■ .' Class _L \ \Z(o Book L 6oipgtitN . cqmmght deposit. / THE STUDENT'S REVIEW; OH, EXAMINATIONS ON THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MEDICA, AND PHARMACY. ADAPTED ESPECIALLY TO THE COURSE OF LECTURES DELIVERED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. BY ROBERT M. ANDERSON, M. D. ^ '^7 RICHMOND: . K. ELLYSON, PUBLISHER, 176, MAIN STREET. 1845. v- ; jS* ^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by Robert M. Anderson, M. D., in the Clerk's Office of the Eastern District Court of Virginia. PREFACE. The utility of a work like the present, was first impressed upon the mind of the Author, while a student at the University of Pennsylvania, in the year 1840. The inconveniencies of the United States Dispensatory, the text book of the lectures on Materia Medica, delivered in that institution, he found to be con- siderable ; for while it contains a vast fund of infor- mation, so arranged as to render it valuable as a book of reference, it is too voluminous and minute on many points, to adapt it to the wants of the student. And although these inconveniencies have been greatly- done away with by a syllabus of the course of lec- tures on that branch, published by the Professor, which was intended as a guide to the student, and to direct his investigations to those facts deemed essential to be known, yet the task of culling, thus imposed, was found to be not only tedious, but very unfavora- ble to the operation of memory, so that the frequent reviews which were necessary, to become familiar with important facts, required much labor and consumption of precious time. The present work is intended to IV PREFACE. facilitate, especially, the studies of those who may attend the lectures on Materia Medica and Pharmacy in that institution. But while this is the case, and the classification of medicines peculiar to that chair has been adopted and closely followed in the succeeding pages, it is believed that the examinations on parti- cular medicines, may be made greatly to subserve the convenience of students of other colleges. EXAMINATIONS. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. What are the objects of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics? Materia Medica treats of medicines as they are re- ceived by the apothecary, whether they be derived from nature or furnished by the manufacturer. Phar- macy treats of preparing, preserving, compounding and dispensing medicines. And Therapeutics of their effects and applications in the cure of disease. How may medicines be defined ? Substances which are capable, when properly used, of counteracting morbid actions and agencies. Upon what general principles do medicines operate? Their operation may be either vital, chemical or mechanical ; and the sanative impression which they produce, either absolute or relative, primary or second- ary, local or general. By what methods are medicines thought to operate upon other and distant parts of the system from that to which they are applied, and how do they differ in their peculiar tendencies? They may operate in three ways : 1, by absorption ; 2, by nervous communication ; and 3, by revulsion. They differ widely in their elective affinities, some acting by preference, on one organ, and some on others, as the stomach, bowels, kidneys, &c. ; and that, too, often independent of the parts of the body to which they are applied. 1* b MODIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES. CIRCUMSTANCES THAT MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. What are some of the circumstances calculated to modify the action of medicines, and which should be kept in view when we employ them and apportion their doses? The most important modifying influences may be expected from disease, age, sex 3 mode of living, habit, climate, temperament, idiosyncrasies and mental emo- tions ; these, together with the strength of the patient, the duration of the disease, the variable strength of the medicine employed, &c, should influence the dose or quantity given. What practical rules have these circumstances origi- nated ? Age, one of the most important of these, suggested the following excellent scheme of Dr. Young, for graduating the doses to different ages : "For children under 12 years, the doses of most medicines must be diminished in the proportion of the age to the age, increased by 12 ; thus, at two years to f,— viz: 2 =£. At 21 the full dose may be given. 2x12 Also, the following table of Gabius: u The dose for a person of middle age being 1 or 1 drachm, from 14 to 21 years will be § or 2 scruples, " ^ or J drachm, " J or 1 scruple, " |- or 15 grains, " i or 10 grains, " | or 8 grains, " T V or 5 grains." These rules will be found to approximate, what in general is correct, but there are several exceptions, such as calomel and castor oil, which require to be given to children in larger proportions than the above rules would indicate. 7 to 14 u 4 to 7 a of 4 years, 3 " 2 « 1 " FORMS IN WHICH USED. * Habit, or the protracted use of a medicine, by which, as a general rule, the susceptibility of the sys- tem to its action is diminished, is another important circumstance often requiring an augmented dose. The variable activity of a medicine, is another cir- cumstance which should be kept in view in prescrib- ing, and whenever an active medicine has been given for some time, in large and increasing doses, it is pru- dent to reduce the close on commencing with a fresh parcel, particularly when the medicine is liable, from its nature, to be of unequal strength ; as digitalis, &c. The powers of the system should be duly consid- ered, and the dose of remedies accommodated to the strength of the patient. Sex, temperament and idio- syncrasies should influence the dose. Women require somewhat smaller doses than men, and persons of a sanguine temperament, than those of a phlegmatic. Constitutional peculiarities or idiosyncrasies render some persons uncommonly susceptible, or insuscepti- ble, to the action of certain medicines, requiring a modification of dose, and in some cases, prohibiting their use altogether. FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. In what forms are medicines employed? In the solid state, in the form of powders, pills, troches and confections ; in the liquid state, in the form of mixtures and solutions, including, under the latter head, infusions, decoctions, xoines, tinctures, vinegars, syrups, honeys and oxymels. They are also used ex- ternally, in the form of liniments, ointments, cerates, cataplasms and plasters, and sometimes in the state of vapor. 1. — Solid Forms. POWDERS.— PULVERES. How are these divided ? Into simple and compound — the former consisting 8 FORMS IN WHICH USED. of a single substance, the latter, of two or more mixed together. What is the mode of preparing and preserving powders ? Most substances are brought to the state of powder, by means of a mortar and pestle, made either of iron, brass, glass or wedgewood — the two former used for hard substances, the two latter, for triturating those of a friable nature. The coarser particles separated by sieves made of different materials, as bolting cloth, hair cloth, gauze or wire. Earthy insoluble sub- stances, sometimes reduced to powder by levigatio?i, which is performed by moistening them with water or alcohol, and rubbing them on a hard flat stone with a muller of the same material. The powder thus ob- tained, may be rendered impalpable by elutriation, which consists in agitating it with water; allowing it to stand till the coarser particles subside ; pouring off the liquid, for the finer ones to settle; and lastly, de- canting and drying the powder. In the preparation of compound powders, the constituents, when of unequal hardness, should be pulverized separately, and after- wards mixed, except in those cases where a hard sub- stance is used to effect a more minute division and thorough intermixture of other ingredients, as sul- phate of potassa in the preparation of Dover's powder. Some medicines are liable to be injured by exposure to air and light, and as the liability is increased by pulverization, which exposes a more extended surface to their action, such substances should be pulverized only in small quantities, as needed, or if kept, should be preserved in well stopped bottles, in dark places. For what substances is this form eligible and ineli- gible ? It is preferable for those medicines which are not given in very large doses, not, exceeding 3 j., which possess no corrosive property nor very disagreeable taste. Deliquescent substances and those containing a large proportion of fixed oil, are unfit to enter into FORMS IN WHICH USED. \) the composition of powders ; as also, some crystaline salts, which contain a large proportion of water of crys- talization. This, however, may be previously driven off, in some cases, by the application of heat. How are they administered ? Light vegetable powders are given suspended in water, wine or other convenient liquid; heavy resin- ous and metalic ones, in syrup, honey or molasses. Resinous powders may be given, also, suspended in water, by the intervention of mucilage or sugar. PILLS.— PILULE. What are pills and their advantages, in prescription? They are small masses, of a globular shape, and of a size suitable for swallowing ; an eligible form for administering medicines which operate in small doses, are unpleasant to the taste and smell, and are insoluble and too heavy to be suspended in aqueous vehicles. What substances are unsuitable for pills? 1. Those which require to be given in very large doses. 2. Deliquescent and efflorescent salts; the latter may be rendered fit, by depriving them of their water of crystal ization. 3. Substances requiring a large proportion of dry powder to impart proper con- sistence, as oils. And 4. Such as from their insoluble nature in the solid form, resist the solvent powers of the gastric juice. What are the directions for the preparation and pre- servation of pills ? The substance to be formed into pills, should be first made into a plastic mass of sufficient consistence to retain the globular form, when made into pills, without being so hard as to tax the solvent powers of the stomach. Many substances are employed to im- part the requisite softness and plasticity to pilular masses ; liquids and very soft substances are brought to this state by being mixed with some dry and inert powder, as crumb of bread, wheat flour, starch, or 10 FOR1NIS IN WHICH USED. powdered gum arabic ; heavy metalic powders, with soft extracts, confections, soap, (fee. ; and light vegeta- ble powders, with syrup, molasses, honey or muci- lage, or what is better, a mixture of syrup and mu- cilage. Some substances require only the addition of water or a few drops of spirit, as some vegetable extracts, and certain gum-resins. The mass is formed into pills by rolling it with a spatula into a cylinder of uniform thickness, and dividing it by the hand or by a machine, and rolling the pieces between the fingers, to give them the proper form. To prevent them from adhering to each other, they may be agitated with some dry powder, as powdered liquorice root, starch or carbonate of magnesia ; care being taken not to em- ploy any substance, either for this purpose or in their composition, which is incompatible with the active ingredients of the pills. Pills are sometimes covered with gelatin, to conceal their disagreeable taste. (See U. S. Dispensatory, page 986.) The mass may be kept soft by wrapping it in bladders, putting it in cov- ered pots, and occasionally moistening it, as it be- comes dry. TROCHES.— TROCHISCI. What are troches or lozenges ? They are small solid masses, composed of powders, sugar and mucilage, intimately incorporated and usu- ally made into flat cakes and dried. How are they used ? They are held in the mouth and allowed to dis- solve slowly, in the saliva ; employed chiefly in affec- tions of the throat. CONFECTIONS.— CONFECTIONES. What are these, and how divided ? They are soft solids, made by incorporating medical substances with saccharine matter. They are divided into conserves and electuaries. FORMS IN WHICH USED. 15 with which medicinal substances are sometimes incor- porated ; hence they are divided into simple syrup and medicated syrup. How are they prepared, and best preserved? Medicated syrups are prepared by dissolving refined sugar in vegetable infusions, decoctions, expressed juices, fermented liquors, or simple aqueous solutions, and are often concentrated by evaporating the watery fluid, with a moderate heat, where the active ingredi- ents are not liable to be injured by it. Principles which are not readily imparted to water, or are vola- tilized or decomposed by a heat of 212°, are some- times extracted by alcohol, which can be driven off with less heat than water. Medicated syrups are apt to undergo fermentation and other changes, to prevent which, several preservatives have been recommended; as sugar of milk, sulphate and chlorate of potassa, but it is best to prepare them in small quantities at a time, and keep them in well stopped bottles, entirely filled, in a cellar or some other cool place. HONEYS.- MELLITA. For what is honey used in pharmacy ? Only as a vehicle for active medicines. What are the advantages and disadvantages attend- ing it, as a vehicle? Its preparations are said to be less apt to become candied than those of syrup, but it is more apt to dis- agree with the stomach, and its variable consistence renders it difficult to apportion accurately the dose. What are those preparations called, in which honey and vinegar are combined ? Oxymels. LINIMENTS, OINTMENTS AND CERATES. What are these ? Liniments are preparations intermediate in consist- 16 FORMS IN WHICH USED. ence, between that of water and ointments, intended to be applied to the skin by gentle friction with the hand. Ointments are fatty substances, about the consist- ence of butter, intended to be applied to the skin by inunction. Cerates are unctious compounds, consisting of oil or lard incorporated with wax, spermaceti or resin, and frequently with various medicinal agents. They are intermediate in consistence, between ointments and plasters; can be spread on linen or leather with a spatula, at ordinary temperatures, but do not melt or run when applied to the skin. CATAPLASMS AND PLASTERS. What are these ? Cataplasms or poultices are soft, moist preparations, intended for external application. They are general- ly prepared extemporaneously, and of different mate- rials, according to the indications to be fulfilled. Plasters are solid substances at ordinary tempera- tures, but become soft and adhesive with a moderate heat, which qualities they retain at the temperature of the human body. As met with in the shops, they are usually in cylindrical rolls, enveloped in paper. What is the basis of most plasters ? The Emplastrum Plumbi, or lead plaster ; a few owe their consistence to resin or wax. How are they prepared for use ? By spreading them on a piece of soft and pliable leather, as sheep skin, when they are to be applied to the sound skin, or upon linen or muslin, when intend- ed as dressings to abraded surfaces. A border of about half an inch in breadth, is usually left uncovered with the plaster, to prevent its soiling the clothes, and to facilitate its removal. This may be accurately done by means of two rulers made of sheet tin, (see a re- presentation on page 765, U. S. Dispensatory, edit. PARTS TO WHICH APPLIED. 17 1845,) or by pasting a piece of paper upon the leather or cloth, with a portion cut out of the centre, of the shape arid dimensions of the intended plaster. The plaster may be melted with a heated spatula, and allowed to fall on a piece of coarse paper, and when nearly cool, uniformly spread on the leather. PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. What are they ? Medicines are applied to the stomach, the rectum, the skin, the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane, the nasal or pituitary membrane, and are sometimes inject- ed into the veins. They aie also applied chiefly for their local effects, to the mucous membranes of the mouth, urethra, bladder, vagina, &c. The stomach. What is the mode of using medi- cines by the stomach called, and what are its advan- tages ? It is called the method by ingestion, and is the one most commonly and advantageously resorted to, on account of the great susceptibility of the stomach, its active absorbing power, and its strong and extensive relations in the system. The rectum. In what forms, and for what purpo- ses are medicines applied to this part? They are introduced in the solid and liquid state, and for one of two objects, — to evacuate the bowels, or to obtain the peculiar effects of the medicine. What are solid substances called, when used in this way, and how are they prepared for the purpose? They are called suppositories, made usually like pills, of a globular shape, and of a convenient size. W r hat are liquids called ? Clysters, injections or enemata. What are the general rules in relation to the dose of a medicine, and the quantity of liquid vehicle to be given by the rectum? The quantity of a medicine, as a general rule, is 2# 18 PARTS TO WHICH APPLIED, about three times the oidinary dose, but in cases of very active medicines, it is safer to begin with less. The proper quantity of liquid varies according to the object in view, and the age of the patient. If the medicine is to be retained, the bulk of the vehicle should be small, — from f § j. to f § ij., for an adult, — if to operate on the bowels, larger, — Oj. And the first impulse to evacuate the bowels, even in this case, should be resisted, or prevented, if necessary, by press- ing a folded towel against the part. The skin. How are medicines applied to this part ? They are applied either epidermically or endermi- cally, with the cuticle remaining or removed, and in the various forms of vapor, bath, lotion, fomentation j embrocation, ointment, cerate, &c. The endermic method is preferred, when the medicine acts by being absorbed. The cuticle may be removed by a blister, and the epigastrium or inner parts of the extremities are the places generally selected. What circumstances render a resort to this method advisable ? Inability or indisposition of the patient to swallow, or of the stomach to retain medicines ; inflammation of the gastric mucous membrane, or a want of sus- ceptibility of this part to the action of the medicine, from frequent repetition ; the necessity, in some urgent cases, of introducing medicine by every possible ave- nue; the indication to invite irritation from internal parts, by revulsion, or to apply the medicine to or as near the diseased part as possible. What is the relative dose by this method ? Two or there times the dose by the mouth. Tracheo- bronchial mucous membrane. How are medicines applied to this part ? Chiefly in the form of vapor, by an inhaler, or when this cannot be had, a tea-pot or basin, with an inverted funnel. Nasal or pituitary tnembrane. For what purposes are medicines applied to this part. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED. 19 Mostly for their excitant or derivative effects on neighboring parts. When they produce a discharge, they are called errhines, when sneezing, sternutatories. Into the veins. What are the advantages and dis- advantages of this method ? The effects of medicines may be obtained very speedily in this way, and it is preferred by some, to the method of ingestion, as they suppose the virtues of medicines are injured or altered by the digestive pro- cess, in the latter case ; but the danger from introdu- cing too much liquid or air into the veins, is imminent, so much so, that it is seldom expedient to resort to it. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED. What weights and measures are recognized by the U. S. Pharm., and used by the apothecary in com- pounding and dispensing his medicines? The apothecaries' iveight, and apothecaries' or wine measure, the divisions and equivalents of which, are as follows : Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples. Grains. Ibl =. 12 — 96 = 28S = 5760 §1 •= 8 == 24 = 480 51 .' = 3 ■■== 60 91 = gr. 20 APOTHECARIES 5 OR WINE MEASURE. Gallon. Pints. Fluidounces. Fluidrachms. Minims. Cong. 1 __ 8 = 12S _ 1024 = 61440 01 __ 16 _ 128 __ T680 ill — S = 480 f 3 l __ 7^60 What approximate measures are sometimes substi- tuted for the above ? 20 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. A tea-cup, estimated to hold about f § iv. or a gill. A wine-glass, f § ij. A table-spoon, f g ss. A tea-spoon, f 5j. A drop is generally considered equivalent to a minim, but varies in size according to the nature of the fluid, and the size and shape of the vessel from which it is dropped. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. What is Dr. Wood's classification of medicines, and the basis upon which it is founded ? His classification, which is founded on the relations that medicines bear to the human system, in a state of health, is as follows : Substances which act on the living body. General remedies. Stimulants. Permanent stimulants. Astringents. Tonics. DifTusable stimulants. Arterial stimulants. Cerebro-nervous stimulants. Cerebral stimulants. v Nervous stimulants. Sedatives. Arterial sedatives, or refrigerants. Nervous sedatives, or sedative narcotics. Local remedies. Affecting the functions. Emetics. Cathartics. Diuretics. Diaphoretics. Expectorants. Emmenagogues. Sialagogues. Errhines. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 21 Affecting the organization. Rubefacients. Epispastics. Escharotics Operating mechanically. Demulcents. Emollients. Diluents. Medicines insusceptible of accurate classification. Ergot. Nux vomica. Arsenic. Mercury. Iodine. Substances which act on foreign matters contained within the body. Antacids. Anthelmintics. I. ASTRINGENTS. What are astringents ? They are substances which produce contraction and condensation of the living tissues. What is their modus operandi? Their general action is thought to be entirely vital , and is extended chiefly by nervous sympathy. What are their general effects upon the system ? They produce a gentle, but permanent excitement of the system, a harder and more contracted pulse, and a diminution of all the secretions. What circumstances indicate and contra-indicate their use ? They are indicated by all morbid discharges which depend upon relaxation of the tissues; contra-indica- ted by much general or local excitement, and by any discharge which is a mere effect of some disease, and which it is calculated to relieve. Mention some particular diseases in which astrin- gents are frequently employed. Hemorrhages, particularly of a passive character, diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, diabetes, catarrh of the bladder, ephidrosis, or profuse sweating, (fee. Locally, they are employed in external hemorrhages ; in in- flammatory affections of the throat, nostrils, rectum, vagina, urethra, (fee, after the active stage of the in- flammation has subsided ; and in relaxations of the vagina, uvula, anus, and other parts. How are astringents divided ? Into vegetable and mineral. To what proximate principle do the former owe their astringency? To tannin ) or tannic acid. What are the physical and chemical properties of this principle ? When pure, it is a yellowish-white, uncrystaliza- ASTRINGENTS. 23 ble solid, of a strong astringent taste, and void of bit- terness. It is very soluble in water, moderately so in alcohol, but sparingly soluble in ether. Exposed to the air, it absorbs oxygen, and is partly converted into gallic acid. Its solution reddens litmus paper. Its ultimate constituents are carbon, hydrogen and oxy- gen. What are its relations to acids, alkalies, metallic oxides and salts, starch, albumen, gluten and gelatin ? In solution it forms precipitates with several of the acids, as the sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and arsenic ; it unites with most of the salifiable basis, forming salts which are of difficult solubility. It affords pre- cipitates with most of the metallic oxides, and with many of the metallic salts ; with the sesquisalts of iron it forms a black precipitate, which is the basis of ink. It precipitates solutions of albumen, starch and gluten, and forms an insoluble compound with gelatin, which is the basis of leather. What are its therapeutical applications? It has been successfully used in hemorrhages ; in colliquative sweats, diarrhoea, &c. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from gr. ss. to gr. ij. ; given in pill or solu- tion. 1. Vegetable Astringents. What are some of the principal vegetable astrin- gents ? Oak bark, — white and black, — galls, kino, catechu, rhatany, logwood, cranesbill, blackberry root, dewber- ry root, uva ursi, and pipsissewa. WHITE-OAK BARK— QUERCUS ALBA.. BLACK-OAK BARK— QUERCUS TINCTORIA. What are the physical properties of these barks ? White-oak bark is of a light brown color, of a 24 ASTRINGENTS. coarse texture, and of difficult pulverization. It has a feeble odor and an astringent, bitterish taste. Black- oak bark differs fioni the above by its greater bitter- ness, and by staining the saliva yellow, when chewed. What are their chemical properties? The chief ingredients of white-oak bark, are tan- nic and gallic acids ; of black- oak bark, tannin and a coloring principle called quercitrin — these are im- parted to water and alcohol. For what purposes are these varieties of oak-bark employed in the arts ? They are sometimes used for tanning leather; and the black-oak bark, in the form of a coarse powder, and under the name of quercitrin, is much employed in Europe for dying wool and silk of a yellow color. What are the medical properties and remedial ap- plications of oak-bark, both internally and exter- nally? It is astringent and slightly tonic; occasionally used internally, in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery ; in hemorrhages and intermittent fever, more frequently employed externally. In the form of decoction, it has been used as a bath in seme diseases of children, as marasmus, scrofula, cholera infantum, intermittent fever, &c. It is also used as a gargle in slight inflam- mation or relaxation of the uvula and tonsils ; as an injection in fluor albus, prolapsus of the uterus and rectum, and as a wash to flabby, ill-conditioned ulcers. Which, of the two officinal species, is to be preferred for internal use, and why ? The white-oak bark, as it is less apt to irritate the bowels ? W^hat are the forms of administration, and dose of each? Given in powder, decoction and extract. Dose of the powder, from 5 ss. to 5 j. ; of the decoction, pre- pared by boiling § j. in Oij. of water down to Oj., f § ij. ; of the extract, 20 grains. ASTRINGENTS. 25 GALLS.— GALLA. What are these, and from what derived ? They are morbid excrescences, derived chiefly from the Quercus infectoria — a small tree or shrub growing in Asia Minor and Armenia. How are they produced ? They are formed in consequence of the irritation occasioned by the puncture of a hymenopterous insect, the Oynips quercusfolii of Linnaeus, which pierces the young branches and deposits its egg. From whence are they imported? From the Levant and the East Indies. What are their physical properties ? They are of a roundish shape, and of a size varying from that of a pea, to that of a large cherry. They are tuberculated externally, hollow and of a whitish color within. They have no odor, but a bitter and very astringent taste. What are the commercial varieties of galls, and what is the difference between them? There are two varieties — blue galls and ivhite galls. The former are collected before the escape of the insect, and are the best ; the latter after it has escaped and are perforated with around hole. These are also larger, of a lighter color and much inferior in as- tringency. What are the chemical properties of galls ? The most important ingredients are tannin and gallic acid, which are extracted by water and alcohol. With what substances are they incompatible in pre- scription ? With the mineral acids, the salts of lead and iron, the sulphate of copper, the nitrates of silver and mer- cury, the carbonates of ammonia and potassa, with tartar emetic and lime water, and with the infusions of cinchona, columbo, opium, ipecacuanha, (fee. What are their remedial uses? 26 ASTRINGENTS. Though powerfully astringent, they are seldom em- ployed internally; occasionally given in chronic diar- rhoBa. In the form of infusion or decoction they are sometimes used as an astringent wash, injection or gargle, and an ointment made with one part of pow- dered galls to 8 parts of lard, to which opium is some- times added, is much used in hemorrhoidal affec- tions. How are they given, and what is the dose? Given in powder, infusions and tincture. Dose of the powder, 10 to 20 grains ; of the infusion, made in the proportion of p j. to Oj., f § j. tof § ij. The tincture is seldom given internally, chiefly used as a chemical re-agent. Dose f 5 ij. to f 5 iij. KINO. What is kino and its supposed origin ? It is thought to be an extract, derived from a plant not certainly known, probably from the Nauclea Gambir, a twining East India shrub. What are the different varieties of kino ? There are several varieties, viz : African kino, Ja- maica kino, Botany Bay kino, and East India, or Amboyna kino. Which of these is mostly used in this country ? The East India variety. What are its physical and chemical properties ? As found in our shops, it is usually in small angu- lar, shining, brittle fragments, of a deep brown color, and affords a powder of a lighter hue. It is without odor, but has a very astringent, bitterish taste. Its most important constituents are tannin and extractive, to the former of which it owes its astringency. Water dissolves it partially, alcohol, the larger portion. With what substances is it incompatible ? With all those enumerated under the head of galls. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a very efficient astringent, well suited for internal ASTRINGENTS. 27 uses. It may be resorted to in all those conditions of the system which call for the use of astringents. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each ? It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, f § ss. to f §jss.; of the tincture, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. What is the objection to the tincture? It is apt to become gelatinous when kept. CATECHU. What is catechu? It is an extract, obtained from the wood of the Acacia Catechu, a small tree growing in Hindostan. What are its physical properties ? It occurs in irregular masses, weighing from a few ounces to a pound each ; of a chocolate brown color externally, and varying from a yellowish-brown, to a dark liver color internally ; it is brittle, and presents when broken, a smooth, shining, resinous fracture, in the best specimens. What are its impurities? It frequently contains sand, sticks, &c. What are its chemical and medical properties? They are nearly similar to those of kino, but it is more impure, and consequently less used internally. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains. The infusion, made in the proportion of 5 ij. to Ojss. of boiling water, to which cinnamon, or other aromatic, is sometimes added, may be given in the close of f % j. or f § ij. Dose of the tincture, f 5 j. to 5 iij. RHATANY.— KRAMERIA. What is this officinal! y ? 28 ASTRINGENTS. It is the root of the Krameria triandra, a small plant or shrub growing in Peru. What are its physical properties? The roots are long and branching, varying in thick- ness from that of a quill to that of the thumb, and often attached to the common root stock, which is still larger and an inch or more in length. They consist of a reddish-brown bark, and a ligneous central por- tion, which is of a reddish-yellow color. The root is inodorous, but the bark has a strong astringent, some- what bitter taste. What are the relative virtues of the cortical and ligneous portions? The woody part is comparatively inert, and conse- quently the smaller pieces are preferred, as they con- tain less of this. What is its active ingredient, and its relation to water and alcohol ? The active principle is tannin, which is extracted by water and alcohol, along with the coloring matter of the root. What are its medical properties and uses ? They are the same with those of kino and catechu. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each ? It is given in powder, decoction, tincture, and extract. Dose of the powder, 20 to 30 grains ; of the decoction, made by boiling one ounce in a point of water, f § j. to f § ij.; of the extract, prepared by eva- porating the tincture or infusion, 10 to 15 grains. LOGWOOD— H^MATOXYLON. From what tree is this derived ? From the HcBmatoxylon Campechianum, a tree of medium size, growing wild in Campeachy, and other parts of tropical America, and naturalized in Jamaica. In what state does the wood exist in commerce, and in the shops? ASTRINGENTS. 29 It is imported in the form of billets, deprived of the sap-wood, and kept in the shops for medical use, in the state of chips or coarse powder. What are its sensible properties, and its relations to water and alcohol ? It is of a deep red color, becoming dark by expo- sure, of a faint agreeable odor, and of a sweetish astringent taste. It yields its virtues to water and alcohol. What is its characteristic ingredient? A peculiar coloring principle, called hematin, which is also dissolved by water and alcohol, and imparts to the solutions, a fine purple color. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is a mild astringent, given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, and in cholera infantum, after the ac- tive stage has subsided. How is it given, and what is the dose? Given in decoction and extract. Decoction pre- pared by boiling, § j. of the rasped wood in Oij. of water, down to Oj. Dose, f § j. to f § ij. Dose of the extract, 10 to 30 grains. CRANESBILL.— GERANIUM. What is cranesbill, officinally ? It is the root of the Geranium maculatum, an herb- aceous, perennial plant, growing in the woods, in every part of the United States. What are the physical properties of the root ? In the dried state, it is in pieces from one to two inches in length, and from a quarter to half an inch in diameter; contorted, wrinkled, tuberculated and beset with slender fibres, of an umber-brown color, externally ; reddish-gray internally. It is inodorous, but has an astringent taste, devoid of bitterness or other unpleasant flavor. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? They extract its virtues, which depend upon tannin. 3# 30 ASTRINGENTS. What is its character as an astringent ? It is one of our best and most efficient indigenous astringents, and in consequence of no unpleasant taste, it is well adapted to cases of children, and persons with delicate stomachs. What are some particular diseases in which it has been given with benefit ? Diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, the latter stages of cholera infantum, and hemorrhages; as an application to indolent ulcers; as an injection in gleet and leucor- rhoea, and as a gargle in relaxed uvula, and aphthous ulcerations of the throat. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? Given in powder and decoction. Dose of the pow- der, 20 to 30 grains. Of the decoction, made by boil- ing g j. in Ojss. to Oj. f S j. tof | ij. It is sometimes boiled in milk, for children. BLACKBERRY-ROOT— RUBUS VILLOSUS. DEWBERRY-ROOT.— RUBUS TRIVIALIS. What is the character of these plants ? The former is an erect prickly shrub ; the latter, a creeping briar; both of which are very common in the United States, their berries being much used for food. What is their active principle, and in what part of the root does it reside ? The active ingredient is tannin, which resides chiefly in the cortical portion, consequently, the small- est roots are the best. What are their medical properties and uses ? They are slightly tonic and strongly astringent. Given in chronic diarrhoea, &c. How are they given, and what is the dose? They are usually given in decoction, prepared by boiling § j. of the small roots, or the bark of the larger ones, in Ojss. of water, to Oj., and given in the dose of f § j. or § ij. Dose of the powder, 20 to 30 grains. ASTRINGENTS. 31 UVA URSL What is this officinally ? The leaves of the Arbutus Uva Ursi, or bearberry, a small trailing, evergreen shrub, growing in the north- ern latitudes of the old and new continents, and in the United States, as far south as New Jersey. What aie the physical properties of the dried leaves? They are thick and coriaceous, with entire rounded margins, smooth, shining, and of a dark green color, on the upper surface ; paler and reticulated beneath. Their taste is bitterish and astringent, followed by a sense of sweetness. They are inodorous when fresh, but emit a faint odor when dried and pulverized, somewhat similar to that of hay. What are the peculiarities by which they may be distinguished from other leaves, with which they are sometimes adulterated? Their entire edges and reticulated under surfaces, together with their taste, will enable us to distinguish them from those of the Vaccinium Vitis Idcea, or red ivhortleberry , and the common box leaf, which are the most common adulterations; the former of which are sometimes minutely toothed on their edges, and dotted on their under surface ; while both are deficient in astringency. What are its active ingredients, and its relations to water and alcohol ? They owe their virtues to tannin and bitter extract, which they impart to water and alcohol. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is astringent and tonic, possessing, it is thought, a specific tendency to the urinary organs, for the diseases of which it is principally given, such as gravel, chronic nephritis, ulceration of the kidneys and bladder, dia- betes, catarrh of the bladder, &c. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? It is given in powder and decoction. Dose of the 32 ASTRINGENTS. powder, from 20 to 60 grains ; of the decoction, made by boiling gj. in Ojss., down to Oj. f§j. to fgij., repeated 3 or 4 times a day. PIPSISSEWA.— CHIMAPHILA. What is pipsissewa? The leaves of the Chimaphila wnbellata, or winter green. What is the character of this plant, and where does it grow ? It is a small, beautiful evergreen, growing in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, and in all parts of the United States. How may the leaves be distinguished from the uva ursi, with which they are sometimes mixed? By their greater length, their cuneiform or wedge shape, and their seriated edges. What are their sensible properties ? The fresh leaves, when bruised, emit a peculiar odor; their taste is bitter, astringent and somewhat sweetish. What are their active principles, and their relations to water and alcohol ? Their active ingredients are tannin and bitter ex- tractive , both of which are dissolved by boiling water, and by alcohol. What are the medical properties and therapeutical applications of pipsissewa ? It is diuretic, tonic and astringent, and has been advantageously used in dropsies, especially when at- tended with debility and disordered digestion. It has also been used, it is said, with benefit in scrofula, and in all those nephritic affections, in which uva ursi is recommended. How is it given, and what is the dose? It is usually given in decoction, made by boiling § ij. in Oiij. to Oij., the half of which may be taken in the course of 24 hours. The watery extract may ASTRINGENTS. 33 be given in the dose of 20 or 30 grains, 3 or 4 times a day. What other vegetable substances are occasionally used for their astringency ? The rind of the pomegranate, (granatum,) the pe- tals of the red rose, (rosa gallica,) the bark and unripe fruit of the persimmon, (Diospyros Virginiana,) tor- mentil, or the root of the Tormentilla erecta, and bistort, or the root of the Polygonum Bistorta. What are the officinal preparations of red roses — Rosa Gallica? The two most important, are the confection of roses, (confectio rosse,) and the compound infusion of roses, (infusum rosee compositum.) What are the uses of these ? The confection is chiefly used in the formation of pills. The compound infusion, which is refrigerant and astringent, owing to the small proportion of sul- phuric acid it contains, is sometimes used as a drink, in hemorrhages and colliquative sweats ; but it is more frequently employed as a vehicle for sulphate of magnesia and other saline medicines, the taste of which it partly covers. What are the uses of rose water, (aqua rosse,) an officinal preparation of the Rosa centifolia, or hundred leaved rose ? It is used in connection with other substances, as a lotion for the eyes and other parts, on account of its pleasant odor. What are the remedial uses of the unguentum aqua rosm, prepared from it ? It is much employed under the name of cold cream, as a cooling application to irritated and excoriated sur- faces, and to chapped lips and hands. 2. — Mineral Astringents. What mineral substances are used chiefly for their astringency ? Alum, and some of the preparations of lead. 34 ASTRINGENTS. ALUM.— ALUMEN. What is alum, chemically ? It is a double salt, consisting of sulphate of alumina and potassa. What are its sources ? It sometimes occurs native, but is more frequently prepared from alum ores, which contain some or all of its constituents, or by the direct combination of its constituents. What are its physical properties ? It crystalizes in regular octohedrons, but as met with in the shops, it is usually in crystaline masses, which are transparent, colorless, inodorous, and of a sweetish astringent taste. What are the effects of exposure to the air and to heat ? It effloresces slightly, in the air, and when exposed to heat, it flist melts in its water of crystalization, then parts with it, and is converted into a white porous mass, constituting the officinal dried alum. By a red heat, part of the sulphuric acid is driven off, and a mixture of sulphate of potassa and pure alumina remains. What is its relation to water? It is dissolved by cold, but more readily by boiling water. What are its chemical incompatibles ? The alkalies and their carbonates ; lime and mag- nesia, and their carbonates ; tartrate of potassa, and acetate of lead. What is its character as an astringent, and its thera- peutical applications as such? It possesses the property of astringency, in a high degree, for which it is used, both internally and exter- nally. Internally administered, it has been found useful in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery — in passive hemorrhages — in atonic mucous discharges — in the colliquative sweatings of hectic, and in colica picto- ASTRINGENTS. 35 num, (fee. As a topical application, it is used to arrest hemonhages from minute vessels; as from leech bites — in epistaxis — in menorrhagia, &c. In inflammatory affections of the throat, it is much used as a gargle, prepared with water, vinegar and honey ; and in the early stages of the inflammatory sore throat of scarla- tina, measles and small pox, it has proved useful, applied in the form of powder, either by means of the finger, or by insufflation. As a collyrium, it is used in chronic ophthalmia, and as an injection, in gleet and fluor albus. What are the modes of administration ? It is given in powder, pill or solution, and some- times in the form of alum lohey, prepared by boiling 5 ij. of powdered alum in Oj. of milk, and straining. What is the dose ? Dose, in substance, from 5 to 20 grains ; of the whey, a wine glass full. The gargle made in the proportion of 15 to 20 grains to the fluidounce of water. What is alum cataplasm, and its remedial use? It is a coagulum, formed by rubbing alum with the whites of eggs ; used as an astringent application, in chronic and purulent ophthalmia, placed over the eye, between folds of linen. What is alum curd, and its use ? It is a coagulum, formed with milk; used some- times as a substitute for the cataplasm. LEAD.— PLUMBUM. What are the effects of lead, on the system ? In the metallic state, it is considered inert, but in its various preparations, it is astringent and sedative. What are the poisonous effects of its preparations ? In small doses, long continued, they produce a pe- culiar spasmodic colic, called lead colic, and partial paralysis, which depend upon their absorption. In large doses, they act locally, as irritant poisons, and in 36 ASTRINGENTS. consequence of the irritation produced, absorption is retarded, and the peculiar poisonous impression of lead, less apt to result. How are its poisonous effects best counteracted? By the administration of opium and sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda; the former allays the spasm and pain in the bowels, while the latter evacu- ates them, and, at the same time, acts as an antidote, by converting any portion of the preparation, remain- ing in the bowels, into a sulphate which is insoluble, and consequently inactive. What are the preparations of lead mostly used ? Litharge, or the semivitrified oxide ; the carbonate, the acetate and the subacetate. LITHARGE— PLUMBI OXIDUM SEMIVITREUM. What is litharge, chemically, and how is it pre- pared ? It is the protoxide of lead, rendered crystaline by fusion. It is obtained in the process for extracting silver from argentiferous galenas. Argentiferous lead, or an alloy of silver and lead is first extracted from the ore, which is then calcined in a current of air, when the lead is converted into litharge, by oxidation and fusion. What are its physical properties ? It is in small vitrified scales, of a red or yellow color, and without odor or taste. What are its impurities ? It usually contains copper, iron, silica and silver. What are its uses ? It is never given internally. Its chief use is in the preparation of the lead plaster, Emplastrum Plumbi. How is this plaster prepared ? By boiling litharge with olive oil and water, over a slow fire, constantly stirring, until the oil and litharge unite in a plaster. ASTRINGENTS. 37 What is the object of the water, in this process, and what chemical changes are supposed to take place? Water is necessary to effect a union of the other ingredients. According to Chevreul, it is an instance of saponification. A re-action of the constituents of the oil, and of a small portion of the water, takes place, by which a sweetish substance, called glycerin and oleic , and margarie acids, are formed : the acids combine with the oxide, and form a mixture of oleo- margarate of lead, — the plaster. What are its medicinal and pharmaceutical uses? Lead plaster, or diachylon, as it is frequently called, is used to retain the edges of fresh wounds in contact, and to protect them from the action of the air ; but chiefly in the preparation of other plasters, in many of which it exists as the basis. CARBONATE OF LEAD.— PLUMBI CARBON AS. By what other name is this preparation called ? White lead, and sometimes ceruse. How is it prepared. It is prepared by two methods. One consists in passing carbonic acid through a solution of subacetate of lead, when the carbonic acid combines with the excess of protoxide to form the carbonate, which pre- cipitates and leaves a neutral acetate in solution. The other method, which is practiced on a large scale in the United States, consists in exposing plates of lead to the fumes of vinegar or acetic acid. What are its physical properties and its relation to water ? It is in the form of a heavy, white opaque powder or lumps, devoid of odor or taste, and is insoluble in water. What are its medical properties and uses? It is said to be astringent and sedative, but being the most poisonous preparation of lead, it is never given internally : externally it is sometimes used as a topical 4 38 ASTRINGENTS. application in neuralgia, and to ulcerated and excori- ated parts ; applied usually in the form of ointment or cerate; sometimes the powder is sprinkled on the part. What are the uses of the officinal plaster — Emplas- trum Plumbi Carbonatis? It is used as an application to inflamed and excori- ated surfaces, as those occurring on the back and hips from long confinement in one position. ACETATE OF LEAD— PLUMBI ACETAS. What is the common name for this preparation, and how is it prepared ? Commonly called sugar of lead. Prepared by two methods — one consists in dissolving litharge in dis- tilled vinegar, by the aid of heat, and ciystalizing the solution ; by the other, a solution of this salt is obtained by the combined action of the air and vine- gar upon plates of lead — the plates being partly immersed in vinegar and occasionally turned, so as to expose them alternately to the action of the air and of the vinegar. Wliat are its physical properties ? It is a white salt, crystalized in prismatic needles, with dihedral summits. It has an acetous odor and a sweetish astringent taste. What is its chemical composition ? It consists of 1 eq. of acetic acid, 1 of protoxide of lead, and 3 of water. How is it affected by exposure to the air? It effloresces slowly in the air. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? It is dissolved by water and alcohol ; forming with the first, a turbid solution, owing to the carbonic acid it contains. This may be prevented by the addition of a small quantity of vinegar. What are its incompatibles? It is incompatible with all acids and many salts ; ASTRINGENTS. 39 with the alkalies, lime water, vegetable astringents, mucilage and many other substances. What are its medical properties and therapeutical applications ? It is powerfully astringent and sedative, and may be given in medical doses, not too long continued, without risk of producing poisonous effects. It is much used, either alone or combined with opium, in hemorrhages, dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera infantum, dec. In solution, it is used as a topical application in superficial inflammation, as injection in gonorrhoea, gleet and leucorrhoea, and as a coltyrium in ophthalmia when unaccompanied with ulceration of the cornea ; other- wise, it is apt to be deposited in the ulcers and leave an indelible stain. What is the dose and mode of administration? Medium close, 2 grains, repeated several times a day; usually given in pills, sometimes in water, acidulated with vinegar. Strength of the solution as a collyrium, 1 or 2 grains to f §j of water; of the injection, from 2 to 5 grains to the fluidounce, and as a lotion for the sound skin, 5 ij to Oj. SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.— LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. What is the common name of this solution, and what is the mode of preparation? It is commonly called Goulard's extract of lead. Prepared by boiling a mixture in due proportions of acetate of lead, litharge and distilled water. The acetic acid combines with an additional portion of the oxide to form the subacetate. What are its sensible properties? It is a colorless liquid, of an acetous odor and a sweetish astringent taste. What are the effects of exposure ? It attracts carbonic acid from the air, and deposits a white precipitate of carbonate of lead; hence it should be kept in well stopped bottles. 40 TONICS. What are its remedial uses ? It is used only as an external application, in sprains, bruises, burns, blisters, &c, applied by means of linen cloths kept constantly wet. What is the proper strength for use ? It is too strong and should aways be diluted ; f 5 ij. or f 5 iij., may be added to Oj. of distilled water. What are the uses of the cerate of subacetate of lead — Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatisl Goulard 's cerate, as it is commonly called, is a useful application to blistered surfaces indisposed to heal ; to burns, scalds, chilblains and some cutaneous eruptions. What other mineral preparations are frequently employed for their astringency ? The sulphates of zinc, iron and copper, &c, but these possess also tonic properties and are treated of under that head. II. TONICS. Wliat are tonics ? They are moderately excitant substances, the con- tinued administration of which imparts strength and vigor to the debilitated system. What is their modus operandi 9 Operating upon the vital principle, they increase the energies of the digestive organs, and through the medium of the nerves or blood-vessels, impart vigor to the whole system. In what conditions of the system are they likely to prove useful, and hurtful? The moderate but permanent excitement which they produce, render them useful in relaxation and de- bility, and hurtful in diseases of excitement and in a state of health ; as all excitement above the standard of health is followed by a corresponding depression. TONICS. 41 How are tonics divided ? Into vegetable and mineral, according to the king- doms from which they were originally derived. To what principles do they owe their tonic powers? The virtues of most vegetable tonics depend upon bitter extractive, or upon a principle possessing bitter- ness. Mineral tonics have no principle in common, to which their tonic property may be ascribed. 1. Vegetable Tonics. What is Dr. Wood's division of these? He divides them into 1., pure bitters; 2, bitters of peculiar or modified properties ; and 3, aromatics. 1. PURE BITTERS. What are the effects of these on the system ? In moderate doses, they increase the appetite and promote digestion, without exerting much influence over either the circulatory or nervous systems. In large closes , they sometimes purge and vomit. What are the articles composing this division? Quassia, simaruba bark, goldthread, gentian, American centaury and columbo. QUASSIA. What is quassia omcinally? The wood of the Quassia excelsa and Quassia amara — the former a tall tree, sometimes 100 feet high, growing in Jamaica and other West India islands ; the latter a small tree or shrub inhabiting Surinam. From which of these trees is quassia chiefly obtained? From the Quassia excelsa. What are its physical properties ? It is imported in cylindrical billets of various sizes, frequently covered with a smooth whitish brittle bark. 4# 42 TONICS. The wood is light, of a pale-yellow color, inodorous and of an intensely bitter taste. It is kept in the shops split into small pieces, or rasped. What is its active ingredient, and its solubility in water and alcohol ? Active principle, bitter extractive, called quassin, which is extracted by water and alcohol. What are its medical properties and therapeutical applications ? It is one of the most efficient of the pure bitters, and may be given in all cases requiring a simple tonic impression. Much used in dyspepsia, depending on atony of the digestive organs. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? Given in infusion, extract and tincture. Infusion, made in the proportions of 3 ij. to Oj. of cold water; dosefgij. 3 or 4 times a day ; dose of the extract, from 2 to 5 grains ; of the tincture, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. SIMARUBA. What is this officinally ? The bark of the root of the Quassia Simaruba.. What are its medical properties and uses. It is similar in properties to quassia, and may be given for the same purposes. It is seldom employed in this country; formerly much used in France in dysentery and diarrhoea. How is it given, and in what dose ? Best given in infusion made in the proportion of 3 ij. or 3 iij. to Oj of boiling water, dose f gij. : dose of the powder, from a scruple to a drachm. GOLDTHREAD.— COPTIS. What is this officinally ? The root of the Coptis trifolia. What is the character of this plant, and place of growth ? toxics. 43 It is a small evergreen, with threadlike, orange- yellow roots, much resembling the strawberry in ap- pearance. It inhabits the northern latitudes of Asia and America, and abounds in Canada and the New England States. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a simple bitter, closely resembling quassia in medical properties, and may be given in similar cases. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? It may be given in substance, infusion or tincture. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, made in the proportion of § j. to Oj. of boil- ing water, f § j. to f § ij. ; of the tincture made in the same proportions, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. GENTIAN.— GENTIAN A. What is gentian officinally ? It is the root of the Gentiana lutea. What is the character of this plant, and place of growth ? It is a beautiful plant, from 3 to 4 feet high, bearing large yellow flowers, which appear in July. It is a native of the mountainous regions of Central Europe. What are the physical properties of the root as found in the shops? It is in pieces of various sizes ; sometimes split lon- gitudinally, with a wrinkled grayish-brown epidermis, yellowish within, and of a soft spongy texture. Its odor is faint but peculiar, and its taste at first sweetish, afterwards intensely bitter. It affords a yellowish powder. What are its relations to water and alcohol? These solvents extract its virtues, which according to Henry and Caventou, depend on a peculiar crys- talizable principle, called by them gentianin', but this has been since found to be impure and not the active bitter principle which remains jQt to be sepa- rated. 44 TONICS. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is an excellent bitter tonic, more generally em- ployed than any other of the same class. In very large doses it has been known to vomit and purge. The diseases in which it has proved useful, are atonic dyspepsia, gout, amenorrhcea, hysteria, scrofula, diar- rhoea, worms, &c. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? It is seldom given in powder, usually in the form of infusion, tincture or extract. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, made with § ss. to Oj. of water, f | j. to f |ij.; dose of the tincture, f 3 j. to f 5ij ; of the extract, 5 to 30 grains. There is an officinal compound infusion, which may be given in the dose of f § j. AMERICAN CENTAURY— SABBATIA. What is the character of this plant, and place of growth ? The Sabbatia angularis or American centaury ', is an annual herbaceous plant, with an erect stem from one to two feet high, and grows abundantly in the Middle and Southern States, in low grounds ; flower- ing in July and August. At what season should the herb be collected ? Whilst in flower. What are its sensible properties, and its relations to water and alcohol ? Its taste is purely and strongly bitter ; and its vir- tues are extracted, both by water and alcohol. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is analogous, in its action, to the other simple bitters, and has been given in the apyrexia of inter- mittents, in slow convalescence frotn acute diseases, dyspepsia, &c. How is it best given, and what is the close ? Best given in infusion, made with §,j. to Oj. of boiling w r ater. Dose, f § ij. toxics. 45 COLUMBO.— COLOMBA. What is col umbo, officinal ly ? The root of the Cocculus palmatus, a climbing plant inhabiting the thick forests of Mozambique. How is the root prepared for market, and from whence is it imported ? The roots are dug up in March, and the offsets from the main root, the part used, are cut into transverse slices and dried in the shade. It is sent by the Por- tuguese, from the south-east of Africa, to India, and then distributed to various parts of the world. What are its physical properties, as met with in our shops ? It is in flat, circular pieces, from 3 to 10 lines thick, and from half an inch to three inches in diameter. The pieces consist of a brownish, wrinkled epidermis, a thick, yellowish inner bark, and a light, spongy, grayish -yellow central portion, which is depressed, from the shrinking during drying, and frequently marked with concentric circles and radiating lines. It has a feeble aromatic odor, and a strong, purely bitter taste, which is greater in the cortical than in the cen- tral portion. The pieces are brittle, easily pulverized, and affords a greenish-yellow powder. What are its chemical properties ? It contains a crystaline, very bitter principle, called colombin, on which its tonic properties depend : about one-third of its weight of starch, mucilage, a trace of volatile oil, &c. Boiling water and alcohol extract its virtues. What are its medical properties and therapeutical application ? It is one of the best bitter tonics, and may be given in all cases in which the simple bitters are indicated. It is frequently associated in prescription, with other tonics, with aromatics, mild purgatives and antacids ; and an infusion made with columbo, ginger and senna, is highly spoken of by Dr. Wood, as a remedy 46 TONICS. for the permanent cure of a disposition to flatulent accumulations in the bowels. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains. The infusion is pre- pared by macerating half an ounce in a pint of boil- ing water, which dissolves also a portion of starch, and causes the infusion to spoil very soon ; hence the Edinburgh College directs it to be made with cold water, by percolation. Dose of the infusion, from f §j. to f §ij. ; of the tincture, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 2. BITTERS OP PECULIAR OR MODIFIED PROPERTIES. How are these divided ? " Into 1. Those having a peculiar alkaline princi- ple, as Peruvian bark. 2. Those in which the bitter principle is modified by combination with a sedative principle, as wild cherry bark. And 3. Those in which it is associated with a stimulant principle, usu- ally a volatile oil, as serpentaria." Peruvian bark.— cinchona. What are the sources of Peruvian bark ? It is derived from different species of Cinchona, tall shrubs or large forest trees, inhabiting the Andes, from 11° N. L.,to20° S. L. What are the officinal varieties of bark, and the botanical origin of each ? There are three officinal varieties : — 1, pale bark ; 2, yellow bark ; and 3, red bark. The exact species from which these varieties are respectively derived, is unknown; though the London College refers the pale bark to the C. lancifolia, the yellow to the C. cordi- folia, and the red to the C. oblongifolia. From whence are the officinal barks imported ? From the Pacific ports of South America. TONICS. 47 What are Carthagena barks 9 This name is applied to all those inferior varieties, which are brought from the northern Atlantic ports of South America. 1. Pale bark. — Cinchona pallida. What origi- nated this name, and by what other title is this variety frequently called ? The epithet pale is derived from the color of the powder, and that of gray, by which the French dis- tinguish this variety, from the color of the epidermis. The pale barks ate also known, in commerce, by the name of Loxa barks ; and those of superior quality are sometimes called crown bark of Loxa. What are the physical properties of pale bark ? It is met with in the shops, in the form of quills, either single or double, from a few inches to a foot and a half in length, from two lines to an inch in diameter, and from a half to two or three lines in thickness. The epidermis, which is always present, is of a grayish color, owing to the lichens which cover it, and is usually marked with circular and longitudi- nal fissutes. The interior surface of the quills is smooth, and of a cinnamon-brown color. The pow- der is of a pale-fawn color. Its odor is feeble, and its taste moderately bitter, and somewhat aromatic and astringent. 2. Yellow bark. — Cinchona flava. What is this variety commonly called, in commerce ? Calisaya bark ; and by the French, royal yellow bark. What are the varieties of yellow bark, and the physical properties of each ? The varieties are two: — the quilled and the flat; the former occurs in commerce, in pieces from half a foot to a foot and a half long, ftom half an inch to two or three inches in diameter, and from two to six lines in thickness. The epidermis, which is partially- covered with grayish-white lichens, is rough, wrinkled longitudinally, furrowed transversely, easily separable 4S TONICS. from the proper bark, and yields, when pulverized separately, a dark red powder, which is tasteless and inert. The flat pieces, like the quilled, are of vari- ous lengths, from 1 to 4 inches broad, and generally freed of their epidermis. Both sorts break with a fibrous, splintery fracture, are of a brownish-yellow color within and without, when deprived of the epi- dermis, and yield an orange-yellow powder. Its taste is less astringent than that of the pale variety, but more bitter and nauseous. What is the relative strength of the quilled and flat varieties, and what the supposed cause of their physi- cal differences ? The flat variety, though weaker than the bark pro- per of the quilled, yields a larger per cent, of the active principles, because free from epidermis. The cause of their most striking difference, is supposed to be owing to the quills being derived from the small blanches, and the flat pieces from the large ones and from the trunks. 3. Red bark. — Cinchona rubra. What are the physical properties of this variety ? Like yellow bark, it is imported in quills and flat pieces ; the quills being about the same size, while the flat pieces are sometimes very large and thick as if derived from the trunk of a tree. They are covered with a reddish-brown, sometimes gtayish epidermis, which is rough, wrinkled, furrowed and often warty. The powder is of a pale reddish-brown color; the odor feebly aromatic, and the taste bitter and astringent. What are the varieties of Carthagena barks, and the signs by which they may be distinguished from the officinal varieties? There are several varieties, as the yellow Cartha- gena bark, the brown Carthagena bark, the red Car- thagena bark, &c. The following marks, among others, will distinguish them : their whitish, smooth, mi- caceous epidermis ; their less bitter and more disagree- TONICS. 49 able taste, and the comparative small quantity of alkaline matter which they contain. What are the chemical properties, and chemical differences of the several varieties of bark? The most important ingredients of bark and those upon which its virtues chiefly depend, are two peculiar alkalies, quinia and cinchonia, which exist in combi- nation with kinic acid: the other constituents are tannin, two peculiar coloring matters called cinchonic red and cinchonic yellow, fatty matter, kinate of lime, starch, lignin and gum, in the pale barks. The three officinal varieties of bark differ much in the proportion of the alkaloids they contain : thus quinia predom- inates in yellow bark, cinchonia in pale bark, while they are contained in nearly equal proportions in red bark. Quinia and Cinchonia. What are the physical properties of these alkalies, and their chemical rela- tions ? Quinia, when pure, is a white amorphous powder, inodorous and of a very bitter taste ; is almost insolu- ble in wate^ very soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether and the fixed and volatile oils. Cinchonia is a white chrystaline substance, nearly insoluble in cold, but slightly soluble in boiling water; less soluble in alco- hol, ether and the oils, than quinia, and has a taste less bitter. They both form salts with acids, the tar- trates, gallates and oxalates ; being insoluble in cold water, unless the acid be in excess. With what substances is bark incompatible ? With the^alkalies and alkaline earths, and with all vegetable tinctures, infusions and decoctions, con- taining tannic acid; the former, precipitating the alkaline principles in a separate state ; the latter, forming with them insoluble tannates. Other sub- stances may form precipitates with its inert ingredients, and not incompatible in prescription. What are its effects on the system ? It is eminently tonic, and by its peculiar excitant 50 TONICS. action on the nervous system, is antiperiodic. In large closes it sometimes produces nausea and vomiting-, and not unfrequently purges. Given so as to bring the system under its full influence, it produces a feel- ing of tension or fullness in the head, with ringing in the ears and partial deafness. What are its therapeutical applications, both as a tonic, and as an antiperiodic? As a tonic, bark and its various preparations are more highly esteemed and generally employed, than any other article of the Materia Medica. It may be given in all conditions of the system requiring the use of tonics, provided the stomach and digestive organs be not in an irritable condition : as in the latter stages of typhus gravior, and malignant scarla- tina, in the suppurative stage of small pox and car- buncle, and in all other cases in which the system is exhausted from large purulent discharges, in gangre- nous erysipelas, in convalescence from acute diseases, in scrofula, dropsy, passive hemorrhages, dyspepsia, hysteria, amenorrhcea, &c. As an antiperiodic, it is the most efficacious ; given in intermittent fevers, in remittent fevers, with decided remissions, and in neu- ralgic affections, rheumatism, headache, amaurosis, stricture, epilepsy, &c, recurring at regular intervals. What are the modes of administration, the advanta- ges and disadvantages of each, and their doses? It is given in powder, in infusion, simple and com- pound, in decoction, tincture, simple and compound, and in the form of extract. The form of powder to be preferred, when a very powerful impression is desired ; objectionable on account of its disagreeable taste and its tendency to oppress and irritate the stom- ach and bowels. But given diffused in water or some aromatic infusion ; often combined with opium, which corrects its tendency to purge, and increases its anti- periodic powers. Dose from 10 to 30 grains ; as a tonic, pale bark preferred ; red or yellow bark,- most efficient as an antiperiodic; dose 3j , repeated so that TONICS. 51 §j. or more maybe taken during the intermission. Infusion, (Infusum Cinchona, made by macerating § j. in Oj. of boiling water ; may be given as a tonic ? in the dose of f § ij. Not sufficiently potent as an antiperiodic. Compound infusion, (Infusum Cinchonas. Composi- tum,) prepared with §j. to Oj. of cold water, acidu- lated with f 5 j. of aromatic sulphuric acid, is a much better and more efficient preparation than the last ; the sulphuric acid combining with the alkalies and facilitating their solution. Dose f § ij. Decoction, (Decoctum Cinchonas,) prepared by boiling §j. in Oj. of water for 10 minutes in a covered vessel, may be given in the dose of f §j. or f § ij. This form is objectionable, as the virtues of bark are injured by long boiling, and even prepared as above, insoluble compounds are formed, which precipitate a portion of the alkalies on cooling, and render the decoction turbid ; to obviate this the addi- tion of aromatic sulphuric acid is recommended. Tincture, ( Tinctura Cinchonas,) — a very strong preparation, but seldom given alone, on account of the large proportion of alcohol contained in an ordi- nary dose; usually given as an adjuvant to the infu- sion or decoction, in the proportion of f 5 j. or f 5 ij., to f § ij. of either of these preparations. Compound tincture, ( Tinctura Cinchonas Com- posita,) which contains orange peel, Virginia snake- root, saffron and red saunders, and commonly known by the name of Huxham's tincture of bark, is a more agreeable, but less powerful tonic than the simple tincture, and like it is frequently associated with the infusion and decoction. Dose, from f 5 j. to f § ss. Extract, (Extraction Cinchonas) — prepared by means of water and alcohol ; contains most of the principles of cinchona, but is seldom used since the introduction of sulphate of quinia into medicine. Dose, 10 to 30 grains. Sulphate of Quinia. How is this salt prepared^ 52 TONICS. and what are its physical and chemical properties ? Yellow bark is boiled in water and muriatic acid, by which a muriate of quinia is formed; lime is added to the decoction, which displaces the quinia and allows it to precipitate, by combining with the muriatic acid to form a muriate of lime, which re- mains in solution. The precipitate is washed in dis- tilled water, dried, and digested in alcohol. The alcohol is then distilled off, and upon the brown viscid mass remaining, sufficient sulphuric acid, largely dilu- ted with water, is added to saturate the quinia. To this solution, animal charcoal is added, to remove the coloring matter, and after the liquor is sufficiently evaporated, it is filtered while hot, and set aside to crystalize. Sulphate of quinia is in fine, flexible, needle-like crystals, perfectly white, inodorous, and has a veiy bitter taste. Exposed to the air, it efflores- ces slightly ; is fused by a moderate heat, and decom- posed by red heat. It is very slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in boiling water, and very soluble in alcohol, and in dilute acids. It consists of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 2 of quinia, and 8 of water, conse- quently it is a disulphate. With what substances is it incompatible ? "With the alkalies, and their carbonates; lime-water, tannin, me soluble salts of lead, &c. What are the most common adulterations, and how may they be detected ? Sulphate of lime, starch, sugar and mannite, which may be detected by digesting in alcohol, when the sulphate of quinia is dissolved and the impurities left. What are the advantages of this preparation ? While it contains all, or nearly all, of the medicinal virtues of cinchona, it possesses the several advantages over it, of being less apt to nauseate and oppress the stomach ; and when the condition of that organ for- bids its use by the mouth, it may be more effectually employed endermically, and by the rectum, it being TONICS. 53 more speedily absoibed in the former case, and more easily retained in the latter. How is it administered, and what is the dose ? It is given in solution and pill ; the former, though more disagreeable, is yet to be preferred when a speedy or energetic impression is desired. Best given, dissolved in water, acidulated with aromatic sulphuric acid, and the bitter taste left, annihilated by chewing a piece of bread or apple. The pill is prepared with powdered gum arabic and syrup. Dose, as a tonic, I grain, 3 or 4 times a day ; as an antiperiodic, from 10 to 20 grains or more, may be taken in divided doses, duriner the intermission. More effectual when sriven in large doses, say from 5 to 10 grains, or more imme- diately after the paroxysm has passed off. Three times the ordinary dose may be administered, per anum, in a few ounces of some bland liquid, or when this mode is impracticable, from 5 to 10 grains mixed with an equal quantity of some mild powder, as arrow root, may be sprinkled on the surface, denuded by a blister. 12 grains are equivalent to § j. of good bark. Impure Sulphate of Quinia. How is this obtain- ed, and what is its chemical nature? Obtained by evaporating the mother waters, poured off from crystals of sulphate of quinia. It is a mix- ture of the sulphates of quinia and cinchonia, with a peculiar yellowish matter. What is its medical character and dose ? It produces the same effects on the system as the sulphate of quinia, but is much weaker, and requires to be given in double the dose. Sulphate of Cinchonia. How is this salt obtained, and what are its relative virtues, as a medicine? It may be obtained from pale bark, in the same way that sulphate of quinia is prepared from yellow- bark. It possesses the same medical properties as the sulphate of quinia, and, it is thought, in nearly or quite an equal degree. Dose and modes of adminis tration, the same. 54 TONICS. DOGWOOD— CORNUS FLORIDA. What is the character of this tree, and the part used in medicine ? It is a small indigenous tree, very abundant in the Middle States, beautifying the forest, in the month of April, with its numerous, large, white blossoms. The bark, from every part of the tree, is used, but that from the root is best. What are the physical properties of the bark, as met with in the shops, and its relations to water and alcohol ? It is in pieces of various sizes, more or less rolled, sometimes covered with a fawn-colored epidermis. It is very bitter, and affords a reddish-gray powder. Its odor is feeble, and its taste bitter and astringent. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is tonic, astringent and feebly antiperiodic ; and is sometimes given as a substitute for Peruvian bark. How is it given, and in what dose ? Given in powder, infusion and decoction. Dose of the powder, 5 j., repeated, so that an ounce or two may be taken during the apyrexia. Dose of the de- coction and infusion, prepared in the proportion of gj. to Oj. f gij. WILLOW.-SALIX. What is this officinally ? The bark of the Salix alba or white willow, a small tree introduced into this country from Europe. What are the physical and chemical properties of the dried bark ? It is in pieces, usually quilled, and covered with a grayish epidermis. It has a bitter, astringent taste, Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend chiefly upon a peculiar crystaline principle, called salicin. This, when pure, is in white, slender crys- TONICS. 55 tals, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, and is devoid of alkaline properties. What are its medical properties and uses ? Willow bark is tonic and astringent, and has been successfully used as an antiperiodic. Salicin resem- bles the sulphate of quinia, in medical properties, for which it has been extensively substituted in intermit- tent fever. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose of the bark, same as that of cinchona, given in powder or decoction. Dose of salicin, as a tonic, gr.ij.; as an antiperiodic, 9j. or 9ij. maybe taken in divided doses, during the intermission. WILD-CHERRY BARK.— PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. What is the character of the tree, and the part that yields the most active bark ? The Prunus Virginiana varies much in size, in different places, being very large in Ohio, and of small or medium size in the Eastern States. Its trunk is covered with a dark colored epidermis, which sepa- rates circularly. Its flowers are small and white, and its fruit globular, about the size of a pea, and, when ripe, of a shining blackish-purple color, much used to impart flavor to spiritous liquors. The inner bark, from all parts of the tree, is used, but that from the root is the strongest. What are its physical and chemical properties, as kept in the shops ? It is in pieces of various sizes, of a bright cinnamon color, and yields a fawn-colored powder. Its taste is agreeably bitter and aromatic, with the flavor of bitter almonds. It imparts its sensible and medical proper- ties to water, both cold and hot, forming an infusion of the color of Madeira wine. It is injured by boil- ing, in consequence of the volatilization of hydrocy- anic acid, its active ingredient. This is generated by the re-action of water upon amygdalin. one of the 56 TONICS. natural constituents of the bark. It also contains tannin and some other principle, probably phloridzin, which gives it tonic powers. What are its medical properties, and therapeutical applications ? It is tonic, and also sedative, owing to the hydro- cyanic acid. It is much used in cases of debility, associated with irritation, as in the hectic fever of consumption, and scrofula. It is also occasionally used as an antiperiodic, in intermittent fever, and as a tonic, in cases of dyspepsia, &c. How is it best administered, and what is the dose? Cold infusion the best form, made with § ss. to Oj. Dose, f | ij., 3 or 4 times a day. Dose of the pow- der, 3ss. to 3j. CHAMOMILE.— ANTHEMIS. What is this officinally ? The flowers of the Anthemis nobilis. What is the character of this plant, and place of growth ? It is a small herbaceous plant, the flowers of which are single, with a yellow convex disk, and white rays. It is a native of Europe, and cultivated in this and other countries. What are the physical and chemical properties of the flowers, as found in our shops, and from whence are they imported ? They are usually double from cultivation, of a yel- lowish-white color, of a fragrant odor, and of an aromatic bitter taste. Water and alcohol extract their sensible and medical properties, which depend on bit- ter extractive and volatile oil. Imported from Germa- ny and England. What is the difference between the single and double flowers ? The single ones are rather stronger, as the proper- ties of the flowers exist in the greatest degree in the TONICS. 57 disk, which is not fully developed in the double ones. What are the medical properties and uses of cham- omile ? In small doses, it is an aromatic, bitter tonic; in large doses, emetic. It is much used in the debility of convalescence, and in dyspepsia, depending on a want of tone in the digestive organs. Given, some- times, as an emetic, but more frequently to assist the operation of other emetics. Sometimes applied to the abdomen as fomentations, in cases of inflammation of the abdominal viscera. How is it best administered, and what is the dose ? Cold infusion best form, as a tonic; dose, f|ij. Hot infusion, as an adjuvant to emetics, may be given in large draughts. Dose of the powder, 5 ss. to 5j. Decoction and extract, objectionable forms, as the volatile oil is partly driven off by the heat employed in their preparation. THOROUGHWORT.— EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM. What is the character of this plant, and the parts used in medicine ? Thoroughwort or boneset, is an indigenous, herba- ceous, perennial plant, from three to five feet high, with long narrow leaves, perforated by the stems. The flowers are numerous, white, and appear in the middle and latter part of the summer. The tops and leaves are the parts used. What are its sensible properties, and its relations to water and alcohol ? It has a faint odor, and a strong bitter taste. It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, which are thought to depend upon bitter extractive. "W hat are its medical properties and uses ? It is tonic, diaphoretic, and, in large doses, emetic and cathartic. Given in cases demanding the use of a tonic and diaphoretic. Intermittent, remittent and 58 TONICS. typhoid fevers, rheumatism, catarrh and dyspepsia, are some of the diseases in which it is employed. How is it administered, and in what dose ? As a tonic, best given in powder or cold infusion. Dose of the former, 20 to 30 giains; of the latter, made with § j. to Oj., f § ij., 3 or 4 times daily. As a diaphoretic, warm infusion, given in the same dose, every 2 or 3 houis, and the patient remain covered in bed. As an emetic and cathartic, a cupful or two. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.— SERPENTARIA. What is the name and character of the plant which yields this medicine ? It is derived from the Aristolochia Se?yentaria i a small herbaceous, perennial plant, growing in the woods, throughout the Middle, Southern and West- ern States. Where is the root collected, and what are its physi- cal and chemical properties, as brought into market ? Collected in western Pennsylvania and Virginia, in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, and brought into market in bales, mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant, and with dirt. The roots are in tufts of long slender fibres, attached to a short knotty head, of a yellowish color when fresh, becoming brown by age, and afford- ing a grayish powder. It has an aromatic, agreeable odor, and a warm, very bitter taste. Water and alco- hol extract its virtues, which depend on a bitter prin- ciple and volatile oil. With what is it sometimes adulterated ? The Spigelia Marilandica. W^hat are its medical properties and uses ? It is an excitant tonic, producing also, diaphoresis or diuresis, according as it is used. Given in typhoid fevers, when tonics are indicated — in low grades of exanthematous diseases, to bring out the eruption — in intermittent fevers, associated with barks, &c. How is it given, and what is the dose 1 TONICS. 59 Given in powder, infudon and tincture. Dose of the powder, ]0 to 30 grains; of the infusion, made with | ss. to Oj., f|j., or f § ij. ; of the tincture, f 3 j. to f 5 ij. Seldom given alone; frequently added to the infusion of cinchona. MYRRH— MYRRHA. What is myrrh, and from what derived ? It is the concrete juice of the Balsamodendron Myrrha, a small tree growing in Arabia Felix. What are the varieties of myrrh, and from whence are they imported ? There are two varieties : India myrrh , and Turkey myrrh ; the former imported from the East Indies, the latter from the Levant. What are the physical and chemical properties of myrrh ? Turkey myrrh, the purest and best variety, is in small irregular tears or masses, of a reddish-yellow color, translucent, brittle, and breaking with a shining fracture. It has a strong, peculiar odor, and a bitter, somewhat acid taste. India myrrh is of a darker color, and often mixed with impurities. Myrrh consists, chiefly, of gum, resin and volatile oil. Water dissolves the gum only; alco- hol the resin and volatile oil, its active ingredients, and consequently, is the best menstruum. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a stimulating tonic, with some tendency to the lungs. Used in debility, particularly when attended with excessive secretions from the mucous membranes, as chronic catarrh, humoral asthma, chronic diarrhoea, &c. Combined with the chalybeates, as in the form of Misturi Ferri Composita y it is much used in chloro- sis, hysteria > and in the hectic fevers of phthisis and chronic catarrh ; sometimes, combined with aloes, in amenorrhcea. Used externally as a stimulant appli- cation to spongy gums, aphthous ulcerations of the mouth, throat, &c. 60 TONICS. ANGUSTURA BARK.— ANGUSTURA. From what tree is this bark derived, and from whence imported ? It is obtained from the Galipea officinalis, a small tree growing in South America. It is brought from the West Indies, packed in casks. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is in pieces of various sizes, flat or slightly curved, with a soft yellowish-gray epidermis, of a yel- lowish-brown color, internally, and yields a pale-yellow powder. It has a peculiar, rather unpleasant odor, and a warm, bitter, somewhat acrid taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend, chiefly, on a peculiar neutral bitter principle, named cusparin, and partly on a volatile oil. What is the most important adulteration, and how may it be detected ? The bark of the Strychnos Nux vomica, formerly called false Angustura. This may be distinguished from the true bark, by its physical, as well as its chemical properties. It is thicker and heavier, cover- ed with a motley-white epidermis, is without odor, and has an intense, very permanent bitter taste. It does not become soft, like the true Angustura, when steeped in water, and contains a poisonous, alkaline principle, called brucia. The best chemical test is nitric acid, which, when dropped on the internal sur- face, produces, in consequence of the brucia, a blood red spot, while it merely deepens the color of the true bark. CASCARILLA. What is cascarilla, and from whence imported ? The bark of the Croton Eleutheria, a small tree or shrub, growing in the West Indies, especially in the Bahama Islands ; from one of which (Eleutheria,) it derived its name, and is chiefly imported. What are its physical and chemical properties ? TONICS. 61 It occurs in short quills, or flattened pieces, of a reddish-brown color, covered with a grayish-white fis- sured epidermis. It has a warm, aromatic, bitter taste, and a peculiar, agreeable odor, which becomes very fragrant when the bark is burnt. Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which are dependent on extractive and volatile oil. What are its medical properties and uses? It is an aromatic tonic ; given either alone, or com- bined with other more powerful tonics, in atonic dys- pepsia — in the advanced stages of dysentery, diar- rhoea, ss,) and allowing the mix- ture to stand for 3 days, then pouring off the liquor from the dregs, if there be any, and adding alcohol, (Oiij.) W hat are its physical and chemical properties ? It is of a reddish-brown color; has an acid, very styptic taste, and the odor of muriatic ether. It con- tains sesquichloride of iron, 'held in solution by the alcohol, and also, free muriatic acid, and a trace of muriatic ether. What are its remedial uses ? Being a very efficient chalybeate, and usually acceptable to the stomach, it is much used in all cases in which they are indicated : sometimes employed externally to destroy venerial warts, and as a styptic to cancerous and fungus ulcers. What is the dose and mode of administration ? 80 TONICS. Dose, from 10 to 30 minims, which may be gradu- ally increased to f 5 j. or f 3 ij. Given in water or in white wine, nothing forbidding the use of the latter. Hydrated Oxide of Iron. — Ferri Oxidum Hy- dration. How is this prepared, and what is its chief use? Prepared by adding nitric acid to a boiling solution of crystalizcd sulphate of iron, acidulated with sul- phuric acid, so long as orange fumes (nitrous acid vapors,) are disengaged ; then filtering the liquor and precipitating by an excess of ammonia. The hydra- ted sesquioxide, which is thrown down as a yellowish- brown precipitate, is carefully washed by decantation to free it from sulphuric acid; and as it is chiefly used as an antidote to arsenic, and is most efficacious as such, in the moist state, it should be kept in well stopped bottles, covered with water. A hydrated sesquioxide of iron may be also readily prepared by precipitating the tincture of chloride of iron with am- monia. What is the dose, and mode of administering it as an antidote ? To convert arsenic into the insoluble and inert arsenite of iron, it requires at least 12 parts of the oxide to 1 of the poison ; but as the antidote is per- fectly innocent, it should be given in as large doses as the stomach will bear; say a table-spoonful mixed with water, every 5 or 10 minutes. Tartrate of Iron and Potassa. — Ferri et Potassm Tartras. How is this prepared ? By digesting hydrated sesquioxide of iron in a moist state, in a solution of bitartrate of potassa. The sesquioxide neutralizes the excess of acid in the bitartrate, so that a double salt of tartrate of sesqui- oxide of iron and potassa results. The liquid con- taining it is filtered, and evaporated to dryness. What are its properties ? TONICS. 81 It is in the form of a greenish-brown powder, devoid of smell, but of a styptic, sweetish taste. It deliquesces slightly in the air, and is entirely soluble in water, forming a solution of considerable perma- nence. It is a chalybeate tonic, well adapted for children, on account of its not unpleasant taste. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, made into a bolus, with honey or treacle, or dissolved in some aromatic water. Phosphate of Iron. — Ferri Phosphas. What is the mode of preparing this? A solution of sulphate of iron and of phosphate of soda, is made and mixed; when, by an interchange of their proximate constituents, sulphate of soda and phosphate of iron are formed ; the former remains in solution, while the latter subsides. This is washed with hot water, and dried with a moderate heat. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is in the form of a light, slate colored, insoluble powder, consisting, it is said, of a mixture of the phosphates of the two oxides of iron. What are its medical properties and uses? It possesses the general properties of the chalybeates, but is not much used. What is the dose ? From 5 to 10 grains. The Ferrocyanuret of iron, Acetate of iron, Am- moniated iron, Lactate of iron, Tartrate of iron, and Iodide of iron, are also occasionally employed in medicine. SULPHATE OF COPPER.— CUPRI SULPHAS. How is this prepared ? Sulphate of Copper, sometimes called Blue Vitriol and Bluestone, is generally prepared, in this country, on the large scale, by the action of sulphuric acid on old scrap copper. What are its physical and chemical properties? 82 TONICS. It occurs in large rhomboidal prismatic crystals of a rich blue color, and a strong styptic, metallic taste. It is insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in cold and more so in boiling water. The crystals consists of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 1 of protoxide of copper, and 5 of water. Exposed to the air, they effloresce slightly; to heat, they first melt in their water of crystalization, and then become dry and white. Decomposed by a red heat, with the escape of the acid. What are the incompatibles? The alkalies and their carbonates; acetate of lead ; nitrate of silver ; nearly all the salts of iron ; astringent vegetable infusions, &c. The precipitate thrown down by ammonia, from an aqueous solution of this salt, is immediately re-dissolved when that alkali is added in excess. AVhat are its effects on the system ? In small closes, it is tonic and astringent ; in large doses, a prompt emetic, and in excessive ones, an irri- tant and corrosive poison. How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? Albumen, as the whites of eggs diffused in water, should be freely given to neutralize the poison, or if this cannot be had, copious draughts of some bland liquid should be taken, and vomiting excited by tick- ling the throat with a feather : if this should fail to produce emesis, the stomach-pump maybe resorted to. What are its therapeutical applications? As a tonic, it has been given in intermittent fever, and in some affections of the nervous system, as epi- lepsy and chorea; as an astringent, in chronic diar- rhoea and dysentery. Externally, a solution of sul- phate of copper is used as a stimulant to indolent and ill-conditioned ulcers; as a collyrium, in chronic ophthalmia, and as an injection, in chronic mucous discharges from the urethra or vagina. It is also used as an escharotic for destroying warts, fungus, and the callous edges of ulcers. AVhat is the dose and mode of administration? TONICS. S3 Dose as a tonic, gr. \ or gr. l, in the form of pili ; for a lotion, from 2 to 10 grains, to f § j. of water; for an injection, from 1 to 4 grains, to f § j. of water. AMMONIATED COPPER.— CUPRUM AMMONIATUM. What are the directions for preparing and preserving ammoniated copper? Sulphate of Copper and Carbonate of Ammonia, are directed to be rubbed together in a glass mortar till the effervescence ceases, and the ammoniated copper which results to be wrapped in bibulous paper, dried with a gentle heat, and kept in a well stopped glass bottle. What are its physical and chemical properties? It is of a fine azure-blue color, with an ammoniacal odor, and a styptic, metallic taste. The changes which take place in its formation, and its precise com- position are not certainly known. It is soluble in water ; exposed to the air, ammonia escapes and the powder changes to green. What substances are incompatible with it? Acids, potassa, soda and lime-water. What are its medical properties and uses ? In small doses, it is tonic ; in over doses, an irritant poison. It has been used principally in spasmodic affections, as epilepsy, chorea, &c. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, gr. ss., twice a day, and gradually increased to 4 or 5 grains. Best given in the form of pill. SULPHATE OF ZINC— ZINCI SULPHAS. How is this formed ? By the action of sulphuric acid, diluted with water, on metallic zinc. The water is decomposed, the oxygen combining with the zinc to form the basis of the salt, and its hydrogen escaping with effervescence. What are its physical and chemical properties ? Sulphate of zinc, called in commerce white vitriol, 84 TONICS. is a white, transparent, crystalized salt, bearing con- siderable resemblance to sulphate of magnesia. It is inodorous, but has a disagreeable, metallic, styptic taste. Pure crystalized sulphate of zinc, consists of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 1 of oxide of zinc, and 7 of water It effloresces in dry air ; heated, it first melts in its water of crystalization, then parts with it, and at an intense heat is decomposed. It is soluble in 2\ parts of cold water, and in less than its weight of boiling water : insoluble in alcohol. What are the incompatibles ? The alkalies and their carbonates; lime-water; acetate of lead, and nitrate of silver. What are its medical properties and uses? It is tonic, astringent, and in large doses, a prompt emetic. As a tonic, it has been used in dyspepsia, and occasionally in obstinate intermittents, generally associated with cinchona or sulphate of quinia ; but it is in spasmodic diseases, such as epilepsy, chorea, pertussis, &c, that it is mostly employed internally. It is frequently used externally for its astringency, as a styptic to bleeding surfaces, a collyrium, in chronic ophthalmia, and as an injection, in fluor albus, gleet and gonorrhoea. A strong solution, ( 9 ij., to f § vij. of water,) has been used with success in nasal polypi, applied by means of lint and by injection. What is the dose ? As a tonic, 1 or 2 grains, in pill ; as a topical appli- cation to mucous surfaces, solution made in the pro- portion of 1 to 3 grains or more, to the fluidounce of water; as a wash to ulcers and external inflammations, from 10 to 20 grains to the fluidounce. ACETATE OF ZINC.— ZINCI ACETAS. How is this prepared ? Prepared, according to the U. S. Phar., by placing metallic zinc in a solution of acetate of lead, and al- lowing it to remain till the zinc takes the place of the TONICS. 85 lead. But it is usually formed by the changes which take place when solutions of sulphate of zinc and ace- tate of lead are mixed. The acetate of zinc remains in solution, and is obtained in the form of white, silky crystals, by evaporation. What are its sensible and chemical properties ? It is inodorous, but has a bitter, styptic taste; is very soluble in water, slightly efflorescent in dry air, and consists of 1 eq. of acetic acid, 1 of oxide of zinc, and 7 of water. What are its medical uses? It is used only externally, as a topical astringent, in ophthalmia and in chronic mucous discharges, as in gonorrhoea, &c. What is the proper strength of a solution for such purposes ? It may be made in the proportion of from 1 to 4 grains or more, to the fluidounce of distilled water. OXIDE OF ZINC— ZINCI OXIDUM. How is this prepared, and what are its properties? It is precipitated from a solution of sulphate of zinc, by aqua ammonise. It is in the form of a white, in- soluble powder, without odor or taste. It possesses tonic, astringent and antispasmodic properties. What are its therapeutical applications ? It is given in epilepsy, chorea, hooping-cough, gas- trodynia, &c. Externally, it is used in the form of powdei, or more frequently in that of ointment, (un- guentum zinci oxidi,) as an exsiccant and mild astrin- gent application to slight excoriations, superficial ul- cerations, ophthalmia, tarsi, &c. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from 2 to 8 grains, several times a day, in the form of a pill. CARBONATE OF ZINC— ZINCI CARBONAS. What is the source of this, and mode of preparing it for medical uses ? 8 86 TONICS. Carbonate of Zinc, or Calamine, occurs native in compact, or earthy masses, and is directed to be cal- cined with a red heat, and reduced to a fine powder in the same manner as prepared chalk. It then consti- tutes prepared carbonate of zinc, Zinci Carbonas Pr¶tus, of the U. S. Phar. What are the physical and chemical properties of this? It is usually in the form of a heavy, insoluble, rlesh- colored powder, without odor or taste. It is an impure oxide of zinc, nearly all of the carbonic acid having been driven off by the roasting. What are its medical uses? It is used only externally, as a mild astringent and desiccant to excoriated and ulcerated surfaces. The powder is dusted on the part, or more frequently ap- plied in the form of cerate. Ceratum Zinci Carbo- natis, commonly called Turners Cerate. SUBNITRATE OF BISMUTH.— BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS. What are the synonymes ? Trisnitrate of Bismuth, White Bismuth and Ma~ gistery of Bismuth. How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? Prepared by dissolving bismuth in dilute nitric acid, and pouring the solution into distilled water. The metal is oxidized in the first part of the process, at the expense of part of the nitric acid, while the remaining acid forms with it, a nitrate of bismuth, which, on the addition of the water, is converted into a supernitrate and subnitrate, the former remaining in solution, and the latter precipitating. It consists of 1 eq. of nitric acid, and 3 of protoxide of bismuth. What are its sensible properties ? It is an insipid, inodorous, white powder, with a pearly lustre ; sold by the perfumers, as a cosmetic, under the name of pearl white. What are its therapeutical effects and uses ? TONICS. 87 In medicinal doses, its effects are those of a tonic and antispasmodic, for which it has been used in va- rious nervous and spasmodic affections, and in painful derangements of the stomach, as in cardialgia, pyrosis and gastrodynia. Its use blackens the stools. In over doses, it acts as an irritant poison, causing inflamma- tion of the stomach and bowels. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, from 5 to 20 grains ; given in pill, or electuary. NITRATE OF SILVER.— ARGENTI NITRAS. How is this prepared ? By dissolving thin plates of silver in dilute nitric acid. Part of the acid is decomposed into nitric oxide and oxygen, the foimer escaping and becoming nitrous acid vapor, with the oxygen of the air, while the latter oxidizes the silver. The oxide combines with the re- mainder of the acid to form the nitrate in solution, which is deposited in transparent, tabular crystals, on evaporation and cooling. The salt obtained by evapo- rating the solution to dryness, melted and cast into cylindrical sticks or rods, constitutes Lunar Caustic, which is directed to be wrapped in white paper, and kept in well stopped bottles. What are the physical and chemical properties of nitrate of silver ? It is kept in the shops in the form of sticks or pen- cils, and in the state of crystals. The sticks are about the thickness of a quill, brittle, breaking with a crys- taline fracture, of a grayish color, inodorous, and of an austere, metallic taste. They are often impure, containing nitrate of copper, which causes them to de- liquesce, and frequently traces of gold. The crystals are generally purer, and consequently, better suited for internal use. They are officinal only in the Dub. Pharm. Nitrate of silver is an anhydrous salt, consist- ing of 1 eq. of nitric acid, and 1 of oxide of silver. It is not deliquescent when pure, is soluble in its weight 88 TONICS. of cold water, and in four times its weight of boiling alcohol. Exposed to the light, it becomes blackish; to heat, it fuses, and at a red heat, is decomposed, the acid being expelled, and the oxide reduced. What are the incompatvibles ? Spring and river water; soaps, the fixed alkalies and their carbonates; lime-water; muriatic, sulphuric and tartaric acids, and their soluble salts; the soluble chlo- rides; hydrosulphuric acid gas; solution of arsenite of potassa; astringent vegetable infusions, &c. What are its effects on the system? In small doses, frequently repeated, it acts as a tonic and antispasmodic, but if too long continued, it is apt to weaken the stomach, and impart a leaden hue to the skin, which is very difficult to be removed, but is said to yield to a steady course of cream of tartar. In large doses, it acts as a corrosive poison. Applied ex- ternally, moistened or dissolved in distilled water, it stains the skin black, and may be made to act as a stimulant, vesicant, or escharotic. What are its therapeutical applications as a tonic ? Given in some forms of dyspepsia ; in angina pecto- ris, epilepsy, chorea, &c. What is the proper treatment for the poisonous ef- fects of this salt? The best antidote is a solution of common salt, which converts the nitrate into the insoluble, and therefore inert chloride of silver. Consecutive in- flammation combated upon general principles. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, gr. J, gradually increased to 2 or 3 grains, three times daily. It is best given in pill, made with some vegetable extract, as that of gentian or chamo- mile, and not with crumb of bread, when this contains common salt. Its use should not be continued longer than two or three months at a time, for reasons before stated. TONICS. 89 SULPHURIC ACID— ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. How is this prepared ? It is prepared, on the large scale, by burning sul- phur with nitre in a leaden chamber, fitted for the purpose. What are its physical properties? Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol^ as it is frequently called, is a dense, colorless, oily-looking liquid, inodor- ous, with an intensely acid, burning taste. Its sp. gr., when pure, is about 1.845. With what substances is it incompatible ? With most metals and their oxides ; earths, alkalies and their carbonates ; with most salts, supplanting their acids; with alcohol, converting it into ether; and with all organic substances, charring and destroying them. What are its effects on the system? It is a powerful corrosive poison, destroying the ani- mal tissues wherever it comes in contact with them. Properly diluted, it is tonic, refrigerant and astrin- gent. What is the proper treatment in poisoning with it ? Magnesia or its carbonate should be immediately given to neutralize the acid, or if these are not at hand, a solution of soap may be substituted and fol- lowed by the free use of bland and mucilaginous drinks. What are its therapeutical applications, both internal and external? It is applicable in low typhoid fevers ; in cases of debility, especially when attended with excessive dis- charges, as in passive hemorrhages, colliquative sweats and diarrhoeas, and in cases of phosphatic depositions from the urine. Externally, it is used largely diluted, as a wash to foul and indolent ulcers and some cutaneous eruptions. It is also used as an ingredient in gargles for ulcerated sore throat, and for checking excessive ptyalism, but is apt to injure the teeth. How is it used ? 8* 90 TONICS. Never used, in its concentrated state, except as a caustic. The following forms are officinal : Diluted Sulphuric Acid. — Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. What is the strength of this preparation, and the dose and mode of administering it? Diluted in the proportion of f § j. of the strong acid, to f | xiij. of distilled water. Dose, from 10 to 30 drops, three times a day, in a wine-glassful of sweet- ened water, sucked through a quill, to avoid injuring the teeth. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. — Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum. — Elixir of vitriol. What are the con- stituents and sensible properties of this preparation? It consists of sulphuric acid, alcohol, and the essen- tial oils of cinnamon and ginger. It is of a reddish- brown color, a peculiar, aromatic odor, and of an agreeable acid taste, when sufficiently diluted. The form most usually prescribed, as a tonic. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Same as the preceding. Ointment of Sulphuric Acid. How is this prepar- ed, and what are its uses ? Made in the proportion of f 5 j. of acid, to §j. of lard. Applied in scabies^ ringworm, &c. NITRIC ACID.— ACIDUM NITRICUM. How is this acid prepared, and what are its physical properties ? Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on nitrate of potassa. It is a dense, colorless liquid, when pure, of a strong disagreeable odor, an intensely acid, caustic taste, and of thesp. gr. 1.5 ; but it is never as strong as this in the shops, and is often of an orange hue, owing to the presence of nitrous acid. What are the incompatibles ? The alkalies; earths, some metals, and many oxides ; TONICS. 91 sulphate of iron ; acetates of lead and potassa; alcohol, and all the carbonates and sulphurets. What are its effects on the system ? Sufficiently diluted, it acts as a tonic refrigerant and antiseptic; concentrated, as a corrosive poison. What is the treatment for its poisonous action ? Antidote, magnesia or its carbonate, conjoined with demulcent and emollient drinks. What are its remedial applications, both internal and external? Used as a tonic, principally in the treatment of chronic hepatitis, and sometimes of secondary syphilis, either as an adjuvant to mercury or to remove the ill- effects of that metal on the system. Largely diluted with water, sometimes useful as a drink in febrile dis- eases, especially in typhus. Externally, the concen- trated acid sometimes employed as a caustic in the destruction of warts and corns, and the surfaces of poisoned wounds and phagedenic ulcers. A lotion, made in the propoition of xij. minim to Oj. of water, applied as a stimulant and alterative to indolent ulcers, and in the form of an ointment to some eruptive dis- eases. In the state of vapor, it was considerably employed as a disinfecting agent before the introduc- tion of chlorine and its chlorides of lime and soda for that purpose. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose of the strong acid, from 5 to 10 minims; of the diluted, from f5ss. to f 3 j. Each given in a wine-glassful or more of water, and repeated 3 or 4 times a day. MURIATIC ACID.— ACIDUM MURIATICUM. By what other names is this called ? Sometimes called liquid muriatic acid, chlorohy- dric acid, and hydrochloric acid. How is it prepared, and what are its physical pro- perties ? 92 TONICS. It is prepared by the manufacturing chemist, on a large scale, by subjecting a mixture of sulphuric acid and chloride of sodium to distillation, and condensing the chlorohydric acid gas in water, contained in a sui- table receiver. It is a limpid, colorless liquid, when pure, usually of a yellowish tinge, due to the presence of iron or organic matter, with a suffocating ordor, and an intensely acid, corrosive taste. The sp. gr. of the officinal acid is 1.16. What are the incompatibles? The alkalies; tartar emetic ; acetate of lead ; nitrate of silver ; all the carbonates, &c. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is tonic, refrigerant and antiseptic. Employed in diseases with septic tendencies, as in typhoid and pete- chial fevers, malignant scarlatina, phagedenic ulcera- tion of the throat, scurvy, &c. Also used in debility of the digestive organs, attended with phosphatic de- posits from the urine, and to prevent the generation of worms in the bowels. What is its poisonous action, and how best coun- teracted ? A corrosive poison ; best antidotes, magnesia, chalk, or a solution of soap may be substituted, and demulcent drinks laigely given. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from 5 to 20 drops, several times a day, in 3 or 4 fluidounces of sweetened water. For a gargle, f 3 j. or f 3 ij. to f § vj. of water. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID— ACIDUM NITROMURIATICUM. How is this prepared, and what are its physical and chemical properties ? Prepared by mixing nitric and muriatic acids in the ratio of one measure of the former to two of the latter. It has a deep-yellow color, an intensely acid taste, and exhales the odor of chlorine and nitrous acid. It is a solution of chlorine and nitrous acids in water, resulting TONICS. 93 from the mutual decomposition of the acids, the hydro- gen of the muriatic parting with its chlorine to form water, with one eq. of oxygen of the nitric. It has been long known under the name of aqua regia, for its peculiar property of dissolving gold and platinum. What circumstance may prevent the above changes from taking place, when nitric and muriatic acids are mixed, and how may it be obviated ? Prevented by the weakness of the acids, as occasional- ly sold in the shops ; obviated by the addition of a little sulphuric acid, which, by its superior attraction for water, concentrates the other acids and effects the re- action. This may be known to have taken place, by the color and odor of the mixture, together with its power to dissolve gold-leaf. What are its remedial applications ? It is used, chiefly, externally, as a remedy in chronic hepatic affections, syphilis, and some cutaneous dis- eases. How is it applied? In the form of a foot-bath, and by sponging the body with it, in a diluted state. The bath, prepared by mixing f § ivss. of the acid, with cong. iij. of water, at 96°F. in a deep wooden vessel, and the feet immersed in it for 20 or 30 minutes, daily : strength for sponging, f | j. to cong. j. Thus employed, it produces a tingling sensation in the skin, and occasionally salivation and soreness of the gums, after its use has been continued for sometime. It has been used also, internally, in the same affections, in the dose of from 5 to 10 drops, 2 or 3 times a day, largely diluted with water. III. ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. What are these? Medicines which excite, most prominently, the cir- culation. To what cases are they applicable and inapplicable? They are applicable to cases of great prostration, when the natural powers of the system are sufficient to sustain it, when raised ; otherwise, they impair the vital energies, and increase the debility they are given to remove. Inapplicable, as a general rule, to febrile and inflammatory affections. Sometimes useful, how- ever, in such cases, when there is great depression of the vital actions, and especially in the suppurative and gangrenous stages of inflammation. They are improper in hypertrophy of the heart, and in recent cases of paralysis, particularly when the encephalon is in fault ; also, in prostration from concussion of the brain, and in the dulls of fevers, as there is danger to be apprehended from the subsequent re-action. In such cases, they should be administered with great caution, and only when essential to life; external stimulation being preferable. What are the individuals composing this class? Numerous substances possess stimulant properties; but those which, in their general effects, excite more especially the heart and arteries, are : cayenne pepper, oil of turpentine, carbonate of ammonia, and phos- phorus. CAYENNE PEPPER.— CAPSICUM. What is officinal capsicum. The fruit of the Capsicum annuum, an annual, herbaceous plant, cultivated in this country. What are the physical and chemical properties of the fruit ? ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 95 It is a long, pointed, pendulous pod, with a smooth, shining surface, of a bright-red color, when ripe. Internally, it consists of a dry, loose pulp, with numer- ous flat, kidney-shaped, whitish seeds. When pul- verized, it constitutes red pepper, or cayenne pepper, which is of a reddish-yellow color, becoming paler on exposure. It has an aromatic, pungent odor, and an acrid, burning taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend upon an acrid principle called oapsici?i. What are its medical properties, and remedial applications. It is a powerful stimulant, its general influence, though, not proportionate to its local action. Much used as a condiment in tropical climates, to correct the flatulent tendency of certain vegetable articles of food, and to facilitate their digestion. As a medicine, it is used in cases of dyspepsia, which depend on fee- ble and languid digestion, such as occur in atonic gout, and in habitual drunkards. Sometimes given as an adjunct to sulphate of quinia, in intermittents, where there is great want of gastic susceptibility. Highly valuable in malignant sore throat and scarlet fever, in which it is used both internally and as a gar- gle. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? Given in substance, infusion and tincture. Dose of the powder, 5 to 10 grains, in pill ; of the infusion, made with 3 ij. to Oss. of boiling water, f § ss. ; of the tincture, f 3 j- to f 3 ij. Gargle, prepared with 3 ss. to Oj. of boiling water, or f § ss. of the tincture, added to f § viij. of rose-water ; in malignant scarlatina, it is sometimes made much stronger, and with the additions of common salt and vinegar. OIL OF TURPENTINE.— OLEUM TEREBINTHINJE. How, and from what is this prepared? Oil of turpentine, or spirit of turpentine, as it is 96 ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. commonly called, is prepared by distillation, from our common turpentine. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is limped and colorless, of a peculiar, penetrating-, balsamic odor, and a hot, pungent, bitterish taste. It is much lighter than water, (sp. gr. 0.86 ;) very soluble in ether, less soluble in alcohol than most other volatile oils, and very sparingly soluble in water; highly volatile and inflammable. When pure, it con- sists of carbon and hydrogen, but as usually met with, it contains oxygen also, which is absorbed from the air, and changes a portion of the oil into a yellowish, resinous matter. This is soluble in alcohol, by which it is separated from the oil. What are its medical properties, and therapeutical applications as a stimulant? It is stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic; in large doses, cathaitic, and externally, rubefacient. As a stimulant, it is used in typhoid fevers, especially when connected with ulcerations of the mucous membranes; in chronic rheumatism, particularly sciatica and lum- bago ; in neuralgia ; in passive hemorrhages from the mucous surfaces ; in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. What is the dose as a stimulant, and the best mode of administration ? Dose, from v. minims to f 5 j. : given in emulsion with gum arabic, loaf sugar, and cinnamon or mint water CARBONATE OF AMMONIA.— AMMONIA CARBONAS. How is this salt prepared, and what are its physical and chemical properties ? It is prepared by subliming a mixture of muriate of ammonia and carbonate of lime ; when a reciprocal action takes place, by which carbonate of ammonia, chloride of calcium and water are generated. The carbonate of ammonia and water sublime together as a hydrated carbonate of ammonia. It is in white, translucent, fibrous masses, of a pungent odor, and a caustic, alkaline taste. It is soluble in water and di- ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 97 luted alcohol, both of which decompose it when hot, with effervescence of carbonic acid. It consists of 3 eq. of carbonic acid, 2 of ammonia, and 2 of water : or, 1 eq. of bicarbonate, I of simple carbonate, with the same quantity of water, and is therefore a hydra- ted sesquicarbonate. It has an alkaline re-action, changing turmeric paper brown. Exposed to the air, it effloresces and soon falls to powder ; carbonate of ammonia is evolved, and the remaining powder is the bicarbonate. What are the signs of goodness? It should affect turmeric paper, as above stated, when held over it, and should evaporate, without resi- due, when heated. What are its medical properties and therapeutical applications, as a stimulant? It is stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, antacid, and in large doses, emetic. As a stimulant, it is much used in the latter stages of typhus fever ; in the ad- vanced stages of pneumonia, with great prostration; in the cases of habitual drunkards, The stomach should be evacuated as soon as possi- ble, either by means of emetics, or by the stomach- pump ; the former to be preferred when solid opium has been taken, and their operation promoted by the free use of warm drinks, by irritating the fauces with a feather, by keeping the patient in motion, and by dashing cold water upon the head and shoulders. After its evacuation, the subsequent debility should be coun- teracted by stimulants, as carbonate of ammonia, aro- matic spirit of ammonia, wine-whey, &c. ; while sina- pisms and stimulating frictions are applied to the sur- face. Artificial respiration as a dernier resort, should not be neglected. What is the dose of opium, and how administered? Medium dose, 1 grain; given usually in the form of pill, which is best prepared with powdered opium, as thus formed it is more readily dissolved in the liquors of the stomach. Sometimes applied with great advan- tage by the rectum, in painful affections of this and neighboring parts ; and in cases of obstinate vomiting, employed as a suppository, 3 or 4 grains being made into a cylinder, with soap, and introduced into the rectum, or in the form of enema, made with laudanum and a small quantity of some bland liquid. 116 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii. By what other titles is this known? Commonly called Laudanum, sometimes Thebaic tincture. How is it prepared, and what are its advantages? Prepared by macerating powdered opium, ( § iiss.,) in diluted alcohol, (Oij.,) for 14 days, and filtering. It possesses the advantages over solid opium, of being more easily administered, especially to children, and acts more speedily. What is the dose? Dose of clear laudanum, equivalent to a grain of opium, about 13 minims, or 25 drops ; but when long kept, and exposed occasionally to the air, it becomes thick, and much stronger, in consequence of the evap- oration of a portion of the alcohol, and the deposition of opium. How is it applied externally? Often used as an addition to collyria, in ophthal- mia ; to injections in gonorrhoea, &c. ; and to lotions, in various affections of the skin, as erythema and ery- sipelas; and in local pains, as those of gout and rheu- matism. Camphorated Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii Camphorata. What is the familiar name of this pre- paration, and what are its constituents? It is the well known Paregoric Elixir, consisting of opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, extract of liquo- rice, clarified honey, camphor and diluted alcohol. What are its theiapeutical effects and applications? It is a vei y pleasant anodyne, and antispasmodic; much used in pectoral affections, as cough, chronic catarrh, asthma, pertussis, &c. ; to relieve nausea, and slight pains in the stomach and bowels, and to induce sleep, in cases of children. What is its strength and dose ? Half fluidounce contains rather less than a grain of opium ; ordinary dose for an adult, f 3 j., or f 3 ij. ; for an infant, from 5 to 20 drops. CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 117 Acetated Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii Acetata. How is this prepared, and for what is it in- tended as a substitute ? Prepared by macerating 1 opium in vinegar and alco- hol, for 2 weeks, and filtering. Introduced as a sub- stitute for the old Acetum Opii or Black Drop. What are its advantages? It possesses the advantage over the Black Drop, of being of uniform strength, and is preferred by some, to laudanum, as being less apt to occasion the unplea- sant, subsequent effects of the diug. What is the dose ? Ten minims, or twenty drops, equivalent to a grain of opium. Morphia. How is this prepared ? Opium is macerated in distilled water, by which a solution of morphia is obtained in the state of a meco- nate; to this solution, after being filtered, alcohol and water of ammonia are added, the ammonia displaces the morphia, which, in precipitating, is partially purified b}^ the alcohol. To render it entirely pure, it is boiled in alcohol, till dissolved, filtered through animal char- coal while hot, and set aside to crystalize. What are its physical properties and chemical rela- tions ? It is in the form of small colorless crystals ; is ino- dorous, and of a bitter taste. Exposed to a moderate heat, it loses its crystaline form, and becomes white and opaque. It is insoluble in cold wafer ; slightly soluble in boiling water and cold alcohol, and readily so in boiling alcohol, which deposits it upon cooling; soluble also, in the fixed and volatile oils, and in solutions of potassa, soda and ammonia ; insoluble in ether. It has an alkaline re-action, forming salts with acids, most of which are soluble. Morphia and its salts are characterized by striking a deep blue color with a solution of a persalt of iron, and by assuming a blood-red color, on the contact of nitric acid, chang- ing ultimately to yellow. These tests, however, are 118 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. not infallible, especially the latter, as nitric acid pro- duces a similar effect on brucia. What are the medical properties of morphia? It is thought to be the chief narcotic principle of opium, but on account of its insolubility in water, it is seldom presciibed in an uncombined state. What are the preparations of morphia mostly used in this country? The Sulphate and Acetate. Sulphate of Morphia. — Morphia, Sulphas. How is this prepared ? By mixing morphia in powder, with distilled water. and carefully adding diluted sulphuric acid, till the morphia is saturated and dissolved. The solution is then evaporated with a gentle heat, until crystals form upon cooling. What is the character of the crystals, and their rela- tion to water ? They are small, white and feathery ; soluble in water. Acetate of Morphia. — Morphim Acetas. What is the form and color of this salt, and its solubility in water? As usually prepared, it is in the form of a white, cryslaline powder, not entirely soluble in water, in consequence of the uncombined morphia which it contains; this, however, may be rendered soluble by the addition of a few drops of acetic acid. What are the therapeutical effects of these salts, and their advantages over opium? Like opium, they possess anodyne and soporific properties, but are less stimulant, less disposed to con- stipate the bowels, and are more exempt from the consecutive effects which sometimes render opium in- convenient, and often disagreeable. They are usually more acceptable to the irritated stomach, and are more efficient, when applied externally to the denuded der- mis, in relieving violent neuralgic pains and obstinate sick stomach ; and may be used in many cases which CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 119 do not admit of the internal use of opium, or its pre- parations. What are their doses and modes of administration ? One-sixth of a grain considered equivalent to a grain of opium. Given in pill or solution. For endermic application, triple the ordinary dose. Solution of Sulphate of Morphia. — Liquor Mor- phia Sulphatis. What is the advantage and dose of this preparation? It affords a convenient form for administering sul- phate of morphia in minute doses. Full dose for an adult, from f 5 j. to f 3 ij., which contain from ■§■ to J of a grain of the sulphate. LACTUCARIUM. What is this, and how collected? Lactucarium is the inspissated juice of the Lactuca sativa or garden lettuce. Collected from the plant after the flower-stem shoots up, by cutting off the stem and collecting and drying the milky juice which exudes. What are its properties and remedial uses? In sensible properties, it bears considerable resem- blance to opium, and is sometimes called lettuce opium, but in chemical constitution, it is very different, being destitute of morphia and most of the other principles of opium. In its operation on the system, it also re- sembles opium in some respects, but is much less, if at all stimulating, and produces none of those bad effects which usually follow the use of that medicine. It is, however, uncertain in its action. Employed to allay the irritation and cough of phthisis, &c. What is the dose? From 2 to 5 grains. HENBANE— HYOSCYAM US. What is this officinally ? The leaves and seeds of the Hyoscyamus niger, a 120 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. biennial, herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and introduced into this country. What are the physical and chemical properties of the leaves and seeds? The leaves of the second year, which are the most efficient, have, when dried, a clammy feel, a fetid, narcotic odor, and a bitter, nauseous taste ; in the fresh state, the odor and taste are much stronger. The seeds are small, irregular in shape, and of a brownish-yellow color. They have the odor of the plant, and a bitter taste. The leaves and seeds impart their virtues, to water and alcohol. They contain an alkaline princi- ple, closely resembling atropia, called hyosciamia, and to which some ascribe their virtues. What are the effects of henbane on the system ? It is narcotic in its operation, differing however from many others of this class, in producing but little ex- citement in its primary operation, and exerting rather a laxative, than a binding influence over the bowels. In over doses, it acts as an aero- narcotic poison, pro- ducing pain and irritation in the bowels, with purging and delirium, followed by stupor, with dilatation of the pupils, and sometimes by death. What are its therapeutical applications? As an anodyne and hypnotic, it may be given with advantage in many cases ; but being less efficient in these respects than opium and its prepaiations, it. is generally resorted to, only instead of these, when cir- cumstances forbid their use. An infusion of the leaves, or solution of the extract, is sometimes dropped into the eye, to dilate the pupil for the operation for cata- ract. What are the forms of administration ? Given in substance, tincture and extract; most fre- quently in the latter form, which is officinal. Extract of Henbane. — Extractum Hyoscyami. How is this prepared, and what are its physical pro- perties ? Prepared by bruising the fresh leaves, sprinkled with CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 121 a little water, in a stone mortar, and then expressing the juice and evaporating to the proper consistence. As thus prepared, it is the inspissated juice, and is at first soft, becoming hard in three or four years; of a dark olive color, a narcotic odor, and a bitterish, nau- seous taste. What is the dose ? Dose of the powdered leaves, from 5 to 10 grains ; of the tincture, f 3 j. ; of the extract, 2 or 3 grains, gradually increased till some effect is produced. HOPS.— HUMULUS. What are these ? The strobiles of the Humulus Lupulus, a climbing plant, indigenous in Europe and North America. How are the strobiles prepared for market, and what are their physical properties? They are gathered in September, when ripe, dried by artificial heat, and packed in bales for market. They consist of numerous thin, papery scales, of a conical arrangement, are of a greenish-yellow color, a fragrant sub-narcotic odor, and a bitter, aromatic, slight- ly astringent taste. About the base of the scales is found, adhering, a fine golden yellow powder, which constitutes about one-sixth of the weight of dried hops, and may be separated by rubbing and sifting the stro- biles. This is officinal in the U. S. P., under the name of Lupulina. What are the active ingredients of hops, and their relations to water and alcohol ? Active ingredients, a volatile oil and a peculiar bitter principle, which exist more abundantly in the lupulin. Alcohol extracts these principles readily, boiling water the bitterness, with the dissipation of part of their aroma. What are their medical properties and uses? They are tonic, and slightly narcotic. Used in cases of debility, associated with nervous derangement. 11 122 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. A hop pillow sometimes employed to induce sleep. Hop fomentations and cataplasms often used in local pains and tumefactions ; and an ointment of the pow- der, or lupulin, with lard, has been found to be a use- ful anodyne application to cancerous sores. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each ? Hops are given in infusion and tincture. Dose of the infusion, made with % ss. to Oj., f§ij.; of the tincture, from f 5 j. to f 5 iij. How is lupulin given, and what is the dose? Given in substance and tincture. Dose of the sub- stance, 6 to 12 grains, administered in pill; of the tincture, from f 5 j. to f 5 ij. CAMPHOR.— CAMPHORA. What is Camphor, and from what derived ? It is a peculiar concrete substance, derived from the Laurus Camphora, a handsome evergreen tree, indigenous in China and Japan. How is it procured and purified? It is obtained from the chips of the roots and smaller branches, by sublimation. As thus obtained, it is im- pure, and is mixed with a small proportion of quick- lime and sublimed a second time. What are the physical and chemical properties of refined camphor? It has the form of the vessel in which it was con- densed, and is generally in hemispherical lumps, per- forated in the centre. It is white, translucent, fragile, and yet not easily pulverized, unless with the aid of a little rectified spirit ; of a shining fracture and a crys- taline texture. It has an unctuous feel, a peculiar, strong fragrant odor, and a bitter, cooling taste. It is lighter than water, and is very volatile, being entirely dissipated when long exposed to the air ; it melts and sublimes by heat, and is inflammable. Water dissolves a very minute proportion — sufficient, however, to im- CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 123 part to it odor and taste — but by means of magnesia, mucilage, sugar, or yolk of egg, a large quantity may be suspended in water. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and the fixed and volatile oils. The camphor is precipitated from the alcoholic solution by the addi- tion of water. Triturated with resins or fats it forms a soft, tenacious mass, with a diminution, and some- times, extinction of its odor. In composition it is very analogous to the essential oils. What are its effects on the system ? In relation to its action, there is great difference of opinion ; generally believed to be excitant in its opera- tion, and is thought, by some, to affect primarily and most prominently the brain and nervous system, and to favor diaphoresis. It also allays nervous irritation, and sometimes promotes sleep. In excessive doses, it occasions anxiety, vomiting, syncope, delirium, coma, &c, which effects are said to be best counteracted by opium. What are its therapeutical applications ? It is much uocd in tho advanced etag-oo of typhoid fevers, attended with subsultus tendinum, delirium and other nervous symptoms ; in spasmodic and nervous diseases, as dysmenorrhea, puerperal convulsions; some forms of mania, as that produced by the abuse of ardent spirit; in atonic gout and chronic rheumatism, and in irritable and painful affections of the urinary organs, as strangury, especially when produced by cantharides. What is the dose and best mode of administering camphor ? Medium dose, 5 to 10 grains; usually given in the form of pill, or made into an emulsion with water, by means of mucilage and sugar. The form of pill is said to be objectionable, as it is with difficulty dis- solved in the gastric liquors, and floating on the top is apt to occasion nausea or uneasiness about the cardiac orifice of the stomach. In cases requiring only a slight impression, the officinal camphor water, Aqua Camphorce, is a very convenient form. 124 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. How is this prepared, and what is its strength and dose? Prepared by rubbing camphor, first with a little alcohol, then with magnesia, and lastly, with distilled water gradually added, and filtering through paper. As thus prepared, about 50 grains is contained in a pint, or rather more than 3 grains in a fluidounce. Dose, f|j. or f § ij. Camphor is also given in the form of tincture, the dose of which varies from 5 drops tofsj. W hat are its external uses and modes of applica- tion ? It is often employed dissolved in spirit or oil, as in the form of the simple tincture ; the Camphorated Tincture of Soap — Tinctura Saponis Camphorata ; the Camphorated Soap Liniment — Linimentum Sa- ponis Camphoratum, commonly called opodeldoc ; and the Camphor Liniment — Linimentum Cam- phor ai ; as an anodyne or stimulating embrocation, in rheumatic and neuralgic pains; in sprains, bruises, chilblains ; glandular ©nlarcjGmontc, Szc. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.— BELLADONNA: What is this officinally? The leaves of the Atropa Belladonna, a perennial, herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe. What are the physical and chemical properties of the leaves ? They are ovate, acute, entire, of a dull greenish color when dried, a feeble narcotic odor, and a sub- acrid, slightly nauseous taste. Its virtues are extracted by water and alcohol, and are said to depend on an alkaline principle called atropia. What are the effects of belladonna on the system ? In large doses, its effects are those of a powerful narcotic poison, such as dryness and constriction of the throat, thirst, ineffectual efforts to vomit, virtigo, deli- rium, usually of a mirthful character, coma, with ex- CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 125 cessive dilation of the pupil, and sometimes convul- sions, followed by death. In medicinal doses, its action is that of anodyne and antispasmodic. How aie its poisonous effects best obviated ? The stomach should be speedily evacuated, either by stimulating emetics or the stomach-pump, and then the bowels, by active cathartics, while cold water is applied to the head ; and if coma be present, ammo- nia should be given, and external stimulation em- ployed. What are its therapeutical applications ? It has been used in a number of spasmodic and nervous affections, as hooping-cough in the advanced stages, neuralgia, hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, hydropho- bia, mania, paralysis, amaurosis, &c. It has been proposed and successfully used, it is said, as a prophy- lactic of scarlatina, in consequence of its having pro- duced, in some instances, a rash on the skin, resembling that disease. Applied externally, to the eye or neigh- boring parts, to dilate the pupil before the operation for cataract; to the rectum and urethra, in spasmodic and neuralgic affections of these and contiguous parts, and to the neck of the uterus, to hasten labor when protracted from rigidity of the os tincse. How is it used and what is the dose ? It is given in substance, infusion, or extract; the latter mostly used. Dose of the powder, j. grain ; of the infusion, made in the proportion of 9 j. to f § x. of water, f § j. to f § ij. The extract, which is the inspis- sated juice, is of veiy variable strength, in conse- quence of which, it is best to begin with small doses, a quarter or half a grain, and repeat it 2 or 3 times a day and gradually increase the quantity till some of its effects are experienced, as dryness of the mouth, stricture of the fauces, dilatation of the pupil, dimness of vision, giddiness or other unpleasant feelings in the head. To dilate the pupil a strong infusion of the leaves or extract is dropped into the eye, or a little of the extract is rubbed upon the eyelids. When used 11* 126 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. to facilitate labor, the extract is mixed with simple ointment, ( 5 ij. to §j.,) and applied to the os uteri; and in spasmodic constrictions of the rectum and urethra, sometimes applied smeared over a catheter. Often applied in the form of plaster, in local neuralgic and rheumatic pains. STRAMONIUM. What is this officinally? The leaves, Stramonii Folia, and the seeds, Stra- monii Semen, of the Datura Stramonium, Thorn- apple or Jamestown weed. What is the character of this plant, and where is it found ? It is an annual, herbaceous plant, from three to six feet high, found in various parts of the world, and growing in the U. States in rich soils about old settle- ments, and dung-heaps. What are the physical and chemical properties of the leaves and seeds ? The leaves emit, when bruised, a strong narcotic odor, which they lose by drying. Their taste is bitter and nauseous. The seeds are small, kidney-shaped, of a dark-brown, almost black color ; of a bitter, nau- seous, somewhat acrid taste, and without odor, unless when bruised. They are said to contain, as also the leaves, in a less degree, an alkaline principle called daturia, to which their virtues are ascribed. These are imparted to water and alcohol. What are the effects of stramonium on the system, and its remedial applications ? It is a powerful narcotic; producing, in excessive doses, poisonous effects nearly similar to those of bel- ladonna. In medicinal doses, it resembles hyoscya- mus in its action, and is given for the same purposes. It is frequently used in spasmodic asthma, during the paroxysm, by smoking the dried leaves or bruised root, in the same way as tobacco. In the form of an oint- CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 127 ment, (Unguentum Straoionii,) it is used as an ano- dyne application to irritable ulcers, painful hemorr- hoids, &c. What is the dose ? Dose of the powdered leaves, 2 or 3 grains ; of the extract, or inspissated juice of the leaves, (Extractum Stramonii Foliorum,) 1 grain ; of the seeds, gr.j. ; of the extract prepared from the seeds, (Extractum Stra- monii Seminis,) gr. J; of the tincture, v\x. to "nixx. ; the dose of each to be gradually increased till some effect is produced. BITTERSWEET.— DULCAMARA. What is this ? The stems and twigs of the Solanum Dulcamara, or xcoody nightshade, a climbing shrub, indigenous in Europe and North America, growing in damp thickets and hedges. What are the physical properties of the dried twigs as met with in the shops ? They are of various lengths, about the thickness of a goose-quill, consisting of a thin, wrinkled, grayish- ash colored bark, an interior light woody portion, and a central pith. They are inodorous, though of a faint nauseous smell when fresh. Their taste is at first bit- ter, afterwards sweetish ; hence the name bittersweet. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? They extract its active properties, which are sup- posed to depend partly upon a peculiar alkaline prin- ciple called solania. What are its medical properties and uses ? It possesses feeble narcotic, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. Its principal use is in the treatment of cutaneous eruptions, as lepra, psoriasis, and ptyriasis. How is it given, and what is the dose? Usually given in the form of the officinal decoction. Dose, f i ij., 3 or 4 times a day. 128 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. HEMLOCK.— CONIUM. "What is officinal hemlock? The leaves, Conii Folia, and seeds, Conii Semen 7 of the Conium rnaculatum, a biennial, umbelliferous plant, indigenous in Europe, and naturalized in this country. What is the mode of collecting and preserving hem- lock, and what are its physical properties? The leaves should be collected in June or July, when the plant is in full flower, dried in the sun or with a very gentle artificial heat, and kept in well- stopped opaque bottles or jars, so as to exclude the air and light, by exposure to which, their medicinal virtues are impaired. The seeds, which are collected w T hen fully ripe, are more active than the leaves, and retain their medicinal powers much longer. The fresh leaves, as well as the whole plant, exhales a fetid odor, compared to that of mice or the urine of cats, which is diminished by drying. Their color, when dried, is dark green, which is retained in the powder, and their taste nauseous and bitter. The seeds have less odor, and a bitter, somewhat acrid taste. What are the relations of hemlock to water, alcohol and ether ? Its active principle, a peculiar, volatile, alkaline, oily substance, called conia, is partially extracted by water, and entirely so by alcohol and ether. What are its medicinal actions and uses ? In relation to its action, there is great discordancy of opinion ; some consider it narcotic, with no very marked excitant influence : while others ascribe to it the properties of an anodyne and direct sedative. It has been used in rheumatic and neuralgic affections, and in various pectoral diseases, as pertussis, asthma, chronic catarrh, and consumption, to alleviate pain and allay nervous excitement. Externally, it has been employed in the form of cataplasm or ointment, CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 129 as a palliative, in cancerous and painful ulcerations, and to tender glandular enlargements. How is it administered and what is the dose ? Usually given in the form of powdered leaves and extract, or inspissated juice, (Extractum Conii.) Dose of the former, 3 or 4 grains ; of the extract, 3 grains, repeated 2 or 3 times a day, and gradually increased till some effect is produced. What are the evidences of its action on the system, and what are its poisonous effects ? The evidences of its full action are, vertigo, dim- ness of vision, nausea, faintness, and general muscular debility. Its poisonous effects are said to be very similar to asphyxia produced by any other cause, as slight convulsive tremors and twitches, general paral- ysis of the muscles, and consequent stoppage of breath- ing. What caution is necessary to be observed in the use of different parcels of this medicine? Its very variable strength renders it important, that when very lar^e quantities have been given, the same parcel should be continued ; or, if a different specimen be employed, the commencing doses should be small. VI. ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. What are sedatives ? Sedative medicines are those which directly and primarily reduce the vital actions. Sometimes termed contra- stimulants , their action being the reverse of stimulants. What is Professor Wood's division of sedatives ? He divides them into arterial and nervous ; the former acting more especially on the circulatory sys- tem, reducing the action of the heart and arteries, in which way he conceives Refrigerants also to act, and hence considers them under the same head. What conditions of the system indicate their use? They are called for in most cases of preternatural vascular excitement, as in fevers, especially those of an inflammatory character. What substances are embraced in this class? Some of the preparations of antimony, as tar&ate of antimony and potassa, the precipitated sulphuret, and the antimonial powder; nitrate of potassa; the vegetable acids, &c. TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA— ANTIMO- Nil ET POTASS^ TARTRAS. By what other name is this preparation called ? Commonly called Tartar Emetic, sometimes Tar- tarized antimony. How is it prepared ? The following are the directions of the U. S. P. for its preparation : Take of Sulphuret of Antimony , in fine powder, § iv. ; Muriatic Acid, § xxv. : Nitric Acid. 3 ij. ; Water, a gallon. Mix the acids together in a glass vessel, add by degrees the sulp. ant. and digest the mixture with a gradually increasing heat, till effervescence ceases ; then boil for an hour. Filter the liquor after cooling, and pour it into the water. ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 131 Wash the powder which precipitates, with water, till it is entirely freed from acid, and then dry it. Take of this powder, § ij. ; Bitartrate of Potassa, in very fine powder, § iiss. ; Distilled ivater, f § xviij. Boil the water in a glass vessel; then add the powders previously mixed together, and boil for an hour; lastly, filter the liquor while hot, and set it aside to crystalize. What are its physical and chemical properties ? Tartar emetic crystalizes in transparent, colorless octohedrons, with a rhombic base. It is inodorous, but has a styptic, nauseous taste. As met with in the shops, it is usually in the form of powder, which when pure, is perfectly white. It is a double salt, consisting of two eq. of tartaric acid, one of potassa, one of ses- quioxide of antimony, and two of water. By expo- sure to the air, the crystals lose their water of crystal- ization, and become white and opaque. It is soluble in 14 times its weight of cold water, and in less than twice its weight of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol. Its aqueous solution spoils by keeping. What is the most common adulteration, and how may it be detected ? In the crystaline state, it is seldom adulterated, and in this form should always be preferred, it being one of the best evidences of its purity. The powder is frequently adulterated with cream of tartar, which may be detected by adding a few drops of a solution of carbonate of soda to a boiling solution of tartar emetic, a precipitate will be produced, which will be immediately re-dissolved, if cream of tartar be present. With what substances is it chemically incompatible? With most of the acids; the alkalies and their car- bonates; some of the metals and their oxides; lime- water; chloride of calcium ; the earths; the acetate and subacetate of lead ; corrosive sublimate, and the decoctions and infusions of most of the bitter and astringent vegetables, as those of cinchona, rhubarb, galls, catechu, &c. 132 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. What are the therapeutical effects of tartar emetic? Its general action is that of an arterial sedative, while it excites at the same time, most of the secre- tions. By varying the close, and the circumstances under which it is given, it may be made to act various- ly, as an alterative, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, ex- pectorant, purgative, or emetic. Applied to the skin, it produces a painful pustular eruption, and to the sur- face denuded of the cuticle, it acts as a caustic. In what diseases and doses is it used as an alterative and sedative ? As an alterative, it is used in chronic cutaneous and chronic pulmonary affections, in the dose of gr. T V, or gr. -|-, dissolved in a large proportion of water, and re- peated, so that from gr. ^ to gr. J may be taken daily. As a sedative, it is employed in active hemorrhages, and in various febrile and inflammatory diseases, par- ticularly those of the chest. Dose as a sedative, from gr. T V to gr. | ; but in acute rheumatism, pneumonia, and pleuritis, it has been given in much larger doses, even in the enormous quantity of 10 or 20 grains, in divided doses during the day. By commencing with half grain doses, dissolved in a small quantity of water, and restricting the patient in the use of drinks, a tol- erance of its action is said to be soon acquired, so that 1 or 2 giains may be given at a dose, every hour or two, without producing either vomiting or purging. This practice, however, is thought to be hazardous. What are its external uses and modes of application? It is used as a counter-irritant, in deep-seated pains; in hooping-cough ; in chronic inflammation of the thoracic viscera, and other internal parts. Applied generally in the form of ointment, made in the pro- portion of 5 j. or 5 ij. to §j. of lard, a small portion of which is rubbed on the sound skin 2 or 3 times a day till pustules appear, which usually occur in the course of a few days. What conditions of the stomach contra-indicate its use? ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 133 Great irritation or inflammation of that viscus. What are its poisonous effects, and how are they best treated ? Its poisonous effects bear considerable resemblance to malignant cholera ; they are, an austere, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting and purging, burning pain in the bowels, cramp in the legs, great prostration, &c. After free vomiting, which should be encouraged, if necessary, by tickling the throat with a feather, and by the use of warm water, Peruvian bark should be given in large quantities, to decompose it; or if this cannot be had, a decoction of common tea may be substituted. Antimonial Wine. — Vinum Antimonii. What is the proportion of tartar emetic in this preparation ? Each ounce of the wine contains two grains. What wines are preferable in its formation ? Good Teneriffe or Sherry. The inferior wines con- tain principles which precipitate the tartar emetic. What are the advantages of this preparation ? It affords the means of administering tartar emetic in minute doses, and has the advantage over the aque- ous solution of keeping well. Precipitated Sulphur et of Antimony. — Antim,onii Sulphuretum PrcBcipitatum. How is this prepared ? By mixing prepared sulphuret of antimony, solu- tion of potassa, and distilled water, and boiling them for three hours; constantly stirring and occasionally adding distilled water, so as to preserve the same measure; straining the liquor and dropping into it, while yet hot, diluted sulphuric acid, so long as it causes a precipitate. This is washed with hot water, to remove the sulphate of potassa, and the precipitated sulphuret is then dried and rubbed into a fine powder. How is Kennes mineral and golden sulphur of antimony prepared ? The former is prepared by treating the sesquisulphu- ret of antimony with a boiling solution of the caustic or carbonated alkalies, which deposits a reddish-brown 12 134 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. powder — Kermes mineral — on cooling. The golden sulphur is formed by adding an acid to the mother liquor of the kermes. How do these differ, chemically, from the precipita- ted sulphuret ? The latter is considered to be a mixture of sesqui- sulphuret, sesquioxide, and free sulphur; differing from the golden sulphur, merely, in containing less free sul- phur. Kermes mineral, prepared with the caustic alkalies, is a hydrated sesquisulphuret of antimony. What are the physical properties of the precipitated sulphuret ? It is a bright orange colored, insoluble powder, with- out odor, and of a slightly styptic taste. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is diaphoretic or emetic, according to the dose. It is, however, an uncertain remedy. Sometimes given in combination with calomel and guaiac, in the form of Plummets pills, as an alterative, in seconda- ry syphilis and cutaneous eruptions. What is the dose? As an alterative, 1 or 2 grains; as an emetic, from 5 to 20 grains. Antimonial Powder. — Pulvis AntimoniaUs. What is this an imitation of, and what is the Lond. formula for its preparation ? It is intended as a substitute for James" powder ', a celebrated empirical preparation. Preparation : Take of sesquisulphuret of antimony, in powder, 1 part; horn shaving, 2 parts ; mix and throw them into a red-hot crucible, and stir constantly until vapor ceases to arise. Rub the residue to powder; and in a proper crucible, expose it for two hours to a heat gradually increased to redness. Lastly, reduce to a fine powder. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is of a dull white color, without odor oi taste, and is insoluble in water. It is said to consist of phos- phate of lime, mixed with antimony, in an uncertain state of oxidation. ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 135 What are its therapeutical effects? It is alterative, diaphoretic, purgative, or emetic, ac- cording to the dose. But these effects can be much more certainly and safely produced by tartar emetic, which is generally preferred to it. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, as a diaphoretic, from 3 to 8 grains ; given in pill. What are the saline refrigerants ? Most of the neutral salts possess, among other pro- perties, those of a refrigerant or sedative ; but the one which is considered most eminently sedative, is NITRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS.E NITRAS. What are the synonyma? Nitre and Saltpetre. What are the sources of nitre ? It is of both natural and artificial origin. In some of the United States, as Kentucky, Tennessee, Vir- ginia, &c, it occurs naturally, for the most part in caverns, associated with nitrate of lime. In the East Indies, from whence commerce is chiefly supplied, it is found, in some districts, crystalized, on the surface of the soil, which is lixiviated and the lixivium evapo- rated till crystals form. How are artificial nitre-beds made ? They are formed by mixing ashes and calcareous earth with vegetable and animal remains. These materials are placed in heaps under open sheds, so as to shelter them from the rain, and yet allow the free access of air, and are frequently stirred and sprinkled with urine, as a substance containing a large quantity of nitrogen, which, in the course of a few years, is converted into nitric acid, and this, by combining with the potassa in the vegetable remains, forms nitre. In what state is nitre brought into market? In an impure state, called in commerce, crude salt- petre, and requires to be purified for medicinal and most artificial purposes. 136 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. How is its purification effected? It is purified from common salt, the most usual im- purity, by taking advautage of the greater solubility of nitre in hot water. What are the physical and chemical properties of the refined salt ? It is a colorless salt, crystalized generally in long, striated, semi-transparent, six-sided prisms, with dihe- dral summits; is inodorous, but has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It dissolves in about four times its weight of cold, and half its weight of boiling water ; insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is composed of 1 eq. of nitric acid, and 1 eq. of potassa, and though de- void of water of crystalization, the crystals are never free from water mechanically lodged within them. At a heat below redness it undergoes the igne- ous fusion, and if poured into moulds constitutes sal prunelle. It is decomposed by a red heat. What are its medical properties and therapeutical application, as a refrigerant? It is refrigerant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and in large doses, purgative. As a sedative refrigerant, it is used in active hemorrhages, particularly haemoptysis, and in febrile and inflammatory affections, when the in- flammation is not seated in the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, the kidneys nor bladder. Combined with tartar emetic and calomel, in the form of nitrous powder, it is frequently given to promote the secretions of the liver and skin, and to reduce febrile excite- ment. Externally, it is employed as an ingredient in gargles in inflammatory sore throat, and in the form of sal prunelle, as an application to chapped lips. For what salt is it sometimes taken, through mis- take, and what are the consequences ? Sometimes taken, in half ounce or ounce doses, for sulphate of soda, (Glauber's salts,) when it pioduces violent pain in the stomach, vomiting and purging of blood, great prostration, &c. How are its poisonous effects best treated ? ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 137 By the use of mucilaginous and demulcent drinks; laudanum to allay pain and irritation, and cordials to support the system. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, from 5 to 15 grains; given in solution, and repeated every 3 or 4 hours. What are the proportions of the constituents of the nitrous powder 9 Eight or ten grains of nitre, the J- of a grain of tar- tar emetic, and a J or \ a grain of calomel. VEGETABLE ACIDS. Which of these are mostly used as refrigerants ? The citric and acetic ; the former generally pre- ferred. What fruits contain citric acid ? It exists in limes, lemons, sour oranges, tama- rinds, &c. In what form is this acid generally employed? In the form of lemon-juice ; though the citric acid, in solution, is sometimes substituted. What are the most effectual modes of preserving lemon-juice? One method consists in adding to the juice, express- ed and strained, a tenth part of spirit of wine, filtering and preserving in well stopped bottles. Another is to allow the expressed juice to stand for a short time, till a coagulable matter separates, then filter and put it into glass bottles, with sufficient almond or other sweet oil to cover its surface. What is the mode of preparing citric acid ? Carbonate of lime or chalk is added to lime or lemon-juice, which precipitates the citric acid in the form of citrate of lime. This is repeatedly washed with water, and decomposed by sulphuric acid. An insoluble sulphate of lime is formed, and the citric acid remains separated, in the supernatant liquor, which is concentrated with a gentle heat, and then 12* 138 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. allowed to cool and crystalize. To obtain the crystals entirely pure, they require to be re-dissolved and ie- crystalized for several times. What is the color and shape of the crystals ? They are transparent, colorless, rhomboidal prisms, with dihedral summits. How is a good substitute for lemon-juice prepared with citric acid ? By dissolving § j. of the acid in Oj. of water, and flavoring the solution with a few drops of oil of lemons. What are the proportions for forming lemonade ? One scruple of the acid to a pint of water, to which a little oil of lemons may be added, as before, and the solution sweetened with sugar, to the taste. What is the most common adulteration of citric acid, and how detected? Tartaric acid. This may be detected, in solution, by the addition of carbonate of potassa, which will form with it a crystal ine precipitate of bitartrate of potassa, (cream of tartar.) What are the medicinal uses of citric acid ? It is much used in the aforesaid forms, as a refriger- ant drink, in febrile and inflammatory complaints ; but one of its most important uses is in the preven- tion and cure of scurvy, for which it is almost a specific. VII. NERVOUS SEDATIVES. What are these defined to be ? " Medicines which, in their primary operation, re- duce at the same time, the nervous power and the force of the circulation." They act directly on the nervous system, and are closely allied, in their effects, to narcotics, with which they are frequently con- founded. What are their general therapeutical applications ? They are applicable to cases of over excitement of the nervous and vascular systems. What substances are comprised in this class? Foxglove, tobacco, and hydrocyanic acid. FOXGLOVE.— DIGITALIS. What is this officinally ? The leaves of the Digitalis purpurea, a biennial, herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and cultiva- ted in this country. Which are thought to be the most active, the wild or cultivated plants ? The wild ; of which, those growing in sunny ex- posures are preferable. What is the botanical character of the leaves ? They are large, ovate, lanceolate, obtusely serrated at their edges, with wrinkled, downy surfaces; the upper being of a deep green color, the under paler and more downy. What is the mode of preparing them for market? They are gathered in June and July, just before the plant comes into flower, and the leaf-stalk and mid-rib being iemoved,are then carefully dried, either in the sunshine or with a gentle stove heat. What are the physical properties of the dried leaves? When prepared as above and preserved in tin canis- ters, so as to exclude light and moisture, they are of a 140 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. dull green color, affording a fine deep green powder ; of a faint odor, and of a bitter, nauseous taste. Digi- talis is often met with in compressed masses, as pre- pared by the Shakers, in which state it is frequently mouldy, and of inferior quality. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? It imparts its virtues to these menstrua. What are its therapeutical effects? They are those of a narcotic, sedative and diuretic. AN hen its use has been continued for sometime, its sedative action is manifested by the diminished force and frequency of t lie pulse, which is reduced to 50, 40, or even 30 strokes in the minute. In laige doses, and even in small doses, too long continued, it acts as a narcotico-acrid poison, producing giddiness, great de- bility, with a slow, feeble and intermittent pulse, cold sweats, stupor, and sometimes death, immediately pre- ceded by coma and convulsions. What peculiarity of digitalis renders great caution necessary in its administration ? Its tendency to act with accumulated force ; which makes it prudent, that after it has been given for sometime, even without effect, its use should be sus- pended for a short time; and this is particularly neces- sary, after its constitutional effects are experienced. How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? By clearing the stomach of all the poison it may contain, and by the subsequent employment of stim- ulants, both internally and externally. What are its practical applications as a sedative ? Applicable to cases of vascular excitement; but where much inflammation is present, it can be relied on only as an adjuvant to the lancet and other anti- phlogistic measures. Used, either alone or conjoined with other agents, to repress the excited action of the heait, in hypertrophy of that organ ; in palpitations, aneurism, phthisis, active hemorrhages, &c. What are the forms of administration, and the close of each ? NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 141 Given in substance, infusion and tincture; most effectual in substance. Dose of the powder, gr. j. ; of the officinal infusion, made in the proportion of 3j. to Oss. of boiling water, with f § j. of the tinc- ture of cinnamon, f § ss. ; of the tincture, 10 drops ; each to be repeated 2 or 3 times daily, and gradually increased, under the piecautions before mentioned. TOBACCO— TABACUM. What is officinal tobacco ? The leaves of the Nicotiana Tabacum, an annual plant, cultivated in various parts of the world. What are the physical and chemical properties of the dried leaves ? They are of a yellowish-brown color, a strong, nar- cotic odor, and a bitter, nauseous, acrid taste. Their sensible and active properties are imparted to water and alcohol, but are destroyed by long boiling. Its most active constituent is a peculiar, liquid, colorless, volatile alkali, called nicotia, which has the odor of tobacco, and an acrid, burning taste, and is a virulent poison. It also consists of a concrete, volatile oil, called nicotianin — the chief odorous principle — and by destructive distillation affords an empyreumatic oil, of a dark-brown color, an acrid taste, and a peculiar odor, similar to that of tobacco pipes, which, when long used, contain this oil. It is a very active poison. What are the therapeutical properties and applica- tions of tobacco ? It possesses the properties of a sedative narcotic, an emetic, diuretic, sialagogue and errhine, and, under some circumstances, operates as a cathartic. In ex- cessive doses, it acts as a narcotico-acrid poison, pro- ducing distressing nausea and retching, faintness, great prostration and vascular relaxation, a feeble, fluttering pulse, coldness, convulsions and death. It is chiefly used in the form of enema, to relax the muscular fibres : thus it is employed in strangulated hernia ; in 142 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. obstinate constipation, from spasm of the bowels ; in retention of urine, from spasmodic stricture of the urethra or neck of the bladder; in colic, tetanus, &c. Sometimes applied to the throat, in the form of a cat- aplasm or cerate, made with snuff, or smoked in the usual way, in spasmodic croup and asthma. It is also used externally, in the form of an ointment, in some chronic cutaneous diseases, as tinea capitis, &c. ; its use is dangerous, however, and requires caution. What is the proper treatment in cases of poisoning from it ? The poison should be immediately evacuated, either by emetics or enemata, according as it has been taken by the mouth or rectum, and internal and external stimulation assiduously practiced. Why is moie danger to be apprehended from its poisonous action, when taken by the rectum, than by the mouth ? Because it is more apt to be rejected in the latter case. W r hat is the strength of the officinal infusion, and the dose as an enema ? Made with 5j. to Oj. of boiling water ; half of which may be injected at once, and the remainder in course of half an hour, if necessary. HYDROCYANIC ACID— ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM. In what plants is this found ? Hydrocyanic or prussic acid exists in, or is formed, by the re-action of water upon amygdalin, a peculiar principle found in the cherry laurel, wild cherry bark, the kernels of bitter almonds, peach, fyc. How is it obtained from these plants ? By distillation with water, when it comes over along with a peculiar volatile oil. What is the character of cherry laurel water as a remedy ? The proportion of hydrocyanic acid — its active in- NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 143 gredient — is very variable, and consequently, it is an uncertain and unsafe preparation. What is the advantage of the essential or volatile oil of bitter almonds, as a substitute for the medicinal hydrocyanic acid? It is said to be less liable to decomposition ; keep- ing for several years, in well stopped bottles. In what state is hydrocyanic acid used in medicine? In a diluted state, and never in a concentrated form. How is officinal hydrocyanic acid prepared, and what is its strength ? It is obtained by distillation, from a mixture of sul- phuric acid, ferrocyanuret of potassium, and distilled water; and to the acid product, sufficient distilled water is afterwards added to bring it to a proper state of dilution, when, according to the U. S. P., it con- tains 1.6 per cent, of the anhydrous acid. It is some- times prepared for immediate use, by the action of dilute muriatic acid on cyanuret of silver. By the double decomposition that ensues, hydrocyanic acid and chloride of silver are formed ; the former remains dissolved in the water, and the latter subsides. The clear liquor is then poured off for use. What are the sensible properties of the medicinal acid ? It is a transparent, colorless liquid, with a taste at first cooling, afterwards warm and bitter, and an odor stated to resemble that of the oil of bitter almonds. What is the effect of exposure, and the best mode of keeping it? It is decomposed b}- exposure to light, and should be preserved in well stopped opaque bottles. What are its therapeutical properties and uses ? Prussic acid is the most powerful poison known, destroying life, sometimes, almost instantaneously. When not immediately fatal, the symptoms produced by it are, convulsions, difficult and spasmodic breath- ing, and insensibility, followed by death in a few minutes. In medicinal doses, it acts as a sedative, 144 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. and as such, has been used to allay irritation, relieve pain, and relax spasm. Thus, it has been employed in gastrodynia and enterodynia ; in chronic vomiting, colica pictonum; and in various pulmonary affections, as hooping-cough, chronic catarrh, phthisis, spasmodic asthma, (fee. How are its poisonous effects most successfully com- batted ? If the person be seen immediately after the inges- tion of the poison, he should be made to inhale chlo- rine or ammoniacal gas, diluted with atmospheric air, or a solution of either of these gases in water, should be administered in small, but frequently repeated doses; but if some time has elapsed, and insensibility be present, powerful external stimulants, with cold affusion and artificial respiration should be employed. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose of the medicinal acid, 1 or 2 drops, every 2 or 3 hours, to be gradually increased, and its effects carefully watched. Best given in distilled water, to which simple syrup may be added. Dose of the oil of bitter almonds, ^ of a drop to begin with ; given in emulsion, with gum arabic, sugar and water. What substance has been recommended as a good substitute for medicinal hydrocyanic acid, and why ? Cyanuret of Potassium, which is of uniform strength, and less liable to undergo decomposition, when carefully kept. How is it prepared ? By exposing ferrocyanuret of potassium, which is a double cyanuret of potassium and iron, to a red heat, until nitrogen gas ceases to be disengaged ; treating the calcined product, after cooling, with distilled water, and evaporating to dryness. The heat decomposes the cyanuret of iron, converting it into quadricarburet of iron, without affecting the cyanuret of potassium ; this alone is dissolved by the water, and obtained upon evaporation. What are its properties ? EMETICS. 145 It is whitish, inodorous, when quite dry, and has an acrid alkaline somewhat bitter taste. On exposure, it deliquesces, absorbs carbonic acid, and is converted into carbonate of potassa with the evolation of hydro- cyanic acid. It is insoluble in strong alcohol, very soluble in water, and is converted, by solution, into the hydroajanate of potassa. This is decomposed by all the acids with the liberation of the hydrocyanic. What is the dose, and best mode of administration ? Dose, \ of a grain, given in solution with some vegetable acid, as vinegar or lemon-juice, to set free the prussic acid. VIII. EMETICS. How may these be defined? Substances which excite vomiting in certain doses as an ordinary result, and that, too, independent of the stimulus, of mere bulk, or of any nauseous taste or flavor. What are the phenomena that usually attend their operation ? In the course of 10 or 20 minutes after an emetic has been taken, a disagreeable sensation termed nausea, is experienced, accompanied with symptoms of depression ; as paleness, a cold and moist skin, a feeble, frequent pulse, and muscular relaxation. These symptoms increase till vomiting ensues, when they are followed by those of excited action ; as a full, vigorous pulse, and a warm and florid skin, especially that of the neck and face : the symptoms, however, which mark these two distinct stages, vary much in intensity and duration, according to the nature of the emetic employed ; thus the sulphates of zinc and cop- per, act veiy speedily without producing much nausea, while tartar emetic, tobacco and some others, operate more slowly, and produce great nausea and depression ; 13 146 EMETICS. facts of great practical importance to be borne in mind in selecting an emetic. What are the physiological agencies concerned in the production of vomiting ? The first impression of an emetic, is usually made upon the stomach, and through the medium of the cerebo-nervous system, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles are excited to action, and by their contraction, together with the contraction of the stomach, the con- tents of the latter are expelled. The necessity of cere- bral influence, is evidenced by the difficulty of produ- cing emesis when the energies of the brain have been weakened or suspended by profound intoxication or contusions of the head. How do emetics differ in their modus operandi? Some, as tartrate of antimony and potassa, are said to exert their influence indirectly upon the stomach, and to act specifically ', that is, they excite vomiting, when applied to the skin, injected into the rectum or into the veins, as well as when taken into the stomach ; while others, as mustard, act directly and topically, producing emesis only when swallowed. What are the therapeutical indications that emetics are capable of fulfilling? They may do good in diseases, 1. by evacuating the stomach ; 2. by the sedation or muscular relaxation that accompanies their nauseating effects; 3. by pro- moting absorption or secretion ; 4. by powerfully agi- tating the system or particular parts of it ; and 5. by revulsion to the stomach. What circumstances contra-indicate their use ? Acute inflammation of the stomach, bowels or neighboring parts ; strong determination of blood to the brain ; some organic diseases of the heart and arteries, as aneurism ; pregnancy, in the advanced stages; and hernia and prolapsus uteri, require their avoidance or cautious employment. How are emetics usually administered ? Diffused in water, and when the object is merely EMETICS. 147 to evacuate the stomach, warm fluids, as warm water or chamomile tea, should be freely given, but these should not be allowed, however, where a poison has been taken, which acts only by solution, and in cases where it is desired to make a powerful impression on the system, with much nausea and retching. How is excessive vomiting most effectually checked? By the use of warm demulcent drinks; carbonic acid, as contained in soda water, or given off by soda powders, opiates, a spiced plaster or sinapism over the epigastrium, and if these should fail, by an enema composed of 60 drops of laudanum, with f §ij. of a solution of starch. 1. Vegetable Emetics. What are the principle vegetable emetics? Ipecacuanha, gillenia and Indian tobacco. IPECACUANHA. What is this? The root of the Cephcelis Ipecacuanha, a small shrubby plant growing in Brazil. What are the physical properties of the root as im- ported ? It comes in pieces from 3 to 6 inches long, about the thickness of a goose quill, contorted, and present- ing many circular depressions or grooves, which give it an annulated or ringed appearance. It consists of an exterior cortical portion, and a white ligneous centre. The former constitutes about f of good ipecacuanha, is hard, semi-transparent, breaks with a resinous frac- ture, and possesses the active properties of the root in a much higher degree than the latter. The color of the external surface varies from browish. reddish-brown, reddish-gray to gray, and hence the distinction into brown, red and gray ipecacuanha, all of which, how- ever, are said to have been derived from the same 148 EMETICS. plant, and to be essentially the same in chemical and medical properties. The cortical portion is easily pul- verized, and affords a grayish, fawn colored powder, which has a faint nauseous odor, exciting violent sneezing in some persons, in others, dyspnoea and a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? They extract its virtues, which are injured by decoc- tion. What is its active ingredient? A peculiar alkaline principle called emetia. What are the incompatibles? The salts of lead and of mercury, and astringent vegetable infusions. What are the medical properties of ipecacuanha, and its therapeutical applications as an emetic ? In large doses, it is emetic, and sometimes cathartic, when the quantity is insufficient to vomit; in smaller doses, diaphoretic and expectorant; and in still smaller, stomachic. As an emetic, it is mild, but tolerably certain in its operation, and may be resorted to in all cases where the object is merely to evacuate the stomach, or a gentle impression only is desired. It is frequently associated with other more energetic emetics ; as with sulphate of zinc and of copper, in narcotic poisoning, the action of which it renders safer by ensuring their discharge. As a nauseant, it is given in asthma, hooping-cough, hemorrhages, &c. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, as an emetic, 15 or 20 grains, suspended in water, and repeated at intervals of 20 or 30 minutes, if necessary; tepid drinks being taken the while to promote its action. Dose as a nauseant, 2 or 3 grains. Wine of Ipecacuanha. — Vinum Ipecacuanha. For what purposes is this commonly used ? As an expectorant and diaphoretic. As an emetic, it may be advantageously substituted for antimonial wine, in infantile cases, when the antimonial is dis- posed to produce griping and irritation of the bowels. EMETICS. 149 What is the dose ? As an emetic, for an adult, f § j. ; for an infant, f 3 j. ; as a diaphoretic and expectorant, 10 to 30 minims. GILLENIA. What is officinal gillenia ? The root of the Gillenia trifoliata, though that of the G. stipulacea possesses the same properties ; two indigenous, herbaceous, perennial plants, the former, growing in the Eastern and the latter in the Western States. By what other names is it known ? It is frequently called Indian physic, sometimes, American ipecacuanha. What are the physical properties of the dried root? It is about the thickness of a small quill, wrinkled longitudinally, with a few transverse fissures, and pre- senting in the larger pieces, an undulated, somewhat knotty appearance. It is of a light brown color exter- nally, and consists of a thick brittle cortical portion, with a slender, whitish, ligneous central cord, which is comparatively inert, and should be rejected. The powder is of a light, brownish color, a feeble odor, and a bitter taste. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? It imparts its virtues to these menstrua. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a mild and efficient emetic, and like most other emetics, acts occasionally upon the bowels. Some- times used as a substitute for ipecacuanha, which it is thought to resemble in its operation. What is the dose? From 20 to 30 grains, repeated like ipecacuanha, till it vomits. INDIAN TOBACCO— LOBELIA. What species of lobelia is principally used ? Lobelia inflata. 13* 150 EMETICS. What is the character of this plant, and its place of growth ? It is an annual, herbaceous plant, with an erect an- gular, much branched, hairy stem, from 1 to 2 feet high, and with numerous pale-blue flowers, which appear from the latter part of July till frost. The fruit is an oval, striated, inflated capsule, containing in two cells numerous small brown seeds. It is indi- genous in the United States; growing on the road- sides and in neglected fields. What parts of the plant are used? The whole herb is officinal, but the root and infla- ted capsule, are said to be most active ; consequently, the plant should be collected in August or September, when the capsules are numerous. What are the sensible properties of dried lobelia ? It has a faint but disagreeable odor, and an acrid taste when chewed, resembling that of tobacco. The powder is of a greenish color. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? It yields its virtues to these solvents. What are its medical properties? It is emetic, and occasionally cathartic, and in small doses, diaphoretic and expectorant. It also possesses narcotic properties. What is its character and chief use as an emetic ? It is a very powerful emetic, operating with much nausea, and general relaxation ; and consequently, it is but little used except in cases of spasmodic asthma, in which it is often very useful. What are its poisonous effects? In large doses, it acts as a narcotico-acrid poison, producing effects nearly similar to those occasioned by tobacco. (See tobacco.) How is it given, and what is the dose ? Given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose of the powder, from 5 to 20 grains, as an emetic ; repeated if necessary. The tincture is mostly em- ployed, the full dose of which for an adult, is f g ss., EMETICS. 151 but in asthmatic cases, it is better administered in f 5 j. or f3ij.; dose repeated every 2 or 3 hours till it operates. What other vegetable substances possess emetic pro- perties, for which they have been employed? The roots of the Euphorbia Ipecacuanha and E. Corollata, two indigenous plants, are emetic in the dose of 10 or 15 grains; but they are not more cer- tain in their operation than ipecacuanha, and are much inferior to it in mildness, their operation being usually attended with considerable nausea, and follow- ed by brisk purging. Squill is emetic in the dose of 6 or 8 grains, but is seldom so employed. Tobacco is a very powerful emetic in the dose of 5 or 6 grains, but the excessive nausea which it pro- duces, and its narcotic properties, render it unfit for internal use. Mustard, in the form of powder, and in the dose of a large tea-spoonful, sometimes acts as a stimulant emetic, and as such, is occasionally used in cases of great torpor of the stomach, resulting from narcotic poisons, &c. The root of the Sanguinaria Canadensis or blood root, an indigenous plant, also possesses emetic pro- perties. What are the physical and chemical properties of the dried root? It is in pieces from 1 to 3 inches long, and from £ to ^ in thickness ; flattened, much wrinkled and con- torted, of a reddish-brown color externally, and of a bright orange internally ; becoming of a dull brown by long exposure. It affords a brownish-red powder, which has a faint narcotic odor, and a bitter, very acrid taste. Its virtues are extracted by water and alcohol, and are ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principle, called Sanguinarina. What is the character of blood root as an emetic ? 152 EMETICS. It is an acrid, stimulant emetic; not much used: it also possesses narcotic powers. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains, given in pill, but the form of tincture is usually preferred. Dose, f 5 iij. or f 3 iv. 2. Mineral Emetics. What are the principal mineral emetics? Tartar emetic, sulphate of zinc and sulphate of copper. TARTAR EMETIC. What characterizes this salt as an emetic? Certainty, power and permanency of action. In the course of from 20 to 30 minutes after a full dose has been taken, vomiting usually ensues, which is fre- quently repeated and attended with much nausea, and general depression. What are its therapeutical applications as an emetic ? It is applicable in cases where the object is to eva- cuate the duodenum as well as the stomach, and where a sedative, revulsive, or relaxing effect is also indicated. Much used in the commencement of fe- brile and inflammatory affections, in jaundice, hoop- ing-cough and croup, in several nervous diseases, as mania, amaurosis, neuralgia, &c. ; and its relaxing effects are sometimes taken advantage of in reducing old dislocations. What is the dose and mode of administration? Medium dose, as an emetic, from 2 to 3 grains; but the usual and better plan, is to give 1 grain, dissolved in a table-spoonful of water every 15 or 20 minutes, until it vomits, the operation being aided by warm w*ater, or warm chamomile tea. Often combined with ipecacuanha, in the proportion of 1 grain of the tartrate, to 10 of ipecacuanha, and repeated as above, EMETICS. 153 What is the dose of antimonial wine as an emetic ? Dose, for a child under five years old, from 20 to 60 drops, repeated every 15 minutes, till it acts. Seldom given to adults as an emetic. SULPHATE OF ZINC. By what is this salt characterized as an emetic? By its promptness and the little nausea it produces. What is its chief use as an emetic ? Chiefly employed for the purpose of discharging poisons from the stomach. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, dissolved in 3 or 4 ounces of tepid water, and the whole taken at once. SULPHATE OF COPPER. What is the character and chief use of sulphate of copper as an emetic ? It resembles sulphate uf zinc in its ctctiuu, but is more piompt and powerful. Used in cases of nar- cotic poisoning. What is the dose? From 2 to 3 grains, under ordinary circumstances ; but in cases of insensibility of stomach from narcotic poisons, larger doses are required, from 5 to 15 grains. What is the danger of giving very large doses of sulphate of copper and of zinc in such cases? They are apt to act as irritant poisons if they do not speedily vomit, and thus produce an increase of mis- chief. Their administration rendered safer by com- bining them with ipecacuanha. IX. CATHARTICS. What are Cathartics ? Medicines which produce alvine evacuations. How do the individuals of this class differ in their operations ? Some act merely by exciting the muscular coat of the intestines to increased peristaltic motion, thus causing their contents to be more quickly and com- pletely expelled. Some stimulate the mucous fol- licles and exhalants, rendering the evacuations more liquid and copious; while others extend their stimu- lus to the neighboring viscera, producing an increased flow of the supplemtaiy intestinal secretions, as the bile and pancreatic juice. Cathartics, differ also, as to the part of the intestinal canal on which they act; the effects of some being chiefly confined to the small, of others, to the larg-e intestines, while many appear to stimulate the entire tube. This difference thought to be owing partly to difference in solubility, but chiefly, to the peculiar susceptibilities of different portions of the bowels. They differ, moreover, in the degree of their action; and hence, the division into 1. Laxa- tives, which operate mildly, merely producing loose- ness; 2. Purgatives, which operate with more ener- gy ; and 3. Drastics or Hydragogues, which act with still greater power, producing, in over doses, inflam- mation of the bowels ; characterized by vomiting and purging, with intense pain. What are the therapeutical applications of ca- thartics ? They are useful as simple evacuants, in constipa- tion, and various other affections, by removing offend- ing matters, whether taken by the mouth, or generated in the system. They act as depletives, by increasing the action of the intestinal exhalants, and thus become beneficial as antiphlogistics in febrile and inflammato- CATHARTICS. 155 ry affections. In the same way, they diminish the amount of circulating fluid, and thereby promote ab- sorption ; thus proving useful in dropsies. By the gentle irritation which they occasion in the bowels, they are useful as revellents in various affections, and especially in those of the brain and nervous system. They require to be cautiously administered in in- flammations of the alimentary canal, in cases of ex- treme debility, and during menstruation and preg- nancy. What are some circumstances found to influence greatly the operation of cathartics ? By combination with each other, their operation is often greatly increased, and at the same time, rendered less irritating ; as in the case of the Compound Cathartic Pill. Explained, by the fact, of their dif- ferent tendencies and modes of operation. Their ope- ration accelerated by combining them with small doses of emetic medicines and with bitters. Saline cathar- tics, rendered more active by copious dilution with water ; as also, their solution, by impregnation with carbonic acid gas. The operation of cathartics, has been promoted, also, by venesection, in diseases with plethora, and in some cases of obstinate constipation, and when this depends upon spasm of the bowels, even by combina- tion with opiates. The griping tendency of cathartics, obviated or diminished, by the addition of aromatics, and the griping from senna and resinous cathartics, by combination with alkalies, or saline purgatives. Their nauseating effects lessened by aromatics also, and by carbonic acid water. Their operation most speedy, when taken on an empty stomach, and is increased by exercise, as also, by mild diluent drinks, as molasses and water, barley- water, gruel, &c. Their action retarded and diminished during sleep. Hence, when a prompt and energetic effect is desired, they should be given in the day time, on an empty 156 CATHARTICS. stomach ; avoiding, if practicable, disturbing the quiet of the patient at night, by their operation. How may hypercatharsis be checked ? By laudanum, administered either by the mouth or the rectum. 1. Vegetable Cathartics. Recite the vegetable cathartics ? Manna, prunes, purging cassia, castor oil, rhubarb, senna, extract of butternut, aloes, jalap, may-apple, scammony, black hellebore, colocynth, gamboge, elaterium and croton oil. MANNA. What is manna ? The concrete juice of the Fraxinus Ornus, and other species of Fraxinus; small trees growing in the south of Europe, chiefly in Sicily, and the south of Italy. How is the manna obtained ? The juice exudes spontaneously during the hot months, through fissures in the bark, but more abun- dantly through incisions made for the puipose, and concretes on the surface of the tree, or upon straw or chips, placed to receive it. How many varieties of manna are there? Three varieties ; flake manna , common manna and fat manna. To what are these varieties principally owing? To the character of the season, and the mode, and time of collection. What are its physical properties ? Flake manna, which is the purest, having been col- lected in the hottest and dryest weather of summer, is in irregularly shaped pieces, resembling stalactites, fre- quently concave on the surface, by which they adhered to the tree ; rough, porous, light and brittle, presenting, CATHARTICS. 157 when broken, a crystaline or granular structure ; of a white or yellowish- white color, a faint odor, and a sweetish taste. Common manna or manna in sorts, which is collected in the fall, is not so completely con- creted, and is mixed with more impurities, from por- tions falling to the ground. It consists of small frag- ments, similar to flake manna, mixed with soft, viscid, brownish-yellow masses, which are identical with the fat or fatty manna, the most inferior variety, collected still later in the season, when the weather is cooler, and rains mote frequent. Whatrare the chemical properties of manna? Its most important and abundant ingredient, i3 a peculiar, saccharine principle, called mannite. This may be obtained separate, by boiling manna in alco- hol, and pouring off the spirit, from which, as it cools, the mannite is deposited in the form of white crystals; of a sweetish taste, but differing from sugar, in not being susceptible of the vinous fermentation. Manna is soluble in water and alcohol. It softens with the heat of the hand, melts at a higher temperature, and is inflammable. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is a gentle laxative ; peculiarly adapted to chil- dren and pregnant women. What is the close and mode of administration ? Dose, for an adult, §j. or % ij. ; for a child, from 3j. to 5 iv. More frequently prescribed as an adjunct to other purgatives, as senna, rhubarb, magnesia, and the neutral salts. PRUNES — PRUNUM. What are these ? The dried fruit of the Prunus domestica or plum tree. What are their sensible and chemical properties ? They have a feeble odor, and a sweet, mucilaginous taste. They contain sugar, gum, and malic and pec- tic acids. Water extracts their virtues. 14 158 CATHARTICS. What are their medical properties and uses? They are mildly laxative and nutritious. Stewed, they are used as a laxative article of diet, in cases of costiveness. Sometimes added to cathartic infusions and decoctions, to conceal their taste, and assist in their operation. The pulp enters into the confection of senna. PURGING CASSIA— CASSIA FISTULA. What is this officinally? The fruit of the Cassia Fistula, a large, handsome tree, growing in the East and West Indies. What is the character of the fruit ? It consists of dark-brown, cylindrical pods, of a foot or more in length ; straight or slightly curved, and less than an inch in diameter. They have an external woody shell, marked with three longitudinal bands, two of which are near each other, and the third, on the opposite side. Internally, they are divided by thin, transverse plates, into numerous cells, each of which, contains an oval, shining seed, imbedded in a soft, black pulp. How is the pulp extracted from the pods, and what are its sensible properties? Extracted from the dried pods, by bruising and boiling them in water, and evaporating the decoction ; from the fresh pods, by a knife or spatula. The pulp is of a black, shining color, and has a slight odor, and a sweetish, mucilaginous taste. What are its medical properties and uses? In small doses, it is laxative ; in large ones, purga- tive ; but given as a purgative, it is apt to occasion nausea, flatulence and tormina. Sometimes given as a laxative, in habitual costiveness, and enters, as one of the laxative ingredients, into the confection of senna. What is the dose ? As a gentle laxative, 5J. or 3 ij. ; as a purgative, ij. or §ij. CATHARTICS. 159 CASTOR OIL.— OLEUM RICINI. From what is castor oil derived ? From the seeds of the Ricinus communis or pal- ma Christi. What is the character of this plant, and the places of growth? In temperate latitudes, it is an annual, herbaceous plant, from 3 to 8 feet high; in warm climates, it at- tains the character of a tree, and the height of 30 or 40 feet. The flowers appear in July, and the seeds ripen successively in August and September. These are oval, somewhat compressed, about the size of a small bean, with a smooth, shining surface, of a pale gray color, marbled with reddish-brown spots and stripes. The seed has a small tubercle at one end, and bears considerable resemblance to the tick ; whence the name Ricinus. They consist of a hard, brittle shell, enclosing a white, oily nucleus. The plant is a native of the East Indies and Northern Africa ; has been naturalized in the West Indies, and is cultivated in various parts of the world ; in the United States, most, largely in Illinois. How is the oil extracted from the seeds ? It is usually obtained by expression, either with, or without heat; that obtained without heat, is called cold drawn or cold pressed castor oil, and possesses the highest character. In the United States, the seeds are first subjected to a very gentle heat, to render the oil sufficiently liquid for easy expression, and then to compression in a powerful screw press. The oily liquid thus obtained, is boiled with a large quantity of water, and the impurities, as they rise upon the sur- face of the oil, is skimmed off; after which, the clear oil is removed, and carefully boiled a second time, with a small proportion of water, till aqueous vapor ceases to rise, the object of which is, to clarify the oil, and render it less irritating, by driving off the acrid volatile matter. In the East and West Indies, it is 160 CATHARTICS. frequently extracted by decoction, and the oil skim- med off as it rises to the surface. What are the physical properties of the oil ? It is a thick, viscid liquid, colorless, or of a pale straw color, having a very faint odor, and a greasy, nauseous taste. It is lighter than water. How may adulterations be detected ? The adulteration of castor oil with other fixed oils, a fraud rarely practiced in this country, may be detect- ed by its complete solubility in absolute alcohol, and pure sulphuric ether, differing in this respect from all the fixed oils, except palm oil. It is also heavier than most of the other fixed oils. What are its medical properties and uses? When free from rancidity, it is a mild and efficient cathartic; particularly adapted to cases of constipation, and diseases attended with irritation or inflammation of the bowels ; as colic, diarrhoea, dysenteiy and enteritis. Best cathartic in cases of pregnant and puerperal women, and for children. What is the dose and best mode of exhibition? Dose, for an adult, f § j. ; for an infant, f 5 j. or f3ij. Usually administered floating on the surface of some aromatic water, as that of mint or cinnamon. Sometimes more conveniently given, in a cup of sweetened coffee. Frequently made into an emulsion with the yolk of egg or mucilage, and some aromatic water. RHUBARB.— RHEUM. What is rhubarb ? The root of Rheum palmatum, and other species of Rheu?n, perennial, herbaceous plants, inhabiting Central Asia, and cultivated in Europe. How is the root prepared for market ? It is dug up when the plant is about 5 or 6 years old, washed, scraped, and cut into various sized pieces to facilitate the drying ; they are then pierced, strung CATHARTICS. 161 upon cords and dried, some by the air, and some by artificial heat. What are the varieties of rhubarb, their commercial histories and physical properties ? There are three chief varieties — Russian, Chinese and European Rhubarb. Russian Rhubarb, sometimes called Turkey Rhu- barb, is collected by the Buchanans, on the mountains of Tartary, and carried by them to the Russian fron- tier town, Kiachta, for bartar, when it undergoes a rigid inspection by an apothecary appointed by the Russian government for that purpose, and those pieces which are found to be sound and free from the attacks of worms, are sent on to St. Petersburg for exportation. This, which is the best and most costly variety, is met with in irregularly shaped pieces, somewhat angular, as if the cortical portion had been shaved off longitu- dinally with a knife. They are heavy, of a bright- yellow color, generally perforated with connical holes, extending, in some pieces, completely, in others, only partly through their substance, made evidently for the purpose of inspection. Internally, the}' are compact, beautifully marbled with red, yellow and white veins or points. It has 7 a peculiar, somewhat aromatic odor, and a bktef, -slightly astringent taste ; feels gritty under the teeth when chewed, owing to the presence of crys- tals of oxalate of lime ; stains the saliva yellow, and affords a bright yellow powder when pulverized. Chinese or East India Rhubarb, is imported from Canton, and is the variety mostly used in this country. It is met with in round or flattened pieces, smooth on the surface, as if the cortical portion had been scraped off; of a brownish-yellow color ; perforated with cylin- drical holes, in many of which, are found pieces of cord, by which they were suspended while being dried. It is heavier, closer, and more compact than the Russian, and affords a yellowish powder, with a tinge of orange. Its odor and taste, are nearly similar to the Russian, and like it, is gritty when chewed, and stains the saliva 14* 162 CATHARTICS. yellow. It sometimes contains mouldy and worm- eatened pieces, but when free from these, it is but little inferior to the Russian, and is much cheaper. European Rhubarb, which is derived from the cul- tivated plant, occurs in irregularly cylindrical pieces, or in pieces resembling the Russian ; the former, called in England, stick rhubarb, the latter, trimmed rhubarb. This is soft and spongy, and of difficult pulverization; affording a powder more deeply tinged with red than the Asiatic varieties. It has an astrin- gent taste; scarcely feels gritty when chewed, and but slightly colors the saliva, on which accounts, it is sometimes preferred for chewing. What are the chemical properties of rhubarb? Its active ingredients are supposed to be, a peculiar principle, called rhabarbarin and tannin. Besides these, it contains several other principles ; as gum, starch, oxalate of lime, &c. The European, contains most tannin, least rhabarbarin, and very little oxalate of lime. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. What are its medical properties and uses ? It possesses the properties of a cathartic, astringent and tonic. In full doses, it operates as a mild purga- tive, stimulating the muscular coat of the whole intes- tinal canal, without augmenting materially its secre- tions, followed by its astringent effects. Its action sometimes accompanied with griping in the bowels. Used in dyspepsia with constipation, in chronic dys- entery, diarrhoea and cholera infantum, when a purge is indicated ; unsuitable in inflammatory diseases. Its astringent and griping tendencies counteracted, the first, by combining it with soap ; the last, with ajcmatics. Roasting has the effects, it is said, of in- creasing its astringent and diminishing its purgative power. What are the forms of administration, and the dose of each? Usually given in powder, with molasses or syrup, or in pill ; sometimes, in the form of one of the follow- CATHARTICS. 163 ing officinal preparations : Infusion of Rhubarb, Tincture of Rhubarb, Tincture of Rhubarb and Aloes, Tincture of Rhubarb and Gentian, Tincture of Rhubarb and Senna, commonly called Warner's Gout Cor died, Syrup of Rhubarb, Syrup of Rhu- barb and Se?i?ia, and Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb, commonly called Spiced Rhubarb. Dose of the powder, as a stomachic and laxative, from 5 to 10 grains; as a purgative, from 20 to 30 grains. The European, requires to be given in double this quanti- ty. Average dose of the officinal forms, f 5 j. or f 5 ij., as a laxative; f §j., as a purgative. SENNA. What is senna ? The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia, Cassia obovata and Cassia elongata, small shrubs growing in the north of Africa and in Arabia. What are the commercial varieties ? Three varieties brought to this country, Alexan- dria, Tripoli and India Senna. 1. Alexandria Senna. Where is this collected, and bow is it prepared for market ? Collected in Upper Egypt. The shrubs, chiefly the C. acutifolia, me cut clown, dried in the sun, and the leaves and pods afterwards stripped off, packed in bales, and sent to Boulac, the great entrepot of this variety. Here, it is mixed with the leaflets of the C. obovata, and adulterated with those of argel, and then transmitted to Alexandria for exportation. How may the adulterating leaves be distinguished ? By their paler yellowish color ; their greater length, being usually more than an inch long ; their coria- ceous texture, and by their being equal-sided ; the leaflets of all the true sennas being unequal at their base. 2. Tripoli Senna. Where is this exported, and what are its distinguishing characters ? 164 CATHARTICS. Exported from Tripoli. It consists, principally, of the C. acutifolia, much broken up. It seldom con- tains argel or cynanchum. 3. India Senna. From whence is this derived, and what are its distinguishing characters? Imported from Calcutta, whither it is carried from Arabia. It is the product of the C. elongata, and may be readily distinguished by the greater length and comparative narrowness of the leaves. How is commercial senna prepared for use ? By picking out the leaflets from the fragments, leafstalks and leaves of other plants. What are the sensible and chemical properties of senna? It is of a gteenish color, and has a faint, sickly odor, and a viscid, nauseous taste. Water and alcohol ex- tract its virtues, which are supposed to depend on a peculiar principle, called cathartin. The infusion deposits, on exposure to the air, a yellowish, insolu- ble precipitate, the nature of which is not w r ell under- stood. What is its character as a cathartic ? It is a prompt, efficient and safe cathartic ; its ope- ration attended sometimes, however, with considerable gripinsr. What are its therapeutical applications? Applicable in febrile, and most other complaints requiring an effectual purgative. Often combined with the saline cathartics to obviate its griping tenden- cy, and to increase, in febrile diseases, its antiphlogis- tic effects. How is it given, and what is the dose ? Usually given in infusion. Dose of the officinal infusion, prepared with §j. of senna, 3 j. of bruised coiiander seed, and Oj. of boiling water, from fgij. to f § iv. W r hat are the medical properties and uses of the officinal Tincture of Senna and Jalap. It is a purgative, possessing also cordial properties, CATHARTICS. 165 due to its aromatic constituents. Used in costiveness with flatulence; in atonic gout, dec. What is the dose ? From f5 ij. to f |j. What are the constituents of the Confection of Senna. It is prepared with senna, coriander seed, liquorice root, figs, the pulp of prunes, tamarinds and purging cassia, refined sugar and water. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a very pleasant laxative, well adapted for cases of habitual costiveness, especially in pregnant women, and persons affected with the piles. What is the dose ? From 5 ij. to 5 iv, taken at bed-time. AMERICAN SENNA— CASSIA MARILANDICA. What is the character of the plant that yields Amer- ican Senna, and its place of growth ? It is an herbaceous, perennial plant, from 3 to 6 feet high, bearing beautiful, golden-yellow flowers, which appear in July and August. It is found in all parts of the United States, south of New York, growing most abundantly in low, moist situations. At what time should the leaves be collected ? In August, or the beginning of September. What are their physical and chemical properties ? The leaves are sometimes found in the shops in the form of compressed cakes, as prepared by the Shakers ; they are from 1^- to 2 inches long, and from J to ^ an inch in breadth ; of a pale green color, a feeble odor, and a nauseous taste, somewhat similar to that of senna. Water and alcohol extract their virtues, which depend on a principle analogous to the cathartin of senna. What are its medical properties and uses ? They are similar to those of senna. How is it administered, and what is the dose? L6€ C vrn uvvics. Given in infusion, Dose one-third larger than ihat of iho impoitod senna. I V RACT OP R ITFRMT— FATKACTl M JUQLAKDIS I ' om what is tb ted \ DD the inner bark of (ho root o(" iho JugitmS . DJQ indigenous forest-tree, called by lire several . .."//:..', and ic/^Ve walnut. How ;> the extraet p.. H\ evaporating a decoction of tire coarsely powder- ed inner bark o( the root, or by the process of dis- :it. What are its sensible properties ! Is of a black color, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, agent tea \\ hat are its medical properties and us I - ca rtiCj analogous in its action to rhubarb, and often useful in habitual constipation. What is the dose ! MO) 20 to SO grams, as a purgative; from 5 to 11 . as a Laxai DE W . ■ . - . ..- of the lei s of A ^ rfiinftj Whal is the chi plants, and their ■ h ! They nave a round, erect stem, from 2 to i \h numerous, . a s. and searlet, inhabit the south of A- 91 and West India . lei of which, as in B v. ensively cultivated. W . . ;.:e the different mc .aining aloes, and a . ? jists i cutting the leaves trans- CATHARTICS. 167 versely near their base, and inspissating the juice, which flows spontaneously from them, either in the sun or with a gentle artificial heat. This method af- fords the best aloes. The flow of juice from the leaves is sometimes promoted, by plunging them in hot water, and sometimes by pressure, when an infe- rior sort of aloes is obtained. A still more inferior kind is prepared by boiling the leaves and evapo- rating the decoction. What are the commercial varieties ? Three varieties of aloes reach our markets, viz : Cape Aloes, Socotrine Aloes, and Hepatic Aloes. 1. Cape Aloes. What is the source and mode of preparing Cape aloes? It is procured from the A. spicata, by the method first mentioned, and is of excellent qualities. From whence is it imported ? Imported from the Cape of Good Hope into Great Britain, whence it is brought into the United States. What are its physical properties ? Cape aloes, the variety mostly used in this country, has a shining, resinous appearance; is of a dark-brown color, with a greenish-yellow tinge in the small frag- ments, which are also semi-tiansparent. It is hard and brittle in cold weather, breaking with a smooth, glassy fracture, and affording, when pulverized, a greenish-yellow powder. It has a strong, disagreeable odor, much increased by breathing on it, and a very bitter taste. 2. Socotrine Aloes. Where, and from what plant is this prepared ? The genuine is prepared in the Island of Socotra, from the A. Socotrina. But the best specimens of other varieties, particularly those prepared in Spain and the West Indies, without expression and by in- spissation in the sun, bear this name as a mark of superior quality. What are its physical properties ? It is in pieces of a yellowish-brown color, becoming 168 CATHARTICS. darker by exposure to the air. Its surface is somewhat glossy, and its fracture smooth and glassy, with trans- lucent, reddish edges. Its odor is fragrant, and its taste bitter, and somewhat aromatic. It yields a bright, golden-yellow powder. 3. Hepatic Aloes. From what places and plants is this derived ? It is derived from Spain and the West Indies, and a small quantity is brought from India. That derived from Spain and the West Indies, is the product of the _4. Vulgaris. What are its physical properties? It is in large masses, of a dull liver-brown color, whence the name; of a dull opaque fracture, a disa- greeable odor, and a nauseous, intensely bitter taste. The powder is of a dull olive-yellow color. What are the chemical properties of aloes? Its most important constituent is a bitter extractive matter, called aloesin, which amounts to 75 or SO per cent, in the best specimens. It contains also, a resinous substance, (apothemej and a trace of volatile oil, in the socotiine variety. It is rendered soft and tena- cious by heat, and is inflammable. Cold water dis- solves its active matter only, and forms a very perma- nent solution ; boiling water dissolves it wholly, but deposits the resinous portion on cooling. Long boiling impairs its purgative properties, by converting the ex- tractive into insoluble apotheme. Soluble also in alcohol. Which is the best, and which the most inferior vari- ety of aloes ? The socotrine is considered the best, and the hepatic the most inferior. What is the character of aloes as a cathartic ? It is slow, but certain in its operation, acting espe- cially on the large intestines, increasing their peristaltic motion, and producing feculent discharges. Frequent- ly repeated, it is apt to irritate the rectum, and may produce hemorrhoids. CATHARTICS. 169 How may its irritating effects be prevented ? By combining it with hyoscyamus ; and in some degree, with soap, or an alkaline carbonate. What are its remedial applications ? In small doses, it is very useful in habitual cos- tiveness, especially when attended with torpor of the digestive organs; peculiarly useful in the treatment of ascarides, and is much employed in amenorrhcea. What conditions of the system contra-indicate its use? Hemorrhoids; irritation or inflammation of the large intestines, and pelvic viscera; pregnancy and men- struation. What is the dose and best mode of administration ? Dose, as a laxative, from 2 to 6 grains ; as a purga- tive, from 10 to 15 grains ; given in the form of pill. What is peculiar about its action, as connected with the dose ? When given beyond the medium dose, the increase of action is not in proportion to the increase of quan- tity. What are some of the most important officinal pre- parations of aloes, in the solid form, and the dose of each ? Pills of Aloes and Assafetida ; Pills of Aloes and Myrrh, sometimes called Rufus's Pills ; Compound Pills of Rhubarb, and Powder of Aloes and Canella, commonly called hiera picra. The dose of each of these is from 10 to 20 grains. What are some of the liquid preparations of aloes, and their doses ? Tincture of Aloes ; dose, from f § ss. to f § iss. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, formerly called elixir proprietatis ; dose, f 5 j. or f 3 ij., as a laxative and stomachic. Wine of Aloes ; dose, f 3 j. or f 3 ij., as a laxative ; as a cathartic, from f § ss. to f § j. JALAP.— JALAPA. What is this ? The root of the Ipomaia Jalapa, a climbing plant, with a tuberous root, growing in Mexico. 15 170 CATHARTICS. What are its physical properties ? It comes either in whole or half tubers, or in trans- verse circular slices. The entire tubers are ovoid ; of a size usually smaller than the fist ; generally incised more or less deeply, to facilitate their drying ; wrink- led, and of a brown color externally. They are heavy, compact, hard and brittle, breaking with a shining, undulating fracture, of a grayish color, diver- sified with concentric, darker circles, and numerous brilliant, resinous points. The odor is nauseous, and the taste somewhat acrid and disagreeable. It is pul- verized with difficulty, and affords a yellowish -gray powder. What are its chemical properties? It consists of resin, hard and soft; of gum, starch, lignin, &c. Alcohol dissolves the resin, its active in- gredient; water only its non-cathartic components. The starch is often eaten by insects, and the relative strength of the root thereby greatly increased. What are the adulterations and the evidences of such? It is sometimes adulterated with light ox fusiform jalap , called in Mexico, male jalap , and occasionally, also, with the mechoaca?i, or American bryony, as it is sometimes called in Europe. The presence of adul- terations may be suspected, when the drug is light; of a whitish color internally; of a dull fracture, and of a spongy or friable texture. What is the character of jalap, as a cathartic ? It is an active and brisk cathartic, producing copious watery stools, and occasionally, considerable griping in the bowels. In over doses, it produces hypercatharsis and inflammation of the alimentary mucous mem- brane. What are its remedial applications? It may be given in most cases, where an active ca- thartic is indicated. Much used, combined with calo- mel, in bilious fever; and with supertartrate of potassa, in dropsy, and in scrofulous affections of the joints, as coxalgia. CATHARTICS. 171 What is the dose ? From 15 to 30 grains; of jalap and supertartrate of potassa, 10 to 20 grains of the former, with 5j. or 5 ij. of the latter; of calomel and jalap, 10 grains of each. Dose of the resin of jalap, S or 10 grains. What are the disadvantages of this preparation ? It is apt to produce severe griping, and considerable irritation of the mucous membrane of the bowels ; consequently, it is less eligible than the officinal extract — Extraction Jalapce, — which is prepared by means of both alcohol and water. Dose, 10 to 20 grains ; but it is seldom given alone. MAY-APPLE— PODOPHYLLUM. What is the character of this plant, and its place of growth ? The Podophyllum peltatwn, May-apple, or Man- drake, is an indigenous, herbaceous plant, flowering about the end of May, or the beginning of June, and the fruit, a large oval berry, lipens in the latter part of September, when it is of a lemon-yellow color, has a peculiar, sweetish, sub- acid taste, and is some- times eaten with impunity. What is the officinal portion ? The root. The leaves are said to be poisonous ? What are the physical properties of the dried root ? It is in pieces of about two lines in diameter; thick- ly jointed ; much wrinkled longitudinally, and of a reddish or yellowish-brown color externally ; whitish within. The powder is yellowish-gray, resembling that of jalap. It has a sweetish, sickly odor, in the state of powder, and a taste, at first sweetish, after- wards bitter, acrid and nauseous. What are its relations to water and alcohol ? It yields its virtues to alcohol and to boiling water. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is an active hydragogue cathartic, resembling jalap in its operation, and may be employed in similar cases, forms and doses. 172 CATHARTICS. SC A M MON Y.— SCAMMON IUM. What is this ? The concrete juice of the root of the Convolvulus Scammonia. What is the character of this plant, and its place of growth ? It has numerous, herbaceous, climbing stems, and a very thick, fusiform, fleshy root, which abounds in a milky juice. It is a native of Syria and the neigh- boring countries. What is the mode of collecting and preparing the juice? The earth having been cleared away, the top of the root is sliced off obliquely, and the juice received in shells as it exudes; afterwards mixed with that from other plants, and exposed to the air until it concretes. In this way the best scammony is prepared, but a more inferior kind is usually met with ; prepared by adding to the juice collected as above, that obtained from the leaves and stalks by expression, together with such impurities as wheat flour, chalk, ashes, fine sands, &c. Whence is scammony exported, and what are the varieties ? Exported from Aleppo and Smyrna, and was formerly called Aleppo Scammony and Smyrna Scammony, after these places. The finest kind is called the Vir- gin Scammony. What are its physical properties ? The best, or Virgin Scammony, is in small amor- phous masses, of an ash-gray color externally; porous, friable, breaking with a conchoidal, resinous fracture, of a dark greenish color, and forming, when rubbed with the saliva, a greenish-yellow emulsion. Its odor is strong, resembling somewhat that of old cheese, and its taste, bitterish and acrid. But scammony, as usually met with in our shops, is more or less im- pure, and occurs in larger, darker, heavier, more com- CATHARTICS. 173 pact masses than virgin scammony, and is less brittle, and presents a duller, more earthy fracture. What are the best chemical tests of its purity? Chalk may be detected by the effervescence pro- duced when muriatic acid is dropped on a small frag- ment, and flour by a cooled and filtered decoction of the powder, being rendered blue by tincture of iodine. What are its chemical properties? It is a gum-resin. Its chief constituent is resin, which constitutes more than two-thirds of the weight of good scammony. It is partially dissolved by water, more largely by alcohol, and completely, with the exception of impurities, by diluted alcohol. What is its character as a cathartic ? It is a drastic cathartic, operating sometimes with considerable harshness. What are its therapeutical applications? It is applicable in cases of habitual constipation, arising from a torpid state of the bowels. It is usual- ly given in combination with other cathartics, the ac- tion of which it promotes, while its own harshness is diminished. In the form of the Compound Extract of Colocynth, and the Compound Cathartic Pill, it is often beneficially employed in the commencement of bilious feveis, and other complaints, attended with congestion of the liver and portal circle. What is the dose and best mode of administration ? Dose, from 5 to 10 grains, made into an emulsion with milk. BLACK HELLEBORE.— HELLEBORUS NIGER. W r hat is the character of this plant, and its place of growth ? It is an herbaceous plant with a perennial root, con- sisting of numerous, long, simple fibres or radicles, proceeding from a knotty head. Its flowers, which are large and rose-like, expand in the middle of winter, and hence the name Christmas Rose, by which the 15* 174 CATHARTICS. plant is sometimes called. It is a native of the mid- dle and southern parts of Europe. What is the part used in medicine ? The whole root is officinal, but the fibres are chiefly used. What are the physical and chemical properties of the dried root ? The root-stock is black, and the fibres brownish- black externally, whitish within. They are about the thickness of a straw, brittle, have a faint odor and a bitterish, nauseous, acrid taste ; its acrimony having been much diminished by drying. Water and alcohol extiact its virtues, which are impaired by long boiling. What are its medical properties, and therapeutical applications as a cathartic ? It is a drastic, hydragogue cathartic, possessing also emmenagogue properties. In over doses, it produces inflammation of the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- brane, with vomiting, hypercathaisis, vertigo, cramps, and convulsions, ending sometimes in death. As a cathartic, it is not much used at present. It was high- ly prized by the ancients, as a purgative, in cerebral and nervous affections, and in dropsy. It was the chief ingredient of Backer's Pills — celebrated for the cure of dropsy. How is it given, and what is the dose? Given in powder, decoction, tincture, or extract. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains ; of the de- coction, made with 5ij. to Oj., f§j., every 4 hours till it acts; of the tincture, f 5 j. ; of the extract, 12 or 15 grains. COLOCYNTH.— COLOCYNTHIS. What is colocynth officinally ? The fruit of the Cucumis Colocynthis or bitter cucumber, deprived of its rind. What is the character of the plant, and its place of growth ? CATHARTICS. 175 It is an annual herbaceous plant, with trailing stems, much resembling our common garden cucumber. It is a native of Turkey, the islands of the Archipe- lago, &c. What is the character of the fruit, and the mode of preparing it for market ? It is a globular berry, about the size of a small orange, of a yellow color when ripe, and contains within a coriaceous rind, numerous white seeds, im- bedded in a soft pulp. It is gathered in autumn when it begins to yellow, peeled and dried quickly, either in the sun, or in a stove. What are the physical properties of the fruit, as found in the shops? It is in whitish balls, very light and spongy, and of difficult pulverization. It has a feeble odor, and a nauseous, intensely bitter taste. The seeds constitute about three-fourths of their weight, and are entirely inert, and should be rejected. What are^s chemical properties? Its active^ingredient, is a peculiar, bitter principle, called colocynthin, which is extracted by water and alcohol. What is its character as a cathartic? It is a powerful, drastic hydragogue cathartic, opera- ting harshly when given alone, and is therefore usual- ly combined with other purgatives to mitigate its harsh- ness. What is the preparation mostl}?- used ? The Compound Extract. — (Extractum Colocynthl- dis Compositum.) What is the composition of this preparation, and its character as a cathartic ? It is composed of colocynth, aloes, scammony, car- damon and castile soap. It is a very active and safe cathartic. What are its remedial applications ? It is much used in obstinate constipation ; in the 176 CATHARTICS. commencement of fevers; and combined with calo- mel, in congestion of the liver and portal system. What is the dose of the pulp of colocynth, and of the compound extract? Dose of the pulp, from 5 to 10 grains ; of the com- pound extract, fiom 10 to 15 grains. GAMBOGE.— GAMBOGIA. What is this ? The concrete juice of an unascertained tree, inhab- iting Siam, probably of the Stalagmitis Cambogio- ides and Hebradendron Cambogioides. How is it prepared, and from what places is it im- ported ? Procured by breaking off the leaves and young shoots, from which the juice issues in drops, and is either received into the hollow joints of the bamboo, which gives it a cylindrical form, or into some suitable vessel, and allowed to stand until it attains the requi- site thickness, when it is usually rolled into cylinders, and wrapped in leaves. Imported froi©Canton and Calcutta. What are its physical properties? It is generally met with in cylindrical rolls, from one to tw T o inches in diameter, sometimes hollow in the centre ; often folded double and agglutinated to- gether, striated externally, and of a reddish-yellow color, with greenish stains, and usually dusty with the bright yellow 7 powder of the drug. It is brittle, break- ing with a shining, conchoidal fracture. This is some- times called pipe gamboge. A more inferior kind is sometimes met w T ith, under the name of cake or lump gamboge, in irregular masses, weighing from two to three pounds, often mixed w T ith sticks and other im- purities. Gamboge has no odor, but a slightly acrid taste. What are its chemical properties ? It is a gum-resin ; its medicinal virtues residing in the resin. It is insoluble in w r ater, but forms with it a CATHARTICS. ITT perfect emulsion. Alcohol dissolves it, almost entirely. Like all the gum-resins, it softens by heat, without melt- ing, and is inflammable, burning with much smoke. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a powerful, drastic, hydragogue cathartic, with an aptitude to produce nausea and vomiting, in full doses; and imrlammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, in over doses. Sometimes given in dropsies and encephalic affections, in small doses; but usually combined with other and milder cathartics, to temper its action. What is the dose and best mode of administration? Dose, 2 or 3 grains, repeated every 3 or 4 hours, till it operates. Given in pill or emulsion. Compound Cathartic Pills, — Pilula Catharticai Composite. What are the constituents of this prepa- ration ? It consists of compound extract of colocynth, extract of jalap, calomel and gamboge. What are the advantages of this form ? It combines smallness of bulk, with efficiency and comparative mildness of action, and a peculiar tenden- cy to the liver. Smallness of bulk obtained by using extracts, and the more energetic cathartics; a tendency to the liver imparted by the calomel ; and greater effi- ciency, with mildness, the result of the union. This before explained, (page 155.) What are their remedial applications? They may be employed in all cases requiring an active cathartic; particularly applicable to the early stages of bilious fevers, hepatitis, jaundice, &c. What is the dose ? Three pills, which contain 4 grains of comp. ext. of colocynth, 3 of extract of jalap, 3 of calomel, and § of a grain of gamboge, making 10§ grains of the mass. ELATERIUM. What is elaterium ? ITS CATHARTICS. A substance deposited from the juice of the Momor- dica Elaterium^ wild or squirting cucumber. What is the character of this plant, and its place of growth and culture? It is an annual, trailing plant, with a thick, rough, branching stem. The fruit, (pepo,) is about an inch thick, and an inch and a half long, greenish, and covered with prickles ; when ripe, it falls off, and throws out its juice and seeds with considerable force, through the place of its attachment to the foot-stalk ; from which circumstance, it is thought, it derived its name. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is cultivated in Great Britain. What are the modes of obtaining elaterium, and the one that yields the best? It is mostly prepared as follows : the ripe fruit is sliced, and the juice gently expressed through a fine hair-sieve, and allowed to stand until the thicker part has subsided ; the thinner, supernatant part, is then poured off, and the thicker, dried with a gentle heat. Dr. Clutterbuck's method, which yields the genuine elaterium, differs from the above, in allowing the juice to flow out without expression. A very inferior kind is sometimes prepared by expressing and evaporating the juice. What are its physical properties? It is in thin, flat cakes or fragments ; light and fria- ble ; of a greenish-gray color, and generally bearing the impression of the muslin upon which it was dried. It has a very faint odor, but a bitter, acrid taste. What is its active ingredient? A peculiar crystalizable principle, called elaterin. What are its medical properties and uses? It is a powerful, hydragogue cathartic, and generally excites, in full doses, nausea, and frequently vomit- ing; and in over doses, inflammation of the stomach and bowels. It also possesses diuretic properties. It has proved to be a very efficient remedy in dropsy. What is the dose ? CATHARTICS. 179 Of the purest, gr. J- ; of the common, gr. J ; every hour till it operates. Dose of elaterin, from T x g to T V of a grain. CROTON OIL.— OLEUM TIGLII. From what is this derived ? From the seeds of the Croton Tiglium, a small tree, growing in India, the Molucca Islands and Cey- lon. What were the seeds formerly called ? Grana Tiglia, Grana Molucca, &c. What are their physical and medical properties? They are rather larger than a grain of coffee, and of an irregular, quadrangular shape. They consist of a soft, yellowish-brown epidermis, a blackish shell, and a yellowish-brown, oily kernel. In the dose of one or two grains, the kernel purges actively. How is the oil extracted from the seeds? By expression ; the seeds having been previously roasted, and deprived of their shells. What are the sensible properties of the oil? As found in the shops, it is of an orange color, with a faint but peculiar odor, and a very acrid taste. What is its chemical constitution ? It consists of a peculiar acid, named crotonic acid, dissolved in a bland, fixed oil, to the former of which, it owes its active properties. What is the most common adulteration, and how may it be detected ? Castor oil is the most common adulteration, and may readily be detected, by its solubility in alcohol, whilst croton oil is insoluble. What is its character as a cathartic ? It is a powerful, hydragogue cathartic, operating usually, in small doses, with ease to the patient ; but in large doses, it is apt to occasion vomiting and severe griping, and in over doses, may prove fatal. What are its therapeutical applications as a ca- thartic ? ISO CATHARTICS. It is used in obstinate constipation; in dropsy; in comatose affections, and in various convulsive and neuralgic diseases. What is the dose and best mode of administering it? Dose, 1 or 2 drops, given in the form of pill ; which may be made with a crumb of bread. It is safer to give it in divided doses, till it operates. Where a pa- tient is unable or unwilling to swallow, one drop placed on the tongue, will generally operate ; and its purgative action may be obtained, it is said, even by rubbing 4 drops around the umbilicus. What are its effects when applied externally, and how, and for what puiposes is it thus used ? It produces inflammation of the skin, with a pustu- lar eruption. Diluted with three parts of olive oil, soap-liniment, or other convenient vehicle, it has been used as a revellent and counter-irritant, in pulmonary diseases; in neuralgia, rheumatism, gout, glandular swellings, &c, applied in the way of a liniment. 2. Mineral Cathartics. Mention these. The following, though not all strictly mineral, are embraced in this division : sulphur, carbonate of mag- nesia, magnesia, the saline cathartics and calomel. SULPHUR. What is the origin and mode of preparing crude sul- phur or brimstone 9 Sulphur is found in all three of the great kingdoms of nature; but it is usually prepared by sublimation, from the native sulphurets of iron and copper, and from sulphur earths, which are found in great abun- dance, in volcanic regions. How is crude sulphur purified? By a second sublimation, in an apparatus so con- structed, that it may be condensed, either in the state CATHARTICS. 181 of flowers — officinal in the last edition of the U. S. Pharm. — or in the liquid state, by the application of more heat ; and constituting, when cast into cylindri- cal sticks, roll sulphur ', or cane brimstone. To free it from sulphuric acid, it is washed with successive por- tions of boiling water, and then dried, when it is call- ed washed sulphur. Whence is it imported ? Chiefly from Italy and Sicily. What are its physical and chemical properties? Roll sulphur is in cylindrical pieces, from two to three inches long, and nearly an incli in diameter; friable, and breaking with a shining, crystaline frac- ture. Sublimed sulphur, ox flowers of sulphur, is in the state of a very fine powder. It is of a bright yel- low color, has a very slight taste, and a peculiar odor, when rubbed. It is a simple substance, insoluble in water and in alcohol, but soluble in the fixed and vol- atile oils. What are its effects on the system ? It acts as a gentle laxative and diaphoretic, and from a portion being converted into sulphureted hydrogen, in the bowels, it imparts to the evacuations and the in- sensible perspiration, a very offensive smell, for some time after its use. What are its therapeutical applications ? It is employed in hemorrhoidal affections; in chronic rheumatism, gout and catarrh ; in cutaneous diseases, and especially in scabies, in which it is used both in- ternally and externally. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, as a laxative, 5 j. or 5 ij. ; given in syrup, molasses or milk. Often combined with magnesia or bitartrate of potassa, to assist in its cathartic action. How is it applied externally ? Usually in the form of an ointment, made by mix- ing sulphur intimately, with four times its weight of lard, to which a little oil of lemons, or bergamot, may 16 182 CATHARTICS. be added, to conceal its disagreeable odor. Sometimes applied, also, in the state of vapor. Prcecipitated Sulphur. — Sulphur Precipitatum. — How is this prepared, and what is its character? Lac sulphuris, or milk of sulphur, as it is some- times called, is prepared by boiling sulphur with fresh burnt lime, in water; filtering the solution, and drop- ping into it sufficient muriatic acid to precipitate the sulphur, which is washed with water until it becomes tasteless. It is preferred by some to sublimed sul- phur, on account of its freedom from color and its smoothness, being in a state of very minute division ; but it is liable to be contaminated with sulphuric acid, from exposure to the air, and frequently contains a large proportion of sulphate of lime; sulphuric acid, instead of muriatic, having been used in its prepara- tion. CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA— MAGNESL/E CARBONAS. How is this obtained ? It sometimes occurs as a native mineral, but that in the shops is prepared, on a large scale, by decompos- ing sulphate of magnesia, in solution, with carbonate of soda, or carbonate of potassa. Whence do we derive our supply of carbonate of magnesia ? Chiefly from Scotland ; but a considerable quantity is manufactured in the New England States and in Baltimore. What are its physical properties? It is a light, white, inodorous and nearly insipid powder. What is its relation to water, and its chemical na- ture ? It is nearly insoluble in water, but dissolves readily in carbonic acid water. It is a compound of 3 eq. of carbonate of magnesia, with 1 of hydrate of magnesia. What are its adulterations ? CATHARTICS. 183 Lime, sulphate of lime, silica, &c. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is antacid, and by combining with acid in the stomach, becomes gently purgative. Used in cases requiring a laxative antacid, and as an antilithic, in excessive secretions of uric acid. What renders it inconvenient in many cases ? The flatulence which is occasioned by the libera- tion of its carbonic acid, when it meets with other acids. But in sick-stomach, with acidity, it might prove the more useful by this change. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, as a cathartic, from 5 ss. to 5 ij. ; supended in water or milk, which may be more uniformly done by first rubbing it with syrup. MAGNESIA. How is this prepared ? Magnesia, or calcined magnesia, as it is sometimes called, is prepared by exposing carbonate of magnesia to a red heat, in an earthen vessel, till all the carbonic acid is expelled, which is known to have been effect- ed by the absence of effervescence, when vinegar or muriatic acid is added to it. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is in the form of a very light, white, inodorous powder, with a slight alkaline taste. It consists of one eq. of magnesium and one of oxygen. Exposed to the air, it absorbs carbonic acid and moisture. It is very slightly soluble in water, but more so in cold than in hot. What is the most striking peculiarity of Henry^s magnesia, and the supposed cause ? Its greater density, being at least four times that of ordinary magnesia. Attributable, it is thought, to tri- turation, or to an intense heat, employed in its cal- cination. What is its character as a cathartic ? 184 CATHARTICS. In full doses, it acts as a gentle cathartic; its opera- tion, however, is uncertain, as it depends on the quan- tity of free acid it meets in the stomach. From the absence of acid in the stomach, it has accumulated in some instances to a great extent, and even formed con- cretions in the bowels. What are its remedial uses as a cathartic ? Much used in constipation, with acidity of stomach, and especially in cases of children. Frequently com- bined with rhubarb, in bowel complaints. What is the dose, and best mode of administer- ing it? As a laxative, for an adult, from P)j. to 3 j. ; for in- fants, from 2 to 10 grains, thoroughly triturated with water or milk. When it does not operate from defi- ciency of acid, lemonade may be taken. Saline Cathartics. What is the character of these, and to what cases are they applicable and inapplicable ? They are, for the most part, mild and efficient ca- thartics, operating on the intestinal exhalents, and pro- ducing watery evacuations. They act at the same time as refrigerants or arterial sedatives, and hence, are applicable to inflammatory and active febrile com- plaints, and inapplicable to typhoid diseases. SULPHATE OF SODA.— SOD^ SULPHAS. What is this commonly called ? Glauber's salts. Where is it found, and how is it prepared for medi- cal use ? It is contained in many mineral springs, and its constituents exist in sea-water. It is usually obtained from the salt generated in the formation of muriatic acid. The residuary salt, which is a sulphate of soda, with an excess of sulphuric acid, is dissolved in boil- CATHARTICS. 185 ing water, and the excess of acid, either neutralized by the addition of soda, or precipitated by carbonate of lime. What are its physical and chemical properties? It is a white salt, crystalizing in four-sided, striated prisms, with dihedral summits. It is inodorous, but has a cooling, saline, very bitter taste. It is composed of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 1 of soda, and 10 of water of crystalization. Exposed to the air, it effloresces rapidly ; to heat, it first melts in its water of crystali- zation, then dries, and at a red heat, undergoes the igneous fusion. It is soluble in water, and more rea- dily in warm than cold. Insoluble in alcohol. What is the dose and mode of administration? Ordinary dose of the crystalized, § j. ; of the effloresced, half the quantity. Given, dissolved in w r ater, to which a little dilute sulphuric acid, lemon- juice or cream of tartar may be added to cover its taste. Much less used than the next, on account of its disagreeable taste. SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA.— MAGNESLE SULPHAS. What is this commonly called? Epsom, Salts. Where does this occur in nature, and how is it pre- pared for medical use? It occurs in great abundance, in the numerous caves west of the Alleghany Mountains; in many rocks; in mineral springs ; sea-water, &c. There are several modes of preparation, but the one practised in Balti- more, where it is extensively manufactured from mag- nesite, the siliceous hydrate of magnesia, which abounds in the vicinity of that city, is as follows : " The mineral is reduced to a fine powder, and satu- rated with sulphuric acid. The mass is then dried and calcined at a red heat, in order to convert the sulphate of iron which may be present, into red oxide. It is then dissolved in water, and sulphuret of lime 16* 186 CATHARTICS. added to separate any remaining portion of iron. The salt is ciystalized and dissolved a third time, in order to purify it." What are its physical and chemical properties? Usually met with in small acicular crystals, transpa- rent and colorless, without odor, but of a bitter, saline taste. It consists of 1 eq. of acid, 1 of magnesia, and 7 of water. It effloresces slowly in the air ; exposed to heat, it first melts in its water of crystalization — and at a higher temperature becomes anhydrous, and undergoes the igneous fusion. Soluble in its own weight of water, at 60°, and in three-fourths of its weight of boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, §j., dissolved in a large quantity of water, to which dilute sulphuric acid may be added, or what is more acceptable to the palate and stomach, in car- bonic acid water with lemon syrup. SULPHATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSA SULPHAS. How is this prepared ? It is prepared, on the large scale, from the salt which remains after the distillation of nitric acid from a mixture of nitre and sulphuric acid. This salt con- tains an excess of sulphuric acid, which is either ex- pelled by ignition in a crucible, or neutralized by car- bonate of potassa, or precipitated by carbonate of lime. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is a white salt, ciystalizing usually in single or double six-sided prisms, terminated by six-sided pyra- mids ; inodorous, with a bitter, saline taste. The crys- tals are very hard and are therefore employed in phar- macy for triturating and dividing vegetable powders, as in the case of Dover's Powders. It is composed of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, and 1 of potassa. When thrown on live coals, or heated, it decrepitates, and at a strong red heat, fuses. It requires 16 parts of tern- CATHARTICS. 187 perate, and 5 of boiling water, for its solution. Inso- luble in alcohol. What is the dose ? As a purge, § ss., but seldom so employed, on ac- count of its difficult solubility. BITARTRATE OF POTASSA— POTASSES BITARTRAS. By what other name is this called ? Frequently called supertartrate of potassa, cream of tartar, and crystals of tartar, when cryslalized. What is its source, and mode of preparation? It is deposited in an impure state, on the inside of casks during the fermentation of acidulous wines. This, which is called crude tartar or argol, is purified by solution and crystalization a second time. Whence, and in what state is it imported? Imported from France, in crystaline crusts. What are its physical and chemical properties, as kept in the shops ? It is usually in the form of a fine white powder, without odor, but of an agreeable acid taste. It is composed of 2 eq. of tartaric acid, and 1 of potassa, combined in the crystaline state with 1 of water. It is soluble in about 60 parts of cold, and in 15 of boil- inar water. Insoluble in alcohol. What are its medical properties, and therapeutical applications ? It is cathartic, diuretic and refrigerant. In large doses it acts as a hydragogue cathartic, and for its hydragogue and diuretic effects, it is much used in dropsical affections, often combined with jalap. Dis- solved in water and sweetened with sugar, it forms a pleasant laxative, refrigerant drink in fevers. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose, 5j. or 5 ij., as an aperient; and from § ss. to <§j.,as a hydragogue cathartic, mixed with mo- lasses. 188 CATHARTICS. TARTRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSA TARTRAS. What is the mode of preparing this salt? Tartrate of potassa, or soluble tartar, is prepared by neutralizing the excess of acid in the bitartiate of potassa, with carbonate of potassa. To the latter, in the state of a boiling solution, the bitartrate is added, until the effervescence ceases, when the liquor is filter- ed and evaporated, so that crystals form on cooling. What are its physical properties ? When properly prepared, it is in white crystals, but as usually met with, it is in the form of a granular powder, owing to the solution being evaporated to dryness. It is inodorous, with a saline, bitter taste. What are its chemical properties? It is composed of 1 eq. of tartaric acid, and 1 of potassa. Exposed to a damp atmosphere, it attracts moisture ; to heat, it fuses, and is decomposed, being converted into carbonate of potassa and charcoal. It is decomposed by all the strong acids, and by many acidulous salts. It is soluble in an equal weight of cold water. Soluble also in alcohol. What are its medical uses ? Not much used at the present day. Occasionally given as a refrigerant laxative in febrile diseases, and sometimes associated with the resinous purgatives, to correct their griping tendencies. What is the dose ? From § ss. to § j. TARTRATE OF POTASSA AND SODA.— SOD^E ET PO- TASSJE TARTRAS. What is this commonly called, and how it is pre- pared ? Commonly called Rochelle Salt. Prepared by ad- ding bitartiate of potassa to a solution of carbonate of soda, when the carbonic acid escapes and the soda unites with the excess of acid in the bitartrate, to form CATHARTICS. 189 the salt in question, which remains in solution, and is crystalized in the usual way. What are its physical and chemical properties? It is in large, white, transparent crystals, which are right rhombic prisms, or more frequently half prisms ; inodorous, with a saline, slightly bitter taste. It ef- floresces slightly in dry air ; exposed to a strong heat, it is decomposed, and a mixture of the carbonates of potassa and soda remains. It is soluble in cold, and more so, in boiling water. It is a double salt, com- posed of 2 eq. of tartaric acid, 1 of potassa, 1 of soda, and 8 of water. What are its medical properties and uses ? It is a mild, refrigerant aperient, frequently used in febrile diseases, in the form of Seidlitz poivder, which consists of a mixture of two drachms of this salt, and two scruples of bicarbonate of soda, put up in a white paper ; and of thirty-five grains of tartaric acid, in a blue paper. These are dissolved separately in water, mixed, and taken in the state of effervescence. AVhat is the dose? Of tartrate of potassa and soda, from § ss. to § j. PHOSPHATE OF SODA.— SOD^E PHOSPHAS. How is this salt prepared ? It is prepared from bone ashes, or bone earth, which consists of phosphate of lime, with a small quantity of carbonate of lime. This is mixed with sulphuric acid, and macerated in water for three days. The sulphuric acid combines with the greater portion of the lime, and precipitates as sulphate of lime, while the carbo- nic acid escapes, and the liberated phosphoric acid unites with the undecomposed portion of phosphate, forming a super-phosphate of lime, which remains in solution. To the solution, after being entirely freed from sulphate of lime, by filtration, partial evapoiation, cooling and decantation, is added carbonate of soda, to neutralize the excess of phosphoric acid. The car- 190 CATHARTICS. bonic acid is disengaged, the soda forms, with the ex- cess of phosphoric acid, phosphate of soda, which re- mains in solution, and the neutral phosphate of lime precipitates. The liquor is again filtered, and evapo- rated, so as to crystalize. What are its physical and chemical properties? It is in large, transparent, colorless crystals, which have the shape of oblique rhombic prisms ; is inodo- rous, with a cooling, saline, not disagreeable taste. It is composed of 1 eq. of phosphoric acid, 2 of soda, 1 of basic water, and 24 of water of crystalization. It effloresces by exposure to the air; dissolves in four times its weight of cold water, and twice its weight of boiling water, and is nearly insoluble in alcohol. What are its remedial applications? It is well suited to cases of children, and persons of delicate stomach, on account of its mild taste. What is the dose, and best mode of administration? Dose, as a cathartic, from § j. to § ij., given in soup or gruel, to which it imparts a saline taste, like com- mon salt. CALOMEL. What is the officinal title? Mild Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Chlori- dwm Mite ; under which head, it will be more fully treated of. What is its character, as a cathartic? When given alone, it is usually slow, and somewhat uncertain in its operation. It stimulates the liver to increased action, causing bilious stools, and it is to the augmented quantity, and disordered quality of the bile which it produces, that Dr. Wood attributes the severe griping pain, and bilious vomiting, which sometimes attend its action. It does not act in a direct ratio with the close, three or four grains sometimes operating with as much energy as double or treble that quantity. It acts with less comparative force on infants or young children, than on adults. Some persons are extremely CATHARTICS. 191 susceptible to its action ; in such cases there is danger to be apprehended, from its excessive action on the mouth. What are its remedial applications as a cathartic ? It is useful in hepatitis ; in inflammation of the stomach and bowels, and in all diseases attended with functional derangement of the hepatic system, as in the commencement of bilious fevers ; in bilious colic, jaundice, &c. It is peculiarly suited for children, being easily administered, and generally operating efficiently, without pain. What are the modes of administration ? It is usually followed, or combined with other ca- thartics, to ensure its purgative operation. Frequently given at night, in the form of pill, or in powder, mixed with syrup or molasses, and followed by a close of cas- tor oil, or some saline or other cathartic, on the suc- ceeding morning. Often combined with jalap, rhu- barb, aloes, &c, and sometimes with opium, in colic, enteritis, &c. What is the dose, as a cathartic? For an adult, from 5 to 20 grains ; for a child, two or three years old, 3 to 6 grains. Smaller quantities will generally suffice when combined with other ca- thartics. PURGATIVE ENEMATA. What are the uses of these ? They are employed to hasten, facilitate, or increase the action of cathartics, or to supply their place, where there is unwillingness or inability on the part of the patient to swallow, or of the stomach to retain them, or where, from inflammation of this viscus, they are inadmissible, or from debility of body, there is danger of exhaustion from their operation. Also, used to re- move feculent accumulation in the lower bowels, and to relieve habitual constipation, depending on a want of due irritability of the rectum. 192 CATHARTICS. What are the substances commonly used for these purposes ? Warm water, barley water, flaxseed tea, soap and water, molasses and water, or gruel, with the addition of salt, or castor oil. ^The laxative injection common- ly used in this country, is composed of common salt, molasses, and lard, or olive oil, each a table spoonful, and a pint of warm water. To these, f § ij. of castor oil are frequently added, when a more powerful ene- ma is required. From f § ss. to f § ij. of oil of turpen- tine, suspended in Oss. of warm water, by means of the yolk of an egg, forms an exciting, purgative clys- ter, very useful in typhous cases, and in tympanitic states of the abdomen. An injection made by rub- bing up 5j. of assafetida, with Oj. of warm water, will often greatly aid the operation of cathartics, in flatulent or spasmodic colic; and in obstinate constipa- tion, depending on spasm of the intestine, a tobacco clyster is sometimes resorted to, but it is not without danger, and should always be done with great caution. Large quantities of warm water, barley water, or flax seed tea, are sometimes made to operate upon the bowels, by the mere stimulus of distention. Nearly all of the cathartics, in three times the ordinary dose, may be used in this way. X. DIURETICS. What are diuretics? Medicines which augment the urinary secretion. What are their modes of operation? They are supposed to act in one or more of three ways: 1, by entering the circulation, changed or un- changed in transitu , and stimulating the secreting vessels of the kidneys by direct contact; 2, by acting primarily on the alimentary canal, and secondarily on the kidneys by sympathy ; or 3, by promoting ab- sorption, and thus secondarily stimulating the kidneys, by surcharging the blood with serum. What circumstances are found to modify the action of diuretics, and what practical rules do they suggest? Their action greatly modified by the state of the skin ; so much so, that if the surface of the body be excited by external warmth, after the administration of a diuretic, its action will be diverted from the kid- neys to the vessels of the skin, and diaphoresis will be the result. A cathartic action also incompatible with diuresis; consequently some medicines, as cream of tartar, oil of turpentine, &c, which, when given in small doses, properly regulated, act as diuretics, when administered in large doses pass off by the bowels without affecting the kidneys. Diluent drinks favor the action of diuretics, by increasing the bulk of the circulating fluid. Hence, the practical importance of keeping the surface of the body cool, using cold diluent drinks and avoiding catharsis during the ad- ministration of diuretics. High arterial excitement and inflammation of the kidneys, are opposed to their action, and demand the use of blood-letting and de- pletives. Strong mental emotions, as anxious dread or excessive fear, have caused the discharge of urine, and may influence, to some extent, its secretion, but this is of but little practical importance. 17 194 DIURETICS. What are their therapeutical applications ? They are chiefly used in the treatment of dropsical diseases. Some of them are employed in chronic nephiitic affections. How are they thought to operate in the cure of dropsy ? " Partly by diminishing the quantity of circulating- fluids, and thereby promoting absorption ; partly as evacuants, reducing arterial excitement, and diminish- ing the irritation upon which the effusion depends; and partly, perhaps, on the principle of revulsion." (Wood.) What are the substances comprised in this class? Foxglove, squill, meadow-saffron root, and seed, indian hemp, dandelion, juniper berries, fleabane, wild carrot, turpentine, copaiba, Spanish flies, some of the salts of potassa, as the carbonates, acetate, bitartrate, and nitrate; spirit of nitric ether, &c. FOXGLOVE —DIGITALIS. What is the character and therapeutical application of digitalis as a diuretic? It is one of the most efficient diuretics; supposed to act partly by directly exciting the kidneys, and partly by increasing absorption : Much used in dropsy. For dose, expression; commonly called Linseed oil — Oleum Lini. U. S. What are the properties and uses of the oil ? It is of a yellowish-brown color, a faint disagreeable odor, and nauseous taste. On exposure to the air, it concretes into a transparent varnish, and hence, is called a drying oil. As a medicine, it is sometimes ad- ded to purgative enemata, and applied to burns, mixed with an equal portion of lime-water, as in the Lini- mentum Calcis. In the arts, it is extensively used for painting and printing. DEMULCENTS. 253 What is the character of flaxseed as a demulcent, and how is it used ? It is an excellent demulcent, much used in the form of an infusion, made in the proportion of gj. to Oj. of boiling water. What are the uses of the powdered seeds ? Flaxseed meal mixed with hot water, is used as an emollient poultice. LIQUORICE ROOT— GLYCYRRHIZA. LIQUORICE— EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA. What are these ? The root and extract of the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra, an herbaceous, perennial plant, growing- in the south of Europe. Whence is liquorice root imported, and what are its physical properties, as found in the shops? Much of it is said to come from the ports of Messi- na and Palermo, in Sicily. As met with in the shops, it is in long pieces, about the thickness of the little finger, wrinkled, and of a grayish-brown color, exter- nally, yellowish internally, aud affording a grayish- ) 7 ellow powder, when pulverized. It is without odor, but has a sweet, mucilaginous, subacrid taste. What is its relation to water, and its characteristic ingredient? Boiling water extracts its virtues. Its characteristic principle, a peculiar sweetish substance called glycyr- rhyzin, differing from sugar in not being susceptible of the vinous fermentation. What is its character as a demulcent, and its reme- dial uses as such ? It is an excellent demulcent, used in irritation of the mucous membranes. It is frequently added to the decoctions of seneka, mezereon and other acrid vege- table substances, to conceal their acrimony. How is it used ? In the form of decoction, prepared by boiling §j. of the root, for a few minutes, in Oj. of water. 22 254 DEMULCENTS. What are the uses of the powdered root? It is used in the preparation of pills. How is the extract prepared, and whence imported? Prepared by boiling the root in water, and evapora- ting the strained decoction. Imported chiefly from Messina and Leghorn. What are its physical properties? It comes in cylindrical or flattened rolls, covered with bay leaves; brittle, breaking with a shining frac- ture ; very black, and of a sweet, bitterish, sub-acrid taste. What are frequent impurities, and how are they separated ? It sometimes contains sand, starch, prune juice, copper, &c. ; from which it is purified by solution in water, filtering and evaporating. What is the shape and size of the pieces of refined liquorice ? It is in small, cylindrical pieces, about the thickness of a pipe stem. What are its uses ? It is used in coughs, and bronchial affections, being allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. Frequently added to cough mixtures, and to infusions or decoc- tions, to conceal or modify the taste of other medi- cines. Used also, to impart consistence to pills and troches. ICELAND MOSS.— CETRARIA. Where is this plant found, and what are its physical properties, as met with in the shops? It is found in the northern regions of both the new and old worlds. It is a small, foliaceous plant, of a coriaceous consistence. As met with in the shops, it is of a brownish or grayish-white color. It has a faint odor, and a mucilaginous, bitter taste. What are its chemical properties ? Its most important ingredients are a peculiar starch- like principle, (lichenin,) a bitter principle, (cetrarin^) DEMULCENTS. 255 gum, uncrystalizable sugar, &c. The bitter princi- ple is separable by maceration in water, or in a weak alkaline solution; the gum and starchy matter, ex- tracted by decoction, which, on cooling, acquires a gelatinous consistence. What are its therapeutical effects and uses ? It is demulcent and tonic, with nutritive properties. Useful in diseases of the mucous membranes, accom- panied with general debility, or an enfeebled condition of the digestive organs, as in chronic bronchitis and catarrh ; in chronic dysentery and diarrhoea ; in dys- pepsia, pulmonary consumption, &c. What is the form of administration, and the dose? Usually given in decoction, made by boiling Oj., in Oiss. of water, to Oj., and the whole taken in di- vided doses, during the day. IRISH MOSS— CHONDRUS. Where is this found, and what are its properties and uses? It is found most abundantly, growing on the rocks on the south-west coast of Ireland, where it is gather- ed, dried and bleached in the sun for use. It some- what resembles Iceland moss, in properties, but is more mucilaginous, and less bitter. A decoction, made in the proportion of § ss. to Oj., is frequently used as a substitute for that substance. SAGO. What is this ? The prepared fecula of the pith of the Sagus Rum- phii, or sago palm, a tree growing in the East Indies. How is it prepared ? The pith is collected from the tree in the state of a coarse powder, and the fecula separated from it, by re- peated washings with water, over a hair seive. The milky liquor which passes through, is allowed to stand until the sago is deposited, when the water is strained off, and the paste afterwards rubbed into grains. 256 DEMULCENTS. What are the varieties of sago, and the physical properties of each ? Two varieties — pearl sago and common sago ; the former, in hard, whitish grains, about the size of a pin's head ; the latter, in larger size gTains, of a brownish color. It has a feeble odor, and but little taste. What is its chemical nature, and its relation to water ? It consists almost entirely of starch. It is insoluble in cold water, but forms a gelatinous solution with boiling water. What are its uses, and modes of exhibition? It is used as a mild and digestible article of diet, in febrile diseases, and in convalescence from acute dis- orders. Used in decoction, made by boiling § j. of sago in Oj. of water or milk, and seasoning with sugar and nutmeg, or other spices, where these are not con- tra-indicated. TAPIOCA. What is this ? The fecula of the root of the Jatropha Manihot. What is the character of this plant, and its place of growth and culture? It is a small shrub, with a very large, fleshy, tube- rous root; indigenous in Brazil, and cultivated in the West Indies, under the name of Cassava. How are the plants distinguished ? By the names of sweet and bitter. The root of the latter, abounds in an acrid, milky juice, which is poi- sonous. How is the tapioca prepared ? The juice is obtained from the rasped root, by ex- pression, and allowed to stand until it deposits the fecula ; this is repeatedly washed with cold water, to free it from the poisonous juice, and then dried on hot plates. What are its physical and chemical properties ? DEMULCENTS. 257 It is in hard, ii regular grains or fragments, whitish, inodorous and tasteless. It is nearly pure starch. How, and for what is it used? Used in the same way as sago, and for similar pur- poses. ARROW ROOT— MARANTA. What is this ? The fecula of the root of the Maranta arundinacea, a native of South America and the West Indies, where it is largely cultivated. What is the mode of preparation? The fresh root, cleansed, is beat into a pulp, and the fecula separated by means of water, in the usual way, and dried in the sun. What aie its physical and chemical properties? It is in the form of a white powder, or pulverulent masses, and is without odor or tasie, when free from musiiness. Examined by the microscope, it is seen, like the other varieties of fecula, to consist of small granules. It is identical in chemical properties, with wheaten starch, but forms a firmer jelly with boiling water. What are its uses ? It is much used as a mild and digestible article of diet for the sick and convalescent; well adapted, from its demulcent properties, for diseases of the alimentary canal. Used also, as food for infants. How is it prepared for use? A table-spoonful may be made into a paste with a little cold water, and then mixed with Oj. of water boiling, and continued so for a few minutes. It may be flavored with sugar and lemon-juice, and in some low forms of fever, wine and spices may be added. It is usually prepared with milk, for children. BARLEY.— HORDEUM. What is barley, and how is it prepared for use? 22* 25S EMOLLIENTS. It is the decorticated seeds of several species of Hordeum, small plants cultivated in the United States and other parts of the world. The seeds are deprived cf their husk, and then rounded and polished in a mill of a peculiar construction. What is it called as thus prepared, and what are its physical and chemical properties ? Called pearl barley — Hordeum perlatum. It is in small round grains; of a pearly whiteness, without odor, but of a sweetish, mucilaginous taste. It con- sists chiefly of starch, with some gluten, gum, sugar, &c. Boiling water extracts its virtues. What are its uses? It is used in the form of decoction, as a nutritive and demulcent drink, in febrile and inflammatory af- fections, as a vehicle for other medicines, and to give bulk to enemata. How is the decoction prepared ? The officinal decoction — Decoctum Mordei, com- monly called barley water — is prepared as follows : Two ounces of barley is first washed with cold water, and then boiled in another portion for a short time, to free it from all extraneous matters, mustiness or other unpleasant flavor. This water is thrown away, and four pints of boiling water added and boiled down to two pints, and strained. XX. EMOLLIENTS. What are these, and their uses ? They are substances which diminish the tone or cohesion of the living tissues to which they are ap- plied, and thereby render them more lax and flexible. Opposite in their effects to astringents. They are used to sooth inflamed parts, and to promote suppu- ration. DILUENTS. ^59 What substances are chiefly used for these pur- poses ? Warm, mild cataplasms, such as those prepared with flaxseed meal and hot water ; powdered slippery-elm and hot water; milk and the crumb of bread; mush of indian corn meal, &c. Warm water, especially in in the form of vapor, is also much used. XXI. DILUENTS, What are these, and their uses ? They are mild, watery liquids, which serve to dilute the contents of the stomach and bowels, to increase the fluidity of the blood, and to increase, and at the same time, dilute the secretions. Used, therapeutical- ly, in febrile and inflammatory affections, and are es- pecially serviceable when the inflammation is located in the alimentary or urinary mucous membrane. They are used, also, to dilute acrid and corrosive poi- sons, which destroy by inflicting local mischief. XXII. PECULIAR MEDICINES. What medicines are considered by Dr. Wood insus- ceptible of accurate classification ? Ergot, nux vomica, arsenic, mercury and iodine. ERGOT.— ERGOTA. What is this ? Ergot, secale cornutum, or spurred rye, is derived from the secale cereale, or common rye, and is thought by some, to be the diseased seed, by others, the de- generated seed, mixed with a species of fungus. What are its physical properties ? 260 PECULIAR MEDICINES. It is in brittle, somewhat flexible grains, from the third of an inch to an inch and a half in length, by- one or two lines in thickness ; usually curved like the spur of a cock, whence the name. It is marked with a longitudinal furrow, on one or both sides ; is of a violet-brown color externally, yellowish-white inter- nally, with a peculiar fishy odor, and a slightly acrid, disagreeable taste. It is liable to be attacked and de- stroyed by small insects. What is its active ingredient, and the relation of this to water, and to alcohol ? Its virtues are supposed to depend on a peculiar fixed oil, which is extracted by w T ater and alcohol. What are its medical properties and uses? In medicinal doses, it exerts a specific influence on the uterus, increasing its contractile power. In very large doses, it is said to act as a narcotic. It is used to accelerate delivery, when delayed from feeble or languid contractions of the uterus, and to cause the expulsion of the placenta retained from a similar cause; to promote the expulsion of sanguineous clots, hydatids and polypi ; to restrain uterine hemorrhages, &c. Contra-indicated in parturition, by the want of dilatation of the os uteri, great rigidity of the soft parts, deformity of the pelvis, and inal-presentation. What evil consequences have been know to result from its free and long continued use? Dry gangrene, typhus fever, and great disorder of the nervous system, have resulted, and even prevailed epidemically, in some parts of Europe, from the use of rye bread contaminated with it. How is it given, and what is the dose? Usually given in powder and infusion. Dose of the powder, for a woman in labor, 10 to 20 grains, re- peated every twenty minutes, until its effect on the uterus is produced, or 5 j. has been taken ; dose of the infusion, prepared with 3j. to Oj., one-third. PECULIAR MEDICINES. 261 NUX VOMICA. What is this ? The seeds of the Strychnos Nux Vomica, a mode- rate sized tree growing in the East Indies. What 13 the character of the plant ? It is a round smooth berry, resembling in size and color, the orange, and containing numerous seeds im- bedded in a juicy pulp. What are the physical properties of the seeds ? They are flat, circular, nearly an inch in diameter, and two or three lines in thickness; concave on one side and convex on the other. They consist of an external fragile coating, thickly covered with short, satiny, yellowish hairs ; and an internal hard, horny nucleus, of a whitish or yellowish color. They are of difficult pulverization ; are inodorous, but have an acrid, very bitter taste. What are its chemical properties ? Its active ingredients are two peculiar alkalies, call- ed strychnia and brucia. These are extracted by water, but more readily by diluted alcohol. In what other substances are these alkalies found, and how do they differ ? They exist, also, in the bean of St. Ignatius, and brucia is found in false Angustura bark. They are nearly similar in medicinal properties, but differ in strength, brucia being much weaker. What are the properties of strychnia? It is in the form of white grains or crystals ; is in- odorous, but has an intensely bitter taste. It is de- composed by heat, is soluble in a large proportion of water, and readily soluble in alcohol. What are the effects of nux vomica on the system ? It appears to excite specifically the nerves of motion through the medium of the spinal marrow, as indica- ted by the spasmodic twiching of the voluntary mus- cles when the system is brought under its influence. It is a very active poison, strychnia being, with the 262 PECULIAR MEDICINES. exception of prussic acid, the most violent one known. The symptoms of its poisonous effects are simply those of tetanus and asphyxia. What are its therapeutical applications? It is chiefly employed in the treatment of paralytic affections, in which it has often preyed successful when unattended with inflammation or other organic lesion of the brain or spinal marrow. It more fre- quently acts beneficially in general than in partial paralysis, and in paraplegia than in hemiplegia. What is the dose of nux vomica, and its prepara- tions ? Dose of the powdered seed, 5 grains ; of the alco- holic extract, from J to 2 grains ; of strychnia, from T l 2 to £ of a grain ; of brucia, j. grain. For what is strychnia used externally, and how is it applied ? It has been use in amaurosis, applied by the ender- mic method. ARSENIC— ARSENICUM. What are the effects of arsenic on the system ? In the metallic state it is thought to be inert, but in combination, alterative, tonic and antiperiodic. Under the continued use of the arsenical preparations a feel- ing of stiffness of the face and eyelids are experienced, attended with an edematous swelling of these parts called oedema arsenicalis ; itching of the skin, sore- ness of the mouth, loss of appetite, and uneasiness and pain in the stomach and bowels. In over doses they act as powerful irritant poisons, producing in- flammation and disorganization of the gastrointesti- nal, mucous membrane, attended with great general prostration, and a number of distressing symptoms. The same effects may be produced by its absorption when applied externally. How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? If the stomach-pump beat haid it should be im- PECULIAR MEDICINES. 263 Inediately used, and the hydrated oxide of iron, which is the best antidote should be given in all cases. For the mode of preparing, preserving, and exhibiting this, see page SO. Mucilaginous drinks should be freely given, and inflammation succeeding, combat- ted on general principles. What are its remedial applications? It is used internally in diseases of an intermittent character, as ague, some forms of neuralgia, chorea, periodic headache, &c. ; in some cutaneous diseases, particularly those of a scaly character ; and in secon- dary syphilis ; contraindicated by irritation or inflam- mation of the stomach, and by debility. What two preparations of arsenic are chiefly used ? Arsenious acid and Solution of Arsenite of Potas- sa — Liquor Potassce Arsenitis. How is the latter prepared ? Fowler 's solution, as it is commonly called, is pre- pared by boiling arsenious acid and carbonate of po- tassa in distilled water until the acid is entirely dis- solved, and adding to the solution, when cold, a little compound spirit of lavender, to give it color and flavor. What is the dose of each of these preparations ? Of arsenious acid, gr. 1 J 1F , made into pill with crumb of bread ; of Fowler's solution, 10 drops, both to be re- peated 2 or 3 times a day. MERCURY.— HYDRARGYRUM. What are the effects of mercury on the system ? In its metallic or uncombined state, it is considered inert, but in its various forms of preparation, it acts very peculiarly. Administered in very small doses it acts as an alterative ; in somewhat larger doses often repeated, it produces certain constitutional effects, char- acterized by a quick jerking pulse, increased nervous sensibility, invigorated absorption, and an increase of 264 PECULIAR MEDICINES. the secretions, particular that of saliva constituting salivation or ptyalism. What are the symptoms which announce its con- stitutional effects? A metallic or brassy taste in the mouth ; redness, soreness and tumefaction of the gums with a whitish matter along their edges; a disagreable sensation in the sockets of the teeth when the jaws are pressed to- gether, and peculiar fetor of the breath called the mercurial fetor, followed by an increased flow of saliva. What are the effects of excessive salivation, and the remedies for it? The symptoms of its excessive action are severe pain in the jaws, swelling and ulceration of the cheeks, tongue and throat, accompanied with a copi- ous flow of saliva, amounting sometimes to several pints in the day, slow fever and rapid emaciation ; gangrene and sloughing of the soft parts of the mouth and throat, loss of the teeth, caries of the bones of the face, with horrible deformity, have resulted from its abuse. The remedies for excessive salivation, are as- tringent and detergent gargles, such as lead-water, weak solution of creasote, chloride of soda or of lime. How do persons differ in their susceptability to its action ? While a few person are totally insensible to its ac- tion, others are met with who are extremely suscepti- ble, the smallest quantities in some instances produ- cing salivation. On some individuals, too, it appears to act as a poison, causing a vesicular eruption called eczema mercuriale, and sometimes a febrile condition characterized by great adynamia termed mercurial erethism by Mr. Pearson, who first described it, in which a sudden emotion or physical exertion may prove fatal. Upon what principles does mercury act in the cure of diseases? PECULIAR MEDICINES. 265 It is absorbed, and is supposed to do good in several ways ; principally by its influence over the secretions, particularly that of the liver ; by promoting absorption, but above all, by a general revolutionizing action, or by substituting its own action for that of the disease. What are its therapeutical applications? It has been used in a variety of diseases ; the follow- ing are some of them : functional derangement and inflammation of the liver, whether attended with a deficient or superabundant secretion of bile; syphilis, colica pictonum. paralysis, dysentery, and various other nervous and inflammatory affections. It is thought to be particularly adapted for those forms of inflammation which frequently result in the effusion of coagulable lymph, or of serum ; as croup, laryngitis, bronchitis, pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, meningi- tis, &c. Its use in these cases should be preceded by blood-letting, and so regulated as to produce a slight impression on the gums, which, when maintained, will be sufficient in a great majority of cases. Its al- terative action is often only required. How is it used as an alterative, and to induce its specific effects ? As an alterative, from a quarter of a grain to a grain of calomel, or two or three grains of blue pill, may be given every night, or every other night, and to pro- duce a gentle ptyalism, one grain of the former, or from 3 to 5 grains of the latter, may be administered three times daily. In the former case, the bowels should be kept open by mild laxatives; in the latter, purgation should be prevented by opium, otherwise, the mercury may pass off by the bowels, without af- fecting the system. Where circumstances forbid its internal use, it may be applied externally. For this purpose, 5 j. of mercurial ointment may be rubbed on the inner surface of the thighs and arms, twice a day. In this way it is frequently employed conjointly with the internal use of the drug, where a speedy or pow- erful impression is desired, and in such cases, the oint- 23 266 PECULIAR MEDICINES. merit is sometimes applied to the surface, deprived of the cuticle, to facilitate its absorption. In what states is mercury employed? In the metallic state, mixed with other substances ; in the state of oxides, chlorides, salts, sulphurets -"and iodides. 1. Metallic Mercury. What are the officinal preparations containing me- tallic mercury? Mercurial ointment, plaster and pills, and mercury with chalk. In what state is the mercury supposed to exist in these preparations ? In a state of minute division, with some slight de- gree of oxidation. 1. Mercurial Ointment — Unguentum Hydrargyria How is this prepared ? By rubbing purified mercury, with lard and suet, until the globules disappear. What is its color when first prepared, and how is this affected by time ? It is of a bluish color at first, becoming darker by age. What are its uses and modes of application? It is used to discuss buboes, and chronic, glandular swellings, applied in the course of the absorbents, which pass through the affected gland, and to produce the specific effects of mercury, applied as before di- rected. 2. Mercurial Plaster — Emplastrum Hydrargyri. What are the constituents of this plaster, and what is the mode of prepaiing it ? It consists of mercury, olive oil, resin and lead plas- ter. The oil and resin are melted, and when cool, are rubbed with the mercury, till the globules disap- pear; the melted lead plaster is then added and mixed. What are its uses? It is applied as a discutient to venereal buboes, nodes, &c. PECULIAR MEDICINES. 2(37 3. Mercurial Pills — Pilulce Hydrargyri. How aie these prepared, and what are they commonly call- ed? Prepared by rubbing mercury with the confection of roses, till all the globules disappear, and then add- ing powdered liquorice root, and beating the whole into a mass. In this state it is kept in the shops, and is called blue mass, when made into pills, blue pills. How much of the mass does the officinal pill con- tain, and what proportion of mercury ? Three grains of the mass constitute a pill ; which contains one grain of mercury. What are the relative virtues of this preparation ? It is one of the mildest mercurials, much used to produce the alterative and sialagogue effects of mer- cury. What is the dose? As an alterative, 1 pill every night or two ; as a sia- lagogue, 1 pill, 3 times a day. 4. Mercury with chalk — Hydrargyrum cum creta. How is this prepared, and what are its medical proper- ties and uses ? Prepared by rubbing purified mercury with prepared chalk, till its globules are extinguished. It possesses the properties of a mild mercurial and antacid. Well adapted for diseases of children, attended with defi- cient secretion of bile, indicated by clay-colored stools, and in cases of diarrhoea, with acidity of the primse vise. What is the dose? For an infant, from 2 to 5 grains; and for an adult, from 5 to 30. 2. Oxides. What are the officinal oxides? The black oxide, and the red oxide. 1. Black Oxide of Mercury — Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum. How is this prepared ? It is prepared by agitating the mild chloride of mer- 268 PECULIAR MEDICINES. cury, (calomel,) with a solution of potassa, and the black oxide, which precipitates on standing, is washed with distilled water, and dried with a gentle heat. What are its physical and chemical properties ? It is in the form of a black powder, at first, chang- ing to olive, on exposure to light, and is without odor or taste. It is the protoxide, consisting of 1 eq. of mercury, and 1 of ogygen, but on exposure to light, a portion of it is resolved into the peroxide and metallic mercury. What is its character and dose ? It produces the usual effects of the mercurials, but owing to its varying composition, and the difficulty of preserving it unchanged, it is but little employed in- ternally ; sometimes applied externally, in the form of an ointment. It is the active ingredient of black wash, (Hydrarg. chlorid. mit., 3 ss., liquor calcis, Oss.,) which is much used as a wash for venereal sores. Dose, as a sialagogue, is from 1 to 3 grains, 2 or 3 times a day. 2. Red Oxide of Mercury — Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum. What is this commonly called, and how is it prepared ? Commonly called red precipitate. Prepared by dissolving mercury with a gentle heat, in diluted nitric acid, and evaporating it to dryness. The mass is then rubbed into powder and heated in a shallow vessel, till red vapors cease to arise. The mercury is oxidized at the expense of the nitric acid, which escapes in the form of nitric oxide gas. What is its form, color, solubility and chemical na- ture ? When properly prepared, it is in brilliant red scales, with an orange tint, is but slightly soluble in water, and is the peroxide of mercury, containing usually, a small proportion of nitric acid. What are its uses and modes of application ? On account of the harshness and uncertainty of its action, it is rarely given internally \ employed exter- PECULIAR MEDICINES. 269 nally as a local stimulant and escharotic. In the state of powder, it is sometimes sprinkled over the surface of chancres and indolent and fungus ulcers. It forms the active part of yellow wash, (Hydrarg. chlorid. cor- rosiv. gr. xv liquor calcis, Oss.,) which is much used in venereal sores. In the form of the officinal oint- ment, ( Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri,) it is much used as a stimulant application to syphilitic and indolent ulcers; to porrigo of the scalp; to ophthal- mia tarsi, &c. 3. Chlorides. What are the two chlorides of mercury? The mild chloride and the corrosive chloride. 1. Mild Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Chlo- ridum Mite. By what other names is this preparation called, and what is it chemically ? Commonly called calomel, sometimes submuriate of mercury. This, however, is incorrect, as it is the protochloride of mercury. How is it prepared ? A bipersulphate of mercury is first formed by boil- ing two pounds of purified mercury in three pounds of sulphuric acid, until the salt is left dry. This, when cold, is rubbed with two additional pounds of mercury, and then with a pound and a half of chlo- ride of sodium, (common salt.) until all the globules disappear. The mild chloride is now sublimed, and afterwards reduced to powder and washed with boil- ing distilled water till this affords no precipitate upon the addition of water of ammonia, an evidence that it is free from corrosive sublimate, which is apt to be present. Howard's or Jewell's calomel, is prepared by causing it, in the state of vapor, to come in contact with steam in the subliming vessel, by which it is fieed from corrosive sublimate, and condensed in the form of an impalpable powder. What are its properties, as kept in the shops? It is in the form of a fine powder, devoid of odor 23* 270 PECULIAR MEDICINES. and taste, and of a light buff color, becoming darker by exposure to light. Its sp. gr. is 7.2. That which is condensed in steam is perfectly white, and is lighter than common calomel, in the proportion of three to five. What are its relations to water and alcohol, and its incompatibles? It is insoluble in water and alcohol, and is incom- patible with the alkalies, the alkaline earths and alka- line carbonates, soaps, &c. What is the relative value of calomel as a mercu- rial, and its dose? It is the most valuable and most extensively em- ployed of all the mercurial preparations. The dose, as an alterative, is from gr. \ to gr. j., every night or every other night; as a sialagogue,the same quantity, repeated 3 times a day. 2. Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. What is this commonly called ? Corrosive sublimate. How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? The mode of preparation is the same as that of the mild chloride, only that the mercury is omitted in L - second place. Hence, from the double decomposition which occurs, the bichloride of mercury and sulphate of soda result ; the former sublimes and the latter re- mains behind. What are its physical properties ? It is in white, semi-transparent, crystaline masses, which are pulverized for use. It is inodorous, but has an intensely acrid, disagreeable taste. Sp. gr. 5.2. What are its relations to water and alcohol, and its incompatibles ? It is soluble in IS or 20 parts of cold, and in 3 parts of boiling water, and in 2\ parts of alcohol. The in- compatibles are numerous: the alkalies and their car- bonates; soap; lime-water; many metals and metallic PECULIAR MEDICINES. 271 salts, and some vegetable and animal substances, de- compose it. What is its character as a sialagogue, and as a poison ? Though the most powerful of the mercurials, it is least apt to salivate. In over doses, it is a violent cor- rosive poison. What are its internal uses ? It is used in syphilis, and in some obstinate cutane- ous affections. What is its dose and its antidote ? Dose, from j to J of a grain, 3 times daily, in pill or solution. Antidote, albumen, as found in eggs, or gluten, in wheat flour. 4. Satis. 1. Yellow Sulphate of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Sul- phas Flavus. What is this commonly called ? Turpeth Mineral. How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? The bisulphate of the peroxide of mercury, obtain- ed as in the preparation of the chloride and bichloride, is rubbed into powder and thrown into boiling water, and the yellow precipitated powder repeatedly washed with hot water, and then dried. It consists of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, and \\ of peroxide, and is therefore a subsesquisulphate. What is its form, color and taste? It is in the form of a powder, of a lemon-yellow color, and has a somewhat acrid taste. What are its medical properties and uses? It is alterative, emetic, and errhine. But little used for the two former purposes ; sometimes as an errhine, diluted with 5 pans of starch or powdered liquorice root. What is the dose? As an alterative, 1 grain ; as an emetic, from 2 to 5 grains. 272 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 2. Ammoniated Mercury. — Hydrargyrum Ammo- niatum. What is the common name ? White precipitate. How is it prepared, and what is its chemical com- position ? Muriate of ammonia and corrosive sublimate are dissolved in distilled water, and solution of carbonate of potassa added, when the white precipitate subsides and is washed till tasteless, and dried. It consists of 1 eq. of peroxide of mercury, and 1 eq. of muriate of ammonia. What are its physical properties? It is in the form of a light, white, insoluble pow- der, with an earthy taste. What are its lemedial uses? It is employed only externally in the form of oint- ment ( Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati ,) in cutaneous eruptions, such as porrigo, psoia, and herpes. 3. Nitrate of Mercury. In what form is this offi- cinal? In the form of ointment — Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. How is this prepared, and what is it commonly called? Mercury is dissolved in nitric acid and then incorpo- rated with a melted mixture of lard and neatsfoot oil. It is commonly called citrine ointment. What is its color? When freshly prepared, it is of a beautiful golden- yellow color, acquiring a greenish hue by time. What are its therapeutical applications ? It is used as a stimulant and alterative application in ophthalmia tarsi and in various ulcerative and eruptive diseases; as porrigo, impetigo, lupus, herpes, psoriasis, &c. Usually diluted with lard. 5. Sulphurets. What are the two sulphurets of mercury, and their uses ? PECULIAR MEDICINES. 273 The red sulphuret of mercury, commonly called cinnabar, and in the powdered state vermillion ; and the black sulphuret of mercury, sometimes called Ethiops mineral. They are sometimes employed in the way of fumigation, where a speedy mercurial im- pression is desired, half a drachm or so being thrown upon a hot plate and the fumes inhaled as they arise. 6. Iodides. What are these and their remedial uses ? The Iodide or Protiodide, and the Biniodide or Red Iodide of Mercury, are occasionally used in scrofulous and syphilitic affections, and in the form of ointment in scrofulo- venereal ulcers and glandular swellings, (fee. AY hat are their doses ? Of the protiodide, 1 grain, gradually increased to 3 or 4 ; of the biniodide, T V of a grain, gradually in- creased to \. IODINE— IODINUM. From w T hat is this obtained, and what are it physi- cal and chemical properties? It is obtained chiefly from kelp, or the ashes of sea-weeds. It is met with in crystaline scales of a bluish-black color with a metallic lustre. It has a strong odor resembling that of a chlorine and a very acrid taste. Its sp. gr. is a little less than 5. It is an elementary substance, existing in combination in both kingdoms of nature. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, and in a large proportion of water. When heated it melts, and is volatilized in purple vapor, whence its name, but the best characteristic of it is, the blue compound which it forms with starch. What are its therapeutical effects and applications? Given in small doses, it acts as a general excitant, increases the appetite, promotes absorption, and aug- 274 PECULIAR MEDICINES. merits the secretions. Its long continued use has pro- duced, in some instances, great nervous derangement, with impaired digestion, emaciation and hectic symp- toms. In over doses it acts as a corrosive poison. It has been used in a great variety of diseases, but prin- cipally in those of the absorbent and glandular sys- tems. In scrofula, bronchocele, and other glandular enlargements, it has proved eminently successful. What is the dose and mode of administration? Dose, from \- to ^ of a grain, 3 times a day, and gradually increased to 1 grain. Best given in an aqueous solution of iodide of potassium, never in powder. Given also in tincture — Tinctura lodini, which is made in the proportion of § ss. of iodine to Oss. of alcohol, and given in the dose of 10 to 20 drops, mixed with sweetened water. What are the objections to the tincture. The iodine is liable to be converted into hydriodic acid, by uniting with the hydrogen of the alcohol when long kept, and when carelessly kept is apt to be deposited in the crystaline form, from the eveporation of the alcohol ; hence it should be prepared in small quantities at a time, and preserved in well-stopped bottles. How is iodine applied externally? In the form of bath and ointment. What is the strength of the latter, and its effects on the skin? It contains 9j. of iodine to |j. of lard. It im- parts an orange color to the skin, which gradually dis- appear with the evaporation of the iodine. It occa- sionally produces a pustular eruption by repeated ap- plication. Iodide of Potassium — Potassii lodidum. What are the properties and uses of this ? It crystalizes in white, opaque cubes, which deli- quesce on exposure, has a pungent saline taste, and is soluble in water and alcohol. Its solution is capa- ble of dissolving a large quantity of iodine, and is ANTACIDS. 2/Q therefore its best vehicle. In medical properties it is analogous to iodine, but is weaker. What is LugoVs solution, and the close? It consists of £)j. of iodine, $ ij. of iodide of po- tassium, and f 3 vij. of water. Dose, 6 drops twice a day, and gradually increased. Dose of the iodide of potassium, 1 to 2 grains. XXIII. ANTACIDS. What are these and their uses ? They are substances which, from their properties of combining with and neutralizing acids, are given to correct acidity in the primse viae and urine. What are the substances used as antacids? The alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates. AMMONIA. What is its character as an antacid, and to what cases is it applicable? It is a stimulant antacid, applicable to cases of atonic gout and dyspepsia, attend with acidity. How is it employed? In the form of the officinal aqueous or alcoholic solution — Aqua Ammonice and Alcohol Ammonia- turn. The aromatic ammoniated alcohol, frequent- ly called aromatic spirit of ammonia, is sometimes given in flatulent colic, nervous weakness, &c. What is the dose of each of these preparations ? Of solution of ammonia, from 5 to 20 drops ; of ammoniated alcohol and aromatic ammoniated al- cohol, from 20 to 60 drops, each to be given in a wine-glassful of water. The carbonate of ammonia sometimes given also as an antacid in atonic dys- pepsia. 276 ANTACIDS. MAGNESIA. What is the character of magnesia as an antacid, and what are its particular applications as such ? It is an excellent antacid, much used in dyspepsia, sick headache, gout, and other diseases associated with acidity of the stomach, and constipation of the bowels. Used also in gravel, with excessive secretion of uric acid. What is the dose? As an antacid from 10 to 30 grains. What is the chaiacter and dose of the carbonate of magnesia as an antacid? It is very useful in some cases of sick stomach, at- tended with acidity, but is objectionable in most cases on account of its tendency to produce flatulence, by the extrication of its carbonic acid. Dose, 3 ss. to 3j. LIME.— CALX. How is lime used internally. In solution under the name of Lime-water — Liquor Calcis. How is this prepared and kept ? Prepared by pouring a gallon of water on four ounces of quicklime, and the solution, together with the undissolved lime, is kept in stopped glass bottles. What are its sensible properties, and the effects of exposure to the air? Lime-water is colorless and odorless, but has a dis- agreeable alkaline taste. Exposed to the air it attracts carbonic acid and becomes converted into the insolu- ble carbonate. What are its medical properties and uses? It is antacid and astringent, much used in dyspep- sia, with acidity and irritability of stomach ; in diar- rhoea, diabetis, and excessive secretion of uric acid. Mixed with an equal quantity of milk, which com- pletely covers its taste ; it is a very efficient remedy ANTACIDS. 277 for nausea and vomiting, dependent on irritability of stomach ; and a diet exclusively of lime-water and milk, in the proportion of one part of the former to two or three of the latter, is found to be a very effec- tual plan of treatment in dyspepsia accompanied with vomiting of food. Used externally as a wash to flab- by ulcers, and to chronic eruptions, as tinea capitis and scabies; as an injection in leucorrhoea, and ulceration of the bladder or urethra, and mixed with linseed or olive oil, as a liniment in burns and scalds. What is the dose? From f § ij. to fgiv., several times a day. To allay nausea, a table-spoonful, each of lime-water and new milk, every twenty or thirty minutes. Carbonate of lime. How is this used ? In the form of prepared chalk — Creta Prceparata — and prepared oyster shell — Testa Praiparata. How is the former prepared ? Chalk is prepared for use by levigation and elutria- tion, and the soft mass which remains after decanting the clear liquor, is diopped in small portions, on an absorbent surface, and dried in the shape of small cones. What are its sensible properties, and its relations to water ? It is inodorous and tasteless, and is insoluble in pure water, slightly soluble in carbonic acid water. What are its medical properties, and therapeutical applications ? It is antacid and slightly astringent; much used in diarrhoea, accompanied with acidity. How is it given, and what is the dose? Given in powder, or in mixture — Mistura Cretce. This consists of prepared chalk §ss., sugar and pow- dered gum arabic, each 5 ij., cinnamon water and water f § iv. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the mixture, f § ss. to f § ij. How are oyster-shells prepared ? They are freed from extraneous matter, washed with 24 278 ANTACIDS. boiling water, and then reduced to powder in the same manner as prepared chalk. How does it differ from this ? Prepared oyster-shell, is carbonate of lime, differing from chalk in being intimately associated with animal matter, which is thought by some, to render it more acceptable to the stomach. What is the dose? From 10 to 30 grains, or the same as that of pre- pared chalk. CARBONATES OF POTASSA. What is the dose of these as antacids? Dose of the carbonate, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the bicarbonate, 20 grains to 3j. How is the alkaline infusion of hickory ashes and soot prepared, and what is its chemical nature, and its dose? Prepared by digesting a quart of clean hickory ashes and half a pint of soot, in a gallon of hot water, for 24 hours, and decanting the clear liquor. It is an im- pure solution of the carbonate of potassa. Dose, f § j., or f§ij. CARBONATES OF SODA. 1. Carbonate of Soda. What are the sources of this? It is sometimes prepared by solution and crystaliza- tion, from barilla, or kelp, impure carbonates of soda, obtained by burning certain marine plants, but usual- ly, from sulphate of soda, or chloride of sodium, on a large scale. What are its properties ? It is a white salt, crystalizi ng in large rhomboidal prisms. It contains nearly two-thirds of its weight of water of crystalization, which it parts with by exposure to the air, and hence, is of variable strength, as found in the shops. It has an alkaline taste and re-action, and is very soluble in water. ANTHELMINTICS. 279 What is the dose of the crystalized and anhydrous salt? Dose of the former, from 30 to 60 grains ; of the latter, which is preferable, from 10 to 30 grains. 2. Bicarbonate of Soda. How is this prepared, and what is its chemical nature, as found in the shops? It is prepared by passing carbonic acid through a solution of carbonate of soda, until it is fully satura- ted, and then crystalizing it by a gentle heat. As it exists in the shops, it is considered to be a mixture of the bicarbonate and carbonate, and is sometimes called super-carbonate of soda. What is its color and taste, and its relation to water? It is of a white color, has a mild alkaline taste, and is soluble in 13 times its weight of cold water. Boil- ing water dissolves it more readily, but with the dis- engagement of a portion of its carbonic acid. What are its advantages as an antacid and antilithic? It is preferable to the carbonate on account of its greater acceptability to the palate and stomach, and to the bicarbonate of potassa, on account of its greater neutralizing power, the eq. of soda being smaller than that of potassa. What is the dose, and best mode of administration ? Dose, from 3 ss. to 5j., taken in a glass of carbo- nic acid water, to which a little ginger syrup may be added. XXIV. ANTHELMINTICS. What are these ? Substances, which by poisoning or debilitating worms in the alimentary canal, favor their expulsion. What is their modus operandi 9 Some act by a poisonous influence on the worms, others by a mechanical one. What are the particular anthelmintics ? 280 ANTHELMINTICS. Pink-root, azedarach, worm-seed, cowhage, male fern, bark of pomegranate root, oil of turpentine, tin, &c. PINK-ROOT.— SPIGELIA. What is this officinally? The root of the Spigelia Marilandica or Carolina Pink, an herbaceous plant, indigenous in the south- ern states, flowering from May to July. What are its physical properties? It consists of numerous small, crooked, wrinkled fibres, of a yellowish-brown color, attached to a knot- ty head. It has a faint odor, and a sweetish, slightly bitter taste. What are its relations to water and alcohol, and the effects of exposure ? Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which are somewhat impaired by age and exposure. What are its effects on the system, and on the worms ? In the ordinary dose, it produces little apparent ef- fect on the system, in larger ones, it sometimes ope- rates as a cathartic, and in over doses it produces nar- cotic symptoms. These less apt to occur, when it acts on the bowels. It is one of the most efficient anthelmintics, supposed to act by a direct poisonous influence upon the worms. What are the modes of administration ? It is given in powder, sometimes combined with calomel; and in infusion, often associated with senna, to ensure its action on the bowels. What is the dose? Of the powder, for a child a few years old, from 10 to 20 grains; for an adult, 5 j. or 5 ij., repeated morn- ing and night, for several successive days, and then followed by a brisk cathartic. Dose of the infusion, made with § ss. of the root, to Oj. of water, to which §ss. of senna is usually added, from f § ss. to f §>, for a child, repeated 2 or 3 times a day. ANTHELMINTICS. 281 AZEDARACH.— AZEDARACH. What is this officinally ? The bark of the root of the Melia Azedarach, or Pride of China, &c, a native of oriental countries, and naturalized in our Southern States. What are its effects on the system ? It is cathartic and emetic, and, in large doses, narcotic. What is its character as an anthelmintic, and the mode of exhibition and dose? It is considered to be a very efficient anthelmintic in the South, where it is chiefly employed. Used in decoction made by boiling Oij. of water with § iv. of the fresh bark to Oj., and given in the dose of f § ss. to a child, every 2 or 3 hours, till it operates on the bowels, or twice a day for several days, and then fol- lowed by a cathartic. WORMSEED.— CHENOPODIUM. What is this ? The seeds of the Chenopodium anthelminticum, or Jerusalem oak, an indigenous, herbaceous plant. What are their physical and chemical properties? They are small, roundish, light; of a greenish-yel- low color, and, when deprived of their capsular cov- ering, of a dark shining appearance. They have a bitter, pungent taste, and a stiong, peculiar odor, which is possessed by the whole plant. Their virtues reside in a volatile oil, which is officinal under the name of Oleum Chenopodii. How is this prepared, and what is its color? Obtained by distillation with water. It is of a bright yellow color, when freshly distilled, becoming deeper and darker by age. What is the dose of the seeds and of the oil ? For a child, 9j. or 9ij.,of the powdered seeds, and from 4 to 8 drops of the oil, once or twice a day for several days, and then followed by a cathaitic. 24* 282 ANTHELMINTICS. COWHAGE.— MUCUNA. What is this officinally ? The bristles of the pods of Mucuna pruriens, Doli- chos pruriens, or Cowitch, a climbing West India shrub. What is the character of the pods or legumes? They are about four inches long, shaped like the italic f, and covered with brown spiculae or hairs. What is their mode of action ? They act mechanically by piercing the w T orms, and are best adapted for the removal of the round worm. How is it administered and what is the dose ? Usually given in the state of electuary, prepared by dipping the pods in syrup or molasses and scrap- ing it off with the hairs until it attains the consistence of thick honey; the dose of which is §ss. for an adult, 3 j. for a child ; given for three nights success- ively, and then followed by a brisk cathartic. MALE FERN.— FELIX MAS. What is this officinally ? The root or rhizome of the Aspidium Felix Mas, or male fern, a plant growing in the United States, from New Jersey to Virginia, and also in Europe, Asia and Africa. What are the physical properties of the root ? It is large, tufted and scaly, but as met with in the shops, it is usually broken up into fragments. The inner greenish part cf the root-stock is the part used. When dry, it has a feeble odor, and a nauseous, bitter, somewhat acrid taste. What are its relations to alcohol, water and ether, and the effects of time upon its virtues? Its virtues, which are most readily extracted by ether, are lost in two years. What are its effects upon the system, and upon the worms ? ANTHELMINTICS. 283 It produces but little sensible effect on the system, but acts as a poison to the worms, and is said to have proved veiy effectual in the expulsion of the tape- worm. It is seldom employed in this country. How is it given and what is the dose ? Given in powder and ethereal extract. Dose of the former, from 5 j. to 5 iij. ; of the latter, from 12 to 24 grains. BARK OF POMEGRANATE ROOT— GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX. What is its character as an anthelmintic ? It is said to be an excellent vermifuge in cases of tape- worm, but it is not often employed in this country. What is the mode of administration, and the dose ? Given in decoction, made by boiling S$ ij. of the bark in Oij. of water to Oj., and the whole taken, by an adult, in three doses, with intervals of half an hour. OIL OF TURPENTINE.— OLEUM TEREBINTHIN&. What is its character and particular application as a vermifuge ? It is a powerful anthelmintic, particularly adapted for cases of taenia, which it destroys by a poisonous influence, and expels by its cathartic operation. Some- times used in the form of enema, for ascarides in the rectum. What is the dose ? For an adult, from fgss. to f§ij., followed by a dose of castor oil, if it do not operate in 2 or 3 hours. Sometimes given in small doses — 4 or 5 drops — sev- eral times a day, for the stomachic worms of children. POWDER OF TIN— PULVIS STANNI. How is this prepared ? By melting tin, and stirring it while cooling until 284 ANTHELMINTICS. it is reduced to a powder ; after which it is passed through a sieve to separate the coarser particles. What is its particular application, and its modus operandi 9 It is most effectual in the expulsion of lumbrici, and appears to act mechanically; consequently, its administration should always be followed by a brisk cathartic. What is the dose and mode of administration ? Dose for a child, from 3 j. to 3 ij. ; for an adult, § ss. to § j. ; given in molasses, for 2 or 3 successive mornings. INDEX. Acacia Aceta Acetate of iron Acetate of lead Acetate of morphia Acetate of potassa Acetate of zinc 250 14 81 38 118 209 84 Acetated tincture of opium 117 Acetic acid 137 Acetum colchici 197 Acetum scillae 223 Acidum aceticum 137 Acidum arseniosum 247, 263 Acidum benzoicum 229 Acidum citricum 137 Acidum hydrocyanicum 142 Acidum muriaticum 9 1 Acidum nitricum 90 Acidum nitro-muriaticum 92 Acidum succinicum 103 Acidum sulphuiicum 89 Acidum sulphuricum aroma- ticum 90 Acidum sulphuricum dilutum 90 Actual cauterants 244 iEther sulphuricus 108 JEther sulphuricus rectifica- tus 108 Alcohol 105 Alcohol ammoniatum 275 Alcohol ammoniatum aroma- ticum 275 Alcohol dilutum 106 Allium 223 Aloe 166, 230 Aloes 166, 230 Alterative diaphoretics 216 Alum 34 Alum curd 35 Alum cataplasm 35 Alumen 34 Alum whey 35 Alumen exsiccatum 34, 248 Amber 102 American centaury 44 American senna 165 Ammonia 275 Ammoniae carbonas 96 Ammoniac 226 Ammoniac plaster 227 Ammoniacum 104, 226 Ammoniated alcohol 275 Ammoniated copper 83 Ammoniated iron 81 Ammoniated mercury 272 Ammoniated tincture of guaiac 217 Ammoniated tincture of va- lerian 102 Angustura 60 Angustura bark 60 Anodynes 105 Antacids 275 Anthelmintics 279 Anthemis 56 Antimonial powder 134 Antimonial wine 133, 153 Antimonii et potassae tar- tras 130, 213 Antimonii sulphuretum prae- cipitatum 133 Antispasmodics 98 Apocynum cannabinum 197 Approximate measures 20 Aqua ammoniae 243 Aqua camphoras 123 Aqua cinnamomi 65 Aqua menthae piperitae 73 Aqua picis liquidae 204 Aqua regia 93 Aqua rosae 33 Argenti nitras 87, 246 Aromatic ammoniated alco- hol 275 Aromatic spirit of ammonia 275 Aromatic sulphuric acid 90 Aromatic syrup of rhubarb 163 Aromatics 61 Arrow-root 257 Arsenic 262 Arsenicum 262 286 INDEX. Arsenious acid 247, 263 Arterial sedatives 130 Arterial stimulants 94 Artificial musk 99 Artificial nitre-beds 135 Assafetida 100, 227 Assafoetida 100, 227 Astringents 22 Atropia 124 Aurantii cortex 63 Azedarach 281 B Bacher's pills 174 Balsam of capaiva 205 Balsam of Peru 228 Balsam of Tolu 227 Bark of sassafras-root 218 Barley 257 Barley water 258 Basilicon ointment 203 Belladonna 124 Benzoic acid 229 Bicarbonate of potassa 208 Bicarbonate of soda 279 Bichloride of mercury 248, 270 Biniodide of mercury 273 Bismuthi subnitras 86 Bitartrate of potassa 209, 187 Bitters of peculiar or modi- fied properties 46 Bittersweet 127 Blackberry-root 30 Black drop 117 Black hellebore 173, 230 Black mustard seeds 239 Black-oak bark 23 Black oxide of mercury 267 Black pepper 68 Black snakeroot 225 Black sulphuret of mercury 273 Black wash 268 Blistering plaster 236 Blisters 236 Blood-root 151 Blue pills 267 Bluestone 81 Blue vitroil 81 Boneset 57 Brimstone 180 Brucia 261 Burgundy pitch 241 Calamine Calamus Calcined magnesia Calomel Calx Camphor Camphor liniment Camphor water Camphora 86 74 183 190, 269 276 122 124 123 122 Camphorated soap liniment] 124 Camphorated tincture of opium 116 Camphorated tincture of soap 124 Canada balsam 201 Canada turpentine 201 Canella 65 Cantharidin 235 Cantharis 207, 232, 235 Cantharis vittata 238 Capsicin 95 Capsicum 94, 241 Carbonate of ammonia 96 Carbonate of lead 37 Carbonate of lime 277 Carbonate of magnesia 182 Carbonate of potassa 207 Carbonate of soda 278 Carbonate of zinc 85 Cardamom 70 Cardamomum 70 Carminatives 63 Carolina pink 280 Carota 199 Caryophyllus 65 Cascarilla 60 Cassia firtula, 158 Cassia Marilandica 165 Castor 100 Castoreum 100 Castor oil 159 Cataplasma aluminis 35 Cataplasma lini 253 Cataplasma sinapis 240 Cataplasmata 16 Cataplasms 16 Catechu 27 Cathartics 154 Cathartin 164 Caustics 244 INDEX. 287 Cayenne pepper 94, 241 Cerata 15 Cerate of carbonate zinc 86 Cerate of Spanish flies 236 Cerate of subacetate of lead 40 Cerates 15 Ceratum cantharidis 236 Ceratum plumbi subacetatis 40 Ceratum resinae 203 Ceratum zinci carbonatis 86 Cerebral stimulants 105 Ceruse 37 Cetraria 254 Chalk mixture 277 Chamomile 56 Chenopodium 281 Cherry laural water 142 Chimaphila 32 Chlorides of mercury 269 Chlorohydric acid 91 Chondrus 255 Cimicifuga 225 Cinchona 46 Cinchonia 49 Cinnabar 273 Cinnamomum 63 Cinnamon 63 Cinnamon water 65 Circumstances that modify the effects of medicines 6 Citrate of potassa 214 Citric acid 137 Citrine ointment 272 Claret wine 107 Classification of medicines 20 Cloves 65 Clysters 17 Codeia 113 Coffee 104 Colchici radix 195 Colchici semen 195 Cold cream 33 Colocynth 174 Colocynthis 174 Columba 45 Columbo 45 Common caustic 245 Compound cathartic pills 177 Compound decoction of sar- saparilla 221 Comp. extract of colocynth 175 Comp. infusion of cinchona 51 Comp. infusion of gentian 44 Comp. infusion of roses 33 Compound mixture of iron 79 Compound pills of rhubarb 169 Comp. pills of sqill 227 Comp. spirit of lavender 71 Comp. spirit of sulphuric ether 109 Comp. syrup of sarsaparilla 221 Comp. syrup of squill 225 Compound tincture of car- damom 70 Comp. tincture of cinnamon 65 Comp. tincture of Peruvian bark 51 Confectiones 10 Confections 10 Confection of orange peel 63 Confection of roses 33 Confection of senna 165 Confection of aurantii cortisis 63 Confectio rosae 33 Confectio sennae 165 Conia 128 Conium 128 Conserves 11 Copaiba 205 Copperas 78 Coptis 42 Cornus Florida 54 Corrosive chloride of mer- cury 248, 270 Corrosive sublimate 248, 270 Coxe's hive syrup, 225 Cowhage 282 Cranesbill 29 Cream of tartar 187 Creasote 204 Creasotum 204 Creta praeparata 277 Crotonic acid 179 Croton oil 179 Crude saltpetre 135 Crude sulphur 180 Cubeba 68 Cubebs 68 Cupri sulphas 81, 153, 248 Cuprum ammoniatum 83 Cyanuret of potassium 144 2SS INDEX. Dandelion 197 Daturia 126 Deadly nightshade 124 Decocta 12 Decoction of barley 258 Decoction of bittersweet 127 Decoction of dogwood 54 Decoction of logwood 29 Decoction of mezereon 218 Decoction of Peruvian bark 51 Decoction of pipsissewa 32 Decoction of seneka 225 Decoction of uva ursi 32 Decoctions 12 Decoctum chimaphila? 32 Decoctum cinchona? 51 Decoctum cornus Florida? 54 Decoctum dulcamarae 127 Decoctum haematoxyli 29 Decoctum hordei 258 Decoctum mezerei 218 Decoctum sarsaparillae com- positum 221 Decoctum senega? 225 Decoctum uva? ursi 32 Demulcents 249 Dewberry-root 30 Diachylon 37 Diluents 259 Diluted alcohol 106 Diluted sulphuric acid 90 Diospyros 33 Distilled oils 61 Diuretics 193 Dogwood 54 Dover's powder 212 Dracontium 103 Dried alum 248 Dulcamara 127 E Effervescing draught 214 Elaterin 178 Elaterium 177 Electricity 104 Electuaries 11 Elixir of vitriol 90 Emetia 148 Emetics 145 Emmenagogues 229 Emollients 258 Emplastra 16 Emplastrum ammoniaci 227 Emplastrum calefaciens 237 Emplastrum picis cum can- tharide 237 Emplastrum plumbi 36 Emplas. plumbi carbonatis 38 Emulsion 11 Enemata 17 Epispastics 234 Epsom salts 185 Ergot 259 Ergota 259 Errhines 233 Escharotics 244 Essence of peppermint 73 Essential oils 61 Ethiops mineral 273 Eupatorium perforatum 57 Euphorbia corollata 151 Euphorbia ipecacuanha 151 Expectorants 222 Extract of belladonna 125 Extract of black hellabore 174 Extract of butternut 166 Extract of gentian 44 Extract of hemlock 129 Extract of henbane 120 Extract of jalap 171 Extract of logwood 29 Extract of Peruvian bark 51 Extract of sarsaparilla 221 Extract of thorn-apple 127 Extractum belladonna? 125 Extractum cinchona? 51 Extractum colocythidis com- positum 175 Extractum conii 129 Extractum gentiana? 44 Extractum glycyrrhiza? 253 Extractum ha?matoxyli 29 Extractum hellebori nigri 174 Extractum hyoscyami 120 Extractum jalapa? 171 Extractum juglandis 166 Extractum quassiae 42 Extractum sarsaparilla? 221 Extractum stramonii 127 INDEX. 2S9 False angustura 60 Fennel seed 70 Ferri acetas 81 Ferri et potassse tartras 80 Ferri filum 76 Ferri oxidum hydratum 80 Ferri phosphas 81 Ferri ramenta 76 Ferri squamae 76 Ferri subcarbonas 76 Ferri sulphas 78 Ferrocyanuret of iron 81 Felix mas 282 Filters 8 Flaxseed 252 Flaxseed oil 252 Fleabane 199 Flowers of sulphur 181 Fluid extract of sarsaparilla 221 Fceniculum 70 Forms in which medicines are used 7 Fowler's solution 263 Foxglove 139, 194 G Galbanum 104 Galla 25 Gallic acid 23 Galls 25 Galvanism 104 Gamboge 176 Gambogia 176 Garlic 104, 223 Gentian 43 Gentiana 43 Geranium 29 Gillenia 149 Ginger 73 Glauber's salts, 184 Glycyrrhiza 253 Glycyrrhizin 253 Golden sulphur of antimony 133 Goldthread 42 Goulard's cerate 40 Goulard's extract 39 Granatum 33 Green vitriol 78 Griffith's mixture 79 Guaiac 216, 231 25 Guaiacum 216, 331 Guaiacum wood 216 Gum Arabic H Haematoxylon 250 23 Helleborus niger 173, 230 Hemlock 128 Hemlock pitch 242 Henbane 119 Henry's magnesia 183 Hiera picra 169 Hoffmann's anodyne liquor 109 Honeys 15 Hops 121 Hordeum 257 Howard's calomel 269 Humulus 121 Huxham's tincture of bark 51 Hydrargyri chloridumcorro- sivum 248, 270 Hydrargyri chloridum mite 190, 269 Hydrargyri oxidum nigrum 267 Hydrargyri oxidum rubrum 268 Hydrargyri sulphas flavus 271 Hydrargyrum 263 Hydrargyrum ammoniatum 272 Hydrargyrum cum creta 267 Hydrated oxide of iron 80 Hydrochloric acid 91 Hydrocyanic acid 142 Hyoscyamia 120 Hyoscyamus 119 Hypnotics 105 Iceland moss 254 Impure sulphate of quinia 53 Indian hemp 197 Indian physic 149 Indian tobacco 149 Infusa 11 Infusion of cascarilla 61 Infusion of chamomile 57 Infusion of columbo 46 Infusion of foxglove 141 Infusion of Peruvian bark 51 Infusion of quassia 42 Infusion of rhubarb 163 Infusion of sarsaparilla 220 Infusion of tobacco 142 Infusion of Virginia snakeroot 59 290 INDEX. Infusion of wild cherry bark 56 Infusions 11 Infusmn anthemidis 57 Infusum cascarillse 61 Infusum cinchonae 51 Infusum cinchonae composi- tum 51 Infusum columbae 46 Infusum digitalis 141 Infusum pruni Virginianae 56 Infusum quassias 42 Infusum rhei 163 Infusum sarsaparillae 220 Infusum serpentariae 59 Infusum tabaci 142 Iodide of iron 81 Iodide of potassium 274 Iodides of mercury 273 Iodine 273 Iodinum 273 Ipecacuanha 147, 212, 222 Ipecacuanha spurge 151 Irish moss Iron Iron filings Jalap Jalapa Jamaica pepper James 1 powder Jewell's calomel Juniper berries Juniperus K Kermes mineral Kino Krameria Lac assafoetidae Lac sulphuris Lactate of iron Lactucarium Laudanum Lavandula Lavender Lead Lead plaster Levigation Lichenin 255 75 76 169 169 69 134 269 198 198 133 26 27 101 182 81 119 116 71 71 35 36 8 254 Light wines 107 Lime 276 Lime-water 276 Linimenta 15 Liniment of lime 252 Liniment of Spanish flies 237 Liniments 15 Linimentum ammoniae 243 Linimentum calcis 252 Linimentum camphorae 124 Linimentum cantharidis 237 Linimentum saponis cam- phoratum 124 Linseed oil 252 Linum 252 Liquor ammoniae acetatis 214 Liquor calcis 276 Liquor morphiae sulphatis 119 Liquor plumbi subacetatis 39 Liquor potassae arsenitis 263 Liquorice 253 Liquorice root 253 Litharge 36 Lobelia 149 Logwood 28 Lozenges 666 Lunar caustic 87 Lupulin 121 Lupulina 121 M Mace 66 Madeira wine 107 Magistery of bismuth 86 Magnesia 183 Magnesiae carbonas 182 Magnesias sulphas 185 Male fern 282 Malt liquors 108 Manna 156 Mannite 157 Maranta 257 May-apple 171 Meadow saffron root 195 Meadow saffron seed 195 Meconic acid 112 Meconin 112 Medicated wines 13 Mel scillae compositum 225 Mentha piperita 72 Mentha viridis 73 Mercurial ointment 266 INDEX. 291 Mercurial pills Mercurial plaster Mercury Mercury with chalk Mezereon Mezerium Mellita 267 266 263 267 217 217 15 Mild chloride of mercury 190, 269 Milk of assafetida 101 Milk of sulphur 182 Mineral astringents 33 Mineral cathartics ISO Mineral emetics 152 Mineral tonics 75 Mistura assafoetidae 101 Mistura camphorae 123 Mistura ferri composita 79 Misturae 11 Mixtures 11 Morphia 117 Morphias acetas 118 Moschus 98 Moxa 244 Mucuna 282 Muriatic acid 91 Musk 98 Mustard 151, 239 Myristica 66 Myroxylon 228 Myrrh 59 Myrrha 59 N Narcein 112 Narcotics 105 Narcotina 113 Nauseating diaphoretics 212 Nervous sedatives 139 Nervous stimulants 98 Neutral mixture 214 Nicotia 141 Nicotianin 141 Nitrate of potassa 135, 210, 215 Nitrate of silver 87, 246 Nitre 135 Nitric acid 90 Nitro-muriatic acid 92 Nitrous powders 137 Nutmeg 66 Nix vomica 261 O Oil of amber 103 Oil of cinnamon Oil of cloves Oil of cubebs Oil of fennel Oil of juniper Oil of lavender Oil of mace Oil of nutmeg Oil of peppermint Oil of pimento Oil of rosemary Oil of sassafras Oil of savine Oil of turpentine Oil of valerian Oil of vitriol Oil of wormseed 64 66 69 71 199 71 67 67 72 70 72 218 231 95, 202, 241 102 89 281 Ointment of ammoniated mercury 272 Ointment of biniodide of mercury 273 Ointment of nitrate of mercury 272 Ointment of protoiodide of mercury 273 Ointment of red oxide of mercury 269 Ointment of oxide of zinc 85 Ointment of rose-water 33 Ointment of Spanish flies 237 Ointment of stramomium 127 Ointment of sulphuric acid 90 Ointments 15 Oleum caryophilli 66 Oleum chenopodii 281 Oleum cinnamomi 64 Oleum foeniculi 71 Oleum juniperi 199 Oleum lav anduli 71 Oleum lini 252 Oleum menthae piperita^ 72 Oleum myristicae 67 Oleum pimentae 70 Oleum ricini 159 Oleum rosmarini 72 Oleum sabinae 231 Oleum sassafras 218 Oleum succini 103 Oleum succini rectificatum 103 Oleum terebinthinae 95, 202, 241 Oleum tiglii 179 292 IXDEX. Opium Opodeldoc Orange-peel Oxide of zinc Oxymels Oxymel of squill 100 124 63 85 15 223 Paramorphia 112 Paregoric elixir 116 Parsley root 200 Parts to which medicines are applied 17 Pearlash 207 Pearl white 86 Peculiar medicines 259 Peppermint 72 Perpetual blister 237 Persimmon 33 Peruvian bark 46 Petroselinum 200 Phosphate of iron 81 Phosphate of soda 189 Phosphorus 97 Physiological effects of meds. 5 Pills 9 Pills of aloes and assafaetida 1 69 Pills of aloes and myrrh 169 Pills of copaiba 206 Pilulae 9 Pilulae aloes et assafaetidae 169 Pilulae et myrrhae 169 Pilulae catharticae compositae 177 Pilulae copaibae 206 Pilulae hydrargyri 267 Pilulae rhei compasitae 169 Pimenta 69 Pimento 69 Pink root 280 Piper 68 Piperin 68 Pipsissewa 32 Pix abietis 241 Pix canadensis 242 Pix liquida 203 Plaster of carbonate of lead 38 Plaster of pitch with Spanish flies 237 Plasters 16 Plumbi acetas 38 Plumbi carbonas 37 Plumbi oxidum semivitreum 26 Plumbum 35 Plummer's pills 134 Podophyllum 171 Pomegranate 33 Poppy capsules 111 Port wine 107 Potassa 245 Potassae acetas 209 Potassaebicarbonas 208 Potassae bitartras 187, 209 Potassae citras 214 Potassae carbonas 207 Potassae nitras 135, 210, 215 Potassae sulphas 186 Potassae tartras 188 Potash 207 Potato flies 238 Potential cauterants 245 Powders of aloes and ca- nella 65, 169 Powders of ipecacuanha and opium 212 Powder of tin 283 Powders 7 Precipitated sulphur 182 Precipitated sulphuret of an- timony 133 Prepared carbonate of zinc 86 Prepared chalk 277 Prepared oyster-shell 277 Poof spirit 14, 106 Protiodide of mercury 273 Prunes 157 Prunum 157 Prussic acid 142 Pure bitters 41 Purging cassia 158 Purgative enemata, 191 Pulveres 7 Pulvis aloes et canellae 60, 169 Pulvis antimonialis 134 Pulvis ipecacuanhas et opii 212 Pulvis stanni 283 Q Quassia 41 Quercitrin 24 Quercitron 24 Quercus alba 23 Quercus tinctoria 23 INDEX 293 Quinia 49 Quiniae sulphas 51 Quin ice sulphas impurus 53 R Rectified alcohol 106 Rectified oil of amber 103 Rectified sulphuric ether 108 Red oxide of mercury 268 Red pepper 95 Red precipitate 268 Red roses 33 Red sulphuret of mercury 273 Refrigerant diaphoretics 214 Refrigerants 130 Resin 203 Resin cerate 203 Resina 203 Rhabarbarin 162 Rhatany 27 Rheum 160 Rhubarb 160 Rochelle salts 188 Rosa centifolia 33 Rosa gallica 33 Rose water 33 Rosemary 72 Rosemarinus 72 Rubefacients 239 Rubus trivialis 30 Rubus villosus 30 Rufus's pills S Sabbatia 169 44 Sabina 231 Sagapenum 104 Sago 255 Salicin 54 Saline cathartics 184 Salix 54 Sal diureticus 209 Sal prunelle 136 Saltpetre 135 Salt of tartar 208 Sanguinarina 151 Sarsaparilla 219 Sarsaparillin 220 Sassafras 218 Sassafras medulla 218 Sassafras pith 219 25* Sassafras radicis cortex 21S Savine 231 Scales of iron 76 Scammonium 172 Scammony 172 Scilla 194, 223 Secale cornutum 259 Seidletz powders 189 Semiyitrified oxide of lead 36 Senega 224 231 Senegin 225 Seneka 2*4 231 Senna 163 Serpentaria 58 Sherry wine 107 Sialagogues 23-2 Simaruba 42 Sinapis 239 Sinapism 240 Skunk cabbage 103 Slippery-elm bark 251 Smelling salts 97 Sodce bicarbonas 279 Sodae carbonas 278 Sodae et potassae tartras 188 Sodee phosphas 189 Solania 127 Soluble tartar 188 Solution of acetate of j im- monia 214 Solution of arsenite of po- tassa 263 Solution of subacetate of lead 39 Solution of sulphate of mor- phia 119 Soporifics 105 Spanish flies 207 ,232 ,235 Spearmint 73 Spigelia 280 Spirit of lavender 71 Spirit of mindererus 115 Spirit of nitric ether 210 ,215 Spirit of rosemary 72 Spiritus fetheris nitrici 210 ,215 Spiritus lavandulae 71 Spiritus lavandulae compositus 71 Spiritus mindereri 215 Spiritus rosmarinae 72 Spreading of plasters 16 Spurred rye 259 294 INDEX. Squill 151, 194, 232 Stramonii folia 126 Stramonii semen 126 Sternutatories 233 Strychnia 261 Subcarbonate of iron 76 Sublimed sulphur 181 Subnitrate of bismuth 86 Succinic acid 103 Succicum 102 Sudorifics 211 Sugar of lead 38 Sulphate of cinchonia 53 Sulphate of copper 81, 153, 248 Sulphate of iron 78 Sulphate of magnesia 185 Sulphate of morphia 118 Sulphate of potassa 186 Sulphate of quinia 51 Shlphate of soda 184 Sulphate of zinc 83, 153 Sulphur 180 Sulphur precipitatum 182 Sulphuric acid 89 Sulphuric ether 108 Supertartrate of potassa 187 Suppositories 17 Sweet flag 74 Sweet spirit of nitre 210 Syrup of ginger 63 Syrup of orange peel 63 Syrup of rhubarb 162 Syrup of rhubarb and senna 163 Syrup of squill 223 Syrups 14 Syrupi 14 Syrupus aurantii corticis 63 Svrupus sarsaparillee compo- "situs 121 Syrupus scillae compositus 225 Syrupus rhei 163 Syrupus rhei et sennae 163 Syrupus rhei aromaticus 163 Tabacum 141 Table for graduating the dose of medicines 6 Tables of weights and mea- sures 19 Tannic acid 22 Tannin 22 Tapioca 256 Tar 203 Tar ointment 204 Tar water 204 Taraxacum 197 Tartar emetic 152, 222 Tartar emetic ointment 132 Tartarized antimony 152 Tartrate of antimony and potassa 130, 213 Tartrate of iron and potassa 80 Tartrate of iron 81 Tartrate of potassa 188 Tartrate of potassa and soda 188 Tea 104 Teneriffe wine 107 Terebinthina 200 Terebinthina canadensis 201 Testa prseparata 277 Thebaic tincture of opium 116 The mineral acids 249 The hot iron 244 Thorn-apple leaves 126 Thorn-apple seeds 126 Thoroughwort 57 Tinctura aloes 169 Tinctura et myrrhae 169 Tinctura assafoetidae 101 Tinctura camphorse 124 Tinctura cantharidis 207 Tinctura capsici 95 Tinctura cardomomi com- posita 70 Tinctura castorei 100 Tinctura catechu 27 Tinctura cinchonse 51 Tinctura cinchona? compo- sita 51 Tinctura cinnamomi 65 Tinctura cinnamomi com- posita 65 Tinctura colombae 46 Tinctura digitalis 141 Tinctura ferri chloridi 79 Tinctura gallae 26 Tinctura gentianae compo- sita 44 Tinctura guaiaci 217 Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata 217 INDEX. 295 Tinctura hellebori Tinctura humuli Tinctura iodini Tinctura kino Tinctura kramerse Tinctura lupulinae Tinctura lobelia? Tinctura opii Tinctura opii acetata Tinctura opii camphorata Tinctura quassae Tinctura rhei Tinctura rhei et aloes Tinctura rhei et gentianae Tinctura rhei et sennae Tinctura sanguinariae Tinctura sennae at jalapa Tinctura serpentariae Tinctura tolulani Tinctura Valerianae Tinctura Valerianae ammo- niata Tincturae Tincture of aloes Tincture of aloes and myrrh Tincture of assafetida Tincture of black hellebore Tincture of camphor Tincture of castor Tincture of catechu Tincture of cayenne pepper Tincture of chloride of iron Tincture of cinnamon Tincture of foxglove Tincture of galls Tincture of guaiac Tincture of hops Tincture of iodine Tincture of kino Tincture of lobelia Tincture of lupulin Tincture of opium Tincture of Peruvian bark Tincture of quassia Tincture of rhatany Tincture of rhubarb Tincture of rhubarb and aloes Tincture of rhubarb and gentian Tinct. of rhubarb and senna 174 Tincture of senna and jalap 164 122 Tincture of Spanish flies 207 274 Tincture of squill 223 27 Tincture of stramonium 127 28 Tincture of tolu 228 122 Tincture of valerian 102 150 Tincture of Virginia snakeroot 59 116 Tinctures 13 117 Tobacco 141 , 151 116 Tolutanum 227 42 Tonics 40 163 Tormentil 33 163 Tormentilla 33 163 Tragacanth 251 163 Trisnitrate of bismuth 86 152 Tragacanth a 251 164 Troches 10 59 Torchisci 10 22S Turner's cerate 86 102 Turpentine 200 Turpeth mineral 271 102 13 U 169 Ulmus 251 169 Unguenta 1.3 101 Unguentum antimonii 132 174 Unguentum aquae rosee 33 124 Unguentum cantharidis 237 100 Unguentum hydrargyri 266 27 Unguentum hydrargyri am- 95 nion iati 272 79 Unguentum hydrargyri bin- 65 iodidi 273 141 Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi 273 26 Unguentum hydrargyri ni- 217 tratis 272 122 Unguentum hydrargyri ox- 274 idi rubri 269 27 Unguentum iodini 274 150 Unguentum picis liquids 104 122 Unguentum stramonii 127 116 Unguentum zinoi oxidi 85 51 Uva ursi 31 42 V 28 Valerian 101 163 Valeriana 101 Valerianic acid 102 163 Vallet's ferruginous pills 77 Vegetable acids 137 163 Vegetable astringents 23 1G3 Vegetable cathartics 156 296 INDEX Vegetable emetics 147 Vegetable tonics 41 Vermillion 278 Vesicants 234 Vesicatories 234 Vinegar of colchicum 197 Vinegar of squill 223 Vina medicata 13 Vinegars 14 Vinum aloes 169 Vinum antimonii 133 Vinum colchici radicis 197 Vinum colchici semen 197 Vinum ipecacuanhas 148 Virginia snakeroot 58 Volatile liniment 243 Volatile oils 61 W Warming plaster 237 Warner's gout cordial 163 Washed sulphur 181 Water of ammonia 243, 275 Weights and measures used 19 White arsenic 247 White lead 37 White mustard seeds 239 White-oak bark 23 White bismuth 86 White pepper 68 White precipitate 272 White turpentine 201 White vitriol 83 Wild carrot 199 Wild cherry bark 55 Willow 54 Wines 107 Wine of aloes 169 Wine of ipecacuanha 148 Wine of colchicum root 197 Wine of colchicum seed 197 Wine-whey 108 Wormseed 281 Z Zinci acetas 84 Zinci carbonas 85 Zinci carbonas preeparatus 86 Zinci oxidum 85 Zinci sulphas 83, 153 Zingiber 73 >