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 ^- -^ %\"1Z^^ ^^ ^0"^ ^'JL'- 
 
 
 
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TOPICAL BRIEF 
 
 OF 
 
 SWIISTTON^S 
 
 OUTLINES OF HISTORY: 
 
 FOE THE USE OF PUPILS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE PBEPABATIOW AND RECITATION OF LESSONS. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN LOCKWOOD. 
 
 •vi' 
 
 (^ No...3#/r.^"Tr 
 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOE & CO., 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 
 
 1877. 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 or CONGRESS 
 
 WAaaiNOTOM 
 
 \ 
 
 ^*^K^ 
 
 A 
 
 NOTE BY PEOF. SWINTOIJJ'. 
 
 .^ 
 
 The " Topical Brief, or Suggestive Analysis" of the Outlines of 
 History was submitted in manuscript to me by the distinguished 
 teacher whose name is on the title-page of this manual. It seemed 
 to me so positive a contribution to rational methods of education 
 that I was urgent for its publication, to the end that its benefits 
 might not be confined to one school, but extended to many. This 
 decided on, I have had occasion during its passage through the 
 press to examine the Brief with minute detail and close comparison 
 with the Outlines, and my estimate of its utility has been enhanced 
 day by day. I believe it will prove a most valuable aid in the prep- 
 aration of the history lessons, leading pupils to a close and logical 
 analysis of the subject matter ; that it will convert the ordinary 
 dry rote- work of recitation into a lively and enlivening exercise ; 
 and finally, that in its training in the use of language and in the 
 habit of connected discourse it will be found a powerful instrument 
 of mental culture. From the many progressive teachers who have 
 said good words as to the Outlines and have that work in use in 
 their classes, I earnestly bespeak a kindly trial for this little man- 
 ual, convinced, as I am, that it will, at a stroke, double the value of 
 
 the text-book. 
 
 WM. SWINTON. 
 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 Copyright, 1877, by 
 
 John Lockwood. 
 
 Electrotyped by 
 
 Smith & McDottgal. 
 
^ 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 f"^- 
 
 For the method of using this look see page xv. 
 
 .<.y^-J 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IT has been said there is no royal road to learning ; but, 
 it may be added, there is a decided preference in the 
 routes to that Delectable Mountain, — some being good, 
 while others are well-nigh impassable. Of the latter sort is, 
 too often, the study of history — a kind of corduroy, and in 
 bad repair at that. If this little book shall prove to be to 
 other classes, as it has been to the author's, a kind of 
 asphaltum road, pleasant to travel over, and admitting of 
 rapid progress, his principal aim in its publication will be 
 accomplished. 
 
 The Brief is a kind of analysis of Swinton's Outlines of 
 the World^s History, paragraph by paragraph, presented 
 suggestively by key-words or phrases taken from the text. 
 Its main purpose is twofold : first, to assist the student to 
 prepare his lesson intelligently, and to remember it ; and 
 secondly, to enable him to make a handsome recitation. 
 Besides this main purpose, it has, incidentally, other uses. 
 By setting before the student, in their logical order, the 
 constituent elements of each paragraph, his mind will gradu- 
 ally take on the habit of analyzing the subjects of its thought. 
 If he fully comprehends the analysis presented, and verifies 
 ft by the text, he is learning to think in an orderly, logical 
 manner ; — and this is a cardinal point in education. Again, 
 the practice, in recitation, of collecting the constituent ele- 
 ments of the paragraph and connecting them in a continuous 
 
iv PBEFAGE. 
 
 discourse furnishes an exercise in extempore speaking— one 
 of the finest of accomplishments. The practice of reciting 
 in tliis way gives him confidence in his powers and pleasure 
 in exercising them. The recitation, instead of being the 
 usual battledoor and shuttlecock of question and answer, 
 becomes a lively occasion of speech-making, the scholars 
 taking the floor in turn, and the teacher acting as moderator. 
 Like the runners in the old Greek game of the torch-race, 
 (each, in turn, seizing the flaming torch from the hands of 
 the preceding runner, and bearing it swiftly on, unextin- 
 guished, to the next), an animated class, using this little 
 book, will delight to take up the narrative from one another, 
 on the teacher's signal, and continue it rapidly and unbroken. 
 Thus treated, the study invigorates the mind, and becomes 
 a powerful exercise in expression. 
 
 The proper names and the dates with which history bris- 
 tles are a discouraging difiiculty to the average student — 
 meeting him at the outset and keeping him company to the 
 end. They are a kind of Old Man of the Sea, jumping on 
 the student's back the moment he makes his appearance. 
 The Brief is an answer to his call for help. It comes to 
 rescue him from his tormentor by taking the Old Man on its 
 own shoulders. 
 
 Unfamiliar proper names that occur repeatedly are given 
 in full when first mentioned, and the dates are nearly always 
 given. All teachers appreciate the value of the eye and the 
 ear as aids in acquiring knowledge. They may be called, 
 respectively, the right-hand and the left-hand of Memory. 
 A date being exhibited in juxtaposition with its proper 
 event, the eye transfers the two facts to the memory as one 
 picture ; and afterwards, whenever one of the two is recalled 
 to mind, the other comes up along with it — the date sug- 
 gesting the event, the event the date, on the principle of the 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 association of ideas. If the teacher will heartily adopt the 
 suggestion made on page 6, the student will soon be put in 
 permanent possession of a valuable body of dates, which he 
 will have acquired almost without effort. In the frequent 
 repetition of names and events in the recitation-discourses, 
 the ear becomes an instrument of the memory only second 
 to the eye in importance. 
 
 The Brief is designed to be used by the student both 
 in the preparation of his lesson and in its recitation. " To 
 crown the edifice" suitably, there should be frequent re- 
 views, in which the student should be encouraged to make 
 his discourse with as little reference to his Brief as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 By simply connecting the topics in the fewest words, the 
 student will be giving the substance of the paragraph. This 
 will suffice for junior classes. Older students should be 
 required to be more full — to use the topics as heads of dis- 
 course, expanding them into more elaborate statements, and 
 connecting them handsomely. 
 
 It will not be strange if some teachers, themselves enthu- 
 siastic in the study of history and familiar with its details, 
 should fear that the student might become enervated in the 
 use of the Brief by being helped too much. But it should 
 be borne in mind that the point to be gained is the acqui- 
 sition of the subject by the student ; and if he can get 
 this by the aid of the Brief ^\\h. one-half the labor otherwise 
 necessary, surely the system must be useful. But even if 
 the teacher should object to a help of this kind in recitation, 
 the student will find it of great aid to him in the preparation 
 of his lesson. Take, e. g., chapter viii., page 14 — the 
 " Com.merce of the Ancients." First, the student notes 
 that the subject divides itself into three branches — " Baby- 
 lonian Trade," "Phcenician Trade," and " Carthagenian 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 Trade." The first of these is considered under five heads. 
 The second of these five has a subordinate division suggest- 
 ing two distinct fines of inquiry. The third has three sub- 
 ordinate divisions, under the two first of which several 
 minor details are suggested j and so on. Now, after the 
 student has carefully read over the text, in the manner de- 
 scribed more fully on page xiv, and is able to give the sub- 
 stance of it readily with the aid of the Brief, he is pre- 
 pared to take an important step in advance. Let him now 
 fix in his mind the five leading divisions (indicated by the 
 symbols " <2," " ^," etc.), then the next subordinate divisions 
 (indicated by the numerals " i," " 2," etc.), and finally the 
 minor details suggested in the last analysis — all which he 
 can do in five minutes of attentive study — and he is prepared 
 to give a connected statement of the entire subject of the 
 " Babylonian Trade " without the Brief. That mastered, let 
 him go on to the next grand division — the " PhcEnician 
 Trade " — treating it in the same way, and finally the " Cartha- 
 ginian Trade." In an hour from the time he opened his 
 book, if he be bright and accustomed to study, he can have 
 mastered the entire subject of the " Commerce of the An- 
 cients," so as to give independently a connected statement 
 of the whole subject in all its details, without a prompt. And 
 yet those four pages of the text-book are crowded to reple- 
 tion with facts which not one student in a hundred can 
 acquire in any reasonable time so as to state them con- 
 nectedly and with accuracy, without the aid of some such 
 analysis as the one here offered. 
 
 To facilitate the acquisition of the lesson, the paragraph 
 side-heads of the text-book have been closely followed in the 
 preparation of the Brief though not always best adapted 
 to the purpose of the analysis. For the same reason, the 
 analysis generally employs the exact language of the Out- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Imes, though sometimes this language, thus broken away 
 from its connection, is less expressive than some other that 
 might have been chosen. 
 
 For convenience of reference, the divisions and subdivi- 
 sions of the Outlines have been strictly followed, so that 
 the two tables of contents correspond. 
 
 Abbreviations are often employed without apparent rea- 
 son ; but they will be found to contribute to the general 
 inspiriting influence which the student will feel in the use of 
 this manual. The mind always takes delight in the discov- 
 ery of hidden truth, even though it be no more than supply- 
 ing the missing links in a " suggestive analysis." 
 
 Among other minor advantages of the Brief, the student 
 will appreciate this : that it enables him to assure himself 
 before going to class whether he is master of his lesson 
 or not. 
 
 As the method of this little book is entirely new, so far as 
 he is aware, the author solicits for it, at the hands of his 
 fellow-teachers, a fair trial. Without asking for a suspen- 
 sion of that law of our nature which prompts us to look upon 
 the new way with suspicion and to stick to the old beaten 
 path, he hopes that, for the sake of overtasked students, 
 to be found in every school in the land, this effort to lighten 
 their burden may be auspiciously received. 
 
 J. L. 
 
0]Sr TENTS. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Page 
 
 INTRODUCTION ......... 1 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 THE ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 Chapter 
 
 I. GEOaKAPHICAL SKETCH 3 
 
 II. Egypt . 4 
 
 Historical Outline ....... 4 
 
 Egyptian Civilization ...... 5 
 
 III. The Assykians and Babylonians .... 7 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Early Babylonian, or Chaldsean, Kingdom , . 7 
 
 Assyria 7 
 
 Later Babylonian Kingdom . . . . .8 
 
 IV. The Hebrews 9 
 
 V. The Phcenicians 10 
 
 VI. The Hindoos 11 
 
 VII. The Pebsian Empire 12 
 
 Historical Outline . . . . . . . 12 
 
 Persian Civilization . . . , . . .13 
 
 VIII. Commerce of the Ancients 14 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 I. General Sketch 17 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 II. History of the First Period : From the Dorian Mi- 
 gration to tlie beginning of the Persian Wars, 
 
 1100-500 B.c . 18 
 
 Beginnings of Greek History .18 
 
 Growth of Sparta and Athens 19 
 
 III. History op the Second Period : From the beginning 
 
 of the Persian War to the victory of Philip of 
 Macedon at Chseronea, B.C. 500-338 . . . .21 
 
 The Persian Invasions ...... 31 
 
 The Age of Pericles ....... 22 
 
 The Peloponnesian War 23 
 
 Period of Spartan and Theban Supremacy . . .23 
 
 IV. History op the Third Period : From the victory of 
 
 Philip to the absorption of Greece by the Romans . 24 
 Supremacy of Macedon — Philip ..... 24 
 
 Career of Alexander the Great 24 
 
 Alexander's Successors 25 
 
 Later History of Macedon and Greece . . , . .25 
 
 V. Grecian Civilization 26 
 
 Political Ideas 26 
 
 Religion ......... 27 
 
 Grecian Festivals 27 
 
 Greek Literature and Philosophy .... 28 
 
 Grecian Art 30 
 
 Greek Life, Manners, etc 80 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 I. Geography and Races . .31 
 
 II. Primeval Rome — Period op the Kings . . . 32 
 
 III. The Roman Republic 32 
 
 Epoch of the Struggle for Existence .... 33 
 
 Great Names of Early Rome 33 
 
 Epoch of the Roman Conquest of Italy ... 34 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 
 Epoch of Foreign Conquest 35 
 
 Epoch of Civil Strife 38 
 
 IV. Rome as an Empire 43 
 
 Age of Augustus . . . . • • • 43 
 
 Political History 45 
 
 Spread of Christianity 46 
 
 Roman Life, Manners, Customs, etc. . . . .47 
 
 Last Days of Rome 49 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 MEDLEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 Inteoduction 50 
 
 I, The New Races • 50 
 
 II. Thbee Centuries of History 52 
 
 The Byzantine Empire ...... 52 
 
 Italy down to Charlemagne 53 
 
 Beginnings of France 53 
 
 Beginnings of England 54 
 
 Rise of the Saracens 54 
 
 III. Empire of Charlemagne 55 
 
 IV. The Feudal System 57 
 
 V. Growth of the Papal Power 59 
 
 VI. The Crusades ; 60 
 
 Introduction ^^ 
 
 The First Crusade 61 
 
 The Second Crusade 62 
 
 The Third Crusade • 62 
 
 The Later Crusades 63 
 
 Results of the Crusades 63 
 
 VII. Chivalry,— its Rise and Decay . . . . .64 
 
 VIII. Civilization in the Middle Ages .... 65 
 
 The Dark Ages . . • . . • . . 65 
 
 The Age of Revival— Cities and Commerce . . 66 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 IX. Political Outline : From Charlemagne to the close of 
 
 tlie Middle Ages 68 
 
 t The German Empire 68 
 
 France 69 
 
 England 70 
 
 Italy 71 
 
 Spain 71 
 
 SEOTIO:^ V. 
 
 MODERN HISTOEY. 
 
 I. Transition to Modern History 74 
 
 Introduction 74 
 
 Fall of the Eastern Empire 74 
 
 Maritime Discoveries 75 
 
 The Eevival of Learning 76 
 
 Decline of Feudalism 76 
 
 Rise of Great Monarchies 77 
 
 II. Great Events of the Sixteenth Century . . 77 
 
 Age of Charles V 77 
 
 England under Henry VIII. . . . . . 79 
 
 Else of the Dutch Eepublic 81 
 
 Civil and Religious Wars of France . . '. . 82 
 
 Age of Queen Elizabeth 83 
 
 Great Names of the Sixteenth Century ... 85 
 
 III. Great Events of the Seventeenth Century . . 86 
 
 England under the Stuarts ..... 86' 
 
 The Thirty Years' War 90 
 
 The Age of Louis XIV. 93 
 
 Progress of Civilization 95 
 
 ' Great Names of the Seventeenth Century , . .97 
 
 IV. Great Events of the Eighteenth Century . . 98 
 
 England under the Georges 98 
 
 Prussia and Frederick the Great 100 
 
 Rise of Russia 103 
 
 The French Revolution 104 
 
contents: xiii 
 
 Progress of Civilization 109 
 
 Great Names of the Eighteenth Century . . .111 
 
 V. Great Events of the Nineteenth Century . . 113 
 
 The Consulate and the Empire 113 
 
 Modern English Politics 118 
 
 Revolutions in French Politics ..... 120 
 
 Unification of Italy ....... 122 
 
 The German Empire Restored ..... 123 
 
 Great Names of the Nineteenth Century . 126 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE BRIEF. 
 
 IN preparing his lesson, the pupil first notes the main 
 subject of the paragraph as given in the side-head of 
 the Outlines of History^ and also in heavy-faced type in the 
 Topical Brief. He then reads the paragraph in the text- 
 book attentively, following simultaneously the analysis of 
 the same as presented in the Brief In If I. he observes 
 that the main subject is " History defined," and that it 
 is considered under two heads, viz., " a. general " and " b. 
 special " — the former having reference to " mankind," the 
 latter to " civilization." Having read the paragraph, he tries 
 whether he is able, with the aid of the analysis alone, to 
 give a connected statement of the substance of it. He 
 recites to himself somewhat in this style : 
 
 " ' History defined ' : — in a ' general ' sense, history is the record of all ' man- 
 kind ; ' in a ' special ' sense, it is the record of those nations that have contrihuted 
 to 'civilization.' " 
 
 IF II. is, like IT I., so simple in its analysis as to be easily 
 disposed of. ^ III. is a little more complicated. The main 
 subject, " Aids to history," is considered under three gen- 
 eral heads, viz., " a. various sciences j " " b. lower stages ; " 
 "<r. our own times." (These phrases are all taken from the 
 text, in order to enable the student to trace the analysis 
 readily as he reads.) Under \}c\e. first of these — a — is a three- 
 fold enumeration: " i. Ethnol.," "2. Arch^oL," and "3. 
 Philol.," with an explanatory catch-word added to each, or 
 suggested. The second — b — calls for a simple statement 
 merely. Under the third — c — is given: "i. Anthropol.," 
 which, standing as a subordinate topic under " c. our own 
 times," indicates that it is considered with reference to 
 " our own times " ; and this last, standing as a subordinate 
 topic under " Aids to history," indicates that, in the para- 
 graph under treatment, " Anthropology " is considered with 
 reference to "our own times," as one of the "aids to his- 
 tory." Under "i. Anthropol.," the student finds two sub- 
 heads, viz., "(2. primeval races" and "<^. savage tribes," 
 indicating that it is treated under those two aspects. 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE BRIEF. xv 
 
 Having read the paragraph once or twice attentively in 
 connection with the analysis, the pupil now tries to recite to 
 himself as before : 
 
 " ' Aids to history ' :— there are ' various sciences ' that aid us to obtain a knowl- 
 edge of mankind, such as ' Ethnology,' which treats of the difierent ' types,' or 
 races of men ; ' Archaeology,' which treats of the ' ancient ' works of men ; and 
 ' Philology,' which treats of the difierent 'languages' of men. These ' sciences ' 
 tell us about mankind in the 'lower stages ' of their advancement. Another sci- 
 ence has been much pursued in ' our own times,' called ' Anthropology ; ' this 
 tells us about the condition of the ' primeval races ' and the manners and customs 
 of ' savage tribes.' " 
 
 In his first attempt at reproducing the paragraph in hand, 
 the pupil's discourse may be halting, dry, and bare. He 
 will do better after another perusal ; and he should not be 
 satisfied until he is able to connect the hints of his Brief 
 handsomely and fluently, which, after some practice, he will 
 be able to do with one or two attentive perusals. After 
 having gone through the whole lesson in this way, paragraph 
 by paragraph, he should close his text-book and try to recite 
 the lesson to himself from the beginning ; and he should 
 not consider himself prepared until he can give a connected 
 account of the w^hole lesson fluently, and without other 
 prompt than that furnished by his Brief. 
 
 In the above imaginary recitations, nothing more is at- 
 tempted than to connect the points of the suggestive analy- 
 sis in simple, grammatical language. This will suflice for 
 junior pupils. Advanced students should take a pride in 
 amplifying their discourses, enriching them with additional 
 information drawn from other sources. 
 
 The class being assembled for recitation, the teacher calls 
 upon some pupil, who takes the floor, Brief in hand, and 
 begins his discourse, the next pupil holding himself in 
 readiness to take it up on a signal from the teacher, and 
 continue it without break. 
 
 In addition to its ordinary use as above explained, this 
 little manual will be found particularly available in reviews. 
 According to the degree of fullness with which the topics 
 are followed out, these exercises may be made rapid and 
 comprehensive, or minute and detailed, at the teacher's 
 pleasure. 
 
OUTLINES OF HISTORY. 
 
 I]S"TIlODUCTION. 
 
 1. History defined, 
 
 a. general — mankind. 
 
 b. special — civilization. 
 
 2. Its relation to nations. 
 
 a. presupposes. 
 
 1. polit. com. 
 &. confines itself. 
 
 1. gen. current. 
 
 3. Aids to history. 
 
 a. various sciences. 
 
 1. Ethnol. — types. 
 
 2. Arcligeol. — ancient. 
 
 3. PhiloL— Ian 
 
 b. lower stages. 
 
 c. our own times. 
 1. Anthropol. 
 
 («..) primeval races. 
 (6.) savage tribes. 
 
 4. Difference between an- 
 
 thropology and history. 
 
 a. nat. hist. 
 
 b. civ. 
 
 5. The real historic race. 
 
 a. one grand division. 
 1. C. 
 
 (a.) elder:— E., A. and B., 
 H. and P., H., P., G., R. 
 (b.) modern : — E. and col. 
 
 b. great bulk. 
 
 c. brain, 
 
 d. partial exceptions; — C, M., 
 
 P. 
 1. stationary. 
 
 6. Its three divisions. 
 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. Aryan, or Indo-European. 
 
 2. Semitic. 
 
 3. Hamitic. 
 
 b. linguistic. 
 
 7. The Aryans. 
 
 a. we. 
 
 b. pres. and past of E., viz., G., 
 
 L., G. or T., C, a 
 
 c. H., P. 
 
 8. Their unity, how proved. 
 
 a. fam. likeness. 
 
 1. Sanscrit — In. 
 
 2. Zend— P. 
 
 b. forefathers. 
 
 1. ancestral seat. 
 (a,) when? 
 
 9. Semites. 
 
 a. countries : — S., A. , T. and E. 
 6. peoples :— H., P., A.^ A. 
 
 10. Hamites. 
 
 a. E. 
 
 b. C. 
 
 11. Comparison of the races. 
 
 a. civ. world. 
 1. . 
 
 2. 
 
 (a.) leading part. 
 
 (a.) apart. 
 
 {a.) one respect. 
 (1.) one G,— J, 
 
 C. M. 
 
2 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (&.) conservative and sta- 
 tionary. 
 (1.) planters. 
 
 (c.) intellectual. 
 
 {d.) polit, f., sci,, etc. 
 
 12. The Aryans in history. 
 
 a. springs of present civiliza- 
 
 tion. 
 1. R. 
 {a.) G. 
 
 b. primitive age. 
 1. condition. 
 
 c. inference. 
 
 1. progress. 
 
 2. share in history. 
 
 13. Divisions of this book. 
 
 a. ancient O. nations : — E., A. 
 
 -B., H., P., H., P. 
 h. Gt. 
 
 c. R. D. 
 
 d. M. A. 
 
 e. modern. 
 
 14. Chronologic periods. 
 a. double division. 
 
 1. , 2. . 
 
 &. triple division. 
 
 1. , 2. , 3. . 
 
 15. Nature of the divisions. 
 
 a. arbitrary. 
 
 1. why? 
 h. convenience. 
 c. philosophical. 
 
 1. reservoir. 
 
 {a.) modern states. 
 
 16. History a unit. 
 
 a. largest sense. 
 h. epochs — drama. 
 
 c. thread. 
 
 d. " Through the ages," etc.* 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Definition of history. 
 
 a. , h. . 
 
 1. how distinguished. 
 
 II. Aids to history. 
 
 1. how defined. 
 
 III. Divisions of the Cauca- 
 
 sian race. 
 a. A., or I-E. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 &. S. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 c. H. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 
 IV. Divisions of history. 
 
 a. — , h. — , c. — , d. —, e. — . 
 
 V, Chronologic periods. 
 
 a. — , h. — , c. — . 
 
 * The student is expected to give in 
 full, the quotations occurring in abbre- 
 viated form, as above. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 SECTIOI^ I. 
 
 THE ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 [Observe that the dates of this section are B.C.] 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAIi SKETCH. 
 
 1. Oriental nations. 
 
 a. enumeration : — E. , A. and 
 B., J., P., L, P. 
 
 2. Historic area. 
 
 a. seat. 
 
 1. exceptiofi. 
 &. small part. 
 
 3. Northern Asia. 
 a. Altai. 
 
 1. antiquity. 
 
 4. Central Asia. 
 
 a. extent. 
 
 6. ancient name. 
 
 c. topographical character. 
 1. arable land. 
 
 d. population. 
 1. nomads. 
 3. pat. gov. 
 
 3. part in hist. 
 {a.) except. 
 
 5. Divisions of S. W. Asia. 
 
 a. w. of E. 
 &. valleys. 
 c. Zagros to In. 
 
 6. First region. 
 a. A. M. 
 
 1. Lydia. ) 
 
 2. G. col. S 
 
 {a.) connected. 
 6. S. 
 
 1. S. proper. 
 
 2. Ph. 
 {a.) Leb. 
 
 3. P. 
 
 c. A. 
 
 1. importance. 
 
 7. Second region. 
 
 a. Ar. — situation. 
 
 h. As. proper — situation. 
 
 c. B. — situation. 
 
 d. Ch. — situation. 
 
 e. Mes. — situation. 
 /. Su. — situation. 
 
 8. Nations in second region. 
 a. C, B., A. 
 
 1, absorbed in P., 6th c. B.C. 
 
 h. A.'s sway. 
 
 9. Eastern division. 
 
 a. Iran : — M. ; P. proper ; I. 
 
 10. Civilization and geogra- 
 
 phy. 
 a. seats of earliest nations. 
 
 1. N. 
 
 2. T. and E. 
 
 3. I. 
 
 h. causes. 
 
 1. abund. f. necessary. 
 
 2. the three basins. 
 {a.) spontaneous. 
 (&.) accordingly. 
 
 11. Cradle of nations. 
 
 a. probably where ? 
 1. proofs. 
 (a.) phys. conditions. 
 
 (1.) Egypt. 
 (&.) earliest n. 
 (c.) philology. 
 
ANCIENT OEIENTAL M0NABGH1E8. 
 
 12. Province of history. 
 
 a. birth, of tlie race. 
 
 1. rev. and sci. 
 &. beginning of records. 
 
 13. Earliest historic theater. 
 a. venerable figures — 23d c. B.C. 
 
 1. N. 
 3. C. 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Historical Outline. 
 
 14, 15. Antiquity of Egypt. 
 a. oldest history. 
 1. monuments, etc. 
 {a.) C. and I. 
 &. why a prim. seat. 
 1. favoring condition. 
 
 16-18. Physical Geography. 
 a. the great river. 
 
 1. " Gift of the Nile." 
 
 2. sources. 
 8. overflow. 
 
 &. food-plants. 
 
 1. spontaneous. 
 
 2. cereals. 
 {a.) dhourra. 
 (&.) storehouse. 
 
 c. effect on the people. 
 
 1. increase. 
 
 2. Diodorus Siculus — 19th c. 
 {a.) twenty drachmas. 
 
 19. Old sources of informa- 
 
 tion. 
 a. G. historians. 
 
 1. Herodotus * — 5th c. b. c. 
 h. Manetho— 3d c. B.C. 
 
 20. New sources of informa- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. discovery. 
 
 1. hiero. 
 
 *"F.ofH."— 484B.C. 
 a. Halicarnassus. 
 1. Caria (a.m.). 
 
 {a.) meaning. 
 (&.) key lost. 
 
 21. Deciphering of the hiero- 
 
 glyphics. 
 a. engineer. 
 
 1. " Rosetta stone." 
 {a.) three texts. 
 (1.) Greek. 
 (2.) h. 
 
 (8.) demotic. 
 (6.) secret, how disclosed? 
 
 Note. — The Rosetta stone. 
 a. Ptolemy Epiphanes, 196 B.C. 
 1. line of G. so v. — 4th c. to 
 1st c. B.C. 
 &. command — why? 
 
 c. first clue — oval rings. 
 
 1. proper names. 
 
 2. Ptol. and Cleopatra. 
 
 3. letter-signs. 
 
 d. Coptic. 
 
 e. Champollion. 
 
 22. Egyptian race. 
 a. African. 
 
 &. Caucasian — Hamites, or K.* 
 1. resemblance to C. 
 {a.) b. instinct. 
 (&.) language, 
 (c.) inference. 
 (1.) P. Gulf. 
 (2.) before hist. t. 
 
 23. Beginning of Egypt's his- 
 
 tory. 
 a. hidden. 
 &. Abraham, 20th c. B.C. 
 
 1. a flourishing m. 
 
 2. Great P. 
 
 {a.) Fourth D.—25thc. B.C. 
 (b.) inference. 
 
 c. 26 dy. 
 
 1. Menes to P. conq., 6th c. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 d. 3906 B.C.; 2700 B.C. 
 6. correct to say. 
 
 * native name. 
 a. literally. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 24. The three periods. 
 
 a. the old empire, 2080 B.C. 
 
 &. Hyksos, 1527 B.C. 
 
 c. the new empire, 525 B.C. 
 
 25. First Period. 
 
 a. 2700 B.C.— 2080 B.C.— 620 y. 
 h. dark till mid. 25th c. 
 c. Fourth D. 
 
 1. era of whom? 
 
 2. G. P. at Gizeh. 
 
 {a.) Suphis (Cheops of H.) 
 (&.) Shufu, or C. 
 
 3. M. center of power. 
 
 4. arts of life. 
 
 5. sep. king. 
 {a) Thebes. 
 
 (6.) Shepherd K., or H, 
 
 26. Second Period. 
 
 a. 2080 B.C.— 1525 b.c— about 
 5 c. 
 
 1. nom. — Syria or A. 
 
 2. course of conquest. 
 
 &. 1900 B.C. — darkest period. 
 
 c. Abraham, 1920 B.C. 
 
 d. Jacob, 1706 B.C. 
 
 27. Third Period. 
 a. revival. 
 
 h. 1525 B.C.— 525 B.C.— 1000 y. 
 c. two ages. 
 
 28. The grand age— 3 c. 
 a. Theban prince. 
 
 1. reward. 
 h. cent, power. 
 
 c. 1525 B.C.— 1200 B.C. 
 
 1. temple-palaces. 
 
 2. for ex. :— Eth., A., S.; Mes. 
 
 d. Eameses II. (Sesostris). 
 
 29. The age of decay — 6 c. 
 a. 1200 B.C.— 525 b.c. 
 
 & Cambyses, 525 B.C. 
 
 c. Alex., 332 B.C. 
 
 1. founded. 
 
 2. Ptolemy, 323 B.C. • 
 
 d. Ptol. — for three c. 
 1. Cleopatra. 
 
 6. Roman province, 30 B.C. 
 
 Egyptian Civilization. 
 
 30. Government. 
 a. h. m. 
 
 1. checks to absolutism. 
 {a.) priests, 
 (&.) law. 
 
 (1.) right to enact. 
 
 31-35. Caste. 
 
 a. what was it ? 
 &. divisions. 
 
 1. privileged castes. 
 {a.) sacerdotal. 
 
 CL.) richest, etc. 
 (2.) " priest " — ^many occ. 
 (3.) exclusively. 
 (4.) ascendency — rel. rit. 
 (&.) military. 
 (1.) 400,000. 
 (2.) 6^ a.— tax. 
 (3.) art or trade. 
 
 2. lower castes — hus., artif., 
 
 herds. 
 {a.) lowest — temples. 
 (6.) pol. rights — land. 
 (1.) rented from k. — one- 
 fifth, 
 c. effect. 
 
 1. prog, ; per. amb. ; unif. 
 
 36. Population. 
 
 a. five. 
 &. increase. 
 1. why? 
 c. public works. 
 
 37. Cities. 
 
 a. 20,000 (H.). 
 J). M. 
 
 1. twelve. 
 
 2. present condition. 
 {a.) Gizeh. 
 
 3. P., S., tombs. 
 c. T. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. Karnak and Luxor. 
 {a.) giant. 
 
 38. 39. Architecture. 
 
 a. advances ; instinct. 
 
ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 b. distinguisliing feature. 
 1. aven. of sph., etc. 
 
 c. pyramids. 
 
 1. purpose. 
 
 2. most celebrated. 
 
 3. 70— M. 
 
 4. 450—764—13. 
 
 5. second ; third. 
 
 6. 1600 tons. 
 
 7. 2000— 3 y. 
 
 40. Sculpture. 
 
 a. character. 
 
 b. peculiarity. 
 
 1. explanation — fettered. 
 
 41. Painting. 
 
 a. character. 
 
 1. frescoes, bril., etc. 
 (a.) drawing. 
 
 b. fettered. 
 
 1. prescribed colors. 
 
 42. Writing. 
 
 a. extent of practice. 
 
 1. inscription. 
 
 2. every object. 
 6. material. 
 
 1. "paper" 
 
 2. 2000 B.C. 
 
 43. 44. Religion. 
 
 a. grand conceptions. 
 1. — . 2. — . 
 
 b. various forms. 
 
 1, symbols. 
 
 2. oibj. of w. 
 
 c. every day. 
 
 d. Osiris and Isis. 
 
 6. worship of animals — strik- 
 ing p. 
 
 1. general. 
 
 2. special. 
 
 3. highest honors, 
 
 4. care of sacred animals. 
 (a.) ibis or hawk. 
 
 5. extension owing to. 
 
 6. effect. 
 
 45. Embalming. 
 a. connected with. 
 
 6. reason. 
 
 c. sepulchers, why ornamented . 
 
 46. Arts and manufactures. 
 
 a. adepts. 
 
 b. precious stones, etc. 
 
 c. flax ; metals ; walls and c, 
 
 use and or. 
 
 47. Science. 
 
 a. extent. 
 
 b. nature. 
 1. fact. 
 
 (a.) Pythagoras. 
 (1.) demonstration. 
 
 c. astronomy. 
 
 1. Chaldseans. 
 
 d. geometry. 
 
 48. Summary. 
 
 a. great char. 
 
 1. seen in what? 
 
 2. mummy. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMIVIARY.* 
 
 ]. Fir.st Period. 
 
 a. beg. of E. hist. 
 
 b. P.-builders. 
 
 c. Hyksos. 
 
 II. Second Period. 
 
 a. Hyksos. 
 
 1. complete sub. 
 
 b. Abraham. 
 
 c. Jacob. 
 
 d. expul. of H. 
 
 III. Third Period. 
 
 a. revival. 
 
 b. most bril. cent. 
 
 c. Exodus. 
 
 d. Cambyses. 
 
 * It is recommended that the dates 
 of this and the following summaries — 
 or, the most important of them, at any 
 rate — be placed upon the board, and 
 the student required to connect them 
 rapidly with their appropriate events. 
 An occasional drill of this kind will 
 greatly facilitate the woi'k of fixing 
 these important historical landmarks in 
 the student's memory. 
 
THE ASSYRIANS AND BABYLONIANS. 
 
 IV. Later events. 
 a. Alex. 
 h. Ptolemies. 
 c. R. prov. 
 
 OHAPTEE III. 
 
 THE ASSYRIANS AND 
 BABYLONIANS. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 49, 50. Antiquity of Clial- 
 daean civilization. 
 a. compared witli E. 
 
 1. 23d c. B.C. 
 
 2. antedate. 
 &. Bible record. 
 
 1. commencement. 
 {a.) Sliinar, i. e. M. 
 (&.) Babel. 
 (1.) Babylonian tradition. 
 
 51. Topographical. 
 
 a. higWands of Armenia. 
 
 c. desert zone. 
 
 52. Geographical divisions. 
 
 a. territorial. 
 
 1. Mes. ; Slii. 
 
 2. Chal. 
 
 3. Assy. 
 
 4. Susiana. 
 &. political. 
 
 1. Babylonia. 
 
 2, Assy. 
 
 53. The three nations. 
 a. early B., or C. K. 
 &. A. E. 
 c. later B. K. 
 
 54. 
 
 a 
 h. 
 
 Modern research. 
 
 know, enlarged, 
 buried cities. 
 
 1. Layard (1845). 
 
 2. cuneiform. 
 
 Early Babylonian, or Chaldaean 
 King-dom. 
 
 55. Physical description. 
 
 a. age ; locality. 
 6. fertility. 
 
 1. wheat. 
 
 2. date-palm, etc. 
 
 56. Earliest history. 
 a. united kingdom. 
 
 1. Nimrod. 
 
 2. Tetrapolis : — B. ; Erech ; 
 
 Accad ; Calneh. 
 {a.) identified. 
 
 57. Astronomy. 
 a. worship. 
 
 h. what led to study, 
 c. observations, 1903 y. 
 1. Alex., 331 B.C. 
 
 58. Architecture. 
 a. Babel. 
 
 6. rude material. 
 
 1. design. 
 
 2. steps. 
 
 59. Other arts. 
 
 a. letters — character. 
 1. stamped bricks. 
 h. gems. 
 
 c. metals. 
 
 d. fabrics. 
 
 e. "ships of Ur." 
 
 60. Ur. 
 
 a, site. 
 
 &. Abraham, 2000 B. c. 
 1. why emig. to C. ? 
 
 61. Decline of Chaldasa. 
 a. Assyria, 13th c. B.C. 
 
 62. 
 
 a. 
 b. 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 Assyria. 
 
 Early history, 
 a Sem. people of C. 
 to upper T. 
 subject to C. 
 advanced rapidly. 
 1. 1250 B.C. 
 
ANCIENT ORIENTAL M0NABCRIE8. 
 
 2. imp. power. 
 (a.) 625 33. c. 
 
 63. Two periods of Assyria. 
 a. 1250-745 B.C. 
 
 1. Tiglath-pileser II. 
 6. 745-625 B.C. 
 1. fall of N. 
 
 64. Chief events. 
 
 a. first period. 
 
 1. T.-p. I., 1130 B.C.— char- 
 
 acter. 
 
 2. Asshur-idanni-pal. 
 (a.) Sardanapalus. 
 (&.) winged bulls, etc. 
 
 (1.) Caiah. 
 
 3. " era of Nabonassar," 747 
 
 B.C. 
 
 b. second period. 
 
 1. T.-p. II., 745 B.C.— char- 
 
 acter. 
 
 2. Sargon and Shalmaneser 
 
 IV. 
 
 3. Sennacherib, 705-681 B.C. 
 (a.) golden age, 
 
 65. Extent of the Empire. 
 
 a. B., M., M., S., P., P., A., E. 
 
 b. subject states. 
 
 1. local self -gov. 
 
 2. horn, and trib. 
 
 66. Cause of decay. 
 
 a. bundle. 
 &. revolts, etc. 
 
 67. Closing events. 
 
 a. rebellion of B. 
 
 b. fall of N, 625 B.C. 
 
 1. Cyaxares. 
 
 2. Nabopolassar. 
 
 68. Nineveh described. 
 
 a. compar. with mod. cities. 
 
 b. 60 m. 
 
 c. Mosul. 
 
 d. rapid disappearance. 
 1. Alex. 
 
 69. 70. Assyrian civilization. 
 
 a. genius took what form ? 
 
 b. inferior to C. and E. 
 
 c. architecture. 
 
 d. sculpture. 
 
 1. compared with G. and E. 
 
 2. grandeur, etc. 
 
 e. the arts — skill. 
 
 1. glass — lenses. 
 {a.) cut. g. 
 
 2. arch. 
 
 (a.) tunnels, etc. 
 
 3. mechanical powers. 
 
 4. inlaying, etc. , with met. 
 
 5. compared with moderns. 
 
 Later Babylonian Kingdom. 
 
 71. Political situation of Bab- 
 
 ylon. 
 
 a. eclipse. 
 
 b. spirit of indep. 
 
 c. N.'s share of spoil. 
 
 72. Duration, 
 
 a. 625-538 B.C. 
 
 b. Persia, 
 
 -87 y. 
 
 73 Nebuchadnezzar, 43 y. 
 
 a. height of glory. 
 
 b. wars, 
 
 1. Tyre. 
 
 2. Jerusalem, 
 
 c. B, rebuilt. 
 1. boast. 
 
 74. Babylon. 
 
 a. size — London, 
 
 b. walls, 338 x 85. 
 
 1. towers and brazen gates. 
 
 c. pal. and hang. g. 
 1. queen. 
 
 75. Later kings. 
 a. Nabonadius. 
 
 1. Belshazzar. 
 
 76. Persian conquest. 
 a. Cyrus. 
 
 1. Medes, 
 
 2. B., 538 B.c: 
 (a.) E. diverted. 
 
THE HEBREWS. 
 
 (&.) "revelries." 
 (1.) Her.. 
 
 77. Later history. 
 a. Alex., 332 B.C. 
 
 1. capital. 
 {a. ) present tenants. 
 
 78. Babylonian culture. 
 a. mixed race. 
 
 5. "wisdom and learning," 
 
 c. astronomy" ; mathematics. 
 
 d. G. confessed. 
 
 79. Commerce. 
 a. "city of m." 
 
 6. looms — c. and m. 
 1. exchanges. 
 
 {a.) A., I., P.; farE. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMiVIARY. 
 
 First date in C. hist. 
 
 C. sub. and A. ind. 
 
 Age of T.-p I. 
 
 Era of N. 
 
 A. revival — T.-p. II. 
 
 Cyaxares. 
 
 Later B. king. 
 
 Nebu. 
 
 Cyrus, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE HEBREWS. 
 
 80. Sacred history. 
 a. points of contact. 
 
 81. The race. 
 
 a. kinsmen of P., A., A. 
 
 1. why? 
 6. father. 
 
 1. " prom. 1."— 30th c. B.C. 
 
 2. nom. fam. 
 
 c. Egypt, 1320 B.C. 
 
 82. Jewish nationality. 
 
 a. first period, 1320-1095 B.C. 
 
 1. Ex. to Saul. 
 &. second period, 1095-975 B.C. 
 
 1. separation. 
 
 c. third period, 975-586 B.C. 
 1. B. captivity. 
 
 d. fourth period, 586-63 B.C. 
 1. Rome. 
 
 83. First Period. 
 a. theocracy. 
 
 1. high-priest. 
 6. "Judges." 
 
 1. revelation. 
 
 2. honors of royalty. 
 c. Samuel. 
 
 84, 85. Second Period. 
 a. united m. — 3 
 
 h. S.— 40y. 
 
 c. D. (son-in-law) — rank. 
 
 1. Jerusalem. 
 
 2. extent of sway. 
 {a.) Philistines, etc. 
 
 d. S. (son), 1015 B.C. 
 
 1. rank of the state ; rela- 
 
 tions. 
 
 2. wife. 
 
 86, 87. Third Period. 
 
 a. character. 
 &. revolt. 
 
 c. disunion. 
 
 1. Is. (Samaria) — 10. 
 
 2. J. (Jerusalem) — 2. 
 
 d. k. of Israel — 250 y. 
 1. captivity, 721 B.C. 
 
 {a.) Sargon. 
 
 e. k. of Judah. 
 
 1. captivity, 586 B.C. 
 {a.) Nek 
 
 2. 70 y. 
 
 3. restoration, 536 B.C. 
 {a.) Cyrus. 
 
 88. Fourth Period. 
 a. vicissitudes. 
 
 1. satrapy. 
 
 2. Alex., 332 B.C. 
 
 3. Ptol. of E.— 100 y. 
 {a) G, language. 
 (&.) Septuagint. 
 
 (1.) Philadelphus. 
 
10 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 4. revolt, 1G6 e.c, 
 
 5. Pompey, 63 B.C. 
 
 6. disobed. sub. 
 (a.) Titus, 70 A.D. 
 
 89. Summary. 
 a. 150x50. 
 
 h. compar. polit. import. 
 c. contrib. to anc. civ. 
 
 90. Mission of the Jews. 
 a. spiritual and moral. 
 
 1. bards and sages. 
 {a.) Old Test. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY. 
 
 Abraham. 
 
 Exodus. 
 
 Monarchy. 
 
 Solomon. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Captiv. of Is. 
 Bab. captiv. 
 Return 
 Alex. 
 Rome. 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 THE PHCENICIANS. 
 
 91. Interest of their history. 
 a. importance. 
 
 J}, territory, 
 
 1. Lebanon. 
 c. civilization. 
 
 92. Traders and colonizers. 
 a. priority. 
 
 1. subseq. rivals. 
 {a.) 1000 B.C.— ^gean, etc. 
 (&.) already there. 
 
 93. Carthage, 9th c. B.C. 
 a. fame. 
 
 6. Hannibal, 
 
 94. Extent of settlements. 
 
 a. " Pil.of H."— (modern name.) 
 h. Gades — (modern name). 
 
 c. Cornwall. 
 1. quest. 
 
 d. A. and P. Gulfs. 
 1. I., Ceylon, A. 
 
 c. several centuries before. 
 
 95. Planting of colonies. 
 
 a. origin and motive. 
 
 1. market. 
 
 2. carrying-trade. 
 
 3. noticeable contrast. 
 
 b. effect. 
 
 1. prosperity. 
 
 {a. ) how secured ? 
 
 2. civil liberty. 
 
 96. Alphabet. 
 
 n. first per, 
 h. importance. 
 
 c. Egyptians. 
 
 1. phonetic. 
 
 2. sev. hun. 
 
 d. B. and A. 
 
 1. cuneiform. 
 {a.) syllables. 
 
 e. P. 
 
 1. one char, to one sound. 
 
 2. period. 
 
 /. chain of indebtedness. 
 
 97. Cadmus. 
 a. Pliny. 
 
 1. 16. 
 
 2. Palamedes — 4. 
 {a.) T. war. 
 
 3. Simonides — 4. 
 6. ''the East." 
 
 98. Origin of the Phoenicians. 
 
 a. darkness. 
 h. Semites. 
 1. native seat. 
 
 c. from C. 
 
 1. Canaanites. 
 
 d. ties of f. with J. 
 
 1. Hiram, friend of D. and S. 
 
 99. Nature of the nation, 
 
 CL sev. states, 
 
 1. when united? 
 h. chief cities— S., T. 
 
 1. more ancient. 
 
 2. most flourishing till 1050 
 
 B.C. 
 
 100. Commerce of Tyre, 1050 
 
 B,C. 
 
TEE HINDOOS. 
 
 11 
 
 a. Tarsliisli. 
 
 1. where? 
 &. Ophir, 
 
 1. where? 
 
 c. exports. 
 
 1. em. and g. of S. 
 
 2. T. purple. 
 {a.) source. 
 
 d. metallurgy— bronzes, etc. 
 
 101. Checkered political his- 
 
 tory. 
 a. A. — 9th c. B.C. 
 h. B.— Neb.— 7th c. B.C. 
 
 c. P. — Cam.. — Gth c. B.C. 
 
 d. G. — Alex.— 4th c. B.C. 
 
 e. R.— 63 B.C. 
 
 102. General survey. 
 a. greatest period. 
 
 1. 500. 
 6. sea-trade. 
 1. GandC. 
 
 c. car. -trade. 
 1. A. via B. 
 
 d. rise of Alex. 
 
 e. light went out. 
 
 103. Their part in history, 
 a. diffuser of c. 
 
 1. G. and L. 
 &. remarkable fact. 
 1. kinship with H. 
 
 c. compared with B. 
 
 1. learning, etc. — adaptors. 
 
 d. compared with G. and L. 
 1. polit. instinct. 
 
 {a. ) liberty ; dominion. 
 
 e. " quiet and secure. " 
 1. Book of J. 
 
 104. Their civilization. 
 
 a. material. 
 
 1. earliest m., etc. 
 &. the world's debt to them. 
 
 1. alph. 
 
 3. learn., sci., art. 
 {a.) borrowed fr. E. 
 
 (b.) " bird dropping grains/' 
 etc. 
 (1.) Mommsen. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE HINDOOS. 
 
 105. Asiatic Aryans. 
 a. — , 6. — . 
 
 106. First seat of the Aryans. 
 
 Q. forefathers. 
 
 1. W. Asia. 
 
 2. side by side. 
 1). all immigrants. 
 
 1. like G., L., etc. 
 c. Oxus and Jaxartes. 
 
 107. Migration. 
 
 a. n. w. I., 8000 B.C. 
 
 1, bet. In. and Jumna. 
 {a) Arya Varta. 
 
 2. n. of Vindya. 
 
 108. Amalgamation. . 
 a. natives of I. 
 
 1. subdued. 
 2.. intermixed. 
 h. identity lost. 
 1. explains what ? 
 {a.) advances in lit. and 
 
 phil. 
 (6.) stationary. 
 c. contrast with Persians. 
 
 109. Alexander's visit. 
 a. first notice, 32G B.C. 
 h. looked into. 
 
 c. historians. 
 
 1. remarkable correspond- 
 ence. 
 
 110. Castes. 
 a. Egypt. 
 
 5. present day. 
 
 c. divisions of society. 
 
 1. Brahmins. 
 {a) business. 
 
 2. Kshatriyas. 
 {a.) business. 
 
 3. Vaisyas, 
 {a.) business. 
 
 4. Sudras. 
 
 {a) business. 
 
12 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 5. Pariali. 
 d. every person. 
 6. intermarriage. 
 
 111. Origin of caste. 
 a. conquering A. 
 
 &. varna. 
 
 112. Sanscrit speech. 
 a. formerly. 
 
 &. now. 
 
 1. Brahmins, etc. 
 
 c. its study by E. 
 
 1. when? 
 
 2. result. 
 
 {a. ) Indo-Eur. (A.). 
 
 d. remarkable likeness. 
 1. parent ; nearest. 
 
 e. highly developed. 
 
 113. Literature. 
 a. vast body. 
 
 1. present day. 
 &. Vedas, 2000 B.C.— what? 
 
 114. Religion. 
 
 a. "one unknown true," etc. 
 h. "not conceivable," etc. 
 
 c. pantheism —what? 
 
 1. "in him," etc. 
 
 2. " all that exists," etc. 
 
 d. three forms. 
 
 1. Brah., the c. 
 
 2. Vish., the p. 
 
 3. Si., the d. 
 
 115. Doctrine of transmigra- 
 
 tion. 
 a. central point — explain. 
 
 1. punishment. 
 
 2. reunion with D. S. 
 
 3. prayer, etc, 
 
 {a.) what if neglected ? 
 
 116. Other vrritings. 
 a. prose and poetry. 
 
 1. translations. 
 
 2. worth. 
 
 3. popular appreciation. 
 
 117. Architecture. 
 
 a. remains. 
 
 &. rock-hewn t. and g. 
 
 1. Ellora — L. India. 
 
 2. Elephanta— Bombay. 
 
 3. labor required. 
 
 118. Buddhism, 6th c. B.C. 
 a. Gautauma. 
 
 h. grew out of what ? 
 
 c. importance. 
 
 d. spread. 
 
 e. at present. 
 
 119. Commerce. 
 
 a. center of trade. 
 
 1. pearls, etc. 
 h. Phoenicians. 
 
 c. Ital. repub. — when? 
 
 d. course of trade. 
 
 1. Arabia, etc. 
 
 2. C. of G. H.— V. da G. 
 
 when? 
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 
 THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 
 Historical Outline. 
 
 120. Connection of Media and 
 
 Persia. 
 
 a, same race. 
 &. absorbed. 
 
 121. Origin of the races. 
 a. Iran — Zagros. 
 
 h. immigrants. 
 c. 8th c. B.C. 
 
 122. 123. Early Medes. 
 
 a. Sargon, 710 B.C. 
 1. colonies. 
 {a.) Israelites. 
 h. Cyaxares, 633 B.C. 
 
 1. Nineveh, 625 B.C. 
 
 2. Asia Minor. 
 c. Astyages. 
 
 1. P. 
 {a.) Cyrus the G. 
 
 124, 125, Early Persians. 
 a. subject. 
 
TEE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 13 
 
 1. Cambyses. 
 
 {a.) suzerain. 
 
 (6.) tribute. 
 
 (c.) son-in-law. 
 3. Cyrus — hostage. 
 
 {a.) true history. 
 
 (&.) fable. 
 (1.) current story. 
 
 126. Conquests of Cyrus— 29 y. 
 a. 558 B.C. 
 
 6. Media. 
 
 c. Croesus. 
 
 1. Sardis. 
 
 2. Halys. 
 
 3. Sinope. 
 
 4. overthrow, 554 B.C. 
 {a.) Rawlinson. 
 
 d. G. cities and col. 
 
 6. remote E., 553-540 B.C. 
 1. Indus — Par., Bac, Sog., 
 etc 
 /. B., 538 B.C. 
 
 127. Extent of his empire. 
 
 a. In. to H.; J. to S. 
 
 &. work left to successors. 
 
 128. Character of Cyrus. 
 a. as a sovereign. 
 
 &. as a soldier. 
 c. as a man. 
 
 129. Cambyses. 
 a. Smerdis. 
 
 1. fate. 
 h. Egypt, 525 B.C. 
 1. C.'s behavior there. 
 
 {a.) Psammenitus. 
 
 (&.) sacred calf. 
 
 (c.) courtier. 
 
 130. Revolution. 
 
 a. Gomates, a Magian. 
 1. C.'s end, 522 B.C. 
 («.) 8 y. 
 h. Smerdis. 
 
 1. 8 m. 
 
 2. Darius, son of Hystaspes. 
 
 131. Reign of Darius I. 
 a. surname ; rank. 
 
 &. work as related to that of C. 
 c. credit entitled to. 
 1. two centuries. 
 
 132. Organization of his gov- 
 
 ernment. 
 
 a. ''satrapies." 
 
 1. native trib. kings. 
 
 2. P. officials. 
 h. fixed tribute. 
 
 c. "royal roads." 
 1. posts. 
 
 d. centers. , 
 
 1. Susa. 
 
 2. Ecbatana. 
 
 3. B. 
 
 133. Relations with Greece. 
 
 a. interesting event. 
 
 1. G. cities of Ionia. 
 {a) encouraged by A. 
 
 2. Marathon, 490 B.C. 
 T). history interwoven. 
 
 Persian Civilization. 
 
 134. Persian character. 
 a. ' Aryan.' 
 
 1 . explain term. _ 
 &. hardy m. 
 
 1. war ; manners ; habits ; 
 wine ; luxuries. 
 
 c. intellectuality. 
 
 1. po. and art. 
 
 2. prototypes. 
 
 d. deterioration. 
 
 1. conquests when? 
 
 135. Architecture. 
 
 a. pupils. 
 
 1. many centuries. 
 
 b. adapted. 
 
 e. new style. 
 
 1. compared with E. and A. 
 
 2. compared with G. 
 
 d. masterpieces. 
 
 e. Persepolis. 
 
 1. disting. features. 
 {a.) platforms ; staircases ; 
 columns. 
 
14 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 I 
 
 136. Arts. 
 a. rank. 
 
 1. boast. 
 &. domestic manufac. 
 
 1. carpets and ni. of B. and S. 
 
 2. s. of C. and I. 
 
 3. fine 1. of E. 
 
 4. varied man. of P. 
 
 137. Religion. 
 
 a. compared with E., A,, B., P. 
 &. primitively. 
 
 1. " Lord Grod of heaven." 
 c. early change. 
 
 1. perpetual conflict. 
 {a.) Ormazd. 
 (&.) Ahriman. 
 
 138. Fire worship. 
 
 a. further corruption. 
 
 1. M. had learned from S. 
 &. Magianism (priests). 
 1. altars where ? 
 {a.) kindled how ? 
 (6.) magic. 
 
 139. Theory of government. 
 a. advance. 
 
 1. how? 
 &. rank. 
 
 140. Literature. 
 a. extent. 
 
 h. remains. 
 
 c. Zend-Avesta, 
 1. what? 
 
 3. Zoroaster. 
 {a) who? 
 
 d. Shah Nameh — mid. 10th c. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1. Firdousi. 
 {a) who? 
 
 2. value. 
 
 6. rank of P. poetry. 
 
 1. compared with G. 
 {a) creative imag. 
 
 2. compared with H. 
 {a.) grand insp. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY. 
 
 Cyasares. 
 Cyrus. 
 Ijydia. 
 Babylon. 
 
 Cambyses. 
 Egypt. 
 Darius H. 
 Greece. 
 
 OHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 COMMERCE OF THE 
 
 ANCIEJNTTS. 
 
 141. Ancient commercial na- 
 tions. 
 a. anterior to G. 
 1. -, 3. - 3. -. 
 142-144. Babylonian trade. 
 a. favorable situation. 
 h. embraced what? 
 
 1. exchange ; purchase. 
 
 c. manufactures. 
 
 1. useful. 
 
 {a.) cot., w., car. 
 
 2. luxury. 
 
 {a) perf. w., w.-c, prec. s. 
 
 3. soiight after. 
 
 d. land-routes. 
 
 1. P. and N. I. 
 
 {a.) g., pr. St., dye-stuffs. 
 
 2. Candahar and Cashmere. 
 {a.) fine w. 
 
 3. Bactria (Gobi). 
 {a.) emer., jas., etc. 
 
 e. sea-routes. 
 
 1. In. and Ceylon. 
 {a.) timber. 
 
 (&.) sug,, spi., cin., pearl. 
 
 2. Bahrein. 
 {a.) finest p. 
 
 145-151. Phoenician trade. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 1). consisted in what ? 
 
 1. fabrics of S. 
 
 2. purples of T. 
 c. land-routes. 
 
 1. Arabian, including E. and 
 In. 
 
COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS. 
 
 15 
 
 3. Babylonian, including C. 
 
 A. and N. I. 
 3. Armenian, including S, 
 and C. countries. 
 {a) Ezekiel : — Javan, i.e. — 
 Tubal and Meshech, 
 i. e. — . 
 (1.) per. of m. ; ves. of b. 
 (&.) Togarmali, i. e. — . 
 (1.) h., etc. 
 
 d. Arabia and tbe Levant. 
 
 1. Yemen (A. Felix). 
 {a.) frankincense, etc. 
 
 (1.) gold from A. 
 
 2. Judea and Syria. 
 
 3. why close alliance with 
 
 J. k.? 
 
 e. eastern trade. 
 1. Syrian d. 
 
 {a.) Baalbec. 
 (&.) Palmyra. 
 /. Scytbian trade. 
 
 1. corresponds to what now ? 
 {a.) Bokhara. 
 
 2. G. colonies on the E. 
 
 3. Indian. 
 
 {a) Bactra (Balkh). 
 (&.) Marcanda (Samarcand). 
 (c.) C. sea. 
 {d.) caravans. 
 g. maritime trade. 
 
 1. Mediterranean. 
 
 {a.) M. great highway. 
 (&.) Spain. 
 
 (1.) rank in pr. met. 
 
 (2.) Tarshish, i. e.— "all 
 kinds," etc. (Ez.). 
 (c.) Cornwall. 
 
 (1.) for what? 
 {d.) prob. to P. 
 
 (1.) for what? 
 
 2. eastern seas. 
 
 {a) In., A., is. of C. 
 
 3. Cape of G. H. 
 
 {a.) Pharaoh Necho. 
 (&.) why no import, results. 
 (1.) B. conquest, 6th c. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 152-154. ilparthaginian trade. 
 a. manufactures. 
 
 1. fine c.,hard., pot., leather h. 
 &. land-trade. 
 
 1. with whom? how? 
 
 2. chief imports. 
 e. maritime trade. 
 
 1. Mediterranean. 
 
 (a) G. col. in S. and s. I. 
 
 (1.) exchanges. 
 (5.) S.— the El D. of antiq. 
 (c.) monopoly of what 
 
 trade ? 
 {d.) tin and amber. 
 
 2. African. 
 
 [a) col. in Mor. and Fez. 
 (&.) Cerne (Suana).* 
 
 (1.) light barks. 
 {c.) exchanges. 
 
 (1.) trinkets, saddlery, c. 
 goods, pot., arms. 
 
 (2.) h. and i. 
 {d) Guinea and beyond. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Nations treated of. 
 
 • a. — , &. — , c.—, d.—, e.—, /.- 
 
 II. Classification of Races. 
 a. A., or I.-E. 
 
 1.- 2.-. 
 &. S. 
 
 1.-, 3—, 3.—. 
 c. H. 
 
 1.- 2.-. 
 
 III. Place in history. 
 
 a. Egyptians — leading H. 
 
 1. developed how ? 
 
 2. conquering? 
 
 3. building. 
 
 4. mech. arts. 
 
 5. sciences. 
 
 6. character of civil. 
 
 * Hanno (570 B.C.). 
 
 a. 60 ships and 30,000 c. 
 h. chain of 6 col. 
 c. between G. and C. 
 
16 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONABGHIES. 
 
 b. Clialdseans — allied to E. 
 
 1. building. 
 
 2. ast. 
 
 3. civ. mater. 
 
 c. Assyrians^ — al. pure S. 
 
 1. conquering? 
 
 2. sway. 
 
 (a.) Media to E. 
 
 3. fine arts— sculpture. 
 
 d. Babylonians (Later k.). 
 
 1. under Assyria. 
 (a.) importance. 
 
 2. independent. 
 (a.) 87 y. 
 
 3. advances in c, m., a. 
 
 e. Hindoos— pure A. 
 
 1. remarkable. 
 
 (a.) contem. and mys. spec. 
 
 2. literature. 
 (a.) Sanscrit. 
 
 (1.) comparative antiq. 
 
 3. political inliuence. 
 (a.) Alex., 326 B.C. 
 
 /. Hebrews — pure S. 
 
 1. "p. p." 
 
 2. influence. 
 (a.) political, 
 (&.) religious. 
 
 (1.) monotheism. 
 (2.) great legacy. 
 
 3. art. 
 
 g. Phoenicians — pure S. 
 
 1. pre-eminence. 
 (a.) trade. 
 
 (&.) col. 
 (1.) Med. 
 
 2. legacy. 
 
 h. Persians — pure A, 
 
 1. approach to E. civil. 
 (a.) idea of pol. organ. 
 
 2. conquering? 
 
 3. period of greatness. 
 
 (a.) C. to A., 558-331 B.C. 
 
 4. art — ar. and s. 
 
 IV. Chronologic Summary. 
 a. Egypt. 
 
 1. beg. of auth. hist. 
 
 2. Persians. 
 
 3. Romans, 
 
 b. Chaldsea (Early B.). 
 
 1. first date. 
 
 2. absorption. 
 
 c. Assyria. 
 
 1. becomes great. 
 
 2. overthrow. 
 
 d. Babylonia. 
 
 1. era of N. 
 
 2. Nabopolassar. 
 
 3. overthrow. 
 
 e. India. 
 
 1 . immigra. of Brah. Aryans 
 
 2. Alex. 
 /. Palestine. 
 
 1. Abraham. 
 
 2. exodus. 
 
 3. Solomon. 
 
 4. Israel and Judah. 
 
 5. captiv. to A. 
 
 6. captiv. to B. 
 
 7. return. 
 
 8. Rome. 
 g. Phoenicia. 
 
 1. leading city-state, 
 
 2. Assyrians. 
 
 3. Carthage. 
 
 4. Tyre cap. 
 
 5. Romans- 
 h. Persia. 
 
 1. founding of mon. 
 
 2. Cambyses. 
 
 3. Empire organized. 
 
 4. Xerxes. 
 
 5. overthrow. 
 
 Y. General Summary. 
 
 a. great feature of all. 
 
 1. explanation — free play. 
 (a.) despotisms. 
 (&.) castes, 
 (c.) polygamy. 
 
 b. wonderful beginnings. 
 
 1. where? 
 
 2. who carry forward ? 
 (a.) free soil of E. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 17 
 
 SEOTIO]^ II. 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 [Observe that the dates of this section are b.c] 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 1. Subject stated. 
 a. great E. nat. of a. 
 
 1. " glory," etc./' grandeur," 
 etc. 
 6. period of history. 
 1. downfall— A. D. 476. 
 
 1. Contrast with Oriental his- 
 
 tory. 
 a. Orient presents what ? 
 
 1. individual freedom. 
 6. E. presents what ? 
 
 1. rights of man, 
 
 c. dynasties ; people. 
 
 d. relative interest and value. 
 
 2. The Greek race. 
 a. A., or I.-E. 
 
 1. includes what ? 
 6. how related to R. 
 
 1. one swarm, 2000 B.C. 
 
 2. kept together. 
 {a.) evidence. 
 
 3. final settlements. 
 
 3. Hellas. 
 
 a. the term, Greece. 
 
 1. Romans. 
 &. included what ? 
 
 4. Physical features — two facts. 
 a. isl. and p. — b. and in. 
 
 1. explains what ? 
 {a.) Oriental civil. 
 (1.) E. and P. 
 h. ridged. 
 
 1. isolated regions. 
 {a.) explains what? 
 (&.) earliest polit. free. 
 
 5. Extent. 
 
 a. 250 X 180— State of M. 
 
 6. Divisions. 
 a. Northern. 
 
 1. G. of MaUs. 
 
 2. Ambracian G. (Actium). 
 h. Central. 
 
 1. Corinth. 
 c. Southern. 
 
 1. Peloponnesus. 
 {a.) modern name. 
 
 7. Northern Greece — 2. 
 a. T. and E. 
 
 h. M. 
 
 1. later times. 
 
 8. Central Greece — 11. 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. Meg., At., Boe., Pho., W. 
 Loc, ^t,, Acar., ^nia- 
 nia. Dor., Mai., E. Loc. 
 h. most important. 
 
 1. foreland. 
 
 2. 70 ; 30. 
 
 3. gen. char. 
 
 4. capital — rank. 
 
 9. Southern Greece, or P. — 7. 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. Cor., Arg., Lac, or L., 
 Mes., El., Ach., Arc. 
 h. most important. 
 1. capital — rank. 
 
 10. Isles of Greece. 
 a. Eu.— 100 m. 
 
 6. Cor. 
 
18 
 
 BISTORT OF GREECE. 
 
 e. Cr.— 150 m. 
 
 d. Mgemu archipelago. 
 
 1. Cy. 
 
 2. Spo. 
 
 11. Pelasgi, 2000 B.C. 
 a. race. 
 
 1. tillage. 
 
 2. walled cities. 
 
 6. Cyclopean remains. 
 1. tombs and walls. 
 
 12. 
 
 a. 
 &. 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 Hellenes (prehistoric). 
 Tliessaly. 
 
 overwhelmed the P. 
 gave name to what ? 
 divisions: — Do., -^o., Ach. 
 lo. 
 
 13. Legendary age. 
 a. history — myths. 
 
 1. heroes. 
 
 {a.) hence what term ? 
 
 2. " spoil good poem/' etc. 
 
 14, 15. Siege of Troy. 
 a. H.'s 11. 
 
 1. Ilium, or T. 
 
 2. recent explorations.* 
 h. outline of story. 
 
 1. cause. 
 (61^.) Paris. 
 (&.) Menelaus. 
 {c.) Helen. 
 
 2. to arms. 
 
 {a.) Agamemnon. 
 
 "(1.) league. 
 (&.) Hector. 
 {c.) 10 y. 
 8. the struggle. 
 {a.) Achilles offended. 
 (&.) ships on fire. 
 (c.) Patroclus — Myrmidons. 
 (1.) Apollo. 
 
 4. Hector's death. 
 
 5. Achilles' death. 
 
 6. wooden horse, 
 {a.) Ulysses. 
 
 * Schlietnann. 
 
 16. Homeric Greece. 
 
 a. best sources of information. 
 
 1. 11. and Odyssey. 
 h. features of society. 
 
 1. kingly gov. 
 
 2. predom. of tribe. 
 
 3. king's council. 
 
 4. assembly. 
 
 [a.) to receive com. 
 (&.) to witness t^ 
 (c. ) what authority ? 
 
 5. women. 
 
 6. slavery. 
 
 7. wars. 
 
 [a) virtues most esteemed. 
 
 8. religion. 
 
 {a.) poly, and fate. 
 (&.) priestly char. 
 (c.) temples, etc. 
 
 Foreign influence. 
 P. and E. settlements. 
 1. doubts. 
 
 contact with P. where ? 
 alphabet. 
 Egypt. 
 
 1. lore ; arts and sciences ; 
 religion. 
 
 Greek civilization original, 
 stamped, 
 1. inference. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 a. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE PIUST PERIOD. 
 
 [From the Dorian migraiion to the be- 
 ginning of the Persian War, 1100-500 
 'B.C.] 
 
 Beginnings of Greek History. 
 
 19. Periods of Greek history. 
 a. 1100-500 B.C. 
 h. 500-338 B.C. 
 
 1. Phil, of Mac. 
 c. 338-146 B.C. 
 
 1. Rom. conq. 
 
HISTORY OF THE FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 n 
 
 20-23. Period of settlement. 
 a. movements of tribes. 
 
 1. result. 
 6. Dorians, about 1100 B.C. 
 
 1. Mt. (Eta. 
 
 2. conq. Acbseans. 
 
 3. Laconia, etc. 
 
 G. other tribal movements. 
 1. Acbseans. 
 {a.) nortbern coast. 
 (&.) drive out whom? 
 3. lonians. 
 
 {a.) kinsmen in Attica. 
 (6.) dominant. 
 (1.) Cyclades. 
 
 d. colonies in A. M. 
 
 1. ^o. 
 
 {a.) Mysia and Lesbos— 12. 
 (1.) ^olis. 
 
 2. lo. 
 
 {a ) Lydia, Chios and Sam. 
 (1.) Ionia. 
 
 3. D. 
 
 {a) s.-w., etc. 
 (1.) Doris. 
 
 4. relative importance. 
 
 e. other settlements. 
 
 1. T.andM.,is. w.of G., Sic, 
 
 Low. It. (Mag. Gre.), Cyre. 
 
 2. outposts. 
 {a.) Euxine. 
 
 (&.) Massilia — mod. name. 
 
 24. Effect of colonies. 
 a. impulse to H. civil. 
 
 1. favored climes, etc. 
 
 2. nav. and com. 
 
 26. Character of the two lead- 
 ing races. 
 a. lonians. 
 
 1. dem. spirit. 
 
 2. refinement, etc. 
 &. Dorians. 
 
 1. aristo. gov. 
 
 2. simplicity. 
 
 3. sla. 
 
 ". effect of these diff. of char. 
 1. antag. bet. A. and S. 
 
 27. Beginning of real history. 
 
 a. First Olym., 776 B.C. 
 1. festival of 0. J.— Elis. 
 {a.) foot-race. 
 
 28. Political change, 8th c. B.C. 
 a. during heroic age. 
 
 h. free states. 
 
 1. nominal exception. 
 c, each city. 
 
 1. effect — polit. sci. 
 
 29. Hellenic unity. 
 a. national feeling. 
 
 1. grew out of what ? 
 
 2. fostered by what ? 
 
 {a.) lang. ; lit. ; relig., etc. 
 (1.) open to all. 
 h. patriotism. 
 
 1. Persia. 
 
 2. sectional contests. 
 c. Federal Union. 
 
 1. too late. 
 
 Growth of Sparta and Athens. 
 
 30. Subject stated. 
 
 a. all G. — Persia — 500 B.C. 
 
 31. 32. Sparta. 
 a. dominant. 
 
 h. part of D. wave, 1100 B.C. 
 
 c. Dorian states. 
 
 1. A., M., L., or L. 
 
 d. supremacy of L. 
 1. owing to what? 
 
 {a.) Lycurgus. 
 (1.) 850 B.C. 
 (2.) reliable history. 
 (3. ) probable work. 
 
 33. Cause of Spartan peculiar- 
 ities. 
 a. native A. elsewhere in P. 
 
 1. fusion. 
 &. native A. in L. 
 
 1. separation. 
 
 2. per. free. — pol. rights. 
 
 3. Helots. 
 c. 9000. 
 
 1. military training. 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 34-36. LycuTgan legislation. 
 a. chief object. 
 
 1. how accomplislied ? 
 &. education. 
 
 1. weakly children. 
 
 2. males at seven. 
 
 3. whole time. 
 {a.) messes. 
 
 (1.) how supported? 
 
 4. physical training (60th y.). 
 (ffi.) inured. 
 
 5. bodily torture. 
 
 6. thieving expeditions. 
 («.) detection. 
 
 (1.) stolen fox. 
 
 7. girls' training. 
 {(A.) influence. 
 
 (p.) " with shield, or on it." 
 
 c. effects. 
 
 1. warriors, 
 (a.) contrib. nothing. 
 (1.) effeminacy. 
 3. oratory. 
 
 3. "wise saws." 
 {a) laconic. 
 
 4. commerce. 
 {a.) money. 
 
 5. agriculture. 
 
 6. city life. 
 
 d. character of Spartans. 
 
 1. as soldiers. 
 
 2. as a people. 
 
 37. Constitution of Sparta. 
 a. nominally a k. 
 
 1. joint-kings. 
 
 (re.) armies, sacrifices. 
 6. really an o. r. 
 
 1. Senate ; Assembly. 
 
 (a.) Ephors. 
 
 38. Spartan conquests. 
 a. Messenians. 
 
 1. 743-724 B.C. 
 
 2. 685-668 B.C. 
 
 6. Argives, 547 B.C. 
 
 1. lead, of D. Com. 
 c. right of interfer., 6th c. B.C. 
 
 1. sway over Greece. 
 
 (a.) Persians. 
 
 39. Athens. 
 a. destiny. 
 
 1. dem. freedom. 
 
 2. intel. supremacy. 
 
 {a.) " A., the eye of G.," etc. 
 
 40. Early history. 
 
 a. flower. 
 6. mythic. 
 
 c. kingly gov. (prehistoric). 
 1. Codrus. 
 
 41. Nature of the early govern- 
 
 ment. 
 a. priv. class. 
 &. archon. 
 
 1. roy. fam. 
 
 («.) term of office. 
 
 2. thrown open. 
 
 3. number increased. 
 (<x.) term of office. 
 
 c. Senate. 
 
 1. Areopagus. 
 
 2. exclusively. 
 
 d. mass of the people. 
 
 42. Laws of Draco, 624 B.C. 
 
 a. origin. 
 &. character. 
 
 1. death-penalty. 
 
 2. written in blood. 
 {a.) how justified? 
 
 43. Revolution. 
 
 a. legislation of D. failed. 
 
 1. outbreaks. 
 
 2. anarchy. 
 &. Solon. 
 
 1. archon, 594 B.C. 
 
 2. commission. a 1^ ^ 
 
 r a A ^^ 
 
 44. Laws of Solon. ^ ' 
 
 a. main object. 
 1. moderate gov. 
 (<».) share of power. 
 (&.) preponder. infl. 
 &. character, 
 c. effect. 
 1. progress. 
 
HI8T0BT OF THE SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 21 
 
 3. how satisfactory? 
 d. criticism. 
 
 45, Pisistratidee. 
 
 a. Pisistratus, 560 B.C. 
 
 1. Die, or T. 
 {a.) usurper. 
 
 (1.) not neces. 
 
 2. const, of S. 
 
 3. character of rule. 
 («.) arts ; Homer. 
 
 6. sons of P. — 50 y. 
 c. fate, 510 B.C. 
 
 46, Reforms of Clisthenes. 
 a. A., a pure d. 
 
 1. suffrage. 
 
 2. lib. and equal, 
 &. effect, 
 
 1. patriotism. 
 
 2. leading state. 
 
 47, The ne^n epoch. 
 a. beg. of 5th c. B.C. 
 h. great struggle. 
 
 c. E. against A. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 [From the beginnina of^ the Persian War 
 to the victory of Philip of Macedon at 
 Chceronea, 500-338 B. C] 
 
 The Persian Invasion. 
 
 48, 49. Relations with Persia. 
 a. retrospect. 
 6. G. cities of A. M. 
 
 1. Lydia (Croesus). 
 (a.) Cyrus. 
 
 2. revolt, 500 B.C. 
 {a.) 20 ships. 
 
 (1.) Sardis, 499 B.C. 
 
 50. Wrath of Darius. 
 a. quelled, 494 B.C. 
 6. resolved. 
 
 1. arrow. 
 
 {a.) Auramazda. 
 
 2. "Master," etc. 
 
 51. First hostile movement. 
 
 a. Mardonius. 
 h. Thr.— Mac. 
 
 c. fleet. 
 
 1. Mt. Athos, 
 
 d. return, 492 B.C. 
 
 52. New preparations 
 
 a. greater fury. 
 &. heralds. 
 
 1. earth and w. 
 
 c. submission. 
 
 1. island states. 
 
 2. many others. 
 
 d. prospect. 
 
 e. noble champions. 
 1. league of states. 
 
 53. Invasion of Greece, 490 B.C. 
 a. Datis. 
 
 1. 600 triremes. 
 
 2. Samos. 
 
 (6!^) Cyclades. 
 (5.) Eretria, 
 
 3. bay of Marathon. 
 
 54. Marathon, Sep., 490 B.C. 
 
 a. momentous. 
 h. A. force. 
 
 1. 600 Platseans. 
 
 c. Miltiades. 
 
 d. Persian force. 
 
 e. result. 
 
 55. Sequel. 
 
 a. renewal of hostilities. 
 
 1. death, 485 B.C. 
 &. Xerxes — 10 y. 
 
 56. Affairs at Athens. 
 a. Aristides. 
 
 1. character ; fate. 
 {a.) ostracism.* 
 &. Themistocles. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. advice. 
 
 * banishment. 
 
 a. shell. 
 
 b. 10 y. 
 
 c. unlettered citizeB. 
 
 1. " tired of always," etc. 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF aREEGE. 
 
 (a.) navy. 
 e. preparing. 
 d. congress. 
 
 1. Istlimus of C. 
 
 2. absentees. 
 (a.) why? 
 
 3. head of tlie league. 
 
 57, 58. Beginning of Xerxes's 
 invasion. 
 a. Persian movements. 
 
 1. Sardis. 
 
 2. number of host. 
 (a.) Herodotus. 
 
 3. Hellespont, 480 B.C. 
 (a.) seven. 
 
 4 1200, etc. 
 
 (a.) 200 ; 30. 
 5. deluge. 
 h. Greek movements. 
 
 1. Ther. (meaning). 
 (a.) (Eta. 
 
 (p.) marsh. 
 
 (1.) G. of Malis. 
 
 2. festival. 
 
 (a.) why small force ? 
 
 3. Leonidas. 
 {a.) troops. 
 
 59. Battle of Thermopylae. 
 
 a. defence. 
 
 1. position "turned." 
 
 b. decision of Leonidas. 
 
 1. 300. 
 
 2. 700 Thespians. 
 
 c. desperate valor. 
 
 d. result^ August, 480 B.C. 
 
 60. Naval affairs. 
 a. Greek fleet. 
 
 1. Euboea. 
 
 (a.) indecisive action. 
 (1.) effect. 
 
 2. Salamis 
 
 &. Persian fleet. 
 1. storm. 
 
 61. Doings "at Athens. 
 a. consternation. 
 
 h. oracle. 
 
 c. city — ashes. 
 
 62, 63. Battle of Salamis. 
 
 a. 366 ; 1000. 
 
 b. P. army — lofty throne. 
 1. "a king sat," etc. 
 
 c. result. 
 
 1. 200. 
 
 2. cowardice — October, 480 
 
 B.C. 
 
 64 Platsea and Mycale. 
 
 a. Platsea. 
 
 1. 300,000. 
 
 (a.) Mardonius. 
 
 2. 70,000. 
 
 (a.) Pausanias. 
 (&.) Aristides. 
 
 b. Mycale (A. M.). 
 
 c. September 25, 479 B.C. 
 
 65. 
 
 66. 
 
 a. 
 b. 
 
 Later events. 
 
 several years. 
 1. posts held by P. 
 
 G. independence 
 1. civil, of E. 
 
 The Age of Pericles. 
 
 Period of Pericles. 
 
 half-cen. 
 character, 
 coincides — 40 y. 
 1. private cit. 
 
 67. Policy of Athens. 
 
 a. ^gsean league. 
 
 1. object ; leader. 
 
 2. results. 
 
 {a) subjection. 
 {b.) secession. 
 (c.) treasury. 
 
 b. own aggrandizement. 
 
 c. imperial. 
 
 68. Sketch of the period. 
 a. G. genius. 
 
 1. drama ; arch, and sculp. ; 
 oratory. 
 6. all qualified. 
 c. by lot. 
 
 1. resulted how ? 
 
BISTORT OF THE SECOJMJ PERIOD. 
 
 69. Beginning of strife, 
 a. Pel. war. 
 
 1. gloiy rent. 
 
 70. Pericles, 
 a. rank, 
 
 6. end, 429 B.C. 
 1. death -bed, 
 {a.) exploits — "mourning 
 robe." 
 
 The Peloponnesian "War. 
 
 71. Parties. 
 a. A., etc. 
 h. S., etc. 
 
 71. Duration and effect. 
 a. 431 B.C.— 27 y, 
 
 &. effect on Gr. generally. 
 c. effect on A. 
 
 72. Origin. 
 
 a. remote. 
 
 1. irrepressible conflict. 
 (a) 1. vs. D. 
 (&.) democ. vs. olig. 
 6. immediate, 
 1, jealousy of A, 
 3. Corinth. 
 («,) Corcyra. 
 (1.) Athens. 
 
 73. First ten years. 
 
 a. invasion of A., 431 B.C. 
 &. success, 
 
 1. at sea. 
 
 2. on land. 
 
 c. "Peace of Nicias," 421 B.C. 
 
 1. 50 y. 
 
 2. hostil. renewed. 
 
 74. Alcibiades. 
 a. who? 
 
 1. Socrates. 
 h. character. 
 c. eager. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 75. Syracusan expedition, 
 a. bold scheme. 
 
 1. what if successful ? 
 
 h. 415 B.C. 
 
 c. Spartan aid. 
 
 d. recall of Al. 
 
 1. charge, 
 
 2. escape. 
 
 e. result, 413 B.C. 
 
 1. effect on Athens. 
 
 76. Closing years. 
 a. off coast of Asia. 
 
 1, Persian gold. 
 &. Al. restored. 
 
 1. vigor of Athens. 
 
 c. Mgo^ Potamos, 405 B.C. 
 1. Lysander. 
 
 d. fallof A., 404B.C. 
 
 77. Result of the war. 
 a. Sparta. 
 
 6. Athens. 
 1. leader. 
 
 Period of Spartan and Theba:^. 
 Supremacy. 
 
 78. Spartan supremacy, 
 a. 34 y. ; 405-371 B.C. 
 
 1. ^gos Potamos. 
 
 2. Ijeuctra. 
 &. despotic. 
 
 1. "liberator." 
 
 2. galling yoke. 
 
 79. Rise of Thebes, 
 
 a. Epaminondas, 
 &. Pelopidas. 
 
 c, Leuctra, 371 B.C. 
 
 d. result to S. 
 
 80. Theban supremacy, 
 
 a. held how long ? 
 6. Mantinea, 362 B.c, 
 
 1 . against whom ? 
 
 2. result, 
 
 3. fall of E. 
 {a.) effect, 
 
 81. Effect of the wars. 
 
 a. exhaustion. 
 h. intestine broils. 
 c. easy prey. 
 
24 
 
 HI8T0RY OF GREECE. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 THE THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 [From, the victory of Philip to the absorp- 
 tion of Greece by the Bomans, S38-1U6 
 
 Supremacy of Macedon— Philip. 
 
 82. Early Macedon. 
 a. kinsmen. 
 
 6. condition during G. Avars. 
 e. bold chief, .4th c. B.C. 
 
 83. Philip's plans. 
 a. 359 B.C. 
 
 &. hostage at T. 
 
 c. M. a G. state. 
 
 1. leadership. 
 
 84. Doings of Philip. 
 
 a. Amphyctiouic Council. 
 
 1. significance of concession. 
 
 b. scheme. 
 
 85. Demosthenes. 
 a. warnings. 
 
 1. effect. 
 
 86. Career of Philip. 
 
 a. mixed policy, 20 j. 
 h. Chseronea, 338 B.C. 
 1. effect. 
 
 87. Causes of his success. 
 a. mil. organ. 
 
 1. M. phalanx. 
 {a.) Romans. 
 6. polit. finesse. 
 
 1. divisions in G. 
 
 2. gen. corruption. 
 
 88. His after-plans. 
 a. unit. G. ag. P. 
 
 1. diverted. 
 
 89. His death, 336 B.C. 
 
 a. how? 46; 23 y. 
 
 Career of Alexander the Great. 
 
 90. Accession (son). 
 a. 20 y. 
 
 &. mil. genius. 
 
 c. gen. of G. ag. P. 
 
 91. His first victories. 
 
 a. Hellespont. 
 
 1. army. 
 
 2. Granicus, 334 B.C. 
 6. ent. Syria. 
 
 1. Issus, 333 B.C. 
 
 (a.) Darius Codomannus. 
 (&. ) nature of ground. 
 (c.) result. 
 
 (1.) mother and wife 
 
 92. His next operation. 
 a. Tyre, Gaza, Egypt. 
 
 1. whose dominion ? 
 
 2. 20 m. 
 
 8. Alexandria. 
 (a.) far-sighted policy. 
 
 93. Battle of Arbela, 331 B.C. 
 
 a. heart of empire. 
 &. Assyria. 
 
 1. Gaugamela, 20 m. 
 
 c. strength of armies. 
 
 1. P. 
 
 2. G. 
 
 d. completeness of vie. 
 
 1. Babylon, Susa, Persepolis. 
 
 2. fate of P. monarch. 
 
 94. Alexander's ambition. 
 
 a. 25 y. 
 
 6. temptation. 
 
 1. luxurious capital. 
 c. irresis. impulse. 
 
 95. Expedition to India. 
 
 a. unknown w. 
 
 b. Hyphasis (Sutlej), 326 B.C. 
 
 1. A.'s desire. 
 
 2. refused. 
 
 96. Return from India. 
 a. Hydaspes and Indus. 
 
 1. fleet. 
 
 2. bulk of army. 
 5. Nearchus. 
 
 c. Gedrosia (modern name), and 
 
 Carmania. 
 
HISTORY OF THE THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 25 
 
 d. suffered terribly. 
 1. Persepolis, 324 B.C. 
 
 97. His death. 
 a. Babylon. 
 
 6. 33 y.— 323 B.C. 
 
 c. "to the strongest." 
 
 d. dismemberment of empire. 
 
 98. Result of his conquests. 
 a. Hellenized. 
 
 1. G. language. 
 6. Greece. 
 
 1. Intel, conq. 
 
 2. loss of freedom. 
 
 Alexander's Successors. 
 
 99. Division of the empire. 
 
 a. generals, 20 y. 
 
 &. Ipsus, in Plirygia, 301 B.C. 
 
 c. S. and the East to Seleucus. 
 
 d. E. to Ptolemy. 
 
 6. T. to Lysimachus. 
 /. M. to Cassander. 
 g. special interest. 
 
 1. P. 
 
 2. Seleucidse. 
 
 100-102. Egypt. 
 a. P. Soter. 
 
 1. 323-283 B.C. 
 
 2. character of government. 
 
 3. ruling race. 
 
 4. natives in office. 
 
 5. old E. religion. 
 
 6. successors. 
 &. the Ptolemies. 
 
 1. last of the line. 
 {a) C. 
 
 2. Rome, 30 B.C. 
 
 c. Alexandrine civilization. 
 
 1. the capital. 
 
 2. literature, etc. 
 
 3. 500,000. 
 
 4. mingling of G., E., and 
 
 J. culture. 
 
 103. Kingdom of Seleucus. 
 a. 313 B.C. 
 h. at first consisted. 
 
 1. B., S., M., P. 
 
 c. afterwards. 
 
 1. In. to E. 
 
 2. Jaxartes to In. O. 
 
 3. A. M. 
 
 d. Antioch in S. 
 
 e. fate of Seleucus, 280 B.C. 
 
 104. Later history, 
 a. 2 c. 
 
 h. importance. 
 
 c. wars and revolts. 
 
 d. grad. lost. 
 
 e. Rome, G5 B.C. 
 1. Pompey. 
 
 Later History of Macedon and 
 Greece. 
 
 105. Greece resists Macedon. 
 a. high hopes. 
 
 h. Athens. 
 
 1. Demosthenes. 
 
 2. Hyperides. 
 
 c. confederacy. 
 
 d. Lamian war, 328-321 B.C. 
 1. result. 
 
 106. Later Greek politics. 
 a. chief states. 
 
 1. M.,Achaia, ^tolia, and^. 
 &. Federal Leagues. 
 
 107. Grecian leagues. 
 a. nature. 
 
 1. Switzerland and U. S. 
 
 2. agreement to give up. 
 {a) peace and war. 
 
 h. why necessary ? 
 
 c. Achaean and J^tolian. 
 
 d. smaller. 
 
 e. Mac. and Sparta. 
 
 108. Effect of the leagues. 
 
 a. front ag. M. 
 
 h. eminence of A. L., 245-213 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1. Aratus and Philopoemen. 
 c. selfishness of S. 
 1. umpire. 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF OBEECE. 
 
 109. Macedon and Rome. 
 
 a. Carthage. 
 
 I. Macedon, 200-168 B.C. 
 1. Pydna, 168 B.C. 
 {a.) Perseus. 
 
 110. Last days of Greece. 
 a. brief independ. 
 
 &. 146 B.C. 
 1. Achaia. 
 
 111. Decline of Hellas. 
 
 a. later character of Gr. mind. 
 
 1. scholarship. 
 
 2. creative genius. 
 6. reflex inf. of A. 
 
 1. servility. 
 
 2. public spirit. 
 
 3. lit. and art. 
 *"Twas Greece," etc. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. First Authentic Period, — 
 
 from D. m. to P. w,, 1100- 
 500 B.C. 
 
 a. gen. migration. 
 
 1. D. in Pel. 
 
 2. col. in A. M., etc. 
 &. suprem. of S. 
 
 * 1. Ly. 
 
 • 2. 3 or 4 c. 
 
 c. Athens. 
 
 1. oligarchy. 
 
 2. So. 
 
 3. Pisistra. 
 
 4. pure dem. 
 
 d. le.ading dates. 
 
 II. Second Period, — from P. w. 
 
 to Chaeronea, 500-338 B.C. 
 
 a. revolt of G. in A. M. 
 
 1. aid of A. 
 
 2. first P. invasion. 
 {a) fleet. 
 
 3. second P. invasion. 
 {a.) Marathon. 
 
 4. third P. invasion. 
 ia) Thermo. 
 
 (b.) Salamis. 
 
 (c. ) Platsea and Mycale. 
 (1.) effect. 
 &. glory of Athens. 
 1. age of P. 
 3. Pel. war. 
 {a.) Peace of N. 
 (6.) M. Pot. 
 
 c. ascendency of Sparta. 
 1. Leuc. 
 
 d. ascendency of Thebes. 
 
 e. P., master of G. 
 1. Chse. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 III. Third Period,— from Chae- 
 ronea to absorption by the 
 R., 338-146 B.C. 
 a. P. of M. 
 
 1. Persia. 
 &. Alex. 
 
 1. Granicus. 
 
 2. Issus. 
 
 3. Egypt. 
 
 4. Assyria. 
 {a.) Arbela. 
 
 5. Beyond the Indus. 
 
 6. Babylon. 
 
 c. G. rent by intes. w. 
 
 d. Roman province. 
 1. name. 
 
 e. leading dates. 
 
 OHAPTEE V. 
 
 GRECIAN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Political Ideas. 
 
 112. Part played in history by 
 Greece. 
 a. compass. 
 1. grand age. 
 
 {a.) Marathon, 490 B.C. 
 (&.) Chaeronea, 338 B.C. 
 &. interest. 
 1. first people. 
 {a^ real f . ; real c. 
 (&.) " pol. and int. life," etc. 
 
GBEGIAN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 27 
 
 113. Political freedom. 
 a. contribution of G. 
 h. contrast. 
 
 1. Oriental n. — kings ; sub- 
 
 jects ; "people." 
 
 2. G. St. — "gov. o/tliep.,/(9r 
 
 the p.," etc. 
 c. progress possible. 
 1. lit. and a. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 114. Greek and other paganism. 
 a. in advance. 
 
 1, one G. 
 h. polytheism. 
 
 1. looked on gods how ? 
 («.) love. 
 c. contrast with Asiatic. 
 
 115. Its poetic character. 
 a. origin. 
 
 1. H. and Hesiod. 
 
 6, ideal conceptions. 
 
 1. chisel and pen. 
 
 116. Greek theogony. 
 a. meaning of term. 
 &. gigantic agents. 
 
 c. terrific forces. 
 
 d. Zeus, or J. 
 
 117. Dynasty of Zeus. 
 a. shared sovereignty. 
 
 1. Poseidon (N.). 
 {a.) domain. 
 
 2. Hades (P.). 
 {a) domain. 
 
 3. self. 
 
 {a.) domain. 
 (b.) gen. function. 
 h. great O. gods — dii ma j ores. 
 
 1. Olympus. 
 {a.) agora. 
 
 2. enumeration. 
 
 118. Other divinities. 
 a. number. 
 
 1. H., etc. 
 
 2. monsters. 
 
 119. General vieTV. 
 
 a. nature imaged — per. ag. 
 h. in early times. 
 
 1. beautiful and poetic. 
 c. in later times. 
 
 1. grosser sup. from E., A. 
 M., and T. 
 {a.) orgies. 
 (b.) Eleusinian mysteries. 
 
 120. Worship. 
 
 a. priests. 
 
 &. open air, etc. 
 
 c. sacrifices. 
 
 1. sin-offerings. 
 
 {a.) animals — hecatombs. 
 (&.) inan. obj. — fruits, etc. 
 
 2. votive offerings. 
 
 d. forms of prayer, etc. 
 
 e. processions, etc. 
 
 121. Oracles. 
 
 a. revelations. 
 h. Dodona — Z. 
 c. Delphi — A. 
 
 Grecian Festivals. 
 
 122. The four festivals. 
 a. Olympic. 
 
 1. plain of 0. in Elis. 
 
 2. in honor of. 
 
 3. frequency. 
 &. Pythian. 
 
 1. Del. 
 
 2. in honor of. 
 
 3. 3dy. 
 
 c. Isthmian. 
 
 1. Cor. 
 
 2. in honor of. 
 
 3. 2y. 
 
 d. Nemean. 
 
 1. Nemea. 
 
 2. N. J. 
 
 3. 2y. 
 
 123. Their nature. 
 a. contests. 
 
 1. athletic ; r. ; m. and p. 
 &. prizes. 
 1. garland. 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 2. proclaimed ; sacred grove ; 
 sung. 
 c. several days. 
 
 124. Influence, social and lit- 
 
 erary. 
 a, all parts. 
 
 1. intercourse. 
 
 2. exchanges. 
 
 3. condition compared. 
 
 4. teach, of pliilos. 
 
 5. sculp, and paint. 
 
 6. poets and hist. 
 &. Intel, sympathy. 
 
 1. bond of nationality. 
 
 Greek Literature and Phil- 
 osophy. 
 
 125. Comparison of literatures. 
 
 a. most valuable. 
 
 1. Bible. 
 &. Rome. 
 
 1. imitators. 
 
 c. E., B., P. — fragments. 
 1. tone. 
 
 d. ancient Persians. 
 1. Zend-Avesta. 
 
 {a.) structure. 
 
 e. Hindoos. 
 1. Vedas. 
 
 {a.) curious. 
 
 126. Homer. 
 
 a. epics (nar. poems). 
 
 1. II., O. 
 h. rank. 
 
 1. springtime. 
 c. noticeable fact. 
 
 1, colonial. 
 
 2. Asiatic Greeks, 
 
 127. Homer among the Greeks. 
 a. real Individ. 
 
 h. Herodotus, 400 y. 
 1. 880 B.C. 
 
 c. for centuries how preserved ? 
 1. recited. 
 
 d. Pisistratus at A., 560 B.C. 
 
 128. Hesiod. 
 
 a. Bceotia — when? 
 
 h. Theogony; Works and Days. 
 c. rank. 
 
 1. Greeks. 
 
 2. moderns. 
 
 129. Epic and elegy. 
 a. dur. the k. period. 
 
 1. why? 
 6. el. in democ. times. 
 
 1. emotional. 
 
 2. Tyrtseus, 8th c. B.C. 
 (a.) derision. 
 
 (&. ) stirring songs. 
 (1.) Messenian. 
 
 3. Simonides, 5th c. B.C. 
 
 130. Lyric poetry. 
 a. next step. 
 
 &. music. 
 
 c. famous names. 
 
 1. Sappho and Alcseus, 6th c. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 {a.) Lesbian. 
 
 2. Pindar, 522 B.C. 
 {a.) Boe. 
 
 (&.) rank. 
 
 3. Anacreon. 
 
 131. Drama. 
 a. rank. 
 
 6. birth. 
 
 1. Athens. 
 
 2. Pericles, 5th c. B.C. 
 
 c. greatest names. 
 
 1. ^schylus, 525 B.C. 
 
 2. Sophocles, 495 B.C. 
 
 3. Euripides, 480 B.C. 
 
 d. remarkable fertility. 
 
 e. principal occasions. 
 
 1. fest. of B. (Dionysos). 
 
 2. prize. 
 
 132. Comparison with Shake- 
 
 speare. 
 a. subjects. 
 
 1. hum. life, etc. 
 
 2. gods, etc. 
 h. treatment. 
 
 1. unity of t. and p. 
 {a) narrative part. 
 
GBEGIAN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 29 
 
 3. disregarded. 
 
 138. Early philosophers. 
 
 c. King Lear. 
 
 a. col. of A. M. 
 
 
 1. Thales, 6th c. B.C. 
 
 133. Comedy (comus). 
 
 {a.) lo. school. 
 
 a. origin. 
 
 &. col. of L. I. 
 
 1, B. procession. 
 
 1. Pythagoras, 6th c. B.C. 
 
 h. Aristophanes, 444 B.C. 
 
 {a.) P. school. 
 
 1. C, W., B., F. 
 
 c. nat. phil. 
 
 {a.) satirize. 
 
 d. Sophists and Rhetors, 5th c. 
 
 134. Herodotus. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 <». "F. ofH." ' 
 
 1. dialec. and r. 
 
 h. lo. of Halicarnassus, A. M. 
 
 2. A. youth. 
 
 c. 484 B.C. — first and second 
 
 139. Socrates, 469-399 B.C. 
 
 P. wars. 
 
 a. rank ; epoch. 
 
 d. subject — n. liist. 
 
 h. work. 
 
 1. vivid picture. 
 
 1. prejudices. 
 
 e. traveller. 
 
 2. ignorance. 
 
 1. E. and A. 
 
 3. great truths. 
 
 /. style. 
 
 {a) g., t., b. 
 
 g. Rawlinson. 
 
 c. method. 
 
 ^ CI 
 
 135. Thucydides. 
 
 1. S. 
 
 2. streets, etc. 
 
 a. Athens, 471 B.C. 
 h. rank. 
 
 d. person. 
 6. fate. 
 
 c. subject. 
 
 1. charges. 
 
 d. merits. 
 
 {a.) gods ; youth. 
 
 1. style. 
 
 2. hemlock. 
 
 2. insight. 
 
 3. immortal, of s. 
 
 e. earliest example. 
 
 
 
 140. Plato, 429-347 B.C. 
 
 136. Other historians. 
 
 a. disciple. 
 
 a. Xenophon. 
 
 h. A. school. 
 
 1. contemporary. 
 
 1. groves of A. 
 
 2. merit. 
 
 c. dialogues. 
 
 h. Polybius, 2d c. B.C. 
 
 1. prin. speaker. 
 
 c. Diodorus, 1st c. B.C. 
 
 d. rank and influence. 
 
 d. Plutarch, 2d c. a.d. 
 
 1. ideal. 
 
 1. Lives. 
 
 2. high-water mark. 
 
 {a.) " B. of heroisms." 
 
 141. Aristotle, 384-322 B.C. 
 
 137. Oratory. 
 
 a. Peripatetic. 
 
 a. Ath. democ. 
 
 1. Lyceum at A. 
 
 h. Pericles, "theO." 
 
 h. rank. 
 
 c. fullest devel. 
 
 1. log. and system. 
 
 1. ^schines, 393-317 B.C. 
 
 2. deductive reasoning. 
 
 (a.) Mac. int. 
 
 (a.) what? 
 
 2. D., 385-332 B.C. 
 
 c. highest authority how long ? 
 
 {a.) ag. P. 
 
 1. inductive system. 
 
 (&.) " shook the arsenal." 
 
 (a.) what? 
 
30 
 
 HI8T0BY OF GREECE. 
 
 (b.) Bacon, 1620 A.D. 
 d. Alex. 
 
 Grecian Art. 
 
 142. Forms of Greek art. 
 a. fine arts. 
 
 1. a., s., p., m. 
 (a.) Greeks. 
 
 (&.) M. A. and Christianity. 
 &. rank of a. and s. 
 
 143. Temples. 
 
 a. importance. 
 
 b. G. column. 
 
 1. - 2. -, 3.-. 
 
 c. bef . P. wars. 
 
 d. after P. wars. 
 
 1. age of present ruins. 
 
 144. Ionic order. 
 
 a. A. M. 
 
 b. Diana of Epliesus. 
 
 1. Herostratus, 356 B.C. 
 (a.) Ales. 
 
 2. rebuilt. 
 
 3. 425 and 220. 
 
 4. E. explor. 
 
 145. Corinthian order. 
 
 a. character and rank. 
 
 b. Venus, Flora, nymphs of f . 
 1. why? 
 
 6. 5th C. B.C. 
 
 146. Doric order. 
 
 a. Parthenon,— "H. of the V." 
 
 1. dedicated. 
 
 2. material. 
 
 3. Acropolis. 
 
 4. pre-eminence. 
 
 (a.) compared with E. tem- 
 ples. 
 
 (&.) compared with G. ca- 
 thedrals. 
 
 147. Sculpture. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 b. finest specimens. 
 
 1. pediments and friezes. 
 
 2. where now ? 
 {a.) Lord Elgin. 
 
 3. mutilated. 
 
 4. perfection of 1., m., p. 
 
 c. Phidias. 
 
 1, heroic age. 
 
 d. later artists. 
 1. rank. 
 
 (a.) beauty. 
 (&.) lack. 
 
 Greek Life, Manners, etc. 
 
 148. Remark. 
 
 a. sources of information. 
 
 b. interest of subject. 
 
 149. Dress. 
 
 a. gen. character. 
 1, ornaments. 
 
 b. sex. 
 
 c. material — w., 1., c. 
 
 d. head-coverings. 
 
 1. trav. ; workmen. 
 
 e. foot-coverings. 
 
 1. indoors. 
 
 2. abroad. 
 
 150. Meals. 
 
 a. how many and how ? 
 1. table-cloth, etc. 
 
 b. primitively. 
 1. spoons. 
 
 c. common people. 
 
 d. well-to do. 
 
 e. symposium. 
 
 1. wine and water. 
 
 (a.) " master of the f." 
 
 2. games, etc. 
 
 151. Education. 
 
 a. state. 
 
 b. branches. 
 
 1. g.— included what ? 
 
 2. m. — included what ? 
 
 3. g. — O. games. 
 
 c. grammatistes. 
 
 d. girls. 
 
 152. Position of woman. 
 
 a. Homeric age. 
 
 b. historic period. 
 
GEOGRAPHY 
 
 AND BAGE8. 31 
 
 1. faithful s. 
 {a) dog ; horse. 
 c. liow much m. culture ? 
 1. household. 
 3. bod. wants of c. 
 
 3. fern, slaves. 
 
 d. gynecaeum. 
 
 e. incompleteness of G. see. 
 1, defects in works of g. 
 
 /. Christianity. 
 
 SEOTIOI^ III. 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 [Observe that the dates of this sectioB are b.c. up to Augustus,] 
 
 OHAPTEK I. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND RACES. 
 
 1. General vie-w. 
 
 a. place of R. in history. 
 &. vil., 8th c. B.C. 
 c. career of conq. 
 
 1. peninsula. 
 
 2. beyond. 
 
 3. world-ruling — when? 
 
 2. Geographical features. 
 a. 3 great penin. 
 
 h. 700. 
 
 c. Alps ; sea. 
 
 d. divisions. 
 
 1. Padus. 
 
 {a.) Gallia Cisalpina. 
 
 2. tongue. 
 
 {a) backbone. 
 
 3. Races. 
 
 a. G., E , I., and I. 
 
 1. Greeks. 
 h. relative importance. 
 
 4. First three races. 
 a. Gauls. 
 
 1. seats. 
 {a) N. I. 
 (&.) France. 
 
 2. stock. 
 
 6. Etruscans. 
 
 1. seat. 
 
 (a.) bet. the A. and the T. 
 
 2. origin and stock. 
 
 3. early civilization. 
 {a) bef. E. 
 
 (6. ) builders ; arts ; augur- 
 ies ; relig. 
 c. lapygians. 
 
 1. Apulia and heel. 
 
 2. primitive. 
 
 4. Greeks. 
 
 a., colonies. 
 5. gave name. 
 
 6. Italian. 
 1. relative impor. 
 !>. seat. 
 ?. stock. 
 1. allied to H. 
 {a.) words. 
 
 (1.) agri. ; prim. life, 
 branches. 
 
 1. Latins. 
 
 2. Umbro-Sabellians. 
 [a.) Umbrians. 
 (&.) Sabines. 
 
 (c.) Samnites, etc. 
 
 3. present concern. 
 
 d 
 
HI8T0RT OF ROME. 
 
 7. Seat of the Latins. 
 a. Latium. 
 
 1. Tiber and Liris. 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 PRIMEVAL HOME — PERIOD 
 OF THE KINGS. 
 
 8. Legends of early Rome. 
 a. landing of M. in L. 
 
 h. story of the twins. 
 
 1. Faustulus. 
 
 2. city founded. 
 c. real events. 
 
 1. 390 B.C. 
 
 9. Livy. 
 
 a. earliest. 
 I. 750 y. 
 
 10. Real beginnings of Rome. 
 a. Latins of L. 
 
 1. 30 cities. 
 
 2. Alba Longa. 
 &. outpost. 
 
 1. Sabines and Etruscans. 
 c. march, or border. 
 
 11. Earliest history. 
 a. 753 B.C. 
 
 h. Palatine Mount. 
 
 c. 5000 or 6000— h. or s. 
 
 d. incorporation. 
 
 1. Lucerum. 
 {a.) Etruscan. 
 (&.) C«lian Hill. 
 (c.) subordinate. 
 
 2. Quirium, 
 {a.) Sabine. 
 
 (b.) Quirinal Hill. 
 (c.) equal. 
 
 e. tribes. 
 
 1. Ramnes, or — . 
 
 2. Titles, or — . 
 
 3. Luceres, or — . 
 
 12. Epoch of the kings, 753- 
 
 509 B.C. 
 
 a. tradition. 
 h. obscurity. 
 
 13. Organization of society. 
 a. Patricians. 
 
 1. magis. off. 
 
 2. high. deg. of p. 
 
 3. pub. lands. 
 
 4. fam. name. 
 
 5. Populus. 
 {a.) senate. 
 
 ih. ) Comitia Curiata. 
 &. Plebeians. 
 
 1. freemen. 
 
 2. polit. impor. 
 
 14. Change of constitution. 
 a. Servius TuUius, 5th k. 
 
 1. "K. of the C." 
 &. Comitia Centuriata. 
 
 1. Assem. of the H. 
 
 2. who voted? 
 
 3. most voice. 
 
 c. great concession. 
 1. why? 
 
 15. End of the kings. 
 
 a. Tarquinius Superbus, 7th k. 
 1. fate. 
 {a.) reason. 
 h. abolition. 
 
 1. date. 
 
 2. hated name. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 THE ROMAN REPTJBLIC 
 
 16. Extent of history. 
 
 a. 482 y. 
 
 L end of k. — date. 
 2. end of rep. — date. 
 
 17. Pour epochs. 
 
 a. Struggle for Existence. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 2. G. invasion. 
 
 3. 509-390 B.C. 
 
 &. Rom. conquest of It. 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 1. Gr. invas. 
 
 3. complete sub jug. — Pyr- 
 
 rhus. 
 3. 890-266 B.C. 
 e. Foreign Conquest. 
 
 1. Pu. and Mac. wars. 
 
 2. Gracchi. 
 
 3. 266-133 B.C. 
 d. Civil Strife. 
 
 . 1. a. 
 
 2. empire_under A. 
 
 3. 133-27 B.C. 
 
 Epocli of the struggle for exist- 
 ence, 509-390 B.C. 
 
 18. Nature of the government. 
 a. republic. 
 
 h. consuls. 
 
 1. term of office. 
 
 2. Brutus and Collatinus. 
 
 19. Territory under the kings. 
 a. high. deg. of pow. 
 
 h. treaty with C. 
 
 1. Ostia to Terracina. 
 
 2. trade with S., S., A. 
 
 20. Wars of the republic. 
 a. neighbors, 
 
 1. E.; S., Vol., and ^q.; M. 
 
 and V, ; M. and Veien- 
 
 tines. 
 6. duration and losses. 
 c. Gauls, 390 B.C. 
 
 21. Character of the period. 
 a. legendary. 
 
 6. desperate struggle. 
 1. grand figures. 
 
 c. hard ; stern, etc. 
 
 1. Christian brotherhood. 
 
 d. heroic. 
 
 1. suited to times. 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF EARLY ROME. 
 
 a. " Elder B," 
 
 1 . Tarquin's intrigue. 
 
 2. sons. 
 
 {a.) inflex. justice. 
 
 3. fate. 
 h. Horatius. 
 
 1. Porsena, 508 B.C. 
 
 {a.) espoused T.'s cause. 
 (&. ) Sublician bridge. 
 
 2. comrades. 
 
 3. " O Father Tiber," etc. 
 
 c. Coriolanus, 488 B.C. 
 
 1. consulship. 
 
 2. famine. 
 
 {a.) corn from S. 
 (6.) his advice. 
 
 3. exile. 
 
 4. Volscians. 
 
 5. victorious progress. 
 
 {a.) senators ; pontiffs, etc. ; 
 matrons, etc. 
 
 d. Cincinnatus, 458 B.C. 
 
 1. farm. 
 
 2. dictator. 
 
 {a.) ploughing. 
 
 3. success. 
 {a.) yoke. 
 (&.) 14 days. 
 
 22. Social troubles. 
 a. P. and P. 
 
 h, long series. 
 
 23. Oppression of the Plebs. 
 a. R. law of debt. 
 
 1. liability of debtor. 
 (a) chains ; slave. 
 &. hard times. 
 
 1. cause. 
 
 2. effect. 
 
 24. Secession, 493 B.C. 
 a Mons Sacer, 4 m. 
 
 h. compromise. 
 
 25. Office of tribune. 
 a. T. of the P. 
 
 1. ten. 
 h. term ; sacred ; veto, 
 
 26. Laws of the Twelve Ta- 
 
 bles. 
 
 a. grievances, 
 
 b. Council of Ten, 450 B.C. 
 1. Decemvirs. 
 
34 
 
 HI8T0BY OF ROME. 
 
 2. object. 
 
 3. officers resign. 
 
 4. work done. 
 
 27 
 
 Conduct of the decemvirs. 
 a. office renewed. 
 h. tyrannical. 
 
 1. usurpation. 
 
 28. Second secession. 
 a. second charter. 
 
 1. tribunes. 
 
 2. equality of assemblies. 
 h. consuls again, 446 B.C. 
 
 29. Dispute about consuls. 
 a. share in consulate. 
 
 1. claim resisted. 
 
 3. levies prevented. 
 {a^ no more. 
 
 30. More changes. 
 
 a. Military Tribunes, 444 B.C. 
 1. number. 
 3. how chosen ? 
 
 {a.) theory and practice. 
 (1.) 40 y. 
 &. Censors. 
 
 1. number. 
 
 2. how chosen ? 
 {a.) effect. 
 
 3. power. 
 
 {a.) rank of ev, cit. 
 (6.) val. prop. 
 
 31. Gaulish invasion, 390 B.C. 
 a. Brennus. 
 
 1. Allia. 
 6. result. 
 
 1. city. 
 
 2. capitol. 
 {a) 7 m. 
 
 (&. ) 1000 lbs.— sword. 
 c. fictions. 
 
 Epoch of the Roman Conquest 
 of Italy, 390-266 B.C. 
 
 32. Plebeian oppression, 
 a. debtor and creditor. 
 h. distress of Pleb. 
 
 1. invasions. 
 c. practical slavery. 
 
 33. Proposals for reform, 376 
 
 B.C. 
 
 a. Licinius Stolo ; Lucius Sex- 
 tius. 
 1. office. 
 h. evils. 
 
 1. polit. in. 
 
 2. mat. want. 
 
 c. first evil how remedied ? 
 1. restor. the c. 
 
 {a.) one a P. 
 
 d. second evil how remedied ? 
 
 1. interest deducted. 
 {a.) 3 y. 
 
 2. distrib. of pub. lands. 
 {a.) 500 jugera. 
 
 e. L. Rogations. 
 
 34. Victory of the Plebs. 
 
 a. new plan how received ? 
 &. firmness. 
 
 1. new elections ; levies. 
 
 c. 367 B.C.; 366 B.C., L. S. 
 
 d. other offices. 
 
 e. at last. 
 
 35. Democracy. 
 
 a. aris. repub., 1-J c. 
 &. gov. of the people. 
 
 c. golden age of R. p. 
 
 d. civil concord. 
 
 1. temple. 
 
 2. civ. vir., etc. 
 
 36. Smallness of the nation. 
 
 a. townships. 
 h. 300,000. 
 
 1. close of 5th c. B.C. 
 
 c. petty neighbors. 
 
 d. wars for existence. 
 
 37. Wars for dominion. 
 
 a. new era, mid. 4th c. B.C. 
 6. Latins. 
 
 1, immed. rel, 
 
 c. other It. nationalities. 
 1. more dist. rel. 
 
 d. G. settlements in S. I. 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 35 
 
 1. P., k. of Epirus. 
 6. G. in N. I. 
 
 38. Meaning of these wars. 
 a. clearing the stage. 
 1. imper. fig. 
 
 Samnite wars, 343-290 B.C. 
 
 leaders. 
 
 issue. 
 
 1. R or S. 
 
 result. 
 1. S., L., etc. subject. 
 
 42. War with Pyrrhus. 
 
 origin. 
 
 1. " conq. bar. of T." 
 narrative. 
 1. 25,000; 20. 
 Pandosia, 280 B.C. 
 1. gigantic gray. 
 Asculum, 279 B.C. 
 1. " Another such," etc. 
 Sicily. 
 Beneventum, 275 B.C. 
 
 1. S. I. subjugated. 
 
 2. supreme, 260 B.C. 
 
 39. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 40- 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 d. 
 
 e. 
 /• 
 
 43. 
 
 a. 
 
 c. 
 44. 
 
 6. 
 
 45. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 Nature of the Roman state, 
 populus Romanus. 
 
 1. that is to say — 33. 
 
 2. other parts of It. 
 (a.) R. descent. 
 
 (5.) citizenship conferred, 
 voters. 
 
 1. Cornitia. 
 
 2. small body. 
 5,000,000. 
 
 Other classes. 
 Italians, socii. 
 
 1. own laws, judges, etc. 
 
 2. excluded from what ? 
 Latins. 
 
 1 . " Latin franchise. " 
 (a.) advantage. 
 
 Summary of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 local self-g. 
 
 secured sovereignty. 
 1. p. and w. 
 
 2. embassies. 
 
 3. coin. 
 
 c. compared with Grecian. 
 
 d. earliest possibility of what 1 
 
 46. General summary. 
 
 a. thus far. 
 
 1. conquests ; polit. organ. 
 
 2. dawn of lit.; a., s., p. 
 
 b. art of gov. m. 
 
 c. disting. traits. 
 
 Epoch, of Foreign Conquest, 
 S66-133 B.C. 
 
 47. Extent of the period. 
 
 a. for. conq. 
 
 b. embraces. 
 
 1. Punic. 
 
 2. Macedonian. 
 
 c. Gracchi. 
 
 48. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 c. 
 d. 
 
 e. 
 
 Carthage, 
 situation and rank, 
 head of P. cities— 300. 
 posses, in S., S., C, and S. 
 government. 
 
 1. republic. 
 
 2. aristocracy, 
 character. 
 
 1. good and bad. 
 
 2. Punic faith. 
 
 49. Seeds of war. 
 
 a. general rivalry. 
 
 b. Sicily. 
 
 1. large posses. 
 
 2. Greek connections. 
 
 50-52. First Punic war, 264- 
 241 B.C. 
 
 a. origin. 
 
 1. Mammertines — Messana. 
 {a,) threatened. 
 
 (&.) help. 
 
 2. R. takes up quarrel. 
 
 b. narrative. 
 
 1„ changed sides. 
 
 2. locality. 
 
 3. Agrigentum, 262 B.C. 
 
 4. R. navy. 
 
36 
 
 HmTOBY OF ROME. 
 
 (a.) at first. 
 
 (&.) model. 
 
 (c.) Mylae, 2y.; 260 B.C. 
 
 5. Africa, 
 
 (a.) Regulus, 255 B.C. 
 (1.) Tunis. 
 
 6. Panormus. 
 
 7. at sea. 
 
 (a.) ^gusa. 
 
 8. terms of treaty. 
 (a.) Sicily and isl. 
 (6.) indemnity. 
 (c.) Hiero. 
 
 53. Province of Sicily. 
 
 a. commenc. of pro. gov. 
 1. foreign posses. 
 
 54. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 a. G. alarmed ; movement. 
 
 b. 3 armies— 3 y.; 222 B.C. 
 
 c. colonies. 
 
 55. Carthage prepares for war. 
 
 a. feeling of C. 
 
 1. Barcine fam. 
 
 b. Hamilcar Barca. 
 
 1. base of operations. 
 
 2. at the altar— 9 y.— 235 B.C. 
 
 3. Hasdrubal (son-in-law). 
 
 4. Hannibal — 26. 
 
 56. Second Punic War, 218- 
 
 202 B.C. 
 
 a. Hannibal's campaign. 
 
 1. Saguntum. 
 (a.) effect. 
 
 2. Pyren. and Alps, 218 b. c. 
 (a.) 30,000. 
 
 8. four battles. 
 {a.) Cannae, 216 B.C. 
 
 57. Hannibal's operations in 
 
 Italy. 
 
 a. how long? 
 
 b. Fabius, Marcellus, and oth- 
 
 ers. 
 
 c. finances. 
 
 d. allegiance of It. nat. 
 
 58. Roman strategy. 
 a. Rome's danger. 
 
 60. 
 
 a 
 b 
 
 b. offensive assumed. 
 
 1. Pub. Scipio, 216-205 B.C. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 {a.) reinforcements. 
 
 c. Hasdrubal, 207 b.c. 
 1. bloody head. 
 
 59. Close of the war. 
 
 a. into A. 
 
 1. H. recalled. 
 
 b. Zama, 202 B.C. 
 
 1. terms of peace. 
 
 c. honors to S. 
 
 1. henceforward. 
 
 Anecdote of Hannibal. 
 . exile — Syria and Bithynia. 
 Scipio — Ephesus. 
 gr. gen. 
 
 1. A. — small body. 
 
 2. P. — camp. 
 
 3. H. 
 
 61-63. Third Punic War, 1<1£?-. 
 146 B.C. 
 
 a. long interval. 
 
 b. origin. 
 
 1. Cato, the censor. 
 
 («.) "Delenda est Cartha- 
 go." 
 
 c. offer of C. 
 
 d. demand of R. 
 
 1. how received ? 
 64, 65. Siege of Carthage. 
 
 a. ^milianus. 
 
 b. condition of C. 
 
 1. ships, allies, arms. 
 
 2. bowstrings. 
 
 c. 17 d. 
 
 1. anecdote of S. 
 {a.) instability of fortune. 
 (p.) "Yet come it will/' 
 
 d. 700,000. 
 
 1. proconsul. 
 
 [a.) Utica, 146 B.C. 
 
 66. Subjugation of Macedon 
 and Greece. 
 a. Philip V. 
 
 1. treaty with H. 
 
THE BOMAN^ REPUBLIC. 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 &. 
 
 c. 
 
 61. 
 
 a 
 
 b. 
 
 Cynosceplialse, in Thessa- 
 
 ly, 197 B.C. 
 (a.) dependent ally. 
 Perseus- 
 
 1. Pydna, 168 B.C. 
 Cor. burned, 146 B.C. 
 1. result. 
 (a.) Acliaia. 
 
 Review of Rome's con- 
 quests, 
 dominion. 
 
 1. at com. of period. 
 
 2. at close of period. 
 (a.) S. E.— At. to C. 
 (&.) M. is. 
 (c.) N. A. 
 (d.) E., A. M., and S. 
 
 rank. 
 
 1. at com. of period. 
 (a.) C, M., and S. 
 
 2. at close of period. 
 
 68. Rule of the provinces. 
 
 a. duality. 
 
 1. " It. and the P." 
 &. new feature, 
 
 1. nat. hab., etc. 
 
 2. R. governor. 
 (a.) stalf of off. 
 
 3. taxes. 
 
 (a.) Publicans. 
 c. cohesive power. 
 
 69-71. Grandeur of Rome. 
 a. height. 
 
 1. all eyes, 
 
 2. all talents. 
 
 3. wherever one walked. 
 
 4. career. 
 
 6. germs of decay. 
 c. pub. works. 
 
 1. mil. roads ; highways. 
 {a.) Italy and the provinces, 
 across the Tiber, 
 pub. b. in R. 
 sewers. 
 
 paved, 174 B.C. 
 aqueducts. 
 {a.) Marcian, 144 B.C. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 (1.) 10,000,000. 
 7. clepsydra, 159 B.C. 
 (a.) P. Scip. Nasica. 
 (&.) 6 c. 
 
 72. Influence of Greece. 
 
 a. rhetoricians, etc. 
 
 b. schoolmasters, etc. 
 
 1. palaces. 
 
 2. 200,000 sesterces. 
 
 c. begin, of native produc. 
 
 73. First literature, 2d c. B.C. 
 a. Ennius, father of R. p. 
 
 6. Plautus, p. 
 
 c. elder Cato, first p. 
 
 d. Terence, comic p. 
 
 74. Evil influence of Greece. 
 
 a. morals. 
 
 1. marriage. 
 &. relig. faith. 
 
 1. augurs. 
 
 75. Political corruption. 
 a. faulty polit. system. 
 
 1. devised for what ? 
 
 2. great prizes. 
 
 {a.) votes valuable. 
 (1.) result. 
 
 76. Growth of slavery. 
 
 a. planters and merchants. 
 
 1. Syria and int. of A. M. 
 &. 12,000,000, mid. 2d c. B.C. 
 
 1. 5,000,000. 
 
 77. Corruption of blood. 
 a. motley par. pop. 
 
 1. degeneracy. 
 
 78. Luxury. 
 
 a. evidence of what ? 
 &. appeared in what ? 
 
 c. extravagance. 
 1. cook. 
 
 d. for. delicacies. 
 
 e. at banquets. 
 
 1. slaves; music; dancing-g.; 
 purple h.; carpets ; plate. 
 
 79. Old Romans. 
 
 a. Cato, 284-149 B.C. 
 1. protest. 
 
BISTORT OF ROME. 
 
 Epoch of Civil Strife, 133-27 
 B.C. 
 
 80. Bad state of society. 
 
 a. mind prepar. for new per. 
 6. aristoc. of w. 
 
 c. pat. and pleb. 
 
 d. peasant pro. ; slaves. 
 6. masses of people. 
 
 1. price of votes, 
 
 2. honest industry. 
 f. extremes. 
 
 81. The Gracchi. 
 a. Cornelia. 
 
 1. Scip. Af. 
 
 82. 
 
 a 
 
 Agrarian law. 
 Tiberius G. 
 
 
 1. Licinian law. 
 
 
 2. 500 j ugera. 
 
 3. homesteads. 
 
 I. 
 
 storm. 
 
 c. 
 
 veto. 
 
 
 1. unanimous. 
 
 
 2. colleague. 
 
 d 
 
 133 B.C. 
 
 83. 
 
 Murder of Tiberius Grac 
 
 
 chus. 
 
 a 
 
 new election. 
 
 b. 
 
 violence threatened. 
 
 
 1. staves. 
 
 
 (a.) hand to head. 
 
 
 (1.) report. 
 2. 300-133 B.C. 
 
 84. 
 
 Agrarian struggle. 
 
 a 
 
 commissioners. 
 
 
 1. 2or3y. 
 
 
 2. work obstructed. 
 
 85, The younger Gracchus. 
 a. tribuneship — 10 j. 
 
 h. agitation. 
 
 c. corn, etc. 
 
 d. 2 J. 
 
 e. bloody combat, 121 B.C. 
 1. 3000. 
 
 /. fate. 
 
 86. Rise of Marius and Sulla. 
 
 a. senatorial party — S. 
 
 b. Commons — M. 
 
 c. came to prominence. 
 1. 25 or 30 y. 
 
 87. Wars of the period. 
 
 a. Jugurthine, 111-106 B.C. 
 
 b. Cimbri, 113-101 B.C. 
 
 c. Social, 90-89 B.C. 
 
 d. M.\y\ 
 
 88, 89. Mithridatic war. 
 
 a. King of P. 
 
 1. design — confederacy. 
 
 2. 80,000, 88 B.C. 
 
 3. invasion of Q. 
 
 b. Sulla. 
 
 1. elected. 
 
 2. chagrin of M. 
 (a.) set aside. 
 
 3. Africa. 
 
 4. Greece, 86-84 B.C. 
 
 90, 91. Roman massacres. 
 
 a. Marian, 86 B.C. 
 
 1. entire city — senators. 
 
 2. consul. 
 
 (a.) fortnight. 
 
 b. Sulla's massacres. 
 
 1. hasty return, 83 B.C. 
 
 2. overthrew. 
 
 3. proscribed. 
 
 4. porch of house. 
 
 e. 150,000—200. 
 
 92. Sulla's subsequent career. 
 
 a. dictator, 81 B.C. 
 
 b. gov. reorgan. 
 1. aristoc. 
 
 c. 3y. 
 
 d. 78 B.C. 
 
 1. funeral — epitaph. 
 {a.) "lamS.,"etc. 
 
 93. Struggle of factions. 
 
 a. ambitious men. 
 
 1. grand days. 
 
 2. factions. 
 
 b. anarchy. 
 
 1. supreme ruler. 
 {a.) who? 
 
 ■■;\M 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 39 
 
 94. Rise of Pompey. 
 
 a. most prom. 
 &, services. 
 
 1. lieiit. of S. 
 
 2. Sertorius, 77-72 B.C. 
 
 8. Spartacus — gladiators, etc. 
 {a.) alarm, 2 or 3 y , 73-71 
 
 B.C. 
 
 c. consul, 70 B. c. 
 1. Crassus. 
 
 d. private life. 
 
 95. His doings in the East. 
 
 a. pirates— Cilicia (A. M.). 
 
 1. 3 m. 
 &. Mithridates. 
 
 1. 2 y., 66-64 B.C. 
 
 2. poison 
 
 c. Tigranes. 
 
 d. Phoe., S., J. 
 
 e. return, 62 B.C. 
 1. awaited Mm. 
 
 /. opportunity. 
 
 96. The four factions. 
 a. oligarchical. 
 
 1. few fam. 
 
 h. aristocratic. 
 
 1. senators. 
 
 c. Marian. 
 
 1. fam. pros, by S. 
 
 d. military. 
 1. ofE. of S. 
 
 {a.) fortunes. 
 
 97-100. Leaders of the factions. 
 a. P.— M. T. Cicero (106 B.C.)— 
 oligarchy. 
 
 1. orator. 
 
 2. prsetor. 
 
 3. aspired. 
 
 4. character. 
 
 h. Crassus — aristocracy. 
 
 1. colleague. 
 
 2. source of influence. 
 
 3. 10,000,000. 
 
 c. C. Julius Caesar — Marian. 
 
 1. 6y. 
 
 2. disting. in youth. 
 
 3. edile. 
 
 4. ability. 
 
 5. n. of Marius. 
 
 6. family. 
 
 d. Cataline — military. 
 
 1. off. of S. 
 
 2. character. 
 
 3. following. 
 
 4. consulship. 
 {a.) Cicero. 
 
 5. conspiracy. 
 
 {a.) plot betrayed. 
 
 6. flight and death. 
 (6».) Etruria. 
 
 101. Position of Pompey. 
 a. opportunity. 
 
 6. distrust — Cato. 
 1. went over. 
 {a.) Caesar, 
 
 102. First Triumvirate, 60 B. C. 
 
 a. united forces. 
 
 1. Julia. 
 h. Crassus. 
 
 c. object of C. and P. 
 
 d. nature of Triumvirate. 
 1. polit. partnership. 
 
 {a) to thwart. 
 
 103. Elevation of Csesar. 
 a. consul, 59 B.C. 
 
 h. gov. of G. 
 
 1. 5 y.— 5 y. 
 
 2. prob. design. 
 
 104. His Gallic campaigns, 58- 
 
 50 B.C. 
 a. Commentaries. 
 
 105. Position of Csesar. 
 a. residence. 
 
 h. 300 tribes. 
 c. devotion of army. 
 1. G. and G. 
 
 106. Pompey and Crassus. 
 a. consuls, 55 B.C. 
 
 &. commands. 
 
 1. proconsul, 5. 
 c. Parthia. 
 
40 
 
 HmTORY OF ROME. 
 
 107. Rivalry of Csesar and 
 
 Pompey. 
 a. coldness. 
 
 1. C. no eq. 
 
 2. P. no sup. 
 6. enemies. 
 
 c. P. went over, 
 
 d. sole con., 52 B.C. 
 1. supported. 
 
 108. New complications. 
 
 a. C.'s demand. 
 
 1. private cit. 
 &. wiiat proposed. 
 
 1. why unreasonable. 
 
 c. C.'s offer. 
 
 1. hiow received. 
 
 d. action of senate. 
 
 109. The Rubicon. 
 a. prompt resolve. 
 &. his army. 
 
 1. provincials. 
 
 2. attachment to Rome. 
 
 c. Ravenna. 
 
 1. Rubicon, Jan., 49 B.C. 
 
 d. crossing meant what ? 
 1. exclaimed. 
 
 110. Retreat of Pompey. 
 a. Greece. 
 
 1. great army. 
 
 2. " usurper." 
 
 111. Caesar master of Italy. 
 a. 60 d. 
 
 6. die, etc., 48 B.C. 
 c. statesmanship. 
 1. effect. 
 
 112. 113. Battle of Pharsalia, 
 
 48 B.C. 
 
 a. Thessaly. 
 6. result. 
 
 1. Egypt. 
 
 2. fate of P. 
 {a.) Ptolemy. 
 (&.) P.'s head. 
 
 (1.) spices. 
 
 114 Caesar in the East. 
 a. Cleopatra and P. 
 
 1. quarrel. 
 h. conflict in Alex. 
 
 1. Library. 
 
 2. result. 
 c. Pontus. 
 
 1. Pharnaces. 
 {a.) laconic despatch. 
 
 115. Caesar's final victory. 
 
 a. Pompeian forces. 
 
 1. Scipio and Cato. 
 &. Thapsus, 46 B.C. 
 
 1. fate of S. and C. 
 c. Munda, in Spain, March, 45 
 
 B.C. 
 
 116. Caesar and the State. 
 
 a. polit. conseq. of Thapsus. 
 
 1. republic — Cato at Utica. 
 
 2. monarchy — Caesar, 46 B.C. 
 &. 10 y. 
 
 1. soon afterwards. 
 c. Imperator. 
 
 1. meaning. 
 
 2. vie. gen. 
 
 {a.) temporary. 
 
 3. Emperor. 
 
 117. His views and character. 
 
 a. clear-s. 
 
 1. old R. system. 
 
 b. rule of one man. 
 
 c. humane promise. 
 
 1. mass, of S. and M. 
 
 2. good offices. 
 
 118. The work he did. 
 a. pardoned. 
 
 1. " era of good feeling." 
 h. admin, of prov. 
 
 c. trade and ag. 
 
 d. embellished. 
 
 e. Pontine marshes. 
 /. new bed. 
 
 g. calendar. 
 
 h. gigantic designs. 
 
 *'. 2y. 
 
 119. Feelings of the Romans. 
 a. satisfaction. 
 
 &. mere name. 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 41 
 
 1. Gracdai. 
 
 2. factions. 
 
 c. people weary. 
 
 120. Real cause of Caesar's as- 
 
 sassination, 
 a. people's revolt. 
 &. knot of consp. 
 1. selfish ends. 
 
 121. The conspiracy. 
 a. chiefs. 
 
 1. Caius Cassius. 
 
 3. Marcus Junius Brutus. 
 6. cause, 
 
 1. honored enough. 
 3. jealous. 
 e. other malcontents, 
 
 d. alarming representations. 
 1. diadem ; king. 
 
 e. 60. 
 
 122. Caesar's ambition. 
 a. uncertain. 
 
 h. regal crown. 
 
 1. consul, Mark Antony. 
 3. Lupercalia, 45 B.C. 
 
 123. His assassination. 
 a. ripening of plot. 
 
 &. Ides of March. 
 1, meaning. 
 
 c. rumors ; senate. 
 
 d. narrative. 
 1. toga. 
 
 3. Casca. 
 3. Brutus. 
 {a.) "Ettu/'etc. 
 
 e. at the foot of. 
 
 1. 15th March, 44 B.C. 
 3. 56 y. 
 
 124. 125. Caesar's characteris- 
 
 tics. , 
 
 a. person. 
 
 1. noble and c. 
 3. stature ; complex. ; eyes. 
 3. laurel chaplet, 
 &. mind. 
 
 1. diversified. 
 
 {a.) gen., states., law., etc. 
 
 3, S.'s judgment. 
 {a) quote, 
 
 126, 127. Review of his career. 
 
 a. 40 y, 
 
 6. work of 14 y. 
 
 1. Gr. — swarms ; B. ; bey, R, 
 
 3. Spain. 
 
 3. It.; Pompey, 
 
 4. Egypt. 
 
 5. Pharnaces. 
 
 6. Thapsus and Munda. 
 
 c. fifty. 
 
 1, million. 
 
 d. beneficent plans. 
 1. regen, of R. 
 
 e. enduring work. 
 
 128. 3E!ffect of Caesar's death. 
 a. assass. in what name ? 
 
 1. " rev. never go b," 
 &. new claimants. 
 1. consequently. 
 
 129. Antony. 
 a. nation. 
 
 1. effect. 
 {a.) fiight of B. and C. 
 h. representative of C. prin. 
 
 130. Octavius, 
 a. who? 
 
 h. age and adopted name. 
 c. old soldiers. 
 1. vengeance. 
 
 131. Second Triumvirate, 43 
 
 B.C. 
 
 a. A. and O. 
 
 1. Lepidus. 
 {a) "master of the h." 
 h. supreme authority, 
 c. necessary steps, 
 
 1. per, enemies, 
 
 3. forces of r. 
 
 132. Their proscription. 
 
 a. 300 s. 
 &. 3000 k, 
 
 c. citizens. 
 
 d. illus. victim, 
 
 1. why? — how slain. 
 
43 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 133. Battle of PhiUppi, Nov., 
 
 42 B.C. 
 
 a. B. and C. in T. 
 
 1. 100,000. 
 T). A. and O. 
 
 1. Pliilippi. 
 
 {a.) results. 
 
 134. Quarrels of the three. 
 
 a. partition of the empire. 
 
 1. E. to A. 
 
 2. W. toO. 
 
 3. A. to L. 
 
 &. soon robbed. 
 c. mutual intrigue. 
 
 135. Conduct of Antony. 
 a. Alexandria. 
 
 &. Cleopatra. 
 
 1. influence, 
 
 2. Octavia. 
 
 marriage, 
 treason. 
 
 136. Battle of Actium, 31 B.C. 
 a. Ambracian G. 
 
 J), naval battle. 
 
 1. spectators. 
 
 2. sudden flight. 
 
 3. result. 
 
 137. End of Antony, 30 B.C. 
 a. advance of O. 
 
 1). A. abandoned. 
 c. report of C. 
 1. effect on A. 
 
 138. End of Cleopatra, 30 B.C. 
 
 a. arts in vain. 
 6, asp, or needle. 
 
 1. motive, 
 c. Egypt. 
 
 139. Triumph of Octavius. 
 a. no one left. 
 
 1. senate. 
 &. farce. 
 
 1. 10 y. 
 c. gradual absorption of offices. 
 
 1. ''Augustus," 27 B.C. 
 {a.) " Roman Empire." 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Rome under the kings. 
 a. founding. 
 
 1. Latins of A. L. 
 
 2. front, post. 
 
 6. steps of advancement. 
 
 c. kings. 
 
 1. number. 
 
 2. history. 
 
 d. end of kingly rule. 
 
 e. leading dates. 
 
 II. First Epoch, Roman Repub- 
 
 lic. — The Struggle for 
 Existence — 119 y. 
 a. external struggle. 
 1. neighbors. 
 2- ter. reduced. 
 6. internal struggle. 
 
 1. Pat. and Pleb. 
 
 2. tribunes. 
 
 c. Twelve Tables. 
 
 d. changes in government. 
 
 1. cons. ; decem. ; mil. trib. 
 
 e. Gauls. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 III. Second Epoch, Roman Re- 
 
 public. — The Roman Con- 
 quest of Italy — 126 y. 
 
 a. P. oppression. 
 1. L. constitution. 
 
 &. career of conq. 
 
 1. mastery of It. 
 {a.) " S." wars. 
 (&.) "Ij." wars. 
 
 2. mastery of whole It. p. 
 {a) Pyrrhus. 
 
 c. leading dates. 
 
 IV. Third Epoch, Roman Re- 
 
 public. — Foreign Con- 
 quests — 133 y. 
 a. first Punic War — how long ? 
 
 1. undertaken by whom? 
 
 2. result favorable to whom ? 
 &. Cisal. G. 
 
 c. second Punic War — how 
 long? 
 
ROME A8 AN EMPIRE. 
 
 43 
 
 1. interval 
 
 2. undertaken by whom ? 
 {a.) Han. 
 
 {b.) Spain. 
 {c.) 15. 
 {d.) Zama. 
 
 3. result. 
 
 d. Mac. and G. 
 
 e. third Punic War — how long ? 
 
 1. interval. 
 
 2. undertaken by whom ? 
 
 3. result. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 V. Fourth Epoch, Roman Re- 
 public. — Civil Strife. — 
 106 y. 
 
 a. cause of strife. 
 
 1. pov. of P. 
 h. Gracchi. 
 
 1. fate. 
 
 c. Mithridatic War. 
 1. Sulla ; result. 
 
 d. bloody days. 
 
 e. First Triumvirate. 
 
 1. P., C, C. 
 
 2. C. into G.— 8. 
 
 3. Rubicon. 
 
 {a.) Pharsalia. 
 (p.) Thapsus. 
 
 4. Caesar's fate. 
 
 /. Second Triumvirate. 
 1. 0., A,, and L. 
 
 {a.) Philippi. 
 
 (p.) Actium. 
 g. Augustus. 
 h. leading dates. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 ROME AS AN EMPIBE. 
 
 Age of Aug-ustus. 
 
 140. Nature of the imperial 
 rule. 
 a. old repub. forms. 
 1. senate. 
 
 2. elections. 
 
 {a) consuls, etc. 
 h. all as A. wished. 
 1. substance. 
 
 {a.) outward pomp. 
 c. out of politics. 
 
 1. fes., games, corn, etc. 
 
 2. degeneracy ; despair. 
 
 141,142. Extent of the Empire. 
 
 a. boundaries. 
 
 h. fifty (2700) ; fifteen (1000). 
 
 c. countries included : P., S., 
 F.,B.,W.H.,E. P.,B. and 
 W.,B.,S.,I, theT., A. P., 
 W. H., C, S.,S.,T. inE., 
 G., A. M., S., P., I., E., 
 theC, T., T., A., M. 
 
 143. Provinces. 
 a, number. 
 
 1. W. or E., 14. 
 
 2. E. or A., 8. 
 
 3. S. or A., 5. 
 
 144. The three civilizations. 
 
 a. L. — At. to Ad. 
 
 h. G.— Ad. to Mt. Taurus. 
 
 c. 0.— toE. 
 
 145. The Latin civilization. 
 
 a. area. 
 
 1. nat. seat. 
 
 2. W. E. 
 
 1). lang. took root in 
 
 1. H. 
 
 2. Transalpine G. 
 {a.) modern name. 
 
 3. N. Af. 
 
 {a.) Carthage. 
 
 (1.) restored by C. 
 
 146. The Greek civilization. 
 
 a. area. 
 
 1. G. 
 
 2. parts Hellenized by 
 («.) G. col. 
 
 (6.) M. conq. 
 h. manners, customs, etc. 
 1. politically. 
 
44 
 
 EI8T0BY OF ROME. 
 
 147. The Oriental civilization. 
 
 j. Campus Marti us. 
 
 a. Eastern pro. 
 
 1. elec, rev., reg. 
 
 1. especially. 
 
 2. fav. ex, -ground. 
 
 2. superfic. Hel. — A.'s succes. 
 
 3. porticoes. 
 
 3. had never given up. 
 
 h. P., or Temple of All the G. 
 
 (<z.) did not. 
 
 1. Augustus. 
 
 148. Government. 
 
 , 2. rank. 
 
 a. population under A. ' ^"^ 
 
 I. aqueducts. 
 
 1. slaves. . ^^ ^'^^'" 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. civis Romanus. 
 
 (a.) great dis. ; 100 ft. 
 
 {a.) Italy. 
 
 2. 20. 
 
 &, legates. 
 
 (a.) during what period ? 
 
 1. liow appointed. 
 
 (&.) supply. 
 
 2. power. 
 
 m. general description. 
 
 c. independ, munic. 
 
 1. compared with A. 
 
 d. kept in check. 
 
 (^.) beauty ; utility. 
 
 1, pretorian cohorts. 
 
 2. summary: 420 t,, 5 th., 2 
 
 (a ) Rome and Italy. 
 
 amph., 7 vast cir, ; 16 
 
 (6.) pay. 
 
 pub.b.; fount.; pal., pub. 
 
 2. regular troops. 
 
 halls, col., port., ob. ; 
 
 (6!^.) provinces. 
 
 and tri. arch. 
 
 (&.) 350,000. 
 
 157. Literature. 
 
 149-156. The Capital. 
 
 a. time how favorable ? 
 
 a. population. 
 
 &. patronage. 
 
 &. A.'s boast. 
 
 1. A. 
 
 c. extent. 
 
 2. Maecenas. 
 
 1. 20. 
 
 c. a partial compensation for 
 
 2. suburbs. 
 
 what? 
 
 a. 30 g. 
 
 
 6. remarkable objects. 
 
 158, 159. Distinguished writers. 
 
 1. Col., Cap., etc., S.-H., F. 
 
 a. this, or preceding age. 
 
 /. Circus Max. 
 
 1. v.— ^. 
 
 1. capacity. 
 
 (<^,) rank. 
 
 g. C, or Flavian Amphi. 
 
 2. H. — p., o., s., e. 
 
 1. capacity ; use. 
 
 (a.) characteristics. 
 
 Ti. the., etc. 
 
 3. S.— J. War ; Con. of C. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 («.) rank. 
 
 ^. Forum. 
 
 4. L. — didac. p. 
 
 1. place of what ? 
 
 («.) el. and phil. 
 
 2. bet. P. and C. 
 
 (&.) low tone. 
 
 3. surroundings. 
 
 5, C— lyr. 
 
 («.) tern., basilicse, etc. 
 
 («.) rank. 
 
 (&.) stat. and tro. 
 
 &. later. 
 
 4. Temple of Janus. 
 
 1. L.— h, of R. 
 
 («.) bronze. 
 
 2. 0.— p. 
 
 (&.) antiquity. 
 
 3. M, — writer of e. 
 
 (c.) closed when ? 
 
 4. P,— n. h. 
 
 <;i.) 8 c. 
 
 (a.) A.D. 79— P. and H. 
 
ROME AS AN EMPIRE. 
 
 45 
 
 J.— s. 
 T.— h. of E. 
 
 160-163. Augustus and his suc- 
 cessors, 
 a. momentous event. 
 
 1. Bethlehem. 
 
 2. 4y., 6d. 
 
 J). A.'s death, A.D. 14; 41 y. 
 c. Tiberius (step-son). 
 1. heir. 
 
 3. subservient senate. 
 
 Political History. 
 
 164, 165. Kind of government. 
 a. nearly 3 c. 
 1. one man. 
 &. succession. 
 
 1. birthright. 
 {a) Augustus. 
 (&.) Nero. 
 
 2. " Caesar" and "Augustus." 
 C. real power behind t. 
 
 1. "P. G." 
 {a^ senate. 
 
 (&,) fav. pastime. 
 (1.) largesses. 
 
 2. several emperors. 
 {a.) why? 
 
 166. Growth of the empire. 
 
 a. A.'s advice to successors. 
 1. natural boundaries. 
 {a) what? 
 &. only accession, 1st c. 
 
 1. B. 
 
 2. 40 y. — quote Gibbon. 
 {a.) Claudius. 
 
 {b.) Nero, 
 (c.) Domitian. 
 C. next accession. 
 1. Dacia. 
 {a.) boundaries. 
 (6.) Tra., 2d c. 
 
 167. Roman citizenship. 
 a. different footing. 
 
 1. R. citizens. 
 
 2. leg. and pro. 
 
 h. gradual extension. 
 
 1. colonies. 
 
 2. faith, and deserv. 
 
 c. old distinction abolished. 
 
 1. Caracalla, a.d. 211-217. 
 
 2. all free inhab. 
 
 168. Latinizing of the Western 
 
 provinces. 
 
 a. G., S., N. A., and Illyria. 
 h. interestiirg proof. 
 1. "barbarians." 
 
 169. Rome loses its importance. 
 a. cause. 
 
 6. evidence. 
 
 1. frontiers. 
 
 2. new order of things. 
 {a.) Diocletian. 
 
 170. Division of power. 
 
 a. Diocletian, A.D. 283-305. 
 
 1. Illyrian. 
 
 2. unwieldy mass. 
 h. Maximian. 
 
 1. West. 
 
 c. assistants. 
 
 1. "Caesars.'' 
 
 d. duration. 
 
 171. Constantine the Great. 
 Gj. empire reunited, A.D. 323. 
 h. Byzantium. 
 
 1. Bosphorus. 
 
 2. "NewR." 
 
 3. modern name. 
 {a.) meaning. 
 
 c. R, and I. overshadowed. 
 
 1. Milan, Nicomedia (Bithy- 
 
 nia), etc. 
 
 2. Greek city. 
 
 172. Theodosius I. 
 a. last. 
 
 6. sons, A.D. 395. 
 
 1. Honorius. 
 
 2. Arcadius. 
 
 173. Division of the empire. 
 
 a. W. or L. Empire. 
 6. E., G., or B. Empire, 
 c. course of history. 
 
46 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 1. Western, ad. 476. 
 
 2. Eastern, a.d. 1453. 
 
 Spread of Christianity. 
 
 , Momentous change, 
 period, 
 transformation. 
 
 174. 
 a. 
 
 h. 
 
 175. State of the world at the 
 
 birth of Ghrist. 
 a. variety of relig. 
 1. pag. and poly. 
 {a.) exception. 
 6. 100 m. — obscure corner. 
 1. overspread; dissolve; ren- 
 ovate. 
 c. spread of C. how aided ? 
 
 176. First spread of Christian- 
 
 ity. 
 a. 19th J. of T. 
 6. ''Christians" at A,, Syria. 
 
 c. St. P. 
 
 1. A. M., G., R. 
 
 2. death — Nero. 
 
 d. order of progress. 
 
 1. Jews. 
 
 2. G., or e. Gentiles. 
 
 3. li., or w. Gentiles. 
 
 177. Nero's persecutions. 
 a. the first ; confined. 
 
 &. narrative. 
 1. great fire. 
 
 {a.) strange report. 
 (6.) suspicion how diverted. 
 c. Tacitus. 
 
 1. earliest mention. 
 
 2. one Christ — Pon. P. 
 
 3. dire super. 
 
 4. Judsea — mis. sect. 
 
 5. Rome — impure; atrocious. 
 
 6. conviction. 
 
 {a.) hatred of h. kind. 
 V. skins of w. beasts. 
 {a.) dogs. 
 
 8. torches. 
 
 9. N.'s gardens. 
 {a.) horse-race 
 
 (&.) N. how dressed. 
 
 10. guilt — deserved. 
 {a.) public feeling. 
 
 178, 179. Real causes of the 
 persecution. 
 a. why singled out. -^ 
 
 1. proselyting ardor. 
 
 2. false gods. 
 
 3. not a national creed. 
 
 4. secret m. at night. 
 h. summing up. 
 
 1, political rea. 
 {a.) intol. 
 c. proof. 
 
 1. greatest suffering. 
 {a.) Trajan. 
 
 (&.) Mar. Aurelius. 
 
 2. let alone. 
 {a.) inf. emp. 
 
 180. Growth of Christianity. 
 
 a. privileges early in 3d c. 
 
 1. edifices ; lands ; elections. 
 h. continued to spread. 
 
 1. Decius and Valerian. 
 
 2. gold refined. 
 
 181, 182. Deadly struggle. 
 a. Dio. and Max. 
 
 1. Galerius. 
 
 {a.) son-in-law and "Csesar." 
 (6.) spec, enemy. 
 
 2. edict, Feb. 24th, a.d. 303. 
 {a.) churches ; Bibles ; C. 
 
 degrad. 
 
 3. torn to pieces. 
 {a.) roasted. 
 
 4. fire in pal. 
 {a.) pretext. 
 
 5. incense to idols. 
 
 6. extent of persecution. 
 {a.) G., B., Spain. \ 
 
 (1.) Constantius Chlorus. 
 &. Galerius. 
 
 1 . 8 y. — whip and rack, ti- 
 
 gers, hooks of steel, red- 
 hot beds. 
 
 2. permissory edict, a.d. 311- 
 c. turning-point. 
 
 1. efforts vain — why? 
 
ROME A8 AN EMPIRE. 
 
 47 
 
 183-187. Oonstantine. 
 a. remarkable epoch. 
 &. son of whom ? 
 
 c. father's death in B. 
 1. 5 rivals. 
 
 d. conversion, a.d. 312. 
 1. Maxentius. 
 
 3. luminous trophy. 
 {a.) "In hoc vin." 
 
 3. result of battle. 
 
 4. dream. 
 
 e. Labarum. 
 
 /. Edict of M., A.D. 313. 
 
 1. effect . 
 g. the state relig., a.d. 324. 
 
 1. C. sole master. 
 
 2. subjects exhorted. 
 
 3. one-twentieth. 
 
 4. forbid paganism. 
 {a.) ridicule and n. 
 
 5. use of pub. mon. 
 
 6. clergy — taxes. 
 
 7. Sunday. 
 
 8. cap. removed. 
 
 188. Dying struggle of pagan- 
 
 ism. 
 a. Julian, the Apostate, A.D. 
 
 361. 
 h. close of 4th c. 
 
 1. great majority. 
 c. Theo. — final blow. 
 
 189. Intellectual influence of 
 
 the new faith. 
 
 a. great subjects. 
 1. polit. speculation. 
 
 190. The Fathers. 
 a. T. — earliest L. 
 
 1. C, A.D. 160. 
 
 2. "Ap. for C," A.D, 198. 
 h. O. 
 
 1. E., A.D. 185 or 186. 
 
 2. ed. and com. — wrote in G. 
 
 c. Cv.— Ar. of C, mid. 3d c. 
 l.^"Un. ofC." 
 
 2. Valerian. 
 
 d. Am — Ar. of M. 
 1. G., A,D. 340. 
 
 2. "DeOfficiis." 
 
 3. vindicated author, of p. 
 ici.) Theodosius I. 
 
 (1.) Thess. 
 e. Ath.— Pat. of A. 
 
 1. AI, end of 3d c. 
 
 2. Trinit. ag. Arius. 
 
 /. G. Nazianzen — Pat. of C. 
 
 1. Cap,, early in 4th c. 
 
 2. the. and rel. p. 
 g, Ch.— Pat. of C. 
 
 1. An., A.D. 354. 
 
 2. surname — works in G. 
 h. J.— found, of M. 
 
 1. Dal., A.D. 340. 
 
 2. Vulgate (vulgus). 
 
 3. learned in H. 
 
 i. Au.— B. of Hip.— F. of Lat. T. 
 
 1. Num., A.D. 354. 
 
 2. ''G. of C", "Or. S.", "C. 
 
 of G.," "C." 
 
 3. rank. 
 
 Roman Life, Manners, Customs, 
 i etc. 
 
 191. Men's dress. 
 a. toga. 
 
 1. description. 
 
 2. in the streets. 
 
 {a.) pallium, or lacerna. 
 
 3. full dress. 
 {a) theater. 
 
 h. head. 
 1. hood. 
 
 c. feet. 
 
 1. soleae ; calceus. 
 
 d. finger-rings. 
 1. story. 
 
 192. Ladies' dress. 
 a. tunic. 
 
 1, inner, 
 h. stola, 
 
 1. distinctive. 
 
 2, describe. 
 C. palla. 
 
 1. worn where? 
 
 2. describe. 
 d. hair— g. pin. 
 
48 
 
 HI8T0BT OF ROME. 
 
 193. Food. 
 a. early R. 
 
 1. virtues sapped. 
 h, degenerate ages. 
 
 1. end of life. 
 
 2. meals. 
 
 {a.) jentaculum — when? 
 wliat? 
 
 (&.) prandium wlien? 
 
 what ? 
 (c.) coena. 
 C. Roman dinner. 
 1. preliminary. 
 {a.) e., f., rad,, etc. 
 
 3. fercula. 
 
 {a,) fish — tur., stur., etc. 
 (&.) birds — pea., pheas., 
 
 etc. 
 (c.) flesh — young p., ven. 
 3. dessert. 
 
 194. Table usage. 
 a. couches. 
 
 1. triclinium. 
 {a.) slaves. 
 6. round tables. 
 
 c. table-cloth ; napkin. 
 
 d. spoons. 
 
 1. describe. 
 
 e. lamps — exquisite. 
 
 1. dripping ; smoke. 
 
 195. Drink. 
 
 a. chaplets — r., m , v., i., p. 
 
 1. hair. 
 6. wine — strained. 
 
 1. pure. 
 
 ya.) Falernian — H. 
 
 2. honey. 
 
 3. warm water, etc. 
 
 196. Baths. 
 
 a. hardy ancestors — Tiber. 
 &. tep. and vap. — 7 or 8. 
 c. gossip. 
 
 197. Amusem.ents. 
 a. theater. 
 
 t. circus, 
 1. bets. 
 c. amphi. — most brutal. 
 
 1. trumpet's sound. 
 
 2. grew red ; freedom. 
 
 3. mercy. 
 
 {a.) thumbs. 
 (&.) sword, 
 
 4. wild b. 
 
 5. whole armies. 
 {a.) Dacia. 
 
 (1.) 10,000. 
 
 198. Books. 
 
 a. papyrus, or parchment. 
 
 1. pen — lamp-b., or sepia. 
 h. stick — "volume." 
 c. stylus — whence. 
 
 1. w. tablets. 
 {a.) coating. 
 
 199. Marriage. 
 a. forms. 
 
 &. confarreatio. 
 
 1. escort of bride. 
 {a) cake. 
 
 (6. ) distaff and spin, 
 
 2. threshold — evil omen. 
 
 3. fire and water. 
 
 4. keys— sheepskin. 
 
 5. supper. 
 
 200. Slaves. 
 
 a. household work. 
 h. earlier times. 
 
 c. days of the empire. 
 
 1. purse, cellar, etc. 
 
 2. litter ; walk. 
 
 3. read., sec, phys. 
 
 4. music, buifoons, etc. 
 
 d. bought and born. 
 
 e. slave-market — cattle. 
 /. taverns ; 4000. 
 
 201. 202. Houses. 
 
 a. source of information. 
 1. disinterment of P. — A.D. 
 79. 
 &. palaces of the wealthy. 
 
 1. ground-floor. 
 
 2. vestibule. 
 
 {a.) rows of what ? 
 
 3. doorway. 
 
ROME AS AN EMPIRE. 
 
 49 
 
 {a.) ivory, tortoise - shell, 
 
 (&.) ''Salve." 
 
 4. atrium. 
 
 (a.) lines of pillars. 
 
 (p.) images. 
 
 (c.) focus — 'Lares. 
 
 5. peristyle. 
 {a.) floor. 
 (p.) walls. 
 
 (c ) ceilings. 
 
 {d) windows — talc. 
 
 6. roof. 
 
 7. bedsteads ; quilts. 
 
 8. tables. 
 
 9. sideboards. 
 
 c. common people. 
 
 Last Days of Rome. 
 
 203. Review. 
 a. A.D. 476. 
 
 1. circumstances. 
 
 204. Signs of decay. 
 a. ceased to exist. 
 
 1. empire. 
 h. race. 
 
 1. blood corrupted. 
 
 c. luxury. 
 
 d. consent to despo. — 500. 
 
 205. Change of capital. 
 a. signal proof. 
 
 &. easy step. 
 
 c. sons of Theodosius. 
 
 1. R. or W. Empire. 
 {a.) Latin nations. 
 
 2. E, empire. 
 
 {a.) G. and O. nations. 
 
 206. The Teutons. 
 a. inhabited. 
 
 &. dangerous enemies. 
 
 1. Augustus. 
 c. important result of contact. 
 
 .207. Goths. 
 
 a. Germanic fam. 
 6. Dacia (Moldavia and Walla- 
 chia). 
 
 1. Trajan, a.d. 105. 
 
 2. Aurelian. 
 
 c. Arian Christians. 
 1. Ulfilas. 
 {a.) oldest T. writing. 
 
 208. First settlement of Goths 
 
 within the empire, A.D. 
 
 376. 
 a. Huns — T., or Kalmucks. 
 
 1. movement. 
 h. request — Valens. 
 
 c. bargain. 
 
 1. children ; arms. 
 {a.) bribes. 
 
 d. danger. 
 
 1. million — nat. front. 
 
 209. Their behavior. 
 a. vow. 
 
 h. hostilities. 
 1. excuse. 
 
 c. Hadrianople, A.D. 878. 
 1. Valens. 
 
 d. overspread country. 
 1. It. and A. sea. 
 
 e. capitulation. 
 
 1. Theodosius the G., A.D. 
 379. 
 /. service. 
 1. inevitable. 
 
 210. Alaric. 
 
 a. revolt of Visigoths, (i. e. — ). 
 
 1. division of empire. 
 h. on their shields. 
 c. Rome, a.d. 410. 
 
 211. Signs of dissolution. 
 a. Britain. 
 
 1. Ang. and S. 
 &. Gaul. 
 
 1. Franks, Burg, and G. 
 
 c. Spain. 
 
 1. Van., Sueves, etc. 
 
 d. Africa, a.d. 439. 
 1. Van. 
 
 {a.) Genseric. 
 
 212. Attila, the Hun. 
 a. log-house in H. 
 
50 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 
 1. halfm. 
 
 
 h. 
 
 2. purpose. 
 Chalons, a.d, 
 1. R., G., F. 
 
 451. 
 
 
 2. Aryan civ. 
 
 and T. des. 
 
 e. 
 
 d. 
 
 Alps. 
 
 return to H.— 
 
 -Leo. X. 
 
 e. 
 
 savage boast. 
 
 
 /. 
 
 death. 
 1. result. 
 
 
 213 
 
 . Genseric. 
 
 
 a. 
 
 who? 
 
 
 €. 
 
 Carthage, 
 anchored in 1 
 
 1 
 
 d. 
 
 sack of R., A.D. 455. 
 
 
 1. 14 d. 
 
 1 
 
 2. treasure and captives. 
 
 214. Downfall of Rome. 
 
 a. empire in name. 
 
 b. one emp. enough. 
 1. Zeno. 
 
 (a.) Odoacer. 
 
 (1.) G. Herulians. 
 (2.) Patrician of I. 
 
 c. Romulus Augustulus. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. pension, a.d. 476. 
 
 d. O. proclaimed. 
 
 214. Closing act of the 
 drama. 
 a. tiara and purple. 
 1. sign. 
 
 great 
 
 ^7 ^ 
 
 SEOTIOIsr IT. 
 
 MEDI-aJVAL HISTORY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. Scope of Modem BKstory. 
 a. comprehensive sense. 
 
 1. new actors ; new civ. 
 6. convenient subdivision. 
 
 1. Middle Ages— 1000. 
 
 2. narrower sense. 
 
 2. Real nature of the Middle 
 
 Ages. 
 a. apparent relapse. 
 
 1. " Dark Ages." 
 5. germinating season. 
 
 1. seeds of mod. civil. 
 (a.) new inst. ; new na. 
 c. shaping season. 
 
 1. mod. soc. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 THE NEW^ RACES. 
 
 3, 4. Historical races of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 a. grand divisions. 
 
 1. G.-L.; C; T.; S. 
 
 b. stock. 
 
 1. ancient history. 
 
 2. modern history. 
 
 5. Unity of Aryan races. 
 a. one family. 
 
 1. term. 
 
 2. migration into E., 2500 B.C. 
 
 6. Order of migration. 
 
 a. first wave — C. 
 
THE NEW RAGES. 
 
 51 
 
 1. evidence. 
 
 2. Cent. E. 
 
 5. second wave — T. 
 
 1. effect on C. 
 
 2. Cent, and Ea. E. 
 
 c. Slavonic. 
 
 1. effect on T. 
 
 2. E. plain. 
 
 d. time of the Hel. and Lat. mi- 
 
 grations (? ). 
 
 7. Ancient Aryan civilization. 
 a. peninsulas. 
 
 1. favored branch. 
 
 {a.) social organ. ; culture. 
 
 2. 3 brother-races. 
 
 {a.) written language, arts, 
 etc. 
 
 3. outside. 
 
 8. Influence of Rome on the 
 
 Celts, 
 (infl. of Greece.) 
 a. Cis. Graul. 
 
 1. R. franchise. 
 {a) J. C. 
 
 6. Transalpine G. 
 
 1. J. C. 
 
 2. citizenship. 
 
 c. Celt-Iberians of S. 
 
 d. Celts of B. Is. 
 
 e. Gaul and Spain. 
 
 9. The Teutons. 
 
 a. first appearance in hist. 
 
 1. Rome. 
 h. incorporation. 
 1. mod. soc. 
 {a.) ingredients. 
 (1.) love of 1., etc. 
 (2.) forms of long-estab- 
 lished c. 
 
 10. Unity of the Teutons. 
 a. synonymous terms. 
 
 1. T., G., G. 
 &. evidence. 
 
 1. kinship. 
 c. individuality recognizable. 
 
 11. Leading Teutonic tribes. 
 
 a. enumeration : — G. , F. , Y. , 
 Bur., Lorn., S., Aug., Scan. 
 
 12. Goths (Teutons). 
 a. Scan. 
 
 1. Godoland. 
 
 2. Godesconzia. 
 {a.) C. of G. 
 
 3. Gothland. 
 h. roving spirit. 
 
 c. southward, A.D. 200. 
 
 1. Visigoths, (i. e. — ). 
 
 2. Ostrogoths, (i. e. — ). 
 
 3. Gepidee (Lag.). 
 
 d. first of the Teutons. 
 1. Arianism. 
 
 13. Movements of some Teu- 
 
 tonic tribes. 
 a. Van., Sue., Burg. 
 
 1. uplands. 
 
 2. when? 
 h. B. in E. G. 
 
 1. memorial. 
 
 c. V. and S. 
 
 1 . founded k. where ? 
 {a.) Andalusia. 
 
 (1.) former name. 
 (&.) Visigoths, A.D. 414 
 (1.) priority. 
 
 d. V. to A. 
 
 1. Carthage. 
 {a) absorbed. 
 
 14. Franks (Teutons). 
 a. signif . of name. 
 h. B. and lower R. 
 
 c. Gaul. 
 
 1. Clovis. 
 
 {a.) Burgundians ; Vis. 
 
 d. France — Rome. 
 
 15. Teutons in Italy, 
 a. Visigoths. 
 
 1, Odoacer — Heruli. 
 («.) Patrician, A.D. 476. 
 6. Ostrogoths. 
 c. Lombards. 
 
 1. Jut.; EL; D. 
 
52 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 (a.) Ostrogotlis, end 6tli c. 
 (1.) Lombardy. 
 
 16. Anglo-Saxons (Teutons). 
 
 a. Saxons. 
 
 1. significance of name. 
 
 2. Holstein. 
 
 3. basin of the W. 
 
 b. Angles and Jutes. 
 1. D. 
 
 e. Low Germans. 
 1. North Sea. 
 3. contact with E. 
 3. Britain, 5th c. 
 
 17. Scandinavians (Teutons). 
 a. 9th and 10th c. 
 
 1. Norse. 
 
 18. Slavonians. 
 a. stock. 
 
 &. appear when ? 
 e. sadly suggestive. 
 d. representatives. 
 
 1. P. 
 
 2. R. 
 
 (a.) civ. when ? 
 
 19. Non- Aryan races. 
 
 a. few in E. 
 
 b. Ural Ms. 
 1. mod. H. 
 
 (a.) why? 
 
 c. Mongols, or Tartars. 
 
 1. Attila. 
 
 2. Magyars. 
 (a.) A.D. 1000. 
 (6.) H. nation. 
 
 3. Turks. 
 
 (61^.) B. Empire. 
 
 20. Rise of the Romance tongues. 
 a. L. the com. sp. of Gr., S., I. 
 
 1. at what time ? 
 
 2. out-of-the-way cor. 
 
 3. corrupted by 
 (a.) natives. 
 
 (&.) Teut. settlers. 
 
 (1.) why had to learn L. 
 6. " Roman," a sort of cor. L. 
 1. classical L. 
 
 c. gradually — I., F., S. 
 
 d. why called " Romance ? " 
 
 21. English language. 
 
 a. purely T. 
 1. why? 
 
 b. Romance influence. 
 
 1. Nor. invasion, 11th c. 
 
 22. Pure Teutonic languages. 
 
 a. L. influence. 
 
 1. consequence. 
 
 b. enumeration. 
 
 23. Slavonic languages. 
 
 a. stock. 
 
 b. distinct from. 
 
 23. Summary of modern Euro- 
 pean languages. 
 
 a. Romance. 
 
 1. -, 2. - 3. -. 
 
 b. Germanic. 
 1. — . 
 
 (a.) our day. 
 2.—. 
 
 (a.) our day. 
 3.—. 
 
 (a.) including. 
 
 e. Germanic and Romance. 
 1.—. 
 
 d, Celtic. 
 
 1. -, 2. -. 
 
 e. Slavonian, 
 1. - 2. -. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THREE CENTURIES OF 
 HISTORY. 
 
 The Byzantine Empire. 
 
 24. Eastern Empire. 
 
 a. tradition and substance. 
 
 b. not involved, 
 
 c. 1000 y. 
 
 1, coming into being. 
 
 d. condition. 
 
THUEE CENTURIES OF HISTORY. 
 
 53 
 
 25. Reign of Justinian, A. D. 
 
 527-565. 
 
 a. merid. of g. 
 
 5. St. Sopliia. 
 
 c. laws codified. 
 
 1. why needed. 
 
 2. Tribonian. 
 
 {a.) Code, Institutes, Pan- 
 dects, 
 
 3. R. Civil Law — the ground- 
 
 work. 
 {a) notable e:^ception. 
 
 26. Nature of Byzantine his- 
 
 tory. 
 a. why of little concern. 
 h. B. civilization. 
 
 1. on the surface. 
 
 2. at the core. 
 
 c. claim of emp. at C. 
 1. put forth when ? 
 
 Italy do-wn to Charlemag-ne. 
 
 27. The Ostrogoths. 
 a. retrospect. 
 
 h. Ost. kingdom. 
 
 1. B. Sea and A. 
 
 2. Theodoric, or Dietrich. 
 
 c. relations to Emp. of E. 
 
 d. commission. 
 
 1. Odoacer. 
 
 2. character of march. 
 {a.) wagons. 
 
 3. 3y., A.D. 493. 
 
 4. fate of 0. 
 
 28. Reign of Theodoric. 
 a. secured his conq. 
 
 1. military tenures. 
 {a.) one-third. 
 
 (&.) former possessors. 
 
 2. Goths instructed. 
 
 6. revival of It. 
 
 1. sword. 
 
 2. pen and schools. 
 c. 33 y.— A.D. 526. 
 
 1. frightful scenes. 
 
 29. Reconquest by Justinian. 
 a. interference. 
 
 &. first able ruler. 
 
 c. Belisarius. 
 1. Rome. 
 
 d. Narses, A.D. 553. 
 6. It. reduced. 
 
 1. Exarchs of Ravenna. 
 
 30. Lombard invasion. 
 
 a. J.'s death, A.D. 565 — 3 y. 
 h. third T. deluge. 
 
 c. L. why so called? 
 1. Lombardy. 
 
 {a.) Pavia, A.D. 568. 
 
 d. treated It. how? 
 1. result. 
 
 {a) Venice. 
 
 31. Later history. 
 
 a. It. divided bet. whom ? 
 
 1. 200 y. 
 h. Lombards where ? 
 
 c. Byz. where? 
 
 d. Desiderius. 
 
 1. Charlemagne, A.D. 7«74. 
 
 Beginning's of France. 
 
 32. Rise of France. 
 
 a. established themselves. 
 
 1. disruption of W. R. E. 
 
 2. v., B., F. 
 
 3. Clovis (Ludwig, or Louis). 
 h. foundation laid. 
 
 1. capital (Lutetia), A.D. 507. 
 c. relig. condition. 
 
 33. Relations to Constantinople. 
 
 a. distance, etc. 
 
 6. friends. 
 
 c. crown and purple. 
 
 34. Successors of Olovis. 
 a. sons. 
 
 h. 1st dynasty — 100 7. 
 
 1. Merowig. 
 
 {a) grandfather. 
 
 2. crimes and violence. 
 
 3. imbeciles. 
 
 35. Mayors of the Palace. 
 
 a. prime minister. 
 1. real power. 
 
54 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 &. chosen by whom ? for what ? 
 
 c. army. 
 
 d. " sluggard kings." 
 1. sign of kingship. 
 
 36. Charles Martel. 
 
 a. Saracens, a.d. 732. 
 1. consequence. 
 
 37. Pepin (son). 
 a. convent. 
 
 &. A.D. 753. 
 
 c. Carlovingian Dynasty. 
 1. Charlemagne. 
 
 Beginning's of England. 
 
 38. Anglo-Saxon conquest. 
 a. R. withdrawn. 
 
 1. when? 
 &. Low-G., mid. 5th c. 
 
 1. Elbe and Weser. 
 
 2. knew, cared. 
 
 8. lang. and relig. 
 c. fate of Celtic B. 
 1. mountains, etc. 
 
 39. 
 
 a. 
 h. 
 
 The three tribes. 
 A.,S., J. 
 memorial names. 
 
 1. "Saxon." 
 
 2. "Anglo-Saxon." 
 
 3. "England." 
 {a.) significance. 
 
 4. Jutes. 
 
 40. Growth of England. 
 
 a. continued immigrations. 
 
 1. 150 y. 
 
 2. heathenism. 
 
 6. Rom. missionaries. 
 
 1. fol. cen. 
 C. little k. ; wars. 
 
 1. "kites and crows." 
 d. Egbert, 9th c. 
 
 1. Charlemagne. 
 
 Rise of the Saracens.^ 
 
 41. Subject stated. 
 a. invasion of E. 
 
 1. S. race ; followers. 
 
 h. religion. 
 c. dominion. 
 
 42. Mohammed's early life. 
 
 a. Mecca, in A., a.d. 570, or 571. 
 h. 40. 
 
 1. occupation; character; ed- 
 
 ucation. 
 
 2. information, 
 
 (<■/.) journeys — S. and P. 
 
 c. retirements. 
 
 d. commission. 
 
 1. compared with J. and C. 
 
 e. friends, etc., to do what ? 
 
 43. His system ; its value. 
 a. reformer of A. 
 
 1. more rational. 
 
 2. one nation. 
 
 h. Koran — meaning. 
 c. Islam — meaning. 
 
 44. Hegira, July 15th, AD. 622. 
 
 a. first disciples. 
 &. pviblic treatment. 
 c. Medina. 
 
 1. chronological era. 
 
 2. how received. 
 
 3. first mosque. 
 
 45. Koran and sword. 
 a. dreamer. 
 
 1 . " key of h. and h." 
 6. 10 y. 
 
 c. Moslems, or — . 
 
 d. preparing. 
 1. A.D. 632. 
 
 46. Conquests of the Caliphs. 
 
 a. Successors. 
 
 1. spir. and temp. 
 5. Abu-beker (f.-in-I). 
 
 c. proselyting spirit. 
 1. choice. 
 
 d. spread — A., A.; E. 
 
 47. The East. 
 
 a. O. pos. of B. empire. 
 h. Abu-beker. 
 
 1. S. and Mes. 
 c. Omar. 
 
 1. E. and N. Af. 
 
EMPIRE OF CHABLEMAGNE. 
 
 55 
 
 2. Alex, Lib. 
 
 {a.) recent writers. 
 
 d. beyond Mt. T. 
 1. resistance. 
 
 {a.) why? 
 
 e. to India. 
 
 48. In the West. 
 a. resistance. 
 
 &. C— 8 y.— A.D. 668-675, 
 
 1. how repelled. 
 
 2. 40 y. 
 
 c. N. Af. 
 
 1. resistance, 
 
 2. Cyrene, Tripoli, C. 
 
 d. crossed strait, a.d. 710, 
 1. ''JebelTarik." 
 
 49. Spain, 
 a. Xeres, 
 
 1. Roderick. 
 {a) "lastof theG," 
 &. Asturias. 
 
 50. 51. Saracenic aggression. 
 a. Pyrenees. 
 
 1. lodgement. 
 
 2. Abd-el -Rahman. 
 {a.) Loire. 
 
 (&.) all Europe. 
 6. Charles Martel, A.D, 732. 
 
 1. Tours and Poictiers. 
 
 2. seven. 
 («.) effect. 
 
 3. surname. 
 
 52. Foothold in Spain. 
 a. 700 y. 
 
 53. Division of Saracenic em- 
 
 pire. 
 a. one caliph, 
 
 1. how long? 
 &. disputed succession. 
 c. A.D. 755, 
 
 1, Spain ; Bagdad, 
 
 54. Events in the East, 
 a. Haroun-al-Raschid. 
 
 1, Aaron, etc. 
 
 2. A.D. 786. 
 
 3, Charlemagne. 
 
 4. vivid picture. 
 
 6. civil strife. 
 
 1. gradual crumbling. 
 ia.) 11th and 12th c. 
 
 55. In the West. 
 
 a. Ommiyad line, 283. 
 
 &. Cordova. 
 
 c. Moors— 1038. 
 
 56. Saracenic learning. 
 a. compared with Eur. 
 
 1. cult, of learning, etc. 
 h. competing schools. 
 
 1. C. and B. 
 c. from them proceeded. 
 
 1. med., etc. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Spain. 
 
 a. Visigothic k. — down, of R. 
 1. first of the new. 
 
 h. Saracens, 8th c. 
 
 II. The Franks. 
 
 a. Clovis, beg. 6th c. 
 
 1. Merovingian — one c. 
 &. Pepin, mid. 8th c. 
 
 III. England. 
 
 a. Low-Gr. — down, of R, 
 
 &, petty k, 
 
 c. Egbert, early in 9th c, 
 
 IV. Italy, 
 
 a. Visigoths, a,d, 476. 
 
 1. Odoacer. 
 
 2. 20 y. 
 
 5. Ostrogoths. 
 
 1. Theodoric. 
 
 2. 60 y. 
 
 j c. Byz, Exarchs. 
 \ d. liOmbard k, 
 e. Charlemagne, 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 EMPIHE OF CHARLE- 
 MAGNE, 
 
 57, Subject stated. 
 a. ruins rebuilt. 
 
56 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 1. Charlemagne, his rank. 
 
 58. Charlemagne's birth. 
 a. Pepin. 
 
 1, first Carlo. 
 
 2. imbecile k. 
 I. A.D. 742. 
 
 c. Karl. 
 
 d. Teuton in what ? 
 
 59. Frankish kingdom. 
 a. portions of 
 
 F. 
 G. 
 
 60. Contemporary events. 
 a. Italy. 
 
 1. Lombards. 
 
 2. Byzantine empire. 
 &. England. 
 
 1. feeble and warring. 
 c. Spain. 
 1. Moslems. 
 
 61. Situation of the Pranks. 
 a. lifting itself. 
 
 6. center of rising T. civ. 
 
 62. 63. Charlemagne's design. 
 a. R. empire. 
 
 1. on G. soil. 
 J), aimed to use. 
 
 1. political ideas, etc. 
 
 3. ad. pow. of the Ch. 
 
 c. carefully cher. 
 
 1. old G. inst. 
 
 2. protec. ; champ. 
 
 d. numer. wars. 
 1. 46. 
 
 64. His foes. 
 a. G. pagans. 
 
 &. outlying Scythians. 
 
 c. why dangerous. 
 
 1. neighbors. 
 
 2. barbarians and pagans. 
 («.) press heavily. 
 
 d. main object. 
 
 (a.) extend the domain. 
 
 65. Wars with the Saxons. 
 a. most troublesome. 
 
 1. Weser and Elbe. 
 {a) to B., 3 c. before. 
 &. repeatedly subdued. 
 c. terrible vengeance. 
 
 1. 4200. 
 
 2. baptized and peaceable. 
 
 66. Eastern conquests. 
 a. Bavaria. 
 
 1. Avars — Pannonia (now 
 
 what ?). 
 
 2. overpowered. 
 6. annexation. 
 
 c. result. 
 
 1. first union of G. 
 
 2. F. k. how far extended. 
 {a.) Theiss ; Save. 
 
 67. Saracens. 
 a. Saragossa. 
 
 1. Aragon and Navarre. 
 h. up to Ebro, 
 c. Roncesvalles. 
 
 1. Roland. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 68; Italy. 
 
 a. aid solicited. 
 
 1. Adrian I. 
 &. monastery. 
 
 c. "iron crown." 
 
 d. annexation, A.D. 773. 
 
 69. Extent of Charlemagne's 
 
 dominion. 
 a. inheritance. 
 6. 800. 
 
 c. R. E. West. 
 
 1. Ebro, Elbe, Theiss ; Italy; 
 Cor., Sar., Bal. Isles. 
 
 d. kingdom ; empire. 
 
 70. Crowned emperor. 
 a. A.D. 800, climax. 
 
 h. visit in state. 
 1. St. P.— C. day. 
 {a.) prayer. 
 (&.) "E. of the W.'* 
 (1.) title. 
 
 71. Charlemagne's energy. 
 a. latter y. — consoL, etc. 
 
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 
 
 57 
 
 h. Napoleon. 
 
 c. acqviainted witli what ? 
 1. house., mar., mon. 
 
 d. work exacted. 
 
 72. Scholarship. 
 a. patron. 
 
 &. Lat. and G. 
 
 c. learned church. 
 1. delight. 
 
 d. " School of the Palace." 
 
 e. gr., rhet., mus., log, ast., 
 
 nat. hist. 
 
 f. writing. 
 
 1. churchmen. 
 
 73. Education of the people. 
 
 a. extent of his interest. 
 6. monasteries. 
 1. school, 
 
 c. ancient Romans — convents. 
 
 d. Ger. heroic bal. 
 
 e. church music. 
 
 74. Person and habits. 
 
 a. stature and appearance. 
 h. dress. 
 
 c. dined— fond of. 
 
 d. hated. 
 
 e. reading at table. 
 
 1. hist. 
 
 2. A.'s ''City of G." 
 /. Frankish dress. 
 
 1. Roman. 
 
 75. Residence. 
 
 a. Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). 
 &. two capitals. 
 1. palace. 
 
 75. The ■world's homage. 
 a. coronation. 
 
 &. H.-al-R. 
 
 1. ape, ele.; clock (hours). 
 
 76. End of his empire. 
 a. A.D. 814. 
 
 &. Louis (le Debonnaire). 
 1. repose of cloister. 
 
 3. sons. 
 
 c. Verdun, A.D. 843. 
 
 1. F., G., I. 
 d. 30 y. 
 
 1. hist, of the F. 
 
 2. hist, of the F. and G. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV, 
 
 THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 
 
 77. Programme of topics. 
 a. five chapters. 
 
 1. general view. 
 
 2. great his. facts. 
 
 h. F.; P. P.; C. andC; D. A.; 
 revival. 
 
 78. General statement. 
 a. marked feature. 
 
 &. origin of F. 
 
 1. pec. rel. of m. to m. 
 
 c. spread, 11th c. 
 
 d. duration. 
 
 1. changes — mod. h. 
 
 79. Explanation of the system. 
 a. allodium, freehold. 
 
 1. free G. soldier. 
 
 2. share of spoil. 
 &. feudum, or fief. 
 
 1. king's share. 
 
 2. service in war, etc. 
 
 3. f . tenure. 
 
 4. held how long ? 
 
 c. suzerain, liege, lord. 
 
 d, liegeman, vassal, retainer. 
 
 80. Ramifications of the system. 
 a. kings to fav. 
 
 h. holders of exten. allods to 
 whom ? 
 
 1 . obtaining what ? 
 c. bish. and ab. to k. 
 
 1. bound to do what? 
 
 81. Duties of a liegeman. 
 a. usual tenure. 
 
 1. fiefs from king, 
 (a.) court. 
 (6.) war, , 
 
58 
 
 MEDIEVAL HI8T0RT. 
 
 2. fiefs from lords. 
 (6!^.) castle. 
 (6.) war. 
 &. protection to vassal. 
 
 82. Feudalism universal. 
 
 a. popularity of the f. ten. of 
 prop. 
 
 1. rich gifts to nobles. 
 
 2. allod exchanged for fief. 
 {a.) why? 
 
 &. connect, sys. of fiefs. 
 e. chain of ranks. 
 d. royal vassals. 
 
 1. Duke of Normandy. 
 
 83. Illustration from war. 
 a. summons. 
 
 1. king. 
 
 2. chief nobles. 
 
 3. smaller proprietors. 
 
 4. farm, and yeomen. 
 &. army. 
 
 1. bands of freemen. 
 
 {a.) armed at whose cost? 
 (6.) followed banner. 
 
 84. 
 
 Serfs and slaves. 
 
 a 
 
 freeholders. 
 
 b. 
 
 mass of people. 
 
 c. 
 
 bound to land. 
 
 
 1. slaves. 
 
 d 
 
 slaves. 
 
 
 1. war. 
 
 
 2. crime. 
 
 85. 
 
 Nature of a fief. 
 
 a. 
 
 castle. 
 
 b. 
 
 vil., or attached do. — tillers 
 
 
 1. villains. 
 
 
 (a.) ville, or vil. 
 
 
 (&.) freeborn. 
 
 
 2. serfs. 
 
 
 {a.) born thralls. 
 
 86. The system in England. 
 
 a. spread in other lands. 
 
 b. W. of N., 1066. 
 1. claim. 
 
 87. Norman castles. 
 
 a. first thought of N. 
 
 6. castles. 
 
 1. courts. 
 
 2. keep — baron. 
 
 3. barbacan. 
 (a.) portcullis. 
 
 (&.) lead and pitch. 
 c. gray ruins. 
 
 88. Evils of feudalism. 
 
 a. romance. 
 
 b. reality. 
 
 1. guaranteed rights. 
 (a.) good proprietor. 
 (&.) will and caprice. 
 
 2. oppression, 
 (a.) redress. 
 
 (1.) magistrates. 
 
 89. Effect on the nation. 
 
 a. nationality. 
 
 b. isolation. 
 
 c. cluster of confed. p. 
 
 d. what if obedience refused. 
 
 e. lawlessness. 
 
 90. Enemies of feudalism. 
 
 a. R. 
 
 b. theM. 
 e. theC. 
 
 91. Influence of royalty. 
 
 a. principle of r., centralism. 
 h. principle of f., diffusion. 
 
 c. change. 
 
 1. at the outset. 
 
 2. centralism. 
 (a.) why? 
 
 (1.) nationality. 
 (2.) pierce down. 
 
 3. decrees for whole k. 
 (a.) fountain of law. 
 (&.} will of f. chief. 
 
 92. Rise and influence of cities. 
 
 a. Roman system. 
 1. free, self -gov. 
 
 {a.) survivors of T. inva- 
 sions. 
 (b.) little repub. 
 
 b. tendency in turbulent feu- 
 
 dal times. 
 
GROWTH OF THE PAPAL POWER. 
 
 59 
 
 1. crystallize. 
 
 2. towns (privileges). 
 («.) provosts, bailiffs. 
 
 (1.) appointed. 
 
 3. boroughs. 
 {a) charters. 
 (5.) self-go V. 
 
 (1.) mayor, alder. 
 (2.) burghers, free. 
 
 c. oases of f. 
 
 d. Commons. 
 
 1. finally overthrew. 
 
 2. limited, rep. mon. 
 
 93. Influence of the clergy. 
 
 a. spiritual dominion. 
 
 1. natural ally. 
 {a.) hence. 
 h. more than one-half. 
 c. common brotherhood. 
 
 1. injustice and arbit. p. 
 
 94. Other influences. 
 
 a. Cru. ; gun. ; com. ; know. 
 
 95. Summary. 
 a. adapted. 
 
 1. barbarous. 
 &. overthrown. 
 
 OHAPTEE V. 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PAPAL 
 POWER. 
 
 96. Subject stated. 
 a. Latin or Cath. C. 
 
 1. how it arose. 
 
 2. how it grew. 
 
 3. control of E. politics. 
 &. absolutely necessary. 
 
 97. Power of the Bishop of 
 
 Rome. 
 a. overthrow of W. E. 
 
 1. first personage. 
 
 2. looked up to. 
 
 3. church alone. 
 
 4. bar. brought under. 
 {a.) earnestness. 
 
 &. Ostrogoths overthrown. 
 
 1. Justinian. 
 
 2. Ravenna. 
 c. titles. 
 
 1. Pontiff. 
 
 {a.) pont. max. 
 
 2. Pat., Pa., Pope. 
 
 {a.) Gregory VII., 1076. 
 (1.) sanctus. 
 (2.) " His H. the P." 
 
 98. The Lombards and Pepin. 
 a. 8th c. 
 
 1. mast, of Rav., R., etc. 
 {a.) not agreeable. 
 (&.) aid asked. 
 h. Pepin. 
 
 1. Exarchate of R. 
 {a.) bestowed. 
 (1.) beginning. 
 c. Charlemagne, a.d. 800. 
 1. confirmed grant. 
 
 99. The popes and the emperors. 
 
 a. 2 c. of confus. 
 h. weak kings. 
 1. Carlo. 
 
 c. p. pow. grew. 
 
 1. authority in p. 
 
 d. begin, of struggle. 
 
 1. mid. 10th c. 
 
 2. G. sov. Emp. of W. 
 {a.) feeling of Ital. 
 
 (6.) center of opposition. 
 
 e. popes how vassals. 
 /. spir. head. 
 
 100. Narrative of the quarrel. 
 a. election of p. 
 
 1. emp. claim. — ratification. 
 
 2. high hand. 
 
 {a ) Ger. popes. 
 &. Hildebrand. 
 
 1. Greg. VII. 
 
 2. monk of Soana. 
 {a.) son of whom? 
 
 101. Hildebrand. 
 
 a. to Rome, a.d. 1049. 
 1. chancellor and car. 
 («.) 20 y.— 5 p. 
 
60 
 
 MEDIEVAL HI8T0BT. 
 
 h. influence. 
 c. matured plan. 
 1. regen. of E. 
 
 (a.) the only means. 
 
 (&.) daring project. 
 
 102. What he did. 
 
 a. A.D. 1073. 
 
 b. title. 
 
 c. " right of investiture." 
 
 1. ring and staff. 
 
 2. claimed by whom ? 
 
 3. significance. 
 
 d. ordinance. 
 
 1. layman. 
 
 2. excommunication. 
 
 103. Henry IV. and Hildebrand. 
 
 a. decree defied. 
 
 1. ex. 
 
 2. oath of allegiance. 
 
 b. preparations for war. 
 
 1. monks and friars. 
 
 2. insurrections. 
 
 c. suitor for mercy. 
 
 d. 21st Jan., 1077. 
 
 1. Canossa. 
 
 2. wonderful scene. 
 
 e. revenge. 
 
 1. Salerno, ad. 1085. 
 
 104. Policy of Gregory's suc- 
 
 cessors. 
 a. steady adherence. 
 . b. Eur. rev. 
 
 c. vassals : Por., Aragon, E., 
 
 Sc, Sar., Two S., etc. 
 
 d. Henry V. 
 
 1. Worms, A.D. 1122. 
 
 105. Innocent III., 1198-1216. 
 
 a. Imperial Prefect. 
 6. Albigenses. 
 C- King J. 
 
 1. tribute. 
 d. claim. 
 
 106. Result of claim. 
 a. doubtful. 
 
 h. large chapter. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 107. General statement. 
 
 a. related events. 
 
 b. meaning of term. 
 
 c. undertaken by whom? for 
 
 what? 
 
 108. Pilgrimages; 
 
 a. ancient custom. 
 
 b. Saracens treated visitors 
 
 how? 
 1. why? 
 
 c. Seljukian Turks, mid. 11th c. 
 
 1. treatment of Christians. 
 
 2. palmers. 
 
 (a.) "Infidels." 
 
 109. The feeling aroused. 
 
 a. indig. 
 
 b. desire. 
 
 1. hated relig. 
 
 2. Holy Land. 
 
 110. Peter the Hermit. 
 
 a. Amiens, F. 
 
 b. in youth ; monk ; solitude. 
 
 c. pil. 
 
 1. inspired. 
 
 111. His preaching and appear- 
 
 ance. 
 a. Urban II. 
 
 1. reception. 
 &. Italy and F. 
 
 1. proclamation, 
 e. appearance. 
 
 1. emaciated. 
 (a.) austerities. 
 (b.) travel. 
 
 2. dimin., mean. 
 
 3. coarse weeds. 
 (a.) Hermit. 
 
 4. eloquence. 
 
 112. Effect of his preaching. 
 a. throngs of all ranks. 
 
THE CRUSADES. 
 
 61 
 
 h. indignation. 
 
 1. wrongs ; defilement. 
 
 c. remorse — supineness. 
 
 d. eagerness — reconcil. 
 
 e. rapture — vengeance. 
 
 113. Council of Clermont, A.D. 
 
 1095. 
 a. papal advocacy. 
 h. two councils. 
 1. Clermont, F. 
 {a.) address of P. 
 (1.) "Deus vult." 
 (2.) "Croists." 
 
 The First Crusade (A.D. 1096- 
 1099). 
 
 114, 115. First rush. 
 
 a. throng around P. the H. 
 
 1. when? where? classes, 
 sex and age. 
 6. perilous charge. 
 C. Walter the Penniless. 
 
 1. Bur. k. 
 d. torrent over Gr. 
 6. route : G., H., BuL, Thrace. 
 
 f. organization. 
 
 1. devastations. 
 
 [a.) enraged H. peasantry. 
 
 g. remnants crossed B. 
 1. fate. 
 
 h. swept out of existence 
 
 116. Main movement. 
 a. real chivalry. 
 
 &. sovereigns. 
 
 c. f . chiefs. 
 1. vassals. 
 
 d. disting. leaders. 
 
 1. Godfrey of Bouillon. 
 («.) Duke of Low. Lorraine, 
 (now Bel.). 
 3. Robert, Duke of Nor. 
 
 e. separate armies. 
 1. routes — to C. 
 
 117. The march. 
 a. 600,000. 
 
 1. exclusive. 
 h. alarm of G. emperor. 
 
 1. threat, 
 junction. 
 1. P. the H, 
 
 etc. 
 
 118. Description of the army. 
 a. mailed c. 
 
 1. 100,000. 
 
 2. flow, of E. chiv. 
 
 3. knights, esq., men-at arms. 
 {a.) helm, and s. 
 
 (6.) chain and scale ar. 
 (c.) lance and s. 
 id.) ax and mace. 
 
 4. glitter. 
 
 (a.) embroid. and erm. sur. 
 (&.) inlaid g. and g. 
 (c.) ban. and pen. 
 h. footmen. 
 
 1. long and c. bow. 
 
 2. miserable contrast. 
 
 119. Advance through Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 a. Nice, or Nicsea, A. M. 
 
 1. result. 
 &. 500 to S. 
 
 c. Sultan of Roum. 
 1. 300,000. 
 
 d. Doryleeum. 
 
 1. onset. 
 
 2. rally. 
 
 3. curved scim. and light jav. 
 
 4. long pointed s. and gigan. 
 
 lance. 
 
 5. 30,000. 
 
 e. rank of the battle. 
 
 120. Sufferings on the march. 
 
 a. a waste — hundreds daily. 
 
 1. horses— 30,000. 
 6. Orontes — Syr. Antioch. 
 
 121. Siege of Antioch. 
 a. difficulties. 
 
 1. 7 m. — horrors — 2000. 
 &. treachery — June, 1098. 
 
 122. Events in Antioch. 
 a. 200,000 M. 
 
 1. Per. sultan. 
 &. second famine. 
 
63 
 
 MEDIEVAL EI8T0RY. 
 
 c. bold rally. 
 
 d. remnant head for J. 
 
 1. 1500 ; 20,000. 
 
 2. tmarmed p., etc. 
 
 123. To Jerusalem. 
 a. A. to Jaffa, 300. 
 
 1. route. 
 &. interior. 
 
 1. sacred associations. 
 c. at last ! 
 
 1. effect upon them. 
 
 124. Siege of the city. 
 a. Sar. caliph of E. 
 
 1. indep. 
 
 2. had recently won. 
 h. 5 w. — no water. 
 
 1. July, 1099. 
 c. glory stained. 
 
 1. 70,000 M. 
 
 2. Jews in syn. 
 
 125. Kingdom of Jerusalem. 
 a. Christian k. 
 
 5. G., July 23, 1099. 
 
 1. k. of the H. C. 
 
 2. D. of the T. 
 
 c. Latin K. of J. 
 
 d. 450 y. 
 
 126. Later events. 
 
 a. homeward bound. 
 1, P. theH. 
 
 («.) French mon. 
 
 6. Godfrey — one y. — 40. 
 1. character of rule. 
 
 c. Baldwin (brother). 
 
 d. Baldwin du Bourg (kins- 
 
 man). 
 
 e. A.D. 1187, Saladin. 
 
 The Second Crusade (A.D. 1147- 
 1149). 
 
 127. Alarm in Palestine. 
 a. half a century. 
 
 &. threatening dangers. 
 
 c. Edessa, a.d. 1145. 
 1. T. emir, 
 
 d. appeal to E. 
 
 128. Effect in Europe. 
 
 a. enthusiasm. 
 h. St. Bernard. 
 1. eloq. 
 
 c. Conrad III. 
 
 d. Louis VII. 
 
 129, 130. The march. 
 
 a. A.D. 1147. 
 
 5. 300,000. 
 
 c. German advance. 
 
 1. B.— A. M. 
 
 2. secret intelligence. 
 
 3. treach. guides. 
 
 4. Meander. 
 {a.) Nice. 
 
 5. nine tenths. 
 
 d. French advance. 
 
 1. Nice. 
 
 {a.) remnant. 
 
 2. Laodicea. 
 
 3. A.; J. 
 
 131. Result. 
 
 a. Damascus. 
 1. result. 
 
 6. return. 
 
 1. Second C. closed how? 
 
 The Third Crusade (A.D. 1189- 
 1192). 
 
 132. Saladin. 
 
 a. 40 y. 
 
 &. single empire. 
 
 1. Sallah-a-deen. 
 {a.) Curdish chief. 
 
 2. Nile to T. 
 
 c. decay of Latin k. 
 
 1. Pal. invaded. 
 {a) success. 
 
 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 {a) 14 d.; A.D. 1187. 
 
 d. Tyre. 
 
 133. Events of the Third Cru- 
 
 sade. 
 a. cause. 
 &. took the cross. 
 
 1. Rich. I. — Cceur de Lion. 
 
THE CRU8ADE8. 
 
 G[ 
 
 (- 
 
 -). 
 
 ia) 
 
 2. Pliilip Augustus. 
 
 3. Fred. Barbarossa. 
 («.) ( ). 
 
 C. Saladin's titlie. 
 
 134. Frederick's column. 
 
 (by sea). 
 a. overland. 
 
 1. 60,000 ; 100,000. 
 &. death — Cilicia. 
 
 1. result, 
 
 c. one-tenth. 
 
 d. remnant — Acre. 
 
 135. Siege of Acre. 
 
 a. rally of Christians in S. 
 h. attempts to relieve. 
 c. 23 m.— A.D. 1191. 
 
 136. Philip retires. 
 a. hopes dashed. 
 
 h. cause of secession. 
 
 1. reck, and arrog. 
 
 2. perhaps jealousy. 
 
 137. Closing events. 
 a. varying success. 
 6. truce. 
 
 1. favorable terms. 
 {a.) M. tol. and lib.* 
 
 The Later Crusades. 
 
 138. Character of later Cru- 
 
 sades. 
 a. earlier. 
 &. subsequent. 
 1. some ; others. 
 
 DETAILS OF THE LATER CRU- 
 SADES. 
 
 Fourth Crusade. 
 a. motive. 
 
 1. am. and ad. 
 {a.) r. zeal. 
 6. aid of V. fleet. 
 
 1. Zara, Dalmatia, A.D. 1202. 
 
 * a. E. a prisoner at Y. 
 1. 2 y. 
 b. Sal., A.D. 1193. 
 
 c. Constantinople. 
 
 1. Latin k., A.D. 1204-1260. 
 
 Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1216-1220. 
 
 a. Egypt. 
 &. at first. 
 
 c. surrender. 
 
 d. continuation, A.D. 1228. 
 
 1. Fred. II. of G. 
 
 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 {a) ceded with other c. 
 
 e. a few years afterwards. 
 
 Sixth Crusade, A.D. 1238 
 a. French and English. 
 
 1. negotiation. 
 &. 2 y. peace, 
 
 1. Turks of Khorasm. 
 {a.) most of Pal. 
 
 Seventh Crusade. 
 a. Louis IX. of F. (St. L.), a.d. 
 
 1249. 
 &. result — king — ransom. 
 
 Eighth and last Crusade, A.D. 
 1270. 
 
 a. St. L. and English. 
 h. result. 
 
 c. Tunis. 
 
 1. pestilence — king. 
 
 d. Prince Edward. 
 
 1. Palestine. 
 
 2. return. 
 
 e. last stronghold of C. 
 
 E-esuJts of the Crusades. 
 
 139. Summary. 
 
 a. failed. 
 h. effects. 
 
 140. First effect. 
 
 a. concert. 
 
 1. better acquainted ; chiv. 
 sent.; mut, sym,; liberal. 
 
 141. Effect on commerce. 
 a. products and processes. 
 6. modern commerce. 
 
 c. nav. of Med. 
 1. It. mar. st. 
 {a.) transports. 
 
64 
 
 MEDIJEVAL BISTORT, 
 
 (h.) stores, etc. 
 
 d. spices, etc. 
 
 e. trading depots. 
 
 1. v., a, etc. 
 
 2. Levant, etc. 
 
 142. Effect on feudalism, 
 a. diminish strength. 
 
 1. breaking up. 
 
 143. Effect on chivalry. 
 
 a. chief inf. 
 
 &. surnames, coats of arms, etc. 
 1. composite armies. 
 
 144. Intellectual effect. 
 
 a. fanaticism. 
 
 &. feeling tow. Moham. 
 
 1. abhorrence. 
 
 2. respect. 
 
 c. liberalizing contact. 
 
 d. wider horizon. 
 
 6. great Intel, revival. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CHIVALIIY,-ITS RISE 
 AND DECAY. 
 
 145. General sketch. 
 
 a. flower of f . 
 
 h. wonderful influence. 
 
 c. ripened by C. 
 
 d. ceased to exist. 
 
 146. Origin. 
 
 a. two peculiarities. 
 
 1. honor paid to a. 
 
 2. honor paid to w. 
 h. inculcation, 11th c. 
 
 1. school in castle. 
 \a.) composed of whom ? 
 (6.) under whose eye? 
 (c.) educated in what? 
 
 147. Pages. 
 
 a. 7 to 14. 
 
 &. varlet — child. 
 
 c. attended. 
 
 d. thus taught. 
 
 1. o. and c. 
 
 2. m., ch., relig. doc, light w. 
 e. earliest impressions. 
 
 1. noble 1. 
 
 2. val. k. 
 /. mistress. 
 
 1. polish man. 
 g. theology of the castle. 
 
 1. God and the 1. 
 
 2. salvation how secured. 
 
 148. Squires. 
 
 a. 14. 
 
 h. master. 
 
 c. duties. 
 
 1. castle. 
 
 2. tournament. 
 
 3. battle. 
 
 d. 21 — knight {miles). 
 
 149. Ceremonial of knighthood. 
 
 a. fasting and confes. 
 
 1. night of p. and w. 
 h. new robes. 
 
 1. underkirtle, vest, collar, 
 coat of a. 
 
 c. church. 
 
 1. exam. 
 
 2. sac. and vows. 
 
 {a) good, brave, etc. ; Ch., 
 etc. ; ladies ; wid. 
 and or. 
 
 d. conclusion. 
 
 1. baldric ; spurs ; sword. 
 
 150. Dress and armor. 
 a. diff. periods. 
 
 h. first C. — chain armor. 
 
 1. hauberk ; hood and cap ; 
 mittens ; shoes ; horses. 
 
 c. 14th c. — overlapping. 
 
 d. heyday of c. 
 
 151. Tourneys. 
 
 a. characteristic amusement. 
 
 1. celebrated when ? 
 h. lists. 
 
 1. spectators. 
 c. tilting. 
 
 1. lances — "rockets.'* 
 
 2. knight's object. 
 
CIVILIZATION m THE MIBBLE AGES. 
 
 65 
 
 3. "Laissez aller." 
 
 4. " Honor to the sons," etc. 
 d. mod. scenic perform. 
 
 1. Scott ; Froissart. 
 
 152. Good side of chivalry. 
 a. lofty ideal. 
 
 5. cliar. of an accomp. k. 
 
 1. val., loy., court. 
 
 2. hatred of inj. 
 
 c. fruit of these virtues. 
 
 1. warfare. 
 
 {a.) courtesy to en. 
 
 2. word of honor. 
 
 3. elevation of w. 
 
 153. Evil side. 
 
 a. licentiousness. 
 
 6. pernic. thirst. 
 c. punctilio. 
 
 1. duello. 
 
 154. Gunpo"wder, effect of. 
 
 a. disadvantage. 
 
 1. broadsword ; arrows ; can- 
 non-ball. 
 
 155. Last of the knights. 
 
 a. France — Bayard, A.D. 1524. 
 1. "sans peur et sans re- 
 proche." 
 6. England. 
 
 1. Queen E. — Sir P. Sidney. 
 c. Spain. 
 
 2. Cervantes — Don Quixote. 
 
 156. Permanent effect. 
 
 a. spirit survived. 
 
 &. mod. gent. — new character. 
 
 1. heroes. 
 c. noblest type of man. 
 
 1. richly blended. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 CIVILIZATION IN THE 
 MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 The Dark Ag-fes, (A.D. 500-1100). 
 
 157. Subject stated. 
 a. a thousand. 
 
 1. when? 
 &. first six. 
 1. ''D. A." 
 
 158. Cause of the relapse. 
 
 a. melancholy spec. 
 h. barbarous races. 
 c. decay of R. civ. 
 
 1. its end inevitable. 
 
 2. taste for letters. 
 {a.) orig. works. 
 
 3. Gaul, Spain, Italy. 
 {a.) despised. 
 
 (6.) sank to level. 
 
 159. Cause of loss of culture. 
 a. change — lang. 
 
 1. Latin corrupted in I., S., 
 and G. 
 {a.) "Roman." 
 (1.) Ital., Fr., Sp. 
 6. a dead lang. 
 1. scholars. 
 
 160. Result of this change. 
 a. treas. locked. 
 
 1. books in L. 
 
 {a.) unintelligible. 
 
 2. no books. 
 
 1). Ijatin in schools. 
 
 1. cath. andmon. — relig. ed. 
 
 161. Use of letters. 
 a. forgotten. 
 
 1. why? 
 {a.) official. 
 6. sign his name. 
 c. in the keeping of the c. 
 
 1. extensive. 
 
 162. Scarcity of books. 
 a. chief cause. 
 
 h. material of b. 
 
 1. cotton rags, close of 11th c. 
 
 2. papyrus. 
 
 {a.) S. conq. of Alex., 7th c. 
 (6.) importation. 
 
 3. parchment — costly.* 
 
 * current prac. In monast. 
 a. palimpsests. 
 1. loss of what? 
 
66 
 
 MEDn^VAL BISTORT. 
 
 163. Eminent men. 
 
 1. 6th c— St. B., an I. 
 
 a. many? 
 
 b. Mt. Cassino, in L. I. 
 
 b. learning. 
 
 c. spread where ? 
 
 1. "Ven. Bede" of E., A.D. 
 
 d. novel feature. 
 
 673. 
 
 1. ag. — best h. in E. 
 
 2. Alcuin, of E. 
 
 e. monasteries. 
 
 (a.) Charlemagne. 
 
 1. situation. 
 
 C. original thinkers. 
 
 2. three vows. 
 
 1. John (Scotus, or Erigena) 
 
 3. a blessing : farms ; asy- 
 
 of I., 9th c. 
 
 lum ; gospel ; anc't lit. ; 
 
 (a.) bold and acute. 
 
 nurseries. 
 
 2. Pope Sylvester, 10th c. 
 
 
 (a.) math. 
 
 The Ag-e of Revival.— Cities and 
 
 164. Superstition. 
 
 Cominerce. 
 
 a. Ages of Faith. 
 
 169, General statement. 
 
 &. A.D. 1000. 
 
 a. recovery. 
 
 1. "As the w. is now," etc. 
 
 1. what nations? when? 
 
 c. ordeal. 
 
 b. "D. A." 
 
 1. iron ; plow-shares ; fluids. 
 
 1. shad, grow fainter. 
 
 2. Charlemagne. 
 
 
 165. Picture of the age. 
 
 170. Growth of towns. 
 
 a. manhood. 
 
 a. first signs. 
 
 1. intellect enf. ; mor. cor. 
 
 b. agency of prog. 
 
 &. industries of society. 
 
 1. agriculture. 
 
 2. manufactures. 
 (a.) sev. cent. 
 
 (&.) made on the place. 
 
 c. always centers. 
 
 1. old G. and L. times. 
 
 2. Teutons. 
 
 d. new towns — especially. 
 6. old towns. 
 
 (1.) k.'s clothes in 9th c. 
 
 171. Hanse cities. 
 
 3. trade. 
 
 a. Hanseatic League. 
 
 (a.) risk. 
 
 1. beg. of real imp. 
 
 (&.) toll. 
 
 2. mid. 13th c. 
 
 c. German lords. 
 
 3. 80. 
 
 1. unscrupulous. 
 
 b. mutual defense. 
 
 166. Influence of the Church. 
 
 1. piracy. 
 
 a. bridge. 
 
 2. pillage. 
 
 b. clerical culture. 
 
 3. exactions of n. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 c. importance. 
 
 2. salvation of society. 
 
 1, com. 
 
 167. The monks. 
 
 2. freedom. 
 
 a. most active agents. 
 
 172. Italian free cities. 
 
 b. monachism. 
 
 a. priority of I. 
 
 1. contem. life — East. 
 
 b. Lombardy. 
 
 c. laymen. 
 
 c. Lombard League, 1167. 
 
 d. priests — vows. 
 
 d. independence, 1183. 
 
 168. The Benedictines. 
 
 1. Constance. 
 
 a. early rise of monachism. 
 
 6. city-republics. 
 
CIVILIZATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 G7 
 
 173. Wool manufacture. 
 
 a. var. Indus. 
 
 6. Flanders, 12th c. 
 
 1. "Flemish stuifs." 
 
 2. chief seats : G., B. 
 
 {a.) spirit of the weavers.' 
 
 174. English commerce. 
 a. 2 c. after N. conq. 
 
 1. export of w. 
 &. Ed. III., father. 
 
 1. artisans from F. 
 c. mid. 14tli c. 
 
 1. honor, occup. 
 
 175. Italian commerce. 
 a. avenues of So. Eur. 
 
 1. v., A., P., G. 
 6. with whom ? 
 
 1. before 1st c. 
 
 2. Levant. 
 
 175. Other commercial cities. 
 
 a. France : M., N., M. 
 
 b. Spain : B. 
 
 176. Silk manufacture, 
 
 a. earliest impulse. 
 
 b. Ro2,-er Guiscard. 
 1. Palermo, 1148. 
 
 c. L. and T, republics. 
 1. mulberry. 
 
 d. S. France and Catalonia. 
 
 177. The Je'ws and money. 
 
 a. needs of com. 
 1. mon. instit. 
 
 b. usury a crime. 
 
 1. Jew : persec. ; swind. 
 
 178. Bankers of Lombardy and 
 
 Southern Prance. 
 
 a. 13th c. 
 
 b. bills of exchange. 
 
 c. prof, on loans. 
 
 d. estab. themselves. 
 
 1. overcame ancient prejud. 
 
 e. Bank of Barcelona. 
 1. earliest, 1401. 
 
 179. Comforts. 
 
 a. gen. diffusion. 
 
 1. " sumptuary laws," 14th c. 
 
 180. Houses. 
 
 a. better sort. 
 
 b. chimneys ; w. -glass — 14th c. 
 1. ancients — smoke. 
 
 c. staircases. 
 
 d. walls. 
 
 Literature, Science, and Art. 
 
 181. Universities. 
 
 a. earliest signs. 
 
 b. Paris, beg. i2th c. — Abe. 
 1. 25,000, 15th c. 
 
 c. Oxford, Al , 9th c. 
 1. 3,000, (A.D. 1201). 
 
 d. Bologna. 
 
 1. 10,000, 12th c. 
 
 e. Cambridge, 13th c. 
 /. Prague, 1350. 
 
 1. earliest. 
 g. Pad., Tou., Mont., Sala. 
 
 182. Scholastic philosophy. 
 
 a. crowds. 
 
 b. 11th and 12th c. 
 
 c. dialectics — meta. and theol. 
 
 183. The schoolmen. 
 
 a. who? 
 
 b. highest p., 13th c. 
 
 1 . Thomas Aquinas and Duns 
 Scotus. 
 
 c. Roscelin,Anselm, Peter Lorn. 
 
 184. Nature and effect of the 
 
 philosophy. 
 
 a. friv. ques. 
 
 1. " How many a,," etc. 
 
 2. **An a. in passing from 
 
 one," etc. 
 
 b. acute Intel. 
 
 c. prepared way. 
 
 185. Scientists. 
 
 a. a few minds. 
 
 b. Roger B,, 13th c. — E. monk. 
 
 c. Albertus Magnus, 13th c. 
 
 d. credit due them. 
 
 e. magicians. 
 
 186. Saracenic learning. 
 a. interest. 
 
68 
 
 MEDIJEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 b. un., ob., lib., mus. 
 
 c. rem. of G. and A. learn. 
 
 d. G. and L. autliors. 
 
 e. order of ar. 
 1. Alhambra. 
 
 187. Saracenic schools in Spain. 
 a. loth c. 
 
 &. notation. 
 
 c. sci. terms : "alg," "ale," 
 
 "alch.," "zen.," "nad." 
 1. attest what? 
 
 d. alchemists. 
 
 1. chem. — Geber, 8th c. 
 
 188. Growth of native litera- 
 
 ture. 
 a. why important. 
 6. earliest works in Romance 
 
 and Ger. 
 
 c. Troubadours and Minne- 
 
 singers. 
 1. to celebrate. 
 
 d. famous collections. 
 
 1. German: Nibelungcn Lied. 
 
 2. Spanish : Cid. 
 
 8. Brit. : Ar. and K. of R. T. 
 
 e. preludes to what ? 
 
 189. Dante and Chaucer. 
 a. begin, of m. lit. 
 
 h. Dante, It., 1265. 
 
 1. Divina Commedia. 
 c. Chaucer, E., 1828. 
 
 1. five. 
 
 190. Architecture. 
 a. characterist. art. 
 
 1. cath. 
 6. G. cath. — faith and genius. 
 
 c. 11th c. — splendor. 
 
 d. Romanesque — r. arch. 
 
 191. Gothic cathedrals. 
 a. p. arch. 
 
 1. near end 12th c. 
 
 h. N. France. 
 
 c. perf., 13th and 14th c. 
 
 1. one to two c. 
 
 2. sublimest structures. 
 
 192. Painting and music. 
 
 a. p. — full devel. 
 
 b. music when ? 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 POLITICAL. OUTLINE. 
 
 From Charletnagfie to the dose of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 The German Empire. 
 
 193. Division of Charlemagne's 
 
 Empire. 
 
 a. Louis (son), 814. 
 1. partition. 
 
 (a.) quarrels. 
 (6.) Verdun, 843. 
 
 b. three states. 
 
 194. Germany under the Carlo- 
 
 vingians. 
 
 a. how long ? 
 
 b. chief power. 
 1. dukes. 
 
 c. elective, 911. 
 
 1. D. Conrad of Franconia. 
 
 195. First line of Emperors, 
 
 (Saxon), 919-1024. 
 
 a. Henry I. (the Fowler), 919. 
 1. union of S. and F. 
 
 b. five — period. 
 
 1. accomplished what ? 
 
 196. Revival of the Western 
 
 Empire. 
 
 a. OthotheG.(son), 936. 
 
 1. ''Holy," etc. 
 
 2. Adelaide — Lothaire,k.of I. 
 
 3. consecrated, 962. 
 
 b. triple coronation. 
 1. fiction. 
 
 e. three descendants — A.D.1C24. 
 
 197. The Franconian emperors, 
 
 1024-1125. 
 a. Conrad IL 
 1. K. of Burgundy. 
 
POLITICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 69 
 
 h. Henry III. (son)— 1039. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. elec. of popes. 
 _ c. Henry IV. (son). 
 
 1. troubles. 
 
 2. pardon. 
 
 {a.) Gregory VII. 
 d. Henry V. (son). 
 
 1. same disputes. 
 6. A.D. 1125. 
 
 198. Suabian emperors, 1138- 
 
 1254. 
 a. Holienstaufen. 
 
 1. Dukes of Suabia. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 &. Conrad III. 
 1. k. of G. 
 
 c. Fred. Barbarbssa (nephew), 
 
 1155. 
 1. Lombard cities. 
 {a.) Constance, 1183. 
 
 d. Henry VI. (son). 
 1. Sicily. 
 
 6. Fred. II. (last of line). 
 
 199. The Hapsburgs. 
 a, confusion. 
 
 &. Rudolf I. 
 
 c. nominal emperors. 
 
 d. growing less. 
 1. princes. 
 
 e. Sigismund. 
 
 1. Margrave of Brandenburg 
 and K. of H. 
 {a.) why chosen. 
 /. Albert II. 
 1. A. branch. 
 {a.) how long ? 
 g. Fred. III., 1440-1493. 
 1. through M. A. 
 
 France. 
 
 200. 201. Real beginning of 
 
 France, 10th c. 
 a. earlier history. 
 
 1. Franks. 
 
 2. Charlemagne. 
 
 3. Carlovingian kings. 
 
 {a.) feeble. 
 (b.) real so v. 
 (1.) Francia, Bur., Nor., 
 etc. 
 (c.) Louis the Sluggard 
 &. Hugh Capet, Duke of F., 
 A.D. 987. 
 1. right. 
 
 202. Noimans in France. 
 a. Norsemen. 
 
 1. imbecile Carlo. 
 
 2. pirates. 
 
 3. Hollo- Seine, 901. 
 {a.) Normandy. 
 
 (1.) Charles the Simple. 
 &. Christianized. 
 1. softened down. 
 
 203. Capetian idngs. 
 a. 15—31 c. 
 
 204. State of France, 
 a. descend, of H. C. 
 
 1. nominal k. 
 
 {a.) real authority. 
 
 205. Norman conquest of Eng- 
 
 land, 1066. 
 a. 3d k., Henry I. 
 &. William, Duke of N. 
 
 1. laid claim. 
 c. conflicts bet. E. and F. 
 
 1 . cause and duration. 
 
 206. English possessions in 
 
 France. 
 a. Henry n.,of E., 1154. 
 1. Eleanor — Louis VII. 
 {a.) Aquitaine. 
 h. greater pos. 
 
 207. Their recovery by France. 
 a. Philip II. (Augustus). 
 
 1. Normandy, Maine, etc. 
 {a.) John. 
 &. Louis IX. (St. Louis). 
 
 1. character of rule. 
 
 2. great nation. 
 
 208. House of Valois, 2^ c. 
 
 a. Philip (cousin), 1328. 
 &. Henry III, 1589. 
 
70 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 209. Claims of Edward III. 
 a. nephew. 
 
 h. armament. 
 
 1, Hundred Years' War. 
 
 210. The Hundred Years' War. 
 a. Crecy, 134G — vie. 
 
 h. Poictiers, 1356 — vie. 
 
 c. Peace of Bretigny, 1360. 
 
 1. E. gave up what 't 
 
 2. Aq. and Cal. 
 {a.) vassal. 
 
 d. F. conq. of Aq. 
 
 1. Bordeaux and Bayonne. 
 
 e. Agincourt, 1415 — vie. 
 /. treaty, 1420. 
 
 1. two crowns united. 
 {a) mad king, Charles VI. 
 g. treaty broken. 
 h. uprising — Maid of 0. 
 1. driven out, 1453. 
 {a.) Calais. 
 
 211. State of the French nation. 
 
 a. grew. 
 
 &. close of M. A. 
 
 1. Louis XL, 1483. 
 
 2. rank of F. 
 
 England. 
 
 212. Review. 
 
 a. up to Char. 
 
 &. Egbert, beg. 9th c. 
 
 213. Troubles w^ith the Danes. 
 
 a. Egbert's supremacy. 
 &. Alfred (grandson). 
 1. Wessex, 872. 
 
 c. lodgement. 
 
 d. Canute, 1017-1036. 
 
 214. Effect of Norman con- 
 
 quest. 
 a. William the Conqueror, 1066. 
 h. ruling class. 
 
 1. great offices. 
 
 (a.) Church; courts of law. 
 
 2. official language. 
 
 215. Persistence of the Saxons. 
 a. character 
 
 h. majority. 
 
 c. coalescence of languages. 
 
 1. 200 y. 
 
 2. 14th c. 
 
 {a.) Chaucer. 
 
 216, 217. Norman kings (88 y.). 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. — 2. — 3. — , 4. — . 
 &. lineage. 
 
 1. second surviving. 
 
 2. youngest. 
 
 3. fourth daughter. 
 
 218. Plantagenet line (245 y.). 
 a. — , 6. — , c. — , d. — , e. — , /. — , 
 
 g.—, h.—. 
 
 219. Loss of Normandy. 
 a. John. 
 
 Z>. effect. 
 
 1. N. nobles. 
 (a.) dilemma. 
 (&.) choice. 
 
 220. Magna Charta. 
 
 o,. Constitution of E., 13th c. 
 
 1. first step. 
 6. John, 1215. 
 c. groundwork. 
 
 221. Parliament. 
 
 a. next step. 
 &. Henry III. (son). 
 1. great nobles. 
 {a.) Sir Simon Montfort. 
 
 c. old assembly — 1., c, k. 
 
 d. burgesses, 1264. 
 
 e. importance of the step. 
 
 1. House of C. 
 
 2. rep. gov. 
 
 222. Effect of the French wars. 
 a. nationality. 
 
 h. only Englishmen. 
 
 223. Lancastrian line (62 y.). 
 (deposition, a.d. 1399.) 
 
 a. — , Tj. — , c. — . 
 
 224. Wars of the Roses, 1455. 
 a. red ; white. 
 
 &. 6y. 
 
POLITICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 71 
 
 225. House of York (24 y.). 
 a. — , h. — , c. — . 
 1. troubles, etc. 
 
 225. Tudor line. 
 a. 1485. 
 
 6. E. med, liist. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 226. Changes in Italy. 
 
 a. Empire of C. parceled. 
 &. Lotliaire (grandson). 
 
 1. Verdun, 843. 
 c. Otho— " Holy R. E." 
 
 227. Her condition. 
 a. quarreling. 
 
 6. Guelphs. 
 
 1. It. people. 
 
 2. popes. 
 
 c. Gliibellines. 
 1. emperor. 
 
 228. Struggle ■writh Barbarossa. 
 
 a. attempt. 
 
 &. League of Lombardy, 1167. 
 1. 23 ; claim. 
 
 c. crafty measures. 
 
 1. charters ; jealousies. 
 
 d. league of G. cities. 
 
 e. 9y. 
 
 /. Legnano, 1176. 
 g. Constance. 
 1. terms. 
 
 229. Most illustrious Italian 
 
 republics, 
 
 230. Venice. 
 
 a. beginning of glory. 
 
 1. Crusades. 
 
 2. ship -building. 
 &. silks, etc. 
 
 c. Genoa. 
 
 d. manufactures. 
 1. s. and g. 
 
 231. Growth of Venice. 
 
 a. around N. shore. 
 h. Istria and Dal. 
 c. lo. Is., M., C. 
 
 1. 4th C. 
 
 d. Lom. — Adda. 
 
 e. Cy., 1480. 
 
 232. Political changes. 
 a. Doge, or D., 1172. 
 
 1. council of 480. 
 h. Council of Ten. 
 1. reign of t. 
 
 233. Decay. 
 
 a. League of Cambray, 1508. 
 
 1, Pope, Em., and kings. 
 
 2. never. 
 
 234. Florence. 
 a. com. spirit. 
 /;.■ manufac. 
 
 1. wove ; j. 
 
 c. bankers. 
 
 1. g. florin, 1252. 
 {a.) standard. 
 
 d. Signoria, 1250. 
 1. revolt. 
 
 e. feuds. 
 1. rich. 
 
 235. The Medicis. 
 
 a. family of m. 
 h. Lorenzo. 
 
 1. head. 
 
 2. surname. 
 
 {a.) patronage. 
 
 3. Academy. 
 
 4. library. 
 
 Later events. 
 Charles VIII. of F. 
 
 1. despoiled. 
 
 2. banished. 
 {a.) restored, 1512. 
 
 Cosmo I. 
 
 1. Duke, 1537 — extinction. 
 
 2. G. D. of T., 1569. 
 {a.) Pope. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 237. Condition under Moham- 
 medan rule. 
 a. Saracenic deluge, 8th c. 
 1. fate of the Christian k. 
 
 236 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
72 
 
 3IEDI^VAL H18T0BY. 
 
 2. petty sov. 
 &. reconquest. 
 
 238. Rise of Spanish Mngdoms. 
 
 a. Navarre, 873. 
 &. Aragon, 1035. 
 
 c. Castile, 1026. 
 
 d. Leon and Asturias, 1037. 
 
 e. Cordova, Toledo, and Seville. 
 
 1. F. of L. and C. 
 
 2. bet. 1234 and 1248. 
 
 239. Unification of Spain. 
 a. K. of Spain. 
 
 1. liow formed. 
 
 {a.) Castile ; Aragon. 
 5. long campaign ag. M. 
 
 1. court where? 
 {a) Columbus. 
 
 2. Grenada, 1491. " 
 
 {a.) "Vegaof G."~3d. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Fifth Century. 
 a. W. R. E. 
 
 1. Visigoths. 
 h. Teutons. 
 
 1. Eomance n. 
 c. Angles and Saxons. 
 
 1. foundations. 
 
 II. Sixth Century. 
 a. Franks. 
 
 1. Clovis, 510. 
 {a.) k. of the F. 
 
 (1.) F. and G. 
 
 2. other Merovin. 
 5. Byzantine Empire. 
 
 1. first half of c. — -Justinian. 
 {a) Italy — Ostrogoths. - 
 (6.) Vandal k. in A. 
 
 2. latter half of c. — Lom- 
 
 bards. 
 {a.) parts of C. I. , 
 
 (1.) Ex. of Rav. 
 (&.) parts of S. I. 
 
 III. Seventh Century. 
 a. Moham. 
 
 1. Hegira, 622. 
 
 2. CaliiDlis. 
 
 («.} Oriental dominion. 
 
 Q).) N. Af. 
 
 (c.) Constantinople. 
 &. Italy ; land of the F. 
 c. England. 
 
 1. Chris. 
 
 2. Heptarchy. 
 
 IV. Eighth Century. 
 a. Saracens. 
 
 1. Spain. 
 
 2. bey. P. 
 
 {a.) Tours— Martel. 
 &. Franks. 
 
 1. nonentities. 
 
 2. Mayors of the P. 
 («.) Pepin. 
 
 (1.) Exarch of R. 
 
 3. Carlovingians. 
 
 4. Charlemagne. 
 («.) N. I. 
 
 (b.) Christmas day, 800. 
 
 V. Ninth Century. 
 a. England. 
 
 1. Egbert. 
 
 2. Alfred. 
 h. Spain. 
 
 1 . Saracenic power. 
 
 2. Chris, k. ; Navarre and 
 
 Leon. 
 c. successors of Charlemagne. 
 1. F., G., andL 
 
 {a.) f. barons assume. 
 
 VI. Tenth Century. 
 a. Norsemen. 
 
 1. RoUo— Seine. 
 {a) Normandy. 
 
 2. Danes in Eng. 
 &. Germany. 
 
 1. Otho — emp. 
 {a.) most of Italy. 
 c. France. 
 
 1. imbec. Car. dy. 
 
 2. Capet, king. 
 {a.) monarchy. 
 
8YW0PSI8 FOB REVIEW. 
 
 73 
 
 VII. Eleventh Century. 
 
 a. foremost empire. 
 &. Popes. 
 
 1. temporal power. 
 
 2. prolonged struggle. 
 
 3. Hilclebrand (Greg. VII.). 
 {a.) claim of Ch. 
 
 (6.) Henry IV. 
 
 c. England. 
 
 1. Nor. conq., 1066. 
 
 d. k. of Castile. 
 1. Moliam. 
 
 e. Crusades. 
 
 VIII. Twelfth Century. 
 
 a. powers of E. — pres. shape. 
 
 5. Italian cities. 
 
 1. independence. 
 
 2. wealth, etc. 
 
 c. German empire. 
 ]. sep. states. 
 
 (a) Ger. and It. 
 
 d. Crusades. 
 
 e. chivalry. 
 
 /. completely emerged. 
 
 IX. Thirteenth Century. 
 a. Crusades. 
 
 1. feebler. 
 
 2. finally. 
 
 6. England. 
 
 1. reconciled. 
 
 2. loss of dominions. 
 
 {a) k. forced to become. 
 
 3. Magna Charta. 
 
 4. H. of Commons. 
 C. Germany. 
 
 1. Empire— Fred. II. 
 (a.) Ger., It., Sic. 
 
 2. strifes with Popes. 
 
 d. Spain. 
 
 1. Sar. and M. 
 («.) Grenada. 
 
 e. intellectual advance. 
 
 1. universities. 
 
 2. Minnesingers. 
 
 3. G. church-arch. 
 
 X. Fourteenth Century. 
 a. England and France. 
 
 1. Ed. III. 
 
 {a.) nearly conq. 
 
 2. great influence. 
 {a) really English. 
 
 &. Italy. 
 
 1. learning. 
 
 2. repub. lose. 
 
 c. Spain becoming. 
 
 d. Nor., Den., Swed. 
 1. Union of Calmar. 
 
 XI. Fifteenth Century. 
 a. feudalism. 
 h. national mon. 
 
 c. Eastern Empire. 
 1. Turks. 
 
 d. Spain, 
 
 1. Aragon and Castile. 
 
 e. distant sea v. 
 /. gunpowder. 
 g. printing. 
 
 PROGRESS OF dVTLIZATION. 
 
 Fifth Century. 
 a. Christianity. 
 
 Sixth Century. 
 
 a. silk-worms ; Roman law ; 
 Christianity ; Latin. 
 
 Seventh Century. 
 
 a. pens ; glass ; Alex. Library ; 
 Greek fire ; Koran. 
 
 Eighth Century. 
 
 a. paper ; carpets ; schools of 
 learning ; Arabic transla- 
 tions. 
 
 Ninth Century. 
 
 a. clocks; Oxford U. ; agri., 
 etc., in G. ; English navy. 
 
 Tenth Century. 
 
 a. Arabic not. ; wine-presses ; 
 Cambridge U. 
 
 Eleventh Century. 
 
 a. musical notes ; windmills ; 
 clocks ; Romance lit. 
 
74 
 
 MO BEEN HISTORY. 
 
 Twelfth Century. 
 a. sugar-cane ; glass- windows ; 
 scholastic phil. 
 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 a. spectacles ; mirrors ; clocks ; 
 Bacon and Magnus ; Marco 
 Polo. 
 
 Fourteenth Century. 
 
 a. compass ; paper ; gunpow- 
 der ; pins ; Chaucer ; Wy- 
 cliffe. 
 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 a. printing ; Greek phil. ; alge- 
 bra ; America ; Good Hope. 
 
 SECTIOI^r Y. 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 From the beginning of the 16th century to the present time. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 TRANSITION TO MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 1. When does medieeval history 
 
 end? 
 a. difficulty. 
 6. E. R. E. 
 
 1. objection. 
 
 c. American. 
 1. objection. 
 
 d. close of 15th c. 
 1. objection. 
 
 2. Period of transition. 
 
 a. better than one single date. 
 
 1. bridge. 
 &, when? 
 
 3. Events thus included. 
 a. E. R. E. 
 
 &. mar. discov, 
 
 1 . America, 
 
 2. Africa. 
 
 c. prin. ; learning. 
 
 d. gunpowder. 
 
 e. feudalism. 
 1. cent, monar. 
 
 Fall of the Eastern Empire. 
 
 4. State of the empire. 
 
 a. Constantine Palaeologus. 
 
 1. mid. 15th c. 
 h. reduced, 
 
 1. vice and folly. 
 
 2. fury. 
 
 3. corruption. 
 
 5. History of the Ottoman 
 
 Turks, 
 
 a. Othman, or Ottoman (1258). 
 
 1. Bithynia and Phrygia. 
 
 2. flourishing. 
 h. advance. 
 
 1 . nearly all. 
 
 2. Adrianople, 14th c. 
 
 3. Byzantine domin. 
 
 {a.) Th., Mac, Ser., and 
 S. G. 
 
TRANSITION TO MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 75 
 
 c. Moliammed II., 1451. 
 1. Constantinople. 
 
 6. Siege of Constantinople. 
 a. 300,000. 
 
 h. fleet. 
 
 c. 53 d. 
 
 d. at last, 29tli May, 1453. 
 
 1. perhaps the first time. 
 
 2. massacre. 
 
 Maritime Discoveries. 
 
 7. The world before the 15 th 
 
 century. 
 a. historic stage. 
 h. enlarged. 
 
 8. Invention of the compass. 
 a. necessary antecedent. 
 
 6. Gioja, beg. 14th c. 
 
 c. 2 c. earlier. 
 1. needle. 
 
 {a.) lodestone ; cork ; 
 (1.) Chinese. 
 
 d. important question. 
 1. beg. 15th c. 
 
 9. Prince Henry of Portugal. 
 a. took lead. 
 
 h. Sagres — St. Vincent. 
 
 1. observatory. 
 
 2. men skilled. 
 c. bold projects. 
 
 1. E. I., via A. 
 
 10. Portuguese discoveries in 
 
 Africa. 
 a. Cape Non. 
 
 1. significance. 
 6. Bojador. 
 
 1. tropics — terrors. 
 
 c. Senegal. 
 
 d, coast explored. 
 
 1. Blanco. 
 
 2. Cape de Verde. 
 6. C. de V. and A. Is. 
 /. five degrees. 
 
 1. death, 1463. 
 
 11. Their further progress. 
 a. languished. 
 
 h. King John 11. (grand-neph.), 
 1481. 
 
 1. equator. 
 
 2. 1500 m., 1484. 
 {a) Guinea. 
 (5.) commerce. 
 
 12. Circumnavigation of Africa. 
 
 a. possible route. 
 
 6. Barthol. Diaz, 1487. 
 
 1. Cabo Tormentoso. 
 [a.) Cape of S. 
 
 2. Good Hope. 
 
 {a.) ground of hope. 
 c. realized. 
 1. V. da G. 
 
 {a.) Calicut, Malabar, in 
 May, 1498. 
 
 13. What led to the discovery 
 
 of America. 
 
 a. inspiring motive. 
 
 14. Columbus. 
 a. stimulated. 
 
 &. grand project. 
 
 1. what it was not. 
 
 2. what it was. 
 
 3. conceived. 
 
 c. Portuguese efforts. 
 
 d. grand inspiration. 
 
 15. Portuguese in the iOast In- 
 
 dies. 
 a. success — S. in A. 
 &. Goa, 1511. 
 1. Albuquerque. 
 
 c. territor. acquisition. 
 
 d. com. estab. where ? 
 1. exports. 
 
 {a.) Venice — Egypt and the 
 Levant. 
 
 16. Effect of the sea-route to 
 
 India on trade. 
 a. revolution. 
 
 1. West. nat. 
 &. characteristic indolence. 
 1. Lisbon. 
 {a) Dutch. 
 (1.) Por. colonies. 
 
70 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 17. Part taken by the English. 
 
 a. share. 
 h. Se. Cab. 
 
 1. Bristol. 
 
 2. J. Cab., a V. 
 
 3. Henry VII. 
 
 G. Labrador, 1497. 
 1. New., or C. B. 
 3. 38°. 
 
 18. Circumnavigation of the 
 
 globe. 
 a. growth of com. 
 
 1. still room. 
 h. Magellan, 1519-1521. 
 c. what followed, 
 
 1. attention. 
 
 2. navies of Europe. 
 
 3. man. mul, 
 
 4. poor states. 
 
 5. value of mer. wealth. 
 
 The Revival of Xiearning-. 
 
 19. Attending circumstances. 
 
 a. before fall of C. 
 h. fall of C. 
 1. learned G. 
 {a.) treasures. 
 
 c. search for mss. 
 
 1. precious discoveries. 
 
 d. these labors otherwise fruit- 
 
 ful. 
 1. art of printing. 
 
 20. Controversy on the origin 
 
 of printing. 
 
 a. curious fact. 
 
 &. Harlem, Mentz, Strasburg. 
 
 c. turns on meaning of word. 
 
 1. principle. 
 
 {a.) Laurence Coster, of H. 
 (1.) carved blocks. 
 
 2. movable types. 
 
 {a.) John Gutenberg, of M. 
 (&.) Schoeffer, with Faust. 
 (1.) metal. 
 
 21. Earliest prints, etc. 
 
 a. 1423—" St. Christopher." 
 
 h. 1438 — separately cut. 
 
 c. 1450 — separately cast. 
 
 d. 1455— Bible in L. 
 
 1. earliest com. — "Mazarin." 
 {a.) G. and F. at M. 
 
 e. 1457 — Psalter in L. 
 
 1. date. 
 
 2. whose press ? 
 
 /. 1460— Bib. in L. and G. 
 
 1. both sides — met. t. 
 g. 1474— " Game and Playe," 
 etc. 
 
 1. first book — Caxton. 
 
 Decline of Feudalism. 
 
 22. Feudalism in France. 
 a. shaken. 
 
 1. close 15th c, etc. 
 h. severe blow. 
 
 1. Louis XI. 
 
 2. threat, resurrection. 
 c. Richelieu. 
 
 23. In Spain and England. 
 
 a. Spain. 
 
 1. Charles v.; Philip IL 
 
 b. England. 
 
 1. power of great vassals. 
 (a.) compared with those 
 
 of Con. 
 (&.) John and Magna Char- 
 
 ta. 
 (c.) Warwick — Edward IV. 
 (d.) Buckingham — Richard 
 
 III. 
 
 2. Wars of the Roses. 
 
 24. Result of the invention 
 
 of gunpowder. 
 a. armor of knights. 
 6. walls of castles. 
 
 25. Period of the invention. 
 
 a. Roger Bacon, Eng. m., 13th c. 
 
 b. application to war. 
 
 1. Berthold Schwartz, 1330. 
 
 2. Moors. 
 
ORE AT EVENTS OF THE 16th CENTURY. 
 
 77 
 
 Rise of Great MonarcMes. 
 
 26. Great feature of the pe- 
 
 riod. 
 
 a. centralized mon. 
 1. ruins. 
 
 27. Cause of royal despotism. 
 a. despotism under feudalism. 
 
 1. why? 
 h. got all power. 
 c. anomalous condition. 
 
 1. forward. 
 
 {a.) diminislied lawless- 
 ness. 
 
 2. retrograde. 
 
 {a) political freedom. 
 (1.) will was law. 
 
 28. Effect of standing armies. 
 a. new thing. 
 
 &. contrast with feud, period. 
 
 1. royal power limited. 
 
 {a.) vassal's refusal. 
 
 2. royal power absolute. 
 {a.) standing army. 
 
 c. overthrew the free inst. 
 
 29. Surrender of liberties. 
 a. without head. 
 
 6. spirit of the age. 
 
 1. s. and state one. 
 
 2. patriotism meant. 
 c. fatal mistake, 
 
 1. terrible throes. 
 
 30. Nature of the "wars waged. 
 a. self-aggrandizement. 
 
 1. very little interest. 
 &. most val. ]3art of hist. 
 c. why require notice. 
 
 1. salient facts. 
 
 31. Balance of power. 
 a. centraliz. pow. 
 
 1. dangerous preponderance. 
 &. nature. 
 
 1. force evenly distrib. 
 
 c. overshadow. 
 
 d. " St.-Sys. of E." 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 GBEAT EVENTS OF THE 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 f Age of Chaeles V. 
 England under Henkt 
 
 vni. 
 
 GENERAL I Rise of the Dutch Eepue- 
 
 TOPICS. 1 Lie. 
 
 Civil and Religious Waks 
 OF Feance. 
 I^Age of Elizabeth. 
 
 Age of Charles "V. 
 
 32. Growth of Spanish power. 
 a. brilliant figure. 
 
 1. beginning of m. h. 
 h. rank of Spain, 16th c. 
 
 c. Spain during Middle Ages. 
 
 1. isolation. 
 {a.) ocean. 
 (6.) Pyrenees. 
 
 2. can hardly say. 
 {a.) parceled out. 
 (&.) Grenada. 
 
 3. Ferdinand. 
 {a.) marriage. 
 
 (1.) Ar. and Cas. 
 (&.) Grenada, 1491. 
 (c.j Navarre, 1512. 
 
 d. Spain a nation, 1516. 
 
 1. Charles V. (grandson). 
 
 33. Position of Charles V. 
 
 a. grandparents. 
 
 1. Max. of G. and Fer. of S. 
 
 b. Ghent, 1500. 
 
 1. Archduke Philip. 
 
 2. Joanna. 
 
 c. Flanders, 15. 
 
 1. pat. grand., Mary of Bur. 
 
 d. Spain, 16. 
 
 1. Don Carlos I. — joint rule. 
 
 e. Sp. possessions. 
 
 1. N., S., S. 
 
 2. beyond A. 
 
 /. Austria, etc., 19. 
 1. Hapsburg. 
 
78 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 34. He is chosen emperor. 
 
 a, M.'s hereditary pos. 
 h. crown. 
 1. electors. 
 
 c. Francis I. and Henry VIII. 
 
 d. success. 
 
 1. Aix-la-C, 1520. 
 
 2. 20. 
 
 3. dominion. 
 {a) A. or A. 
 
 35. T-wo chief events of the 
 
 reign. 
 a. rise of P. 
 h. wars with F. 
 1. bal. of p. 
 
 36. Position of the Catholic 
 
 Church. 
 a. beginning 16th c. 
 
 1. all W. E. 
 6. revolts ag. Rome. 
 
 1. Albigeuses. 
 {a) South F. 
 
 2. Wycliffe, 14th c— E. 
 
 3. Huss, 15th c— B. 
 c. revolts put down. 
 
 1. burnt. 
 
 37. Beginnings of dissent. 
 a. early in 16th c. 
 
 1. relig. controversies. 
 &. complaints. 
 
 1. abuses in C. 
 
 2. claims of temp. pow. 
 
 3. doctrines ; ceremonies. 
 
 38. Protestantism at the foun- 
 
 tain. 
 a. Leo X. 
 
 1. treasury. 
 
 [a) indulgences. 
 &. Dominican friars in Q. 
 1. Tetzel. 
 
 {a.) Augustinian f. 
 (1.) Martin Luther. 
 
 39. First appearance of Lu- 
 
 ther. 
 a. Wittenberg. 
 
 1. Arch, of Magdeburg. 
 
 2. appeal— 95 theses — 1517. 
 
 40. Progress of Luther. 
 a. nob. and princes. 
 
 1. motive. 
 &. challenge accepted. 
 1. why? 
 
 c. bull, 1520. 
 
 1. simple friar. 
 
 d. war declared. 
 
 1. appeal. 
 
 2. bull how treated. 
 
 41. Spread of the Reforma- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. ferment. 
 
 h. Duke of Saxony, etc. 
 
 c. " Reformation." 
 
 42. The Diet of Worms. 
 
 a. Pope roused. 
 
 1. appeal. 
 h. Diet summoned, 1521. 
 
 1. Gr. princes. 
 
 2. Worms. 
 c. refused. 
 
 1. "safe-conduct.'* 
 {a.) " extirpate." 
 
 43. Result. 
 
 a. rapid spread. 
 
 1. G., F., Sw., E., Sc, Sc. 
 h. race-division. 
 
 1. Teutonic. 
 
 2. Latin. 
 
 44. Origin of the name Prot- 
 
 estant. 
 
 a. Diet of Spires, 1529. 
 
 1. attempt to check. 
 
 2. change forbidden. 
 {a.) protest. 
 
 45. Rivalry "with Francis I. 
 a. four wars. 
 
 1. avowed object of F. 
 
 46. Events of the first war. 
 a. Italian — Pavia, 1525. 
 
 1. royal prisoners. 
 
 {a.) one year — Madrid. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE IGth CENTURY. 
 
 79 
 
 3. conditions of release : — 
 Bur.; It,; hostages. 
 
 47. Second war, 1527-1529. 
 
 a. F.'s insincerity. 
 
 &. Henry VIII. and the Pope. 
 
 c. Italy. 
 
 1. defeats. 
 
 d. Treaty of Cambray. 
 1. terms. 
 
 48. Third and fourth wars. 
 a. 1535—3 y. — truce. 
 
 &. hostilities renewed. 
 
 c. strange alliance. 
 
 1. S. ; G. princes. 
 
 2. H. VIII. 
 
 d. Cerisoles. 
 6. invasion. 
 
 1. Crespy, 1544. 
 /. Francis and Henry, 1547. 
 
 49. War with the Protestant 
 
 princes. 
 a. League of Smalcald, 1531. 
 h. Council of Trent, 1545. 
 
 1. against. 
 c. Maurice, of Sax. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 50. Defection of Maurice. 
 a. tyrannical. 
 
 1. excited what? 
 h. Maurice. 
 1. bold plan. 
 
 c. Henry II. of F. 
 1. who? 
 
 d. 1553. 
 
 51. Triumph of Protestantism. 
 
 a. rapid reverses. 
 h. Passau, 1552. 
 
 1. secured what? 
 c. Diet of Augsburg, 1555. 
 
 1, mut. tol. 
 
 52. The Emperor's troubles. 
 
 a. clouds thicken. 
 
 1. legacy of Francis I. 
 
 2. Pope angry. 
 
 {a) close alliance. 
 
 53. His abdication and death. 
 
 a. strange resolve, 1556. 
 h. Spain and the Two Sicilies. 
 1. Philip II. (son). 
 
 c. imperial crown — Ferd. (br.). 
 
 d. San Yuste. 
 
 1. relig. duties. 
 
 2. mech. con. 
 
 e. ghastly fancy. 
 
 1. forerunner — 1558. 
 
 54. Character of Charles V. 
 
 a. negative virtues. 
 1. temperament. 
 6. speech. 
 
 c. laugh or smile. 
 
 d. aggrandizement. 
 
 e. cause of his failures. 
 
 1. comprehension of times. 
 
 2. stands to us how ? 
 /. new era irresistible. 
 
 Eng-land tinder Henry VIII. 
 
 55. Events of the accession. 
 a. Henry VII., 1509. 
 
 1. Tudor. 
 h. Henry VIII. (son). 
 
 1. 18 — qualities. 
 c. Kath. of Ar. 
 
 1. Arthur. 
 
 2. Ch. V. 
 
 56. England's foreign rela- 
 
 tions. 
 
 a. mixed up. 
 
 1. gen. sided with. 
 h. importance. 
 
 1. compared with home-af- 
 fairs. 
 
 57. Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 a. notable figure. 
 
 1. twenty years. 
 &. butcher. 
 
 c. education. 
 
 1. with a view. 
 
 d. career at court. 
 
 1. chap.; fa v.; Arch, of Y.; 
 Chan.; min. 
 
80 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 58. The king and the Church. 
 
 a. great stir— 1509 ; 1521. 
 h. ardently R. C. 
 c. book. 
 
 1. " Defender of the Faith." 
 
 59. Beginning of Henry's 
 
 w^ife-troubles. 
 a. 18 y. 
 
 1. professed to feel. 
 
 3. Anne Boleyn. 
 6. applied. 
 
 60. The Pope and "Wolsey. 
 
 a. perplexity of Clement (VII.). 
 1. Charles V. 
 {a.) nephew. 
 h. several years. 
 
 c. under displeasure. 
 1. loss of p. and w. 
 
 d. 1530— ''Had I hut served," 
 
 etc. 
 
 61. Henry's decisive step. 
 a. tricks and subterfuges. 
 h. Jan., 1533. 
 
 c. Archbishop of C. 
 
 d. June 1st, 1533. 
 
 62. Verdict on his conduct. 
 a. history. 
 
 6. recent historians — Fronde. 
 c. defence. 
 
 1. disputed succession. 
 
 2. warmly desired. 
 
 63. The English and the Pope. 
 
 a. what done thus far. 
 
 1. jurisdiction. 
 &. thought of secession. 
 
 1. Parliament, 1534. 
 c. breach widened. 
 
 1. Pope declared, 1534. 
 
 2. forfeited. 
 
 64. What Henry now did. 
 a. defiance. 
 
 h. Pope's authority. 
 
 c. oath of f^lleg. 
 
 1. mar. with K. 
 
 2. chil. of A. B. 
 
 d. Parliament, 1534. 
 
 1. Supreme Head. 
 {a.) high treason. 
 
 65. Persecution of Catholics. 
 
 a. consci. scruples. 
 
 1. head of Ch. 
 h. humble friars. 
 c. noble victims. 
 
 1. Bishop Fisher. 
 
 2. Sir T. More. 
 {a.) L. Chan. 
 (&,) rank. 
 
 66. Fate of Anne Boleyn. 
 a. brief happiness. 
 
 6. 3 y.— trial— 1536. 
 
 67. Changes in religion. 
 
 a. maintained and enforced. 
 
 1. bloody laws. 
 &. toward Lutheranism. 
 
 c. 645 mon. ; 2374 chant, and 
 
 chap. ; 90 coll. ; 110 hos. 
 
 d. revenues. 
 
 1. own use. 
 
 2. his partisans. 
 
 e. mongrel state religion. 
 
 1. vacillation — severe enact. 
 {a.) burnt. 
 
 68. Henry's subsequent mar- 
 
 riages. 
 a. Jane Seymour. 
 
 1. next day. 
 
 2. death. 
 
 h. Anne of Cleves, a G. p. 
 1. disposed of. 
 
 c. Cath. Howard, 1540. 
 1. disposed of. 
 
 d. Cath. Parr — Lord Latimer, 
 
 1542. 
 1. discretion — 5 y. 
 
 69. Common verdict on Hen- 
 
 ry VIII. 
 a. 1547—56. 
 h. remorseless. 
 
 c. " If all the pic. and pat.," etc. 
 1. SirW. R. 
 
 d. ' ' Perhaps no other monster," 
 
 etc. 
 1. Mackintosh. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 16th CENTUBT. 
 
 81 
 
 70. Milder judgments. 
 a. contemp. hist. 
 
 1, seemingly cruel. 
 
 2. forced, upon liini. 
 
 71. Benefits of his reign. 
 
 a. prog, of liberty. 
 6. Parliament. 
 
 1. real power. 
 
 2. servile— learned. 
 
 3. precedents. 
 
 c. the commonalty. 
 
 1. taxes. 
 
 2. government. 
 
 3. contented, etc. 
 
 d. gen. tendency of reign. 
 1. in spite of. 
 
 Bise of the Dutch Republic. 
 
 72. Extent of the Nether- 
 
 lands. 
 
 a. name of N. 
 
 1. at present. 
 
 2. 16th c— H. and B. 
 
 {a) Zuyder Zee and the 
 
 bollart. 
 (&.) nor. front of F. 
 6. Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 73. Spirit of the people. 
 a. prosperity. 
 
 1. navigation. 
 
 2. manufac. 
 &. civ. lib. 
 
 c. Reformation. 
 1. offensive. 
 
 74. Character of Philip. 
 a. gloomy. 
 
 1. dark fanaticism. 
 {a.) heresy of Low C. 
 (1.) separation. 
 h. silent. 
 
 1. webs of intrigue. 
 {a.) Escurial. 
 
 75. The quarrel begins. 
 
 a. king's resolve. 
 1. independently. 
 a. council of n. 
 
 h. Inquisition. 
 1. frenzy. 
 {a.) 4 d.— 400 ch. 
 c. Duke of Alva, 1567. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. 5y. 
 
 3. " Blood Council "—6 m. ! 
 
 76. Events under "William of 
 
 Orange. 
 a. W. of Nassau, Prince of O. 
 
 1. known as. 
 &. prog, slow — why? 
 
 c. Brille, 1572. 
 
 d. S. yoke cast off. 
 
 1. Holland and Zealand. 
 
 e. Harlem. 
 
 /. recalled, 1573. 
 
 77. Progress of the -war. 
 
 a. Requesens — character. 
 6. defence of Leyden, 1574. 
 
 1. the dykes. 
 c. despair. 
 
 1. Elizabeth. • 
 
 78. Events to the death of 
 
 "William. 
 
 a. Requesens. 
 
 1. atroc. at Antwerp. 
 {Oj.) union. 
 h. Pacification of Ghent, 1576. 
 
 1. Stadtholder. 
 c. Union of Utrecht, 1579. 
 1. D. R. 
 ia.) seven n. prov. 
 (6.) presidency. 
 
 79. Assassination of "William, 
 
 and the sequel. 
 a. reward. 
 h. dagger. 
 
 c. Maurice (son) — 18 y. 
 
 d. Antwerp. 
 
 1. Duke of Parma. 
 
 e. Elizabeth. 
 
 1. Earl of Leicester— 6000. 
 {a.) Zutphen. 
 (1.) Sidney. 
 
83 
 
 MODERN BISTORT. 
 
 80. Stubbornness of the Dutch. 
 a. several years. 
 
 1. patience. 
 &. impracticable. 
 c. mediation. 
 
 1. humiliation of Sp. pride, 
 {a.) indep. nat. 
 (&.) 10 J. truce, 1609. 
 
 81. Summary. 
 
 a. independence. 
 
 1. 37 y. 
 
 2. Peace of Westphalia, 1648. 
 
 5. prog, of D. 
 
 1. wealth ; East I. ; navy. 
 
 Civil and Religious "Wars of 
 France. 
 
 82. Subject stated. 
 
 a. latter half 16th c. 
 
 6. scene of wars. 
 c. parties. 
 
 Connecting note : successors of 
 
 Francis I. 
 a. Henry II. (son), 1547. 
 
 1. Cath. de Medicis. 
 (a.) character. 
 
 2. 12 y. 
 
 &. Francis II. (son). 
 
 1. Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 2. Guises. 
 
 3. 17 m. 
 
 c. Charles IX. (brother) — 9 y. 
 1. regent. 
 
 83. Form of French Protestant- 
 
 ism. 
 a. John Calvin, .Geneva. 
 
 1. teaching compared with 
 that of L. 
 &. Huguenots. 
 
 1. " Eidgenossen." 
 (a.) " Covenanters." 
 
 2. treatment by F. I. and 
 
 succes. 
 
 84. Nature of the wars waged. 
 
 a. underlying cause. 
 6. insincere advocacy. 
 
 1. per. amb. 
 c. frightful crimes. 
 1. in what name ? 
 
 85. Antagonism of the leaders. 
 
 a. Guises and Cath. de M. 
 1. guardianship of F. II. 
 &. Princes de Bourbon. 
 
 1. jealousy. 
 
 2. k. of Navarre. 
 
 8. Prince of Conde. 
 c. Prince of C. embraced. 
 1. Admiral Coligny and oth- 
 ers. 
 
 86. Events of the war. 
 
 a. Vassy, in Champagne, 1562. 
 1. in a barn. 
 (a.) insults, etc. 
 (&.) sixty. 
 h. mutual mas. 
 
 c. treaty, 1563. 
 
 d. 1567-1570. 
 
 1. truces. 
 
 2. Treaty of St. Germain, 
 
 1570. 
 
 87. Settlement by marriage. 
 
 a. H. of N. 
 
 1. next heir. 
 h. Princess Margaret. 
 
 1. sister. 
 
 c. universal joy. 
 
 d. 18th Aug.', 1572. 
 
 88. Word of caution. 
 a. party writers. 
 
 h. narratives of prin. actors. 
 
 89. Plots and counterplots. 
 a. Charles IX. 
 
 1. majority. 
 
 2. real ruler. 
 
 3. complained very bitterly. 
 {a.) Coligny's promise. 
 
 6. king's vaunt. 
 
 1. alarm. 
 
 2. bloody resolve. 
 {a.) result. 
 
 c. imprudently proclaimed. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE IGth CENTURY. 
 
 90. Preparations for the tragedy. 
 
 a. secret council. 
 1. resolve, 
 
 (a) blow when ? 
 &. late in evening, Aug. 23. 
 
 1. pretended Prot. plot. 
 
 2. k.'s alarm. 
 
 {a) dreadful decree. 
 
 (1.) " I consent, provid- 
 ed," etc. 
 
 91. Massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 
 mew. 
 
 a. night of Aug. 23d-24th. 
 
 1. tocsin. 
 
 2. scarf and cross. 
 
 5. reign of Death. 
 
 1. half naked. 
 
 2. Coligny. 
 
 3. Henry of Navarre. 
 
 c. three days — 10,000. 
 
 d. dead silence ! 
 
 6. provinces — 45,000. 
 
 92. Conduct of the Huguenots. 
 a. submission. 
 
 h. to arms. 
 
 1. greater fury ; how long ? 
 
 93. France under Henry III. 
 
 a. Charles IX., 1574—24. 
 1. less than two years. 
 &. Henry III. (brother). 
 
 1. 15 y. 
 
 2. frightful state. 
 
 3. assassin, 1589. 
 
 c. end of House of V. , 2-| c. 
 
 94. Henry of Navarre wins the 
 
 crown. 
 a. rightful successor. 
 
 1 . late king. 
 h. obtained throne how ? 
 
 1. Arques, 1589. 
 
 2. Ivry, 1590. 
 
 3. three years later. 
 
 95. Settlement of the religious 
 
 disputes. 
 a. K. of F. andN., 1594. 
 1. H. of Bourbon. 
 
 ' 1. Edict of Nantes, 1598. 
 {a.) re-established. 
 (5.) disastrous wars — 36 y. 
 
 96. France under Henry IV. 
 a. character of reign. 
 
 1. Sully — character. 
 &. general business — ag.; com.; 
 
 new indust. ; imposts. 
 c. character and popularity of k. 
 
 97. His death. 
 
 a. 14th May, 1610. 
 
 1. where? 
 
 2. Ravaillac. 
 h. G. ; F. of P. 
 
 Ag-e of Q,ueen Elizabeth. 
 
 98. Character of the age. 
 a. rank. 
 
 h. fullness of n. life. 
 
 1. enterprises. 
 
 2. pre-eminence. 
 
 3. lit. creations. 
 
 99. Genealogy of Elizabeth. 
 a. H. VIII. and A. B. 
 
 h. 25—1558. 
 1. 11 y. 
 
 Connecting note — two brief 
 reigns. 
 a. Ed. VI. (son), 1547-1553. 
 
 1. Jane Seymour. 
 
 2. 10 y. 
 
 3. Somerset, the P. 
 {a.) fate. 
 
 4. Warwick. 
 
 {a. ) marriage of son. 
 
 5. sway of Protestants. 
 
 6. 6y. 
 
 &. Lady Jane Grey — 10 d. 
 c. Mary (sister of E.), 1553- 
 1558. 
 
 1. Kath. of Ar. 
 
 2. beheaded. 
 
 3. sway of Cath. party. 
 
 4. burned. 
 
 {a.) Smithfield, in L. 
 
84 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 5. Philip II. 
 
 {a.) people took care. 
 (6.) result, on the whole. 
 
 6. 5y. 
 
 100. Views as to the succession. 
 a. right denied. 
 
 h. Cath. party.* 
 
 101. Elizabeth's policy. 
 a. Protestant religion. 
 
 1. at home. 
 
 2. abroad. 
 
 J), celebrated acts. 
 
 1. Supreni. Bill. 
 
 2. Act of Unifor. 
 
 C. purpose of these acts. 
 
 d. Sup. Bill. 
 
 1. clergy and crown officials. 
 {a) all power in C. and S. 
 (6.) for. prince or prelate. 
 
 e. Act of U. 
 
 1. prohibited. 
 {a.) estab. relig. 
 
 f. severe enforcement. 
 1. many Cath, 
 
 102. Rise of Puritanism. 
 a. refugees under Mary. 
 
 1. accession of E. 
 
 2. reunited. 
 
 3. separation. 
 {a.) derision. 
 
 4. Nonconformists. 
 («.) how treated. 
 
 103. The Queen of Scots. 
 a. returned, 1561. 
 
 h. stormy years. 
 
 c. flight. 
 
 1. infant son.+ 
 
 d. 18 y. 
 
 1. Bolton, Tutbury, Fother- 
 ingay. 
 
 * M. of Scotland. 
 
 a. daughter ; grand-niece. 
 
 b. faith— court of F. 
 C. dauphin, 1559. 
 
 1. Francis II. 
 {a.) 1560. 
 d. 1561. 
 t E.'s successor. 
 
 104. Plots and their result. 
 
 a. Cath. plots. 
 h. act — treason. 
 1. hy or for. 
 
 c. Babington. 
 
 d. trial of Mary. 
 1. F. castle. 
 
 105. The death-warrant. 
 
 a. reluctance. 
 h. Davidson. 
 
 1. chancellor's seal. 
 
 c. too late. 
 
 d. Feb., 1587—45. 
 
 106. The Armada. 
 
 a. Cath. pow. 
 
 1. schemes — culmination. 
 &. "Invincible Armada." 
 
 1. 129. 
 
 2. 3000. 
 
 3. 20,000. 
 
 4. 34,000. 
 {a) Neth. 
 
 107. Account of the action. 
 a. July, 1588. 
 
 1. Eng. Chan. 
 1). 30. 
 
 1. Lord Howard, of Effing- 
 
 ham. 
 
 2. first attack. 
 {a.) advantage. 
 
 c. 7d. 
 
 d. Calais. 
 
 1. fire-ships. 
 
 2. Howard, Drake, Ijord 
 
 Henry Seymour. 
 {a.) inferiority. 
 (&.) queen's parsimony. 
 
 e. around n. Scot. 
 1. storms. 
 
 /. to Lisbon. 
 
 108. Effect of the victory. 
 
 a. triumph of what ? 
 h. effect on the Dutch. 
 
 c. on the Hug. in F. 
 
 d. on the infl, of S. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 16th CENTURY. 
 
 85 
 
 109. England ascendant, 
 a. splendor, etc. 
 
 1. flag. 
 
 3. farthest corners. 
 
 3, colonies rooted. 
 
 4. Intel, stim. — 60 j. 
 (a.) deathless lit. 
 
 110. Commerce and manufac- 
 
 tures. 
 
 a. wool, etc. 
 1. vessels. 
 
 (a.) Hanse Towns. 
 (6.) Eng. 
 
 b. Birming. and Shef . 
 c Manches. 
 
 1. c, rugs, friezes. 
 
 d. new industries ; st., s.-c, 
 
 serge, baize. 
 
 e. artisans from N. 
 
 1. cause of immigration. 
 
 111. Increa.se of luxury. 
 
 a. hand, apparel, jewelry, etc. 
 
 b. coaches — ladies. 
 
 c. houses. 
 
 d. theaters — London. 
 
 e. smoking. 
 
 1. R.—" Virginia." 
 
 112. Elizabeth's ministers. 
 
 a. Lord Burleigh — character, 
 
 1. LordT. 
 
 (a.) success. 
 
 2. 40 y. 
 
 b. Sir Francis Walsingham. 
 1. Sec. of S. 
 
 113. Her favorites. 
 
 a. increasing weaknesses. 
 
 b. Robert, Earl of Leicester. 
 1. character. 
 
 c. Earl of Essex. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. popularity. 
 (a.) cause. 
 (&.) effect. 
 
 (1.) box. 
 
 3. seized. 
 
 4. fate — ring ; 34. 
 
 114. Story of Elizabeth. 
 
 a. Countess of Nottingham. 
 
 1. ring. 
 
 2. why did not deliver it. 
 
 b. rage and grief. 
 
 115. Her death. 
 
 a. 10 d. 
 
 1. floor. 
 
 2. food ; medicine. 
 
 b. 24th Mar., 1603—70. 
 
 c. 45 y. 
 
 116. Her character. 
 
 a. E. advanced. 
 
 1. proof of what? 
 
 b. strange blending. 
 
 c. Tudor c. ; fondness. 
 
 d. constant aim. 
 
 1. glory — bulwark. 
 
 e. noblest epitaph. 
 
 GBEAT ISTAMES OF THE 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I. Artists. 
 
 a. Michael Angelo, 1475-1564. 
 
 1. It. s., p., a. 
 
 2. Lorenzo de M. 
 
 3. mass, and gran. 
 
 4. St. P.— dome. 
 
 b. Raphael, 1483-1520 ; 37. 
 
 1. It. p. — rank. 
 
 2. Madon., etc.; Vatican. 
 
 c. Titian, 1477-1576. 
 
 1. V. p. and 1. p. 
 
 2. at V. and M. 
 
 3. prince of c. 
 
 d. Albert Dlirer, 1471-1528. 
 
 1. Gr. p., e., s. 
 
 2. sacred sub. 
 
 3. Father of e. P. 
 
 e. Holbein, 1498-1543. 
 
 1. Ct. p. p. 
 
 2. H. VIII. 
 
 3. next to D. 
 
 II. Writers. 
 
 a. Spencer, Edmund, 1553-1599. 
 1. E. p. 
 
86 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. Faerie Queen, 
 
 {a.) now. 
 
 (&.) stanza. 
 
 (c.) sweetness, etc. 
 8. rank. 
 6. Shakespeare, William, 1564- 
 
 1616. 
 
 1. Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 2. actor, etc. 
 
 3. 37. 
 
 4. rank— "myriad-minded." 
 e. Sidney, Sir Philip, 1554-1586. 
 
 1. Q. E.— "jewel," etc. 
 
 2. p. temp. 
 
 3. Arcadia ; Defense of P. 
 
 d. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 1552- 
 
 1618. 
 
 1. Q. E. 
 
 2. gen. writer. 
 
 3. fate. 
 
 {a.) James I. 
 
 e, Cervantes, 1547-1616. 
 
 1. S. 
 
 2. pirates ; sla. 
 
 3. Don Quixote. 
 {a.) rank. 
 
 /. Rabelais, 1483-1553. 
 
 1. F. sat. 
 
 2. priest. 
 
 8. vivid pic. of times, but—. 
 g. Montaigne, 1553-1592. 
 
 1. F. sk. 
 
 2. Bordeaux. 
 ia) B. mas. 
 
 3. Essays. 
 
 4. "What do I know?" 
 Ji. Ariosto, 1474-1533. 
 
 1. It. p. 
 
 2. Orlando Furioso. 
 
 3. Charles V. 
 i. Tasso, 1544-1595. 
 
 1. It. p. 
 
 2. J. Deliv. 
 {a.) First Cr. 
 
 j. Camoens, 1524-1579. 
 
 1. only P. p. 
 
 2. Lusiad. 
 {a.) P. hist. 
 
 III. Philosophers and Scien- 
 tists. 
 a. Copernicus, 1473-1545. 
 
 1. G. a. 
 
 2. new theory. 
 
 {a) Ptolemaic— 1500. 
 
 3. great work. 
 {a.) cardinal. 
 
 (&.) Paul III— math. 
 6. Galileo, 1564-1642. 
 
 1. It. a. 
 
 2. tel. — spec. -glasses. 
 {a.) J,; S.; V. 
 
 3. Court of Inquisition. 
 {a.) torture. 
 
 (6.) " It does move," etc.* 
 c. Tycho-Brahe, 1546-1601. 
 
 1. a. of Co. 
 
 2. Huen— Fred. II. of D. 
 
 3. great value. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 GBEAT EVENTS OF THE 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 f England under the Stu- 
 generalJ arts. 
 TOPICS.] The Thiktt Years' War. 
 
 [The Age of Louis XIV. 
 
 Eng-land under tlie Stuarts. 
 
 117. The Stuarts. 
 
 a. last of the Tudors. 
 h. James I., 1603.f 
 
 1. James VI. of S. 
 
 2. Mary Q. of S. 
 c. six— 17th c. X 
 
 118. Stuarts and Tudors con- 
 
 trasted. 
 
 a. Strug, ag. arbitrary gov. 
 
 * discredit. 
 
 t J. VI. of S. 
 
 a. claim. 
 
 b. E.'s will. 
 X SUiart line. 
 
 a. enumerate. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 17th CENTURY. 
 
 87 
 
 &. Tudors. 
 
 1. money. 
 
 1. despots. 
 
 («.) Par. 
 
 2. vigor and tact. 
 
 (p.) illegal means. 
 
 c. two C.'s and two J.'s — rug- 
 
 2. discontent. 
 
 ged sense. 
 
 &. alarm of Par. 
 
 d. change of times. 
 
 1. self -raised taxes. 
 
 1. intelligence. 
 
 2. impris. subjects. 
 
 2. love of liberty. 
 
 {a.) own warrant. 
 
 e. "Divine Right." 
 
 (6.) long as he pleased. 
 
 119. James and his Parlia- 
 
 G. " Petition of Right." 
 
 ment. 
 a. ar. and ill. meas. 
 
 1. roy. sanction, 1628. 
 
 d. fit of indignation. 
 
 1. imprisoning. 
 
 124. Progress of despotism. 
 
 2. forced 1. 
 
 a. for some years. 
 
 3. S.-C. fines. 
 
 1. irresponsible. 
 
 4. "benev." 
 
 {a) taxes. 
 
 6. Par. takes a stand. 
 
 (6.) impris. 
 
 1. monopolies ; pro. not au- 
 
 2. utter defiance. 
 
 thor. 
 
 h. struggle precipitated. 
 
 2. impeach. ; disput. e. 
 
 lo Scots. 
 
 c. J. told them. 
 
 («.) liturgy. 
 
 1. mem. protest. 
 
 2. Par. 
 
 {a.) ''Lib. of P. — birth- 
 
 125. Action of the Long Par- 
 
 right," etc. 
 
 liament. 
 
 120. Characteristics of this 
 
 a. 1640—13 y. 
 
 reign. 
 
 h. resolved. 
 
 a. peace. 
 1. timid. 
 
 c. k. saw and resolved. 
 
 d. " Triennial Bill." 
 
 6. trade, etc. 
 
 e. Strafford and Laud. 
 
 1. wealth, etc. 
 
 1. blamed. 
 
 
 2. fate. 
 
 121. Character of James I. 
 
 /. "Star-Chamber." 
 
 a. oddity. 
 
 a. own consent. 
 
 h. appearance—knees. 
 c. weak, etc. 
 
 «7 
 
 126. The .situation in 1641. 
 
 d. pedantry. 
 
 a. abuses. 
 
 1. learning — books 
 
 1. concessions. 
 
 e. Sully — "wisest," etc. 
 
 h. fair prospect. 
 
 
 1. nature of revolu. 
 
 122. Temper of Charles I. 
 
 c. "Remonstrance." 
 
 a. popular respect for roy. 
 
 1. guaranty. 
 
 1. James I. 
 h. Charles I. 
 
 1. 25 ; 1625. 
 
 2. "Divine Right," etc. 
 
 127. The explosion comes, 
 1642. 
 a. despotic act. 
 1. demanded. 
 
 123. His dealings with Par- 
 
 2. attempt to seize. 
 
 liament. 
 
 6. feeling of Par. 
 
 a. foolish war. 
 
 c. York. 
 
88 
 
 MODERN HIS TOBY. 
 
 128. Steps to-ward civil -war. 
 a. intercliange of messages. 
 
 1. desire to yield. 
 6. command of army. 
 c. inevitable. 
 
 129. Cavaliers and Round- 
 
 heads. 
 
 a. Eoyalists — "Cavaliers." 
 1. nob. ; cl. ; country g. 
 
 h. Opposition — "Roundheads." 
 1. trades. , etc. ; yeomanry ; 
 country g. ; nob. 
 
 130. General sketch of the 
 
 Civil War. 
 a. Nottingham— 25tli of Aug., 
 
 1642. 
 &. Edgehill. 
 1. result. 
 
 c. negotiations — Oxford. 
 
 d. 6y. 
 
 1. first two campaigns. 
 
 2. afterward. 
 
 (a.) Marston Moor. 
 
 131. First appearance of Crom- 
 
 well. 
 
 a. Earl of Essex. 
 
 b. captain of horse at E. 
 1. 40. 
 
 c. Huntingdon. 
 
 d. member of P. 
 
 1. manners ; dress ; speech. 
 
 132. His advancement and 
 
 conduct. 
 a. col. of cav. 
 
 1. discipline of reg. 
 (a.) " Ironsides." 
 h. army remodelled — 2 or 3 y. 
 
 1. Fairfax. 
 
 2. Lieut.-Gen. 
 
 c. wonderful army. 
 
 1. embodiment. 
 
 2. comiDOsed. 
 
 (a.) prayer ; psalms. 
 
 d. Naseby, 1645. 
 
 133. The two Puritan factions. 
 a. Presbyterian. 
 
 1. relative numbers. 
 
 2. desirous. 
 h. Independent. 
 
 1. embracing. 
 
 2. bent upon. 
 
 3. leader. 
 
 134. The king and Cromwell. 
 
 a. Naseby. 
 1. flight. 
 
 (a.) surrender. 
 
 b. Hampton Court. 
 
 c. negotiation. 
 
 1. good prospect. 
 (a.) alarmed. 
 
 d. strong measures. 
 
 1. barred out (Dec, 1648). 
 (a.) " Pride's Purge." — 
 
 2. 50, or 60— "Rump." 
 
 135. Trial of the king. 
 
 a. High Court of Justice. 
 6. Westminster Hall. 
 1. 20th Jan., 1649. 
 
 e. dig. protest. 
 
 d. 27th— "ty., tr., m., pub. e." 
 
 136. His execution. 
 
 a. 30th Jan. 
 
 b. Whitehall Palace. 
 1. banqueting. 
 
 c. black scaffold. 
 
 1. soldiers. 
 
 2. headsmen. 
 
 d. dying declaration. 
 
 e. calmness. 
 
 /. " This is the head," etc. 
 
 137. Verdict on his execution. 
 
 a. constitutionality. 
 
 b. right course. 
 
 1. Coronation Oath. 
 
 c. apology. 
 
 1. throes of rev. 
 
 d. victim. 
 
 138. The Common-wealth. 
 
 a. Par. — established. 
 
 b. 11 y. 
 
 1. Lord Pro. 
 
 2. The Pro. of C. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 17th GENTUBY. 
 
 89 
 
 139. Events of the first pe- 
 
 riod. 
 a. executive power. 
 
 1. 41 ; actual head. 
 &. C.'s vigor. 
 
 1. Ireland. 
 
 2. Scotland. 
 
 {a.) Charles II. 
 (1.) Worcester, 1651. 
 
 3. Dutch. 
 
 140. Cromwell dissolves Par- 
 
 liament. 
 a. difficulties. 
 
 1. jealous, etc. 
 &. " Get you gone," etc., April, 
 
 1653. 
 
 1. stamped. 
 
 2. key. 
 
 141. He becomes Protector. 
 a. Barebone's Parliament. 
 
 1. London currier. 
 
 2. resigned. 
 
 3. " Lord P. of the C." 
 {a.) power. 
 
 (1.) H. VIII. 
 
 142. His home rule. 
 
 a. despot. 
 
 5. eleven districts. 
 1. major-general. 
 
 {a.) power. 
 c. resistance. 
 
 1. contrary to law. 
 
 2. Barbadoes. 
 
 143. His foreign policy. 
 a. vigor — honored and f . 
 
 6. S. — Jamaica. 
 
 c. H. 
 
 d. Protestant states. 
 1. forced Pope. 
 
 144. Last days and death. 
 
 a. clouded. 
 
 &. plots of all parties. 
 
 c. anxiety and fear. 
 1. ague. 
 
 d. 3d Sept., 1658. 
 
 1. Dunbar and Worcester. 
 6. 60. 
 
 145. Character of Cromwell. 
 
 a. person. 
 
 1. fig. and size ; eyes ; nose. 
 {a.) "Paint me," etc. 
 &. heroic s. 
 
 c. mil. talent. 
 
 d. earnestness. 
 1. fitted. 
 
 146. Events to the Restora- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. Richard. 
 
 1. character and fitness. 
 
 2. 5 m. 
 
 h. confusion. 
 c. Charles II. 
 1. May, 1660. 
 
 147. Circumstances of the 
 
 Restoration. 
 
 a. joy. 
 
 1. order ; anarchy. 
 6. terms. 
 c. character of Charles II. 
 
 1. humane, etc. 
 
 2. ind., prod., etc. 
 
 3. unfitted. 
 
 {a.) abroad ; at home. 
 
 148. The reign of Charles II. 
 a. inroads on C. and laws. 
 
 1. Dec, of Indul. 
 
 2. incor. judges. 
 
 3. exces. f . and p. 
 
 4. proc. on own author. 
 h. counterbalance. 
 
 c. dislilie. 
 
 1. licentiousness. 
 
 2. mean acts. 
 
 149. His later character. 
 a. without a Par. 
 
 1. Duke of Y. 
 h. monstrous acts. 
 
 1. as any of the S. 
 c. steeped. 
 
 1. prevented. 
 
 150. Puritan austerity. 
 a, under Cromwell. 
 
90 
 
 MODEBN HIS TOBY. 
 
 1. sculpt, and ]3. 
 {a.) idolatry. 
 
 2. public amuse. : theaters ; 
 
 M.-pole; C.-fire. 
 
 151. Manners \inder Charles 
 
 II. 
 
 a. oppos. extreme, 
 &. king's example. 
 
 1. pub. morals, 
 e. sold. 
 
 d. impure plays. 
 
 e. church. 
 
 1. stem the torrent. 
 
 152. Progress of England. 
 
 a. mater, pros. 
 h. nav. and com. 
 
 c. manufac, : b., g,, s,, h, and p. 
 
 d. post-office. 
 
 1. during Commonwealth. 
 
 e. roads — stage-coaches, 
 
 f. tea, etc, 
 
 g. Royal Society, 1660, 
 1. for the cultivation, 
 
 153. Sketch of James II. 's 
 
 reign, 
 
 a. Duke of Y, (brother), 1685. 
 
 b. brief and ing. 
 
 c. one idea — Cath. 
 1. hundredth, 
 
 d. at first, 
 
 e. at last. 
 
 1. Whigs and Tories, 
 
 2. William, Prince of Or- 
 
 ange, 
 («.) grandson. ; nep. and 
 son-in-law, 
 
 154. ■William of Orange and 
 
 James. 
 
 a. 1688. 
 
 b. king's alarm. 
 1. promises, 
 
 (a.) too late. 
 
 c. k. prepares to leave. 
 
 1, wife and son. 
 
 2. Great Seal. 
 
 d. St. Germain — pensioner. 
 
 155. Throne declared vacant, 
 
 a. Par. proceedings. 
 
 1. excluded, 
 
 2. William and Mary. 
 
 3. ''Bill of Rights." 
 
 156. Benefits of the Revolu- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. '' Glo. Rev. of 1688." 
 1. sal. pow. of p. p. 
 
 (a.) wisely directed. 
 (b.) worthy ends. 
 
 b. Bill of Rights. 
 
 1. old Eng. lib. 
 (a.) violated, 
 
 2. tri. of P, over K. 
 
 3. pernic. doctrine. 
 
 157. Hostile efforts of James. 
 
 a. Ireland, 
 
 1, Londonderry, 
 
 2, Boyne, 1690, 
 
 b. France. 
 
 158. Career and death of Wil- 
 
 liam. 
 
 a. Mary, 1694. 
 
 b. prudent concessions. 
 1. money, 
 
 (a.) Louis XIV. 
 (1.) Ryswick, 1697. 
 (2.) second war. 
 
 c. 8th Mar., 1702. 
 1. fall, 
 
 159. His character. 
 a. abil, — mil, 
 
 6. ruling sent, 
 1. success. 
 
 c. person. 
 
 d. demeanor. 
 1. animated. 
 
 e. conscientious. 
 1. tolerant, 
 
 /. domes, hab. 
 
 The Thirty Years' "War. 
 
 160. Character of the -war, 
 
 a. importance — 17th c. 
 
 b. 1618-1648. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 17th CENTUBT, 
 
 91 
 
 1. Westphalia. 
 
 c. Germany. 
 
 1. contest between. 
 
 d. drawn in. 
 
 161. Events from Charles V.'s 
 
 time. 
 a. retrospect — ab, of C. 
 &. distracted. 
 
 1. ind, princes. 
 
 3. contend, sects : C, L., C. 
 c. futile attempts of emperors. 
 
 162. Beginnings of the revolt. 
 a. Matthias — K. of B. and H. 
 h. Ferdinand, K. of B. 
 
 1. treatment of Prot. 
 {a.) revolt. 
 
 c. next emperor, 1619. 
 1. Prot. alarmed, 
 
 d. Bohemians renounced. 
 
 1. Elector Palatine, Fred. 
 
 163. Defeat of Frederick. 
 
 a. hope of aid — son-in-law. 
 
 1. w. and timidity. 
 h. result, 1620. 
 
 1. presently lost. 
 
 164. Narrative of the war. 
 a. blind determination. 
 
 &. Wallenstein — character. 
 1. ravaged. 
 
 c. prospect. 
 
 d. step in. 
 
 e. Christian IV. of D. 
 
 1. Prot. I^eague, 1625. 
 
 2. accomplished what ? 
 /. G. A. of S. 
 
 165. Gustavus Adolphus ap- 
 
 pears. 
 a. character and rank. 
 &. zealous. 
 
 1. full confidence. 
 
 c. Christina, 4 y.— 20th May, 
 
 1630. 
 
 d. " Not lightly, not wantonly," 
 
 etc. 
 
 166. His career of victory. 
 a. character of army. 
 
 &. other aid. 
 1. Richelieu. 
 {a.) money. 
 (&.) motive. 
 (1.) at home, 
 3. England. 
 
 {a.) moral support. 
 (&.) thousands. 
 (1.) '' Lion of the N." 
 
 167. His victories and death. 
 
 a. 2 y. : 1630-1632, 
 
 1. Tilly and Wallenstein. 
 
 2. regained. 
 
 h. Lutzen in Sax. — 16th Nov., 
 1632. 
 
 168. Affairs after his death. 
 
 a. sorrow of S. 
 
 6. Oxenstiern — character. 
 
 1. organization. 
 
 2. Duke of Saxe- Weimar. 
 
 169. Death of Wallenstein. 
 
 a. suspected. 
 &. guilt. 
 
 1. too powerful. 
 c. manner of death, 1684 
 
 1. by whom? 
 
 2. warrant. 
 
 170. Ne-wr phase of the war. 
 
 a. aggrandizement. 
 
 1. _e. Prot. St.— 1635. 
 6. Richelieu and Oxenstiern. 
 
 171. Situation after Richelieu. 
 
 a. Mazarin, 1642. 
 
 1. policy. 
 5. Ferdinand, 5 y. before. 
 
 172. French successes. 
 a. Turenne and Conde. 
 h. threatened fate of G, 
 
 c. Westphalia, 1648 — Munster, 
 
 173. Nature of the treaty. 
 a. importance. 
 
 h. Prot. states. 
 
93 
 
 MODERN HIS TO BY. 
 
 c. Switz. and Holland. 
 
 d. fruits of victory. 
 
 1. territorial spoil. 
 
 {a.) France — Alsace, Metz, 
 
 etc. 
 (p.) Sweden — Upper Pom., 
 
 Bremen, etc.; three 
 
 votes. 
 
 2. right of meddling. 
 
 174. Effect of the war on Ger- 
 
 many. 
 a. shattered. 
 
 1. confederation. 
 
 2. national feeling. 
 
 &. w. and disintegration. 
 
 1. 2 c. 
 
 2. our own day. 
 
 The Ag-e of Louis XIV. 
 
 175. Review of events down 
 
 to Richelieu. 
 
 a. Henry IV.— Ravaillac, 1610. 
 
 b. Mary de Medicis. 
 
 1. Louis XIII. (son)— 9 y. 
 
 c. court cahals. 
 
 1. gen. disorder. 
 
 d. Louis XIII. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. mother. 
 (6!^.) Blois. 
 
 (&.) dissatisfied nobles, 
 (c.) 2 y. of an. 
 
 e. Richelieu. 
 
 176. Advancement of Richelieu. 
 a. ecclesiastic. 
 
 1. States-General. 
 6. Bishop of Lu^on. 
 C. spir. advis. 
 
 1. quar. made up. 
 (a.) c.'s hat. 
 (6.) cabinet. 
 
 (1.) only his opinion. 
 d. the true man found. 
 6. 20 y. : 1632-1642. 
 /. " First man in E., but," etc. 
 
 177. Comparison with Wolsey. 
 
 a. points of agreement. 
 
 1. prel., min., pol., intrigue. 
 h. points of difference. 
 
 1. more crafty. 
 
 2. more unscrupulous. 
 
 3. profounder policy. 
 
 c. emoluments and honors. 
 
 1. ministerial, priestly, mili- 
 
 tary. 
 
 2. helm, and scar. hat. 
 
 178. Domestic policy of Riche- 
 
 lieu. 
 a. Huguenots. 
 
 1. Rochelle, 1628—15,000. 
 
 2. crushed. 
 
 179. His foreign policy. 
 a. Austria. 
 
 1. how accomplished. 
 (a.) aided whom? 
 (&.) took the field. 
 
 180. Dealings w^ith the nobles. 
 a. always hostile. 
 
 1. thwarted. 
 &. Montmorency, Cinq -Mars, 
 and De Thou. 
 
 181. Death of the Cardinal; 1642. 
 
 a. achievements. 
 
 1. glory of F. afar. 
 
 2. respect. 
 
 3. lit. and sci. 
 (a.) Academy. 
 
 b. five months later. 
 
 182. Reign of Louis XIV. 
 
 a. 5 y. 
 
 b. 72 y. : 1643-1715. 
 
 c. F. rose to what height ? 
 
 183. Three epochs. 
 a. Mazarin. 
 
 6. ambit, pol. 
 c. retribution. 
 
 184. The regency. 
 
 a. Anne of Austria. 
 
 b. Mazarin, It. 
 
 1. master. 
 
 2. husband. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 17 th CENTURY. 
 
 93 
 
 185. Part in the Thirty Years' 
 
 War. 
 a. war against S. and G. 
 
 1. Richelieu, 
 c 2. part of what? 
 h. Conde. 
 
 1. success. 
 
 c. Westphalia, 1648. 
 
 d. continued hostil. — 10 j. 
 
 186. Rise of the Fronde. 
 a. civil commotion. 
 
 1. cabals. 
 
 2. exhausted. 
 
 &. reform party, 1648-1653. 
 
 1. promise. 
 
 2. came to what ? 
 
 187. Louis XIV. takes the helm. 
 a. 23. 
 
 1. Mazarin. 
 h. Pres. of A. of Clergy. 
 c. sole master. 
 
 188. His ministers. 
 a. discernment. 
 
 1. Colbert and Louvois. 
 {a) i., com., army and navy. 
 
 189. War with Spain. 
 
 a. ambition. 
 
 1. empire. 
 
 2. renown. 
 
 &. pretensions to S. crown. 
 
 1. Maria Theresa. 
 c. S. Neth., 1667. 
 
 1. triple alliance. 
 
 2. Aix4a-Chapelle, 1668. 
 («.) frontier towns. 
 
 (1.) Vauban. 
 
 190. War begins with Holland. 
 
 a. vengeance. 
 h. S. won over. 
 
 c. bribes. 
 
 d. 1672—7 y. 
 
 191. The Dutch champion. 
 a. approaching storm. 
 
 &. William, P. of 0. 
 
 1. Nassaus. 
 
 2. at a later jDeriod. 
 
 192. French successes. 
 a. 40 d. — 4 leagues. 
 
 &. De Witt, Grand Pensionary. 
 
 1. embassy. 
 
 2. fate. 
 
 193. Deeds of William of Or- 
 
 ange, 
 a. apparent fate of H. 
 &. desperate measure. 
 1. better that the sea. 
 
 c. high ground. 
 1. citadels. 
 
 d. Admiral de Euyter. 
 1. three combats. 
 
 194. Aid to the Dutch. 
 a. shame of E. P. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 2. forced the king — 1674. 
 
 5. efEect of example. 
 
 1. S. ; G. ; Brandenburg (P.). 
 
 195. The giant struggle. 
 a. F. against whom? 
 
 6. 4y., tramp of armies — 1674 
 
 -1678. 
 
 c. great generals. 
 
 1. T. and C. 
 
 2. Montecuculi. 
 
 3. W. of O. 
 
 d. wavering success. 
 
 e. motives for peace. 
 1. Nimeguen, 1678. 
 
 196. Results of the treaty. 
 a. France. 
 
 1. Franche Comte. 
 
 2. Alsace. 
 
 3. fort, and towns of F. 
 h. Holland. 
 
 c. Spain. 
 
 197. Point of culmination. 
 a. title. 
 
 h. cost of glory. 
 1. impoverished. 
 
 198. Edict of Nantes revoked. 
 a. Henry IV. 
 
 1. toleration. 
 
94 
 
 MODERN BISTORT. 
 
 '^i' 
 
 &. Revocation, 1685. 
 
 1. worship ; chiirclies ; min- 
 isters ; laity, 
 
 c. "dragonnades." 
 1, full license, 
 
 d. result~500,000. 
 
 199. Grand Alliance formed. 
 
 a. the Stadtholder, 1688, 
 &. soul of what? 
 
 200. The result. 
 
 a. various successes. 
 
 1. especially. 
 6. Ryswick, 1697. 
 
 1. French losses. 
 
 2. lawful sov. 
 
 201. "War of the Spanish Suc- 
 
 cession, 1701. 
 a. origin. 
 
 1. Charles II. of S., 1700. 
 
 {a) Philip of Anjou. 
 h. E. alarmed. 
 
 1. menace. 
 
 2. real ruler. 
 
 202. Narrative of events. 
 a. coalition : G., E., H., P. 
 
 1. purpose. 
 
 2. Archduke Charles. 
 {a.) second son. 
 
 &. death, 
 
 c. John Churchill, Duke of 
 
 Marlborough. 
 1. rank. 
 
 d. Prince Eugene of Savoy. 
 
 203. Result of the -war. 
 
 a. 13 y. : 1701-1714 
 &. humiliation. 
 
 c. Marlborough. 
 
 1, Blenheim, Ramillies,Oude- 
 narde, Malplaquet. 
 
 d. Gibraltar. 
 
 e. F. fleets. 
 1. Vigo. 
 
 /. Toulon. 
 
 g. Prince E. in It. 
 
 Ji. domestic sorrow. 
 
 1. nobody ; seventy-four. 
 
 204. Sudden success of Louis 
 
 XIV. 
 
 a. object of allies, 
 
 &, curious turn of affairs. 
 
 1. thirteenth year. e, 
 
 2. Balance of Power. 
 
 c. Philip of Anjou. 
 
 1, England and Holland. 
 
 2. Philip V, 
 
 {a) first of B. in S. 
 
 d. Utrecht(1713), Rastadt(1714). 
 
 e. nest year. 
 
 205. Position of France. 
 a. culminating point. 
 
 1. last 30 y. 
 &. golden age. 
 
 c. trade and industry. 
 1. Colbert, 
 
 d. man. of southern towns. 
 1. w. and s. ; st. and cl. 
 
 e. mar, force ; colonies ; ex- 
 
 ports, 
 
 206. The court and manners. 
 
 a. court magnif , 
 
 1. sump, buil.; lib ; lit. prod.; 
 nat. sci, ; acad. , etc. 
 6. social conquest of Eu. 
 
 1. French polish. 
 
 2. French language. 
 
 207. True character of the 
 
 French under the Great 
 
 Monarch. 
 a. external glitter. 
 h. internal rottenness. 
 
 c. Oriental despotism. 
 1. " I am the State," 
 
 d. wars. 
 
 1. taxation. 
 {a.) cul. of soil. 
 , e. politesse. 
 
 1. corrupt morals. 
 /. literature. 
 
 1. brilliant. 
 
 2. servile. 
 
 208. Their artificiality, 
 a. pervaded. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 17th CENTURY. 
 
 95 
 
 h. royal example. 
 1. red lieels, 4 in, 
 
 {a.) all the gentlemen. 
 
 c. theatrical display. 
 
 d. Bolinbroke. 
 
 1. " The best actor," etc. 
 
 Progress of Civilization. 
 
 209. Character of the century. 
 a. act. and prog. 
 
 h. revival. 
 
 c. carried forward. 
 
 1. sci. ; phiL; lit.; condit. of 
 the p. 
 
 210. Bacon and his philoso- 
 
 phy. 
 a. change. 
 6. old v[ieX)[io6.— deduction, 
 
 1. Aristotle. 
 
 2. cause assumed. 
 
 {a.) reasoning down to ef- 
 fects. 
 
 c. new method — induction. 
 
 1. Bacon. 
 
 2. facts observed. 
 
 {a.) reasoning up to cause. 
 
 d. Bacon's proper place. 
 
 211. Descartes. 
 a. F. phil. 
 
 h. services to the new phil. 
 
 c. universal doubt. 
 
 1. not as a sceptic ; preju- 
 dices. 
 
 d. starting-point. 
 
 1. "I think, therefore," etc. 
 
 2. out of myself. 
 
 3. source no less perfect. 
 
 212. Bpinoza. 
 a. J. of H. 
 
 1. one "Inf. Sub." 
 {a.) emanations. 
 &. character. 
 
 1. atheist? 
 c. rank in sj)ec. philos. 
 
 213. Kepler and Newton, 
 a. G. led the way. 
 
 1. Sat., etc. 
 h. Kepler — title. 
 
 1. three great laws. 
 c. Newton. 
 
 1. un. grav. 
 
 2. the. of 1. and col. 
 {a.) optics. 
 
 3. Principia. 
 {a.) physics. 
 
 214. Newton and Leibnitz. 
 a. Calculus. 
 
 1. Huxions. 
 h. independ. discov. 
 
 215. Other great names. 
 
 a. N. — log. 
 
 h. Tor., Flor. — hy, ; m. ha. 
 
 c. Otto Guericke — a. -p. 
 
 d. H., 1628. 
 
 1. blood— 20 y. 
 
 216. Scientific societies, 
 a. Eng. Roy. Soc. 
 
 1. Charles II., 1662, 
 h. Fr. Acad. Sci, 
 
 1. Louis XIV,, 1666. 
 
 c. elsewhere. 
 
 d. Brandt, alch. 
 1. phos., 1677. 
 
 217. French drama. 
 a. lit, in 17th c. 
 
 1. greatest advance. 
 h. F. drama the creation of. 
 
 c. tragedy. 
 
 1. Cor. 
 
 {a.) excels in what ? 
 
 2. Rac. 
 
 {a.) excels in what ? 
 
 d. comedy. 
 
 1. MoL— rank. 
 
 218. Other writers. 
 a. unrivaled. 
 
 1. Bos. — rank. 
 
 2. Mass.— rank. 
 
 3. Bour. — rank. 
 h. F. — Telemaque. 
 c. P. 
 
 1, child. 
 
96 
 
 MODEBN HISTORY. 
 
 2. " Provincial Letters." 
 («.) Jesuits. 
 d. R. — Maxims. 
 6. B. — satirical p. 
 /. La F.— fables. 
 
 1. mod. M. 
 
 219. English literature. 
 a. S., 1616. 
 
 6. Ben J., Flet., Mas. 
 
 c. M. — great ep. 
 
 d. Jer. T. — prose. 
 
 e. B. — allegories. 
 /. John Dry. 
 
 g. But. — Hudibras. 
 
 h. character of stage lit. 
 
 220. Art and the Flemish 
 
 school. 
 a. falling off. 
 h. Netherlanders. 
 c. three great names. 
 
 1. Rub. 
 
 {a.) specially famed. 
 
 2. Van. 
 
 {a.) pupil. 
 (&.) Antwerp. 
 
 (1.) Eng. 
 (c.) court portraits. 
 
 3. Rem. 
 
 {a.) two special merits. 
 
 221. Other painters. 
 a. Spanish. 
 
 1. Mu. 
 &. Italy. 
 1. Sal.Ro. 
 {a.) rank. 
 c. England. 
 
 1. Sir Christopher W. 
 (a.) St. P. 
 
 222. Europe in the 17th cen- 
 
 tury. 
 a. attention confined. 
 
 1. why? 
 T). source of information. 
 
 1. Mac. 
 
 223. English gentry and cler- 
 
 gy- 
 a. condition of gentry. 
 
 &. spent their days. 
 1. f. spor.; mar. 
 
 c. spent their evenings. 
 
 d. ladies. 
 
 1. accomplishments. 
 {a.) pastry ; wine. 
 
 2. meals ; evening. 
 
 e. clergy. 
 
 1. chaplain. 
 
 {a) Levite ; $50 ; up. ser. 
 (6.) wife. 
 
 224. The yeomanry. 
 
 a. numbers and influence. 
 h. propor. of pop. 
 1. Stuarts. 
 
 c. spirit ; leaning. 
 1. Roundhead. 
 
 d. contrast with pres. day. 
 1. large proprietors. 
 
 225. Laboring classes 
 a. four-fifths. 
 
 1. 4 to 6 shil. 
 
 h. mechanic's pay. 
 
 1. Charles n. 
 
 c. food of the poor : r., b., or o. 
 
 d. only medium of complaint. 
 
 e. heaviest tax — one-fifth. 
 
 226. Brutality of the people. 
 
 a. remarkable vein. 
 
 1. beating. 
 {a.) masters. 
 (6.) husbands. 
 (c.) teachers. 
 
 2. mob -fights. 
 {a.) savage glee. 
 
 3. ex. a favor, amusement. 
 h. prisons. 
 
 1. nurseries of c. 
 
 227. Costumes of Cavalier and 
 
 Roundhead. 
 a. Cavalier. 
 
 1. s. or s. tunic — s. sleeves. 
 
 2. collar ; cloak ; trousers ; 
 
 boots. 
 
 3. beaver — band and plume. 
 
 4. hair ; beard ; love-locks. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 11th CENTURY. 
 
 97 
 
 h. Roundhead. 
 
 1. cloak ; collar ; liat ; liair, 
 
 228. Ladies' dress. 
 a. under Elizabetli. 
 
 1. farthingale, ruffs. 
 6. under Charles I. 
 1. skirts and collars. 
 
 c. under Charles 11. 
 1. same style — low. 
 
 d. 1688. 
 
 1. improvement. 
 
 2. looping up ; like a tower. 
 
 e. close of period. 
 
 1. disappeared. 
 
 2. curls and the old f . 
 
 229. Means of communication. 
 a. character. . 
 
 6. roads ; canals. 
 
 c. in wet weather. 
 
 d. the rich — horses. , 
 
 e. post-bags — 5 m. 
 1. once a week. 
 
 /. first step, toll-gates, 1663. 
 g. highwaymen. 
 1. well armed. 
 
 230. Culture and education. 
 
 a. state. 
 
 6. newspaper. 
 
 c. printing-presses. 
 
 1. except. 
 
 2. books. 
 
 d. female education. 
 
 1. accomplished ladies. 
 
 231. Industries. 
 
 a. condition of manuf , 
 &. woolen ; silk ; linen. 
 
 c. cotton-trade. 
 
 d. mineral wealth. 
 1. close of c. 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF THE SEV- 
 ENTEENTH CENTUHY. 
 
 I. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 a. Francis Bacon, 1561-1626. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. founder of In. system. 
 
 (a.) Aristotelian. 
 (b.) applied, 
 (c.) philosophic form. 
 3. Essays. 
 h. Descartes, 1596-1650. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. Holland. 
 
 3. method of philos. 
 
 c. Hobbes, 1588-1679. 
 
 1. E. p. 
 
 2. " freethinker," but not — . 
 
 d. Kepler, 1571-1630. 
 
 1. G. m. and a. 
 
 2. "Three Laws." 
 
 3. rank. 
 
 (<z.) insp. of p. and p. 
 (&.) meth. of math. 
 
 4. pov. 
 
 e. Harvey, 1578-1657. 
 . 1. E. 
 
 2. Padua. 
 {a) why? 
 
 3. cir. of b., 1615. 
 /. Spinoza, 1622-1677. 
 
 1. J. phil. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3 . why persecuted ? 
 
 4. life. 
 
 g. Isaao^ Newton, 1642-1727. 
 
 1. E. m. 
 
 2. universal g. 
 
 3. optics. 
 
 ,4. " Principia." 
 h. Leibnitz, 1640-1716. 
 - 1. G. j., h., m., m. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. f . of eclectic sys. 
 
 n. Painters. 
 a. Rubens, 1577-1640. 
 
 1. Antwerp. 
 
 2. 4000. 
 
 3. wealth. 
 
 4. por. and hist. so. 
 6. Vandyck, 1599-1641. 
 
 1. pupil. 
 
 2. Eng. 
 
 3. por. 
 
 c. Rembrandt, 1606-1669. 
 
98 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Leyden. 
 
 {a.) "P.P." 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 I. John Dryden, 1631-1700. 
 
 3. col. ; li. and slia. 
 
 1. E. p. and sat. 
 
 d. Poussin, 1594-1655. 
 
 2. Charles XL 
 
 1. Normandy. 
 
 3. "Absalom and Achito- 
 
 e. Murillo, 1618-1682. 
 
 phel." 
 
 1. Sp. — rank. 
 
 {a) rank. 
 
 2. early — beg. b., etc. 
 
 m. Boileau, 1636-1711. 
 
 3. later — relig. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 III. Writers. 
 
 2. moral tone. 
 
 a. Ben Jonson, 1574-1637. 
 
 n. Racine, 1639-1699. 
 
 1. E. dra., etc. 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 
 2. James I. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 &. Calderon, 1601-1681. 
 
 0. Fenelon, 1651-1715. 
 
 1. S. dra. 
 
 1. Fr. 
 
 2. 500. 
 
 2. Quietist. 
 
 c. Corneille, 1606-1684. 
 
 3. "Telemaque." 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 
 
 2. "Cid." 
 
 
 d. Jolin Milton, 1608-1674. 
 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 OHAPTEE IV. 
 
 2. "P. Lost" and ''P.Reg." 
 
 
 {a.) pov. and b. 
 8. genius unnoticed. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 e. Samuel Butler, 1612—1680. 
 
 
 'Eng. under the Georges. 
 
 1. E. sat. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 Prussia and Frederick 
 
 2. "Hudibras." 
 
 TOPICS.' 
 
 THE Great. 
 Rise op Russia. 
 
 {a) Puritans. 
 
 ^The Fkench Revolution. 
 
 /. Jeremy Taylor, 1613-1667. 
 
 
 1. E. bishop. 
 
 England under the Georg-es. 
 
 2. "HolyL.;" "HolyD." 
 
 232. The successor ofWilliam 
 
 3. style. 
 
 III. 
 
 g. La Fontaine, 1621-1705. 
 
 a. Anne (sister-in-law), 1702. 
 
 1. P. p. and fab. 
 
 1. daughter. 
 
 h. Moliere, 1622-1673. 
 
 6. 12 y. — end of S. line. 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 
 */ 
 
 i. Pascal, 1623-1662. 
 
 233. Three leading events. 
 
 1. F. p. and s. 
 
 a. union of S. 
 
 2. Church. 
 
 &. campaigns of M. 
 
 3! " Provincial Letters." 
 
 c. contests bet. W. and T. 
 
 (a) Jesuits. 
 
 234. Hostility betw^een Eng- 
 
 j. Bossuet, 1627-1704. 
 
 land and Scotland. 
 
 1, F. p. orat. 
 
 a. separate. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 1. notwithstanding what ? 
 
 k. John Bunyan. 1628-1688. 
 
 6. feeling growing up. 
 
 1. E. tinker. 
 
 c. crisis — beg. 18th c. 
 
 2. Bap. p. 
 
 1. show of war. 
 
 8. 12 y. 
 
 2. better counsels. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18th CENTTjRT. 
 
 99 
 
 235. Treaty of Union. 
 
 a. commission. 
 h. S. P., 1707. 
 
 c. " Great Britain." 
 1. S. prosper. 
 
 236. Marlborough's campaign. 
 a. War of the Sp. Sue. 
 
 1. Fr. hum. 
 
 2. Utrecht, 1713. 
 
 237. Strife of "Whigs and To- 
 
 ries. 
 a. two great questions. 
 
 1. the W. 
 
 2. the C. 
 
 h. Whigs (Low C.)- M. 
 
 1. called for what ? 
 C. Tories (High C). 
 
 1. called for what? 
 
 d. queen at heart what ? 
 
 e. at first. 
 /. at last. 
 
 1. Utrecht. 
 
 238. Character of Anne. 
 a. 1714 — apo. 
 
 h. Prince Geo. of D. — 6 y. 
 
 c. 17 c. 
 
 d. talent and learning. 
 
 e. tastes and habits. 
 
 f. expression of face. 
 1. domestic be. 
 
 g. disposition and virtues. 
 1. title. 
 
 h. rank of reign in lit. 
 
 239. Anne's successors. 
 a. Geo., Elec. of H. 
 
 1. Jas. I. ; next P. h. 
 
 2. Par. 
 
 &. Guelph line, or H. of Bruns- 
 wick.* 
 1. still. 
 
 240. Accession of George I. 
 a. G. — speak E. 
 
 h. 54. 
 
 c. person ; mind ; tastes. 
 
 * House of Brunswick, 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 d. Sophia of B. 
 
 241. Politics under George I. 
 
 a. king's partiality. 
 
 1. source of what? 
 &. advisers. 
 1. why? 
 c. T. leaders how treated ? 
 1. riots. 
 {a.) majority of nation. 
 (6.) Pretender. 
 
 242. The Pretender and his 
 
 invasion. 
 a. James III. — "Jacobites." 
 &. Louis XIV. 
 c. 1715. 
 
 243. South Sea scheme. 
 
 a. pacif. reign — few. 
 1. disastrous event. 
 h. Law, a S. 
 
 1. control. -g. of F. 
 
 2. finan. sch. in F. 
 {a) promised. 
 (&.) efEect. 
 
 c. visionary proj. in E. 
 1. S. S. B. 
 
 d. for a time — prem. 
 
 e. soon — unsoundness. 
 1. thousands. 
 
 /. H. of Com. 
 
 244. Character of George II. 
 
 a. George II. (son), 1727 — 45. 
 h. person. 
 
 c. know, of E. — foreign ac. 
 
 d. care for sci., etc. 
 1. "bain, and bo." 
 
 245. Walpole. 
 
 a. Sir Rob. Walpole. 
 
 1. Prime M. — nearly half. 
 5. learning ; manners, 
 c. secret of success. 
 
 1. maj. in P. 
 
 246. Four wars of George II. 
 a. S., 1739. 
 
 1. tales of wrong. 
 
 2. what came of it. 
 h. A. Succes., 1741. 
 
100 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. object. 
 
 {a.) Maria Theresa (daugli- 
 
 ter). 
 (&.) Charles, E. of Bavaria. 
 
 2. E.'s business in the quar- 
 
 rel. 
 
 3. parties. 
 
 {a.) E.— M. T. 
 
 (&.) P. under Fred, the G. 
 
 — C. 
 (c.) F. under Louis XV.— C. 
 
 4. result. 
 
 c. Young Pret., 1745. 
 
 1. Charles Ed. 
 
 2. object ; aid. 
 
 3. Culloden. 
 
 d. A. war with F. 
 
 1. colonies. 
 
 2. "F. and In. War." 
 
 3. 1755— Geo. III.— 1763. 
 {a.) Peace of Paris. 
 
 4. Canada. 
 
 247. Pitt. 
 
 a. latter part of reign. 
 
 1. surname. 
 &. 1708, Oxford, etc. 
 
 c. genius how directed ? 
 1. Amer. ; Ind. 
 
 d. clear head and admin, fac. 
 
 248. England under George III. 
 a. 1760. 
 
 h. rank of England. 
 
 1. Pitt. 
 c. first of House. 
 
 1. " Born and ed.," etc. 
 
 249. Character of George III. 
 a. not saying much. 
 
 5. private life. 
 
 c. devoted himself. 
 1. at heart. 
 
 d. understand, and prej. 
 
 e. prone. 
 
 1. 1810 ; 1820. 
 
 250. Events in America. 
 a. fruitful reign — 5 y. 
 
 6. Grenville — Stamp Act, 1765. 
 
 c. other taxes. 
 
 d. conflict and result. 
 
 251. Conquest of India. 
 
 a. great struggle. 
 
 h. Clive ; Warren Hastings. 
 
 c. Eng. successes. 
 
 1. French ; native princes. 
 
 d. 200,000,000. 
 
 252. Other events. 
 a. F. Rev. 
 
 1. all the nat. 
 
 2. considered where ? 
 
 Prussia and Frederick the Great. 
 
 253. Subject stated. 
 a. rise of P. 
 
 1. our own times. 
 
 254. Beginnings of Prussia. 
 a. Elec. of Brandenburg. 
 
 1. Mid. Ages. 
 
 2. Duchy of Prussia.* 
 {a.) Elizabeth. 
 
 3. grew apace. 
 
 4. aid in war of S. S. 
 {a.) bargain. 
 
 h. first king, 1701. 
 1. Fred. III.— Fred. I. 
 
 255. Frederick William, 1713- 
 
 1740. 
 
 a. second. 
 h. character. 
 
 1. savage ; economist, 
 c. army — son. 
 
 256. Youth of Frederick the 
 
 Great. 
 a. Fred. II. (son). 
 &. 1712. 
 
 c. treatment — deserter. 
 
 d. flute ; books ; Voltaire, etc. 
 
 257. He ascends the throne. 
 
 a. 1740. 
 
 h. boyhood's dream. 
 c. looked about. 
 1. treas. ; army. 
 
 * Borussi — Slavonic. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18 th GENT JIB Y, 
 
 101 
 
 258. Maria Theresa. 
 
 a. event in G,, 1740. 
 &. Pragmatic Sanction. 
 
 1. father's hered. dom. 
 {a.) H. andB. ; A., etc. 
 
 3. Q. of H. 
 
 c. Empire at whose disposal ? 
 
 d. claimants. 
 
 259. Frederick's claim and con- 
 
 duct. 
 a. Silesia. 
 
 1. House of B. 
 
 2. justice of claim. 
 
 3. 'campaign, 1741-1742. 
 {a.) two. 
 
 (&.) result. 
 h. ''First Silesian War." 
 
 260. Second war and sequel. 
 a. 1744. 
 
 1. F. and E. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 &. years of peace. 
 1. rise of P. 
 
 26 1 . Nature of the Seven Years' 
 
 War. 
 a. 1756. 
 h. partition. 
 
 1. secret treaties. 
 {a.) A. with F. 
 (&.) A. with R., Po., Sax., 
 Sw. 
 
 c. England. 
 1. motive. 
 
 d. " sea of troubles." 
 
 261. The war and its results * 
 a. wonderful story. 
 
 * I. First Campaign, 1756. 
 
 a. 70,000. 
 
 b. Saxony. 
 
 1. Dresden. 
 
 (a.) state papers— plot. 
 
 2, Lowositz. 
 
 II. Second Campaign, 1757. 
 
 a. invasion of Bohemia. 
 
 1. Prague. 
 
 2. Kolin. 
 
 b. terrible misfortunes. 
 1. Eus.— e. frontier. 
 
 h. two results. 
 
 1. world-soldier. 
 
 2. a new power. 
 
 c. rank P. takes. 
 
 d. Holy Roman Empire. 
 1. A. and P. 
 
 {a.) bal. of pow. 
 (1.) F. Rev. 
 
 262. Prussia's losses and resto- 
 ration. 
 
 a. 1,000,000. 
 
 &. a wasted land. 
 
 2. Swedes— Pomerania. 
 {a.) Berlin. 
 
 3. E. driv. from Han. 
 
 4. French — Saxony. 
 c. meditated what ? 
 cl. turn in the tide. ■ 
 
 1. E. recalled. 
 
 2. dashed into Sax. 
 {a.) 20,000. 
 
 (6.) Eossbach. 
 
 3. Leuthen, in Silesia. 
 e. result. 
 
 1. Silesia. 
 
 2. e;s:altation. 
 
 (a.) London a blaze. 
 (6.) 700,000. 
 
 m. ThiPvD and Fourth Cam- 
 paigns, 1758-1759. 
 
 a. the Third, on the whole. 
 
 1. Silesia. 
 
 2. Gei'many. 
 
 (a.) F. driven out. 
 
 b. the Fourth, blows on blows. 
 
 1. Eussiaus. 
 
 (a.) Kunersdorf. 
 
 2. Austi'ians. 
 (a.) Dresden. 
 (5.) 20,000. 
 
 (1.) passes of Boh. 
 
 IV. Fifth Campaign, 1760. 
 
 a. at bay. 
 
 1. 200,000. 
 
 b. dash at Torgau. 
 
 c. camp, Silesia. 
 
 d. thought of s. 
 
 V. Last Year, 1762-1763. 
 
 a. what saved him. 
 1. Peter III. 
 
 b. example followed. 
 
 c. Peace of P., 1763. 
 1. E. and F. 
 
 d. Peace of Hubertsburg, 1763. 
 1. A. and P. 
 
 e. unchanged. 
 
102 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 c. work of repair. 
 
 1. the starving. 
 
 2. houses. 
 
 3. taxes. i 
 {a.) Silesia — 6 j. 
 (&.) other districts. 
 
 4. rewards and pensions. 
 
 5. revival of com. 
 
 d. coin. 
 
 e. advancement. 
 1. proof. 
 
 {a.) 2 mil. to 6 mil. 
 (6.) 6 mil. to 72 mil. 
 
 263. Character of Frederick. 
 
 a. 1786— 75th y.— 47 j. 
 
 b. c. treaty with U. S. 
 e. as a soldier. 
 
 1. in battle, 
 
 2. in difficulties. 
 
 3. in depression. 
 
 d. justice of undertakings. 
 
 e. one fixed object. 
 
 f. Carlyle. 
 
 1. "liar and charlatan." 
 
 g. compared with roy. contem. 
 
 Rise of E-ussia. 
 
 264. Russian question stated. 
 
 a. blank — beg. 18th c. 
 
 b. stock — S. 
 1. capacity. 
 
 c. early start in civil. 
 
 d. the Norseman Ruric, 9th c. 
 
 e. 10th c. 
 
 1. G. Church. 
 
 265. Reason of Russia's back- 
 
 wardness. 
 a. exposed to M. 
 1. 13th c. 
 (a.) Genghis Khan. 
 h. 2 c. of bon. 
 c. cut off from what ? 
 
 1. Poles and Lithuanians. 
 
 266. Progress of Russia. 
 a. deliverance from T. 
 
 1. Ivan Vasilovitz. 
 
 (a.) Elizabeth. 
 6. powerful. 
 
 c. hemmed in. 
 
 1. Baltic. 
 
 (a.) P. and S. 
 
 2. Black S. 
 
 (a.) T. in the C. 
 
 d. P. the G.— close of 17th c. 
 
 267. Peter's biography. 
 
 a. Alexis, the G. : 1645-1676. 
 1. Michael Romanoff, 1613. 
 
 (a.) pres. roy. fam. 
 
 (6.) Ruric line. 
 &. 1672. 
 
 c. P. and Ivan, 1682. 
 1. I.'s condition. 
 
 d. baffled — Sophia. 
 
 e. scepter— 17— 1689. 
 
 268. His person and aims. 
 
 a. rough, etc. — fund of en. 
 I), apparent aim. 
 
 1. peaceful arts. 
 c. wars compulsory. 
 
 269. His first idea. 
 
 a. available seaboard. 
 
 1. Azof, 1696. 
 
 2. fleet. 
 
 270. His visit to the West. 
 
 a. old noble. 
 &. countries visited. 
 1. purpose. 
 
 c. Saardam, 1697. 
 
 1. worked. 
 
 2. picked up. 
 
 d. England, 1698. 
 
 1. dock-yards, etc. 
 
 271. His social reforms. 
 a. home, 1701. 
 
 h. change of dress. 
 
 1. brown f.-coat. 
 (a.) casting off. 
 
 2. priests and peasants. 
 
 c. beards. 
 
 d. nobility — titles ; power. 
 
 e. toleration ; Bible. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18th GENTUBT 
 
 103 
 
 272. Peter's plan. 
 a. outlet. 
 
 1. apparent opportunity. 
 &. Sweden, 1697. 
 
 1. 15. 
 
 2. dismemberment. 
 {a.) R., D., P. 
 (&.) not so easy. 
 
 (1.) Charles XII. 
 
 273. Campaign of Charles XII. 
 
 a. C.'s promptitude. 
 6. quick riddance of his ene- 
 mies. 
 
 1. D. 
 
 2. P.— Riga. 
 
 c. 80,000 R., Nov. 30, 1700. 
 
 1. Narva, n. G. of Livonia. 
 
 2. a tenth. 
 8. result. 
 
 4. "these S., I knew, would 
 beat us, but," etc. 
 
 274. Proposes to invade Rus- 
 
 sia. 
 a. next 4 y. in P. and S. 
 &. intoxicated. 
 
 1. at Moscow. 
 
 2 Alex. — Darius. 
 
 275. Peter's strategy and 
 
 Charles's diflBculties. 
 
 a. roads, etc. 
 &. Ukraine. 
 
 1. Mazeppa — Cossack. 
 c. misfortunes. 
 
 1. reinforcements. 
 
 2. 2000. 
 
 276. Pultowa; 1709. 
 
 a. siege — importance. 
 h. wound. 
 
 c. advance of P. 
 
 d. attempt to intercept. 
 
 1. litter. 
 
 2. artillery. 
 
 e. 2h. 
 
 f. shelter. 
 1. 300. 
 
 277. Close of Charles XII. 's 
 
 career. 
 a. 9y. 
 &. manner of death. 
 
 1. Fredericshall, Nor., 1718. 
 e. Dr. J. — "Vanity," etc. 
 1. " His fall was destined,'* 
 etc. 
 
 278. Gains to Russia. 
 a. importance. 
 
 h. Livonia, etc., e. of B. 
 c. Caspian. 
 1. Persia. 
 
 279. His pacific measures. 
 a. St. P., 1704. 
 
 1. Neva, G. of F. 
 2- why so named? 
 8. capital. 
 {a.) old. 
 h. internal changes. 
 
 1. army ; navy. 
 
 2. admin, of jus. 
 
 3. com., man. 
 
 4. canals, roads. 
 
 5. printing-press. 
 G. task of a giant. 
 
 280. Death and character. 
 
 a. 1725. 
 
 1. knee-deep in L. Ladoga. 
 6. rank. 
 c. character. 
 1. Voltaire. 
 {a.) polish ; art of w. ; fleet; 
 ship-w. , etc. ; man- 
 ners, etc.; "F. C." 
 
 281. Peter's successors. 
 a. Cath. I. (widow) — 2 y. 
 
 h. Peter II. (grandson) — 3 y. 
 
 c. Anne (niece) — 10 y. 
 
 d. Elizabeth (daughter) — 22 y. 
 
 e. Peter III. (nephew) — few m. 
 1. fate. 
 
 /. Catharine II., 1762. 
 1. surname. 
 
 282. Doings of Catharine. 
 a. rank of C. 
 
104 
 
 MODERN HIS TOBY. 
 
 h. Potemkin and Suwarrow. 
 1. Turks — Crimea. 
 
 283. Partition of Poland. 
 a. origin of scheme. 
 
 6. parties. 
 c. 1772. 
 
 284. End of Poland. 
 a. 1792— R. and P. 
 I. 1795— R., P., A. 
 
 1. " Oh ! bloodiest pic," etc. 
 C. wick, and import, 
 
 1. "brought that nation," 
 etc. 
 
 285. Catherine's successors. 
 a. 1796. 
 
 h. Paul (son). 
 
 1. character and fate. 
 c. Alex. I. (son), 1801. 
 
 1. grandfather. 
 
 The French Be volution. 
 
 286. Remark of Louis XV. 
 a. " After me," etc. 
 
 1. death-bed, 1774. 
 
 2. dreadful verification, 
 
 287. France and Louis XV., 
 
 1715-1774. 
 a. F. at death of L. XIV., 1715, 
 
 1. condition, 
 h. bad to worse. 
 
 1. painted fav. 
 
 {a.) Pompadour and Du 
 Barri. 
 
 2. last sou. 
 
 3. wars. 
 
 {a) idle nobility. 
 
 288. Accession of Louis XVI. 
 
 a. 1774 — grandson — 20 j. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 c. Marie Antoinette. — 
 1. Ma. The. 
 
 d. "OGod, guide us!" etc. 
 
 289. Bad condition of France. 
 
 a. demand of the times. 
 
 b. signs. 
 
 c. sowing ; reaping. 
 
 d. finan, and pub. cred, 
 
 1. a century and a half. 
 
 2. two hundred millions. 
 
 e. state of the people, 
 1. smug, and spo. 
 
 290. Further details. 
 
 a. infidelity. 
 
 b. people alienated from : 
 
 1. throne. 
 
 {a.) excess; scandal. 
 
 2. nobles, 
 
 3. clergy. 
 
 (a.) cru., ig., and deb. 
 (&.) satire and indig. 
 
 c. leaders of the new opinions : 
 
 Vol,, Rousseau, Helvetius, 
 Condillac. 
 
 1. so-called C, L., and T. 
 
 swept away. 
 
 2. reinforced — host. 
 
 d. good as well as evil. 
 
 1, tr,, mer,, chiv. 
 
 2, false,, des., impos,, vice. 
 
 291. Financial measures. 
 
 a. grand problem. 
 
 b. Turgot, 
 
 1. grad. ref, proposed. 
 {a.) alarm of courtiers. 
 
 2. disposed of, 1776, 
 
 c. two other min. 
 
 d. Necker — Greneva. 
 1. maxims, 
 
 (a.) expenditure — why ? 
 (&.) credit — why? 
 
 e. 5y. 
 
 1. balance-sheet — 1781. 
 (a.) angered nobility. 
 /. N, disposed of. 
 
 292. Effect of the American 
 
 war. 
 
 a. war with E. 
 1. cause, 
 
 b. painful reminder, 
 
 c. doctrines from A, 
 1, peasant. 
 
 d. injustice. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18th CENTURY. 
 
 105 
 
 1. two-tMrds. 
 {a.) 150,000. 
 
 2. exempt. " 
 
 3. 25,000,000. 
 
 293. Administration of Ca- 
 
 lonne. 
 a. increased burdens. 
 &. juggler. 
 
 1. borrowed — repayment. 
 
 2. "Notables." 
 
 294. Assembly of the Nota- 
 
 bles. 
 a. what? 
 
 &, previous meetings. 
 1. emergencies. 
 
 c. Feb., 1787—137. 
 
 d. land-tax. 
 
 1. why rejected? 
 
 e. May. 
 
 /. Brienne, Arch, of Toulon. 
 g. recall, 1788. 
 
 295. Necker's proposition. 
 
 a. " States-General." 
 
 1. confer, and petition. 
 
 2. 1614— Richelieu. 
 
 &. three kings had ruled how ? 
 c. why welcome ? 
 1. every class. 
 («.) Eng. Par. 
 
 296. The elections. 
 
 a. who voted ? 
 6. 3,000,000. 
 
 1. nearly two centuries. 
 c. 1200— Versailles, 5th May, 
 1789. 
 
 297. The Commons assert 
 
 themselves. 
 a. real strength. 
 1. Tiers Etat.* 
 &. relative numbers. 
 c. trial of strength. 
 
 1. one c, or two? 
 
 2. invitation. 
 {a.) scorn. 
 (6.) "Nat. A.' 
 
 * Clergy and Nobility. 
 
 298. King and Commons. 
 
 a. unavailing complaint. 
 
 1. usurpation. 
 &. king alarmed. 
 
 1. suicidal step. 
 
 c. a month. 
 
 1. at the door. 
 
 d. Bailly. 
 
 1. Tennis-court. 
 
 {a.) oath — constitution- 
 
 e. firnmess of the T. E. 
 1. seces. 
 
 {a.) clergy. 
 
 (&.) 47 n.— Duke of Or. 
 
 299. Three characters. 
 a. Lafayette. 
 
 1. character and ability. 
 
 5, Mirabeau. 
 1. character, 
 
 {a.) morals ; power. 
 c. Robespierre. 
 1. appearance, etc, 
 
 300. Action of the Court and 
 
 Assembly. 
 a. foolish action. 
 
 1. Necker. 
 
 2. troops. 
 
 h. radical action. 
 
 1. priv. of birth or p. 
 
 2. taxes. 
 
 3. public debt. 
 
 4. press. 
 
 5. political and religious. 
 
 301. Madness of Paris. 
 
 a. clubs, meet., assoc. 
 
 6. thirst. 
 
 1. Par. mob. 
 
 c. report. 
 
 d. to the defense. 
 1. guns ; tricol. 
 
 e. rioting and p. 
 
 1. refused to fire. 
 /. 14th July— " Let us storm," 
 etc. 
 
 302. Capture of the Bastile. 
 a. what? 
 
 l. 82 invalids and 32 S. 
 
106 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1, Marquis de Launay. 
 
 c. 4I1. 
 
 1, F. guards ; cannon. 
 
 d. capitulation. 
 
 e. maddened mob. 
 
 1. massacre. 
 
 2. prisoners. 
 
 3. iDuilding. 
 
 4. paraded. 
 
 303. The sequel. 
 
 a. supreme. 
 &. Necker. 
 
 c. king— Hotel de Ville. 
 1. tricolor. 
 
 d. first emigration. 
 1. what? 
 
 e. royal family. 
 1. where? 
 
 {a.) 4 1. 
 
 304. Provincial risings. 
 
 a. strange tidings. 
 1. rev. national. 
 
 {a) burning chat. 
 
 (&.) sudden veng. 
 &. Nobility must do what ? 
 
 305. Sweeping reforms. 
 a. 4th August. 
 
 &. Viscount de Noailles. 
 
 1. taxation, 
 (a.) universal. 
 (&.) ac. to fortune. 
 
 2. servitude ; f . system. 
 
 c. aristoc. 
 
 1. seignorial dues, priv., and 
 immu. 
 
 d. clergy. 
 
 1. tithes and tributes. 
 
 e. avail. 
 
 306. Another false step. 
 
 a. persuaded him. 
 h. reg. of F,, etc. 
 1. banquet. 
 (a.) roy. party. 
 (6.) cries of loyalty, etc. 
 (c. ) tricolored cockades. 
 (1.) white ones. 
 
 307. The mob goes to Ver- 
 
 sailles. 
 
 a. ' ' Bread ! bread ! " 
 
 1. a fearful mob. 
 &. messages, etc. 
 
 1. rain — camp. 
 
 308. Attack on the palace. 
 a. grating. 
 
 1. towards morning. 
 &. " living deluge." 
 
 c. battering of axes. 
 
 d. rescue. 
 
 1. Lafayette. 
 {a.) n. g. of P. 
 
 309. Return to Paris. 
 
 a. procession. 
 
 1. heads. 
 h. "Joyous Entry," 6th Oct., 
 
 1789. 
 
 310. Conduct of the emigrants. 
 a. G. frontier. 
 
 1. Prince de Conde, Spring, 
 1791. 
 {a) motto. 
 
 311. The king's flight. 
 a. royal family. 
 
 h. 20th June, 1791. 
 1. St. Martin. 
 
 312. His capture. 
 
 a. Varennes. 
 
 1. recognized. 
 
 2. decree of arrest. 
 
 3. last chance. 
 &. 8d. 
 
 c. suspended. 
 
 313. The new constitution. 
 
 a. constitu. mon. 
 
 b. 14th Sep., 1791. 
 
 314. The new assembly. 
 
 a. Constituent A., 29th Sep., 
 
 1791—3 y. 
 &. Legislative A., 1st Oct., 1791. 
 
 315. The three parties. 
 
 a. Feuillants. 
 1. law and con. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18ru CENTURY. 
 
 107 
 
 &. Girondists. 
 
 1. Mod. Rep. 
 
 3. Mirabeau. 
 c. tlie Mountain. 
 
 1. Red Rep. 
 
 2. Jacobin and Cordeliers 
 
 Clubs. 
 
 3. "No king!" 
 
 4. Robespierre, Danton, Ma- 
 
 rat. 
 
 316. Foreign invasion and its 
 
 effect. 
 a. every throne menaced. 
 1. A. and P. 
 
 {a.) perilous friendship. 
 6. 20th Ap., 1792. 
 c. soon aft. 
 
 1. 70,000 P.; 68,000 A. 
 
 2. 20,000 F. vol. 
 («.) Dumouriez. 
 
 317. Feeling to-wards Louis. 
 
 a. increased enmity. 
 
 1. foreign interference. 
 &. demand of mob. 
 
 1. Robespierre. 
 
 318. Attack on the Tuilleries. 
 a. 10th Aug. 
 
 1. nat. -guards — court-yard. 
 
 2. 300 Swiss. 
 {a.) fate. 
 
 3. k., etc., escaped. 
 
 h. 14th— to the old Tem. p. 
 
 319. Reign of Terror. 
 
 a. D.'s advice — "striking ter- 
 ror." 
 1. produced what ? 
 I. Verdun, 1st Sep., 1792. 
 1. effect in Paris. 
 {a) 3d.— Mas. of Sep 
 
 320. The new government. 
 
 a. 21st Sep., 1792. 
 
 1. Leg. Assem. 
 
 2. Nat. Conven, 
 
 321. The parties and their 
 
 leaders. 
 
 a. disappeared. 
 
 6. G., majority. 
 c. M., aggressive. 
 
 1. D., R., M. 
 
 2. sans-culottes. 
 
 3. policy. ' 
 {a.) king; Rep. 
 
 322. Trial of the king. 
 
 a. first act of C. 
 
 h. 13th Nov., 1792—4 m. 
 
 c. charges. 
 
 1. intrigues ag. Rev. 
 
 2. knowledge of for. interfer. 
 
 d. deposition a bar. 
 1. not a time. 
 
 e. will of the p. 
 
 323. The trial continued. 
 a. countenance of the k. 
 
 h. counsel. * 
 
 1. declined. 
 
 2. Malesherbes. 
 
 {a.) " twice called." 
 
 c. R. — " stille sensibility." 
 
 d. three questions. 
 
 324 
 
 . The verdict. 
 
 a. 
 
 vote. 
 
 5. 
 
 savage mob. 
 
 c. 
 
 10 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 Vergniaud. 
 
 
 1. 721—26. 
 
 
 2. 24 h. 
 
 325. A sad scene. 
 
 a. the Abbe Edgeworth. 
 h. last interview. 
 
 1. glass door. 
 
 2. heart-rending. 
 
 326. Execution of Louis XVI. 
 
 a. slept soundly. 
 6. sacrament. 
 
 c. 8 o'clock, 21st Jan., 1793. 
 
 d. Place de la Rev., 10:30. 
 
 1. scaffold. 
 
 {a.) guillotine. 
 (1.) Dr. G. 
 
 2. ferocious rabble. 
 
 e. last words. 
 
 /. "Son of St. L.,"etc. 
 
108 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 327. Foreign affairs. 
 a. equivalent. 
 
 1. E., H., Sp., G., Sw., R. 
 h. La Vendee. 
 
 c. 300,000. 
 
 d. Dumouriez. 
 
 1. Holland. 
 {a.) result. 
 
 2. deserted. 
 {a.) motive. 
 
 6. war v^ent on — Aus. Neth.., 
 
 K, It. 
 /. F. able to do what ? 
 
 328. Excesse.^ of the revolu- 
 
 tionists. 
 a. achievements abroad. 
 1. atrocities at home. 
 &. saturnalia. 
 
 1. of impiety. 
 
 {a.) belief ; Reason ; Sab- 
 bath. 
 
 2. of blood. 
 («.) q., etc. 
 
 C. seventy or eighty. 
 1. sewer. 
 
 d. Girondists. 
 
 e. 200,000. 
 
 /. women sat and knit. 
 
 329. The leaders and their 
 
 struggles 
 
 a. " Com. of Pub. S." 
 1. Jac: D.,R., M. 
 h. fate of M. 
 
 1. Charlotte Corday— Caen. 
 
 2. bath. 
 
 c. D. 
 
 1. far enough. 
 {a.) order. 
 
 d. R. 
 
 1. alone on the dread, em. 
 
 2. swal. up. 
 
 330. Robespierre master. 
 a. 1794. 
 
 &. determination. 
 
 1. Anarchists. 
 
 2. Moderates. 
 («.)D. 
 
 c. D.'s fate. 
 
 d. 1285. 
 
 1. 10th June to 17th July. 
 
 331. The reaction. 
 
 a. terrified. 
 
 1. next list. 
 &. Robespierre. 
 
 1. 27th July. 
 c. contest with outside J. 
 
 332. Death of Robespierre. 
 
 a. Hotel de Ville. 
 
 1. pistol. 
 {a) jaw. 
 &. carted to the guil. 
 
 1. 28th July. 
 
 333. Better days. 
 a. Reign of Terror. 
 
 1. some Jacobins. 
 
 2. sans-culottes. 
 &. hideous dream. 
 
 c. prisons. 
 
 d. exiled G. 
 
 e. laws of R. 
 /. worship. 
 
 334. Foreign successes. 
 
 a. campaigns ag. the allies. 
 h. 1794. 
 
 1. Flanders. 
 
 2. frontiers of H. 
 
 3. Rhine. 
 
 4. Spain. 
 c. 1795. 
 
 1. Pichegru. 
 
 {a?) Amsterdam. 
 
 (1.) Stadtholder. 
 (6.) dependency. 
 
 2. peace with P. and S. 
 
 335. The new government, 
 
 a. 1795 — new c. 
 1. since 1789. 
 &. leg. coun. 
 
 1. Ancients. 
 
 2. Five Hundred. 
 c. ex. pow. 
 
 1. Directory. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18 th CENTURY. 
 
 109 
 
 d. D. how chosen? 
 
 e. President. 
 
 336. Conflict for power, 
 a. P. dissatisfied. 
 
 &. battle joined. 
 
 1. the Sections. 
 {a.) 40,000. 
 
 2. Convention. 
 (a.) 5000. 
 (&.) Barras. 
 
 (1.) second in command. 
 
 337. Triumph of the Directory. 
 
 a. pointed his cannon. 
 
 6. grape-shot, 4th Oct., 1795. 
 
 c. end of F. Rev. 
 
 d. wonderful career. 
 
 338. Youth of Napoleon. 
 a. blood and name. 
 
 1. native. 
 h. a French citizen how ? 
 
 c. Charles B,, lawyer. 
 
 d. at 10 — Brienne — 5 y. 
 
 e. offic. report. 
 
 1 . math. ; hist, and geog. ; 
 Lat., belles-let., etc.; hab- 
 its, etc. ; health. 
 /. 1785, commission. 
 
 339. First appearance as a sol- 
 
 dier. 
 a. which side ? 
 I. Toulon, 1793. 
 
 1. roy. uprising. 
 
 2. Barras. 
 
 {a) N.'s skill. 
 c. assist, to B. in Paris. 
 
 340. His advancement. 
 a. B., a Director, 1795. 
 
 6. great armies, Spring of 1796. 
 
 1. Moreau. 
 
 2. Jourdan. 
 
 3. army of I. 
 
 c. his age. 
 
 d. Josephine. 
 
 1. Count de Beauharnais, 
 
 341. Napoleon's relations with 
 
 the Revolution. 
 a. next chapter. 
 
 h. close of the period. 
 
 c. booming of c, Oct., 1795. 
 
 1. knell of R. 
 
 2. new era — 20 y. 
 
 d. through rev. to a rep. 
 1. master. 
 
 Progress of Civilization. 
 
 342. Character of the century. 
 a. won. changes, 
 
 1. old ideas. 
 
 2. old institutions. 
 
 343. Influence of French wri- 
 
 ters. 
 a. dem. ideas. 
 
 1. sys. form. 
 h. mid. 18th c. 
 
 1, doubt and question. 
 
 c. leaders : Vol., Rous., Mon- 
 
 tesquieu, Diderot, Condor- 
 cet, and the Ency. 
 
 d. attacked. 
 
 1. wisdom. 
 
 2. motives. 
 
 3. needed work. 
 
 e. "inalienable r." 
 
 344. Democracy in America. 
 a. theory in F. — what in A.? 
 &. England astir. 
 
 c, ripeness of colonies. 
 1. why? 
 
 d. influence of F. phil. 
 1. Decl. of I. 
 
 {a) R.'s Contrat Social. 
 
 345. Influence of America on 
 
 France. 
 a. reflex. 
 h. living embodiment. 
 
 c. self-ruling. 
 
 1. of the p., for the p., hy 
 the p. 
 
 d. F. amiies and fleets. 
 
 e. reports. 
 
 346. Philosophy of the French 
 
 Revolution. 
 a. feudalism and divine right. 
 h. counterbalanced. 
 
110 
 
 MODEBN HI8T0BY. 
 
 347. Influence of the Revolu- 
 
 tion generally. 
 a. spread. 
 h. change. 
 
 1. polit. 
 
 2. social. 
 
 c. the down-trodden. 
 
 d. glittering d. : Liberte, Fra- 
 
 ternite, Egalite. 
 6. gain. 
 
 1. rights of the p. 
 
 2. embodiment. 
 
 348. Literature. 
 a. distinctively. 
 
 1. all kinds. 
 6. exciting laughter. 
 
 1. p. Add.; p. Cow.; surly 
 
 Dr. J. ; good-nat. Gold. ; 
 
 court, v.; rus. B. 
 
 c. cen. of rid. — needed. 
 
 d. laughed out of the w. 
 
 349. Philosophy. 
 a. progress. 
 
 h. Eng. 
 
 1. Locke's Es. on the H. U. 
 («.) pres. rank. 
 
 2. Berkeley — idealism. 
 
 3. Reid— sys. of C. S. 
 
 4. Hume. 
 
 {a.) permanency of influ- 
 ence. 
 
 c. French — character. 
 
 d. German — met. spec. 
 1. Kant — rank. 
 
 350. Fine arts. 
 a. cultivation. 
 h. painters. 
 
 1. English — first time: Gains- 
 borough, Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds, Ben j. West (birth- 
 place). 
 c. music — truly grand. 
 
 1. H., H., M. 
 
 351. Science — Chemistry. 
 
 a. progress. 
 h. chem. — sci. 
 1. Black. 
 
 {a) carb. a. 
 2. Cavendish. 
 
 {a.) comp. w. 
 
 ih.) const, at. 
 8. Priestley. 
 
 {a.) ox. 
 
 (&.) more new sub. 
 4. Lavoisier. 
 
 {a.) generalizations. 
 
 (6.) other imp. con. 
 
 352. Electricity. 
 a. originated. 
 
 h. B. F. — the. and exp. 
 1. identity. 
 
 c. w. of Galvani, Bologna. 
 1, frogs. 
 
 d. Volta — pile. 
 
 1. battery — z. and c. 
 
 353. Other discoverie 
 
 a. inadequate mention. 
 6. basis of geol. 
 
 c. bot. 
 
 1. jumble. 
 
 2. sys. form. 
 {a.) Innnseus. 
 
 d. comp. anat. 
 
 e. w. , f . , s. , of earth. 
 /. Laplace. 
 
 1. math. ast. 
 {a) Mechanique Celeste. 
 g. Sir William Herschel. 
 
 1. Ur., 1781. 
 
 2. resolved M. W. 
 h. Adam Smith. 
 
 1. pol. econ. 
 
 2. Wealth of N. 
 
 354. Great inventions. 
 a. more impressive. 
 
 h. requirements of the age. 
 1. how met. 
 {a.) B., W., A. 
 
 c. navigable c. — James Brind. 
 
 ley. 
 1. difficulties. 
 
 d. smelting of i. — Roebuck 
 
 6. spinning-jenny— Hargreaves, 
 17G5. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 18th CENTURY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 /. spinning-frame — Arkwriglit, 
 
 1768. 
 g. mule-jenny— Crompton, 1775, 
 h. crowning ach. — James Watt, 
 Sc. 
 1. not actually — new power. 
 3. value. 
 {a) revolutionized. 
 (6.) drew after it. 
 
 355. Other inventions. 
 
 a. piano — Dresden, 1717. 
 6. caoutchouc, 1730. 
 
 c. stereotyping — William Ged, 
 
 Ed. 
 
 d. chronom. — John Harrison, 
 
 1736-1742. 
 1. 20,000. 
 6. umbrellas — Joseph Hanway, 
 1778. 
 1. Spain, 
 /. vaccination — Jenner, 17C6. 
 g, hyd. press — Bramah, Eng., 
 
 1786. 
 7i. gas-1.— 1792 ; 1798. 
 1. present century. 
 i. cotton-gin — Eli Whitney, A., 
 1793. 
 1. purpose ; effect. 
 j. lithography, G., 1796. 
 
 356. Improvement of the mass- 
 
 es. 
 a. character of great inven- 
 tions. 
 1. therefore. 
 5. on the mend. 
 
 c. consideration. 
 
 d. shared. 
 
 1. comforts. 
 
 e. pub. lib., mech. inst., clubs, 
 co-op. soc, S.-s. 
 
 /. enlarg. hum. of age. 
 
 1. shown by what? 
 g. John Howard. 
 h. Thomas Clarkson and Wil- 
 liam Wilberforce. 
 ^. Sir Samuel Romilly — penal 1. 
 
 1. severity. 
 
 357. Reform in dress and occu- 
 pation. 
 a. fripperies. 
 
 1. cuffs, ruff., cocked h., etc. 
 {a.) gentleman. 
 (5.) work-a-day. 
 h. occupations. 
 
 1. gentlemen. 
 
 2. merchant, or man. 
 c. mor. of high. clas. 
 
 1. benefic. effect. 
 
 GKEAT NAMES OF THE 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 
 a. Swedenborg, 1688-1772. 
 
 1. Sw., s. and r spec. 
 
 2. spec. rev. 
 
 3. apocalyptic— New Church. 
 h. Benjamin Franklin, 1706- 
 
 1790. 
 
 1. A. p. and s. 
 
 2. ident. of 1. and e. 
 {a) light, -r. 
 
 3. essays and auto. 
 
 c. Linngeus, 1707-1778, 
 
 1, S. bot. 
 
 2. new sys, of class. 
 («.) sta, and p. 
 
 d. D'Alembert, 1717-1783. 
 
 1. F. s. 
 
 2. ''Ency." 
 
 e. Hunter, William and John, 
 
 1718-1783; 1728-1793. 
 1. S. a. and s. 
 
 /. Adam Smith, 1723-1790. 
 
 1. S. pro. 
 
 2. Wealth of N. 
 
 3. founded. 
 
 g. Kant, 1724-1804. 
 
 1. G. met. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Critique of Pure R." 
 h. Priestley, 1733-1804. 
 
 1, E. s, 
 
 2. oxygen. 
 
112 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 3. misfortune. 
 i. Galvani, 1737-1798. 
 
 1. It. pliy. 
 
 2. galvanism. 
 
 j. William Herschel, 1788-1822. 
 
 1. Han. Guards — E. a. 
 
 2. refl. tel. 
 
 8. Uranus, 1781. 
 k. Lavoisier, 1748-1794. 
 
 1. F. ch. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. nomenclature. 
 
 4. balance. 
 5 fate 
 
 I. Bentham, 1747-1832. 
 
 1. E. pol. p. and ref. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 8. " Utilitarianism," etc. 
 m. Laplace, 1749-1827. 
 
 1. F. m. 
 
 2. "Mechanique Celeste." 
 {a.) Newton's Principia. 
 
 II. "Writers. 
 a. Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745. 
 
 1. Ir. pol. w. 
 
 2. " Gulliver's Travels." 
 
 3. mad. 
 
 6. Addison, 1672-1719. 
 
 1. p. w. — " Spectator." 
 
 2. "Cato," etc. 
 
 3. reigning monarclis. 
 
 . 6. Alexander Pope, 1688-1744. 
 
 1. E. p. — at twelve. 
 
 2. "Essay on Man," etc. 
 
 3. peculiarities. 
 
 d. Richardson, 1689-1761. 
 
 1. E. n. — founder. 
 
 2. "Pamela," etc. 
 
 3. now regarded. 
 
 6. Montesquieu, 1689-1755. 
 
 1. F. t. 
 
 2. "Esprit des Lois." 
 /. Voltaire, 1694-1778. 
 
 1. F. w. and s. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Henriade." 
 {a) only. 
 
 4. L. XIV. : C. XII. 
 
 5. enemy ; mission. 
 g. Buffon, 1707-1788. 
 
 1. Bur.; nat. 
 
 2. " Histoire Naturelle," 
 h. Fielding, 1707-1754. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Tom Jones," etc. 
 
 i. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784. 
 
 1. Lichfield ; London. 
 
 2. " Lives of the Poets," etc. 
 j. David Hume, 1711-1776. 
 
 1. S. p. and h. 
 
 2. " History of England," etc. 
 
 3. strange doc. 
 
 7c. Rousseau, 1712-1778. 
 
 1. Geneva — watch. 
 
 2. skeptic. 
 
 3. " Contrat Social." 
 {a.) effect of pub. 
 
 I. Sterne, 1713-1768. 
 
 1. E. h. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Tristram Shandy," etc. 
 m. Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774. 
 
 1. Ir. — idiot — rose. 
 
 2. "Vicar of Wakefield," 
 
 etc. 
 
 3. characteristics. 
 
 n. Lessing, 1729-1781. 
 
 1. G. c. and p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Laocoon," etc. 
 
 0. Edmund Burke, 1730-1797. 
 
 1. Ir. o. — Dub. 
 
 2. "On the Sub. and B.," etc. 
 p. Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794. 
 
 1. " Decline and Fall," etc. 
 q. Robert Burns, 1759-1796. 
 
 1. Ayrshire f . ; ly. p. 
 
 2. "Cotter's Sat. Night," etc. 
 r. Schiller, 1759-1805. 
 
 1. G. p. and p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " William Tell," etc. 
 
 III. Artists. 
 
 a. Handel, 1684-1759. 
 1. G. m, c. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 113 
 
 3. rank. 
 {a.) boy. 
 
 3. England— 1710— life. 
 
 4. "Israel in Egypt," etc, 
 
 6, Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723- 
 1788. 
 1. Devonsliire — Roy. Acad. 
 3. E. p. and h. p. 
 C. Thomas Gainsborough, 1727 
 -1788. 
 1. Suffolk. 
 3. p. of E. 1. 
 
 d. Haydn, 1732-1809. 
 1. Vienna. 
 
 3. rank — father. 
 3. ''The Creation." 
 
 e. Benjamin West, 1738-1820. 
 1. A.— Roy. A. 
 
 3. h. p. 
 /. Mozart, 1756-1792. 
 
 1. G. m. — Vienna. 
 
 3. "Don Giovanni." 
 
 3. death-bed. 
 g. Canova, 1757-1823. 
 
 1. It. s. 
 
 IV. Inventors. 
 
 a. James Brindley, 1716-1773. 
 1. E. e. — founder. 
 3. Worsley to Manchester. 
 {a.) Duke of B. 
 &. Hargreaves, 1730-1778. 
 1. E. 
 
 3. c.-mach. ; s.-j., 1765. 
 3. treatment. 
 
 c. Josiah Wedgwood, 1731- 
 
 1795. 
 1. E. pot. — porcelain. 
 3. "Queen's ware" — made 
 of. 
 
 d. Sir Richard Arkwright, 1732 
 
 -1792. 
 1. B. — hair-d. 
 3. sp.-f. — 'founder. 
 
 e. James Watt, 1736-1819. 
 
 1. Greenock ; Glasgow ; Bir- 
 
 mingham. 
 
 2. st.-e. — applied. 
 
 /. Jacquard, 1753-1834. 
 
 1. F. — ^plaiter of s. 
 
 2. fig. weav. 
 
 3. at first — soon after. 
 g. Crompton, 1753-1837. 
 
 1 . " m ule ' ' — yarn . 
 h. Robert Fulton, 1765-1815. 
 1. A. e. — England, 
 3. first large— Hudson, 1807. 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The Consulate and the Empire. 
 
 358. The period and its char- 
 
 acter. 
 a. strictest sense. 
 
 1. own times. 
 h. crowded. 
 
 359. Reasons of this peculiar- 
 
 ity. 
 a. struggles. 
 
 1. kings and peoples. 
 (a.) complete change. 
 6. new problems : dem. ; rep. 
 gov.; nat. un. ; ri. of 1. ; 
 etc. 
 c. stage enlarged. 
 1. new nat. 
 3. dormant lands. 
 
 360. Topic here treated of. 
 
 a. why first ? 
 1. 15 y. 
 
 361. Retrospect of events. 
 
 a. Directory, 1795. 
 1. Const, of the Y. III.* 
 
 {a.) may be regarded. 
 
 (&.) third. 
 6. Const. Mon., 1789. 
 c. Rep., 1792. 
 
 362. Position of France in the 
 
 ■war. 
 a. scope of the Revolution. 
 1. polit. — inter, affairs. 
 
 * antichristian chronology-. 
 
114 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. mil., or aggres. 
 
 363. From Republic to Con- 
 
 («.) alarm of Eur. s. 
 
 sulate. 
 
 • &. coalitions — 1792. 
 
 a. Directory. 
 
 1. wlio drawn in ? 
 
 1. 4 y, — give dates. 
 
 2. still going on, 1795. 
 
 2. Consulate. 
 
 c. 1796 — great armies. 
 
 6. First C. 
 
 1. Italy. 
 
 1. real mas. 
 
 1^^ In the following comparative view, paragraph I. in the right-hand column 
 is to he recited immediately after paragraph I. in the left-hand column, and so 
 with subsequent paragraphs, in order to preserve the parallelism of events as pre- 
 sented in the text. 
 
 The Directory, 1796-1799. 
 
 Napoleon, 1796-1799. 
 
 I. 1796: Germany and Ireland. 
 
 I. 1796 : Italian Campaign. 
 
 a. J. and M. 
 
 a. Nice, March. 
 
 &. Archduke C. 
 
 1. 36,000— condition. 
 
 1. Danube. 
 
 h. A.— 60,000. 
 
 2. offensive. 
 
 c. 2 ; 55 ; 5 ; 15,000, etc.— 15. 
 
 {a.) J. 
 
 d. Bridge of L., May. 
 
 (&.) M. 
 
 1. Mil. 
 
 (1.) Black F., etc. (Aug.). 
 
 e. Wurm. — Lago di G. 
 
 c. Hoclie. 
 
 1. Castig., Eover.,Bas.,(Aug. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 and Sep.). 
 
 
 /. 2 m. afterwards. 
 
 
 1. 60,000— Alvinzi. 
 
 
 2. Bridge of Ar. (n. Ver.). 
 
 
 {a.) result. 
 
 II. 1797: 
 
 II. 1797: 
 
 a. Direct, embar. 
 
 a. W. at Mantua. 
 
 1 . e] ections — reaction. 
 
 1. 65,000— Alvinzi. 
 
 2. by force. 
 
 {a) 45,000 ; Eivoli (Jan.). 
 
 {a.) troops ; arrested ; Car- 
 
 (1.) result. 
 
 not and Bartbelemy. 
 
 h. Venice. 
 
 (1.) "ISth Fructidor" 
 
 c. Tyrol. 
 
 (4th Sep ). 
 
 1. Vienna. 
 
 
 2. stopped why ? 
 
 
 d. Campo Formio (Oct.). 
 
 
 1. Mil., Man., Mo., Fer., Bo., 
 
 
 Cor., Zant., Aus. Neth. 
 
 
 2. Venice. 
 
 III. 1798: 
 
 III. 1798: Egyptian Campaign. 
 
 a. Second Coalition. 
 
 a. hero. 
 
 1. E., E., A. 
 
 &. began to fear ; some months. 
 
 h. things v^ent how ? 
 
 c. N. proposed. 
 
 1. Italy. 
 
 1. object. 
 
 {(1.) Eus. 
 
 2. remoteness. 
 
 2. finances. 
 
 3. 40,000, Alex. (July). 
 
 3. all classes. 
 
 4. Battle of the P. (21st July). 
 
ORE AT EVENTS OF TEE 19 th CENTURY. 
 
 115 
 
 4. feel their power, 
 (a.) strong hand. 
 
 5. terrified. 
 
 (a.) consequence. 
 
 IV. 1799: 
 
 a. Coalition threatening. 
 &. demoralized. 
 
 c. louder and louder. 
 
 d. banishment. 
 1. only man. 
 
 (a.) Mamelukes. 
 (&.) Cairo ; Egypt. 
 5. Battle of the N., 1st Aug. 
 (a-.) Aboukir Bay. 
 
 (1.) Nelson. 
 (&.) Oriental career. 
 lY. 1799: 
 a. Palestine — Arabia Petraea. 
 
 1. Gaza. 
 
 2. Mt. Tabor (Ap.). 
 
 3. Acre. 
 
 («.) T. ; Sir Syd. S. 
 6. half his army (July). 
 
 1. Aboukir. 
 c. without consulting. 
 
 1. Kleber. 
 
 2. secretly (Aug.). 
 
 364. Situation on the return 
 
 of Napoleon. 
 
 a. Oct., 1799. 
 
 1. Caesar. 
 6. broken down. 
 
 1. anarchy. 
 
 («.) D. unsupported. 
 c. one act of daring. 
 
 1. self-confidence. 
 
 365. The 10th of November. 
 a. Assembly at St. C. 
 
 1. Ancients, 
 (a.) protested. 
 
 2. Five Hundred. 
 («.) reproached. 
 
 (1.) "Outlaw him! Down 
 with," etc. 
 &. " Soldiers, can I count upon 
 
 you?" 
 c. Murat. 
 1. at an end. 
 
 366. Nature of the new gov- 
 
 ernment. 
 a. Abbe Sieyes. 
 
 1. all ready. 
 6. Consulate. 
 
 1. three : First ; two a. 
 c. the three C. 
 1. needless to say. 
 («.) S. and Ducos. 
 
 (1.) clerks. 
 
 d. functions of First C. 
 
 1. patronage. 
 
 {a^ aff. of admin. 
 (&.) a. and n. 
 (c.) magistracy. 
 
 2. promul. of 1. 
 
 3. decl. of p. and w. 
 
 e. Const, of the Y. VIII. 
 
 1. sen., 1. body, etc. 
 
 2. show of Rep. 
 (a.) in reality. 
 
 367. Doings of Napoleon. 
 a. immediately. 
 
 1. newspapers ; pol. assem. 
 (ci.) detectives. 
 6. Bank of F. 
 1. restrictions. 
 
 c. gratified national taste. 
 1. Tuileries. 
 
 d. bent his energies. 
 1. conscripts. 
 
 368. Hostility of foreign powers. 
 a. Russia. 
 
 &. England ; Austria. 
 
 c. Louis XVIII. 
 1. usurper. 
 
 (a.) every inch. ^ 
 
 d. plains of It. 
 1. Austria. 
 
116 
 
 MODEBN BISTORT. 
 
 369. The Italian campaign. 
 
 a. Spring: of 1800. 
 1. artful manceuvers. 
 {a.) Po. 
 &. Marengo, 14tli June. 
 
 1. compar. strength. 
 
 2. on the march. 
 
 3. Adige and Brenta. 
 
 c. five weeks. 
 
 d, Moreau, Nov. 
 1. Hohenlinden. 
 
 6. Treaty of Luneville, Feb., 
 1801. 
 1. Belgium. 
 3. left bank of the R. 
 
 370. Events up to the peace. 
 
 a. the sea — Eng. 
 h. league ag. E. and her ships: 
 R., S., D., P. 
 
 1. Nelson. 
 
 {a.) Copenhagen, 2d Ap., 
 1801. 
 (1.) 4 h. 
 
 2. Paul of R. 
 
 3. Egypt. 
 
 c. Treaty of Amiens, Mar., 1802. 
 1. true character. 
 
 371. Napoleon's reforms. 
 a. confidence of F. 
 
 1. for life, Aug., 1802. 
 {a) ratified. 
 &. at heart. 
 
 c. best lawyers. 
 
 1. " Code Napoleon." 
 {a) legacy. 
 
 d. every department. 
 
 1. pub. inst., justice, com., 
 
 ind., roads, etc. 
 
 2. Legion of H. 
 {a.) first step. 
 
 372. Hostilities renewed. 
 
 a. provoked by whom ? 
 
 1. marque ; embargo, May, 
 1803. 
 &. retaliation. 
 
 1. E. and D. subjects. 
 
 c. menaced England. 
 
 d. coalition. 
 
 373. Napoleon Emperor. 
 
 a. admirable diplomacy. 
 1. 18th May, 1804. 
 {a) 4000. 
 &. Pius VII. 
 
 1. Notre Dame, 2d Dec, 1804. 
 {a) blessed the crown. 
 (&.) with his own hand. 
 c. Italy. 
 
 1. May, 1805. 
 
 2. Milan — iron c. of L. 
 
 374. His plan of campaign. 
 
 a. Spring of 1805. 
 1. invasion. 
 {a.) Boulogne. 
 
 375. Operations in Germany. 
 
 a. Austrians moving. 
 
 1. 200,000. 
 
 2. Russians. 
 
 6. Ulm— 160,000. 
 
 1. Mack— 30,000, Oct., 1805. 
 
 2. Vienna. 
 
 c. Austerlitz, 2d Dec, 1805. 
 
 1. 15,000 ; 20,000 ; 40 ; 200. 
 
 d. Francis II. to tent. 
 
 1. 20,000. 
 
 2. 2im. 
 
 376. Trafalgar, 21st Oct., 1805. 
 a. up and down. 
 
 1. Cadiz. 
 &. 3 w. after N. crossed. 
 
 1. Nelson. 
 
 2. Villeneuve. 
 
 c. undisputed dominion. 
 
 377. Changes in Germany. 
 
 a. fruits of victories. 
 &. Constitution of G. 
 
 c. Elec of Bav. and Wur. 
 
 d. " Confed. of the R.," 1806. 
 
 1. K. of B. and W. 
 
 2. Elec of B. 
 
 3. Landgrave of H. 
 
 4. princes. 
 
 e. "Protector." 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 117 
 
 1. 60,000. 
 /. Francis XL— " Emp. of A.," 
 6tli Aug. 
 1. " Holy Roman Empire." 
 
 378. Napoleon as a king-ma- 
 
 ker. 
 a. give away. 
 I. Naples, 1806. 
 
 1. Joseph. 
 c. Neth. ("Batavian R") K. of 
 H. 
 1. Louis. 
 {a) Nap. III. 
 
 379. Napoleon invades Prus- 
 
 sia. 
 a. part hitherto taken by P. 
 &. stung into war. 
 c. Auerstadt and Jena, 14th 
 
 Oct., 1806. 
 1. remnant of P. army. 
 
 380. Eylau and Friedland. 
 
 a. indecisive battle, Feb., 1807. 
 h. F., June, 
 1. 60,000. 
 e. Treaty of Tilsit, July, 1807, 
 
 381. Terms of peace. 
 a. Prussia. 
 
 1, Saxony. 
 
 2, Westphalia. 
 
 3, Prussian Poland. 
 
 &. "Kingdom of Westphalia." 
 1, Jerome. 
 
 382. Beginning of reaction. 
 a. House of Braganza, Portugal. 
 
 1, Brazil. 
 6. Joseph. 
 1. Murat. 
 
 c. Wellington. 
 
 1, Joseph. 
 
 2, Portugal. 
 
 3, N. took the field. 
 ia.) result, 1808. 
 
 d. all E. 
 
 383. The Wagram campaign. 
 a. Austria's resolve. 
 
 1, Austerlitz, 
 
 &. Archduke Charles. 
 1, im. 
 
 c. to the Danube, May, 1809. 
 
 1, Aspern ; Essling. 
 
 2. Wagram, 5th July, 1809. 
 
 d. "Peace of Vienna," 1809. 
 
 384, The Austrian marriage. 
 
 a. marriage negotiations. 
 
 1. Josephine. 
 
 2. Maria L. , Archd. of A. 
 {a.) next year, 
 
 h. Duke of Reichstadt. 
 
 385, Napoleon touches the 
 
 zenith. 
 
 a. 1811. 
 
 1). extent of empire. 
 1. D. to N, 
 
 c. Hoi., Nap., West. 
 
 d. Spain. 
 
 e. Sweden — Bernadotte, Cr. Pr. 
 /. Prot. of Con. of R. 
 
 1, subjection. 
 g. " Helvetic Confederation." 
 h. Austria and Prussia, 
 i. Russia. 
 j. yet in a short time. 
 
 1, magician's wand. 
 
 386, Invasion of Russia. 
 
 a. beg. of disasters, 1812, 
 h. cause. 
 1. R. ports. 
 
 c. Niemen, June, 1812. 
 1. 500,000. 
 
 d. Borodino, 7th Sep. 
 
 e. R. strategy. 
 
 387, The French in Mosco-w. 
 
 a. 14th September. 
 
 1, Kremlin. 
 
 2. silent and empty. 
 h. 4d. 
 
 1. purpose of Russians. 
 
 388, The retreat. 
 
 a. all that remained. 
 h. 19th Oct. 
 
 c. flying bodies of C. 
 
 d. starved ; frozen ; way-side. 
 
118 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. 125,000, b. 
 
 2. 130,000, f., 
 8. 190,000 p. 
 
 h., and c. 
 
 389. Events to the battle of 
 
 Leipsio. 
 a. Smorgonoi, 5th. Dec. 
 
 1. sledge— 18th. 
 h. life and death. 
 
 1. all the powers. 
 
 c. Wellington. 
 
 d. to the Elbe. 
 
 1. P. and R., May, 1813. 
 {a.) Llltzen ; Bautzen. 
 
 e. battle after battle. 
 
 /. Leipsic,16th-18th Oct., 1813. 
 1. 70,000. 
 
 390. Events up to Elba. 
 a. converging on F. 
 
 1. amazed his enemies, 
 h. false move. 
 
 c. Paris, 31st Mar., 1814. 
 1. Fontainebleau. 
 
 d. 2 d. afterward. 
 
 e. 4th April. 
 /. 20th April. 
 
 391. The Bourbon Restoration. 
 a. Louis XVIII. (brother). 
 
 1. "forgot nothing," etc. 
 
 2. unpopularity. 
 {a.) exile of E. 
 
 (1.) to startle E. 
 
 392. Napoleon's reappearance. 
 
 a. 10 m. 
 &. Cannes. 
 
 c. without a shot. 
 1. escort. 
 
 d. king — Ghent. 
 
 e. congress at V. 
 
 1. reconstructing. 
 
 2. news. 
 {a) incredulity. 
 (&.) laughter. 
 
 393. Progress of events. 
 a. levy. 
 &. outlaw. 
 c. Belgium. 
 
 1. E. and P. 
 {a.) W. and Blucher. 
 
 394. Waterloo. 
 
 a. 18th June, 1815. 
 6. hastened to P. 
 
 395. Abdication and surrender. 
 
 a. no longer. 
 
 1. his star. 
 
 2. cast aside. 
 6. 22dJune. 
 
 c. 7th July. 
 
 d. United States. 
 1. why not? 
 
 e. 15th July. 
 
 1. ' ' like T. to claim the hos./' 
 etc. 
 
 396. St. Helena and death. 
 
 a. tiger. 
 
 h. Oct., 1815. 
 
 c. 6y. 
 
 d. 5th May, 1821. 
 
 1. " Tete d'armee I " 
 
 397. His character. 
 a. disputed. 
 
 1. basis of judgment. 
 6. consid. as an intellect. 
 
 1. gen.; combin.; admin. gen. 
 
 2. the greatest. 
 
 c. consid. as a character. 
 1. neither g-. nor g. 
 
 {a.) self. 
 
 d. necessary work. 
 
 e. ambition. 
 
 1. success. 
 
 2. fall. 
 
 Modern English Politics. 
 
 398. George III. and George 
 
 IV. 
 
 a. at end of N. wars. 
 1. Regent, 1811. 
 {a) whv? who? 
 h. George IV., 1820. 
 1. person and manners. 
 {a.) " first gentleman." 
 (1.) undeserved. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 119 
 
 399. England and the Holy Al- 
 
 liance. 
 a. after Waterloo. 
 1. A., R., P. 
 
 {a.) ' ' to aid one another, 
 in conformity with," 
 etc. 
 h. higli-somiding. 
 1. crush the desire. 
 
 c. France. 
 
 d. England. 
 
 1. suspicion. 
 
 2. principles of interference. 
 
 400. A step in progress. 
 
 a. disabilities of dissenters. 
 
 1. affected whom ? 
 &, officials — Estab. Ch. 
 
 1. 1828. 
 c. C. shut out : 
 
 1. P., off,, fran., c. r. 
 
 401. Justice to Catholics. 
 a. Ireland. 
 
 1. Daniel O'Connell. 
 
 2. "Cath. Assoc." 
 {a^ emancipation. 
 
 &. House of Lords. 
 
 c. election of O'C. 
 
 d. a bill was passed. 
 
 1. civil war. 
 
 {a.) Duke of W. 
 
 2. Ap., 1829. 
 
 402. Accession of William IV., 
 
 1830. 
 a. William Henry ,^ Duke of 
 Clarence (brother). 
 1. 7y. 
 
 403. Abuses of Parliamentary- 
 
 representation. 
 a. great question. 
 &. inequality of representation. 
 
 1. Liverpool, Manches., etc. 
 
 2. insignif. places. 
 
 c. " pocket " or " rotten " b. 
 
 d. loudly demanded. 
 
 404. Passage of the Reform Bill, 
 a. Lord John Russell. 
 
 1. March, 1831. 
 
 h. balanced. 
 
 1. new House, pledged. 
 
 c. fate of bill. 
 
 1. caused what? 
 
 d. next year, 
 
 405. Changes it effected* 
 
 a. 56 p. boroughs. 
 h. first-class cities. 
 c. franchise extended. 
 
 1. towns— £10. 
 
 2. county, 
 
 {a.) owned land — £10. 
 (&,) rental— £50. 
 
 406. Abolition of colonial sla- 
 
 very. 
 a. Reform Parliament, 1833. 
 
 1. course entered upon, 
 
 2. most important. 
 
 6. William Wilberforce, 
 
 1, for many years. 
 c. 800,000. 
 
 1, 20,000,000. 
 
 407. Accession o/Victoria, 1837. 
 
 a. Alexandrina V. (niece). 
 
 1. Edward D. of Kent. 
 
 2. 18 y. 
 
 3. 3 y, — Prince Albert (cous- 
 
 in), 
 {a.) Saxe-Coburg and Go- 
 tha, 
 
 408. Repeal of the Corn Laws. 
 
 a. early part of reign, 
 
 6. what were the Corn Laws ? 
 
 1. duties. 
 
 2. to "protect." 
 
 c. free-tri.ders argued. 
 
 d. " Anti-Corn-I./aAv League," 
 
 1. 1839. 
 
 2. Richard Cobden. 
 
 e. 1846, 
 
 409. The Chartists. 
 a. about same time. 
 h. workingmen. 
 
 1. ''People's Charter." 
 c. changes demanded, 
 1. suffrage. 
 
120 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. ballot. 
 8. annual P. 
 
 4. elec. dist. 
 
 5. prop, qualification. 
 
 6. payment of P. rep. 
 d. 1839-1^48. 
 
 1. rioting ; quiet. 
 
 410. How they were put down. 
 
 a. excited in 1848 by what ? 
 6. Kensington Common. 
 
 1. 20,000. 
 
 2. monster petition. 
 
 C. gov. alarm and appeal. 
 1. i m. 
 (a.) " red republican." 
 d. importance of tlie Chartists. 
 
 1. as an organized body. 
 
 2. as an educator. 
 
 3. subsequent fruits. 
 
 411. Crimean War. 
 
 a. 1854. 
 
 1. Waterloo. 
 
 b. origin. 
 
 1. Mcliolas. 
 
 (a.) Moldavia and Walla- 
 chia. 
 
 c. Q. B., F. 
 1. Sar. 
 
 d. chief actions. 
 
 1. Alma, Sep., 1854. 
 
 2. Inkerman, Nov., 1854. 
 
 3. Siege of Sebastopol. 
 (a.) 349. 
 
 (&.) Sep., 1855. 
 6. peace. 
 
 412. Later English politics. 
 a. inter, devel. — war. 
 
 1. slow but sure. 
 &. new R. Bill, 1867. 
 
 1 . Earl of Derby and Disraeli. 
 
 2. franchise. 
 
 c. Ireland, 1869-1870. 
 
 1. Gladstone. 
 
 2. ' ' disestablishment. " 
 (a.) meaning of term. 
 (b.) justice. 
 
 d. ballot, 1872. 
 
 devolutions in French Politics. 
 
 413. Character of modern 
 
 French politics. 
 
 a. contrast. 
 
 1. "Reform." 
 
 2. "Revolution." 
 
 414. Reign of Louis XVIII. 
 a. 59. 
 
 h. condition of F. 
 
 1. weary ; exhausted ; tran~q. 
 
 c. characteristics of the king. 
 1. tem., per., cap. 
 
 d. good intentions. 
 
 e. reactionists. 
 
 1. old regime. 
 
 2. Count d'Artois (br.). 
 (a.) 1824. 
 
 41 5 . Despotic acts of Charles X. 
 
 a. absolutism. 
 
 1. Eng, Stuarts. 
 
 b. blind to what ? 
 
 c. 1827, Civic Guard. 
 
 d. 1830, three ordinances. 
 
 1. press. 
 
 2. Cham, of Dep. 
 
 3. Prefects. 
 (a.) creatures. 
 
 e. these kindled what ? 
 
 416. Revolution. 
 
 a. spirit of Parisians. 
 
 1. tricol. ; bar. ; fights. 
 h. 27th, 28th, 29th July, 1830. 
 
 c. provisional. 
 
 d. Louis Philippe (cousin). 
 
 1. Orleans. 
 
 2. K. of the F. 
 
 e. fate of Charles. 
 1. 6 y. — Austria. 
 
 417. Account of Louis Philippe. 
 
 a. 57. 
 
 &. adversity, etc. 
 
 1. Switzerland. 
 (a.) occupation. 
 
 2. U. S. 
 
 3. E.— Nap. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 121 
 
 418. His troubles. 
 
 a. ground of French hopes. 
 6. posit, diff. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 2. Bourbon. 
 
 c. Lyons ; Paris. 
 
 d. foolish steps— why taken? 
 
 1. press. 
 
 2. freq. pros. 
 
 6. alienated moderates. 
 1. good faith ; a v. ; ex pen. 
 
 419. Early exploits of Louis 
 
 Napoleon. 
 a. two attempts. 
 
 1. character and effect. 
 h. L. N. 
 
 1. pedigree. 
 
 c. early life. 
 
 1. 1808. 
 
 2. Hortense. 
 
 3. Switz. 
 
 d. infatuation. 
 
 1. astonishing result. 
 6. 1836, Strasburg. 
 
 1. America. 
 /. 1840, Boulogne. 
 
 1. 50 ; tame e. 
 
 2. Ham. 
 
 g. 6 y. — England. 
 
 420. Revolution of 1848. 
 
 a. murmurs. 
 
 1. unpopular. 
 6. Ref. Ban. 
 
 c. working-classes. 
 
 d. crisis — 22d Feb. — forbidden. 
 1. barricades. 
 
 3. Mr. Smith. 
 («.) 3 y. 
 
 421. The Republic and anar- 
 
 chy. 
 
 a. Nat. As. — suffrage. 
 &. 5th May, 1848. 
 
 c. several months — June. 
 
 1. state of siege. 
 
 2. Cavaignac. 
 
 d. a month— 16,000. 
 
 422. The new constitution, 
 
 Nov.; 1848. 
 a. President. 
 
 1. all the people. 
 
 2. 4y. 
 h. L. N. 
 
 1. deputy, Seine. 
 
 2. 51 m. 
 
 423. The Coup d'Etat. 
 
 a. soon manifest. 
 6. weaving plots. 
 
 c. "coup d'etat." 
 
 1. meaning. 
 
 2. in this case. 
 {a.) mas. 
 
 (&.) midnight. 
 
 d. night of 2d Dec, 1851. 
 
 1. next morning. 
 
 2. placarded walls. 
 {a.) Assembly. 
 (&.) suf. 
 
 (c.) mar. law. 
 
 e. 4th Dec, as usual. 
 1. 800. 
 
 /. 14th Jan., 1852. 
 1. 10 y. 
 
 424. Cause of Louis Napo- 
 
 leon's success. 
 a. demoralized. 
 h. nearly unanimous vote. 
 1. evidence of what ? 
 
 425. Becomes Emperor. 
 
 a. 2d Dec, 1852. 
 
 1. title. 
 h. marriage. 
 
 1. 30th Jan., 1853. 
 
 2. Eugenie de Montiio. 
 {a) Sp.— Sc 
 
 3. Notre Dame. 
 
 426. His profession of peace. 
 
 a. policy. 
 
 1. "TheE. is p." 
 
 2. wars — chief part. 
 
 427. His first war. 
 
 a. when ? R. and T, 
 1. C. War. 
 
122 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. coalition, 
 h. sliare of glory. 
 
 428. His second -war. 
 
 a. 1859, Austria and Sardinia. 
 &. ally. 
 
 1. in person. 
 
 c. Ms understood intention. 
 1. A. to A. 
 
 d. Magenta and Solf erino.* 
 1. Villafranca. 
 
 e. spoils. 
 
 1. Lorn. 
 
 2. Nice and Sav. 
 
 429. The German war. 
 a. last and greatest. 
 
 6. Prussia, 1870. 
 
 c. reason for aggression. 
 
 1. pretended. 
 
 {a.) Leopold— Spain. 
 
 2. real. 
 
 ■ {a.) jealousy. 
 (&.) popularity. 
 
 d. cause of dispute removed. 
 1. July, 1870. 
 
 e. formal assurances. 
 1. result. 
 
 430. Summary of events. 
 
 a. see sketch of G. 
 &. across the frontier. 
 
 c. back again, 
 
 d. series of victories. 
 1. prisoner. 
 
 e. Paris. 
 
 /. deposed, 
 
 1, rep. 
 g. retired. 
 
 1. 3y. 
 
 431. Material prosperity of 
 
 France. 
 
 a. 18 y. 
 
 1. mat. pros. 
 &. genius. 
 
 1. com., r. sys., m. and m., 
 cities. 
 c. 20 y. 
 
 1. more prac. 
 
 2. unsurpassed pros. 
 
 432. Reflections. 
 
 a. peace dear at what price ? 
 h. strange anomaly. 
 
 1. the bulwark of civ. for 
 
 cent. 
 
 2. 20 y., 19th cent.— A. desp. 
 
 c. rotten, of sys. disclosed. 
 
 d. issue on trial in Gr. war, 
 
 1. bra v., proud, p. 
 («.) enfeebled. 
 
 2, nation of p, sch. 
 
 e. signif. verdict. 
 
 TJniflcation of Italy. 
 
 433. Italy— 1815-1848. 
 
 a. can hardly be said. 
 
 1, millstone. 
 1). A. swarmed. 
 
 1. Tus., Mod., Par. 
 
 434. Revolution of 1848. 
 a. Pius IX., 1846. 
 
 1. changes. 
 &. A. alarmed. 
 1. Ferrara, 1847. 
 {a.) in arms. 
 
 c. fol. year — Lombardy. 
 
 1. Milan. 
 
 2. Charles Albert — Sardinia. 
 
 d. hour of triumph. 
 1. S. invaded. 
 
 {a.) Novara, 1849. 
 (1.) ab. 
 
 e. V. E. II. (son). 
 
 f. Venice. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 2. Austria. 
 
 g. Rome. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 2. France, 
 
 h. other Ital, States. 
 
 1. constitutions. 
 i. much the same case. 
 
 435. Victor Emanuel, 
 
 a. only hope for patriots. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 123 
 
 1. free, and unity. 
 6. Piedmontese enjoyed : 
 
 1. c. gov. 
 
 2. press. 
 
 3. r. lib. 
 
 c. did not disappoint. 
 
 1. reforms. 
 
 2. his word. 
 
 {a) II Re Galantuomo. 
 
 436. Cavour's plans. 
 a. 1853, p. minister. 
 
 &, C 's ability and desires. 
 
 c. important step, 1855. 
 
 1. alliance ag. Russia. 
 
 2. reason. 
 
 d. fruits of tbis step. 
 
 1. Cong, of Paris, 
 
 {a.) unliappy condit. 
 
 2. F. and E. remonstrated. 
 (a.) Naples. 
 
 3. ambassadors withdrawn. 
 
 437. War with Austria. 
 
 a. 1859, F. and S. 
 6. Alps to Ad. 
 
 c. Magenta, 4tb June. 
 
 d. Solferino, 24tli June. 
 
 e. Villafranca. 
 1. Prussia. 
 
 /. Sardinia's fruits of victory. 
 
 1. L. w. of the Mincio. 
 
 2. March, 1860, Tus., Mo., 
 
 Par., and Romagna. 
 {a.) vote. 
 
 438. Garibaldi's operations. 
 
 a. Joseph Garibaldi * — " the 
 
 hero," etc. 
 h, Marsala, Sic, May, 1860. 
 1. Dictator for V. 
 
 * Nice, 1807. 
 a. life. 
 
 1. sailor. 
 
 2. Mazzini— Ch. A. 
 
 3. S. A. 
 
 (a.) Brazil— Rio Grande. 
 
 4. Rome— French, 1848. 
 
 5. soap-b., etc., in A. 
 
 6. farmer — Caprera. 
 
 7. Liberator. 
 
 c. Palermo ; Melazzo ; Reggio. 
 
 d. flight to Gaeta. 
 
 e. capital. 
 
 1. provisional gov. 
 
 439. Italy a kingdom. 
 a. invaded P. States. 
 
 1. Ancona. 
 
 5. Two Sicilies. 
 
 c. other I. States. 
 
 1. P. ter. and V. 
 
 2. amalgamated, 1861. 
 {a.) how? 
 
 d. K. of It. 
 
 440. Closing events. 
 a. 1866— A. and P. 
 
 1. Italy's aid. 
 
 2. Italy's reward. 
 {a.) V. and Verona. 
 
 h. 1870, F. and G. 
 1. evacuation of R. 
 
 c. unity complete. 
 
 d. cajDital. 
 
 The German Empire Restored. 
 
 441. Review of German poli- 
 
 tics. 
 a. German Empire. 
 
 1. " Holy R. Empire." 
 
 {a) E. of the Caesars. 
 
 2. until Nap. wars. 
 h. las union. 
 
 1. Westphalia. 
 c. disintegration under ISTap. 
 
 1. Bavaria and Wtirtemberg. 
 {a.) Confed. of R.* 
 
 2. Francis II., 1806. 
 
 {a) ' ' Emperor of Austria." 
 
 442. The German Confedera- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. Cong, of Vienna, 1815. 
 
 1. restoration of G. Empire. 
 {a.) jealousies. 
 
 2. instead of this, 8th June, 
 
 1815. 
 
 6. nature of the Confederation. 
 
 * See page 116, paragraph 377. 
 
124 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. 39 ; principal states. 
 
 2. each st. how far indep. ? 
 
 3. Diet, or P. 
 
 {a) plenipotentiaries. 
 
 (6.) capital. 
 
 (c.) A. presiding. 
 
 4. states agreed. 
 
 5. confed. army. 
 
 {a.) each to contribute, 
 (&.) subjects of dispute. 
 
 443. Broken promises. 
 a. free consti. 
 
 1. concession. 
 
 2. great disappointment. 
 
 444. Unity — a step to"wards 
 
 it. 
 
 a. unity of Fatherland. 
 &. strong power. 
 
 1. bundle. 
 
 2. united. 
 
 c. one step, 1828. 
 
 1. " Zollverein," or C. U. 
 {a.) duties on merchan. 
 
 (1.) one St. to another. 
 (2.) common frontier. 
 
 2. P. the center. 
 
 3. most of the states. 
 
 445. The government and the 
 
 people. 
 a. thorough absolutists. 
 &. repressive measures. 
 
 1. press. 
 
 2. effect. 
 
 e. F. Rev. of 1830. 
 1. sym. uprisings. 
 {a) P. and A, 
 (6.) Brunswick, 
 (c.) result. 
 
 446. The earthquake year. 
 a. conseq. of F. R. of 1848. 
 
 1. people resolved. 
 h. smaller states. 
 
 c. Austria. 
 1. Diet. 
 
 {a.) un. suf. 
 
 d. Berlin. 
 
 1. new con. 
 
 e. " National Assembly," May, 
 
 1848. 
 • 1. authority — Diet. 
 
 447. Cause of the people's 
 
 failure. 
 
 a. Nat. Assem. 
 
 1. visionary, 
 
 2. unequal. 
 h. excesses. 
 
 1. Austria and Hungary. 
 
 448. Uprising and down-put- 
 
 ting of Hungary. 
 a. H. under A. dominion. 
 
 1. once. 
 
 2. sighed. 
 h. Kossuth. 
 
 1. demanded. 
 
 2, set up, 
 
 c. race-feuds— Magyars. 
 
 d. reconquest. 
 1. Russia. 
 
 449. The tide recedes. 
 
 a. general subsidence. 
 1, freed from fear. 
 {a.) less and less. 
 h. N, A. divided, "^ 
 
 1. kind of con., April, 1849. 
 {a.) Imperial power. 
 (1.) offer how received ? 
 
 450. Jealousies of Prussia and 
 
 Austria, 
 a. greatest difficulty. 
 h. P.'s attempt in A.'s hour of 
 
 trouble, 1849. 
 1. several states. 
 
 c. A.'s counter-attempt. 
 
 d. near civil war. 
 
 1. Hesse-Cassel. 
 
 2. re-estab. of the C. 
 
 e. great question in G. politics. 
 
 451. Events to 1859. 
 a. prosperous years. 
 
 1 . com. ; pop. educ. 
 h. 1859— Ital. war. 
 
 1. A., S., F. 
 
 2. Lombardy.* 
 
 * See page 122, paragraph 428. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 
 
 125 
 
 3. Austria tried. 
 
 4. Prussia adhered. 
 
 c. Germany how affected by 
 the war? 
 1, fresh impulse. 
 
 452. Prussia under 'William I. 
 
 a. Fred. William IV., 1861. 
 
 1. William I. (brother). 
 h. Otto Von Bismarck. 
 
 1. rank. 
 e. reorganization of army. 
 
 1. disputes. 
 
 3. in violation of c. 
 
 453. Progress of the quarrel. 
 
 a. unsatisfac. relations. 
 &. " blood and iron." 
 c. " Sclileswig-Holstein ques- 
 tion." 
 
 1. P., A., D. 
 
 2. Eider, Feb., 1864. 
 {a.) " Danewirk." 
 
 3. Diippel. 
 
 4. result, 
 
 {a) Schleswig, Holstein, 
 Lauenburg. 
 
 454. Relations of the powers. 
 a. disposal of the duchies. 
 
 1. Prussia's wish. 
 
 2. Austria's determination. 
 
 3. settled. 
 
 6. the real dispute. 
 
 1. Bismarck foresaw what ? 
 
 455. The fresh outbreak. 
 
 a. war easy when desired. 
 h. the opportunity. 
 c. the struggle. 
 1. petty pretext and real is- 
 sue. 
 
 456. Events ofthe Six Weeks' 
 
 War. 
 
 a. June, 1866. 
 h. P., A., It. 
 
 c. good fortune. 
 1. Custozza. 
 
 {a.) Archduke Albert. 
 
 d. Sadowa, n. Koniggratz. 
 
 1. Bohemia. 
 
 2. Benedek. 
 
 3. needle-gun. 
 
 e. Peace of Prague, Aug., 1866. 
 
 457. Results of the struggle. 
 
 a. terms of the treaty. 
 
 1. forever excluded. 
 
 2. indemnity. 
 &. secret alliance. 
 
 1. Bavaria, Baden, etc. 
 
 2. at the disposal. 
 
 458. Formation of North Ger- 
 
 man Confederation. 
 
 a. n. of the Main. 
 
 1. leadership. 
 h. whole mil. sys. 
 c. first Diet, B., Feb., 1867 
 
 459. Further progress. 
 
 a. "National Liberal" party. 
 1. leading aim. 
 {a.) seemed far off. 
 6. unexpected event. 
 
 460. Cause of the war with 
 
 France. 
 
 a. occasion.^ 
 
 1. Leopold, of Hohenzollern. 
 {a.) kinsman. 
 (5.) Sp. throne. 
 h. cause. 
 1. jealousy. 
 
 461. Napoleon's disappoint- 
 
 ment, 
 
 a. July, 1870. 
 
 1. N.'s hope. 
 
 2. F. ag. Fatherland. 
 
 {a.) Austria, etc., alone. 
 
 462. Beginning ofthe struggle. 
 
 a. a million. 
 
 1. Von Moltke. 
 (a.) rank. 
 h. frontier crossed. 
 
 1. fully expecting. 
 
 463. Account of the war. 
 
 a. Weissenburg, 4th Aug. 
 
 * See page 122, paragraph 429. 
 
126 
 
 MODEBN HISTORY. 
 
 1. result. 
 &. Worth, 6th Aug. 
 
 1. result — other successes. 
 
 c. near Metz. 
 1, Bazaine. 
 
 d. Sedan, 1st Sep. 
 
 1. 80,000. 
 
 2. sword— Wilhelmshohe. 
 
 e. siege of Paris, 19th Sep. 
 1. four G. armies. 
 
 f. surrender of Metz, 27th Oct. 
 1. B.— 170,000. 
 
 g. surrender of Paris, 28th Jan., 
 
 1871. 
 
 1. last attempt. 
 
 2. " Gov. of the Nat. Def." 
 
 464. Terms of peace. 
 
 a. " Treaty of Frankfort," 10th 
 
 May, 1871. 
 0. Alsace and Ger. Lorraine. 
 
 c. 5,000,000,000. 
 
 465. Creation of the Empire. 
 
 a. inspiring effect of the war. 
 6. change — Nov., 1870. 
 
 1. presidency. 
 C. following month. 
 
 d. palace of Versailles, 18th 
 
 Jan., 1871. 
 
 467. The German constitu- 
 
 tion. 
 a. first Diet at B., Mar., 1871. 
 &. 25. 
 
 c. rights of the states. 
 
 1. own affairs. 
 
 2. dip. rep. 
 
 d. province of the Imp. Gov. 
 
 e. duties of Fed. Council and 
 
 Diet. 
 
 f. executive power. » 
 
 g. war and peace ; alliances and 
 
 treaties. 
 
 468. Summary of results. 
 a. greater part of G. 
 
 h. Austro-Hun. Mon. 
 c. the Austro-Prussian war did 
 what? 
 
 d. the Franco-Prussian war did 
 what? 
 
 GHEAT NAMES OF THE 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 a. Humboldt, Alexander von; 
 1769-1859. 
 
 1. Berlin ; nat. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Kosmos." 
 
 I. Cuvier, 1769-1831. 
 
 1. S. — Paris — n. and pal. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " The Animal Kingdom," 
 
 etc. 
 
 4. Napoleon. 
 
 c. Hegel, 1770-1831. 
 1. G. J). — founder. 
 
 d. Davy, Sir Humphrey, 1778- 
 
 1829. 
 
 1. E. c. and n. p. 
 
 2. discovered ; saf ety-1. 
 
 e. Arago, 1786-1852. 
 1, F. savant — ast. 
 2 Par Ohs 
 
 /. Hamilton, Sir William, 1788 
 -1856. 
 
 1. Sc. m. and 1. 
 
 2. services. 
 
 g. Faradav, 1791-1869. 
 
 1. E. phy. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. mag. elec. and 1. 
 h. Comte, 1798-1857. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. Positive Phil. 
 
 i. Liebig, 1803-1872. 
 
 1. Darmstadt — c. 
 
 2. ch. of ag. and phy. 
 
 /. Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873. 
 
 1. E. p. 
 
 2. "Pol. Econ.," etc. 
 
 k. Brewster, Sir David, 1781- 
 -1868. , 
 
 1. Sc. s. ^ 
 
 2. "Ed. Ency.," etc. 
 
OBEAT EVENTS OF THE 19th CENTURY 
 
 127 
 
 3. optics. 
 I. Lever rier, 1811 . 
 
 1. F. a. 
 
 2. beyond Uranus. 
 {a) 19th Aug., 1846. 
 (&.) September. 
 
 (c.) Neptune. 
 m. Tyndall, John, 1820 . 
 
 1. E. n. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. *'Heat Considered as a 
 
 Mode of Motion," etc. 
 n. Agassiz, Louis J. R., 1807- 
 1873. 
 
 1. Sw.— U. S.— n. 
 
 2. " Contributions," etc. 
 
 II. Writers. 
 
 a. Goethe, 1749-1832. 
 
 1. Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Werther," etc. 
 &. Richter, 1763-1825. 
 
 1. G. a. and h. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Titan," etc. 
 
 c Wordsworth, William, 1770 
 -1850. 
 
 1. Lake p. — Po. Laur. 
 
 2 "The Excursion," etc. 
 d. Scott, Sir Walter, 1771-1832. 
 
 1. Ed. — p. and n. 
 
 2. "L. of the L.," etc. 
 
 6. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 
 1772-1834. 
 
 1. Ijake p. 
 
 2. " The Ancient M.," etc. 
 /. Campbell, Thomas, 1777- 
 
 1844. 
 
 1. Glasgow. 
 
 2. " Pleasures of Hope." 
 
 3. war. bal.— " Ye Mar.." etc. 
 g. Beranger, 1780-1857. 
 
 1. F. 1. p. 
 
 2. com. p. : Burns. 
 
 n. Grimm, Jacob and William, 
 1785-1863 ; 1786-1859. 
 
 1. G. philol. and ant. 
 
 2. effect of labors. 
 
 3. " Teu. Gram.," etc. 
 
 4. known to the young. 
 
 i. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guil- 
 laume, 1787-1875. 
 
 1. F. St. and h. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Hist, of Civ. in E.," etc. 
 j. Byron, 1788-1824. 
 
 1. London ; p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Childe Harold's P." etc. 
 
 4. Missolonghi. 
 
 k. Carlyle, Thomas, 1795 . 
 
 1. Sc— London ; E. w. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. style. 
 
 4. Ger. lit. 
 
 5. "French Rev.," etc. 
 {a.) rank. 
 
 6. influence. 
 
 I. Prescott, William Hickling, 
 1796-1859. 
 
 1. A. h.— Sp. h. 
 
 2. "Ferd. and Is.," etc. 
 m. Thiers, 1797- — . 
 
 1. F. h. and s. 
 
 2. "TheF. Rev.," etc. 
 
 3. 1870. 
 
 n. Pushkin, 1799-1837. 
 
 1. R. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 0. Macaulay, 1800-1859. 
 
 1. E. h. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Hist, of K," etc. 
 
 4. style. 
 
 p. Hugo, Victor, 1802 . 
 
 1. F. p., d., n., and p. 
 
 2. Romanticists vs. Classi- 
 
 cists. 
 
 3. "Notre Dame"; " Les 
 
 Miserables," etc. 
 q. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 
 1803 . 
 
 1. "Sage of C." 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Essays," etc. 
 
 r. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1805 
 -1864. 
 
138 
 
 MODERN HISTOBT. 
 
 1. A. n. 
 3. merits. 
 
 3. " The Scarlet Letter," etc. 
 s. Tennyson, Alfred, 1809 . 
 
 1. P. L. of E. 
 
 2. rank ; merits. 
 
 3. " The Princess," etc. 
 
 t Thackeray, William Make- 
 peace, 1811-1863. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank ; merits. 
 
 3. " Vanity Fair," etc. 
 
 u. Dickens, Charles, 1813-1870. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. Shakespeare. 
 
 4. traits of novels. 
 
 III. Artists. 
 
 a. Thorwaldsen, 1770-1844. 
 , 1. D. s. ; Art M. at C. 
 / 6. Beethoven, 1770-1827. 
 
 1. G. m. 
 
 2. "Mount of Olives," etc. 
 C. Turner, 1775-1851. 
 
 1. E. 1. p. ; h. pic. 
 
 2. assumed name. 
 d. Weber, 1786-1826. 
 
 1. G. m. 
 
 3. "Der Freischiitz." 
 {a) 1832, B. 
 
 6. Vernet, Horace, 1789-1863. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. fav. sub. and treatment. 
 /. Rossini, 1792-1868. 
 
 1. It. m. c. 
 
 2. " William Tell," etc. 
 g. Meyerbeer, 1794-1864. 
 
 1. G. m. c. 
 
 3. 6y. 
 
 3. " Robert le Diable," etc. 
 h. Donizetti, 1798-1848. 
 1. It. op. 
 
 3. "Lucrezia Borgia," etc. 
 ^. Landseer, Sir Edwin, 1803- 
 1873. 
 1. E. p. — an. 
 j. Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, 
 1805-1874. 
 1. G. p. 
 3. rank ; idealistic. 
 
 3. Munich — art acad. 
 
 4. " Battle of the Huns," etc. 
 k. Mendelssohn, 1809-1847. 
 
 1. G.-J. m. — Ham. 
 3. rank. 
 
 3. "Mid. Night's D." 
 
 4. " Elijah," etc. 
 l. Verdi, 1814 . 
 
 1. It. m. c. 
 3. "II Trovatore." 
 m. Dore, Gustave, 1833- — . 
 1. F. a. 
 3. rank. 
 3. Dante, etc. 
 
 IV. Inventors. 
 
 a. Brunei, Sir Isambard, 1769- 
 1849. 
 1. E. e. 
 
 3. Thames T.— 1836 ; 1843. 
 &. Stevenson, George, 1781- 
 1848. 
 1. E. r. e. 
 3. lo. en. 
 
 c. Stevenson, Robert, 1803- 
 
 1859. 
 1. E. e. 
 3. Tub. B.— Menai. 
 
 d. Daguerre, 1789-1851. 
 1. F. in. — dag. 
 
 {a) already known. 
 
 (6.) hvposulphate of soda. 
 
 e. Morse, Prof. S. F. B., 1791- 
 
 1871. 
 1. Mass. — p.; devoted. 
 3. work and fame. 
 
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