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SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
SOURCES 
 
 OF THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Kappa Sigma Fraternity 
 
 BY 
 
 BOUTWELL DUNLAP 
 
 Former Nationai, Historian of Kappa Sigma 
 
 cincinnati 
 
 Published by the Fi^aternity 
 
 1922 
 

 Copyright, 1922, 
 By the Kappa Sigma Fraternity 
 
 Press of Manforf & Co., Cincinnati 
 
 JUN 19 1922 
 
 ©CI.A677207 
 
5 
 
 SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 The object of this pubHcation is to give a list of citations 
 ^ to material for all the paragraphs or topics which should be 
 
 set out in writing a history of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity 
 from its foundation in America in December, 1869, to the 
 establishment of the Fraternity's magazine in October, 1885, 
 when the printed history of the Fraternity begins. 
 
 It also directs a seeker for information to an authoritative 
 account of any event of the Fraternity's American history 
 up to October, 1885. 
 
 Citations are to the Kappa Signm Quarterly (magazine), 
 The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma (magazine). The Star and 
 Crescent of Kappa Sigma (periodical), the first and second 
 editions of the Kappa Sigma Book, Early Letters and Papers 
 of Kappa Sigma, Kappa Sigma Records. The first edition 
 of the Kappa Sigina Book, Early Letters and Papers of 
 Kappa Sigma and the Kappa Sigma Records, the last being 
 four volumes in MSS., are compilations of Boutwell Dunlap. 
 The second edition of the Kappa Sigma Book was compiled 
 by Finis King Farr. 
 
 In order to preserve for historical record the origin of 
 statements, it is mentioned that the compiler, Boutwell 
 Dunlap, is the author or collector of all citations that are not 
 followed by a star (*). The authorship of other citations is 
 sometimes stated in the article cited. 
 
 Annals of 1869-1871 
 
 Founding of Kappa Sigma, the mother Chapter, Zeta, at 
 the University of Virginia, with incidents of its first two 
 
 — 7 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 years (first meeting places, first minutes, first badges, first 
 initiate, first Kappa Sigma house, first fraternity house in the 
 South, student types, the "Defense of Miles Arnold," etc.). 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, II, 45-49*, VI, 15-16*; Caduceiis, XIX, 300- 
 301*, 349-352, 369*, 395*, 401-402, 501*, 556-557*, 650, XXI, 341,^ 
 XXII, 221*, 647-648*, XXVII, 89-90*, XXIX, 336, 604*, XXX, 209- 
 217*; Star and Crescent, X, 27-27; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 11-27, 
 107, 2nd ed., 11-25*, 131*; Early Letters and Papers, 33, 34; Records, 
 I, 69, IV, 16. 
 
 Illustrations. — East Lawn and Rotunda, showing location of 46, 
 East Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded — 
 Caducens, XIX, 341 ; Exterior of 46, East Lawn, University of Vir- 
 ginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded — Cadiiceus, XIX, 342 ; Inte- 
 rior of 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma 
 was founded — Caducens, XIX, 343 ; Faculty of the University of 
 Virginia, 1869-'70, when Kappa Sigma was founded — Caducens, XIX, 
 345; Contemporary photograph (1870-'71) of first Kappa Sigma 
 house, first fraternity house in the South, University of Virginia— 
 Caducens, XIX, op. 349 ; First Kappa Sigma house, first fraternity 
 house in the South, University of Virginia — Caducens, XIX, 350; 
 Replica of original badge of Founder William Grigsby McCormick, 
 on Kappa Sigma gavel — Cadnceus, XXVII, 88* ; ''McCormick Hall,'* 
 University of Virginia — Cadnceus, XXVII, 2*; Stairway in "McCor- 
 mick Hall," University of Virginia — Cadnceus, XXVII, 5*; Kappa 
 Sigma groups with Founder William Grigsby McCormick, at "Mc- 
 Cormick Hall," LTniversity of Virginia — Cadnceus, XXVII, 568*; 
 "McCormick Hall," University of Vkgima— Cadnceus, XXIX, 212*; 
 Founder and Mrs. William Grigsby McCormick and party at "Mc- 
 Cormick Hall," University of Virginia — Caducens, XXXI, 672*; 
 Founders William Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd on 
 University of Virginia campus — Caducens, XXXII, 666*; "McCor- 
 mick Hall," University of VWg'mh— Cadnceus, XXXII, 671*; "Mc- 
 Cormick Hall," University of Virg'mia—Caduceus, XXXII, 672*; 
 Founders William Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd, and 
 Walter Boyd, in a group photograph with Zeta Chapter — Cadnceus,. 
 XXXIT, 677*; Founders William Grigsby McCormick and John 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Covert Boyd at door of 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, where 
 Kappa Sigma was founded — Caduceus, XXXII, 678*; Founder Wil- 
 liam Grigsby McCormick, in group — Caduceus, XXXV, op. 1* ; Found- 
 ers William Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd among a 
 group of Worthy Grand Masters at University of Virginia — Cadu- 
 ceus, XXXV, 5*; "McCormick Hall," front and rear views, Univer- 
 sity of Virginia — Caduceus, XXXV, 9* ; Founders William Grigsby 
 McCormick and John Covert Boyd, with newly made initiate, Uni- 
 versity of Virginia — Caduceus, XXXV, 11* ; Facsimile of memorial 
 tablet of Kappa Sigma at 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, 
 where Kappa Sigma was founded — Caduceus, XXXV, 15* ; A Kappa 
 Sigma group at 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa 
 Sigma was founded — Caduceus, XXXV, 18* ; Founders William 
 Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd, on the Lawn, at Semi- 
 centennial Grand Conclave, University of Virginia — Caduceus, XXXV, 
 319* ; Facsimile of an acknowledgment card, signed by Founders Wil- 
 liam Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd — Caduceus, XXXV, 
 321* ; East Lawn and Rotunda, showing location of 46, East Lawn, 
 University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded — Kappa 
 Sigma Book, 1st ed., 14; Exterior of 46, East Lawn, University of 
 Virginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded — Kappa Sigma Book, 
 1st ed., 15 ; Interior of 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, where 
 Kappa Sigma was founded — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 16 ; Faculty 
 of the University of Virginia, 1869-'70, when Kappa Sigma was 
 founded — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 25 ; Contemporary photograph 
 (1870-'71) of first Kappa Sigma house, first fraternity house in the 
 South, University of Virginia — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 23; 
 Rotunda and the Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma 
 was founded — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 13*; Founders John 
 Covert Boyd and William Grigsby McCormick at the door of 46, East 
 Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded--— 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 14* ; Unveiling the memorial tablet at 46, 
 East Lawn, University of Virginia, where Kappa Sigma was founded, 
 July 24, 1919 — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 15* ; Facsimile of memo- 
 rial tablet of Kappa Sigma at 46, East Lawn, University of Virginia, 
 where Kappa Sigma was founded — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 17* ; 
 "McCormick Hall," University of Virginia, front and rear views — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 21* ; Contemporary photograph (1870-'71) 
 of first Kappa Sigma house, first fraternity house in the South, 
 University of Virginia — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 23* ; Founders 
 William Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd among a group 
 of Worthy Grand Masters of Kappa Sigma, University of Virginia, 
 1919 — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 66*; Founders William Grigsby 
 McCormick and John Covert Boyd, with newly made initiate, 1919, 
 University of Virginia — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 71* ; Semi- 
 centennial Grand Conclave group at University of Virginia, showing 
 Founders William Grigsby McCormick and John Covert Boyd, in 
 group — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed. (164-165)*. 
 
 The Founders of Kappa Sigma : William Grigsby 
 McCormick, Georger Miles Arnold, Edmund Law Rogers, 
 Frank Courtney Nicodemus, John Covert Boyd. 
 
 BatSi.— Quarterly, IV, 183*; Caduceus, XIX, 353-368, 432, XX, 
 92, 188, 191, 207-209, XXI, 339*, 658, XXII, 303-304, XXIII, 137*, 
 278-280*, XXIV, 478*, XXVIII, 33-35*, XXIX, 604*, XXX, 491-492, 
 XXXI, 778-779*, XXXII, 7*, 84-86*, 100*, 112*, 673-679*, XXXIII, 
 132*, 148*, 294*, XXXIV, 649-650*, XXXV, 2-3*, 8*, 12*, 19-21*, 
 26-28*, 30-31*, 320-321*, 348*, 646* ; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 29-48, 
 2nd ed., 27-40*, 65-79*. 
 
 Illnstrations. — Founder William Grigsby McCormick — Caduceus, 
 XIX, op. 339 ; Founder William Grigsby McCormick in 1869— Carft^- 
 ceus, XIX, 354 ; Founder William Grigsby McCormick in chapter 
 group — Caduceus, XIX, op. 466* ; Founder William Grigsby McCor- 
 mick at the University of Bologna — Caduceus, XXIV, op. 1 ; Founder 
 William Grigsby McCormiok— Caduceus, XXVII, 568* ; "Brookland," 
 Baltimore home of Founder William Grigsby McCormick — Caduceus, 
 XXII, 78; Founder George Miles Arnold in 1870— Cad wc^w^, XIX, 
 357; Founder George Miles Arnold in I'm— ^Caduceus, XX, 207; 
 Founder George Miles Arnold in 1876 — Caduceus, XX, 208 ; Founder 
 George Miles Arnold and Samuel Isham North, early initiate — Cadu- 
 ceus, XIX, 351 ; Grave of Founder George Miles Arnold, Woodlawn 
 Cemetery, New York City — Caduceus, XXVII, 156* ; Stationery of 
 
 — 10 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Founder George Miles Arnold — Caduceus, XXX, 215*; Founder 
 Edmund Law Rogers — Caduceus, XIX, 358 ; Founder Edmund Law 
 Rogers, in character — Caduceus, XIX, 359; Founder Frank Courtney 
 Nicodemus — Caduceus, XIX, 360; Founder Frank Courtney Nico- 
 demus — Caduceus, XXXIV, 649* ; Founder John Covert Boyd — 
 Caduceus, XIX, 363 ; Founder John Covert Boyd — Caduceus, XXXII, 
 5*; John Edward Semmes, first initiate of the Founders — Caduceus, 
 XIX, 364; Samuel Isham North, early initiate of the Founders — 
 Caduceus,XlX,6'^ ; Samuel Isham North, early initiate of the Found- 
 ers — Caduceus, XIX, 365 ; Samuel Isham North, early initiate of the 
 Founders — Caduceus, XXIX, 568* ; George Leiper Thomas, early 
 initiate of the Founders — Caduceus, XIX, 366 ; George Leiper Thomas, 
 early initiate of the Founders — Caduceus, XXVIII, op. 1* ; George 
 Leiper Thomas, earh^ initiate of the Founders, in 1870 — Caduceus, 
 XXVIII, 33*; George Leiper Thomas, in chapter group — Caduceus, 
 XIX, op. 466* ; Founder William Grigsby McCormick — Kappa Sigma 
 Book, 1st ed., 28 ; Founder William Grigsby McCormick in 1869 — 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 30 ; Founder George Miles Arnold in 
 1870 — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 35 ; Founder George Miles Arnold 
 in 1871 — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 34 ; Founder George Miles 
 Arnold in 1876 — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 36; Founder George 
 Miles Arnold and Samuel Isham North, early initiate of the Found- 
 ers — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 20 ; Founder Edmund Law Rogers — 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 38; Founder Edmund Law Rogers, in 
 character — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 39 ; Founder Frank Courtney 
 Nicodemus — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 41 ; Founder John Covert 
 Boyd — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 43 ; John Edward Semmes, first 
 initiate of the Founders — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 45 ; Samuel 
 Isham North, early initiate of the Founders — Kappa Sigma Book, 
 1st ed., 46 ; George Leiper Thomas, early initiate of the Founders — 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 48; Founder William Grigsby ]McCor- 
 mick — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 26*; Founder William Grigsby 
 McCormick in 1869 — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 28*; Founder 
 George Miles Arnold about 1870 — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 32*; 
 Founder George Miles Arnold about 1871 — Kappa Sigma Book, 
 2nd ed., 33*; Founder Edmund Law Rogers about 1883 — Kappa 
 Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 35*; Founder Frank Courtney Nicodemus — 
 
 — 11 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 37*; Founder John Covert Boyd— 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 37*. 
 
 Proposed Chapters in 1870-71 at the University of INIary- 
 land, Bellevne Medical College, University of Alabama and 
 University of California. 
 
 TiSitaL.—Caduccus, XIX, 348, XX, 27, 878-879, XXII, 216, 553-554; 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 21-22, 60-62, 2nd ed., 20*, 41-42*; Barly 
 Letters and Papers, 5, 31; Records, I, 79-81. 
 
 Illustrations. — Henry Seeley Welch, first Kappa Sigma on the 
 Pacific Coast — Caduceus, XXII, 7; George Miles Arnold and Samuel 
 Isham North, first Kappa Sigmas in New York — see ante; William 
 Grigsby McCormick, Edmund Law Rogers, Frank Courtney Nico- 
 demus, John Edward Semmes, George Leiper Thomas, first Kappa 
 Sigmas in Baltimore — see ante. 
 
 Annals of 1872 
 
 Zeta Chapter in 1872 ; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, the 
 "second founder" ; university life and chapter life at the 
 University of Virginia. (Although not confined to the 
 year, 1872, at Virginia, but connected with it, there are here 
 cited references to detailed history of the mother Chapter 
 from 1871 to 1875.) 
 
 T>?^:?i.— Caduceus, VII, 404-406*, X, 211-212*, XIX, 369*, XX, 
 601*, XXI, 335-336, 495-502, 657-658, XXII, 236-241, 394-395, XXIV, 
 320*, 471, XXVI, 731-732*, XXVII, 173-174*, XXVIII, 326*, 559-560*; 
 Star and Crescent, VII, 96 ; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 66, 2nd ed., 
 45-46* ; Barly Letters and Papers, 6-7, 31 ; Records, I, 16, 63, 67. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, "second founder" — Qiiar^ 
 terly,J^l^ op. 1* ; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, "second founder" — Cadu- 
 ceus, XXX, 213*; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, "second founder," stu- 
 dent at the University of Virginia 19>12-l'i— Caduceus, XXI, op. 487; 
 
 — 12 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Thomas Wright Strange, proposer for Kappa Sigma membership of 
 Stephen Alonzo Jackson, "second founder" — Caduceus, XXVI, 318 ; 
 Group photograph of Zeta Chapter, 1872-'73 (tirst Kappa Sigma 
 group photograph) — Caduceus, XXI, 497; First Kappa Sigma coat of 
 arms, 1873 — Caduceus, XXI, 497; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, "second 
 founder" — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 66; Stephen rVlonzo Jackson, 
 "second founder" — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 45*. 
 
 Annals of 1873 
 
 Founding of Eta Prime Chapter at Trinity College, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, III, 107*; Caduceus, XX, 104-103, 875, XXT, 
 529-OR5*, XXIT, 485, XXIII, 6* 126, XXX, 77*; Kappa. Sigma Book, 
 1st ed., 62, 2nd ed., 42*; Early Letters and Papers, 5; Records, I, 71. 
 
 Illustrations. — Facsimile of charter of Eta Prime Chapter, first 
 Kappa Sigma charter — Caduceus, XXI, 501; James Henry Durham, 
 the student in 1872-'73, founder of Eta Prime Chapter — Caduceus, 
 XXT, 497; James Henry Durham, founder of Eta Prime Chapter — 
 Caduceus. XXII, 73; Founder James Henry Durham, and charter 
 members, Thom.as Taylor, Adolphus Richard Wortham and Ned. H. 
 Tucker, of Eta Prime Chapter, in group — Caduceus, XXXIII, 9, 
 
 Names of Eta Prime Chapter and other early Chapters. 
 Data. — Caduceus, XXI. 177; Early Letters and Papers, 51. 
 
 Founding of Mu Chapter at Washington and Lee Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, VII, 63-65*, XIX, 558-559, XX, 83. 99, 545-547, 
 598; Early Letters and Papers, 32; Records, I, 75, II, 52. 
 
 Illustrations. — John Nathaniel Prather, first Grand Master of 
 Mu Chapter — Caduceus, XXII, 73 ; William Templeton Durrett. active 
 early member of Mu Chapter — Caduceus, XXII, 7. 
 
 — 13 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Annals of 1874 
 
 Founding of Xi Chapter at the Virginia Military In- 
 stitute. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XIX, 558-559, XX, 83, 192-193, 545-547, XXII, 
 40, XXVI, 21*, 386 ; Star and Crescent, X, 30-31 ; Early Letters and 
 Papers, 32 ; Records, I, 53. 
 
 Illustrations. — First three generations of Kappa Sigmas — Presi- 
 dent Jefferson Davis, Jefferson Davis, Jr., in cadet uniform and with 
 Kappa Sigma badge (obscure) during early days of Xi Chapter, and 
 William Davis Hayes — Caduceus, XXI, 521 ; Records, I, 151 ; Frazor 
 Titus Edmondson, boyhood friend and fraternity chapter mate of 
 Jefferson Davis, Jr., at Virginia Military Institute — Caduceus, XXVI, 
 op. 21. 
 
 Founding of Nu Chapter at the Virginia Military In- 
 stitute. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XX, 109, XXIII, 43-44, XXXIII, 492*; Barly 
 Letters and Papers, 5-6. 
 
 Illustrations. — Contemporary photograph of first fourteen initi- 
 ates of Nu Chapter at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (first Kappa 
 Sigma group photograph outside of Zeta Chapter) — Caduceus, XXII, 
 op. 1 ; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Nu Chapter — see ante. 
 
 Founding of Omicron Chapter at Emory and Henry 
 College. 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, HI, 96-98*; Caduceus, XX, 108-109; Star and 
 Crescent, IX, 30-31 ; Records, I, 25. 
 
 Illustrations, — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Omicron 
 Chapter — see ante; Samuel Beattie Ryburn Dunn, first initiate of 
 Omicron Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 90; Park Phipps, early active 
 member of Omicron Chapter — Caduceus, XXXIII, 338*. 
 
 — 14 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Founding of Alpha- Alpha Chapter at the University of 
 Maryland. 
 
 Data.— Cad uceus, XX, 93, XXI, 656, XXVII, 201; Records, I, 
 63, II, 115. 
 
 Illustrations. — Arthur Cowton Heffenger, founder of Alpha- 
 Alpha Chapter — Quarterly, I, op. 169*; Arthur Cowton Heffenger, 
 founder of Alpha-Alpha Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 5. 
 
 Annals of 1875 
 
 Founding of Alpha-Beta Chapter at Mercer University. 
 
 Data.— Cadticeus, XX, 106, 873, XXIV, 293-294, 598-599*, XXVIII, 
 555-560*; Records, I, 11, 33-37, IV, 30. 
 
 Illustrations. — William Anderson Thomas, founder of Alpha- 
 Beta Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 5; Facsimile of first minutes of 
 Alpha-Beta Chapter — Caduceus, XXVIII, 558 ; Founder William 
 Anderson Thomas and charter members, Charles Haddon Spurgeon 
 Jackson, Charles Hyatt Richardson, Chovine Clegg Richardson, and 
 Seaborn Wright, of Alpha-Beta Chapter — Caduceus, XXVIII, 554. 
 
 Cessation of Alpha-Alpha Chapter at the University of 
 Maryland. 
 
 Data. — Caduceus, XXI, 656; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 75; 
 2nd ed., 57-58*; Records, I, 115. 
 
 First printed publication of Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XX, 877; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., Ill, 
 2nd ed., 134*. 
 
 Illustrations. — Charles Edward Wingo, who, with William Fre- 
 neau Page, compiled and printed the first Kappa Sigma publica- 
 tion — Caduceus, XXII, 7 ; William Freneau Page, who, with Charles 
 Edward Wingo, compiled and printed the first Kappa Sigma publi- 
 cation— Cacfj/rrz/j-, XXIX, 724. 
 
 — 15 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Supposed suppression by faculty of Omicron Chapter. 
 Data. — Star and Crescent, IX, 31; Records, I, 23. 
 
 Annals of 1876 
 
 Government of the Fraternity, 1869-76. (Although not 
 entirely of the annals of 1876, the government for the early 
 period is cited here as a background to the changes instituted 
 by the Grand Conclave of this year.) 
 
 Data. — Records, I, 9. 
 
 First Grand Conclave (at Baltimore). 
 
 Data.— Ouarterfy, I, 35-41*; Cadiiceus, XX, 98, 540-545, XXII, 
 241. XXVI, 731*, XXVIII. 67; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 91, 
 2nd ed., 121*; Record},, I, 29, II, 42. 
 
 Illustrations. — Eutaw House, Baltimore, where first Grand Con- 
 clave met — Cadiiceus, XX, 541 ; Facsimile of first page of minutes of 
 Grand Conclave — Cadiiceus, XXVIII, 68; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, 
 elected Worthy Grand Master by Grand Conclave — see ante; Williarri 
 Freneau Page, elected Worthy Grand Scribe and Worthy Grand 
 Treasurer by first Grand Conclave — see ante; Eutaw House, Balti- 
 more, where first Grand Conclave met — Kappa Sigjna Book, 1st ed., 92. 
 
 First Alumni Chapter of Kappa Sigma (at Baltimore). 
 Data.— Cadiiceus, XXI. 179, XXII, 238; Records, I, 43. 
 
 Annals of 1877 
 
 Founding of Kappa Chapter at Vanderbilt University 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, I, 28-29*; Cadiiceus, XX, 421, XXI, 236-237, 
 278-279 ; Early Letters and Papers, 39 ; Records, I, 28-29. 
 
 --16 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGAIA HISTORY 
 
 Illustration. — David Rankin Stubblefield, one of the two found- 
 ers of Kappa Chapter — Caduceus, XXII, 73. 
 
 First membership certificate of Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data. — Caduceus, XXI, 499 ; Early Letters and Papers, 14. 
 
 Illustration. — Facsimile of first membership certificate of Kappa 
 Sigma — Caduceus, XXI, 499. 
 
 Annals of 1878 
 
 Cessation of Alpha-Beta Chapter at Mercer University. 
 
 T^?it2i.— Caduceus, XXII, 241, XXVIII, 560*; Kappa Sigma Book, 
 1st ed., 76, 2nd ed., 59*; Records, I, 125. 
 
 Second Grand Conclave (at Richmond). 
 
 TiSitdi.— Quarterly, I, 35-41*; Caduceus, XX, 707-708, XXI, 340; 
 Early Letters and Papers, 8-9, 14-15 ; Records, I, 111-113. 
 
 Illustrations. — Exchange hotel, Richmond, where Grand Con- 
 clave met — Records, I, 113 ; Facsimile of printed program of Grand 
 Conclave — Caduceus, XXX, 215* ; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, elected 
 Worthy Grand blaster by Grand Conclave — see ante; William Fre- 
 neau Page, elected Worthy Grand Scribe and Worthy Grand Treas- 
 urer by Grand Conclave — see ante. 
 
 Constitution of 1878, establishing the Supreme Executive 
 Committee. 
 
 DatSi.— Kappa Sigma Book. 1st ed., 91, 2nd ed., 121*; Early 
 Letters and Papers, 14 ; Records, I, 61. 
 
 Illustrations. — Lyon Gardiner Tyler, named Worthy Grand Pro- 
 curator under Constitution of 1878 — Quarterly, V, op. 105*; Lyon 
 Gardiner Tyler, named Worthy Grand Procurator under Constitution 
 of 187S— Caduceus, XXII, 451. 
 
 — 17 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Annals of 1879 
 
 Admission of members of Phi Mu Omicron into Kappa 
 Sigma. 
 
 'Data,—Cadiicnts, XX, 87, 186, 874, XXI, 279, XXVII, 104, XXX, 
 808*, XXXI, 477-478, XXXII, 88-90, 321* ; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 
 73, 2nd ed., 56*; Records, I, 97-98. 
 
 Illustrations. — Badge of Phi Mu Omicron — Caduceus, XXX, 
 808* ; Badge of "old" Southern Kappa Alpha, whose history is con- 
 nected with that of Phi Mu Omicron — Caduceus, XXXII, 90. 
 
 Cessation of Eta Prime Chapter at Trinity College, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 DsitSi.— Caduceus, XX, 879-880, XXIII, €-8* ; Star and Crescent, 
 IX, 41-42; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 75, 2nd ed., 58* ; Records, I, 71, 
 
 Cessation of Mu Chapter at Washington and Lee Uni- 
 versity, and of Xi Chapter at the Virginia Military Institute. 
 
 Data. — Early Letters and Papers, 10; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 
 74-75, 2nd ed., 57*; Records, I, 71. 
 
 Status of Kappa Sigma at the end of its first ten years' 
 history. 
 
 Dsita.— Caduceus, XXI, 336-338, 659; Star and Crescent, VII, 99. 
 
 Annals of 1880 
 
 Cessation of Kappa Chapter at Vanderbilt University. 
 Data. — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 74, 2nd ed., 57* ; Records, I, 5. 
 
 Secret history of the year, i88o. 
 
 Data.— Records, I, 83. 
 
 — 18 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Sigma Alumni Chapter at Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 Dat^.—CadHceiis, XXI, 179-180, *XXII, 105, XXVII, 23, 363; 
 Records^ I, 21. 
 
 Founding of Lambda Chapter at the University of Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Batai,— Quarterly, 1, 154-155^ II, 105-110* ; Caduceus, XXII, 355*, 
 468-470, XXIII, 43, XXVII, 197-198, XXX, 707-708* ; Star and Cres- 
 cent, IX, 28-30. 
 
 Illustrations. — Price Thomas, who with Stephen Alonzo Jackson 
 founded Lambda Chapter — Caduceus, XXVI, 321 ; Stephen Alonzo 
 Jackson, who with Price Thomas founded Lambda Chapter — see ante. 
 
 Third Grand Conclave (at Abingdon, Virginia). 
 
 I>SiXSi.— Caduceus, XX, 708-710, XXI^ 340; Early Letters and 
 Papers, 14-15, 31; Records, I, 113, III, 56. 
 
 Illustrations. — Facsimile of printed program of Grand Con- 
 clave — Caduceus, XX, 709; Henry Marston Smith, elected Worthy 
 Grand Master by Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XIX, 390*; Henry 
 Marston Smith, Worthy Grand Master, in group — Caduceus, XXXV, 
 5*; Stephen Alonzo Jackson, elected Worthy Grand Procurator by 
 Grand Conclave — see ante. 
 
 Founding of Alpha-Chi Chapter at Lake Forest Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XX, 27-29, 876, XXVII, 246-247* ; Kappa Sigmja_ 
 Book, 1st ed., 66-68, 2nd ed., 46*. 
 
 Illustrations. — Alexander Chalmers McNeill, founder of Alpha- 
 Chi Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 90; Charles Alexander Evans, first 
 initiate of Alpha-Chi Chapter and first initiate of Kappa Sigma in the 
 North — Caduceus, XX, 27 ; Charles Alexander Evans, first initiate of 
 
 — 19 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA 3IGMA HISTORY 
 
 Kappa Sigma in North — Caduceus, XXXV, op. 1*; Charles Alex- 
 ander Evans, first initiate of Kappa Sigma in North, in group — 
 Caduceus, XXXV, 7*; Charles Alexander Evans, first initiate of 
 Kappa Sigma in North — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 73*. 
 
 Entrance of members of Beta Theta Pi at Virginia Poly- 
 technic Institute into Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data. — Star and Crescent, VII, 96 ; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 
 77, 2nd ed., 59-60*; Records, I, 73. 
 
 Annals of 1831 
 
 Conferring of honorary membership upon President 
 Jefferson Davis, Kappa Sigma's sole honorary member. 
 
 Bsitai.— Caduceus, XIX, 558-559, XX, 93*, 550-551, XXIV, 71, 
 294, XXVIII, 71-72, XXIX, 793*; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 88, 
 2nd ed., 84*; Records, I, 27-28. 
 
 Illustrations. — President Jefferson Davis — Quarterly, I, op. 1* ; 
 President Jefferson Davis — Caduceus, XXI, 521 ; President Jefferson 
 Davis in 1861 and in 1886 (on facsimile of President Davis — Kappa 
 Sigma souvenir) — Caduceus, XXVIII, 72; Facsimile of a Kappa 
 .Sigma letter to President Jefferson Davis — Caduceus, XXVIII, 71 ; 
 President Jefferson Davis — Kappa Sigma Book, 89. 
 
 Cessation of Alpha^Chi Chapter at Lake Forest Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Data. — Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 68, 2nd ed., 46* ; Records, 1, 89. 
 
 The Catalogue of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity (first 
 Kappa Sigma Catalogue, first Kappa Sigma college annual 
 insert). 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XXVIII, 67-69; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 
 11^, 2nd ed., 137*; Records, I, 18-19, 108. 
 
 — 20 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Illustrations. — Facsimile of page from Catalogue of Kappa 
 Sigma Fraternity (1881) —Cadnceus, XXVIII, 70; Stephen Alonzo 
 Jackson, compiler of Catalogue — see ante. 
 
 Annals of 1882 
 
 Founding of Alpha-Iota Chapter at Grant University. 
 Daita.—Caduceus, XXI, 263-264, 659-660. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Alpha-Iota 
 
 Chapter — see ante. 
 
 Founding of Phi Chapter at Southwestern Presbyterian 
 University. 
 
 "Data.— Quarterly, I, 103-105*; Caduceus, XXVI, 614*, 617-621*, 
 625*; Star and Crescent, IX, 31-32; Early Letters and Papers, 18; 
 Records, I, 75, 131-132. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Phi Chap- 
 ter — see ante; Henry Craft, first initiate of Phi Chapter — Caduceus^ 
 XXVI, 614. 
 
 Founding of Omega Chapter at the University of the 
 South. 
 
 Data,— Quarterly, I, 23-25*, III, 103-104*; Cadticeus, XXI, 341, 
 XXII, 177; Star and Crescent, IX, 36-41; Barly Letters and Papers, 
 12-13, 21; Records, II, 53-56. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Omega 
 Chapter — see ante. 
 
 William Gibbs McAdoo named to fill the unexpired term 
 of Walter Taylor Page as Worthy Grand Scribe. 
 
 Data. — Early Letters and Papers, 13. 
 
 — 21 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Illustrations. — William Gibbs McAdoo, Worthy Grand Scribe — 
 Caduceus, XXI, 182* ; William Gibbs McAdoo, Worthy Grand Scribe— 
 Caduceus, XXVIII, 66*;. William Gibbs McAdoo, Worthy Grand 
 Scv\hQ.—Caduceus, XXX, 544* ; William Gibbs McAdoo, Worthy Grand 
 Scrih^— Caduceus, XXXIII, 290*; William Gibbs McAdoo, Worthy 
 Grand Scriho— Caduceus, XXXIII, 470* ; William Gibbs McAdoo, 
 Worthy Grand Scv'xht— Caduceus, XXXV, 212*; William Gibbs 
 McAdoo, Worthy Grand Scribe — Kappa Sigma Book, 2nd ed., 91*. 
 
 Annals of 1883 
 
 Expulsion of the Worthy Grand Treasurer and appoint- 
 ment of Alfred Maynard Moulton to fill his office (William 
 Gibbs McAdoo acting as Worthy Grand Treasurer ad 
 interim) . 
 
 Data. — Early Letters and Papers, 15 ; Records, I, 137. 
 
 Cessation of Alpha-Iota Chapter at Grant University. 
 
 Data. — Caduceus, XXI, 660; Kappa Sigtna Book, 1st ed., 7'5, 
 2nd ed., 58*; Barly Letters and Papers, 12. 
 
 The Inter-fraternity Conference of 1883. 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XX, 683-684; Early Letters and Papers, 23; 
 Records, I, 87-88. 
 
 First ownership by Kappa Sigma of a chapter house (at 
 the University of the South). 
 
 Bata.— Quarterly, I, 23-25*, III, 103-105*; Caduceus, XIX, 501*, 
 650, XXIX, 332-337; Early Letters and Papers, 11. 
 
 Illustrations. — First house owned by Kappa Sigma at the Uni- 
 versity of the South-^aduceus, XXIX, 333; site in 1913 of the 
 first house owned by Kappa Sigma at the University of the South — 
 Caduceus, XXIX, 337. 
 
 — 22 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Founding of Pi Chapter at the University of West 
 Virginia. 
 
 Dat&.—Qarterly, I, 161-162*: Caduccus, XX, 89, XXI, 442; Star 
 and Crescent, IX, 33; Records, I, 127. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Pi Chap- 
 ter — see ante; John Goodloe Jackson, first initiate of Pi Chapter — 
 Caduceus, XXVI, 322. 
 
 Founding of Upsilon Chapter at Hampden- Sidney Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Baita.— Quarterly, II, 110-113*; Caduceus, XX, 190, XXIII, 43, 
 XXVI, 834, XXXI, 873*, XXXIII, 129; Early Letters and Papers, 29; 
 Records, I, 77. 
 
 Illustrations. — Stephen Alonzo Jackson, founder of Upsilon 
 Chapter — see ante; Alexander Lee Bondurant, first initiate of Upsilon 
 Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 90; WilHam Taylor Thayer, prominent 
 member of Chapter during its first year — Caduceus, XXII, 7. 
 
 Fourth Grand Conclave (at Knoxville, Tennessee). 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XXIII, 115, XXVII, 201-202; Kappa Sigma 
 Book, 1st ed., 107, 2nd ed., 131*; Early Letters and Papers, 16-17, 18, 
 31-32; Records, I, 135-136. 
 
 Illustrations. — Facsimile of printed program of Grand Con- 
 clave — Records, II, 49; WilHam Gibbs McAdoo, elected Worthy 
 Grand Master by Grand Conclave — see aiite: Stephen Alonzo Jack- 
 son, elected Worthy Grand Procurator by Grand Conclave — see ante; 
 William Henry Inglesby, elected Worthy Grand Scribe by Grand 
 Conclave — Quarterly, I, opp. 198*; Edward Walter Hughes, elected 
 Worthy Grand Treasurer by Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XXII, 73. 
 
 Annals of 1884 
 
 Relations with Pi Kappa xAlpha in reference to admission 
 of its Theta Chapter into Kappa Sigma. 
 
 B&ta.—Siar and Crescent, VII, 97-98; Records, I, 38-39. 
 
 — 23 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 First ''house-building plan" of fraternities, inaugurated 
 by Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data. — Caduceus, XX, 684-685 ; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 107, 
 2nd ed., 131*; Barly Letters and Papers^ 18. 
 
 Resignation of William Gibbs McAdoo as Worthy Grand 
 Master, appointment to his term of William Henry Inglesby, 
 Worthy Grand Scribe, and appointment to the term of 
 William Henry Inglesby as Worthy Grand Scribe of Eugene 
 Allen Snowden. 
 
 Data.— Barly Letters and Papers, 19, 21, 22, 23; Records, I, 19. 
 
 Illustrations. — Eugene Allen Snowden, named Worthy Grand 
 Scribe — Caduceus, XXII, 363 ; Eugene Allen Snowden, named Worthy 
 Grand Scribe — Caduceus, XXVI, 618. 
 
 Proposal of Vanderbilt Chapter of Rainbow, or 
 ^*W. W. W.," to join Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data.— ^'far and Crescent, VII, 99, VIII, 109-112. 
 
 Omega Chapter made Executive Chapter by edict of 
 Supreme Executive Committee. 
 
 Data.— Early Letters and Papers, 19, 19-21, 22-23, 24-25, 26-27 ; 
 Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed., 91, 2nd ed., 121* ; Records, I, 57. 
 
 Illustration. — Facsimile example of an early printed edict of the 
 Supreme Executive Committee — Caduceus, XXVIII, 69. 
 
 Founding of Tau Chapter at the University of Texas. 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, II, 65*, IV, 53*; Caduceus, XX, 93, XXVII, 
 104; Records, I, 119-121. 
 
 Illustrations. — Walter Lee Robertson, founder of Tau Chap- 
 ter — Caduceus, XXXIII, 90; Frederick Charles von Rosenberg, promi- 
 nent in the organization of Tau Chapter — Caduceus, XXIII, 261. 
 
 — 24 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Rejection of petition from students of South Carolina 
 College for Kappa Sigma charter. 
 
 Data. — Caduceus, XX, 678; Records, I, 67. 
 
 Annals of 1885 
 
 Adoption of "badge of new design." (There is also here, 
 at a convenient point, cited material on other early badges, 
 colors and insignia.) 
 
 Data.— Caduceus, XXII, 72, XXX, 209-217*, 311-313*; Star and 
 Crescent, X, 29; Records, I, 90-91, 117, II, 28. 
 
 Illustrations. — "Badge of new design" — Caduceus, XXX, 211; 
 Kappa Sigma insignia on stationery used in "seventies" and "eighties" — 
 Caduceus, XXX, 213; First "badge of new design" — Records, II, 28. 
 
 Revival of Kappa Chapter at Vanderbilt University. 
 Data. — Early Letters and Papers, 39-40 ; Records, I, 7. 
 
 Founding of Rho Chapter at North Georgia Agricultural 
 College. 
 
 Data.— Quarterly, 1,30-31* 160-161*; Caduceus, XX, 108, XXIV, 
 797-798*, XXVI, 1-2*; Star and Crescent, VIII, 122; Records, I, 
 65-66, IV, 32-34. 
 
 Illustrations. — Edward Lee Sutton, founder of Rho Chapter — 
 Caduceus, XXIV, 799*; Edward Lee Sutton, founder of Rho Chap- 
 ter — Caduceus, XXVI, 3*; Edward Lee Sutton, founder of Rho 
 Chapter, in group — Caduceus, XXXII, 610* ; Edward Lee Sutton, 
 founder of Rho Chapter, in groups — Caduceus, XXXV, op. 1*. 
 
 Proposal of "Sigma Boys" (formerly Sigma Chapter of 
 Delta Tau Delta, and later, Ohio Sigma Chapter of Sigma 
 Alpha Epsilon) to join Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Data.— ^far and Crescent, VII, 99, VIII, 118-124. 
 
 — 25 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 Founding of Chi Chapter at Purdue University. 
 
 Data. — Cadiicens, XX, 275; Star and Crescent, IX, 33-35; 
 Records, I, 85. 
 
 Illustrations. — Augustus Ruffner, who with William Taylor 
 Thayer founded Chi Chd.'^itr—Caducens, XXII, 363; William Taylor 
 Thayer, who with Augustus Ruffner founded Chi Chapter — see ante; 
 Contemporary group photograph of first initiates of Chi Chapter, 
 first permanent Chapter in the North — Cadiiceus, XXII, 358-359. 
 
 Suspension of Nu Chapter at Virginia Polytechnic In- 
 stitute. 
 
 Data. — Early Letters and Papers, 48. 
 
 Fifth Grand Conclave (at Lynchburg, Virginia). 
 
 Data. — Quarterly, I, 9-16*; Caduceus, XXVI, 3-5*; Star and 
 Crescent, X, 28-39, X, 30; Kappa Sigma Book, 1st ed.. Ill, 2nd ed., 
 134*; Early Letters and Papei's, 29; Records, I, 19-20, 11. 43. 
 
 Illustrations. — Lynch House, Lynchburg, where Grand Conclave 
 met — Caduceus, XXVI, 9* ; William Minor Lile, who delivered the 
 address of welcome at Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XIX, 388*; Fac- 
 simile of report of committee at Grand Conclave on establishing 
 the Fraternity's magazine — Caduceus, XXVI, op. 4; Stephen Alonzo 
 Jackson, elected Worthy Grand Master by Grand Conclave — see ante; 
 William Henry Inglesby, elected Worthy Grand Procurator by Grand 
 Conclave — see ante; Edward Walter Hughes, elected Worthy Grand 
 Master of Ceremonies by Grand Conclave — see ante: Eugene Allen 
 Snowden, elected Worthy Grand Scribe by Grand Conclave — see ante; 
 John Irby Hurt, elected Worthy Grand Treasurer by Grand Con- 
 clave — Caduceus, XXII, 363 ; Frank Hanson Terry, elected to the 
 board of first three editors of the Kappa Sigma Quarterly by Grand 
 Conclave — Caduceus, XXII, 363 ; Frank Hanson Terry, elected to the 
 board of first three editors of the Kappa Sigma Quarterly by Grand 
 Conclave — Caduceus, XXVI. 420*; Robert Taylor Gleaves, elected 
 
 — 26 — 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 to the board of first three editors of the Kappa Sigma Quarterly 
 by Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XXIII, 261 ; Robert Taylor Gleaves, 
 elected to the board of first three editors of the Kappa Sigma Quar- 
 terly by Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XXIV, 249 ; Richard Thomas 
 Brownrigg, elected to the board of first three editors of the Kappa 
 Sigma Quarterly by Grand Conclave — Caduceus, XXVI, 2. 
 
 During twenty years the compiler, Boutwell Dunlap, has 
 published in The Caduceus biographies of and biographical 
 notes on, it is estimated, at least 4,000 of the initiates of the 
 Fraternity — especially, those of the first part of its history. 
 Among the latter are biographies of members not par- 
 ticularly mentioned in the above syllabus of the period, 
 1869-1885, as connected with its strictly ''historical" events, 
 as well as those of the same period connected with such 
 events. 
 
 References in the foregoing citations to the biographies 
 of either of these last two classes would obscure the con- 
 tinuity and confuse the reader of the historical narrative. 
 They are more properly to be used as material for a 
 Fraternity catalogue or biographical collection. Besides, 
 biographies become obsolete with new facts in careers. 
 Therefore, except in the case of the Founders at Virginia, 
 or where some biography contains a historical statement, 
 they have been omitted in the references. 
 
 It is believed that no other fraternity has in its possession 
 so many photographs of its early historical members as those 
 listed above. Some alumni, whose likenesses are missing, 
 have pleaded, through modesty, that their publication by 
 Kappa Sigma be omitted. In addition to these, the Fra- 
 
 — 27— " 
 
SOURCES OF KAPPA SIGMA HISTORY 
 
 ternity has printed photographs of a number of its collegians 
 of this period who became distinguished, but are not cited. 
 While interjection of biographies of these is not pertinent 
 to a history, still, if a history of the Fraternity be published, 
 an attractive addition to the volume would be the inter- 
 spersion through the text for 1869-1885 of photographs of 
 the following initiates of those years. They — like a number 
 of those with references in the foregoing — have become 
 distinguished men in either their states or the nation : 
 
 George Tully Yaughan—Caduceiis, XT, 198*, XXXII, 13* ; Lee 
 Brock — Caduceus, XXIII, 3* ; Samuel Macon Smith — Cadticeus, 
 XXIV, 249, op. 299; Samuel Cecil Or^hdim— Caduceus, XXVI, 319; 
 John Dudley Pope — Caduceus, XXVI, 319 ; Stephen Olin Riche}' — 
 Caduceus, XXVI, 320; Thomas Neal Ivey — Caduceus, XXVI, 320; 
 William Thomas ]tnk\ns— Caduceus, XXVI, 373, XXXV, op. 1*, 
 XXXV, 9 ; John Bell Turner— Caduceus, XXVI, 712* ; Francis Irvin 
 Osborne — Caduceus, XXVI, 945 ; William Reynolds Allen — Caduceus,, 
 XXVII, 92*; Joseph Luther Kd\y— Caduceus, XXIX, 390*; Francis 
 Nelson Barksdale — Caduceus, XXXI, 500* ; Henry Davidson Fry — 
 Caduceus, XXXII, 12*; DeWitt Coffman— Caduceus, XXXII, 14*, 
 XXXIV, 374* ; Robert Henry WRtkins— Caduceus, XXXIV, 630*. 
 
 The ana of the Fraternity contains a large number of 
 photographs of the buildings and campus scenes of the 
 various colleges and universities where Kappa Sigma Chap- 
 ters were established, 1869-85. These, if it be desired, might 
 be used to illustrate a historical narrative of these years. 
 
 28 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 020 150 809