GEOGRAPHY OF MIS SOURI GREENWOOD MARBUT F •6S Rand M^Nelly (& Co. (lass i ^ (op _ B()ok_i2Z ('0|)\Ti»lllV.' (OniilC.IlT IIKHOSIT. Hap Dinjiou OCT 8 1906 DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI By J. M. GREENWOOD Superintciidoit of Scliools, Kansas City, Missouri and C. Y. MARBUT Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, the University of Missouri PARTI MISSOURI AS A WHOLE PART II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY &« By Richard Elwood Dodge Professor of Geography y Teachers College^ Columbia University^ New York City Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography DODGE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY . $ .65 Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- ing from consequences to causes. PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people commerciaI!y and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE COXTINENTS Central Tfwu^ht: The relations of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the lives and occupations uf the peui>le. DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 Special Method Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reason- ing from causes to consequences. PART /—THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The dependence of Hfe and industry on physi- cal environment. PART //—COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Dodge's Geography by Grades Book One, HOME GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD RELATIONS $ .35 PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- mercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS Centra! Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showint; the interdependence of nations commer- cially and industrially. Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEO- GRAPHY $ .50 Special cmpliasis on the lives and occupations of people. Special Method Books One and Two: Causal Relations treated by induction Reasoning from consequences to causes. Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA $ .75 Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. Book Four, COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS $ .70 Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as i)olitical divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons therefor, and com]»arisons of these and other points in the various countries. Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequences. GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES y. PAUL GOODE, Assistant Professor nf Geography, the Univt-rsity of Chicago, and ZLLESJ C SEMPLE. author of "Anicrican Histi^ry and Its Geograpliic Conditions," Louisville, Ky. SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. .4MV' SCHUSSLER. Principal of Speyer School. Teachers ColleRe, New York, ANNA F. STONE, Principal of Grammar School No. lo, Binghamton, N. Y. AND II. and BY GRADES SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES ELIZABETH SMITH. Department of Geography, the Chicago Normal School, and CAROI.IXIi ir HOTCHKISS. Seventh Grade. Horace Mann School. Teachers College, New York. Copyright, iQOb By Raxij, McX.\li.v & Co. LIBRARY 0tC0l:3RESS Two Copies Received SEP ^4 1906 Ceoyfient Entry CLASS /\ ■ XXc, No. COPY 8. er.Jje ^antr - ^citallt; STreoa Chicago Mao Diviii^u I OCT 8 19061 THE INTRODUCTION HOME Geography is usually the first work to be taken up in any study of geography because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar from personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know it better than we need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. In a text-book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features tha-t distinguish the country as a whole. In a special text-book devoted to ane state or group of states we can learn more about our o\cn region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, its products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which needs to be answered at once. In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large features which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons the student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. In Missouri, as in other regions, topography and climate pointed out the path of develop- ment that communities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the pages that follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded Missouri life. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in the growth of the state, and then the study of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain the reasons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. Certain facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- politic which we call the state. That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. THE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE The Introduction i" PART I. MISSOURI AS A WHOLE i PART II. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 25 A ids for Teachers vii Suggestions for Collateral Readings viii Reference Tables and Diagrams ix Index xii A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS A Relief Map of Missouri i A Political Map of Missouri 2-3 A Physical Map of Missouri 4 The Distribution of Mantle Rocks in Missouri . . 6 The Distribution of Bed Rocks in Missouri . . 6 The Annual Rainfall at Springiield, Mo., from 1888 to 1904 8 The Annual Rainfall at Keokvik, la., from 1SS8 to 1904 8 The Mean Annual Rainfall and Temperature of Missouri q The Earliest Explorations and Settlements in Missouri . . q The Distribution of Soils in Missouri . . . . 11 The Production of Com per Square Mile . . . 12 The Production of Wheat per Square Mile . . 12 The Production of Hay and Forage per Square Mile 13 The Production of Oats per Square Mile . . .14 The Value of Fruit per Square Mile . . . . 14 The Value of Farm Products per Square Mile . . 15 The Distribution of Hogs per Square Mile . . .15 The Distribution of Horses, Mules, and Asses per Square Mile 16 PAGE Tile Distribution of Lead, Zinc, and Coal ... 18 Growth of Manufacturing Industries in Missouri, Shown by Value of Products, in Millions of Dollars, at each Federal Census, 1850 to 1900 . 20 Value of Manufactured Products, in Millions of Dollars, Census of 1900 20 Value of Special Manufactured Products, in Mil- lions of Dollars, in Missouri, in 1900 .... 20 The Congressional Districts of Missouri, 1904 . . 22 The Location of the Leading Educational Institu- tions of Missouri 23 The Density of Population per Square Mile in Missouri, at each Census, 1810 to 1900 . . -25 The Distribution of Urban Population in Missouri. Census of 1900 25 Map of the City of St. Louis and Vicinity . . . 26 Map of Kansas City and Vicinity 28 Map of the City of St. Joseph 29 Value of Agricultural Products in Millions of Dollars, Census of 1900 xi Proportion of Persons Engaged in Each Class of Occupations in Missouri, Censvis of 1900 . . xi Proportion of Foreign Born of Each Lcadin.g Nationality in Missouri, Census of igoo . xi A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Trout Glen, Ha Ha Tonka Lake . . Frontispiece The Famous Arcadia Valley and the St. FranQois Mountains i In a Forest of the Ozark Region 5 Revetment Work in Progress on a Bend of the Missouri River 5 In the Granite Area of the Ozark Region ... 7 A Steep Bluff on the Missouri River . . . 7 r PAGE Sand Rock Hills near Pacific 8 Thomas Hart Benton ic Alexander Doniphan 10 A Farm Scene in the High, Rolling Prairie Region of Northwestern Missouri . . . 11 An Apple Orchard in Lafayette Count)' in Bloom . 1 3 Packing Peaches for Market, Koshkonong, Oregon County 13 livi A LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Scene at a Horse Market, Kansas City . . . . i6 Hogs in a Blue Grass Pasture, Marion County . . i6 Scene on a Missouri Stock FariTi 17 A Poultry Farm in Southwestern Missotiri . . . 17 A Group of Prize Angora Goats 17 Mining Scene at Aurora 18 A Mine in the Southwestern Lead and Zinc District 18 Lime Works in Marion County 19 Loading Railroad Ties for Shipment . . . . 19 A Sand Dredge at Work 19 A General View of the Stock Yards at St. Joseph .20, 21 A Clay-working Plant, Deepwater, Henry County . 21 k Steamboat on the Mississippi River . . . . 21 The School of Mines at Rolla 22 A General View of the State University at Columbia 22 The Second District Normal School of Missouri, at Warrensburg 24 The First District Normal School of Missouri, at Kirksville 24 PAGE The Third District Normal School of Missouri, at Cape Girardeau 24 The Water Front, St. Louis, as Seen from the Shore at East St- Louis 27 View in the Missouri Botanical Garden — Shaw's Garden 27 Looking Down Into the Heart of the Business District of St. Louis from the Court House . . 27 Eleventh Street East from Main Street. Kansas City ^ 28 The Pergola on the Paseo, Kansas City ... 28 The State Capitol at Jefferson City .... 29 A View of the City of Hannibal 30 Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) in the Doorway of his old Home at Hannibal 30 The Home of Huckleberry Finn, Hannibal ... 30 Academic Hall Main Building of the University of Missouri at Columbia 31 The City of Louisiana 31 A Scene on the Meramec River Franklin County . 3 2 A Peach Nursery near Louisiana 32 TROUT GLEN, HA HA TONKA LAKE. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI By J. M. Greenwood, Superintendent of Schools of Kansas City, Mo., and C. F. Marbut, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, the University of Missouri. Copyrleht, 1905, by Rand. MoNally & f o. ^''1,, 't: /. MISSOURI AS A WHOLE Location. Missouri, one of the chief states of the Mississippi Basin group, owes its ad- vancement largely to its position near the geographical center of the United States and of the Mississippi Basin. (Adv. Geog. Fig. 192.) Along the east- ern border flows the largest riv- er of the United States, while the second riv- er in size flows directly across the state. These rivers, with their trib- utary streams, make up great stretches of natural high- ways that early attracted the great tracts of woodland, and within the valleys and plains hundreds of square miles of fertile farming lands afforded boundless industrial opportunities for the people. Size. Missouri has an extreme length from north to south of 328 miles, and a breadth varying from '\ J Fig. I. A relief map of Missouri. 305 miles to 208 miles. This gives the state a total area of 69,415 square miles, of which 650 square miles are water surface. The state bound- ary, as a whole, is about 1,400 miles in length. Of this mileage the land bound- aries make up about 665 miles and the bound- aries in rivers traffic out of which grew naturally the settlement and development of the region. Beneath the soil of Missouri vast stores of mineral wealth, upon the hills and lowlands the remainder, or about 770 miles. (Fig. 3.) Surface, The surface of Missouri presents great variety. The state lies in the center of the Mississippi Basin, one of the largest Fig. 2. Tlw famous Arcadia Valley and the St. Franqois Mountains A characteristic view in the Ozark region THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI ZARD Fig. 3. A poltttcai map of Missouri. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI sr K L 90° M N s9 MISSOURI Scale 5 10 30 30 40 50 60 41 Slatute Miles to one inch. Capital tJIt County Seats © Other Cities • Cities -with joo,ooo and over St. LrOUlS Cities from 23,000 to 500,000 Kansas City Cities from 4,000 to 2j,oo3 Sedalia Cities from J ,jOO to 4,000 Carroll Ion Riiilroads ArTTuV-jA/.- Rivers /T nt Pleasant -//OBION "Tiiitoiivillo C^pyrit^ht, Iqo^, by Eand, McXally iy Company and most fertile valleys in the temperate re- gions of the world. With the exception of the Ozark region (Fig. 2), this vast area, reaching more than 1,500 miles from north to south and nearly the same distance from east to west, slopes gradually from its outer rim toward the Missis- sippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The section of Missouri north of the great river which crosses the state has an altitude of about 1,100 feet in the northwest and along the Iowa line to the main divide of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The incline from there is gradual to the Missis- sippi and at the northern line is 500 feet, while the mouth of the Missouri is 413 feet above sea level. fFig. 4.) This section of the state embraces an area of 23,600 square miles. It is gently roll- ing, contains beautiful prairies, many streams, and wide stretches of surpassingly fertile bottom land. Southern Missouri is in marked contrast, much of it being an elevated plateau, heavily forested, the greatest height of which varies from 1,300 to 1,800 feet. This plateau reaches its extreme alti- tude near the southern boundary, and the whole region, an area about 42,000 square miles in ex- tent, abounds in fine forests and is diversified by many beautiful streams, most of which empty into the Missouri. (Fig. 5.) The highest elevations in Missouri are Taum Sauk Mountain in Iron County and the Cedar Gap Plateau in Wright County. In the extreme southeastern section of the state is a lowland region embracing an area of about 3,000 square miles. (Fig. 4.) The Ozark region is the hilly part of the state. It consists of three divisions — the Ozark Plateau, the Ozark Border, and the St. Frangois Mountains. None of the hills, however, is high enough to deserve the name of mountain, the highest ele- vations being only about 1,800 feet above sea level and only 600 or 700 feet above the country surrounding them. (Figs. 2,3, and 4.) The Ozark Plateau, often called the Ozark Moun- tains, occupies the greater part of the Ozark re- gion. (Fig. 2.) This is not and never has been a mountain region . It is merely a low plateau with valleys cut into it. Its height varies from 1,000 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI to 1, 600 feet above sea level, but variations in level do not take place rapidly. The Ozark Border is merely the sloping belt between the Ozark Plateau and the lower lying prairie region. Here the country is lower, the valleys wider and more shallow than in the Plateau region. (Fig. 4.) The St. Frangois Mountains, the highest elevations in Missouri, consist of a grea;, many rather high, rounded, or oval-shaped hills all underlaid by granite rocks. (Figs. 2 and 3.) They are not so high as they once were, and we call them mountains because once they were mountains. The prairie region in Mis- souri has two main subdivi- sions — a low easterly one and a higher westerly one. The easterly one includes the largest area of smooth land in the state. Its elevation varies from 750 to 950 feet above sea level. Its valleys are all shal- low and in many places they are very wide. The western part of the prairie region varies in elevation from 950 to about 1,150 feet above sea level. Its valleys, as a whole, are deeper and narrower than those in the east- ern part. In the extreme northwestern cor- ner of the state is a small area with wider valleys but with the upland of about the same height. (Figs. 4 and 19.) The lowlands occupying the southeastern comer of the state consist mostly of low river-bottom land. Rtmning down the mid- dle of this lowland is a long, rather narrow ridge which lies about 500 feet above the sea level, while the bottom lands are usually less than 300 feet above sea level. (Figs, i and 4.) Drainage. The entire eastern boundary of Alissouri is washed by the waters of the Mississippi, which, because of its many wind- ings, gives the state an eastern water front of 560 miles. The ^Missouri (Fig. 6), second only to the Mississippi in importance, forms the boxondary along the up- per part of the western side of the state, from the first point of con- tact to Kan- sas City, a distance of 208 miles, where it en- ters Jlissouri. Thence it crosses the entire state, flowing south- east 430 miles to join the Mississippi, which it en- ters a few miles above St. Louis. The part of the state north of the Missouri River is drained by many rivers and their tributary streams, some of which flow into the ^Missouri and some into the Mississippi. The principal rivers flowing into the Jlissouri are the Chariton, Grand, Platte, and the Nodaway. Those flowing into the Mississippi are the Fox, Salt, Fabius, and Cui^•re. The streams of south Missouri flow into the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the Arkansas rivers. Those flowing into the Missouri are the La Mine Moreau, Osage, and Gasconade. The two A physical map of Missouri. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI last named streams have many large tributaries which drain a wide area of territory. The streams flowing into the ilissis- sippi are the Aleramec and the St. Francis. Those flowing into the Arkansas River are White River, with a great many large tributaries, and Spring River. Innumerable small streams, often having their origin in the fine springs with which the coimtr\- aboimds, diversify the surface of the whole state. Six hundred and sixty miles of the rivers bordering Missouri are navigable. This, added to the length of the Jilissouri River within the state, but excluding a number of smaller streams that are navigable for short distances, gives Mis- souri more than 1,000 miles of navigable waterways. (Figs, i and 3.) The Rocks of Missouri. The surface of Missouri is made up of two kinds of material or rocks. One is composed of loose material, such as clay, sand, and gravel, and is called mantle rock. (Fig. 7.) The other kind is hard and compact and often occurs in layers, Fig. 6. Revetment work in prcp\::^ I'u a bend of tlie Missouri Riz'cr. Here iJie action of the water ts wearing away and destroying the banks. To prei'ent this, mats woven of willows are being sunk along shore on which rocks will be spread, forming a shield and protecting the banks. Ozark region. The forests of the Ozark Plateau consist in large part of valuable hardwoods. Notice the absence of undergrowth, a characteristic of these forests. such as sandstone, limestone, and granite, and this we call bed rock. (Figs. 9, 10, and 11.) Everywhere the bed rock underlies the man- tle rock and nearly ever_\^vhere the mantle rock covers the bed rock. The bed rock can be seen only on steep slopes and in a few other places where the mantle rock has been washed away. (Fig. 8.) The mantle rock in north ?iIissouri was brought here during the glacial period by the great ice sheet and spread over the top of the bed rock. (Adv. Geog. Fig. 180.) Usually it is thick, especially in the centra] part of this sec- tion, where the bed rock is rarely seen except in the deep- est hollows. Northeast it is thinner and the bed rock maj'' be seen in almost any creek bed. In south Missouri the mantle rock is thinner than in north ]\Iissouri. It was formed here where we find it by the decay of the exposed portion .jf the bed rock which may be found at varying depths beneath the surface. The mantle rock of north Jlissouri ever}' where is a clay. Along THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI the Missouri River, especially in the western part of the state, it is brownish in color and is called loess. This is one of the most fertile sections of the state. There are a great many kinds of bed rocks in the world, but many of these are much alike, so we can arrange them all in a small number of groups. While the rocks of several separate groups appear in different places in the state, those of the same group occur together. Dividing the whole state according to the kind of underlying bed rock, we have four distinct regions or areas. These regions may be called the granite area, the limestone area, the shale area, and the sand-clay area. Since the bed rock deter- mines, to a considerable extent, the eleva- FiG. 7 Fig TJte distribution of bed rocks in Alissonri The distribution of mantle rocks in Missouri. tion, shape, soil, mineral deposits, health- fulness, and prosperity of the country, it u'ill be well to know where these regions are. The granite area lies in the south eastern part of the state. It is not a continuous area, the rocks being found in patches. There are, however, a great man^' of these patches, the largest of them occurringin St. Frangois, Iron, and ]\Iadi- son counties. These granite rocks, all hard, crystalline, and usually somewhat pinkish in color, are the strongest as well as the oldest rocks in the stale. (Figs. 8 and 9.) They are the rocks that underlie the hills around Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, and Ironton. Many beautiful monuments are made of granite that is quarried in this region and large quantities of building THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI stone, paving blocks, and of crushed stone are shipped from this local- ity to St. Louis and to other cities. The liiiicsione area underlies a large portion of the state, surrounding completely the area underlaid by the granite group. With the latter, it Fig. 9. In the gramte area of the Ozark region The underiytng bed rock of these forested hills is all granite. Across the stee ply rising face of the hills, where exposure has worn away the covering of mantle rock, the granite is plainly visible. forms the area known as the Ozark region. These rocks underlie a considerable portion of northeastern Missouri, but they are buried so deeply beneath a thick layer of clay that they can be seen only along the larger creeks and in a belt that ex- tends northwestward and southeastward through Pike and Lincoln coun- ties. (Figs. 8 and 10.) Within this region, with the exception of the gran- ite rocks, limestones predominate everywhere. They may be seen in almost every creek bluff. They contain a large amount of flint which does not decompose readily, and hence is left as loose rocks in the soil. In some places in this region, particularly in Dent County, there are a few thin beds of sand- stone, which, in places, Fig. 10. A steep bluff on the Missouri River. Note how the limestone bed rock has been brought into view by tlie washing away of the loose mantle rock. make the soil rather sandy. These rocks are unimpor- tant, however, when c o m- pared with the limestones. The limestones are not all alike. Some of them are very coarse-grained and crystal- line, some are fine-grained and non-crys- talline, while others are fine-grained and crystalline. Some are in thick, heavy beds, while others are in thin beds. In some places, small in area, they contain little flint, while in others they are very flinty. The sJialc area includes most of northern Missouri and the northern part of south ^lissouri. All that part of the state lying north and west of the Ozark region is underlaid chiefly by shale, with some beds of limestone. Shale is a soft clay -like or sandy rock lying in very thin beds. When exposed in a steep bank it soon crum- bles into clay or sandy clay. It may be seen in the creek bluffs in many places. (Fig. 8.) The country imderlaid by these rocks is covered with a somewhat thicker layer of soil except along the creek bluffs. The THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI rocks, therefore, are not seen often. If, how- ever, one of the larger creeks of the region be followed for a few miles a bank probably will be found where the rocks are exposed. The sand-clay area underlies the region in the southeastern part of the state. In most of this locality no strong rock is found until a depth of considerable extent is reached, often several hundred feet. (Figs. 8 and ii.) Climate. llissouri lies near the middle of the north temperate belt, neither m the extreme south of the belt nor in the extreme north, and far enough removed from the ocean to have a con- tinental climate, that is, a climate subject to sudden and great changes of temperature. The prevailing winds arc from the west or southwest. On account of ^Missouri's posi- tion with respect to the Gulf of Mexico, winds coming to the state from the south and east are warm and moist and cause either cloudy weather or rain. Westerly and northerly winds bring dry, cool, clear weather with invigorating air. (Adv. Geog. Figs. 90 and 92.) The annual rainfall of Missouri averages about thirty-eight inches. It is greatest in the south, where it reaches an average of -- .-!: tra src -- JS- 4 in - - - Fig 12. The annual rainfall at Springfield, Mo. from 18SS to igo4. about forty-six inches, and least in the northwestern comer where it averages less than thirty-five inches. (Figs. 12 and 13.) This rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, the greater amount occurring in the spring and summer months. (Fig. 14.) The mean annual temperature of the state is 54 degrees. The average for Janu- ary is 30 degrees and that for July is 77 degrees. (Fig. 14 and Adv. Geog. Figs. 82 and 84.) Animal Life. The first settlers that came to Missouri found many wild ani- mals, but civilization has exterminated much of the game. In the southern part of the state may yet be found a few Virginia deer and an occasional black bear or a colony of beavers. Throughout the state the wildcat and panther have disappeared, but the fox, raccoon, opossum, squirrel, rabbit, and wood- chuck are still common. Many birds stop in their migrations, and geese and ducks are numerous in season. The wild turkey, pheasant, and prairie chicken, formerly plen- tiful, are now seldom seen except in remote and thinly settled districts. The waters of Missouri contain many fish, and large quanti- ties are taken yearly The Mississippi River Fig II. Sand rock hills near Pacific. This rock crnmbtcs rapidly and these hills yield annually immense quantities of valuable white sand used in the making of glass and in many other industries. — -- --' 4ve ''"£' e ,JJ s-r / I. -- - -] 50 30 10 s 1 - e t ■ 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' ■? ■ 1 ' 1 ■ -i ' i 1 S ' 1 1 ' i 1 Fig. 13. The annual rainfall at Keokuk, la., from iSSS to iQo,f THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. 14. The mean annual rainfall and temperature of Missouri. is the chief fishing ground, but the Missouri and St. Francis rivers also afford good fish- ing. Under the State Fish Commission the industry is extending rapidly. The mussel fisheries also are important, about 2,000,000 pounds of shells being taken each year which are used in the making of pearl buttons. Native Peoples. The first accounts furnished by the fur traders and missionaries who visited this region tell of the Indians living in the country of the Mississippi Valley. The tribes, known chiefly as the Missouri, Kansas or Ivaw, and Osage, were members of the great Siouan family. History. The first white men to report the Mississippi River were the remnants of De Soto's expedition, who in 1 541 crossed to its western shore in their wanderings. In 1673 Pere Marquette, with Louis Johet and five men, em- barked at Green Bay, Wis., reached the Mississippi, and descended to the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1681 La Salle passed down the Illinois into the Mississippi, which he followed to its mouth, and in the name of the French kincr o took possession of the Missis- sippi and all land drained by that river and its tributaries. Early in the next centurv the French sent out an expe- dition to search for mines in the Mississippi Valley. The lead deposits at Mine la Motte were discovered in 1 7 1 9. The first settlers were French fur traders who founded Ste. Genevieve, Caron- delet, and St. Louis. Ste. Genevieve claims the distinction of being the oldest settlement Fig. 15. The earliest explorations and settlements in Missouri. lO THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI in the state, dating its founding from 1735. (Fig. 15.) France, having been defeated in war, ceded its territory east of the Missis- sippi to Great Britain in 1763, while the vast area west of the river was given to Spain. The first settlers in St. Louis were mostly French subjects, who, disliking the British, removed tc? that point from Illinois after the treaty of 1763. In 1795 Daniel Boone led a band of Kentuckians across the Mississippi River and made a settle- ment near the Missouri in what is now St. Charles ,„„, , I rom tbe oridnal pninCinc by Bovlo nfn». 1905. in the poisession y-A . A oftLeMisauurl Uwtoriciilbotiety. St. Louia.Mo -■ ■ * Fig i6. Thomas Hart Benton, the steady stream most distinguished Missourian r . . 1 in the days of Jackson. of settlers poured in from Kentucky, Tennessee, Vir- ginia, and other southeastern states, so that when Louisiana was purchased the popula- tion consisted largely of Americans. Spanish rule ended in 1800, when domina- tion again passed to France by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, and in April, 1803, the United States purchased from France all the terri- tory of Louisiana for the sum of $15,000,000. March 10, 1804, the United States took formal possession of the new domain, \A-hich was divided into the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana. The popula- tion of the latter, which was erected into the Territory of Louisiana in 1805, was about 10,000. Immigration followed the Louisiana Purchase, settlements spreading along each side of the Missouri River and up the Missis- sippi. In 1810 the population was 20,845. In 181 2 the Territory of Louisiana became the Territory of Missouri. Progress was rapid and growth steady, so that in 1818 Missouri applied for admission into the Union. Then followed a struggle over slavery, and after two years Congress passed the "Mis- souri Compromise" bill, by which Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave state, August 10, 182 1. The population was more than 60,000. For many years the area that remained after the formation of the state con- tinued to bear the name Missouri Territory. In the meantime it was gradually reduced as new territories were formed out of it. The first Governor of the state was Alex- ander McNair, and the first capital was St. Charles, which remained the seat of govern- ment until 1826, when it was removed to Jefferson City. The state acquired its present limits in 1837 by the addi- tion of the small triangle northwest of the Missouri River, called the Platte Purchase. Settlers continued to come in from the territory immediately south of tlie Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers. Travel was mainly along the rivers, but in 1825 commerce with Mexico was of enough importance for Congress to survey the route for the Santa Fe Trail. Senator Benton,- who represented Missouri in Congress during this period of growth, was an ardent friend Fig 17. .\tcxandcr Doniphan, leader oj the famous bneade on the march tc Mexico THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI II of western in- terests and one of the earliest advocates of a tran sconti- nental railroad to the Pacific. (Fig. 1 6.) About 1845 German immi- grants began to appear, and within a very few years great numbers ar- rived. Since 1875 many people from New England and likewise from other of P"^- 'S- '^''' distnbnt. the northern states have settled in ]\Iissouri. The Mexican War. During 1846, in re- sponse to the call of Governor Edwards, volunteers assembled at Fort Leavenworth, and Alexander AV. Doniphan was elected colonel. (Fig. 17.) They were joined by regu- lar troops, and, all under the command of General Kearney, also a ]\Iissouri man, they marched in June for Santa Fe, a distance of 900 miles, which they reached in fifty days and captured without firing a gun. Hitherto this place had been too strong for the Texans. General Kearney soon set out for California, leaving Doniphan in command at Santa Fe, but the latter marched to Chihuahua, 900 miles distant, which place he took without serious oppo- sition. The Missourians then returned home, having with a loss of less than fifty men prepared the way for the acquisition of New Mexico Agriculture. Agriculture is Missouri's leading indus- try, the state's greatest and ion of soils in Missouri. mOSt lasting source of wealth being her fertile soil. The soils of Missouri are varied in character and in a general way are of four different kinds. (Fig. 18.) The soils of the Ozark region are reddish clays intermixed with gravel and loose stones. When the amount of stone and gravel is small cultivation of the soil is easy and good crops are produced. The soil of all northern Missouri is a clay loam with a clay subsoil, both practically free from stones. It is black in color and extremely fertile. The land is rolling or gently undulating, making cultivation easy. The soils of the western part of south Missouri are much Uke those of northern Fig. It) A farm scene in the high, rolling prairie region of northwestern Missouri. The lands of this section arc highly fertile and here are some of the largest stock farms in the state 12 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. 20. TJie production of corn per sauare mile. IMissouri. The surface is, as a rule, even more nearly level than that of northern Missouri. The soils of the southeasteni lowlands are sandy in the eastern half and clayey in the western half of the region. They are very fer- tile, but the country being flat and its elevation low, a consid- erable portion of the region is still under timber. Throughout the state all cereals flourish, but com is by far the most valuable crop grown. Because of the extra- ordinary fertility of her soil and the favorable climate, one- tenth of all the corn produced in the United States is grown in Missouri. The value of her com crop in 1903 was nearly $70,000,000; wheat, $15,000,- 000; oats, $5,500,000; hay, $31,690,000. (Figs. 20, 21, 23, acres of farm lands were devoted to com, an acreage exceeding three times that planted to any other crop and embracing more than one-half the area under all crops. The highest yields are in the Mis- souri River basin and in the lowlands of the southeast. Flax, rye, broomcom, clover seed, grass seed, and barley are profitably grown. Potatoes are an important farm product, having a yearly value of more than $4,000,000, other vege- tables yielding $5,500,000 annually. (Fig. 27.) Horticulture. Missouri stands high among the fore- most horticultural states of the Union. A soil unexcelled for fruit growing, and good water and drainage, as well as favorable atmospheric conditions, insure liberal returns. There is not a county and 25.) In 1900, 7,423.600 Fig. 21. The production of wheat per square mile. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 13 about 6,500,000 bushels and of peaches 4,500,000 bushels. Of her berry crop 13,- 000,000 quarts of strawberries and 5,000,000 quarts of blackberries formed the largest items. Grapes are grown abundantly, espe- cially on the hills. In 1900 the value of the fruit crop in Missouri was $4,000,000. (Fig. 26.) This sum has been increased enor- FiG. 22. An apple orchard in Lafayette County in bloom. Here, along the Alissouri River where the loess soil is of extraordinary fertility, are some of the largest and most productive apple orchards in the state. in the state in which fruit cannot be suc- cessfully and profitably grown. The Ozark plateau and the loess region along the great rivers are especially adapted to orcharding, while southwest Missouri is famous for its small fruits. The state now has 25,000,000 apple trees, and her orchards and nurseries are among the largest in the world. (Figs. 22 and 6g.) Missouri also ranks high as a grower of peaches, and her commer- cial orchards, some contain- ing hundreds of thousands of trees, rank with the larg- est in the coun- try. Ozark peaches are widely known for their supe- riority. (Fig. 24.) The total yield of apples in I goo was Fig. Fig. 24. Packing peaches for market. Koshkonong, Oregon County. Horticulture leads all industries '.n this county, which contains the largest peach orchard in the state, the number of trees exceeding 100,000. mously by the products of large areas under orch- ards and small fruits that have come into bearing since that time . The State Horti- cultural Soci- ety, for nearly a half century, has dissemina- ted knowledge on fruit cul- ture, and Mis- souri, at IMoun- tain Grove, maintains the production of hay and forage per square mite. 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI onlv exclusive Fruit Experi- ment Station in the country. Live Stock and Dairying. Jlissouri is one of the foremost live-stock states in the Union. This is due not only to her fer- tile, well watered pastures, the large quantities of grain and forage grown, and a highly favorable climate, but likewise to the fact that the state is sur- rounded on all sides by good markets for her surjilus prod- ucts. Exclusive of bams and other equipment, the live- stock interest was valued in 1903 at $200,000,000, the state being excelled only by Texas, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. ]\Iissouri stock is of high grade, and every important breed is represented in her herds. The great extent of well watered grazing lands and the large grain crops encourage alike the breeding of Fig. 2 The value of fruit per square mile. production of oats per square mile. cattle, horses, and hogs. Missouri, with 3,060,000 cattle and more than 1,000,000 horses, stands among the leading cattle and horse states. (Figs. 29, 30, and 32.) It is surpassed only by Iowa and Illinois in the number of its hogs, of which there are in the state nearly 5,000,000. (Figs. 28 and 31.) Mules that are widely known for their superiority are bred largely for shipment and Texas alone rivals Missouri in num- bers. (Fig. 29.) There are to-day, 1905, about one million sheep in the state. In Missouri the breeding of iVngora goats has attracted considerable at- tention and the industry has been successfully established in a number of localities. (Fig. 33.) With a total of 157,472, Missouri has more live-stock farms than anv other state in THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 15 the Union. The average an- ni:al yield from these farms is $6.86 per acre, while the aver- age for the whole United States is but $5.12 per acre. Dairying is one of the most lucrative divisions of the live- stock industry. There are in the state more than 750,000 dairy cows which yield annu- ally nearly 260,000,000 gallons of milk, the total value of the dairy products being about $15,000,000. The Missouri State Dairy Association and the dairy work done at the State Agricultural College have aided greatly in the develop- ment of the industry. Plants yielding food for the honeybee abound, and Missouri, with an annual product of more than 3,000,000 pounds of honey, ranks third in production. Poultry Raising. Where natural condi- FlG. Fig. 28 The dtstribption of hogs per square mile 7. The value of farm products per square mile. tions are so favorable and grain production so large poultry is sure to flourish. Hence this is an important and rapidly growing in- dustry, and one in which Mis- souri leads the countr>^ There are in the state between fifteen and twenty million chickens, at least 500,000 turkeys, as many geese, and 300,000 ducks. The value of the poultry prod- ucts for the year is about $18,- 000,000. (Fig. 34.) Mineral Resources. Missouri has a wealth, of mineral re- sources. The chief minerals are lead, zinc, and coal. The lead and zinc mines are all in the Ozark region, in three districts — the southeastern, the cen- tral, and the southwestern — in which either one or both ores are mined. (Fig. 37.) The southeastern, which is the largest of these districts, lies i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI in St. Franjois, Madison, Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson counties. Lead is the only ore mined in this district. At the present time most of the lead ore comes from St. Fran- gois and Madison counties. The ore occurs as little lumps and specks scattered through solid limestone rock. For this reason it is called disseminated ore. It is found in mines from 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface. The rock containing the ore is blasted out, raised to the surface, and crushed almost to a powder It is then carried by running water through a great many boxes. This pro- cess washes away the lighter limestone pieces, leaving finally Fig. 30. Scene at a horse market, Kansas City. Missouri is an important source for horses. One of the four purchasing stations for Government horses is located at Kansas City and another is at St. Louis. only the clean, heavy lead ore, which is as fine as sand and clay. This is shipped out in canvas bags. The central lead and zinc district lies in Moniteau, Cole, Miller, Morgan, and Camden counties. Once a great deal of ore was mined here, but now only a few small mines are nmning. The largest of these mines is at Fortuna, near the line between Morgan and Moniteau counties. The ore in Fig. :3q The dislribntion of horses, mules, and asses per square mile. this district occurs in pockets in clay and in broken pieces of rock. Most of the mines are shallow. The southwestern lead and zinc district, which includes Jasper, Newton, Lawrence, and Greene counties, is very rich. It is the richest zinc region in the country, yielding about four-fifths of all the zinc ore produced in the United States. The producing mines lie chiefly in Jasper, Newton, and Lawrence counties. (Fig. 36.) Small amounts of lead and zinc ore have been mined in Barry, Stone, Christian, Taney, and Dade counties. Fig. 31- Hogs in a blue grass pasture, M.n: profitable farm product. I. L'tinty, a staple and THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 17 Fig. 32. Scene on a Missouri s'ock farm. Last feed on the farm before going to market. The mines in Jasper, Newton, and Law- rence counties are, as a rule, not so deep as those in the southeastern district. (Fig. 35.) The ore occurs usually in open ground, not in solid rock. In some mines it is found in layers between the beds of rock, both lead and zinc being found in the same mine. When the mines were first worked there was no demand for the zinc ore, so it was thrown aside and not used. When a demand arose for it this ore was collected and sold, and now zinc ore constitutes the principal product of the mines. Several years ago southern Missouri had a great many iron mines and iron furnaces and was an important iron producer. Now the only furnace in the state smelt- ing ]\Iissouri iron ores is one in Dent County. This is because the famous old iron mines, like Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, and Simmons Moun- tain, have be- come exhausted, and no new pay- ing mines have been discovered. Copper occurs in a number of counties. It was worked as early as 1837. The ore is now mined and smelted at Sullivan, and de- posits at other points are attracting attention. The coal fields of Missouri occupy a belt rmming diagonally across the state from northeast to southwest. The eastern line of this belt extends rather irregularly from the northwestern comer of Jasper County to Glasgow; thence it extends nearly south- eastward to Fulton and then northward to Lancaster. The western boundary of the belt extends very irregularly from the south- western part of Bates County northeastward, meeting the state line in Putman County. West of the belt included between these two '^^^^H m -.■rka>-"*b.^^ a,-, V '■■■ c"*^^?-; - m ^^^jTM l^ggm^gjajl^. - Fig 34. A poultry farm, in southwestern M::.'.,.'::i ;. 1' ::!li-y la: is a profitable and widely established industry in the state. Fig. 33. .4 group of prize Angora goats. The goats are bred for their fleece, wliit h is known as mohair and is used in making plush and dress goods. lines a few mines exist, but east of it there are no mines of any importance. Within this belt there are three coal-min- ing areas, which we shall call the southwestern, the central, and the northern regions. The center of the THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. 35. ]\1 II! ing scene at Aurora, a busy lead and zinc milling tcnvn in Lawrence County, one of the important mineral counties of the state. southwestern region is Rich Hill, that of the central, Lexington, while the northern and larger region has several important centers, among which are Huntsville, Bevier, No- vinger, and IMendota. The coal beds embraced in the southwest- ern region are about two and one-half feet thick, in the central region they are about one and three-fourths feet thick, and in the north- em region the beds are from about two and one-half to five feet thick. (Fig. 37.) The coal product of Missouri is an important one, and her resources are such that her coal-mining industry will continue to exist for a long time. Up to the present time the mark- et for Missouri coal has been west of the mining region. Manufactur- ing. Manufac- turing is an industry confined chiefly to cities and towns, and its success depends upon the presence of raw materials near at hand, cheap and abun dant fuel and food, and good transportation facilities. In all these things no other com- monwealth excels Missouri, which leads all Fig. 37. The distribution of lead, zinc, and coal. Fig. ;(>. .1 mine in the southwestern lead and cine dis- trict. Tlic zinc ores of this district are widely known ior their richness and it is one of the world's chief sources of supply for zinc. States west of the Mississippi and ranks fifth in the Union in manufactures. (Fig. 42.) St. Louis, the fourth city in size in the United States, is like- wise fourth in manufactur- ing, producing in 1900 goods amounting to $233,000,000. In the manu- facture of some things, such as tobacco and boots and shoes, St. Louis has few if any rivals ; Kansas City, second in pop- ulation in the state, has a yearly product valued at /.IW THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI ^9 $36,000,000; St. Jo- seph, the third city, an- nually manufactures products worth $31,- 000,000; Springfield, the fourth city, has for its leading industry the manufacture of flouring and grist- mill products. (Figs. 43 and 44.) While there are 250 kinds of manufactures in the state, the principal products, in the order of their capital value, are malt liquors, foundry and machine shop, and flouring and gristmill products, lumber and timber, printing and publishing products, tobacco, slaughtering and meat-packing sup- plies, men's clothing, brick and tile, railroad cars, boots and shoes, carriages and wagons. (Figs. 39, 41, 45, and 46.) Inexhaustible deposits of excellent lime rock and fine sand have made profitable the minor industries of making lime, glass, and cement. (Figs. 11, 38, and 40.) Transportation. The development of a country depends largely upon its facilities for transportation. Good roads or other Fig. 38. Lime works in Marion County. Valuable deposits of suitable stone and shale have made this county one of the chief centers of production for lime and Portland cement. Fig. 30. Loadini; railroad tics for shipment. Tics are a leading product m lumber districts convenient to transportation and an important item in the trade of the nearby towns. efficient means of transportation are necessary for commu- nication afid for car- rying on trade. The Mississippi and Mis- souri rivers were in early days the princi- pal channels of travel and traffic, but with the building of rail- roads a better means of transportation was offered, and the rivers have lost their supremacy. River traffic, however, between St. Louis and the Gulf is still large. (Fig. 47.) The state is traversed in all directions by railroads, the chief centers being St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph. In i860 there were 817 miles of railroad in Missouri. By 1880 this mileage had grown to 3,960, and to-day exceeds 7,700 miles. Banks. Banks are a necessary factor in industrial Hfe, and Missouri leads in the num- ber of state banks and is seventeenth in the number of national banks. The deposit per capita of the citizens is $138.81. The State Government. The first constitu- tion was adopted in 1820, and, as the state Fig. 40. A sand dredge at work. Sands valuable for glass making and for building purposes are widely distributed in l\Iissoiiri and are utilized largely in these industries. 20 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. 41. A general vicM of the stock yards at St. Joseph. Missouri in recent years ha^ prepteJ enormously by the steady trend of the slaughtering and meat-packing industry toiuard the corn belt a>id tlie cattle country, and by igoo it had become the leading industry in the state. developed, another better adapted to the needs of the citizens was adopted in 1865. The present constitution was adopted in 1875. The government is divided into three parts — the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. The Executive consists of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, iS^o jSqo IQOO Fig. 42. Growth of manufacturing industries in Missouri, shown by value of products, in millions of dollars, at each Federal census jSjo. to igoo. Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Schools, all of whom are elected by the people for terms of four years. It is the duty of the Governor to see that the laws are faithfully executed. He is commander-in-chief of the militia. He may grant commutations, reprieves, and pardons, and appoint many officials with the consent of the Senate. The Lieutenant-Governor is ex-officio President of the Senate, and he succeeds the Governor in case of death. ■T 100 ,jo ^oo .'SO 300 JSO ■>« 1 1 1 1 ' disal)ility, or removal from office. The State Treasurer receives and keeps the money of the state and pays it out on warrants c S° too 1 -.1 200 250 300 35° 4X sp ingfidd. 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 SI Jos,-l.h.. ^mm 1 1 I 1 1 Kansas City 1 1 ] Vf Louis... teof , 1 Sic M Fig. 43- Value of manufactured products in millions of dollars, census of igoo. drawn upon the treasury. The State Auditor keeps the state accounts and enforces the payment of all claims due the state. The chief source of the state revenue is the general property tax. A State Board of Equalization, consisting of the Governor, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General, adjusts and ( J-J 100 /jD 5a) 1 230 r JSo 400 Foundry and vtaehiruahitp.. Printing and put/liafiing H 1 Flouring and griatmlU ^ \ Tobacco ^ 1 Slaughtering .J meat jJacking . . _. . ' 1 Total 1 ■^^ ^^^^ ' ■ ^ Fig. 44. Value of special manufactured products millions of dollars, in Missouri, in ipoo. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 21 Fig. 45. St. Joseph tJwcciitcr of a ividi- area dcroicil l-u^i ii u;hl sL. 1: raising.an.! . ■ '■' ■ added ,iJi:: transportation leads the state m slaugktcrmg and meat packing The products of its cstabusi:i::ci!is in recent years have increased at an astonishing rate. iceHent equalizes valuations among the several coun- ties. This Board also assesses the property of railroad, telegraph, telephone, and bridge companies. The Secretary of State has charge of the public records and acts of the General Assembly, and is custodian of the state seal, is registrar of lands, and superintends the examinations of state banks and trust companies. The Attorney-General is prose- cuting attorney and chief legal adviser for the state. The State Superintendent of Schools directs the public schools of the state, exercises supervision over the school funds, and may grant certificates to teachers. In addition to the officers already named, there are railroad commissioners who are elected by the people, and various other Fig. 46. A clay-working plant, Deepwatcr, Henry County. Deposits of valuable clays have made the manufacture of clay products important industries in this county. Notice the sewer pipe awaiting shipment. Fig. 47. A steamboat on the Mississippi River. officers who are appointed by the Governor. Among the last mentioned are the Adjutant- General, Superintendent of Insurance, Cura- tors of the University, Regents of Nonnal Schools, and Board of Managers of the state charitable and penal institutions. Each county elects officers to administer the local government. The highest officer in the county is the sheriff. The prosecuting 22 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI attorney in each county represents the state in crimi- nal prosecu- tion and is legal adviser for his county. A constable is elected in each township, and police officers are appointed in towns and cities. The local govern- ment of cities and towns consists of a mayor and council or ■'^'°- 48. The congressional districts of Missouri, 1904 board of aldermen, city attorney, treas- urer, auditor or comptroller, and police officers. The legislative or lawmaking power is vested in the General Assembly, which meets in Jefferson City every two years. (Fig. 65.) Its members are elected by the people, and at present number thirty-four Senators, elected for four years, and 142 Representa- tives, elected for two years. (Fig. 48.) The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, courts of appeal, circuit courts, criminal courts, county courts, pro- bate courts, and justice courts. Their purpose is the enforcement and adminis- tration of law. The Supreme Court is coin- posed of seven judges, each of whom is elected for ten years at a sal- ary of $4,500 per year. Fig. 5°- I A general view of the State niversity at Columbia. Fig. 49. Tlte Sclwol of Mines at Rolla. Penal Institutions. There is a penitentiary for both men and women located at Jefferson City, a state Training School for Boys at Boonville, and a state Industrial Home for Girls at Chillicothe. State Charities. There is a school for the blind in St. Louis, THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 23 a school for tlie deaf and dumb at Fulton, and the Missouri Colony for Feeble Minded and Epileptics at Marshall. Missouri has four state hos- pitals for the insane, located respectively at St. Joseph, Fulton, Farm- ington, and Nevada. There is a Federal Soldiers' Home situated at St. James, and a Confederate Soldiers' Home at Higginsville, Education. ]\Iissouri early made liberal provision for public schools and to-da}' has a permanent productive school fund that exceeds $13,000,000. The first constitution not only made ample provision for schools, but likewise called the attention of the Legislature to the need of a state university ; the second constitution repeated and empha- sized the statements of the first. The growth of the public school system has been rapid and substantial, and the per cent of illiterates in Missouri has decreased steadily. The State University, founded in 1834 at Columbia, Fig. 51. The location of the leading educational institutions of Missouri. Boone County, stands at the head and is the outgrowth of the public school system. It has seven well equipped departments, with an annual attendance of about 1,700. (Fig. 50.) At Rolla is the School of Mines and iletal- lurgy, a de • partment of the State Uni- versity and an outgrowth of the mining interests of the state. (Fig. 49.) There are six normal schools. The oldest, founded in 1867, is at Kirksville (Fig. 53); the others are located at Warrensburg (Fig. 52), Cape Girardeau (Fig. 54), Spring- field, Maryville, and at Jefferson City, where is located Lincoln Institute, for the training of colored teachers. About 3,000 students are in attendance annually at the normals. The State Board of Education is composed of the State Superintendent of Public Schools, the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney-General. The state has school property worth $42,600,000, an enrollment of THE LEADING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF MISSOURI COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 Southwest Baptist College, Bapt.. Boli- var. 2 Missouri Wesleyan College, M. E.. Cam- eron. 3 Christian University. Christian. Canton. 4 Christian College, Christian, Columbia. 5 Stephens College. Bapt., Columbia, 6 University of Missouri. State, Colum- bia. 7 Central College, M, E. So. Fayette. 8 Westminster College, Presb., Fulton. g Pritchett College, non-sect., Glasgow 10 La Grange College, Bapt., La Grange, 11 William Jewell College. Bapt., Liberty. 12 Missouri Valley College, Cumb. Presb,. Marshall. 13 Hardin College, Bapt., .Mexico, 14 Park College, Presb.. Parkville. 15 Christian Brothers College, R, C St. Louis, 16 St, Louis University. R. C, St, Louis. 17 Washington University, non-sect,, St, Louis. iS Drury College, Cong., Springfield. 19 Tarkio College, U. Presb., Tarkio, 20 Central Wesleyan College. M, E,, Wa renton, PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS 21 State Normal School, Kirksville, 22 State Normal School, Warrensburg. 23 State Normal School, Cape Girardeau. 24 State Normal School, .lefferson City. 2 5 State Normal School, Springfield. 26 State Normal School, Maryville. 24 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 7 3 1 , 4 1 o pupils with 17,036 teachers, 282 high schools, 9,38orural, and 594 city and town dis- trict schools. There are also a number of private schools for higher education that Fig. 52- are doing excellent work. Among these are Washington University and St. Louis University at St. Louis, Central Col- lege at Fayette, William Jewell College at Liberty, Westminster College at Fulton, Chris- tian Brothers College at St. Louis, St. Vincent's College at Cape Girardeau, Drury College at Springfield, Missouri Valley College at Mar- shall, and Park College at Parkville. (Fig. 51.) ■ic. 53. Tire First District A^oriiial ScJiool of J^Iissonn at Kirksville. Art and Literature. In a new communit}- the material side develops first; but with improved conditions come intellectual and artistic growtli. Along these Imes ^Missouri has made an excellent beginning, as is attested by the fine libraries and art gal- leries to be found in St. Louis and Kansas City. Among her artists the most widely known is George C. Bingham. The state publications include 1,000 newspapers and magazines. The greatest American humorist, Samuel L. Clemens ("Mark Twain") is a native of Missouri, and Eugene Field, " the children's poet," also was born and reared in this state. (Figs. 67 and 68.) Religion. The first settlers in ]\Iis- souri were French Catholics from Illi- nois. The Spanish commandants were of the same faith. Immi- grants who came later from Virginia and Kentucky were chiefly Protestants. The first religious service of which there is any record was in 1760, and the first church edifice (Catholic) was built in 1 7 70 in St. Louis. THE LEADING RELIGIOUS DENOMIXATIONS The Second District Normal School of Missouri, at Warreiisbtiro. CHURCH Organized or Founded Communicanis or Metnbers Baptist Catholic 17OQ 1760 1S20 1855 1S20 1S40 1S47 1806 1S14 1819 150,000 Cumberland Presbyterian. . German Evangelical German Evang. Lutheran , Methodist Presbyterian Protestant Episcopal 30.000 20,000 30.000 aoo.ooo 40,000 I 2,000 The first Protestant preacher of whom there is any record crossed and recrossed the Alis- sissippi in his skiff to preach to the pioneers near Jackson, in Cape Girardeau County. This was in 1779. And in 1806 the first Prot- estant church was built and dedicated. Fig. 54 Third District Normal School of Missouri, at Cape Girardeau. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 25 iSto iSSo 10.96 'SSS Fig. 55. //. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOP- MENT OF CITIES. Gain in Population. In recent years there has been a remarkable growth in the urban population of Missouri ^ , at the expense of the rural. Between 1890 and 1900, the gain in total population in Missouri was 15.95 per cent, the gain in rural 3.64 per cent, while the gain in urban population during the decade was 34.54 percent. In igoo out of a total popula- tion of 3,106,665, 46.23 per cent, or nearly one- half of the whole, resided in urban centers. (Figs. 55 and 56.) There were in the state in 1890 twenty-nine incorpo- rated cities and towns having a population of 4,000 or more. By 1900 this number had grown to thirty-five, the aggregate population of these urban centers being 1,084,014, or more than one-third of the total within the state. This great advance in ur- ban population is due largely to the immense growth of agri- cultural and manufacturing industries and to the develop- ment of vast mineral re- sources within the state, con- ditions creating demands for new markets as outlets for increased prod- ucts or as cen- ters of supply Tlte density of populalioii per square ti'.ile in Alissjiiri, at eceli census. Fig. 59. TIw distribution of urban population in Missottri, census of igoo. for growing industries. The population figures given in connection with the cities which follow are from the Twelfth Federal Census. St. Louis (575,238), the oldest and largest city of the state, lies on the Mississippi River , about twenty- one miles below the mouth of the Missouri, a situation that offered excellent facilities for the develop- nient of trade. The area of the city embraces about sixty-two square miles, with a water front of about twenty miles. Its situation is beautiful, and the city, hand- somely and substantiallv built, contains many fine public and private buildings, miles of well paved streets, and a most efficient street railway system. (Figs. 57, 58, and 60.) St. Louis ranks fourth among the great cities of the Union in population and manufactures, and, among the cities of the Mississippi Basin, with the excep- tion of Chicago, is without a ri- val as a com- mercial, manu- facturing, and financial center. The city owed its settlement and early de- velopment to the fur trade, which at once made it the cen- ter of distribu- tion for the western coun- try. In 1763 Pierre Laclede and Augusta Chouteau opened a fur- trading station 26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY Scale Fig 57- Map of the city of St. Louis and Vicinity. Copyright, rgoj, [>y Rand, McXally &* Company THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 27 Fii'., 5^. The water front, St. Louis, as seen from the shore at East St. Louis. Note the great Eads bridge on tlie right. on the site where the city now stands. Thrifty and industrious French immigrants speedily gathered around them, traffic extended rapidly, and the community soon became a prosperous French settlement. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, came Americans from Virginia, Tennes- see, and the Carolinas. Later came people from England and Germany, and the population in- creased from 1,000 in 1803 to 16,000 in 1840. The building of the first railway west from St. Louis, the Pacific, was begun in 1S51. Now the city is the termi- nus of twenty-four railroads, and its transporta- tion facilities are among the most extensive and efficient of any city in the country. Two magnificent bridges — the Eads and the Merchants — span the Missis- sippi at St. Louis. These rank among the notable bridges of the world, while among the largest railway stations is the Union Station of this city The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in St. Louis in 1904, owed its mag- nificent success largely to the efforts of her citizens. St. Louis is noted for her excellent system of public schools, and has many superior private schools. Wash- ington University is one of the leading Fig. 5q. V^icwjn the Missouri Botanical Gnrden — Shaw's Garden. This garden contains one of the most extensive collections of native and foreign flora in America. educational institutions in the Union. The Catholic parochial schools are excellent and there are many other good denominational schools. The leading libraries are the Mercantile, the Public, and the Law Library. The park system is notable alike for its extent and its beauty. Forest Park, where the Fair was held, the largest of the public parks, contains 1,400 acres, while the most widely known is the Missouri Botanical Garden, or Shaw's Garden. (Fig. 59.) Kansas City (163,752), on the western border of the state at the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas rivers, the second city in the state in size and importance, is termed the gateway to the West. It is the commercial metropolis of a wide region remark- able for its fertility and its great mineral wealth. In reality Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas City, Kans., are, in commer- cial interests, one city, and only the accident of a state line renders two city governments necessary. Together in 1900 the two cities had 215,170 inhabitants. Like St. Louis, Kansas City owed its founda- tion to the fur trade. In 1826 M. Chouteau Fig. 60. Looking down 'into the heart of the business district of St. Louis from the court house. 28 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI established a branch of the American Fur Company at the present site of Kansas City, which until 1S38 was known as Westport Land- ing. The growth and de- velojjment of the city have been steady and continuous. As manufactures increased and trade extended, railroad facilities grew proportion- ately, and the city is now one of the greatest railroad centers in the United States. Kansas City has an excel- lent location. The manu- facturing and wholesale district of the city is built largely in the low, level land lying adjacent to the rivers, while the retail and resident portions are built upon the bluffs and hills situated south and east of the rivers. It has an extensive park and boulevard system which greatly enhances the natural beauty of the city. Its meat-packing industry, including the packing houses of Kansas City, Kans., and its live-stock trade, which is the second largest in the world, are exceeded only by those of Chicago. These form the leading industries. The city is Fig. 61. Eleventh Street easi from Main Sircet Kansas City, tJie retail shopping district of tltj city. largest mixed high School Board also of 100,000 volumes an important grain market and is one of the greatest distributing centers in the world for agricultural imple- ments. The confectionery, fruit and produce, milling, lumber, millinery, and manv other interests are large and important. The city has also looked to higher things, and is widely known for beautiful churches and justly proud of its public schools, which rank among the best in the country. The four high schools have the largest at- tendance in proportion to population of any schools in the Union, and its Central and Manual Training are the schools in the world. The controls the Public Library housed in a classic building KANSAS CITY AND VICINITY S'. \I.E '1 II Lies Fig. 62. Map of Kansas City and vicinity. iMi-,. (.,:; Tli,- P' i-'.-.'^: .'I! Ilic I'.iSi-o K.iiisas Cily Tlic Pasco, with its ,:liain of parks, is one of the most beautiful and popidar driveways in the city. which likewise, contains an excellent Museum and an Art Gallery, with many instructive and well selected works. (Figs. 61, 62, and 63.) St, Joseph (102,979), the county seat of Buchanan County, beautifully situated on the Missouri River in the northwestern comer of the state, is the third city in Missouri in size, wealth, and commercial importance. (Figs. 41, 45, and 64.) THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI The first settler on the site was Joseph Robidoux, an Indian trader. The town was laid out in 1843. St. Joseph has great natural advantages. It lies in the center of one of the most fertile regions in the country, and, having superior transporta- tion facilities, has become one of the greatest inland markets in the United States. The most important industry is the live- stock trade with the meat-pack- ing interest. The city has many flourishing industrial plants. The principal manufactures are woolens, boots and shoes, hard- ware and harness, flour, plows, furniture, cojperage, carriages, buggies and wagons, confection- ery, foundry ing. Fig. 64. Map of the city of St. Joseph, products, malt liquors, and cloth- The butter and dairy business is extensive, and the grain and seed interests employ con- siderable capital. St. Joseph has a fine system of public schools, as well as excellent private and parochial schools. Tliere are two- public libraries and five city parks. Joplin (26,023), situated in Jasper County in the extreme southwestern part of Missouri, is the commercial center of the great lead and zinc mining districts. Five-sixths of the zinc mined in the United States is taken out of mines in the vicinity of Joplin. The citjr is building up a large jobbing business and has a number of flourishing industrial plants including foundries, trade of $10,000,000 per annum, and an output from its factories of $17,500,000. Springfield maintains excellent public and several private schools. Drurv College and the Southwest State Normal School are located here. Fruit growing is an important industry of the Ozark region, and Sprmgfield is the market for large quantities of these products. Sedalia (15,231'), the county seat of Pettis County, is a flour- ishing railroad center and a job- bing point of importance. The public schools rank high, as do also several private schools. Hannibal (12,780), is perhaps best known as the town where "Mark Twain" passed his boy- machine shops, and flouring mills. It is a city of many churches and has one of the best systems of public schools in the state. Springfield (23,693), the county seat of Green County, situated on the Ozark Plateau at an alti- tude of 1,324 feet, is the leading commercial cen- ter of southwestern Mis- souri. It has a wholesale A, *■ ^- ■'•-■^ 0^-^.^, .•^ - j"^, . ^M^ ..::>,.^^H W'-"' -%. .^ MImI ^# '^•tSb ^h :^--S r^^^^S ^^M '^ ' ■ - '• l^^M £l|!|l ^i^E ■^^^ wM ^^Wm --'- ■il Hps ^ ■a i_v*ii^5 m3^ Mm -^^^ hood. (Figs. 67 and 68.) The city, beautifully located on the Mississippi River and at the junc- tion of live railroads, possesses unusual trans- portation advantages. The principal industries are the manufacture of shoes, stoves, lime, and Portland cement. It has the largest cement factory in the world. The public schools are excellent, and there are numerous private schools of a high order. (Fig. 66.) Jefferson City (9,664), the capital of Missouri and county seat of Cole County, is on the south bank of the Missouri near the geographical center of the state. On high bluffs overlooking the river are tlie capitol (Fig. 65), the Gov- ernor's mansion, and the vState Penitentiary. The Legislature assem- liles once in two years in the capitol to make laws for the state. The city has flourishing manufac- tories and is noted for its schools and libraries. Carthage (9,416), tlie county seat of Jasper County in the southwest- ern part of the state, is the seventh cit}' in size. The surrounding Fig. 65. The Stale Capitol at Jefferson City. countrv is rich in lead THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. (I'l. .4 view of tJic city of Hannibal. Xotice the Government building m the center, and in the dis- tance Lovers' Leap aiid Pirates' Island. zinc, and limestone and the city's trade in build- ing stone is large. It has a good system of public schools and has several private schools, a fine library, and beautiful parks. Webb City (9,201) is situated in the midst of rich zinc and lead fields and is surrounded by a fertile agricultural region. The mining, smelting, and shipping of lead, zinc, and coal are the chief industries. It also has foundries and manufactories of mining machinery. Moberly (8,012) is in Randolph Coimty, the leading county for coal mining. Railroad shops and the manufacture cf paving and building brick give employment to a large number of people. It is one of the important railroad centers of northern Missouri and has a large and flourishing trade. St. Charles (7,982), the county seat of St. Charles County, is situated on the blufifs of the Missouri River, about twenty miles northwest of .St. Louis. The principal industries are the manufacturing of cars, tobacco, compressed brick, and the quarrying of stone. It has excellent public schools as well as a number of good private schools. Nevada (7,461), the county seat of Vernon County, is the market for a fine agricultural region underlaid with coal. Mining industries consisting chiefly of coal and asplialtum are carried on near Nevada. The citv has a fine Fig. 67. Samuel L Cle-.nen'; {Mark Twain) i}i the doorwav of Im old home a Hannibal. system of public schools and excellent private schools. It is the site of a State Hospital for the Insane, and has a large park. Independence (6,974), the county seat of Jackson County, is situated ten miles east of Kansas City, with which it is connected by steam and electric car lines, and two rock roads. It is a well built city, the center of a fertile, highly improved district and has a large trade. Chillicothe (6,905), the county seat of Livings- ton County, ninety-five miles northeast of Kansas City, is a railroad center of importance. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural country. Here is the State Industrial School for Girls. Aurora (6,191) is the flourish- ing trade center of a lead and zinc mining district. The sur- rounding country is well adapted to fruit growing and agriculture. It has excellent schools. Kirksville (5,966), the county seat of Adair County, is in the rnidst of an agricultural and stock-raising community. It manufactures flour, wagons, axe handles, and cigars. Coal is mined near by. The town has excellent public schools and is the seat of the First District Normal School, founded in 1870, and of the American School of Osteopathy. Columbia (5,651), the county seat of Boone Countv, is near Fig. 68. Tlie honie of Htukleberry Finn, Hannibal. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI 31 Fig. 6q. the center of the state, in the midst of a fine agricultural and stock- raising district. The seat of the State Uni- versity and of a number of other excellent edu- cational institutions, the interests of Colum- bia are largely educa- tional. (Fig, 69.) De Soto (5,611), Jef- ferson County, forty- three miles southwest of St Louis, is an impor- tant railroad town, and has flouring mills, brick works, marble works, and planing mills. It has good public schools and excellent private schools. Brookfield (5,484), in Linn County, lies in the center of a productive farming country under- laid with coal. It is the seat of railroad shops and has important factories. Trenton (5,396), the county seat of Grundy County, is situated in a region adapted to general agriculture and is adjacent to coal mines. The chief industrial interests are centered in cattle, coal mining, the railroad shops, flouring mills, and carriage factories. Louisiana (5,131), the leading city of Pike County, is on the Mississippi. It is noted for the great railroad bridge that here spans the river, its large nurseries, cement factory, and its lumber and pearl button industries. (Figs. 70 and 72.) Mexico (5,099), the county seat of Audrain County, a thriving town in the midst of a dis- trict devoted to the breeding of fine stock, is a Academic Hall, main building of the University of Missouri, at Columbia. notable stock market. It is the seat of Hardin College for girls and of Mexico Military Acad- emy for boys. Marshall (5,086), the cotmty seat of Saline County, is the trade cen- ter of a fertile, well improved agricultural district. Near by are celebrated mineral springs. Missouri Valley College and the Missouri Valley Colony for Feeble-Minded are located at Marshall. Clinton (5,061), the county seat of Henry County, is a thriving industrial and trade center eighty-seven miles southeast of Kansas City. The adjacent country is well adapted to agricul- ture and stock raising. The chief industries are the manufacture of flour and tile. The Baird College for women is located here. Fulton (4,883), the county seat of Callaway County, is the trade center of a fine agricultural and live-stock region. Its stock sales attract wide attention. Coal and fire clay are mined in the vicinity Here are a number of excellent educational institutions, the Missouri School for the Deaf, and a State Insane Asylum. Cape Girardeau (4,815), on the Mississippi 150 miles below St. Louis, is a leading railroad and distributing point. The chief interests are manufacturing and the trade in agricultural products. A State Normal School and St. Vin- cent 's Convent and College are located here. HMlfi Fig. 70. The city of Louisiana. Note in the distamc the bluffs of the Mississippi and the rolling borderlands Here /v the region of Innesloiic and of loess soil, and here jijiinsh cement factories and vast nurseries. 32 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI Fig. 71. A scene on the Meramec County. Warrensburg (4,724). the county seat of Johnson County, hes in a fine agricultural and live-stock district. It has manufactories of flour, stove polish, and shoes. It also has large stone quarries and coal i.s mined in the vicinity. Here is one of the most flourishing of the State Normal Schools. Near by is Pertle Springs, a famous summer resort. Maryville (4,577), the county seat of Noda- way County, is situated at the junction of two railroads. It is the trade center for a thriving agricultural and live-stock section, and has foundries for iron and steel bridges. Here is the seat of a State Normal School. Carterville {4,445) is the fourth in size of the large industrial towns in Jasjjer County, wdiich is the greatest zinc-mining district in the world. Boonville (4,377), the county seat of Cooper County, is situated on the Missouri River in a district devoted to farming and mining. Corn, wheat, and oats are shipped. The leading manu- factures are leather, earthenware, and flour. Coal is mined in the vicinity A State Training School for Boys is located here. Poplar Bluff (4,^21), the county seat of Butler County, is situated on a bluff overlooking the Black River. It lies adjacent to a large tract of lowland, covered with a variety of hardwood timbers. Lum- ber, staves, woodenware , and flour are manufactured . It has iron and machine works and a large ship- ping trade in lumber. Lexington (4,190), on the Missouri River, River, Franklin of Lafayette County, is the center of an agricul- tural and coal-mining section. The chief in- dustrial establishments are furniture, flour, and canning factories. Macon (4,068) is the county seat of Macon County. It has a large trade in agricultural products and important mining interests. Wag- ons, carriages, and shears are manufactured, and it also has a foundry and machine shops. Macon is the seat of Blees Military Academy. Rich Hill (4,503) is situated in the midst of a rich farming and mining district. Live-stock raising, the manufacture of flour, and coal min- ing are the chief industries. Towns with a Population of Less than 4,000. In the 114 counties in the state are many other thriving towns. Liberty, Clay County, is the seat of William Jewell College. This county likewise cont-iins Excelsior Springs, a popular summer pleasure and health resort. Potosi, the county seat of Washington County, is one of the oldest lead-mining centers in the state. It is noted also for the mining of baryta. Fayette, in Howard County, is the location of Central College, established fifty years ago, and Glasgow, in the same county, is distinguished for the observatory work in connection with the Pritchett Institute. Carrollton is a flourishing trade center in Carroll County, and Eldorado Springs is a widely known health resort in Cedar County. West Plains is a growing market town in Howell County, one of the leading fruit districts of .4 fctuii nursery near Louisiana. Tins region is preeminently the county seat adapted to jnnt growing, and here are some oj the world's largest nurseries. south Missouri. AIDS FOR TEACHERS SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI (i) In what direction from Missouri are the nearest seaports? (2) Which lie nearest to northern Missouri, the coast ports or the Great Lakes ports ? To southern Missouri? (3) To what state of the Union is Missouri nearest in size? (4) Hew docs Missouri compare with Texas, the largest state? (5) How many states are smaller than Missouri? How many larger? (6) Describe the characteristic scenery of the section of the state in which you live. (7) Mention some topographic fea- tures that exist in your vicinity. (8) How Avoukl you find your way by a continuously u])-hill route from the Mississippi River to the highest part of the state ? (9) What is the highest altitude in the state, and where is it found? (10) Find the source of some large river that flows througli or near your county. Near what watershed does its source lie? (11) If you were asked to plan a railroad crossing your state from southern Illinois to Kansas, what route would you select to secure the easiest grade? Explain your selection. (12) Can you give any physiographic reason why rail- roads should be fewer in the southern than in the northern part of the state? (13) What states eon- tribute water to swell the volume of the navigable streams of Missouri? (14) Find a place in Missouri from whence a row-boat might reach the Mississippi River by passing through three other states and territories. (15) Find in Fig. 8 a group of counties in which you would expect rocky bluffs to be entirely lacking. Tell why. (16) If you were to sink a deep well near Joplin, what kind of rock w-ould you expect to meet? (17) What kind near St. Joseph? (18) If all mantle rock were stripped from the state, where would you expect to find the greatest elevations remaining? Why? (19) In what portion of the state would you find the more rugged scenery ? Why? (20) What is the traditional explanation of the lowlands in the south- eastern part of the state? (21) After looking at Fig. 14, from what direction would you expect the rain- laden winds to come? (22) In what part of the state would you think the greatest number of sunshiny days would be recorded? (23) Is it possible to tell from Fig. 14 where snowstorms are most frequent? (24) Can you see in Fig. 4 a possible explanation of the southward bend of the 56° isotherm in Fig. 14? Of the similar bend in the 52° isotherm? (25) Where would you expect, after looking at Fig. 14, to find the most luxuriant plant growth of wild varieties? Why? . (26) From what is said of animal life in the southern part of the state, what would you infer as to the density of popiilation there? (27) In what way does the State Fish Commission aid the extension of fish- erics? (28) Name some famous tribes of the Siouan family living farther north than Missouri. (29) What has become of the Indian tribes that formerly had homes in the present limits of Missouri? (30) Why were the early fur traders and missionaries interested in the location of Indian tribes? (31) For what pur- pose did De Soto enter the region of the lower Missis- sippi? (32) For what purpose did Marquette descend the Mississippi River? {^i) What nation might prop- erly have disputed French sovereignty in the Missis- sippi Valley? (34) Why were the first settlements located on the Mississippi rather than farther west- ward? (35) After 1763 was French or Spanish the language of Missouri? (36) About when did English begin to be the common language of Missoui-i? (37) With what state besides Missouri is Boone's fame connected? (38) Indicate the extent of the Louisiana cession of 1803. (39) Why was the Santa Fe trail important? (40) Suggest a possible reason why Mis- sourians were interested in the capture of Santa Fe especially. (41) What is meant by "slavery"? By "a slave state"? (42) Find in Fig. 4 a possible explanation of the presence of alluvial soil in south- eastern Missouri as shown in Fig. 18. (43) After examining Figs. 7, 18, and 27, what conclusion would you reach as to the productiveness of glacial soils? (44) What coincidence as to climate and corn-growing can you observe on comparison of Fig. 14 and Fig. 30? (45) "what coincidence as to physiography and wheat growing do you detect in Fig. 2 1 ? (46) Why does not cotton figure among the important crops of Missouri? (47) Where in Missouri are vegetables most largely grown ? (48) After examining the maps and diagram showing crops, which would you think most likely to be the principal crop of Missouri ? (49) What conclusion can you draw from certain figures as to whether the plateau country of Missouri is good for fruit grow- ing? (50) What are the principal fruits marketed from your part of the state? (51) Why are hogs raised in exceptionally large numbers in northern Missouri? (52) What becomes of the hogs not slaughtered on the farms where they are raised? (53) To what part of the Union are Missouri mules most largely shipped? (54) How does Missouri rank as a dairying state? (55) What proportion of its people are engaged in agriculture? (56) What state approaches nearest to Missouri as a poultry state? (57) For what purposes besides food ai'e eggs used in commerce? (.s8) Com- paring Fig. 37 with Fig. 4, can you see any relation between the metalliferous districts and the elevated region ? Can you suggest any theory to account for it ? [vii] Vlll AIDS FOR TEACHERS (59) Name three towns whose prosperity depends chiefly on mining industry (60) For what commercial purpose is zinc used? (61) Are the lead and zinc of Missouri chiefly used within the state? (62) What is meant by a " smeltery " for iron? (63) What can you tell of the production of gold and silver in Missouri? (64) Where in the Mississippi basin outside of Missouri is copper mined? (65) Is Missouri coal of the anthra- cite or bituminous variety ? (66) Why does Missouri coal find its chief markets west of the state rather than to the eastward ? (67) Why are towns near coal mines considered good places to locate factories ? (68) From what regions would the tobacco manufacturing indus- tries of St. Louis be most likely to draw their supplies? (69) Find on page 12 some reason why Springfield should have riour-milling industries. (70) Can you draw any conclusion from Fig. 28 as to the best loca- tion in Missouri for pork-packing plants? (71) Name one or more city industries that would be likely to exist in the center of a fruit-growing region. Of a cattle-raising region. Of a wheat-growing region. (72) Where would be the best place to locate a wagon- making establishment? (73) What advantages do steamboat men have over railroad men in competing for freight traffic? (74) What advantages do railroad men have over steamboat men in such competition ? (75) What method of transportation is most important to the state as a whole? Why? (76) Why are railroads necessary especially in a region having mineral resources? (77) Explain why banks are "necessary factors" in industrial life. (78) What is the difference between a state and a national bank? (79) Why should the governor or any other official possess the power to pardon ? (80) To whom would a city appeal for aid if its own police were unable to keep peace? What might then be done to enforce quiet and order? (81) Why is the State Board of Equalization important? (82) If you should have $1,000 taxable property, about how much would you have to pay the state each year in taxes? (83) Where does the monej- comc from that pays for the maintenance of your school? (84) Does your school benefit from the permanent school fund? (85) What is meant by a " county seat " ? (86) Name some right or privilege that is conferred upon you by the state constitution. (87) Can the General Assembly pass a law that will take that right away from you ? (88) If for any reason you should want some new law passed, on whom would you depend for its presentation in the General Assembly? Why? (89) What need is there of state courts when the General Assembly makes the laws and civil officials are provided to enforce them? (90) Why should Missouri have sixteen Congressmen rather than ten or twenty? (qi) Where do Congressmen go in order to do law-making work? Why do they not do their work at Jefferson City, as do members of the General Assembly? (92) Why is it necessary- to maintain penal instittitions? (93) Why should the state maintain a home for the feeble-minded? (94) How does it happen that Mis- souri has a home for Federal Soldiers and one for Confederate Soldiers also? (95) How does Missouri compare with other states in its percentage of illiter- acy ? (96) Why does the state maintain normal schools ? (97) Tell something that " Mark Twain " has written about Missouri scenes or about persons supposed to live in Missouri. (98) Repeat a stanza from some one of Eugene Field's poems. (99) Name one of the widely known newspapers of Missouri. (100) Explain why the situation of St. Louis "offered excellent facilitii'S for the development of trade." (loi) Why is the Eads Bridge famous all over the world? (102) Explain why the presence of the state line prevents the con- solidation of the two Kansas City municipalities. (103) How is the prosperity of a town helped bj- the centering of railroad lines there? (104) What is meant by the statement that certain towns have a "jobbing" trade or business? (105) What is meant by saying that a city is a "market for a large agricultural region"? SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING Barnard, Government of Missouri. Carr, Missouri, a Bone of Contention. Chittenden, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River. Vol. 2. Coues, History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark to the Source of the Alissouri. Davis and Durrie. Illustrated History of Missouri. Evans, Confederate Military History. Vol. g. Greenwood, Life of Lewis Fields Linn. Hogan, On the Missions in Missouri, i8^y-68. HoUister and Norman, Five Famous Missourians. Jesse and Allen. Missouri Literature . King, Stories of a Country Doctor. Leftwich, Martyrdom in Missouri. MacNamara. History of Missouri. (For Priman,' Grade.) Missouri Geological Survey, Annual Reports. Missouri Historical Society (St. Louis), Publications. Moore, Civil War in Missouri. Musick, Stories of Missouri. Owen, Cave Regions of the Ozarks and the Black Hills. Owen, Voodoo Talcs (Negro folklore.) Parker, Missouri as It Is in iS6y. Rader. School History of Missouri. Rice. Rural Rhymes. Roosevelt, Life of Thomas H. Benton. Snead, The Fight for Missouri. Sncddy, Missouri Verses. State Historical Society of Missouri (Columbia, Mo). Publications. Switzler, Illustrated History of Missouri. Webb. Battles and Biographies of Missouri. Williams, Tlie State of Missouri. REFERENCE TABLES ORGANI- COUNTY 2ATION Adair 1841 Andrew 1841 Atchison 1845 Audrain 1836 Barry 1835 Barton 1855 Bates 1841 Benton 1835 Bollinger 1851 Boone 1820 Buchanan 1839 Butler 1849 Caldwell 1836 Callaway 1820 Camden 1841 Cape Girardeau 1 8 1 2 Carroll 1833 Carter 1859 Cass 1835 Cedar 1845 Chariton 1820 Christian 1 860 Clark 1818 Clay 1822 Clinton 1833 Cole 1820 Cooper 1 81 8 Crawford 1829 Dade 1841 Dallas 1844 Daviess 1836 Dekalb... 184S Dent 1851 Douglas 1857 Dunklin 1845 Franklin 1818 Gasconade 1820 Gentry 1841 Greene 1833 Grundy 1 843 Harrison 1845 Henry 1834 Hickory 1845 Holt 1841 Howard j8i6 Howell 1857 Iron 1857 Jackson 1826 Jasper . . . 1841 Jefferson 1818 Johnson 1834 Knox 184s Laclede 1849 Lafayette 1820 Lawrence 1 845 Lewis 1833 Lincoln 1818 Linn 1837 Livingston 1837 McDonald 1849 Macon 1837 Madison 181 8 Maries 1855 Marion 1826 Mercer 1845 Miller 1837 Mississippi 1845 Moniteau 1845 Monroe 1831 Montgomery 1818 Morgan 1833 New Madrid 181 2 Newton 1838 Nodaway 1845 Oregon 1845 Osage 1841 Ozark 1 841 Pemiscot 1861 Perry 1820 Statistics of the State of : I goo l8yo S6. 21,728 17.417 420 17.332 16,000 532 16.501 15.533 6S0 21,160 22,074 7 go 25.532 22.943 5go 18.253 18.504 874 30.141 32.223 820 16 556 14 973 bio 14.650 13. 121 680 28.642 26.043 417 121.838 70.100 702 16,769 10.164 426 16,656 15 152 830 25.984 25.131 702 13.113 10.040 S70 24.315 22.060 686 26,455 25.742 506 6,706 4.659 712 23,636 23.301 491 16,923 15.620 740 26,826 26,254 55' 16.939 14.017 504 15.383 15.126 407 18,903 I9.8s6 417 17.363 17.138 390 20,5-8 17.281 562 22,532 22,707 747 12,959 I i,g6i 403 18,125 17.526 530 13.903 12.647 S3I 21.32s 20.456 420 I4.41S 14.539 768 I2,g86 12.149 809 16.802 14.1 1 I 531 21,706 15.08s 880 30.581 28.056 5.8 l2.2gS I 1,706 492 20.554 ig.oi8 668 52,713 48,016 432 17.832 17.876 730 24.39S 21,033 740 28,054 28.235 408 9,985 9.453 460 17.083 15.469 450 1S.337 17.371 907 21.834 18.618 5SS S,7i6 9. 119 607 195,193 160.510 632 84,018 50.500 687 25,712 22.484 835 27.843 28.132 504 13.479 13. SOI 729 16.523 14.701 604 31.679 30,184 612 31.662 26,228 500 16,724 15.935 613 18,352 18,346 620 25.503 24,121 532 22,302 20,668 523 13,574 11,283 S28 33,018 30,575 495 9.975 0,268 530 9,616 8,600 432 26,331 26 233 451 14,706 14,581 597 15,187 14,162 417 11.837 10.134 4T0 15.931 15.630 666 19,716 20.7go 514 16,571 16.850 6l2 12,175 12.31 I 6S4 11.280 0,317 629 27,001 22,108 864 32.938 30,014 787 13.906 10,467 605 14.096 13,080 747 12.145 9,705 S09 12. 115 5.975 46S 15.134 13.237 Missouri, by Counties. Census of 1900. FARM PROPERTV INC. LIVE STOCIi $ 9.368.966 15.024.567 29.85S.169 14.096,554 S,oS,S,874 10,014,226 26,714,350 6,369,051 3,066,799 12,846,915 15,307,086 1,786,241 12,581,766 1 1,554,209 2 600,132 9,17 1. 481 17,193.925 655,506 26,276.332 5,802.549 16,245,537 4.742.767 10,579,714 12,472,083 12.,S4S,820 5.3-4.S53 13.501.315 _, 5.830,891 6,884,541 3.138.788 14.856,03s 12.330.142 2,619.501 2.694,100 3,604,564 12,815,983 5,017,012 12,615,716 I 1,971,312 10 189,230 16,412,733 13,516,508 3,224,739 13,943.962 10.183,366 5.662.398 1.343,326 28,667,348 12,943,248 8,01 2,lSl 15,372 688 10,363,220 2,705,554 19,620,452 10,206,081 9.060,054 9,140,621 14,093,253 13,456,178 2,926,105 13,004,237 1,984,518 2,468,476 9,286.831 8.095,398 3,635,452 6,373,797 7,671,913 13,306.218 7,962. g46 5,264.420 3,514.129 7 396.427 30.1 22,17** 2,461.781 5.550,613 1.709.698 1,923,350 5,878,980 F.\RM PRODUCTS 81,299,620 2,176.975 3.047 .oSO 1,818,251 1,287.1 12 1.370.958 2,526,970 1.045.950 753.025 2.060,652 2,006.522 471.128 1.893.398 2,117,039 619,447 1,409,527 2,519,153 198,508 ^2, 488,520 I, on ,630 2,257,662 994. 44S 1,405.1 1 1 1,788,656 2,009,790 962.301 2.054.969 600,61 1 1.218,612 618,175 2.126.973 1,750,893 616,2 32 587.468 1,593.546 2.245.167 848,630 1.9S7.074 2.124,590 1.493.275 2,267,862 2.006,257 545.875 1,955,506 1,658,006 904.782 302,724 3,532,744 1,968.272 1.434.679 2,294,902 1,449.634 81 2,225 2,694,706 1 .699,616 1 .248.094 1 .605.242 1.039.038 1.-08,486 726,173 1 .044,626 409 ICS 515,647 1,462.1 21 1.627.199 7 10.086 721.868 1.219.S89 2,050,964 1. 186. 344 927.731 692.659 1,329,324 4.467.335 575.298 946.236 431,341 570.329 1,074,430 ^'^.'^^f - COUXTV SEAT ''°''^'"^'°^' TLRES 1900 S 452,286 Kirks\alle 5.966 264,041 Savannali i,S86 153,190 Rockport i.oSo 562.122 Mexico 5. 099 451,872 Cassville 702 200,079 Lamar 2.737 566,623 Butler 3.153 133.215 Warsaw 743 180,616 Marble Hill 295 559,290 Columbia S.6si 42,467,681 St. Joseph 102,979 1,036,307 Poplar Bluff 4.321 410.516 Kingston 655 393.532 Fulton 4.883 1 1 ^.847 Linn Creek 34a 1. 4 14.1 21 Jackson 1.65S 474,172 Carrollton 3.S54 1,270.276 Van Buren 287,560 Harrison\-ille 1.S44 215 ,940 Stockton 555 41 2.481 Keytesville 1,127 190,757 Ozark S30 262.482 Kahoka i,8iS 400,880 Liberty 2.407 269,646 Plattsburg 1.S7S 3.514,143 Jefferson City. . . . 9,664 676.260 Boonville 4.377 127.804 Steelville 686 303,1 12 Greenfield 1,406 i3<;.6i4 Buffalo 757 280.069 Gallatin 1.780 124,246 Maysville 925 423.377 Salem 1.481 125,759 Ava 812,358 Kennett 1.500 1.089,401 Union 744 288. S20 Hermann i,575 353.733 Albany 2,025 5,020.119 Springfield 23.267 524.112 Trenton 5.396 338,990 Bethany 2.093 613,556 Clinton 5,061 S6.570 Hermitage 359.421 Oregon 1.032 447.460 Fayette 2,717 430.251 West Plains 2,902 492.911 Ironton 797 37.827.40 s Independence 6,974 5.461 .yi 3 Carthage 9,416 2.896.996 Hillsboro 254 509. 7S9 Warrensburg 4.724 133.657 Edina 1.605 165.182 Lebanon 2,125 993.430 Lexington 4.190 962,106 Mount Vernon. . . . 1,206 202.738 Monticello 287 306,489 Troy 1.153 729,562 Linneus S78 729,665 Chillicothe 6,905 289.739 Pineville 522,132 Macon 4.068 469,671 Fredericktown i,577 6;;. 242 Vienna 3.178,255 PalmvTa 2,323 141,42s Princeton J. 575 148.701 Tuscumbia 225 482,409 Charleston 1.S93 336.827 CaHlomia 2.1 Si 188.070 Paris 1.397 242,999 Danville 174 65.999 Versailles 1.240 561,608 New Madrid 1.4S9 749,900 Neosho 2,725 606,711 Maryville 4.577 227.91 1 Alton 468 260,897 Linn. 491 143.312 Gainesville 222 718,138 Caruthersville. . . . 2.315 251,922 Perryville 1.27s [i>^: REFERENCE TABLES „„,,,T^,. ORGANI- COUNT. ZATIOX Pettis 1S33 Phelps 1S57 Pike 1S18 Platte 1838 Polk 1835 Pulaski 1818 Putnam 1S45 Ralls 1820 Randolph 1S29 Ray 1S20 Reynolds 1845 Riplev 185 ? St. Charles 181 2 St. Clair 1S41 Ste . Genevieve 1 S 1 2 St. Frangois 1821 St. Louis 1S12 St. Louis City 1876 &tline 1820 Schuyler 1845 Scotland 1S41 Scott 1S21 Shannon 1841 Shelby 1835 Stoddard 1835 Stone 1S51 Sullivan 1S45 Taney 1847 Texas 1835 Vernon 1S51 Warren 1833 Washington 1S13 Wayne 1818 Webster 1855 Worth i86r Wright 1S4.1 REA POPULATION FAR.M PROPERTY FARM MANUFAC- 1000 1890 I.NC. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS TURES 6S5 32.43S 3. .5. .4,872.232 2,237.849 1.699.163 677 14.. 94 12,636 3,210,906 627,215 227.750 620 25 744 26,32. .2,312,567 1,945,630 2,359,437 410 .6. .93 16,248 I2,76,S.640 1,845,3.5 346,948 633 23.25s 20,339 8,500,060 .,266,691 466,292 532 10.394 9,387 2,324,707 50S,.3. 1.3,365 5.8 1 6.688 I5.!6s 9,597,376 1,257,03. 183,153 480 12.287 12,294 8,830,142 1,347,589 .17,465 4S0 24.442 24.S03 9,SSS 539 .,222,136 ..098,309 SO. 24.S05 24,2.5 lS;0^6.8oi 2,375,463 244,396 S30 8. 161 6,803 .,446..S(.o 388,645 .39,682 623 J3.186 8,5.2 1,404,958 404, .26 382,381 456 24.474 22 977 1 1,854,008 1,800,226 3,375,06s 70s 17.007 16 747 7,025,401 1,206,036 215,428 493 10,350 0,883 3,473.160 682,21 1 438.209 460 24.051 .7,347 4. 321. 140 691,825 1.264.013 483 50,040 36,307 32,007,82s 3 173,535 1.441,463 6. 375,238 45. ,770 8,227,791 1,622,169 233,620,73? S20 33,703 33,762 21,841,277 3,023 36S 800.021 302 10,840 11,249 6,489,765 9.3,861 164.887 453 .3.232 12,674 10. 1 1 S.I 59 .,293,070 177,730 416 13,092 .1,228 5,332,814 942,152 463,46s 993 11,247 S.SoS .,55i,6i5 357,140 880,382 S09 16,167 15.642 10,087,016 1,533,439 202,881 S33 24,669 17,327 4,371,513 1,140,153 866.237 509 9,892 7,000 2,367,115 584.760 83.258 64S 20.282 10,000 13,031.671 1,777,578 157.24s 648 10. 1 27 7,073 2.040,465 458,650 103.587 ^5' 22,102 10,406 4,269 5S8 851,414 282,267 830 31,610 31,505 .3 772,724 2.056.500 1,210,973 4.0 0,919 9,913 S, 205,42s 8^1.036 118,880 744 14,263 .3, .53 3,481,74-' 677.756 222,796 770 .5,309 1..927 2,392,853 633.100 1,098,392 570 16.640 15, .77 4,308.603 823.329 211,004 264 9,832 8,738 6,491,437 1 .069.410 132,006 67? 17,510 14,484 3,306,600 665.326 201,191 COUXTY SEAT Sedalia Rolla Bowling Green. Platte City Bolivar Waynesville. . . , Union ville New London. . , Huntsville Richmond Centerville. . . . , Doniphan , St. Charles Osceola , Ste. Genevieve. Farmington. . . . Clayton Marshall. . . , Lancaster. . Memphis. . . Benton, . . . , Eminence. . Shelby ville. Bloomfield. Galena Milan , Forsyth Houston. . . , Nevada. . . . , Warrenton. Potosi Greenville. . Marshfield. . Grant Citv. Hartville.. . POPULATION I goo 15.231 1,600 . .. I1Q02 744 i,86g 2,050 881 1,80s 3.47S 1.508 7,g82 1.037 1.707 1.778 5,086 980 2.19s 234 777 I 47 5 1.757 204 S14 7.461 770 638 i.osi 964 1,406 445 The Population of Missouri at Each Federal Census. RELA- TIVE RANK PER- CENTAGE OF INCREASE INCREASE I.V TEX YEARS TOTAL POPULATION DENSITY PER SQ. MILE iSio 1820 1S30 1840 .850 1S60 1S70 1880 1890 1900 23 23 21 16 1 1 8 s 5 5 210.4 110.9 173-2 77.8 73,3 45.6 26.0 23.8 16.0 45,741 73.869 243,247 298,342 490,96s 539,283 447,085 5.0,804 427,481 20,84s 66,586 .40,455 383,702 682,044 1,182,012 1,721,295 2.168.380 2.679,184 3.106,665 0.3 I .0 2. 1 5-6 9 9 17.2 25.0 3.5 39 45.2 State or County of Birth of the Population of Missouri STATE NUMBER Illinois 179.342 Kentucky SS.241 Ohio 80.066 Indiana 70.519 Tennessee 64.972 Kansas 56.S37 Imva 52.575 Virginia 35,376 Pennsylvania 34,338 New York ^0,268 Arkansas 26 025 Nebraska 13,004 Wisconsin 11,012 North Carolina 10,105 Michigan 9,496 Texas 9,109 Mississippi 7 . . 2S West Virginia 6,153 Alabama 5,890 Maryland 5,869 Georgia 4,967 Louisiana 4,726 Massachusetts 4,638 Minnesota 3,692 New Jersey 3,542 Colorado 3,136 Indian Territor>'. . . . 2,802 California 2,282 Vermont 2,200 Maine 1,086 Other states 23.830 COUNTRY Germany . . . Ireland England Canada and Newfoundland Switzerland ' Russia Sweden Austria Italy Scotland Bohemia France Russian Poland Wales Denmark German Poland Hungary Belgium Netherlands Norway China Austrian Poland Mexico Australia South America Roumania West Indies Central America Turkey Greece Other regions NUMBER 109.282 31.832 15,666 8.616 6.819 6,672 5,692 4.458 4.34; 3.S78 3.453 3.288 1. 668 1.613 1,5.0 1,476 902 864 812 S30 442 364 162 144 123 ..5 loi 99 88 66 1,299 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Missouri at Each Federal Census from 1850 to 1900. St. Louis Kansas City.. . . St. Joseph Jopiin Springfield Sedalia Hannibal Jefferson City. . Carthage Webb City Moberly St. Charles Nevada. ....... Indcjiendence.. . Chillicothe Aurora Kirks\'ille Columbia De Soto Brookfield Trenton Louisiana Mexico Marshall Clinton Fulton Cape Girardeau Warrensburg. . . Mary ville Carterville Boon ville Poplar Bluff... . Lexington Macon Rich Hill Carrollton Richmond Butler Monett Washington . . . Cameron West Plains . . . Higginsville . . . Lamar Neosho Fayette 575,238 163,7 102.979 26.023 23,267 15,23. 12,780 9,664 9,4.6 9,20. 8,0.2 7,982 7,46. 6,974 6,905 6,191 5,966 5,651 5,611 5,484 5,396 5,13. S,099 S,o86 S,o6i 4,883 4,8.5 4,724 4.577 4.445 4,377 4,32. 4,190 4,068 4,053 3,8S4 3,478 3,158 3,i.S 3,oiS 2,070 2,902 2,79. 2,737 2,725 2,717 1890 451,770 .32,716 52,324 9,943 21,850 14.068 12.857 6.742 7.981 5,043 8,215 6,161 7,262 6,380 S.Til 3,482 3,510 4,000 3,960 4,547 S,039 5,090 4,780 4,297 4,737 4,3.4 4,207 4,706 4,037 2,884 4,14. 2,187 4,537 3,371 4,008 3,878 2 89 s 2,812 1,699 2,725 2,9.7 2,091 2,342 2,860 2,198 2,247 350,518 55,785 32,43. 7,038 6,522 9,561 11,074 5,271 4,167 1,588 6,070 5,014 1,9.3 3, .46 4.078 2,314 3,326 1,989 2,264 3,312 4,325 3,835 2,701 2,868 2,400 3,889 4,049 3,485 483 3,8S4 79. 3,996 3,046 2,313 1,424 2,162 2,421 2.109 351 797 007 1,631 1,247 1870 310,864 32,260 .9,565 5,555 4,560 .0,125 4,420 1,514 5,570 3,184 3,9-8 1,47 2,236 402 920 3.639 2.602 640 1,585 3.58s 2,945 1,682 3.506 4,373 3,678 1,832 1,218 1,064 1,428 .30 1,6. 1 875 815 .60.77 4,4.8 8,932 6,505 .,553 3,. 64 994 658 1,414 61 2,436 960 2.663 2,596 4,122 837 738 615 673 647 77,860 .,498 651 2,326 2,698 REFERENCE TABLES XI JO 40 so bo ;o So 00 loo no no Fig. 73. Value of agriculitirat products ill millions of dol- lars, census of igoo. Value of Agricultural Products of Missouri, Relative Rank of State in Production, and Leading County. Census of 1900. PRODUCT Corn Hay and forage Dairv products Wheat Poultry Eggs Oats Orchard products. . . . Potatoes Berries Cotton Wool Sorghum products. . . Flaxseed Sweet potatoes Clover and grass seed Honey and wax . . . - Vine products Tobacco Broom com Onions Rye Beans Peas Castor beans Nuts Kafir com Buckwheat Barley Peanuts Maple syrup Maple sugar RANK OF STATE 6 S 6 14 7 ?. S 16 3 .?.5 14 VALVE OF PRODUCT S61.346 20.467 1.5.042 1,1.520 o,.';25 8. .lis 4.66q 2.044 2.756 1.050 904, S22 660 519 424 42.? 348, 314. 2IS i5g .501 360 ,01 2 252 ,7 I ,185 6g5 .811 S7I 6. '4 930 470 ,604 S07 99 I gSS 877 ,192 ,850 .701 .177 Ss8 .S36 .079 .232 .407 ,271 ,2SS LEADING COUNTY Nodaway. Sullivan. St. Louis City. Franklin. Nodaway. Franklin. Nodaway. St. Louis. St. Louis. St. Louis. Dunklin. Monroe, Johnson. Bates. St. Louis. Knox. Macon. St. Louis. Chariton. Henry. St. Charles. Clark. Clark. Howell. Vernon. Henry. Bates. Clark. Nodaway. Oregon. Boone. Madison, Live Stock Owned in Missouri, 1900. RAXK OF STATE VALUE LEADIMG COUNTY Cattle . . 6 6 2 iS 3 5 3 S75.656.S07 42.094.814 15.482,282 3.350,846 16.5.^3.935 508,217 5.720,359 Nodaway. Horses Mules. . . Sheep Swine . . . Nodaway. Bees Chickens . 1 Nodaway. 1 Mercer. Turkeys \ Ducks 1 Stoddard. Pir cent All occupations _ AgrU-liltine Trattsf'ortctticn and trade _ _ Maniifactnyes ^ . Domestic and per- sonal service Professional service jVi imng _ Fig. 74. Proportion of persons engaged in each class of occupation in Missouri, census of igoo. The Manufacturing Cities of Missouri and Facts about their Industrial Plants. Census of 1900. St. Louis Kansas City. . . St. Joseph Springfield Jefteison City. . St. Charles . . . . Hannibal Joplin Sedalia Carthage Nevada Moberly Louisiana Independence , . Cape Girardeau Chillicothe Boonville Trenton Webb City Mexico Clinton Maryville Brookfield Carrollton Rich Hill NUMBER OF ESTAB- LISHMENTS NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS 6,732 1.797 440 245 99 75 172 123 131 04 81 •S4 75 64 97 86 42 84 62 69 64 48 82,672 IS.3S1 7.429 2,1 27 455 1.275 1,420 951 1.098 523 403 766 319 220 2S2 2go 203 252 164 104 172 155 WAGES PAID ^38, 191, 076 7.783,652 3,109,647 I 017.345 169,124 601 ,987 61 1,859 516,080 463,787 217,237 190,232 353.641 90.531 100,982 105,000 114.007 89,426 113. S08 79.294 68,230 69,09«j 66,789 89,698 41.445 42.659 VALUE OF PRODUCTS $233,629,733 36,527.392 31,690,736 4,126,871 3.361,998 3.145,662 3.025,340 2,061,793 1.500.326 1,176,981 1,046,616 950,664 908,088 886,354 612,259 608,767 473,455 459.748 425.763 415.B94 372,194 333. S83 329.889 311. 36S 255.132 JO ^0 JO 60 70 So "^^ "oo Fig. 75. Proportion of foreign born of each leading nationality in Missouri, census of igoo. The State and Territorial Governors of Missouri from 1805 to 1906. TERRITORIAL TERM Gen. James Wilkinson 1805-1806 Capt. Meriwether Lewis 1807-1S09 Gen. Beniamin Howard 1809-1S12 Frederick Bates (appointed) 1812-1813 William Clark 1813-1S20 Alexander McNair 1820-1S24 Frederick Bates 1824-1825 Abraham J. Williams (President Senate) 1825- John Miller 1825-1832 Daniel Dunkin 1832-1836 Lilburn W. Boggs 1836-1840 Thomas Reynolds 1840-1S44 M. M. Marmaduke (Lieutenant-Governnr) 1844- lohn C. Edwaids 1844-184S Austin A. King 184S-1852 Steriing Price 1852-1856 Trusten Polk 1S56-1S57 Hancock Jackson (Lieutenant-Governor) 1S57- Robert M Stewart 1S57-1S60 Claiborne F. Jackson 1860-1861 Hamilton R. Gamble (Provi.sional) 1S61-1S64 Willaid P. Hall (Lieutenant-Governor) 1864- Thoni.-is C, Fletcher 1864-186S Joseph W. McClurg : 186S-1870 B. Gratz Brown 1S70-1872 Silas Woodson 1S72-1S74 Charles H. Hardin 1874-1876 Tohn S. Phelps 1876-1880 Thomas T. Crittenden 1880-1884 John S. Marmaduke 1SS4-1887 Albert P. Moorehouse (Lieutenant-Governor) 1S87-1888 David R Francis 188S-1892 Wm. J. Stune 1892-1S96 Lon V. Stephens 1896-1900 Alex M. Dockerv 1900-1904 Joseph W. Folk 1904- THE INDEX The figures iucloscd in parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pages; heavier type is used for the more important reference Agriculture, ii, 12; (F-g. 74), xi. Altitude, V American School of Osteopathy, 30. Angora goats, 14, prize (Fig. 33), 17- Animal life, 8. Apple orchard (Fig. 22), 13. Apples, I i. Arkansas River, 4, 5, 9. Art, 24. Attorney-General, 21, 23. Aurora, 30; mining scene at (Fig. 35). iS. Baird College, 31. Banks, ig. Barley, 1 :. Baryta, .',2. Bed rock, 5, 6; distribution of (FiK. S). (1. Benton, T. H. 10; portrait of (Pig. i(t) 10. Bevier, iS. Bingham. G. C, 24. Black River, ^2 Blackberries, i j, Blees Military Academy, 32. Blind, School for, 22. Boone, Daniel, 10. Boonville, 22, 32. Boots, iS, It). Brick and tile, ig. Brookfield, 31. Broomcorn, 1 2. Cape Girardeau, 23^ 24, 31. Carondelet, q. Carriages and wagons, 19. Carrollton, ^2. Carterville, 32. Carthage, 2g. Cattle, 14. Cedar Gap Plateau, 3. Cement, 10, 20, 31. Central College, 24, 32. Chariton River, 4. Chickens, 1 5. Chillicothe, 22, 30. Chouteau, Auguste, 25. 27. Christian Brothers College, 24. Cities, Growth and development of 25-32. Clay, =;, 7, 8; working plant (Fig. Clemens, S. L. (Mark Twain), 24. 2g; and his old home (Fig. 67) 30; home of Huckleberry Finn (Fig. OS), 30. Climate, 8. Clinton, 31. Clothing, !o. Clover seed, i2. Coal, 15. 17, 18, 30, 31, 32; dis- tribution of (Fig. 37), iS- Columbia, 2 1, 30. Confederate Soldiers' Home, 2v Congressional districts (Fig. 48). Constable, 22. Copper, 17. Corn, 12; production of (Fig. 20), I 2. Courts, 22. Cuivre River, 4. Dairying, 15, Deaf and Dumb, School for, 2',. De Soto, 31, De Soto's expedition, g. Disseminated ore, 16. Doniphan, Alexander W., 11 ■ por- trait ^.f (Fig, 17). 10. Drainage, 4, 5. Drury College, 24. 29. Ducks, 15. Eads Bridge, 27. Education, 23. Educational institutions, leading (Fig. 51 ) 2 ; Edwards, Governor, n. Eldorado Springs, ^2. Excelsior Springs, ?2. Explorations and settlements (Fi'^ 15). g. Fabius River, 4. Farm products, 12, value of (Fig. 27). 15; scene (Fig. ig), 11. Farmington, 25. Fayette, 24. :i2. Federal Soldiers' Home, 23. Field, Eugene, 24. Fisheries, <>. Flax. 12 Flint, 7 Flouring and grist-mill products. I . Foundry and machine-shop pro- ducts, ig. Fox River, 4. Fruit, 13, 2Q .12; value of. i^. (Fig. 2f>), -4. Fruit Experiment Station, 14. Fulton, 23. 24. 31. Gasconade River, 4. Geese, 1 5 . Glasgow. 32. Glass, ig. Governor, 20, 23. Grand River, 4. Granite area, 6; in the (Fig. 9), 7. Grapes, i i- Grass seed, 12. Hannibal, 29; view of (Fig. '66) Hardin College, ^^. Hay, 12; production of (Fig. 23). 1 ^■ Higginsville, 23. History, 9, 10. Hogs, 14; distribution of (Fig. 28). 15: in pasture (Fig. 31), 16. Honey, i 5 Horses, 14; distribution of (Fiij. 20), 16; scene at horse market (Fik'. ^o) 16. Horticulture, 12, 13. Huntsville. iS. Independence, 30. Indians, q. Insane, State Hospitals for, 2^, 30. 31. Iron, 17. 32- Iron Mountain, 6, 17. Ironton, 6. Jefferson City, 10. 22, 21, 2->; StaU' Capitol (Fig. 65). 29. Joliet, Louis, g. Joplin, 29. Kansas City, 4, iS, 19, 2.^, 27, 28, 30. Ele\'enlh Street (Fig. in). 2S; map of (Fig. 62), 28; Per- gola on the Paseo (Fig. 63), 28 Kansas River, 27. Kearney, General, 11. Kirksville, 2^. 30. Laclede, Pierre, 2^. La Salle, <> La Mine Moreau River, 4. Lead, 9, is, 16, 17, 29, 30, 32; distribution of (Fig. 37), 18. Lexington, iS, 32. Liberty, 24. 32. Lieutenant-G'Overnor, 20. Lime, 10. Lime works (Fig. 3S), ig. Limestone area, 6, 7, 30; view of (Fig. 10), 7. Lincoln Institute, 23. Literature, 24. Live stock, 14, 28, 29, 31. 32; farm (Fig. 32), 17. Location, i. Loess, 6, 1^. Louisiana, 31; view of (Fig, 70), \ I - Louisiana Purchase, to. 27. Expo- sition, 37. Lumber and timber, 19, 32. McNair, Alexander, 10. Macon, 32. Malt liquors, ig. Mantle rock, 5; distribution of (Fig, -;, 6. Manufacturing, 18, 19; growth oi (Fig. 42), 20; value of (Fig, 43). 20 : \-ahie of special products (FiK 44). 20, Marquette, Pere, g. Marshall, 2 ^, 24, 31. Maryville. 23. 32. Meat-packing and slaughtering, M),2,S 20- Mendota, iS, Meramec River, s ; scene on (Fig. 71 ). 12, Mexican War, 11. Mexico, u Mexico MiUtary Academy, 31. Mine m lead and zinc district (Fig. ^6). iS. Mine la Motte, o- Mineral resources, 15-18. Mining scene (Fig. 35), iS. Mississippi River, i, 3, 4, 5, 8, 0, 10. n). 27, 29, 31 : steamboat on (Fig, 47). 21. Missouri Colony for Feeble Minded; Missouri Compromise Bill, 10. Missouri River, i, 3. 4, 5. S, g, 10. rg. 27, 2g, 30; revetment work in progress (Fig. 6>, 5. Missouri School for the Deaf, .u. Missouri Valley College, 24, 31. Moberly, 30. Mountain Grove, 13. Mules, 14; distribution of (Fig. 2g). 16. Native peoples, 9. Nevada, 2 i, 30. Nodaway River, 4. Normal Schools, 23, 30, 31, 32: First district (Fig. 53), 24; Second district (Fig. 52), 24; Third district (Fig. 54), 24. Novinger, iS. Oats, 12; production of (Fig. 25), 14. Osage River, 4. Ozark Border, 3, 4. Ozark Plateau, 3. 4, 13. 2g. Ozark region, 3, 7, 1 1, 15, 20 ; fr, rests of (Fig. 5). 5; granitL' area of (Fig. 9), 7', view in (Fig. 2), I. Park College, 24. Parkville, 24. Peaches, 13; packing.'for market (Fig. 24), 13; peach nurserv (Fig. 72). 32. Pearl buttons, g, 31. Penal institutions, 22. Pertle Springs, 52. Physical map (Fig. 4), 4. Pilot Knob, (.. 17. Platte Purchase, 10. Platte River, 4 Political map (Fig. 3), 2-3. Poplar Bluff, 32. Population, density of (Fig. 55). 25; distribution of urban (Fig. 56), 25: gain in, 25; proportion engaged in each class of occupa tions (Fig. 75),_xi; proportion of foreign born in each leading nationality (Fig. 73), xi. Potatoes, 12. Potosi, 12 Poultry, 15; larni (Fig. 34), 17. Printing and publishing, ro. Pritchett Institute, ^2. Prosecuting-Attorney, 22. Railroad Cars, ig; ties, loading. for shipment (Fig. 3g), 19. Railroads, rg, 27, 28, 50. Rainfall, 8; annual, at Keokuk, la. (Fig. 13). 8: at Springfield, Mo. (Fig. 12), 8; mean annual, and temperature of Missouri (Fig. 14), g. Relief map of Missouri (Fig. i), i Religion, 24. Rich Hill, is. 32. Robidoux, Joseph, 29. Rocks, 5-8. Rolla, 23. Rye, 12. St. Charles, to, 30. St. Francis River, 5. g. St. Francois Mountains, ^ 4: view of (Fig, 2). I. St. Ildefonso, treaty of, 10. St. James, 23. St. Joseph, 19 23, 28, 29; map of (I'lg. 04). 29; view of stock yards at (Figs. 41. 4^), 20 21 St. Louis, 4, 7, 9, lo, i8, lu. 22! ■?4. 25, 27; botanical garden (Fig. 59). 27; business di-^trict (Fig. 60), 27; map of (Fig. ^7). 26; water front (Fig. 5S), 2-. St. Louis University, 24.J St. Vincent's College, 24, 31. Ste. Genevieve, u. Salt River, 4. Sand-clay area, 6, 8; dredge at w^.rk (Fig. 40), ig; rock hills (Fig, 11), 8, Sandstone, ,. 7. School of Mines and Metallurgy, 2;; view of (Fig. 4g) 22. Secretary of State, 21, 23. Sedalia, 29. Settlements, earliest explorations and (Fig, 15), 9. Shale area, (., 7, Shaw's Garden (Missouri Botan- ical Garden), 27; view in (Fig. .sg), 27. Sheep, 14. Sheriff, 2 1. Shoes, IN. TO. Simmons Mountains, 17. Size, I. Soils, II, 12; distribution of (Fig. Spring River, 5, Springfield, kj. 2^, 24. 29. State Agricultural College, 15. State Auditor, 20 State Board of Education, 23. State Board of Equahzation, 20. State Charities, 22 State Dairy Association, 15. State Fish Commission, 9. State government, 19-22. State Horticultural Society, m. State Industrial Home for Girls, 22, 30. State Superintendent of Schools, 21. 21, State Training School for Boys, ' State Treasurer, 20. State University, 23, 37; main bmlding of (F'g. 69). 31; view ' >t ( Fig. %o), 22. Strawberries, 13. Sullivan, 1 7. Surface, i, Taum Sauk Mountain, 3. Temperature, 8; mean anniial, and rainfall (Fig. 14), g. Tobacco, 1 8, 10. Training School for Boys, 22, 32. Transportation, 19. Trenton, 31. Turkeys, 1 5. Warrensburg, 2^, 32. Washington University, 24, 27. Webb City. 30. West Plains, S2. Westminster College, 24. Wheat, 1 2 ; production of (Fig. White River, ^. William Jewell College, 24, 32. Zinc, 15, 16, 17, 29, 30, 32; dis- tribution of (Fig. 37), 18. SE? 24 1906 aaeoBi^mmmmmm LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Ilia llii III III I llll 014 571 353 5'