, owing to these sea rovers, who preyed upon defenseless ships. Bell-o-mont determined to get rid of these men, and his plan was to form a stock company for the purpose of capturing pirate vessels. Several noblemen, and even the king himself, were to share in the profits, and Captain Kidd was put in command. But Kidd was unable to take any of these ships, so after many adventures he finally con- cluded to become a pirate on his own account, which he did for many years. To the surprise of everyone he sailed into New York harbor one day, but Bell-o-mont did not arrest him because Captain Kidd told him that he was innocent of all the crimes of which he had been accused. When he went to Bos-ton, however, he was seized and thrown into jail, but he was afterwards sent to Eng-land, where he was imprisoned for a year. Soon after this he was hanged for the murder of a gunner, whom he had accidentally killed. His life liad been full of adventure, but -he was probably not as bad a man as he has been represented. UNEXPLORED REGIONS. CHAPTER IX. PERIL AND HARDSHIP. Charles, the First, tried to keep the Pur-i-tans from leaving Eng-land. He even forced them to return to land, after they had taken passage in a ship, which was to sail for Mas-sa-chu-setts. This turned out very unfortunately for him, for one of the men who had taken passage for the New World and who was forced to return was Ol-i-ver Crom-well. Not long aft-er this the king was beheaded, and Crom-well became ruler. Crom-well did everything in his power to help the people of Mas-sa- chu-setts. When Charles II was restored to the throne, two men who had been convicted of taking part in the death of his father made their escape to A-mer-i-ca. Ihe king demanded their immediate return, but the people refused. The king then demanded that the charter be returned, but the people told him that they were loyal to the home government and all they wished was that the king should confirm the charter. This was granted but some hard conditions were imposed upon them. A few years later the king sent over commissioners to secure the con- quest of New Neth-er-land and to force the obedience of the Mas-sa-chu-setts Colony. The people of Mas-sa-chu-setts refused to swear allegiance to the king except under the protection of the charter. In the meantime New Hamp-shire and Maine were included in the government of Mas-sa-chu-setts. The colony was loyal to the home government and did everything in its power to show this. But there were may people who complained to the king that the people of Mas-sa-chu-setts were tired of Eng-lish rule. In 1681 he issued an order that deputies should be sent to him to tender the submission- of the colony. In answer Mas-sa-chu-setts sent two men to Eng-land bearing letters of such a character that the king issued a writ against the colony practically claiming that it had no legal charter. When Charles II. died his brother James became King of Eng-land and by his command Sir Ed-mund An-dros was made governor of all New Eng- 75 SCLiU IS PERIL AND HARDSHIP. 77 land. An-dros was a very proud man who believed that obedience to the king was the first duty of the people. They naturally were angry at the loss of their charter but when the general court was abolished and Pur-i-tan principles were ignored their rage knew no bounds. The new governor levied heavy taxes. Forced the land owners to give up their title to him for examination and even told them that deeds from the In-di-ans were not worth a penny. In the same manner he tyrannized over the people of New Hamp- shire and Maine and then turned his attention to Con-nec-ti-cut. He demanded the charter but the people protested. Then a council was held with the royal governor and while it was in progress the charter disap- peared: It had been hidden in an oak tree on the grounds of one of the magistrates. But like New York and New Jer-sey Con-nec-ti-cut became a part of New Eng-land under the government of An-dros. When King James fled from Eng-land and Wil-liam of Or-ange ascended the throne there was great rejoicing. The power of the Stuarts was at an end and the people were freed from royal rule. Sir Wil-liam Phips was made governor of New Eng- land and although he was a good man he did not make a wise governor. He was recalled to Eng-land, where he died in 1694. The year 1692 was a memorable one in the history of New Eng-land, for it was then that the people were carried away by the delusion of witch- craft. The craze originated with some children who had been listening to stories From an old slave. The madness spread until finally many prominent people were accused of being bewitched. All that it was necessary was some peculiarity about a person's appearance to arouse suspicions. People that had moles upon them or any other mark would be accused and thrown into prison. Finally one of the children confessed that they had been deceiving the people, but her companions accused her of being a witch. The time came at last when the people began to see that they had been imposed upon and the craze came to a sudden end. But in the meantime several hundred people had been imprisoned and about twenty had suffered death. In reading the history of a colony one can hardly blame the In-di-ans for being enemies of the white men. They were treated unjustly, even cruelly. Their friendship was repaid with treachery and the simple savage was made the victim of his own ignorance. When Mas-sas-o-it died he left two sons, Al-ex-an-der and Phil-ip. A year later Al-ex-an-der was carried prisoner to Ply-mouth because he was suspected of having conspired with the Nar-ra- GEORGE WASHINGTON IN HIS YOUTH. After the painting by C. W. Peale, ana the engraving of J. W. Paradlee. PERIL AND HARDSHIP. 79 gan-setts to attack the Eng-lish, but he died before reaching his destination, His wife who was a queen among the In-di-ans ahvays believed that her hus- band had been poisoned, and when fourteen years later she heard that Phil-ip was planning to attack the settlements she attempted to join him with three hundred warriors. In less than a year nearly all of her braves had been killed and the queen in attempting to swim a river was drowned. Phil-ip was a man of noble character and had always treated the white man with justice, but when he was forced to undergo humiliation his natural love of justice asserted itself and he made preparations for war. One beautiful June day in T6ys as the people of Swan-sea were return- ing home from church a man was killed by an In-di-an in ambush. This was the beginning of what is known in history as King Phil-ip's war. It was a season of terror, desolation and death. Houses were burned, cattle were driven away, men, women and children were murdered by the In-di-ans, and yet in spite of the dangers that threatened the people it seemed as though God kept them from being destroyed. At Brook-field men, women and children had just time enough to rush into the strong house of the settlement when three hundred savages rushed into the village and burned every house except the one where the people had fled. Then followed a terrible battle. The In-di-ans surrounded the house, firing from all sides. At night they built fires against the walls of the building and thrust torches through the cracks in the logs and shot burning arrows on to the roof. But the desperate people put out the fires and kept the savages at bay. On the morning of the third day the In- di-ans piled a cart with hay and set it on fire, then pushed it up against the building. The brave people inside prepared to die but deliverance was at hand. Just as they had given up all hope there came a terrible storm and the rain poured down in torrents extinguishing the blazing cart. In the afternoon re- inforcements arrived from Bos-ton and the people were saved. In the meantime the war continued with increasing severity and hun- dreds of people were killed. Then the Eng-lish resolved to organize trained band soldiers, and instead of waiting to be ambushed and shot down by waiting savages to use the In-di-an's method of warfare and adopt all his cunning and stealthy methods of attack. Phil-ip was chased from point to point and twice he barely escaped capture. Then an In-di-an betrayed his hiding place and a band of Eng-lish-men surprised the great chief in the middle of the night and killed him. .n^i V-/^<%^ ON THK WAR-PATH. CHAPTER X. THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. While these terrible In-di-an massacres were taking place, a man in Eng-land was planning to found a colony in the New World. He was tlie son of a famous admiral, and his name was Wil-li-am Penn. He is said to have been a good-natured, happy boy when at school, fond of athletic sports, but at the same time a diligent student. When at Ox-ford, he heard a Qua-ker preacher deliver a sermon and at once became a convert to the faith. Soon after this, the students were ordered to wear a surplice, and Penn refused. For this he was expelled from school and his father banished him from home. He relented, however, and sent him to Par-is, hoping that the boy would forget his nonsense as he called it. But when Penn returned to Lon-don, he attended the meetings of the Friends, and ever afterward was a consistent member. He was confined for several months in the Tower of Lon-don, for writing a book on the Qua-ker religion. Soon after this his father died, leaving his son a large property, and Penn at once set about to start his colony. In 1680 he obtained a grant of land from Charles II., including forty thousand square miles of territory between Ma-ry-land and New York, which the King called Penn-syl-va-ni-a. He determined that in his colony there should be perfect liberty of conscience and political freedom for all. Only murder and treason were punishable by death, and it was against the law to tell a lie. Every one, even an In-di-an, was to be treated with kindness and justice. In 1682, he set sail and on the 27th of October of that year, he arrived at the colony. He was pleased with everything he saw, and the beauty of the woods and hills and the broad river on which he sailed were sources of con- tinual wonder and delight. He laid out a city which was the beginning of Phil-a-del-phi-a. During the first year after Penn's arrival twenty-three ships filled with colonists came to the province. He treated the In-di-ans with kindness and the red men were struck with his simple and honest manner. He made a treaty with them 81 ''PENX AND WALK-KK LOST." THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA 88 and won their hearts at once. Penn remained in A-mer-i-ca for two years, during which time the colony prospered, school houses were built, a printing press was set up, emigrants came from Eng-land and Penn-syl-va-ni-a began to be looked upon as a model settlement. But Penn was obliged to return to Eng-land where he remained for fifteen years. During his absence frequent quarrels took place and false reports were sent to Eng-land and finally the government was taken away from Penn and given to a royal commissioner. In 1694 Wil-liam and Ma-ry gave the colony back into Penn's hands and five year's afterward he returned to A-mer-i-ca. You can judge his surprise that instead of a little straggling village which he left he found a city of nearly two thousand houses. Penn resided in a house which remained standing until the year 1868. He was very kind and hospitable and although he lived in great style, he showed as much courtesy to an In-di-an chief as he did to an Eng-lish Duke. He was always a gentleman and did not drop his courtly manners when he sat in a savage wigwam and ate hominy and acorns. He never be- lieved in slavery and although he owned a large number of slaves he gave them all freedom when he died. In 1701 he left the colony and returned to Eng-land where he became involved in much trouble. His son whom he had sent to A-meri-ca, turned out to be a drunkard and was sent to Eng-land in disgrace. The charter of the province was threatened and Penn was arrested and sent to prison. The governor that Penn left in his place was deposed and Charles Cook-in was put in charge. After him came Sir Wil-liam Keith. Wil-li-am Penn died in 1718 and in 1732 Thom-as Penn, his second son by his second marriage, moved to Phil-a-del-phia. He was never popular, but his elder brothe/" seemed to inherit some of his father's ability and at once was recognized as possessing the noble qualities of his father. Although Penn- syl-va-ni-a was the youngest colony on the continent it had more inhabitants than Vir-gin-i-a, Ma-ry-land and the Car-o-li-nas. Phil-a-del-phi-a was the largest and finest city in A-mer-i-ca and second in size. Pat-rick Gor-don was governor after Keith and was succeeded in 1736 by George Thom-as. About five years after the death of Wil-liam Penn there wandered into the city of Phil-a-del-phi-a a ragged, hungry, barefoot boy. For days he roamed about the streets of the city looking for work. In some way he man- aged to get into the good graces of Governor Keith, who sent him to Lon-don ; but after a time Ben-ja-min returned to Pennsylvania. He afterward be- 6 PONTIAC. THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 85 came a very famous man and in 1728 he started a newspaper, called the Penn- syl-va-ni-a Gazette. It was published for 120 years. For twenty-five years he published "Poor Richard's Almanac," a collection of curious stories and wise sayings, and he soon became known as the greatest scholar in A-mer-i-ca. To him is due the credit of having discovered the fact that lightning and elec- tricity are the same. Ben-ja-min Frank-lin rendered the colonies great service during their struggle for independence and next to Wash-ing-ton his name is the most renowned one in the history of those times. ■WILL-IAM PENN'S HOUSE." A JESUIT MISSIONARY. CHAPTER XI, DISCOVERIES IN THE NORTHWEST. To Jes-u-it missionaries is due the credit of leading the mprch of civilization in the West. About thirty years after the settlement of Que-bec in 1608, the Fathers Shau-mo-not and Bre-boeuf traversed the great lakes, sailing along the northern shore of O-hi-o by way of Lake Erie and skirt- ing the western shores of Lake Hur-on as far as the straits of Mack-i-nac. In the summer of 1660, Father Mes-nard founded a mission on a point on the southern shore of Lake Su-pe-ri-or called Shag-wam-e-gan. He lost his life in some strange way and in 1665 Father All-ou-ez took up the mission, and preached in the In-di-an language to the various tribes. In 1669 Father A-Ion-ey and another priest went as far as the Fox river. In 1671 Jean Ta-lon, who had been appointed the over-seer of Can-a-da, by the French Government, called a council of In-di-ans at the foot of lake Su-pe-ri-or. The chiefs of the different tribes promised to be true and friendly to the French king and two years later Lou-is Jo-li-et and Father Mar-quette started on an expedition, when they discovered the source of the Mis-sis-sip-pi, going as far south as the mouth of the Ar-kan-sas. They floated down the Mis-sis-sip-pi river in their canoes, meeting with many In-di-ans who treated them finely. They saw the passage from the Fox to the Wis-con-sin river and from the St. Law-rence to the Mis-sis-sip-pi river. They floated past the point where the Mis-sou-ri entered into the great river on which they sailed. When they reached the Il-li-nois river they followed its course and made a portage into lake Mich-i-gan. Mar-quette lived for two years among the Mi-am-i In- di-ans, dying in 1675, while on his way to Mack-i-nac. Jo-li-et told wonderful stories of the expedition when he arrived at Mon-tre-al, and La Salle, a Nor- man gentleman, who had established a trading post near that city, fitted out an expedition. With thirty men he marched to Lake On-ta-ri-o, made the portage by Ni-ag-a-ra Falls to lake Er-ie, where he built a ship in which he sailed as far as Green Bay. La Salle and his men walked to St. Jo-seph, where they waited 87 1 ■ r j ^^^^^^^KmkiJ i PiPVf 1 ^ i '^imlllli'. ' -5>[t''':^r"'''' i^'n'-'f^'j' '''K 'i^.^ ^ \ ■ f .,i!T f / .■ .-.-1 ll\ 1 '■^M^ i i ■ ■ ^ 1^^" .-^^Ei ! >^ L%'V ■ 1 isaHKr-'-'A-Hki'-. • .lil^^^Ki^^^H 'Ji WJ,"'. - ^^ 'iS^^I^^Sv^ ^^k- wp % 1^^ ^^> - ~ ■■''^Mj \' '»» 1^^ JJ ^773- ■'^ mass meeting of citizens at Fan-eu-il Hall ordered the vessel to be moored at the wharf, and appointed a guard of 25 men to watch her, and see that no tea was landed. Presently a committee, on which were the active patriots John Han-cock, Sam-u-el Ad-ams, Jo-si-ah Quin-cy, and Jo-sepk War-ren, obtained a promise from the captain and the owner of the ship that the tea should be carried back to Eng-land ; but Governor Hutch-in-son would not grant a permit, and without this, the vessel could not pass the fort and ships of war in the harbor. As soon as the refusal of the governor became known, some 40 or 50 men, dressed like Mo-hawks, on the night of De-cem-ber 16, boarded the tea- vessels, two more of which had meanwhile arrived, and, in presence of a 119 THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. 121 great but orderly crowd, emptied, in two hours, 342 chests of tea into the water. At New York and Phil-a-del-phi-a the people would not permit the tea to be landed. That which arrived at Charles-ton was stored in damp cellars, and soon became worthless. When the news c/ the tea-riot reached Eng-land it produced much angry feeling there, which showed itself in a determination to punish Bos-ton. Par-li-a-ment thereupon passed the Bos-ton Port Bill, shutting up the harbor of the town, and removing the port of entry and the seat of government to Sa-lem. In addition, some of the most tyrannous acts were passed; among these, a new act for quartering troops on the people. Bos-ton was chiefly de- pendent on commerce, and the destruction of her trade produced great distress among her people. The inhabitants of Sa-lem and Mar-ble-head nobly came to their assistance, and offered the use of their wharves to the merchants of Bos-ton; and the colonies sent liberal contributions for her poorer citizens. Vir-gin-i-a was among the first in expressing her sympathy for Mas-sa- chu-setts. Her Assembly was dissolved by the governor in May, 1774, for appointing the 1st of June — the day when the Bos-ton Port Bill was to go into operation — as a fast day. It met, however, next day, notwithstanding his opposition, and declared that an attack on one colony was an attack upon all; and advised calling a Congress to consider the grievances of the people. The other colonies joined in this recommendation, and it was agreed that a Con- gress should meet in Sep-tem-ber. This second Col-o-ni-al Con-gress — the great Con-gress of the Rev-o- lu-tion — composed of delegates from all the colonies except Geor-gi-a, met at Phil-a-del-phi-a, Sep-tem-ber 5, 1774. Pey-ton Ran-dolph, of Vir-gin-i-a, was appointed president, and Charles Thom-son, of Phil-a-del-phi-a, secretary. The delegates passed a declaration of rights, together with addresses to the king and people of Eng-land, and recommended the suspension of all com- mercial intercourse with Great Bri-tain. It then adjourned, to meet May 10, 1775. Before Con-gress met in Sep-tem-ber, General Gage, now governor, had begun to fortify Bos ton Neck, the only approach by land to the town; he had also seized some powder stored by the provincials at Cam-bridge. On the other hand, the Mas-sa-chu-setts Assembly, which had been dissolved by Gage, met in Oc-to-ber, 1774, as a Pro-vin-cial Congress, called out the militia, ordered them to train and be ready at a minute's notice— hence called "Minute-men" — voted £20,000 for military expenses, and made preparations for the worst. CRYING THE STAMPS CHAPTER XVI. FIRST BLOOD. On April i8, 1775, General Gage, the Bri-tish commander, sent 800 troops under Colonel Smith, to destroy a quantity of ammunition that the A-mer-i-cans had collected at Con-cord. They had orders to capture, if possible, John Han-cock and Sam-u-el Ad-ams, who lived in that town. The movement was, however, discovered ; the alarm was swiftly given to the coun- try, and when the Bri-tish arrived before sunrise at Lex-ing-ton, about six miles from Con-cord, they found some 70 or 80 minute-men assembled on the green. Major Pit-cairn, at the head of the Bri-tish column, advanced on them rapidly, and called on them, as rebels, to throw down their arms and disperse. Not being instantly obeyed, he ordered the troops to fire, and seven of the minute-men were killed and several wounded. The Bri-tish then pro- ceeded to Con-cord and commenced to destroy the stores, but were attacked by fresh bodies of minute-men and compelled to retreat. The country was now thoroughly aroused. Young and old, with such arms as they could collect, flocked to the scene of action. From behind trees, walls, and fences, they kept up such a galling fire on the enemy during their retreat, that, had the latter not met at Lex-ing-ton a re-enforcement of 900 men and two field pieces under Lord Per-cy, sent by Gage to their assistance, they would have been destroyed or captured to a man. The Bri-tish con- tinued their retreat to Charles-ton, harassed by the A-mer-i-cans. When they arrived here, utterly worn out, they had lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, nearly 300 men. The loss of the provincials was about 90. The skir-, niish at Lex-ing-ton, April 19, 1775, was the beginning of bloodshed in the Rev-o-lu-tion-a-ry War. General Gage soon found himself closely shut up in Bos-ton by an army of 20,000 provincials, who hastened to that point on the news of the battle of Lex-ing-ton. A line of entrenchments, extending nearly 20 miles, was formed from Rox-bury to the River Mys-tic, and the greatest activity pre- 123 124 FIRST BLOOD. vailed among the A mer-i-cans. In May large re-enforcements arrived from Eng-land, under Generals Howe, Bur-goyne, and Qin-ton; and the army of Gage was now increased to more than 10,000 men. Thus strengthened, he issued a proclamation declaring martial law, and offering a pardon to those rebels who would lay down their arms. From this offer he excluded by name John Han-cock and Sam-u-el Ad-ams, as persons whose crimes were too great to be overlooked. The provincials encamped around Bos-ton consisted of New Eng-land men, chiefly from Mas-sa-chu-setts, commanded by General Ward. To blockade THE CALL TO ARMS. the Bri-tish more completely in the town, Colonel Pres-cott was sent with i,oc» men, on the night of June 16, to fortify Bun-ker Hill, which commanded the great northern road out of Bos-ton across the peninsula of Charles-ton. By some mistake, Pres-cott passed by Bun-ker Hill, and went on to Breed's Hill, much nearer the town, and there tlirew up intrenchments. When the morning broke, tlie Bri-tish were surprised to see earth-works so near them, and from the ships and a battery on Copp's Hill opened fire, which did not disturb the A-mer-i-cans. Gage then determined to carry the works by assault. About FIRST BLOOD. 125 three o'clock in the afternoon, 3,000 picked Bri-tish troops left Bos-ton, under Generals Howe and Pi-got, and, having landed, began to ascend the hill, while the cannon from the ships played on the A-mer-i-can works. From the neighboring heights, and from the roofs and steeples of Bos-ton, thousands of spectators watched anxiously the approaching battle. The A-mer-i-cans remained quiet until the Bri-tish were within 150 yards of the works, and then delivered their fire so steady and well directed that the enemy fell back in disorder to the foot of the hill. A secoiid time they advanced, but with the same result. It was some time before they could be prepared for a third attack, and in the meantime they were re-enforced by i ,000 fresh troops from Bos-ton, under General Clin-ton. General Gage ordered the houses of Charles-ton to be set on fire, and, under cover of the smoke, they were again led up the hill. The powder of the A-mer-i-cans had begun to fail, and the royal troops pushed in at one end of the redoubt, and planted light field pieces. These raked the breastworks from end to end, and at the same time some Bri-tish grenadiers swept over the works at the point of the bayonet. The A-mer-i-cans clubbed their muskets, and fell back fighting across Charles- ton Neck to a place of safety. The British had won the hill, but at a terrible sacrifice. They had lost over 1,000 in killed and wounded, more than a third of their troops engaged. The provincial loss was 450, but among these was the young and ardent patriot. General War-ren, a loss which the Bri-tish joyfully thought was worth five hundred men. Mccmwhile, on May 10, the day to which they had adjourned, the delegates to the Con-ti-nen-tal Con-gress reassembled at Phil-a-del-phi-a, John Han-cock being president, and Charles Thom-son, the Qua-ker schoolmaster of Phil-a-del-phi-a, secretary. They resolved that Great Bri-tain had begun hostilities; they also expressed a great desire for peace, and declared that they had no wish to throw off their allegiance. At the same time, they voted that the colonies should be prepared for war, and nothing but superior force would compel them to submit to Bri-tish taxation. It was as yet chiefly in New Eng-land that the idea of independence was freely spoken of; it found little favor in the Middle and Southern Colonies. On June 15, Con-gress unanimously appointed George Wash-ing-ton, who was then present as a delegate from Vir-gin-i-a, commander-in-chief. He accepted the appointment in a modest speech, in which he declined to receive any compensation but the payment of his expenses. A fortnight after the BURNING THE STAMPS. FIRST BLOOD. 1:^7 battle of Bun-ker Hill, Wash-ing-ton arrived at the A-mer-i-can camp, and took command July 2. During the remainder of the year he was fully occu- pied in bringing the army into a state of steady discipline, in providing for its wants, and in watching the Bri-tish shut up in Bos-ton. The right of his line was commanded by General Ward, and the left by General Charles Lee. Wash-ing-ton himself commanded the centre. Lee was formerly a Bri-tish officer, who had espoused the patriot cause, and was made a major-general by Con-gress. On the loth of May, the day on which Con-gress met, some Con-nec-ti- cut mihtia, under E-than Al-len and Ben-e-dict Ar-nold, captured the Bri-tish post at Ti-con-der-o-ga. Two days after, Crown Point was captured by Colonel Seth War-ner, with 150 cannon and a large amount of ammunition and stores, which proved of great service to the A-mer-i-cans. THE YOUNG MINUTE MAN. CHAPTER XVII. HARD TIMES. Early in the year of 1776, Wash-ing-ton learned that an expedition was to be sent against New York, and sent General Lee to collect volunteers from Con-nec-ti-cut and n.arch to the defense of that city. " It so happened that General Lee entered New York just as Sir Hen-ry Clin-ton arrived, so Qin-ton was obliged to sail away to Vir-gin-i-a. During the winter, the Bri-tish army were shut up in Bos-ton and watched closely by Wash-ing-ton, whose army, Jan-u-a-ry i, did not amount to 10,000 men. Gage had been superseded, on account of the battle of Bun-ker Hill, by Sir Wil-liam Howe. Wash-ing-ton hoped to be able to make an attack on the Bri-tish when the harbor was frozen, but the winter was a very open one, and nothing could be done in that way. Resolute in his purpose to drive the enemy from the city, Wash-ing-ton, on the night of the 4th of March, marched to Dor-ches-ter Heights, and, before morning, threw up earth-works which completely commanded Bos-ton. Howe, feeling that he must dislodge the A-mer-i-cans from the heights or evacuate the city, made immediate preparations for an assault; but a severe storm delayed him, and by the time it subsided the works had been made too strong to be easily taken. Nothing was left for the Bri-tish but to evacuate Bos-ton; and on March 17th they embarked on board the fleet, taking with them some 1,500 royalists, and sailed for Hal-i-fax. This bloodless victory was hailed with joy throughout the colonies. Con-gress passed a unanimous vote of thanks to Wash-ing-ton, and ordered a gold medal to be struck in remembrance of the event. Wash- ing-ton being anxious about New York, sent off the main body of his army to that place. The first point of attack proved to be, not New York, but Charles-ton, South Car-o-li-na. A Bri-tish squadron, under Admiral Par-ker, came from Ire-land, and was joined at Cape Fear by Clin-ton. After some delay, they sailed to attack Charles-ton, and appeared off harbor June 4. The Car-o-li-na 129 INDEPENDENCE HALL. HARD TIMES. 131 patriots, notified of their danger, had thrown up some works on Sul-li-van's Is-land, and placed Colonel Moul-trie there with a regiment. When the Bri-tish ships attempted to enter the harbor, June 28, they became entangled in the shoals, and were met with so furious a fire from the fort that they were compelled to retire with heavy loss. One of their vessels was abandoned. The Bri-tish soon after sailed for New York, to join the troops that were as- sembling in that neighborhood. On the same day that Fort Moul-trie was attacked. General Howe landed on Sta-ten Is-land from Hal-i-fax with the Bos-ton army and other re-enforcements. Admiral Lord Howe, the brother of the general, arrived from Eng-land shortly after with more troops, raising the number to 30,000 men. A large part of these were Hes-sians, hired by the Eng-lish from the Duke of Hes-se-Cas-sel in Ger-ma-ny. Wash-ing-ton in the meantime was not idle, having fortified Man-hat-tan Is-land at several points. Defenses were also thrown up on a range of hills on Long Is-land, south of Brook-lyn, and here was an entrenched camp, at first under General Greene, and afterward under General Put-nam. The A-mer-i-can forces in and around New York were about 25,000, but scarcely 17,000 were fit for duty on account of sickness. The Bri-tish crossed over Sta-ten Is-land to Long Is-land, and, on the morning of the 27th of Au-gust, advanced in three divisions. Two of these occupied the attention of the A-mer-i-cans in front, while Clinton, with the other, marched by a wide circuit and struck the A-mer-i-cans in the rear. For a time the latter fought well ; but, finding themselves nearly surrounded, they retreated with great loss within the intrenchments at Brook-lyn. Wash-ing-ton crossed over to Brook-lyn during the action, and saw, with indescribable agony, the destruction of his "brave fellows." The A-mer-i- cans had suffered severely. They had lost 2,000 out of 5,000 men engaged. Had the Bri-tish followed up their success, and attacked the intrenched camp, the A-mer-i-cans must have been utterly destroyed; but Howe waited till the following morning. Fortunately for the A-mer-i-cans, the next day, the 28th, ' was one of drenching rain, and the enemy did nothing but break ground for a battery. On the 29th a dense fog covered the island, but news reached Wash- ing-ton that the Bri-tish ships were preparing to move up into the East River and thus cut off his retreat. In this state of affairs, with the enemy so near his works that he could hear them in their camp, he accomplished one of the most brilliant operations Vi'^ HARD TIMES. of the war. On the ?.()th he collected what boats he could find on the East and North Rivers, and during the night moved his whole army across to New York. During all this time a heavy fog prevailed on Long Is-land, con- cealing the movements of the A-mer-i-cans from the Bri-tish, while, at the same time, the w^eather was quite clear on the New York side. Howe was greatly chagrined to find that his enemy had escaped from Brook-lyn, and BATTLE OF HARLEM HEIGHTS. secretly made preparations, with the assistance of his ships, to surround Wash- ing-ton in New York. The A-mcr-i-can officers, in a council of war, held Sep-tem-ber 12, decided that the city could not be held, and the main body of the army was withdrawn on the 14th to the northern part of the island, the most southern point of defense being on Har-lem Heights. Wash-ing-ton was anxious to learn what were the designs of the Bri-tish, and Na-than Hale, a young cap- tain in a Con-nec-ti-cut regiment volunteered to ascertain them. He ac- HARD TIMES. 183 cordingly crossed over to Long Is-land, and, having obtained the necessary information, was on his way back, when he was arrested on suspicion and taken to Howe's headquarters, now, Sep-tem-ber 2ist, on New York Is-land. Without even the form of a trial, he was next morning hanged as a spy, Sep-tem-ber 22. He met his death with great firmness, regretting that he had only one life to lose for his country. On the 15th of Sep-tem-ber, the Bri-tish crossed in force from Long Is-land, and landed, with trifling opposition, about three miles above the city. They presently occupied a line stretching across New York Is-land from Bloom-ing-dale to the East River. On the i6th a severe skirmish took place, in which the Con-nec-ti-cut troops behaved with great valor, and drove back the enemy. In the affair Colonel Knowl-ton was killed. This success raised the spirits of the troops, which had been much depressed since the battle of Long Is-land. Howe now tried to get to the rear of the A-mer-i-can army. Leav- ing his own lines in front well guarded, he landed the main body in East Ches-ter, while the fleet went up the North River on the west side. Wash- ing-ton saw Howe's plan, and, having left 3,000 men to defend Fort Wash- ing-ton, on the heights overlooking the Hud-son, fell back to the line of the River Bronx, with his head-quarters at White Plains. Here he was attacked on Oc-to-ber 28, and compelled to retire to the heights of North Cas-tle. Howe was unwilling to follow him farther, and returned with the main body of his army to Dobb's Fer-ry, on the Hud-son. Wash-ing-ton left Lee at North Cas-tle, and, after providing for the defense of the High-lands, crossed the river at King's Fer-ry with a portion of his army, and entered New Jer-sey, where he joined General Greene at Fort Lee, November 13. While he was here, 5,000 Hes-sians, under General Kny-phau-sen, assisted by some Eng- lish troops, attacked Fort Wash-ing-ton, defended by Colonel Ma-gaw. The place was taken by storm, No-vem-ber 16, with a loss to the assailants of nearly 1,000 men, chiefly Hes-sians. Over 2,000 A-mer-i-cans were made prisoners. Four days after, No-vem-ber 20, Lord Corn-wal-lis was sent across the Hud-son into New Jer-sey, at the head of 6,000 men to follow Wash-ing-ton. On his approach. Fort Lee was abandoned by the A-mer-i-cans, together with all the baggage and military stores. Wash-ing-ton retreated across New Jer-sey at a rapid rate, followed so closely by Corn-wal-lis that the vanguard of the latter was often within cannon-shot of the A-mer-i-cans. HARD TIMES. 135 The condition of the latter at this time was very distressing. Many of the niihtia went quietly to their homes. Those that remained were wretched- ly clothed, ill fed, and utterly worn out. On the 8th of De-cem-ber, with scarcely 3,000 men, Wash-ing-ton crossed the Del-a-ware into Penn-syl-van-i-a and Corn-wal-lis and his troops went into quarters on the New Jer-sey side of the river. During this long and painful retreat, Wash-ing-ton sent repeated and positive orders to Lee at North Cas-tle to cross the Hud-son and join him with his troops. The latter hesitated, and moved so slowly to the support of his commander that he was no farther than Mor-ris-town on the 8th of De-cem- ber. On the 13th, while lying carelessly quartered apart from his troops, in a small tavern at Bas-ken-ridge, he was surprised and made prisoner by a troop of Bri-tish cavalry. The command then devolved on General Sul-li-van. who joined Wash-ing-ton a few days afterward. The army was now considerably increased, and Wash-ing-ton deter- mined to strike a sudden blow before the term of a large part of the troops should expire. A body of 1,500 Hes-sians at Tren-ton was chosen as the object of attack. On the night of De-cem-ber 25, Wash-ing-ton, with 2,400 of his best men, crossed the Del-a-ware with great difficulty, nine miles above Tren-ton. Two other divisions, crossing at different points, were to co-operate with him, but were prevented by the floating ice. Amid a storm of rain and sleet, Wash-ing-ton pushed on, and at eight o'clock in the morning fell suddenly on the enemy. About thirty or forty Hes-sians were killed; about 500 escaped to Bor-den-town ; and the remainder, to the number of i.ooo, threw down their arms and surrendered. In the evening Wash-ing-ton re-entered Penf-syl- va-ni-a with his prisoners. The spirits of the people were raised to a very high pitch by this successful movement, executed with so much energy and so little loss, at a time, too, when their affairs seemed sunk to the lowest point. Several regi- ments whose term of service was about to expire were persuaded to remain six weeks longer, and Wash-ing-ton re-crossed the Del-a-ware on the 30th of De-cem-ber and took post at Tren-ton. The Bri-tish, astonished and alarmed at the activity of the A-mer-i-cans, broke up their scattered encampments on the Del-a-ware, and assembled at Prince-ton; while, at the same time, Howe ordered Corn-wal-lis, who was about to embark for Eng-land, to resume his command in New Jer-sey. • 1 CHAPTER XVIII. CROSSING THE DELAWARE. Wash-ing-ton, while encamped at Tren-ton, was informed that the Bri- tish were assembling in the neighborhood of Prince-ton for a movement toward the Del-a-ware. By his urgent order, Generals Mif-flin and Cad-wal- la-der joined him on the ist of Jan-u-a-ry with 3,500 men. Toward sunset on the 2nd, General Corn-wal-lis, with the van of the Bri-tish army, arrived at Tren-ton, and made repeated attempts to pass the little stream that runs through the town, but was often repulsed by the artillery of the A-mer-i-cans. Corn-wal-lis therefore concluded to wait for his re-enforcements, and renew the attack on the following day. The situation of Wash-ing-ton was most critical. In front was an ap- proaching army of 7,000 men; in the rear was the Del-a-ware, impassable by reason of floating ice. From this position he determined to extricate his troops by a bold and rapid maneuvre. During the night he sent his heavy baggage down to Bur-ling-ton, and, leaving his camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, marched his little army by a round-about road toward the Bri-tish post at Prince-ton. On the morning of the 3rd, his advance guard, under General Mer-cer, met about 800 Bri-tish near that place on their way to join Corn-wa!-Iis, and a sharp engagement followed. The A-mer-i-cans were at first worsted; but Wash-ing-ton, coming up, routed the enemy with a loss of 100 killed and 300 prisoners. General Mer-cer was mortally wounded. Corn-wal-lis, who heard the firing, came rapidly up from his camp at Tren-ton; but he was toO' late to take part in the battle. Wash-ing-ton, destroying the bridges behind him, fell back to the heights of Mor-ris-town, while Corn-wal-lis, anxious for the safety of the stores at New Bruns-wick, pushed swiftly to that point. Though Wash-ing-ton had but the shadow of an army at Mor-ris-town during the winter, he displayed so much activity, and so harassed the Bri-tish, that by the beginning of spring they had abandoned every post in New Jer-sey except New Bruns-wick and Perth Am-boy. 137 138 CROSSING THE DELAWARE. Toward the end of A-pril, General Howe dispatched General Try-on, ex-governor of New York, at the head of 2,000 men, to destroy a large quan- tity of A-mer-i-can stores collected at Dan-bury, a small town in the western part of Con-nec-ti-cut, 23 miles from the Sound. Try-on landed, A-pril 26, between Fair-field and Nor-walk, marched to Dan-bury, destroyed the stores RECRUITING. without hindrance, and set fire to the town. On his retreat, which commenced before daylight on the 27th, and continued two days, he was attacked by the militia, under the command of Generals Woos-ter and Sul-li-van, and also Ben-e-dict Ar-nold, who volunteered as a leader. At length the Bri-tish were able to reach their shipping with the loss of nearly 300 men. The A-mer-i-cana CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 16\) lost the brave General Woos-ter, a veteran in his sixty-eighth year. Ar-nold, who had two horses shot under him, displayed so much daring gallantry that he was made a major general by Con-gress. The burning of Dan-bury was revenged by the Con-nec-ti-cut troops in the following month. Colonel Meigs, with 120 men, in whale-boats, crossed the Sound to the east end of Long Is-land on the 23rd of M-ay, destroyed a great quantity of stores and 12 vessels at Sag Har-bor, took 90 prisoners, and returned in 25 hours without the loss of a man. An exploit still more daring, and equally successful, was the capture of General Pres-cott, the commander, of the Bri-tish forces in Rhode Is-land, in the month of Ju-ly, by Colonel Bar-ton and 40 men. In the silence of the night of the loth they crossed Nar-ra-gan-sett Bay, passed by the Bri-tish guard ships unchallenged, landed, and surprised Pres-cott at his own quarters in bed. Bar-ton then returned un- molested with his prisoner to the main land. Wash-ing-ton had now in his hands a general that could be exchanged for General Lee, captured very much in the same way by the Bri-tish. Through the efforts of the A-mer-i-can commissioners in France, there arrived in 1776 and 1777 a large number of foreign military ofificers who offered their services to Con-gress. Wash-ing-ton complained that they were so numerous he did not know how to find employment for them; and he hinted that their appointment by Con-gress to places of higher rank than those given to faithful A-mer-i-can officers was producing very ill feeling in the army. Several of these foreigners, who became afterward well known, were the famous Kos-ci-us-ko and Count Pu-las-ki, two young Po-lish officers and patriots; Con-way, an I-rish-man by birth, but 30 years in the French army, and after entering the A-mer-i-can service, one of the most unprincipled of Wash- ing-ton's enemies; the young French Mar-quis de La-fay-ette, who purchased a ship, and, in opposition to the wishes of the French government, came over together with Bar-on de Kalb, and others. Later came Bar-on Steu-ben, a Prus-sian general trained under Fred-er-ick the Great, who did great service to the A-mer-i-can army in perfecting its discipline. On the 1 2th of June, General Howe left New York and went to New Bruns-wick. From that point he tried to get to the rear of the A-mer-i-can army and bring on a general engagement. Baffled in this, after several at- tempts, he then, on the 30th of June, crossed over with his entire force to Sta-ten Is-land, leaving no Bri-tish troops in New Jer-sey. At San-dy Hook General Howe found his brother, Lord Howe, with his fleet. On board this CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 141 he embarked 18,000 men, and sailed to the head of Ches-a-peake Bay, where he landed his troops near Elk River, in Ma-ry-land, 60 miles south of Phil-a- del-phi-a, Au-gust 25. Howe then advanced northward to the capital as far as the Bran-dy-wine River. Wash-ing-ton, who had not understood Hovve's object until he was well on his way, by forced marches reached the Bran-dy-wine before the arrival of the Bri-tish, and at Chad's Ford was prepared to resist their crossing, Sep- tem-ber 11. General Kny-phau-sen, at the head of the Hes-sians, was ordered to make a feint as if he were about to try the ford. Meanwhile Corn-wal-lis. with a large portion of the army, crossed higher up, and, falling c;i Wash- ing-ton's flank, compelled him to retreat with the loss of 1,200 men. For his bravery in this battle. Count Pu-las-ki was made a brigadier general. To com- plete the disaster at the Bran-dy-wine, General Wayne, a few days after, while watching the Bri-tish, was himself so suddenly surprised near Pa-o-li Ta-vern that he lost 300 men. The loss of the enemy was only seven. As the Bri-tish continued to advance, Wash-ing-ton gave up hope of saving Phil-a-del-phi-a, and fell back to Potts-grove, on the Schuyl-kill. Con- gress left the city, and, after a few days, assembled at York, Penn-syl-ya-ni-a. Howe entered Phil-a-del-phi-a Sep-tem-ber 26, and stationed the bulk of his army in camp at Ger-man-town, at that time a small village about ten miles distant. Wash-ing-ton, having received re-enforcements, on learning that two detachments of Bri-tish had been sent away, left his camp on the Schuyl-kill, 14 miles above, marched all night, and at sunrise, Oc-to-ber 4, fell suddenly on the Bri-tish at Ger-man-town. The enemy were taken by surprise, and at first driven in disorder. Mctory seemed within the grasp of Wash-ing- ton; but, in the fog of the morning, the A-mer-i-can lines became broken and separated by the stone fences that lay near the village. A portion of the Bri- tish made a stand in a stone house; the rest of the army recovered from its surprise, and in turn drove the A-mer-i-cans back, with the loss of 1,000 men. Howe was in possession of Phil-a-del-phi-a, but the A-mer-i-cans still held command of the Del-a-ware, principally by means of Fort Mif-flin on Mud Is-land, and Fort Mer-cer at Red Bank, opposite; there were also ob- structions placed in the channel of the river. These effectually prevented the Bri-tish ships from bringing supplies to Phil-a-del-phi-a. On Oc-to-ber 22, Count Do-nop, with 1,200 picked Hes-sians, attacked the fort at Red Bank, held by Colonel Greene, while the Bri-tish ships opened fire on Fort Mif-flin. Do-nop's attack was repulsed, and he himself killed, together with nearly 400 ESCAPE OF BENEDICT ARNOLD. CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 143 of his men. Two Bri-tish ships were destroyed, and the rest retired, badly injured by the fire of the A-mer-i-can guns. The Bri-tish, soon after this repulse, erected batteries on a small island in the river, and on No-vem-ber loth opened a severe cannonade on Fort Mif-flin. The bombardment, in which the fleet joined, continued until the close of the 15th, when the works were nearly demolished; the garrison was withdrawn during the following night. Two days after, the fort at Red Bank was abandoned, and thus the river was open to the Bri-tish. Wash-ing-ton established his winter quarters at V"al-ley Forge, on the Schuyl-kill, 20 miles fro:"n Phil-a-del-phi-a, while Howe kept his army within a strongly fortified line extending from the Del-a-ware to the Schuyl-kill. In the meantime General Bur-goyne had surrendered after making an attempt to invade the country by way of Canada. This news was received with great joy throughout the country, and many who before had sympathized with the Eng-lish government, now saw that victory was possible. Consequently many volunteers joined the A-mer-i-can army. SIR ROBERT PEEL. CHAPTER XIX. VALLEY FORGE. The A-mer-i-can army, in their huts at Val-ley Forge, spent a very wretched winter amid the snow, many of them being without shoes, half clad, and all of them suffering from want of provisions. The officers, as well as the men, were without pay, and Con-gress had no means of paying them. The distress of the army was so great that Wash-ing-ton was authorized to seize provisions wherever he could, and give bills on Con-gress for the amount. This was a harsh, though necessary measure; but it, in some degree, improved the condition of the army. This period is considered the gloomiest in the war. During the winter occurred the famous plot, known as the Con-way Ca-bal. After the surrender of Bur-goyne, the reputation of Gates rose very high. While this was at its height, a few officers of the army, headed by Gen- erals Con-way and Mif-flin, to whom were joined some members of Con-gress, formed a plan to destroy the military reputation of Wash-ing-ton by charging him with want of energy and success. In this way they thought to compel him to resign, and then to elevate Gates to the command of the army. The plotting was very active and malignant while it continued, but Wash-ing-ton held too firm a place in the confidence of the people and the army to be easilj shaken from it. The country vv^as aroused; his enemies were baffled, and hi*, popularity rose to a greater height than ever before. The spring of 1778 opened with a more chcerial state of things in the army and in Con-gress. The news of Bnr-goync's surrender had proiluced widely different feelings in France and Eng-land. The French court still re- membered with bitterness the loss of its A-mer-i-can colonies a few years before, and now saw with joy that Eng-land was likely to suffer in the same way. By the Eng-lish government the news was received with astonishment and alarm, which were increased by the knowledge that France was disposed to assist the colonies. The Eng-lish ministry, therefore, felt the necessity of 145 VALLEY FORGE. 147 offering terms to the A-mer-i-cans ; and, accordingly, in Jan-u-a-ry, 1778, two bills were passed in Par-li-a-ment, one, renouncing all intention to levy taxes in A-mer-i-ca; the other, appointing five commissioners, with full powers to treat with the colonists for the restoration of the Eng-lish authority. Fortunately, soon after the news of the offer of these propositions in Par-li-a-ment reached A-mer-i-ca in A-pril, there arrived, in a French frigate, the intelligence that, in the month of Feb-ru-a-ry, France had agreed with the A-mer-i-can commissioners on two treaties with the U-nit-ed States; one, erf friendship and commerce; and the other, of defensive alliance in case Great Bri-tain should declare war against France. No peace was to be made without mutual consent, and not until the independence of the U-nit-ed States had teen acknowledged by Eng-land. These treaties, speedily ratified by Con- gress, strengthened the confidence of the A-mer-i-can patriots; and when the Eng-lish commissioners arrived in June, Con-gress declined to treat with them unless the independence of the colonies was first recognized, and the fleets and armies of Eng-land were withdrawn. In this determination Con-gress was still farther strengthened by what was occurring at Phil-a-del-phi-a. Sir Hen-ry Clin-ton, on the nth of May, took command there in place of General Howe, who was recalled. Orders were also received from Eng-land to withdraw the troops from Phil-a- del-phi-a, and the Bri-tish fleet from the Del-a-ware, as a large French fleet for the assistance of the A-mer-i-cans, might be expected on the coast at an early moment. Clin-ton, soon after his arrival, made active preparations for the evacua- tion of the city, and, on the i8th of June, with his army of about 12,000 men, he left Phil-a-del-phi-a, crossed the Del-a-ware, and commenced his march through New Jer-sey to New York. Admiral Howe had already sailed with his fleet from the Del-a-ware, and anchored inside of San-dy Hook, ready for the arrival of Clin-ton. Wash-ing-ton, informed of CHn-ton's movements, crossed the Del-a-ware in pursuit on the 24th of June. Lee, who had been ex- changed for General Pres-cott, was second in command. The progress of the Bri-tish was hindered by the great quantity of baggage, and by the intense heat of the weather. Wash-ing-ton,who moved more rapidly,came up with Clin-ton, near Mon-mouth Court-house, on the 27th of June, and determined to give him battle. On the 28th of June, Lee, with the advance body, moved forward to the attack; but the enemy were in greater force than was supposed, and Lee THE WASHINGTON ELM. VALLEY FORGE. 149 fell back, in some disorder, to higher ground. Wash-ing-ton came up with the main body, and prevented serious disaster; and the day closed, after severe fighting, without any positive advantage on either side. Wash-ing-ton in- tended to resume the battle in the morning, but before sunrise Clin-ton's army was far on its way toward the High-lands of Nave-sink. The A-mer-i-cans were so worn out with rapid marching, and the fatigue and intense heat of the previous day, that it was decided to abandon the pursuit ; and, after a day's rest, they went to New Bruns-wick, where they encamped. Arriving at San-dy Hook, the Bri-tish were met by Lord Howe's fleet, and were conveyed to New York. Clin-ton's retreat had cost him, in killed, wounded, and by deser- tions, more than 2,000 men. When Lee was falling back at the battle of Mon-mouth, Wash-ing-ton rode up in great haste, and, being deeply irritated at what he saw, addressed Lee in angry terms. The latter was greatly offended at Wash-ing-ton's public rebuke, and, after the battle, addressed two haughty and offensive letters to his general, in which he demanded a speedy trial. Wash-ing-ton at once or- dered him to be arrested and tried by court-martial for disobedience of orders; for having made an unnecessary, shameful and disorderly retreat; and for disrespect to his commander in the letters he had written. He was acquitted of the most serious part of the charges, but was sentenced to be suspended from his command for one year. He thereupon retired to his estate in Vir-gin-i-a. in the Shen-an-do-ah Val-ley. Shortly after the expiration of the period of his sentence, he ad- dressed a hasty and insolent letter to Con-gress; and for this his name was promptly ordered to be struck from the rolls of the army. Brave, able, and a well-educated soldier, Lee's chief faults seem to have been an excessive opinion of his own abilities, and a too great readiness to criticize the military conduct of Wash-ing-ton. But there is no evidence that he ever joined the cabal of Gates, Con-way, and others, to ruin the commander-in-chief. The French fleet, under D'Es-taing, with 4,000 troops on board, arrived too late to find Admiral Howe in the Del-a-ware. The latter was safe in Rar-i-tan Bay, where the heavy French ships could not reach him. A combined movement against the Bri-tish army in Rhode Island, under General Pi-got, was ar- ranged, in which the A-mer-i-can troops, under General Sul-li-van, were to be assisted by the French fleet and army. On the 2gth of Ju-ly, D'Es-taing's fleet arrived in Xar-ra-gan-sett Bay. On the 8th of Au-gust it entered the harbor, and passed the Bri-tish batteries INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON. VALLEY FORGE 151 with little injury. This delay of a week was caused by the non-arrival of the A-mer-i-can troops; but it proved fatal to the enterprise, because it gave the brave and active Lord Howe time to arrive off the harbor of New-port, on the 9th, to the assistance of General Pi-got. D'Es-taing promptly sailed out on the loth to give Lord Howe battle. Before the ships could engage, a terrible storm scattered and disabled both fleets. Howe made his way back to New York, and D'Es-taing's fleet returned to the bay in a forlorn condition, but soon sailed to Bos-ton to refit. Sul-li-van, in command of the A-mer-i-can forces, to the number of 10,000 men, performed his part of the plan by advancing toward the Bri-tish lines at New-port. Here he waited for the co-operation of the French fleet and army that were to unite with him in an attack on the Bri-tish works. When D'Es-taing got back to New-port, he informed Sul-li-van that he was about to sail to Bos-ton to repair damages. Sul-li-van remonstrated, and asked him to remain two or three days, before the end of which time the place must fall; but D'Es-taing remained firm to his purpose. Still again Sul-li-van asked that the French troops might be left. This also was refused. Thus left to his own recources, Sul-li-van was compelled to fall back to the north end of the island, pursued by the Bri-tish. On the 29th, an ob- stinate engagement was fought at Qua-ker Hill, but the advantage remained with the A-mer-i-cans. Meanwhile rumors had reached Sul-li-van that as- sistance to Pi-got was on the way from New York. There was no time for delay. On the night of the 30th, the A-mer-i-can army, with great skill and without loss, was transported to the mainland. It was not too soon. Next day Clin-ton arrived at New-port, in a light squadron, with a re-enforcement of 4,000 men. Clin-ton made use of the troops that had arrived a day too late in sending them, under Major General Grey, to ravage the coasts to the eastward. This was the same energetic but merciless officer that surprised General Wayne at Pa-o-li Ta-vern, in Penn-syl-va-ni-a. Grey made terrible havoc amoi;ig the shipping on the coasts; laid waste New Bed-ford, Fair Ha-ven, and the island of Mar-tha's Vine-yard, and returned, with a great amount of plunder, to New York. The conduct had already been far surpassed in Penn-syl-va-ni-a. In the beginning of Ju-ly, about 1,100 tories and In-di-ans, under Colonel John Eut-ler and the In-di-an chief Brandt, entered the Val-ley of Wy-om-ing, on the Sus-que-han-na. After defeating an at^med body of settlers, they laid waste 152 vai.i.i;y forge. the fields, burned Uic liuuscs, and murdered the inhabitants under circum- stances of great cruelty. Nearly the same dreadful atrocities were perpetrated at Cher-ry \'al-ley in No-vem-ber following. The country for miles around was a scene of ftiurder and bloodshed. Toward the end of the year, Clin-ton sent an e.xpedition to Geor-gia, under Colonel Camp-bell, to attack Sa-van-nah. This was fortified and held by a garrison of about 1,000 men, under General Rob-ert Howe. After severe fighting, tlie Bri-tish took possession of the city on the 29th of De-cem-ber. OLD liHACON HILL, BOSTON During the winter the I'rcncli licet was in the \\ est Iii-dics, whither Admiral Howe had followed it. The war had now lasted four years, and the Bri-tish, after tremendous exertions, held, in the North, only New York Is-land and Nar-ra-gan-sett Bay. In the South tiicy had only gained a foothold in Geor-gia: while, on the other hand, the A-mer-i-cans had become more formidable than ever by means of the French alliance. Yet the A-nier-i-can cause was still laboring under great VALLEY FORGE 153 difficulties. Con-gress had very little specie, and had issued so much paper money that it had become nearly worthless. Everything must have gone to ruin had it not been for the exertions of Rob-ert Mor-ris, a member of Con- gress from Phil-a-del-phi-a; in which city he was a leading merchant. He borrowed large sums of money on his own credit, and lent them to the govern- ment. This he continued to do until the the close of the war. Notwithstand- ing all this, the army were still heavy sufiferers from want, not only of their pay, but of the necessaries of life. ;, the conqueror of ISur-goxne, to take command of operations in the C"ar-o-li-iias. In a short time dates was able to draw a considerable force around him. With this he unc.\i>ectedly met the Bri-tish, TREASON. 157 under Corn-wal-lis, at San-der's Creek, near Cam-den, Au-gust i6. The battle was short and violent. At the first charge of the Bri-tish the A-nier-i-can mi- litia fled ; but the regulars under De Kalb, stood firm, although attacked in front and flank. De Kalb at last fell mortally wounded; and then the battle became a disorderly retreat, the pursuit by the Bri-tish continuing for nearly 30 miles. The A-mer-i-can army was completely dispersed. Two or three days after, Gates and a few of his officers rested at a point 80 miles distant from the field of Cam-den. To sum the disasters to the A-mer-i-can cause, Tar-le-ton meanwhile had surprised Sum-ter on the i8th of Au-gust at Fish-ing Creek, on the west bank of the Ca-taw-ba, and nearly destroyed his whole partisan^ corps. All united resistance to the Bri-tish in South Car-o-li-na was for a time at an end. Gates, after several attempts, was unable to draw together more than 1,000 men; and Con-gress, dissatisfied with his management, removed him from the command. On Wash-ing-ton's recommendation, General Na-than-i-el Greene was appointed in the place of Gates. Corn-wal-lis used his power with great severity. He hanged some of the patriots and imprisoned great numbers. This roused a feeling of vengeance among the people, and started partisan warfare into new life. Ma-ri-on came from among the swamps, whither he had retired, and Sum-ter raised a fresh band. In Sep-tem-ber Corn-wal-lis marched his main body into North Car-o- li-na as far as Char-lotte, and dispatched Major Fer-gu-son to rally the tories in the interior among the mountains. On his route Fer-gu-son was attacked in camp at King's Moun-tain, Oc-to-ber 7, by a large body of backwoods rifle- men, under Colonel Campbell, and himself, with some 150, was killed; the re- mainder were taken prisoners. The tories in Fer-gu-son's band had been guilty of great cruelties, and had deeply exasperated the inhabitants. After the battle, the Noi'^h Car-o-li-na backwoodsmen hanged a number of the tory prisoners on the spot. Corn-wal-lis, when he heard the news of Fer-gu-son's defeat, fell back into South Car-o-li-na, between the Broad and Sa-lu-da Rivers. Here he remained until the close of the year. The suffering in the A-mer-i-can camp at Mor-ris-town continued to in- crease as spring opened. In May there was absolute famine among the troops. To such a point of desperation were the soldiers driven, that two regiments of the Con-nec-ti-cut line avowed their purpose to march home or gain subsis- tence at the point of the bayonet. It required all the influence of Wash- PEACEFUL UAVS. TREASON. 159 ing-ton to restore order, and to obtain supplies of food for the soldiers. So serious was the danger that Con-gress authorized him to declare martial law. While Clin-ton was in the South, K-ny-phau-sen, hearing of the state of things in the A-mer-i-can camp, determined to strike a blow. On the 6th of June he landed with 5,000 men at E-liz-a-beth-town, and advanced toward Spring-field. He experienced serious resistance ; and, after burning the village of Con-nec-ti-cut Farms, returned to E-liz-a-beth Town. Clinton arrived with the fleet and part of the army from the South on June 7. K-ny-phau-sen again moved forward toward Spring-field, and on the 23rd, attacked the A-mer-i-cans, under General Greene, who, after a sharp fight, fell back in good order to the heights. The Bri-tish, checked by Greene's spirited resistance, after burning Spring-field, marched back to E-liz-a-beth-town. La-fay-ette, who had spent the winter in France, was successful in per- suading the French court to send a new fleet and army to the help of the A-mer-i-cans, and brought over the good news in A-pril. Accordingly, in Ju-ly, the fleet, under Admiral De Tier-nay, arrived at New-port with an army of nearly 7,000 men, under the command of Count De Ro-cham-beau. Great expectations were formed from this assistance ; but, unfortunately, the Bri-tish fleet on the A-mer-i-can coast was heavily re-enforced. This prevented the French ships from leaving Nar-ra-gan-sett Bay, and for a time banished the hope of any combined operations with the fleet and army, that Wash-ing-ton and the nation had deeply at heart. At the very time that Wash-ing-ton was absent at Hart-ford, Con- nec-ti-cut, consulting with De Tier-nay and De Ro-cham-beau on the best plan to render useful the French fleet and army, treason was plotting to put into the hands of the Bri-tish West Point, the strongest fortress in the country. The traitor was Ben-e-dict Arn-old. The wounds he received before Oue-bec and at Sar-a-to-ga had rendered him unfit for active duty in the field, and through the influence of Wash-ing-ton he was placed in military command of Phil-a-del-phi-a after its evacuation by Clin-ton in 1778. Here he lived ex- pensively and far beyond his means; or, as was asserted, far from what befitted a republican general. In his command he was somewhat overbearing, and quarreled with the Penn-syl-va-ni-a authorities, who made complaints to Con-gress against him for abuse of his high position by embezzling or misusing public property. On this charge he was tried, and sentenced to be reprimanded by Wash-ing-ton, who, notwithstanding all this, still retained the highest confidence in his IREASON. 161 personal honor and bravery. Ar-nold's pride was, however, greatly wounded by the sentence. In Au-gust, 1780, after earnest solicitation, he obtained from Wash-ing-ton the command of West Point, and at once entered into a cor- respondence with Clin-ton at New York with reference to the surrender of that important place to the Brit-ish. The person who conducted the correspondence with Ar-nold on the part of Clin-ton was Major An-dre, under the assumed name of John An-der-son. When the affair had been sufficiently understood by letter, An-dre went up the Hud-son in the sloop of war Vul-ture, and was met near Ha-ver-straw on the west bank by Ar-nold, Sep-tem-ber 22. Here all the arrangements for the surrender were completed. Meanwhile, the Vul-ture, commanded by the A-mer-i-cans, had dropped lower down the river, and An-dre, with a pass from Ar-nold under his assumed name, was compelled to return by land on the east side. When he had ridden as far as Tar-ry-town, at a turn of the road his horse's reins were suddenly seized by one of three militiamen, and, being for the moment surprised, he did not at first use his pass. He was searched, and the plans of West Point were found concealed in his boots. He then offered his purse, his watch — any reward, indeed, that they might demand, if they would let him pass, but they refused. They took him to the nearest A-mer-i- can post, and the commander thoughtlessly permitted An-dre to write to Ar- nold telling him that An-der-son was taken. Immediately on receipt of this letter, Ar-nold escaped in his own barge down the river, and was taken on board the Vul-ture. An-dre was tried by court-martial as a spy. When before the court, he stated his connection with the whole afifair with the utmost frankness. On these statements he was condemned to death, and was hung at Tap-pan, near the Hud-son Oc-to-ber 2, 1780. Con-gress voted each of the militiamen, — Pauld-ing, Van Wart and Williams, a pension of 200 dollars a year for life, and a silver medal. Ar-nold received for his treachery the appointment of brigadier general of the Bri-tish army, and f 10,000 sterling; but his conduct was detested by the great bulk of the Bri-tish officers nearly as much as by the A-mer-i-can patriots. The A-mer-i-can cause had made a narrow and most fortunate escape from disaster. The loss of West Point would have proved an almost irreparable injury to the country. It would have given the Bri-tish the command of the Hud-son, thereby separating the Mid-die States from the East-ern, and for a time would have completely disarranged all the plans of Wash-ing-ton. n CAPTURE OF ANDRE. CHAPTER XXI. VICTORY AT LAST. A large part of the A-mer-i-can army spent the winter of 1780-81 at Mor-ris-town, under General Wayne. They were better provided with food than in the previous winter, but they still suffered much from the want of pay and clothing. The troops from Penn-syl-va-ni-a had an additional grievance. Many of them had enlisted to serve for three years or the war. The three years had ended, and their discharge was refused on the ground that by the war was meant a longer time than three years, should fighting continue; wliereas the men contended that it meant a shorter time than three years, if the war ended before that time. On the 1st of Jan-u-a-ry, the Penn-syl-va-ni-a line, to the number of 1,300, under arms, left the camp at Mor-ris-town and commenced their march to Phil-a-del-phi-a, to demand redress from Con-gress. General Wayne inter- posed, but they threatened to bayonet him if he used force. In an attempt on the part of the officers to repress the mutiny, several were wounded and a captain was killed. They halted at Prince-ton, where Bri-tish agents from Clin-ton met them with inducements to join the Bri-tish service. The Penn- syl-va-ni-ans showed their patriotism by seizing these men and delivering them up to General Wayne as spies. Con-gress was alarmed, and a committee of that body, and another from the Penn-syl-va-ni-a Assembly, proceeded to meet the troops. An agree- ment was entered into discharging those who had served three years, and making provision for back pay and clothing. These concessions on the part of Con-gress produced an injurious effect on the rest of the army. The troops at Pomp-ton, New Jer-sey, mutinied on the 20th of Jan-u-a-ry, but Wash-ing- ton sent a detachment from West Point which quickly reduced the mutineers to obedience. Such disturbances showed plainly that extraordinary exertions were demanded to relieve the sufferings of the troops, otherwise the cause would b* lost. Con-gress acted with vigor. Direct taxation was resorted to; money 11 163 THE PATRIOT ARMY. VICTORY AT LAST. 165 was obtained from Europe; a national bank was established; and full power was placed in the hands of Rob-ert Mor-ris to adopt what measures he deemed best to restore the well nigh ruined finances of the country. These exer*ion.« were partly successful. In the beginning of Jan-u-a-ry, the traitor Ar-nold, now in the service ol the Bri-tish, at the head of 1,500 men, principally tories, ascended the James River, plundered the plantations, and burned many public and private buildings in Rich-mond. Governor Thom-as Jef-fer-son called out the militia, and Ar-nold fell back to Ports-mouth. A plan was laid by Wash-ing-ton for his capture at this place. La-fay-ette was ordered to move with 1,200 men by land, and the French fleet, sailing from New-port, was to prevent the escape of Ar- nold from E-liz-a-beth River. The plan failed. Admiral Ar-buth-not, with a Bri-tish fleet, followed, and defeated the French ofif the entrance to the Ches-a-peake, compelling them to return to New-port. General Phil-lips pres- ently arrived from New York with 2,000 Bri-tish troops, threw up works at Ports-mouth, and assumed command. Ar-nold then returned to New York, while Phil-lips proceeded to ravage the country. Early in Jan-u-a-ry, Corn-wal-lis set his troops in motion toward North Car-o-li-na. Tar-le-ton was dispatched with a cavalry force to get between Greene and Mor-gan, who commanded a part of the A-mer-i-can army, and came up with the latter at the Cow-pens. Jan-u-a-ry 17. Tar-le-ton, dashing forward impetuously, as was his custom, at first swept everything before him; but Mor-gan turned suddenly on the Bri-tish when they were disarranged in pursuit, and defeated them with great loss. Corn-wal-lis, when he heard of this, moved with great speed to cut ofif Mor-gan's retreat into Vir-gin-i-a, but reached the Ca-taw-ba River a few hours after the latter had crossed. Corn- wal-lis waited until morning, and in the night the river became swollen with the rain, and prevented his crossing for several days. Determined on pursuit, he burned all his heavy baggage, and spared nothing but what was absolutely necessary. Mor-gan pushed on the Yad-kin River, and was there joined by General Greene, who took command and crossed. Corn-wal-lis reached the western bank just in time to see Greene's troops marching away from the other side. Here again the rain raised the water so high as to prevent the immediate crossing of the Bri-tish. The retreat and pursuit was continued from the Yad-kin to the River Dan. Both armies made the most unsparing exertions. The track of the A-mer-i-cans was marked ■BURN-ING OF THE GAS-rEi:, VICTORY AT LAST. 167 by blood from their shoeless feet, but they were able to reach and cross the Dan a few hours before Corn-wal-lis arrived. The Bri-tish general, dis- heartened at his ill success, gave up the pursuit, and slowly made his way back into North Car-o-li-na. Greene received great honor for his skillful retreat. Being re-enforced, he in a short time resumed the offensive, and advanced into the Car-o-li-nas to watch Corn-wal-Hs. On the X5th of March he made a stand at Guil-ford Court-house, where he was attacked by Corn-wal-lis, and driven back several miles. His defeat was nearly equal to a victory, for the Bri-tish loss in the battle was so very heavy that they were compelled to fall back to Wil-ming-ton, near the sea-coast. Greene then turned his attention to the Bri-tish forces in South Car-o-li-na, under the command of Lord Raw- don, at Cam-den, and encamped at Hob-kirk's Hill, about a mile from the Bri-tish camp. Here, on the 25th of A-pril, he was surprised and defeated. The loss on both sides was nearly equal, and Greene was able to retire in good order. The victory was of no value to Lord Raw-don; for, being unable to bring on another general engagement with Greene, and becoming anxious for the safety of the posts between Cam-den and the coast, he retreated first to Nel-son's Fer-ry, on the San-tee, and then to Monk's Cor-ner. So active, meanwhile, were the A-mer-i-can partisan officers, Ma-ri-on, Lee, and Pick-ens, that, by the month of June, 1781, only three important strong-holds were held by the Bri-tish in South Car-o-li-na — Charles-ton, Nel-son's Fer-ry, and Fort Nine-ty-six, near the Sa-lu-da. In Geor-gia, Au- gus-ta was surrendered on the 5th of June to Lee and Pick-ens, after a close liege of seven days. Greene himself marched again«t Nine-ty-six, defended by Car-o-li-na loyalists; and Raw-don, on learning this, moved rapidly to their relief. Greene received notice of his approach, and concluded to assault the fort before he arrived, but was repulsed, June i8th, with severe loss, and abandoned the siege. After the beginning of Ju-ly, the active movements of the two armies were suspended for a time on account of the intense heat of the sultry season. The partisan corps of tories and patriots still kept the field, rifling houses, killing each other, and sometimes not sparing women and children. The unavoid- able horrors of war were thus greatly increased ; and the desire for vengeance was rendered still more blood-thirsty by the execution of Colonel Hayne, a distinguished citizen of Charles-ton. THE Sl'IKIT OF 7(5. VICTORY AT LAST. 169 When the city was surrendered, he had given his parole of honor that he would not serve in the A-mer-i-can ranks. The Bri-tish commander, greatly in need of re-enforcements, demanded his services in the army. Hayne refused, alleging that this demand was not within the meaning of the parole. He then headed a partisan corps, and was taken in arms and hanged, Au-gust 4, in spite of the earnest entreaties of his fellow-townsmen. In retaliation, Greene felt compelled to execute as deserters all those prisoners who had formerly served in his own army; and it was not always possible to prevent the A-mer-i-can partisan troops from shooting the Bri-tish officers who fell into their hands. Raw-don went to Eng-land, and left the command of the troops to Colonel Stew-art. Greene, now re-enforced, and having been joined by Ma- ri-on and Pick-ens, marched with 2,500 men against him, and compelled him to fall back to Eu-taw Springs. Here he was attacked by Greene on the 8th of Sep-tem-ber; and, after severe fighting, Stew-art's left wing was driven in every direction. Unfortunately, the A-mer-i-can troops stopped to plunder the Kri-tish camp; this gave the enemy time to recover from their confusion and make a stand. Greene then drew off his troops, and left the field to the Bri-tish; but the latter were unable to improve this advantage, because they had lost nearly one-third of their force, and during the following night they retreated in great haste. Greene, after following them as far as Monk's Cor-ner, returned with his barefooted and half naked troops to the high hills of San-tee. The result of the campaign in the Car-o-li-nas gave great satisfaction to Wash-ing-ton and to Con-gress. With limited means, and under the most trying difficulties. General Greene had repeatedly fought the enemy; and, although he never gained a decisive victory, yet, even when defeated, he obtained, to a con- siderable extent, the object for which he fought. In the end, he was able to wrest South Car-o-li-na from the Bri-tish, anc;! restore that state to the A-mer- i-can Un-ion. On the 20th of A-pril Corn-wal-lis left Wil-ming-ton, and on the 20th of May arrived, with scarce any resistance, at Pe-ters-burg, Vir-gin-i-a. At this point he was joined by Phil-ips and his troops, who had just been plundering on the James River. Clin-ton, afraid that the combined French and A-mer- i-can forces were about to attack New York, ordered Corn-wal-hs to move neaf the coast, that the latter might the more easily help him if this attack LISTENING FOR THE GUNS VICTORY AT LAST. 171 should be made. Accordingly, Corn-wal-lis, in the month of Au-gust, chose York-town and Glou-ces-ter Point, on opposite sides, at the mouth of York River. Here he threw up fortifications, and occupied them with 8,000 men, the main body of which was at York-town. During the summer, Wash-ing-ton had been hoping, with the help of the French fleet and army, now increased to 7,000 men, to make a combined attack on New York; but he was unable to bring it about. Wash-ing-ton then turned his attention to operations in Vir-gin-i-a, and persuaded Admiral De Gras-se and General De Ro-cham-beau to unite with him in an attack on Corn- wal-lis. The plan was to block the Ches-a-peake with the fleet, and at the same time invest York-town with the army. Wash-ing-ton, who was in the neigh- borhood of New York, moved with so much caution, and so completely deceived Clin-ton as to his intentions, that, before the Bri-tish general under- stood his plans, the army was well on its way to Vir-gin-i-a. As soon as Clin-ton penetrated the designs of Wash-ing-ton, he saw that it was useless to attempt to overtake him. Hoping to draw the latter back for the defense of New Eng-land, he sent General Ar-nold, with a large body of troops, to attack New Lon-don. On the 6th of Sep-tem-ber it was raptured, and the shipping, together with a large part of the town was burned. Fort Trum-bull had been evacuated on his approach. He then assaulted and took Fort Gris-wold, on the opposite of the Thames, and basely massacred the commander, Colonel Led-yard, and 60 of the garrison, after the surrender. Ar-nold's expedition failed in its great object. Wash-ing-ton kept on his march toward the south, and left New Eng-land to defend itself. The militia collected, and did this so well that Ar-nold became alarmed for his own safety, and made his way back to New York. On the 28th of Sep-tem-ber, the allied army, to the number of 16,000 men, encamped before York-town, and the French fleet blocked up the Ches- a-peake. Works were soon thrown up, and on the 9th of Oc-to-ber the bom- bardment began. Two advanced redoubts of the Bri-tish were stormed and taken on the 14th. Additional batteries were erected by the allies, and the ramparts of the enemy rapidy crumbled beneath the destructive fire; his guns were dismounted; his ammunition failed him; and on the 15th he saw that the place could be held only a short time longer. On the night of the i6th he determined on the desperate alternative of attempting to cross over to Glou-ces-ter Point, and then, forcing his way liENlAMIN FRANKLIN VICTORY AT LAST. 173 through, to push for New York by rapid marches. His boats were actually collecting for crossing ; but a violent storm came on suddenly, scattering the boats, and compelling him to abandon his purpose. Nothing was left but to capitulate; and on the 19th Corn-wal-lis surrendered his entire army of nearly 7,000 men prisoners of war. The ships and naval stores, together with 1,500 seamen, were given to the French. On the 25th of No-vem-ber, the last of the Bri-tish troops in the U-nit-ed States evacuated the city of New York. General Wash-ing-ton immediately entered and took possession. On the 2d of No-vem-ber, Wash-ing-ton issued his farewell address to the army, and on De-cem-ber 4, took leave of his officers at New York. He then went to An-na-po-lis, and on De-cem-ber 23, under circumstances of great solemnity, resigned his commission to Con-gress, which was assembled there. He immediately retired to his estate at Mount Ver-non, on the bank of the Po-to-mac River, in Vir-gin-i-a. THE WHITE HOUSE. m CHAPTER XXII. FROM WASHINGTON TO LINCOLN. In May, 1787, delegates from all the states met in convention at Phil- a-del-phi-a and George Wash-ing-ton was chosen President. After several months of study and thought a Con-sti-tu-tion of the U-nit-ed States was drawn up and it was decided that it should go into effect on March 4, 1789, provided the thirteen original states agreed to it. In Sep-tem-ber, 1788, the Con-ti-nen-tal Con-gress, then assembled at New York, appointed the first Wed-nes-day of Jan-u-a-ry, 1789, for the choice of presidental electors by the people, and New York as the capital of the new government. George Wash-ing-ton was unanimously chosen President of the U-nit-ed States and John Ad-ams, of Mas-sa-chu-setts, as Vice-President. Wash-ing-ton ap- pointed Thom-as Jef-fer-son Sec-re-ta-ry of State, Al-ex-an-der Ham-il-ton Sec-re-ta-ry of the Treas-u-ry, and Gen-er-al Knox Sec-re-ta-ry of the War Department. John Jay was made Chief Jus-tice of the Su-preme Court, and Ed-mund Ran-dolph At-tor-ney Gen-er-al. In 1790 the seat of government was moved to Phil-a-del-phi-a. On the 4th of March, 1793, Wash-ing-ton was re-elected Pres-i-dent and John Adams Vice-Pres-i-dent. He refused to serve a third term and in 1797, he was succeeded by John Ad-ams. In 1801 Thom-as Jef-fer-son became President and Aar-on Burr Vice-Pres-i-dent. In 1805 he was re-elected and George Clin-ton became Vice-Pres-i-dent. The year 1807 was made memorable by the invention of a steam-boat, by Rob-ert Ful-ton, which made a voyage from New York to Al-ba-ny, a dis- tance of about 150 miles, in 36 hours. In 1809 James Mad-i-son was elected Pres-i-dent. France and Eng-land were at war with each other at this time and both these nations thought they had the right to capture A-mer-i-can vessels. This resulted in a war between U-nit-ed States and Eng-land. The war opened on the northwestern frontier Ju-ly 1812 by the invas- ion of Can-a-da by the A-mer-i-can troops. This resulted in complete failure 175 *1»' v„ V FROM WASHINGTON TO LINCOLN. 177 and had it not been for the A-mer-i-can na-vy there is no knowing what would liave happened. The last land battle of the war, was fought at New Or-leans and on the 14th of De-cem-ber, 1814, the treaty of Peace was signed at Ghent. Pres-i-dent Mad-i-son remained in ofifice for two terms. In the year 1817, James Mon-roe beecame Pres-i-dent. During his administration two very important measures were adopted: one the Mis-sou-ri Com-pro-mise which prohibited slavery, north of a certain line; the other, the "Mon-roe Doc-trine," Pres-i-dent Mon-roe announed in a message shortly after the formation of the South A-mer-i-can Re-pub-lic, that the A-mer-i-can continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any Eu-ro-pe-an powers. At the close of Pres-i-dent Mon-roe's second term, La-fay-ette visited this country as the Na-tion's guest. The next Pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States was John Ouin-cy Ad-ams, who was elected in 1825 and served one term. He was succeeded in 1829 by Gen-er-al An-drew Jack-son, who served two terms. Mar-tin Van-Bu-ren was elected Pres-i-dent in 1837 and served until 1841, when Gen-er-al Wil-liam Hen-ry Har-ri-son was chosen his successor. Gen-er-al Har-ri-son died just one month after he had entered the White House and John Ty-ler, the Vice- Pres-i-dent became Pres-i-dent. In 1845 Jsmes K. Polk was chosen Pres-i- dent, as the candidate of the party that favored the admission of Tex-as to the Un-ion. In the year 1844 a most important event in the scientific world took 'place. This was the operation of the first electric telegraph line in the U-nit-ed States, the invention of Sam-uel F. B. Morse. The most important occurrence in Pres-i-dent Polk's administration was the war with Mex-i-co over the northern boundary of Tex-as. Gen-er-al Tay-lor was ordered to Tex-as in Ju-ly, 1845, and soon after his arrival a severe battle took place on the Rio Grande and Con-gress at once declared war. After several engagements the city of Mon-te-rey was captured and the .^-mer-i-can troops commenced their march into the interior of Mex-i-co. but General Tay-lor granted an armistice to the Mex-i-can governor and Con- gress ofifered terms of peace which were refused. Then Gen-er-al Win-field Scott was ordered to carry the war to the City of Mex-i-co. In the mean time Gen-er-al Tay-lor had defeated a large body of Mex-i-cans at Bu-e-na Vis-ta. On the 9th of March, 1847, Gen-er-al Scott landed near Vera Cruz, and after a number of brilliant battles entered the City of Mex-i-co. On Feb-ru-a-ry 2, 1848, a treaty was made by which the Rio Gran-de was con- 12 178 FROM WASHINGTON TO LINCOLN. sidered the western boundary of Tex-as and the U-nit-ed States obtained New Mex-i-co and Cal-i-for-ni-a. In the election that followed Gcn-er-al Zach-e-ry Tay-lor the hero of the Mex-i-can War was chosen Pres-i-dent, but died the following year when Vice-Pres-i-dent Mil-lard Fil-more assumed the office. In 1853 Frank- lin Pcarce was elected Pres-i-dent. When James Bu-chan-an was chosen in 1857, the country was stirred up over the slavery question, and this ON THE CANAL was increased by some of the northern states which passed laws giving to fugitive slaves the right of trial. In 1859 John Urouii, wlio was a firm believer in the freedom of the negroes, seized the U-nit-ed States arsenal at Har-per's Fer-ry, Vir-gin-i-a, hoping that the slaves would rise and follow liim to tlie free states. ]>rown was defeated, and afterward hung. The hitter feeling between the Nortli and the .South increased after this and naturally this was the subject uppermost in the minds of the people when the election took place in i860. The Republican party nominated A-bra-ham Lin-coln. of ll-li-noi<;. and the FROM WASHINGTON TO LINCOLN. 179 South threatened to leave the Un-ion if he was elected. South Car-o-li-na was the first southern state to secede, followed by Mis-sis-sip-pi, Flor-i-da, Al-a- bam-a, Geor-gia, Louis-i-an-a and Tex-as. On the 4th of Jan-u-a-ry, 1861, delegates from these states met and formed a separate government called the Con-fed-er-ate States of A-mer-i-ca. Jf^f-fer-son Da-vis was chosen Pres-i-dent, then followed the firing on Fort Sum-ter and the War of the Re-bel-hon. A NEW ENGLAND JUMPER. 12 t^^oUyktCir^ CHAPTER XXIII. THE CIVIL WAR. The history of A-bra-ham Lin-coln, furnishes a striking proof of the fact that, in the U-nit-ed States, poverty prevents no citizen from rising to the highest position in the gift of the people. In the year 1818 his father moved from Ken-tuck-y into In-di-a-na, where, at the age of eight years, young Lin-coln, axe in hand, assisted in clearing away the forest. His entire school education, until manhood, did not amount to more than one year. At the age of twenty-one he removed to Il-li-nois, where, while keeping a store, he studied law, borrowing each evening the law books, and returning them in the morning. He was chosen to the Legislature, became a lawyer, was sent as representative to Con-gress, and, in a canvass for the position of U-nit-ed States Sen-a-tor, was defeated by Judge Doug-las. It was this contest that brought him prominently before the country, and led the way to his nomination as President. When Lin-coln entered on his duties, March 4, 1861, Major An-der-son was still in possession of Fort Sum-ter. The Con-fed-er-ates heard that the U-nit-ed States government would re-enforce and provision the fort at all risks; they therefore determined to capture it before this could be done. On the morning of A-pril 12, they opened fire from the batteries, and the bom- bardment was continued for 34 hours. At the end of that time many of the guns in the fort were dismantled, and the handful of men composing the garrison was so utterly worn out, that An-der-son was compelled to surrender. No lives were lost on either side during the attack. The telegraph published throughout the country the news of the bom- bardment, and its result. In the South, and particularly in South Car-o-li-na, the people were v/ild with joy. At the North the news was generally received with astonishment and profound indignation. It was plain now that war had begun. There was no longer any doubt as to what the South meant, and 75,000 volunteers for three months sprang to arms at the call of Pres-i-dent 181 -f^-^*'^^^ ZyCC Oc^i^'t^ ^"^ THE CIVIL WAR. 183 Lin-coln, April 14. The attack on Fort Sum-ter united the South as well as the North. States that had before hesitated soon joined the Con-fed-er-a-cy — \'ir-gin-i-a on the 17th of A-pril; Ar-kan-sas, j\Iay 6; North Car-o-li-na, May 20; and on the 20th of June, Ten-nes-see, making the number of Con-fed-er-ate States eleven, Mis-sou-ri and Ken-tuc-ky remained neutral. Vir-gin-i-a had scarcely passed the act of secession when 250 of her militia were sent to seize the U-nit-ed States Ar-se-nal at Har-per's Fer-ry. The officer in command, on their approach, A-pril 18, destroyed a portion of the muskets, set fire to the buildings, and retreated north into Penn-syl-va-ni-a. At the same time the Vir-gin-i-ans were planning to surprise the great navy yard at Nor-folk. Hearing this, the officer in command, without waiting to strike a blow for its defense, spiked the cannon, scuttled or burned the war- ships, and set fire to the buildings. Notwithstanding this destruction, A-pril 20, the Con-fed-er-ates obtained nearly 2,000 cannon, besides a vast amount of stores; and they afterward raised some of the vessels that had been sunk. The U-nit-ed States property destroyed and captured here was valued at ten mil- lions of dollars. Wash-ing-ton was threatened by the Con-fed-er-ate troops, but help was approaching from the North. On the 17th of A-pril, only two days after the Pres-i-dent's proclamation, the Sixth Mas-sa-chu-setts Regiment left Bos-ton for the capital. On the 19th, while passing through the streets of Bal- ti-more, it was attacked by a secession mob, and three soldiers were killed and eight wounded. It made its way, however, to the capital, where it was soon joined by other regiments from the Northern States. For the present the capital was safe, and Pres-i-dent Lin-coln, May 3, made a call for 83,000 men for the army and navy, to serve during the war. The troops were speedily raised. The U-nit-ed States government held possession of Fortress Mon-roe, at the entrance to the Ches-a-peake. General B. F. But-ler, of Mas-sa-chu- setts, was stationed here in May, with a force increased presently to' 12,000 men. A detachment from General Ma-gru-der's army of 8,000 Con-fed-er-ates was encamped so near the fort that they became troublesome. In attempting to dislodge them at Big Beth-el, a party of the Un-ion troops was defeated June loth. A force, composed principally of 0-hi-o and In-di-a-na men, was sent, under General M'Clel-lan, into Western Vir-gin-i-a. He pushed the Con- ^r^^-'-^-T-i-^'^ ^^^ THE CIVIL WAR. 185 fed-er-ates so vigorously that they were beaten at Phil-ip-pi on June 3rd, and again at Rich Mountain on the nth of Ju-ly. A few days after at Car-rick's Ford, on Cheat River, General Gar-nett, the Con-fed-er-ate, made a stand, but was himself killed, and his troops were compelled to flee. In the latter of these battles M'Clel-lan was assisted by an able officer. Colonel Ro-se-crans. On Au-gust 10, Ro-se-crans, now made a general, assaulted General Floyd, the late Un-ion Secretary of War, now at the head of a Con-fed-er-ate force, at Car-ni-fex Fer-ry, on the Gau-ley River, and compelled him to retreat. At Cheat Mountain, the Con-fed-er-ates, under General E. Lee, were repulsed Sep-tem-ber 14th, and shortly the enemy retired from Western Vir-gin-i-a. The Un-ion forces at Wash-ing-ton crossed the Po-to-mac and occu- pied Al-ex-an-dri-a, nine miles below Wash-ing-ton, May 23, General M'Dow- ell in command. The Con-fed-er-ate army, under General Beau-re-gard, was encamped, toward the end of June, at Ma-nas-sas Junc-tion, 27 miles from Al-ex-an-dri-a. As the Con-fed-er-ate government was about to assemble at Rich-mond, the new capital, on the 2cth of Ju-ly, it was deemed necessary by the LT-nit-ed States government to make a forward movement. M'Dow-ell accordingly advanced, and, on the 21st of Ju-ly, attacked Beau-re-gard at Bull Run, a small stream in front of the enemy. The force on each side was be- tween 20,000 and 30,000. The fighting in the forenoon was favorable to the Un-ion-ists. As the day wore on, the enemy received re-inforcements under General Jo-seph John- ston, and these turned the tide of battle. M'Dow-ell's troops were siezed with panic, and fled in great disorder, leaving behind them nearly 1,500 killed and wounded, and as many more prisoners. Beau-re-gard did not pursue; had he done so, he might have entered Wash-ing-ton, so great was the confusion. As this was the first important battle between the two armies, the defeat at first greatly depressed the spirits of the northern people. The disgrace was all the harder to bear when it became known how the Con-fed-er-ates were re- enforced at so fortunate a moment. General Pat-ter-son, with 20,000 men, had been ordered to watch General Jo-seph E. John-ston, who had just been forced to evacuate Har-per's Fer-ry, and prevent him from joining Beau-re- gard at Ma-nas-sas. Instead of this, he permitted John-ston to slip away from him to Bull Run. After the battle General M'Clel-lan was brought from Western Vir-gin- i-a to take command at Wash-ing-ton. Con-gress ordered a levy of 500,000 men, and the spirit of the people was such that this force was soon raised. THE GUN AT WORK THE CIVIL WAR. 187 M'Clel-lan was busy organizing and drilling these recruits during the fall and winter. The only noticeable event in the Po-to-mac Army during the fall was the disaster at Ball's Bluff, on tlie Po-to-mac, near Lees-burg, Yir- gin-i-a, Oc-to-ber 21st. Colonel Ba-ker, U-nit-ed States Senator from Or-e gon, at the head of nearly 2,000 men, was sent by General Stone across the river at Edward's Ferry, to attack Generat Ev-ans at Lees-burg. Here he was overpowered, himself killed, and his troops driven to the river side, where a great number were drowned trying to cross to the j\la-ry-land side, sufficient boats -not having been provided in view of disaster. The loss was very severe; only 1,100 out of 1,900 men returned. Although Mis-sou-ri had not joined the Con-f5d-er-ate States, the seces- sionists were making powerful efforts to carry her out of the Un-ion. A se- cession camp, named Camp Jaclc-son, was formed near St. Louis, in May, but was broken by the activity of Captain Py-on, a U-nit-ed States ofiticer. By this prompt movement the arsenal at St. Louis was saved. Large bodies of Con-fed-er-ates poured into Southwest Mis-sou-ri, where there were important lead mines, very necessary to their armies. On the 17th of June, Ly-on, now general, defeated Governor Jack-son at Boone-ville. The governor was again beaten at Car-thage on the 5th of Ju-ly by Colonel Si-gel, after a severe engagement. On the loth of Au-gust a heavy battle was fought by General Ly-on at Wil-son's Creek, near Spring-field, with a superior force of Con-fed-er-ates under Generals M'Cul-lough and Price. Ly-on was killed, but the enemy were repulsed. After the battle the Un-ion troops fell back to Rol-la, near the center of the state. General Price, in command of 20,000 Con-fed-er-ates^ pushed westward toward Lex-ing-ton, on the Mis-sou-ri River, held by Gerjeral Mul- li-gan with 2,600 men. After a brave defense, Mul-li-gan surrendered to Price on the 20th of Sep-tem-ber. General John C. Fre-mont, appointed to the command of the Western Army, now drove General Price before him south through the state. Fre-mont reached Spring-field in Oc-to-ber, and was preparing to attack the enemy, when he was removed from his command, No-vem-ber 2. General Hun-ter took his place; and the Un-ion Army, instead of fighting, fell back to St. Louis, General Price following. General Hal-leck superseded Hun-ter No-vem-ber 18, and pushed Price south toward Ar-kan-sas, the lattei' leaving his prisoners and military stores on the way. ' 1 ^. At a/hvj THE CIVIL WAR. 189 Ken-tuc-ky, like Mis-soii-ri, had chosen to remain neutral. The Con- fed-er-ate government ordered General Polk to take military possession of the state, without regard to the wishes of its people. Polk at once occupied and fortified Co-lum-bus, thus blockading the Mis-sis-sip-pi. Opposite this, at Bel-mont, Mis-sou-ri, was stationed a body of Con-fed-er-ate troops. On the 7th of No-vem-ber, General U. S. Grant, having moved from Cai-ro, Il-li-nois, with 3,000 men, attacked the camp at Bel-mont, and at first drove the enemy with loss to the river. But delay occurred; Polk turned the guns of Co-lum-bus on the Un-ion troops, and sent over re-enforcements. Grant was then compelled to retreat. Fort Pick-ens was situated on San-ta Ro-sa Is-land, opposite Pen-sa- co-la Navy Yard. The latter was disgracefully surrendered to the Con-fed- er-ates when they were siezing forts and arsenals ; but the fort was saved to the Un-ion by the courage and patriotism of a Un-ion officer. Lieutenant Slem- mer. He was succeeded in the command by Colonel Brown, who arrived with re-enforcements. On a dark night, Oc-to-ber 9, the Con-fed-er-ates came over in force from Pen-sa-co-la, and, after surprising and severely handling a New York regiment, were driven off. Throughout the war. Fort Pick-ens firmly held guard over the approaches to Pen-sa-co-la. In 1861, the North suffered serious reverses in the loss of Nor-folk, of Har-per's Fer-ry, in the battle of Bull Run, and in the severe check at Ball's Bluff. Much, however, had been gained. Mis-sou-ri was saved to the Un-ion after hard fighting. Western Vir-gin-i-a had been preserved in the same way. The rapidly increasing navy had made the blockade effectual. The army, augmented by numerous levies to a million of men, was being drilled for future operations. The South was also active, and was straining every nerve in preparation for the struggle of the next year. < O Da D O > 2 Q < U z c < w Q W CHAPTER XXIV. UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. At the beginning of the year 1862 the war had assumed immense pro- portions. It was no longer to be carried on by one or 'two small armies acting without concert, but through a wide, yet connected series of naval and military operations, some of them at points more than a thousand miles apart. The great objects to be accomplished by these fleets and armies were chiefly, in the West and extreme South, the opening of the Mis-sis-sip-pi River to the Union armies; in the East the capture of Rich-mond, now the Con-fed-er-ate capital; and the thorough blockade of the Southern coast. In the West, General Bu-ell was in command of an army, the head- quarters of which were at Louis-ville; General Hal-leck, with another army, lay further west, with his headquarters at St. Louis. In addition to these, a large fleet of river steamers and gun-boats, under Commodore Foote, was at Cai-ro, at the junction of the O-hi-o and Mis-sis-sip-pi, waiting to assist in the impending military movements in that quarter. There were also operations in progress against the extreme South. A combined naval and rhilitary expedi- tion, under Captain Far-ra-gut and General B. F. But-ler, was preparing to enter the Lower Mis-sis-sip-pi from its mouth and capture the city of New Or-leans. The expedition was thus to form a part in the great plan for the opening of that river In the East, General M'Clel-lan lay along the Po-to-mac with more than 150,000 men, getting ready to move against Rich-mond; and an expedi- tion, under General Burn-side and Commodore Golds-bor-ough, was already on its way to attack the forts on Ro-an-oke Is-land, on the coast of North Car-o-li-na. The plan of military operations for the year, although on a great scale, was very simple. By order of President Lin-coln, all the armies were required to move forward on the 22d of Feb-ru-a-ry, and crush the Con-fed- er-acy by their combined movements. Those in the West began a little in axl- vance of this time. 191 ,^ UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. 193 On the 9th of Jan-u-a-ry, Colonel Gar-field, after a brilliant engage- ment, routed Hum-phrey Mar-shall, at the head of a Con-fed-er-ate force, on the Big San-dy River, in Eastern Ken-tuc-ky. On the 19th, General Thom-as, with severe fighting, defeated and drove the Con-fed-er-ates from Mill Spring, a strong place in the same state. This was in the department of General Bu-ell. In Western Ken-tuc-ky, in the department of General Hal-leck, the enemy had forts at Co-lum-bus on the Mis-sis-sip-pi, and at Bow-ling Green on the Big Bar-ren River. South of these, in West Ten-nes-see, there were Fort Hen-ry on the Ten-nes-see, and Fort Don-el-son on the Cum-ber-land. General Hal-leck determined to pierce this line by capturing Forts Hen-ry and Don-el-son, which he could easily reach by water, on account of the peculiar force of the Ten-nes-see and Cum-ber-land Rivers. If he proved successful in this, he clearly saw that Nash-ville, the capital of the state, would fall into his hands, and the Con-fed-er-ates would be forced to evacuate Bow-ling Green and Co-lum-bus. The first point of attack was Fort Hen-ry. Commodore Foote, with his gun-boats, was sent up the Ten-nes-see, and General Grant, with the troops, was ordered to proceed by land. Before the latter could get his men near enough to surround the works, the com- mander of the fort surrendered to Commodore Foote, after a heavy bombard- ment by the gun-boats, Feb-ru-a-ry 6. Nearly all the garrison, to the number of three thousand, escaped to Fort Don-el-son. Although the latter was only twelve miles across the country to Fort Hen-ry, it was six days before Gen- eral Grant could march his army to that post. Of this delay the enemy made good use in re-enforcing the garrison and strengthening their works. Grant was compelled to wait the movements of the gun-boats, which had to steam down the Ten-nes-see, then up the Cum-ber-land, stopping on the way at Cai-ro for supplies and re-enforcements for the army. The gun-boats did not reach the neighborhood of Fort Don-el-son until the 14th. It was a much stronger place than Fort Hen-ry, and had a garrison of fourteen or fifteen thousand men. In the attack on the 14th the gun-boats were severely injured and driven back by the Con-fed-er-ate batteries. Com- modore Foote being seriously wounded. Grant's army, increased to the num- ber of 30,000, had, in the meantime, gradually surrounded the fort. Through his lines the Con-fed-fr-ates attempted to cut their way on the 15th; but after a bloody battle they were repulsed, and a portion of their intrenchments UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. 195 captured by the Un-ion troops. Gen-er-al Buck-ner attempted to parley but the Un-ion leader demanded unconditional surrender and on the following day Fort Don-el-son capitulated. This was by far the most brilliant victory yet gained by the Un-ion arms. The line of Con-fed-er-ate defense through Ten-nes-see and Ken-tuc-ky was now shattered. Bow-ling Green was evacuated, and shortly after Co-lum- bus. -The way was now open to Nash-ville, which was immediately occupied by the Un-ion troops. The national army, re-enforced, moved up the Ten-nes- see as far as Pitts-burg Land-ing, where Grant again took command, and General Bu-ell marched from Nash-ville to join him there. On Sun-day morning, A-pril the 6th, before the arrival of Bu-ell, the Con-fed-er-ate army, under General A. S. John-ston, Beau-re-gard being second in command, suddenly fell on Grant's troops, encamped at Shi-loh Church, near Pitts-burg Land-ing, with the river in their rear. During a day's dreadful slaughter, in which John-ston was killed, the Un-ion troops were driven back step by step to a small plateau near the edge of the Ten-nes-see, protected by the fire of the gun-boats. The Un-ion "army was saved that day by the extraordinary efforts of Brigadier General W. T. Sher-man, who com- manded a division. During the night Bu-ell's troops arrived, and, on the morning of A-pril 7th, Grant moved to the attack. Beau-re-gard was com- pelled to fall back, and he slowly retreated to Cor-inth, Mis-sis-sip-pi, some fifteen miles distant, commanding an important system of railroads. General Hal-leck, made commander of the different Un-ion armies in the West, brought them together, and, at the head of more than 100,000 men, moved against Cor-inth. Beau-re-gard, seeing that he was greatly outnum- bered, evacuated the place on the approach of Hal-leck, and on the 30th of May it was entered by the Un-ion troops. While Grant was fighting the battle of Shi-loh, events of great importance took place on the Mis-sis-sip-pi River. When the Con-fed-er-ates left Co-lum-bus they fortified Is-land No. 10, then miles below. The position was so strong by nature, and they had so strengthened it by art, that they thought it could not be taken. But all these preparations could not stop General Pope with his Western men, nor Com- modore Foote and his gun-boats. After a bombardment of twenty-three days, it was captured on the 7th of A-pril, with 5,000 prisoners, the same morning that Grant repulsed Beau-re-gard at Shi-loh. Fort Pil-low was the next strong point on the river, but before it could be invested Pope's army was withdrawn to join Hal-leck in his move- 13 UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. 197 ment against Cor-int"h. Commodore Foote, disabled by the wound he had re- ceived at Fort Don-el-son, was succeeded by Captain Da-vis, who, after a severe battle, destroyed S. part of the Con-fed-er-ate iron-clads near Fort Pil-low, May lo. The Fort itself was abandoned on June 4, in consequence of the evacuation of Cor-inth by Beau-re-gard. On the 6th of June Da-vis pushed down to Mem-phis, where he destroyed the Con-ied-er-ate fleet, and that city was immediately surrendered. The Un-ion troops now held a line from Mem- phis, on the Mis-sis-sip-pi, through Cor-inth, nearly to Chat-ta-noo-ga. All of Western Ken-tuc-ky and West Ten-nes-see were under their control. The Con-fed-er-ates still held East Ten-nes-see, and determined to make one powerful efifort to restore their power in Ken-tuc-ky. An army in two divisions, under Bragg and Kir-by Smith, was sent there to make the attempt. Bragg, leaving Chat-ta-noo-ga, was to march northwestward, and Smith, starting from Knox-ville, was to join him in the center of the state. Smith moved in the month of Au-gust, and, after defeating the Un-ion troops- at Rich-mond, Ken-tuc-ky, Au-gust 30, entered Lex-ing-ton and Frank-fort. He then moved toward the O-hi-o, threatening Cin-cin-na-ii ; but the active measures taken there by General Lew-is Wal-lace compelled him to fall back, and he joined Bragg at Frank-fort Oc-to-ber 4. Bragg's objective point was Louis-ville. On his maFch he captured, after two slight engagements, 4,500 Un-ion troops at Mum-fords-ville, Sep- tem-ber 17. General Bu-ell, who lay at Nash-ville, on discovering Bragg's purpose, moved by forced marches to the relief of Louis-ville, and reached it only one day before the Con-fed-er-ates. Here he was shortly re-enforced to the number of 100,000 men. Bragg then fell back, ravaging the country, followed very slowly by Bu-ell, who came up with him at Per-ry-ville Oc-to- ber 8. Here a battle was fought, which, after severe loss on both sides, ended doubtfully. Bragg continued his retreat so leisurely that he was able to take out of Ken-tuc-ky a v/agon train of plunder forty miles in length. While Bragg was in Ken-tuc-ky, a Con-fed-er-ate army, under Gen- erals Price and Van Dorn, threatened Grant at Cor-inth. General Hal-leck had been called to Wash-ing-ton to act as general-in-chief, and Grant was appointed to the command of the army of the Ten-nes-see. The latter, joined by General Ro-se-crans, moved against Price, and defeated him at I-u-ka, Sep-tem-ber 19. Grant then proceeded northward to Jack-son, Ten-nes-see, leaving General Ro-se-crans to defend Cor-inth with 30,000 men. ^T'T"?^"^^ ^=^^^^^^^^^^-<^=^^ UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. 199 Here the latter was attacked on the 4th of Oc-to-ber by Generals Van Dorn and Price, at the head of 40,000 Con-fed-er-ates. After a bloodv battle they were driven back, with a loss of over 6,000 in killed and wounded, and were afterward pursued for 40 miles. The Un-ion loss was only 315 killed. For this brilliant victory Ro-se-crans was promoted to the command of the Army of the Cum-ber-land in place of General Bu-ell. Ro-se-crans soon gathered the bulk of his army round Nash-ville, and marched to attack the Con-fed-er-ate army under Bragg, which lay at Mur- frees-bor-o', 30 miles distant. At Stone River, near that place, he himself was attacked and driven back, De-cem-ber 31. On the 2d of Jan-u-a-ry the battle was renewed, and Bragg in turn was repulsed, but retreated in good order. This was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. The loss on each side was estimated at from 10,000 to 12,000. Grant meanwhile arranged an expedition against Vicks-burg, a strongly fortified position on the Mis-sis-sip-pi, 400 miles above New Or-leans. Gen- eral Sher-man was to move down the river from Mem-phis with 40,000 men, and the gun-boats under Por-ter; while Grant pushed forward by land from Jack-son. At first the combined movements promised complete success; but, unfortunately, \'an Dorn was able to get into the rear of Grant, cutting of? his supplies at Hol-ly Springs, De-cem-ber 20, and the latter was compelled to abandon his purpose. Sher-man, unaware of what had happened to Grant, started from Mem-phis on the day of this misfortune. Assisted by the gun- boats, he landed on the Ya-zoo River, and attacked the works on the blufif north of \Tcks-burg, but was repulsed with considerable loss. This battle of Chick-a-saw Ba-you, De-cem-ber 29, ended active operations in the Depart- ment of Mis-sis-sip-pi for the year 1862. In the spring an important battle was fought in the department of General Hal-leck, on the northwest edge of Ar-kan-sas, at Pea Ridge, among the mountains. General Cur-tis pushed Price and M'Cul-loch out of Mis- sou-ri in the early part of the year. General Van Dorn at the head of 20,000 fresh men, on the 7th of March attacked Cur-tis, who, with not more than 11,000, had taken post on the heights around Su-gar Creek. The battle lasted two days, and ended in the repulse of Van Dorn. Cur-tis was greatly in- debted to the skill and gallantry of General Si-gel for the victory of Pea Ridge. < oi (I] S Q < ai O r-' •—4 o ?5 CHAPTER XXV. THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. In the expedition against New Or-leans, Captain Far-ra-gut was chosen to command the powerful fleet of 45 vessels, including mortar-boats, and General But-ler the land troops, amounting to 15,000. By the beginning ot March, the entire expedition was assembled at Ship Is-land, near the mouth of the Mis-sis-sip-pi, about 30 miles from the Gulf, and 70 miles below New Or-leans. The river channel was guarded by strong forts, St. Phil-ip and Jack- son, and by a chain which, resting on hulks, stretched across the river. During a terrible bombardment of six days, from the i8th to the 24th of A-pril, Far-ra- gut came to the conclusion that the fire of the mortar-boats could not reduce the forts, and he determined to run past them. On the 2oth of A-pril the chain and barricades were, with great bravery, cut through, so as to permit a free passage for his ships. At three o'clock on the morning of the 24th he sailed up the river in the darkness, at the head of 17 vessels, carrying 294 guns. A dreadful battle ensued, but Far-ra-gut slowly passed Fort Jack-son, and immediately attacked the Con-fed-er-ate fleet of 16 armed steamers, the steam battery Louis-i-an-a, and the iron-plated ram Ma-nas-sas. When the morning sun had risen through the fog. Fort St. Phil-ip had been passed, and the greater part of the Con-fed-er-ate fleet, in- cluding the Louis-i-an-a and the Ma-nas-sas, had either been destroyed or cap- tured. Next day, the 25th, Far-ra-gut appeared in front of New Or-leans, which lay helpless under his guns. On the 28th, Forts St. Phil-ip and Jack-son surrendered to Captain Por-ter, who remained down the river in command of the mortar fleet. On the ist of May, General But-ler entered the city, and took possession of it with his troops. A part of Far-ra-gut's fleet was sent up the river, and occupied Ba-ton Rouge, the capital of the state. The expedition of Far-ra-gut and But-ler proved a complete success. The Lower Mis-sis-sip-pi was opened, New Or-leans wrested from the Con-fed-er-ates, and their iron- 201 / .%-'. \ /-■ ■ ..•in-j—-- ^^/^'c diy^yt.'^^l^ru:^ THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. 203 clad fleet completely destroyed. Far-ra-gut pushed up the river, and, passing the batteries at Vicks-burg without much injury, met the fleet of Da-vis at Mem-phis. Two long inland seas, called Al-be-marle and Pam-H-co Sounds, stretch from the coast far into the State of North Car-o-li-na. The object of General Burn-side's expedition was to obtain the control of these seas by the capture of Ro-an-oke Is-land, which commanded the entrance to Al-be-marle Sound, and was the key to all the rear defenses of Nor-folk. In addition, the cities and towns on the main land were to be occupied, and the Con-fed-er-ate vessels and iron clads building in these waters to be destroyed. On the nth of Jan-u-a-ry, 1862, the expedition left Hamp-ton Roads, and, after encountering a severe storm, passed through Hat-ter-as In-let on the 28th. The fleet came to anchor off Ro-an-oke Is-land on the 6th of Feb- ru-a-ry, and on the 8th the army, assisted by the guns of the fleet, attacked and captured the fort, with 2,500 prisoners. Two days after, the Con-fed-er- ate fleet in the Sound was all either destroyed or captured. On the 14th of March, New-bern, with 46 heavy guns and military stores fell into the hands of Burn-side after a severely fought battle. The final and complete success of the expedition was reached on the 25th of A-pril in the capture of Fort Ma-con, which defended the harbor of Beau-fort, in North Car-o-li-na. The withdrawal of troops from Flor-i-da for service in the Con-fed-er- ate army permitted a Un-ion expedition from Port Roy-al, Feb-ru-a-ry 28, to obtain easy possession of Fer-nan-di-na and Fort Clinch; of Jack-son-ville, on the St. John's River; of St. Au-gus-tine, with Fort Ma-ri-on; and in Geor-gia of the important town of Bruns-wick, and also Da-ri-en, at the mouth of the Al-ta-ma-ha. These were all captured in the month of March. When Nor-folk was surrendered to the Vir-gin-i-ans in 1861, the steam frigate Mer-ri-mac was scuttled and sunk. The Con-fed-er-ates afterward raised her, lowered her deck, covered it with a slate roof which they plated with railroad iron, fitted her with a long iron prow to act as a ram, and named her the Vir-gin-i-a. A fleet of Un-ion war-ships and smaller vessels lay off Fortress Mon-roe, in Hamp-ton Roads, on the 8th of March, 1862. At noon the Vir-gin-i-a, accompanied by two smaller vessels, steamed down to attack the fleet, and, utterly regardless of the shot and shell that rained harmlessly on her sides, struck the sloop of war Cum-ber-land with her iron prow so dreadful a blow that she sank in a few minutes. The captain of the frigate 204 THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC Con-gress, fearful of the same fate, ran liis vessel ashore, and was compelled to surrender. At sunset the ram steamed back to Nor-folk, having destroyed two frigates and 250 officers and men, with a loss to herself of only two killed and eight wounded. During the night, the Mon-i-tor. an iron-plated vessel of a new con- struction, invented by Captain John E-rics-son, and commanded by Lieutenant Wor-den, arrived from the North at Fortress Mon-roe. Soon after sunrise "LIEUTENANT CUSHING'S ATTACK ON THK ALBEMARLE.' next morning, March 9, it met and attacked the \'ir-gin-i-a after she came out from the E-liz-a-beth River. Although one-fifth of her antagonist's size, she compelled the \'ir-gin-i-a, after an engagement of several hours, to return disabled to Nor-folk. The latter did not again appear in the harbor. Never had any ai rival proved more fortunate. The little iron-clad Mon-i-tor had saved the rest of the fleet. The battle opened a new era in naval warfare, and was the first contest in the world betwen iron-clad ships. THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. 205 An expedition against Fort Pu-las-ki, one of the chief defenses of the city of Sa-van-nah, resuhed in the surrender of the fort, A-pril ii, to General Hun-ter, after a severe bombardment of 15 hours. By the fall of Pu-las-ki, Sa-van-nah was thoroughly closed against a class of ships known as An-glo- Con-fed-er-ate blockade-runners. The city itself was not captured until De- cem-ber, 1864. General Banks, in command of the Un-ion troops in the Shen-an-do-ah Val-ley, in accordance with the general forward movement ordered by the President, had advanced as far south as Har-ri-son-burg toward the end of March. There-upon that vigorous Con-fed-er-ate general, popularly known as "Stone-wall Jack-son," from the saying at Bull Run that his brigade "would stand like a stone wall," was sent into the Valley with a heavy force, and Banks fell back 50 miles to Stras-burg. Jack-son, moving rapidly, attacked a body of Un-ion troops at Front Roy-al, May 23, capturing a large number of prisoners, guns, and military stores General Banks, hearing of this disaster to a portion of his command, retreated rapidly from Stras-burg pursued by Jack-son, and, by tremendous exertions, was able to cross the Po-to-mac in advance of the latter, and thus save the bulk of his exhausted troops. In the entire pursuit Jack-son cap- tured several guns, 9,000 small arms, and between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners. Generals Shields and Fre-mont were ordered into the Valley to inter- aept Jack-son. The latter, learning this, moved south with the greatest selerity, but was brought to bay at Cross Keys, June 8, where a battle was fought which checked Fre-mont's advance. Next day Jack-son struck Shield's division at Port Re-pub-hc, and compelled it to fall back with considerable loss. Here the pursuit ended, and Jack-son moved leisurely to join Lee's army in the battles for the defense of Rich-mond. He had performed a great service. With only 20,000 men, he had, by the rapidity of his movements, thoroughly alarmed the U-nit-ed States government for the safety of Wash- ing-ton, and had succeeded in occupying the attention of more than 60,000 Un-ion troops, 40,000 of which, under the command of M'Dowell, were about to join M'Clel-lan in the Pen-in-su-la. The great army of nearly 200,000 men, under General M'Clellan which lay along the Po-to-mac during the winter of 1861-62, began to move forward toward Ma-nas-sas on the loth of March, the enemy retiring as it advanced. The Un-ion army presently returned to its camp near Wash-ing-ton, and it THE MONITOR AND THE MERkIMAC. 207 was determined in a council of war to move the bulk of the troops, amounting to 121,000 men, to Fort-ress Mon-roe, which was accomplished Ap-ril 2. From this point, A-pril 4, M'Clellan commenced his march against the Con-fed-er-ate capital. York-town and its neighborhood, fortified and garri- soned by 10,000 Con-fed-er-ates under J\la-gru-der, lay in his way. M'Clel-lan, deeming the Con-fed-er-ate works too strong to be taken by an immediate assault, concluded to invest them. This occupied nearly a month, at the end of v,''hich Ma-gru-der evacuated the place, which was entered by M'Clel-lan May 4. His troops followed the enemy, and gained the battle of Wil-liams-burg I\Iay 5, and that of West Point May 9. In less than three weeks from the time he left York-town his advance was within seven miles of Rich-mond. There was a great panic in the city: many persons left, and the Con-fed-er-ate Con- gress adjourned in haste. M'Clel-lan, however, did not advance, but em- ployed the army in the swamps of the Chick-a-hom-i-ny, building bridges and constructing earth-works. FJis lines extended from Bot-tom's Bridge on the Chick-a-hom-i-ny, to Me-chan-ics-ville on the north. The base of his sup- plies was at White House, on the Pa-mun-key River. Nor-folk, threatened by a division of the Un-ion army, under General Wool, from Fortress Mon-roe, was abandoned by the enemy May 3, who were concentrating their troops for the defense of Rich-mond, and entered by the Un-ion-ists May 10. Before leaving Nor-folk, the enemy destroyed the stores and burned the navy yard. On the nth of May they blew up the famous ram Vir-gin-i-a, which it had been hoped would defend James River. This was now open to within eight miles of Rich-mond, and the gun-boats with the little Mon-i-tor, went up on the 15th to force a passage, but were stopped by the heavy guns of Fort Darl-ing, and driven back badly injured. On the 31st of May, tlie Con-fed-er-ate troops, which had time to col- lect in great numbers around Rich-mond attacked the south wing of the Un-ion army, which had advanced to Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, south of the Chick-a-hom-i-ny. The battle continued next day, June i, and the enemy were finally repulsed after a severe battle, their general, Joseph E. John-ston, being seriously wounded. Tlie Un-ion army now lay. within six miles of the city of Rich-mond, and a portion of General Hook-er's command went within three and a half miles of it. General Rob-ert E. Lee was appointed to the command of the Con- fed-er-ate army after John-ston was disabled at Fair Oaks. While M'Clel-lan i i ^^ '^ OC- ^J^ ■3>- THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. 209 was on the point of marching on the defenses of Rich-mond, Lee, on the 25th of June, fell suddenly on the Un-ion right, and at Me-chan-ics-ville next day, the 26th, was repulsed with severe loss. On the following day, the 27th, the Un-ion troops, who had fallen back, were attacked with great fury at Cold Har-bor, or Gaines's Mill. With difficulty the army saved itself by crossing to the south side of the Chick-a-hom-i-ny, and destroying the bridges. Already M'Clel-lan, finding himself in danger of being cut off from his base of supplies at White House, had determined on a change of base to the James River; and the retreat began June 28, the wearied troops marching during the greater part of the night, and fighting all day. On the 29th, the rear of the retreating army was attacked at Sav-age's Sta-tion. On the 30th was fought the bloody but indecisive battle of Fra-zier's Farm. Next morning, July ist, the Un-ion troops reached Mal-vern Hill, near the James. This had been hastily fortified with heavy guns, and was sup- ported by gun-boats in the river. Late in the afternoon Lee hurled his troops against the Un-ion batteries, but was driven back with dreadful slaughter. The battle had scarcely closed when the Un-ion army was ordered to fah back to Har-ri-son's Land-ing, farther down the river. The contest, generally known as the "seven days' battles," had ended. From Me-chan-ics-ville to Mal-vern Hill, M'Clel-lan had lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, more than 15,000 men; the Con-fed-er-ate loss was nearly 20,000. Rich-mond was saved, and the object for which the Army of the Po-to-mac had been so long and so splendidly trained was entirely lost. The discouragement at the North, after this retreat, was nearly as great as after the battle of Bull Run. President Lin-coln, on the very day of Mal-vern Hill, called for a fresh levy of 300,000 troops. Lee had no longer anything to fear from M'Clel-lan's crippled army. After waiting a month, in which he recruited and reorganized his troops, he marched north in the direction of Wash-ing-ton. In his way there was an army of 40,000 men, under the command of General Pope, who had been sent for from the West, and had united the various commands of Banks, Fre-mont, and M'Dow-ell. Lee pressed on rapidly, and his advanced corps attacked a portion of Pope's army, under General Banks, at Ce-dar Moun-tain, Au-gust 9th, and, after a severe struggle, the latter was defeated. Pope fell back, contesting every mile of the way, and expecting nelp from M'Clel-lan's army, which had been ordered to join him; but re-enforce- ments came up slowly. At Ma-nas-sas Junc-tion, Au-gust 26th, the Con- 14 ^ 'X^:^>^-C ) ^^ r2^P7ze^ <2yPc6/>^€^i^yZi^. Secretary of the Navy Ivong. 3. Attorney-Cieneral (iriKKS. 7. Postmnster-General Smith. 4. Secretary of Agriculture Wilson. 8. Secretary of State Day. 5. Secretary of War Alger, q. Secretary of the Interior Bliss THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 241 blocks of wood, steel railings, fragments of gratings, and all the debris that would be detachable in an explosion. "I was struck on the head by a piece of cement and knocked down, but I was not hurt and got on my feet in a moment. Lieu-ten-ant Hood had run to the poop, and I supposed, as I followed, he was dazed by the shock and about to jumo overboard. I halted him, and he answered that he had run to the poop to help lower the boats. "When I got there, though scarce a moment could have elapsed, I had to wade in water to my knees, and almost immediately the quarter deck was awash. On the poop I found Cap-tain Sigs-bee, as cool as if at a ball, and soon all the officers except Mer-ritt and Jen-kins joined us. The poop was above water after the Maine sunk to the bottom. "Cap-tain Sigs-bee ordered the launch and gig lowered, and the ofiBcers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the boats out and rescued a number in the water. Cap-tain Sigs-bee ordered Lieu-ten-ant Com-mand- er Wain-wright forward to see the extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those forward or to extinguish the flames, which followed close upon the explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above water to feed them. "Lieu-ten-ant-Com-man-der Wain-wright on his return reported the total and awful character of the calamity, and Cap- tain Sigs-bee gave his last sea order, 'Abandon Ship,' to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and apparently unexcited. "Meantime four boats from the Span-ish cruiser Al-fon-so XH., arrived to be followed soon by the Ward line steamer Ci-ty of Wash-ing-ton. The two boats lowered from the Ci-ty of Wash-ing-ton were found to be riddled with flying debris from the Maine and unfit for use. Cap-tain Sigs-bee was the last to leave his vessel and left in his own gig. "I have no theories as to the cause of the explosion. I cannot form any. An examination by divers may tell something to a court of inquiry. I, with others, had heard that the Ha-va-na Har-bor was full of torpedoes but the officers whose duty it was to examine into that reported that they had found no signs of any. Personally, I do not believe that the Span-iards had anything to do with the d' paster. Time may tell. I hope so. "We were in a delicate position on the Maine, so far as taking any pre- caution was concerned. We were friends in a friendly, or alleged friendly, port and could not fire upon or challenge the report of any boat boarding us unless convinced that her intention was hostile. "I wish to heaven I could forget. I have been in two wrecks now and have had my share But the reverberations of that sullen, yet resonant roar, as if the bottom of the sea were groaning in torture, will haunt me Commndore McNair. Captain Sampson. Captain Schley. Rear AdmiralNorton. Commander Kvans. Commander Craig. NA\ Y OFKICEKS. t. Rear Admiral Sicard. 8. <>• lo. II. ]J. 14. Captain Sigsbee. Commander HowcU. Commander Wilde. Rear Admiral Dewey. Commander McCttllum. Captain Chadwick. Commander Pendleton. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 243 for many a day, and the reflection of that pillar of flame comes to me even when I close my eyes." The funeral of twenty-seven of the victims occurred in Havana on the 17th of Feb-ru-a-ry. During that day the bodies lay in state in Mu-nic-i-pal Hall, the funeral services being conducted in part by the loCal clergy, in- cluding the Bishop of Ha-va-na. The procession was composed of the best families of Ha-va-na in carriages, government officials, delegations from the Span-ish men-of-war, and supervisors of the Maine, who moved to the cemetery in the afternoon to pay the last sad rites to our untimely dead. A court of inquiry was appointed by the U-ni-ted States government, which court consisted of Cap-tains Samp-son and Chad-wick and Lieu-ten- ant-Com-man-ders Ma-rix and Pot-ter, and immediately went into session. The board of inquiry, after about six weeks' investigaion, was unable to fix the responsibility, although it was found that the explosion was due to exterior causes. The officers and crew of the Maine were exonerated from all blame in the matter, for the report showed clearly that the catastrophe was not due to any carelessness on their part, the greatest diligence having been exercised at all times. Soon after the reception of this report the Pres-i-dent sent a message to Con-gress, declaring that armed intervention in Cu-ba on the part of the U-ni-ted States, was the only step that would be in keeping with the bar- barities practiced by Spain. The Maine incident was put aside to be settled by diplomatic measures. An appropriation of $50,000,000 for coast defenses and for the purchase of war vessels, was voted at this time, and negotiations were at once entered into with several foreign powers, while a number of armed cruisers were purchased for the United States Navy. Several passenger and mail steamers were also purchased or leased as auxiliary cruisers, and were at once manned and put in commission. The next step was the drawing up by Con-gress of the following resolu- tions, which received the Pres-i-dent's signature on April 20: "Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than Clirce years in the island of Cu-ba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the U-ni-ted States, have been a disgrace tc Christ-ian civilization, culminating, as they have in the destruction of a U-ni-ted States battleship with two hundred and sixty of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and cannot longer be endured, as has been set forth by the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States in his message to Con-gress of April 11, 1898, upon which the action of Con-gress was invited : therefore, be it resolved : 16 ARMY OFFICERS. Major-General Brooke. Major-General MerHtt. Major-General Breckcnridge. Major-General Merriam. Major-Oeneral Coppinger. Major-General Sewell. Major-General Miles. 8. Major-General Graham. Major-General Wade. Major-(ieneral Wheeler. Major-General Shatter. Major-General Lee. Major-General Otis. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 245 "First — That the people of the island of Cu-ba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. "Second^That it is the duty of the U-ni-ted States to demand that the government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cu-ba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cu-ba and Cu-ban waters. "Third — That the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the U-ni-ted States, and to call into actual service of the U-ni-ted States, the militia of the several states to such an extent as may seem necessary to carry these resolutions into effect. "Fourth — That the U-ni-ted States hereby disclaims any disposition or in- tention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said island, ex- cept for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people. " An ultimatum, quoting the resolutions passed by Con-gress, and demand- ing that Spain's army and navy be withdrawn from Cu-ba by noon of April 23, was sent by the Pres-i-dent immediately after he signed these resolutions. Diplomatic relations between the two countries being now broken off by the action of Spain, the U-ni-ted States deemed it proper that hostilities should begin at once. To this end the Pres-i-dent issued the following proclamation : "Whereas by a joint resolution passed by the Congress and approved April 20, 189S, and communicated to the government of Spain it was de- manded that said government at once relinquish its authority and government of the island of Cu-ba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cu-ba and Cu-ban watei's; and the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States was directed and empowered to use the land and naval forces of the U-ni-ted vStates, and to call into the actual service of the U-ni-ted States the militia of the several states to such extent as might be necessary to carry said resolutions into effect; and, "Whereas, In carrying into effect said resolution the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States deems it necessary to set on foot and maintain a blockade of the north coast of Cu-ba, including all ports between Car-de-nas and Ba-hi-a Hon-da and the port of Ci-en-fue-gos on the south coast of Cu-ba — now, therefore, I, Will-iam Mc-Kin-ley, Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States, in order to enforce the said resolution do hereby declare and proclaim that the United States of A-mer-i-ca have instituted and will maintain a block- ade of the north coast of Cu-ba, including ports on the said coast between Car-de-nas and Ba-hi-a Hon-da and the port of Ci-en-fue-gos on the south ^ \ "-^ -V";-* REAR ADMIRAL DJiVVEY. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 247 coast of Cu-ba aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws of the U-ni-ted States and the law of the nations applicable to such cases. ' ' An efficient force will be posted so as to prevent the entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. Any neutral vessel appi'oaching any of said ports, or attempting to leave the same without notice or knowledge of the establishment of such blockade, will be duly warned by the com- mander of the blockading forces, who will endorse on her register the fact and the date, of such warning, where such endorsement was made, and if the same vessel shall agajn attempt to enter any blockaded port she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port for such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize, as may be deemed advisable. " Neutral vessels lying in any of said ports at the time of said establish- ment of such blockade will be allowed thirty daj's to issue therefrom. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the U-ni-ted States to be affixed. " Done at the city of Wash-ing-ton, this 22nd day of A-pril, A. D. 1898, and of the independence of the U-ni-ted States the one hundred and twenty-second. ' ' By the Pres-i-dent, Will-iam McKin-ley." John Sher-man, Sec-re-ta-ry of State. The call for 125,000 volunteers, issued April 22, received an enthusiastic response from all parts of the country. A response that came like a reve- lation of patriotism. It was to be expected, of course, that A-mer-i-ca's sons would uphold their government ; but that they would fling themselves heart and soul into the service as they had done in 1861 when the warfare was within our own borders and against our very capital itself, was a blow to those pessimists who are fond of crying national deterioration. And we not only gave freely, but we gave our noblest for this cause of humanity, as we have always given for the great causes that shake us into aggressive action. From North and South and East and West came the regiments of gallant young manhood — from farm and college and office — the flower of the land, eager to take up arms for the weak and oppressed — to raise the standard of civilization over a country darkened by the shadows of barbarism. And in all this soul-stirring response there was nothing that touched the heart more than the united devotion of those who were once at variance, ready to forget the claims of kindred for the still higher claim of principle. Through all the devastation of -this later conflict and above the still forms brought back to desolated homes, was heard the soft rustle of wings — it was the angel of reconciliation heralding fully a restored brotherhood. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 249 On April 25th, the following proclamation was issued by the Pres-i-dent: " To the Sen-ate and House of Rep-re-sen-ta-tives of the U-ni-ted States of A-mer-i-ca: I transmit to the Con-gress for its consideration and appro- priate action copies of correspondence recently had with the representative of Spain in the U-ni-ted States, with the U-ni-ted States minister at Ma- drid, and, through the latter, with the government of Spain, showing the action taken under the joint resolution approved April 20th, 189S, ' For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cu-ba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cu-ba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cu-ba and Cu-ban waters, and directing the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States to use the land and naval forces of the U-ni-ted States to carry these resolutions into effect. • Upon communicating to the Span-ish minister in Wash-ing-ton the de- mand which it became the duty of the executive to address to the govern- ment of Spain in obedience to said resolution, the minister asked for his passports and withdrew. " The U-ni-ted States minister at Ma-drid was in turn notified by the Span-ish minister for foreign affairs that the withdrawal of the Span-ish representative from the U-ni-ted States had terminated diplomatic relations between the two cotmtries, and all official communications between their respective representatives ceased therewith. " I commend to your special attention the note addressed to the U-ni-ted States minister at Ma-drid by the Span-ish minister of foreign affairs ofl the 2 1 St, inst. whereby the foreign communication was conveyed. " It will be perceived therefrom that the government of Spain having cognizance of the joint resolution of the U-ni-ted States 1!on-gress, and in view of the things which the Pres-i-dent had thereby been required and authorized to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this gov- ernment as measures of hostilit)^, following with that instant and com- plete severance of relations by its action which by the usage of nations accompanies an existent state of war between sovereign powers. "The position of Spain being thus made known, and the demands of the U-ni-ted States being denied, with a complete rupture of intercourse by the act of Spain, I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and author- ity conferred upon me by the joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim, under date of A-pril 22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north coast of Cu-ba, lying between Car-de-nas and Ba-hi-a Hon-da and of the port of Ci-en-fue-gos on the south coast of Cu-ba; and further, in exercise of my constitutional powers, and using the authority conferred upon me by the act of Con-gress approved A-pril 20, 1898, to issue my proclamation, dated A-pril 23, 1898, calling forth volunteers, in order to carry into effect the REAR ADMIRAL WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 251 said resolution of A-pril 20, 1898. Copies oi these proclamations are hereto appended. ' ' In view of the measure so taken, and with a view to the adoption of such other measures as may be necessary to enable me to carry out the ex- pressed will of the Con-gress of the U-ni-ted States in the premises, I now recommend to your honorable body the adoption of a joint resolution de- claring that a state of war exists between the U-ni-ted States of A-mer-i-ca and the King-dom of Spain, and I urge speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international status of the U-ni-ted States as a belligerent power may be known, and the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance of all its duties in the conduct of a public war may be assured. Will-iam Mc-Kin-ley. Ex-ec-u-tive Man-sion, Wash-ing-ton, A-pril 25, 1898." Upon the reception of the proclamation the following bill was reported by Rep-re-sent-a-tive Ad-ams, of the house committee on foreign affairs. "A bill declaring that a state of war exists between the U-ni-ted States of A-mer-i-ca and the King-dom of Spain: "Be it resolved by the Sen-ate and House of Representatives of the U-ni-ted States of A-mer-i-ca, in Con-gress assembled : ""First — That war be, and the same is, hereby declared to exist, and that war has existed since the 21st day of April, A. D. 1898, including said day, between the U-ni-ted States of A-mer-i-ca and the King-dom of Spain. Second — the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States be, and he hereby is di- rected and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the U-ni- ted States, and to call into the actual service of the U-ni-ted States the militia of the several states, to such an extent as may be necessary to carry this act into effect. ' ' The bill received a unanimous vote and was adopted amidst great applause. Thus began a war for humanity and justice, for the upholding of princi- ple and the overthrow of a tyranny which was an anachronism in the history of the world at the end of the 19th century. From the first superiority of our arms and our soldiers was plainly dem- onstrated and it was clearly shown that, however trying and terrible the conflict might prove, its outcome was a matter of absolute certainty. The patriotism of our people has been spoken of before, and their re- sponse to our country's call, but there are individual examples of self-denial so noble as to be deserving of special mention. Their chivalrous love for Co-lum-bi-a and her honor as well as for the honor of civilization and a Christ-ian manhood, are written upon the hearts of the people to be held by future generations as a treasure priceless to all who believe in the value of heredity for a country or an individual. U. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE. U. S. PKOTECTEU CRUISER OLVMPIA. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE. 253 "With such material in our army and navy, such a tnan at the helm of our state, and such a cause to support, victory was as certain as that right must conquer wrong in the great warfare of Time. U. S. BATTLESHIP OREGON. * - k 1 ^■' < 1 ^V %' HI ■^•*t« 1 1 ..iinAfr*" t 1 1 V'"*/' ' " 1 1* •n ■ II ^^^^ ^ K 18 V ■ m ^ ■■ 1 ^B : m i^l 1 ^^H' ■ m ^ 1 ^H|' ' ^^ K. « 1 ^^^1^ ^^^ CHAPTER XXX. THE HA-WAI-IAN ISL-ANDS. Out in the middle of the Pa-cif-ic ocean, 2,100 miles west of San Fran- cis-co, is a group of islands of volcanic origin that in the latter days of the administration of Pres-i-dent Har-ri-son have made a great stir in the world. They are named the Sand-wich islands, or in the language of the natives, the Ha-wai-ian islands. In the month of Jan-u-ar-y, 1893, the peojJle of the islands decided that they would like to become members of Uncle Sam's big family of states, and so, in just about as much time as it takes to tell it, they threw off the rule of the queen who was their monarch, and sent a commission of prominent citizens to Wash-ing-ton to make appli- cation to the U-ni-ted States government for that favor. It is necessary to know something of the history of the islands to under- stand the conditions that existed there, and why the people wanted to lose their position as an independent government to become a very small and unimportant portion of our big one. They were discovered by Cap-tain Cook, the celebrated navigator, Jan-u-ar-y 18, 1778, and a year later he was murdered at the same place by the natives. At that time, and always before, there had been a host of petty chiefs, who divided the rule among themselves, and were very oppressive in their government. But in 1782, a great warrior, Ka-me-ha-me-ha I, conquered all the chiefs, and made himself king of the islands. He founded the realm that continued until this revolution, though there have been, at times, small rebellions against the reigning monarchs. Some years ago a constitution was granted by the king, and since then the islands have been governed as a limited monarchy. They have become more and more civilized of late years, un- til at the time of the revolution the influential men were almost all of A-mer-i-can birth or descent. Many A-mer-i-cans and Eu-ro-pe-ans have gone there and have engaged in business that was of advantage to the islands as well as to themselves. The wealth, as well as the brains, were mostly in their possession. So when the queen, Li-li-u-ok-a-la-ni, endeavored to force upon the people a new constitution taking away from them many of the dearest rights they had, and practically disfranchising the foreign-bom citizens, they naturally objected. Inasmuch as almost every one was on the same side, there was no one to oppose the revolution, and so it was 255 U. S. BATTLESHIP IOWA. r 1 I; r 4 .i r -i 5 } 1 1 . ^^v < ■ h ^ ?*1 'i^^^^^^l ■tt&r^^^ U. 6. PKOTECTED CRUISER BOSTON. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 257 over in a few hours. The queen was deposed, and leading citizens formed a provisional government to hold power until a permanent one could be formed. There was no blood shed, and no rioting or confusion. What a wonderful thing it would have been if the revolution that freed the col- onies from Eng-land in '76 could have been accomplished as easily. There happened to be a ship of the U-ni-ted States navy in the harbor of Hon-o- lu-lu, the capital city, and sailors were landed from her to assist in the preservation of order. The history of the trouble is as follows: On Janu-ar-y 12th, the Leg-is- la-ture passed a bill granting a right to a lottery, and it is said that the great Lou-is i-an-a Lot-ter-y Co. was interested in it. The queen's cabinet objected to this, but the queen gave notice that she intended to control matters. Indeed, for some months the queen had shown a disposition to ignore her cabinet. The ministers were not in accord with her, and sev- eral cabinets had been formed in quick succession. The queen showed a uesire to rule absolutely, and this tendency was noticed by the Ha-wai-ians with alarm. Finally, on Jan-u-ar-y 14th, the queen started the revolution by attempting to abrogate the constitution and promulgate a new one framed in the lines of her own policy of absolute power. The Leg-is-la- ture was in session, and the cabinet, immediately on the queen promul- gating her new constitution, took charge of the government, and the Leg- is-la-ture acted without friction, proclaiming a provisional government and selecting Judge W. B. Dole as Pres-i-dent. Immediately, all the powers, save Eng-land, recognized the new administration. The final completion of the revolution was on the 17th of Jan-u-ar-y. The four men who con- stituted the head of the provisional government were of the highest char- acter, one having resigned his place in the Su-preme Court to assume the position. Immediately upon installing the new Pres-i-dent, a commission was appointed to proceed to Wash-ing-ton and begin negotiations for annexation with the U-ni-ted States. While the commission is speeding across the twenty-one hundred miles of ocean, and three thousand miles of land that separate Hon-o-lu-lu from our own capital at Wash-ing-ton, let us go back to the islands for a still more definite understanding of their relations with the U-ni-ted States. The pres-i-dent of Ha-wai-i is a native of the islands, and is the son of a female missionary. He is well known and popular, having served in the Leg-is-la-ture many times and in other offices. He is inclined to be radical, and at the time of his appointment as president, was second associate justice of the Su-preme Court of Ha-wai-i. He was about forty-five years of age and well capable of ruling. He was educated in an A-mer-i-can college and married an A-mer-i-can girl. Miss Cate, of Maine. U. S. BATTLESHIP INDIANA. jJihKM U. S. ARMORED CRUISER BROOKLYN. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 259 Just before the revolution the relations between the islands and the U-ni-ted States had not been entirely satisfactory to the Ha-wai-i-ans, for the reason that the enactment of the Mc-Kin-^ty bill, putting raw sugar on the free list and placing a bounty on A-mer-i-can sugar, had a very disas- trous effect on the sugar planters. Before the enactment of the Mc-Kin-ley law, the Ha-wai-i-ans were bv special treaty put on exactly the same basis as growers of sugar in the U-ni-ted States, and their product was admitted free of all duty. The Mc-Kin-ley bill put the Ha-wai-i-an sugar growers on the same basis as all other foreign growers of sugar, and gave those in the U-ni-ted States the advantage of the bounty. The result was that many of the sugar plantations have ceased to pay. and a number of the planters have tried other tropical products with good success. Annexation would therefore heb the islands. Uetore the revolution it had been mtendea to seno a aeiegauon nere to iSk for certain privileges. It was decided to offer the U-ni-ted States the perpetual cession of the harbor of Pearl river as a coaling station and a Qavy yard for the U-ni-ted States. This was a gift that the navy department officials of the U-ni-ted States had been exceedingly anxious to secure. In return for this it was decided to ask that the U-ni-ted States allow the entrance of canned pineapples and certain other products of the islands free of duty. But the revolution changed the mission of the delegation and made them wish for entire annexation. As soon as the news of the revolution reached A-mer-i-ca, which was not until ten days after it occurred, owing to the fact that there is no cable communication with the islands, our country was all excitement. Citizens eagerly discussed the advisability of granting annexation to our island neighbors. It was thought that the establishment of a protectorate might be better than entire annexation, but the opinion of the country seemed almost unanimous that some arrangements should be made which would retain for us commercial supremacy in the islands. With no loss of time, the envoys hastened from steamer to train at San Fran-cis-co. They boarded the "Overland" flyer, and continued their way to Wash-ing-ton. At every city through which they passed they were met and warmly welcomed by prominent citizens. The press and people were with them. At Chi-ca-go, an effort was made to induce them to wait over for a public meeting and a banquet, but they were unwilling to lose time and refused the cordial invitation. The five commissioners were Chair-man Lo-rin A. Thurs-ton, and Messrs. Charles L. Car-ter, Jo-seph Mars-den, W. C. Wil-der, and Will-iam P. Castle. They were accompanied by Mr. Thurs- ton's niece, Miss Mabel Andrews, and the secretary- of the commission, Charles Petersen. 17 GKNEKAL MAXIMO GOMEZ. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 261 Once m Wash-ing-ton the commission lost no time in presenting creden- tials to Sec-re-ta-ry of State Fos-ter and in securing introductions at the state department. "The first art of diplomacy is silence." This is the sentence which the Sec-re-ta-ry of State is credited as having uttered to the commissioners. This meant that time would be required and careful consideration needed before a decision could be reached in this country ; and it also meant that during this period of delay it would be wise that they should not take the general public into their confidence as to their methods of procedure. Nevertheless the commissioners were cordially welcomed by the officials at Wash-ing-ton. The first impression to circulate through the country was that Pres-i-dent Har-ri-son and his cabinet advisers favored a protectorate as a prelminary step to annexation rather than an immediate annexation. This hesitancy was in no small part caused by the belief that a movement for an immediate annexation would involve in the first place an extension of the bounty for A-mer-i-can 'sugar to the Ha-wai-i-an islands, and in the next place a long discussion in Con-gress as to the treatment of the franchise in the new territory and the abrogation of existing contracts for A-si-atic labor. The form of the administration which the leaders of the bloodless revolu- tion most desire was formulated by the commission. They said that some- thing similar to the government of the District of Co-lum-bia would be acceptable, that is to say a board of commissioners appointed by the presi- dent, having full control of the levying and collection of taxes, the control of police, and the management of the courts. The :dea of a protectorate was obnoxious to the commissioners, and nothing except a treatj^ of annexation would be pleasing to them. They declared that many of the natives, as well as the population of white blood, are strongly in favor of annexation. Many papers in Great Bri-tain and Can-a-da made strong protest against permitting the islands to be annexed to the U-ni-ted States, but the Brit-ish government seemed to take little interest in the matter, and none to the extent of endeavoring to prevent a union. At the time Avhen this history closes the commissioners were still in Wash-ing-ton endeavoring to attain their desired union, with great prospect that they would be successful and that before many weeks there would be another territory added to our sisterhood of states, these island gems of the Pa-cif-ic. The distance from San Fran-cis-co to Hon-o-lu-lu, the capital and chief city of the Ha-wai-i-an islands, is twenty-one hundred miles. There is fortnightly communication between the cities by means of the steamers of THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 263 the Oceanic Line, and seven days are required for the passage. Once in the island kingdom, there is much to interest the tourist. Everything is so different from what we in the U-ni-ted States have been accustomed to" that the contrasts are very remarkable. The islands were discovered by Cap-tain Cook, the great navigator, in 1778, and one year later he was killed by the natives on the spot where he first landed. At that time and until 1782, the islands had been divided among many petty chieftains, but in the latter year Ka-me-ha-me-ha I. conquered the islands, organized the government and founded the monarchy that has remained up to this day. He continued to rule for thirty- seven years, and died in 1819, in the eighty- second year of his age. After him came five succeeding rulers of the same family and the same name. And in 1872 the line became extinct with the exception of one heir, Mrs. Bish-op, who refused the crown. Thereupon an election was held and a new branch of royalty was created. The queen, who was deposed in the recent revohition, was named Li-li-u-ok-al-ani, and she is the third of the new royal family. Her predecessor was King Kal-ak-aua, who died in San Fran-cis-co, in January, 1891, while on a voyage for the benefit of his health. The queen has not been popular in her realm. Her residence, a beautiful palace known as " lolani," is situ- ated in beautiful grounds adorned with trees and shrubbery. Her reign has not been a peaceful one, for the people have been restless under her rule and have incited several rebellions. There are eight islands in the group, and they lie midway in the Pacific ocean just over the bordef line of the tropics. Five only of the islands are important — Ha-wai-i, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai. Three are indiiferent and devoted principally to sheep grazing — Lanai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe. The aggregate acreage of all of them is about 4,000,000, of which Hawaii embraces five-eighths; in point of population, however, Oahu ranks first, containing more than a third of all the inhabitants of the kingdom. The city of Hon-o-lu-lu is on this island. The climate of the islands is simply perfection; the heat is not excessive and frost never occurs. The rainfall on the east side of the islands is plentiful, but on the other side irrigation is necessary for purposes of agriculture. The aggre- gate amount of exports from the kingdom for the year of 1890 was about $13,000,000, of which more than $12,000,000 was in sugar, 130,000 tons, and more than $500,000 in rice. All of the exports of the country went to the U-ni-ted States except five tons of sugar and one hundred pounds of coffee. This illustrates in a striking manner how closely their business and industrial interests have been allied to us. The largest sugar plantation of the island is at Sprecklesville on the island of Maui, the Ha-wai-i-an Com-mer-cial Com-pa-ny, otherwise Claus Spreckles, proprietor. It is located on an arable plain at the foot of the THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 265 mountain slopes, close to the sea, and was formerly an arid waste. The capital stock of the company is $10,000,000, and the outlay of enormous sums of money in irrigation and of energy and labor has brought it into great fertility. Twenty-five thousand acres of it is suitable for cane, and one can travel for fifteen miles in one direction through the sweet growing crop and yet not exceed the limits of the plantation. The mill on the premises is capable of producing one hundred tons of sugar per day. There are thirty-eight incorporated companies and thirty other companies engaged in sugar production in the islands, with an aggregate capital of $32,000,000, of which $26,000,000 are American. The labor of the plantation is Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese. The Sandwich islands have been more noted for their volcanoes than for anything else. And they to-day possess the largest of the active volcanoes of the world — the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii; on the same island are also Maunaloa and Maunakea. Another scourge that has given the islands fame is that of leprosy, which until a few years ago was widely prevalent throughout the kingdom. At that time a certain district was reserved for the lepers on the island of Molokai, and all who were suffering from that disease were sequestered there. Now as soon as any one becomes a victim to it, he is immediately sent to Molokai to join the sad colony. The exiles now number about twelve hundred. They are given every comfort of life except health. The location is all that could be desired and the climate salubrious and healthful. The average life of a leper is five years. Ten per cent, of all the revenues of the kingdom if annually devoted to the amelioration of their unhappy state. They are provided with churches, hospitals and neat homes, and a hundred horses are kept for their use and pleasure. The natural attractions of the islands are unsurpassed anywhere. There are no dangerous animals, and no reptiles of any kind. Vegetation is lux- uriant; tropical fruits of all kinds grow in abundance, and the birds are musical of note and gorgeous of plumage. The people themselves, or rather the thoroughbred Hawaiians, are of dark, copper-colored complexion, and ordinarily of fine physical develop- ment. The hair is jet black, thick and straight, and the eyes dark. The men are, usually, rather good-looking, but the women, as a rule, are coarse, slipshod, and lacking in personal charms. Some of the half and qiiarter castes and later dilutions, however, are beautiful. The race is of a happy-go-lucky disposition, passionately fond of everything that affords amusement, and enthusiastically averse to any kind of toil. The love of music and dancing is one of the strongest proclivities of the race. The people are honest, generous, and possess an abiding faith and confidence in man. The quality that they have appeared most to lack is pei'sona] m«^ ^:^» T - \: THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 267 morality and modesty, but one is inclined to believe that their taint in this direction comes from the rascally sailors who have made a rendezvous of the islands since the time of their discovery. This is rapidly being corrected, and the country may now be said to be improving in this as well as in every other phase of its life. There seemed to be no reason why annexa- tion and the receiving of the Ha-wai-i-ans into close relations as a part of our country should not be desired by every A-mer-i-can. Early in June, 1898, the U-ni-ted States Sen-ate debated the question of Ha-wai-i; and from June 30, to Ju-ly 5, the members continued to discuss the resolution in favor of annexation. On the following da}', Ju-ly 6, the resolution was carried by 42 votes against 21. Pres-i-dent Mc-Kin-ley, who had always strongly advocated the annexation of Ha-wai-i, promptly attached his signature to the resolution on July 7. The cruiser Phil-a-del- phia was then ordered to Hon-o-lu-lu to raise the A-mer-i-can flag over the islands. CUBAN SOLDIERS GOING TO THE FRONT. A WOUNDI-n ^'OLUNTEER. CHAPTER XXXI. THE A-MER-I-CAN-SPAN-ISH WAR. On the 24th of A-pril, 1898, Pres-i-dent Mc-Kin-ley sent the following order to Com-mo-dore Dew-ey, commander of the A-si-atic squadron then at Hong Kong: " War has commenced between the U-ni-ted States and Spain. Proceed at once to the Phil-ip-pine islands. Commence operations at once, particu- larly against the Span-ish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy them. Use utmost endeavors. ' ' The result of this order was the great victory at Ma-ni-la, one of the most wonderful naval actions in the history of the world. It was summed up by Com-mo-dore Dew-ey then acting Rear-Ad-mir-al in his report to the Pres-i-dent as follows: " Ma-ni-la, May ist. — Squadron arrived at Ma-ni-la at daybreak this morning. Immediately engaged the enemy and destroyed the following Spanish vessels: Re-i-na Crist-i-na, Cas- til-la, Don An-ton-i-o de Ul-lo-a, Is-la de Lu-zon, Is-la de Cu-ba, Gen-er-al Le-zo, Mar-ques del Du-e-ro, Cor-re (El Ca-no?), Ve-las-co, Is-la de Min-da-na-o, a transport, and water battery at Ca-vi-te. The squadron is uninjured, and only a few men are slightly wounded. Only means of telegraphing is to A-mer-i-can consul at Hong Kong. I shall communicate with him. "Dew-ey." This signal victory in the Phil-ip-pines thrilled the world. It awakened enthusiasm, but it did more than that — it created an impression of wonder and awe. It was almost incredible that the Span-ish fleet should have been destroyed without the loss of a single one of our men, but such proved to be the case, although, the cable having been cut at Ad-mir-al Dew-ey 's orders, we waited some days in suspense, fearful that later reports would put a more somber coloring upon events in the far east. But time con- firmed the first accounts and the question of naval supremacy between the U-ni-ted States and Spain in the Pa-cif-ic was settled. Immediatel}^ after the victory at !Ma-nil-a, Spain sent a fleet consisting of the powerful warships the Viz-ca-ya, Cris-to-bal Co-Ion, Al-mi-ran-te O-quen-do, and In-fan-ta Mar-i-a Te-re-sa, ostensibly for the purpose of 269 70 THE AMHRICAN-SPANISH WAR. reying on our commerce, forcing the blockade, destroying our ships, auJ •ombarding our coast cities. Rear-Ad-mir-al Samp-son with a powerful squadron consisting of the lagnificcnt warships I-o-wa and In-di-an-a, the huge monitors Ter-ror and im-phi-trite, and the cruisers New York, De-troit, and Mont-gom-er-y, ^as searching for the Span-ish fleet. But although this squadron was lost formidable for fighting or bombarding, it was slow in movement and hus handicapped in the pursuit. The result was a considerable period of ncertainty as to the developments, ending the latter part of May with lie information that Cer-vera's fleet was located in the harbor of San-ti- -go. Thereupon, Ad-mi-ral Samp-son and Com-mo-dore Schley, the itter with his fleet of swift, but unarmored and light-armed cruisers, jined forces to guard the mouth of the harbor, which was so narrow that nly one vessel could pass out at a time. Some hard fighting had been in progress in the vicinity of Por-to Ri-co, lamp-son's fleet having shelled the batteries and forts at San Juan on lay 1 2th, but in view of the more important duty at hand in the capture f the imprisoned fleet and the taking of San-ti-a-go, Por-to Ri-co was left Dr a future engagement. It having been determined that the Span-ish fleet was really in the har- or of San-ti-a-go, the work narrowed into the prevention of its escape, "■he harbor was so nearly blocked that egress through it would not have een an easy undertaking, and to make it impossible it was deemed advis- ble to sink a vessel directly across the mouth. This was a most difficult nd dangerous feat, but our navy was ready for the test, and Lieu-ten-ant lich-mond P. Hob-son, of the New York, a naval constructor, with six ther men, all volunteering for the work, conveyed the collier Mer-ri-mac o the desired position, in the face of almost certain death, and notwith- landing the heavy fire of the Span-ish forts, sank her almost directly cross the channel. The heroic men escaped upon a raft, reaching the hore in safety, but were captured by the Span-iards. On account of the iravery of their deed, however, they were treated as prisoners of war and I'ere afterwards exchanged for Span-ish prisoners taken at San-ti-a-go. Soon after this bottling up of the Span-ish fleet in the harbor of San-ti- ,-go, about 16,000 troops under Ma-jor-Gen-er-al Will-iam R. Shaf-ter em- larked to act in combination with the ships and insurgents for the complete ubjugation of San-ti-a-go. The first landing was at Gu-an-ta-na-mo, Inhere a fierce engagement occurred, the Cu-bans joining the A-mer-i-can orces in the action against the Span-iards. who were repulsed with great OSS. Sixteen thousand troops were put on shore at Bai-qui-ri, the second anding, and not a life was lost. The village of Bai-quiri was evacuated )y the enemy, who set fire to a portion of it, blowing up two magazines THE AMERICAN-SPANISH WAR. ^71 of tne garrison. The railroad roundhouse and repair shops west of the village were also destroyed by fire. The loss included several locomotives. On June 24th, *-heie was an action at A-gua-do-res between the enemy and a detachment from Bai-qui-ri. The Rough Riders, technically the First Vol-un-teer Cav-al-ry, Lieu-ten-ant-Colonel Roose-velt, displayed great courage, in this fight. Gen-er-al Young had "leen sent out with troops in advance, and the Rough Riders were on his flank, inland several miles. Their business was to guard him from a surprise. Several troops of the First and Tenth Cav-al-ry, and eight battalions of the Rough Riders were in the expedition. They numbered less than 1,200 men, but they succeeded in dislodging from a thicket and driving back to town 2,000 of the foe. The Span-ish made their last resistance at a block-house which our men stormed and carried. Four regiments of infantry, including the seventy-first of New York and some of the Ninth Cav-al-ry, were sent for- ward in haste as a reinforcement. Eight miles from San-ti-a-go, the troopers dismounted after a forced march. They received orders to march upon the enemy, whom they could hear at work felling trees at a short distance from them. As the A-mer-i-cans moved forward, they were met by a fierce fire from the Span-iards, a strong force of whom had found an ambush in the high grass and chap-arral. The charge was led by Colonel Leon-ard Wood and Lieu-ten-ant-Colonel Roose-velt, both displaying the highest courage. They came out openly before the fire of the enemy, scorning to hide themselves, and made a most gallant attack, driving them back with heavy losses, toward San-ti-a-go. Roose-velt, on horseback, led the first charge, which was a rush of thirty yards and above all the din of the battle his voice could be heard encourag- ing his men. The famous charge of the Six Hundred at Ba-la-kla-va finds its parallel in the bold dash made by Ad-mir-al Cer-ve-ra, when, in obedience to the orders of his government, he attempted to run the A-mer-i-can blockade and escape from the harbor of San-ti-a-go. This event occurred on the third of Ju-ly, 1898. It had been feared that Cer-ve-ra might attempt to escape by taking ad- vantage of the darkness and fog upon some stormy night when our ships could not safely lie close to shore and their search lights would be unavail- ing, and so Hob-son's bold move was decided upon ; but owing to the fact that the Mer-ri-mac's rudder was shot away, the gallant undertaking had fallen a little short of complete success in obstructing the mouth of the harbor, and there was still a possibility of exit. The blockade was there- fore maintained. 272 THE AMERICAN-SPAMSM WAR. But the Span-ish Admiral received his orders and obeyed them. At jibout 9:40 o'clock the first-class armored cruisers the In-£an-ta Mar-i a Te-re-s-a, the flagship, the Viz-ca-ya, the Cris-to-bal Co-Ion, and the Al-mi-ran-te O-quen-do, came out of the harbor in the order given, opening fire upon the blockading vessels as they came, followed by two torpedo-boat destroyers. The armored cruisers turned westward and proceeded at the greatest possible speed, while the torpedo boats headed straight for the Brooklyn, Com-mo-dore Schley's flagship. The Brook-lyn, Tex-as, 0-re-gon, I-o-wa, and In-di-an-a started after the Span-ish warships, firing rapidly, while the Gloucester headed for the torpedo-boats, opening fire upon them as she advanced. The Viz-ca-ya, and In-fan-ta Ma-ri-a-Te-re-sa were repeatedly struck by the guns from our warships, but they would not stop, returning the fire as they ran. The lat- ter, however, soon headed in for the beach, her commander evidently intend- ing to destroy her rather than submit to capture. She ran ashore about six miles and a half west of San-ti-a-go Har-bor, the O-quen-do following her, while the Viz-ca-ya went on for about two miles beyond them and blew up directly upon landing. This left us to direct our attention to the Co-Ion, which was the fastest vessel of the whole Span-ish fleet. But it was not a question of speed alone ; solid shot and shell were beating against her and she found escape hopeless. At a point about sixty miles west of San-ti-a-go she ran ashore, lowering her colors as she went. Although heavy firing was kept up on both sides, the marksmanship of the Span-iards was ver}' poor, and the A-mcr-i-can ships remained tmin- jured; one man on board the Brook-lyn, however, was killed by an exploding shell. Ad-mi-ral Cer-ve-ra and his staff were captured, together with other pris- oners numbering in all three hundred men. There has been a great slaughter on the torpedo-boat destroyers. This brilliant achievement of our squadron, commanded by able and intrepid officers, struck consternation to the hearts of the Span-ish at San- ti-a-go, as indeed of Span-iards throughout the enemy's domain, both on this side the At-lan-tic and in Spain itself, and heralded the fall of San- ti-a-jro and the end of the war. TV^ ■^ombnrrlment of the city which followed lasted two days and com- pleted the triumph of our forces. The enemy's strongholds in Cu-ba were now in our hands, and the next move was upon Por-to Ri-co. Although our brilliant victories on land and sea proclaimed a final cessa- tion of hostilities as near at hand, Pres-i-dent Mc-Kin-ley's policy was to push the war vi'^orously until such time as Spain should see fit to give up her forlorn hope. THE AMERICAN-SPANISH WAR. 273 With this end in view an expedition was fitted out under the command of Com-mo-dore Wat-son for a visit to the Ca-na-ries and the Span-ish coast, while Gen-er-al Miles made active preparations to move upon Por-to Ri-co and embarked for that island from the vicinity of San-ti-a-go with a command of several thousand men. Added to this, reinforcements had been sent to strengthen the position of Ad-mi-ral Dew-ey in the Phil-ip-pines. On Ju-ly 26th, Spain asked for a cessation of hostilities, her petition being presented to Pres-i-dent Mc-Kin-ley by the noted French states- man, M. Jules Cam-bon. The terms of peace dictated by the U-ni-ted States and accepted by the Sa-gas-ta government, were as follows : 1. Withdrawal by Spain of her forces and sovereignity from Cu-ba; the U-ni-ted States to exercise control until a stable government can be established. 2. Withdrawal of her forces and sovereignity from Por-to Ri-co and the absolute cessation from this and the minor West In-dies to the U-ni-ted States. 3. Acquiescence by Spain in the permanent occupation by the U-ni-ted States of Gu-am Is-land, in the La-drones, already in the possession of the U-ni-ted States. 4. The U-ni-ted States to exercise control over the city and bay of Ma- nil-a and the immediate surrounding territory, including Ca-vi-te, until such time as the commissioners appointed respectively by the two countries determine upon the future disposition and government of the Phil-ip-pines, which receives the ratification of the two governments, the U-ni-ted States neither waving claim to the whole of the Phil-ip-pines nor specifying the exact boundary limit of the territory she desires to hold permanently. By these terms the U-ni-ted States comes into possession of valuable territory honorably acquired and at the same time shows justice and mag- nanimity toward her conquered foe. Scarcely more than one hundred days after the declaration of the war, Spain acknowledg-^d her defeat. This government expended over $100,000,000 and nearly six hundred lives for the victory, but both were freely given for a cause that was deeper than any question of financial gain or military glory. The beginning of the war found us with an army and navy most inade- quate in size for any condition save peace; by the masterly action of Pre-si-dent Mc-Kin-ley and the ready response of the whole A-mer-i-can people we are now in a position to command the respect of the world in both directions. 274 THE AMERICAN-SPANISH WAR. The war developed a type of solid A-mer-i-can-ism, and il thrilled us with the knowledg-e that the type was a heroic one. It uplifted our gov- ernment and our people in the eyes of other nations, and it j. •'* such a broad example of Christ-ian humanity as the world has nevej before witnessed. Thus resulted a well-earned peace with the consciousness ot civilization advanced and principle upheld. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be coro^josed of mem- bers chosen ever^' second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branches of the State legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to tht whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States and within every subsequent tenn of ten years, in such a manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hamp* shire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, ''/irginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five and Georgia •hree. 'Vhen vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 18 275 270 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STA.TES. executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and othei officers and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expi- ration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year, and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporar)' appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall . choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office as President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. I Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 277 The Congress shall assemble at least once every year; and such meet- ing shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a difiFerent day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judg- ment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for ar.y speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments \^hereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- ments, as on other bills. Every hill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall Itave originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 27H CONSTITUTION Ol- TUF. INTTKD STATES. proceed to reconsider it. If, alu-r .such recoii.sideration, two-tliirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten da\s (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the I'nitcd States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved b\- him, or, being disapproved b>- him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and Hou.se of Representatives, according to the rules and iimitations prescribed in case of a bill. Sec. S. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and to provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes. To establi.sh an uniform rule of naturalization, and unifonn laws on the subjects of bankruptcies throughout the United States. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. To establish post-offices and post roads. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited tinies, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. To define and puni.sh piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules couccming cajitures on land and water. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 279 To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that ase shall be for a longer term than two years. To provide and maintain a navy. To make rules for tlie government and regulation of the land and naval forces. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such districts (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the States in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eight; but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such impor- tation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. No taxes or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasun,- but in consequence of 2S0 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. appropriations made b\- law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust imder them shall, without the consent of the Congrci=. accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. Sec. io. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed- eration; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant a title of nobility. No State shall, witho it the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Sec. 1 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four jears, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 281 The person having the greatest number of votes shb.H be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall im- mediately qhoose, by ballot, one of them for President, and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be Vice-President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the UnitW States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to the office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said cffic'e, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a Presi- dent shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall be elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: ' 'I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 2.V-' CONSTITUTION OF TMR UNITFD STATKS. Sec. 12. The President shall be comiiiander-in-cliitf of tht armv and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the SL-veral States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of the respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of im- peachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-jhirds of the Senators present concur, and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and con.sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not lierein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law, but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officer as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart- ments. The President shall have the power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 13. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress informa- tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 5uch measures as he shall judge necessarj' and expedient; he may, 06 sxtraordinary occasions, convene boih houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 14. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United .States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, briber)-, or other high crimes and misdemeanors ARTICLE III. Section i. The judicial power of the United States shall b« vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavioi, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continaance in office. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. S83 Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority-; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other jniblic ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreine Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may, by law, have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in- adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Sec. I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of even,^ other State. And the Congress may, by the general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be 284 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to ser\'ice or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or reg- ulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any States be formed by the junction of two 01 more States or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all need- ful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec. 4. The United, States shall giiarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. . The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the otlier mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress, provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year One Thousand Eighl Hundred and Eight shall in an>- manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of this article; and that no State, without its con- sent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the confederation. 1' COSISTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 285 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be Tade under the authority of the United States sha^l be the supreme L of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- ""'^'hTsenators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- bers of the several States, legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shal be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution, but no rehg- ious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- "'Dte""convention by the unanimous consent of the States present. the seventeenth day of September, in the year of Our Lord, One Thou- sand Seven Hundred and Eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereo we have hereunto subscribed our names. (Signed by the members of the Con- vention). ^„ AMENDMENTS. At the first session of the First Congress, ^^^^ X'\'11r1 New York, and begun on Wednesday, the 4tb of March 1789, many amendments to the National Constitution were offered for con- "deration. The Congress proposed ten of them to the legis atures of the several States. These were ratified by the constitutional num- ber of State legislatures by the middle of December 1791- Five other amendments have since been proposed and duly ratified, ana have become, with the other ten, a part of the National Constitution. The following are the amendments: ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of relig- ion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of peech, or of the press; or to the right of the peop e peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 286 CONSTITUTION OF TIIK UNITKD STATES. free S.alc, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLK III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in an}- house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but iu a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE TV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other^vise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, exxept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or Un\h; nor shall be compelled in any criminal ^ase to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, lib- erty or property-, without due process of law; nor shall private prop- erty be taken for public us^ without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and dis- trict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district diall ha\e been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed jf the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preser\-ed, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-c.xamined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. ARTICLE \III. Excessive bail .shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 287 ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution not prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to an>- suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XIL The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote for Presi- dent and Vice-President, one of whom, at leas^t^hall not be an inhabi- tant of the same State with themselves; they sliiU name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which. lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of otes for President, shall be President, if such number be a inajoxit/ of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Represen- tatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be Vice-President, if 288 CONSTITUTION OK THE UNITED STATES. such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary' to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. Section i. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a puni.shment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ^ ARTICLE Xrv. Section i. All persons bom or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, coimting the whole number of persons in each State, exxluding Indians not ta.xed. But when the right to vote, at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representative in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 289 otiited States, or as a member of any State legislature or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given. aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred by payment of pensions and bounties for ser\nces in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. Section i. The right of the citizens of the United States shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or in any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article bjT appropriate legislation. 290 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. GEORGE WASHIS'GTON Born in Wisttioivlnnd Co., Vn Fi-b. 22, 173!. Died in Mount Vprmm Vvc- U. IVM. luauguratod April 30, ViSihllVl. JOHN AD \M8 B"rn in BrBintroc (now Quincy), Mass On. 19, n?r>. Uiud in guincy Job- 4, IS.ii. liiuuifurutiHl March 4, Htn-liOl. THOM VS JICFFERSON Horn in Slmilwoll, Alhcmnrle Co., Vo April ?, 1741 Died in Moniiccllo, Vii July 4, IttfB. Inanguraled Uarcli 4. 1801-l»(/«. JAMKS .M \|il«l)N Born in KinR OoorBP. Va Mnreh 1«. 1751. Dioil in Uuutiu'linr, V« luueto, 1»36. 1 nuutjurttled March 4, 1809-loli. JAMES MONROE Born in Wpsmorplaud Co., Va April a'', ITM. Uiudin Niw Yorli July 4, 1»31. luautfuratcd March 4, 1»17-1B25. JOHN QUINCY ADAM.S Born in Rraintroe, Mass July 11. 17R7. Died in WashiiiKton, D. C Ftb. 2a, IMS. InaUKurated March 4, 1825-1829. ANDREW J\('K80N Born in Waxliaw Sottlpment, N. C March 15.17(17. Uied in the ■ llerniitnee," near Nashvillp, Tenn . JuueB, 1840. InauRurated March 4, Ih29-lh37. M\KriN V\N BUUEN Born in Kinilcrliook, N. Y 000.5.1782. DiedinKiudirhook. N. Y July24,l«62. I iiHUguruted March 4, 1837-1841. WILLIAM H.HARRISON Born in IWltloy. Va Fob. 9. 1773. lJiedin\Va>l.iuKt.,n, D.r \prd4,l»a. Inaugurated March 4, 1841. JOHN TVLER ""rn in riiarlesCity Co., Vn Marrh 29. 170n. DiL'd in Kicliniond, Va .Ian. 17, 1^02. liuuiguratod April 4, 1841-184o, JAMES KNO.X rOI.K Born in Mooklpnlinri,' Co., N. C Nov. 2.1795. Died in NaKhvillo, Tonii Juuc 15, lsl«. liiauKiirated March 4, 1845-1849. ZVC'II \KV TAYLOR Born in Orange Co., Va Sort. 24. 1781. Died in Waul. int-ton.D.C July 9, liiiu. luuuKu rated March 6, 1849-1830. MlLI.MtD 1- ILLMORE Bom in Looko, CayngaCo., N. Y jBn.7.1R00. DiedinBullalo. N. Y March 8, 1874. Inaugurated July 10, 1850-1833. FRANKLIN IMKltCE Born in Hillslmrnugh, N. H Nov. 2.'?. 1804. TKA.Mvi.i. DiedinC.noonl, N.H Oct. 8. 1869. 1 iiaugu rated March 4, 1853-1857. TAMES BU("HANAN Bom in Stony Batter, Franklin Co., Pa \pril 22, 1791. " Died in Lancaster, Pa luuel.lbttS. Inaugurated March 4, 1857-181)1. ABR\H\M LINCOLN Born in FlnrdinCo. (now Larue), Ky Fob. 2. 1809. ADn.in.» j^.^ I .^ WaBhiugK.n, I). C April 15, 1865. luaugurated March 4, 1861-1865. ANDREW JOHNSON Bom in Raleigh, N. C Poc. 29. 1S0S. Died in Uroonvilli>. Tenn July SI, 1873. luaugurated April 15, 1865-1809. ITLYSSES S ()K\NT Bom in Point Pleasant, Ohio April 27. 18?2. ■ Died at Mount MoUregor, N. y July23,18S3. Inaugurat(>(l March 4, 1869-1877. RUTHERFOUD H. IIAYI'.S Born in Delaware, Ohio Oct. 4, 1802. Died in Fremont, Oliio Jan. 17, 1893. Inaugurated March 4, 1877-1881. .FAMES A. GARFIELD Bora in Orange, Ohio Nov. 19. 1S31. Died in Elli.iM.i. Long Branch, N. J Sept. 19, 1881. luaugurated March 4, 18sl. CHFSTFK \ ARTHUR Born in Fairlield, Franklin '"o.. Vt Oct. 5, 19?0. ' Died at 123 Lexington Ave., N. Y. ( ity Nov. 18, 1886. I uauguruted 8opt. 20, 1881-1885. OROVFR CLEVELAND Born in Caldwell. N.J March 18,1837. Inaugurated March 4, 1885-1889. BENJ\MIN HARRISON Burn in North Bend. Ohio Ang. 20, 1833 luaugurated March 4, KS.h9.1893. GROVER CLEVEL.YND Inaugurated March 4, 1893-1897. WILLl.VM Mf KINLEY Boru in Niles. Ohio... V. • •, . „f ^b. 26, 18;:l. Inaugurated March 4, l.s9i. ^*' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011 460 787 3 v.. > ■=* HA: i i ^ <^^ ^ 1^.. m