V <** 
 
 
 
 

 -v 
 
 
 
 • ..* - <G V *o, ''TIT* ' /v 
 
 
 *°*k 
 
 
 
 r ^0^ 
 
 ^°<* 
 
 * ^o 
 
 
 < o 
 
 *bv* 
 
 »P^ 
 
 '^(V 
 
 
 
 
 V r.0 
 
 4-°^ 
 

 Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the 
 honest may repair. 
 
 -GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 Are we faithful to the great and glorious memories oi 
 1775 and do we show our faith by our works? 
 
 -GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, April 1875 
 
 
 
 THE 
 ABBEY MEMORIAL 
 
 AT 
 
 ENFIELD, CONNECTICUT 
 
 McKIM, MEAD 3 WHITE Architects 
 
 
 
 BY ALDEN FREEMAN 
 With 65 Illustrations 
 
 The embattled farmers at Lexington, the men who 
 already had arms, who seized them and came forth in order 
 to assert the independence and political freedom of thenv 
 selves and their neigbors. That is the ideal picture of 
 America — the rising of a nation* 
 
 WOODROW WILSON, January 29, 1916 
 
 
 ■m 
 

 <V 
 
^Jl lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll l^ 
 
 This Book || 
 
 was printed by 1 
 
 The Abbey | 
 
 Printshop | 
 
 Incorporated § 
 
 Last Orange § 
 
 n.i. i 
 
 producers of 
 distinc r ive 
 
 Books and 
 Booklets ' ' 
 
 Lorenzo H. Abbey, Pres. 
 Ralph H. Abbey, Treas. 
 
 mtiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini 
 
 I nlllll >':""■ r '! 
 
INSCRIBE® 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MEMORY OF OUR FOREFATHERS 
 
 The memory of our fathers should be the watchword of 
 liberty throughout the land; for, imperfect as they were, the 
 world before had not seen their like, nor will it soon, we fear, 
 behold their like again. Such models of moral excellence, such 
 apostles of civil and religious liberty, such shades of the illustrious 
 dead looking down upon their descendants with approbation or 
 reproof, according as they follow or depart from the good way, 
 constitute a censorship inferior only to the eye of God; and to 
 ridicule them is national suicide. — Beecher. 
 

 THE SPIRIT OF THE AMERICAN 
 REVOLUTION 
 
 The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a 
 gentleman and a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health and 
 applause, and even life, to the sacred calls of his country. 
 
 These manly sentiments, in private life, make the good 
 citizen ; in public life, the patriot and the hero. I do not say, when 
 brought to the test, I shall be invincible. I pray God I may 
 never be brought to the melancholy trial ; but if ever I should, 
 it will then be known how I can reduce to practice principles 
 which I know to be founded in truth. 
 
 — James Otts. February, 176i. 
 
 It was of this address that John Adams said : 
 
 "THEN AND THERE, THE CHILD, INDEPEN- 
 DENCE, WAS BORN." 
 
 I should advise persisting in our struggle for liberty, though 
 it was revealed from Heaven that nine hundred and ninety-nine 
 were to perish, and only one of a thousand to survive and enjoy 
 his liberty. One such freeman must possess more virtue and 
 enjoy more happiness than a thousand slaves ; let him propagate 
 his like, and transmit to them what he hath so nobly preserved. 
 — Samuel Adams, "Father of the American Revolution," from 
 a speech in the Congress held in Philadelphia in 1JJ4. 
 
THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN 
 INDEPENDENCE : 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessan 
 for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected 
 them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and oi 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect for the opinions of 
 mankind requires that they should declare the causes which 
 impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : That all men arc 
 created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certair 
 inalienable rights; that among- these are life, liberty and the 
 pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights government? 
 are instituted among men, deriving their just rights from the 
 consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government 
 becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
 to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying 
 its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in 
 such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safet} 
 and happiness. 
 
 In the blood of those patriots at Lexington the Declaration of 
 Independence was really written.— Moncure D. Conway. 
 
 William Cobbett said: "Whoever may have written the Declara 
 tion, Thomas Paine was its author." See Paine's pamphlet "Common 
 Sense," published January 1, 1776 (six months prior to the presentation 
 of Thomas Jefferson's manuscript in Independence Hall), in which for 
 the first time was advocated an American Republic of free and hide 
 pendent States. 
 
MEMORIAL 
 
 of 
 
 CAPTAIN THOMAS ABBEY 
 
 His Ancestors and Descendants of 
 
 THE ABBEY FAMILY 
 
 PATHFINDERS, SOLDIERS AND PIONEER SETTLERS 
 
 OF CONNECTICUT, ITS WESTERN RESERVE 
 
 IN OHIO AND THE GREAT WEST 
 
 Inscription and Seal at the Base of the Pedestal of the Statue. 
 
ERECTED BY HIS GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER 
 
 FRANCES MARIA ABBEY 
 
 WIFE OF 
 
 JOEL FRANCIS FREEMAN 
 
 1836-1910 
 
 Her sons : 
 ALDEN FREEMAN. 
 
 Member cf the Socieiy of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut. 
 
 FRANCIS AUSTIN FREEMAN, 
 
 1869-1889. 
 
 Her daughters : 
 
 EDITH FREEMAN DALLETT, 
 
 1871-1914. 
 
 GERTRUDE ABBEY FREEMAN, 
 
 and the granddaughter, 
 
 FRANCES DALLETT KISSEL, 
 
 Names of the donors on 3 sides of the Base of the Pedestal 
 
 WfC\. 
 
 
The Spirit of 1775 Expressed in Sculpture 
 
THE STATUE OF CAPTAIN ABBEY 
 
 SHERRY EDMUNDSON FRY, Sculptor 
 
 Daniel Chester French, whose first public work was "The Minute Man," unveiled at Concord Bridge 
 on April 19, 1875, loaned Mr. Fry the Colonial costume used in modeling this statue 
 
THOMAS ABBEY 
 
 Bom April n, 1731. Died June 3> lSl1 - 
 
 A SOLDIER IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 
 TOOK PART IN THE CAPTURE OF FORT TICONDE- 
 ROGA, 1758, AND THE CONQUEST OF CANADA, 1761. 
 CORPORAL FIRST REGIMENT, CONNECTICUT 
 TROOPS, MAY 25 TO NOVEMBER 22, 1758. LIEUTEN- 
 ANT IN CAPTAIN SETH KING'S COMPANY, APRIL 1 
 TO DECEMBER 1, 1/61. 
 
 ACCORDING TO TRADITION, AT THE LEXINGTON 
 ALARM IN APRIL, 1775, DRUMMED THE CONGREGA- 
 TION OUT OF THE MEETING HOUSE, WHICH STOOD 
 NEAR THIS SPOT. MARCHED TO THE RELIEF OF 
 BOSTON WITH THE. ENFIELD COMPANY, LED BY 
 MAJOR NATHANIEL TERRY AND CAPTAIN JOHN 
 SIMONS, JR., LIEUTENANT IN CAPTAIN HEZEKIAH 
 PARSON'S COMPANY, 1775. 
 
 MAY 9 1776, APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL AS- 
 SEMBLY OF CONNECTICUT FIRST LIEUTENANT IN 
 CAPTAIN ABEL PEASE'S COMPANY. SERVED UNDER 
 GENERAL GATES AT TICONDEROGA AND VICINITY, 
 JUNE TO NOVEMBER, 1776. ADJUTANT CHESTER'S 
 CONNECTICUT STATE REGIMENT, JUNE TO DECEM- 
 BER 1776. COMMISSIONED CAPTAIN JANUARY 1, 
 1777 APPOINTED BY THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY, 
 FEBRUARY 1, 1777, TO COLONEL SAMUEL WYLLYS'S 
 REGIMENT IN NEW YORK. HELD THIS COMMAND 
 UNTIL NOVEMBER 15, 1778. 
 
 THE MEETING HOUSE WHICH STOOD HERE IS 
 NOW THE TOWN H ALL. IT WAS BUILT IN 1775 BY 
 ISAAC KIBBE AND SUCCEEDED THE CHURCH WHICH 
 STOOD ON THE GREEN ONE-THIRD MILE TO THE 
 SOUTH. THERE, JULY 8, 1741, JONATHAN EDWARDS 
 PREACHED THE FAMOUS SERMON, "SINNERS IN 
 THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD." 
 
 Inscription on the Face of the Pedestal. 
 
 11 
 
w 
 
 
 y- : k 1 -It. "9^" &. 
 
 <\^ 
 
 {^^i,<s\ 
 
 From the Portrait by G. P. A. Healy, 1808-1894. 
 Painted in 1863. 
 
 12 
 
THE AUTHOR OF "THE CAPTAIN'S DRUM" 
 
 The poem which follows first appeared in The Atlantic 
 Monthly for May, 1878, in very good company. It was preceded 
 by an article by Henry James and was followed by one by Thomas 
 Bailey Aldrich. The number also contained poems by Professor 
 Boyesen and "H. EL," as well as articles from the pens of 
 Thoreau, W. D. Howells, Charles Dudley Warner, Richard Grant 
 White, J. T. Trowbridge, ''Charles Egbert Craddock" and ''Mark 
 Twain." 
 
 -Benjamin Franklin Taylor was a man of mark. He was 
 graduated in 1838 from Madison University, of which his father 
 later became president, after its name was changed to Colgate 
 University. For nearly twenty years he was literary editor of 
 a Chicago newspaper and in the Civil War made a reputation as 
 a war correspondent. After the war he traveled extensively and 
 achieved success as a lecturer along with Wendell Phillips and 
 Bayard Taylor. His poems went through many editions, and 
 Whittier said of them : "I do not know of any one who so 
 well reproduces the scenes of long ago." The London "Times" 
 called him "The Oliver Goldsmith of America" and declared 
 some of his battle pictures to be the finest ever written in the 
 English language. Besides his collected poems, which ran into 
 five editions, and one novel, "Theophilus Trent," he published ten 
 other volumes of poetry and prose. 
 
 THE DATE OF "THE CAPTAIN'S DRUM." 
 The fighting at Lexington took place on Wednesday, April 
 19, 1775, and it is well established that the news of it reached 
 these parts on the following day. It is recorded that the minute- 
 men of Suffield, three miles west of Enfield across the Con- 
 necticut River, were entertained in Springfield during the night 
 of Thursday, April 20, having previously marched there from 
 Suffield. Certainly Enfield, on the chief highwav between Boston 
 and New York, got the news as soon as Suffield, which lies off 
 to one side of the main artery of trave 1 . Of course, it is 100 
 miles to Boston, but the correspondence committees of the col- 
 onists had been active for over two years, and the aggressions 
 of the royalist government were promptly reported all the way 
 from Massachusetts to Virginia bv dispatch riders, with relays of 
 men and fresh horses. The midnight ride of Paul Revere is 
 
 13 
 
simply typical of the Lexington Alarm as it was spread over the 
 whole of New England. Israel Putnam, like Captain Abbey a 
 veteran of the French and Indian wars, was plowing in his field 
 when the news reached him. He left his plow in the furrow, 
 turned the oxen loose, mounted his horse and reached Cambridge, 
 68 miles from his Connecticut home in Pomfret, on Friday morn- 
 ing, April 21, some accounts say at sunrise. 
 
 I am therefore of the opinion that the episode of "The 
 Captain's Drum" took place on the afternoon of Thursday, April 
 20, L 75, and not on Sunday, as set forth in the following poem. 
 This does not, however, impair the effectiveness and general truth 
 oi Mr. Taylor's poem, because, during the eighteenth century 
 the Thursday Lecture was a recognized religious service of the 
 first importance in the Congregational churches throughout New 
 England. 
 
 In the Life of Jonathan Edwards it is stated that, after his 
 fame as a preacher had spread widely, in July, 1731, he was 
 prevailed upon, notwithstanding his youth and modesty (he was 
 then approaching 28), to preach the Thursday Lecture in Boston. 
 "Divers ministers" found him to be a workman that need not be 
 ashamed before his brethren, printed his sermon, and heartily 
 rejoiced in the special favor of Providence to the happy church 
 of Northampton. 
 
 It is therefore easy to believe, as the episode is closely asso- 
 ciated with a church service now obsolete and almost forgotten, 
 that in the lapse of time it came to pass that people thought the 
 drum-beating occurred during a Sunday service, themselves 
 knowing of no other religious service of equal importance. 
 
 Rev. George W. Winch, who was pastor of the Enfield 
 Church, named the Thursday Lecture as the proper date, and at 
 the same time quoted a verse from Mr. Taylor's poem in the 
 chapter on Enfield which he wrote for "The Memorial History 
 of Hartford County, Conn." This work was edited by James H. 
 Trumbull, for 25 years president of the Connecticut Historical 
 Society. 
 
 In the complete edition of his poetical works, issued the 
 year before he died, Mr. Taylor states that Aholiab Johnson, of 
 Enfield, furnished him with the historical data on which his poem 
 is based. Mr. Johnson lived opposite the site of the old meeting 
 house where Jonathan Edwards preached his famous sermon. 
 Mr. Taylor says that he "lived worthily and well." His son, J. 
 
 14 
 
Warren Johnson, lives in the same house, and has aided greatly 
 in the preparation of this pamphlet. 
 
 There was nothing irreverent in Thomas Abbey's summoning 
 the people from church by beating a drum. His news was vital 
 and demanded immediate action. It was the decisive moment in 
 our Revolution, and he used the usual and accepted method of 
 assembling the people in that early day. Throughout New 
 England at that period congregations were called to church ser- 
 vice by the beating of a drum through the town. 
 
 OLD CONCORD.* 
 
 I came to Concord in the evening. Care, 
 And strutting Pride, and painted Folly, these 
 Were all forgotten with the solemn trees, 
 The clean, white walls of Concord. Everywhere 
 Were wedded peace and order. Yet what blare 
 Of breathless bugles on the sparkling breeze ! 
 What scarlet foe that battles and that flees ! 
 What beckonings and what voices haunt the air ! 
 
 For it was spring in Concord, and the sight 
 Brought back the glories of that deathless year, 
 The muffled tread of armies in the night, 
 The ghostly hoofs, the shouts, and Paul Revere, 
 The Old North Bridge, the men who did not fear 
 To die for home and liberty and right. 
 
 Earl Simonson. 
 Concord, Mass., Mav 9, 1916. 
 
 * Read Enfield in place of Concord throughout this poem and the application 
 will prove equally true. It was another Paul Revere, unknown to fame, who carried 
 the alarm to Enfield. 
 
 15 
 
THE SPIRIT OF 1775 EXPRESSED IN VERSE 
 
THE CAPTAIN'S DRUM 
 
 A Tradition of Enfield, April 20, 1775 
 
 I 
 
 In Pilgrim land one Sabbath day 
 
 The winter lay like sheep about 
 The ragged pastures mullein gray ; 
 
 The April sun shone in and out, 
 The showers swept by in fitful flocks, 
 
 And eaves ticked fast like mantel clocks. 
 
 II 
 
 And now and then a wealthy cloud 
 
 Would wear a ribbon broad and bright, 
 And now and then a winged crowd 
 
 Of shining* azure flash in sight ; 
 
 So rainbows bend and blue-birds fly 
 And violets show their bits of sky. 
 
 Ill 
 
 To Enfield church throng all the town 
 In quilted hood and bombazine, 
 In beaver hat with flaring crown 
 And quaint vandyke and victorine, 
 Andbuttoned boys in roundabout 
 From calyx collars blossom out. 
 
 IV 
 
 Bandanas wave their feeble fire 
 
 And footstoves tinkle up the aisle, 
 A gray-haired Elder leads the choir 
 
 And girls in linsey-woolsey smile. 
 So back to life the beings glide 
 
 Whose very graves have ebbed and died. 
 
 V 
 
 One hundred years have waned, and yet 
 
 We call the roll, and not in vain, 
 For one whose flint-lock musket set 
 
 The echoes wild round Fort Duquesne, 
 And swelledf the battle's powder smoke 
 
 Ere Revolution's thunders woke. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE OF PEDESTAL. 
 
 * "Shivering" in The Atlantic Monthly; changed to "shining" in 
 the collected poems. 
 
 t Originally "smelled." 
 
 17 
 
VI 
 
 Lo, Thomas Abbey answers "Here !" 
 Within the dull long-metre place ; 
 
 That day upon the parson's ear 
 
 And trampling down his words of grace 
 
 A horseman's gallop rudely beat 
 
 Along the splashed and empty street. 
 
 VII 
 
 The rider drew his dripping rein 
 And then a letter wasp-nest gray 
 
 That ran: "The Concord Minute-Men 
 And Red-Coats had a fight to-day. 
 
 To Captain Abbey this with speed." 
 Ten little words to tell the deed. 
 
 VIII 
 
 The Captain read, struck out for home 
 
 The old quickstep of battle born, 
 Slung on once more a battered drum 
 
 That bore a painted unicorn, 
 Then right-about as whirls a torch 
 
 He stood once more before the sacred porch ;- 
 
 IX 
 
 And then a murmuring of bees 
 
 Broke in upon the house of prayer, 
 
 And then a wind-song swept the trees, 
 And then a snarl from wolfish lair, 
 
 And then a charge of grenadiers, 
 
 And then a flight of drum-beat cheers. 
 
 X 
 
 So drum and doctrine rudely blent, 
 The casements rattled strange accord, 
 
 No mortal knew what either meant, 
 
 'Twas double-drag and Holy Word, 
 
 Thus saith the drum and thus the Lord. 
 
 The Captain raised so wild a rout 
 He drummed the congregation out! 
 
 EAST SIDE OE PEDESTAL. 
 
XI 
 
 The people gathered round amazed, 
 The soldier bared his head and spoke, 
 
 And every sentence burned and blazed 
 As trenchant as a sabre-stroke: 
 ' 'Tis time to pick the flint to-day, 
 To sling" the knapsack and away — 
 
 XII 
 
 ''The Green of Lexington is red 
 
 With British Red-Coats, brothers' blood! 
 In rightful cause the earliest dead 
 
 Are always best beloved of God. 
 Mark time ! Now let the march begin ! 
 
 All bound for Boston, fall right in !" 
 
 XIII 
 
 Then rub-a-dub the drum jarred on, 
 The throbbing roll of battle beat ! 
 
 "Fall in, my men !" and one by one, 
 
 They rhymed the tune with heart and feet 
 
 And so they made a Sabbath march 
 To glory 'neath the elm-tree arch. 
 
 XIV 
 
 The Continental line unwound 
 
 Along the church-yard's breathless sod, 
 And holier grew the hallowed ground 
 
 Where Virtue slept and Valor trod. 
 Two hundred strong that April day 
 
 They rallied out and marched away. 
 
 XV 
 
 Brigaded there at Bunker Hill 
 
 Their names are writ on Glory's page, 
 The brave old Captain's Sunday drill 
 
 Has drummed its way across the Age. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Tayt.or. 
 Enfield. April. 1875. 1819— 1S87. 
 
 NFORT'H S T "OK OF PEDESTAL. 
 
 19 
 
THE TOWN HALL OF ENFIELD 
 
 From 1775 to 1848 this building was the Meeting House, 
 and stood in the middle of the Green. It was the scene of the 
 episode commemorated by the statue of Captain Abbey, and was 
 the third building in which the Enfield congregation has wor- 
 shipped. 
 
 The Abbey Memorial stands close to the spot where this ven- 
 erable structure was originally erected and where it stood for 73 
 years as a house of worship. The Town Meeting is justly 
 regarded as the cradle of American Independence, and this build- 
 ing, by reason of its traditions, both as a place of worship, where 
 three generations of the people of Enfield were baptized, married 
 and their funerals held, and also as the Town Hall, where three 
 later generations have fulfilled their political duties as free Amer- 
 icam citizens, deserves, for all future time, to be cherished with 
 affection and with pride by a religious and liberty-loving people. 
 
 Enfield was generous in financial support of the brave soldiers 
 whom it sent to the front, both in the Revolution and in the Civil 
 War. The initiating force and the depth of the spirit of freedom 
 in the people of this town are shown by their action in town meet- 
 ing on March 31, 1777, of which we give a fac-simile on this page. 
 When you reflect that this resolution was passed 57 years before 
 England freed the slaves in her West Indian colonies and 85 
 years before Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, you 
 will begin to realize how deep-rooted and how strong is the love 
 
 20 
 
RECORD OF TOWN 
 
 MEETING. 
 
 Enfield's Protest Against 
 Slavery in 1777. 
 
 M 
 
 Nh! * 
 
 I* 
 
of liberty in the men and women of Enfield, not only for them- 
 selves but for the rest of mankind. 
 
 It should not be forgotten that Connecticut, in proportion 
 to population, furnished more soldiers in the Revolution than 
 any other of the thirteen colonies. This was disclosed through 
 the investigations of an Enfield man who was, in his day, an 
 encyclopaedia of knowledge. This was Dr. John Chauncey Pease, 
 1782-1859, who assisted Royal R. Hinman in preparing the well- 
 known volume, "Historical Collections of Connecticut in the 
 American Revolution." 
 
 In connection w T ith the Lexington Alarm, the expression, 
 ''Marched for the relief of Boston," showed the extent of their 
 sympathies and the nature of the service intended. The people 
 of the colonies were, to a certain extent, prepared for such an 
 alarm. On September 1st of the previous year, 1774, the King's 
 troops had been sent from Boston to Cambridge to carry off some 
 pieces of cannon belonging to the militia. This action was the 
 immediate occasion of the proceedings against Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor Oliver on the following day, when, under compulsion of an 
 assemblage of 4,000 excited citizens, he was forced to resign his 
 seat in the Council, to which, in violation of the charter of Massa- 
 chusetts, he had been illegally appointed by George III. Eurther 
 particulars of this event, which so nearly precipitated the out- 
 break of the Revolution seven months and a half before the 
 battle of Lexington, and how bloodshed was then averted by the 
 forethought of a peace-loving Loyalist, will be found on page 74. 
 
 The response to the appeal from Lexington in 1775 was not 
 the official action of this colony, nor, on the other hand, an 
 impromptu movement of individuals without previous organiza- 
 tion. .An uprising of armed men might have partaken of a mob 
 character, as in Cambridge in 1774, and the militia as such could 
 only be called out by the Governor or the Legislature. It was 
 rather a movement of the townsmen marching under their militia 
 organization. The gatherings thus became orderly as well as 
 spontaneous, and represented the town spirit, shown previously 
 in protests and resolutions. It appears from the records that in 
 some cases, as in Suffield, the companies or trainbands collected 
 and marched off under their officers without further orders; in 
 other cases the colonels, taking the lead, called out a certain 
 number of their men and directed them forthwith to the point 
 of danger ; in a few cases, as occurred here in Enfield, volunteer 
 companies were organized for the special service. 
 
 22 
 
How Shall We Preserve the Liberties for Which 
 the Men of 1775 Fought? 
 
AMERICA MUST ARM ITSELF AND ALSO TEACH 
 
 DEMOCRATIC IDEALS TO IMMIGRANTS LEST 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF, BY AND FOR THE 
 
 PEOPLE PERISH FROM THE EARTH. 
 
 [Speech of Elihu Root before the New York Bar Association, 
 January 15, 1916.] 
 
 That "Eternal Vigilance is the Price of Liberty" is an 
 eternal truth, and the principles of American liberty to-day stand 
 in need of a renewed devotion on the part of the American people. 
 We have forgotten this in our vast material prosperity. We have 
 grown so rich, we have lived in ease and comfort and peace so 
 long that we have forgotten to what we owe these agreeable 
 incidents of life. 
 
 We must be prepared to defend our individual liberty in two 
 ways. We must be prepared to do it first by force of arms 
 against all external aggression. God knows I love peace and I 
 despise all foolish and wicked wars, but I do not wish for my 
 country the peace of slavery, or dishonor, or injustice, or pol- 
 troonery. I want to see in my country the spirit that beat in the 
 hearts of the men at Concord Bridge, who were just and God- 
 fearing men, but who were ready to fight for their liberty. And 
 if the hundred million people of America have the spirit and it is 
 made manifest, they won't have to fight. 
 
 But there is another way in which we must be prepared to 
 defend it, and this is necessary to the first. We must be prepared 
 to defend it within as against all indifference and false doctrine, 
 against all willingness to submit individual independence to the 
 control of practical tyranny, whether it be of a monarch or of a 
 majority. 
 
 Another circumstance which we ought not to lose sight of 
 is the fact that a vast number of people have come to the United 
 States within very recent times from those countries of Europe 
 which differ so widely in their fundamental conceptions of law 
 and personal freedom from ourselves. 
 
 The millions of immigrants who have come from the Conti- 
 nent of Europe have come from communities which have not the 
 traditions of individual liberty, but the traditions of state control 
 over liberty ; they have come from communities in which the 
 courts are part of the administrative system of the government, 
 not independent tribunals to do justice between the individual 
 
 24 
 
and the government ; they have come from communities in which 
 the law is contained in codes framed and imposed upon the 
 people by superior power, and not communities like ours, in 
 which law is the growth of the life of the people, made by the 
 people through their own recognition of their needs. 
 
 It is a slow process to change the attitude of the individual 
 
 toward law, toward political principles. It cannot be done in a 
 
 moment, and this great mass of men, good men, good women, 
 
 without our traditions, but with entirely different traditions, will 
 
 i change us unless we change them. 
 
 •Fifteen per cent, of the lawyers of New York City are 
 I foreign born. Thirty per cent, of the lawyers of New York City 
 are either foreign born or of foreign parents. And the great 
 mass of them have in their blood, with all the able and brilliant 
 and noble men among them — have in their blood necessarily the 
 traditions of the countries from which they came. They cannot 
 help it. 
 
 They will hold those traditions until they are expelled by 
 the spirit of American institutions. That is a question of time. 
 And somebody has got to look after it. Somebody has got to 
 make the spirit of those institutions vocal. Somebody has got 
 to exhibit belief in them, trust in them, devotion to them, loyalty 
 to them, or you cannot win this great body from Continental 
 Europe to a true understanding of and loyalty to our institutions. 
 
 Here is a great new duty for the bar; and if we have not 
 been hypocrites during all these years in which we have been 
 standing up in court and appealing to the principles of the law, 
 appealing to the principles of our Constitution, demanding justice 
 according to the rules of the common law for our clients ; if we 
 have not been hypocrites, we will come to the defense and the 
 assertion — the triumphant assertion — of these principles we have 
 been asserting. 
 
 The whole business of government in which we are all con- 
 cerned is becoming serious, grave, threatening. No man in 
 America has any right to rest contented and easy and indifferent, 
 for never before, not even in the time of the Civil War, have all 
 the energies and all the devotion of the American democracy been 
 demanded for the perpetuity of American institutions, for the 
 continuance of the American Republic against foes without and 
 more insidious foes within, than in the year of grace, 1916. 
 
 25 
 
V*3t 
 
 FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 
 Legally known as the First Ecclesiastical Soc : ety of Enfield. This is the fourth structure in 
 which this congregation has worshipped. 
 
ENFIELD CHURCH 
 
 This church is looked upon by architects as one of the finest 
 examples of the Colonial style in New England. It reminds the 
 traveller of those beautiful parish churches in London, England, 
 the spires of which Sir Christopher Wren set like candlesticks 
 around his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 The first house of worship in Enfield was built of logs in 
 1684, and stood in or close to the cemetery. The second church 
 edifice was built in 1706. The outlines of its foundation, about 
 forty feet square, may be seen opposite the post-office. Rachel 
 Kibb'e, 1688-1786, who married first Jonathan Bush, 1681-1746, 
 and secondly Lieutenant John Meacham, remembered the raising 
 of this second meeting house when she was eighteen years old, 
 and said there was "a great f rolick which lasted three days." She 
 was the grandmother of Hannah Bush, 1744-1801, wife of Colonel 
 Amos Alden, and died in her 100th year. 
 
 JONATHAN EDWARDS'S FAMOUS ENFIELD SERMON. 
 
 The second church building has an honorable place in the 
 religious history of America. It was there, on July 8, 1741, that 
 Jonathan Edwards preached his famous Enfield sermon, "Sinners 
 in the Hands of an Angry God." This sermon was the high-tide 
 in a revival known as "The Great Awakening," commenced in 
 his own church at Northampton, Mass., which swept over the 
 whole of New England. The great preacher was born in East 
 Windsor, about nine miles from Enfield Church, on October 5, 
 
 THE BIRTHPLACE OF JONATHAN EDWARDS. 
 "A very expensive house, decorated with many elegant ornaments. 
 it took a year to build, was completed about January 1, 1697, and 
 stood until 1813."— Stiles's "Ancient Windsor." 
 
 27 
 

 PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF JONATHAN EDWARDS 
 
 1/03, in the house which his grandfather, Richard Edwards, of 
 Hartford, built for his father, Rev. Timothy Edwards. An 
 invitation to the "Ordination Ball" given in this house in May, 
 1698, is still in existence, signed by Rev. Timothy Edwards. 
 This dance at the parson's in East Windsor and the "3 days' 
 frolick ' at the church-raising in Enfield eight years later, are 
 pretty reliable evidence that our forefathers were not so straight- 
 laced, so dour and solemn as we have been led to believe. They 
 were perhaps more broad-minded and liberal than some of their 
 descendants who frown on innocent amusements and the joys of 
 youth and gayety. 
 
 Beside being President of Princeton College and the fore- 
 most man that Connecticut has produced, Jonathan Edwards is 
 generally regarded as the ablest metaphysician of the period be- 
 tween Leibnitz and Kant and as the greatest theologian of the 
 18th century. A believer in equality, in the oneness of mankind, 
 in freedom of inquiry, and a lover of liberty, he was an abso- 
 
 28 
 
lute democrat and a forerunner of the Revolution. It has been 
 said if you would know the workings of the mind of New Eng- 
 land in the middle of the 18th century and the throbbing of its 
 | heart you must study the life and the words of Jonathan Edwards. 
 
 THE WOLCOTT FAMILY. 
 In the congregation of Timothy Edwards the most prominent 
 man was Roger Wolcott, who in 1750 became Governor of Con- 
 necticut. His son, Oliver Wolcott, was a signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence as well as Governor of Connecticut, while 
 his grandson, Oliver Wolcott, succeeded Alexander Hamilton as 
 Secretary of the Treasury and was also Governor of Connecticut. 
 Other descendants are Governor Robert W'olcott of Massachu- 
 setts and the Wadsworth family of Geneseo, N. Y., and in Wol- 
 cott Keep of Lockport, N. Y., the Wolcott blood is united with 
 that of Captain Abbey of Enfield. 
 
 ERECTION OF THE TOWN HALL. 
 
 The third meeting house was built by Isaac Kibbe, 1731- 
 1779. He was the only son of Isaac Kibbe, 1683-1766, who was 
 the first boy born in Enfield and the youngest brother of Rachel 
 Kibbe, who left the record of the "frolick" at the raising of the 
 previous church in 1706. Mr. Kibbe executed a bond that the 
 new church should be "of the same dimensions and in every 
 respect equal in size, quality and goodness to the meeting house 
 in East Windsor." That building has been burned since, but its 
 dimensions, 60 by 45 feet and 27 feet high, are preserved in the 
 copy, except that the pillared porch was added in 1848, when 
 the church was moved off the Enfield Green and converted into 
 the present town hall. 
 
 It was completed according to contract on January 1, 1775, 
 and at the Lexington Alarm in the following April became the 
 scene of Captain Abbey's drum-beating exploit. At the meeting 
 of the First Ecclesiastical Society of Enfield, on January 16, 1775, 
 it was voted to pay to Isaac Kibbe sixty pounds extra above his 
 contract and also the old meeting house, for the reason that he 
 had built the new church "better than bargain." It is interesting 
 to note that Mr. Kibbe's contract was for £1,100, and that it 
 was paid in beef, pork, grain and tobacco. In this payment in 
 kind wheat was rated at 4 shillings (one dollar) per bushel, rye 
 at 3 shillings (75 cents), Indian corn at 2 shillings (50 cents), 
 
 29 
 
beef at 2 pence (4 cents), pork at 3 pence (6 cents), and tobacco 
 at 18 shillings ($4.50) per hundred pounds if raised by the hand 
 that presented it for his rate or on his own land. In case of 
 delay in payments the sums due were to be at interest till paid, 
 and money was always to be accepted instead of the produce 
 named if any person desired. The figures show that in 150 years 
 grain has not advanced in price, while meat costs several times 
 as much to-day. These payments in kind for the building of the 
 meeting house furnish a good picture of the simple agricultural 
 life of our forefathers. What a mistake for the immigrants of 
 to-day to herd in great cities instead of going into the country 
 and cultivating the soil like the early settlers. 
 
 AMERICANIZE THE IMMIGRANT, SAYS 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 [Address before the National Americanization Committee, 
 February 1, 1916.] 
 
 Let us say to the immigrant not that we hope he will learn 
 English, but that he has got to learn it. Let the immigrant who 
 does not learn it go back. He has got to consider the interest 
 of the United States or he should not stay here. He must be 
 made to see that his opportunities in this country depend upon 
 his knowing English and observing American standards. The 
 employer cannot be permitted to regard him only as an industrial 
 asset. 
 
 We must in every way possible encourage the immigrant to 
 rise, help him up, give him a chance to help himself. If we try 
 to carry him he may well prove not worth carrying. We must 
 in turn insist upon his showing the same standard of fealty to 
 this country and to join with us in raising the level of our com- 
 mon American citizenship. 
 
 If I could I would have the kind of restriction which would 
 not allow any immigrant to come here unless I was content that 
 his grandchildren would be fellow-citizens of my grandchildren. 
 They will not be so if he lives in a boarding house at $2.50 per 
 month with ten other boarders and contracts tuberculosis and 
 contributes to the next generation a body of citizens inferior not 
 only morally and spiritually but also physically. 
 
 50 
 
AMERICA'S DUTY TO THE FOREIGNER. 
 
 | Speech of Charles E. Hughes at Detroit, August 7, 1916.] 
 
 You have here the problem of the sudden introduction of a 
 large alien population. You did not remain indifferent. You 
 set an example in Americanization to all America ; and we point 
 to Detroit as the one place in this land where there has been 
 shown a quickening of interest in the development, training and 
 Americanizing of alien men and women who have come to this 
 land. 
 
 It is perfectly idle to expect a sound sentiment of American 
 unity if those who come among us as strangers come merely to be 
 exploited. When we admit men and women to this country 
 we assume obligations with respect to their training, as well as 
 granting privileges, and we have to be awake to these obligations, 
 and to realize that in every community there must be a well 
 organized effort to make America supreme in the thought of 
 every one who comes into the community ; to have the language 
 understood and spoken ; to have American sentiment replace 
 foreign sentiment ; to have American ideals replace foreign ideals ; 
 to have a realization that this is a country not simply giving an 
 opportunity to work for dollars but a country that is devoted to 
 the betterment of human life, to the liberalization of all those 
 things connected with human understanding and purpose. We 
 want America first in the mind and heart of every one in this 
 land. 
 
 But America is not simply a land for the man of special 
 talent, or of distinguishes! aptitude. This is the home of the 
 average man. The ordinary man, the man who is doing his best 
 whatever his talent or aptitude. And in our large industrial 
 occupations, where thousands are gathered together in one ser- 
 vice, we want a recognition of human brotherhood in providing 
 for the welfare of those who make the wealth of this great 
 country. 
 
 We want workingmen to be safeguarded from every injury 
 that can be prevented. We want the health of the workingmen 
 looked after ; every means provided which conducts to the proper 
 standpoint of living; every means provided for proper recreation; 
 appropriate means for education, for vocational training. In 
 short, the workingman who is in his job and expects to continue 
 
 31 
 
in that job ought to feel that he is doing something worth while 
 for a community that appreciates it and gives him a fair chance 
 to lead a happy and decent life. 
 
 LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG, 1863 
 
 Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth 
 upon this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedi 
 cated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we 
 are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, ot 
 any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We 
 are met on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate 
 a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who here gave 
 their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and 
 proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot 
 dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground 
 The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have conse : 
 crated it far above our power to add or detract. The world wiP 
 little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never 
 forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedi 
 cated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far nobly 
 carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great 
 task remaining before us ; that from these honored dead we take 
 increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last 
 full measure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that the 
 dead shall not have died in vain, that the nation shall, under God. 
 have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, 
 by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 
 
 32 
 
Nothing is more wholesome than for a people to be reminded 
 of a noble ancestry and of their illustrious deeds. — George Will- 
 am Curtis, April, 1875. 
 
 The Story of a Town Told in the 
 History of a Family 
 
 Our country is the history of our fathers — our country is 
 the tradition of our mothers — our country is past renown — our 
 country is present pride and power — our country is future hope 
 and destiny — our country is greatness, glory, truth, constitutional 
 liberty — above all, freedom forever! 
 
 U. S. Senator Bdward D. Baker, in Union Square, New 
 York, April 20, 1861, six days after the evacuation of Fort 
 Sumter. He raised the "California" regiment in New York and 
 Philadelphia and died at the head of his brigade at Ball's Bluff, 
 October 21, 1861. 
 
 33 
 
i THE IMMIGRANT 
 ANCESTOR 
 AND THE 
 WINDHAM ABBES 
 
 JOHN ABBEY, 1612^1690 
 
 SAILED FROM LONDON, ENGLAND, IN THE "BON- 
 AVENTURE" JANUARY 2, 1634. EARLY SETTLER OF 
 WENHAM, MASSACHUSETTS. SONS JOHN AND 
 SAMUEL SETTLED IN WINDHAM, CONNECTICUT, 
 1696-7. THE WINDHAM ABBES INCLUDE RICHARD, 
 1682-1737, LEGISLATOR; JOSHUA, 1710-1807, PHILAN- 
 THROPIST; SHUBAEL, 1744-1804, LEGISLATOR; HENRY 
 ABBEY, 1842-1911, POET; EDWIN AUSTIN ABBEY, 
 1852-1911, PAINTER; AND THE BROTHERS ROBERT 
 ABBE, 1850, SURGEON, AND CLEVELAND ABBE, 1838, 
 ASTRONOMER AND METEOROLOGIST. 
 
 SEALS AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 FIRST HALF OF 
 
 NORTHEAST SEAT 
 
 34 
 
CAPTAIN ABBEY'S 
 GRANDFATHER 
 
 THOMAS ABBEY, 16564 728 
 
 SOLDIER IN KING PHILIP'S WAR IN CAPTAIN 
 APPLETON'S COMPANY. WOUNDED AT THE TAKING 
 OF THE INDIAN FORT IN THE GREAT SWAMP FIGHT 
 AT NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND, DECEMBER 19, 
 1675. ONE OF THE FIRST SETTLERS OF ENFIELD, 
 1683. MARRIED DECEMBER 17, 1683, SARAH FAIRFIELD, 
 DAUGHTER OF WALTER FAIRFIELD, REPRESENTA- 
 TIVE OF WENHAM IN THE GENERAL COURT OF 
 MASSACHUSETS, 1689. GRANDDAUGHTER OF JOHN 
 FAIRFIELD, AN ORIGINAL PROPRIETOR OF WEN- 
 HAM. 
 
 SEALS AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 SECOND HALF OF 
 
 NORTHEAST SEAT 
 
 35 
 
CAPTAIN ABBEY'S 
 FATHER 
 
 SEALS AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 FIRST HALF OF 
 
 SOUTHEAST SEAT 
 
 LIEUTENANT THOMAS ABBEY, 1686^1759 
 
 SERGEANT, 1711. LIEUTENANT, 1712-13. MAR- 
 RIED MARCH 13, 1/15, MARY PEASE, DAUGHTER OF 
 CAPTAIN JOHN PEASE, FOUNDER OF ENFIELD, 
 FATHER OF FIRST CHILD BORN HERE, 1683. SHE 
 WAS GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER OF ROBERT PEASE 
 OF THE "FRANCIS," 1634; ROBERT GOODELL OF THE 
 "ELIZABETH," 1634; JOHN ADAMS OF THE "FOR- 
 TUNE," 1621, AND OF WILLIAM VASSALL OF THE 
 "ARABELLA," 1630, WHOSE FATHER, JOHN VASSALL, 
 WAS COMMANDER OF TWO SHIPS AGAINST THE 
 SPANISH ARMADA, 1588, AND MEMBER OF THE VIR- 
 GINIA COMPANY WHICH FOUNDED JAMESTOWN, 
 1607. 
 
CAPTAIN ABBEY'S 
 WIFE 
 
 CAPTAIN THOMAS ABBEY. 17314811 
 
 MARRIED JUNE 22, 1749, PENELOPE TERRY, 
 DAUGHTER OF DR. EBENEZER TERRY, EARLIEST 
 NATIVE PHYSICIAN OF THIS TOWN. GRANDDAUGH- 
 TER OF CAPTAIN SAMUEL TERRY, PIONEER SET- 
 TLER, WHOSE FATHER, SERGEANT SAMUEL TERRY, 
 CAME FROM BARNET, ENGLAND, AS APPRENTICE 
 TO WILLIAM PYNCHON, FOUNDER OF SPRINGFIELD. 
 THE FIRST MARRIAGE IN ENFIELD WAS THAT OF 
 CAPTAIN SAMUEL TERRY, MAY 17, 1682, TO HANNAH 
 MORGAN, DAUGHTER OF CAPTAIN MILES MORGAN, 
 DEFENDER OF SPRINGFIELD AGAINST THE INDIANS, 
 OCTOBER 5, 1675. 
 
 SEALS AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 SECOND HALF OF 
 
 SOUTHEAST SEAT 
 
 37 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 ABBEY'S 
 
 SON 
 
 PETER ABBEY, 17694857 
 
 MARRIED JUNE 22, 1789, HANNAH ALDEN, 
 DAUGHTER OF COLONEL AMOS ALDEN. SHE WAS A 
 DESCENDANT OF JOHN ALDEN, OF THE "MAYFLOW- 
 ER," 1620; JOHN BUSH OF THE "ALEXANDER," 1634; 
 EDWARD KIBBE OF BOSTON, 1645, AND OF WILLIAM 
 HARVEY, ENGLISH ENVOY DURING FOUR TUDOR 
 REIGNS TO EMPEROR CHARLES V., DENMARK, SAX- 
 ONY AND FRANCE. AND SENT TO DECLARE WAR 
 AGAINST FRANCE, JUNE 7, 1557. 
 
 SEAL AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 FIRST SECTION OF 
 
 SOUTHWEST SEAT 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 ABBEY'S 
 
 GRANDSON 
 
 LIEUT, SETH ALDEN ABBEY, U.S.A., 17984880 
 
 MARRIED FEBRUARY 8, 1821, MERCY HUNT. 
 
 PRINTER, EDITOR, CONSTABLE, MARSHAL, SHERIFF 
 i AND MUNICIPAL JUDGE OF CLEVELAND, OHIO. EN- 
 1 LISTED 1861, AT AGE OF 63. FIRST LIEUTENANT 
 
 SECOND OHIO CAVALRY. SERVED THREE YEARS IN 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 SEAL AND 
 INSCRIPTION ON 
 
 THE MIDDLE 
 
 SECTION OF THE 
 
 SOUTHWEST SEAT 
 
SETH ALDEN ABBEY, 1798-1880 
 
 Judge Abbey left a manuscript, dated June 15, 1872, in which 
 he gives his recollections of his grandfather, Captain Abbey, as 
 follows : 
 
 ''When a small boy I was frequently at his house for a week 
 at a time, and have heard him tell many a thrilling tale of his 
 hairbreadth escapes, hardships, sufferings, etc., in service against 
 the French and Indians. At the breaking out of the Revolution 
 a volunteer company was raised in his neighborhood, and he was 
 elected their captain. I have heard him say, frequently, that ht 
 had chances of promotion, often, but his men would not consent 
 to his leaving them. I saw many of his old soldiers who served 
 during the war; and the neighbors were as particular when ad- 
 dressing any of them, in giving them their title, as Corporal such 
 a one or Sergeant such a one, as they would be in addressing a 
 general. Thomas Abbey died in 1811, and was as anxious for a 
 fight again with old England, which was then much talked of, 
 just before his death, as in his younger days." 
 
 When, during the Civil War, Judge Abbey was offered pro- 
 motion by David Tod, the war Governor of Ohio, like his grand- 
 father, he declined, characteristically remarking to his friends 
 that he thought he was doing more effective work where then 
 situated. 
 
 40 
 
CAPTAIN ABBEY'S ELDEST GRANDSON 
 COLONEL DORREPHUS ABBEY, 17924838 
 
 (SETH ALDEN ABBEY'S BROTHER' 
 
 BORN IN SUFFIELD, CONNECTICUT, JULY 13, 1792. 
 PRINTER AND EDITOR, WATERTOWN, NEW YORK. 
 LED AN EXPEDITION INTO CANADA IN THE PA- 
 TRIOT WAR, 1838. AT THE BATTLE OF PRESCOTT, 
 NOVEMBER 13-16, WITH COLONEL VON SHOULTZ 
 AND 180 MEN, HELD THE STONE WINDMILL FOR 
 FOUR DAYS AGAINST TWO REGIMENTS OF BRITISH 
 REGULARS, THREE ARMED STEAMBOATS AND 900 
 VOLUNTEERS. HANGED BY THE BRITISH IN FORT 
 HENRY AT KINGSTON, DECEMBER 12, 1838. 
 
 ••-■■% 
 
 Seal and Inscription on third section of Southwest Seat. 
 
 In selecting subjects for these seals the Tower of London 
 was chosen to typify the feudal power and autocratic sway of 
 Charles I. and his "right divine to rule awrong," which John 
 Abbey left behind him when he sailed away from the British 
 capital on the second day of January, 1634. By a curious coinci • 
 dence, of which we were not aware when making this selection 
 but which certainly confirmed its appropriateness, the flag nailed 
 to the summit of the windmill is now in the Tower of London, 
 among the trophies taken on many a bloody field of battle. The 
 flag was presented to the leaders of the Patriot War by the ladies 
 of Onondaga County, New York. It has an eagle, for Liberty, 
 
 41 
 
and two stars, representing Upper and Lower Canada, wrought 
 on a ground of blue, and is a beautiful specimen of woman's 
 handiwork. 
 
 "Among all these relics from every quarter of the globe none 
 was secured at greater cost," says Captain Daniel D. Heustis in 
 his "Narrative of Adventures and Sufferings," published in 1848, 
 
 Colonel Von Shoultz, who was a Polish nobleman already 
 distinguished for military ability in the revolution against Russia 
 in his native land, Colonel Abbey and the nine other Americans- 
 who were hanged at Kingston, were probably fortunate to die 
 when and as they did, in view of the long-drawn-out misery of the 
 survivors of the court martial. Of the 182 men who defended 
 the windmill, 17 were killed in the fight, 3 died later of their 
 wounds, 5 escaped before the surrender, 11 as stated were 
 hanged, 64 were pardoned after trial, 22 were discharged without 
 trial, and 60 were transported to Van Diemen's Land (now Tas- 
 mania), together with 18 other prisoners taken at the battle 
 fought at Windsor, opposite Detroit. Captain Heustis says these 
 unfortunates were 140 days on the convict ship "Buffalo," and- 
 that their sufferings were such that they planned a mutiny, which,, 
 being discovered, their last state, confined between decks in the 
 tropics, was worse than the first. The wretched survivors, on 
 arrival in the penal settlement, were put to work on the roads- 
 for two years and then became ticket-of-leave men. On January 
 1, 1845, after six years of misery, Captain Heustis received his- 
 pardon. 
 
 Of Dorrephus Abbey's last days Captain Heustis writes as- 
 follows : "I had been in the room with Colonel Abbey. Three 
 or four days before his murder, the sheriff came in and told him. 
 he had received orders for his execution, and wished him to get 
 ready to remove to the cell of the condemned immediately. He 
 received the intelligence with manly coolness, and, on leaving, 
 shook hands with us all, bidding us farewell." On the evening 
 previous to his death he wrote affectionate letters to his three- 
 orphan children. To one of these letters a postscript was added 
 the next morning as follows : 
 
 "I slept soundly and quietly last night ; I now feel as though 
 I could meet the event with composure." 
 
 He was the second of the prisoners to be hanged, Colonel 
 Von Shoultz being the first victim on December 8. 
 
 Nicholas Augustus Sultuskie Von Shoultz, the elected chief 
 of the invading party, was a good military engineer, deeply versed 
 in the sciences, spoke eight languages, had acquired high literary 
 
 42 
 
honors, and was widely travelled. His father, who, with another 
 son, fell before the walls of Warsaw, held an interest in the cele- 
 brated mines of Cracow, where the hero of the Battle of the 
 Windmill acquired intimate knowledge of the manufacturing of 
 salt. In the fall of 1836 he set up a laboratory in Onondaga 
 County, at Salina, where he became engaged to a beautiful and 
 accomplished American girl, undoubtedly one of the ladies who 
 embroidered the flag now in the Tower of London. Her minia- 
 ture was torn from her lover's neck at the time of his capture, 
 when all of the prisoners were most brutally treated, being robbed 
 of their money, watches and even clothing, leaving some of them 
 half-naked in bitter winter weather. A few days before Von 
 Shoultz's death he wrote a beautiful song, "The Maiden's An- 
 swer," which, relates Captain Heustis, he sang to his companions 
 in a thrilling yet plaintive voice. 
 
 When I visited Fort Henry some years ago I was shown a 
 carving of a sloop on the stone wall of the cell of the condemned 
 in which Colonel Abbey and Colonel Von Shoultz were confined, 
 and was told that it was made by these intrepid men. Under 
 more favorable circumstances the Polish champion of freedom 
 would have been regarded as the Kosciusko of Canada and 
 Colonel Abbey as the hero of Prescott Windmill, just as his 
 grandfather is looked upon as the hero of Enfield meeting house. 
 
 The battle of Prescott was the most severe engagement of 
 the Patriot War. and cost the loyalists 130 men in killed and 
 wounded. A serious fight took place three weeks later at Windsor, 
 in which the battle-cry was. ''Remember Prescott." on account 
 of the cruelties practiced by the loyalist volunteers on the pris- 
 oners who surrendered at the windmill, whose lives were saved 
 only by the intervention of the better disciplined and perhaps 
 more chivalrous British regulars. On December 13, 1837. Rens- 
 selaer van Rensselaer and 24 patriot volunteers seized Navy 
 Island, above Niagara Falls, opposite Chippawa. They were 
 joined by William Lyon Mackenzie, the political chief of the 
 movement in Upper Canada, and set up a provisional govern- 
 ment. Volunteers flocked to their standard and they held the 
 island for a month, during which the American steamer "Caro- 
 line" was captured by the British, set on fire and sent over Niagara 
 Falls ablaze. When the revolutionists evacuated Navy Island on 
 January 13. 1838. their numbers had increased to about 600. 
 Louis Joseph Papineau was the leader in Lower Canada. As 
 Captain Heustis describes only his own experiences, any one 
 desirous of a complete and impartial account of the Patriot War 
 
 43 
 
should read Charles Lindsey's "Life and Times of William Lyon 
 Mackenzie and the Rebellion of 1837-8." 
 
 While from a military standpoint decidedly a "Lost Cause," 
 Lindsey declares that "Much of the liberty Canada has enjoyed 
 since 1840, and more of the wonderful progress she has made, 
 are due to the changes which the insurrection was the chief 
 agent in producing." His testimony is the more convincing 
 because he deplores the movement as "an enterprise which can- 
 not be justified." In his introduction Lindsey further states thai 
 it "was in the end advantageous to the country." The insurrec- 
 tion resulted in very speedily establishing responsible constitu- 
 tional government in Canada ; in fact, it secured "Home Rule" 
 for our neighbors on the north. 
 
 OLD WINDMILL 
 
 NEAR PRESCOTT 
 
 CONVERTED 
 
 INTO A 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE BY 
 
 THE CANADIAN 
 
 GOVERNMENT 
 
 Whether in chains or in laurels, Liberty knows nothing but 
 victories. Bunker Hill, soldiers call a defeat. But Liberty dates 
 from it, though Warren lay dead on the Held. — Wendell Phillips, 
 1859. 
 
 Every great crisis in human history is a pass of Thermopylae, 
 and there is always a Leonidas and his 300 to die in it, if they 
 cannot conquer. And so long as Liberty has one martyr, so long 
 as one drop of blood is poured out for her, so long from that 
 single drop of bloody sweat of the agony of mankind shall spring 
 hosts as countless as the forest leaves and as mighty as the 
 sea. — George William Curtis, "The Call of Freedom." 
 
 44 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 ABBEY'S 
 
 GREATS 
 
 GRANDSON 
 
 HENRY GILBERT ABBEY, 182 14887 
 
 CALIFORNIA, 1849. MARRIED SEPTEMBER 28, 
 1859, AMELIA MATHILDA JOHNSTONE. AS SOLE 
 TRUSTEE ESTABLISHED IN THE WESTERN RESERVE 
 AT CLEVELAND, OHIO, THE CASE SCHOOL OF 
 APPLIED SCIENCE, 1880. 
 
 SEAL AND 
 INSCRIPTION 
 
 ON FIRST 
 
 SECTION OF 
 
 NORTHWEST SEAT 
 
 45 
 
A RARE FRIENDSHIP 
 
 Leonard Case, the founder of the Case School, had a strong 
 dislike for business. On the death of his father in 1866, when 
 he came into possession of the Case -estate, he made his life-long 
 friend, Henry G. Abbey, general manager and confidential agent 
 of the property. He was thus enabled, until his death in 1880, 
 to devote himself to his literary and mathematical studies. The 
 story of this beautiful friendship was well told by Judge James 
 D. Cleveland, president of the board of trustees, in his address 
 at the Case School commencement in 1891 : 
 
 "Mr. Abbey relieved Mr. Case of all business cares and was 
 most eminently qualified for the duties which he had been called 
 to undertake. He had lived in Cleveland from his infancy, and 
 united great strength of mind to a thorough study of the law, 
 long experience in business, knowledge of the world and a culti- 
 vated taste in literature. He had been a practicing lawyer in 
 Milwaukee, clerk of the Wisconsin House of Representatives; a 
 pioneer for gold in 1849 in California ; he had rocked the cradle 
 on the sands of the Sacramento and Klamath rivers, and had 
 brought back to Cleveland the net results — some gold and a full 
 stock of experience. He had settled down to sober hard work 
 in his profession, had been much trusted as a master commis- 
 sioner, referee and administrator of estates, and was a thoroughly 
 equipped and able coadjutor of the projects and purposes of Mr. 
 Case in relation to the property and all other matters requiring 
 counsel, labor and management. 
 
 "The estate was not only of such volume and varied quality, 
 composed as it was of city and farms lands, blocks of buildings 
 in process of construction and under rental, situated near and 
 remote from the center of activity, that they involved negotiations 
 and complications with all municipal and financial corporations ; 
 indeed, with all sorts of men — capitalists, merchants, mechanics, 
 laborers, farmers and gardeners. The business required a very 
 high order of administrative qualities, and put the abilities of the 
 confidential agent and manager to the highest tension. In these 
 relations Mr. Abbey was so well equipped as to bring to Mr. 
 Case the perfect relief and exemption from care and ; vexation 
 about his business that he aimed at. and gave him opportunity 
 for study and the pursuits that made life tolerable. 
 
 "Mr. Case's struggle with broken health was also partici- 
 pated in by Mr. Abbey, who was always at his side with his 
 
 46 
 
cheering conversational powers. He accompanied him usually 
 on his excursions, and stood like a tower of strength between 
 him and the aggressive and persistent pressure of worldly affairs. 
 None could so well have given to you the story of that secluded 
 life of Leonard Case — thoughtful for those he esteemed and 
 respected, and wisely considerate for those who should come after 
 him — as Henry Abbey could have done. He did not do it, and 
 we must conclude that what he did not write or say of this life 
 was as sacred in his possession as it had been during the lifetime 
 of a man of whom he spoke in these few but comprehensive 
 words, 'He was the wisest and the best man that I ever knew.' ,: 
 
 CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE, Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 The Main Building, constructed under the supervision of Henry G. Abbey 
 
 In 1877 and 1879 Mr. Case deeded real estate to Mr. Abbey 
 to be used after his death in the establishment of the Case School. 
 This trust was carried out with great efficiency. The year follow- 
 ing Mr. Case's death instruction was begun in his old home 
 facing the public square, and in 1885 the school was removed to 
 a new building on the present site. Unfortunately, when only 
 half completed, this building was totally destroyed by fire, and 
 Mr. Abbey had to begin his work all over again. He did not 
 live to see the new main building fully completed. It is now only 
 one of seven buildings on the 25-acre campus, amply maintained 
 by the income of the real estate deeded for the purpose. 
 
 47 
 
Leonard Case's grandfather, Meshach Case, settled with 
 his family in the Western Reserve in 1800, when there were not 
 fifty people beside themselves on the whole domain of the Con- 
 necticut Land Company. Meshach Case was of Dutch descent, 
 and his wife the daughter of Leonard Eckstein, a German, who 
 fled to America from religious persecution in Nuremburg, where 
 he was imprisoned for his opinions. He was confined in a tower 
 80 feet high. His sister brought him a cake in which she had 
 baked a slender silk cord. This he let down at night and escaped 
 down the rope which his friends attached to it. To his grand- 
 children in America he showed his hands, still scarred from the 
 blisters made by the rope. 
 
 Owing to the serious illness of Meshach Case the care of 
 his family of eight children fell upon the shoulders of his eldest 
 son, Leonard Case, Senior, at the age of fourteen. Space does not 
 permit to tell of the varied activities of this city maker ; it must 
 suffice to say that when 21 he became confidential clerk of the 
 agent of the Connecticut Land Company, and twenty years later 
 was made agent of the company, which post he held for twenty- 
 eight years. No man had more to do with the development of 
 Cleveland, and he was the authority on land titles in the Western 
 Reserve. 
 
 William Case, elder son of Leonard Case, Senior, was a 
 great hunter, and with a coterie of naturalists made a collection 
 of a thousand birds and beasts which they killed, stuffed and 
 mounted. These they housed in a building known as "The Ark," 
 which stood on the site of the present Cleveland post office, close 
 to the public square. No birds or animals in Ohio or Michigan 
 were unknown to these men, who were called the "Arkites," and 
 John J. Audubon acknowledged his indebtedness to them. William 
 Case had a facility for drawing and painting in water colors that 
 enabled him to convey to the great naturalist the colors and forms 
 of newly discovered birds and other specimens of natural history. 
 He died in 1862, leaving uncompleted a fine building, which 
 included a music hall, library and a new home for "The Ark." 
 His father and brother completed this building, which stood on 
 the site now included in the enlarged post office. 
 
 This Case Library was the most delightful library I ever 
 had access to. The fee was nominal, one dollar a year, and the 
 approach to its treasures unrestricted. One wasted no time 
 
 48 
 
making out slips and waiting for books. All were ready to your 
 hand, and I never heard of even the most valuable books being 
 stolen. The Audubon volumes always lay on a great table in 
 front of the librarian's desk. In the new "Ark," housed in Room 
 19 in Case Hall, Leonard Case, Junior, spent many happy hours 
 in the congenial society of "The Arkites," a select group of 
 cultured men, leaders of the intellectual life of Cleveland. As 
 the chief city of the Western Reserve, Cleveland derived its char- 
 acter from New England and mainly from Connecticut. Its 
 first settlers, and a large portion of those who came later, were 
 people of education and intelligence. The institutions they built 
 up are of the same social and literary tendency as those of the 
 mother colony, and no small taste has been cultivated for science, 
 j especially those branches of a practical character. 
 
 Judge Cleveland, from whose biographical address on the 
 founder of Case School I have gathered most of these partic- 
 ulars, was born in Connecticut, and was related to President 
 Cleveland and to General Moses Cleveland, of Canterbury, Con- 
 necticut, who in 1796 located the city of Cleveland. This was 
 while he was engaged in blocking into townships the Western 
 Reserve of Connecticut, which extended for over 100 miles a!ong 
 the Ohio shore of Lake Erie, westward from the boundaries of 
 Pennsylvania. Cleveland was named in honor of General 
 Cleveland. 
 
 49 
 
ANOTHER GREAT-GRANDSON OF CAPTAIN ABBEY 
 
 EDWIN ALDEN ABBEY, 18234893 
 
 DISPATCH RIDER IN THE MEXICAN WAR 
 CROSSED THE PLAINS WITH KIT CARSON. A PIO- 
 NEER SETTLER OF OREGON, 1851. 
 
 
 SEAL AND INSCRIPTION IN FIRST HALF OF SECOND 
 SECTION OF NORTHWEST SEAT. 
 
 50 
 
EDWIN ALDEN ABBEY, 1823-1893 
 (Henry Gilbert Abbey's Brother) 
 
 In 1889, after an absence of 45 years, Mr. Abbey returned 
 to the East to see his relatives. Straight, vigorous and muscular, 
 he did not look his sixty-six years. We had heard of his daring 
 in the Mexican War and questioned him about his life as a scout. 
 He thrilled us by his stories of night rides, when he was fre- 
 quently fired at, and he told how his horse would shy at the dead 
 bodies lying along the roadside. He was known in the West as 
 Kit Abbey, on account of his association with Kit Carson. 
 
 51 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 ABBEY'S 
 
 GREAT^GREAT 
 
 GRANDSON 
 
 \ 
 
 HENRY ABBEY, 1862 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEER, STEVENS INSTITUTE 
 OF TECHNOLOGY, 1885. MARRIED SEPTEMBER, 1886, 
 REBECCA CONNELLY. SINCE 1906 IN MEXICO CITY 
 DURING ALL DISTURBANCES THERE. 
 
 SEAL AND 
 
 INSCRIPTION 
 
 IN SECOND 
 
 HALF OF SECOND 
 
 SECTION OF 
 NORTHWEST SEAT 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 ABBEY'S 
 
 GREATGREAT- 
 
 GREAT* 
 
 GRANDSON 
 
 LIEUT. HENRY ABBEY, Jr., U. S. A., 1887 
 
 MARRIED MAY 5, 1914, LUCRETIA MILLER. 
 DAUGHTER OF MAJOR CHARLES MILLER. U. S. A. 
 COMMANDED ADVANCE GUARD TENTH CAVALRY 
 IN MEXICO. SUSTAINED FIRST VILLA ATTACK AT 
 AGUASCALIENTES, APRIL 1, 1916, AND WITH 30 MEN 
 ROUTED 150 MEXICANS. 
 
 SEAL AND 
 INSCRIPTION 
 
 IN THIRD 
 
 SECTION OF 
 
 NORTHWEST SEAT 
 
NEGRO TROOPERS' VICTORY 
 
 How Thirty of Them Put to Flight 150 Bandits April 1 
 
 
 Pershing's Camp at Front, Mexico, April 7, by courier t< 
 Columbus, New Mexico, April 14. — About thirty men of th<' 
 Tenth Cavalry, negroes, who were in the fight with Villa bandit! 
 April 1 at Aguascalientes, arrived here to-day for rest and re 
 outfitting. The men were sure they had killed more than the 
 three dead covered in the official report. Three times the Villa 
 forces, numbering about 150, attempted to ambush the advance 
 guards of the Tenth. Not more than three troops of the Tenth 
 participated in the fight, which lasted an hour and a half. 
 
 The Tenth was riding for Guerrero when they approached, 
 the town of Aguascalientes. Nearing the top of a rise, the 
 advance guard was, without warning, subjected to volley fire,, 
 coining simultaneously from both sides of the road. The Villa 
 men shooting at them were behind hills on either side. Troop E 
 of the Tenth was brought up at a trot, while Troop F went around 
 to flank the Villa bandits and drive them out of the hill. Troop 
 H was hurried forward. As E Troop rounded the hill at a gallop 
 it came within a minute's ride of the Villa forces on that side. 
 Some of the cavalrymen got so close that they used their pistols. 
 The moment the E Troop appeared the Villa bandits rode for 
 the side of a mountain overlooking the town. 
 
 "It was the steepest mountainside we have seen anybody 
 climbing," said one of the men today, "and they knew the trails 
 while we did not, but we went up after them. We went up on 
 our horses until they made a stand from behind rocks. The bullets 
 were whistling all around us, but they never hit one of us. They 
 had a machine gun in action, too. We dismounted and returned 
 the fire. Then they ran farther up the mountain, with us after 
 them, until they made another stand. We opened fire on them 
 again, but they would not stand. At last they got away in the 
 steep trails which they knew, while we climbed rocks and fallen 
 tree trunks and fell behind." 
 
 The squadron in the Aguascalientes fight was commanded by 
 Colonel William C. Brown. Major Charles Young led the imme- 
 diate chase of the bandits. Lieutenant Henry Abbey, Jr., com- 
 manded the advance guard, which took the first Villa fire. 
 Lieutenant John Kennard commanded E Troop in the chase. — 
 New York Evening Post, April 14, 1916. 
 
 54 
 
The colored cavalrymen of the Tenth Regiment have won 
 he name of "Hell on Horseback." They are absolutely fearless 
 knd wonderfully well disciplined. 
 
 "When a country is at war there can be but two parties — 
 
 ybne for its life, the other for its death." — The words of Cassius 
 
 I ,|1M. Clay, zvhenin 184.6 he volunteered for service in the war 
 
 'against Mexico, of which he disapproved and had strenuously 
 
 Jopposed. 
 
 THE PRICE OF LIBERTY. 
 
 These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier 
 
 I and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service 
 
 of his country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and 
 
 thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily con- 
 
 | quered ; yet we have this consolation with us that the harder the 
 
 I conflict the more glorious the triumph ; what we obtain too cheap 
 
 j we esteem too lightly ; 'tis dearness only that gives everything its 
 
 t value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods ; 
 
 3 i and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom 
 
 I should not be highly rated. — From "The Crisis'' Thomas Paine, 
 
 i ; December 23, 1776. 
 
 WHAT IS OUR COUNTRY? 
 Not alone the land and the sea, the lakes and rivers, and 
 ! valleys and mountains — not alone the people, their customs and 
 laws — not alone the memories of the past, the hopes of the 
 future. It is something more than all these combined. It is a 
 divine abstraction. You cannot tell what it is, but let its flag 
 rustle above your head — you feel its living presence in your 
 hearts. They tell us that our country must die ; that the sun and 
 stars will look upon the great Republic no more ; that already the 
 black eagles of despotism are gathering in our political sky; that 
 even now king and emperors are casting lots for the garments 
 of our national glory. It shall not be. — Newton Booth, eleventh 
 Governor of California and United States Senator. 
 
 NOBLESSE OBLIGE. 
 If there ever was a time, this is the hour for Americans 
 to rouse themselves and exert every ability. Their all is at hazard 
 and the die of fate spins doubtful ! In vain do we trace magna- 
 nimity and heroism; in vain do we trace a descent from the 
 worthies of the earth, if we inherit not the spirit of our ancestors. 
 — Josiah Quincy, October 3, 1768. 
 
 55 
 
OLD MORTALITY 
 
 As I approached this deserted mansion of the dead, the chink 
 of a hammer was distinctly heard. I saw Old Mortality engaged 
 in his daily task of cleaning and repairing the ornaments and 
 epitaphs upon the tomb. The old man was seated upon the monu- 
 ment and busily employed in deepening with his chisel the letters 
 of the inscription. 
 
 During a period of nearly thirty years the pious enthusiast 
 wandered about, but regulated his circuit so as annually to visit 
 the graves of the unfortunate Covenanters, who suffered by the 
 sword, or by the executioner, during the reigns of the two last 
 monarchs of the Stuart line. Their tombs are often apart from 
 human habitation, in the remote moors and wilds to which the 
 wanderers had fled for concealment. But wherever they existed, 
 Old Mortality was sure to visit them when his annual round 
 brought them within his reach, cleaning the moss from the gray 
 stones, renewing with his chisel the half-defaced inscriptions, and 
 repairing the emblems of death with which these simple monu- 
 ments are usually adorned. 
 
 Motives of the most sincere devotion induced the old man 
 to dedicate so many years of existence to perform this tribute 
 to the memory of the deceased warriors of the church. He 
 considered himself as fulfilling a sacred duty, while renewing to 
 the eyes of posterity the decaying emblems of the zeal and suffer- 
 ings of their forefathers, and thereby trimming, as it were, the 
 beacon-light, which was to warn future generations to defend 
 their religion even unto blood. To talk of the exploits of the 
 Covenanters was the delight, as to repair their monuments was 
 the business, of his life. 
 
 —From "Old Mortality;' bv Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 56 
 
FACSIMILE OF 
 
 AUTOGRAPH 
 
 OF CAPTAIN 
 
 THOMAS ABBEY 
 
Explanation of the Inscriptions and 
 Seals on the Seats 
 
 The inscriptions enumerate the immediate ancestors and de- 
 scendants of Captain Abbey, from the first immigrant of the name 
 down to the present day, nine generations in all. Also included 
 are the names of the best known members of the family who 
 settled in Windham, Connecticut. On the seats behind the statue 
 are inscriptions which describe the forebears of Captain Abbey; 
 while the statue faces inscriptions telling of the lives of five 
 generations of his descendants down to the year 1916. 
 
 THE SPELLING OF THE NAME ABBEY. 
 Most of the Windham Abbes cling to the old spelling of the 
 name, which also prevails in Enfield today. Captain Abbey him- 
 self spelled his name with the "y," as is proven by his autograph 
 reproduced here from page 148 of the second volume of Trum- 
 bull's "History of Hartford County, Conn." His sons, Thomas, 
 Peter and Simeon (grandfather of Westminster Abbey of New 
 York), in the announcement of the dissolution of their partnership 
 printed in the Hartford "Courant" of June 17, 1793, spelled the 
 name Abbey. The obituary notice of Captain Abbey's widow in 
 the "Courant" of January 18, 1818, also spells the name Abbey. 
 The line which is recorded in this memorial has spelled the name 
 Abbey for six generations consecutively, which seems to justify 
 the spelling on the memorial. 
 
 "THE GENEALOGY OF THE ABBE FAMILY." 
 All of the Abbe or Abbey name or descent are in the debt 
 of that member of the family who has most distinguished the name 
 in the field of science. I refer to the eminent astronomer and 
 meteorologist, Professor Cleveland Abbe, so widely known as 
 "Old Probabilities." Throughout his long and busy life he has 
 made more extensive researches into the history of the family 
 than any other member. With the able assistance of Josephine 
 Genung Nichols (Mrs. L Nelson Nichols, of 1915 Daly Ave , The 
 Bronx, New York City), these labors are about to bear fruit 
 in the publication of "The Genealogy of the Abbe Family." 
 
 William L. Weaver, editor of the Willimantic "Journal," in 
 his genealogical "History of Ancient Windham, Ct.," published 
 in 1864, records that Mr. Abbe was at that time connected with 
 the U. S. Coast Survey and acknowledges his assistance in these 
 
 58 
 
words : "We are under many obligations to Mr. Cleveland Abbe 
 for facts and records respecting the Abbes. He very generously 
 paid the expense of a thorough search of the early records of 
 Salem and Wenham, and all the descendants of John Abbe, Sen., 
 of Wenham, are under lasting obligations to him for his contri- 
 butions to their genealogy." 
 
 It would take a larger volume than this to properly record 
 the incalculably great services to our country and the world which 
 Professor Abbe has rendered since those words were written 
 fifty-two years ago. The success of his pioneer work in storm 
 warnings at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1869, led to the establishment 
 of the U. S. Weather Bureau in 1870. In 1871 he took the 
 initiative in establishing ocean meteorology and the display of 
 cautionary signals, and in 1872 the prediction of floods in rivers. 
 In 1879 he began the agitation for standard time, which in five 
 years gave to America, and later to the world, the standard hour 
 meridians now used. In 1882 he inaugurated civil service exam- 
 inations in meteorology, and in 1884 took the first step in the 
 formation of the American Society of Electrical Engineers. He 
 initiated special observations in rainfall, electricity, earthquakes, 
 the use of balloons in meteorological observations and co-operation 
 in international polar explorations, to mention only a few of the 
 activities of this great scientist, who at the annual session of the 
 National Academy of Sciences, in April, 1916, was awarded a 
 medal "for distinguished public service in establishing and organ- 
 izing the United States weather service." 
 
 "Why found new colleges and universities to teach what is 
 already taught elsewhere? Exploration is the order of the day. 
 Give us first the means to increase knowledge, to explore nature 
 and to bring out new truths. Let us perfect knowledge before 
 we diffuse it among mankind." — Cleveland Abbe, August, 1880, 
 before the American Association for the Advancement of Science 
 
 FIRST CHILD BORN IN ENFIELD. 
 
 The inscriptions record much of the early life of Enfield. 
 They tell that the town was founded by Captain John Pease, 
 1654-1734, and that he was the father of the first child born here 
 in 1683. This was Margaret Pease, who married Josiah Colton 
 and lived to be 92 years old. The first boy born in Enfield was, 
 as already mentioned, Isaac Kibbe, father of the Isaac Kibbe 
 who built the meeting house which is now the town hall. 
 
 59 
 
FIRST NATIVE PHYSICIAN OF ENFIELD. 
 Dr. Ebenezer Terry, 1696-1780, was the first native physician 
 of Enfield. He practiced for a number of years in South King- 
 ston, Rhode Island, where he married Mary Helme, great-grand- 
 daughter of Sergeant Christopher Helme, of Warwick, Rhode 
 Island, who died in 1650. Dr. Terry returned to Enfield in 1722, 
 and at one time represented the town in the General Court of 
 Massachusetts. Enfield did not become a part of Connecticut 
 until 1750. 
 
 ENFIELD'S FIRST WOMAN DOCTOR. 
 Dr. Terry's daughter, Penelope Terry, 1729-30-1818, as her 
 father's pupil and assistant in the practice of his profession, was 
 a forerunner of the women physicians of today. In her obituary, 
 already referred to, the Hartford "Courant" states that she prac- 
 ticed for thirty-three years and was present at the birth of 1,389 
 children. She welcomed into life a whole generation of the 
 inhabitants of this town, and is as worthy of commemoration for 
 her good works as her husband, Captain Abbey, the subject of 
 this memorial. She was the mother of eleven children, and left 
 forty-five grandchildren, fifty-two great-grandchildren and two 
 great-great-grandchildren. A total of 104 descendants of herself 
 and Captain Abbey were living at the time of her death, January 
 2, 1818. 
 
 FIRST MARRIAGE IN ENFIELD. 
 The first marriage in Enfield was that of Captain Samuel 
 Terry, 1661-1730-31, to Hannah Morgan, 1656-1696-7, daughter 
 of Captain Miles Morgan, defender of Springfield against the 
 Indians in 1675. This marriage, celebrated on May 17, 1683, 
 links Enfield to Springfield, where Captain Morgan's statue stands 
 in Court House Square. 
 
 MORGAN MEMORIAL. 
 
 Another of Captain Morgan's descendants links Springfield 
 and Enfield to Hartford, where the late John Pierpont Morgan, 
 1837-1913, erected the splendid memorial to his father, Junius 
 Spencer Morgan, which is the chief ornament of the city. 
 
 Also recorded in the inscriptions is John Alden, of the 
 Mayflower. The Alden family is already commemorated in 
 Enfield by Alden's Corner, at the north end of Enfield street, 
 just as the Allen family is commemorated at the south end by 
 Allen's Corner. 
 
 60 
 
SiWIUK OF MILES MORGAN AT SPRINGFIELD 
 
 J. SCOTT HARTLEY. Sculptor 
 
 MORGAN MEMORIAL GALLERY IN HARTFORD 
 
"Lost Causes" in American History 
 
 Through the perspective of years one gets a more correct 
 picture of events than at the time they occurred. In the passage 
 of time passions cool and it is possible to see both sides of a 
 conflict in a less vivid but truer light than was possible to the 
 combatants themselves. It is for these reasons, as well as to 
 give balance and variety to this narrative of a family, that along 
 with the causes which were successful have been included those 
 which failed, and these "Lost Causes" are illustrated in several 
 of the seals. 
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 
 
 For example, the portrait of King Philip commemorates a 
 native American who endured the encroachments of the white 
 settlers until goaded to desperation. After two centuries had 
 elapsed historians perceived that this Indian chief was in reality 
 a patriot like the Belgians of today, contending for the inde- 
 pendence of his country, a great ruler and, like the King of the 
 Belgians, a valiant leader in war. In his summons to the 
 aboriginal lords of New England, Pometacon, as the chief of the 
 Wampanoags was called in the Indian tongue, put the case of 
 the Indian in these words : 
 
 "The English who came first to this country were but a 
 handful of people, forlorn, poor and distressed. My father, 
 Massasoit, did all in his power to serve them. Their numbers 
 increased. My father's councilors were alarmed. They urged 
 him to destroy the English before they became strong enough 
 to give law to the Indians and take away their country. My 
 father was also the father to the English. We remained their 
 friend. Experience shows that his councilors were right. The 
 English disarmed my people. They tried them by their laws 
 and assessed damages my people could not pay. Sometimes the 
 cattle of the English would come into the cornfields of my people, . 
 for they did not make fences like the English. I must then be 
 seized and confined till I sold another tract of my country for 
 damages and costs. Thus tract after tract is gone. But a small 
 part of the dominion of my ancestors remains. I am determined 
 not to live until I have no country." 
 
 It was truly said that King Philip was "broad-browed and 
 noble-minded." His chief aid was Canonchet, chief of the Narra- 
 
 62 
 
gansetts. Those two were men of truly royal pride. When 
 summoned before the English Governor King Philip replied to his 
 messenger as follows : 
 
 "Your governor is but a subject of King Charles of England. 
 I shall not treat with a subject. I shall only treat with the King, 
 my brother. When he comes I am ready!" 
 
 Is not this the same royal spirit that Shakespeare shows us 
 in Queen Katherine when in the trial scene in "King Henry VIII." 
 she says to Cardinal Wolsey : 
 
 "I do refuse you for my judge; and here, 
 Before you all, appeal unto the Pope!" 
 
 Miles Morgan gallantly defended Springfield against the on- 
 slaught of King Philip on October 5, 1675, and the first Thomas 
 Abbey was wounded in the great fight in the Narragansett swamp 
 on December 19 of the same year. The capture of this fort, 
 where the Indians made their last stand, finally destroyed their 
 power in New England. 
 
 The American Indian has indelibly stamped himself upon the 
 American continent by the picturesque names which he gave to 
 lakes, rivers and mountains all over our broad land, and which 
 also survive in the names of States and cities and counties. This 
 thought is particularly well expressed in the following stanzas by 
 Lydia Huntley Sigourney: 
 
 Indian Names. 
 Ye say they all have passed away, 
 
 That noble race and brave; 
 That their light canoes have vanished 
 
 From off the crested wave ; 
 That mid the forests where they roamed 
 
 There rings no hunter's shout ; 
 But their name is on your waters, 
 
 Ye may not wash it out. 
 
 'Tis where Ontario's billow 
 
 Like ocean's surge is curl'd, 
 Where strong Niagara's thunders wake 
 
 The echo of the world, 
 Where red Missouri bringeth 
 
 Rich tribute from the west, 
 And Rappahannock sweetly sleeps 
 
 On green Virginia's breast. 
 
 63 
 
Ye say their conelike cabins 
 
 That clustered o'er the vale 
 Have disappeared, as wither'd leaves 
 
 Before the autumn's gale ; 
 But their memory liveth on your hills, 
 
 Their baptism on your shore ; 
 Your everlasting rivers speak 
 
 Their dialect of yore. 
 
 Old Massachusetts wears it 
 
 Within her lordly crown, 
 And broad Ohio bears it 
 
 Amid his young renown. 
 Connecticut hath wreath'd it 
 
 Where her foliage waves, 
 And bold Kentucky breathes it hoarse 
 
 Through all her ancient caves. 
 
 Wachusett hides its lingering voice 
 
 Within his rocky heart, 
 And Alleghany graves its tone 
 
 Throughout his lofty chart. 
 Monadnock, on his forehead hoar 
 
 Doth seal the sacred trust. 
 Your mountains build their monument 
 
 Though you destroy their dust. 
 
 THE VASSALL FAMILY 
 
 The Vassall coat of arms commemorates a distinguished 
 colonial family which was unflinchingly loyal to the British crown 
 during the American Revolution. The seven mansions still stand- 
 ing in Brattle street, Cambridge, known as "Tory Row," which 
 include the home of the poet Longfellow and "Elmwood," the 
 birthplace of James Russell Lowell, were in 1774 the homes of 
 the Vassall family. 
 
 In that year the Vassalls altered their family motto from. 
 Saepe pro rege, semper pro republica, which they had splendidly 
 exemplified against Charles I. in the English Civil War, to Semper 
 pro rege, and proceeded just as gallantly to live up to the revised 
 version. In consequence the entire family was exiled and their 
 estates confiscated. After their return to England in 1776 
 members of the family distinguished themselves in the British 
 army and navy. 
 
 64 
 
"ELMWOOD," CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 The home of Thomas Oliver, last royal lieutenant-governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, whose wife was Elizabeth Vassall, sister to Col. John Vassall, 
 who in turn married Elizabeth Oliver, sister to the lieutenant-governor. 
 
 
 LONGFELLOW HOUSE AT CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 
 Washington's Headquarters at Cambridge, Mass. "The tent of Mars 
 
 and the home of Muses." Built by Col. John Vassall in 1759. 
 
 65 
 
Colonel Spencer Vassall was mortally wounded in South 
 America while charging at the head of his regiment at the storm- 
 ing of Montevideo in Uruguay, when it was captured by the 
 British in 1807. His bravery is commemorated by a monument 
 in St. Paul's Church in Bristol, England, and by the augmented 
 arms granted to his son, Sir Spencer Lambert Vassall, captain in 
 the Royal Navy, who was knighted in 1838. This augmentation 
 shows the breached bastion of a fortress with the words "Monte 
 Video" and a new motto, "Every bullet has its billet," recording 
 the heroic death of his father. Colonel Spencer Vassall was the 
 son of Colonel John Vassall, 1738-1797, who, in the summer of 
 1774, was driven by a mob from his Cambridge home. In less 
 than a year the house was occupied by General Washington as 
 his military headquarters. 
 
 THF VASSALLS AND THE WASHINGTONS 
 
 A curious comparison may be made between the Vassall and 
 Washington families. From evidence now available it appears 
 that the Washingtons, prior to coming to America, were royalists 
 in every branch, with no sympathy for Cromwell and his ad- 
 herents; while in America, on the contrary, they furnished the 
 head and front of • the greatest and most successful revolution 
 against the authority of the British crown in George Washington, 
 a man of wealth and social standing in the colonies second only 
 to Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 The Vassall family, on the other hand, furnished the pioneer 
 revolutionist of wealth against the authority of King Charles. 
 Samuel Vassall was probably the largest ship-owner of his day 
 and was the first who refused to pay the tax of tonnage and 
 poundage. As a result, his property was seized and he himself 
 thrown into prison for sixteen years by the Star Chamber Court. 
 In 1641 the Long Parliament voted him over ten thousand pounds 
 damages and resolved that he should be further recompensed for 
 his personal suffering, but this was never paid. Notwithstanding, 
 when the Parliamentary Party was in its greatest straits during 
 the Civil War, this dauntless man repeatedly loaned sums of 
 money to Parliament and also placed his ships at its disposal, 
 among those thus employed being the famous "Mayflower." Later, 
 when the Commonwealth was established, he headed a subscrip- 
 tion list with £1,200 to carry on the war in Ireland. 
 
 This bold and self-reliant man never came to America, al- 
 though he was interested in the launching of the Rhode Island 
 
 66 
 
VASSALL MONUMENT IN KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON 
 On entering the church this monument stands on the left against the 
 rear wall. The head of Samuel Vassall is turned toward the monu' 
 ment of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
 
 67 
 
Colony, being associated in that enterprise with Oliver Cromwell 
 Sir Harry Vane and other fellow members of Parliament He 
 and his brother William were both named as assistants to the 
 governor m the charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony, and William 
 Vassall, who was our ancestor, came to Boston with Governor 
 Wmthrop in the "Arabella." Like all of the name, William 
 Vassall, 1592-165o, was devotedly attached to the Episcopal 
 church. He settled in Scituate, but in 1634, provoked by the 
 persecution to which the Episcopalians were subjected, he returned ; 
 to England. Later he went to Barbadoes and died there His 
 son, Captain John Vassall, sold the Scituate estate in 1661 but 
 the daughters married and remained in this country Our an- 
 cestress, Frances Vassall, born in England in 1623, married James 
 Adams, of Scituate, son of John Adams of the "Fortune " July 
 16, 1646. Savage states that, as the daughter of an original 
 patentee who had probably received nothing for his money 
 advanced to the colony, she received from the General Court in 
 16/2 a grant of 150 acres. She was the mother of Margaret 
 Adams, 1654-1737, who married John Pease, the founder of 
 Lnneld, and became the mother of the first child born here 
 
 In King's Chapel, Boston, stands the quaint baroque monu- 
 ment of Samuel Vassall, which was erected in 1766 by his great- 
 grandson, Florentius Vassall, of the Island of Jamaica, whose 
 granddaughter and heiress was the celebrated Lady Holland for 
 over forty years the mistress of Holland House in London The 
 monument is constructed of colored marbles and adorned with 
 a bust and the arms of the Vassall family, granted by Queen 
 Elizabeth to John Vassall, father of Samuel and William on 
 account of his services against the Spanish Armada. 
 
 HOMES OF THE COLONIAL DAYS 
 
 Samuel's son, John Vassall, settled in Jamaica in the West 
 Inches, but the latter's son. Major Leonard Vassall, lived in 
 Boston, where, in 1727, he built a beautiful home in Summer 
 street. This was the famous "Wayte Garden," fully described 
 in the New England Genealogical and Historical Register for 
 January, 18/1, ,n an interesting article of fifteen pages under the 
 title A Home of the Olden Time." The site is mentioned as 
 the garden of Gamaliel Wayte" in the Boston "Book of Posses- 
 sions, which resembles the Domesday Book in England The 
 house had a frontage of over 100 feet, with nine windows and two 
 
 68 
 
doors below and eleven windows above. It stood three stories 
 toward the street and had luthern or dormer windows in a 
 gambrel roof. The ceilings were lofty and it had a richly wrought 
 
 J mahogany staircase leading to the third floor. The mahogany 
 was brought from the Vassall estates in Jamaica. At about the 
 
 | same period Leonard Vassall also built for himself a summer 
 home at Braintree (now Quincy), in which the parlor is paneled 
 in mahogany from the same West Indian forests. Later this 
 house became the home of the Adams family which gave two 
 presidents to the United States. 
 
 Leonard Vassall's Boston home had a garden vista 300 feet 
 long. A poet of the period speaks of the "baronial courtyard," 
 paved with blue and white stones in a fanciful pattern, the flower 
 beds edged with box and the luxuriant growth of roses, syringa, 
 honeysuckle and snowdrops, the octagon summer house at the 
 far end;, of the garden, and a series of six arcades filled with 
 panel work to correspond with the facade of the great stable, 
 These details are interesting as illustrating the comfort and even 
 luxury which our forefathers provided for themselves within a 
 century after the first settlements were made in New England. 
 This house was a typical, but not exceptional, New England home 
 of the period. We are more apt to associate such a mode of living 
 with Virginia than with New England. While many of the more 
 substantial families of Virginia embraced the patriot cause, the 
 chief proprietors of New England remained loyalists. Of course, 
 the "Wayte Garden" house has long since disappeared, but the 
 Vassall houses in Cambridge and Quincy are still standing, as 
 well as the Royall house in Medford. This was built in 1732 by 
 Isaac Royall, whose daughter Penelope in 1742 married Colonel 
 Henry Vassall, a son of Leonard Vassall. 
 
 On a knoll at the rear of the Royall house stood a summer 
 house of great historical interest. Within its walls General John 
 Stark, who made the Royall mansion his headquarters during 
 the siege of Boston, together with General Lee, General Sullivan 
 and others, planned the battle of Bunker Hill. Later Washington 
 held councils here with his generals. It had previously been a 
 favorite trysting place with the British officers, and many ro- 
 mances are connected with it. It was here that Henry Vassall 
 wooed Penelope Royall and' Sir William Pepperell here won 
 Elizabeth Royall. 
 
 Further particulars of the Vassall family may be found in 
 another article in the New England Historical and Genealogical 
 
 69 
 
Register, volume XVII.', page 56, entitled "The Vassalls of New 
 England," by Edward Doubleday Harris. Leonard Vassall had 
 seventeen children by his first wife, Ruth Gale, of Jamaica; by 
 his second wife, Phebe Gross, he had one daughter. In 1730 he 
 became instrumental in the founding of Trinity Church in Boston. 
 the original edifice being located opposite his Summer street home. 
 His son, Colonel John Vassall, married in 1734 Elizabeth Phips, 
 daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Spencer Phips and granddaugh- 
 ter of the celebrated Sir William Phips, conqueror of Port Royal 
 and governor of Massachusetts. Colonel Vassall lived for a time 
 
 TOMB OF 
 
 COLONEL 
 
 JOHN VASSALL 
 
 17134747 
 
 In Christ Churchyard 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 nearly opposite the present Longfellow house in Brattle street, 
 Cambridge, in the Belcher or Batchelder house, which he sold to 
 his brother Henry in 1741. The elder brother, Colonel John 
 Vassall, erected a monument in the graveyard of Christ Church 
 in Cambridge, opposite the Harvard campus. Through the courtesy 
 of a descendant of the Vassall family, Mrs. Cora E. Morgan, of 
 Buffalo, N. Y. (who is also a descendant of Abigail Abbey, the 
 elder sister of Captain Abbey, and wife of Tohn Ward, who 
 marched to Boston with the Enfield company), I am able to show 
 a photograph of his tomb, now falling into decay after standing 
 
 70 
 
THE ROYALL SUMMER HOUSE 
 
 in which the Battle of Bunker Hill was planned 
 
 (See page 69) 
 
 
 ROYALL HOUSE AT MEDFORD, MASS. 
 
 The building at the left is the slave quarters, said to be the only slave quarters still 
 
 standing in New England. 
 
 71 
 
for 170 years. The massive freestone slab is inscribed with the 
 Vassall arms and rests on five columns. Here Colonel Vassall 
 was buried in 1747. He was graduated at Harvard in 1732; his 
 brother Lewis in 1728, and William in 1733. It was the last- 
 named brother who protested by proxy against the ordination of 
 Rev. James Freeman (grandfather of James Freeman Clarke) 
 in King's Chapel in 1785, and also against the change in the 
 liturgy from the Episcopal to the Unitarian rite. His youngest 
 son, Nathaniel, became a captain in the British navy. There were 
 four other Vassalls graduated at Harvard, one of whom was the 
 son of the Colonel Vassall buried in this tomb. This second 
 Colonel John Vassall was born in 1738, married Elizabeth Oliver, 
 sister of the last royal lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, was 
 exiled in 1776, as already related, and, although his estates in 
 Massachusetts were confiscated, lived in comfort on the revenues 
 from his Jamaica estates until his death at Clifton, England, in 
 1797. 
 
 Leonard Vassall, of the "Wayte Garden" house, had a brother 
 William born in Jamaica. William's son was Florentius Vassall, 
 1710-1779, who in 1766 erected the monument to his great-grand- 
 father, Samuel Vassall, in King's Chapel, Boston. His son, 
 Richard Vassall, 1731-2-1795, married Mary Clark, daughter of 
 Thomas Clark, of New York. They had one child, Elizabeth 
 Vassall, 1770-1845, whose second husband was Lord Holland, 
 the English statesman. Mrs. Richard Vassall, after the death of 
 her husband, married Sir Gilbert Affleck, second baronet, of 
 Dalham Hall, Suffolk, and died in 1836, aged 86. 
 
 72 
 
Reception of the American Loyalists by Great 
 Britain in 1 783 
 
 From the painting by Benjamin West. At the head of the 
 loyalists stands Sir William Pepperell, Baronet, grandson of the 
 conqueror of Louisburg, upon whom was conferred the only 
 baronetcy ever granted to a native of New England. Next to 
 Pepperell stands William Franklin, last royal governor of New 
 Jersey and son of Benjamin Franklin. At the right hand stands 
 the artist, who succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as president of the 
 Foyal Academy, together with his wife, both natives of Pennsyl- 
 vania. It is gratifying to Americans to know that Benjamin West 
 declined the knighthood which was offered him by George III. 
 
 73 
 
A Crucial But Forgotten Episode of the Revo- 
 lution and Its Significance on 
 Its 142nd Anniversary 
 
 In his "Life of Thomas Paine," Moncure D. Conway says 
 that the loyalists of the American revolution have never had 
 justice done them. This I believe is true. Consider for a 
 moment the case of Thomas Oliver, 1733-1815, mentioned above. 
 All accounts agree that he was a man of most benevolent dispo- 
 sition and great courtesy. He was graduated at Harvard in 1753, 
 married Elizabeth Vassall, sister of the Colonel Vassall who 
 built the Longfellow house in Cambridge, and lived in great 
 retirement at Elmwood, later the birthplace of James Russell 
 Lowell. This mild-tempered, retiring gentleman was forced into 
 the limelight of an arduous and unpleasant publicity through the 
 offices conferred upon him by George III. The position of 
 lieutenant-governor was an office clearly within the gift of the 
 king, but his appointment to a seat in the council was not the 
 king's prerogative, as, according to the royal charter, the position 
 was subject to the election of the colonists. 
 
 On September 2, 1774, his home was the scene of one of 
 the most dramatic episodes of the revolution. Early in the day 
 a committee of landowners from neighboring towns appeared in 
 Cambridge. They told the lieutenant-governor that they "came 
 peaceably to inquire into their grievances, not with design to hurt 
 any man,'' and went their way. Oliver hastened to Boston and 
 secured the promise of the governor, General Gage, that no troops 
 would be sent. This action of Thomas Oliver undoubtedly fore- 
 stalled bloodshed on this occasion, and but for his non-combative 
 nature and conciliatory manner, it is probable that the actual 
 hostilities of the revolution would have begun on September 2, 
 1774, at Cambridge, instead of over seven months later at Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 On the afternoon of the same day a crowd of 4,000 sur- 
 rounded Elmwood, of whom 1,000 bore arms. They demanded 
 Oliver's resignation from the council. Forced by threats and 
 the appeals of his family, he signed a paper under duress. The 
 original committee did not invade his property, and endeavored 
 to protect him from the insults of those who bore arms. Two 
 other members of the illegal council and the sheriff and clerk of 
 the county were, by like measures, induced to sign resignations. 
 
 74 
 
A full account of this extraordinary occasion will be found in the 
 second volume of Sabine's "Loyalists," page 129 to 135. Pro- 
 scribed and banished and his estates confiscated, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor Oliver, like most of the wealthy and influential loyalists, 
 later felt the pinch of poverty and died in exile in England. 
 
 One hundred and forty-two years later, while I am writing 
 these words, on September 2, 1916, the Congress of the United 
 States is passing the eight-hour law for railway workers, forced 
 thereto today by the same bold spirit manifested by American 
 workingmen which animated their forebears in 1774. It is to be 
 hoped that the railway magnates will take warning by the sad 
 plight and unhappy fate of the loyalists of 1774 and yield grace- 
 fully to the inevitable march of democracy toward a more 
 equitable distribution of wealth. In the discussion of the eight- 
 hour law it would be well, especially for members of the Repub- 
 lican party, to recall the words of their great leader, President 
 Lincoln, in his first annual message to Congress on December 3, 
 1861: 
 
 "In my present position I should scarcely be justified were I 
 to omit raising a warning voice against this approach of returning 
 despotism. It is the effort to place capital on an equal footing, 
 if not above, labor, in the structure of government. Labor is 
 prior to and independent of capital. Capital is only the fruit of 
 labor and could not have existed if labor had not first existed. 
 Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher 
 consideration. Let the working people beware of surrendering 
 a political power which they already possess, and which, if sur- 
 rendered, will surely be used to shut the door of advancement 
 for such as they, and fix new disabilities and burdens upon them 
 until all of liberty is lost." 
 
 The sentiments of Lincoln regarding capital and labor are 
 probably not more acceptable to railway presidents in 1916 than 
 they were when Lincoln gave utterance to them in 1861 ; but as he 
 himself said : "I have said nothing but what I am willing to live 
 by, and, if need be, to die by," and if ever man "gave the last 
 full measure of devotion" to his ideas that man was Abraham 
 Lincoln. 
 
 75 
 
Lincoln on the Declaration of Independence* 
 
 (Address in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on Washington's 
 Birthday, 1861. Lincoln was on his way to Washington to be inau- 
 gurated as President. Only a few hours previous he had been informed 
 by Allan Pinkerton of the plot to assassinate him in the railway sta- 
 tion at Baltimore on February 23. Bear in mind that Lincoln had just 
 learned that eight men had drawn lots to kill him on the following 
 day.) 
 
 All the political sentiments I entertain have been drawn from 
 the sentiments which originated, and were given to the world, 
 from this hall. I have never had a feeling politically that did 
 not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of 
 Independence. I have often pondered over the dangers which 
 were incurred by the men who assembled here and framed and 
 adopted the Declaration of Independence. I have pondered over 
 the toils that were endured by the officers and soldiers of the 
 army which achieved that independence. I have often inquired 
 what great principle it was that kept this confederacy so long 
 together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the 
 colonies from the mother land, but that sentiment in the Declara- 
 tion of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of 
 this country, but, I hope, to the world for all future time. It was 
 that which gave promise that in due time the weights would be 
 lifted from the shoulders of all men and that all should have an 
 equal chance. This is the sentiment embodied in the Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
 Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon this basis? 
 If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the 
 world if I can help to save it. If it cannot be saved upon that 
 principle it will be truly awful. But if this country cannot be 
 saved without giving up this principle, I would rather be assassin- 
 ated on this spot than surrender it. 
 
 76 
 
THE CAUSE OF STATES RIGHTS 
 
 Another "Lost Cause" is represented by the shield of the 
 Confederacy with its reproduction of Thomas Crawford's statue 
 of George Washington. When the statue arrived in Virginia the 
 people of Richmond in their enthusiasm dragged it by hand to 
 Capitol Hill. Mr. Crawford died in 1857, and his widow, a sister 
 of Julia Ward Howe, in 1861 married Luther Terry, the artist, 
 who painted the famous signboard of the Abbe Inn at Enfield. 
 
 THE ABBE INN AND TEA ROOM AT ENFIELD 
 
 The signboard was painted by Luther Terry, the artist, step- 
 father of Marion Crawford, the novelist. It was retouched in 
 1866 by Mr. Terry's nephew, Luther Terry Knight. On the 
 reverse side from the American eagle the British lion is depicted 
 in chains. The Abbe House, now kept by Mr. and Mrs. William 
 A. Abbe, has been in Mr. Abbe's family for generations. It was 
 built by Peter Reynolds Field, is said to be 125 years old and has 
 always been a tavern. 
 
 77 
 
THE MEXICAN QUESTION 
 
 The coat-of-arms of Mexico recalls the defeat of that country 
 by the United States in 1848. How unfortunate for the people 
 of that unhappy land that our government did not hold all that 
 we then won by force of arms. In the 68 years that have elapsed 
 since then, can anyone doubt that Mexico, as a territory of the 
 United States, would have developed into another Texas or 
 California under the same conditions? By the same token, does 
 it not seem uncharitable to relinquish the Philippines? Left to 
 their own resources and devices, I fear the Filipinos are likely 
 to relapse into even worse barbarism than, the Mexicans, if, as 
 they would be quite unable to defend themselves, they are not, 
 like the Coreans, speedily seized and exploited by the Japanese. 
 As we have taken up the white man's burden in the Far East, 
 it seems ungenerous to abandon the little brown men either to 
 the Japanese or to their own present incompetence. 
 
 PRESIDENT WILSON ON MEXICO. 
 
 I feel impelled to quote the following passages on the Mexi- 
 can situation from the President's speech at Shadow Lawn, New 
 Jersey, on September 2, 1916, because it seems to me not only 
 a clean-cut statement of facts and a complete exposition of the 
 principles of a new and higher diplomacy than the world has yet 
 known, but also because in these sentences we have one of the 
 most eloquent and impassioned speeches in our language. If the 
 speakers of antiquity surpassed it I do not know in which of the 
 most famous orations that have been handed down to us. Cer- 
 tainly never before has an American President had the moral 
 courage to let himself go as in this speech, and the power, sincerity 
 and simplicity of a great soul vibrate in every line. Most con- 
 vincing is the sentence : "Mistakes I have made in this per- 
 plexing business, but not in purpose." A lesser man would have 
 said : "If I have made mistakes." 
 
 "THE) NEW FREEDOM"" IN DIPLOMACY. 
 
 While Europe was at war our own continent, one of our 
 own neighbors, was shaken by revolution. In that matter, too, 
 principle was plain, and it was imperative that we should live up 
 to it if we were to deserve the trust of any real partisan of the 
 right as free men see it. We have professed to believe, and we 
 do believe, that the people of small and weak states have the 
 
 78 
 
right to expect to be dealt with exactly as the people of big and 
 powerful states would be. We have acted upon that principle 
 in dealing with the people of Mexico. 
 
 PURSUIT OF BANDITS. 
 
 Our recent pursuit of bandits into Mexican territory was no 
 violation of that principle. We ventured to enter Mexican ter- 
 ritory only because there were no military forces in Mexico that 
 could protect our border from hostile attack and our own people 
 from violence, and we have committed there no single act of 
 hostility or interference even with the sovereign authority of the 
 Republic of Mexico herself. It was a plain case of the violation 
 of our own sovereignty which could not wait to be vindicated by 
 damages and for which there was no other remedy. The authori- 
 ties of Mexico were powerless to prevent it. 
 
 Many serious wrongs against the property, many irreparable 
 wrongs against the persons, of Americans have been committed 
 within the territory of Mexico herself during this confused 
 revolution, wrongs which could not be effectually checked so long 
 as there was no constituted power in Mexico which was in a 
 position to check them. We could not act directly in that mat- 
 ter ourselves without denying Mexicans the right to any revolu- 
 tion at all which disturbed us and making the emancipation of 
 her own people await our own interest and convenience. 
 
 For it is their emancipation that they are seeking — blindly, 
 it may be, and as yet ineffectually, but with profound and pas- 
 sionate purpose and within their unquestionable right, apply 
 what true American principle you will — any principle that an 
 American would publicly avow. 
 
 OUTSIDERS IN MEXICO. 
 
 The people of Mexico have not been suffered to own their 
 own country or direct their own institutions. Outsiders, men out 
 of other nations and with interests too often alien to their own, 
 have dictated what their privileges and opportunities should be 
 and who should control their land, their lives and their resources — 
 some of them Americans, pressing for things they could never 
 have got in their own country. The Mexican people are entitled 
 to attempt their liberty from such influences ; and so long as I 
 have anything to do with the action of our great government I 
 shall do everything in my power to prevent any one standing in 
 their way. I know that this is hard for some persons to under- 
 
 79 
 
stand; but it is not hard for the plain people of the United 
 States to understand. It is hard doctrine only for those who 
 wish to get something for themselves out of Mexico. There are 
 men, and noble women, too, not a few, of our own people, thank 
 God ! whose fortunes are invested in great properties in Mexico 
 who yet see the case with true vision and assess its issues with 
 true American feeling. The rest can be left for the present out 
 of the reckoning until this enslaved people has had its day of 
 struggle toward the light. I have heard no one who was free 
 from such influences propose interference by the United States 
 with the internal affairs of Mexico. Certainly no friend of the 
 Mexican people has proposed it. 
 
 AMERICAN SPIRIT. 
 
 The people of the United States are capable of great sym- 
 pathies and a noble pity in dealing with problems of this kind. 
 As their spokesman and representative, I have tried to act in 
 the spirit they would wish me show. The people of Mexico are 
 striving for the rights that are fundamental to life and happi- 
 ness — 15,000,000 oppressed men, overburdened women and piti- 
 ful children, in virtual bondage in their own home of fertile 
 lands and inexhaustible treasure. Some of the leaders of the 
 revolution may often have been mistaken and violent and selfish, 
 but the revolution itself was inevitable and is right. The un- 
 speakable Huerta betrayed the very comrades he served, traitor- 
 ously overthrew the government of which he was a trusted part, 
 impudently spoke for the very forces that had driven his people 
 to the rebellion with which he had pretended to sympathize. 
 The men who overcame him and drove him out represent at 
 least the fierce passion of reconstruction which lies at the very 
 heart of liberty; and so long as they represent, however imper- 
 fectly, such a struggle for deliverance I am ready to serve their 
 ends when I can. So long as the power of recognition rests 
 with me the government of the United States will refuse to 
 extend the hand of welcome to any one who obtains power in a 
 sister republic by treachery and violence. No permanency can 
 be given the affairs of any republic by a title based upon intrigue 
 and assassination. I declared that to be the policy of this Admin- 
 istration within three weeks after I assumed the Presidency. I 
 here again vow it. I AM MORE INTERESTED IN THE 
 FORTUNES OF OPPRESSED MEN AND PITIFUL 
 WOMEN AND CHILDREN THAN IN ANY PROPERTY 
 
 80 
 
RIGHTS WHATEVER. Mistakes I have no doubt made in this 
 perplexing business, but not in purpose or object. 
 
 ALL AMERICA WATCHES. 
 
 More is involved than the immediate destinies of Mexico 
 and the relations of the United States with a distressed and dis- 
 tracted people. All America looks on. Test is now being made 
 of us whether we be sincere lovers of popular liberty or not and 
 are indeed to be trusted to respect national sovereignty among 
 our weaker neighbors. We have undertaken these many years 
 to play big brother to the republics of this hemisphere. This is 
 the day of our test whether we mean, or have ever meant, to 
 play that part for our own benefit wholly or also for theirs. 
 Upon the outcome of that test (its outcome in their minds, not 
 in ours) depends every relationship of the United States with 
 Latin America, whether in politics or in commerce and enter- 
 prise. These are great issues, and lie at the heart of the gravest 
 tasks of the future, tasks both economic and political and very 
 intimately inwrought with many of the most vital of the new 
 issues of the politics of the world. The republics of America 
 have in the last three years been drawing together in a new spirit 
 of accommodation, mutual understanding and cordial co-opera- 
 tion. Much of the politics of the world in the years to come 
 will depend upon their relationships with one another. It is a 
 barren and provincial statesmanship that loses sight of such 
 things ! 
 
 81 
 
THE TRAIL OF THE ABBEY FAMILY. 
 
 The trail of the Abbey family, in the direct line from the 
 immigrant, John Abbey of Wenham, through Captain Thomas 
 Abbey of the Revolution to Lieutenant Henry Abbey, Jr., now 
 serving under General Pershing in Mexico, as shown in the in- 
 scriptions and seals on this Enfield memorial, stretches from 
 rugged Massachusetts Bay to the smiling Connecticut valley; 
 thence across New York State, with a halt at Franklin in Dela- 
 ware County, where Seth Alden Abbey was born, and another 
 halt at Watertown in Jefferson County, where his sons, Henry 
 Gilbert Abbey and Edwin Alden Abbey, were born; the next 
 trek was into the Western Reserve of Connecticut at Cleveland, 
 Ohio; and thence, ever westerly, some going by way of the 
 Isthmus of Panama and others by the Santa Fe trail across the 
 plains, they became a part of the great drift which began in 1849 
 and led to California, to Oregon, to Arizona and latest of all, to 
 Mexico. 
 
 A STUDY IN HEREDITY. 
 
 The preparation of these inscriptions has been a study in 
 heredity. My grandfather and his elder brother, Dorrephus 
 Abbey, were clearly inspired by the example and teachings of their 
 grandfather, Captain Abbey ; and I find similar traits and actions 
 cropping out all along the line. In every American war the 
 Abbeys have been animated by the spirit of 1775, and to-day, as 
 I write these words, their latest and youngest defender of the 
 flag is upholding the traditions of the familv in Mexico. 
 
 Henry Abbey, Jr., failing to secure the appointment to West 
 Point which he sought, volunteered as a private in the cavalry, 
 passed his examinations for a lieutenancy, married his major's 
 daughter, and in March, 1916, crossed the Mexican border with 
 the Tenth Cavalry in the pursuit of Villa, which followed the 
 Mexican General's raid on Columbus, New Mexico. 
 
 In what particular will the future historian discriminate 
 between this little raid of Mexican bandits into the United States 
 and the big raid of German bandits into Belgium? There are 
 differences in quality even in bandits, and it has not been charged 
 against Villa that either he or any of his ancestors ever pledged 
 themselves in writing or otherwise to keep their hands off of the 
 United States, as nobody questions that Germany did on a 
 celebrated "scrap of paper'' with regard to her neighbor, Belgium. 
 
 82 
 
To my unkultured mind Villa seems a more decent brigand than 
 Wilhelm, when one takes into account the opportunities for en- 
 lightenment enjoyed by these respective raiders. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 I wish to acknowledge the great assistance afforded me in 
 the difficult task of wording the inscriptions by Mr. Wesley 
 Weyman, the pianist. Those who admire his art as a musician 
 of the first rank are perhaps not aware that genealogy is his 
 recreation. I am also indebted for valuable aid to Miss Sara 
 Anna Dunn, music critic of the New York Sun; to Miss Susan 
 Hayes Ward, the author and critic, and to her brother, Dr. 
 William Hayes Ward, the editor of The Independent; to Miss 
 Kate Dickinson Sweetser, whose writings are introducing chil- 
 dren in so attractive a manner to the boys and girls of Dickens, 
 George Eliot and Thackeray, and to the children of history, not 
 to mention her Indian braves ; to Mr. Eckstein Case, secretary 
 and treasurer of the Case School of Applied Science ; to the 
 editor of The Atlantic Monthly for permission to use the poem, 
 "The Captain's Drum" ; and I must acknowledge my debt to that 
 noble gallery of American men and women, The National 
 Cyclopaedia of American Biography, and particularly to its Con- 
 spectus, which is an inspiration to patriotic endeavor. From my 
 recent thorough and exhaustive study of this interesting work I 
 am persuaded that Dean Stanley was correct when he said that 
 the United States, more than any other country in the world, 
 furnishes examples of the finest men and women that have ever 
 lived. Does not such a tribute as that, from our Mother Country, 
 prove that the American experiment, our "Great Adventure" in 
 democracy, is proving itself a success? By their fruits ye shall 
 know them. 
 
 America has furnished to the world the character of Washington, 
 and if our American institutions had done nothing else, that alone 
 would entitle them to the respect of mankind. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 83 
 
THE SPIRIT OF 1775 
 
 By AijvAN Dawson. 
 
 [Leading Editorial in the New York Globe on January 17, 1916. j 
 
 "I want to see in my country," says Elihu Root, "the spirit 
 that beat in the hearts of the men at Concord Bridge, who were 
 just and God-fearing men, but who were ready to fight for their 
 liberty." A timely and inspiring declaration! The wish will be 
 echoed by every true American. 
 
 The spirit of Concord ! It was a spirit that put a higher 
 value on moralities than on materialities. It was not satisfied 
 with the philosophy that teaches that physical comfort is the 
 supreme objective of life. It did not place personal and national 
 prosperity first. Little actual oppression had come to the men 
 who stood behind the bridge. To yield to the soldiers of King 
 George was the easy and "practical" thing to do. 
 
 The immediate issue, in many ways abstract, little touched 
 the average man. The taxes levied by the British government 
 were not excessive. But there was something in these embattled 
 farmers that forbade them to compromise their freedom — that 
 whispered an imperative mandate to preserve intact a great 
 tradition. They measured duty, as duty must always be meas- 
 ured, from the moral side. In these days let every American 
 search his heart and say whether he feels an equal allegiance to 
 things more precious than personal well-being. If he does not, 
 let him restore himself. 
 
 The spirit of Concord did not merely stand for liberty in 
 America, but for liberty everywhere. The privileges defended 
 with the old flint-locks were such as the men of Massachusetts 
 believed all mankind should enjoy and, in the fulness of time, 
 would enjoy. The shot whose firing was heard 'round the world 
 was for a universal and not a provincial principle. During 150 
 years of salutary neglect the colonials, free of the pressure of 
 feudalism and its remainders, had developed a democracy. 
 
 In one hundred and forty years the seed planted at Concord 
 and watered with patriot blood has had a mighty growth. The 
 world has been transformed. Another King George sits at West- 
 minster, but he reigns rather than rules. His government is an 
 expression of the ideas of the men of Concord rather than the 
 ideas of his great-grandfather. To every land and among people 
 the most backward democratic light has penetrated. A few 
 
 84 
 
months ago it seemed as if democracy had won its battle; that 
 right, not might or privilege, was to rule; that men were to be 
 brothers, not enemies ; that each national group was to be secure 
 as it pursued its internal improvement and caught inspiration from 
 a wholesome rivalry. 
 
 Then came a war, for whose beginning no one has yet given 
 an adequate explanation, to shatter the dream. The security 
 was a sham security. There are those in the world who refuse 
 to abide a common beneficent law, and these are strong. The 
 banner of conquest has been unfurled, and the world has become 
 dangerous to every peaceful, democratic nation. The Attila 
 doctrine is revived that the warlike are authorized to seize the 
 possessions of the unwarlike — that a strong arm and the ability to 
 seize are the only sources of title. 
 
 Whether the upholders of this sinister principle will be 
 broken in a new battle of Chalons (which was fought A. D. 451 
 on the banks on the Marne 50 miles nearer to Paris than Verdun 
 and resulted in the death of 160,000 men in one day), or whether 
 they will sweep on to engulf both hemispheres, are questions to 
 be answered by the future. But the result is sufficiently doubtful, 
 and there is enough probability that formerly pacific nations will 
 become infected with the disease against which they have 
 struggled, to make it criminal folly for this country to assume 
 it can trust to right alone to protect it. The oceans, once broad, 
 have diminshed to ferry space. The two seaboards of the 
 Atlantic are now closer than were New York and Boston in 
 Concord days. Diabolic invention has made unassisted valor 
 valueless. Unless we hold in light esteem the principles on which 
 this country was founded and have sunk to a gross materialism 
 that will invite, if it does not justify, attack, we must prepare 
 ourselves to defend not only the soil of America but that tract 
 of spiritualities that is the true and abiding America. It is plain 
 to every man who takes trouble to think that ideas backed by 
 force are loose in the world, that must be met and checked or else 
 this republic cannot expect to endure. The antagonism between 
 Rome and Carthage was not more deadly than that which now 
 exists between the ideals of diffuse, individualistic and pacific 
 democracy and those of centralized, regimentized and militant 
 autocracy. The two systems face each other, and one or the 
 other must go. The world cannot exist half slave and half free. 
 Thus the war in Europe closely concerns us, and thus it is that 
 
we have need to lose no time in getting ready for a struggle that 
 may burst on us with the suddenness that it burst on Belgium 
 and the other peoples. 
 
 PATRICK HENRY'S PLEA FOR PREPAREDNESS 
 
 IN 1775. 
 
 If we wish to be free ; if we mean to preserve inviolate those 
 inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contend- 
 ing; if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which 
 we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged our- 
 selves never to abandon, until the glorious object of our contest 
 shall be obtained, we must fight ! I repeat it, we must fight ! An 
 appeal to arms and the God of Hosts is all that is left us. 
 
 There is no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our 
 chains are forged ! Their clanking may be heard on the plains 
 of Boston. The next breeze that sweeps from the north will 
 bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms. 
 
 Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the 
 price of chains and slavery? 
 
 I know not what course others may take ; but as for me, 
 give me liberty, or give me death. 
 
 Address before the Virginia Convention in St. John's Church, 
 Richmond, March 2, 1775. 
 
 86 
 
Famous Descendants of the Immigrants Named 
 on the Seats 
 
 ABBE. 
 General George B. McClellan, 1826-1885, was an Abbe 
 descendant through his great-grandmother, Rachel Abbe, of 
 Windham, the wife of General Samuel McClellan of the Revo- 
 lution, who led a troop of Connecticut cavalry at Bunker Hill. 
 The mother of De Witt McClellan Lockman, the well known 
 portrait painter, was also an Abbe of Windham. 
 
 FAIRFIELD. 
 Among the descendants of the Fairfield family who have 
 distinguished themselves I note the following: John Fairfield, 
 1797-1847, twice Governor of the State of Maine; Sumner Lin- 
 coln Fairfield, 1803-1844, the poet; Edmund Burke Fairfield, 
 1821, second chancellor of the University of Nebraska; William 
 Fairfield Warren, first president of Boston University, and Wes- 
 ley Weyman, the pianist. 
 
 PEASE. 
 The most distinguished descendant of the founder of Enfield, 
 Captain John Pease, 1654-1734, in the direct line was probably 
 Elisha Marshall Pease, 1812-1883. Born in Enfield, he early 
 made his way to the far West and took part with Sam Houston 
 in the revolution which freed Texas from Mexico in 1836. He 
 drafted the constitution and the laws of the new republic. After 
 Texas was admitted to the Union, Mr. Pease served for three 
 terms as Governor of the State. Henry Roberts Pease also 
 migrated to the West and became United States Senator from 
 Mississippi, while Calvin Pease went to Vermont and became 
 president of the State University. 
 
 GOODELL. 
 Among the Goodell family I note Rev. William Goodell, 
 D. D., 1792-1867, missionary to Turkey for over 40 years, who 
 preached in eight languages and translated the whole Bible into 
 Armeno-Turkish ; Henry H. Goodell, president of the Massachu- 
 setts Agricultural College, and David Harvey Goodell, Governor 
 of the State of New Hampshire. 
 
 87 
 
THE ADAMS FAMILY. 
 John Adams, who came to Plymouth on the Fortune in 
 1621, was the first of the name to set foot on these shores, but 
 the descendants of his brother Henry, who settled in Braintree 
 in 1640, have outstripped those of the first arrival, and include 
 more illustrious men in a single direct line than any other family 
 in America. Both of the immigrants are supposed to be brothers 
 of Thomas Adams, of Plymouth, in England, who was an 
 original grantee of the Massachusetts charter and assistant to 
 Governors Cradock and Winthrop. John Adams, second Presi- 
 dent of the United States, once remarked that he was more 
 proud of his "descent for 160 years from a line of virtuous, 
 independent New England farmers than from regal or noble 
 scoundrels since the flood." Agriculture seems to incline men 
 to independence of thought and action, while the modern factory 
 life seems to have almost the effect of a penitentiary upon the 
 workers. Witness the subservience of the German people since 
 Germany has become industrialized and think what the same 
 people were in the revolution of 1848, when Germany was still 
 an agricultural country, as she was in the heroic days of 1814. 
 It seems to be "back to the soil," if you would have freemen 
 instead of machines ready and apparently willing to be cannon- 
 food for the modern Attila. 
 
 UNPARALLELED RECORD OF SERVICES BY ONE 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 The public services of Samuel Adams, "The Father of the 
 American Revolution," foremost politician of his time and source 
 of all the most important measures passed by the Continental 
 Congress ; together with those of his second cousin, John Adams, 
 Minister to France from 1777 to 1782, to England 1782 to 1788. 
 and second President of the United States ; of the latter's son, 
 John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, and of 
 his grandson, Charles Francis Adams, Minister to England dur- 
 ing the Civil War — these I believe to be easily the most eminent 
 and long-continued achievements of any one family in the re- 
 corded history of this or any other nation. It was John Adams 
 who suggested George Washington for commander-in-chief of 
 the army, by this master stroke practically committing Virginia 
 to Massachusetts policy of resistance and to the cause of inde- 
 pendence. Adams retired from the Presidency after 26 years 
 
 88 
 
of uninterrupted service in a greater variety of trusts than fell 
 to the lot of any other American of his time, and he was the 
 only President who has had the satisfaction to see a son elected 
 to the Presidency. John Quincy Adams signed more commercial 
 treaties than had been negotiated since the foundation of the 
 government, and after retirement from the Presidency served 
 16 years as a Congressman. The ''Monroe Doctrine" was 
 undoubtedly originated by J. Q. Adams when Secretary of State, 
 and he was its spirited and consistent promulgator and adherent. 
 He was the chief opponent of slavery in Congress, and originated 
 the emancipation doctrine upon the authority of which President 
 Lincoln issued his proclamation. His son, Charles Francis 
 Adams, was our Minister to Great Britain throughout the Civil 
 War, and James Russell Lowell said of him that "None of our 
 generals in the field, not Grant himself, did us better or more 
 trying service than he in his forlorn outpost in London." The 
 frigid, restrained manner characteristic of the Adamses stood him 
 in good stead in that trying time, and his sturdiness and simplicity 
 strongly appealed to the English mind. This service he followed 
 up with his skillful adjustment of the Alabama claims at Geneva. 
 This unique, continuous and unparalleled service by the 
 members of a single family was not unworthily continued by 
 Charles Francis Adams 2nd, whose memoirs have recently been 
 published. He tells how both his father and grandfather were 
 so absorbed in thinking and writing on public affairs that they 
 did not care to get near to nature, whether in the woods or on 
 the water. He is most amusing when he rails against "the terrible 
 New England conscience," the dour New England Sabbath, and 
 how he longed for Monday morning! He says his forbears 
 were "by inheritance ingrained Puritans, and no Puritan by 
 nature ever was really companionable." But all the same these 
 men lived lofty lives and achieved vast results. The Adamses 
 and their kind made a new and greater England here in America 
 and developed democratic institutions in consistent harmony with 
 Magna Charta and the work of Pym and Hampden, the English 
 common law, and all the rights and privileges for which English- 
 speaking freemen have fought and bled these hundreds of 
 years. Races alien to our ideas of freedom and independence 
 because of age-long repression, with no conception of political 
 liberty and scant political talent because of lack of opportunity 
 for its exercise under autocratic rule, have gathered around the 
 
 89 
 
radiant nucleus of our revolutionary sires and threaten to engulf 
 us. It must be made clear to them that the United States was 
 an English colony, that we are still an English-speaking nation, 
 and that other nationalities have had small part in the political 
 making of this commonwealth. If they now desire to submit 
 themselves and their future to the guidance of Obrigkeit or 
 higher powers than the votes of their fellow citizens of America, 
 let them return to their feudal allegiance to Czar or Kaiser, and no 
 longer be permitted to conspire in behalf of their imperial mas- 
 ters amongst this self-ruling people. 
 
 DEMOCRACY AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 In the speech of Theodore Roosevelt, previously quoted, he 
 insists that the immigrant be required to learn English or else go 
 back to his native land. In this demand Mr. Roosevelt makes no 
 appeal to race prejudice.. His own ancestry is chiefly Dutch, 
 but he recognizes that English is the language of this country, 
 just as its founders and its institutions were of English origin. 
 The true American does not fight to preserve these precious 
 legacies because they are of English origin, but because he believes 
 in the principles they represent. No people in the world have 
 fought more valiantly for freedom than the Dutch ; so have the 
 Swiss, the French, the Italians, the Spanish and the Portuguese. 
 The Germans and the Russians have also fought for freedom, but 
 they have not yet succeeded in throwing off the yoke of dynastic 
 and feudal tyranny. It is a curious thing that only those peoples 
 who have developed democratic institutions have proved suc- 
 cessful as colonizers, and only in proportion as the colonists 
 themselves have developed democratically have the colonies be- 
 come great and powerful. So, if the German people, and not 
 merely their Hohenzollern and Junker masters, desire new places 
 in the sun, they must first develop the sunshine of democracy in 
 themselves. Colonies do not thrive on the soil of despotism. 
 
 Before leaving the Adams family, work of theirs in lighter 
 vein should be mentioned. William T. Adams, better known as 
 "Oliver Optic," whose books for boys and girls had a great popu- 
 larity a generation ago, was a descendant of Henry Adams of 
 Braintree. 
 
 90 
 
 
TERRY. 
 Among the descendants of Captain Samuel Terry, 1661-1730, 
 ! third captain of the Enfield trainband, were Major Nathaniel 
 I Terry, mentioned in the inscription on the pedestal as the ranking 
 officer of the company enlisted by Captain Abbey ; General Alfred 
 Howe Terry, 1827-1890, of the Civil War, and Rev. Roderick 
 Terry, D. D., of Newport, R. I., formerly governor of the New 
 York Society of Mayflower Descendants. 
 
 ALDEN. 
 The descendants of John Alden, "the Puritan scholar" of 
 the Mayflower, are very numerous, and include many of the chief 
 representatives of American literature and statesmanship, such 
 
 as William Cullen Bryant and Henry W^adsworth Longfellow, 
 among the poets ; Henry Mills Alden, for many years editor of 
 Harper's Magazine, and all of the distinguished line, just de- 
 scribed, that are descended from Hannah Bass Adams, who was 
 the granddaughter of John Alden and the grandmother of John 
 Adams, second President of the United States. 
 
 KIBBE. 
 
 Edward Kibbe of Boston, 1645, is said to have come from 
 
 Exeter in England. He settled at Muddy River, now Brookline. 
 
 His son, Elisha Kibbe, was baptized in the First Church in Boston 
 
 in 1645, married Rachel Cooke, of Salem, and lived to be 97. 
 
 91 
 
He was one of the first settlers of Enfield, and his youngest son, 
 Isaac Kibbe, born in 1683, was the first boy born here. 
 His daughter, Rachel Kibbe, born in 1688, lived until her 
 100th year. As already noted, she remembered the raising of 
 the second church edifice in Enfield in 1706, when "there 
 was a great frolick which lasted 3 days." She married first 
 Jonathan Bush, 1681-1746, and secondly Lieutenant John 
 Meacham. She was the grandmother of Hannah Bush, the wife 
 of Colonel Amos Alden. Her brother, Isaac Kibbe, 1683-1766, 
 was the father of Isaac Kibbe, 1731-1779, who, during the revo- 
 lution, kept the tavern which stood on the east side of Enfield 
 
 street less than a quarter mile to the north of the meeting house, 
 which he built and completed in 1775, and around which Captain 
 Abbey drummed the Lexington Alarm. Another descendant of 
 Elisha Kibbe, the pioneer settler, is the well known genealogist 
 and authority on Enfield history, James Allen Kibbe, of Ware- 
 house Point. 
 
 BUSH. 
 The most distinguished descendant of the Bush family is 
 Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, the well known sculptor. 
 
 "Under a republican form of government the individual's 
 public duty to the state is as important as his private duty to his 
 family/' 
 
 92 
 
Washington's Farewell Address 
 
 The basis of our political systems is the right of the people 
 to make and to alter their constitutions of Government ; but the 
 Constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit 
 and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon 
 all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to 
 establish Government, presupposes the duty of every individual 
 to obey the established Government. 
 
 All obstructions to the execution of its laws, all combinations 
 
 and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the 
 
 real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular 
 
 deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are destruc- 
 
 i tive to this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. 
 
 In relation to this still subsisting war in Europe (England 
 j was then leading the fight of Europe against Bonaparte, just as 
 I she is to-day leading the struggle against the German Kaiser) my 
 i proclamation of the 22nd of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. 
 
 After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights 
 I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the 
 circumstances of the case, had a right to take — and was bound 
 in duty and interest to take — a neutral position. 
 
 The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, with- 
 out anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
 impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to main- 
 tain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other 
 nations. — September 17, 1796. . 
 
 If we mean to support the liberty and independence which 
 have cost us so much blood and treasure to establish, we must 
 drive far away the demon of party spirit. — George Washington. 
 
 93 
 
The Legacy of Washington 
 
 What has Washington left behind, save the glory of a name? 
 The independent mind, the conscious pride, the ennobling principle 
 of the soul, — a nation of freemen. What did he leave? He left 
 us to ourselves. This is the sum of our liberties, the first principle 
 of government, the power of public opinion, the only permanent 
 power on earth. When did a people flourish, like the Americans? 
 Yet where, in time of peace, has more use been made of the pen, 
 or less of the sword of power? 
 
 Napoleon, the contemporary of our Washington, is fast 
 dying away from the lips of men. He who (like the German 
 Kaiser to-day) shook the whole civilized earth; who, in an age of 
 knowledge and concert among nations, held the world at bay; 
 at whose exploits the imagination becomes bewildered, who, in the 
 eve of his glory, was honored with the pathetic appellation of "the 
 last lone captive of millions in war" — even he is now known 
 only in history. The vast empire was fast tumbling to ruins 
 (like that of "Berlin to Bagdad'') while he yet held the sword. 
 He passed by and left no successor there ! The unhallowed light 
 which obscured is gone ; but brightly beams yet the name of 
 Washington ! — From "America as a Moral Force," by Cassius 
 Marcellus Clay, 1810-1903. 
 
 MORAL FORCE MORE POWERFUL THAN PHYSICAL 
 
 FORCE. 
 
 [President Wilson's speech before the New York Press Club on 
 
 June 30, 1916.] 
 
 I have not read history without observing that the greatest 
 forces in the world and the only permanent forces are the moral 
 forces. We have the evidence of a very competent witness, 
 namely, the first Napoleon, who said as he looked back in the 
 last days of his life upon so much as he knew of human history, 
 he had to record the judgment that force had never accomplished 
 anything that was permanent. 
 
 Force will not accomplish anything that is permanent, I 
 venture to say, in the great struggle which is now going on on 
 the other side of the sea. The permanent things will be accom- 
 plished afterward, when the opinion of mankind is brought to 
 bear upon the issues, and the only thing that will hold the world 
 steady is this same silent, insistent, all-powerful opinion of man- 
 kind. 
 
 94 
 
Force can sometimes hold things steady until opinion has time 
 to form, but no force that was ever exerted except in response 
 to that opinion was ever a conquering and predominant force. 
 I think the sentence in American history that I myself am proud- 
 est of is that in the introductory sentences of the Declaration of 
 Independence, where the writers say that a due respect for the 
 opinion of mankind demands that they state the reasons for what 
 they are about to do. 
 
 I venture to say that a decent respect for the opinion of 
 mankind demanded that those who started the present European 
 war should have stated their reasons, but they did not pay any 
 heed to the opinion of mankind, and the reckoning will come 
 when the settlement comes. 
 
 There are some gentlemen who are under the delusion that 
 the power of a nation comes from the top. It does not. It comes 
 from the bottom. The power and virtue of the tree does not 
 come from the blossom and the fruit down into the roots, but it 
 comes from the roots in the obscure passages of the earth where 
 the power is derived which displays itself in the blossom and the 
 fruit ; and I know that among the silent, speechless masses of the 
 American people is slowly coming up the great sap of moral 
 purpose and love of justice and reverence for humanity which 
 constitutes the only virtue and distinction of the American people. 
 
 THE COST OF FREEDOM. 
 The lowest condition is reached when absolute and despotic 
 power becomes necessary on the part of government, and indi- 
 vidual liberty extinct. So, on the contrary, just as a people rise 
 in the scale of intelligence, virtue and patriotism, and the more 
 perfectly they become acquainted with the nature of government, 
 the ends for it which was ordered, and how it ought to be admin- 
 istered, and the less the tendency to violence and disorder within 
 and danger from abroad, the power necessary for government 
 becomes less and less, and individual liberty greater and greater. 
 Liberty is the noblest and the highest reward bestowed on mental 
 and moral development. Liberty and equality are high prizes to 
 be won ; and are, in their most perfect state, not only the highest 
 reward that can be bestowed on our race, but the most difficult 
 to be won, and when won, the most difficult to be preserved. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, 1848. 
 
 95 
 
THE QUEST OF ANCESTORS 
 
 [An article by Alden Freeman published in "Town and Country," on 
 March 18, 1905, with some additional matter. John H. Flagg, author of 
 "The Monarch, and Other Poems," "Lyrics of New England," etc., wrote of 
 the original article as follows: "I was intensely interested in this genealog- 
 ical article, which approaches a classic in style, arrangement, diction and 
 general treatment."] 
 
 A true and sincere study of genealogy should lead not to 
 pride of ancestry by the picking and choosing of those forbears 
 who distinguished themselves, but rather to a democratic feeling 
 of brotherhood with all mankind; for, on going back only a few 
 generations, we will find ourselves related to nearly all the 
 inhabitants of a certain town such as Enfield or Duxbury, and 
 among our fellow descendants will find some, perhaps, in the 
 humblest walks of life; so, if pursued in the proper spirit, I be- 
 lieve genealogical studies will lead, not to inordinate pride of 
 birth, but rather to emulation of the virtues of distinguished 
 ancestors and to sympathy and helpfulness for their less fortunate 
 descendants. 
 
 In joining patriotic and ancestral societies the feature which 
 chiefly interested me was the study of particular periods of our 
 history which it necessitates. With the personal interest aroused 
 by discovering that those of our own blood took part in stirring 
 events, the drybones of history take on flesh and the lusty hues of 
 romance. In collecting the records of twenty-five ancestors for 
 the Society of Colonial Wars I covered the whole period from the 
 settlement of Jamestown to the battle of Lexington and came 
 upon adventures quite as alluring as those described by Mary 
 Johnston in "Audrey," or by Thackeray in "The Virginians," and 
 which led across the sea to Scotland, to Wales, to Holland and to 
 France, as well as to England. 
 
 THE ALDEN FAMILY. 
 
 Given the name of "Alden" tended to arouse my interest in 
 all that related to my ancestor, John Alden, "the Puritan scholar." 
 The family Bible records the descent back to Colonel Amos Alden, 
 of Enfield, my great-great-grandfather, and when I was asked to 
 join the Society of Mayflower Descendants I found no difficulty 
 in proving my descent, as Colonel Alden's name was in the 
 earliest published genealogy of the Alden family. When I say 
 
 96 
 
"no difficulty'' I do not wish it understood that there is no labor 
 attached to securing admission to the Mayflower Society. None 
 of the other ancestral societies approaches in strictness of positive 
 proof of descent to the requirements of this society. Membership 
 in it is therefore of the highest value in establishing the family 
 record and also in making it permanent. It took me two or three 
 months to secure all the documents and certificates required by 
 the genial founder, Captain Richard Henry Greene, who then 
 set me at work to establish a Mayflower Society in New Jersey. 
 
 JOHN ALDEN'S CHAIR 
 
 This chair has been for several generations in 
 the Alden family, and, according to tradition 
 in the family, belonged to John Alden, of the 
 Mayflower. Timothy Alden brought it to 
 Chautauqua, N. Y., in 1828 or 1829. 
 
 Hannah Alden, 1771-1821, was the daughter of Colonel Amos 
 Alden, 1745-1826. According to the Connecticut State Register, 
 he was in 1800 captain of the Fifth Company, First Regiment, 
 Connecticut Cavalry; major of the same, 1802-6, and lieutenant- 
 colonel of the First Regiment, in 1807. Amos Alden was de- 
 scended from Joseph Kingsbury, of Dedham, 1641, from Thomas 
 Hayward, an original proprietor and the earliest settler of Bridge- 
 water, and from John Willis, first deacon of the Bridgewater 
 church. Amos Alden's wife was Hannah Bush, who was de- 
 scended from John Bush, of the "Alexander," 1634; from Thomas 
 Lamb, of Roxbury, who came in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630; 
 from Edward Kibbe, of Boston, 1645, who married Mary Part- 
 ridge; from Henry Cooke, of Salem, 1638, who married Judith 
 Burdsell in 1639, and from Richard French, 1674-1757, of Enfield. 
 
 97 
 
The preparation of the papers required to join any of the 
 patriotic societies opens up vistas of interesting ancestral person- 
 ages. In the Duxbury military company I found marching with 
 John Alden in 1643 his son Joseph ; John Willis, first representa- 
 tive of Bridgewater in the general court of Plymouth colony and 
 her deputy for twenty-five years; Moses Simmons, of the "For- 
 tune," 1621 ; John Harding, 1586-1669, deputy to the general 
 court, and Thomas Hayward, who came first in the "William 
 and Francis," 1632, and secondly in the "Hercules," 1635. Like 
 John Willis, the latter was an original proprietor of Bridgewater. 
 To each of these members of the Duxbury trainband I traced 
 descent. In the same year John Dunham, 1588-1669, representa- 
 tive of Plymouth, 1639 to 1664; James Adams, of Marshfield, son 
 of John, who came in the "Fortune," 1621 ; Thomas Harvey, 
 1617-1651, of Taunton, and William Vassall, 1592-1655, of Scit- 
 uate, marched side by side, and to each I likewise traced descent. 
 
 Probably it never occurred to any of these ten men of 
 sturdy English descent that the blood which they then risked in 
 defence of Plymouth colony would be mingled in the veins of 
 joint descendants of them all two centuries and a half later, with 
 the blood of Huguenot Frenchmen, canny Scotsmen and stolid 
 Dutchmen, which, with still other strains, go to make up the con- 
 glomerate known as an American. 
 
 THE VASSALL FAMILY. 
 The family of Vassall particularly interested me. In their 
 annals will be found a fruitful field for the historical novelist. 
 They were an ancient Catholic family of Normandy, which in- 
 cluded two cardinals and a marshal of France; but Jean Vassall 
 became a Huguenot and fled into England a few years before the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew. He was one of the ancestors 
 through whom I established my claim to membership in the 
 Huguenot Society, which flourishes under the fostering care of its 
 long-time secretary, Mrs. James M. Lawton, the daughter of 
 General Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. At his own 
 cost this John Vassall fitted out and commanded two ships of war 
 against the Spanish Armada. Later he became a member of the 
 Virginia Company, which made the settlement at Jamestown in 
 1607. While in London in 1900 I one day went down to Stepney 
 and visited the ancient parish church of St. Dunstan's, where I 
 saw the record of John Vassall's death "of the plague," September 
 13, 1625. 
 
 98 
 
ELIZABETH V ASS ALL, LADY HOLLAND. 
 
 Among the descendants of John Vassall, both in America 
 and England, easily the most celebrated was Elizabeth Vassall, 
 already mentioned, who married, as her second husband. Henry 
 Richard Vassall-Fox, third Baron Holland. Both of her hus- 
 bands, by the provisions of her grandfather's will, were required 
 to assume the surname of Vassall. The family of her first hus- 
 band, Sir Godfrey Vassall-Webster, Bart., owned Battle Abbey 
 from 1719 to 1849, and in 1901 it was restored to the family as 
 the property of her descendant, Sir Arthur Webster. 
 
 Lord Holland was the nephew of the great statesman, Charles 
 James Fox. While making the grand tour, and only twenty, he 
 
 wS « 
 
 HOLLAND HOUSE 
 
 The first of the great historic houses of England which was restored 
 
 and embellished by the heiress to an American fortune. 
 
 met in Florence the beautiful Lady Vassall-Webster, aged twenty- 
 three, and then began the love which ended only with his life. 
 By act of Parliament the first marriage of Elizabeth Vassall was 
 dissolved and she became the wife of Lord Holland. Together 
 they set out upon a career of political and social success un- 
 equaled before or since in English life. Lady Holland was a 
 remarkable woman. Brilliant, witty, with a queenly grace of 
 manner, she was also well informed, possessed of wonderful tact 
 and, above all, gifted with common sense ; an ardent horticulturist, 
 she planned gardens and introduced the dahlia into England; as 
 
 99 
 
warm a heart as ever beat, she never deserted a friend. She 
 established the only true salon ever known in England, and there 
 the great Whig party came into power. To comprehend the 
 charm, distinction and power of the gatherings at Lady Holland's 
 home one must read Macaulay's essay on Lord Holland, which 
 shows more human feeling and affection than anything else from 
 the great historian's pen; or, if you would pursue the subject 
 further, read "The Holland House Circle," by Lloyd Saunders. 
 It has been said that from 1750 to 1850 the history of Holland 
 House was the history of England. 
 
 ELIZABETH VASSALL, LADY HOLLAND 
 
 From the portrait by Fagan 
 
 Lady Holland was the friend of Madame de Stael, Georgiana 
 Duchess of Devonshire, Talleyrand, Metternich, "Junius," Byron, 
 Moore, Sheridan, Brougham, Walpole, Canova, Wilkie, Macaulay 
 and Sidney Smith; in fact, of all the great men of her time, to 
 mention only a few of the celebrities who met at her hospitable 
 board. She took pity on the imperial bandit who ravaged Europe 
 a century ago and cheered his captivity, both at Elba and at St. 
 Helena. 
 
 100 
 
CAESARISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY. 
 
 History repeats itself again and again. The imperator of 
 the twentieth century is only a harder, more brutal and more 
 efficient Caesar than his Roman prototypes, not lacking even the 
 play-actor traits and artistic yearnings of Nero. Nietzsche's 
 "Power to Will," as promulgated through Treitschke and Bern- 
 hardi and other German writers, incites to a ruthlessness and an 
 unscrupulousness in the pursuit of power that halts at no enormity, 
 and which, if unchecked, forecasts a repetition of the Dark Ages 
 which succeeded the sway of the imperial madmen of Rome, and 
 during which the waging of war became the only permanent busi- 
 ness of mankind. 
 
 The twentieth century Caesar has transformed whole nations 
 into one vast Praetorian Guard. The obedient millions of Central 
 Europe have bartered their liberties and .all freedom of speech 
 and action for a mess of pottage, for panem et cir censes, as in 
 Roman days. Their master feeds and clothes and houses his 
 submissive serfs, including the fawning professors of his universi- 
 ties, in the most efficient, scientific and economical manner. 
 Caesar has become sacrosanct and infallible. He has spread his 
 network of espionage over the whole earth. His agents voice his 
 will in the parliaments and legislatures of every land. His Machia- 
 vellian hand is seen even in the cabinets of nations with which 
 he is at war. His Dionysian ear is like the dictograph and under 
 every rooftree. He natters the blind, driven cattle of his own 
 land and tells them they shall inherit the earth. One simple- 
 minded Teuton wrote me that he had discovered "why all the 
 world hates the Germans." "The rest of the world is jealous of 
 us," he declares, "because we are more intelligent, better educated 
 and more moral than any other people, and therefore better fitted 
 to govern the rest of the world than any other nation." 
 
 Thk Lusitania, May 7, 1915. 
 
 Not all the seven oceans 
 
 Shall wash away the stain ; 
 Upon a brow that wears a crown 
 
 I am the brand of Cain. 
 
 Toyce Kilmer. 
 
 101 
 
GERMANY IN TIMES PAST. 
 What has become of the Germany that all the world loved 
 and respected ; the Germany of Huss and Luther, of Leibnitz and 
 Kant, of Goethe and Schiller, of Beethoven and Mozart; the 
 Germany of Andreas Hofer and Kossuth, of Carl Schurz and 
 Franz Sigel, of Heine and Wagner? Where is the old-time 
 respect for art, the old-time defiance of tyrants, the former love 
 of liberty? I cannot believe that the people who have produced 
 leaders in every field of thought and action, mighty champions of 
 freedom, are so entirely changed, so basely degenerated as their 
 warlord would have us to think, but only throttled and gagged, 
 
 NAPOLEON'S 
 SNUFF BOX 
 
 Bequeathed by him to Elizabeth 
 Vassall-Fox, Lady Holland. 
 Now in the British Museum 
 
 and will ere long destroy the military Frankenstein which now 
 enthralls them and once more show themselves to be freemen 
 and brothers to the rest of mankind in the age-long struggle for 
 liberty, worthy descendants of the Germans who threw off the 
 yoke of Napoleon in 1814 and kinsmen of the revolutionists- of 
 1848. One lone voice has been raised in protest in the German 
 Reichstag, that of a man worthy to be president of the United 
 States of Central Europe. I refer, of course, to Karl Liebnecht, 
 who, in consequence of his courage and independence, now lan- 
 guishes in a German prison. 
 
 "Man is not the mere creature of the state. Man is older 
 than nations, and he is to survive nations. All nations are bound 
 
 102 
 
to respect the rights of every human being." — William Ellery 
 Channing. 
 
 At this time to understand Lady Holland, an Englishwoman's 
 kindness to Napoleon, it is necessary to recall that the French 
 emperor, brigand though he was, was not charged with systematic 
 inhumanity; that he conducted his campaigns in accord with the 
 accepted law of nations ; that he did not make war on women 
 and children nor on unarmed men. At his death Napoleon sent to 
 Lady Holland by the hands of his faithful friends, Counts Bert- 
 rand and Montholon, "as token of gratitude and esteem," the gold 
 snuffbox presented to him at Tolentino in February, 1797, by 
 Pope Pius VI. 
 
 ROMANCE IN THE MORGAN FAMILY. 
 
 In King Philip's war I found Nathaniel Hayward, son of 
 Thomas Hayward, of Bridgewater, already mentioned; John 
 Shaw, son of Abraham Shaw, of Dedham, 1637; John Whit- 
 marsh, son of John Whitmarsh, who arrived with Hall's party 
 from Weymouth, England, in 1635, and also Thomas Abbey and 
 Miles Morgan, the hero of Springfield. The story that John Alden 
 fell in love with Priscilla Molines while the "Mayflower" lay at 
 Southampton finds its duplicate in the tale of young Miles 
 Morgan, who, wandering in January, 1636, on the wharves at 
 Bristol, beheld the fair Prudence Gilbert, about to sail with her 
 parents for America, and thereupon hastily determined to embark 
 in the same ship. On landing in Boston Miles joined the explor- 
 ing party of Colonel William Pynchon, which located the town of 
 Springfield. Although the only pioneer admitted who was less 
 than twenty-one years of age, he soon became second in command. 
 No sooner had the youth received his allotment of land than he 
 started back on foot with an Indian guide to Beverly, where the 
 Gilbert family had settled. There he and Prudence were married. 
 He brought her back, also on foot, with the Indian and a horse 
 purchased in Beverly, both laden with the bride's household goods, 
 and going before, while Captain Morgan, following with his 
 matchlock and with his bride by his side, made his way through 
 the trackless forest to their new home in the wilderness. Here 
 are a courtship and marriage as romantic as those of John Alden 
 and Priscilla, waiting for a Longfellow to enshrine them in verse. 
 This story is gleaned from "The Family of Morgan," by the 
 eminent Shakespearean scholar, Dr. Appleton Morgan. 
 
 103 
 
Mr. Morgan tells an interesting tale of Miles Morgan's 
 grandfather, Sir William Morgan, of Tredegar in Wales, where 
 he entertained Charles I. for two days in July, 1645, a month after 
 the king's decisive defeat at Naseby. Four generations further 
 back in this line we find Thomas Morgan of Machen serving as 
 esquire of the body to the first of the Tudor kings, Henry VII., 
 and Mr. Morgan carries this Welsh lineage to the Tudor family 
 itself, also to the great Cadwallader and other British and Welsh 
 kings of the seventh century. From Thomas Morgan of Machen 
 the line is traced down to Sir Henry Morgan, the famous buc- 
 caneer who ravaged the Spanish Main, capturing entire Spanish 
 squadrons and holding up large cities for ransom. Old Panama 
 he sacked and destroyed in 1671, but it was so substantially built 
 that after nearly 250 years its ruins are still impressive. Not- 
 withstanding his cruelty and looting, James II. knighted him and 
 made him governor of Jamaica on account of the damage he 
 had inflicted on England's Spanish foes. He left no descendants. 
 In this tercentenary of Shakespeare it is interesting to note a 
 bequest by a Morgan widow in the seventeenth year of Henry 
 VIII. (1526) to her curate, Sir Thomas Schaftespere, said to be 
 an ancestor of the great William. 
 
 Among the members of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery 
 Company of Boston I found, in the year 1644, Robert Crosman, 
 who settled in Taunton in 1645, and in 1661, Captain John Pease, 
 whose son, likewise Captain lohn Pease, was the founder of 
 Enfield. 
 
 ALLEN'S UNIQUE "HISTORY OF ENFIELD." 
 
 Through the generosity of Francis Olcott Allen, Enfield 
 possesses the most complete historic record of any town in this 
 country, published in three volumes of a thousand pages each, in 
 which I have been able to see how my maternal ancestors lived 
 and moved and had their being, as in a looking-glass. Here I 
 read of Samuel Terry, third captain of the town's militia and 
 deputy to the general court of Massachusetts before the boun- 
 daries were so altered in 1750 that Enfield became a part of 
 Connecticut ; and of the long line of warlike Abbeys, beginning 
 with John, who came in the "Bonaventure'' and settled in Salem 
 in 1636; his son Thomas, who settled in Enfield after King Philip's 
 war; his grandson, Lieutenant Thomas Abbey, and his great- 
 grandson, Thomas Abbey, ensign and lieutenant in the French 
 
 104 
 
and Indian wars, and afterward captain in the revolution, whose 
 service I was invited to represent in the Society of the Cincinnati. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 
 The Continental officers, indignant at a Congress which 
 failed to make provision for disabled officers and for the widows 
 and orphans of deceased soldiers, resolved to undertake their 
 relief by starting a fund to which each should contribute one 
 month's pay. Their society was founded on May 13, 1783, at 
 the Verplanck house, still standing on the banks of the Hudson 
 at Fishkill, New York. At that time the already venerable 
 mansion of the Verplanck family was the headquarters of Baron 
 
 Y - 
 
 
 •■■ 
 
 The Order of the Society of the Cincinnati, designed by Major L'Enfant the French 
 engineer, who made the plan of the city of Washington. 
 
 Steuben, who organized the society with the co-operation of 
 General Knox, Alexander Hamilton, General Lafayette and other 
 officers of the Revolution. They chose George Washington for 
 the first president of the society. 
 
 After the lapse of 133 years it is interesting to recall that 
 at the time of its founding the Society of the Cincinnati was 
 regarded with suspicion as the entering wedge of returning 
 despotism, that many feared it might result in the establishment 
 in America of an hereditary aristocracy and that even monarchy 
 itself might, through its malign influence, be restored. Out of 
 this opposition to the Society of the Cincinnati, which was so 
 serious and so active that Washington and his advisers at one 
 
 105 
 
time contemplated the abandonment of the project altogether, 
 there developed the most powerful organization in municipal 
 politics that this country has ever known. It appears to be un- 
 questioned that the Society of Tammany was organized in New 
 York City to protect democratic institutions from the supposed 
 menace of the Society of the Cincinnati. 
 
 THE HARVEY FAMILY. 
 Another line which interested me was the Harvey family. 
 "The Harvey Book," by Oscar J. Harvey, of Wilkesbarre, Pa., 
 is a model for genealogists. From it I learned of Turner Harvey, 
 the favorite longbowman and archer of Henry VIII., and his son, 
 William Harvey, who managed to retain his office in the College 
 
 MOUNT GULIAN 
 Homestead of the Verplanck Family at Fishkill-orvthe-Hudson, in which the Society 
 of the Cincinnati was organized, May 13, 1783. 
 
 of Heralds during a period of thirty years, through all the dis- 
 turbances of four Tudor reigns, when the state religion was 
 alternately Protestant and Catholic. Henry VIII. made him 
 Somerset herald, and he represented Edward VI. "in the King's- 
 coat" at the funeral of Queen Katherine Parr. King Henry sent 
 him on official visits to the court of Denmark, to Emperor Charles 
 V. and to Maurice, Duke of Saxony. Edward VI. made him 
 Norroy King of Arms, and seven times sent this trained and 
 typical diplomatist on embassies to Germany. It was he whom 
 Queen Mary sent June 7, 1557, to declare war against France, 
 when urged thereto by her husband, Philip II., and she created 
 
 106 
 
him Clarenceux King of Arms, which office he retained under 
 Elizabeth until his death. Most of these particulars I gathered at 
 the College of Heralds in London, from "A History of the College 
 of Arms," published in 1805. William Harvey seems to have 
 been of a choleric temper, but "his abilities were considerable. ' 
 He was free of the Skinners' Company (furriers' guild), and "in 
 1561 he gave both a crest and supporters to their arms." In the 
 Public Record Office, close to the law courts in the Strand, I 
 found grants of arms to various families signed by him, one 
 of which, dated 1559, I had copied, as it contained, in the illumi- 
 
 WILLIAM HARVEY 
 1553 
 
 From Thane's "Portraits and 
 
 Autographs of Royal and 
 
 Illustrious Personages." 
 
 
 ltj^^8waW 
 
 nated initial letter, a portrait of my ancestor dressed in his 
 herald's coat, or tabard, of arms. These grants all begin: 
 "To all and singular, etc." It is little incidents like this that make 
 the genealogical question so beguiling. 
 
 William Harvey, brother of Turner Harvey, the longbowman 
 of Henry VIII., who was so strong that after his death no one 
 was able to draw his bow, had a famous grandson in Dr. William 
 Harvey, 1578-1657, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. 
 He left no descendants, but there is a fine statue of him at his 
 birthplace, Folkestone, on the Kentish coast. Like his second 
 cousin, William Harvey, the diplomatist, he was intimately con- 
 
 107 
 
nected with the court, and was physician to James I. and Charles I. 
 He frequently prosecuted his anatomical experiments in the pres- 
 ence of the latter king, whose fortunes he followed during the 
 civil war, being present at the battle of Edgehill, and retiring 
 with him to Oxford. It was in 1619, while physician to St. 
 Bartholomew's hospital in London, that he made his great dis- 
 covery. His adherence to the royal cause cost him this position in 
 1644, but he continued to lecture at the College of Physicians, 
 
 STATUE OF DR. WILLIAM HARVEY 
 
 in Folkestone, England 
 The discoverer of the circulation of the blood 
 
 where, in 1652, he had the rare honor of seeing his own statue 
 placed in the college hall. He enjoyed the intimacy of the king, 
 of Sir Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Dryden, Cowley and other persons 
 of note, and lived to be considered the first anatomist and physi- 
 cian of his time, and to see his discoveries universally acknowl- 
 edged. 
 
 Other parts of the original article in 'Town and Country," entitled "The Quest 
 of Ancestors," will be found in the following sketch of the Freeman family as well 
 as in preceding sections of this pamphlet. 
 
 108 
 
The Freemans of Woodbridge, New Jersey 
 
 Through the efforts of Daniel Freeman, of Los Angeles, 
 California, the Freeman family, of Woodbridge, has been traced 
 back in England to the reign of Henry VI., when John Freeman 
 lived in Bentley, Northamptonshire, in 1442. Of my father's 
 family the immigrant ancestor was Judge Henry Freeman, of_ 
 Woodbridge, whose sister Elizabeth married John Ford and 
 settled in Morristown. Her son, Colonel Jacob Ford, Sr., about 
 1773 built the house now known as " Washington's Headquar- 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 -v-.-V... ■ . ■ :i X. 
 
 
 WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT MORRISTOWN, N. J. 
 
 The mother of Col. Jacob Ford, senior, who built the house, was Elizabeth Freeman, 
 of Woodbridge, N. J. This roof sheltered more of the heroes of the Revolution than 
 any other in America. 
 
 ters," in that town, and her grandson, Colonel Jacob Ford, Jr., 
 about 1768, built the stone house at Mount Hope, N. J. 
 
 It was in the house at Mount Hope that Elizabeth Freeman 
 spent, the last four years of her life, dying there April 21, 1772. 
 aged 91 years and 1 month. Her great-grandson, Judge Gabriel 
 H. Ford, kept a diary. Shortly before his death, in his eighty-fifth 
 year, under date of June 21, 1849, he wrote that he was seven 
 years old at the time of the death of his great-grandmother, 
 ''whose short stature and slender, bent person I clearly recall, 
 having lived in the same house with her." From her, he says, 
 
 109 
 
t 
 
 the Ford family learned that her father fled from England to 
 avoid persecution. This confirms the tradition of the Freeman 
 family that he was a Quaker. According to the census record of 
 i%1772, Elizabeth Freeman "came into Philadelphia when there was 
 but one house in it, and into this province (East Jersey), when 
 she was but one year and a half old." Judge Ford says that 
 "while landing his goods her father fell from a plank into the 
 Delaware river and was drowned between the ship and the shore, 
 leaving a family of young children in the wilderness." The 
 Freemans of Woodbridge made their advent in America with 
 this dire misfortune in 1682, the same year in which William 
 Penn made his first voyage to America, and close to the same date. 
 
 STONE MANSION AT MOUNT HOPE, N. J. 
 
 Built by the Ford family before they erected the house in Morristown known as 
 Washington's Headquarters. Here is the Elizabeth Mine, named for Elizabeth Free* 
 man, of Woodbridge, which supplied the iron for the cannon and cannon-balls used 
 by Washington's army. 
 
 These facts are taken from "The Record" for March, 1880, pub- 
 lished by the First Presbyterian Church of Morristown, of which 
 Judge Ford's grandfather, Rev. Timothy Johnes, was pastor from 
 1743 to 1794, covering the whole revolutionary period. He is 
 said to have administered communion to Washington. His daugh- 
 ter, Theodosia Ford, widowed early in 1777 with five young 
 children, offered to Washington the hospitality of her home, and 
 he made it his headquarters from December 1, 1779, to June, 
 
 110 
 
1. 80. Among those who met at the Ford house at this period 
 were Hamilton, Schuyler, Stirling, Greene, Knox, Harry Lee, 
 John Stark, Israel Putnam, Anthony Wayne, Benedict Arnold, 
 Steuben, Duportail, Pulaski, De Kalb, Kosciusko and Lafayette. 
 
 THE FREEMAN IMMIGRANT ANCESTOR. 
 Judge Freeman was sturdy in his assertion of the rights of 
 the colonists against the encroachments of the royal governors, 
 who, nevertheless, recognized his worth by long-continued ap- 
 pointment, as one of the six judges of the court of common pleas 
 of Middlesex county. He lived considerably past ninety years, 
 and was buried in 1763 in the Presbyterian churchyard at Wood- 
 bridge, where his tombstone stands amidst the graves of several 
 generations of his descendants. 
 
 TOMBSTONES OF JUDGE HENRY FREEMAN 
 
 and HIS WIFE, ELIZABETH BONUE 
 
 Presbyterian Churchyard, Wookbridge, New Jersey 
 
 The inscription on this tombstone of Henry Freeman the 
 Immigrant, stating that he died October 10, 1763, in the 94th 
 year of his age, does not agree with the statement in Daniel 
 Freeman's "Genealogy" that he was born August 7, 1672. This 
 birth date Mr. Freeman copied from St. Sepulchre's Records in 
 London, England, where he also found the birth date, July 12, 
 1670, of his own ancestor, Edward Freeman, brother of Henry 
 and Elizabeth. Perhaps some future student of family history 
 will clear up this discrepancy. 
 
 ill 
 
Daniel Freeman gives the birth date of Joseph Freeman (who 
 was drowned in the Delaware River in 1682) as October 2, 1639, 
 and his marriage to Elizabeth Gosse (born 1636) on March 14, 
 1666, in the parish of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, London. He 
 carries the line back to William Freeman (father of Joseph), who 
 was baptized January 14, 1592, at St. Mary at Hill; married 
 Mary Orell November 3, 1638, and died at Betchworth in Surrey 
 May 27, 1657 ; to William's father, Martyn Freeman, also of 
 Betchworth, who married Elizabeth Lawrence, daughter of 
 Matthew Lawrence, and grand-daughter of Sir Oliver Lawrence, 
 Knight, who quartered his arms with those of the Washington 
 family ; to Martyn's father, Edward Freeman, who married Eliza- 
 beth Maush; to Edward's father, Henry Freeman, of Wallgrave, 
 Northhamptonshire, who married Mary Wintershall ; to Henry's 
 father, Lawrence Freeman, who lived at Bentley and Wallgrave 
 in the reign of Richard II. and married Anne Frebodye, daughter 
 of Thomas Frebodye, of Northamptonshire ; and, finally, to Law- 
 rence's father, John Freeman, mentioned above as living in 
 Henry VI. 's time. Under date of November 27, 1662, Evelyn 
 writes in his Diary : "Dined with old Sir Ralph Freeman, Master 
 of the Mint." This was the eldest son of Martyn Freeman. Mr. 
 Freeman relates many interesting incidents of family history and 
 his book is beautifully illustrated in colors with the armorial 
 bearings of the Isham family (the first John Freeman's wife 
 being of that lineage) and those of the Frebodye, Wintershall, 
 Lawrence and Washington families, as well as the variations and 
 quarterings used by different members of the Freeman family. 
 He also includes a still older brother of Edward, Henry and 
 Elizabeth, named John Freeman, born in 1669,. and married at 
 St. Botolph's in London on October 3, 1693, to Mrs. Mary 
 Dockra, of St. Helen's Parish. This John Freeman appears to 
 have been in America at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1710, but subse- 
 quently returned to England, where his second marriage in St. 
 Paul's Cathedral is recorded on January 14, 1743, to Hester 
 Coleman. 
 
 In our home in East Orange we have an interesting 
 souvenir of Judge Henry Freeman in his beautiful mahogany hall 
 clock, which marks the hours to-day as deliberately and cheerily 
 as it did in his lifetime. Above the dial is a painting on brass of 
 a sea-fight in which the conquering frigate flies the Union Jack of 
 Great Britain, while the other man-of-war shows the white flag 
 
 112 
 
HENRY FREEMAN'S CLOCK 
 Two Hundred Years Old 
 
 : 
 
 TOMBSTONES OF HENRY FREEMAN, 2nd, 1717-1784 
 
 and of the wife of Henry Freeman 3rd, who was the mother of Lieutenant 
 
 Edgar Freeman, U. S. Navy. Presbyterian Churchyard, Woodbridge. 
 
of surrender. Engraved on a brass plate attached to the face of 
 the dial is the name "Moses Ogden," presumably the maker of 
 this venerable time-piece, which has been passed down through 
 seven generations of Henry Freeman's descendants. 
 
 Henry Freeman, 1717-1784, son of Judge Freeman, married 
 Mary Read, whose brother, Rev. Israel Read, was graduated in 
 the first class from Princeton College in 1748, with Richard 
 Stockton, signer of the Declaration of Independence. Israel Read 
 was the first regularly installed pastor of the Presbyterian church 
 at Bound Brook; subsequently was in charge of the church at 
 New Brunswick, and for over thirty years was a trustee of 
 Princeton College. 
 
 n*«i 
 
 L 
 
 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF WOODBRIDGE, N. J. 
 Built by Joel Freeman in 1803. Replaced the first church erected in 1675. The 
 original large shingks and hand^wrought nails may still be seen on the outer walls. 
 During 240 years this congregation has worshipped in only the two structures. 
 
 114 
 
The next in line, Israel Freeman, named for his uncle, Rev. 
 Israel Read, was born in 1742, and became a soldier in the 
 revolution. He married Louisa Miller and settled at Pray Hill, 
 near Richfield Springs, N. Y. We have a graceful pair of sugar- 
 tongs which belonged to the wife of Israel Freeman, marked with 
 her initials, '%. M." 
 
 Israel Freeman's son, Joel Freeman, 1770-1835, in 1803 built 
 the Presbyterian church still standing in Woodbridge. This was 
 during the fifty-two-year pastorate of Rev. Azel Roe, the patriot 
 preacher who was confined in the Sugar House prison in New 
 York during the revolution. 
 
 In the year 1800 Joel Freeman built the Freeman homestead, 
 which also remains to this day. The adjoining home was that 
 of the Harriott family, who then spelled the name Herriott, and 
 whose tombstones likewise adjoin those of the Freeman family in 
 the Presbyterian churchyard. The Harriotts are descendants of 
 the family which gave Heriot's Hospital to Edinburgh in Scotland. 
 Their ancestor was the brother of George Heriot, the philan- 
 thropic goldsmith of James I., a familiar character to all readers 
 of Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel." This good man left no children, 
 and in memory of his wife, Alison Primrose, of the family of 
 the earls of Roseberry, founded the famous school for the free 
 education and up-bringing of Edinburgh youth. In Walter Scott's 
 time the fund had increased to the extent that it then provided 
 for 130 boys annually. He declared that "George Heriot left the 
 most magnificent proofs of his benevolence and charity that the 
 capital of Scotland has to display." 
 
 April 2, 1801, Joel Freeman married Nancy McMinn, daugh- 
 ter of Alexander McMinn, who came from the Isle of Whithorn, 
 in Scotland, in 1774. I have his inventory of the books which he 
 brought with him to America, dated New York, July 20, 1774; 
 also a few of the volumes listed and a statement written on parch- 
 ment, dated October 20, 1750, and signed by the town clerk of 
 Irvine, in Scotland, declaring that William McMind (father of 
 Alexander McMinn), merchant of Montserrat, in the West Indies, 
 was on that day "Admitted and received Burgess and Gild Brother 
 of the said Burgh, and the whole privileges, Libertys and Im- 
 munitys thereof were Conferred upon him, in ample form, who 
 gave his Oath of fidelity as the Custom is." Two years after his 
 arrival in America Alexander McMinn was married to Rachel 
 Campbell on May 5, 1776, by Rev. Azel Roe. She was the 
 
 115 
 
daughter of Dugald Campbell, a revolutionary soldier and son 
 of Neil Campbell, whose father, John Campbell, 1659-1731, lies 
 under the oldest tombstone in the graveyard at Metuchen, N. J. 
 John's father, John Campbell, was one of the earliest proprietors 
 of East Jersey and a member of the Assembly in 1686. His daugh- 
 ter Ann married John Stevens, and from this union are descended 
 the Stevens family of Castle Point, N. J. John Campbell came 
 from Scotland not only to look after his own holdings, but also 
 those of the Earl of Perth, for whom the town of Perth Amboy 
 was named. 
 
 OLD FREEMAN FURNITURE. 
 When Rachel Campbell, the widow of A 1 exander McMinn, 
 moved from the home of her brother, Neil Campbell, in Metuchen 
 to live with her daughter, Nancy McMinn, the wife of Joel 
 Freeman, in the house which he built in 1800, she brought with 
 her two handsome mahogany chests of drawers with cupboards 
 above. These have made only one other move since, of less than 
 20 miles, to our home in East Orange, where they are prized 
 along with several other pieces of furniture with which Joel 
 
 JOEL FREEMAN'S 
 WRITING DESK 
 
 Built by himself 
 
 Freeman and his wife set up housekeeping in their new home. 
 These include a maple writing desk built by Joel Freeman himself, 
 a plain mahogany parlor table with leaves, two round maple tables, 
 one large and one small ; seven painted rush-bottom chairs, two 
 cane-seated chairs, three straight-backed chairs, a set of five 
 spindle-backed chairs with three rocking chairs to match, the 
 
 116 
 
X 
 
 ^ 
 
 \' 
 
 Bust by ENID YANDELL, Sculptor 
 
 and reduced signature of Joel Francis Freeman, 1836' 
 1810. A sketch of his life will be found in volume XV 
 of the National Cyclopedia of American Biogrophy, 
 pages 276 and 277. 
 
 117 
 
brass andirons used in the parlor and the brass and steel andirons 
 used in the big fireplace in the dining room. The mahogany 
 table with elaborately carved legs belonged to Lieutenant Edgar 
 Freeman, 1789-1871. His line of the family became extinct when 
 his daughter, Gertrude Freeman, died in 1914. In her will she 
 bequeathed to me her father's miniature and the tea service of 
 Sheffield plate presented to him by his brother officers when he 
 retired from the navy in 1828. A sketch of his life will be 
 found on page 119. I make mention of these venerable household 
 effects for the reason that I am now the only person living who 
 knows the history of the old pieces. I wish the record of them 
 preserved and I know of no better way to preserve it than to 
 print it in this little volume. 
 
 FRANCES MARIA ABBEY 
 
 Widow of Joel Francis Freeman and donor of the Abbey 
 Memorial. From the statuette by Enid Yandell, sculptor. 
 The donor and all of her four children were born in the 
 Western Reserve of Connecticut in Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Alexander Freeman, 1807-1839, son of Joel Freeman, mar- 
 ried Hannah Maria Low, a member of the Dutch family on whose 
 land Vassar College now stands, and a descendant of the Mott, 
 Fort and Pell families. These were the parents of Joel Francis 
 Freeman, 1836-1910, of East Orange, N. J., who married Frances 
 Maria Abbey, daughter of Judge Seth Alden Abbey, and donor 
 of the Abbey Memorial in Enfield. 
 
 118 
 
Lieutenant Edgar Freeman, U* S, N, 
 
 Lieutenant Edgar Freeman, 1789-1871, son of Israel Free- 
 man's youngest brother, Henry Freeman, 3d, had an eventful 
 career. In 1811, when twenty-two, he entered the United States 
 Navy as a midshipman. The same year he was assigned to the 
 "Hornet," under command of the famous Captain Lawrence. 
 The following year he was transferred to the "Nautilus," which 
 was the first American man-of-war captured by the British in 
 the war of 1812. After a long chase by a squadron of four 
 
 LIEUT. EDGAR FREEMAN, U. S. N. 
 
 Who received a vote of thanks from Congress for heroism in the shipwreck of the 
 "Chippewa." From the miniature by Frank Potter. 
 
 frigates and a ship of the line, the "Nautilus" was taken on July 
 16, 1812. Midshipman Freeman was made a prisoner of war and 
 taken with the others to Halifax, but all were soon exchanged. 
 He was then ordered to join Commodore Chauncey at Sackett's 
 Harbor, N. Y., with a draft of men. In passing through the 
 Highlands of the Hudson the vessel was struck by a squall and 
 capsized, all hands being thrown overboard except five in the 
 
 119 
 
forecastle, who were drowned. The inquest was held in New- 
 burgh, and young Freeman then proceeded to Sackett's Harbor 
 with the balance of the draft. He took part in the capture of 
 Little York (now Toronto), and was in other engagements on 
 Lake Ontario until the end of the war. 
 
 Among his mates while a midshipman was a lad of distin- 
 guished Spanish ancestry, whose father, like Lafayette, had 
 volunteered in the cause of American independence, and is said to 
 have saved the life of Washington at the battle of Cowpens. 
 The boy was twelve years younger than Midshipman Freeman, 
 who used to write his letters home for him. This lad became the 
 celebrated Admiral Farragut of the Civil War, of whom Joseph 
 H. Choate said at the unveiling of his statue by St. Gaudens in 
 Madison Square, New York, that "it was reserved for Farragut, 
 as he was bearing down upon the death-dealing batteries of the 
 rebels at Mobile, to hoist nothing less than himself into the rigging 
 of his flagship, as the living signal of duty done, that the world 
 might see that what England had only expected America had 
 fully realized, and that eve'ry man, from the rear-admiral down, 
 was faithful. Farragut learned from his cradle that the first and 
 last duty of an American is to his country; that to live for her 
 is honor, and to die for her is glory." 
 
 I have a manuscript of Lieutenant Freeman in which he 
 narrates the chief events of his naval career. He particularly 
 describes the cruise of the "Independence" in the Mediterranean 
 after the war of 1812. At Genoa Commodore Bainbridge and the 
 other officers entertained Lord Byron, who showed much gratifi- 
 cation on finding many copies of his poems in the ship's cabin. 
 At Malaga they were "most sumptuously entertained by our most 
 worthy consul, Mr. Kirkpatrick, his amiable lady and two accom- 
 plished daughters, one of them now the mother of Eugenie, the 
 present Empress of France." I have also his commission as 
 lieutenant, received while master of the frigate "Congress." It 
 is signed by President Monroe and dated March 5, 1817. 
 
 When the "Chippewa" was wrecked on a sunken rock in the 
 Coy cos Islands, in the Bahamas, in 1817, Lieutenant Freeman, 
 in the darkness of night, safely landed all his crew on a desert 
 island, three miles to the south. They were without food or water. 
 Commodore Reed proposed that the lieutenant return for pro- 
 visions, if he could get men to volunteer. He could get but five to 
 go. They boarded the wreck in a fearful sea and secured sufficient 
 
 120 
 
food and water to keep all alive until they were rescued and taken 
 to Turk's Island. In this undertaking Lieutenant Freeman was 
 so severely injured that he had to remain for three months with 
 the governor of the island before he was sufficiently recovered to 
 be removed. For the injuries received and meritorious conduct 
 he received a vote of thanks from Congress and a pension for life. 
 
 His next service was on the "Saranac," sent to break up the 
 slave trade. Seven slavers were captured. After this the "Sara- 
 nac" touched at Fernandina, then a piratical rendezvous, captured 
 the fort with the assistance of Colonel Bankhard's troops from 
 Point Piter, up the St. Mary's river, and left the colonel in charge. 
 After a cruise of eighteen months the "Saranac" returned to New 
 York, and Lieutenant Freeman was assigned to duty under Com- 
 modore Deacon on Lake Erie. While in charge of the navy yard 
 at Erie he and his fellow officers entertained Commodore Perry 
 and General Lafayette. 
 
 Edgar Freeman retired from the navy in 1828 and returned 
 to his birthplace, Woodbridge, N. J., and for three successive 
 terms of five years each was appointed county judge of Middlesex 
 county. I was invited to represent his service in the war of 1812 
 in the Veteran Corps of Artillery, which is the oldest military 
 organization in New York State, with a membership based on 
 the services of ancestors like the Society of the Cincinnati. 
 
 A NOTE OF EXPLANATION. 
 
 To the casual reader the multitude of dates and minor 
 details included in this pamphlet may appear trivial and tiresome; 
 some may think the Enfield Memorial overladen with inscriptions. 
 On the memorial have been recorded as many material facts as 
 possible of local and family history ; in the pamphlet I have 
 endeavored once and for all to gather in permanent form for the 
 benefit of the families mentioned in the inscriptions and for their 
 descendants such additional facts of their ancestry as I have been 
 able to collect during my lifetime. 
 
 12! 
 
Connecticut's Western Reserve in Ohio 
 
 Personal Recollections of Cleveland Celebrities 
 
 A remarkable group of men and women lived in the neighbor- 
 hood of my childhood home in Cleveland, Ohio. Two doors above 
 us in Prospect street lived the parents of Mark Hanna, in a house 
 shaded by two huge horsechestnut trees typical of the Buckeye 
 State. Next door, on the other side, lived Mr. Bragg, who was 
 a school principal and later became the head of the school-book 
 trust in Cincinnati. Later the same house was occupied by the 
 head of the Cleveland public library and his son, William H. 
 Beardsley, now president of the Florida East Coast Railway 
 Company, the great Flagler system built over the Florida Keys. 
 Around the corner in Cheshire street lived William A. Rockefeller 
 and his sons, John D. and William Rockefeller. 
 
 One block away, in Euclid avenue, lived U. S. Senator Henry 
 B. Payne, whose wife was a daughter of Nathan Perry, a 
 pioneer settler of Cleveland. Next to the Payne house is the 
 Perry homestead, a charming old house, with some of the 
 original wallpaper still carefully preserved on its walls. In my 
 boyhood days the wide fields adjoining were known as Perry's 
 pasture and were the favorite playground of the boys of the 
 neighborhood. Later the famous mayor of Cleveland, Tom John- 
 son, lived in a house built on a part of this pasture lot. Senator 
 Payne's son, Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne, served with distinc- 
 tion in the civil war, and was later treasurer of the Standard Oil 
 Company, in which office my father was his successor. My 
 father afterward became treasurer of the Standard Oil Trust, 
 which was devised by S. C. T. Dodd, known as "The Father of 
 Trusts," who was a very successful lawyer and witty after- 
 dinner speaker. When, in 1889, my father retired from the 
 treasurership of the trust to become chairman of the board of 
 the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, he was succeeded by 
 William T. Wardwell, at one time the Prohibition candidate for 
 President of the United States. Senator Payne's daughter, Flora 
 Payne, married William C. Whitney, secretary of the navy under 
 President Cleveland, and, became the social leader of that admin- 
 istration. 
 
 Not far from the home of Senator Payne lived Colonel John 
 Hay, who had been private secretary to President Lincoln, was 
 later ambassador to England, and finally secretary of state, 
 
 122 
 
negotiating the ''open door'' policy with China. He was credited 
 in Cleveland with the authorship of the popular novel, "Bread 
 Winners," published anonymously, with the scene obviously laid 
 in the vicinity of Colonel Hay's home. In his keen instinct for 
 character he was a diviner of men, their greatness and meanness, 
 and scented a villain afar off, no matter how highly placed. For 
 Napoleon III. he conceived an instant disgust, but his supreme 
 aversion was the present German Kaiser. In 1900 he wrote to 
 his closest friend : "At least we are spared the infamy of an 
 alliance with Germany. I would rather, I think, be the dupe of 
 China than the chum of the Kaiser." 
 
 Next door to John Hay lived his father-in-law, Amasa Stone, 
 who caused the removal of the Western Reserve University from 
 Hudson to Cleveland, and endowed and named its classical 
 department Adelbert College, in memory of his son, for whom 
 Colonel Hay's son, Adelbert Hay, was also named. Although the 
 Case School of Applied Science, established by my uncle, Henry 
 G. Abbey, as sole trustee of the late Leonard Case, has no legal 
 connection with Western Reserve University, it is practically the 
 scientific department of the university, just as Adelbert College 
 is the classical department. 
 
 The eldest daughter of Seth Alden Abbey was Hannah Ward 
 Abbey, who, in 1848, married John Ingersoll, member of a 
 pioneer family of the Western Reserve in Ohio. In May, 1850, 
 he went by way of the Isthmus to California, where he met his 
 brother-in-law, Henry Gilbert Abbey, who had preceded him in the 
 rush of 1849. I remember my uncle's mother very well. She 
 was Polly Perry, of the town of Lee, in Massachusetts, and mar- 
 ried Nathan Ingersoll, January 17, 1812. They soon migrated to 
 Ohio, going by way of Albany and the Mohawk Valley. The 
 bride rode horseback most of the journey, which lasted six 
 weeks. 
 
 Polly Perry Ingersoll had a keen intellect and active mind. 
 She lived to be ninety, and I have heard her tell how, one after- 
 noon in September, when they had been settled for about a year 
 on their farm on the heights above Cleveland, they heard con- 
 tinuous thunder under a cloudless sky, which later proved to be the 
 heavy cannonading of the battle of Lake Erie, in which her 
 kinsman, Oliver Hazard Perry, won his famous victory. 
 
 Near neighbors of the Hay and Stone families were the 
 Boardman family, of which Miss Mabel T. Boardman is now the 
 
 123 
 
oi 
 
 lib 
 
 ten 
 
 head of the American Red Cross Society. One of my mother's 
 schoolmates in Cleveland was Constance Fenimore Woolson, the 
 novelist and great-niece of James Fenimore Cooper. While 
 attending the Cleveland high school I remember that Professor 
 Hotze, the teacher of physics, never tired of telling us about his 
 favorite pupil, Charles F. Brush, who, while still a student, was; 
 so proficient that the professor placed him in charge of the 
 chemical and physical laboratory of the high school. Mr. Brush 
 built himself a fine home in Euclid avenue. 
 
 When John Hay retired as ambassador to Great Britain the 
 embassy continued to be presided over by a Cleveland woman, 
 for the wife of Joseph H. Choate is the daughter of Frederick A. 
 Sterling and the sister of Dr. Elisha Sterling. Dr. Sterling was 
 one of the Case "Arkites" and lives on the "Nabob," or north 
 side of Euclid avenue. The south side, with its more modest 
 homes and less extensive lawns, was called the "Bob" side 
 in the days of my boyhood. A Cleveland boy who lived in 
 Prospect street, on the block above our home, went to West 
 Point, and is now General Clarence R. Edwards, and in 
 command of the troops stationed on the Panama Canal. I 
 also vividly recall a little girl in our Sunday school at the 
 Second Presbyterian church. She had black eyes and very blonde 
 hair, and her beauty later caused a furore in Europe. Edward 
 VII., then Prince of Wales, described her as "the girl with the 
 gipsy eyes and angel hair." This was Jennie Chamberlain, now 
 Lady Naylor-Leland, in whose house in London Whistler painted 
 his famous "Peacock Room." 
 
 A duel's amang ye takin' notes, 
 An' faith he'll prent it ! 
 
 Robert Burns. 
 
 NOTE 
 The reader has doubtless noted the quotations which make a considerable part 
 of this little volume. They form quite a complete collection of the oratory and 
 eloquence which have inspired our national life from pre-revolutionary times 
 down to the present day. 
 
 24 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 In concluding I should be guilty of injustice if I did not 
 acknowledge my debt to that most painstaking, reliable and 
 untiring of genealogists, Mr. James Allen Kibbe, of Warehouse 
 Point, Connecticut, the compiler of "The History of Enfield," 
 whose help has guided my researches into their most interesting, 
 remote and, to me, valuable discoveries. 
 
 I wish to express my appreciation of the very practical and 
 efficient assistance of Mr. Allen B. Hathaway, chairman of the 
 First Ecclesiastical Society of Enfield, and the courtesy and 
 helpfulness of the Selectmen of the town of Enfield ; also my 
 indebtedness to Mr. Normand F. Allen, of Hartford ; to Mr. 
 Franklin J. Sheldon, of Enfield, and to Mrs. William A. Abbe, 
 president of the Historical Society of Enfield, all of whom have 
 | been helpful and sympathetic. 
 
 Nor can I close without a word of appreciation to Mr. Will- 
 I iam M. Kendall for the beautiful classical design of the seats, 
 which was his conception ; to Mr. Ernest F. Lewis for his patient 
 I study and artistic execution of the drawings, especially those for 
 | the seals ; in fact, to all connected with the firm of McKim, Mead 
 !j & White, especially mentioning Mr. Leland S. Sudlow, the gen- 
 eral superintendent, and Mr. John Vegezzi, the draughtsman who 
 designed the lettering ; to Donnelly & Ricci, who modeled the 
 pedestal, seats and seals, and to Mr. Ulysses Ricci, the sculptor 
 of the seals ; to Mr. V. David Newman, of Romulus, N. Y., 
 to whom I am indebted for many of the photographs which illus- 
 trate this pamphlet, including those of the twenty seals ; and to 
 Mr. Edwin Shuttleworth, who contracted for all the marble and 
 other material and has executed the work with efficiency and 
 dispatch. The marble used is from the Ross quarry in Tennessee, 
 being the same stone as that used in the Morgan library in New 
 York. Mr. Fry's noble figure of Captain Abbey needs no enco- 
 mium from me. It speaks for itself in beauty, dignity and 
 strength. 
 
 I do not wish the Abbey Memorial to share the fate of the 
 Perry Monument in my native city of Cleveland. The beautiful 
 white marble statue of Commodore Perry, with its supporting 
 figures of sailor boys, was originally erected in the middle of the 
 Public Square. On the introduction of electric lighting the Perry 
 Monument was moved to the centre of one of the quarter sections 
 
 125 
 
of the square to make place for a gigantic pole. Later, the second j 
 location was sought for a memorial to the Avomen of the Civil 
 War, and Commodore Perry was again moved, this time to a 
 suburban park on the lake shore. I consulted my long-time 
 friend, Hon. Julian A. Gregory, Mayor of East Orange, 1911- 
 1915, as to preventing similar migrations on the part of the statue 
 of Captain Abbey. Mr. Gregory made an exhaustive search of 
 the statutes of the State of Connecticut, in which is his summer 
 home at Wilton in Fairfield County. The result of his labors was 
 that, at a town meeting held in the venerable building* around 
 whose walls Thomas Abbey beat his drum, it was unanimously 
 voted by the people of Enfield on November 11, 1915, to give for 
 the Abbey Memorial in perpetuity the site on Enfield Green, 
 where the present town hall stood when it was Enfield's meeting 
 house. 
 
 Julian Arthur Gregory is the man who for years fought and 
 exposed the Democratic boss of New Jersey, United States 
 Senator James Smith, and by so doing prepared the way for his 
 final overthrow by Woodrow Wilson when Governor of New 
 Jersey. He is the only Democrat who was ever elected Mayor 
 of East Orange, normally a Republican stronghold. He gave 
 such an absolutely non-partisan and just administration of the 
 city's affairs that 100 members of the Republican Club of East 
 Orange united in a petition to this Democrat to stand for a second 
 term and he was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. With 
 great generosity Mr. Gregory donated his legal services in secur- 
 ing the site of the Abbey Memorial. 
 
 * An error. This town meeting was held in the Thompsonville sec- 
 tion of Enfield. Mr. Hathaway tells me that for some years the old 
 town hall has been abandoned for town meetings on account of its dis- 
 tance from the present center of population. I indulge the hope that the 
 citizens of Enfield will unite to preserve this historic building as a 
 memorial of olden times. 
 
 Mr. T. W. Miller, who is superintending the erection of the memorial, 
 writes that in excavating for the foundation a circular brownstone wall 
 was uncovered. Mr. J. Warren Johnson tells me that this was the well 
 of the Town Pump, which stood a few feet north of the old meeting 
 house. It seems clear, therefore, that the memorial is located quite close 
 to the site of the church around which Captain Abbey beat the drum. 
 
 126 
 
Certified Copy of Grant of the Site for the Abbey 
 Memorial by the People of Enfield 
 
 The following is a certified copy of action taken at the Town 
 Meeting November 11th, 1915, in connection with Article No. 1 
 in the warning : 
 
 Art. 1. The fo 1 lowing letter and resolution was presented 
 by Allen B. Hathaway and William J. Mulligan moved its adop- 
 tion : 
 
 Letter : 
 
 September 24th, 1915. 
 Honorable Selectmen, 
 
 Enfield, Conn. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 As you are undoubtedly aware, I am desirous of erecting a 
 monument to Capt. Thomas Abbey, a hero of the Revolutionary 
 War, and in connection with it a memorial to his ancestors and 
 descendants, and of giving this monument and memorial, upon 
 its completion, to the town of Enfield. I have had plans and 
 specificationus drawn, and am now preparing to sign the con- 
 tracts for the completion of this work. Before signing the 
 contracts, calling for an expenditure of several thousand dollars, 
 I should like to be protected to the extent of knowing that the 
 monument will be acceptable to the citizens of Enfield, and that 
 the work may proceed to completion without interruption. 
 
 I am advised that the only safe course for me to pursue is 
 to obtain permission to erect the monument, and the acceptance 
 of my offer by action taken at a Town meeting. After consulta- 
 tion with a number of prominent citizens of Enfield, the site 
 recommended to me is upon the green, directly in front of the 
 Congregational Church, and half way between the highway and 
 the entrance to the Church. 
 
 It is my further intention to give to the Congregational 
 Church of Enfield, a sum of money sufficient to have the income 
 therefrom maintain, in good condition and repair, the monument 
 and memorial, together with the ground immediately surround- 
 ing it. 
 
 It will require, I am informed, about fourteen months from 
 the signing of the contract, for the sculptor to complete the 
 monument. I am therefore desirous of ascertaining whether, if 
 
 127 
 
my plan is agreeable to you, a town meeting can be called, at 
 which action may be taken approving of my offer, and authorizing 
 the erection and maintenance in perpetuity, of the statue and 
 memorial as proposed. 
 
 Very respectfuly yours, 
 
 ALDEN FREEMAN. 
 
 In presence of 
 Vern D. Newman 
 witness. 
 
 Resolution : 
 
 -Whereas, Mr. Alden Freeman of the City of East Orange, 
 in the State of New Jersey, has offered to give to the Town of 
 Enfield, a statue of Captain Thomas Abbey, a former resident of 
 said Town, together with a base therefor, and to construct said 
 base and erect said statue thereon within the highway limits upon 
 the east side of the travelled path immediately in front of the 
 building of the First Ecclesiastical Society on Enfield Street, all 
 without expense to the town, and to give said First Ecclesiastical 
 Society a sum of money to be held as a permanent fund, the 
 income thereof to be applied to the care and maintenance of said 
 statue and base, which offer is set forth in a letter from said" 
 Alden Freeman, dated September 24, 1915, and addressed to the 
 Selectmen of the Town, which letter has this day been read to 
 the voters of the Town in Town meeting duly assembled ; and 
 
 WhEREas, Said First Ecclesiastical Society, acting by its 
 Society's Committee, thereunto duly authorized, has formal 1 y 
 consented to the location of said statue as hereinbefore described, 
 and to hold and invest said fund and use the income thereof for 
 the purposes stated ; and 
 
 Whereas, A plan of said proposed statue and its base has 
 been submitted to the voters of the Town at said Town meeting; 
 
 Now, therefore, It is voted that said offer be, and the same 
 hereby is accepted, and that upon the completion of said statue, 
 the First Selectman of the Town be authorized to accept the 
 same in the name of, and on behalf of the citizens of the Town; 
 and that the said Alden Freeman, and his representatives, agents 
 and contractors be, and they hereby are authorized to proceed 
 with the erection of said statue, together with the base or pedestal 
 and seats or benches surrounding the same, within the highway 
 limits, upon the east side of the travelled path, immediately in 
 
 128 
 
AT WORK ON THE ABBEY MEMORIAL 
 
 In the yard of the Edwin Shuttleworth Co., Long Island City, N. Y. 
 
front of the building of the First Ecclesiastical Society, on Enfield 
 Street ; and to perform all the work necessary to be done in con- 
 nection with the erection and completion thereof, without any let, 
 hindrance, obstruction or delay on the part of the citizens and 
 voters of the town of Enfield, or their representatives ; and that 
 said statue when completed, shall not be destroyed or removed, 
 but shall always remain upon the site upon which it is erected, and 
 so long as it is maintained, repaired and kept in good condition. 
 
 Being put to vote, Resolution was Adopted. 
 Attest : A true copy of record. 
 
 J. HAMILTON POTTER, 
 
 Town Clerk. 
 
 WHAT HAS AMERICA DONE FOR MANKIND? 
 
 America, with the same voice which spoke herself into exis- 
 tence as a nation, proclaimed to mankind the inextinguishable 
 rights of human nature, and the only lawful foundations of gov- 
 ernment. America, in the assembly of nations, since her admis- 
 sion among them, has invariably, though often fruitlessly, held 
 forth to them the hand of honest friendship, of equal freedom, of 
 generous reciprocity. She has uniformly spoken among them, 
 though often to heedless and often to disdainful ears, the language 
 of equal liberty, equal justice and equal rights. She has, in the 
 lapse of nearly half a century, without a single exception, re- 
 spected the independence of other nations, while asserting and 
 maintaining her own. She has abstained from interference in 
 the concerns of others, even when the conflict has been for 
 principles to which she clings as to the last vital drop that visits 
 the heart. She has seen that probably for centuries to come 
 all the contests of that Aceldama, the European world, will be 
 contests between inveterate power and emerging right. Wherever 
 the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be 
 unfurled, there will her heart, her benedictions and her prayers 
 be. But she goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy. 
 She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. 
 She is the champion and vindicator only of her own. She well 
 knows that by once enlisting under other banners than her own, 
 were they even the banners of foreign independence, the funda- 
 mental maxims of her policy would insensibly change from liberty 
 to force. She might become the dictatress of the world; she 
 would no longer be the ruler of her own spirit. 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, JULY 4, 1821. 
 
 130 
 
THE DRUM OF LEXINGTON. 
 (Reflections for Patriots' Day.) 
 
 But yesterday I saw the historic drum 
 
 Which William Dimon beat 
 Upon that fateful far-off April morn 
 
 Along each winding street, 
 And on the memorable Green of Lexington, 
 
 Bidding the patriots come 
 And face the banded hosts of tyranny. 
 
 At the reveille was a nation born, 
 Pledged to the sacred rights of Liberty. 
 
 Now, 'neath the rays of the same vernal sun. 
 
 Peace broods about the Green, 
 But it remembers yet, 
 
 Girdled with stately elms memorial, 
 The hurtle of the deadly musket ball, 
 
 And how its sod was wet 
 With sacrificial blood — the whole sad, ruthless scene. 
 
 Would that the drum of Lexington again 
 
 Might sound its summoning call, 
 Sound from the rocky coasts of Maine, 
 
 Where Agimenticus, inland, fronts the seas 
 To where the long trades sweep and swell and fall 
 
 Round the Floridian keys ! 
 Aye, sound from Puget, on which Shasta's crown 
 
 Majestically looks down, 
 E'en to the borders of that stricken land 
 
 Beyond the brown coils of the Rio Grande ! 
 
 131 
 
Have we grown sleek with sloth? 
 
 Sloughed the old virile spirit, taken on 
 Abasement for a garment? Are we loth 
 
 To rouse us, and to don 
 The rapt heroic valor once again 
 
 That girdled us when men indeed were men? 
 Caution and doubt and fear seem subtly crept 
 
 Upon us, and inept, 
 We stumble, falter, palter, and we need 
 
 Xot the smooth word, but the swift searching deed. 
 If bleed we must, then rather let us bleed 
 
 Than sit inglorious, rich in all the things 
 Save those which Jionor brings ! 
 
 Now evePf%lope of our dear land is fair 
 
 Beneath the azure of the April air ; 
 The impatient loam is ready for the seed, . 
 
 But we? Take heed, take heed, 
 My brothers ! And O you, brave wraith 
 
 Of dauntlessness and faith, 
 You, William Dimon, come! 
 
 Come, sound the old reveille on your drum, 
 The drum of Lexington, 
 
 And make us all, in steadfast purpose, one ! 
 
 Clinton Scollard. 
 New York Sun, April 19, 1916. 
 
 33Z 
 
AMERICA'S DEBT TO THE MEMORY OF WASHINGTON 
 AND HIS ASSOCIATES. 
 
 Americans, this God who raised up Washington and gave 
 you liberty exacts from you the duty of cherishing it with a 
 zeal according to knowledge. Never sully by apathy or outrage 
 your fair inheritance. Risk not for one moment on visionary 
 theories the solid blessings of your lot. To you particularly, O 
 youth of America, applies the solemn charge. In all the perils 
 of your country, remember Washington. The freedom of reason 
 and of right has been handed down to you on the point of the 
 
 THE MATTHEW G. ANDERSON HOUSE 
 
 In Enfield Street 
 Washington passed a night in this house, which was built in 1708. 
 
 hero's sword. Guard with veneration the sacred deposit. The 
 curse of ages will rest upon you, O youth of America, if ever 
 you surrender to foreign ambition or domestic lawlessness the 
 precious liberties for which Washington fought and your fathers 
 bled. I cannot part with you, fellow citizens, without urging the 
 long remembrance of our present assembly. This day we wipe 
 away the reproach of republics, that they know not how to be 
 grateful. In your treatment of living patriots recall your love 
 and your regret of Washington.— John Mitchell Mason's funeral 
 oration on Washington, February 22, 1800. 
 
 133 
 
WHAT AMERICA STANDS FOR. 
 
 [Words of President Wilson on His Preparedness Tour.] 
 
 America was born into the world to do mankind's service, 
 and no man is an American in whom the desire to do mankind's 
 service does not take precedence over the desire to serve himself. 
 If I believed that the might of America was any threat to any 
 free man in the world I would wish America to be weak. But 
 I believe that the might of America is the might of righteous 
 purpose and of a sincere love of mankind. — Pittsburg, January 
 28, 1916. 
 
 Did you ever stop to reflect just what it is that America 
 stands for? If she stands for one thing more than another it is 
 for the sovereignty of self-governing people, and her example, 
 her assistance, her encouragement, have thrilled two continents 
 in this western world with all those fine impulses which have built 
 up human liberty on both sides of the water. She stands, there- 
 fore, as an example of independence, as an example of free 
 institutions, and as an example of disinterested international 
 action in the main tenets of justice. — Pittsburg, January 28, 1916. 
 
 Why is it that each nation turns to us with the instinctive 
 feeling that if anything touches humanity it touches us ? Because 
 it knows that ever since we were born as a nation we have 
 undertaken to be the champions of humanity and of the rights 
 of man. Without that ideal there would be nothing that would 
 distinguish America from her predecessors in the history of 
 nations. Why is it that men that love liberty have crowded to 
 these shores ? Why is it that we greet them as they enter the great 
 harbor of New York with that majestic Statue of Liberty holding 
 up a torch, whose visionary beams are supposed to spread abroad 
 over the waters of the world, and to say to all men: "Come to 
 America, where mankind is free and where we love all the works 
 of righteousness and of peace"? — Cleveland, January 29, 1916. 
 
 m 
 
Lincoln on Free Speech 
 
 I FEAR YOU DO NOT FULLY COMPREHEND THE 
 DANGER OF ABRIDGING THE LIBERTIES OF THE 
 PEOPLE. A GOVERNMENT HAD BETTER GO TO THE 
 VERY EXTREME OF TOLERATION THAN TO DO 
 AUGHT THAT COULD BE CONSTRUED INTO AN 
 INTERFERENCE WITH OR TO JEOPARDIZE IN ANY 
 DEGREE THE COMMON RIGHTS OF THE CITIZEN. 
 
 This was President Lincoln's answer to the friends who 
 besought him to suppress the Chicago Times during the Civil 
 War. 
 
 135 
 
P D 9.7. 1 
 
o V 
 
 A 9* 
 
 "ov y 
 
 $°+ 
 
 V^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^^K 
 
 **\ 
 
 \pC, 
 
 
 
 ^ t 
 
 
 ■^CT 
 4R, 
 
 
 ^% 
 
 
 ^o ^ ^ "" : \^ ^ 
 
 ^/ 
 
 ^ 
 
^0* 
 
 
 *< c 
 
 
 £•*, 
 
 c u , 
 
 ,-?• 
 
 4<3* 
 
 ♦ -.***. v/ *M& %/ .gK *, / 
 
 
 cv 
 
 
 4 o 
 
 
 i -^ 
 
 **U ntrn mate