:«y^^^' •'^^^■ '■i^ ■% "%v^|^,. *?- -^^ * ^^' ^^ .:^-^ '^'S y/ <.^' "^^ -A -^^0^ «^, .**■ ^^ -^^^ <* ^oW . <-c^ '• o ^-., -e-^ 0- .'b'^^-. \ V, qV ^ « o , *'o ■0? ^. .r ^< <' "°.. o > -t^o^ - o 'o\ \ ■Jo I '^■"' -.'/l I -/ .■ - O ^ «, > ■■' ' •^. V* *. '.-'■1 •! <' <* "^0^ ,Ho^ V^ ^-. vv • » 1 • A *J ^^-t; A^ -^ y<« A '^^ .0' 0^ .>*■1><^J ,-^o V » HISTORY STATE OF MAIiXE; rROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY, A. D. 1602, TO THE SEPARATION, A. D TP^n INCLUSIVE. With an Appendix and General Index. Bt WILLIAM D^ WILLIAMSON, Correspond i II fj Member of llio Mass. Historical Society; and Member of Jlist Soc. in Maine A NEW IMPRESSION. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOIi. 1. lEjaiiomcll: GLAZIER, MASILRS osite to the main land ; bill in the Treaty of Sept 3, 1783 "all Islands within alnion fall is 26 miles ; and that part of the river, being only a large mill ''*^•■• stream, is called Salmon Fall river, from the abundance of salmon formerly taken from its waters. It is said, fishermen anciently, when slaiuliiig on the rocks, could spear them in great numbers, though not one hiis been seen there for an age past. ^Vithin the space of ten miles above Quampeagan are three waterfalls ; the upper are about die point where Berwick and Lebanon angle on the river, and are called tlie Stair falls. Four miles below arc the Gnat falls, where mills are worked with great profit and convenience. Not Air from these two falls, are the mouths of two inconsiderable streams. Little river and fFor- ccster^s river, both in Berwick. f Near tlie angle, (at the river,) between Old and South-Berwick, are Salmon falls, a mile and a half above Quampeagan, well covered with useful mills, and affording eligible places for machine- ry. Hereabouts are caught frost-fish and smelts in great plenty, and also some alewives. (Quampeagan falls are ripples or descents of a mile long, wash- ed by die tide neai-ly to their head ; and the river is navigable from the foot of diem, 14 miles to its mouUi. Against these, on the east side, empties the river Great-works or Chadbourn''s river, w.'i^ks livcr. * Piscataqua is of Indian origin, and means «' lijlit angles, f MS. Letter from Berwick. 22 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. which issues from Bonnebeag pond, a mile long and half a mile wide, in the northeast part of old Berwick, 30 miles from its Faii'f'"^'* mouth. In this river are Doughty^s falls, 5 miles from the pond, and others still greater a mile above its mouth. Here [in South- Berwick] were the celebrated mills of ancient days, erected by one Ledgors, who is said to have had 18 saws moved by one wheel ; which, however, required too much head of water to work them with advantage. Here also Mr. Chadbourn, a first settler, purchased lands of the natives in 1 643, and formed a noted stand and frontier. At Quampeagan, so called by the natives, (because fish were Great land- taken here with nets,) is the great landing place, whence immense quantities of lumber have been rafted or shipped to market ; and where are now many mills of different kinds. From Quampeagan to the junction of Cocheco, Oyster, Exe- ter and New-Market rivers, on the New-Hampshire side, a run wam.eck of four miles, the river is called JVewichawannock, and is suf- ficiently large to bear vessels of an hundred tons burthen near to the falls. Thence to the sea, 8 or 9 miles, the course is from S. Piscataqua. to S. E. and the river itself has the name of Piscataqua, com- modious for navigation and too salt and too rapid to freeze. Where the river changes its name from Newichawannock to creek*"" Piscataqua, on the eastern side, is Sturgeon creek. Lower down i^prnce on the same side, is Spruce creek, which makes up into Kittery, northeasterly around the point, three miles or more ; and here, in water two or three fathoms deep, is the harbour. On the N. and E. side of the channel, in proceeding to the sea, are Rising Castle, FurnaVs or JYavy, Seavey^s, Bager^s, Trefethin's, and Clark''s Islands, all which are small except Seavey's, which lies opposite Spruce creek and may be 3-4ths of a mile across either Navy way ; and Furnal's, or Navy Island of 58 acres, which has been purchased by the United States, at the cost of ^'5,500, for a ship-yard, in which several war ships have been already built. Gnrrish's Southcastwardly of Kittery point are GerrisK's and Cutis* Islands. Islands,* which are separated from the main by a very small strait only boatable, and which two together may contain an area equal to a league square ; poor and uninhabited, belonging to the town of Kittery. West of the former and north of Great Island is the Pool. * " Brave boat harbour," is N. E. of these Islands, next to the main. 6 Islands. Sect, ii.] of MAINE. 23 The celebrated Isles of Shoals, which are often mentioned and The Isles of . . . shoals. partially described in the succeeding History, he nine miles south- erly from the mouth of Piscataqua harbour, and are seven in number, — three (besides Anderson's rock,) on the west and four on the east side of the line ; the former belonging to New- Hampshire and the latter to Maine. Here is a good naval road with moorings ; where ships sometimes take shelter in bad weather. Formerly the inhabitants were engaged in the cod- fishery to great advantage ; and on one of the Islands, saltworks have been erected, which yielded salt of a most excellent quality for curing fish. The most conspicuous of them is Star Island, which forms giar hiand. the town of Gosport, and is on the New-Hampshire side of the line. It is 3-4ths of a mile long from N. W. to S. E. and half a mile wide ; and has a meeting-house fronting the west, painted white, with 12 feet walls and a steeple in the middle, about 30 feet in height. It may be seen 25 miles distant in almost any direction. It bears from the western Agamenticus south 1-2 east; — the buildings are on the north end of the Island. White Island* is a mass of rocks 3-4ths of a mile in length Whiie from N. W. to S. E. and is the southwesternmost one of the cluster. It is one mile and 3-4ths from Star Island meeting- house. In the tower of the lighthouse is a bell of 300lbs. tolled by machinery. The northernmost of all on the N. H. side is Londoner^ or i.nnfioner'* Lounging Island, which has rugged rocks projecting in every di- rection ; about half way between which and Star Island lies a rock, bare at low water. This Island is S-Sths of a mile in length, and one third of a mile from Star Island, and lies south- west of Hog Island. On the Maine side of the line are Duck Island, Hog Island, Smutty-nose Island, and Cedar Island. Duck Island, which is north of all the others, is an ill-shapen, j^j'J^^ low, rocky Island, the most dangerous one of the whole seven, as the rocks project on all sides, and from the N. W. part, a ledge runs off half a mile. It is 7-Sths of a mile in length from N. W. to S. E. and a league from Star Island meeting-house. Hog Island, at its east end, bears from the meeting-house N. Uog hiand. *Thc Lighthouse is 67 feet in height above iiigliwatcr mark, contiining 15 patent lamps with reflectors, on a revolving triangle. 24 THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. N. E., 7-8ths of a mile distant, and is about one mile in length from E. to W. ; and 5-8ths of a mile across. It is much the largest one of the seven. Smutty-nose South of Hog Island is Smutty-nose or Hayleifs Island, which or Hay ley's . . . ** t* Island. has an artificial dock, constructed with great labour and expense by Mr. Hayley, for the accommodation of fishing vessels. It is a mile long from E. to W. and nearly half a mile wide. It has a windmill on its northerly part, and Hayley's cove at the west end, where 15 or 20 small vessels may he safely from all winds, and where the buildings are situated. The east end of this Isl- and bears E. N. E. 5-8ths of a mile distant from the meeting- house. Cedar Isl- Cedar Island, one third of a mile in length from E. to W., and. small in territory, is situate between Star and Smutty-nose Isl- ands ; its east end bears E. l-4th N. 3-8ths of a mile distant from the meeting-house. Between this and the latter Island, the channel is crooked, and a rock Hes off the S. E. end.* Some- times vessels passing between Casco bay and Boston, run within side of these Islands. f York river. Over land from Spruce creek to Agamenticus or York river, the distance is only four miles ; whereas it is nearly as many leagues around by water to the mouth of that river, where it forms a good harbour. The river itself receives no considera- ble supply from its short fresh water stream above the head of the tide, and therefore is indebted to the ocean for its existence. Its length of flood-tide is seven miles ; its harbour, which is narrow and crooked at its entrance, can receive vessels of 200 tons bur- then. | Cape Ned- Along the coast, four miles distant, a part of which is a most beautiful beach of white sand, empties Cape JVeddock river, which is a stream flowing from the foot of Mount Agamen- ticus. It receives its waters from the sea ; has a bar of sand at its mouth, and is so small of itself as to be fordable at half tide * MS. Let. Hon. M. Dennet. ■j- It was on these Islands that the dunfcsh was cured in so celebrated a manner as to be known in Spain and other places in the Mediterranean. In 1745, a quintal of it would sell for a guinea, when other articles of food were low. The fish is caug-ht in the summer season, cured on the rocks by dfying- them slowly and very carefully without much salt. It was an art thought to be peculiar to the IsJe of Shoals, but is now known else- where. J Hon. D. Sewall. dock Sect, ii.] OF MAINE. 25 It is never navif^able more than a mile from the ocean at high water. On tlie :>oiith\vest of the river, and at the upjier end of Long-sands-bay, is the jVubble^ which is notliing more than a Nubble. small hillock. This Nubble is the nearest main land to Boon Island,* which is l-4th of a mile in length and six or seven miles distant, in a S. E. direction. It is an Island of rocks, and one league east from it, is Boon Island If'dgc, very dangerous. It is so low and Boon Island, small an Island, that sometimes in gales and storms, the waters drive the resident family to the second story of the Lighthouse.f Between Cape Neddock and the river Mousom, there arc no Islands except a few which are mere appendages of the main; but here we find the extensive salt marshes of Wells, the river JVegunkety anciently Oguntiquit, the first boundary between York and Wells ; and a few miles east of it the harbour of Wells, tol- * Upon this Island is a dwellinjliouse and a Lig-lilhouse. It is 5 or 6 leajiies S. E. from Ag^aiiicnlicus. jOn the 11th of Dec. 1710, tlie Nottinrrham Galley, of 120 tons burthen, with ten nriins and 14 men, under John Dcane, master, bound to Boston from London, was driven by a tremendous pale, accompanied with rain, hail and snow, upon Boon Island. It was in total darhuess wlicn their suf- ferings commenced there : — They being wet, cold, fatigued, and hungry — without shelter, light or food. In so dreadful a niglif, some soon died. The next day they could make no signal to bo noticed from the shore, and after a few days, two of them attempted to get to York on a raft, but they were drowned. Tiie best and only food of these forlorn sulferers, were shreds of a raw hide, a iew m'iscles and rockwecd. For several days they prayed frequently to God for relief, and treated each other with condolence and kindness. But through extreme famine, and distress, they thought upon the duty of preserving their lives, if possible, by eating some flesh of a wretched man whose body lay lifeless before their eyes. They deliberated, sighed, and cliose at last, this, as a less evil than death ; yet, having no fire, they were obliged to swallow it, loathsome as it was, raw. Their dispositions immediately underwent a total change; quarrels and profanity ensued; they viewed themselves forgotten of their Maker, and prayed to him no more. Such were these unhappy mariners, tbe most wretched objects of despair, when they were discovered and taken off, the 3d of January, 1711, emaciated to mere skeletons and unable to walk. In 1811, a Lighthouse was built there of stone, which cost the United States $2,59 J, and the next year the Island was ceded to that government, which pays tlie keeper $450 annually. Here he takes abundance of sea- fowl which furnishes him with food and feathers. Vol. I. S 26 THE WATERS AND COAST pNTRODUC. Mousom. Keiinebuuk liver. Cape Porpoise. Wood Island. Winter harbour. erable for small vessels, where they were oftentimes attacked in the Indian wars. The Mousom, formerly called Cape Porpoise river, or Magun- cook, which issues from ponds of that name in Shapleigh, 20 miles remote, turns several mills, but has no good harbour by na- ture. It is only two miles and a half from that of Wells' :* And, because the entrances into the harbours of this section were obstructed by sand bars,f a corporation under a Legislative act, passed June 29, 1792, stopped the natural course of the Mou- som, by a dam across it ; and thence opened a canal through a salt boggy marsh and a narrow beach to a cove of the sea. It is through this canal, twenty feet wide, seven deep and two hun- dred rods in length, the waters of the river now find their outlet. Two miles further east, and still west of Cape Porpoise, at the mouth of Kennehunk river, which is smaller than the Mou- som, is a good harbour for small vessels ; the river is the divid- ing line between Kennebunk and Kennebunk-port, [lately Arun- del,] and turns mills which have cut great quantities of lumber. The village of Kennebunk is 3 or 4 miles from the sea, on the the river Mousom. Cape Porpoise, which is seven leagues N. E. of Cape Neddock, is a difficult and narrow harbour, though safe from winds ; the entrance into which, an hundred yards from the sea, is between five Islands, three on the right and two on the left. There a vessel which draws ten feet will be aground at low water and can hardly turn on the flood. At the mouth of Kennebunk river har- bour are two piers, one on the eastern and the other on the west- ern side of the channel. Three leagues N. E. of Cape Porpoise is Wood Island, at the mouth of Saco river, 70 or 80 rods from the main land. The entrance into the harbour is on both sides of the Island ; at the westward however, there is a long bar of l-4th of a mile and some rocks ; and on the eastern side the water over the bar is only fourteen feet in depth at high tides. The celebrated place, called Winter Harbour,^ which is above Wood Island, is six ♦ Hon. N. Wells' description. f Depth of water on the bar, at low water, is only 2 or 3 feet : tides 8 or 9 feet. The ^^ fishing Rocks'''' lie off this harbour. \ So called after an ancient inhabitant there by the name of Winter. Sect, ii.] OF MAl^E. 27 miles below Saco bridge, and the head of the tide ; the place of anchonige is near Stage Island, on the Biddclbrd side. In the " Pool" vessels lie safely from all winds. This is without the bar, on the west side of Saco river, and is formed by a peninsula called Fletcher's neck and the main land. A short canal across would connect the Saco with the Pool. There is no channel between Wt)()(l and \cgro Islands. AVood Island, of 10 or 12 acres, is high even land, and cover- ed with trees. The United States erected a Lighthouse there L'ff''"oui'» ... . . "*=ck. projecting into the sea and forming a semi-globular mound, of some height, joined to the main land by a narrow isthmus. The Nonesuch enters the town from Saco on the south side, crossing Nonesuch. the line five miles from the sea, runs round Scottow's hill in the form of a circle, nearly to the east line of the town, and joins Dunston river near its mouth. Between this and Little river, on Saco line, in the southwest quarter of Scarborough, is Blue point „, and the highlands. Dunston and Nonesuch are both small ; the ° . . . ' Dunston. latter has nine bridges over it ; the former, being westward of the other, is the shorter and larger of the two and forms a difficult harbour for vessels of a small size. Outside of the bar are Steteji and Bluff Islands, south of the neck.f * At the mouth of the Saco are Gooseberry Island, Stage Island and Monument, Basket Island, Ram and Eagle Islands. •j- JRfi'. Js'alhan Tilton's J\1S. description of Scarborougk and a plan. The early grant to Henry Josselyn was confirmed in 1684, to Joshua Scot- tow and others, by President Danforth. But Josselyn married the widow Commock, and thus acquired a large estate at Black point, which, eitiier by the above conGrniation or otherwise, became Scottow's. The " Jilillt- ken claim" arose from sio Indian purchase by tlie illgers. 30 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. Falmouth. The ancient Falmouth'*' the next plantation to Scarborough, eastward, was originally eight miles wide, in a straight line on the seaboard of Casco bay, and embraced the present towns of Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Portland and what is now Falmouth. We propose to describe ^r^^ the Coast, and second the Bay. Upon the Coast, the town of Cape-Elizabeth, from the mouth Purpoo- Qf Spurvvink south, to the utmost extreme of Purpooduck north, is eight miles, as the shore runs, and from two to three miles wide. On its easterly side are two noted projections of land ; Cape Eliza- one is Cape Elizabeth, at the southwesterly limit and site of Cas- CO bay, four miles from the mouth of Spurwink river, on which head^"'^" ^^ ^ Pyramid of stone ; the other is Portland-head, two miles farther north, opposite to the entrance into the sound. On this head is Portland Lighthouse, in lat. 43^ 39 and long. 70" 3 , — an edifice of stone 72 feet in height, exclusive of the lantern, and was erected in 1790. Spurwinlc settlement was and is in the southerly angle of the town, towards that river. The Pur- pooduck^ vilkge is nearly opposite the compact part of Portland and is connected with that place by a bridge, 2,600 feet in length. Between Portland peninsula and the town of Cape Elizabeth Fore river, Jg Fore river, a salt water indent, stretching first southerly and then westerly, in all a league or more, and terminating in Stroud- Stroud- water river which descends through Westbrook. Spurwink settlement was prosecuted under Samuel Jordan, an Episcopal clergyman ; and that of Purpooduck by several brothers whose surname was Wallace. Richman's Richman''s Island is southwesterly of the headlands on Cape Elizabeth point, distant 2h miles ; and N. E. of Wood Island, three leagues. It is situated ^ mile from the main land by a strait fordable at low water. It is good land, about 3 miles in circumference and inhabited by two families. It has a harbour Watch for small vessels : though it has sunken rocks called Watch leds;e, iedgc. . . half a mile in extent, east from the northeast end of the Island. In early History this Island is frequently mentioned. On the north and east side of Portland, is a bay called Back ac cove. ^Q^,g^ which Stretches up westerly near to the head of Fore river, * Indian name, Tolam — J. De Liet, (printed 1633.) f The Indi.ms called tliis land and the coujitry west, '■^ ApistamH." Sect, n.] OF Maine. 31 leaving an intervening isthmus, which joins the peninsula to the main land in Westbrook. At the mouth of the cove, is a very commodious and substantial toll-bridge about 120 rods in length. With the waters in the northerly margin of that cove, at its mouth, mix those of Presumpscot* river, which is navigable a sro'i'riv'ir. short distance from the sea. Its head is in Seba[ro lake, the s^'^sgo easterly edge of whicii is fifteen miles from the salt water in a straight line. The lake is about four leagues by three in com- pass, and receives a number of tributary streams ; the principal one being Crooked river, which rises in the north part of Albany, near a bend of the Androscoggin, and finds its mouth in Sebago pond after running southerly about 35 miles, and turning a num- ber of mills. Northwest of it is Long pond, between Bridgeton ^""ff P**"**- and Harrison, 9 miles in length. f About two miles northeast of the place where the Presump- scot receives its waters from Sebago lake, is Sebago pond, which poud.^* lies partly in Gray, though mostly in Windham. It was origin- ally in two parts, separated by a neck 25 feet in width, but con- nected by one Hardy, about 1 760, who lived on an Island in the northern one, to avoid carrying his boat from the one to the other ; the southern one before had no outlet. About the year 1 790, Col. Anderson cut a canal from the latter, half a mile long, south- westerly, to Pleasant river, a mill stream, through which he drew a small brook to aid in turning his mills. In the great freshet of 1814, the water in the pond rising to an unusual height, burst away the bank of the pond, at the head of the canal, which was sand ; and with a tremendous torrent opened a channel 300 feet in width and 50 feet in depth, and swept away a house in which a family lived, also a mill and a bridge; and rushed into a thick and heavy growth of forest trees, tearing them up by the roots, and swelling Pleasant river, so that its waters did much damage before they were discharged into the Presumpscot. The latter is itself rapid, though not very large, and has high banks espe- cially towards its mouth. | RoyalVs, or fVestecusiego river, is about seven miles north- \v'p^,"ep** east of Presumpscot ; and between the two there are, along the '*'^" ''"'*'" * Or Spring-point. f MS. Letter of Z. Leacli, Esq. X A MS. Letter from J. Waterman, Esq., with a plan. Also 3 Ma»t. Hii. Coll. p. 469. 32 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. coast, several shoal indents of water and salt marshes. It is a small river, and has a good harbour at its mouth, about which the ancient settlements of North-Yarmouth were commenced which suffered so exceedingly in the early Indian wars. The river rises in New-Gloucester, and after running fifteen miles, descends a fall two miles from the sea, where it meets the tide at the head of navigation. The original North-Yarmouth lay about nine or ten miles long North-Yar- from the easterly line of Falmouth, in direct course, on the mar- gin of the salt water ; extended back two leagues and a half from the mouth of Royall's river and from Magocook hay, which Magocook terminates northeast in Maquoil* ; and embraced, besides the present town of that name, the towns of Freeport, southeast, and Pownal in the rear. In Freeport are several small creeks, where wood-coasters can load. In the western section of the town is a small stream called llarraseeket river, where the first settlements HarrHsee- ^ygj.g established : and in the centre are Porter'' s and Mast land- kei river. ' ings, two or three miles from the sea, at which vessels of 400 tons have been built. f It was between the head-waters of Maquoit and Brunswick, or Pejepscot falls, where the Indians passed over land three or four miles only, in their travels across the country. Between Magocook bay terminating at Maquoit, and the pen- insula Merryconeag [in Harpswell] is Middle Bay, which bor- nea'^i^'^"" ders on that town east, and northwest, on a tongue of land Middiebay called '■'■ Marc-poiiit,'''' which is the south extremity of Brunswick, ar -pom . ^^^ which separates the waters of the two bays. J T^h^diX peninsula is nine miles in length and its average width one mile, and joins Brunswick on the north by an isthmus " a Sebascode- very fcw rods wide." Eastward of it is the Island Sebascodegan, which lies north of Quaheag bay, and which is separated from the main land on the east by JVew Meadows bay,'^ and river ; * D. Neal says, A. D. 1700, " Maquoit is a small villaje." In " 1662 Boies and others built a fortification at Musequoite." Kennebcck Claims p. IS. f Rev. R. Nason. I From this place may be seen Portland Observatorj'. 5 Quaheag' and New Meadows bays, form Broad sound, between Harps- well and ('npc Small-point. gan Quaheag Sect. n.J of Maine. 33 and these latter urge their waters up within one mile of the An- droscoggin. On this Ishnd are 70 houses. Originally, the town of Harpswell was considered a part of North-Yarmouth ; ,, ' ■ Harpswell. tliough the title to the lands came through the Plymouth com- pany.* J\'eiv Meadoivs bay and river, form an arm of the sea, making ff..^ n,^.,^. up north from iSW7/-/?oi/i< and east of Sebascodegan, in width "'"''"'*'"• from one to two miles, and in length 15 miles, within one mile (as above mentioned,) of the Androscoggin waters ; its head has been called Stevens^ rirer.t The harbour is formed by a cove, two miles north of Bare Island, land-locked on all sides and suf- B-i«;vaot's ' ' .- D Island. is uninhabited and rough ; and between these two Islands are dangerous ledges. Not far distant is Basket Island, of 15 acres, P""'';;' ■^3 ' ' Is and. full of spruces and firs, in a tolerably good soil. Between Great Gebeag and the main, are Cousin^s and Little ["""*'"'* Johis Islands. The former, which is the nearer of the two to ^'^^^ ^'^'■"• * Anciently " Chebeaguc." f They now have a meeting-house. J About A. D, IG 32— 4, Massachusetts extcndod he r Charter to this Island. B. Sound. 38 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntroDUC. CascoJ.ay. the land, is two miles long and ^ a mile wide. It is an high Isl- and, and exhibits to good advantage 6 or 8 dwellinghouses, a i.iiiie John's good soil, a sandy shore, and some flats. Little John has 200 acres of good land, and two or three houses ; its S. E. shore is rocky, and the residue a mere mud bank ; extending at low water even to Cousin's Island. „ , . .. Great and Little Mo^es^* Islands lie near the mouth of Har- «••»• raseeket river. The former contains 100 acres of good soil, and the latter 20 ; and from both a mud bank extends to the main shore. On the westerly side of Broad sound, and south of the north- ern extremity of Great Gebeag, are these several Islands to be seen as we proceed to the mouth of the sound, at the head of which are, 1, Two Green Islands, very small and poor, cover- isUnd. ed with spruces, near Great Moges : — 2, The Goose JVest, a bar- Ooose ^esl. ^^^^ dangerous ledge, small and without a tree, lying 3-4ths of a mile south of Great Gebeag; — 3, Crow Island,^ a mile west of T'^""', the Goose Nest, small and barren ; — and 4 and 5, south of Goose Island. ' Nest, 1-2 a mile, is Lower Bansrs^ Island, of 60 acres, 3-4ths of ibiaiid. a mile long from N. E. ta S. W., very narrow, with a poor soil, . and rus:e;ed shore : having Stockman^s Island northeast, contain- Stockman's tot) ' o _ Island. ing 20 acres, as rock.y and sterile as the others. 6, South of Lower Banss' Island is Stave Island, of 50 acres, surrounded by Sl«ve '^ .... . . Island. rocks and reefs. Its soil is indifferent, yet it contributes support to one family. — Between Loioer Bangs'* Island and Stave Island is the usual route from Portland to Kennebec. 7, Next is Min^ Ministerial istcrittl Island, containing 1 1 acres, half a mile long, low, nar- row, and unproductive, though cheered by one house. Its shore is ledgy and forbidding, and between it and Stave Island are dan- gerous rocks. 8, Bates* Island, close aboard, and connected by Island. a bar to Ministerial Island, has 15 acres of low, indifferent land, and a dangerous projection of rocks from its southern extremity.. Broken It is distinguished by a house and large barn upon it. 9, Brown "*■ Cow, or Broken Cave, one mile S. of Bates' Island, and 1 mile and l-4th N. E. of Jewel's Island, is formed of sunken rocks and brown backs crested in summer by a little herbage. 10, Ejig^ie Northeast, one mile, is Eagle Island, of 5 acres, lying at the * Formerly " Hosiers." I Between Crow Island and jicat Gebeag' is a small yood harbour. Sect, ii.] of Maine. ' 39 mouth of Broad sound ; it is a high Island, full of tall spruces, ^-"f" ''»y- surrounded by dangerous rocks, and uninhabited. These ten Islands do not probably contain in aggregate more than 1 70 acres. Between Broad sound and the northwesterly side, and south end of IMerryconeag-peninsula, [Harpswell,] are twenty-jive Isl- ands, of which we will take a passing view in proceeding north- eastwardly from Drunkers' Ledge, Mark Island Ledge and l-'■f^.e«'s. Whale Rock. Little Mark Island, one mile S. E. of Eagle uiaud. Island, of only 6 or 8 acres, is remarkable for the stone monu- ment or pyramid erected there by the United States, which is 1 8 feet square at its base and 50 feet in height. This is at the en- trance of Harpswell sound. North is JF/rt5^e/rs Island, o( 120l'r''r"'* ' ' Island. acres, a mile long, and narrow, bearing 4 or 5 families, who live well by fishing and cultivating a good soil. At the N. E. end is a small harbour ; the rest of the shore is rocky. Haddock-rock, is close aboard west ; and Great Mark Island is on the S. E. uiT,?(j *'"^'' side of Haskell's Island, of G or 8 acres, admitting only a boat passage between them. It is low, ledgy and unproductive. Ujyper Flagg Island, having 1 5 acres of good land, one house isilmi. "^'^ and a rocky shore ; Horse Island, of 6 acres, a mere sheep-pas- \S1^X lure ; and Little Birch Island, of 10 acres ; all he not far from isialrd**"^*^^'' each other at the south end of Harpswell-peninsula, neither of which is inhabited. Great m\d Little Mliale Boat Islands lie two miles east of ^ *''■'"'« 1 1 I r r-i i-i 1 rr,, ^ Whale Boat tlie northeast end oi (jreat Gebeag. The former, a mile and i>i.'"ds. 1-2 long and a few rods wide, contains 100 acres and exhibits a bold rocky shore ; northwest of which, 1-2 mile, is the latter, of 15 acres, with a dangerous shore. Northwest of these is French'' s Island, rocky and ragged, con- '^'■rnrh'* taining 30 acres, and having at its N. E. end an extensive reef "' of rocks. Still further north, near Flying-point, 1 mile and |^.1m!i'.^' 1-2 east of the mouth of Harraseeket river, is Bibber's Island ',''!'^"7'* Island. of 80 acres. The waters are met by rocks on the southerly side of it ; but the margin of the residue is a mere mud-bank to the main shore. It has for its near eastern neighbours the two little Silver Islands of 6 acres each, environed by ooze. Niands, From Flying-point to Mare-point m Brunswick, the distance M^r.-poim. is 2 and l-4th miles, between which there are two small Islands, ''"'"' '*« ^ , . J , , ^ _ , Islands. one ot 1 5 and the other ot 6 acres, whose names are unknown. 40 Casco bay 4 (foose Inlands. Shelter Island. Birch Island. 5 others. Rally's Island. Jaquish Island. Turnip Island. Orr's Island Sehascodc' gan. THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. The /our Goose Islands lie within a league S. W. of Mare- polnt, one contains 75, another 60, and the third and fourth 10 acres each, and all of them are surrounded by sand banks. Midway of the entrance into Middle bay is Shelter Island, which is equidistant from the Goose Islands and Harpswell neck, containing 6 acres. Birch Island, still further northeast and opposite to Mare-point, contains 1 50 acres of excellent land ; northeast of which are 5 others, towards the head of Middle bay, the largest contains 40 acres, and the three others from 3 to 6 acres each. On the easterly side of Harpswell-peninsula are several large Islands of very irregular and various shapes. We begin with Baily^s Island, a mile from the S. E. extrem- ity of the peninsula; which is 2 miles and 1-2 long and 1-2 mile wide. It has a good harbour, called Mackerel cove, on the west- erly side, near the south end. The face of the Island is fair and adorned by some trees ; though the soil is not of the first quality and the shore is rocky. There are upon it ten dwelling- houses. Only a few rods south is Jaquish Island, full of trees, embrac- ing 12 acres of poor land, surrounded with rocks and uninhab- ited. Turyiip Island is very small and very near. Orr^s Island, or Little Sebascodegan, separated from Daily's Island by a narrow strait, stretches up N. E. 3 miles and 1-2, parallel with the peninsula, within a few rods of Sebascodegan, with which it is connected by a commodious bridge, 100 feet long. Upon this Island, which has a tolerably good soil, thirty families are settled. The eastern end is full of trees ; the S. E. a rocky, and N. W. a sandy ascent from the water ; and this Isl- and makes the S. E. side of Harpswell harbour. Of all the Islands in Casco bay, Great Sebascodegan,* is the largest and most irregular, its shape being a curiosity. It forms the west bank or shores of New Meadows river, and more than a mile it is separated from the peninsula by a narrow strait of a few rods in width. Though the length of this Island is only 6 and 1-2 miles, and 3 miles, mean width; yet such is its irreg- ularity, that the circuit of it at the water's edge, exceeds 50 miles. The northern end is within 7 rods of the main land in * Spelt on Mr. Moody's Chart, " Jebaskadig-g^in." Sect, ii.] of .matnt. 41 Brunswick ; and here a commodious brids^e is erected. This Casco bay. Island, which h;is a good soil and 450 inhabitants, is a principal constituent of the town of Harpswell, Between Baily's and Orr's Islands on the west and Phipsburg on the east, are several small Islands southerly of Sebascodegan. These are, 1. Pond Island o^ 10 acres, 3-4ths of a mile S. E. pond Island, of Baily's Island ; northerly and southerly of which are extensive ledges ; — 2. Ram Island, 1 mile N. E. small, rocky and barren ; J^^^.y^J^'*"*^" — 3. Cedar Island, east, a mere reef of rocks ; — 4. and 5. two '-';;,"'^- 2 r.lm Elm Islands, farther N. E. little and poor : — 6. Ras;ircd Island M-'ikIs. , *" Kiiirjjcd of 50 acres and poor soil, is high and full of trees, has a ragged island, shore and is without inhabitants. Westward of it are dangerous ledges: — 7. White Dull ; — 8. Bold Dick and Brown Cow ^'tQ \io\T\)\^' south;— 0. Little Bull, east ;— 10. the Sisters,!^. E. and 1 1 . I;;;^!}^' Snake Island, are north of Rassied Island, and all of the latter ■^'*'7^' are small indeed. The White Bull is 80 yards in diameter and '='''*"<^»' 12 feet above water. East of the last, 1 and 1-4 miles, is the noted Mark Island, of G or 8 acres, high, round and full of trees. Southerly of which arc dangerous ledges. Between ]\Iark Island and die White Bull is the usual passage into New Meadows river. Near the Phipsburg shore are the Gooseberry, two Wood, Goovherry Burnt-Coat, Horse, Malaga and Bear Islands, neither of which 2 \v..od is large, though some of them are of considerable extent : viz. the first is low and rocky, of 2 or 3 acres, having at its south end rugged, projecting rocks. The Wood Islands at the entrance of Small-point harbour, l-4th of a mile from the main, are connect- ed by a rocky bar, on either side of which vessels may pass : both may contain 40 acres. Burnt-Coat, of 7 acres, is rocky nnrmCoai, and barren. Horse Island, of 30 acres, is connected to the main \l"^^^'^ shore by a sand bar and flats, and is full of trees. Malaga has .Malaga , > • 1 1 • 1 1 Islanil. also many trees and is rocky; embracing about 10 acres, and lying between the main land and Bear Island. This last is at Bear Island . the entrance of New INIeadows river, 3-4ths of a mile long, and contains 50 acres. It is full of trees and exhibits a few houses. N. W. on the shore of the Sebascodegan, 3-4ths of a mile dis- tant, is Condi/ s well-known harbour. Conriy'i harbour. At the entrance of Qiiaheag [Cohawk] bay, in t'lc mou'h of Sebascodegan, is Yarmouth Island, which, though irregular, is X'"™"**'" ° ' ' o o > Island. about 3-4ths of a mile in diameter. Ii has one resident family Vot. I. 4 42 THE WATERS AND COAST [Introduc. Casco bay. and a good soil, and is favoured with a safe harbour. Farther Pole Island, north is Poh Island, of 8 acres, with a rocky shore. It is cov- ered with spruces ; and though uninhabited, it is a beautiful Island. 12 Islands -^.bove this, in the bosom of the bay, are a dozen small poor Islands, whose names are unknown. But we may mention four little Islands, S. E. of Yarmouth Island, viz. Jenney^s, Rogue^s and Flagg Islands, and Long Ledge, all of which are ledgy.* Middle Coast. Heron Island. Pond Island. Wood Island. (Sailer Island. Stale Islandi 2 Forts. Seguin Island. Sarada- hock. THE MIDDLE COAST. Between Cape Small-point and Seguin, which are four miles apart, are Heron Island and Jacknife Ledge : and north of Se- guin, near two miles, is Pond Island, on which there is a Light- house. Pond Island, above the mouth of the Sagadahock, has Wood Island west, Salter Island east. Stage Island 1-2 mile N. E., and the Svgar Loaves north ; each of which is small. Above Pond Island, on the western shore, are two Forts; one a mile and l-4th, and the other 2 miles distant. Seguin Island,-\ situate E. N. E. from Cape-Elizabeth, dis- tant 25 miles, lies at the mouth of Sagadahock river, about two miles from the southeast corner of Phipsburg and 3-4ths of a mile further from the United States' fortification. The Island is said to contain, by admeasurement to low water mark, 42 acres, though estimated much more. On the 19th of Feb. 1794, the jurisdiction of this Island and ten acres of its territory was ceded to the United States, and the next year the National Government erected a Lighthouse at the expense of ^'6,300, with a lan- tern 200 feet above the level of the sea, and in 1797 became the owner of the whole Island. The Lighthouse was rebuilt in 1819, at the additional charge of ^'2,248 ; and the United States have given $300 annually to the keeper, besides the fruits of his toil upon the land of the Island. Sagadahock loses its name twenty miles from its mouth, at the Chops, where its constituents, the Androscoggin\ and Kennebec * The survey and bearings of these Islands are retained in the anciojit records of North-Yarmoutlj, but unfortunately more than half of them haye since changed their names. — Gen. Russell. — There are Green Islands, not far from the southwesterly entrance into Portland harbour; and still others northeast of Matinicus, I Anciently " Salquin.'"' I Anciently " Aumoughcawgen.'"' Sect, ii.] of Maine. 43 rivers in their junction, form Merry-Meeting hay, and arc now to be considered. The Androscoggin rises in tlie northwest section of the State, Aii.iroscag- only about an hundred miles from the Chops, in direct course, though it actually runs, in its flexuous meanders, more than 160 miles. The rise of its eastern and (considered its) principal branch is in the vicinity of Sunday mountain, about ten miles east of the dividing line between Maine and New-Hampshire, and on the south margin of the highlands, which form the boundary between this State and Canada. This source of the Androscoggin has for its immediate neighbours a head-pond of Dead river, which empties into the Kennebec, and the southernmost spring of a stream, which runs northerly and contributes its waters to the Chaudiere. This branch of the Androscoggin runs about 25 miles south and discharges its waters into lake JMooseetocmagun- tick, a most singular body of water, connected with Umbagog lake, by a strait ; and it empties all its waters into the latter, which lies on both sides of the western boundary line of Maine. On the western side of it, in New-Hampshire, issues the Andros- coggin, 40 miles south from the upper end of the line which di- vides that State from Maine. Three miles westward of the outlet, the main river receives the Magalloivay, which is 12 rods in width at its mouth. This riv- ^'^f^^*""*'* er's head is about as far north as that of the Androscoggin, runs a southerly course in JNlaine, more tlian 30 miles, and is distant from three to five miles from the line, which it crosses 120 miles north of the Piscataqua mouth. The Androscoggin, shortly after it receives the waters of Ma- galloway river, and another river from the northwest, runs south- erly in New-Hampshire 25 miles, almost parallel with the line, and five or six miles from it ; and then turning, crosses it, and runs the remainder of its course in Maine. In reentering the State it runs dirough the touTi of Gilead, and forms a fine inter- vale on both sides, overlooked by rugged lands on the north, and is fed in that town by Wild river.* The main river runs four- Wild river, teen miles in the next town, BeUicl, forming an elbow in its- west- ern quarter, and flowing northerly in a gentle glide, towards Ncw- * MS. Letter of i. Burbank, Esq. 44 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. The An- rv : then eastwardly, over a smooth bottom of rounded pebbles, droicoggin. ^ . . '' . . embosoming in the town a number of fertile and delightful Isl- ands of various extent, the largest of which contains 1 00 acres. The alluvion skirting the banks of the Androscoggin, from ten to an hundred rods in width, is highly productive and beautiful land ; rising in many places by regular banks, one above another, and forming two or more bottoms. Of these, the highest is about 25 feet perpendicular above low water ; and they are all evidently formed by the efflux of the river — changing its bed and banks ; so that the people feel safe in building on those more elevated bottoms, some of which were not covered in the time of the great freshet, October 22, 1785, when the water rose twenty-five feet. Along northward of the river, three or four miles distant from it, and nearly parallel with its banks in many places, are the " nucleus of the mountains" which, rising in ridges, stretch along from the west line of the State towards the falls, just above the northernmost bend of the river in the east line of Rumford, and shelter, in some measure, these extensive intervales from the northwest winds. In these parts it is to be remarked, that the hills rise with a gradual ascent from the northwest to their summits, and then fall off abruptly on their southeast sides, and frequently into deep precipices. So inviting is this section of country, that the Northern natives resolved to hold it ; and therefore committed depredations on the scattered settlers thereabouts in the last years of the Revolutionary war.* After the river receives several small streams and a consider- able one through the mountains from East-Andover, it rushes down Great falls, the Great falls [of Pennacook] at Rumford, 50 feet perpendicular and 300 feet within a mile. From these falls the river runs in a southerly direction through Dixfield into Jay, where it forms various windings ; and leaving the town in a southern course, passes through Livermore, between Turner on the west, and Leeds and Green on the east, and de- Lpwiston scends Leiviston falls, 60 miles below the Great falls. In Turner falls. Twenty it rcceives Twenty mile river, which rises principally in Sumner and Hartford, and runs through Buckfield and Turner, forming almost every accommodation for mills and machinery. Over this * MS. Letter of J. Grorer, Esq MS. Letter of Luke Riely, Esq. Sect, ii.] of Maine. 45 river there are four large bridges in the town of Buckfield, and The An- several in Turner. This part of the country has been exceed- ingly injured by fires, particularly in 1816, when the flames spread and raged to a very alarming degree. At Lewiston, 20 miles above Brunswick, the cataract is called the Upper falls of Pejepscot ; where the water tumbles over massy rocks, and rushes through narrow passes, about 100 feet perpendicular, from the surface above to the bed below. These fails are not abrupt as over a mill-dam, but descend on an in- clined plane, broken with ledges. Here are mills, and one is supplied with water through a channel sunk in solid rock. The river below the fills is 50 or 60 rods wide, and seldom so shoal as to be fordable by a man and horse, even in the drought of sum- mer. As you stand on an elevation, one mile below these falls, you see the rapid river, called the little Androscosi:2:in, flow in from •_'■"'« ^n- the westward, shooting its current across the bed of the main Androscoggin, forming a channel on the eastern shore, and adding a fourth to the main river. It rises in Woodstock and Norway ; and receives waters from Moose and Glenson ponds in Paris, as it passes between the swells of that town, and also those of Thomp- son pond on the southerly side, turning many mills, especially in Minot and some in Poland, which two towns it separates. It has generally high banks, though lined with intervales or strong land. On the east side of the great Androscoggin, there is one tribu- tary river above Lewiston falls, which deserves to be mentioned for its peculiarity. This is the Thirty mile or Dead river, which l.iiileDead is the natural and only outlet of great Androscoggin pond, 3 and 1-2 miles long and 3 broad, between Leeds and Wayne ; and of small ponds 15 miles in extent northwardly.* Dead river, from the outlet in Leeds to Androscoggin river, is six miles in length, 8 or 10 rods in width and deep ; and its bed is so level and ex- actly horizontal, that the rise of the great river eighteen inches, will invert the current of Dead river its whole length. In great freshets, much water is forced into the pond, which becomes a * Oilier ponds nre, little Aodroscogg-in pond, Muddy poud, Wilson's poad, and Hutcbiasoa's pond. 46 THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. The An- reservoir : greatly soaking, however, and hurting the lands on its dioscoggin. , , » borders. Below the mouth of little Androscoggin, the water rapidly ripples : and the upper falls [at Lewiston,] were formerly said to be the northwestern limit of the Pejepscot purchase. Lovver7aiis '^^^*^ cataracts of Pejepscot, or Brunswick falls, arc contracted from a quarter of a mile in some places, to forty and possihly to thirty rods, in width. Here the water pours over falls of fifty feet, barred or checked in different parts by three grades of dams. On the lower grade the dam is semicircular, embattled near the centre with an Island which thrusts off the waters on each of its sides, though mostly on the west, under arches of tire winding bridge in two parts, which rests its approximating ends on the Island. Below the bridge the river expands to the width of aa hundred rods, and the tide at higli-water, rises four feet- Above the head of the falls, the river is spacious and glassy j and ta secure floating logs, and stop flood-wood,,, piers are sunk at great expense, and large timbers in joints so fastened to them with irons as to form an impassable boom. On these falls are 25 saw mills, each of which will on an aver- age, annually cut 500,000 feet of boards. They employ about 300 men. Here also were carding machines, fulling mills, and. factories ; 1,488 cotton and woollen spindles, and 24 looms whose warping and sizing machines were moved by water power.f The water in the freshets not unfrequently rises in the river, 20 feet : and in 1814, immense damage was done by the uncommon flood, which brought down mills, barns, masts, logs and trees, over the falls, in undistinguished ruin. At the falls, the river formerly had the name Pejepscot, till it lost itself in Merry-Meeting hay. In the middle of this bay are sand-beds bearing a species of reed, upon whose roots feed wild geese and other seafowl. These sands, often changing their drifts, greatly injure the navigation toward the falls. i\Ierry-IMeeting bay, from the falls to its outlet, may be 10 miles in length, winding round towards the north, till it meets and *MS. Letter of Thomas Francis, Esq.—" On Norris' Island, in the pond, is an Indian bury in;?-gTouiul."— MS. Letter of A. G, Chandler, Esq. f DtbtrcVLcl in 132"), by firc. Sect, ii.] of MAINE. 47 embraces the Kennebec waters, receiving on the northwesterly The An- side, as it glides forward, 1st. Muddy river, which is a long arm of the sea, collateral to the bay ; 2. Cathance, which is mostly a salt water river, and navigable 3 miles to Cathance landing ; and, 3d. Ahagadusset, whose mouth is near Kennebec, at which is a point of that name, where was once a small fort, and where the Sachem Ahagadusset had his residence, about 1 665. On the southerly side of Merry-Meeting bay, near the extreme of the Chops, is JViskeag or JVisgig Creek, which extends south into the land two miles ; from the head of which to that of Stev- ens' river, the neck is only one mile in width, across which Mr. Peterson, in 1800, cut a canal eight feet in breadth, suffi- ciently deep to float logs at highwater. Stevens, the ancient Indian trader, lived on the northerly side of where the canal now is, two miles above the turnpike bridge, which leads from Brunswick to Bath, and which is at the head of navigation over Stevens' river. Here was the Indian carrying place between Casco and Merry-Meeting bays. The next river to be described is the Kennebec, which is some Kennebec longer, larger, less rapid, and less serpentine than the Androscog- ^^''"' gin. Its length from its sources to Merry-Meeting bay, in direct course, may be 1 30 miles, and its actual run 40 miles more. It is formed by two principal branches, viz : tlie JVorth Branch and Dead river, called, where they meet, the forks, and are said by travellers to be 48 and 1 -2 miles above the south bend at Norridgewock village. The JVorth Branch issues from Moosehead lake, which is the p,Z^nc\\. largest body of fresh water in the State, or in New-England. It M"oschead is twelve leagues in length, from north to south ; and its upper rills head within twenty rods of the Penobscot. It receives Moose river from the west, which rises among the highlands. In this lake there are four kinds of fish : — 1 . One kind, which is from 1 and 1-2 to 3 and 1-2 feet in length, has teeth, fins, and a head larger than that of a salmon, weighs from 5 to 16 pounds, and is good for the table. 2. There arc two sorts of trouts, one has a white belly, a beautifully spotted back, and is ex- ceedingly good for food ; the other, which is without scales, not so large and hardly fit to eat, is of a brown colour with a black head, weighing from 1 to 2 and 1-2 pounds. 3. Another kind 48 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. Kennebec of fsh wliicli IS found ill shoals, •'" cm 12 to 18 inches in length, scaled, and in shape somewhat resembling a mackerel, and is called " white fish." When taken (though seldom with a hook,) it is very palateable. — 4. In the lake is also found the fresh water cusk, very much resembling that of the salt water, weighing from 2 to 7lbs. — 5. There are also lobsters, not much unlike in form those taken in the salt water, though smaller, as these are only fro 1 o to 5 inches in length. The length of the North Branch from the outlet to the forks, where it meets Dead river, is about 20 miles. The traveller from this place to Canada, finds the road well cleared, bridged, and passable for wheels ; crosses JMoose river 28 miles from the forks, thence at intervals of 7, 8, and 10 miles, he passes over the three branches of the Penobscot, and five miles further, reaches the " Mile Tree" before mentioned, on the heights.* Dead river. Dead river rises among the boundary highlands, three leagues from the northwest corner of Maine, near those which rise and run north into the Chaudiere. It descends in a southeasterly direction till it has passed Mount Bigelow on the south, where it turns towards the north, and then to the east, and joins the North Branch, yielding more than a third part of the water which constitutes the river below the crotch or forks. Dead river is rapid ; its mouth is about 60 rods wide, though its water there is usually, quite shoal. The course of the Kennebec, below the forks, is nearly south. It runs through a fine country of wild land 12 or 15 miles ; it then passes the " carrying place rips," half a mile in length ; and Carratunk 20 miles below the forks, it descends the Carratunk falls, which have Solon on the east and Embden on the west. Here the river, which is 30 rods wide, is contracted to 40 feet only and pitches over the rocks in a beautiful sheet of water 35 or 40 feet, though the carrying place by them is about fifty rods, to be prevented by a canal on the eastern side. The appearances of the falls are commanding ; while the eye as it chases down the current 60 rods, is relieved in view of spacious smooth waters. Anciently * From Mile Tree to Quebec is 94 miles, viz : to the mouth of Chaudiere 29, f hence to St. Marie's 35, and llience to Quebec, 30 miles. — Holderi's house is situated one mile north of Moose nver bridg-e. Sect, ii.] of Maine. 49 these falls were a place of great resort by the Indians in fishing Kpnnpi)ec ti.ne, where they took salmon in abundance.* From Carratunk falls to JYorridgewock falls, which are just "Vorrifi^c ... .' work iaWi. above the mouth of Sandy river, the distance is called 14 miles. Here the water does not descend in a cataract ; its whole fall in the length of near half a mile would not exceed probably fifty feet. In dry times the river is fordable here, and sometimes also at Norridgevvock village, six miles below. Sandy River, after watering several townships, runs circuitous- ^^"'^^ ly through Farmington, and taking the little Norridgewock, pro- ceeds northeasterly to the Kennebec. No part of the State is more justly celebrated for its beauty and fertility than the lands on this river, particularly in that town. Here were the Indians' old cornfields, in the deep intervales which spread wide from the river enriched by its annual overflowings. f In the bend of the Kennebec, on its east bank opposite to the mouth of Sandy river, at Norridgevvock point, is the site of the '•'N,'""„i"'e- ancient village of the Canibas Indians, so famous in history. The ^'"'" land is a level and fertile intervale, and its natural situation beauiiful. Tiie area contains 250 acres, and is the spot where the old catholic chapel stood. Its bell, weighing 64lbs., was lately found and presented to Bowdoin College. From Norridgevvock point, the Kennebec takes a turn and runs southeast to the village, 6 miles, and then northeast, five miles, descending through narrows, and down Scouhegan falls, j^<;p"''<^o«» 12 or 15 feet, and the rapids below, in all half a mile. Here it receives, through Cornville from the north, the river fVesserun- Wev* sett, a large and most pleasant stream, J At Scouhegan falls are ' about ten mills and machines, and also villages on both sides of the river connected by a bridge. The north or upper line of the Plymouth patent runs east and west a couple of miles above the mouiii of the Wesserunsett river, though the proprietors claim- ed six miles at least further north. § * JIS. Letters of E. Coolidgc, Esq.— IJon. Obcd Wilson,— Win. Buflcr- ficld,- O. Baker. t MS. Letter of Hon. Nathan Cutler, of Farininj^ton. IMS. Letter of A. Morse, Esq. and a plan. "At Scoiilicg-an falls is Scouliejan Islaad : the waters on the west side form some of the best miU sites in the State. ^ MS. Letter of G. Bixbv, Esq. scnin- I'li live r. 50 Teconnel falls. Sebasti- cook. Fort Tecon. net, or Hali fax. Fort West- ern. Cobbesse- coQtee. Swan Island. THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. The next, to the southward, are Teconnet falls, 15 miles be- low the Scouhegan and opposite the village of Waterville, where the water in a short distance descends about twenty feet. Below Teconnet, the Sebasticook, rising near some branches of the Penobscot and running southwesterly, empties its waters into the Kennebec on the eastern side. It is a large mill stream and in many places rapid. On the point of land above the confluence of the two rivers, and below the falls, was the old Teconnet fort of the Indians and afterwards fort Halifax of the English, built in 1754, during many years a most noted place. The fort itself is in Winslow, and the block-house was lately standing. Fort Western is also on the east side of the Kennebec, a little below and near the bridge, in Augusta, about 16 miles south of fort Halifax, built by the Plymouth company in 1 754, still ex- hibiting all the prominent appearances of its location.* To this place the tide flows and rises two feet,-j- and small vessels of 100 tons ascend ; being 45 or 50 miles from Seguin Lighthouse. The next considerable tributary of the Kennebec is Cohbesse- contee river, an inviting stream for mills and machinery. It issues from Winthrop pond, north of west from its mouth, and running in the form of a semi-ellipsis, receiving in its course the waters of Cobbessecontee pond and almost encircling the town of Gardiner, empties into the Kennebec, on the western side, seven miles from fort Western. It is crossed near its mouth by a dam of split stone, and is ornamented by a number of mills and among them an excellent flour mill. The name of the river is of Indian etymon and signifies " Sturgeon nver." J Five miles lower we meet with Swan Island, in the river where it divides Bowdoinham on the west, from Dresden on the east shore. The Island is four miles in length and 200 rods in mean w^idth, anciently the dwelling-place of an Indian Sagamore, who lived here about the time the country was first settled, and who joined in most of the conveyances, made by the Indians in those times, of lands on the Kennebec. The Island itself is a part of the town of Dresden and its soil is good ; the river is * MS. Letter of Hon. Daniel Cony. Lat. of Augusta, iZdeg. 14nun. : the bridge cost $26,000. t The Tide rises at Hallowell 6 feet. I MS. Letter of R. H. Gardiner, Esq. Sect, ii.] OF Maine. 51 navigable on both sides of it, though the cliannel mostly used is on the eastern side. Between this Island and the mouth of the Cobbessecontee, five miles below the latter, in Pittston, is a small Island and stream, by the name of JVehumkeag, or JVegumkike* Nahnm- [or eel-bed,] a noted place mentioned in the Plymouth patent. ''*''°" Old Pownalborough, which included Dresden, Wiscasset, and Alna, as they are now bounded, was the ancient plantation of Franlcfort. On the margin of the river in Dresden, the Ply- mouth company, in 1754, constructed and erected a fortress, which they called Franlcfort, or fort Frankfort, afterwards Fort Frank- named fort Shirley, laid out a parade 200 feet square and built i.\ .' two block-houses. It was 16 miles from fort Western and 33 from fort Halifax. Richmond fort a very ancient establishment, was on the west- Ridimond em side of the Kennebec, one mile and an half below fort Frank- fort, and nearly opposite the upper end of Swan Island. The Chops are so called because they open and receive the Chops. waters of the Kennebec and Androscoggin, after they merrily meet and form the great Merry-JMeeting bay. From their throat,f or the narrows, to the sea, the waters of the two rivers in junc- tion are called Sagadahockj^ to its mouth, having Bath and j;^-5*^'' Phipsburg on the west, and Woolwich and Georgetown on the east. About a league below the Chops, abreast of Bath village, it is divided by Arrowsick Island at first, and seconded by Parker's Island, a little lower on the east, and part of its wa- ters passes down Lo7ig reach, to a short turn which then takes Lon^ reach, the name of Fiddler''s reach, and washes the shores of Phipsburs; f ni(i)ers ' ^ "^ reach. and Arrowsick Island ; the other part runs between Woolwich ajnd the northeast end of AiTowsick and of Parker's Island, through Cross river, or the Gut, to Sheepscot river, two leagues ; Cross river. * Opposite to the Island is jyahuvxkea^ stream, ia Pittston, whicli is too small for mills except in wet seasons. Tliere were attempts to fix iLc pa- tent on the east side of the river at this place : but it was extended to the north line of Woolwich. t At the Throat is King-'s Island, of ISO acres, a mile above the ferry, which ferry is two miles above Bath. At the ferry the river is 1-2 mile and 4 rods wide. Above King's Island is the Chops. \ Anciently " Sunkatimkarunk.'''' — mouth of Rivers.— //o7i. D. Scuall. — Or rather " Sunkaradimk.'"— Kennebec Claims, 14. 62 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntroDUC. Back river or southeast, through the eastern passage called Back river, which separates those two Islands, vvinne- Winmgance creek, is a cove making down south, two miles treuk. from the turn where Long reach and Fiddler's reach meet, and ends within 20 rods, across land, of the easterly branch of Stevens' river before mentioned. As to widths, the main river at the mouth between Phipsburg and Parker's Island, is more than half a mile ; Back river, 8 or 10 rods, and Cross river from 6 in some places to 100 rods in others. A bridge connects Par- Two Bridg- ker's Island and Arrowsick Island ; and there is another over Winnegance creek, to avoid going round its head in passing from Phipsburg to Bath. On the north side of the aforenamed passage, called Cross river, which runs down southeasterly, having Arrowsick and Parker's Islands southerly, and Woolwich and Jeremisquam Isl- Mjinseag ^^^^ northerly, is Monseag bay. From about midway of Cross river it stretches up northerly, between Woolwich and Jeremi- squam Island, two leagues in length, and is sometimes called Mon- seag or " Monsweag" river. In Woolwich on the northerly shore of this bay or river, in a pleasant situation, was the birthplace of Gov. Phips. Governor Phips, now a well cultivated farm. jiJeqiiassei. JVequasset stream is very short ; the water is salt to the head of the tide, and it is wholly in the town of Woolwich. It issues from a pond of 400 acres in that town, and turns several mills at the falls where it meets the tide. Here is one of the best ale- wive-fisheries in the State. Anciently Woolwich was called the JVequasset-settlement.-\ Phiiwbuig. Phipsburg is a peninsula, divided northerly from Bath by Win- negance creek and a narrow isthmus between it and the east branch or cove of Stevens' river, and includes Cape Small-pomt at its southwestern extremity. A mile above the southeast corner or projection of this peninsula, on what is called HilVs point, is the plat of ground where the Sagadahock colony passed the winter, United 1608 — 9. The United States' fort is near the same spot, though a bi.uL* °"' jit^jg .fyj-^j^g^ g^gj^ The fort built by those ancient colonists was called fort St. George, but gradually acquired the name of Popham's Pophani's fort. The remains of it and of several houses or fori. . * Now Westport, t MS. Letter of E. Delano, Esq. Sect, ii.] op Maine. 53 habitations built there, and afterwards revived and increased in number to 10 or 12 by tlic new Plymouth settlers, are yet seen. The colony, at first, landed on Stage Island, situate on the ^"''^^ east side of the channel, south of Parker's Island, and separate from it by a narrow shallow strait. On this little Island of 8 or 10 acres, they erected a fortification and dug a well, which was walled and parted by a partition still apparent. But because they could not get good water, they removed across the river* and settled on the peninsula, westward. jirrowsick-\ Ishnd is mostly excellent land. It is five miles Arrowsick. long, its mean breadth is one mile, and it contains 4000 acres : It has 200 acres of marsh ; some ledges, and some yet in woods, and is sep-.raiGd from Phipsburg by the main channel, more than half a mile wide. The first settlement of this Island was very early. Ilamniond^s fort was on the northeast part next to Cross Hammond'a river, opposite INIonseag bay : the other settlement was about a mile above the south end of the Island and extended quite across it, having back of it, on the eastern shore, the new tier of lots, anciently called JVeivtoivn^'l which has sometimes given this name Newiown to the whole Island. The remains, or appearances of 50 dwel- lings, which were destroyed by the savages in the first Indian wars, can now be discovered. Parker^ s Island, originally Eraskohcgan, lies southeasterly of Parker's Arrowsick, separated from it by Back river. It is nine miles long, and on an average one mile and an half in width, contain- ing about 10,000 acres, one half of which is yet covered with native woods. It has 500 acres of marsh ; but two thirds of its territory arc mostly ledges and swamps. It is said that John Parker commenced the settlement of this Island in 1G29, spent the winter following on its south side, where are the appearances of some ancient habitations. Amid Indian hostilities, this Island was for a time abandoned, but never forsaken. It was actually purchased of a Sagamore, by Parker about 1 643. Near midway of this Island is Georgetown meeting-house. The Sagadahock plantations, or settlements, must be called Sagadahock the " Ancient Dominions" of Maine. As they revived and ex- ^ '"''""^"'• *Tlio River here is said to be about a mile Avlde. f " Arroscag." In SuUivan, 145. I Said to be '• in the old connty of Cornwall." — Blc, of Cloimt, 54 THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. tended between North- Yarmouth on the west, and Sheepscot on the east, they included the peninsula [or Phipsburg and Bath,] QijQ g. Arrowsick, Eraskohegan, and Nequasset, and constituted Old town, Georgetown. After the re-embarkation of the first colony, A. D. 1609, this section was visited by Captain Smith, and Capt. Hunt, in 1614, and by almost all others who came into the contiguous waters ; it was also the early resort of colonists from New-Ply- mouth.* The Sagadahock river is sometimes frozen over below the Chops. The tide rises at Bath 10 feet, at Augusta 2 feet, and at Topsham 4 feet, where the flood-tide is an hour later than in Maquoit bay. The run of salmon and shad, both in Androscog- gin and Kennebec, is almost at an end. Sheepscot Sheejpscot river, which has a communication with the Sagada- hock, by means of Monseag bay, is neither long nor is it, above the tide waters, very large. It rises in Palermo, and after running through Whitefield and Alna, where it is only a mill stream, it descends the falls which are five miles above Wiscasset point. On Sheepscot the Sheepscot, at and above these falls, are the old " Sheepscot farms" which He each side of the river in Alna and New-Castle. The falls are at the head of the tide and of navigation, though Wiscasset. they are not great, f The waters of Wiscasset hay have the upper end of Jeremisquam Island and Cowsegan Narrows to Mon- seag bay on the south ; Wiscasset point and village on the northwest, and Decker's Narrows in view j Folley Island, in the northwest corner of Edgecomb, on the southeast ; and the waters of the river, on the northeast, which will safely float vessels of 100 tons to Sheepscot Narrows, about four miles, into the town of New- * Hon. Mark L. Hill,— MS. Letter, of Benj. Riggs, Esq.— In king- Phil- lip's war, A. D. 1676 " the inhabitants lost lOOC head of cattle."— ii/wft. Ind. wars, 281. t A little above Wiscasset, on the New-Castle side, is a salt Marsh of 1000 acres, on a mill stream. The land between Bath ferry and Wiscasset, 8 miles, is hilly :— Also the land, |from the Sheepscot falls and bridge, 6 miles above Wiscasset, to the outlet of Damariscotta pond, by which the river divides New-Castle from Nobleborough, is Lilly rough land. The pond is 27 miles in circumference, the water at the outlet _is sufficient to carry a mill. The toll bridge which unites the two villages of New-Castle and Nobleborough, is about 2 or 3 miles below the outlet. The river is navigable to the foot of the mill, belovy the outlet. — The fort is 12 miles below the village. — These places are often mentioned in ancient History. Sect, ii.] of waiine. 55 Castle, towards the river Damariscotta. The distance from Wis- casset point to the United States' Ibrtification on Folley Island is iiair a mile ; and to the head of Jeremisquam Island, three quar- ters of a mile ; and directly across the river to the east shore, where Edgecomb and New-Castle corner on the bank, it is one mile. Here is an excellent harbour, very seldom frozen, with a good depth of water, smooth bottom and a tide ordinarily of twelve feet ; it is 20 miles N. N. E. of Seguin. Wiscassct-point is 1 and 2-3 leagues N. W. of Cross river.* Jeremisquam Island, situated between Monseag bay and the J^'emi- . . . squam. main channel of the Sheepscot, is eleven miles in length, and, on an average, one mile wide, and contains 15,460 acres, forming a third part of the town of Edgecomb, to which it has belonged. East of Jeremisquam is Barter^ Island, three miles and a half {jf^l,^* long and half a mile in width. The main channel, which has fifteen fathoms of water, is between these two Islands, though small vessels may pass up Back river, which is the passage on the east side of Barter's Island. From the head of Back river, the water in the " Oven''s mouth,^^ stretches east in a narrow strait, Oven's between Boothbay and Edgecomb, more than half way across from Sheepscot to Damariscotta river, and then turns south. On the southwest side of Boothbay, which bounds on the east shore of the Sheepscot, is the Island of Cajje Kewagen, 4 and Cnpe Nc- 1-2 miles long, generally one mile wide and separated from Booth- ^*^^^"" bay, to which it belongs, by a narrow passage for small vessels, called Townscnd Gut. Ebenecook harbour is on the west side Townsend. TVT Till Ebenecook. and midway of cape Newagen Island, where was an old scttle- n>ent ; and Cape harbour at its south end, is near two great rocks called the Cuckolds. Cuckolds. The distance across land through Boothbay or Edgecomb, between the Sheepscot and Damariscotta rivers, is generally a little less than four miles ; and in New-Castle the waters of those rivers approach still nearer each other. The southeast section of Boothbay is Linekin^s JVcck, between which and Cape Newacen i-ii'^'^in's IS Townsend harbour, two miles and a half wide ; and in the middle of the latter is Squirrel Island of 90 acres, which is SanT' * John .Mason lircd at Wiscassct-point ; liie Davies, north about half a mile, and Jf'alttr Pliilij)*, Recorder under the g;overnrucnt of the Duke of Yerk, lived on the New-Castle tide. 56 THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. inhabited by three families and is a noted place for its abundance of white sand. At Townsend, that is, in Boothbay harbour are several little HnniiisiaiKi Islands; one is Burnt Island ne^r the east shore of Cape Ne- '" ' ' wagen, on which is the Lighthouse. Damaris. Damariscotta river issues from Damariscotta fresh ponds co.ia liver ^^,ijjg|^ gj.g jj^ jgff^i-gQn a^d Nobleborough, and which are three or four leagues in length from north to south. At the upper or fresh water falls, where the water descends 50 feet in as many rods, it is crossed by a free stone-bridge ; and two miles below. The falls, at the lower or salt water falls, New-Castle and Nobleborough are connected by a toll and drawbridge over the river. The Oysipf Oyster banks, on both sides of the river at the upper falls, deserve to be noticed. On the banks and margin of the west side, these shells lie in heaps from 12 to 15 feet high, covering an area of several rods ; and although the heaps on the eastern side are not so high, they extend back twenty rods from the river, and render the land wholly useless. When burned they make lime as white and good as that of limestone, and as easily slacked. It is also said, the skeletons and bones of human beings are found among them ;* yet no tradition about them has come to the present gen- eration. The Damariscotta river is navigable for ships of any burthen about four leagues from the sea to the lower falls ; and is on an average half a mile in width. At its mouth, it has Linekin neck Ruihcifoni's on the west, and Ruihei'jord's Island, one mile in length, and 'riMimprnps. Thumpcop Ledges on the east — bounding the west side of Pe- '"'"" '"^' maquid bay. From Inner Heron Island, ly'm^ at the mouth of rows. the river, up to the United States battery on Narrow's Island in the western side of the channel, the distance is 4 miles. Southwesterly of Damariscotta river, easterly of Townsend Light and southerly of Linekin neck or point, are the noted Dam.-.ns- Damariscovt Islands,^ though they are of small sizes. They Fisiierm. Ill's ^■''^ in number five or six, viz. 1. Fishermen's Island of 70 isiiiiKi. acres, with the Hippocras, one mile south of Linekin's neck, is rocky, poor and forbidding, the residence of one family. 2. * MS. Letter of E. Rollins, Esq. MS. Letter of M. Davis, Esq. I " A place of g-reat advantage for stages for Fishermen in former times." Thej- lie to the west by north from Monhcgan. — Bub. J^ar. 280* Hippocras. Sect, ii.] of Maine. 57 Wood Island, or Damariscovc proper, a mile fartlicr south, is ^Voo-. to the west and is forty rods wide, and the tides from 14 to 16 feet. The fort was on a point of land which projects into the river and completely commands its entrance. Its ruins are the melancholy remains of great labour, and expense ; and during the Revolution, the hand of destruction did much to prevent its * Tlicy are nearest Wood Island, and dangerous ; there have been many wrecks on tlicm. f Anciently Pcmaquideag or Pcmaqidda; Long Point. — Indian. X Col. Dunbar called it Fort Frederic. Perhaps he caused the canal to be made. — Sec Post. Hi.it. ^4. D. 1731. — Below the Fort was a handsome- ly paved street, extcpding towards it, northeastwardly from the water 60 rods. It is still to be seen ; and like the canal, it is the work of unknown hands. Vol. I. 5 68 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntroDUC. becoming a fortress of the enemy. Some of its walls however are now 3 feet high. point^'^""^ From the fort, directly south, to Pemaquid point, is three mile and a quarter, having on the west side of Pemaquid bay, which generally a mile and a half wide, Rutherford's Island and Thump New har- cap ledges.* J\''ew harbour is a league above Pemaquid point o the eastern shore, towards Muscongus and nearly east of the o] fort, across land ; its ledges have 5 feet of water at the lowest ebb . Pemaquid river is generally about four miles from Damariscotta river, over land, and nearly as far from the waters of the Mus- congus river, in many places, though only about two miles from the west margin of Broad bay. The southerly Island in this bay Muscongus towards the western shore is Musconpus Island, of more tha Jsland, and '-' oihers, QOO acres, inhabited by 8 or 10 families, and beautified with sev eral fine farms. It has upon it a convenient schoolhouse. There are ten families on Long Island, and also families on other Islands ; several of which afford pleasant residences for their inhabitants, and exhibit considerable wealth. These Islands be- long to the town of Bristol. JMusconffus river rises in Montville and in Union, and is an ex- miiscongus '-' river. cellent mill stream, which is advantageously used for that purpose. Its course is south, through Waldoborough, till it mixes with the tide at the head of navigation, seven miles from the sea. Vessels of 200 tons may come up to the bridge. After descending 3 miles from Waldoborough village, which is at the head of the tide, it takes a short turn to the west, where it is only 100 feet wide, and receives the waters of a cove from the northwest called Broad cove. JBroad cove ; and soon afterwards spreads and passes down each side of the above named Islands, being about two miles across from the southwest point of Friendship to Bristol. The German settlements about Broad cove on the west shore in Bristol, are 12 isia lis somewhat ancient. Upper JVarrows Island and Hog Island have 2 or 3 families ; Poland's one family ; Pond, Haddock, Hungry, Otter, Jones'', and Garden Islands, Egg, and Shark rocks all adorn this bay. Broad cove affords a fine harbour for vessels of any size ;f and has been a place which has long attracted much notice. * A plan by Hon. D. Rose. ■)■ MS. Letter of M. R. Ludwig, Esq. — Gorliam Parks, Esq. SkcT. II.] OF MAINE. 59 Broad hay is between Pemaqnid point and St. George's Islands, Rmndhny. bree leagues over ; and is the receptacle of IMuscongus river, besides the Islands mentioned in the river, the bay embosoms 's'^nds. ■ ihcrs ; one of whicii is half a mile long and is peopled by many "unilies ; another contains 85 acres, both of which belong to '"riendship ; — a third is Gray^s Island belonciing to Cushinir ; and . „ ' ' '' . Meduncook Aese two towns are partly separated by the small river Mcduncook. river. The river St. George* rises in Montville, near the head of •*;•■ <^corg« Muscongus river, and after rimning south twenty-five miles, and affording a variety of mill-privileges, meets the tide in Warren, about twenty miles from its mouth, as it runs. Large vessels as- cend to the narrows in the upper elbow, where it turns and runs short distance east and then south ; and small vessels may scend four miles higher, near to the head of the tide : its usual width below the narrows is about half a mile. The old fort on the east side of this river, which was long a place of refuge and defence, was about sixteen miles above its mouth : — Gen. Knox's house is near its ruins. It was built by the Waldo proprietors about 1720.f St. Gcorgc^s Islands, so often mentioned by early navigators, j;, (;, tire a large cluster, situated about the mouth of St. George's river '^'^"'^*- castwardly ; and on the east margin of Broad bay, being about twenty in number ; twelve or fourteen of which deserve to be described or mentioned. 1 . Franklin Island is eastward of the mouth of Georsrc's river, Franklin 1 r 1 • 1 1 T ^ Island. a league from the mani land. In 1806 it was ceded to the United States and a Lighthouse was built there the same year, at an ex- pense of $3,370, and the keeper is the only resident upon it. J 2. Ilerrimr-o-ut Island, or Cobb^s Island, lies towards the eastern C"'>'>'' "r ... . Herring shore of George's river, in its very mouth. It contains about 300 island, acres, is owned by 3Ir. Bradford, and is occupied only by him and his family. He has on it a dwellinghouse and barn and some fields of cultivation. 3. Seavey^s Island^ is the northernmost of Seavc^'c leorrei * Anciently, " Segochet.''* Smith called it J\'oruich. t 4 Coll. Mass. His. Soc. 20. The famous attack w as A. D. 1722. J The lantern is 50 feet above the level of the sea, and has a fixed light. 5 The '• /Aree" Gcorg'c's Islands, properly so called, are Seaveifn, Bumf, [or Bxtrnt-cnat,] and AHerCs Islands. Otter Island is 4 miles N. E. of Franklin Island. 60 Burnt-coat. Allen's. THE WATERS AND COAST [IntrODUC. the whole cluster. It is eight miles from Herring-gut point on the main, contains 20 acres of good land, all cleared, and is occupied by Mr. Seavey, its owner, and his family. 4. The next is Burnt-coat, not a gunshot distant j and between them is a harbour. It contains about 300 acres of pretty good land and is the residence of three families. 5. Allen^s Island, containing perhaps 250 acres of indifferent land and occupied by one family, is the easternmost of them all. The latter three lie south of Herring-gut ; E. S. E. from the mouth of St. George's river, and between two and three leagues distant. 6. South of the middle Island in the cluster, are two dangerous rocks, called the Old Man and Old Woman, one mile from the shore. 7. Vicory Island, so named after the first owner and occupant, contains 60 or 70 acres, lies north of Burnt Island, and is without inhabitant. 8. Davis'' or Griffin''s Island, of one family and 40 acres, lies to the northward of the preceding one. 9. Near to Griffin's Island Jo.Seavey's. is Jo. Seavey^s Island, owned by him, the dwellingplace of two families, containing 80 acres. ] and 1 1 . Bickmore's and Bar- ter^s Islands, are two w^hich nearly adjoin each other, one of 30 and the other of 90 acres ; and each has on it one family, though rugged and unfit for agriculture. 12 and 13. Sto7ie''s and TieVs Islands, of 20 acres each, are severally occupied by one family, but they are both iron-bound, forbidding places. 14. No otlrer one of George's Islands is large enough to be particularly men- tioned, except ColwelVs Island, which contains 70 acres, occu- pied by two famihes. It is a high round Island covered with trees ; and lies nine miles and an half eastward of the entrance into George's river.* All the rest of George's Islands are small and some of them mere rocks. The distance between the Two Brothers and the most eastwardly of these Islands is three or four miles ; they all belong to the town of St. George. It is well known that Capt. Weymouth, with his ship's crew visited this river, A. D. 1605, called the harbour Pentacost har- bour, and gave to George's Islands the name they have since borne. Here he planted a garden, the first probably in this State. On Carver^s Island near the west bank of George's river at its entrance, is said to be some appearance of a very ancient *The vessel passes between eastern and western Eg-g-rocks in entering this river from the westward. ! Old man and Woman. Vicory. Davis' Island. Bickmore's and Bar- ter's. Stone's and Tiel's. Colwell's. Two Brothers. Pentacost harbour. An old gar- den. Sect, ii.] of MAINE. 61 settlement, such as an old stone house in ruins, and other vesti- ges of antiquated liabitations. Monhcgan Island was in ancient times, without exception, tlie Monhegan. most famous one on the seaboard of this State. It was the land aimed at and first mentioned by the original voyagers and fisher- men about these waters ; and was so noted a stage for the latter as to be sometimes called a plantation. To this the New-Ply- mouth settlers resorted early and frequently, to exchange furs for provisions. In 1G2G, Abraham Shurtewas sent over by Elbridge and Aldsworth, to purchase the Island of the owner, Abraham Jennings of Plymouth, for which he gave £50.* It is situated nine miles southerly of George's Islands ; five leagues east-south- east of Townscnd, and 3 leagues westwardly of Mctinic. It con- tains upwards of a thousand acres of good land, has a bold shore on all its sides, a large projection of rocks at its northeastward part, and has one good harbour. On its south side is the Mcnan- nah Island of two acres, distant a cable's length, and the harbour is between the two Islands ; the entrance into it on the southwest of Monliegan being safe and easy.-j- The number of people on the Island is between 75 and 100, who inhabit 12 or 14 dwellinghouses, and are the owners of the soil, industrious, moral and well-informed. They have a school- house where their children are educated, and religious meetings are attended. Fishing and agriculture are the employments of the men ; they o\vn several vessels ; and while the more able bodied are engaged in the former business at home, and in the codfishery on the Grand Banks, the old men and boys cultivate the land, raising good crops, keeping cows, swine, and sheep. The Island, though within the county of Lincoln, belongs to no town. It is a democratic community : It has no officers of any kind, not even a Justice of the Peace. The people's affairs are governed and guided by tliemselves, conformably to certain pru- dential rules and usages which they have mutually established. They have paid one United States' direct tax, otherwise they are strangers to taxation, except what they pay towards die support of their school. The Lighthouse was erected on the Island in 1824. * Shurtc's Deposition. t Capt. John Smitli sajs, in lt)l4, '> between Monahig'g'on and Monanis is a small harbour where wc rid." 62 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. Metinic. Metinic Island is situate seven miles east by north from Mon- hegan ; 12 miles south of White-head and 2 and 1-2 leagues from Musqueto Island. It contains 300 acres of excellent land, being about two miles long from N. E. to S. W. and in one place is a mile wide. It has a bold shore and a landing place, though no harbour. It belongs to no town, though attached to the county of Lincoln ; and is owned by the Messrs. Thorn- dikes of Thomaston and St. George. There are two families on the Island, who cultivate the land with considerable success, though fishing is their principal employment. Between this bay. Island and the main land is Wheeler''s hay, three leagues over. Herring- Herring-gut has its western entrance at the mouth of St. ^" ■ George's river, and is a reach of water stretching eastward, two leagues, to Musqueto Island, having on the north the rugged shore of the main land, being the south end of the town of St. George, and having the most of George's Islands southerly. Musqueto Musqucto Island is half a mile from the main land, or shore ; it is about a mile over it either way, and has upon it one house. Between it and the main is the eastern entrance of Herring-gut, over a bar of sand passable at two hours flood ; the vessels how- Urbour'* cver usually pass the outside of the Island. Tennanfs harbour is formed by that Island and the main and is a very fine harbour, 1 00 rods wide, where 70 sail may lie in safety. South of Musqueto Island, distant 100 rods, are the '■'■ Two I3r others,'''' each of an acre, covered with trees. From these to Townsend harbour [Boothbay,] is thirty miles. Northeastwardly of Musqueto Island, one league and a half, Wliite-lieaJ. is White-head, which is a small Island one mile from the shore, of ten acres and one family. It is considered to be at the west- ern entrance of Penobscot bay, and on the 18th of June, 1803, the United States purchased it, and the next year erected a Light- house on it at the cost of ^'2,200.* From J'Vhite-head, leaving Seal or Sail harbour on the west, to Spruce-head, is north one mile ; thence to Ash point, abreast * Tlic lantern is elevated 50 feet above the level of the sea; and has a fixed lig-ht ; (he keeper has $300 by the year. From Monhe^an to White- head is N. E. 7 Icatriics. Licht. Sect, ii.] of MAINE. 63 of Ash Island, is three miles ; and thence to OwVs head* in the Owl's head, northeastern corner of Thomaston, is five miles. Between White-head and Ash point, which arc a league apart, jyjy,^,^ are the JMusclc Ridges, consisting of ahout a dozen Islands ; the j^"'s'" most of which must now he mentioned though they arc sev- islands, crally small. 1, ^sA /sZanrf of 20 acres is very near the main, Ash, without inhabitant. 2, High Island, abreast the other, is a poor High, rocky place of 5 acres ; and 3, Potatoc Island of two acres, Foiaioe, is still southerly ; and both are uninhabited. But 4, Anderson''s Anderion'i, Island, cast of Ash point, of 300 acres, has three families upon it ; the land on its soudi end is good, and a farm was lately sold there for $1000. 5, Peabodifs Island of 70 acres, is poor land ; Pcabody'i, 0, Pleasant Island ; 7, Two Bush Island [now one Bush,] being Pleasant, all three very small, have no resident upon them. Pleasant Island however is a site worthy its name, and Two Bush is so called q-^.^ b„j|,^ because it has exhibited two bushes conspicuous to the passing mariner. 8, Allen's Island, of 40 acres, was the residence of^n^^., 4 one family till expelled by poverty. 9, Graffam''s Island is a graflan,-, pleasant one, well swarded into grass, though without inhabitant. There are a few others which are mere black rocks, without shrubbery or vegetation. Indeed they are all rocky and forbid- ding ; and no one belongs to any town. The passage from Pe- nobscot bay westward is through these ridges, leaving Ash Island on the west ; and tlie mariner always avoids them all, as big with danger. JMatinicus Island,-f is another such as Monhegan, situate 1 7 -yiaji^ipu,^ miles southeast of OivVs head and 10 east of Melinic. It is two miles in length and from one half mile to a mile in breadth, and contains 750 acres of excellent loamy land, three fouitlis of which are cleared. Near it, southerly, is lVhcaton''s Island, which forms Wheaion's the eastern part of the harbour ; and east is Wooden Ball rock, ,1/"'; ' _ ' ' \\ ooi'en uninhabited. Soudieast is Raggcr-task, an Indian name, between ""'i ''"<■'«• which and Matinicus, is tolerable anchorage in stormy weather, laik,"' The Island of JMatinicus was inhabited very early, and " re- „ . . mains of stone houses are still apparent, generally supposed to people. * Ancieutly " Jlecadacut,'' Smith in his map and History, 1617, called it Dunbarlon. t The main passa!!:e into Penobscot bay from the sea is between Matinicus and the Green Islands. 64 THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. have been built by French or Dutch fishermen," though unknown. Also there are several places where the Indians had their camps, as is evident from the shells and bones found thereabouts.* It is often visited for the benefit of health. There are now about 100 souls on the Island, in sixteen families : they have been claimed as a part of Vinalhaven, but have never been taxed, nor have they ever voted in public affairs. They have a schoolhouse and a school of 40 scholars ; and upon the Island there is a Calvinist Baptist church of 22 members. They are a very industrious, humane and moral people ; the men are engaged in fishing and farming ; and the women manufacture tlie principal part of family clothing. The Islanders own six fishing craft from ten to fifty tons each, and raise annually about 400 bushels of wheat and abundance of vegetables ; hving together in prosperity, quietude and happiness, without law and without rulers. Crecn The two Green Islands are northeast of Matinicus and near 1 "^'^ *■ it, within the county of Hancock ; and though small, each of 2 or 3 acres only and without inhabitant, the soil is so productive as to yield 1 00 tons of hay in a single year. Hog Island. Hog Island is half a mile southwest of Metinic Island, con- taining two acres of miserable barren land. JMunroe, or Mare's Island, is situate opposite Owl's Head, Island. an hundred rods distant, and the harbour is between them. It is claimed to be within the town of Thomaston, though most of it is in the county of Hancock. It contains 1 80 acres of good land, occupied by Mr. Munroe and his family. Sheep Island, the next one southerly, contains by admeasure- isiand. ment 74 acres of very good land, and bears a house and barn. Mark Mark, or Fishermen's Island, still farther south, of 3 or 4 acres, island. without a resident, is very woody ; and the one which the Brit- ish in the late war used as a place of rendezvous. Spruce- Above Owl's Head, on the same side, is Great Spruce head, fi'om which to Old Fort point in Prospect, is ten leagues north- northeast. In ascending to which, however, the mariner leaves HeMi!" Camden Heights on the west, which the older writers have Duckirap. viewed as mountains ; and Uucktrap harbour in Lincolnville still Bfilfasi bay. farther to the north ; and crosses the mouth of Belfast bay two Brigadier's . -o-tit77 r r i Island. leagues over to nrigadier s island, not lar Irom the western shore. * MS. Letter of T. \Vatcrman, Esq. Sect, ii.] of MAINE. 65 This has a good harbour westward, called Loiig cove, and another to the northward — a bar extending from the Island to the main. Fort point above mentioned is near, making the distance from it to White-head thirty-six miles in a direct course. Fort Poicnal erected in 1759, by Governor Pownal, was Fori Tow- on the western sliorc. Its site was a pleasant and commanding siuiation in the town of Prospect, below the south end of Orphan Orpimn Island. Nothing of the fort remains except the entrenchments and circumvallations ; but the place has acquired the name of " Old Fort point. ^' As this may be considered at the mouth of <^^i'' f'""' . . . . [jti. and Little Spruce head, and Beech Island, owned by individuals, |v|;miH. contain 27 inhabitants. The others are Spectacle Island, one t'iiu'ii^kIp, mile from Cape Rosier ; TLumpcap, two miles from it; Jliar^• i .''l-s head Island of two acres, 3 leagues from Castine ; ColVs head ; Pond {'',!,' |.';, Island ; Green Ledge ; and Pompkin Island, which arc small |^' po,ppti„ and uninhabited. i^iui.ds. " Little Deer /a7c" is situated northwest of Great Deer Isle, '-im.- Deer southeasterly of Cape Rosier, and south oi Edgemaroggan reach, which is three miles wide and separates the latter Isle from Sedg- wick. It contains 1,000 acres of good soil, supporting a consid- erable number of inhabitants. * MS. Letter of Tliomas Waterman, Esq. jFrom Mr. Kosier, probably, who came along with Capt. Weymouth, A. D. ICOo.— //u6. N. K. 14. Vol. I. 6 74 THE WATERS AND COAST [Introduc. Groat Deer l.land. Isle of Holl. Town of Deer Isle. Eastern ami western liiii- i(s of Penol)- seot Bay. Edgema- rofigan reach. Conaway Island. Between that Island and the Isle of Holt is Great Deer Isle, about ten miles in length from north to south, and near five miles in width towards the upper and lower ends. It has Edgema- roggan reach on the northeast, which separates it from the main ; and the east branch of Penobscot bay on the west, in a width of two leagues intervening between the above Isle and the Fox Islands. The Isle-au-haut, or " Isle of Holt," which has a good soil, is one league directly south of Great Deer Isle, and is supposed to contain about 3,500 acres and 75 families. It is favoured with one rivulet. It has generally a bold shore, high steep cliffs ; and between the beach at its northwest part, and an Island near, there is a good harbour ; — also another open to the south, between the southeast and southwest extremities of the Island. The highest part of its territory is in the middle of it, and exhibits the appearance of a saddle. It affords good landing at its eastern end, and anchorage half a mile off in 18 fathoms. Great and Little Deer Isle and the Isle of Holt constitute the town of Deer Isle, which contains 14,320 acres of land and 225 dwellinghouses, and probably includes other little Islands lying between the others. The Isle of Holt and White-head, which are six leagues asun- der, are the eastern and western limits of Penobscot hay. Its width is not so great as that of Casco bay, nor does it embrace so great a number of Islands; but it is much deeper, being 11 leagues in extent from north to south ; and embosoms much larger Islands, stretching around them in a manner unique and like a crescent. A perspective view of this bay from the heights of Camden, so indented on its shores and diversified with Islands, is said to be admirable. Edgemaroggan reach,* which has a sufficient depth of water in its channel to float a ship of 74 guns, is from one mile to three in width, and about 1 3 miles long, from its northerly entrance between Brookville and the northwest end of Little Deer Isle, to the southeast extremity of Sedgwick ; and has good anchorage on that as well as the Deer Isle side. South of the eastern en- trance of the reach, opposite, eastwardly to Great Deer Isle and separate by shoal water, is Conaway Island, of 100 acres, sup- * Pronounced — Edg'cmorgTin. Sect, ii.] of .mainf:. ITS posed to belong; to tlic town of Deer Isle. It has a bold shore, a good soil and several families. Near the southeast point of Sedgwick, called J\'aske.ag, is a NiisLcag. good harbour of the same name, about which the first settle- ments were made in Sedgwick, formerly Naskeag plantation, eligibly situated for fishery.* The harbour is between the pouit and Harbour Island, of 25 acres, close aboard ; having Hog Man.i. Island farther distant, both of which are inhabited. The course from Naskeag point to the Fox Islands is near to Deer Isle, leaving 20 or 30 Islands towards the Isle of Holt, many of which arc inhabited.! From Naskeag point, east of south. Is Swan Island or Burnt- „ . coat, distant four miles. It is of an irregular shape with many indents of water, and in general its shore is ledgy and forbid- ding. But a large cove makes up into it on its western side, about midway of it, and forms a good harbour. There is another good one in the creek at the southwesterly part of the Island, where Mr. Swan lived. He, finding the soil to be excellent, purchased the whole Island, embracing 1000 acres, built an ele- gant house, about thirty years ago, bought cattle, and with much emulation, connncnced farming on a large scale. Discouraged, however, or displeased after five or six years, he left the Island ; the house decayed and it has since been taken down. There are now on the Island about 30 flourishing families. Between Naskeag point and Swan Island, are three others, viz. Pond Island of 150 acres : Calf Island of 125 acres: and •'"'"'' ("a If, Little Black Island of 100 acres; all of which have a good soil '-'"''• *''ac'' and are inliabitcd. Of the three. Pond Island is the most north- erly one, and the main channel is between that and Naskeag point, * MS. Letters of D. Morjjan and W. Jackson, Esqrs. " Tlie middle of Sedgwick is iu N. Lat. 4-1° 25', Lonj. 63" 40' west; and 121 miles from PorlianJ Lighthouse, and 133 miles from Passamaqiioddy bay on a blraight line." I Of a few Islands on this Eastern Coast, a census of 1820 is returned, viz. — 10 souls on Pond Island ; 9 on Black Island ; 19 on Lonp Island ; 39 on Placentia Island ; 21S on Burnt-coat; 7 on MarslialTs Island; 7 on Mark Island; 5 on Hog Island; 8 on Beach Island; 19 on Little and Great Spruce Islands ; 8 on Eagle Island, and 11 on Butter Island. — See census, 1820. 76 Marshall's Island. Lonff Islntid off Burnt- coat. Bluehill batyt Lonf Island. Robinson's, Bear Islands. Fly, Ship and Barge Islands. Morgan's bay. Newbury neck. THE WATERS AND COAST [IntrODUC. Marshall's Island lies southwestwardly of Swan Island. It has a rich loamy soil, is mostly cleared and is the residence of a few families. But it has no harbour ; the main channel is on the west side of the Island, though it has a difficult one on the east side, embayed with ledges. Indeed, the shore is bold and rocky, against which vessels have not unfrequently been driven and sometimes wrecked. Directly east of Marshall's Island, two leagues, and also two miles southeast of Swan Island, is what is called " Long Island off Burnt-coat,''^ which is near three miles in length, though it contains only about 5 or 600 acres : The soil is good ; it has a bold shore on the eastern side and a good harbour opposite its northwest part. Some 15 or 20 families live upon the Island who carry on a considerable fishery. There are some other Islands about Swan Island which are too small to be described. The entrance into Bluehill hay, is on both sides of Swan Island, which lies in the very mouth of the bay ; though the usual pas- sage is eastward of the Island. The bay, which has Naskeag point on the west, and Mount Desert on the east, extends up northwestwardly fifteen miles from the Island to the village of Bluehill. Long Island, in this bay, extends nearly to its head on its easterly side, and is such in length as well as name ; for it is about 6 miles long and quite narrow. It may contain 2000 acres, and be inhabhed by 10 families. It has no harbour ; the good and the poor land is about in equal moieties, and the Island is owned by Peters and Ellis. South of Long Island are Rob- inson''s Island of about 350 acres, and three families, and Bear Island of 60 acres. After passing Naskeag point, northward, Fly Island is left on the western side, also the " Ship,''^ an Island of three trees, and the " Barge,'''' a dry rock, looking like a boat of that name. The waters northwardly of Long Island, are called Morgan^s bay, the head of which is shoal water ; and the promontory be- tween it and the mouth of Union river has the name of Kewbury neck, [in Surry,] steep on the east side, and on the west inclining to a flat. The channel on the east side of Long Island, from the sea to the mouth of the river, is sufficiently wide and deep to render the navigation of large vessels safe and commodious. Sect, ri.] or aiAiNK. ft Below the mouth of the river and two miles east of Lone BBrtini'i Island, is BartlctCs Island of 600 acres, half of which is very good for farming and the rest rocky. It is inhabited by 8 fami- lies ; and they have, about the middle of the Island, on the east side, a good harbour. Soutli of this is Hardwood Island oi^^^^f^'^^'^ 200 acres ; most of which is covered with wood, though it is of an excellent soil, and exhibits one dwellinghouse. The passage for vessels is good on both of its sides. Union river, whose head is near the Passadumkeag and more 1 ._ ., , - . ., . ,. Unionriver. tlian 40 miles north of its tide-waters, is a very commodious stream for mills. At the head of the tide, which is ten miles above Newbury necic, there are several mills ; also the flourishing villages of Ellsworth and Surry, which are connected by a bridge across the river, 25 rods in length. In proceeding from this to the sea, the passage is between Long and Bartlett's Islands. Eastward ly, contiguous to the waters of Union river, is the Island of Mount Desert,* 15 miles long; from north to south, and JJ"""'* ' ~ ' Desert. about seven miles in mean width. It has on its northern curve, Jordan river, which is almost wholly salt water, navigable on the tide three miles to its head in Trenton. Branching east, it dis- charges itself into Frenchman's bay, at the southeast extremity of Trenton, called Trenton point ; and west, it mixes with the waters of Union river, after passing JSIount Desert narrows, which are . . » Narrow*. only 20 rods across at highwater, where the usual tides are 12 feet, and the place fordablc at low water. Tiie southwest extremity of Trenton is called Oak point, opposite to the narrows. Oak-pomt. At the south end of Mount Desert Island, west of the point, is the celebrated Bass harbour, formed by a cove, landlocked by ^ass har- two projections or points, eastwardly and westwardly, and shel- '^°'"'- tered on the south by three Islands. One is Great Presench or f;rp.^, ^^A Black Island, south of the harbour and the most remote of the ][',".','" j^C"' three ; Little Presench, northwest of the other and near the ^"''*- entrance of the harbour, each of 5 or GOO acres ; and GoCs f;„,., j^i. Island of 300 acres, northeastwardly of the preceding two ; and ^"''" the three have severally three or four families. Somes' sound, is the water southeast of Bass harbour, stretch- somet' ing up north into the heart of the whole Island, navigable into **'"" ' * Mount Desert rock is 6 Icag-ues S. of Mount Desert Hills; hero tha lido of flood sets \V. S. W. 78 Great and Little Ciaa hrrry Island. Laiiraster's Duck Islands. The pool. Bakei- Lighllioiiso Harbour Island. Skilliiig's river. (^'rahtree's iivck. Mnnnl De- seit Island. THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODUC. land more than a league. It took its name from Abraham Somes, the first American settler, who commenced a plantation near its head ; — it is sometimes called Mount Desert sound. At the en- trance into the sound are several Islands, viz. Great Cranberry Island, of 500 acres, inhabited by 6 or 7 families. Northeast of this, i^ Little Cranberry Island, of 200 acres, having three fami- lies ; nearer the land, west of north, is La7icaster^s Island, of 100 acres, peopled by two i\mii]ies ; and the eastern channel into the sound is between the two latter. East of Great Cranberry Island is Duck Island, of 50 acres, and one family. The harbour, situate between the head of the sound, Great Cranberry and Lancaster's Islands, is called the Pool, and affords excellent anchorage. Five miles southeasterly of the Pool is Baker Island, on which there is a Lighthouse. From the pool, the shore is bold around on the margin of Frenchman's bay, to the northeast indent of the Island or creek, 3 miles in extent, where there is a small harbour, and a little Island called Harbour Island, and the village of Eden. The water stretcliing up into Trenton from Sullivan, northwest from the head of Frenchman's bay, is Skillings^ river, navigable near- ly to its head at highwater. The point of land in Sullivan, east of that river's mouth, is Crabtree's JVecIc. The Island of Mount Desert* is the largest one in" the State, and contains about 60,000 acres, a third part of which is eleva- ted into thirteen connected, high and rugged mountains, covered with woods : and at sea they may be seen the distance of twenty leagues, and are remarkable for being the first landmark of sea- men and for giving the French name Mons Deserts to the Island. The savages were much attached to this Island ; for in the moun- tains they hunted bears, wild cats, racoons, foxes and fowls ; in the mar.shes and natural meadows, beaver, otter and musquash ; and in the waters they took fin and shellfish. The alewives in the spring ascended into the interiour ponds to cast their spawn, where they were easily taken ; and though the hills are hard and rocky, the vallies are rich, strong land, and have borne a heavy hardwood growth. The smaller Islands and some parts of Mount * In going- from Mount Desert to Goiildsboroug'h, steer E. 1-2 N. for Slialtorlv point, 4 loag-ues ; there are 5 liiils on Sliattock remarkable in tlioif appearance — and at a distance round, Sliattock point forms tlie eastern and Mount Desert Uic weskm extreme of Frcncl]man"s Bay, Sect, ii.] OF Maine. 79 Desert, abound in excellent cranberries.* About tlie pool, on the west side of Somes' sound, are the appearances of old settle- ments : Here it is supposed the French Missionaries, Biard and rrp„ri) Mi»- Masse, located themselves in 1G09; though it may be, they were ]j",j'r^[',!,','j at the nordieast harbour, where they were afterwards carried by '^'"='*''- Suassayc under the auspices of Madam Gucrcheville. It is said there appears to have been an old French settlement at Trenton point, where Madam Deville has lived. Frenchman's bay is generally two leagues in width and four rrench- leagucs in length. This bay acquired its name from a peculiar incident.! In the spring of 1G04, after De ISIonts left his win- ter's encampments at the Island St. Croix, he and his company, among whom was Nicholas d'Aubri, a French Ecclesiastic, sailed westward ; and somewhere, probably between the Union and IVarraguagus rivers, d'Aubri, to gratify curiosity in a ramble upon the coast and in a view of the country — was set ashore. Wan- dering too far, he was lost in the woods, and the boatsmen were necessitated to leave him. For three weeks he suffered very terrible apprehensions and extreme want ; and when almost in despair, the people of the same vessel in touching at some place in the vicinity, providentially found him and restored him to his companions. Interested and pleased with this story, which gave to these waters the name of Frenchman's bay, Mons. Cadillac obtained of Lewis XIV. in April 1691, a large tract of land lying on this bay, and also a large Island opposite, supposed to be within the region of Acadie. This grant was evidently made, to confirm possession ; and tiiese circumstances attracted the attention of the French Jesuits and others to this particular section of the country : " For there were anciently many French settlements on that part of the bay which is opposite to the banks of Mount Desert, as well as on the Island itsclf."J IMudame de Gregoire proved herself to be the lineal descendant of Monsieur Cadillac, and in 1787 acquired a partial confirmation of the origi- nal grant. § * MS. Letters of Davis Wasjatt, David Rieliurdson, and NicliolasTliom- as, Esqrs. t Abbe Raynal, V. 560—02 Translated. J Sullivan's Hist. 56— r)9. 5 Sec Resolves of General Court, July 6, and November 23, 17S7. — Mrs. Greg-oire was g-randaiigliter of Mons. de la Motte Cadillac. — See post. »i, D. 1785. 80 Flander's bay. Trenlon Narrows* THE WATERS AND COAST Clam-shells. Islands.'' 'J'iiomas', m.iyo's, 4 Porcu- pine's, Wheek-r's, IJuriil, Sliepp and Great. Bean's, In^all's, Prcl)lf!'s, Rrngdou's, IVnn's, yinipsou's, mid Ashes Islands. Bar Island. Tliiiin(>c;ii). Slave, Bear. [Introduc. At the head of Frenchman's bay, is the town of Sulhvan : and Flanders'' b^ty, is on the northeast side, next to the northwest part of Gouldsborough* Between SkilHngs' river and Flanders' bay, is Trenton bay ; and two miles above its mouth, are the JVar- roivs of only 600 feet in width. Above them the bay is seven miles long, and from half a mile to a mile in breadth. When the tide floods, the water is forced through the narrows \Yith great impetuosity and raises the upper bay eight or ten feet. As the water below ebbs out much faster than the incumbent water can escape tlirough the narrows, a fall of ten feet is formed, where the water pours down, and being salt, fills the eddy below with surges of white foam for the space of 12 or 15 rods. Twice in every twenty-four hours this natural curiosity makes its displays much to the amusement of the beholder. A toll-bridge, lately erected by Col. Sargent across these waters in Sullivan, gives to the place additional variety and beauty.* On several projections of land hereabouts, are beds of clam- shells, from one to two acres in extent, and in some places near two feet deep. So long have they been on the ground, that strata of earth have covered them ; and a heavy growth of trees was found upon them even by the first settlers. In one of the neigh- bouring Islands, the shells are six feet thick ; and there is remain- ing a stump of a large tree which, though felled half a century ago, must, from evident appearances, have grown since the stra- tum of shells was formed or deposited there. f The Islands to be mentioned, as found in this quarter, are Thomas^ and Mayors Jslands, the four Porcupines, viz. Wheel- er^s, Burnt, Sheep and Great Porcupines. Here cod, haddock, pollock and halibut, are taken plentifully ; and on the shores, clams, muscles, and other shellfish. Within the bounds of Sul- livan are 7 Islands, viz. Beanos, IngaWs, PrehWs, Bragdon^s, Deane's, Simpson''s, and Ashe's Islands. More remote, and dis- tant 8 or 9 miles, are Bar Island and Timmpcap, in the vicinity of the Porcupines, which are high Islands. Near Gouldsborough is Stave Island ; about midway of Frenchman's bay is Bear Island, and another south, inhabited by three families. * But it lias been carried away and not rebuilt. I IMS. lictler of A. Jchnson, Esq. IMonlton's is a bad ledg'c, |soiith of Gou'dsborough 1. arbour. Sect, ii.] of malne. 81 The greater pari of Gouldsborough - Is a jjcninsula ; on tlie (Sotiid$boro' west of which is Frazier^s point, between which and Schoodic ih.hu. point and tiic southwest extremity of the pcninsida, is JSlusqueto iiurbour. harljour, having good bottom, and sheltered on the southwest by Schoodic Island, whicli is small and without inhabitant. Five inland, miles northeast of Schoodic point is a little cove, which makes „ ' ' Pro«prcl &. Prospect harbovr,\ and nearly east, is Indian harbour. IimIi.ui iiar- Gouldsborough river, which is salt water, is about 3 leagues in leneth, and is navigable six miles to its branches, which spread 9""'^*''°''°' . . ... river. and end not unlike fork tines, exhibiting the village between them, mostly on the west fork. Here the usual tides ebb and flow 12 feet. Dyer's hay, six miles long and one mile wide, is in Steuben, Dyer's boy. and is navigable on the tide to its head. The point east of it is Petitmenan point, southeast of wiiicli, two miles, is tl.c Island r.iiimenaQ of that name, containing 25 acres. In 1817 it was ceded to tiie '"'" ' United States, and that government erected a Lighthouse'^ on it Ugiuhouse. at the cost of ^'5,045. Ships pass both withinside and outside of Petitmenan Island, though there is a bar between it and liie main land. North of tiie preceding is Boubcar Island, quite narrow, ,, though nearly a league in length. It is close to the Steuben l*'""''- shore in Pidgeon hill bay ; containing about 300 acres of indif- ferent soil, though inhabited by 4 families. 7^Wo-co« At// Ziflw on the west, and Pleasant bay on the east, n • uu ■^ _ . Piosfoii hill are contiguous and mix waters ; and the distance across both, "'"' ''''■*''"'" from Bowbear Island to Cape Split, is three leagues. The for- mer receives the waters of the jXarraguagus river, after a grad- >;arrpeua'' ual descent of 40 miles from its sources. It is only a mill stream ^"'^ "'"'^' till it meets the tide and is enlarged and assisted by its waters. It is then navigable five miles from its mouth to the village and lower mills, in a good channel. Cape Split has a good harbour. Between tlie mouth of this and that of Pleasant river, which *Gouldsborougb harbour is N. IV. W. from Petitmenan Li£ht2 leagues, t If yon fall in with Shatluck Island give it a good birth and steer .\. N. E. into Trospect harbour. I It is " stone building 25 feet l.igli, has a fixed light, forir ed ui lamps 53 feet abuve the level of the sea. Pass on the west side into Dyei's bay, imd givB the light a good birth, leave a dry ledge on your lai board. 82 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. Pleasant are two leagues apart, is J\'arraguagus hay, stretching up seven NariajTua- milcs into Harrington, which affords good navigation and good harbours ; having branches or salt water streams flowing into it, upon Vv'hich tide mills are advantageously situated. Pleasant river empties itself at the head of Pleasant bay ; its fresh water part is short and small ; but the residue of its run, being about ten miles, is commodious. At the head of the tide about four leagues from the bay, it is divided by a fertile and inviting Island, almost in the shape of a pendant, being about three miles in length and nearly two in its greatest width. Although the channels on each side are narrow, yet the beds of them are so soft, level and smooth, as to render the navigation safe and convenient nearly to the head of the Island. The soil here is fertile, the banks low, the village flourishing, and the situation and beauty of the country, emphatically such as to entitle it all to the name the river bears.* Cape S Pit Cape Split is the point at the southwest extreme of the town of Addison, as we enter Pleasant bay from the east ; and is Moose- eck ^^^^' ^ league north of the western entrance into Moose-peck J^^'jJ'; , reach.\ Between that point and Tihbets^ jjoint, a little farther point. gjjgj-^ jg a good harbour. The reach has Addison and Jones- Beai's borough on the north ; and on the south BeaVs Island of 1000 ''^" ■ acres of good land and 10 families. J Its margin is ledgy, though it has one harbour on the north side, east of Indian river. The Island at the mouth of that little river, is encircled with naviga- ble tide-waters on all its sides. Below the east entrance of the Head har- reach, is Head Harbour Island, containing 300 acres of poor hour Island. <--ii i-ii -ii land, with one famuy ; between which, on the southwest side, and Tiryer's isl- Bryer^s Island, is a good harbour. Rojsue's Isl- Ros^ice^s Island is N. N. E. from Head harbour, in Eng-lish- aiul ■g «,& O i>JM*.KX t.:, XI. J.-.. .— .. .l^lii iiV^U.^, XlWll^Vy..!., .1. -^"Q' Eiiffiixh- man'shay: it contains 500 acres of good land, inhabited by three or four families. It has a very broken shore and its harbour is formed by an indent of water about midway of the Island on the southerly side. Near Rogue's Island southerly are others, called Virgin's the Virs:in''s Breasts. Chandler''s river, which empties itself into Breasts. '^ _J * Shattuck hills are back of Harring-ton. f Moose-peck or " Mispccky"" Lighthouse is on Ship Harbour Island, with a revolving light. I Southwesterly of Bcal's Island are 8 or 10 small Islands not far distant, which arc uninhabited. Sect, ii.] of Maine. 83 the head of the bay, is a small mill stream : vet vessels ascend CbnnHicr*« ^ river. to its month and take cargoes. Bucfc\j- niiil. ters Island and the two Libby Islands.* Upon the outer one of i.ii.hy Ligliiliouse. the latter two, is the Lisrhihouse. jSIachias bay is about two leagues in breadth at its mouth, and Mnciiias seven miles in length. At its northwest corner it receives the waters of East and West Machias rivers, three miles below where they form a junction, and two miles below where they pass the narrows. The length of JVcst Machias river, m its meandering south- ^^>Rt..^^a- eastcrlv course, is about fifty miles. The tide Hows five miles above the junction to the bridge, the village and the landings, where are the public buildings. In this branch the navigation for small vessels is good. East-Machias river is not so long as the other, though quite as ^[j^'^ ^1"' ^ large. It is navigable only about two miles from the junction to the falls, bridge, mills and village : — the falls here being from 15 lo 20 feet. One mile below the junction, arc the Aarrojcs, 50 rods across ; Narrows. to which a ship of the line might ascend, in a channel of six fathoms of water, with safety. South of tlie narrows, the shores arc bold; die tide flows 15 feet; and it is supposed, where the wharves now are, stood the A''cw-Plijmouth trading house. There are two Cross Islands lying at the east entrance of Ma- STioss Isl- ands, chias bay ; Great Cross Island contains about G or 700 acres of pretty good land ; tliough neither of them is inhabited. East of Cross Island is Little Alachias bay, which extends i,;,,!,. .v^. nearly a league into the land and has a depth from two to six '^ "'** ''-' fathoms at low water. It is inhabited on both sides. Also Little river harbour, two miles still farther cast, is a good one, enlivened by a small contiguous settlement. * >'acliias Liflitlioiise stands on Libbj- Island, l}innf on the western en- putnaie- jj jg quite small, and is sometimes called Cheputnatecook. It empties itself near the north end of the upper Schoodic lakes, which lie in the form of a crescent, 35 miles in extent, with their thickest segment northwest. The mean width of the lakes may be from one to two miles, though in many places there are very narrow passes between the greater or wider bodies of water. From the outlet of the upper lake, the general course of the river is southeastwardly ; its descent is rapid, its bed and banks for the most part rocky, with very few bordering intervales ; and its length, to the lower or salt-water falls, is called by travellers sixty, some say, seventy miles. In this distance we find several Loon's bay. sections of Still water, particidarly two, called Loon^s bay and Por- meadow. ^^'''^ mcadoiv. There are also the Great falls, several miles from Palls. ^Yie outlet, where the water descends 20 feet in a short distance ; * Philip Coombs, Esq. — MS. Letter of Jona. D. Weston, Esq. f MS. Letter and ingenious plan of Lorenzo Sabin, Esq. J There are three rivers which empty into the Passamaquoddy bay, the largest of which is called the Schoodic, [Scatuck — Indian,'] — the lake is " where Jisli live all the year,'''' and are often taken ; such as trouts, chopa and perch. — But M. de Monls and Champlain, call it " Etechemins.'" OF MAINE. 87 and several other rapids and pilches, so that tliere arc at some seasons of the year, no less than seven carrying places between llie upper outlet and Calais. About 35 miles below the upper outlet, a junction is formed between the main river and the west branch, which is made by issues of water from the Grand Schoodic lakes, being about a LaUv'^ dozen of tlieni in all ; and by this confluence, the river below is doubled in the quantum of its water. The lower falls are at the head of the tide, to which the river descends from the southwest, and thence runs southeast, forming almost an isoscles angle. W'ilhin this is the village of Calais, op- posite to which, at the point on the north shore, is the parish of St. Stephens. The falls arc at JUill town, two nn\cs above Ca /a ts ?,''''"'"": villagc, where there are about 20 saws, a grist mill, and other '"e^- waterworks in lively operation. Those on the northerly side are owned by the British, and those on the other by tlie Americans. Between iMilltown and Calais, the river is crossed by two bridges, each about eighty rods in length. At Calais, above the mouth of Dennis Stream, there is a great mill establishment of ^20,000 cost. The river here is half a mile in width, and the water is very shoal when the tide is out ; but tlie flood tide brings hither a sheet of water from 14 to 16 feet perpendicular, and is limited a mile above the village, where the salt and fresh water meet. Five miles below the village is the Ledge, where the passage Tiie kdge. is narrow, the water quick, and the navigation diflicult, even at half ebb. Two miles lower is " the DeviVs head,^^ 9h leagues HrAti'* lieacl. above Eastport landing, a very high, rocky, and mountainous bluiF, on the western shore, which may be seen 12 leagues. Di- rectly opposite to this, northward, where the river is two miles wide, is Oak point, on the British side.* ^^^ P°'"'- Three miles below the Devil's head, the river passes between the village of Robbinston and St. Andrews, where it is a league across. f Hereabouts in the river, on the American side, are two small Islands ; tlie one is a mere ledge of about an acre, above highwater mark, bearing only a few trees ; the other, called Hel- leker^s Island, of 4 or 5 acres, was first owned by a man of tliat * Pliilip Coombs, Esq. llcrc tlic tide flows 2,') feet. tlNIS. Letter of Hon. Jolin Balkham. 88 THE WATERS AND COAST [IntRODUC. name, who became the sole inhabitant of it soon after the revolu- tion, where he lived to a great age. The north bank of the Island is high and ledgy, the residue is of a rich soil which he cultivated like a garden. The width of the river here is 2^ miles. " St. Croix,'^ or JVeutral Island, is situate in the river, oppo- St. Croix or sitc to the dividing line of Calais and Robbinston, where it angles Isfalld! upon the waters edge. It contains 12 or 15 acres and is direct- ly in the middle of the Schoodic river, though the ship passage is usually on the eastern side ; it is now the residence of one family and is claimed by Gen. Brewer. It is a delightful spot ; — here de Monts, in 1604, erected a fort and passed the winter j here the commissioners, in 1798, under the treaty of 1783, found the remains of a very ancient fortification ; and afterwards de- termined the river to be the true St. Croix.* Pleasant poini, [in Perry,] which is ten miles southeasterly of Robbinston villasie and 5 miles northwardly of Eastport village. poini. is one of the most delightful situations in the State. It is a small peninsula, on a cove making up on the back or west side of it two miles. This is the site of the Indian village, wliere the Pas- samaquoddy tribe have about 40 habitations or wigwams. Ja'fe"" ^''' There is no difficult navigation in the Schoodic from Eastport to Calais, except at the Ledge. The tides at Eastport are from 24 to 30 feet ; and there are some good harbours and many places of good anchoring ground, along the western shore ; the only inconveniences being the boldness of the shore and a depth of water, which is in some places 12, in others 25 fathoms. f The only considerable river which remains to be described is si John ^^^^ ^^- J^f^'^t ^'^^^ ^^^ tributaries. Its several branches are spread through the whole northern section of this State, and a svveep around their heads would form a curve, or segment of a circle, not less than 200 miles in extent. Its principal sources are in the highlands which divide Maine from Canada, and the chief St. John, in its meanders, runs more than 150 miles before it crosses the eastern divisional line of the State. Not very much is known of all these branches, though they intersperse and water a third part of our territory ; except, that the soil among them is * 1 Holmes A. a. 149 — Sabin's JIS. Let. f Blunt's Coast Pilot. J Indian name, Loshtock, or Lo?}g river, very wide, for the waters run- ning in it. river Sect, ii.] oF MAINE. 89 good ; the timber-growth great ; and the face of nntiirc well In- terspersed with elevations and vallies. At the mouth of the Met- ,Vp,a^vBscah awascah, however, which is 30 miles from the line, where the French sct- French settlement is, people have made repeated visits and some discoveries, The St. John riVer crosses our eastern boundary line, 77 miles north of tlio " Eastern JMonument," and 227 miles from its mouth. The Great, or " Grand falls, ^^ are four miles below the Great falls, line, in lat. 4G° 64'. Here the river is contracted to the width of only 3 or 4 rods, walled and overhung with cliffs, and de- scends a f(;w feel in a broken inclined piano ; rebounding from a bed of rocks below the eaves of a fall. It is then precipitated down perpendicularly, about 45 feet, into an abyss studded with rocks, which nearly choke its passage. But with a whirl, it sweeps through a broken and rugged channel and a chain of falls half a mile long, closely pent with projecting rocks on both sides, which so overhang the water in some places as to impede the view of the beholder. To the foot of these falls, come flat bot- tom boats, from the city of St. John, 223 miles. From the Grand falls to Woodstock, at the mouth of the IMc- i\iedusne. dusnekeag, the river is about a quarter of a mile wide, when it '"'"^S- expands to the width of a mile, forms some fine Islands, and then again contracts and passes the Madiictic falls, where the chan- Maductic. nel is greatly choked with rocks, though they do not totally inter- rupt the passage of boats and rafts. At Frcdericton, is the head of sloop navigation, about 85 FredeHcton. miles from the sea, where the river is about 3-4ths of a mile wide, and where the tide rises from six to ten inches, and is per- ceivable nine miles above that place. Thence the river flows in a beautiful unbroken current, to the falls, near the city St. John. As the tide rises there from 24 to 28 feet, varying according to the phases of the moon, they are passable at half flood for a short time, when the waters over the falls are smooth. The city,* situated on both sides of the river, below the falls, is prin- cipally on a peninsula of the eastern shore. But the site of old Fort Frederic was on the western side. Patridge Island lies at the entrance of the harbour, on which there is a Lighthouse, and from which, to the western shore, there is a sand bar. "^ In lat. 45 deg. 20m. nortb, zad has 8,488 inhabitants. Vol. I. 7 90 THE MOUNTAINS [IntRODUC. In view of the matter in this section, and a careful inspection of a Map of Maine, it is almost superfluous to say, that perhaps no other seaboard of equal extent can be found so lined with Islands, and so highly favoured with coves and harbours ; and that no other country, of the same size, is so interspersed with rivers, streams and ponds.* It may also be added, that the in- land waters are fair and salubrious, and many of them are ex- ceedingly limpid. MOUNTAINS. MouN- Of the mountains in this State, the first for magnitude and TAINS- Mouiii height, is the Katahdin ;f there being none higher in New-Eng- land, except the White hills in New-Hampshire. Siiuaiion. The local situation of the Katahdin is about seventy miles, north by west, from the head of the tide in Penobscot river, and about equidistant between its east and west branches. It is the southernmost and highest of nine lofty ridges, branching out northwest and northeast ; which, however, are easily overlooked from the more elevated summit of this single one. TaMe- Around it, except on the north side, are table-lands, about *" ^* three miles in width, rising in gentle acclivity to its base. These were once covered with forest trees. In the parts near the de- scending streams, where the soil is good, the growths were for- merly hardwood ; , but elsewhere the ground was clothed with spruce. Viewed from the heights of the mountain, these table- lands appear like a plain, while in fact, they overlook the sur- rounding wilderness to a very great extent. Prior to the year 1816, the ascent was on the west or south- slide.*'^^ "^^'est end, equal to the hypotenuse of an angle, generally fronii 35'^ to 46° with the horizon, ragged, difficult, and fatiguing ; and the distance from the upper margin of the table-lands was not less than two miles, in direct course, to the summit, though the tract travelled was somewhat spiral and zigzag. But sometime * Twelve Mile pond, 7 miles long' and more than half a mile wide, ad- 1 joiTiing China; 1000 acre pond in Dexter; Moose pond in Hartford ; 2000 j acre pond in Madison ; Great east pond, of 4,500 acres, in Newport, and numerous others. f Spelt " Katahdin," "Ktardn," Ktahden,"— the vowel in the last sjl-i lable having' no sound. Skct. II.] OF MAINE. §f in lliat year, an enormous declivity) about mid-side tlic mountain, Kaiahdin. slid into a distant valley — apparently the effect of an overwhelm- ing fall of water. In its descent it rent away every obstacle, tearing up trees by the roots, or crushing or twisting them like a withe ; — ^an event, however, which has rendered the ascent, in one of its dinicult places, altogether more tolerable, and in others more easy. The circumference of the mountain at its base, which is north- r.asc, <,des, crly and southerly elliptical, may be ten or twelve miles. The surface of its sides is covered with small light-gray rocks of granite, apparently broken and split, as if by force, into a thousand did'crent forms. In many places these innumerable crumbles form the principal component and consistency of the soil, which, with the rocks, are covered by a deep-green moss. Under this, the trees of various kind stake root ; which, as we ascend, are short- er and shorter, until they become mere dwarfs, towards the sum- mit, of only two feet tall, with very long limbs and trunks six inches in diameter at the ground. About a mile from the top, all vegetation ceases, the uppermost of which is a kind of vine. Here the large and the pebble rocks are of a finer grain, or con- texture, than those lower down and are of a bluish colour. Some years ago a fire from the vallies swept up the mountain, pires, on the southern and eastern sides, and rendered that section and other places, black-burnt and quite barren, except about the springs and streams, where vegetation has reset. At no time, however, could these sides be ascended, by reason of their pro- jecting cliffs and great steepness. The summit of the Kaiahdin is a plain, inclining partially to Summit, the northwestward, and formed of solid rock. The western part is very smooth, the rest more rough and broken, and the inter- stices filled with coarse gravel. Its area, which is a full half mile in length, but much less in width, contains about 800 acres, all covered with a dead white moss. As this is llie highest of the mountains in our horizon, the pros- pect from its top in a clear day is, what might be supposed, vast and enchanting. Here the beholder sees the great reservoir of ' the river Aroostic ; also the JNIoosehead lake, except its central parts, hidden by the Piscatequis mountain intervening ; and the glassy Checsauncook lake, still nearer, one of the great cisterns of the Penobscot. Indeed, no less than 60 lakes, of different 92 THE MOUNTAINS [IntrodUC. dimensions, can be counted ; the most of which, probably, empty their waters into the Penobscot and the Kennebec. On the northeast is an uninterrupted prospect as far as the eye can reach, until it rests on the distant highlands west of the bay Chaleur. This region exhibits an undulating forest of hills and vallies, interspersed whh lakes and streams. Facing the south the spectator beholds from Katahdin the heights of Mount Desert, distant on an air line, more than 120 miles, and appearing to rise in semi-globular form from the bosom of the ocean. Fortmoun- Near the Katahdin, north-northwest, is Fort mountain, so *^'"" called from its shape and appearance. It is separated from the other by an appalling gully, where a small pond gives its waters to the great east branch. Its form is oblong, from northeast to southwest : its sides are steep and its top is an arching ridge, ex- hibiting a sharp edge, a mile in length, and apparently covered with verdure. There is another northerly, called Bright moun- Bright . .... , . , . , . mouHiain. tain, quite large m size and irregular in appearance, having an extensive ledge of smooth rocks on its southern side, which glist- ' en in the sunbeams like isinglass. Indian The Indians feared till lately to visit the summit of the Ka- tahdin. They superstitiously supposed it to be the summer resi- dence of an evil spirit, called by them " Pamula ;"* who in the beginning of snow-time, rose with a great noise, and took his flight to some unknown warmer regions. They tell a story, that seven Indians, a great many moons ago, too boldly went up the mountain and were certainly killed by the mighty Pamola : for, say they, " we never hear of them more :" and our fathers told us, " an Indian never goes up to the top of the Katahdin and lives to return." The moun- The first ascent to its summit, known to be accomplished by in 1804. any Americans, was in August, 1804. About the middle of that month seven gentlemen, from Bangor and Orono, taking two In- dians for guides, ascended the Penobscot in canoes to the head of boat-navigation, in a limped stream, which received its princi- pal supplies from the sides of the mountain and a gully towards its top. * They say tliat Pamola is very great and very strong indeed ; that his head and face is like a man's, and his body, shape and feet like an eagle, and that he cap take up a moose with ode of his claws. Sect, n.] OF Maine. 98 The Indian guides cautioned their employers not to proceed, if Indian tliey " should hear any uncommon noises ;" and refused to go ahead when they " came to the cold and barren part of the mountain." At length they resolved to go no iartlier, saying, " here we stop ; how long shall we stay if you don't come again ?" Being told by the party — they should soon return ; and seeing their determination to proceed, the guide? again took the lead and seemed emulous to be the first to reach the summit. Yet the tribe at Oldtown could only be made to believe by the guides themselves, on their return, that the party had actually been to the summit, where the evil spirit resided. Tiie party, after leaving their boats, found as tiiey ascended, wild fruiu. a variety of wild fruits, sucii as raspberries, blue, and wortleber- ries, black currants, box-berries and bog-cranberries, of which they ate freely. The ascent was fatiguing, and in some places perilous ; and they being oppressed with heat, drank too much of the water, which they perceived had an astringent quality, and was evidently impregnated with minerals. Tiicy reached the summit about 5, P. M. ; but the atmosphere 7i,e party'* not being clear, they tarried only a couple of hours, taking such ^'*^^" views as the uncommon jirospect aflbrded. They found the ele- vation so great as evidently to affect respiration. On the highest part, they deposited the initials of their names and the date of their visit, cut upon sheet lead ; and tlien descended to the spruce growth, where they passed the night. In a few hours several were taken with vomiting, and in the morning all found their throats inflamed and sore — owing probably to the fruits, the water, and the fatigue. The mountain has been since visited ; and the water found to be perfectly wholesome ; — the thoroughfare opened by the slide, affording great facilities to the ascent of the traveller. The adventurers supposed the mountain must be at least ten Altitude of thousand feet, (or equal to the White hills,) above the level of "'* '"'"'""• the sea. But they were in an errour ; for by a geometrical men- suration of the surveyors under the 4th article of the treaty of Ghent, they made its altitude, from the bed of the river Abala- jacko-megus* at its foot, to be only 4,685 feet. The instrument * Below this river, they calculated the Passadwmkcag to be 50Q feet, and the tide-waters of Penobscot 650 feet. 94 ll'HE MOUNTAINS [IntRODUC. however was out of order, and the admeasurement not satisfacto- ry. Some views have been since taken, and casts made by a skilful gentleman,* who gives it as his opinion, that it is at least 5,500 feet in height above the waters of that river. f Westerly, between Moosehead lake and Cheesauncook lake, Motmauis. are the Spencer mountains — several in number, large and lofty ; and the road explored from Pleasant river, and the Piscatequis, to the river de Loup, in Canada, passes between the two south- erly and principal summits. J On the west of Moosehead lake, and near the heads of Moose „ , . river, and on the east side of the Kennebec road, is Bald moun^ Bald mouii- ' ' ^'^"'- tain, five miles long, two wide, and quite high. Below this, and ten miles above the forks, on the west side of that i*oad, are the Joiins'in Johnson mountains, where is an immense body of limestone, and iiiouiiiaiiis. •' probably a quarry of marble. Marsiiiii 'Mars Hill, 40 miles above the monument, is on the east mar- gin of the State. Its ascent commences with an easy swell of half a mile in width, and between this and the summit abruptly iacreascs, in some places almost to a perpendicular steepness. Its top is narrow and divided by a hollow near the centre ; on each eiiid of which the trees were felled, a spot cleared, and a temporary observatory erected by the commissioners under the treaty of Ghent, By their astronomers and surveyors, it was as- Hei^iaj. certained that the south peak is 1519 feet, and the north one 1,378 feet, above the tide-waters of the St. Lawrence; being the highest land between them and those of the Atlantic. Mars hill is itself covered with trees, and might be made fit pasture lands to its top, which is in lat. 46° 30'. The British Commissionej? insists that this is the height of land intended by jtjie treaty of 1783; and adds, that <'the existence of a chain of * Gen. Joseph Treat, supposes Katahdin is about as high as the White hills. M. Grecnleafj Escj. computes the hcig-ht of the Katahdin ^t C,623 feet.-Survcij, p. 47. f The hig'hcst snmmit of tlie White liiils, N. IT., is 5,^50 feet above the water ia Conncciicut river.^-2 Farmer and Moore's Coll. 98, JThe mountains behind the Quelle, 21 miles N. W. from Quebec, are flistinctly visible , and are foHovred bj' tlic ej-e without interruption, to the Jii^hlanJs, between the sources of tlie St. John, Penobscot, Kennebec, ^Connecticut, and Etechcmain, Chaudiere, Becancour, and the Nicolet fiyers. The ridg^e must be 2,000 feet above the sea, — Qrccnieaf, Sect, ii.] of Maine. 95 highlands from Mars hill, or its neiglibourhood, towards Katahdin, and thence to the head of Connecticut river, is certain."* Jlount Desert heights, not iiaving any mountainous elevations ?|"'"'' near them, appear environed by water, on the verge of the Atlan- '"^'o'''»- tic. There are thirteen grades and ridges of them in connexion, which give some varieties to the appearances of their summits. The area upon which they rest their whole base, may be equal to twenty square miles : and their altitude above the sea is estimated at 2,500 feet.f They may be seen more than twenty leagues at sea. Northwestwardly, between Mount Desert and the Penobscot waters, is Blue hill. This afibrds a very engaging prospect, and ^'"^ gives name to the town where it is situate and to the bay south- eastwardly, because of its blue or smoky appearance. It is crown- ed with granite rocks. Camden mountains, or heights,^ heretofore called Penobscot Canndrn hills, are about ten miles, over land, northwesterly from J\Iecada- ciit, or Owl's head, and tlieir tops are from three fourths of a mile to four miles distant from Megunticook harbour and Camden vil- lage. There are five or six of them, the principal of which are Mount Batty, Mount Pleasant, and Mount Ilosmer : they range generally from northeast to southwest, somewhat diverging from the sea, and are clothed witii forest trees quite to their tops. The most of them are neither steep nor rugged. JMount Batty, 3-4ths of a mile N. W. from Camden harbour, is 900 feet in height above highwatcr mark ; and on its summit an 1 8 pounder was planted in the late war. These have been represented as the old boundary between the great Bashaba's dominions, situate on the west, and those of the Tarratines on the east. They are, with- out doubt, the mountains mentioned by Capt. Weymoutli, in 1 GOo, and by Capt. Smith, in 1G14, when they explored the bay of Penobscot. Mount Pleasant, in the W., Hosmer's mountains in the N. W. and two others in the N. E. part of Camden, are much higher tlian Mount Batty ;" the highest of them may be 1 ,500 feet above the level of the sea. They are seen near 20 leagues distant. * See his Report in Secretary's office, Washington. ■\ MS. Loiter of A. Johnson, Esq. fJIathcbfstuck-s hills:' See A. D. 1696, History. Also. Penhallow'* Indian wars. Church Ex.,4-c. 141—2. 96 THE WOUNTAINS OF MAINE. [InT5-ODT7C, Certain it is that no other place affords so commanding a pros- pect of the Atlantic, the Penobscot bay, the numerous Islands and the contiguous country.* Mount Ao-a, -l^ount Agameniicns\ has been long celebrated as a sightly roejiticus. eminence. Its situation is in the town of York, about eight miles northwesterly of its harbour, and nearly on the same meridian with that of Pjscataqua. It is not steep, rocky, nor broken. It is covered with woods and shrubs, interspersed with small patches of pasture, and large crowning rocks, which form its summit. It is a noted landmark for mariners, being the first height seen by First discov-thei^ from the sea. This is supposed to haye been the land first discovered by Capt, Gosnold, in 1G02, ^ From its top, the beholder has a view of the Atlantic, skirted Tije priOS- ^ pec,t, with an indented shore, from Cape- Ann to Cape-Elizabeth. On the southwest, he sees a country adorned with buildings, fields of cultivation, and the waters of Piscataqua ; and northwestwardly, he has a sight of the White hills, in New-Hampshire, Mount Mount Bigdow is south of Dead river, about three leagues '°'^''*' long, from east to west, and one league wide. Here is said to be a great quarry of gray stone, very excellent for the builder's use. The other mountains in this quarter, are Saddleback, Speckled, and White-cap mountains, and Mount Abraham, some of which Sagsrioaf, are said to be 4,000 feet above the sea. Sugar Loaf, south- Kiaco. west, is smaller, Kineo\ mountain is a peninsula en the east side of Moosehead lake, a few miles southwest of thje Spencer moun- tains. It is 4 miles in circumference and 900 feet high,-— com- posed of fine grained flint. Its northern and eastern sides, are perpendicular, and it is almost without so much as a shrub on many of its parts,§ Viewing the surface of Maine collectively, we shall perceive ^' its most elevated part is near its northwestern angle,^' perhaps Sunday mountain, " from which it declines with some degree iOf regularity, in every direction, to the extreme parts. "|| * MS^ Letters of Hosea Bates aod Cenjaniiij Cusliing, I^scjrs. and Plan. •J- Sotnctlmos spelt » Accornenticus." ^Kineo is tlic Indian natae for Jllnl, \ " Iminediateij' at the foot of tliis rnoimtaiii. a line 5 or 600 feet has been ithrown without g-cttiuj bottom.'" It is about 120 inii.cs fron? Aug"usta, oortU iby east. Jl Grronlcars Statistical ViejF, 15, Sect, u.] the soils of ma inc. 97 SOILS. The varieties of 501/ in this State, arc such as to embrace inter- SoiLS. vale, loam, clay, gravel, sand, and ledge ; and these are some- times intermixed. Alone; the seaboard, there is interspersed amon": the nromon- ^ , ~ * i Oil ilie sca- torics and vallics, a great deal of ledge, exhibiting bluffs, flat and ''"'"''*• ru2;2;ed rocks, and supporting in their crevices a half-starved shrub- bery, — a spectacle often repulsive to the view of the water-passen- ger and vis/tant. From the ledgy and clayey parts to the head of the tide, on Ai.out the the rivers and about the estuaries, the land generally lies in large swells and is of a clay contexure, with interspersions of sand. On the high grounds, between the principal rivers, it is Joamy, fertile, easy of tillage in many towns, and excellent for farms. There are large Salt marshes in Wells, Scarborough, Fal- ^ ,. u mouth, and Machias, about the Islands of Sagadahock, and about *''• Mount Desert, where great quantities of salt-hay are annually cut, which, with that of the upland and fresh meadows, make exceed- ingly good fodder. In other parts the soil is of a black loam, or dark mould, with hillocks of gravel and some slate, as in Cape- Elizabeth and Harpswell. Indeed, through the whole extent of the State, in rear of the ledge-land, the soil is generally fertile. There ai'c to be found many Cedar .^^wamps, scattered about ^'•^''"'' I T 1 1 111^ Swamps, llie heads and among the branches of the rivers and brooks ; the most of which are capidjle of making good meadows and mowing grounds ; and cedar affords the best fencing stuff which can be made of wood. Our Sandy plains, the natural growth of which is pitch and white g,^n^y pine, are oftentimes large. They are found in Wells, in Bruns- •'''"'"• wick, in Topshajn, in Gray, and in many other places ; but to what extent, the writer has no satisfactory information — except that he is told there are no less than G,000 acres of pilch-pine plains in the single town of Shapleigh. Our richest, most productive and valuable lands are the Inter- imcnaies. vales. Of these, we have many thousand acres, which are generally found to be some distance above the tide-waters ; and in wider and narrower parcels, to skirt almost every considerable river and stream in the State. There are intervales on the Saco and its branches, especially in Fryeburg ; on tlie Androscoggin, em region. The air. 93 THE CLIMATE [InTRODUC. from Gilead, where the river enters this State, to Lewiston falls ; and on the Kennebec and its tributaries, between Scowhegan falls and the Forks. Indeed, the single town of Farmington, is said to contain no less than 2,000 acres of this most beautiful and fertile land. In Sunkhaze, Oiemon, and other places on the Pe- nobscot, the meadows are very extensive, and bear large and ex- cellent grass. Noriiipnsi- The country about the easterly heads and upper branches of the Penobscot, the whole Aroostic, and the southern primary branches of the St. John, is naturally very excellent. The soil is a deep rich loam ; the face of the ground variegated with swells and vallies ; and the whole region favoured with abundant sup- plies of purest water. To emigrants, it has strong attractives ; it is filling with people, and is capable of supporting a dense population. SECTION III. Jlir, Climate, and Seasons. The air of this State is pure and salubrious ; and the weather not much given to changes. It is believed that the atmosphere here is more humid and dense than in southern climates, as the dews of summer are certainly greater. For the most part, the air in winter is serene, elastic, bracing, and not unfrequently keen ; in spring transparent and humid ; in the suinmer, often sultry and electric ; and in the autumn sometimes full of smoke. But as the territory of this State extends through Jive degrees ture." of latitude ; and as the characteristics of the climate here, as elsewhere, always depend in a great measure upon its situation from the equator, the temperature of our climate must have some varieties. It is unquestionably softened by seabreezes, and by the cultivation of the country ; and is chilled by its being con- tiguous to mountains, or even to a thick unbroken wilderness. For upon these, which are never charged with the beams and heat of the summer's sun, the snow falls earlier and lies longer, than in cultivated fields. Winds. Winds* here are not often high and destructive, and a hurri- * The prevailing' winds throughout the whole coast of Nova Scotia, are from W. S. W. to S. W. " nearly as steady as trade winds," except during- summer months, when they are rather more southerly, accompanied with fog's, which are hardly dispersed without northerly winds. Tempera- Sect, hi.] OF Maine. 99- cane is very seldom experienced. Tlie soulherly winds ore tlie most violent ; and between tliat point of compass and the N. E., thcv, after blowins; 24 hours, usually brins; a storm which lasts several days, and always lonG;er than when it comes from any other quarter. Tliose from the southwest mitigate the severity of winter, and often render sultry the days of summer : But fair weather, and sometimes a thundcrshower, come with the winds from the northwest. In New-Brunswick the prevailing winds, from October to April, are from the north and northwest ; and in the sprinii, they arc mostly from the north-northeast, and bring dull and heavy weather. Tlie zi'a^tr which falls annually on an avcrajrc, in rain, snow, Uain, snow, •and hail, is said to be thirty-seven inches: about a third part of'"' which is supposed to fall in the two latter. Hail, however, rarely falls in considerable quantities ; yet in June, 1781, a hail storm did some damage. A southeast storm, though it begin with snow, commonly ends in rain. Thunder is heard antl Us^htnlns; seen many times in the sum- _,, , "^ "^ • Tliiinder mer ; still, the one is not often heavv, nor the other vivid. They ■'':"' ''s'"- however rendered the seasons in 1752 and 17G0, remarkable by iheir frequency. On the 12th of August, of the latter year, there was such a hurricane as was never before known in these parts : houses, barns, trees, corn, and almost every other thing bleakly exposed, were levelled with the ground. The tempest in ^lay, 1779, was a tornado; the darkness was only intermitted by incessant lightning : it did immense damage. Freshets, larger or smaller, happen every year, and usually in prcshets the month of May, oftentimes earlier. The double occasion of falling rains and melting snows, makes them the greatest. In times of these freshets and floods, the waters in the rivers have been known to rise 20 and even 25 feet ; when they occasion great destruction. But droughts arc the most frequent, and on the whole, the nronf^ixi greatest judgments which the country experiences, for many times "'"' '''^' they are followed by hres, by devouring insects, by sickness, and by scarcity. The fires, after droughts in 1820 and 1825, were extensive and dreadful. It is believed that in more than half the days of the year we have fair weather and enjoy the shinings of the sun. But the year The sea- sons. Winters. 100 THE SEASONS [IntRODUC. 1772 was very Stormy ; it was even judged that a quarter, at least, of the sprmg, summer, and autumn, was actually rainy. The four seasqns* are far from heing uniformly the same in every year : yet for the natural causes of these varieties, philoso- phers have never been able to assign any satisfactory reasons. Our winters are cold, usually serene, and sometimes intensely severe. We have witnessed many days of sunshine in succes- sion, in which the snow did not melt enough to form isicles. The mercury in the thermometer is often below zero, though rare- ly down to 12 degrees. In December, 1778, many people were frozen to death; and on Friday and Saturday, January 19 and 20, 1810, it was 15° or 16^ below ; and on the same days of the week, February 14 and 20, 1817, it ranged from 11' to 15° below. But the winter of 1 784 was the longest and coldest ever known, since Maine was inhabited. Pecember, December always brings snow, yet the weather is changeable. Indeed, such are its vicissitudes, that its snows have been measur- ed four feet deep ; the ground has been seen sometimes entirely bare and even without frost ; and the rivers covered with ice, and free from it, in different years. But January is a month more uniform and cold ; the snow is commonly of good depth, and the ice over still fresh water is sometimes five or six feet thick. There is often however soft weather, this month ; also what is called " the January thaw," when the rain sometimes freezes as it falls ; covers the face of the earth with a glare ice, and adorns the trees with glistening pendants, too heavy for the branches to bear. When large quan- tities of water fall, cellars are filled, rivers broken up, and gener- ally great damage done. — In 1771, no snow fell till about the end of this month ; and during the whole of it, in many years, the sleighing is poor. February. In February, the cold is said to be the most intense ; the great- est quantity of snow usually falls ; and by reason of winds and drifts, the travelling is sometimes difficult. In the years 1757 and 1763, the snow in the woods was about five feet deep on a level ; and in the open land, it was blown into drifts of great * M. Greenleaf, Esq. in his survey and statistics, chap. III. has made some critical and ing'enious remarks upon our climate, with several Mete- orological tables as to the years 1820— .1827. (January. Sect, in.] of MAINE. 101 height and hardness. If the earth be a long time bare in this month, it freezes from four to six feet, and so hard as to kill the grass-roots, and render the face of spring peculiarly deathlike. In February, 1772, it snowed 21 times: and yet in 1751 and 1761, the month was more like spring than winter; — even the robins have been seen this month after several days of warm weather. Dry winters arc commonly cold ; whereas the earth, if well covered with snow during the winter-weather, will uniformly ap- pear verdant early in the spring. If our spring season is very early and forward, the vegetation is often chilled and checked by frosts. March is a chilly blustering month ; and the air being humid is March, often searching. In diUbrent years the varieties of this month are great. The snow on the 2LHh of iMarch, 1733 and 1742, was three feet deep in the woods, and on the 13th, in 1787, five feet. These cases, however, are very rare : for in general, the snow disappears this month and exhibits many evidences of spring. Robins are often seen, and some garden-seed sown, before April. In 1760 the season was so uncommonly early, that the spring- birds appeared ten days before the month closed ; the seeds of cabbage, lettuce and radishes were planted in gardens on the 16th of the month, 1811 ; and in other years tlie trees have be- gim to bud in -March. Nevertheless we may generally expect to have the remains of winter at its beginning, and the inspiring ap- pearances of spring at its close. ^Ipril is literally a vernal month, having nights frosty, and j^^^w many of its days chilly and uncomfortable ; also the highways are bad, if not unsafe for the traveller. In April, 1733, 1746, 1781 and 1765, snows fell two or three feet deep, particularly the first and last of these four years : There were also snow- storms this month in 1786 and 1816 ; yet, the ways have been settled and ground fit for the plough m some years, by the 8th and 10th of the month; and garden-seeds planted before May. The seasons of 1736, 1744 and 1747, were very forward ; the grass was luxuriant ; and on the 16th of the month, in the latter year, English peas and beans were up in gardens and promising. It is in April tliat the ice in rivers and ponds breaks up and 102 .THE SEASONS [InTRODUC. leaves its winter-quarters,* and the frost is expelled from the sur- face of the ground. May. The month of seedtime and blossoms is May : though frosts are frequent, especially prior to the middle of the month ; and also, a considerable fall of snow has been seen. In 1769, on the 1 1th, when the trees were in bloom, so great a flight covered the trees and the earth, as not to be dissolved and disappear till the next day. English cherry-trees usually begin to blossom by the middle of the month, apple-trees about the third week ; and strawberries come to maturity about a month afterwards : But in 1744 some of them were ripe before June; and in 1755 gar- dening was finished during the second week of May. In many places, Indian corn was above ground that year before the 31st; whereas, in 1785, the people only began to plant about the 20th* In some years there are droughts, and in others freshets, this month. Melancholy instances of the former mark the years 1 748 and ] 749 ; and in this month of the following year, the country was almost overrun, and its vegetation eaten up, by the grnshoppers. The year 1763 was rendered memorable by a great freshet ; which was higher on the 24th of the month, than ever before, within the recollection of any one then living. The 20th of May is considered the end of feeding cattle with hay, and the 20th of JYovember the time to take them from the jxistures.-f Our summers are usually hot and pleasant. June. In June there is seldom any frost ; still in 1764 one nipped the Indian corn then up, and as late as the 16th, in 1775, there was a small frost; also in this month, its unwelcomed appearance was witnessed during every one of the late cold seasons. Unhappily, in 1749 and 1754, the grashoppers were very numerous and vora- cious ; no vegetables escaped these greedy troops ; they even de- * Times wlien the Ice left arid closed the Penobscot, Kennebec IjO. ft, Closed, I-eft, Closed, 1819, A ,pri 1 15, Dec. 5. 1819, April 13, Dec. 5. 1820, 18, Nov. 28. 1820, " 15, Nov. 29. 1821, 15, " 3C. 1821, " 11, " 30. 1822, 10, Nov. 1822, Mar. 27, Dec. 7. 1823, 17, Dec. 6. 1823, April 9, Nov. 14. 1824, h " 26. 1824, Mar. 27, « 15. 1825, 11, Dec. 13. 1825, April 4, Dec. 11- t On the 19th of May, 1780, was the memorable dark day. Sect, hi.] of imaine. 103 voured tlie potatoe-tops ; and in 1743 and 175G, worms in armies and in millions, covered the whole country and threatened to de- vour every thins; e;reen. Indeed, so great was the alarm they occasioned among the people, that they appointed days of fasting and prayer. The droughts in June, A. D. 17-19, 17G1 and 1162, were very severe and followed with devouring fires. Those in the last year of the Uiree, being succeeded by heavy falls of rain, were thus effectually extinguished. One of the severest storms ever known was on the 14th of this month, in 17G8, from the south-southeast ; and the damage it did was groat and mem- orable. The month of July is commonly hot, — not unfrcqticntly Jry;J"'y. and sometimes the drought has been so severe as to wither vegeta- tion, till its leaves have crackled under the feet. The weather is usually fair, clear, and favourable for getting hay this month ; but in 1763, it was not fair, at any one time, forty-eight hours in two whole summer months. A hot July produces good corn, and a cold one, good potatoes. There was a tcmjiest this month, in 1 784, wiili hideous darkness ; and, usually, there are thunder and lightning in July; though electric fluid seldom, with us, takes life or does damage. Avgust is the month of English harvest, and of cutting mea- Au:ust. dovv grass. That of 1752 was memorable for tempests, and a tremendous hurricane ; and that of 1774, for the innumerable swarms of jlics, which were most unwelcome and troublesome visitants. It is a remark no less trite than true, that September is the most Sf-ptemb^r. agreeable month in the year. It is not, in general, either cold or hot ; the winds, if any, are light, and the weather is generally fair. In as many as half of the years there is some frost between the middle and the end of the month, though seldom so severe as to destroy all the vegetables upon which it has power. Some- times Indian corn is secure from its effects before the month closes ; and damsons begin to ripen. The corn was generally spoiled by frost, in 1758; and yet in 1760, cabbages began to head, and grass grew more this month than any other during the whole season. The summer of 1738 was remarkable for drought and grashoppcrs ; and the month of September was rendered memorable by the raccoons, red squirrels, and blue-jays, which were more abundant than were ever before known. They might 104 THE SEASONS OF MAINE. [InI'RODUC. be well compared to the multitudes of pigeons, with which the country abounded in 1759. October. In October, the frosts are frequent and severe, and sometimes there is a fall of snow : In 1746, however, the grass grew almost as luxuriantly as in the spring, till November. Between the mid- dle and the end of the month, in 1740, 1749, 1767, 1777, and 1821, there was snow several inches deep ; and the ground gen- erally freezes more or less in this monih, though snow-storms are not frequent and never long. The year 1785 witnessed an uncommon flood : — About the 21st or 22d of October it rained incessantly forty-eight hours, and raised the waters to an overwhelming height. The rivers Saco, Presumpscot, and others, carried away bridges and mills, and made a general wreck of whatever came within the sweep and fury of their waters. Notcmber. As early as in the beginning of JVovemher the ingatherings of the field are completed. The sky of this month is frequendy overcast, its nights cold, its days blustering, and it uniformly brings^ squalls, and sometimes snow-storms, before it closes. Rivulets are bordered or covered with ice ; and nature prepares for winter. Heavy falls of snow occurred in November, 1738, 1745, and 1763; and the storms at this season ol the year, from the north- east, are long and tedious. On the fifth of November, 1780, and on the 13th of the month, in 1783, there were driving storms- in which the snow fell deep, and partly remained through the win- ter. November, 1786, was so exceedingly dry, that, though the sledding was good, the fountains almost ceased ; the bottom of the wells were bare ; and the smaller streams merely flowed* The icy covert which mantled the ponds and streams of fresh water, before the month was at an end, was strong, though too slender to bear the weight of a man.* Such are the vicissitudes of our seasons, seedtime and har- vest, summer and winter, which we are assured from Divine au- thority shall never cease. There is however a fact, or peculiarity worthy of notice. The winters of 1730, 1780, 1793, 1802, 1810, and 1824, were marked for their pacific mildness and fol- lowed by summers of uncommon health and plenty. This has- induced the saying, that " mild winters augur good summers." * See Rev. Mr. Smith's Journal. Sect, iv.] vegetarle productions of Maine. 105 Oiir country is lii:ilily favoured with gentle breezes. In the Breezes, mornings of summer, they arc from tlic land, a soft and soothing zephyr; often romroled by a seahrceze before noon, which lasts till sunset. Thus the heat of almost every brilliant day is allayed at flood tide, from the salt water, and very gratefully cools the air. Upon our coast, foggs are sometimes very dense and dark ; Foffg»- and when tiie wind is at the southward and eastward, they render the mariner's condition perilous and sometimes alarming. They also rise from fresh waters in the interiour, which the morning breezes and the sun's beams soon dissipate. An early whitish fogg, brooding on the water, is an indication of a fair day ; and when vapours cap the mountain and hill-tops, they are consider- ed signs of rain. The Aurora Sorcalis, or JS'^orthcrn IJghts, were Inst particu- larly noticed in New -England, on the 11th of December, 1 7 1 9 j Uoreaiis. yet it seems, they were seldom seen for half a century after- wards. At these earlier periods they excited emotions of won- der, and sometimes of fear. In .January, 1752, their appear- ances were more vivid and more frequent ; and though all trepi- dation on their account has at this age subsided ; they sometimes exhibit to the beholder a spectacle which occasions particular notice and remark. SECTION IV. ^Natural Proiluciions, After so many observations made upon the Geography and Atmosphere of this State ; it becomes expedient next, to givd some account of its indigenous animals, vegetables and minerals, Each of them is a very great department in any country ; and iherelore what is about to be said on these subjects, must be con- cise and will be confined to natives of this State. THE NATIVE VEGETABLES. In examining this subject, it is needless to go into any minuter Botawy. detail, than what may be said under the kinds and sjjceics to be named and described. Nevertheless, it will be most convenient to divide so long a list, and arrange its parts under the heads of Trees, i^ihrubs, PUnits, Roots, and Vines. Those of each head may be considered in alphabetical order. Vol. I. 8 106 THE TREES [Introduc, Native trees. Ash. White. Black. Red, and Yellow. Beech, Bass-wood, Birches. Alder. Putton- Wood. Trees j — The Ash is a tree of which there are two species : 1 . The tvhite Ash* is strait, tall and tough ; and in a good soil, grows to the size of three feet in diameter, at the ground. Of its wood are made barrels, firkins, oars, handspikes, the handles of manual tools, and the frames of sleighs and other carriages. It is said that a venomous serpent will not cross its leaves, and that these and the bark are an antidote to poison. 2. The black Ashj- is not so large a tree as the other. It is easily cloven, or rift into thin even splits, by means of a maul, and wrought into baskets and brooms. Of this species, the red and yellow are only varieties ; and out of the roots of the latter, the turner forms bowls of different sizes, convenient in housewifery. The Bcech\ is of three varieties ; — the red and the ivhite, both larger than the ash, and excellent fuel ; the black, which is tough and small, is fit only for withes and switches. Each is plenty in our hardwood forests. But the ashes of beech-wood cannot be used to make soap. The Bass-wood tree§ is considered the same as the Linden or Lime-tree ; its wood is white, and free from knots, and its diameter, when full grown, is often four feet. Birch\\ is a native of which we have four species, and each a peculiarly excellent wood. 1. The white is very useful for its tough, lasting and beautiful snow-white bark, which has always been much used by the natives for the construction of their canoes, an ingenious skifii", ever viewed by Europeans as a curi- osity. 2. The black Birch is a very superiour wood for articles of household furniture : its heart is of a dark brown, of fine close grain, and is capable of receiving a polish like mahogany. Its trunk is sometimes found more than three feet in diameter* 3. The yellow Birch is valued principally for fuel — and each of the three species is very good for that use. 4. Alder, according to the Linnaean principle of classification, is a species of the birch kind, well known, having in its blowth the same number of stamens. Its bark dies a dark brown. Button-wood, '% or eastern " plane-tree," is an unyielding tight- *Fraxiniis Excelsior. f Fraxinus Americana, or Sambucifolius. I Fagus. — 1. Fernigiiia. — 2- Sylvatica, yTilla Americana, — 'I'illa Alba [vrhitc-Wood] about (he Aroostic. II Bctula.— 1. Betiila Alba 2. Betula Nigra.— 3. Betiila Lenta.— 4. Be- tula Alnus (Alder.) If Plataniss Occidentalis. Sect, iv.] of MAT!SE. 107 grained wood, as large as a beech ; and is used for wheel-liubs, windlasses and vessel-blocks. This is said to abound on tlie river St, John thouirh not unfrequent elseulierc. Butternut * or Oilnut-ircc is a species of the IVulnut, and it Kuuemui; is believed to be the only native one of that genus to be found in this State ; though there may be walnuts in York County.f It is a tree of a middle size, the kernels of its nuts arc very oily and nutritious, and a decoction of its bark is a gentle and excel- lent cathartic. Jt is said to have been advantageously used by the surgeons in the army of the Revolution. The Cedar is found to be of two kinds, and not two species Cednr, of the same kind ; both are evergreens, and generally, the tree is from f) to 12 inches in diameter. The tchite Ccdar^, is be- lieved to be the western life-tree. Its wood is very easy to rive, is sweet and lasting, and is used by the coopers in making pails and other wooden vessels. The red Cedar^ is the largest of the juniper kind ; it makes the most durable posts and rails for fenc- ing used in the State. || Cherry-tree^ is a native of our forests, and is considered to be rhcrry- next to mahogany for cabinet work. Its grain is smooth and firm, and receives a beautiful polish : It has been found with us IS inches in diameter. The TJ/r/tr is of two species, the ^^"<'^<^** Elder and r(d.\\ The former, called " Sweet Elder," has handsome blossoms, nodding like feather-plumes and a berry not unlike a whortleberry. The latter is a mere shrub, which it is believed the French call Osier, and is poisonous. The JE/w|J ia a lofty ei„. wholesome tree } its leaves, when fallen, arc favourable to the undergrowth of grass ; its inner bark is strong and fibrous, and is wrought into bed-cords and chair-bottoms ; and its wood is tough and elastic. Of the elm there is only one species and * Juglans Cathartica ; or Julians Alba, cortice cathartico. f Jolintle Laet [chap. 19.] says, walnut trees grew in tliis quarter. i Tliya, or Thuia Occidcntalis. J Juniperus Virginiana, |] The red Cedar and the Savin, in their sensible and medicinal properties, are specially allied, and used to keep up the discharge of blisters.— .jBj^e* low's But. 49. H Prunus Virginiana, or Cerasus. ** Sainbuccus Nigra. if Viburnum Opulus, or cultivated "Snow Ball." — Sambuccus PiibesccD* [Red Elder.] tt Ulmus Americana. ^ ^ / THE TREES [IntrODUC. two varieties, the white and red ; the former has medicinal prop- erties to relieve the strangury. Hornbeam. The Hornbeam* or Ironwood, is a small tree of 3 or 4 inch- es in diameter ; its wood is tight-grained and looks like beech. It is used for handspikes and stakes, and for binding rafts. Its leaves are wrinkled, oval, pointed, and sharply indented at the edges. Juniper, The Juniper\ is about a foot and a half in diameter when full grown, of a fine texture, and is particularly used for vessel- knees. It is sometimes called Hackmatack, which is one species : A 2d is the red cedar ; and a 3d is an unseemly shrub, J which grows in open, poor pastures, only about 2 feet in height from the ground, and has horizontal branches of more than five feet in length. § Maple. The Maple is a stately forest tree, of which there are three species: — 1. The white Jiop/c, || which has two varieties, one is smooth and straight-grained ; the other has apparent curls and bird's eyes, and is almost as handsome in cabinet work as satin wood. 2. The red Maple grows in swamps, and though sappy, is good firewood when seasoned. It is a tree four feet in diam- eter. 3. The black, or rock Maple is the most valuable of either. Not only is its v/ood very solid and excellent for fuel, but the sac- charine quality of its sap has given it great additional worth and surnamed it the sugar Maple. From this species great quantities of sugar have been made every year in this State ; which, when refined, makes a hard, a pure, and very delicious loaf. The trees are tapped in March, with an auger, and run a fortnight or more ; from which the sap is gathered in troughs, boiled in kettles to a consistency when it will granulate, and then it is drained. I am assured that 21,500 pounds have been made in one year, within the limits of a single town. " This sugar, at first moist and heavy, yields a most salu- " brious and agreeable sweetening. If dry sugars are preferred, " it is only necessary to make a hole in the tub, at any time be- * Carpinus Betuliis. f See the " Larch." — [Finns.) \ Junipcrus Sabina. 5 Junipertis Americana ; also, in 3 Bigclow's B.otany, Junipcrus Conv rmmis, p. 43 — 48, is there called a shrub of 3 feet liig-h ; its fruit dark ob- long berries, which are diuretic. — Dr. Grovcr. II 1 Acer Negundo. — 2. Acer Riibrum. — 3. Acer Sacchari num. — 4. Acer Striatum, striped maple or moose-wood, of little value. Sect. IV.] OF MAINE. 109 " fore the first of June, and drain off the molasses, when the *' sweets of tlie maple arc in two parts ; the one of sugar, clear " and dry ; and the other of molasses, the most pure and agreea- " ble" any where seen or tasted. No forest tree is, on the whole, more universally esteemed, and none ciould with more ease be cultivated than the sugar Maple. It grows pretty rapidly, stands firm in the ground, and strives hard for continued existence. It is curious to know, that the method of making maple sugar, an article of so much importance, is learned from the Aborigines. Father Ralle, while he lived with the Canibas tribe, at Norridge- wog, says, that the insipidity of his dish of corn, pounded in a mortar and boiled, he " corrected by adding sugar, made by the " women in the spring, who boiled down the sap of the maple, " which they collected in bark troughs as it flowed from incisions " made in the trunk of the tree." The rock Maple is in diam- eter between two and three feet. The Oak* is a genus of five species : — 1. Black ; 2. Red ; ^^^ 3. JVhite ; 4. Chcsnut ; and 5. the Shrub Oak. — The first is used for vessel keels, and its bark for tanning ; the second, for dry cask-staves, and grows on side-iiills : of this, there are two varieties, the swamp and ycUow Oak. The white Oak is the toughest wood in our forests, and most suitable for axe-handles, ox-bows and ploughs. It is not found in so great abundance with us as could be desired. The Shrub Oak grows 8 or 10 feet in height and produces a nutgall, the nest of some insect, and is sometimes used in making ink for the pen. The Chcsnut Oak is found in the western parts of the State ; it is a tree of pretty large size and makes the best of fuel.f It cannot be ascertained, that the Chesnut-trce \^Fagus Castnnea'\ is a native inhabitant of Maine, although it is very common in every other State in New- England. The wild Plum-treC^ is of one species only, though of two or pium. three varieties ; it is of small size and scarce. § * Qiiercus. Ist species, Quercus Nijra — 2d. Quercns Rubra. — 3il. Qucr- cus Ail)a. — 4lli. Qncrciis Prinus. — 5tli. Quercus Pumila. t There is also aoolber variety, called the " Gray Oak." J Prunus Sylvestris. J Called also pomegranate, wild pear, and June-plum — 5. Lowdcr. J J Q TilE TREES [InTRODUC. rinc, The Pine,''^ in its several species, is the most common of any growth in our woods. It flowers about the middle of June, when its poljen, which is of a bright yellow, is so exceedingly fine as to ascend with the vapour from the earth to the clouds. It falls with the rain, and is thus promotive of fructification. When it rests on the face of the water, it forms a yellow scum. The pines retain their foliage during the winter, because of " the abundant quantity of oil in their baric, which preserves them from the effects of the cold," 7 Species The species of the Pine are seven.-^l. The white Fine, which of piiic. jg ^}^g prince of the forest, and which has been seen six feet in (diameter, at the butt, and 240 feet in height ; and those of four feet through are frequently found. Until the Revolution, every tree, two feet in diameter, growing in any part of this State, ex- cept within the limits of Gorges' Provincial Charter, was the property of the English crown, reserved for masts and spars in the royal navy ;f and the trespasser, when detected, was mulcted in heavy penalties. So literally is this erect and lofty masting- jnne the greatest ornament of our forests, that it was adopted as pne of the emblems in the shield of our State coat of arms. The 2d species, the yellow Pine, being harder and thicker grained, as well as smaller than the other, is used for flooring and for planking vessels. The JVorway Pine is another variety, of still closer texture, and is much used in ship-building. 3. Pitch Pine is the hardest of all, and being full of turpentine, will, when dry, make extremely hot fires in furnaces. (I arch ) '^^^^ '^*^^ species of the pine genus, is the Larch; and it is the only one of the terchinthine family which does not retain its leaves through the winter. It grows better on strong stony land than in a rich soil. It is said that its timber neither shrinks nor warps, nor does it easily rot; and hence it is much used in ship- building. It grows on the Alps and Appenines in Europe and is highly esteemed. It is said the Juniper tree is the American Larch, and that Hackmatack is its vulgar, or provincial name ; but this is doubted, * 1. Pinus Strobus.— 2. Finns Pinea.— 3 Pinus Taeda.— 4. Pinus Larix. —3, Finns Balsaiiica. — 6, Pinus Abies. — 7. Piuus Canadensis. — S. Pinus Rupestris, [shrub jine.] — The Pines, sometimes called the '• cone-bearing tree," are all " soft wuoJ," f Cliartor of \Viniam an:l Mar}-, Inst clauses. Sect, iv.] of MAINE. HI 6. The Fir, which yields a fine balsam, is often called " silver (Fir.) fir." 6. The Hemlock in stature almost vies with the mast-pine ; (Hemlock.' its bark is much used in tannery. 7. The Spruce is of two varie- (.'?i>ruce ) ties — the iv/iite is a straight and smart wood, fit for spars, ship- knees, and joists, and sometimes grows two feet in diameter ; the black Spruce is used in making beer, and with molasses forms a most wholesome and palatable drink. Within fifteen years, the white spruce in many places has died in great numbers, so that " where once grew thousands, it is now difficult to procure spars for the use of our own vessels." The cause of this fell destruction, it is supposed, may be attributed to the canker-worm, or some other insect, whirh in the summer months ravages its foliage and brings on a fatal consumption. Some have supposed the cold seasons, between 1811 and 1816, were in some measure conducive to their ruin. The Poplar* is of two species, 1. the Aspen or white poplar, popiar. 2. the Balsam, or black Poplar ; the former is cream coloured and soft, somewhat like bass-wood. Its trunk is seldom more than a foot in diameter, its leaves always tremulous, and its wood is poor fuel. The latter is an elegant tree, of a large size and is particularly celebrated for its balsam, which in the spring may be extracted from its buds, rich and fragrant as that of Peru. Some- times it is called tlie Sycamore, or Balm of Gilead, and is found in the northern parts of the State. Sassafras-^ is a species of the Laurel or bay-tree,t so much J 1 1 • • -r • /< 1 • 1 1 .1 SassBfras. used by the ancients m purifications ; of which there are with us, 1st this Sassafras, and 2d the Fever-bush. The former was much Fever bujh. the most celebrated, two centuries ago, of any indigenous tree on our shores. It grows in moist land ; it is of small size ; and its root, bark, buds and leaves have a very aromatic refreshing smell. It possesses powerful and salutary medicinal qualities ; is said to to be a remedy for the stone, the strangury, the scurvy, the plague, the dropsy and rheumatism ; and was a great article of exportation in tlie early voyages to this country. One of Capt. Gosnold's men, on our shores, was cured by it in twelve hours, of * 1. Poptilus Trcmula. — 2, Populiis IS'ijra. ■j-1. Laurus Sassafras: — In York County. — 2. Caurus Ecnzoin. I Cinnamon, Cassia, Camphirc-tree, are of the same family. It is a good ingredient in diet-drink ; its volatile oil is of great use. — 2 Bigehw, 146. 112 THE TREES OF MA ]x\E. [InTRODUG. a surfeit occasioned by feeding excessively on the bellies of the dogfish.* The JTever-hush, or Spice-wood, is more strong scent- ed than the Sassafras, and is a mere shrub ; both are wholesomo ingredients in beer, or diet-drink. Wickape. Leatherwood or Indian Wickape is a small treef which grows or Leather ^ . ° wBfici. on the best hardwood land and none other; and its branches have a jointed mode of growth, Jt has a smooth tough outside bark of a light grey colour, between v/hich and the wood is an inner bark, very v/hite and exceedingly strong ; and when green, pli- ant and soft ; or even when dry, it is sufficiently limber and flexible to be used irj lieu of tv/ine or cords. Millers often lay by them a stock of its bark, for bag-strings, in supply of their customers ; and the Indians usG-d it for their cordage, The tree grows some- times two inches in diameter and ten or twelve feet in height. Its wood is elastic and next to the cork for lightness j it is also bitter. Of its twigs the Natives make beautiful baskets. Its roots are emetic, and its fruit, which consists of small oval, red, one-seeded berries, are quite narcotic. Willow, The eighteenth and last kind of indigenous tree we shall men- tion as found in this State, is the Willow.^ It is of two species, the swamp, or red, and the white — -the former is the first inhabi- tant of the woods to v/elcome by its blossoms the return of spring. § The largest and heaviest trees in our forests are the white Pine, the Hemlock, the Elm, the Maple, the Beech, and the Button-wood, The next class in size, embraces the Oak, the Birch, the Bass-wood, and the Ash. The third class is the Larch, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, and Poplar, The oldest trees, are the Oak and Pine ; for by their annual ringlets, formed between the wood and the bark, it has been ascertained that some of them have been growing between 500 and 1000 years. As death is the natural consequence of age ; decay begins at the heart of the tree, * Sinitli's Hist. t Dirca Palustris. | 1. Salix. — 2. SaUx Alba. { Stoamp Sumach (Rhus Toxi code nj rum.) Sect, IV.] the simuDs of WAl^E. 113 SHRUBS. These form a large family in the vegetable republic. But it yhpub*. is not very easy to (listinpiiisli what are shrubs Irom what are trees. Both are perennial ; and sometimes a shrub has limbs, or branches. In common parlance, however, that is a shrub, to the top of which when green, a man can reach, provided it bo perennial ; if annual, it is a plant. It is observable that no family is so universally fruitful as that which comes under this appellation, " shrubbery." Some bear nuts, though tiie most of them bear berries ; and with a ^e\\ ex- ceptions, tiiey all have something of fruit, which is palatable and esculent. VV^e can do little more than mention their genera and species, and describe a few w hich are the most important. The pric/ili/ Jlsh* is a large shrub, having on its branches ^rultly sharp prickles. Its bark possesses warming and pungent quali- ties, and the seed and rind of liie capsule are highly fragrant, and smell like the oil of lemons ; it is of considerable efficacy in cases of chronic rlieumatism. The mountain Ash\ is a small tree growing in elevated bogs, l^'ountaia having pinnated leaves like Ash and clustered scarlet berries. It has a five-cleft calyx, five petals, two or three styles and an infe- riour or crowned berry, with a mealy pulp, enclosing three hard seeds, like the pippins of the apple. The black Aldcr^ is found in swamps, and about streams and ^irer. ponds, and ceases to grow when it is about 8 or 1 feet in height. Its leaves are alternate oval and acute at the base, with some hairiness on the veins underneath. The flowers are small and white, growing in little tufts ; tiie bark is bitter and a decoction of it is reputed to be a tonic. In intcrmittents, and some other diseases, it has been used with success as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. Small doses taken, and a wash of it applied, serve to cure eruptions on the skin. The black Alder is very attractive to the eye in autumn, for it changes the hue of its leaves from green to a beautiful red ; and in the midst of nature's sur- rounding decays, it becomes one of the most conspicuous indi- viduals of the woods, by its glossy scarlet berries, embracing in bunches, for a long time, the sides of the branches. * Xantlioxylum FraTineum. ^ Sorbiis, \ Pi inos Vcrticil!atus,— 3 Bigcloic 1 11. See Birch. 114 Barberry. Bayberry. THE SHRUBS [Introduc. Boxwood. Brambles. Barberry* is a briery bush, found in the western parts of the State, which bears beautiful clusters of red and very acid ber- ries. They are used for making pickles and for preserves. The Bayberry, or Wax Myrtle,\ grows from 3 to 7 feet high, with its top much branched ; it flowers on the sides of the branches, and bears clusters resembling berries. Father Ralle observes, as to the method of il'uminating his chapel at Norridge- wog, that he •' found an excellent substitute for wax by boiling the berries of a kind of laurel in water, and skimming off the thick oily substance which rose to the top. — Twenty-four pounds of this beautiful green wax, and an equal quantity of tallow, made one hundred wax candles, (he says) of a foot long. "J The berry, which consists of a stone enclosing a kernel, is cov- ered with black grains, incrusted with white wax. Among the shrubs of the largest size is the Boxwood, or " shad-blossoni'^^ (sometimes erroneously taken for " common Dogwood.") It grows 15 or 18 feet in height, has a gray bark, flowers in ]May, about the time the shad and their fellow travellers ascend the rivers in the spring, and is therefore called "shad tree." It is thus among the first tenants of the woods to embellish the vernal scenery by its snow-white blossoms, and it bears red ber- ries : Its bark is used in fevers. Of the Bramble Jcind\\ we have seven species : — 1 and 2, the black and red Raspberry ; 3 and 4, the upright and running Blackberry, ov Dewberry ;^ 5 ihe Brambleberry ; 6, the Pigeon- berry,** and 7, the Cloudberryf-f — all which bear fruits succulent; * Berberis vulgaris. It ih said Corn will not fill well near it. I Myrica Cerifera. J 8 Coll. Mass. His. Soc. 2d Series, 252. } Aronia — ? It bears a berry, having^ from 5 to 10 cells. — J^uttairs Bot- tany, 114. II 1. Rubusldacus. — 2. Rubus Canadensis. — 3. Rubus Fruticosus.(*) — 4. Riibus Moluccanus. — 5. Rubus Occidentalis. — 6. Rubus Caesius. — Rubus Cliamacmorus. (*) Higli bush Blackberry is sometimes called '■'■ Mulberry ^ Rubua villosus. IT Dewberries are considered by some to be the same as running' black- berries, by others, gooseberries. ** It is said to belong to the order of Ivics^ — Gr. Kissos \_Cissus] hereda. — Quaere. \\ Cloudberry. — [Biibus chameamorus) — grows on the sides of mountains, or exposed and elevated grounds. The shrub bears a single berry on th« Sect, iv.] OF MAINE. 115 and in most jjUices they are abundant. The last is supposed to be the same as the Knotberry. The pigeon-berry bush is as tall as that of a blnckl)erry, bears abundance of small purple berries, the chief food of pigeons. We have two species of the Corinth: — 1, the black* Cur- (■.,ri,.[h% rant,f and 2, the icild Gooseberry. ^ Of the former, the party that visited the Katahdin found plenty ; and the latter are seen in the borders of the woods, in two varieties, red and while, and both are of a pleasant flavour. Dogioood/) or Cornel, is a shrub or small tree from 15 to 20 Dogwood, feet in heij^ht, boarinti; flat clusters, or cymes of flowers not un- like those of KIdor and conuuoidy white. The flowers are formed into flat heads, compounded and surrounded by four leaves, which c;row out and become of a white colour, adding, from the latter end of May to that of June, " one of tiie most characteristic vei!;etable features to our vernal landscape." Its wood is hard, bark rough, and has upon some people an effect like the Peruvian bark ; to others it is deleterious, as if possessing a poisonous quality. Of the llurtleberryW genu3, there are four species, 1 the Hiirtlei>er- cranhe.rry, 2, the whortleberry, 3, the blueberry and 4, the bilberry, ('\^n\>0TTy. — all of which are plenty, nutritious and delectable to the taste. 1,^,1.".',' ^' Cranberries grow about ponds and marshes. Great quantities Ij',)|^,'.|.'y^' are gathered every year on the Island Mount Desert and on the Cranberry Islands in that neighborhood. The berries, red and acid, containing many seeds, arc borne by slender bushes 3 feet high, and give a most wholesome and palatable zest to meats. Whortleberries are black ; but bilberries, as well as blueberries, are blue, being the largest and sweetest of these three species. top of the stem. In size and flavour it resembles a strawberry ; having^ a greater lliouglt pleasant smartness, and makinj excellent preserves. Its colour is at first scarlet ; turning, as it ripens, to a }clIo»v. When eaten with su^ar and cream it is delicious, and so coolinj as to abate fevers. This fruit lasts about a month. * Rihcs Nigrum. f The black Currant-bush is liij^h, its berries are in clusters, one variety has a flat stone within, an 1 tlic otlicr is without stone. Tliey are drier than Enjlish black Currants. J Ribcs Glosularia. \ Cornus Florida. II Vaccinium — 1 Vaccinium-Oxycoccus. 2 Vaccinium-Corymbosum. 8 Vaccinium amonam. 4 Vaccinium vitisi '.oca. 5 Vaccinium Tcnellma [Diyarf whortleberry.] 116 THE SHRUBS [IntRODUC. Hardback. The HardhacJc, a barren bush, usually chooses poor cold ground for its residence and growdi. Some of its individuals may be three feet tall ; being one of the smallest belonging to the shrubby tribe. It branches, and bears flowers of a conical form ; the colour of one variety is yellowish and of the other a light red. Hazie. The Hazle* flourishes in the hedges of fields, and on the banks of rivers. It occurs in the south parts of the State, and is common in Bethel, on the Androscoggin. Its nut, is of the size of a pea, enclosed in a shell, light brown coloured and hard, and is very rich and esculent. The Witch Hazel,\ which is a plant, is entirely different from the other, and is used by the na- tives as a remedy for inflammations. Its seed is about as large as an apple seed. It is unique in flowering, for it puts forth its blossoms, after the frost has stripped the branches of its leaves. Ground Low or Ground hemlock'^ is a shrub which branches upon the e'noc . gj.Qyj-,(^^ bears berries, transparent, pleasant to the taste, large as currants, and of amber colour. The Indians use a tea made of its boughs steeped, as a sovereign remedy for the rheumatism. Lamh-kiii, The Lamb-kiU,^ on account of its properties and beauties, is a very celebrated shrub. It grows rarely to the height of a man ; its leaves are evergreen, very smooth, and in form, oval. Its flowers, in their sprightly colours from white to red, give it an elevated rank among the kindred beauties, which add brilliancy to the natural scenery of the woods. It has been called mountain Laurel, Spoonwood, Ivy and Calico Bush. Its wood is dense and hard, and is used as a material in constructing musical in- struments, and by mechanics for handles to their tools. Though deer, it is said, feed on its green leaves without harm ; yet when young cattle and sheep eat of them in severe winters, through want of better food, they oikn die immediately or fall sick and recover with difficulty. Calves, after feeding on its foliage, have been known to swell, foam at the mouth and stagger, and were hardly cured, though gun-powder and other medicines were ap- plied. Large cattle and horses sometimes also sicken for the same cause ; and it is said, a decoction of it will produce a sensible inconvenience in the human system : yet we may eat partridges whose crops are distent with laurel buds, whhout any ill consequences. * Corj'lns Americana. f Hamamelis Virginiana. \ See Juniper — Ante. \ Kalmia Latifolia. Sect, iv.] of mainr. 117 Moose-bush* is a small tree, or larsje shrul), not uncommon in Moose bmh. the forest, which, with the noble animal whose name it bears, seems to retreat, every where, before the advances of cultivation. To browse upon its berries, buds and small limbs, the moose and deer seem to be especially cac;cr. The Osir.rf is of the willow-kind, and always foinid to be most Osicr. flourishinp; by water-courses. It 2;rows large enough for switches, yields rather an aromatic smell ; and from its freshness, it has been called green Osier. The Prune genus'l embraces, 1 , the Plum, of which we reckon Prune kind, three varieties, the red, the yellow and the thorn plum, which are I'lum. neither plenty nor grateful to the taste. It has five jictals, a smooth drupe and a nut with a prominent feature. 2, It also embraces the Cherry, of which we have the black ciicrry-tree, which bears fruit abundantly of that colour: — and the Choke- q^^^ cherry, or as some may call it the choke-berry of two varieties, the fruit of one being dark brown, the other red. They are larger than currants and quite saturant. The choke-cherry bush is a considerable shrub of six feet in height. The Rose-bush's, (wild,) holds a distinguished place in our i;osp-hu$b, American shrubbery. It grows about six feet in height, its top is bowing, like that of an upright blackberry, though bolder and more graceful. It branches, and is well fortified with pin-pointed thorns. Its flowers, which are of two varieties, ivhite and pnle- red, are endued with a fragrance hardly surpassed by any in the vegetable republic. One species of our Sumach \\ is of a deleterious or poisonous char- Sumach. acter. It has been sometimes cnWed poison Ash, and by mistake, "° ^^^^ also, " Dogood.^^^ The other is the common Sumach. The lat- ter grows much higher than a mnn can reach ; its body, near the ground, is three inches in diameter or more, and its plentiful branches bear large conical bundles of berries, which, when ripe, are clarct-rcd, and atTord a good ingredient for dyeing, and the branches for tanning. * Or " Mooscwood," Dirca paluslris. f Vimcn ViriijC. — Or, Salix vitnincus. XPrunut — 1. Trunus sylvcstris. 2. Pruntis virjiniana. — [Cherry-tree] } Rosea Sylvcstris. || Uhus Vcrnix. H Its berries, which arc large as peas and oC a dark blue, have been call- ed " dogberrici.'^ 118 THE PLANTS AND HERBS [IntrODUC. Poison 'ilie poison Sumach occurs in the western, but very seldom, sumachi. . r i o t • ^ ' ■, ^ if ever, m the eastern parts oi the btate. It is an elegant shrub^ growing 10 or 15 feet high, branching at top and covered with a pale redish bark. Its wood, which contains a great pith, is liglit and brittle ; its flowers are green, small raid fragrant : and what is remarkable, the barren and the fertile flowers grow on different trees. An incision of the bark will exude a juice opaque, strong, and of a disagreeable smell ; and when touched by persons of some constitutions will effect them as doth poison ivy. The first effects are an itching and swelling, then a redness and painful burning. But it is seldom fatal ; clothes dipped in lead-water and applied have proved a relief; and indeed many are regardless ot the poison Sumach, as it never injures them. Its fruit is a bancli of dry berries or greenish drupes. Sweet-fern. The Sweet-fem* is much smaller and of less notoriety, than the Rose-bush, though its leaves are wholesome in diet-drink, or beer ; and it indicates the land where it grows to be uniformly warm and sweet. Thorn-busli. The Thoni-bushf seldom grows higher than 10 or 12 feetj its bark is dark brown, its wood very tough, hs limbs and shoots are numerous and thick, and upon its branches grow spurs, or slender thorns, an inch and half in length and very sharp-point- ed. J Apple-tree shoots engrafted into its body, cut off near thes- ground, have flourished well. The thorn-bush bears berries en- closing several stones, or seeds, like the haws of the hawthorn in. England, though larger. § The meat of the seed is rich and palata- ble. These are the principal small trees and shrubs which variegate- and adorn our woods, humble it is true, though strongly marked by their peculiarities. PLANTS AND HERBS. The native individuals of this department are very numerous.. Plants, all designed, no doubt, to be of essential and various use to man as well as beast. In China, it is said, every herb is applied to some valuable purpose, and every weed has its well known usSr *^ Comptonia, Asphnfolia. — Rev. Dr. Cochrane, f Cratoegus Coccinea. \ Of the thorn there are two varieties, one has a prirple and the other a white floTTcr. ^ J. Bennock Esq. i Sect, iv.] of biaine. 119 If the properties of all our plants were scientifically understood, 'iprSs jinU the general use ot them would save to the State a heavy annual lax, occasioned by the importation of foreign drugs, and probably be equally eflicacious to preserve health and prolong life. These, as distinguished from the preceding classes, have stems, or stalks, without the contexture and firmness of wood. Such are denominated annual, as produce fioucrs and fruits only one season and then die, as the golden-rod or the strawberry; and if the root also dies the same year, and the species is propagated the next season from the seed, it is literally a vegetable. The perennial plant has a root which has within itself a princijjle of continued life, yielding new flowers and seeds, year after year ; though the stallc dies the root lives, and most plants have this property. Linnaeus calls the whole plant an hcrO, including the stalk, the leaves, the pro])s and defenders, and the buds. ]3ut what are vines and what are, botanicall}', roots 9 — are questions which botanists have not definitely determined, except that the former being more slender and weak, as climbers, are dependent on their stouter neighbours and their own tendrils for supports ; and the latter, while they evince their existence by a rising herb, are remarkable for the esculent or peculiar properties of the parts within the ground. Of the prodigious number of our indigenous plants, wc will now proceefl to mention such as have come to our knowledge ; and though the list contains more than 150 individuals, they are probably not a tenth part of the whole. For the sake of con- venience, as a perfectly botanical classification is impracticable, they are arranged in alphabetical ord-cr. We begin with ^Igrimony* and v.iih the '■^American Rose- &ay."f The latter, though it prefers a warmer climate than ours, has been " observed growing plentifull)' on the borders of Scbago lake, near Portland." It chooses a damp spungy soil, a shelter from the sunbeams, and always dwindles within a year or two after being transplanted. It is large, straggling, and quite irregular in its manner of growth. The bark is grayish and much cracked ; the leaves are in tufts at the ends of the branches, ever- ♦Agrimony [Afrimonia Eupatoria] lias jeliow blossoms, in longf termin- a(in;j spikes ; its root is uscfl by llie natives in fevers, and its leaves for ditt- Irink and the jaunciice. ] Rliododendron Maximum, 120 THE PLANTS [iNTROBtJc';, Herhs ami green and covered with nap. The flowers form a terminal clus-' " ter, just above the leaves, each one is elliptical, having a white ground most delicately shaded with lake, the upper and largest are freckled with an assemblage of orange-coloured spots at the centre. This plant is ranked among the first astringents ; but the supposition that it is poisonous is an errour. Both the leaves and bark, digested in alcohol, yield a resinous tincture, quickly turbid when mixed with water, and the fluid ought to be taken sparingly. Of the three following we can only say, that Adder^s-tongue* grows two feet high, in running water, and is said to be a remedy for the hydrophobia ; that Angelica^ is a third taller, loves moist ground, and a decoction of it will relieve asthmatic affections j and that Arsmart,'\. a well-known low herb, is said to dye a deep yellow, but is too pungent and strong tasted to be eaten green, even by any beast. The Bearberry,'^ or Beards grape, trails on the ground, putting forth roots from its prominent stems, or rising shoots, and has scattered evergreen leaves, finely freckled. Its flowers are little clusters, pale red and white, pending from the ends of the bran- ches. A decoction of this plant is said to be good in strangury, the stone, and the dysentery. But not more than ten grains of its pulverized leaves ought ever to be taken at a time. The taste of the leaves is both astringent and bitter. Bitter^sweet,\\ a hardy climbing plant of five feet high and shrubby, is good for the rheumatism, asthma, and jaundice, and in diet-drink ; Betony,^l the stalk of which is much shorter, has long leaves hanging from several branches, and a ptirple blowth, — a tea of it will relieve the headach. The Brake** of which there are several varieties, the root of which is sometimes called the " bog-onion," when boiled in water, to a jelly, is good for sprains. The Bane-herry,\-\ with a stalk a foot high, has greeo balls, as large as those of asparagus, and is ill-tasted. The Blood-root\\ is an acrid narcotic ; and a large dose of it occasions nausea, heart-burn, and faintness. It is an emetic j * Ophioglossum. f Angelica Sylvestris. — " American Masterwort." J Polygonum Sagittalis. \ Abutiis Uva Ursi. j] Solanum Dulcamara. H To wit, Head and Wood Bctony. ** Pteris Aqnijina, ft Actea Spicata, Jl Sanguinaria Canadensis, Sect, iv.] of Maine. 121 and has been beneficially used in tlie incipient stages of pulnio- Herbj nnd , '. n 111-' II ^trembles. nary consumption, the inlhienza, and the wlioopin^ cough. It has been called Paccoon and Red-root. Its stalk is quite short ; and its bcautihd white flowers proceed h-oni a horizontal fleshy root, brownish without, the juice ol' which is of a bright orange colour, and gives the plant its name. The Buckbean, or J\}arsli Trefoil* prefers always wet spongy soils. The root j>enctratcs or runs to a groat distance in the bog- earth, with half-inch joints ; its leaves spring from the end of the roots ; it flowers in the middle of ]\Iay, and its blossoms, on the top of a leafless stalk, are white, with an outer lingo of red. The plant holds a high place as a bitter or tonic. Another herb, still more rich, is the Bu(tcrjli/-wccd,f Plcwisy- root or Sivcdloic-wort, fountl in dry, sandy soils, and pine woods. Its root is branching, pulpous and large ; and its stems many, bearing flowers of a beautiful light orange colour. It is celebrat- ed for its efficacy as an expectorant, and also in cases of catarrh and pleurisy, and pulmonary complaints. Those of less importance are the Celandine ; the Comfrcy ; the Catmint, or Catnip, [Ncpeta] whose appearance and virtues are well known ; the China-aster, a plant of two varieties, the one 4, and the other 3 feet high : the former has long leaves, many branches and beautiful white flowers ; the other's blossoms are pink coloured. The Columbine, whose flowers are red, is an annual plant, and grows 12 inches high ; the Cowslip is one of the first herbs in tlie spring tliat cheers and adorns the meadows ; and the Cuckold, a troublesome weed in plough-lands, whose seeds have horns, often occurs. The Chequer-bcrry, sometimes called Box-berry .\ and Par- tridge-bcrry,^ is a well known evergreen plant, abundant in our woods. It is low and humble, and like modest merit, prefers the «hade. It blossoms early in the spring, and again late in the summer. Of its vermilion coloured berries, the taste and smell are exceedingly pleasant flavoured. This " mountain tea" pro- motes mammillary secretions. CVore;-|| is common ; also the , Chocolate plani,^ which flourishes luxuriantly in woods or *Mcnyantlies Trifoliata; or, Hedysaruin Andiflonim, [/7u*A Trefoil.] ^utlalCs Folmi If., Gl. + Asclcpias Tiibcrosa. J Gaulllieria Procumbcns, \ Box-leaved Jlilchcila. [or Tartridgc-bcrry.] || Trifolium. ^ Geum Avens, or Rivale, 3 Specks. Vol I. 9 122 THE PLANTS [IntRODUC. Herbs and ncw grounds. Its root, when boiled, makes a drink in taste and goodness like chocolate. Colts-foot or wild Ginger,* [Canada Snakeroot] is one of the humblest and oldest settlers of the forest. It has only two leaves with their stalks, which constitute the whole of the plant above the ground, united at bottom, and bearing in their fork an obscure flower. Its leaves are kidney-shaped, and the aromatic flavour of its root has rendered it a fit and wholesome substitute for ginger. Red chick-weed\ is a beautiful low plant procum- bent on the ground. The Common Craneshill\ exhibits a horizon- tal root, thick and knobby ; a stalk erect ; leaves spreading, with a flower-stem in the fork ; and petals of a light purple, fraught with green stars at the base. Its root is a most powerful astringent. The Dandelion^ is a corrective of the bile and a tonic. The Dogsbane,\\ though a plant, resembles in some appearances the poison sumach, but is shorter, more beautiful, and altogether free from its deleterious qualities. The Dogstooth^ violet belongs to tlie lily order : — the bulb of its root, when dry, is meally and pleasant, and its blossom is a bell-flower, very elegant. The plant may be used as an emetic. Dragon-root,** Indian turnip or TVakerohin, grows on damp ground, exhibits two or three leaves on long sheathing foot-stalks, rising from a very curious root, round and flattened, whose upper part is truncated like an onion, and lower part tuberous and brawny. Its leaves are freckled and often white streaked, — hence called " lords and ladies." It is covered on the under side with dark, loose, wrinkled skin or coat. Its root is extremely acrid and affects the tongue like Cayenne pepper, and is good for the asthma or croup. The Elecampane, or Staricort,^\ grows 5 or 6 feet h"gh, bears yellow flowers, and its root is good for coughs. The Ever- * Asarum Canadensc. — Carum Carvi, or Caraway is indigenous and flour- ishes luxuriantlj'. f Anag^allis Arvensis, — called also Pimpernel, or Poor mail's iceatherglasi. J^uttall, 69. I Geranium Maculatum. 5 Leontodon Taracaccon, two varieties. II Apocynum Andros-aemifolium. U Ei-jthronium Americanum. ** Arnm Tryphyllum. ff Inula. — Helcneum. Sect, iv.] OF Makne 123 srreen* is a beautiful little a;recn vine, that runs extensively on Hrrhs and the ground. The Fircweedf springs up 5 feet high, on lands newly burnt over, and yields from its blowlh a down excellent for poultices. The Fever-root, or wild Ipccac,\ occurs in limestone soils, has opposite leaves ; and its flowers spring from the fork between the leaves and the stalk. It may be used for an emetic or cathartic. There are three kinds of Flag,% the sweet Flag,^ the cat-tail Flag,^ and the hhce Flag ;** and they all grow in very wet land. The first has very long dirk-like leaves, and a root which is white and to the taste sweet, accompanied with a rare warmth. The stalk of the second is 5 feet in height, bearing cylindrical heads, from 3 to G inches in length, formed of a downy substance, good for bedding, and furnished with long thin leaves, much used in cooperage. The blue Flag [or flower-de-luce] from a musculous horizontal root, set thick with fibres, sends up a stem 3 feet high, bearing from two to six beautiful flowers : their borders purple, interiour variegated with green, yellow and white, veined with royal purple. Its root, nauseous, hot and acrimonious, is an ac- tive cathartic and an Indian diuretic. Fox-gloveff is also a diuretic herb; it grows 18 inches high and is good for the nerves. G'/nse/jo-JJ is a very noted plant in China as well as America. It flourishes best on the acclivities of mountains. The root has oblong, white and fleshy parts, wrinkled crosswise, from which springs a short stalk, smooth, round, and green, tinged with red, adorned with great leaves pendant from long stems, a flower-stalk tipped with umbel blossoms of a delicate red, and kidney-shaped berries of a bright scarlet. The taste of the root is a sweet bitter and somewhat aromatic ; and on the whole, not unpleasant. Its medicinal virtues are much like those of liquorice, good in cro- nic coughs. The Golden-rod^^ is a well known, plentiful, fragrant, sweet- tasted plant, growing three feet high, branched, and bearing com- pound yellow blossoms. Taken as a tea, it is a gentle stimulant and sudorific. * Viridium Sepitunam ? f f I Triostenm Pcrfoliatum. 5 Iris palustris ? |j Acorus Calamus. If Poljpodium, or Typha Latifolia. ♦* Iris Versicolor, tt Digitalis Purpurea. Jt Panax Qnioqntfolium. {;SoHdag-o Odora. 124 THE PLANTS [IntRODUC. Herbs and Goldeu-tJiread* derives its name from its roots, which are of a bright yellow colour, running in all directions like silken cords ; from which spring long stems leafed at the end, and a flower- stalk, bearing white blossoms. A tincture made of the root, di- gested in rectified spirits of wine, is a good tonic bitter, promo- tive of digestion and strengthening to the stomach. Our Grasses consthute a numerous family, of more than 20 individuals, such as knot, may, sweet-scented, ticJcIe, witch, hog, goose, blue joint, foxd meadow, harsock, red-top, white clover, crowfoot, or kingcup, and star-grass.f The leaves of the last spread near the ground and look not unlike a " blazing" star, whence rises a leafless stalk, the parent of the flowers and the seeds. Herb Christopher,^ two and a half feet high, has berries pois- onous. The Houndstongue is good for a cough. Heaiis-ease'^ re- sembles arsmart in appearance, except that it has a large reddish heart-formed spot on its leaf. Heal-all,\\ Cure-all or Water-avens, is of two varieties ; one has circular, the other oval leaves. The former is used to check inflammations and eruptions of the skin. The American Hellebore^ and the Poke have some resem- blance ; both spring up early, and their large bright green leaves render them cjuite conspicuous in the swamps and wet meadows, where they choose to grow. But while the poke continues to have only a tuft of its original leaves, the hellebore sends up a straight leafy stalk, five feet high, and exhibits large leaves near the ground, and flowers among those higher up and smaller. To the taste it is extremely bitter and acrimonious. Its root is also a powerful emetic ; and though poisonous and destructive to vermin, it is a cure for die scurvy and a relief in rheumatic cases. Josselyn, in his Voyages, says, the young natives, in the election of their chiefs, took it, and he whose stomach could endure the most, was the stoutest and most worthy to rule. Seed-corn, when * Coptis Trifolia. — Bigelow. Eut liev. Dr. Cochrane arranges the smooth golden thread ; zig-zag do ; gross leaf do; flesh leaf do ; and Avillow leaf do ; — uadcr the Solidago genus, fTo these may be added Erome, Bent, Cock's-foot, Ilair, Quaking-, Panic, and Soft Grasses, I Actoea Spicata. — Actoea Racemosa. 2 varieties: 1st has while blows and red berries ; 2d is an astringent. § Trinitatis herba, or Lady's delight. II Gerum Rivale, or Prunella vulgaris. H Veratrum Viride. — Bigelo^c. Sect, iv.] OF Maine. 125 soaked in a decoction of it and planted, if taken by the birds, Herbi and will make them giddily fall upon the ground and thus frighten away the others. Henbane* is also a poison ; yet horses, goats, sheep, and of- tentimes neat cattle, are said to feed upon it without injury. The whole herb, which is of a seagreen colour, two feet high and branching, with large leaves, emits a rank oflensivc smell. It flowers on the side of the stalk, and forms capsules, or cups, double-celled and covered with a lid. As a narcotic, it is a sub- stitute for opium. IIorscradish,\ which is well known, is an in- digenous j)lant. The Indian Cucumber'^ takes its name from its root, which is white and pleasant flavoured like a garden cucum- ber. On the top of its stalk are a few berries, and around it, 5 or G inciics apart, arc several leaves. The Indian Hemp^ grows a foot high and is good for the dysentery. Of this the Indians make their bowstrings and might make thread. fyecacuanha-spurgeW has a large pulpous root, which pene- trates several feet into the ground, has short stems with forks, whence spring the shoots which bear the flowers. It is a power- ful emetic. Kindred to this is the Lobelia,^ U'ild, or Indian tobacco,** a plentiful annual plant, found in the fields and on the road-sides ; it flowers from mid-summer till frost-time. Its height is from 12 to 30 inches ; its stem erect, roots fibrous, and is much branch- ed ; its leaves sessile, oval and hairy. Its flowers are tassel-form- ed, with a bluish purple corolla, and its seeds are oblong and brown. When broken, the plant exudes a milky juice, which gives to tlic mouth a burning acrimonious sensation, like the taste of green tobacco. It is a powerful emetic and has given relief in asthmatic complaints. Others, which are of much less note, arc these — Life-ever- Iasting,-\\ found growing every where, about two feet high, on * Ilyoscjamus Nijer. -f Cocklearia Armoracia. | Mcdcola. { Asclcpias ? II Ei)phorbia Ipecacuanha. H Lobelia Inflata. ** 1 Big. Botany, 177. But Indian Tobacco, called by the Natives " Squaic-hush,^'' is a perennial herb, or shrub; the bark of which they scrape olT, mix. with tlieir tobacco, atiJ smoke it. The stalk sometimes grows more than an inch in diameter ; its wood is tough ; its bark a dark green ; its leaves elliptical, smooth on the upper side and on the other fibrous. tl Gnaphalium Americaaum^ 126 THE PLANTS [IntRODUC. Herbs and poor land ; its capsules make good beds ; Lavage* grows the same height, but branches large : Lungwort-f and Liverwort,"^ used as preventives, or cures of the consumption : Life-of-man, growing three feet high, bears clusters of purple berries, large as shot and wholesome ; its root is excellent in a poultice : Lorida- les-plant^ is plenty : also Larkspur,^ which destroys vermin. Of the Lily tribe, we have several species,^ all of which are remarkable for their modest downcast beauties ; but the pond, or water-lily^'^ is the most peculiar. Its roots are very large, its leaves expansive, with the upper side glossy ; and its flowers have a delicate whiteness and a fine fragrance. The root is a great astringent and in some cases it is useful in poultices. Marsh rosemary^\ is a marine plant and therefore flourishes best in or near the salt meadows ; whereas highland vegetables die, if salt be so much as powdered at their roots. Of the Marsh rosemary, which is perennial, the root is large, fleshy and branched, from which spring expanded leaves and a large central stalk, rising several feet in height, branching and bearing flowers of a pink and pale bluish purple. Its root is astringent, equal to that of galls. The following herbs, generally well known, viz. May-floxuers ;J J also Mny-weed,^^ a low plant with white blows, very bitter ; J\lotherwort,\\\\ much used by females; Maidenkair,^^ a fine brake and tenant of low grounds ; Mint, or Spearmint, [^JYIentha Romana^ a pleasant sudorific ; JMuUein,**'^ whose leaves are often boiled in rnilk and the decoction taken for the dysentery ; and Meadow-cup, called forefathers' pitcher, or Whippoorwill's shoes j * Levislicum. f Pulmonaria. { Hepatica. 5 Coritlales. — Dr, Grovcr. \\ Delphinium. USuch as the yellow water-lil3',ordog'-lily,or beaver-root; two varieties of meadow-lilies, ttie upright has a flower of a red colour, freckled with black ; in the other, the pensile is yellow freckled. May-lily, or " lily of the val- le}' ;" and nodJing-lily. — Dr. Cochrane. **Nymphca OJorata. ff Statice Carolinia [or Sea Lavender.] Jl Epigaca Repens. Of these there are two species — 1. a vine whoso blossoms are white and sweet-scented ; 2. an upright plant of two varie- ties : The flowers of one are red, of the other red and white. 55 Anthemis Cotula. il|| Leonardcs Cardiaca. ^5 Adiantus Pcdatus. **'* V'crbascum Shapsis, Sect, iv.] of MAINE. 127 all which are common. Millet* has been culiivated with Hfrb» and success as an article of bread stuff. We have two or three species of the Mallows ;\ one is the marsh Mallows, [^^ilthen Officinalis'\ known by the little cheeses it bears, and is often used to check a diarrhoea. Milkweed, sometimes called Silk-grass, 'I grows 4 or 5 feet high ; bears pods four inches in length enfolding a downy substance, soft like silk and good for bedding. The body, or a branch when truncated, yields a glutinous milk very white. JVightshade,^ or banewort, belongs to the multiform Solanum genus ; of which there arc many species, as bitter-sweet, ivoody nightshade, Eggplant, and even the common potatoe. Tiie black, or tvood nightshade, is a viny or climbing vegetable. It runs over walls, bears red berries, and is said to be poisonous. Another is a perennial branching plant, 2J feet high. jVe^i/e^ll are common and of two varieties, hedge and sting- ing ; the latter need be touched only once to be remembered. If boiled in milk, or made a principal ingredient in syrups, they are said to afford a remedy anti-consumptive. Onion (wild,) or Leek, resembles Chives, only larger ; the Oat (wild)ir has a lighter grain than those cultivated ; Pea** (wild) is a vine which has a small pod and a black seed when ripe, grow- ing on the margin of streams and shores of Islands. Also the Oak of Jernsalcmff is a native. Penny-royal, 'I'l or Pudding grass, a low aromatic herb ; Petty- morrcl,^^ wiiich in smell and taste resembles the "life of man ;" Plantain, \^Plantago'\ whose efficacy is well known when applied to parts poisoned ; Purslain, a fat 'succulent vegetable, often boiled for the table ; and Poor-robin^s plantain, an antidote to poison ; are all generally known. PoAre, II II an abbreviation of Pocuto, is frequently called Cocum, and erroneously, Garget,^^ and its clusters. Pigeon-berries, are said to be poisonous. The Poke deserves particular no- ■" Milium, t MalvaRotundifolia. | Asclepias. Syriaca. Silkweed. { Solanum Nigrum. ||Urtica Diotica. IF Tizania Aquatica. **Pisum. ft Cliencpodium Anhelminticum. JJ Pulegiura Mentha. lj\ Arabia Nig^ra. |I|| Phytolacca Dccrandra. ^ir Garget is a ditfercnt vegetable from Poke, as farmers assure me, for Garget-root is good for milch kine, when the bag is diseased and the milk curdled. 12S THE PLANTS OF MAINE. [InTRODUC. Herbs and ticG. Its root IS often as large as a man's leg and usually divid- vegetables. . . , , , i • i i • i i • ed into two or tin-ee branches, and covered with a brownish skin. Its stalks are annual and grow 5 or 6 feet high, much inclining to branches, which bear leaves oval-oblong, with under and upper sides smooth and ribbed tendons underneath. Its flowers, which spring from long leafless sterns, are white, maculated in the centre with green, and are succeeded by long clusters of dark purple berries. These, which are sickly sweet and nauseous, are eaten without hurt by several species of birds. The medicinal proper- ties of the root compare v.ith those of the Ipecacuanha ; and they are said also to be efiicacious in cancerous affections. Husband- men use a decoction of it for the same purpose they do hellebore. Of the Rush* kind, one species is a low erect herb, jointed and rough, like a fine grater. We have also the pond, meadow, fluted and bull Rushes. Sarsaj)a7-illa-f is valuable for its aro- matic root, which runs near the surface of the ground ; it exhibits only three low leaves and a very short stalk. Sktdl-cajj ; J S]}leen-wort ;^ Shepherd' s-purse,^ and IVild Sunflowers,^ are very common ; also, the Sprig of Jerusalem, an annual plant, 18 inches in height, of remedial use in the measles ; and Solo^ moil's Seal,*'^ with two varieties ; one has a red bell flower, with blue berries, and the other, white, with red berries. The Senna,jf a mild cathartic, is said to grow in the town of Union. We have, also. Sea-weed, [Algae,] Oar-weed, River-weed, and Suc- cory, as common herbs. Skunk-cabhage'W or Skunk-weed possesses an odour too dis- tinctive ever to be mistaken. It springs and decays early. It is reputed to be useful in relief of those afllicted with the asthma, catarrh and chronic coughs. Directly in contrast of the preceding is the Strawberry, '^§ whose fruit delights the eye, the smell, and the taste. Another, called Two-eyed berry, is wild, and its fruit has two dimples, or eyes, and in other respects it resembles a chequerberry. *Scirpus Palnstris. j Aralia. Nudicanlis. J Scutellaria Lateriflora. § Asplaenium. || Thiaspi Bursa Pastoris. IT Starfljwer, aster Cordatus, 5 species. But Sunflovyer, Helianthus genus, is a different kind of plapt. *■* Convallaria. || Cassia Lig-ustrina. X\ TctoJes Foctidus, \\ Frnjaria Vesca. Sect. iv.J the vines ok ma i.nl.. 129 We can only add, that we have Thistles;* Thoroughwort ^f Uerht anil Violets'^ of several species j wild or common Tansy ; Water- cresses ;'^ fp'intcrgrcens ;\\ several species ol Jlormwood,^ [he wild, or Roman, in great plenty : also Wild Marjoram, [^Orig- anvm vidgare^ grows in dry fields. ROOTS. Besides the Roots enumerated in the preceding list of plants, we may mention these three, viz : the Artichoke, the '^""'^ Groinid-nut, and likewise the Snake-root. The Artichukc** is somewhat tasteless j otherwise it resem- bles a small oblong potatoe. The Ground-nuts-\\ were originally a great article of food among the natives, — they are of two species ; the blossoms of one are yellow, like a wild sunflower, and its roots larger than acorns ; the other is a smaller vegetable. It is said the Snake- root\\ is found abundantly in the town of Warsaw. Also, we may mention Fever-root, ^^ which is perennial, and called wild Ipecac; its stem is 18 inches in height, its leaves large, and its root emetic and cathartic. VINES. There are a few natives whose names properly belong to this vines. Class. A wild Grape vine|||I found in the woods, was transplanted by J. Bennock, Esq. in Orono, twenty years ago, where it has run 100 feet, and still grows luxuriantly. It bears grapes which, when ripe, are of a purple colour, but they are acrid and un- pleasant to the taste. He also showed me a thrifty Woodbind,^^ or ivoodbine, planted * Carcluus ? several species. f Eupatorium rerfoliatum. I Viola. J Nasturtium Aquaticum. II Pyrola Umbcllata. 1[ Absynthium. ** Cynaria, or Helianthus. Tubcrnsus. ft Glicine Apios. \\ Tolyn^ala Scncg-a, xcncca snake-root. " Snakc-wecd" is a difierent yegetablc. [Chdonc Glabra.'] \\ Triosteum Perfoliatum. |1|| Uva Sylvestris. Also, Fox grape. ITIT Porictymcnos. 130 THE VINES [IWTRODUC. Vines. on eacli siae ol ins front door, which is a perennial plant. Its stalk is large as a goosequill and tough, growing indefinitely. It forms a truly ornamental bower ; especially when exhibiting its beautiful blue berries. Another species is biennial ; it ascends trees, by help of its tendrils, 20 feet ; blossoms the second year, in conic forms reversed, and exhibits 15 or 20 pale red flowers on a single branch. When ripe, its seeds are a glassy jet-black and almost as hard as marble. The Hop^ is indigenous and luxuriant ; and the root is peren- nial. The great use of it in malt liquors is well known. Hops have been cultivated profitably in the county of Penobscot. They are a great tonic, and beer made of them is both healthful and palatable. Poison Ivy\ is a vine well known where it occurs ; when wounded, it exudes a juice which is poisonous. It is a dan- gerous medicine, though it has helped to relieve in cases of the palsy. It is to be noted, that there is Hemlock, a tree, and a shrub be- fore described, and a biennial plant. ^ The latter, branching, grows * Hamulus Lupulus, [Common Hop.] f Rhus Radicans, [!VIercur3'.] Glecoma — Ground-Ivrj. I Conium Maculatum. Note. — Tlie Conium, or Hemlock, is the plant whose narcotic poison is said to have been so much used by the ancients in executions of malefactors. It grows in the county of Lincoln and elsewhere in the State. "It very much resembles parsley — same shade of green." An additional Catalogue of JVative Plants. Arrowhead, [Sagillaria,) is aquatic, growing in muddy still waters, and deriving its name from the leaves, which are formed like the head of an arrow. Bedsandwort, [Ai-enaria Rubra,) 2 species. Bind Weed, [Convolvithis Sepium.) Burdock, [Arctium Lappa.) It flowers in August. Burr-mar3'gold, [Bidens Cerniia,) 2 species, flowering* in Aug. and Sept. Bush-honeysuckle, [Diervilla,) grows 2 feet in height, flowers in June and July, pink red, and very fragrant. Buttercup, or Crowfoot, [Rariunculus Aborlivus,) five species, flowers in June. Chervil, [Chaerophillum Claytoni,) bears flowers upon several foot-etalks. Chicken-berry, [Jlitchella Repens.) Cinquefoil, [Potentilla Reptans,)3 species of clover. Cockle, [Agroatcmma Coronaria.) Sect. iv.J of MAINE. 131 often to the height of a man ; its leaves are a very light green Vine» and its juice poisonous, tliough in small doses it cures the jaun- dice. Cow-parsley, [Ilcraclntm SphnnchjHum.) Cow-Wlicat, [Jlciliola l'ir^i»ic(i.) Crosswort, grows IS iticlics lii-jli. Its leaf is like that of a pcach-trcc ; ind when decocted in water, tastes like bohea. Doj's-bane, [Apocynum AndroseanifoHum.) — 2 Bigcluu\ 148. Dwarf-Alder, [Rumnus Jlhii/ullius,) resembles an elder-bush, but short- er, and is a remedy for dro|)sy. Earthmil, [Bunium.) a root in shape ami si/c of a nut. riowerinj Fern, [Osviunda lirgalin,) 2 species. Funiitory, [Futnaiia,) flowers in Augnist and September — a common an- nual weed in gardens. Its capsule contains a singfle se?d. G roundsel, [Senecio Aureus,) 3 specie*. Ilogweed, [Ambrosia Elatior.) Ilancy suckle, [Loniceia Pirinaica,) 3 species. Horcliouiid. (JVrtiruiiawi Vulgarc,) water horehouad [Lycopus Euro- poeus,) 2 species. Iloodwort, [Scuttll-aria Lateriflora.) — See SciUlccip. Indian pipe, [Matiotropa UniJJom.) Labrai'or-tea, (^Lacdum Lati/ulium,) is a shrub, grows 2 or 3 feci lt\gh. Vta leaves make a palatable tea; — used to check the dysentery. I^ndics' Slipper, [C'ljpri pedum Acaulc,) qrows 2 feet high, bears a spotted red flower mIiosc shape gives the plant its name. Leather Leaf, [Andromeda Calyculala,) flowers in May and June. Live-forever, [Stxlum.) Loose-strife, [Lyscmaihia Siricia.) Meadow-rue, [Thnlietrum Cornuli.) Meadow Sweet, [Spiraea Salicifolin.) Tomentoza, Purple Ilardhack, Medlcr, [Jlcspilus Canadensis,) 2 species. Milfoil, or Yarrow, (.ic/iiV/^a J^iilhfulium.) Milkwort, [Polynia.) Monkey-flower, [Jllmulus Jiingcns.) Mushroom, [Fungi,) several species. Mustard, common, [Senapis Arvinsis.) r Sorex Cristatus. — 2. Sorex Murinus. — 3. Sorex Areneus. Coidsmitli who follows Biidbn considers every species of the mouse end mole as belont^ing- to llic '• Pat khuW^—Z vol. cluip. I. t JIvstrix Dorsata. t ^Vus ? i:^) Ivcsiris ?— (crreslris- I or Ground rat. 5 ^'iverra Fiilorius. i 8 I. SciurisNig-cr.— 2. i:ci'•'l»el •' kind. species: — 1. Ermine; 2. Martin ; 3. Mink; 4. Otter; and 5. Weasel, (sui speciei,) and, perhaps, G. the Folecat.f 1. The Ermine, or Sahle, resembles a Weasel, except that it f^rir.''*-, or .... ."5tii>;e. is lar2:er, weighing about IG ounces; it has its tail tijiped with a beautiful black. In summer, its colour is a darker orange-red than a fox, and almost as white as snow, in winter. Some have a lined back of dark brown, from head to tail ; every one of tiiem has a most fine and delicate fur : and it is the sprightliest animal in nature. Very many of them are caught in the north parts of the State every year. 2. The Marten is very shy and retiring ; its colour is a brown, Manin. nearly approaching a black ; it is about 18 inches in length, and weighs between four and five pounds. The female brings forth from three to six, at a litter. 3. The Mink is an amphibious animal, burrows generally in Mink, the banks of ficsh water ponds, rivers, and lakes. Its legs are short, its colour brown, and its fur is valuable. The weight of one is about equal to that of a marten. If it frequents the salt water, its fur is of a poorer quality. J It looks much like a sable. Note. — Tlicrc is nn animal in the \vou:!s by tlie name of H riscow, form- erly numerous about tlic licatis of llic Kennebec and (be Arulroscojrg'in. It is of a dark brown colour, with lonj fur and a biishj tail. His liody re- sembles that of a bear; it has a larg^c flat foot, and is about the size of a common dog. This animal is very furious and troublesome to liic hunters, often robbing their traps of game and Iheir camps of provision. — To avoiJ being caught when pursued, it will ascend the highest trees. — E. Chase, Esq. * 1. Mnslcla F.riiiinca.— 2. Miislcla Maries.— 3. Mnbtela Canadensis. — 4. Mustela Latra. — 5. Mustcla Mustaela. t The Polecat is larger than the Weasel, being 1 foot 5 inches long, of a deep chocolate colour. \ The Mink is not mentioned by Goldsinitb. 140 THE BIRDS [IntrODUC, Ouen 4. The Otter is fierce and voracious ; it feeds on fish, fi'ogs, water-rats and other little animals ; has short legs with membranes between its toes, fitted either for running or swimming. It is not amphibious, though it can live a long time under water. Its col- our is black, its fur is much esteemed, the length of its body five or six feet, its weight 20 pounds or more, and its strength and courage such, that it has ventured in its rage to attack a man in self-defence. Weasel. g^ rpj^g Weasel is longer bodied, more slim and active than a squirrel ; its eyes are piercing ; motions very quick ; belly cream- coloured ; back brown ; length 12 or 14 inches ; and its weight 3-4ths of a pound or more. Its food is nuts, eggs, corn, and little animals, such as chickens and mice ; and no cat will clear a house of rats like a weasel. Its number at a birth is from three to five — still they are more scarce than most of this genus, ex- cept the Otter.''^ chuckf The Woodchuckf is about 14 inches in length, its legs short, with paws well-formed for digging its own burrows ; its body round, thick and fat, its colour brown ; and its fecundity is 4 or 5 at a birth. The flesh of the animal is eatable, but it is too greasy, and tastes too much of the ground to be palatable. BIRDS. Birdi. In Natural History, no department is more truly engaging than that of the Ornithologist. The varieties, the plumage, the notes, the sprightliness, the region of the bird, are subjects upon which the mind dwells with pleasure. But so numerous are those in Maine, that nothing more can be done here than to mention their kinds and species, and make an occasional observation. One great division of them is into the land or cleft-footed, and the web- footed, or waterfowl ; another is that of the songsters and of those without a singing voice ; and it is observable, that the best singers sometimes leave the thickets of the forest for the open lands or fields of the cultivator, apparently ambitious of chanting their notes to his ear. * A weasel-skin, worn around the throat, with the fur out, will relieve those afflicted with the asthma. t Urtivel Mustelae species.— Ltn. Monax dc Bujfon. Sect, v.] of Maine. 141 The Boblincon^ is a well known meadow bird, always full of life and chatter, called in the southern States the Rice-bird. Tiie Cherry-bird-f is of a light blue colour, crested, and large as a barn-swallow. Flocks of this species are seen on black cherry-trees when the fruit is ripe, of which they are immoder- ately fond. The Crceper\ is a little woodland bird, very coy and harm- less. Also the Nuthatch^ is a small bird of the pye sort. Of the Cuckoo kind\\ we have two species, viz. 1. the Cuckoo ruckoog^- nus. itseJj, a brown coloured woodland bird, as large as a thrasher j it frequents orchards and the margin of woods : 2. The JV/ietsaw, which is a little larger and darker than a blue-jay ; its notes are like the gratings in whetting a saw. It frequents logging camps ; and is thought to be the same as the Bird-hawk, tliough as to tliis naturalists differ. The Cross-bill^ is larger than a sparrow, and is of an olive colour : the upper and lower parts of its beak cross each other like a pair of scissors, and thus enable it to cut off the stalks of wheat and rye ; it then lays down its head sidewise to pick and take the kernels. Of the Dove kind** we have two species, 1. the Turtle Dove, Dovegenui. 2. the wild Pigeon. Those of the latter are very numerous ; the male and female always pair, set alternately on the eggs, and liatch two at once, several times in the season. The wild Pig- cons are excellent for the table : they come in the spring from the southern and western slates, select beech and hemlock land, where they stay during the summer : several of their nests are often seen on the same tree, and their fecundity is supposed to exceed that of any other fowl. On our coast is seen a much greater number of the Duck kind-f-f j^^jckMoui * Emberiza Oryzivora. f Ampelis Gamiliis. t Ccrlhia Pinns. { Silta Canadensis. I 1. Ciiciiliis Ainericaniis. — 2. Cuculus Olius, Lunirus, Canadensis. If Loxia Curvirostra or Loxia Rcstrofoiscator. ** 1. Coluinba Turtxir?. — 2. Columba Migratoria. t+ JJwcA-.— 1. AnasBernicla.— 2. Anas Fiisca. — 3. Anas Nigra. — 4. Anas Spcctabilis. — 5. Anas Cinerca. — 6. Anas Albcola. — 7. Anas Mollissima. 8. Anas Penelope. 9. Anas Acuta, — 10. Anas Arborea.— 11. Anat Sponsa.— 12. An:is II istrionica? — 13. Anas Sirepera.— 14. Anas Biicepba- la — 15. Anas Fcrina.— 16. Anas Discors 17. Anas Migratoria. — 18. Ana« Clangula. — 19. Anas Moralia. 142 THE BIRDS [IntRODUC. Duckgcnus than of any other fowl; there being in all no less than nineteen species. 1. The Brant ; 2. brown Coot ; 3. black Duck Coot ; 4. whitehead Coot) 5. the river Coot, or ash coloured Duck; 6. the Dipper; 7. the sea Duck ; 8. the gray Duck; 9. the sprig tail Duck, or Mallard; 10. the wood Duck; 11. the crested wood Duck ; 12. Lord and Lady, or JVoddy ; 13. Old- wife; 14. Qiiindar ; 15. red head Quindar ; 16. blue wing Teal; 17. green wing Teal; 18. Whistler; 19. Widgeon; all which are webfooted. A Brant is a large bird of passage, of gray colour, and in size about half-way between a black duck and a wild goose; it is found around our bays, lakes and ponds. The wJiite head Coot is black, with some w^hite on its head and midway of its wings ; and each of the Cool species has a short tail, and lives about the shores of the salt water. The Dipper is always diving and dipping for fish ; and, when on the water, appears larger than the largest species of teal, and is nearly as good for the table as a duck. The Lord and Lady, or jYoddy^^ is as large as a pigeon, good for food ; has a brown back and cream-coloured breast, and feeds on small muscles, snails and insects. Its perpetual whiflles with the wings when flying, give it name. Old-wife's notes are in sound like shrill scolding, as heard from this bird often in the night time. Its flesh is brown like beef, about as good as that of a duck, and is itself almost as large. Of the two Teals, the green wing is the larger ; both are very fine for the table, and about two-thirds the size of a domestic duck. A Whistler is about as large as a Dipper : And the Widgeon is supposed to be the same as a wood duck ; the female lays her eggs in some hollow tree, and when her young are hatched, she carries them to the water side, where she rears them up to full size. We reckon two species of the Falcon kind ;f 1. the Bird- Falcon PC* iiu» hawk ; and 2d, the Kingbird. The latter is a most active and courageous little creature, not fearing to make war even upon the hawk and crow. * Some think this the fcfea-swalJow. f 1. Laiiius Canadensis. — 2. Lanii:s Tyrannus : " tho least of tho falcon tribe." — litei'' Encycloft'Jia. Sect, v.] of Maine. . 143 There seem to be two kinds of the Finch ;* one has with usTwnkinr l**tllCl>Ct. these three species: 1. the Goldfinch or Golden Rolin ; 2. the Hing-hird ; and 3. tlie Redwing Dlnckbird. The hist is the malo onlv of tlie same species ; the female is smaller, of a dirty brown, and has no red on its wings. The two former hang their nests under the limb, where it is forked. The Goldfinch is shorter bodied, but thicker than the yellow bird ; its plumage is of a beautiful bright orange colour, and its voice is quite me- lodious. Of the other Finch kind\ we have five species : 1 . the Chef.- loeeh, or Pewit ; 2. the Chipping Bird ;| 3. the JVinter Spar- row ; 4. the Yellow Bird, and 5. the Spring Bird. The Pi' ioit, or Chcewcch, lives in the summer months about barns and old buildings, where the swallows have nests, in which she lays lier eggs with theirs. The Spring Bird is larger than a chip- ping bird, and is one of the very first to sing the vernal song The other species are small, very pretty and well known. Tliere is a crenus whose leadinir name seems to be that of'^''""<"^ Fly-cntcher,'^ of whicli there arc five species; 1. the brown^-^- Fly-catcher; 2. {he c-estcd Fli/-rntcher ; 3. the Cat-bird; 4. the ILdge-bird, and 5. the Yellow crown. The brown Fly-catcher is as big as a swallow, of a dove-col- our, with while on its belly. One of them, in July, entered a gentleman's chamber, wlio informed me, that though the /lies were numerous, in consequence of sickness, the bird caught them or cleared ihoin all out of the clinmbcr in one day. All untamed Gecse,^ with us, are birds of passage; of which Sppc>< of kind we have seen three species, — 1. the wild^ or black Goose; 2. the bluish Goose, and 3. the ichite Goose. The several species of the Goose and the Brant, pass north- ward in March and southward in November. In their journics they travel in flocks from thirty to sixty together, and their * Finches, 1st kinJ ; 1. Orioliis Dallimoriis : But, query, if found La this Slate. — '.'. Orioliis Icterus.—:?. Orioius IMiacniccus. t Finclics, 2<1 kind; 1. Friiifrilla Er\ lliropthalina — 2. Frinjilla ?— or Passer jcnus.— 3. Friiigilla Grisca.— 4. Friiijilia Tristis— 5. Frinj ilia — . I Qiiffirc, if the Chipping bird does not belong to the Sparrow kind ? } 1. IMiiscicapa Fusca— 2. Muscicapa Crinita.— 3. iMuscicapa Carolinen- «i8.' — 4. Muscicapa Caoadcnsis.' — 5. Muscicapa Flava. H I. Anser Canadensii.— S. Anser Caerulescent.— 3. AD»«r Crythropm. 144 THE BIRDS [InTRODUC. height, regularity, and swiftness in flight, are well known. Their summer habitations are about our great lakes, in this State and elsewhere, northward. Incredible numbers go to the " Great Bog," 200 miles northeastwardly of Quebec. George Bussick, who, about half an age since, was eight or nine years with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, and an interpreter, says he went to the latter place three successive years, after feathers, where he found wild Geese, Brants, black Ducks, and Curlews. The Great Bog is an extensive quagmire, on which the fowler cannot walk, but works along his canoe from one hummock to another, and smites the fowls on their nests. He has sometimes killed five with his paddle, without moving his canoe. About the year 1800, a broken flock of 8 or 9 white Geese, in the spring, light- ed on the Island Metinicus, of which Mr. Young, one of the Islanders, killed three and his neighbours killed the residue. They were entirely white and as large as a gander of our do- mestic flocks. Grouse ge- Of the Grouse kind'^ we have four species. — 1. The Grouse; 2. the Partridge ; 3. the spruce Partridge, and 4. the Quail. The Grouse is seldom seen, except about our highest moun- tains, and is probably the same as the Heath-cock of Linneaus. Its head and neck is marked with alternate bars of red and black ; it feeds on bilberries and other mountain fruits, and weighs from two to four pounds. They never pair ; but when the male, in the spring, from an eminence claps his wings and crows, all the females within hearing resort to him. The spruce Partridge is of a dark brown, has a short tail, and the male has a heart-form upon his breast of two inches in length. The flesh of this species is equal in goodness to the other, though the body is not so large. Q^uails are not with us so plenty as in the other States of New-England : Indeed, they are very seldom if ever seen in the eastern parts, and many think the spruce Partridges are the same. Gulls. Gidls-f are very common on our coast ; their bill is straight, only hooked at the tip, and is destitute of teeth. They feed on fish and worms and are always about the water. Their body is * 1. Tetrao tetrix. — 2. Tctrao Marilandicus. — 3. Tetrao Canadensis. — 4. Tetrao Virjinianiis. f 1. I>arus CandiduG. — 2. Larus Mariniis. — 3. Larus Ridibundus. — 4. Sterna Ilinmdo. Sect, v.] of Maine. 145 liglit and iheir wings long ; and when terrified, it is said, they will cast up all their indigested food. "Though the species of tliis genus are not very clearly discriminated," owing to the changes of plumage in different stages of their growth till the third year; yet we suppose there arc with us four, viz. 1. the ivliite Gull ; 2. tlic eagle Gull ; 3. the mackerel, or fishing Gull ; 4. the swallow-tail Gull, or JMcdrake. The mackerel Gull is nearly as large as a goose ; and the JMedrake is as large as a black duck and good for the table. The others are plenty about our seashores, and not poor food. Of the Hawk kind,* we have six species, and two varieties : Hawk ge- nus. 1 and 2. the bald and the brown Eagle ;\ 3. the great brown Hawk; 4. the hen Hawk ; 5. the pigeon Hawk; and G. the jishing Hawk. They arc all rapacious ; and it is said to be a noted lact that all female birds of prey are much larger, strong- er, and more courageous, than the males. The character of the Heron kind consists in having the bill Heron go- straight, pointed, long, sub-compressed, with a furrow from the nostrils towards the tip, the nostrils linear, tongue sharp, feet four-toed and cleft, and the toes connected at the base ; of which we reckon five species, J 1 and 2. the blue and the ivhite Heron ; 3. the Crane; 4. the Stork,'^ and 5. the Skouk. It is said, the blue Heron is crested, and has on its breast a large spot with two growths of feathers, the under one is soft and short as the down of geese, and is of an otter colour, and in the night time has a bright appearance like touchwood. The Crane has a long neck and long legs, and is of a lead-colour. The Skouk is as large bodied as a partridge, its legs blue, its back slate-coloured and ill shaped — and is vulgarly called a " shite-poke." The Humming bird\\ is the smallest and fleetest of the feath- * 1. Falco Leiicoccplialus. — 2. Falco Fulvus. — 3. Falco Iludsonius. — 4. Falco S|)arvcrriiis. — 5. Falco CcJumbariiis. — G. Falco Ilaliaelus. I It lias been asserted that an eagle will live 100 years. I 1. Arilca Caenilea.— 2. Ardea Alba.— 3. Ardea Canadensis. — J. Ar- dea Ciconia. — 5. Ardea Virescens. J The Stork is a bird of passagfe, the white one has naked eyeballs, its beak and I'cct arc of a blood-red colour; it is a great enemy to reptiles ; its disposition is mild, neither very sly nor savage ; it is easily tamed. It lias a mournful visage and grave air, though sagacious. 1) Passer : — (ioldsmUh. Trochilut colubris. — Lin. 146 Heron j nus. Larks. Loons. THE BIRDS [IntrODUC, ered race. It derives its name from the hum its wings make when it flies. Of a full grown one which 1 have carefully ex- amined, the length from the crown to the end of the tail-feathers, is less than three inches ; its body one inch long, and twice that in circumference, measuring around the wings. From the body to the end of the longest feather of the wing, is about one inch and 3-4th. Its feathers are of the softest down ; their colour near the skin, on the back and sides, is of a dark bright brown, changing to a beautiful golden green towards and at their ends. Tliose on the belly are tipped with white, or lightbrown, and appear beautifully clouded. The bill of the Humming bird is black, 3-4ths of an inch in length, the ujiper and lower part about as large as a common sewing needle ; its tongue is most peculiar, resembling towards its end a split hair, formed to sip sweets from the cups of the smallest flowers. Its legs are covered with down to the feet, which have severally four claws or toes, and which are curving and very sharp. The Kiagjisher^ is plenty. It stays all winter about fresh waters, and in the spring builds its nest in the banks. It is heavy as a plover, has a long bill, its head is crested with red, its back is of a blue colour ; and though it is not webfooted, its toes grow near together, and it dives after fish. We have two species of the Lark kmd,\ 1. the Skylark, and 2. the jMarshlar'c ; well known elegant birds, and sweet songs- ters. It is said this kind will live 16 years. The red Linnet,'^ is about as large as a Goldfinch but has longer feathers ; and its wings and tail have some black, other- wise its plumage is a most beautiful dark scarlet. It nests in the margin of the woods. Loons^ are very common on the seaboard : they are of a bluish colour, have a large head and will weigh 12 or 15 pounds after being dressed. What is remarkable in them is, their hip- joints grow so fast to the body as to be immoveable, so that they cannot step on the land ; they are of two species, 1. hroicn throat Loon and 2. sea Loon. f 1. Alauda Alpestris.— 2. Alauda Majna. * Alcedo Alcyon. \ Tanagra Rubra. (1. ColymbusSeptentrionalis.— 2. Colymbus Immer. Sect, v.] of Maine. 147 Of the Owl* wc liavc four species, viz. 1. the horned; 2. Owi$. the white ; 3. the speckled, and 4, the barn, or screech Owl. The Pelican^ hind is of two species, both wtbfooted, and birds ,, ,. of ptissage. 1. tlie Pelican itself, wliich is rarely seen ; 2. the 'i''""*- Sharr^ which is Iar2;cr than a black duck, will weigh 3 pounds, — its colour is a dark gray. The Plovcrs'l are common on our shores, and iiave been class- p|„vpr cd in five species. — 1. The blac': breast Plover; 2. vpland'-^''""*' Plover; S. htrgc spotted Plover; 4. the Kildeer ; and 5. the Oxeyc. The third species is large as a Teal, and has yellow legs; its flesh is fat and good for food. The upland Plover is larger t!iaa a robin. The Kildeer is a long-legged drooping bird, not seen often in this quarter. The Oxeye is a little tottering shore- bird, large as a martin. The Peep^ is a little land-bird, with small body, wings long and large for its size. The 7'c^/-c/,|| or Mother Carey^s ChicLcns, is as large as a black martin ; its crying, or peeping, is considered by mariners as indicative of a storm. IF Of the Raven Kind** are two species, — 1. the Croiv,j-f and Rnvpn 2. t!ie Blue-jay; both of which are common inhabitants of this' State and well known. *l.Strix Bubo. — 2. Strix Nyctca,— 3. -trix .Aliico. — 4. Slrix Passerine. 1 1. Pclicaniis Onacratalus. — 2. Pclicamis Occi Icntalis. — 3. Policanus Craculiis. A live Pclicm about as \:\r^c as a uilil j^oose, was taken in Ibe Kciinebeck river in tbc spring' of l^i'G, two miles above liulii. lis habits are indolent, it does not often iiiigratc so far nortli. J 1. Ciiaradriijs (Gr.) Apricarius. — 2. Cbararirius Tctradactjius. — 3. CbaraJrius Maculatus. — 4. Cbaradrius Vociferus. — 5. Charadrius Alexan- driniis. ( Ralius CaroJinns. Il.Proc?llaria Pelajica. H In one of liic cluster, called North Seals and i\Iiid Island, olf Cape Sa- J)ie, Nova Scotia, thousan U of Petrels, or Jlothrr Carnfs Chickrn.t, annual- ly halth their younpf. They burrow under {ground dianfonally, three or four feet deep, and sit on one v wlicn (licir provision [on tlic Grand Baiikf-] is cxliaiistcd, or llie season for propagation rctunis, tlity go olF lo tlie polar seas." — I'ut they arc found en our co^.sts in all seasons of Iho year. Pollock. 152 THE BIRDS [InTRODUC. They are scaled, and are of a light brown colour, with black stripes from head to tail on each side of the back, commencing a little after the nape, or gill fins, in spots of black, shaped like the ball of a man's thumb. The Haddock is shaped like a codfish, though with a larger head, and two back fins towards the tail ; it weighs from five to twelve pounds, is finer flavoured than a codfish, harder and less easy to break when dry, and con- sequently to be preferred for shipping. The Pollock is plentiful, especially about the bays of Passa- maquoddy and the Isle of Holt. It is shaped much like a Sal- mon and is scaled ; its sides are of a bluish cast, its back is dark- er, its belly a muddy white, its length from 20 to 30 inches, and weight from 10 to 25 lbs. It is very good, dressed and dried, though not so good as a codfish when fresh, being of a coarser grain. It is excessively fond of herring, and will collect together and hem in shoals of them, in the eddies about the flats, and at slack tide feast upon them. The small Pollock are generally found In our harbours, and are exactly the same as the other, only smaller, weighing from four ounces to three pounds. Some think they are the half- grown young of the true Pollock. The Hake, Cod and Haddock are often caught, cured and sold together. The Hake is a scaled fish ; its length and weight are almost as great as those of a codfish ; it is tougher than a haddock and not so fine flavoured. Its outside is coloured variously, some are rather of a dun-red, others are of a muddy brown with white bellies. Its head is much like that of a cod- fish, except that its mouth and jaws are formed like a crescent, full of fine teeth which are very sharp. Its body tapers from the head to the draught ; thence to the tail-fin, the taper is much more gradual ; and it is finned mostly like a cusk, both on the back and belly. Abundance of them has been taken within three leagues of Castine. They are caught with hooks ; and the best hours for the business are in the fore and latter part of the night. The Frostjish, sometimes called Tom-cod, are found about the bays and mouths of the rivers in the summer, and in the winter they inhabit fresh vi-aters. They are shaped and finned like a codfish and coloured like a silver eel, scaled and fine flavoured. They are very small, weighing only from 8 to 18 ounces. They Hake Sect, v.] of Maine. 153 are plenty every where, but found in the greatest abundance about Narragnagus, Pleasant river, and in thai quarter. In places where they are so very plenty, they are caugin and stacked in December and January, and afterwards cut and given fresh to cattle. Tiie Cusk deserved a place prior to the frostfish, for it is su- q^^^^ periour and found only in salt water — weighing from 5 to 20 pounds. It is shaped much like a catfish ; its head is round, with jaws full of small teeth ; its body is generally two feet in length, more or less, according to its size, very solid ; its liver only is fat as in a codfish. Though not so pleasant to the taste as the cod, it makes good " chowder," and no dry fish is better, especially when it is three years old. It dwells with the cod, though seldom found in so deep water. A fresh water Cusk is said to be plenty in Moosehead lake. This is the family of the Codfish, and none other is so univer- sally esteemed for the table. The Eds are plenty in our waters ; of which we have two kinds, and two species in each kind : the two species of one kind, viz. 1. Z/«mj3rej/,* and 2. Sea-sucker,-f are certainly amphibi- ous ; those of the other, — viz. 1 . the silver Eel,'l and 2. the Conger Eel^ are liie best for food. The bat, the eel, the swal- low, the turtle, the frog, the toad and the serpent have been com- monly called " the seven sleepers." || The Lamprey is without bone ; and one of three feet, a com- j ., mon length, will weigh 3 pounds and will cleave so fast to a rock, ^'^^^' when pulled, as to take one up of 4 pounds. It is darker col- oured and less slimy than a silver eel ; it is cylindrical and large as a man's wrist to its bastard fins, which begin about midway of its length and continue to the tail. Its skin is so tightly ingrained with the flesh that it cannot be taken off; and it has 9 or 10 eye- let-holes, as large as a pea, on each side of its back. It has no teeth, but large gooms and sucker-mouth ; with which some of the smaller ones often fasten themselves to a salmon, or shad, and are tlius carried up the falls. mprey * Pctromyzon FInviatalis. f Petromyzon Marinus. I Muraena Anguilla. 5 Muraena Conger. II The Blenny aud Eel kind bring forth their young alive. Vol I. U 154 THE FISHES [IntrODUC. During the last ten years, they have not been found in such abundance in the main rivers as formerly, though they are now plenty in the Piscataquis; — they are taken in the spring and summer months. They spawn in May or June ; and afterwards attach themselves to logs, roots and stones, near where they cast their spawn, and there gradually perish, mortifying from tail to head. From the back may be drawn a sinew which, when stretched, is thrice the length of the body, and makes as tough a counter-string for a violin as catgut. They are caught at the falls with spears, gafts, hooks without bait and even with the hands covered with mittens, to prevent their escape. The Silver Eels, found in both- salt and fresh water, are taken Silver Eels, at all scasons of the year, and are very good for food : They aire speared in the winter and taken by hooks in the summer. They, like the Lamprey, are without bones and scales, and are about the same size, though some of them will weigh 6 pounds. They have two fins near their gills, another on the back, which runs to the tail, as on a cusk or catfish. Their young is seen about the first of June, two inches in length and about as large as a small wire, and almost transparent. But how do they procreate their species, since neither spawn, eggs, nor young, are found in them at any season of the year ? The Conger Eels are caught in our bays and salt waters of Ee"/*"^ our rivers. They have a round head, also teeth, and otherwise look much like a catfish, only slimmer ; one of two feet is a com- mon length, being only as large as a man's wrist. They bed in tlie mud like other eels, and when well cooked, they are received into the stomach with a good relish. Their natural colour is yellowish, but what is remarkable, they will, when dyings change their hues, or shades, to a pale green or faint purple. Not long before the close of the last century, a French mer- chantman, in xhe autumn, grounded on the flats, a league below Bucksport, in Eastern river ; and as she settled down with the ebb, her sides rested on a large bed of Conger eels, which being thus ousted of their settlements, were taken by the mariners and found to be very grateful to the taste and stomach. Flounder The Flouiider family * embraces five species, 1 . the flat kind. ___^ * 1. Pleuronecles Flesiis. — 2. Pleurouectes Platessa. — 3. Pleuronectes llippojipssus.— 4. rieuror.ectcs Papillosus.— 5- Pleuronectes gquatma. Sect, v.] OF MAINE. 155 Flounder, 2. the Plaice, 3. the Halibut, 4. the Dab, and 0. the Skate, Tlic Flounder Is exchislvely a scaled salt water fish, and is Flounder. found near the bottoms in coves and rivers, and conscqtiently tastes too much of their muddy beds to be palatable. It has a black back and a very white belly ; one of a common size is about 12 inches in length and 1 and l-4th of an inch thick; it has two black fins on its sidewise back, near its head, and a white one near the throat : and 4 inches from the head, on the back and belly, are the roots of its tail-fins, running nearly to the roots of the fan-fin at the end of the tail, which is in length and width about two inches. The peculiarity of this family is its mouth. The Flounder's is not horizontal, but about half way between that and a perpendicular ; that is, an angle of 45° from the ground ; and hence it seems to lie on one side. The Plaice is such another, though without scales, smaller and piaice. too strong to be fit for the table. It is lighter coloured than a flounder and less plenty, and dwells in the same places. One of a common size will weigh a pound. The //rt/Ziu/ is a large scale fish, weighing from 10 to 200 naHbut. pounds, commonly about 75 pounds. It is found in considerable abundance off our coasts, about the bays and Islands, and espe- cially on the Grand Banks, but only in salt water. The colour of its back is a dark slate, its belly white, and extending only one foot from the gills, is very short, inclosing a small quantum of entrails. One of 75 pounds is six feet long, between 2 and 3 feet across, as it lies like a flounder apparently on one side, and only 6 inches through the junk in thickness. Its mouth makes an angle of 70^ with the horizon ; its fins are on each of its sides, extending two inches into the body to the joint, and terminating 6 inches above the roots of the tail : the flesh, on those called " Halibut-fins," are fat and when fresh very palatable ; as are also its head and nape. They are taken with hooks, but are dif- ficult to handle owing to their flat shape. The Skate swims like a flounder, is without scales and quite gi^^,^ short, being not more than three feet in length ; yet it is two feet or more in breadth, and will weigh 30 pounds ; though their sizes are variable, — from 5 to 50 pounds- Its tail, two feet in length like that of a land tortoise, is very rough and full of 156 THE FISHES [IntRODUC. prickles ; near which, on each side, it has something hke two legs, 8 inches or more in length, with which it can clasp hold of sub- stances : it has fins on both sides hke the skirts of a saddle ; it is seldom eaten. Lumpfish, The Lumpjish^ is naturally a clumsy creature and is found only in salt water, mostly about the westerly coast of the State. It has a prominence on the back like that of a camel, and as large in propotion to the creature ; also two gill, or nape fins, and a small tail, somewhat like that of a flounder, and a very small mouth. Of this sort, are two varieties, if not species ; the mud or green, and the red lump ; both are good to eat, though the latter is the best ; they are shaped alike : the larger sizes are 20 inches in length, 15 in depth, up and down, also about 10 in thickness, and may weigh 20 pounds or more. From head to tail, on each side of the back, are three rows of hard substances as large, severally, as a finger nail ; and each, half an inch from the other. The green Lump is transparent, so that the finger on its opposite side from the eye can be easily seen. On the breast, each has a sort of sucker mouth, by which it can hold fast to any substance. Wac-ken-i '^^^^ Mackerelf is a very elastic fish, of which Vv'e reckon three species : — 1 . the Mackerel : 2. the horse Mackerel : and 3. the Bill-fish : all of which dwell in salt water. The real Mackerel is very handsome in shape and colour ; is fat and palatable, and one of a middle size will weigh two pounds ; it is very long and cylindrical, with bright clouded back, (black and green,) white teeth, and nape and centre fins : they are taken in great plenty off Mount Desert rock and in other places on our coast. Its scales, which are small and thin, it sheds in the ago- nies of dying. Horse The Horse Mackerel, or Mackerel Shark, is coloured, shaped, mackerel. i ,-i i i • • • i i i and finned like the other, but it is too coarse gramed, dry, and rank to be fit for the table. They differ very much in size, be- ing from 20 to 200 pounds in weight ; the smaller are taken with hooks and the larger are harpooned. — Capt. Lowell caught one * Clydopterjs Lumpns. f 1. Scomber scombus. — 2. Scomber lanis. — 3. Scomber rostratus. It is taid, a Mackerel will produce 5 hundred thousand eg'g's in one season. Sect, v.] of malne. 157 which weighed about 300 pounds. They are often seen, though not very plenty in our waters. The Bill-fish is a sinnll, rare salt water fish, wciirhine; only Uilifish. about half a pound ; and though so light, it is, fiom the end of the bill to that of the tail, 15 inches in length. Its head, except its bill, which is two inches long, is like a herring, the residue like a mackerel ; its flesh is dark coloured, and in flavour rather rank to the taste. Of the Minnow, or Menow* kind, arc two species : — 1 . the .Menow. Menow ; and 2. the Sucker. The J)Iiitnow is a verv small, slim fresh water fish, with silvery scales, is from two to three inches in length, and is used alive as bait to catch pickerel. When in perfect trim, immediately after spawning, its back is almost black, its belly a milkwhite, and its sides dappled like a panther's, inclining to a grajish sky colour. The Sucker is found in plenty in fresh waters only ; it is rather tucker, more yellowish than a chub ; weighs from 1 to 3 pounds, being from 12 to IS inches in length, and when taken in cold weather, is eaten. JMonk-fish-f is very plenty about Owd's-head and other bays ; Monk-fisii its length about three feet, its weight 1 5 or 20 pounds ; its head is great, being in weight about a third part of the whole fish ; and its mouth and jaw s, of a lialf-moon form, arc proportionably large, whence the proverb, of one who opens wide a large mouth like a monk-fish, " we can see what he ate for breakfast." Its beliv, as it swims, is partly on one side, like a flounder's ; and thus situated, its horizontal width is 12 or 15 inches and more than three times its perpendicular thickness. It is not eaten. The species of the Perch f(imiJy\ are eight : — 1, 2, and 3. the Perch. red, the white, and the sen Perch : 4. the Whiting : 5. \\\cBass : G. the Shiner : 7. the Chiib : and S. the Bream. The red Perch is so called, because its under fins are of a palish red : — It is from 6 to 10 inches in length, is good for the table, and weighs from 10 to 20 ounces. It has a horn fin on its back, like a bass ; and, perpendicularlv, up and down its sides, it is handsomely striped and clouded with black and yellow. * 1. Cj'prjnug. — 2.Cypriniis castoslomus forstor. f Lophius*pisca(orius. I 1. Perca fluviatalis. — 2. Perca lucioperca. — 3. Pcrca undulata. — 4. Per- ca alburnus. — 5. Perca occlatc. — 6. Perca nobilis. — 7. Pcrca pbiladelphica. — 3. Perca chrjsoptarn. Whitiiij Cass. 158 THE FISHES [IntroduC. Perch. The ivhite and sea Perch, as I am informed by fishermen, are so nearly alike, as to render it difiicult to trace a difference. These are found in salt and fresh water ponds, coves and rivers : they are larger and deeper coloured than the red Perch, and their sides are as light as an alevvife's. The Whiting is a small but wholesome fish, a companion of the preceding — seldom seen. The Bass is a large scale fish, variable in its size from 10 to 60 pounds. They are striped with black, have bright scales and horned backs, and are caught about the coasts. They ascend into the fresh water to cast their spawn, in May or June, being lean afterwards and fat in the autumn. In June, 1 807, there w^ere taken at the mouth of the Kenduskeag, 7,000 of these fishes, which were of a large size — a shoal, either pursued up the river by sharks, or ascended in prospect of their prey, or to cast their spawn. Bass is good for food when fresh, but poor when salted. Mungo Bass is both smaller and much belter fish ; — fat and fine flavoured as a salmon. Its exteriour is bright as an alewife, and is found in our interiour lakes ; one of them will weigh a pound. Shiner. The Shiner is very plenty in our fresh waters, where there are no pickerel : — also very small, being only about 4 or 5 inches in length, and weighing no more than 4 or 5 ounces. Its name is taken from the bright silver shining of its scales ; and there are two or three varieties, one is like the minnow, another " the shad- shiner." Chub, The Chub has fins like a sucker ; is exceedingly well shapen, with a fan-tail, and its scales are as bright as polished silver. One of 5lbs. is 20 inches in length ; it is eaten, though rather muddy and rank to the taste. Bream. The Bream is a scaled fresh water horn-back fish, five inches in length and of only 8 or 10 ounces in weight. The back is elliptical, crested with a back-fin, an inch and an half upwards ; is as good to the taste as the perch and less bony : it is found plentifidly in our ponds and mill-streams. In May or June, each pair will sweep round and form in the sand, a cavity, one or two feet in diameter, and G or 8 inches in depth, within which they cast their spawn. Sect, v.] OF MAINE. 159 Of Pickerel* we have only one species ; and of Pike, I am Pickerel, not informed, we have any in our waters. The Pickerel is excellent for the table ; one of a middle size will wei2;h 31bs. and measure more than 18 inches in length. Its back is black, its belly white, and its sides are clouded with black and yellow. This species of fish, which is plenty in the Kenne- bec waters, was first brought to Penobscot, A. D. 1819, and put into Davis' pond, in Eddington, where they have increased sur- prizingly : but they devour the white perch, which is of as much, or more value, and their emigration has not received much wel- come. Where they are plenty, they are speared and also caught with a hook. The Poutf is found in almost all our fresh water ponds ; it Poui. has nape-fins, on each of wiiich are straight sharp horns an inch in length, which give great pain, when they perforate the flesh. The spawning season is in May, and the old one keeps the brood around her, as the hen does hers, and will as boldly fight for their safety. Pouts have five or six smellers, or feelers, jutting out from their under jaw, as large as wire and an inch in length ; such as the hake and sturgeon have below their gills. Pouts are skinned when cooked, and eatable when baked. The lioach,^ though rather scarce, is found in fresh ponds, is Uoach, pleasant for food, and one may weigh from 6 to 20 ounces. It is shaped much like a chub, with sides, belly and fins of a red- dish tincture. Of the Salmon kind^ we have three species, viz. 1. the i^aimon. Salmon, 2. Salmon Trout, and 3. Smelt, The Salmon, a most excellent fish, is now or has been caught in the Saco, Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot and ^Machias rivers, into which they ascend from the salt water, in the spring and summer months, to cast their spawn in October. They then stay till the next May, when they return with their young to the sea; these are " the racers" so called. In the males is a sub- stance, as hard and white as clear pork newly killed, which is easily distinguishable from the spawn of the females ; but the * Esox luciijs. -f Siliirus Fc!is, X Rubellio Fluviatilis.— Has been called tlic " watcr-shecp for its simpli- city. \ 1. Salmo Salar,— 2. Salmo Trutta.— 3. Salmo Epcrlanus. 160 Trout. Smelt. Siiad. Herrings. THE FISHES [IntRODUC. peculiar fellowship or connexion at the time of spawning remains unsolved. The circular spawn-mounts, formed of sand, are from 4 to 6 feet in diameter and 12 inches in height; and if any chub or other fish comes near, the Salmon will bite them to death and leave them. A Salmon weighs from 10 to 40 pounds. Of this species, there are three varieties ; the black Salmon, which is the smallest ; the hawkbill, which is the largest and lightest coloured ; and the smoothnosed, which is the fattest and best, with sides bright as an alewife. The Salmon Trout are found in all our larger lakes and ponds, and are excellent for food : they often weigh from 1 5 to 20 pounds each, though they differ in size and appearances ; and are more slim and less fat than the salmon ; their sides are spotted with red and yellow. The Smelt is a small salt and fresh water fish, from 4 to 8 inches in length, with brown back, light sides and belly, weighing 4 or 5 ounces ; they are caught in abundance, after March, in our rivers ; 20 barrels of them have been taken at the mouth of the Kenduskeag at a sweep, and sometimes they are worth no more than half a dollar by the bushel. We have no less than six, perhaps, seven species of the Shad tribe,^ viz. 1. Shad, 2. Alewife, 3. Herring, 4. Hardhead, 5. Bret, and 6. Manhaden, and 7. Atherine,-\ The Shad, taken in all our rivers,f till their spring-runs were checked by dams, are too well known to require a particular de- scription. They are three years in coming to maturity, when they will weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. The Alewife is also very common. Herrings^ are of various sizes, from 1 to 20 ounces in weight and are good for the table. They are scaled, finned and shaped like an alewife ; their backs are of a bright green, and their sides and bellies lighter. They are caught plentifully along our coast, especially about Herring-gut and eastward. They are llie best * 1. Clupea AIoso. — 2. Clupea Serrata.— 3. Clupea Harcng'us. — 4. Clupea Dura Mystax. — 5. Clupea Minima ? — 6, Clupea Menida ? f Atherine. Atherina, may belong to anotlier family. \ On the 2d of May, 1794, at the month of the Kenduskeag-, (of the Pe- nobscot,) were taken at one draft 1,000 shad and 30 barrels of alevvives. 5 " Of all migrating fish the Herring and Pilchard take the most advea- turons voyages." Sect, v.] of MAINE. 161 of bait for codfish, and are so fat, before they spawn in August or September, that it is difficult to save them even with sah. The Hardhead is shaped and finned like a shad, except that uarjiiend. its head, which is smaller, looks like that of a perch. Its back is of a yellowish cast ; it will in general weigh from one to three pounds, and is very fine lluvourcd. The Hardhead are mostly taken in salt water, with nets and wares and sometimes with hooks ; though a few have been caught at the mouth of the Kcn- duskeag and other fresh rivers. Manhaden* are likewise found mostly in salt water, though Manhaden. they are seen sometimes as high up in rivers, as where the fresh and salt water mix. One's head is almost as large as that of a shad, and is equal in size and weight to one third j)art of the whole fish; its length is from 8 to 12 inches; its weight from 1 to 2 pounds ; its appearance is like that of a shad, except that its head is larger, itself shorter ; its back is green, and its belly a light yellowish colour, like a hardhead. It is plentifully taken on our coast, and much used for bait to catch haddock, pollock, hal- ibut, and mackerel ; but too oily and strong for the table. This is, in graile, about the fourth family of fishes, put upon the table, and abundant in our waters. Of the Squalid tribej- we may mention diree species. 1 . the Squalid Shark; 2. the Dogfish; and 3. the Swordfish. The Shark, among fishermen, is called the " maneater," " the Shark. shovel-nose," and " the swingle-tail ;" these being varieties of the species. The latter is caught in our bays, though not often. Its length is from 4 to 14 feet, half of which is tail, perpendicu- larly fiat, like a sword, tapering from the draught, where it is about 1(3 inches in circumference, to the end, and where it is only an inch in diameter, turning or curving downwards. Its mouth, head, and body, are like those of a dogfish. One of common size w ill weigh 1 50 pounds ; yet one was caught eastward of Metinicus, in 1811, which was supposed to weigh more than 500 pounds. The Dogfish, found only in salt water, is about 3 or 4 feet in yo-rCsh. length and weighs about 20 or 25 pounds. It has a peaked nose, and from its end, 3 inches back, is its moutli, very small, * Vulgarly called "pog^eyt,' f 1, Scjualus Stcilaris. — 2. Sqnalus Acanthias. — 3. Pqiialcs Xiphias. 162 THE FISHES [Introduc. resembling that of a sturgeon, but full of small sharp teeth with which it bites spitefully. Its back is not scaled, but so ex- ceedingly rough as to be used by cabinet-makers to smooth their boards : and to educe the proverb, " as rough as the skin of a Dogfish." But the great peculiarity of this fish consists in that of procreation. It never spawns, but the female has often in its belly an hundred eggs at one time, to which severally are attached a young one, in a state of greater or less maturity. Its eggs are from the bigness of a pea to that of a partridge's egg ; and when the young are cast from the dam, one at a time, it is slim and more than half a foot in length and if one be cut out before entire maturity, and thrown into the water, it has been known to swim off with the broken egg hanging by a string two inches in length. The Sivordfish is not frequent, but has been seen off Mount Desert and other places, ten leagues at sea. Its whole length is about 8 or 10 feet; it has two fins on the back, which are apt to be out of the water, as it usually swims near the surface. Its sword, from the point of its nose, is two feet long and so hard that the fish can wield it through the hull of a vessel. Of the Sticklcjs* we have two species; — 1. Skip-jack, and 2. Stickle-back, Skip-jack. The Skip-jack is a scaled small salt water fish, good to eat, weighing from 10 to 16 ounces, and shaped like a pumpkin seed. It is only about an inch through, measured horizontally ; while its perpendicular depth is from 4 to 6 inches, and three fourths as much as its length. The body of the Stickle-back is broadest towards the tail ; the head is oblong, a fin covers the gills with three spines ; and prickles start backward, before the back fins and those of the Swordfish. Sticklers. Stickle- back. Sturgeon. draught. The Sturgeon^ is commonly G or 8 feet in length and weighs from 20 to 30 pounds, though some have been caught which would weigh 200 pounds. It migrates from the salt water, during the spring, into almost all our rivers and returns in the autumn. It has a long head and prominent nose, beneath which it has a sucker-mouth without jaws or teeth. It has gills * I. Gasterosteus Solatrix.— 2. Gaslerosteus Aculeatus. I Acipenscr sturlo. Sect, v.] of Maine. 103 shaped exactly like an officer's epaulett ; and on its back to its tail, and on each side of the back, includinc; the belly, there are in all, four rows of hard bony substances, pungent to the touch, like a grater. It frequently leaps from the rivers, to wash off the slime which gathers upon it in still water and hot weather. The Sculpion* is common about the mouths and salt water sculpion. harbours of our rivers — is fond of fish-offal and the refuse of ship-cookery. Its length is from 12 to 14 inches, its head is ugly and large, and its mouth opens like that of a monkfish. About its gills and head it has horns, sharp and short ; and near the gills it has also, on each side, two large wing-fins and a fin on the back, all which have horns half an inch in length, very sharp and poison- ous to the (lesh : when caught it will bristle up and make a dull hostile humming. From the lower extremity of the body, it falls off in shape very abruptly, and thence to the end of the tail is small and cylindrical, this part being the only one ever eatable. The Su)iftsh\ is a large ugly looking creatuic, sometimes weigh- 5, ^^^^^^ ing 300 pounds, but never eaten. It is G feet in length, 30 inches in diameter, and very solid. It is not scaled ; its exte- riour is rough as that of a dogfish and as thick as a sheepskin, bcneatli which is a substance all over the body, from one inch to an inch and an half in thickness, which is light, transparent and very elastic, so that when it is pared into balls, it will, on being thrust upon the floor, bound 40 or 50 feet. The oil of its liver is said to be good to cure the rheumatism. The Thornhack,\ or Cumier, is a brown coloured, scaled Thomback. salt water fish, as large as a white perch, and is a good pan-fish. It has a horny, or thorned back, and is found in Casco bay and westward ; and weighs from 1 to G pounds. The Toadjish^ is an ugly shaped creature, about as large as a .j.^gjr,5j, sculpion, and shaped somewhat like it ; and is probably a mem- ber of the same family. It appears about the head and mouth like an old toad, with the addition of a coarse mossy beard ; has a large potbelly and small tail : feeds on plaice, flounders, and other small fish, and is found in our salt water harbours. The Trowel! also, must be mentioned as a fish of our fresh,., . , . Trout. waters, particularly those of the Androscoggin. ■* Cotttis quadricornis. t Clydoptcrus 'a \ Raja FuUonica. \ Pisres Tana. f] 'iVocta. 164 THE FISHES [Introduc. The warm blooded, or cetaceous mammillary inhabitants of our waters are three, the JVhale,* the Porpoise,-f and the Seal.^ All these suckle their young. Whale. Whales, two centuries ago, were common in our waters, when Capt. Smith fished for them about our great bays. Such as we now see, are the Humpback,^ which are the most common, being from 30 to 35 feet in length, severally yielding from 15 to 25 barrels of oil. The others, are the Grampus Whales, shorter, smaller, of less value and more frequently seen. Black-fish. The Black-fish, is from 1 5 to 30 feet in length ; from 1 to 12 feet in circumference; and shaped like a whale, and has a large fin upon the back. One of a common size will yield half a dozen barrels of oil. It is a warm blooded fish, resembling the whale. When harpooned, it has been seen to take its young under its fluke, and carry it down into the depths of water. Porpoise, The Porpoise has always been common in our waters, and one of a middle size will weigh from 75 to 100 pounds, and measure from 5 to 7 feet in length. It has no gills ; but receives air through a single nostril, or " puffer," which is between its eyes. Its outside is without scales and smooth as velvet. The liver and lights, which are like those of a swine, are the only parts usually eaten, though the savages, with stouter stomachs, do not stop there. Seal. The Seal\\ is found among the Islands and in the rivers of Maine, and was formerly very plenty. It has been taken at the head of tide-waters in the Penobscot ; and seen as high up as the Grand-falls. It is an amphibious animal, with flukes like fore paws, and with webbed feet near its hinder extremity ; its head, mouth and teeth are like those of a dog, its body is round and from 9 to 12 inches in diameter; it brings forth and suckles its young like a land animal, and seems designed to form the connecting link between the two kingdoms, as the bat connects those of the beast and bird. * Cete Balaona ? f Thursio. | Phoca. 5 ' Tlie New-England whale has a hump on the back.' — Goldsmith. II Phoca. Vitulina. Sect, v.] OF MAINE. 165 SHELLFISH. Among the numerous inhabitants of our waters, llie Shellfish ^I'tiifisii. seem to he formed under an inverted law of nature ; for tliey, contrary to otlier animals, have their bony parts outside and their muscles w ithin. Of these we have two classes, which the natur- alists call crustnccous and testaceovs, or the soft and the hard shelled. Belonging to the Jormcr'*' are, — 1. ihe Lobster ; 2. the Cralt ; 3. the Shrimp; and 4. the Crayfish, which are of^ofi^ the Crab kind ; and 5. the Tortoise, whereof there arc among us three species. Of those called hard she] led, f are, 1. the Oysters, 2. J\luscles, 3. Cockles,\ 4. Limpets, 5. Sea-snails : — Clams of several species, or rather several varieties, as, G. Sea, 7. Hog, 8. Razor-shell, 9. Long-shell, and 10. Land-shell, Clams. Lobsters generate in salt water. They have claws, feelers, Lobsters, and teeth. Like insects, their mouth opens ilie long way ol the body ; and like some plants, both sexes are in the same creature ; also, if a joint of the claw be broken off, another will grow out. They propagate by spawn ; and change their shell annually. Lobsters suit many palates ; — on our coast they are plenty. The Crab is less in size than the lobster, and though like ^ , Crab. flavoured to the taste, it is much less esteemed by epicureans. Of this creature, we reckon three varieties : the sea Crab, the hermit, and the slender Crab. Of the Shrimj), owing to its smallness, little or no use is made, §1,^^^, except for fishermen's bait. It is taken on our shores. It is shaped like a lobster.§ The Crayfish, or Craufish\\ differs so little from the lobster asrrswfish. to be called sometimes, the river lobster : since it will live com- fortably in fresh water, whereas the lobster's element is tJie sea. The best of Crawfish are found in considerable quantities in Moosehead lake. The Tortoises are all amphibious ; " a land Tortoise will live '^''"■','?r''\ *• and 1 uiilc * 1. Cancer Astacus. 2. Cancer Piscinns 3. Cancer Sqiiillus — 4. Cancer . 5. Tcstiido Dcnticiilata. — G. Tcstndo Carolina. — 7. Tcs- tiido . t 1. Ostrca.— 2. Mjlilus edtilis.— 3. Ncrita liltoralis.— 4. Patella ftisca. — 5. MatricMilus, or Nautillus. — 6. Ilolotlmna, phantapliiis. — 7. Mya-arcn aria. — S. Solen crisis. —9. Solon radialis 10. .*»• the tri-valvular kind of shellfish, are plenty about our shores, and arc often made an article of food, especially by the Indians. Of the three varieties mentioned, the one most peculiar is the razor-shell, or pivot, whose shape is like the halt of a razor, spotted I'ivoi. as a turtle-shell. All its motion consists in its ability to sink, or rise a foot down or up in the soft sand. There is a small funnel hole over the place where it buries itself, through which it breathes, or imbibes seawater. AVhen the tide is out, a little salt put into the hole, will as it melts, induce it to rise above the ground half its length ; it must be instantly seized, for it will not be drawn out any more the same tide. '' All oysters and most shellfish are found to contain pearls* Pearls, larger or smaller." They are formed of matter connected witli the shell, which is soft at first and hardens rapidly, exhibiting successive coals, layer over layer, not unlike the consistence of the onion. The pearl-oyster however, as such, has a large strong white shell, of a silver colour within, and elegant pearly appearance. f VERMES. Of these, many might be mentioned which belong to both Vermes, elements, land and water ; though they are not sufficiently known to be classified with much precision. I.N THE SEA — We find the Horseshoe, or King-crab,^ of which there are du'ce species ; and all of them are small ill-shapen creatures inhabiting the salt water, and designed for the food of larger fish. The Squid, or Cuttle-fish^ is from 4 to 1 G inches in length ; its tail shaped like the top of a coflee-pol ; its head is joined to its body by a kind of swivel, like that of a grashopper, and it has a bill resembling that of a pai-rot. It has large smel- * 1. M. de Buffon, p. 57. Tliis is doubted. t The otlier sliell-fisli found in our waters arc tlic nij>p!rjlshy quahog, scallop, sca-spiilcr, and perriicinkic, IJJotwcuiiis Polnplnmus [one e)cd-pcnusj. — Muiwculus Pitcinus — . jyioiinculus Pulcx. — J^Ionoculus (^uadricorntu. 5 Sepkia ^^ledia, — Siephla Calico. 168 VERMES [IntrODUC. Vermes. lers, or feelers ; its back Is covered with spots which have in their appearance the colour of iron-rust ; and it possesses the singular power of changing its hue from an olive-brown to a dull white. Its flesh resembles, in its looks, beef tripe ; and it is well furnished by nature for self-defence or protection, for it possesses a jet black liquid, which, when alarmed, it squirts into the water^ and with which it thus darkens it to such a degree as to screen itself from its pursuer. We find two species of this Cuttle-fish, as a Squid is sometimes called. The Sea-U7'chin^ resembles a chesnut burr, its back is covered whh bony prickles ; its mouth is underneath ; the number of its horns and spines are very great ; its shell is hard, and its move- ments very slow. The Sea-egg\ has a great affinity to it. Of the Starfish^ we have three or four species ; each has a common centre resembling a wheel-hub, and from three to five branches Hke the fingers, in shape and colour of a man's hand j and hence they are sometimes called " Fingerjish.^^ The Sea- lungs are of like nature, only of different shape, taking their name from their appearance. The Bariiach^ is much less than an oyster, and sticks fast to rocks and sometimes to the hulls of vessels : a cluster of them looks like a bunch of grapes. When the sea is calm, they will open the lids of their shells and seem to take a momentary look and then re-enclose themselves for a period of stupor. On Land — We have two or three species of Snails,^ one is j without any shell 5 and that of the other is curious. They are propagated by eggs, and the young of the latter have shells on their first appearance. A Slvg^{ is of the same nature. We have among us, in summer, a variety of native Worms, a few 6f which we may mention, though they are seldom very troublesome. These are the Grub ;*^ the Earthworm ;-f-f the Brandling ;\\ the Angleworm ;^^ the Glowworm ;\i^^ Earwig ;^^ Millepedes, or thousand legs ; timber Worm ; and others. These differ essentially from caterpillars j for they continue to be worms *Erinaceiis marinus, or uVjorc's egg, f Asterias-caput-medusa. J Echinus. 5 J^^pas anatifera. || Helix. IT Lhiiax. ** Lumbricus. tf Vermis terrostris. || ? \] Vermis piscatorius, (1|1 Cicindela. %^ Forsicula aurelia. Sect, v.] of Mainf,. ^ pf^ diirina; life, whereas, all caterpillars pass a cln-i/salis state and at leiiKth become insects. We find several species of Leeches,^ common here. They live in frcsli ponds, tliou<;h they arc amphibious and will live on land. The mouth of each one is armed with an instrument like the body of a pump ; and the tongue, or fleshy nipple, is like the sucker — with this it draws blood. REPTILES. Under the name of Reptiles, we may mention three families : K«P»i'"' the /"Voir, the Lizard, and the Suake ; wliich are not numerous in Maine, and i!;cnerally harmless j all except the Rattlesnake be- ing free of venom. Of the Frog kind j- are six species: — 1. the Toad; 2. the pond Frog; 3. ihc speckled Frog; 4. ihe tree Toad; 5. the btill Frog ; and 6. the gi-een Frog. This race lives about 10 or 12 years, and comes to maturity in four. It is projiasrated by eggs in spawn, impregnated by the male at the time they are cast ; and a female will produce from 500 to 1 000 eggs at a time. The young, which are tadpoles at first, have legs in 95 days, and ever afterwards live on those insects and worms only which have motion. They always jump to sieze their prey, for they touch no lifeless insect. The tongue, as in the lizard and serpent, is extremely long, and lays its point down the throat. The male only croaks, and the music of this species has been ludicrously called the singing of " Dutch Nightin- gales." The Toad is harmless, never venomous ; always seek- ing obscure retreats for the sake of safety. We sometimes see two species of the Lizard kind :J the JS'eivt, or brown Lizard, and the Sivift. — Of a compound form between a snake and a frog, they are in aspect exceedingly for- bidding. * Hirudo. f 1. Rana btifo. — 2. Rana occlala. — 3. Rana macu* lata ? — i. Rana arborca, — 5. Rana boans. — 6. Rana esculaiita. f 1. Lacerta punctata. — 2. Lacrcta fusciata.— N. B. Tlic Crocodile is a Bpccics of tliis genus. Vol. I. 12 170 THE INSECTS [IntroDUC. Rtpiilei: Eight species of Serpents^ have been seen among us : viz. 1. the Rattlesnake ; 2 the black Snake ; 3. the House ; 4. the Water ; 5. the little brown Snake: 6. the Adder; 7. the green and 8. the striped Siiake. Nothing need be said of either, so often are they seen and so entirely harmless are they all, except the Rattlesnake. This creature is from 4 to 6 feet in length, and the venom it communicates when it bites is often mortal. Before it jumps to strike its prey, it gives a loud buzzing with a tremulous motion of the rattles on its tail, not unlike in sound, the singing of the locusts. In this way an alarm is taken and the danger avoided. They den in the winter, and lie torpid till spring. The first rattle grows when they are three years old ; to which another is added every year of their lives. Its wonderful ability to charm, or fascinate small animals, is too well attested at this day, to be any longer doubted. f Great numbers of the Rattlesnake have been taken on a hill of that name in Raymond, and in some other places in Maine ; but none have ever been seen east of Kennebeck river. The oil, or grease they yield is of great value for sprains ; and the slough, or shed-skin of these, or the others, when put into the ear, will make the head and the hearing extremely clear. The Rattlesnake is said to be the only creature found in the State which carries venom. Insects. INSECTS. The little animals usually called Insects, are those which have a joint, or swivel, in the middle of their bodies, and thus the fore and back parts are holden together by a strong ligament. No other order in nature, not all the plants themselves the earth pro- duces, can bear any just comparison in numbers, with the innu- merable myriads of this Insect-creation. Sometimes they are with us troublesome and destructive ; yet in general they are neither so Jarge, greedy, nor numerous in this State as in south- ern latitudes, Entomology, which is truly a curious science, has * 1. Crotalus horridus. — 2. Coluber constrictor. — 3. Coluber punctatus. 4. Coluber fasciatus. — 5. Coluber striatnlus. — 6. Coluber saureta. — 7. Anguis eryx. — 8. Coluber sipcdon, [Brown Snake.] sonretimes seen, ■i-2 William's Hist. o( Vermont, appendix No. IV. It is not foimd in Europe, Aeia, nor Africa, Sect, v.] OF MAINE. 171 hitherto received too little attention from the scholars of our insccu. country : For what can he more interesting than the history of the bee, the ant, the butterfly and the spider ?* All we can do here, is to classify a few of this innumerable race of mortals ; and we suppose those found in Maine, may be arranged under these generic heads, viz. 1- Beetles; 2. Chir- pers ; 3. Bugs; 4. Caterpillars; 5. Butterjlies ; 6. Bees; 7. Ants; 8. Spiders; and 9. Flies; and still there are others, such as the deathwatch, the mite and the father-long-legs, which are not sufficiently known to be correctly classified. Tiie Beetle is a flying insect, furnished with a case which it draws over its wings, to secure them from injury whenever it is digging holes in the ground or in rotten wood. The whole race have a great aversion to roses ; and make a humming noise when on the wing. Of the Beetle class,f 1 . the horned Beetle has dark brown * The Spider's web is considered a remedy for the Asthma, and possibly for the hydrophobia — taken in quantity, a scruple at a time. — Dr. Thach- cr^s Dispaisalorij, p. 396 — 399. BEETLES. t 1. Scarabacus Simson. — 2. Scarabaeus Carolinus. — 3. Scarabaeus Stcr- corarius. — -1. Scarabaeus Horticola. — 5. Scarabacus Lanig-erus ? — 6. Scara- baeus Ahineiis ? — 7. Lucanus Ccrvus. — 8. Lucanus Interruptiis. Mcloc Proscarabacs ; Oile licclle. — Dennestes Lardarius; Bacon Beetle, — Dermcstcs Typographus ; Print Beetle — Gyrinus natalor ; Water Jlea. — Dytiscus piceus ; Water Beetle. — Selpha vespillo; B^tid Beetle — Coccinel- la ; Lady-fly, Lady Cow, (or Lady Bird.) — Bruchus pisi ; Weevil. — Cur- culio quircus; Snouted Weevil. — Cerambyx Coriarius; Capricorn Beetle or Goat Chaffer, — Lampyris Lucida ; Firejly or Lightning bug. — Buprestria mariana ; Cantharides, or Burn Cow. — Molco nig^ra ; Blossom eater — Forn- cula ; £aru)/g-.— Blatta ; J^Iill beetle. — Staphylinus; several species, black blue, or striped beetle. Sic. — Cassida ; Shield beetle. CMIRPERS. Gryllus ; Cricket, House cricket. — Gryllus Gryllotalpa ; Jfole Cricket. — Gryllus Aquaticus. Water Cricket. — Locusta; Locust, — Cicada; Grat- hopper, several species. — Cicada; Balm Cricket. BUGS. 'inex ; Bugs of several species. — Cbermes ; Bugs on plants and trttt, — Aphis ; Louse on plants and leaves, CATERPILLARS. Campc ; Naturalist suppose there arc as many species of Cattrpillcn M there are plants, each feeding on its favourito one. 172 THE INSECTS [IntRODUC. Insects. wings and horns, turning in towards each other ; sometimes vul- garly called the horn-bug ; 2. the Carolina ; 3. the Dung-hill; 4. Apple; 5. Golden; and 6. brass Beetles, are all of one genus ; and 7. the Stag, and 8. the jluted Beetle, belong to another. The stag Beetle is the largest of the whole race among us, has six feet, coral coloured horns, and is more than an inch in length. Of the chirping race, are the Locusts and Crickets, which are never numerous and always harmless. In dry seasons, the Gras- hoppers however, often appear in great multitudes, and are the greedy destroyers of the half-parched herbage. This was par- ticularly the case in the years 1743 and 1756, when they threat- ened to destroy every thing green. With Bugs, Lice, and Worms, on trees and plants, the hus- bandman is oftentimes seriously troubled, especially in gardens. Our wheat and pea fields have been injured by a devouring Maggot ;* and, in the war, upon these kinds of voracious crea- BUTTERFL1E3. Papilio ma^nus; Great ButUrf.y. — Papilio Communis; Common Bui- ttrfiy. — Sphinx : Burnet Moth, and other species. — Phalaena. — JVight Fhilterer, or Jliller. BEES. Apis ; two species, Bumble and Tfild Bee : (The white-head Bumble [Humble] Bee carries no sting.) — Vespa ; Wasp; of which there are three spe«ies, black., yellow and blue. — Vespa Crabo ; Hornet. ANTS. Formica; the Jhit ; of which there arc several species, as the great Fis- mire, the small, yellow, and black Emmets. SPIDERS. Aranea ; Spider; several species, such as black, gray, wandering, gar- den, water, jumping, rose Spiders. — Linnrous takes notice of only six Spi- ders; 1. the greatest ; 2. the house ; 3. the bag-bearing; 4. the water; 5. the bud Spiders ; and 6. the Tarantula ; But iu this he is evidently too limited. FLIES. Oestrus ; Ox-Gadjly, (size of a common bee.) — Lytta bitlata ; Potato ^y, (looks like a Spanish Fly.) — Notonecta; Watcrjhj. — Libellula ; Drag- onjly, or Horse-stinger. — C3nids; Oakapple Fly. — Tenthrcdo betulae ; Saw Fly. — Musca ; black, and brown Fly. — Tabanus ; Horsrjly — Couops cal- citrans ; Slinging Jly. — Culex pipiens , Jlusquelo. — Pulex ; a Flea. — Podu- ra nivalis ; a Snow Flea. — Linna3us mentions more than thirty species of Flies, many of which are unknown in this State, "* At maturity, it bsB been called the Hsssianjly. Sect, v.] of Maine. 173 tiires, different expedients liave been adopted to kill or check Insecti. them. It has been said, that soaking tiie seed intended for sow- ing, or planting, in copperas water, or lime water, will be of much service. Butterflies, especially in the eastern parts of Maine, are not numerous ; and, of course, we may infer as to the countless tribe of CatcrpiUars noticed by Linnrcus, which become Butterflies and other insects, the numbers among us arc not great. One kind of Caterpillar, has done our orchards in some seasons, great damage. This lays its eggs in the branches of the trees, early in the spring, from which are hatched a black insect called the Canker-ioorm, about an inch in length. Such are sometimes the troops^Jof these ravagers, that by the 21st of June, when they disappear, they give the trees the appearance of having been stripped of their foliage by fire. They do not come every year ; and their ascent is prevented by girdling the trees with tar. It is doubted if the Honey-bee is a native of this State, or of North-America. Joscelyn supposes hives of them were introduc- ed into this country from Europe. They flourish exceedingly well amongst us ; and a bee-master is able to tell curious and entertaining stories, equally about their propagation, industry, and self-government. The Ilumhhbec, the Hornet, the Hack and yellow Wasps, are indigenous ; and seem to brave our cold winters without many fatal losses in their respective families. Of the Fly class, the black Fly and the Musquito are the most troublesome. The former by day, and the latter by night, es- pecially near the borders of our woods, come forth in great num- bers to sate their greedy appetite, by extracts from the human body. Note. — Naturalists say, as to the fecundity of animal nature, that in a year, a common fly will lay 144 pg-gs ; a spider 170 ; a moth 1000 ; a frog era tortoise 1000; a shrimp <),000 ; a lobster 10,000 ; and a crab 100,000. So in dilfcrcnt kinds of fish, there have been found in the milt of a her- ring-, or a emclt, 35,000; in a roach 100,000; in a carp, a perch, or a mackerel, 300,000; in a flounder 100,000 and more:— and two naturalists have computed that a codfish produces 9,000,000 of eggs in a single season. 174 Minerals in iu general. Kinds of Rocks. >Granite> Gneis*. THE MINERALS [InTRODUC. SECTION VI. MINERALS. In the mineral, as well as in the animal and vegetable depart- ments of nature, are noticed the most evident impresses and tra- ces of the Divine wisdom, power and goodness. Around us and under our feet, are various qualities of matter, which are, by dis- criminating knowledge and skilful management, wrought into articles of most extensive use and exquisite beauty. If, therefore, we were well acquainted with what is placed within our immedi- ate control or observation, as the resources of our own State ; we should probably find far less occasion to visit other countries, for obtaining what is either useful or curious. The object of the present Section is to give a short account of the Minerals'^ found in this State — the science of which is highly mteresdng and important ; for it deals in materials near at hand, worthy of research and examination, and fraught with great benefits to the mechanic arts, and consequently to common Hfe. According to geologists, we may mention as among us, eight kinds of Rocks, | viz. Granite, Gneiss, and J\Iica-slate, which are primitive Rocks ; Argillite, Limestone and Greenstone, which occur in primitive, transition and secondary Rocks ; Gray-wacke and Sandstone, the one of which is transition and the other sec- ondary rocks. These two, however, are rarely found in this State. 1. Granite, composed of feldspar, quartz and mica, is in its | structure granular, and its usual colour is gray. It is a very val- uable and handsome building stone ; and in Bowdoinham the graphic variety is peculiarly beautiful. 2. The Gneiss is constituted of the same minerals as the granite ; though the former has less feldspar and more mica than the latter. Its structure is slaty, its colours more delicate than those of the granite, and is more easily split into regular-formed massess. Mountains of it are more rounded and less steep. * shells and other org^anic substances petrified are called Fossils. f The ancients supposed the exterior of the globe, vn.% 2t. fluid; and transferred the idea of water crystnlized (o ice — to jyrimitive rocks which ."ire below all others and are more or less cryslalline. Secondary rocks were evidently formed afterwards as they often exhibit marine shells, and other pctrifactioris. Sect, vi.] of Maine. 175 3. Mica-slait is composed essentially of mica and quartz, the Micasai*. former of which usually predominates. Of course it exhibits a bluisii-gray hue, and in tiie sunbeams reflects a dazzling lustre. It is not plenty like the other two, and when all occur together, it is uppermost, and in point of originality supposed therefore to be secondary rock. 4- Jlrgillite covers all three when they occur together ; and Argilliie. its colour and formation are both slaty. It never possesses a dirystalline structure. It is used, when sufficiently soft, for writing-slates, and also for roof-slating when it splits well. It is found on the banks of the Kennebec river at Winslow and Waterville. 5. Limestone is a mineral rock which abounds in this State, Limesione, at Thomaston, and will be hereafter described. G. Greenstone is composed of hornblende and feldspar, either Oieenstoni. in grains or small chrystals ; and, because the hornblende pre- dominates, it assumes a greenish tinge. It is sometimes so very hard and fine grained as to admit of a beautiful polish. Upon the mountains about the heads of Kennebec river, the Greenstone presents itself in prisms of several sides and straight edges, and an aspect not unlike bricks standing endwise. In Harpswell it is found to contain numerous balls, or globules, ap- parently of garnet, as large as bullets, and easily separated from the mass. Greenstone, when a secondary rock, is observed to be in detached masses, abounding or marked with fossils. It occurs on the height of land between the Kennebec and Penobscot, and also at Belfast and Brownville. This may be useful in building, and when pulverized, it may be employed to form a water-proof mortar for cellars, docks, and piers. Besides these various kinds of rocks, a large portion of the A''i:vini earth's crust is constituted of Alluvial Dcposites, in which are ' found clay, sand, gravel, pebbles, fragments of rocks, loam, coal, bog-ore, intermixed with organic remains, shells, bones, and even trunks of trees. Among these have appeared precious stones and precious metals, which through their hardness were found little affected by attrition. Alluvial appearances are very mani- fest in many places, upon the banks of the Androscoggin and Kennebec, and particularly in Pittston. * In compiling this section, a particular acknowlcdgrnent is due to Par-* KER Cleavet-And, Esq., Professor of Matliernatics and Natural Philoso- phy, and Lecturer on Chemistry and Mineralogy in Bovvdoin College, and to his excellent Treatise onJJincralogy and Geology. f There were once. Sail works, on the Isle of Shoals, I Its action on the soil and the plant, is not satisfactorily explained ; wheo put on a piece of earthen near tl)e vegctabk, its effect has been the same SiS when laid on the ground at its ro^t- 176 THE MINERALS [InTRODUC Mines and Minerals * are inorganic substances as they naturally exist ; and large quantities of them are commonly called Mines. Such of each as are found among us, are now to be mentioned ; ac- cording as they have been arranged by Mineralogists, and made to submit to a fourfold classification, and subordinate orders, TheClassi- gej-,gj.a and species. They class minerals according as they par- take materially of an Acid — an Earthy — ^a Combitstibi.i: — or a Metallic — ingredient or integral property. 1st Class r^j^^ ^^,^^ q^^^^^ embraces the different Acids; also the AllcaJis — Ammonia, Potash, and Soda ; and the five primitive Earths — • Barytes, Strontian, Lime, Magnesia, and Allumine. — But we have to remark only upon Lime and its species ; for we have no native beds, or mines of the others ; nor of common Salt ; nor of Nitre, or Saltpetre, so necessary in medicine, in chemistry, in the man- ufacture of gunpowder, and in the cure of the heavy meats, A spontaneous production of Nitre might however be easily effect- ed, by artificial layers of earth in a dry atmospheric air, with ani- mal or vegetable substances embedded in a state of decomposi- tion, f Lime, Of Lime, a primitive earth, there are several species. Apa- Gypsum, tite, in pale green crystals, is found in Topsham, disseminated in granite ; and Gypsum, or plaster, has been found and extensive- ly used by husbandmen, in manuring their grounds. f It is im- ported in large quantities from Nova-Scotia for that purpose. Limestone is abundant in this State, especially in Thomaston and Camden, and also in Brunswick, and on Johnson's moun- tains. Like all the stratified rocks in the vicinity, its general di- rection is from southwest to northeast, and inclined at an angle of 45°. This mineral is both foliated and granular ; the grains are sometimes very fine and compact ; and if whole, the mass resembles loaf sugar. It is commonly white or gray, shaded often with blue, green or yellow. It is found in large masses, Sect, vi.] of Maine. 177 and usually in primitive rocks. It occurs with hornblende, mien, and quartz, and sometimes gneiss. When burnt into Lime, it is in great demand for plastcrinc; rooms. Tiiomaston lime com- mands a higher price and quicker market tiian that of Camden, owing probably to a superiour granular fineness, in the rock of iho former place. Tiie Marble is exceedingly fine grained, its predominant col- ''^'ari'loi our is a grayish, or bluish-white, diversified with veins of a dif- ferent colour, enlivened by silver clouds or deepened with blue shades, and exhibits the beauties of a well finished engraving. It receives an exquisitely fine polish, and is already used exten- tensively for gravestones, for the tahidars of side boards, for chimnev pieces and other ornamental works. 'In 1809 — 10, Col. William Dwight built, in Thomaston, a ' mill for sawing blocks of lime-rock into slabs for the manufac- * turcr's use. Another mill was afterwards erected, and in * ihem about 200 saws arc kept constantly going; 10 or 12 * hands are employed in the works, and between 4 and 5,000 ' feet of marble are annually prepared for market.* f The second Class of Minerals, which embraces princiiially :.' ^' *''■ ' • •' Atones, curious Stones and Clays, exhibits a greater list than all the three ^'i-avs. others. A little Cijanite has been found at Brunswick, in primitive i^t''>»'ONESj rocks, crystalized and in a prismatic form. It scratches glass, is sometimes transparent; its colour ranges between sky and Prussian blue, and its lustre is pearly. Stnurotide occurs abundantly, in mica-slate, at Winthrop, and Siauroude. is also an inhabitant of Sidney and Hallowell. It is hard, though it will not strike fire with steel. Its integral parts are prismatic crystals, either opaque or pellucid ; its colour is a reddish brown, and its lustre somewhat shining. Qttnrtz is a celebrated mineral, common in this State. It ap- Qumn. pears in amorphous or indefinite masses, as well as in beautiful crystals. It scratches glass, elicits sparks with steel, is not quite so hard as flint, and in its varieties exhibits itself differently. Sometimes it is limpid as " Rock Crystal" and transparent as the purest glass ; or smoky and rose-red, both of which have "" Limestone is found in Buckfield, Foxcroft, kc. 178 Flinu Hornstone. Basanile. Mica. Schorl. Andalusilc. Feldspar THE MINERALS [IntrODUC. been found in Topsham, and the Amethyst, which is violet-blue. Quartz is used for watch seals and ornamental jewelry. Few minerals are better known and more necessary, especially in time of war, than Flint : for, though it is employed in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, its greatest use is in the locks of firearms. It has been found in beds of chalk, and even lime- stone ; but Mount Kineo, on the eastern margin of Moosehead lake is said to be composed entirely of massy flint. It is found also in Orono. So easily are gun flints made in England and France, by hammering and striking the broken pieces with repeat- ed small blows upon the edge of a chisel, that a skilful artisan will give to 300 a finished form in one day. Hornstone is a rare mineral ; a little mass was found near Bel- fast ; also in Topsham. It is not so hard as quartz ; its colour is a dull-white, shaded, or clouded with blue, green, or yellow. When thin, it exhibits transparent curves, hke horns, and thence assumes its name. Some rolled pieces of Basanite, a species of the Silicious Slate, have been found on the banks cf the Androscoggin, black, and as hard as quartz. It ranks among the- best touchstones to test the purity of gold. Mica, [commonly called Isinglass,''^] appears in thin, flexible, elastic laminae, or leaves, with high polish, and glassy lustre. Dr. Belknap mentions its abounding appearance in Grafton, N. H. ;f and it is seen in different parts of Maine. J Anciently it was much used for window glass, particularly in war-ships, as being proof in the discharge of cannon. Common Schorl in this State, is abundant, especially in Hal- lowell, Gardiner, Bowdoinham, Litchfield, and Parker's Island. It appears in long prismatic crystals, scratches glass, is very brittle, and exhibits a shining velvet-black. It is often transparent, es- pecially at the edges, A specimen of Andalusite was found in Readfield ; its colours vary between red and brown. Feldspar, which is an important mineral, is nearly as hard as quartz, and its structure is distinctly foliated. When in crystal *Acipenser Sturio Ichthyocolla. — Dr. Thacher. t Ilis Hist, of New Hampsliirc, 3J vol. p. 141. I In Rumford, Paris, and Topsham. Sect, vi.] of maink. 179 masses, it may be easily divided at natural joints. Only that of an apple-green colour has been found in this State. Axestone took its name from the circumstance of being used Axesione. by the natives in lieu of iron, for edge-tools, such as axes, chis- els and gouges : several of these articles arc in my possession. The fracture of the mineral is somewhat splintery ; and its col- our is of a greenish hue, but it is opaque and hard as quartz. Several Emeralds have been found in Topsham and Paris, '*"*" ** which In the lively and beautiful green they exhibit, are almost equal to the finest Peruvian. They arc exceedingly pleasing to the eye, and when set in gold, form the richest jewels. Of the same ricii and beautiful family, is the Beryl ; found in Beryl, coarse grained granite, in and between the towns of Bath and North-Yarmouth. Its crystals are large and its green paler than the precious emerald. It exhibits hexedral transparent prisms, perfectly resembling the Siberian Beryl. At Topsham have been found both the precious and common Garnet. Garnet ;* its crystals are variable from the size of a pin-head to that of an apple ; and in colour, varies from an opaque reddish- brown, to a pellucid lively red. Two varieties of Epidote occur upon the banks of the An- rpUiotc. droscoggin ; it is commonly granular, sometimes crystalline : and frequently found in primitive rocks ; it is some shade of green, and as hard as quartz. This is a rare stone. Hornblende is frequeiuly found ; two varieties of which occur Hornblende in Brunswick, contiguous to a bed of primitive lime-stone. Witli ditficulty it gives a few sparks with steel ; and its prevailing col- ours are black and green, frequently intermixed. The Made, a curious mineral is found in small quantities at "^''^ Made. Georgetown and Brunswick. It occurs in chrystals, whose forms are four-sided prisms, with natural cracks or joints. Its colour is eitl>er gray or white, shaded with green or red. It is not so hard as quartz. But Talc is akogetlicr softer than any of the preceding, and 'T"'** may be scratched with the finger-nail. Rubbed on cloth, it ieaves a whitish trace which is often pearly. Its prevailing col- ours are apple-green and silver-white with intermediate shades ; *The Carbuncle of the Ancients was probably a Garnet. — Cleavelnnd. „foun(i- tinie, was attracting particular notice. Its surrounding waters, ''^"'^^"''^*" were already, in a single season, visited by three or four hundred fishing vessels, under English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese flags ; and on the shores were seen more than one hundred hab- itations, or stages, constructed for the accommodation of Fisher- men.* The Spaniards had selected the region about and below the '^''*',?P''": equator ; and were acquiring rich and extensive possessions in "'"' J^"si'sh those parts of the hemisphere. Its nortliern sections very early "«. attracted the attention of the French ; and their adventurers had long since explored the St. Lawrence, and taken formal posses- sion of its borders. Yet the project of forming permanent settlements upon its banks, which had been delayed fifty years, ■^ These were not permanent settlements: the first birth on tlie Island, of European parents, was March 27, 1013. — Prrncti Annals., p. 37. 184 THE HISTORY [VoL. I, A. D. 1600. by the civil wars, appeared, at this period, merely to be reviving. Certainly that people had hitherto done nothing more, than to engross its lucrative trade, and make extensive claims to its terri- tory. The intermediate Latitudes presented strong invitations to British enterprize; several Englishmen, influenced by hopes of discovery, and motives of gain had been already concerned in expensive voyages hither; and some of them, particularly Sir Walter Raleigh, having been assiduously labouring for several years, to plant a Colony in the vicinity of Chesapeake-bay. But this and all the other efforts and expeditions were productive of no considerable benefits to the adventurers, nor lasting good to their country ; otherwise than being promotive of the political establishments which have since risen into independent States. pj„ (^^[g^j^j^ For, as a correct writer says, though "110 years had elapsed 111 N.Amcr-gjjjpg j.}^g j-,g^y world had been known to the old ;" and thoueh a lea. ' o few emigrant fishermen had a temporary residence at Newfound- land ; " neither the French, the Dutch, the English, nor any but Spaniards had made the smallest effectual settlements in the new-discovered regions."* All knowledge of the interiour country, its geography and re- The o^co^- raphyofliie sources was exceedingly limited; and all acquaintance with its known.^ "" bays, inlets, shores, rivers and highlands, was quite imperfect* The best charts, then extant, were rude sketches of the coasts and harbours ; and few men were bold enough to explore a land clothed with heavy forests, and filled with ignorant savages. Therefore in compiling the History of this State, it is necessary to commence among the shades of nature ; and thence trace the progress of that improvement, which has gradually laid deep and strong the foundations of our present liberty and prosperity. — In the several adventures and voyages, to this Continent, we find no account of any one, who visited the waters or shores of Maine, before A. D. 1 602. B.GosnoWs Bartholomew Gosnold, an English navigator, of skill and ex- VoyJige, , '-^ '^ _ . 1602. perience, who had previously crossed the Atlantic in the usual route, by the Canaries and the West-Indies, entertained a belief, that a course direct from England was practicable, and would probably shorten the distance an hundred leagues. Furnished * Princess Annals, ip. 1,2, 0,11. — Canada and Nova Scotia, were under the English crown till A. D. 1600; when the French did possess themselve* of L'acadia.— 1 Coll. J^I. Hist. Soc. p. 232— 3d series. Chap, i.] OF MAINE. 185 with a small bark to try the experiment, he sailed from Falmouth, a.d. 1602. March 26lh, 1602, attended by 32 persons, of whom eight only were mariners ; and proceeding west by the compass, as directly as the winds would permit, made land, May 4th, at or about the 43d degree of nortii laiimde. It is not fully ascertained what land he first discovered. — It might have been Mount Desert or Agamenticus ; for a skilful navigator, three years afterwards, found that Capt. Gosnold had marked places in this region, at half a degree below the true latitude ; and it is certain that the central Isle of Shoals, which is in lat. 42*' 29 * — is south of the land he first saw. ' Meeting with a shallop of European fabric, ' in which were eight savages, and seeing one of them dressed in ' European clothes, Gosnold and his associates were led to con- * elude, that some unfortunate fishermen of Biscay, or Brittany, ' had been wrecked on the coast.' They immediately sailed to the southerly side of Cape Cod ; and on the ISth of June, re- embarked for England. f But though we have doubts, whether Gosnold ever saw any ^*'^'" ^ ' •' Pnnp $ lands of ours ; it is certain our shores were actually visited the ^".vago, following year, by another voyager, Martin Pring. Through tlie influence and generosity of the city-oflicers and several mer- chants of Bristol, in England, Richard Hackluyt, Prebendary of St. Augustine Church, Robert Aldsworth, and others; £1000 sterling were raised, and two vessels procured, equipped and victualed for a western voyage of eight months. The Speedwell, one of them, a ship of 50 tons, with a crew of 30 men and boys, was commanded by Pring himself. The master of the other, a bark of 2G tons, called the Discoverer, carrying 13 men and a boy, was William Browne ; and Robert Salterns, who had at- tended Gosnold to America three years before, was appointed supercargo, or principal agent of the expedition. The adven- turers were furnished with various kinds of clothing, hardwares, * 7 Coll. JSIast. Hist. Soc. p. 243.— Weymouth, in 1608, found the chart of this coast "erroneous." t 5 Pvrchas, p. 1647, 1651.— Gosnold was afterwards one of the Council in Virginia, where lie died, Auj;. 22, 1607. — Purrlms, 1690.— Capt. Smith, [in hit Hist. p. 18.] says, Robert Salterns was Gosnold's pilot. — 1 Belfcnap't BtJj:. p. 231— 2.39;— corrected, 2 Belk. Biog. p. 100— 123.— I Holmu' ^nn. p. 142. n. 3, 4. Vot I, 13 1 86 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1603, and trinkets, for the purpose of trading with the Natives, and procuring a cargo of sassafras* and furs. The two vessels left Milford-Haven, April 10, 1603, a few i)«y and days after the death of queen Elizabeth ; and, passing in sight of the Azores, fell in with the American coast, June 7th, between the 43d and 44th degrees of north latitude, among a multitude of Islands, in the waters since called Penobscot bay.f Pring and his companions were highly pleased with the view they had of " a high country full of great woods ;" and happy to find good moor- ing and fishing among the Islands. Upon one of these, they saw silver gray ybares; whose name they gave to the whole cluster,J; the principal of which are the north and south Fox-Islands,<§> The cod and haddock, which they took in great plenty, were es- teemed by them superior to those usually taken at Newfoundland. ^"h"' i!^^"' From this place, they sailed along the coast, southerly ; and York, and passing the Islands of Casco bay, entered the mouth of a river, I'iscataqua '■ ^ •' _ _ rivers. over a bar, probably the Saco,|| which they ascended, in a good depth of water, about two leagues. They proceeded next, to visit the other two nearest inlets, which must have been the rivers Kennebunk and York 5 but these, the Narrator says, they " did not pierce so far into the land." The westerly one, [evidently the Piscataqua,] they found to be the most important of the four ; and a party of them examined its channel for three or four leagues. They made particular mention of " the very goodly groves and woods, and sundry sorts of beasts" seen by them. But being un- able to procure sassafras, or to find any of the natives with whom to traffic; and concluding from the appearances of recent fires, and the vestiges of habitations, that they must have lately gone from the shores, and might not soon return, Pring and Browne sailed to places farther southward ; and, leaving the coast in Au- gust, carried home valuable cargoes, and among other curiosities, * Sassafras principally ; (1 Holmes'' A. Ann. p IIG,] — for it was esteem- ed hijlily medicinal, and celebrated as a sovereign remedy for the plag-ue, the strangury, the stone, the scurvy and other maladies. One of Gos- nold's men had been cured by it in 12 hours, of a surfeit, occasioned by excessively eating of dogfish, then considered a delicious dish. — 2 Belk. Biog. p. 126 7. Also the Voyage of Carter to Canada. — 1 Bdk. Biog. p. 176, in note [*]. f Called by the French " Pentagoet." I 2 Belk. Biog. p. 125. J Incorporated jMne25, 1789, Vinalhavm. I " Shawakotock"— Frenc/i — Chouakoct— 2 Bdk, Biog, 149. Chap, i.] of Maine. 187 a canoe, as a specimen of aboriginal ingenuity. Gorges, in liis a. D. 1603. History, says, Pring made a perfect discovery of all these eastern rivers and harbours ; and brought the most exact account of the coast that had ever come to hand.* The French as well as the English were repeating their visitsf '^'•f .'^'■<'"<^|> to this nortliern country every year; and making it, at home, ainN. Amer- favourite topic of conversation and enquiry. Both were highly elated with ideas of extensive foreign dominions ; and the pros- pect of an abounding commerce ; yet the means and measures best fitted for their attainment, were altogether unknown, as well to the sage as to the speculator. JMore of plan, organization and vigor, was necessary ; for past experience had rendered it certain, that rights to territory arising from mere discovery, nominal pos- session, or royal commission, were too slender to be seriously de- fended. Nothing short of actual well-organized settlements un- der the auspices of their respective governments, could give to entcrprize success and permanency. But it was a great misfortune to those nations, and no less to this country, that they both coveted the same territories ; and were using all practicable means for establishing severally in themselves, the most plausible titles to their claims. Twenty years before, Humphry Gilbert, in behalf of queen Elizabeth, had taken formal possession of Newfoundland, and the region 200 leagues about it ; and there promulgated sundry laws.J The JMarquis de la Roche, fifteen years afterwards, was commis- sioned by his master, the IVth Henry of France, to conquer and colonize all the regions bordering upon the St. Lawrence, denom- inated Canada, and unlimited in extent ; and three years after his death, another of similar import was granted, or the same renew- ed to M. de Chauvin, who immediately carried colonists 90 lea- gues up the St. Lawrence, and settled them at Tadousac.^ These are instances only of preliminary transactions. — The people of both nations were resolved in their purposes ; and widi such objects in view, and tlie rival feelings, which each indulged to • 5 Purchas, p. 1654 — 6 — Prinj made a second voynge in 1608. 2 Bilk. Biog. p. 149.— Prince'j .inn. p. 19, note [10].— Smith's Hist. p. 18.-1 Holmes" A. Ann. p. 145. t One Savelct, an old mariner had, before 1609, made no less than 42 voyages to these parts. — Parchat, p. 1640, \ 1 Belknap's Biog. p. 200. § 1 CharUroix jY. France. 109—111. 188 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1603. wards the other, it might have heen easily foreseen that uhimately, these counter possessory claims would produce the severest ex- citements, if not war. By a royal patent,* November 8th, A. D. 1603, the same D(? .Mollis' Henry, granted to Pierre de Gast Sieure de Monts. all the patent of •' ° Acaciie American territory between the 40th and 46th degrees of north- ern latitude ; and appointed him Lieutenant-general of this exten- sive region, with authorhy to colonize and rule it according to his discretion ; and to subdue and christianize its native inhabitants. The name given it in the patent was " Acadia,^'' or Acadie, an abbreviation or corruption of Arcadia in Greece. f This char- ter or patent, having no other boundaries or confiineSj than the de- grees of latitude mentioned, was found to embrace the American coast between the Island Cape Breton, south of Newfoundland, and the shores below the mouth of the river Manhattan, now Hudson ; and was soon published in all the maritime towns in France. To him and his associates were afterwards conceded an exclusive peltry trade, not only throughout his colony but around the gulf of St. Lawrence. J March 7. De Monts, in the course of the winter, procured and equiped Voyage. two vessels ; and, furnishing them with suitable necessaries, sailed for America, March 7th, 1604. His familiar companion was M. de Poutrincourt, who had been, a long time desirous of visiting this country ; and his pilot was Samuel Champlain, a gentleman of noble birth and of skill in navigation, who had, the preced- ing year, explored the St. Lawrence. Of the adventurers in the retinue of de Monts, some were Catholics and some Protes- tants ; — his own tenets however were of the latter order. May 6. He Arriving, May 6th, at Cape de la Heve, in Lat. 44° 5,' on the p'rcvlice. southerly side of the Acadian Peninsula, they came to anchor opposite the present Liverpool in Nova Scotia. But they soon left this place ; and sailing northerly around Cape Sable into the bay of Fundy, and eastvvardly along) the northern shores of the *See this Patent entire in French. — 1 Ilaz. Coll. p. 45 : Also Appendix, post, translated. — The orthography of the 7iaine is varied much by different writers as, " Lacadie''' — '■^Acadie''' — '■'■Accadif — " Accadia." «' L'Acadie" — ♦' Nous elant" des long' temps a infornies de la situation, des bays et territorie Ae V Acadia — is the lang-uage of the patent, whence it would seem the country might have been previously called in France by that name. f Brit. Dum. in America, bk, 3d. pt. II. p. 246. 1 1, Holmes A. Ann, p. 147, Chap, i.] of Maine. 189 peninsula, entered a spacious basin, environed by hills and mea- A. D. 16W dovvs, and anchored in a good harbour. Poutrincourt was so charmed with the beautiful appearance of the place, that he chose it for his future residence. Obtaining readily a grant of it from de Monts, which the King afterwards confirmed, he gave it the name of Port Royal, now Annapolis ; and here his party dwelt for several years.* In exploring the bay of Fundy, de Monts visited the river St. John, and gave it the name, it has ever since borne. Thence he j)rocccded into the waters of Passamaquoddy bay, ascended the Schoodic to a small island, which Champlain selected for a rest- ing place, and a fortification. As I*assamaquod(iy Hay and the Schoodic river now form a part of the Eastern boundary of this State, a more particular ac- count of its first discovery and situation may not be uninteresting. De JMonts and his men called the bay a sea of salt water ; and in ascending the river found it an inconsiderable one, admitting vessels even on the tide to no great distance. The Island itself, containing 12 or 15 acres, they called St. Croix, because two leagues higher, there were brooks which came " crosswise, to fall within this large branch ot the sea ;" — a circumstance which has given to the Schoodic the same name. The Island is situa- ted just above the northeast corner of Robbinston. Its soil is fer- tile ; and it is usually the residence of one family. The Inhabit- ants often call it " JVeutral Island.^^j- L'Escarbot says, " it was half a league in circuit, seated in the " midst of the river ; the ground most excellent, and abundantly " fruitful ; strong by nature and easy of defence, but difficult to " be found. For [says he] there are so many isles and great " bays to pass, [from the St. John] before we come to it, I won- " der how one ever pierced so far as to find it. The woods of *' the rtiain land are fair and admirably high and well grown, as " in like manner is the grass. There is right over against the " island fresh water brooks, very pleasant and agreeable, where " divers of Mons. de Monts' men transacted their business and " builded certain cabins." * 1. Holmes'' A. Ann. p. 148. J^ote 5. — (lie settlement at Purt Roval com- menced the next year. L'Escarbot — 5 Purclias, 1622. t This character and account is according' to a late map of N. Scotia, and a plan and letter from a gentleman in that lactioo. 190 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D, 1604. The season being far advanced, de Monts concluded to pass HisFortifi. the whiter upon the island. Apprehending; dancer from the sava- cation al tlie . . ^ ' o o St. Croix, ges, he erected a fortification on the north part of it, which en- tirely commanded the river. The fort was sheltered by trees, which he directed not to be felled ; and within its walls he plant- ed his cannon and constructed a chapel, after the Indian manner of building. " Hoary snow-father being come," (as L'Escarbot ex- presses himself,) " they were forced to keep much wuhin the " doors of their dwellings during the winter. But as there was not " plenty of wood, which had been too prodigally used in build- " ing ; and a want of fresh water, which was found on the banks " of the river strongly enclosed under locks of ice ; they were " under the necessity of procuring both h'om the shores every " day." Some of the savages were occasionally bespoken ; and through fear of surprize or assault from them, who had a lodgement at the foot of the Island, and appeared to be jealous, de Monts kept a constant watch night and day. The winter was severe, and the sufferings of the people from the scurvy very grevious ; not one wholly escaped it ; and 36 out of 70'^ actually died before spring. At the usual seed-time, they prepared a piece of ground and sowed it with rye ; and being absent in the first season of reaping, they gathered in the second year a growth of it, in the narrator's w^ords " as fair, big and weighty as in France." — This, being a mere temporary residence, could never have assumed any considerable importance ; had it not been the first pretension of a settlement in Acadie.f * Ogllby .sajs, " ninety-seven." I See Mark UEscarboCs Hist, of d'' Monts' Voyages, translated in 3 Churchiirs Coll. 796; abridged in 5. Purcha^ Pilgrims p. 1619. (//arv. Coll. Library.) U Escarhot was Iiiinsclf with de Monts in this voyage. *' Ti^ie people (lie says) tliat be from St. John's river to Kennibeki, wherein " are the rivers St. Croix and jYoromhegua are called Etechemins." The rive. St. Croix was made a part of the boundary line in the treaty of 1783 between England and the United States; and afterwards a dis- pute arose which of the two was that river, the Schoodic or the Magaguad- crick [Magadavi,] both emptying into Passamaqnoddy-bay. — the mouth of the former being 3 or 4 leagues distant from that of the latter. To set- tle the controversy, Commissioners were appointed by the two govern- ments ; and in 1798, they visited those places ; and found an Island in the Schoodic-river which corresponded, with the description given of that where de Monts and his party passed the winter 1G04 — 5. Near its up- per end were the remains of an ancient fortification " overgrown with Chap, i] of Maine. 191 When tlie survivors of ihe party had sufficiently recovered A. D. 1C05. their strength ; dc Moats put his provisions and arms on hoard j^ j^jont, his pinnace, and about the middle of May [1G05] he and his g,'^ q^^'j);' men embarked in search of a more convenient station, and a ^varmcr climate. In ranging the coast westvvardly, they entered ihe bay of Penobscot, which with the neighbouring country, some European adventurers had previously understood by the Natives, was called JS'orombcgua.* At Kennebec, they erected a cross, and took possession in the name of their king ; and after visiting Casco bay and Saco river proceeded to Cape Cod. Some of the places they passed, appeared inviting and suitable for settle- ment ; but their company was small ; the savages numerous, un- friendly, and thievish ; — tlierefore they returned to St. Croix, and soon proceeded to Port Royal, Here be met M. Dupont and an accession of 40 men, with fresh supplies, in a ship from France ; and removing the remain- der of his property from the Island St. Croix, across the bay, he lodged it with his other stores at the mouth of the river empty- ing into the basin of Port Royal. At this place he proceeded to construct a fort and a few habitations ; and when he had made due disposition of his affairs, he and Poutrincourt, in September, sailed for France ; leaving Dupont, Champlain, and Chauvin, to explore the country and perfect the settlement. To avoid the jealousy of tiie French, and at the same time to Orrrge secure the advantages of prior possession, and continual claim ; ,„< luhs several English gentlemen, — the Earl of Southampton, Thomas jy)"aVch 31. [lord] Arundel and their associates, despatched George Wey- mouth across the Atlantic, on a pretended discovery ot a north- west passage, which, it was still believed, might be found. Wey- mouth sailed March 31st, from the Downs; and, probably, he was not disappointed, May II th, when he came in sight of the large trees," the foundation stones of which were traced to a considerable extent. 1 Holms' A. Ann. p. 149, Note 3. These were among the facts and reasons which induced the Commissioners to determine, that the Schoo- dic is the St. Croix. See post A. D. 1798. * 1 Bdlrnap's Biog. p. 32S. — 2 //. 149. «' Noronibega was a part of the same district comprehending' Penobscot bay and river, but its eastern and western limits are not described." — See 5 Pvrchasy p. 1625, 1632. — See 1 Holmei A. Ann. 74, note 4th and his quotations. Purcha-t says, *' Peniptegoet is that place so famous under the name of ^'orombrga.''' 192 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1605. American coast, as far south] as in latitude 41° 30\ near Cape Cod. Being embayed among shoals, he ran northwardly from the 14th to the 17th of the month, a distance of 50 leagues, and anchored about noon on the north side of a prominent Island, in 40 fathoms of water. Revisits This Island he found to be situated about 3 leagues from the and St main land, and to lie in an oblong shape from northeast to south- west. It was, as fair land to fall in with, (he said) as could be desired ; having a good land fall and bold shore, free of sands and rocks ; and though of " no great compass," it contained, probably, 1000 acres. Seafowl here were plenty ; and the mar- iners, in fishing, caught " 30 large cod and haddock." Wey- mouth called the Island " St. George ;" but it was afterwards ascertained to be Monhegan ; " as no other Island hereabouts answers the description."* Since that time, it has been a most noted station, or landmark for mariners ; and was early inhabited. According to Capt. Weymouth's journal, he sailed, May 19th, about two or three leagues northward, among the Islands, towards the highlands and mountains in sight; and, finding good anchor- age, " defended (as he says) from all winds, in an excellent depth of water for ships of any burthen, upon a clay ooze, very tough, where was good mooring even near the rocks by the cliff side," he named the place " Pentecost harhoiir,'''' — now George's Island-harbour, a well known haven at the mouth of St. George's river. Here the master and men regaled themselves several days and recruited their strength. Before being visited by the Natives, he and a party properly armed, explored the islands and shores ; while his sailors, engaged in fishery, readily took " plenty of sal- *' mon and otlier fishes of great bigness ; good lobsters, rock-fish, *' plaice and lumps ;" " and with two or three hooks, caught *' enough of cod and haddock, to supply the ship's company for *' three days. Upon the lands they found various sorts of trees, besides vines, currents, spruce, yew, angelica and divers gums ;" and about the shores," abundance of great muscles, some of which contained pearls ; fourteen being taken from a single one. *2 Belk. Biog. 137 — 150 {Capt JVilliamg'' observations.] The orthogra- phy of Monhegan, a word of Indian extraction, is various in ditfereut aa- thors— " Monhii^jon"— « Munhig^on," 8 Coll. JIass. H. Soc. p. 225. 227 — IJuhbard's Indian Wars, j). 280, " INlonhinon."— i'rmr^'i Annal$t 127. ICl. Chap, i.] OF MAINE. 193 On the 22d, says the Journalist, "we digsed a garden, sowed a. D ieo5. "peas and barley and 2;arden-seeds, whicli in 10 days jrrew up " eisrlit inches ; although this was but the crust of the c;roinid, and " much inferior to the mould we afterwards found on the main." T/ic:ic tcere the first fniits of culture on these Islands or shores. The discovery of a great bay and river, the Penobscot, divert- nopxplorrs ed their attention from a trade with the Indians, for 5 or G days;Ij^„ii,^ju',',o which were passed in exploring those waters and the contiguous lands. Leaving, for that })urpose, Pentecost-harbour, on the 1 0th or 11th of June, they proceeded nortluvardly, by estimation, six- ty miles. In their progress up Penobscot bay, they came to anchor on the 12tli, not far from the land, abreast the moun- tains, since called Penobscot-hills, [now Camden heiglits] ; and ten of them went ashore and amused themselves in hunting. ' The next day,' says the account, ' we ascended in our pinnace, 'that part of the river which inclines more to the westward, [probably Belfast bay,* or possibly the waters between the lower part of Orphan Island and the main,] carrying with us a cross — * a thing never omitted by any Christian travellers, which we * erected at the ultimate end of our route. 'f These adventurers were much delighted, the whole way, with the novel and picturesque scenery, which the verdant country pre- sented at this season. For they not only listened to the notes of the wood birds among the branches with delight, but they found the waters of the river to be wide, deep and glassy ; — its margin adorned with coves and green borders of grass ; and, " many (says "the Journal) who liad been travellers in sundry countries and in " most famous rivers, affirmed them not comparable to this — the *' most beautiful, rich, large, secure harbouring river that the *' world affordeth." These were the enthusiastic expressions, this tour inspired, as the visitants departed reluctantly, on tlieir return to St. Georges, J * In 1 PuTchas, 755, it is said, Weymouth " discovered tiiree score miles lip a most ^excellent river;" — and liic Journal, (in 2 I?(//r, Zii'o^. p. 144,) says, " we passed six or seven miles in altof^etlicr frcsli water, whereof we all dr.-ink ;" — this must have boon above Marsh bay ; for in this bay the waters arc always salt. t J« one author, ( 1 Holmes' A. Ann, p. 150.) it is said, he "set up crosses in several places," I See James Hosier's account of this voyage— 5 Piirchas, 1C59- 1676; abridged,— 2 Dclk-. Biog. p. IJO. 194 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. icoa. Their Intercourse with the natives was in the end unfortunate, though at first attended with mutual friendship and satisfaction. His inter- r i • • i i i i • i i cour e with The annahst says,§ ' they visited us on board, lying upon deck the Natives. . , , ' • i i i • r ' With us, and we ashore with them, changing man lor man as * hostages. — We treated them very kindly, because we intended * to inhabit their country ; — and they readily traded with us — the ' exchange of their furs for our knives, glasses, combs and toys, — ' being of great profit to us ; — for instance, one gave 40 skins of ' beaver, otter and sable, for articles of five shillings' value.' It seems, however, that a rupture happened between the par- ties about the first of June, after which, Capt. Weymouth seized five of the savages, whom he had confined in the hold of his vessel. To rescue the unhappy prisoners, or avenge the wrong, their countrymen discovered no great determination, as they ap- peared only to seek for an opportunity to effect it by means ol artifice. At one time, coming and pointing eastward to the main, they " signified, that the Bashaba, their king, had plenty of furs " and much tobacco." Indeed, during the late excursion up the Penobscot, three Indians came in a canoe to the pinnace, and were earnest to have one of the crew " go with them to the Ba- " shaba, and the next morning he would return with furs and to- " bacco." But the stratagems thus used to draw the men away from the ship, were too flimsy to be successful ; and not long after the middle of June, Weymouth weighed anchor and bore off his booty to England. Smith, in his History, thus relates the above incident.* — ' The ' natives came and desired the captain to go and trade with their * Bashaba, on the main, who was their chief lord ; and he ac- ' cordingly manned the yawl with 14 men for the purpose.' ' Yet,' says he, ' would they row faster with five oars in their canoes, ' than our men could their boat with eight. At the shore was ' exchanged one Owen Griffin, for a young fellow of the savages. ' -Griffin discovered their treachery, finding 283 savages, armed ' with bows and arrows, without any such articles of traffic as they ' had pretended to have.' These suspicious circumstances gave umbrage ; and the first who afterwards came on board were three whom Capt. Weymouth kept ; and two others were with ' much ado seized on the shore. There were also two canoes * Smith's Hist. p. 18—20 Prince's Ann. 14. f Smith's Hist. p. 18. Chap, i.] OF MAINE. 195 ' taken, and several bows and arrows.' Four of these unhappy A. D. 1605. men were Tisqiiantum, j\laniclay Sheiwarroes and ^Issecomoit ,* one being a Sagamore and three of the others, persons of rank. Tiie first three, Capt. Weymouth dchvered to Sir Feudinando GoROKs, Governor of Plymouth, as soon as he arrived in that seaport ; who kept them in his family diree years. f After learn- ing to speak the English language, they amused him with numerous legendary tales, and imparted to hiui many things as facts, which he was strongly inclined to credit. But neither the fruits of this voyage, nor yet the possession taken of the country, could counterbalance the ill effects of Wey- mouth's treatment of the Natives. For the forfeiture of trade and of their hospitality ; the hatred of the English name ; revenge and cruelties, were tlie consequences which might be expected for this oflence. Surely never were men's conduct more impolitic, since it was full half of their errand to pave the way for a colonial es- tiblishment and future trade. These, and much baser improprieties, however, appear not to have been much regarded at home. But the descriptions given of this country by voyagers, fishermen and tradesmen ; the profits of its commerce ; the sight of the natives carried across the At- lantic ; the propagation of " Christianity in the dark corners of the earth ;" and the claims of the French to tlic country, had tlieir several] and full effects, to excite the attention of the Eng- lish public, and to inspire influential individuals with fresh ardour in the prosecution of American enterprizes. The grant to Sir Walter Raleigh, 22 years before, had become void by his attain- der ; and no obstacle seemed to lie in the way of anodier grant to any person, who had influence with the crown. An association of English gentlemen, therefore was now form- ^onh and ed, for the purpose of planting colonists on the American coasts ; p°"|^'I.'^" and of bringing the infidel savages to a knowledge of die '^"'* * 1 Bclk: Biog. 347 Prince's Ann. 15. 18. f 2 Bclk. Biog. 135 — 150. — Sir Ferdinando Gorgcsis, now first introdu- ccil to us, a gentleman of great energy, and in the prime of life, only 30 years of age. He died A. D. 1646. The savages seized, Gorges says, "were all of one nation, but of several parts and several families. This accident iniisl be acknowledged, (lie means \UKlcr God of putting on foot nud giving life to all our pluntutions." 196 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1606 Christian religion ; to the true worship of God ;* to civilized life ; and to a settled government. These men, so associated, king James I. by Patent, April 10, 1606, incorporated agreeably to their own choice, into two Companies^ under one and the same Gen- eral Council of Government : wherein Messrs. Gates. Somers, Hackluyt, Wingfield and their associates, belonging to the city of London, and called the London Company, or Ji?'st Colony of Isl Colony. 1 J ^ Virginia, formed one branch ; and Thomas Hanham, Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, George Popham and others of Plymouth, in the county of Devon or " elsewhere, who might associate," form- ed the other, and were called the Plymouth Company, or the " Sec- 2d Colony. ^^^ CoLONY." The country granted, extended from the 34th, to the 45th degree of north latitude, and included all the islands within 100 miles of the coast; the whole being known by the general name of ^ JS^orth and South V^irginia.^'f l^he Jirst Col- ony was permitted to begin a plantation, at any place below the 41st degree of north latitude; and the second Colony, anywhere above the 38th degree. There was also provided a judicious precaution against any unhappy interference ; for it was further stipulated, that the colony which might be planted the last of the two, should not begin a settlement within 100 miles of the other. Connciisof The government ordaiued, was this, viz : — A general " Council meiit. of Virginia,''^ consisting of thirteen men appointed by the crown, and residents in England ; who • were vested with a paramount jurisdiction, to be exercised according to such ordinances, as should be given them under the royal sign manual : And also two Subordinate Councils, each of thirteen members, living in Amer- ica, named in the same way, were created, for ruling, and man- aging the interior affairs of each colony, agreeably to the king's instructions. This was a Charter of rights as well as a patent of territory ; though all sales of lands by the Colonial councils were to be confirmed by the crown, — to pass the fee. Every colonist, and his children, were to be citizens of the realm ; — the coinage of money was authorized ; — and importations of " all useful chattels, armor, and furniture from the British dominions" into the Colo- nies, were granted and allowed for seven years, duty free. The * Tlie declared intent of llie adventurers was to propagate God's holy C\inTch.—Hubhard''s His. K. E, M. -f 1 Douglas Summ. p. 5. Chap, i.] of MAINE. I97 Colonists were moreover fully empowered to seize or expel intru- \. D. icoa. dors ; and to exact taxes and duties for their own benefit. Such is the outline of ti)is important patent ;* which w ithont fii.ilonx' any other boundaries than the parallels of latitude mentioned, l!!.msV»/- embraced at the eastward, most of the Acadian peninsula. Imptv- ''^'*' ticnt to found a plantation upon these northern shores, Lord Pop- ham, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and other members of the Ply- mouth company, or second Colony, despatched hither Capt. Henry Chalons, in Auirust, with a ship carrying 31 men, and two of Weymouth's captives, Manida and Assecomoit. Shortiv after- wards, Thomas Hanham, one of the patentees, and Martin Pring, before mentioned, were sent with auxiliaries and fresh supplies, to join Chalons in beginning a colony within the patent. But Chalons was taken, Nov. 1 0th, by a Spanish fleet, and carried to Spain, where his vessel was condemned ; and Haniiani did noth- ing more than to new-vamp and repeat the encouraging accounts of the country, and thereby enliven, or perhaps invigorate the spirit of adventure. f Next under tlie auspicious patronage of the London Company, spi-icmmt three ships, with an hundred colonists, including the members of vir^"'',', a Colonial Council, sailed December 20th, for the coasts of o'-*^^'"^'"'' South Virginia; and in April [1G07] a permanent settlement was originally effected, and at length established on James' river ; and there the earliest administration of government was now com- menced. A similar enterprizc, projected by the Plvmouth Company, Kmifram's was matured, about the same tune, lor seltlmg another colony m Vngima. North Virginia. In this branch of tlie Corporation, the loaders were Lord John Popham, Chief Justice of England, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, already become a conspicuous mendier. An hundred emigrants, besides mariners, were engaged in the entcrprize ; and all necessary ordnance, utensils, and supplies were speedily procured. The outlines of a colonial government were drawn ; and the several members of the Council, and the oflicers, who were all colonists, were designated by name. It was intended to have taken into employment three ships,J and by no means to be outrivalled by tliose of the other company. But *See this Patent entire, 1 Hazard's Coll. p. 51 — 5S. t Prince's Annals, p. 13, 19. J\'otc 10. i Gorges savs, there were " three ships. "' Prince's Ann. 21. [11.] 198 A.D. 1607 Popham and Gilbert, coiiimau- tiers. May 31st. Arrival, Aug:. 8th. August 11. Govern- ment or- ganized. Sagada- bork Colo- ny located and iortifi- ed. THE HISTORY [VoL. I. through disappointment in procuring one, the expedition was retarded, and two only were equiped, and despatched on the interesting expedition. The command of them was given to two of the patentees, George Popham, his lordship's brother, and Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. They left Plymouth on the 31st of May ; and according to their destination* steered directly for the North Virginia coast, where, after a favourable passage, they arrived August 8th, in safety. They first touched at Mon- hegan, and then proceeded " to the mouth of a fair navigable river," called by the Natives Sagadahock. Although, according to some accounts, they first went ashore upon Erascohegan,^ or the western Peninsula\ ^ yet it is believed they finally disembarked upon an Island 200 rods eastward, cal- led Stage Island ; — supposed by them to be better situated for all the conveniences of trade with the natives, and of navigation through the year. They probably landed on the north part of the Island, which is level and easy of access — the southerfy end- being high, bleak and rocky. They left the ships, August the 1 1 th ; and, assembling on- shore, returned public thanks to Almighty God, and listened to a sermon adapted to the occasion. Their patent was then read j and their ordinances, laws and instructions promulgated. The form of civil government, ahhough aristocratic and simple, was- evidently drafted for a great State. The Colony Council con- sisted of eight members, who were severally appointed to hold particular offices : George Popham, senior captain of the voyage^ being President ; Raleigh Gilbert, admiral ; Edward HarloWy master of the ordnance ; Robert Davis, sergeant-major and com- mander of the militia ; Ellis Best, marshal ; John Scammon,*' secretary of the colony j James Davis, commander of the fort, and Gome Careiv, searcher. These adventurous planters erected on the Island some slight habitations, or cottages ; sunk two or three wells ; and commenc- ed an intercourse with the Indians. But they were soon con- vinced, that the wells, owing to their contiguity to the sea, would *The original object was to begin near Monhegan, some where about the mouth of Sagadahock. Hub. JV. E. 36 — Indian, "Sagadahoke." -Smith^t Hid. 216. i Now Parker's Island, | " On a peninsula." 1 Holmei A, Ann, 160. Chap, i.] OF MAINE. 199 never yield sweet water ; that the Island* containing only 8 or 10 A. i). 1C07. acres, was too small for the permanent foimdation of a colony ; and that it was situated too far from other lands to form a free intercourse with the country. Therefore they concluded to change their situation ; and passing across the river, to the west- ern hank, they selected a pleasant and convenient site on the southeast side of a creek, f near what is now called Atkin's bay ; which stretches west into the land liaH" a league, and forms a peninsula at the southerly corner of the {jresent Phipshurg. To this place they themselves removed, and during the autunni, located and established a settlement ; which was subsequently denominat- ed the Sagadahock Colony. A commodious house and barn, and a few slender cabins were built, and a fortification erected, which they named fort St. George, from the Christian name of the President ; but it was afterwards called Popliavi's fort. A block house likewise with a store-room was erected and rough- ly finished ; where the people kept their provisions and might in case of danger find protection. J All practicable preparations being made for winter ; the two D.r. 5. ships, December 5di, sailed for England, leaving only 45 colo- J''|[''e '^^^s^ nists, situated between an imbroken wilderness on the one hand, and a waste of waters on the otlier ; — in an untried climate, and in the vicinity of savages. This plantation was undertaken by its patrons with a determination worthy of great and enterprizing minds ; resolved upon the accomplishment of their purposes ; and sure of the greatest advantages to be derived from its establish- ment and prosperity .§ Through the friendly assistance of two natives, Shetwarrocs, '"^'^ ^*" '~' , ii\es. and Dehamida, sent hither in the ships by Gorges and Popham, the adventurers received from the natives a cordial welcome, and afterwards testimonies of particular respect and hospitality. Some of the Sagamores even offered to go witli the English to tlie Basliaba, tlieir Great Chief; whose residence they repre- * On Stag-c Island are tlie rcmanis of a fort ; brick chimneys and some wells of water; several cellars; — the bricks must have come from Eu- rope. — Sallivan p. 170. + From tills creek to the mouth of (he Kennebec river is 10 miles. — Coll, Jil. His. Soe. -p. 254. \ Prince's .inn. p. 53— The fort is on tlie S. E. side of Cape Small Point reuinsula* '(■ HubLard's .\'. E. p. 37. 200 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A D. 1607. sented to be about Pemaquid. They signified to the President, that he was a mighty prince, holding in obedience all the sachems from Penobscot to Piscataqua,* and that he expected all the stran- gers, coming into his dominions, to pay him their court, as a cus- tomary usage. Yielding at last to their importunities, the Pres- ident proceded along the coast eastward, several leagues, till obliged by adverse winds and inclement weather to return ; — equally to the disappointment of himself, of the great Chief and the Sagamores. Trade wiih When the Bashaba was informed of m hat had taken place : he the Natives. ^ . . ^ sent his own son to visit the president, and make an arrange- ment with the company, for opening a trade in furs and peltry. Such was the conduct of this frank and forbearing people ; though several of them, but a short time before, and in this vicinity, had been forcibly carried away to places unknown to their tribe. As an instance of manly generosity, an Indian named Amenquin, to reward the strangers for a straw hat and knife " given him," stripped himself of a beaver mantle worth 50 or 60 shillings ster- ling, and presented it to the President,f The winter months were fraught with various trials. The season was extremely severe in England as well as in this country j their habitations were poor ; and they before spring suffered much from the cold. For though they had left a country in a higher latitude than this, they were nevertheless strangers to an atmosphere equally keen, and to unrelenting snow and ice, through five months in succession. ih^^Wiaer ^^'^^ ^^^^y might have enjoyed security and peace in their forti-« fication, and lived comfortably upon the provisions brought from home, together with the fish and game taken by themselves or purchased of the Indians, had they met with no misfortunes, and been guided, at all times, by the maxims of prudence and econ- omy. But a traditional story is related and transmitted to us, as coming from the old Indians, — that at some time in the winter, " a quarrel fell out between the colonists and the natives," wherein one of the former was killed, and the rest all driven out of the fort, leaving their provisions, arms, and several " barrels of pow- * Belk. Biog. p. 351. •}• From this creek to the mouth of Kennebec river is 10 miles. — 1 ColU M. Ilii. Soc. 251. I Pvrchas Pit. p. 939. Chap, i.] of Maine. 201 der." Tlie Indians opened die casks; and being unacquainted A. d. icoc. with die peculiar properties of their contents, carelessly scattered liie kernels, which, taking fire, blew to pieces the most of what was in the fort, and " destroyed several of the Indians" tliem- selves. Struck half dead by the report, and the disasters wit- nessed, they supposed the Great Spirit was angry with them for doing harm to the strangers ; and made immediate proposals for a restoration of mutual friendship. Another tale, which comes to us in the form of a memoir^, is also wordiy to be told : — Being collected at the fort to traffic, the Indians, it is said, were requested to draw a small mounted cannon by the drag- ropes. They laid hold, and when in an attitude most exposed, it was discharged, giving them all a frightful shock, and actually killing and wounding some of them. Whether these stories have any connection, or foundation in truth, we cannot at this distance of time ascertain with certainly : and we might especially wish the latter one for the credit of the colonists to be a fable ; yet both were believed to be true, by the ancient and well-informed inhabitants on Sagadahock river. It is, moreover, certain, that their store-house took fire in mid-winter, and was, with a great part of their provisions, reduced to ashes. As soon as the ships returned to England, Lord Popham per- suaded his associates of the Plymouth Council, to provide anoth- er immediate outfit and send them back without delay. But, while waiting for a wind, the mariners of one ship heard of his honi^iw Lordship's sudden death ; and the master of the other, before he (j'ilbj)."'^ ^' sailed, was informed that Sir John, the broUier of Raleigh Gil- bert, was likewise dead ; — and thus became the bearers of these melancholy tidings to the plantation. Besides these deaths, hapiiened that of George Popham, Prcs- „ ' ' ' o 1 ' Return of idcnt of the colony, who had also lately deceased ; and who was •''« emi- . n • griiiilN and succeeded in that office by Gilbert, the official admiral. Being his end of ibe coloiiv. brother's heir, he believed the estate required his immediate at- tention ; and therefore he concluded to return home. The reso- lution at tiiis crisis, and the deaths of the two Pophams and Gil- bert, three principal patrons of the cnterprizc, together with some additional disappointments, proved fatal to the colony. The cli- * Supplevjcnl to King Philip's icars, A. D, 1675— p. "5. Vol. I. U 202 THE HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D. IGOS. mate was cold ; the wilderness appeared to them impervious ; the land wholly unyielding to the toils and arts of cultivation ; and probably the Indians had become again unfriendly. Nay, one account represents, that in consequence of the resentments of the natives, occasioned by the gun-powder plot, or some ill treatment ; the emigrants were induced to re-embark, for the sake of their own safety, and durst not return. Having resolved to quit the country, whatever the cause might have been, they all entered, with their effects, on board the re- turning ships, that brought them, and cheerfully departed ; taking with them, as the only fruits of their winter's enterprize, several kinds of fur, a small vessel built by them, and some native pro- ducts of the place. — To Gorges and others, the promoters and patrons of this colony, the return of tlie planters was altogether unexpected and extremely unwelcome. In vindication of their conduct, they framed excuses with what ingenuity they possessed ; and though they had lost only one of their number b}^ natural death,* they told very unfavourable sto- ries of the country, its climate, soil, and healthfulness ; represent- ing it to be an intolerably cold and sterile region " not inhabitable (they said) by our English nation. "f This colony, the first ever attempted to be estabhshed by the English in North-Virginia, was planned and begun with the cour- age, zeal and beneficence which do not fear to encounter difficul- ties, or hazard expense. Its projectors and friends believed a colonial establishment, well organized and prosperous, would be the common resort and asylum of all adventurers to this country ; and the means of promoting and spreading other settlements to a wide extent. But its untimely end, some further deaths, and ad- ditional discouragements, gave a deadly check to the spirit of colonization fbr several years, f Yet Sir Francis Popham, son of the late " baronet," sent a ship annually into these waters, for several years ; in anticipation of benefits from the fishery and fur trade, and, possibly, from his father's advancements ; till over- * Prince''s Ann. p. 23.-^Tlioi)- ° '«•■• ville, a Catholic lady of France, zealous for the conversion of the American natives, after procuring of de iMonts a surrender of his patent, had it all confirmed to her by a Charter from the King, excepting Port-Royal, previously granted to Poutrincourt. She * 1 Belknap's Biog-rnpli)-, p. 35G. f Indeed their native abodes were wide apart one at Cape Cod, and the oliicr at St. Georg-e'a River. Chap, ii.] of Maine. 209 appointed one Suassaye, her a2;ent, who set up at Port le Hive, A. D. I6i3. in Acadia, where he arrived, ]May IGth, the arms of his mistress, in token of possession taken ; and at Port-Roval, he made a visit, Mn'i.Tmo (ioiirclie- wlicre he found only five persons, of whom two were Jesuit mis-viii.-s at fM 1 • 1 • • 1-1 111 A{;rnl,SH- sionaries. buassaye, producuis; Ins pious credentials, took both ii>s;iye. monks into the service of the mission, and sailed for Mount Desert, srssioiiof Here 25 colonists were landed on the soudi side of the river ; a *^'""'" small fort was built ; the ship's crew of 35 men helped fit up the habitations ; and here they set up a cross, celebrated mass, and called the place .S7. Saviour. Whether this was on the eastern end of the Island, as one account states, or in the southerly part, tis others report, where Biard and Massi- were residing, we have no means at this time to determine. But scarcely had these emigrants provided themselves with some few accommodations, when they had to encounter new, and unexpected troubles from the English. Capt. Argal, of Virginia, in a fishing trip to these waters, being cast ashore at Pentagoet, or Penobscot bay, was there fully informed by the natives what the French were doing at St. Saviour, sometimes called IMount Mansel.f This intelligence he immediately communicated to the Virginia The Frpncii magistrates, and they at once determined to expel these catholic Argal! ^ Frenchmen, as obtruders within the limits of tlie first Charter granted to the patentees of North and South Virginia. Eleven fishing vessels were speedily equipped, carrying GO soldiers and 14 pieces of cannon ; — and of tltis little armament, Argal was appointed the commodore. His first approach completely sur- prized the French ; yet having a ship and a barque in the har- bour, and " a small entrenchment" on shore, they made a show * It seems that Biard and Jlassc arrived at Port-Royal on tlie 12th June, iGll, and were probably the missionaries found here in the spring: of 1G13. — 1 C/i(irlertyu\ p. 20'J. He supposes St. Saviour was at Pcntag'oet. f In lat. 4 1*20' according to their observations: — this Avould be on the nortlierly part of the Island. " .Mount J^TanscP^ was tlie first land discovered by the lleet of tlic P.Iassachusctts emigrants, A. D. 1630. Tf'inlhroi/''s Jour- nal, p. 17. — See Hub. In. Wars, p. 23o J. Palaircl, p. 16, says, in 1613 (he French established " a fort at tlic mouth of the river rentajoct or Pe- nobscot, and Arffal drove them aw.iy I" — So also Ogilby, p. 137, says two Jesuits excommunicated Poutrincourt's son, gained a party in France, re- ceived arms, brass g-uns, &c. from Louis 13th, became masters of Port- lloyal, and began a fort at Pcutagoct. 210 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1613. of resistance. This was all they were ahle to do, for the cannon were not in a situation to be used; and the men were mostly absent from the fort, engaged in their respective employments. Argal, in his attack upon the vessels, found the capture of them to be no difficult task, even with musketry. Gilbert du Thet, one of the Jesuits, was killed by a musket ball, while in the act of levelling a ship's gun against the assailants ; others were woun- ded ', and those on board, except 4 or 5, were taken prisoners, Argal then landed and summoned the fort. The commander requested time for a consultation ; but through fear of bis bein^ reinforced, his request was not granted. The garrison then aban- doning the fort, through a private passage, escaped to the woods. After breaking in pieces the cross which the Jesuits had erected, Argal reared another inscribed with the name of his king, and in this way, took formal possession of the place. The people came in the next day and surrendered themselves, their patent, and their stores. Argal treated them with kindness, and gave them their choice, either to return home in such French vessels, as might perchance resort to the coast, or to go with him to Virginia.* To complete the reduction of Acadia, the fleet sailed farther eastward, piloted, as some say, by the Jesuit, Father Biard, who was glad of an opportunity to avenge himself of Biencourt ; or, as others affirm, by an Indian, whom Argal had pressed into his service. At" St. Croio; Island, he "took one vessel," destroyed what remained of de Monts' settlement ;f and crossing the Bay of Fundy, came to anchor before Port-Royal. The French at the time, were mostly absent from the fort ; f Biencourt, being employed in exploring the country, and others differently engaged. Argal, therefore, lost no time ; and in two hours, after he had landed his men, he reduced the entire settle- ment to ashes. The two commanders afterwards had a meeting in a neighbour- * Argal took 15 of them and the Jesuits to Virginia. Pie seems to have made f.vo voyag-es this year. — 1 Holmes'' A. Ann. p. 179. Note 1. f 39 Universal Hist. p. 255. I It is Tcniarkablc tliat both places were so little on their guard ; — since the coast was haunted by pirates. The famous Peter Easton in 1612 com- manded 10 pirate ships ; and in June took 100 men from the fisiiing vessels ^bout Newfoundland. — Prince's Ann. p. 35. Chap, ii.] of aiaine. 211 ing meadow, and discussed the subjects of their rights, and a. n. icu. claims, when Biencourt made proposals to ncgociate ; but Argal in return, said, his only orders were to dispossess the French ; and if they should be found there again, they would be treated as enemies. In this mood they parted ; and Argal carried the French ship, pinnace, cattle and provisions to Jamestown. The two Crowns being at that time in a state of profound '^^), '"J ""^ peace, the reason assigned for this hostile expedition, was the en- ^"o'"i"c='is croachments of the French upon (he territories of the English, — their right to which they rested on three grounds — tiie discovery by Cabot ; — the formal possession taken of the country by (iii- bert ; — and the original North and South Virginia patents, from their sovereign j — to which might be added, a continued claim by repeated visits, and by attempts to settle the country.* The expedition, was, in the opinion of some writers, " contrary to the law of nations, because inconsistent with their peace ;"f yet the transaction does not appear cither to have been approved by England, or resented by France. — Four years after this, Ui- encourt was resident at Port-Royal ; " and it seems, that by " some connivance of the English ministry, a small plantation of " the French, was suftercd to continue at that place, after its re- *' duction by Artia!.''! Tiie celebrated John Smith 11 has so much comiexion with ^"P«- Joi>u this history, as to deserve some particular notice. He was a na- tive of England, bold and magnanimous in mind ; and in talents, integrity and perseverance, not a whit behind Sir Ferdinando Gor- ges himself. Though now only thirty five, or six years of age, he had been a great traveller ; was a most conspicuous adven- turer to South Virginia ; and in 1 G08, made president of the Col- * By the patent, autliority was given to make Ihe seizure, fide Char- tcr^ 1606. It is saiJ, Port-Royal settlement liaJ cost tlie French 100,000 cio^rns.— 1 Charlero-x JV. F. 137. f Chalmers, p. S2. lPrince\t Ann. p. i)4. Note [l.*?.]— Pec SmUh's Hist. p. 1 15.— See a^Fo oilier aulhorilics as to the Expeditions of Atpfal. — 5 Purrhax, 1S28. Pr't. Dom, in JV'. America^ h. 14, p. 246. 2 Ddknap^s Bing. p. 51 — C4. II Soc, in Betk. Biag. ji. 240-320, the infcrcMing- Binaraphv of Capf. Sinilh. In A. D. IJOG, ^vUcn he was 17 years old, lie made the tour of Europe, killed tliree Turkibh champions in sinefle comhat ; and was honoured with a triumphal procession. He was a prisoner in Turkey. Flislifc was saved in Virginia by the celebrated Pocahontas, He died in London, A. D. 1631, aged 52. 212 THE HISTORY L v ul,. 1. A.D. 1G14. ony Council. So much had his virtues and a spirit of adven- ture, given his name celebrity among his countrymen, especially the merchants trading to America, that, on his leaving Virginia, they readily took him into service, for the treble purposes of dis- covery, traffic, and settlement, niarch 3ci. With an outfit of two vessels, a ship and barque, carrying 45 ymiUvs men, he sailed from London, March 3d, 1614, having instructions ^'"-a(i--'° ^° remain in the northern country, and found a colonial settle- iiock. ment, or at least keep possession.* He shaped his course for the river, or vicinity of Sagadahock ; and he himself says, " I was to have staid there with only sixteen men."f He arrived at Monhegan, the last of April ; and immediately entered upon the business of his voyage, at the mouth of the river Sagadahock ; and upon the neighbouring lands and waters. He built seven boats, in some of which himself and 8 men explored the coast east and west, to Penobscot and Cape Cod ; trading with the natives for beaver, and other furs, and making observations on the rivers, shores, harbours, promontories and islands. His men employed themselves in taking wliales found in these waters ; by pursuing which, however, they lost the best part of the fishing season ; nor were they when caught of the kind expected, "which yields fins and oil." Still more futile was the visionary story reported about a gold and copper mine ; it be- ing ascertained, on a little inquiry, to be the baseless fabric oi fiction. The fruits of this voyage were of great value and variety. Within 20 leagues of Monhegan, says Capt. Smith, we " got for trifles, 11,000 beaver, 100 martens, and as many otters :" — and we took and cured ' 40,000 dry fish ;' and ' 7,000 cod fish,' corned or in pickle. The net amount of gains, to those inter- ested, was about £1,500 sterling. Eastward, and about Penob- scot, he adds, " our commodities were not so much esteemed j" because 'the French traders bartered their articles on better terms.'! * The West-India Companj', under their charter from James I. gave positive orders to ships in their service, " to hinder any foreigner from set- tling there upon anj- pretence whatever." — J. Palairet, p. 14-16. t Smith's Hist. p. 221. X Smith's Hist. p. 213.— This year, 25,000 skins were brought from those northern parts into France. Chap, ii.] of ^L\lNE. 213 In exploring the coast, and contiguous country, Capt. Sniitli a D. )G1 i. obtained considerable knowledge of the natives. He says lie saw upon the land between Penobscot and Cape Cod, " forty several habitations," or " Indian villages ;" and enumerates twelve different people by name, residing east of Piscataqua. Of those seen along the coast from Sagadahock, southerly, as far as Na- umkeag, [Salem,] he says — they " all, for any thing I could per- " ceive, differ little in language, fashion, or government ;" but others scattered upon the coast to Cape Cod, (he adds) " I found " to differ somewhat in language, custom, and condition." He had oidy one skirmish with ihcm, and in this some ol them were killed. Smith sailed for England, July 8, leaving his companion, Thorn- T. Hunt l(iiln;i|is 24 as Hunt, master of the other vessel, who was bound wuh hissdva^es. freight to Spain.* Sniidi says, " Hunt purposely tarried behind, to prevent me from making a plantation, to monopolize the trade, and to steal savages." Indeed, Hunt's appetite was insatiate j for belore he left Patuxet [Plymouth] he seized 24, whom he car- ried to ^Malaga and sold for slaves, to the Spaniards, at £20 a man.f The more important discoveries, and observations made by !^>"iiir.^ Capt. bmith m his late voyage, he committed to paper ; and after- History o wards, at intervals of leisure, he formed a Map of the coast, and lamj/ compiled a short llistonj'l of the country ; to which Prince Charles prefixed the name iVr.w-ENnLANo. It was supposed to comprehend the region between Manhattan, [New-York] and J^ewfoundland. About the time when Capt. Smith was surveying and explor- ing this coast, a most destructive war broke out among the sav- age tribes, which raged two or three years. Smith does not mention it, nor yet Harlcy, v.ho was despatclied this sunmicr to Sagadahock by Gorges, with the artful Epcnow and other natives for the purpose of learning more about the gold mine, and of adding new laets to his stock oi knowledge. Epenow escaped by jump- * Some names of t!ie savages, Hunt took, were tiqiianto, or Tisquantum, Wanape, or Wanauct ; and Samosct. Tlie latter said, in 1021 alter his re- turn, he was a ^!aJaIno^c about Monhcjan — Prince, p. S'J. ■\ Princcin hij Annals, says Isc took twenty seven, p. 40. 100. At Gi!)- rultar, the friars (ooli those that were unsold, to christianize them. 1 Holmes^ Am. Ann. p. liii. t It -,va3 first publishci^. is 4to London IGIG. Ptinccx Ann. p. 139. 214 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. iGU.ing overboard, not far from Martha's Vineyard ; and with him vanished his glittering visions of gold. Aupmu The Plymouth Company at this period were so remiss, that no Colony ill considerations seemed able to arouse them Irom their inactivity. orMiUi.e.' As a body they disregarded the encroachments of the French; neither were they excited by motives of gain or emulation, though they saw vessels in the employ of the London Company return home in the midst of winter from the coast of New England, with rich cargoes. Hence Gorges, and his friends, as individuals, unit- ing, equipped two ships, gave to Capt. Smith the command of March. " them and sent him in March 1615, with sixteen planters, to begin a colony at some place within the Patent. But he was captured by the French ; his companions accomplished nothing ; where- fore Sir Richard Hawkins, the President of the Plymouth Com- pany, in October, afterward undertook another voyage for their benefit. On his arrival, he discovered that the eastern natives were engaged in a bloody war ; therefore he passed along the coast as far as to Virginia ; and returned to England with a cargo of fish only. War, fam- The parties to this savage war, and its causes are not fully ine and pes- '■ j liience kuown ; thoudi Mr. Hubbard says, that " on account of some among the . . . Eastern Na- treachery committed by the western tributaries of the Bashaba, a great Indian prince, towards the Tarratines ; there had,* arisen a deadly feud ; and the latter began the war." Ogilby, from Sam- son d'Abberville, and Capt. Smith, both suppose the great Saga- more liv^ed towards or near Penobscot ; and Gorges says, " his chief abode was not far from Pemaquid." His place of imme- diate residence was probably between that river and Penobscot bay. Yet, according to Purchas and Smith, his political domin- ions included, at least, all the Indians upon the Kennebec, the Androscoggin, and probably the Saco. Capt. Smith farther states, that though the tribes as far westward as Naumkeag [or Salem,] have their own sachems, or lords, " they hold the Bashaba to be chief, and the greatest among them." Nay, Gor- ges, Smith and Prince agree, that even the Massachusetts' In- dians and their friends, were sometimes the Bashaba's allies, though at other times, his enemies. It is also certain that the Tarratines dwelt upon the bay and waters of the Penobscot ; and * Hubbard's N. E. p. 30. Chap. II.] OF main n. 216 tliat they, and those on the PassamaquocUly and the river St. A. D. liiiG- John, considered tiiemseh-es as brothers, or brunclies of tiie same poHtical family.* HostiHlies were probably commenced early in the spring, A. D. 1G15 ;f and for two years, violence, revenge, and extermination, seem to give cliaracter to this war. In its progress, the Tarra- lines " presumed upon the hopes of being favoured by liie French," widi whom they are represented as being on terms of very intimate intercourse. At length, the arbiter of war decided in favour of the Turra- tines ; who, as we are told, were more "brave, wise, lofty-spirit- ed and industrious, than many others ;" and might possibly have been somewhat assisted by the French. J ]Most evidently, their successes were equal to their v.ishes ; for these Tarratine war- riors and their eastern allies cut their way to the residence of the Cashaba ; and when they had killed him and his adherents, they carried away his women, and all his valuable effects, in triumph ; laying waste his immediate territories. These were thought by some old writers, to have hecn the ruins of what the Europeans or natives have called the ancient Arambeck,^ or the remote parts of Koromhegua ; to which the victors as far at least, as to the western banks of Penobscot, or even to St. Georges, might per- haps now have succeeded . This war, not only in its course, but consequences, was, we are told, uncomn)only destructive. || The vanquished sufferers had been called from their hunting grounds, and prevented likewise from planting and fishing; their habitations were destroyed, and famine and distress soon filled the country with misery. Add to these, the calamities of a civil war ; for the subordinate sachems having no federal head or supcriour to control and unite tliem, * See, loraulliorities— 05-?%, p. 130, 150; Smith's Hist. p. 213, 213; Gorges'" jVnc. p. 12, 22, 53 — 54 ; Piince''s Ann. p. 112. — "To llm easternmost of Saorailaliock"— "tbis is the Basliaba's dominion.'' Purchas'' Pil. p. 9:J9. f I'rince's Ann. p. 43. lie says, Oct. 1G15, Hawkins found •' tlic war at •' the height, and the principal natives almost destroyed." \Prince's Ann. p. 112. Tlic Massachusetts Indians and (he " Sqnaw Sachems," feared the Tarratincs. ^ Ogilby, 139. 5 Parchas, 1632. II The enmity of the Tarratincs continued after the war. In A. D. 1G32, 100 of tiicm in 30 canoes attacked tlic Sajjamores of Agrawam [Ips- wich]— and killed and twjk captive 10 or 12. liubbard't X. E. 145. H inlhrop's Jonrn. 23.-29. 216 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1G17. after the death of the Bashaba many of the chief men fell into bloody feuds among themselves. To these distresses succeeded a pestilence, which spread far and wide, and was exceedingly fatal. It has been called the plague. It raged in the years 1617 and 1618;* and its wasting effects extended from the borders of the Tarratines, through the whole country, to the Narragansetts. The people died suddenly, and in great numbers, through the whole intermediate coast. It is said, some native tribes became extinct ; and their bones were seen years afterward by the English, bleeching above ground, at and around the places of their former habitations. f The specif- ic disease is not certainly known. Some have thought it was probably the Sinall pox : others have believed it must have beea the Yellow fever, from the circumstance, that the surviving In- dians represented the bodies of the sick, and dead, to have as- sumed an appearence resembling a yellow-coloured garment, ^'d^ "r^r ^' happened that Richard Vines and his companions, whom winter at Gorgcs hired to remain during the winter in this country, passed that season, probably in the vicinity of Saco, when this wasting pestilence was at its height. Nevertheless, though ' the mortality*^ " was the greatest that ever happened within the memory of man," yet " Vines and the men with him, who lay in the cabins^ with these people, that died, some more, some less, not one of them, ever felt their heads to ache, so long as they staid there. "f; Aitrmpts to 'VVliile Providence by these destructive agencies of war, fam- Easipiu jj^Q ^^^ pestilence, seemed to be thus openins; this country to the Couiiliy by '^ i o j Smiiii and entrance of Christian settlers ; a spirit for colonizina; it was ex- Rocroft. . . . . . ... tensively reviving again in England. Capt. Smith indefatigably espoused the cause ; and in his solicitude to unite and animate the English nobility, gentry and merchants in the undertaking, * Though writers dilTer as to the time. Prince says [in Jan. 1616.] Ann^ p. 46. 4 Coll. JI. Hint. Sjc. lOS, JVc«/'s JV. E. p. 37. This pestilence was known in England before Nov. 3, 1620. See N. E. charter of that year. See 1 Holmes'' A. Ann. 217—8. JS''nie 4. jThis plaofiie slew most of the Mass. Tribe. 1 ColL JL Hist. Soc. 1-15 8 //. 22G— 204. f Gorges'' Kar. p. 12. 22. 27. He says the country was sorely afflicted, by the plague so that " in a manner it was left void of inhabitants." — Huh- bard''s .TV. E. p. 195, represents the disease as very loathsome; many of the dead v/ere left nnburied " as appeared by the multitude of carcasaes found up and down the country." — 1 Belk. Blvg. 355. Chap, ii.] OF MAINE. 217 lie travelled through the khigdom, for that purpose ; making the a. D. iGia. subject a favourite topic, and distributing copies of his history and map. Besides receiving promises and other encourage- ments, he was at last provided with three shij)s at Plymouth, and presented with 15 settlers ready to embark. He was prepared to sail early in the spring (1017), with full intent to begin a plantation upon this coast. But being windbound three months, he abandoned the voyage ; receiving nothing more for all his la- bours, losses and disappointments, than a commission from the Plymouth Company, as Admiral of New England.* Never were attempts to accomplish an attainable object more '*P"'' uniformly thwarted ; and at the same time with greater persever- ance renewed. It was represented that one Thomas Dernier, then in Newfoundland was an active friend to the cause of set- tlement and discovery : and therefore the Plymouth Company through the persuasions of Gorges sent out Edward Rocroft in a ship to North America to assist Dermer. Though missing him, Rocroft had the good fortune, in April, to seize a French barque, obtrusively fishing and trading upon the coast ; and finding her a valuable prize, he sent the master and crew in his own ship to England ; determined to retain possession of her himself, and with a part of his men to keep or guard the coast through the winter. But ascertaining that several of his men had conspired to as- sassinate him and run away with the prize, he set them ashore at Saco ;f and in December sailed for Virginia, where he was killed. The wretched men, he left, having some knowledge of Mon- hegan, as a noted station, succeeded in reaching that Island, where they passed a tedious winter. This, and the winter previ- ously spent by Vines and his companions at Saco, are the earliest, in which any Englishmen, except the Sagadahock colonists, are known to have remained during the winter season, in the territo- ries of this State. Dermer, being a man of great prudence, and industry, embark- ifiio. Feb. ed at Plymouth in February, to find and assist Rocroft; also to Vo}age. bring about if possible, a reconciliation of the savages towards the English. J For die treacherous management of Hunt and * 1 Belli. Bioff. 314. f " Sawguatock" — 15 Leag-ncs from Monhcgan. — Princes\1nr., 55. t" Ahont Kennsbeck.''— //mM. A'arra. p. 28e— 1). Vol, I. 15 218 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1G19. others, had so highly exasperated the natives, that the business of trade and settlement was greatly interrupted. At Monhegan, he was informed by the Islanders, that Rocroft left the coast six months before for Virginia. He then took an exploring survey of the country, and found southvvestwardly, " some ancient plan- tations, not long since populous, now utterly void." Other places were not yet free from the sickness j where only a remnant of peo- ple with some stores had escaped. At Patuxet, [PlymouthjJ Squanto's native country, all were dead."* In performing the trust of reconciling the hostile Indians, Dermer had Squanto^s generous help, whom he had brought with him, from England, and whose heart he had won with kind- ness. He had also with him Samoset, a native of Sagadahock, whom Capt. John Mason, governour of Newfoundland, had lately sent home, and whose friendly feelings Dermer had secured. These were two of Hunt's captives, and had probably learned to speak the English tongue. Having succeeded in his mission, he put Squanto, (as he wished) ashore at Saco ; sent some dis- patches to England by a Capt. Ward ;f and June 23, left Mon- hegan for Virginia. Landing, on his way at Martha's Vineyard, he and his men were assailed by Epeaow and his countrymen, and in the affray, sever- Dcrmer's alofhis crcw Ware killed, and himself was so severely wounded, that he died in September, soon after his arrival in Virginia. The untimely death of this worthy man so exceedingly discour- aged Gorges, that he declared, it " made him almost resolve "never to intermeddle again in any of these undertakings."! The Ply- Unexpectedly at length, the first settlement in New-England nioiili. Til- ' II- r • ' 1 grinis seiiie was established by a people and m a manner, very few it any had previously contemplated. The English Puritans who resided in Holland, liaving resolved upon a removal to America, procured of the Virginian Company, in Sept. 1619, a Patent; and im- * Prince's Ann. 63. Smith's flist. 127. 229. I It is said Dcnncr loaded n sliip of 200 tons v.'ith fish and furs at Monhe- gan and dispatched it for England; and each sailor had jjl6. 10s. for seven months— Hoi. A. Ann. p. 196. X Hubbard, says [Hist. JV. E. p. 40.) Dermer w.ns employed " to settle " the affairs of the plantation now a third time revived a^ain about Kenne- "bec in the year 1G19." — Sec ilubbard''s Js''arralivc of Indian Tf^ars,Tp, 289. £d. JForcesltr, IQ01.~ Smith"* Hist. 228-9' Chap, ii.] of MAINE. 219 mediately made preparations for leaving Europe to locate them- a. D. icro selves on or near the river Hudson. Neither the dansrers of the ocean, nor a wilderness of savages, could extinguish tiitir he. \ un- born courage ; for God and truth, religion and lile.'y, inspir- ed their resolution and enterprise. Led on hy hopes from iibove, though filled with anxieties, they embarked at Plymouth, Sept. G, in the following year, 1G20. But they were treated with treachery. The Duteii, desirous of possessing the same country which these pi- ous pilgrims were seeking for their refuge, bribed their captain ; and he brought them in November, to the shores of Patuxet. They knew their patent would now avail them nothing, for they were entirely without the limits of the Virginian territory : therefore they formed a social compact and a temporary rrovernment, and resolutely entered upon a country as they viewed it, provided for their abode by the allotment of Providence. 220 THE HISTORY [Vol. 1. CHAPTER III. A. D, 1620 SellleiTK^nls promoledi Patent to Piymouih Council. Granted. Neio-England patent granted — Its extent and government — Patent to Mason — Charter of N. Scotia to Alexander — Its cicil powers and meinagemcnt — Laconia, a province, a company — Monliegan and other places on the eastern coast settled — Intruders — Saco, Nav- Hampshire, arid Pemarjuid settled — Robert Gorges, and his council — Prce Jishery discussed — Agamenticus settled — The rights to Acadia, and of the Plymouth Council discussed — N. Scotia confirmed to Alexander — 31onhcgan sold — Trade to Kennebec — Massachusetts patent and charter — Canada taken by the Kirks — Peace — New-IIamjJ shire, Conimocks, Kennebec, Saco, Lygonia, Muscongus and P emaquid patents — Settlements at Sog- adahock and Piscataqua. An era now opens which was far more favourable to the set- tlement of North America, than that of any preceding period. The country was perpetually growing in importance ; and adven- turers, through the increase of their knowledge and experience, became more judicious and prudent in their enterprizes. In 1620, after our Pilgrim Fathers had founded the colony of New Plymouth, seven English ships made voyages to New England for fish and fur, and eight others carried 1,095 settlers to the "Virginia plantation. Observing that colony to flourish under new patents* with more ample privileges, the Plymouth Company, or the other branch in the corporation of 1606, petitioned the crown, through Gor- ges for a new Patent, which might prescribe a definite extent of territory, with the necessary powers and privileges ; and give an exclusive right to the soil, fishery, and trade, within its limits. The king was easily moved by the entreaty ; and accordingly orderedf one to be drafted which should compare with that pre- viously "granted to the present company in Virginia." This charter was dated Nov. 3, 1620. Its corporate members * Its second Patent 23d May 1609— 3d Patent March 12th 1621.— 1 liaz. Coll. 58, 72, 81. f 1 Haz. Coll. 99 — where the order of council i? f ntirc. Chap, in.] OF MAINE. 221 consisted of forty noblemen, knights and gentlemen,* who were a.d. ic20. rollectively denominated, " The Council established at Plymovth in the County of Devon, for planting, ruling and governing New-England in America J'^ The extensive country, now grant- land. ed in fee-simple, was situated between the 40th and 48th degrees of northern latitude, in breadth ; and in length by the same breadth " throughout tiie main land from sea to sea ;" — extcncHng in fact, from the bay of Chaleur, and the nortli line of Maine, southerly, to a parallel of latitude, more than a degree below Long Island, or the mouth of the river Hudson. After expressly recognizing tlie patent to Hanham, Gilbert and others in 1606, and the possessions acquired, and settlements undertaken, within its limits ; the new charter premises, that this country had lately experienced, under a visitation from God, an uncommon desolation, by " a destructive plague," and " horrible slaugliters and murders among the savages ;" and that none other than English subjects had any possessions within that territory. * Namely,— LoJowick, duke of Lenox, Lord Steward. Georg^e, Ld. ^Marquis Buckingham, JJisli Admiral. James, J^larquis Hamilton. William, Earl of Pembroke, Lord Chamberlain. Thomas, Earl of Arundel. William, Earl of Bath. Henry, Earl of Southampton. William, Earl of Salisbury. Robert, Earl of Warwick. John, Viscount Haddington. Edd, Lord Zouche, Lord JFarden of the Cinque porls. Edmund, Lord ShctTicld. Edward, Lord Gorges. Sir Edd. Seymour, Knighl Baronet. — Robert Mansell. — Edward Zouche, Knight JIar. shal. — Dudley Digg'P. — Thomas Rowe. — Ferdinando Gorges. — Francis Popham, [son of the late Chief Jus. of Eug.] Sir Jolin Brooks. — Tliomas Gates, [in the patent of 1U06.] — Ricliard Hawkins, [Pret. of JV'. V. Col. 1615.] — Richard Edgecomb. — Allen Apsley. — Warwick Heale. — Rich'd F. Cotchmay. — Joljn Bourchier. — Nathaniel Rich. — I^dward Giles. — Giles Moinpcsson. — Thomas Wroth. Knights. Mathew ShurtclclTe, DeanofExcler. Henry Bonchier, Esqr. Robert Heathe, Recorder of Lon- don. John Drake. Raleigh Gilbert, [in the Patent of jfi06.] George Cliudlcj', Thomas Hammond. John Argal. Esquirei. 222 "^'"E HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D. 1G20. Nay ' many places for leagues,' it was stated, ' were without na- tive inhabitants to challenge any interest in the lands. Powers. The charter created a body politic, and corporate with per- petual succession, vested with powers to fill vacancies ; to elect a president and secretary ; to appoint all governors, and other offi- cers needful for managing the affiiirs of the Colony, whether in America or in England ; and to establish all such laws, and or- dinances as might be suitable for a regular administration of jus- tice. The Corporation or Council were democratical in their proceedings ; and all their governors, magistrates and other au- thorities in the colony, were directed to rule, punish and pardon, according to the orders and instructions given them under the corporate seal and signature of the President.* Privileges. Ji^ general, the privileges granted in the former charter were confirmed to the Plymouth Council now incorporated ; — such as the rights of citizenship ; the exclusive trade and fishery within their territorial limits ; importations from England seven years duty-free ; and the expulsion of all intruders. But no coining of money was allowed in the colony, nor any catholic permitted to settle there. f This Charter, which existed upwards of fourteen years, and longer than the former one, is the foundation of the numerous sub- sequent patents by which New England was first divided j and its settlements and colonies located and limited. F. Gorges. The more zealous and prominent men in the council were two, who might be justly placed at the head of the list. One was Sir Ferdinando Gorges. He had been president, under the former charter ; and the settlement of this country was still his favourite pursuit. Capt. John Mason, returning home about this time from Newfoundland, of which he had been governour, also exhibited great courage and confidence in the cause ; and when there was an occasion to fill an early vacancy in the Council, he was elected a member and became their secretary. J John Mason, ^he first territorial grant by the Plymouth Council was to him. This was dated March 2, 1G21 ; and it embraced the lands be- * Yet the Plymouth Council doubted its right to transfer the powers of government to any of its Patentees : though it certainly had the sole power of granting the lands from the 40th to the 48th degree. — Hubhards^ JV. E, 627-620. \ Sec this Charter entire.— 1 Haz. Coll. 103-118. t 1 Belknap's N. H. p. 14- CriAP. III.] OF MAINE. 223 tween jNTerriinack and Naumkcag, from their sources to the sea, a.d. 16J1. including all islands widiin three miles of the coast.* It was called "Mariana." But though the expectations and plans of Gorges were great, y.>p,„.i, he was nevertheless exercised with very discouraging apprehen- ^''*""- sions. He had ohtained due information that the French were settled at Quebec, at Port-Royal, at Blount Desert and at other places ; and intended to become the exclusive posses- sors of the country. He foresaw, that though the coast was thoroughly cleared of them by Argal, eight years before, as far as Port-Royal : the most efficient measures ought to be adopted without delay to thwart their designs and exclude them from New England. A didiculty however arose from a deficiency or defect in the new Charter itself. It extended indeed, two de- grees ftrther north than die former one ; yet he found after all it only embraced the bay of Chaleur, which was a degree at least below the southerly bank of the gulf of St. Lawrence. To remove this perplexity, Gorges, " being (as Prince says)f .Snpt. lo. entrusted with the affairs of this country," procured from the i\.,vi, scdia Council a conveyance unto Sir William Alexander, Secretary of !",j^,r. *"*' State from Scotland, and afterward earl Sterling and Vis- count of Canada ; J whereby a large northern section of their ter- ritory was assigned to him, which was forthwith confirmed and enlarged by a Patent, Sept. 10, IGil, from James I. the king of England. The western boundary line of the Province passed northwardly, from Passamaquoddy through "the river St. Croix, to the farthest source or spring which comes from the west ;" and thence north in a direct course over land to the first spring that runs into the great river of Canada ; thence northward unto the river and along the shores of it eastward to Gaspe ; and thence by the coast, exclusive of Newfoundland and Cape Breton, around Cape Sable and across the bay of Fundy to the place of be;:inning. To this territory, which embraced a great part of ,'lc- acha and also die islands and waters widiin six leagues of the *Sce this Patent in IlubbarcVs JV.E. p. 61-1—616. t Prince's Ann. p. 94. 111. I 2 Brit. Dominions in Am. p. 6. — lie was made Viscount, A. D. 1333. Sir William M*as master of requests for "icollanJ. I\Iasoii fust jnlruJiiceil Jiim to Gorges; and Gorges says, the Ivinjj; commanJud tis to assign Sir \\'il- liam a " part of our territories." — 1 Csll. Haz. 337. 224 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1 A. D. 1621. shores, was given the name Nova Scotia,* or New-Scot- land, — and it was granted to Sir WilHam and his heirs in fee simple without any condition ^vhatever. No provisions for any civil government appeared in the Patent ; and the country was erected into a royal palatinate, — to be holden as a fief of the Scottish crown ; the propi'ietary being invested with the regal rights and prerogatives, of a count-palatine. The tv^-o rights of soil and government being in this way originally separa- ted, were for a long period kept distinct, and sometimes in dif- ferent hands. These territories must have been considered the King's Scottish dominions ; and even then, it will perplex the wisest civilian to discover the justice or propriety of the tenure. Scotch Set- There was a general wish, and it was also Sir William's inten- tlemeiits at- . ■ i c ^ • tt i tempted, tions, to settle the country with scotch enngrants. Utterly op- posed as they were to French Catholicism, they would form a stable barrier to the encroachments of Frenchmen ; while their industrious and economical habits and religious principles would render them a fit people to settle a new country. Sir William, the next year, and from year to year, till the death of his king, sent a ship with men and necessaries to plant a colony within his Patent. One arriving late in the next season, was obliged to stay through the winter in Newfoundland. The mariners and planters, in another, coasted from that island along the shores of Nova Scotia ; selected an eligible place for a plantation on Port Joli river, eastward of Cape Sable ; and took possession. Yet, " by reason of some unexpected occurrences," they resoh^ed to make discoveries, not to plant, and took passage in July for England ; intending to resume the enterprize the next spring. Accordingly in 1624, and afterwards, Sir William transported hither some Scottish settlers ; and after ' subduing the French inhabitants, or removing them to Virginia,' he " planted a colony there himself, and held possession ten years," before " it returned to the French."! * This Patent was in Latin ; hence the name "Nova Scotia." — See trans- lation Ijy Falairet, l6—lS.—0!dmixion 22. tl Cnll. Jlass. His. Sec. od scries, p. 232.— After tins Sir William per- mitted liisson and Claiulcdc la Tour to biiild a fort at St. John's river, call- ed " La Tour and Akxandcr.^^ — See Commissioners^ Report. — See Chalmers p. 42, 91.— 5 Purchas, p. 1871— 3.— 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 219, who cited •'Laet. p. 62." Chap, in.] OF MAINE. 225 Gorges and Mason, tlie projectors and prosecutors of still A. D. 1622. greater designs, were taking measures to carry a very extensive '"'""vinceof plan of enterprizcs into iinmediatc execution ; wherefore llicy fir.-t j)rocured of the Plymoutfi Council, August 10th. 1622, a patent of all the country between the Merrimack and Sagadahock ; ex- tending from the Atlantic unto the rivers Canada and Iroquois, and including the *' Savage nations towards the great lakes." It was called " Tke Province of Laconia,^^* — a region represented by travellers and novelists as abounding profusely in all the varie- ties of nature. If their descriptions were just, the seaboard was full of har- bours and fish, the lands were variegated with elevations vallies, rivers and streams, and clothed with forest trees of every spe- cies, where wild fruits, nuts, and gums, were spontaneous, and abundantly plentiful. In fresh waters were always seen shoals of delicious fish ; and over the declivities and through meadows might be killed multitudes of deer, beaver, and other game — truly one of the best regions in the world, for furs and settlements. Nor could any land offer to emigrants surer pledges of health and long life ; for the atmosphere was pure and salubrious, and the face of the ground was free of every thing that could hurt or annoy. In a word, it was exalted by some romantic accounts into a kind of terrestrial paradise. f To make lar";e srains of a country so extensive, and so tempt- '-■'f""i» ing to adventure and rural |nirsuits, Gorges and Mason, united Conned, with several merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth, Shrewsbury and Dorchester, in an association, self-termed "The Company of Laconia ;" being thus able to give a new impulse to the fur trade and fisheries ; — to discovery and settlement.J A great number of ships was sent, during the season, from the west of England, to take fish in these " northeastern waters," of which, as many as tliirti/ visited the Damariscove Island. <§ Emigrants arrived, intending to dwell in the country ; and estab- lishments were undertaken at Piscataqua,|| and other places, along these eastern shores. * Hubbard's y. E. 616— See a certified copy [Feb. 17, 17G3, from Lords Com. Plan, at Whiteliall,] in Sec. nflice^ Botlon. f t Belk. Biog^. 376—7. I Ilubbar.i's N. K. 215.-1 Bclk. N, II. 14. ( Prince's .\nn. 117—8. Ill Bclk. N H. 14. Vol. I. 16 226 THE HISTOtlY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1622. MoNHEGAN WES permanently peopled about the year 1622J Settlers up- A part of Dermer's crew, as previously stated, passed the winter on Moiihe- ^ , , t, r , pan and the 1618 — 19 upon the Island ; and the next May, they were there, for he could obtain information from none other than ' hs resident inhabitants,' that Rocroft, the year before, had actually sailed for Virginia. The Island was a place of general resort ; and Prince says, that five of " Sir F. Gorges' men" had a skirmish with the natives near Cape Cod, in the autumn of 1620, in Avhich three were slain, and the other two " hardly escaped to Monkegan.^^* The same author makes express mention of the Island in the fol- lowing February, as " a Plantation of Sir F. Gorges ;" — and again two months afterwards, as " a settlement of some begin- nings." But still, how could any confident anticipations be enter- tained of its prosperity, if the first Islanders were only resident fishermen, blended with some such stragglers as Dermer's crew ? Perhaps, however, the Company of Laconia considered it appen- dant to their patent, and fishermens' dwellings were now fitted up under their auspices, for the purposes of a more extensive fishery. At any rate, these facts soem to be certain, that Mon- hegan was not without inhabitants a/ter 1 622, till the first Indian war, and that the young colony of New-Plymouth, in the spring of this and subsequent years, sent hither for provisions, which they readily obtained from the ships always found in these eastern waters. The opposite country, or main, afforded greater conven- iences for traffic ; and it seems, that slight habitations, such as cabins for fishermen and huts for temporary residence, were con- structed about this time upon the shores, between the rivers St. George and Saco.f Intmdefs. But it was a prevailing sin of early times, to treat the native inhabitants and the country, as if they were only fit to gratify the cupidity of the plunderer, or passion of the destroyer. The * Princess Ann. 99, lUO. — He says, "this year," 1623, there are " some scattering beginning's made at Monhiggou and some other places by sundry others."— 7fe. 127. 134. f Hubbard in his J^ar. p. 280, says, after the attempt to settle Sagada- liock, " other places adjoining were soon after seized and improvedy«r trad- ing and fishery." But in Lis IJist of JV'. E. p. 14, speaking of the coast eastward about Monliegan, Damariscove, Casco Bay, Cape Porpoise and Metinicus, he says, no Colony was ever settled in any of these places " till the year 1620." Que — was there any so early, except tljat of Ncw-Ply- inuiith? Chap, hi.] of MAINE. 227 Plymouth Council, even complained to the king, of the repre-A.D. 11:22. hensiblc cncroacinnents and (abuses committed within their pa- tent. The woods were plundered of timber or set on fire, to the utter ruin of whole forests ; the best harbours were unneces- sarily encumbered with overthrown ballast and impediments ; the possessions of proprietors and the first emigrants were wantonly disturbed ; the profits of trade with the natives, and the rights of fishery upon the coast, were engrossed ; and the offenders, ap- parently " resolving to omit nothing that might be impious and intolerable," had bartered away to the savages, fire-arms and am- munition and taught thenii.the' use of the gun. — But as might be expected, some of them afterwards receiving retributive justice from heaven, were slain by the same savages they " had taught, and with the same weapons they had sold them." To rectify and prevent all improper practices, and favour the designs of the proprietors, the king by proclamation, Nov. 6, 1G22, commanded his subjects, both adventurers and planters through New-England, never to disturb the trade with the na- tives — never to sell them fire-arms ; nor in any instance to inter- meddle with the woods, or freeholds of the planters, without license either'^from the Plymouth Council, or the crown. It also threatened the wrongdoers with confiscation and other penalties expressed in the patent, provided they did not desist ;* — as if such a mandate could eftectually be a preventive of evils, in a country where eyewitnesses must be few and interested, and tri- bunals were unknown. Yet it might have some effect, to allay fears and invigorate enterprize. As early as 1G23, a permanent settlement was commenced at AiD. 1G23. Saco. Gorges, 14 years before, and subsequently, had sent hith- Saco sei- or Richard Vines and others, to collect facts and select some el- egible situation for planting a colony. The first winter they pass- ed in the country was, in all probability, A. D. 1617 — 18, and at the mouth of the Saco. For in a subsequent grant of territory here. Vines, John Oldham, and their associates, were represented to have undertaken " the advancement of the general plantation " of the country, and the strength and safety thereof against the " natives or any other invaders ;" and some of them, certainly Vines, if not Oldham, in fact "lived" here in 1G23, where they ♦ 1 Ilaz. Coll. p. lol, 152. 228 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1623 and their companions long continued their residence.* Gorges being the patron of Vines, must also have been the tutelar pro- tector and guide of this colonial enterprize. The place chosen was at Winter-harbour, near the seashore, an inviting situation ; and six years after this, a patent was granted to the settlers, and a form of government established. f N. Hamp- ^'^ the Spring of the same year, the Company of Laconia sent shire. Q^gj. j)ayj(j Thompson, two Hiltons, and other planters, to estab- lish a colony and fishery, on the south side of Piscataqua river, at its mouth. Here they erected salt-works and built a house which they caUed " Mason's Hall ;" — being the foundation of New- Hampshire. | We call those settlements permanent, which are continued h ^If^'^'i «? fi'O^i^ ysar to year, without interruption ; and although we find George. not in the annals of the times, precisely in what year or by what persons, habitations for families, or homesteads, were first formed upon Arrowsick Island, and upon the main land at Sagadahock, at Sheepscot, at Damariscotta, at Pemaquid and St. George's river ; yet we .are under the necessity of concluding, it must have been as early as the present year. The harbours, head-lands and rivers had rendered this section uncommonly attractive to Europeans; the remains of chimnies and vestiges of dwelling-places, are strong- ly marked with antiquity, § and it is said, there were only seven years after this, " eighty-four families besides fishermen," dwel- ling upon the shores of this region. . Q^ ^ ] But no country can be prosperous and happy, without civil Govern- rulcrs or somc administration of government. The Plymouth Council, convinced of this as a political maxim, sent over a del- egation of three gentlemen, Rohert Gorges, Francis West, and * Sullivan, p. 219.— T/ie Patent says, A, Z>. 1629, " John Oldham of New- "Eng-laud, gentleman planter, and his servants, have for six years past, Viv- " ed ia New-Eng-land ; and he hath at his own expense transported divers " persons, there" — viz. Saco, A. D. 1G29. •t 1 Belk. J\''. JI. Jipp. p. 291.— lie " mcmorpndum" of a deed 17 May- 1629, calls " Richard Vines, Governor, and Ricliard 'Bonig-hton, assistant of the Plantation of Saco." But the genuineness of this deed is doubted. I 1 Belk. N. II. 15.— Brince's Ann. 134. 5 The Duke de Rochrfoucaull Llancourf, in 2d vol. Travels, p. 24 1 — 5, says, " some attempts to settle a colony in the vicinity of New-Castle were made by the Dutch in 1625, and even at the early period of 1607, but without effect." Also Hubbard's J\''ar. 250. ment nor Chap, hi.] OF MATNn. 229 IViUiam Merrill, with authority, in diflerent capacities, to super- A. D. iG23t intend and inana,c;e all the public aflliirs of New-En-^land.* Gorces, son of Sir Ferdinando, an active, enterprising: senius, n.Oo and a brilliant officer in the late Venetian war, was commissioned o'"i..-rar, Lieut-General, and Governor-in-cliief of the country. His coun- Cu.incii. cil was to be formed and consist of Francis West, Christopher Lca\ itt, the Governor of New-Plymouth, and such others as he niiu;ht select ; and when in session, they were invested with full j)Ower " to do what they should think just and fit in all cases capital, criminal, civil and military. "f He arrived at New-Plym- outii in September, and brouu;lit with him several fiimilies and passengers, and also a patentj from the Plymouth Council, dated the loth of the preceding December, intending to settle a Colony southerly of Cajie Ann, while he was discharging the duties of Governor through JVew-England. West, commissioned Admiral of New-England, arrived a few months before the Governor, with special instructions to restrain all unlicensed slii|)s from fishing and trade within the Plymouth patent, or otherwise to exact of all interlopers, payment of the penal sums prescribed, lie proceeded to execute his orders, till finding the fishermen too sturdy and stubborn for him to control, he was obliged to desist. To superintend the churches, when established in New-Eng- land, Mr. Merrill, an Episcopal minister, had received a commis- sion from the Ecclesiastical Courts in England ; but he met with no welcome and returned home in disgust. § When West arrived in England, the mariners complained to j.^pc pjsi,. Parliament of his attempts to restrain them in their rightful em- ^vMimT""^'' ployments, and requested an order to make the fishery entirely ^^ iree. The Commons were at that time extremely jealous of the royal prerogative ; and so much were they oj)posed to these corporations created by the King with exclusive privileges, that they were ready to view the charter to the Plymouth Council as a public grievance. Hence they immediately called Sir Ferdi- nando to the bar of the House, and charged it upon him and his * Sullivan 167 — 391. S. Davit* account, on the C. Files, t Prince, p. 111—2. I 1 Ilaz. Coll. 151— 5.— Prince's Ann. 141—2,-1 Bclk. Bioj 367— 0. { 1 Belle, Bioff. p. 366— 7.— 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. 125—139. 230 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. I). 1624. associates, that they of the corporation under color of planting a colony were pursuing their own private gains, regardless of the public interest, and the good of the community ; and, though he, as a gentleman of worth and honor, had their respect, all personal considerations must yield to the common weal ; and he must without delay deliver the patent to the House. fente^*' '^^' Gorges' defence was able, though the Commons thought it not satisfactory. He said " he had no power to deliver the patent without the consent of the Council ; nor was it in fact in his cus- tody. Never had they transcended their rights ; and he knew not how their enterprizes could be considered a public grievance, since they were undertaken for the increase of trade, the advance- ment of rehgion, and the enlargement of national empire. No monopoly had been exercised or enjoyed for the purposes of pri- vate gain 5 for (said he,) the losses of the adventurers have been so heavy, that they themselves had grown weary, and others were fearful to engage. At no time, had the fishery been, by design, or in fact, converted to private uses, as the offers made to all the maritime cities in the western part of the kingdom, would abund- antly evince. Nay, the exclusive privileges in the charter itself, were nothing more than the necessary favors granted to the com- pany, for the management of their prudential concerns — privileges possessed by lords of manors without a jealous thought.* ihep'coun-^ However, when the grievances of the nation were presented cii checked, to the king by the parliament, the patent was the first on the list. Apprehending this, and knowing the facts, king James, out of respect to his prerogative and to Gorges, would not recal it.f Still the discussion and issue gave a great, though temporary check, to the measures adopted for colonizing the country : and the Plymouth Council in deference to the voice of the nation, J suspended their plans and expeditions, and concluded to call home Gorges, the governor, in about a year subsequent to his arrival. After looking therefore to his father's afiairs eastward, * 1 Belli. Biog-. 369. I In 1621, James is reported to have said, " America is not annexed to the realm, nor vvitliin the jurisdiction of Parliament," 'and they have no rig-ht to interfere.' — 1 Holmes^ A. Ann. 237. \ After this, the Plymouth Council granted only two or three patents, till A. D. 1629. Chap, hi.] OF ftlAiNE. 231 lie returned ; and this, the first essay made to establish a general a. d. iCi24. government in Ne\v-Ene;land, was wholly luisuccesslul. Gorges, mcctins; with these crosses in the eeneral system ol ,. „ American afiairs, determined to plant a small colonv at his own '""' ".' ^s- ^ •' iiirii'iUiruii. expense. He had been informed of a short salt-water river, ad-lVork j milling vessels to a safe harbour and good anchorage at and above its mouth, called J]i;amenticus ;* its situation being nearly equidis- tant from a mounlain of that name and the river Piscataqua. — Pleased with the description of the place, he procured from the Plymouth Council, a patent of 24,000 acres, — namely, 12,000 on each side of Agamenticus [York] river, and made provision for settling it. He entrusted the immediate management of its affairs to Ferdinando Gorges, his grandson, a young gentleman of rank and ambition, and to Francis Norton, who having risen, by his own merits, from a common soldier to a Lieut. Colonel, was desirous to perpetuate his fortune. In this company of emigrants were several artificers, who were to be employed in building vessels and saw-mills. The others were laborers, furnished with oxen and means, partly for clearing and cultivating the ground, though principally for getting lumber of different kinds. A settlement was commenced on the eastern side of the river near the sea, and afterwards no oilier plantation of Gorges had so constantly and so fully his patronage and favor. f About this time, a demise of the crown happened, which was followed by an event alike unpropitious to the Plymouth Council, ^ siipuin- to Sir William Alexander, to Gorges, and to this country. This J,-"," Amdia was the intermarriage of Charles, the new King, with Henrietta'" l'"""'^"' Maria, a French Princess and a Catholic. By the marriage treaty, negociated some months prior to her arrival, in jMay, 1C25, it was stipulated to cede or resign generally the jurisdiction of Acadia to France. f This, in view of all Englishmen interested, cast a deep shade upon their American affairs ; and brought their rights into an unhappy collision with the engagements of the * Called also " Accomenticus" — Gorget^ Hist. ■f The precise time iwlicu Agamcnlicus [York] was first settled is not quite certain. Gorges Hist. IG, 27, says, it was about the time N. Ply- mouth was settled. — 1 Btlk. Biog. 377-8 gives this settlement a place, in order of time, before, though the same year (1G2'3) with (hat of riscatacjua. Capt. Champernoon and the cousin of Sir F. Gorges had charge of the plan- tations about Agamenticus. — nubiarcl's .V. E. 22-1. I J. Palairet.p, 18, 19. 232 A. D. 162 Gorges' dc fence. .July. tiir'W. Al exander's Charter. Feb. 1626. Monhegan sold to Ei- hridj^e and Aldsworlli. THE FlISTORY [VoL. I. 5 crown. The King and Council saw it ; and when the French ambassador came to urge his master's claim to the territory, they summoned Gorges before them to defend, explain or surrender, according to what might appear best adapted to circumstances. Gorges appeared and defended the rights of the Plymouth company with so much ability and force, as to affect a postpone- ment of the concession.* It was perceived however, that the French were in a fair way to acquire a considerable part of the long coveted country, in spite of all opposition. Sir William Alexander well knowing their wishes and his own liabilities to loss, procured of king Charles, July 12th, a confirmation of his grant, described and sanctioned with much particularity :f — and this, followed by a war with France two years afterwards, kept Nova Scotia, or Acadia, from the French, till the treaty of St. Germains.J But no sooner was the French claim put to rest, than the Com- mons renewed their calls upon the Plymouth Council, to grant a free fishery within their patent, and upon refusal, moved the king to vacate the charter. — Thus assailed from different quarters, their rights were only preserved by Charles ; he like his father, refused to yield a little of his prerogatiye, even at the solicita- tions of Parliament. These measures and the controversies between king and people j the apprehensions of a war with France, and other anticipated difficulties, so alarmed the Enghsh merchants, that those of Ply- mouth, who were proprietors of the plantation at Monhegan, made sale of it to Giles Elbridge and Robert Aldsworth, for £50 sterling. They also sold to the Plymouth colonists and Piscata- qua setders whatever else they owned, consisting of goats, Bis- cay blankets, and sundry mercantile commodities to the amount of £900 ; and withdrew from the concern. § It is said, that under the late purchasers, the Island was occupied and improved by resident families to the first Indian war.|| • 1 Bclk. Biog-. 375. I See this patent in Latin. 1 Haz. Coll. 206—224. I Namely A. D.1632, thoug-h there was peace in 1629. 5 Tiic articles had belonged to the cargo of a French ship cast away at Sag- adahock ; and were obtained by the Monheg-an Islanders. Prince's Ann. 153. 161. — Abraham Jennings sold the Island and delivorcd the patent to Abraham Shurte, agent to the purchasers, Shurte lived at Pemaquid. ISee his Dcpo. Cum. Rep. Aidsworth was aa "Alderman." || Sullivan. Chap, hi.] of Maine. 233 These overtures probably increased the population upon tlie a. u. jcW- shores, and promoted trade u itii the natives. The iVew-Plymouth ro'oniMs of colonists, by a little barter, froni year to year at ^lonhegan and ,\'„'i,'i',i,M'rad» Damariscove for provisions, had now become acquainted wjtli the 1° l^*^"."*; certain gains arising from the fishery and fur-trade in this quar^ t'co'^sc"'' ter ; and began to make trips hither solely for these purposes, After harvest the last year, they sent a shallop loaded with corn "up Kennebeck river," in exchange for which, they received " 700 lbs. of beaver besides other furs."* The present year, they erected a trading house at Penobscot, and commenced a traffic with the Tarratine Indians ; being the first English estab« lishment of the kind in these waters, f To secure unto themselves the exclusive trade of the Kcnne- 16-1'- Their beck, Mr. Allerton, their agent, applied to the Plymouth Council, Ucckfatem, in 1 G27, for a patent, which was readily granted ; but its limits and the privileges it contained, were altogether too indefinite, to ren- der it of any advantage, till it was renewed and enlarged. J Our country, at this time, appeared in the eyes of Europeans to considerable advantage. The settlers and natives were living in good neighbourhood ; and no doubts were now entertained but that the waters, wilderness, and soil, would afford to an industrious people an abundant livelihood, The troubles were in England, springing principally from the state of parties ; and this country began to be considered an inviting asylum for the oppressed, especially for ministers who had been silenced, and other scrupu- lous dissenters ; many finding a removal necessary for the preser- vation of their lives, To provide, therefore, for the retreat and .. comfort of the persecuted, a patent was obtained of the Plymouth »eiis Paient Council, March 19, 1C27, by Roswell and Jive others, embracing ipr. the country between the lines, a league southerly of the river Charles and northerly of the Merrimack j which appeared to bo most eligibly situated for the benevolent purpose. U-.der this patent, Roswell and his fellows associated to themselves Sir Richard Saltonstall and 19 others; — all of whom, being 26 in number, became equal co-proprietors dierein, There were now * Prince's Ann p. 156—7. f Mass. Letter Book, p. 107, \ Princess Ann. Y>. 169 — New-Plymoutlj established a trading house on the Kennebeck river in 1628, perhaps near the mouth, possibly abovo Mcrrymeeting bay. Vol. I, 17 234 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A D. 1G27. within the limits of the patent only jive small settlements ;* and to superintend them and plant another at Naumkeag, (Salem,) John Endicott, one of the patentees, was sent over by the pro- prietors, well furnished with necessary supplies. To give full effect to the patent, a Royal Charter was obtained, March 4, A. D. 1G28. 1628,'|- by which it was erected into a Colony, under the name of Massachusetts Bay ; and an administration of civil gov- ernment was soon established. Firearms Iti the first Settlement of this country, the judicious manage- tlTNa"i'ves nient of the natives was an art of great importance. The French, by a condescension and familiarity peculiar to their char- acter, seem to have attained it early, and in an eminent degree. Firearms and gunpowder made the savage, their better ally. With Englishmen, especially the settlers, it was otherwise. From the first, they carefully withheld the gun and pistol from the In- dians. To meet them armed, always excited alarm ; and six years since, a royal proclamation forbade the sale of all such ar- ticles to the natives. Yet this, as well as all principles of pub- lic policy, one Morton had the hardihood wholly to disregard ; and for the sake of a lucrative trade, such as he understood the French and fishermen had improved at the eastward ; he sold the Indians arms and taught them their use. But his conduct aroused all the settlements upon the coast ; and he was arrested and sent to England. Canada It would liave been the height of good policy for the planta- theKirki. tions, never to have been partakers with the parent State in any of her wars. But unfortunately from first to last, the reverse has been too true ; and a waste of blood and treasure, and almost every shape of misery, have followed in train. In the sec- ond year of the war between England and France, (1628) Sir David Kirk, and his kinsmen, Louis and Thomas, were commis- * These were 1. Wessagusset, [Weymouth] bejun in A. D. 1622. 2. Cape Ann, [Gloucester] " " 1624. 3. Nantaskct, [Hull] " « 1624. 4. Mount Wallaston, [Quincy] " " 1625. 5. Winisiinet, [Chelsea] " «' 1626. 6. Naumkeag', [now Saiern] " " 1C27. Sae authorities— Prince's Ann. -p. 113, 147, 151-7, 176. — 1 Hu[chlnscn''t tlist. p. 14, 15, 16. t As the year at this period ended March 24th ; ought not the above era to be " 1629?" Cha!-. hi.] of MALNt:. 235 sioned to seize upon the infant colonics in Canada, planted at A. D. icts. Quebec, at Trois Hevieres and Tadousac. Quebec, where Sam- uel Champlain the Governour of New-France resided, was flour- ishing and had a stone fortress ; and when the assailanis sum- moned a surrender, he defied tlicm, even after they had taken a provision ship, on its arrival ficm France. The siege and the war were both rather ungracious ; for the Kirks were despised protestants, and the Quebec colonists likewise were, in general, fugitives from catholic persecution. Nevertheless, the attack was renewed the following summer and articles of capitulation were signed, July 19, 1 G29 ; by which tiic garrison were, at their Ju'.v, 16-9. election, permitted to dwell with the captors or be transported to France. At the time of this achievement, which acquired to the brave peace. Kirks so much credit, they had no knowledge of the treaty of peace between England and France, ratified the preceding April. It being therefore a conquest after hostilities had ceased, they in fact derived no emolument from the acquisition ; having a mere nominal possession of it three years only, before the whole coun- try, by the treaty of St. Germains, was transferred to the French,* In England, after the return of peace, such was the rage of party, such the abuses of power, and such the popular discon- tents, that great numbers were induced to remove into this coun- try. Here was civil and rclis^ious libcrtv, — here the novelties of,. , , rural happiness. New-Plymouth was a flourishing colony. She 'I'rnde. had lately opened a trade in a new article, called Wampum; which her people were pursuing with great profits. It consisted of ivhitc and blue beaJs, long and as large as a wheat-corn, blunt at the ends, perforated and strung ; possessing a clearness and beauty which rendered them desirable ornaments. They were only known to the Narragansetts, tlie Pequots, and the natives on * Tlic true name of (licsc men is said to be " Kcrlk." — 1 Charlevoix »A'. /''. p. 165. Tiie Kirks fitted out an armament at tliei.'- own expense, "took 18 Frencli vessels and 135 pieces of ordnance," intended for Mount Desert and Quebec ; ♦' and Alexander Kirk was made governor of (he whole." — Sulliiaiup. 2'o. Asa reward, the kinj of Eng-!and only gave them " a patent of the lands noi th of the river St. Lawrence." — 1 JJoug- la* Summ. p. 306.— 39 Univ. Hist. p. 423. See the Articles of Capitula- tion.— 1 Haz. Coll. p. 205-7, in French.— I Bel!:. Bing. p. 343. 236 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1629 Long Island ; from whom they were obtained at a low price for corn, or small articles of foreign fabric, and transported into this eastern country and bartered for furs* At their trading house on the Penobscot) and another erected a year before, above or be- low Merrymeeting-bay, on the Kennebeck, probably near Pop- ham's old fort, they kept through the year, besides wampum, the most Suitable articles fbr the Indian trade, as coats, shoes, blank- ets, biscuit, fruits and trinkets. Nay, within two years after wampum was first brought into this region, it was found to com- mand a more ready market among the tribes, than any other commodity.* In the present revival of colonial affairs, the Plymouth Council, obsequious to the wishes of adventurers, proceeded to grant the extensive territory between the Merrimack and Penobscot, in por- tions to suit applicants or purchasers. Nov. t. John Mason, having agreed with Gorges to make the Plscataqua N. Hamp- the divisional line between them, took subsequently from that ' "^*' Council) Nov. 7th, 1629, a patent of what lies between that riv- er and the Merrimack, being part of Laconia, and called it New'Hampshire.I Commock's Another grant of 1500 acres between the river Spurwink and Black Point, [in Scarboro,] was made about the same timej by the Council, to Thomas Commock ; upon which he, with Mr. Gains and others, in 1632 or 3, began a plantation. Under this title, the lands on the east side of the town have since been holden. The Earl of Warwick, President of that Council was the uncle,^ and probably the patron of Commock. January 13. The next grant was made January I3di, 1629, to Ncw-Plym- raienir*'^ outh, since called the Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. j| It * Princess Ann, 172 — 3* — lie saj'S, " we buy about £50's worth of u'«m- pum ; at first it slicks 2 years," and " then we can scarce procure enough." t I liaz. Coll. 289— I Belk. N. H. 18, t Commock was one of the subscribing' witnesses to the livery of seizin, May 27th, 1633, of the Pcmaquid Patent.— i/a^. Col. 318 — Sullivan^ 127.— Hubbard's X. i:. 21«— 224. Commock di^pid A. D. 1&^J3. Joshua Scottow afterwards owned part of the patem ; and Henry Joscelyn married Com- - mock's widow, and lived upon it many years. The patent contained also Stratton^'s Island [Bluff Island ;] and Sullivan says it contained 5000 acres. ^ Folsom, p. 29, says the patent was made in 1G31. Commock lived oa Prout's neck. II 1 Ilaz. Coll. p. 298^^303 — where the patent is entire. For a long time N. Plymouth proprietors claimed to the sea. But about A. D. 1768— '^ Chap, hi.] of iMalxe. 237 was Intended as an express favor to her trade and fishery, and the a.d. ic29. propagation of rehgion. Its hmits, as ultimatply settled, were in the north line of Woolwich helow Swan Island on the eastern side of the Kcnnebeck, throuc:]i the south bend of the river Cob- besscecontce on the western side, and 15 miles in width on citlier side of the main river, — to an easterly and westerly line which crosses Wessarunset river [in Cornville] a leai^ue above its mouth, containing about 1,500,000 acres. Annexed to the charter were all the rights of exclusive trade ; an open passage at all times to the grantees between die patent and the sea ; an establishment of rules and ordinances, necessary for the management of their affairs and defence of their property ; and, in a word, all die pow- ers, (except admiralty jurisdiction,) which the charter council in session possessed. In prosecuting the trade of the river, it is understood, diat the stations selected by them for local traffic, were at Popham's fort, at Richmond's landing, and at Cushnoc. To ihe planters at Saco, and their associates, were granted by p.^ipntiai the same audiority, on the 12th of February, 1G29, old style, ''^'^*^°" [equivalent to Feb. 1, 1030,] two patents, severally four miles by the shore, and eight, on each bank of the river. The propri- etors named in the one on the southerly side, were Richard Pines and John Oldham ; those in the other, Thomas Lewis and John Bonython. It seems that Oldham had been here six years, and Vines seven ; and that the former had at his own expense transported hither several settlers, and encountered great danger and fatigue. Indeed, the grant itself was made in consideration of nothing more than a small quitrent, past services, and the cn- the Superior Court of Massacliusetls and Maine, determined the southerly line of the patent to pass easterly and westerly tlirough the bend of Ihe ri\x;r Cobbcsscecontce which is nearest tlie western ocean. — Sullivan, p. lis.— This was confirincJ l)y a Stale's deed, Feb. IS, 17S9, — and defined to be (on the east side of the Kenncbeck) " in the nortli line of Woolwich." The north line being without any definite boundary, was determined by deed, obtained of the Sagamores, A. D. 1648, by the riymouth Colony, and another A. D. 1653. "of all the lands from Cuslinoc to Wessarunset ;" and by the surveys and plans of Johnson, Bane and Bradbury, and the deposi- tions of old naco. See " statement vf Kenneheck Claim,''' A. D. 1783 — 5, con- firmed by same Deed of State, 17S9. — 3 Grcenlenf's Bcp. p. 111. — Ought not the date of the Pat. to be " A. D. 1630," new style .' — Prince's .liiiu p. 197— S.— Sullivan, p. 170. ScJS THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1629. gagements bythem and their associates, to bring 50 inhabitants into the plantation within seve7i years, and to advance, as much as practicable, its interests, and give it strength and safety against ' natives and invaders.'* The first habitations were near the sea- shore ) and though the increase and growth of the plantation had hitherto been quite slow, its people were orderly, healthlul, and contented. If ancient statements be correct, they had, about this time, perhaps when the patent was received, an organ- ized administration of government, "Vines being Governor, and Bonython assistant. "f They also raised taxes for the support of public worship ; and cultivated an harmonious and lucrative intercourse with their savage neighbors, l.j-goiiia Another patent, much more extensive and important, was obtain- 1630. ' 6d from the same source, A. D. 1G30, and called Lygonia. The territory, though indefinitely described, was 40 miles square, and extended from Cape Porpoise to Casco, as limited ; but as it was afterwards considered, it reached to the southerly margin of Mer- ryconeag peninsula, [Harpswell,] in Casco hay.\ In some in- stances the Plymouth Council gi-anted the rights, both of soil and government. The present was of that character, being a charter of privileges as well as a patent of lands. It was executed by the Earl of Warwick, their president, and by Sir Ferdinando, claimant of the country under a former assignment of Laconia to him and Mason, followed by a partition between them. If we may give credit to Hubbard and Sullivan, John Dye, Thomas Impe, Grace Harding, and John Roach, gentlemen of London, were the proprietary grantees ; and they made provision for set- * Livery of siezin was given June 23 and 28, 1631. — See these two pa- tents entire in Appx. of Folsom's Saco and Biddcford, p. 315 — 319. — Sec also jB^-. of Claims, Y>. 8 — 53. — Vines was the agent of Gorges, who for the most part kept the plantation in his own hands. — Hubbard's JV. E. p. 224. •]• In the memorandum to the deed of Passaconaway and others, May 17, 1629, this is inserted as an attestation, " Richard Vines, Governor, Richard Bonython, assistant of the pl-antation of Saco." — 1 Belk. JV", H. Appx. p. 291. — But quere as to the genuineness of that deed? — See Sullivan, p. 114 218—220 — 224. — Vines lived near Winter-harbor on the sea shore. — Bonyt- hon lived on the east side of the river, l-4th mile from the water. — SuH. p. 224. I It extended to Kcnnebunk river west; and probably to Harpswell, east, for the titles to the lands in the latter town were from the Plymouth pro- prietors.— ./VS. Letter of Rev. J\Jr. Eaton.— The patent says its extent " is <0 miles." — It is "south of Sagadahock," from C. Poipoise to C. Elizabeth, Chap, hi.] of Maine. 239 tling a colony principally with agriculturalists, and establishing a A, D. ig30, form of civil government. To encourage emigration, very an- imating stories were told. The shores were represented, as in- dented with harbours, adorned with Islands, and w;ishcd by never- freezing waters ; and the uplands as diversified widi promontories, streams and marshes, and heavily clothed with a mixture of hard wood and evergreen, which must possess a deep productive soil ; and while settlers were converting it into enclosures of cultivation, they could take sea and river fish, land and water fowl, and plenty of game, such as beaver, bear and deer. In the spring, a connexion was formed between the patentees ^„cH,^'jui'y. and Bryan Brinks, John Smith, and eight other husbandmen, who engaged to emigrate ; and a small vessel of only GO tons, drawing ten feet of water, was procured, which in comjilimcnt to the en- terprize, was called the Plough. She sailed under the command of Capt. Graves, and arrived at Sagadahock in July. The com- pany settled themselves on the south side of that river, " in Casco Bay," — at a place not ascertained with certainty, perhaps at Pur- pooduck, or on the Peninsula. Here considerable money was ex- pended, improvements were made, and suitable constitutions and laws were established for governing the youthful colony.* Displeased with their local situation, or the wild appearance of tiie country, these colonists, like those of 1 GOT, tarried one year only ; and then the most, or all of them, being collectively called in derision " the husband and company," abandoned the under- takinsr. Indeed, the idea of agriculture was treated wiiii so much contempt by some adventurers of the day, that the patent itself was by way of ridicule called the " Plough Patent." Informed, probably, of the fleet which had passed their shores with the Mas- sachusetts colonists, the greater part re-embarked in the Plough, proceeded to Boston, in July 1G31, and thence to Watertown ; and Mr. Winthrop says, " most of them proved familists and van- * It was a disputed point if the P. Council could grant the prcrogativea of n^ovcrnincnt.— 1 Dovg. Sum. p. 416.— 1 Bell.: JV. //. p. 28.— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 317. — Sullivan, p. 305, saj-e, the adventurers meant to pursue ag^- riculture as well as trade and tlie fisliery. Two Islands were grsnted in the river Sa;jadaliock, "about three score miles from the sea,"' under 43'' and 44" N. Lat., but there are none such hereabouts.— SuZ/u-an, p. 310—311 — 312. 240 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1630. ished away."* This, however, is considered the era of the orig^ inal settlement about Casco.f FaiUng of success in the first endeavour, the Patentees, in 1638, took another associate, Mr, Richard Dummer, of Newbury, in N. England; — to whom they delivered the original patent, and gave him ample powers to take possession of the country. But he was unable to succeed in the plans they devised ;J and the settlements eastward of Spurwink, where Commock, Gains and Joscelyn,§ began a plan- tation, must have been few and feeble, till the patent was assign-, ed to Sir Alexander Rigby. ^'ifo-^^oV ^^^ "^^^ patent granted by the Plymouth Council, was on Waldo I'a- ti^g 2d of March, 1630, to John Beauchamp, of London, and Thomas Leverett, of Boston, in England j and was called the " MuscoNGUS Patent, or grant. '^ Its extent was from the sea-, board between the rivers Penobscot and Muscongus, to an un^ surveyed line running east and west, so far north as would, without interfering with the Kennebeck Patent or any other, embrace a, territory equal to 30 miles square. || About 89 years afterwards, the Waldos became extensively interested in the grant ; and from them it took the name of " the Waldo Patent.^ It was pro-- cured expressly for the purposes of an exclusive trade with the natives. It contained no powers of civil government. The asso- ciates concerned in the anticipated traffic, were the Patentees, and Shirley, Hatherly, and Andrews. They appointed Edward Ashley their agent, and William Pierce an assistant ; and despatched them the same summer in a small new-made vessel, with five labourers, one of them a carpenter, and furnished them with provisions, arti^ cles of trade and supplies, equal to the exigency of the enterprize, In the autumn, they procured at New^Plymouth, " corn and wam- * Winthrop's Jour. July 1631, p. 27.— Hubbard's N. E. p. 141. f At Purpoodic, the first settlement was early. — J\IS, Let. E. Thrasher^ Esq. — Commock, Gaines and Joscelyn began at Black Point, towards Spur- wink. J Hubharcfs J^ar. p. 293 — 294. — He says, " being^ denied an opportunity to effect it, Dqmmer came over iq 1632, He was ao aqcestor of Jjt. Got, Dummer." 5 Sullivan, p. 128. II About 1,000,000 acres. The north line of the patent, as since settled, is in the south line of Hampden, Newburg- and Dixmont. ^ See 1 Haz. Coll. p. 304— 5. The patent itself is in the family of tb? iale Gen. Knox. The date there is " March 13, 1629," old style, Chap. III.] of malne. 241 pum" suited to the wants of winter.* They established a truck- a. d. insi- house on the eastern banks of St. George's river, five miles below the head of tide-waters,f where a possession and traffic were continued till the first Indian war. The eighthj and last grant of lands, by the Plymouth Council, Pemaquid within the present state of Maine, was the " Pemaquid§ Pa- ""^^"^ TENT," which was dated Feb. 20th 1631. This was to two mer- chants of Bristol, Robert Jlldsivorth and Gyles Elbridgc. It extended from the sea between the rivers Muscongus and Dam- ariscotta, so far northward as to embrace 12,000 acres, besides settlers' lots ; as it also was to include 1 00 acres, for every per- son, who should be transported hither by the proprietors within seven years, and reside here three years. The grant was made to the patentees in consideration of public services past, and their present engagements to build a town. It included the Damaris- cove Islands, and all others within nine leagues of the shore. By this instrument, 11 which was a charter as well as patent, extensive privileges were secured to the proprietary grantees and their associates, and also the powers of establishing an adminis- tration of civil government. They had a right to hunt, fish, fowl, and trade with the natives, in any part of New-England ; and these were their exclusive privileges, within their own patent. The fee-simple seemed to have been granted ; yet upon condi- tion of forfeiture, if conv'eyed to any other than " their ten- ants." They were authorized to elect such civil officers by a major vote, and enact or make such laws, as the exigency of * Prince's Ann. p. 203. f 1 Douglas, Summ. p. 385,466.— The ship in which Mr. Allerton, of N. Plymouth came, was the Lyon. Capt. Wm. Pierce, master, wlio sailed from Bristol, England, for Penobscot with the agent of the Muscongus patentees, accompanied by 4 or 5 men. Allerton, was engaged in a trading house at Penobscot and Machias. — i>?-a(//br(/"« Letters. 3 Coll. J\l. Hist. Soc. p. 70.— 72. I Namely, 1 Laconia AD. 1622; 2d Agamenticiis ; 3d Black Point; 4th Kennebec; 511) Saco(2); 6th Lygonia ; and Ttli IMiiscongiis. } >' Pemkiieag." — Indian. II See an extract of this in 1 FTaz. CoH. p 315 — 313: and entire, in the Commissioners^ Report upon the causes of the difficulties in the county of Lin- coln, A. n. 1011. p. 33—41. By the location of the settlers, on lots of 100 acres, from year to year, and then giving the quot.i of 12,0(0 acres to the proprietors, caused long difficulties ; the claim amounting ia all to about 90,000 acres. Vot. I. 18 242 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. iGSi-ihelr affairs required. They mightseize by force of arms, all unlicensed intruders, and confiscate their property. But no resi- dent Governor might ever take a planter from his employments, otherwise than for the public defence. Another patent was to be granted, if requested within seven years, under some fit name and more ample form of privileges. First settle- The earliest settlements seem to have been on the western simnV, ' banks of Pemaquid river, in 1623 or 4. A deed of lands in this quarter, was executed by two Sagamores to John Brown, July 15th, 1625 ;* and according to the deposition of Abraham Shurte, he himself, as a magistrate of Pemaquid, took the ac- knowledgment of it in the same month of the following year. Shurte was the agent of the proprietors, and five years previous- ly, he had purchased for them the Island of Monhegan.f A foj't was built there, the year before the date of the patent. J and rifled by pirates in November, 1632.§ Formal possession was given and taken under the same instrument, May 27, 1633 5|| and the plantation had a gradual uninterrupted growth till the first Indian war. The settlements extended to Damariscotta, and especially at the lower falls, they were seen rising on both sides of the river. The visitants, as well as inhabitants, were highly pleased with the situation of Pemaquid. A smooth river navigable a league and a half above the point, a commodious haven for ships, and an eligible site for a fortress, at once, filled the eye. Here was a canal cut 10 leet in width, and variously deep from 6 to 10 feet, on the east side of the river which passes the first ripples; — an enterprize devised and finished, at a time and by hands unknown.*^ The grants These patents of the Plymouth Council together, embraced in general. '■ . ^ the whole seaboard from Piscataqua to Penobscot, exceptmg * Com. Report, 1811, p. 1U6— 7. f Ills dcp. in lb. 4G, 41. — Slmrte was the means of restoring to a Ljna Sachem his wife, taken b}^ ths Eastern Indians, in 1631. J 1 Doug. Sum. p. 466. J 1 Belk. N. II. p. 24. 11 in presence of Tliomas Commock, Christopher Buruhead, George Newman, William Hook and Robert Knight. IT It -was 20 rods in length ; and passed down a smooth inclined plain. No water runs there at present. Chap, hi.] of Maine. 243 what lies between Sagadahock and Damariscotta ; and the most A. D. ]C3i. of this intermediate coast, was, at the time, claimed under the Kcnnebcck Patent. Every one of them reserved to the crown, and to the Council, severally, a fiftii of all precious metals ; but in no other respects than what have been noticed, did they differ materially from each other. It is apjiarent, they were multiplied by that body in hasty succession, possibly through an apprehen- sion of its being soon dissolved. The most of them bear the signature of Gorges, and it must be acknowledged they are richly endued with privileges. " The territory of Sasradnhock,^* situated between the river of Scii'ements that name and Damariscotta, a tract of only five leagues in width, s.iKa.i;i- inchiding the Shec{)scot and the Islands, had attracted early and P.-imaris- perpetual attention. John Smith, in 1G14 and 15, and Thomas at Pi^caia- Dermer, in 1619, undertook to revive the settlement, which had^"^' failed under the presidency of Popliam. " By Dermer's pru- " dence and care, a lasting peace was effected betwixt the na- " tives of the place and the English ; and nmtual confidence " restored, so that the plantation began to prosper."* There were inhabitants, traders, and fishermen on the river continually from A. D. 1G26, to the first Indian war. Also we find residents as early about Damariscotta lower falls, as at Pemaquid ; and above Wiscasset, we are told, there were, " in the year 1630, " fifty families on what were called the Sheepscot farms "f At Cape-JVewagcn [in Boothbay,] and jYequcisset [in ^Voolwich,] there were ancient settlements, begun perhaps by fishermen. J Mention is also to be made at this time, of the settlements commenced on the northerly banks of the Piscataqua, and the river above. These were at Kittery-point, at Spruce "creek, at Stur- geon creek [Elliot,] atQuampeagan falls, [or the Parish of Unity,] and the ancient Newichawannock [or Berwick] j — Some or all of * Hubbard's Nar. p. 289. jSullivan,p. 165, 167, ITO. — Waller Phillips lived rm Ihc west side of Damariscotta, not fur from the Great, or Lower Falls. Thomas Gent, lived at vSlicepscot Great Neck, where was a fort. — Cufn. Report, 1811, p. 9-^. J The titlis in Goorg-cfown arc tliroiifth the Kenncbcck Patent, the Lake and the Salter rights ; in Boothbay and Woolwich, from old Indian deeds to Bateman, Brown and others; in Sheepscot, by settlement and Indian deeds. 244 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1631. which were seven years of age in 1631 ; being collectively called the Plantation of Piscataqua. j^g^^_ Between these and the lower plantation on the south side of Hampshire the river, at the present Portsmouth, and the upper one at and Plantations. ' ^ ' about Cochecho [Dover,] and Squamscot falls [at Exeter,] there was constant intercourse and some political connexion.* The patrons of the former, were Gorges, Mason and the London ad- venturers, whose agent was Walter Neal ; and of the latter, sev- eral Bristol and Shrewsbury gentlemen, who had intrusted the agency to Thomas Wiggin. Neal's residence was partly at Kit- tery-point and partly at Strawberry-bank [Portsmouth.] He had five associates, in the various business of trade, lumbering, fish- ing, salt-making and husbandry; two of whom, Chadbourne and Gibbins, living at Newichawannock. Being the joint agent of Gorges and Mason, as well as the " governour" of their affairs and of tlie plantations, Neal made grants in Kittery,f which have been holden valid, effected some discoveries in the interior and remote parts of Laconia, and returning to England in 1634, was succeeded by Francis Williams.J * 1 Belk. N. H. p. 25,-27, 291. Hubbard's N. E. p. 216, 217. f Neal sold all the !nnd in KUterj' between A. D. 1632-4; and there are no other grants frotn Gorges and Mason jointly to be found on record. — Sullivan, p. 127, 142-3. I Chalmers, p. 472. — 1 Haz. Coll. 323. — Adventurers were much dis- couraged in 1632. Capt. Commock, of Black-point and Mr. Godfrey, prob- ably of Agamcnticus, went from Piscataqua in Oct. 1632, in Capt. Neal's pinnace to Boston, and carried 16 hhds. of corn to mill. — Winthrop^s Jour, p. 44. N. B. — It is stated by one writer that the Council, hx patent in 1631, "■ conveyed to Robert Trelawney and JJoses Goodyear, of Plymouth (Eng- land) merchants, a tract of land extending from the mouth of a small stream called Spurwink river, on the line between the towns of Scarboro' and Cape Elizabeth, fifteen 7???7(?s into the interior ; thence crossing east- wardly to Presuinpscot river, and so dov/n to the sea. Portland and sev- eral other towns are situated within the limits of this patent." — Folsnm, p. 29. The patentees did not come over, but sent their associate, John Winter ; to whom Mr Vines, the attorney to the Council delivered posses- sion, July 21, 1632. Mr. Winter established himself at Richmond Island, where he resided 1.) years and employed sometimes 60 men in the business of fisliing. — To V/ inter was committed tlie full government of the planta- tion.""— Ji/*if/i/ji''j* l-^oynges. Chap, iv.] of Maine. 245 CHAPTER IV. -Voi'fl Scotia — Gra/it> to la Tour — His torn mis!! ion — Treaty of St. (jfcrmains — Aradia resii^nrd to /■Vance — Governed bi/ Razilla — Penobscot truck-house rifled — Machias trading-house set up by New-Plymouth — Grants to Razilla and la Tour — Machias truck- house rijlcd — The natives restless — Piracy — Homicide at Kcnnc' beck — Gorges and Mason purchase out the interest of Proprie- tors — The Charter of the Plymouth Council dissolved — Twelve lioyal Provinces formed — Attack upon Massachusetts Charter — Lords Commissioners of Plantations — Mason's death — Gorges' discouragements. Sir William Alexander, after the royal confirmation of his -^ ^ "^30 charter, transported Scotchmen hither, to settle at Cape Sable ^"'■'^ S'°" and one or two other places, and undertook to govern it by a palatinate commission.* But this was visionary ; — and his efforts were both ill concerted and feeble. The energy of Gorges aiid the perseverance of Mason, were qualities to which he was a total stranger. He stood trembling in the late war through fear, that his province would be seized upon by the French ; when Claude St. Estienne dc la Tour, a French Protestaut, perceiving; his dif- /. , ■ 1 r rf t ■ • r nrnnls to la ficultics, procured of the French king, in 1627, a grant of lands, Tour, five leagues on each side of the river St. John, extending back two leagues from'the shore ; and tlien by the arts of address, and the more powerful arts of religious profession ; by proffering his assistance in the cause of colonial settlements, and shewing a high respect for the Scottish presbyterians ; he ingratiated himself into the favour of Sir William, and obtained leave to build and im- prove within his patent. f La Tour's immediate residence seems to have been, either at Port-Royal or " the fort la Tour and Alexander," on the river St. John ; and Sir William, who had the right of conferring titles of honour upon any inhabitant of New-Scotland, gave him, Nov. 30, 1629, the hereditary order of baronet of the country, in ex- * Sullivan, p. 275. f 1 Hutchinson's History, i>. 121—122. 246 A. D. 1G30. THE HISTORY [Vol. 1. He is H|j- pointed Governor, Feb II, 1631. March 29, ^1632. Treaty of St. Ger- 4nBiiis. press retribution for his worth and high attachments to the British interests.* Indeed, his friendship and favour appear extravagant; for on the 30th of April, 1630, a (e\v days after peace, he gave la Tour and his son Charles, a patent of territory, from Cape Sable to la Heve, 15 leagues in breadth ; embracing at least a third part of the peninsula. It was a valuable acquisition ; and in return, they merely engaged to hold it, erected into two Baro- nies, equally divided between them, in fief as an inheritable titu- lar dignity, and ever after, to be the faithful vassals of the king of Scotland. Sir William, moreover, told them, they should have a charter, when requested, under the great seal of ithat kingdom, with more ample immunities ; and. May 12th, he extend- ed to the son, the same title of honour, he had conferred upon the father ; all which, he says, was in consideration of their merit and services. •]■ La Tour being determined to have a good portion of the country, whether it was under the dominion of England, France, or Scotland, procured, it is said, from king Charles, a confirma- tion of Sir William's grant to him, J and from Louis, the French king, a commission, Feb. 11, 1631, to begovernour of Acadia.§ But the settlements were far from enjoying prosperity and con- tentment. Even the people of Port-Royal, had, the preceding winter, while la Tour was there, suffered to such a degree, through want of provisions and suitable accommodations, that, of 70 English, French, and Scotch, in community, 30 died be- fore spring. The Scottish emigrants, indisposed to be under French rule, preferred to return home, and subsequent events shewed the wisdom of their choice. The treaty of St. Germains, March 29, 1632, laid open to New-England the fate of this Acadian region. By the 3d arti- cle, Charles resigned to the French monarch, " all the places " occupied by British subjects, in New-France, Acadia and Can- " ada — especially the command of Port-Royal, Fort Quebec " and Cape Breton." *The title—" Sir Claude de St. Estienne, knight, lord de la 'J'our et do "la War, baronet of New-Scotland." — His son's — •' Charles St. (de Den- " niscourt et Baig-neux) lord," &c. The badg-e of office was, — " in gold " enamelled, from an orange tawny ribband (pendant) this circumscription, " Fax mentin Honestac Gloria." — 1 IJaz. Coll. p. 298. f 1 Haz, Coll. p. 307 — 9, where the patent is entire. I 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 121. (i Letter Book, Sec. office Boston, 103, Chap, iv.] OF MAINE. 247 From this transaction may be traced events in train most im- a. d. 1632. portant to tlie northern colonics, especially Maine, and also to Am.ii.i le- Eiitjland herself.* It was an exercise of royal prerogative in iv.'.^cc" character. For it originated in the intrigues of a niarriage-hio- kerage, seven years before ; and was finished without consulting the nation's feelings or the rights of individuals. It is true, the ministry promised Sir David Kirk £5000 in consideration of his claim to Canada, yet it was never paid.f Sir William was cre- ated earl of Sterling ; but if he were flattered with any hopes of further rewards, or future emolument from his Province, they were blasted bv disappointment. The English were not, how- ever, to be wholly excluded from Acadia ;J though the act amount- ed to a downright cession, without limits or condition. Had INova Scotia, which has boundaries, been mentioned in the treaty, the ex- tent of the restitution could have been ascertained ; whereas, by the artful draft of the third article, the avenues were opened for un- limited controversies about lines and limits, which are among the worst of national evils. § * Chalmers, p. 112, supposes — to tins transaction may be traced a cause of the disputes of llic Colonics nilli the motlicr countr}'. — Brit. Am, 346. t 1 Coll. Mass. Ilis. Soc. p. 233, 3d scries. |Ogilby, p. 13-1. JTIiis 3d ^■J/Y/c/c is in 1 fFnz. d///. p. 319-320. Also 19 I'ol. liymcr, p. 3(50—1, in Funrh. It is said this treaty was long in nefr<^ciation, — finisiicd in 1631. But the third Article was not lacked to it till March 29, 1632. As this article is important, it m.\y be proper to give a literal translation in liiis place. — •' His Majesty of Great Britain promises by his " ambassador — to give up and restore to his most Christian MaJL&ty all the " places occupied in jVew- France, Acadia and Canada by his subjects of his • Majesty of Great Britain, causing- the latter to retire from the said pla- " ces — and deliver to the commissaries of the most Christian king in good '• faith, the power whicli he (the ambassador) has from his Majesty of Great " Britain, for the restitution of the said places, together with the orders ''of his said Majesty, to all those commanding \n Port-Royal, Fort-Quebec, ^^ and Cape-Breton, in order that the said places be given up and re- «' stored into the hands of those to whom it shall please his most Christian " Majesty to direct, eight days after said orders shall be notified to those "now commanding pr may command in the said jdaccs. The said term of " eight days being given them to retire from said places, positions, and " forts, with their arms, baggage, goods, gold, silver, furniture, and gencr- " ally all that may belong to them— to whom and to all those who arc in " the said places is given the term of three weeks after the said eight days «' are expired, during which, or sooner, if may be, to embark in their ves- '* sels with their arms — and generally all which belongs to them, to remove 248 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1633, Such proceedings, and the idea of a residence in the vicinity of papists, filled the Enghsh colonists with the deepest anxieties and regrets.* About this time the Plymouth Council, checked in their course by these events and others at home, suspended further grants ; holding by their charter, the territory between Penobscot and St. Croix, unassigned and unsold. t^klTof " Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister of France, appointed M. der^Kazma ^^ RaziUci, a military ofiicer, to take the possession and com- mand of the Acadian country ; and the keys of Port-Royal, and of the fortress in the Scottish plantation at Cape Sable, were demanded without loss of time. The other scattered settlements were ready to accept of any patron or protector ; and the Car- dinal made speedy preparations to ship hither, companies of planters, a fresh supply of Jesuit missionaries, and the necessary provisions. f The same year Samuel Champlain returned to Quebec and resumed the government of Canada j and within the three last years of his life, he saw his colony, aided by new recruits, by the generosity of benefactors, and by the " Company of New France," rising to a flourishing condition. | I^i'ze^'^*.!'^'' Apprehensions, entertained by the English Colonists of secret Penobscot. ^j.^g Qj. smj(]en violence in seizing upon the country, were not with- out foundation. For at an unguarded hour a French vessel, pilot- ed by a treacherous Scotchman, visited the New-Plymouth trad- ' from thence into England without staying- longer in those countries." —The Frenchified Court of Cliarlcs I. might as well have given up Massachusetts as Acadia ; — for the French could make out no better title to one than the other.— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 33, 34, 93. *Winthrop's Journal, p. 47. t Chalmers, 154.— Winthrop's Jour. 37. 1 1 Belk. Biog. p. 344. \ Champlain in Slh Chap, of his J^oyages, calls the south shore of the Peninsula, the Acadia. Mons. Denys, a man of merit and a correct writer, compiled a Geographical and Historical Description of N. America, A. D. 1672 in two volumes. The first gives a description of the country between Penobscot and Cape Rozier, and the 2d comprehends the Natural History and account of the natives. He was Gov. and Lt. Gen. under the French king and dwelt a long time in the country. He supposes the northern and eastern regions of the French were Canada; therefore he divides the coun- try into Provinces ;— the 1st extending from Pentagoet to St. John, previ- ously as he says ' Norimbagua ;' 2d, from St. John to Cape Sable, called Bay Francois; 3d, Acadia, from Cape Sable to Cape Canseau ; and 4th, from Cape Canseau, to Cape Rozier, called Bay of St. Lawrence or Gaspe- The latter, Denys himself claimed. Chap, iv.] of Maine. 249 ing-house at Penobscot, early in June; vhen her crew, conduct- A. D. iC32. ing in the true cliaracter of (rrebootcrs,-r-^pretended they had put into harbour in distress, and would esteem a jiermission to repair leaks and refresh themselves, as a great favour. Embol- dened by generous courtesies received, as well as by information of the master's absence with most of his men on a tour westward for t;:;oods, they first examined the fort-arms to ascertain if they were charged ; then seizing swords, and loaded muskets, ordered the three or four remaining keepers of the truck-house to surren- der upon pain of instant death, and to deliver their goods and immediately help put them on board. Having in this shameful manner rifled the fort of its contents, to the amount of £500, they bade the men this taunting and insulting farewell, — ^ tell rj our master to remember the Isle oyRc.'* But the New-Plymoutii colonists, undismayed by this piratical a.D. 1C33. attack, kept the station and pursued their traffic, three years longer, before they were forced to abandon the place entirely. Moreover the next spring, they established at Machias a new trad- '^'achias . . . Tr.Tcliii^- ing-house, which they replenished with a variety of valuable ii. 121 says, it was to la Tour : but Chalmers, p. 186, and 1 Charlevoix, 170, say it was made to Razilla. Vol I. 19 250 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D 1634. whether it did or did not extend southward of the river St. Croix. Certain it is, that every other was northward of it, if we except the dormant one to de INIonls. The next year, he made to Claude de la Tour four important grants.* One was an hundred miles eastward upon the coast from the Isle of Sables, and as many miles inland ; a 2d was that Island itself; and the other two were upon the north shore of the Peninsula, viz. Port-Royal and a territory about it two leagues square ; and Minus, a tract of like extent still farther eastward, on the bay of that name. His command was subordinate to Razilla, and his principal pursuit was a traffic with the natives. La Tour Avarice, pride, and passion were la Tour's faults ; and such Maciiias'"" high resentments did he affect to feel, when he heard of the trad- to'pema-'* ing house set up at Macbias, that he hastened away to lay it in ^"' ' ruins. Meeting with resistance, he killed two of the defendants ; and after rifling the house of all tlie valuable articles he could find, he carried his booty and the survivors to Port-Royal. — The amount of property pillaged was 4 or £500. Afterwards in reply to Mr. Allerton, of New-Plymouth, who came to re- cover the prisoners and goods, and to inquire if he had au- thority for this transaction ; la Tour, declared with no small degree of impudence and insult, / have taken them as laivful •prize; — my authority is from the kiiig of France, who claims the coast from Cope Sable to Cape Cod; — / wish the English to understand, if they trade to the eastward of Pemaquid, I shall seize them ; — my sword is all the cominission I shall show ; — when I xc ant help, I will produce my authority, f Take your men and begone. Conduct of Within the last three years, some restlessness and hostile move- ments were apparent among the Indians. A barter with them had been extensive ; the traders were characters whose probity was often questionable ; all the civil authority of the country w^as in name, rather than in vigorous exercise ; and when or where it becomes a maxim, ' to cheat an Indian in the dark is a small sin,' we may suppose acts of injustice will be multiplied, and acts of revenge will be repeated in return. Take an instance: — At * These were confirmatory of liis g-rants from Alexander. \ Ilubbard^s J^. E. Tp. 163. — Winthrop^s Jo%ir. p. 57, — 7S.— But in pagt 500, it would seem la Tour sent the prisoners to France. Chap, iv.] OF MAINE. 251 Richmond Island, lived one Waltar Bagnall* called great Watt, A.D. 1634. * where he and his companion, by three years' trade with the na- tives, had amassed property to the amount of £400. But wealth acquired by fraud, is often taken awny by force. Squid- rayset,f a Sagamore, and a few of his tribe, filled with revenge for wrongs received, went to the Island in the fall of 1G31, killed the men, and after plundering the house, reduced it to ashes. J Neal, immediately dispatched from Piscataqua a party in search of the murderers. The pursuers found at the Island, " Black Will," whom though as probably innocent as guilty, they in ven- geance hung up by the neck till he was dead.§ In return, h's blood was avenged the winter following, upon an English traveller wandering up the Saco;|| — deaths to be far more deeply lament- ed, because they excited enmity between the parties. The Tarratines or Eastern Indians, as dieir intercourse with the French became familiar, were evidently much emboldened in feats of courage and purposes of revenge. The Sagamores of Agawam [Ipswich,] having treacherously slain several "Tarratine families," were thought to be sheltering themselves in a cowardly manner, under the protective friendship of the English planters at that place. This awakened feelings of animosity towards both ; and an intended massacre was fortun- ately prevented by Robin, an Indian friend, who gave to an Eng- lish youngster the information. On the appointed day, four sav- ages came and began to talk with him. But his looks and lan- guage towards them were rough : — Begone said he or Vll shoot you. Believing their plot discovered, they fled. He then beat briskly upon a drum, and fired an alarm-gun; and presently he saw 40 canoes full of savages push out to sea. This was in 1632; afterwards, the brave Tarratines, making another attack upon the Agawam Indians, slew several ; and not far from Bos- ton carried off a Sagamore's wife in triumph. IF * Bajnall was a wicked fellow and had much wrong^ed the Indians. — Wmthrop\v!l . \. 11. p. CJJ-S . I " C'a; ( M -s. n [mys- Tl'inHiop'x Jiur p. till) u-::s llir cliicf mover ia all alt^ii>pts .ijaiiist iis" [at" .M.iss.AciiiJs^'tls ;J •• b.iL llic Lord in iiiuicy tak- ing' him awaj", all tlic business fell asleep." 5 Gorg-es became quite cold after this, as lo Xew-England, " minding- onlj' his oicn division," or province. He told George Vaiighan, soon after this, that he intended to g'et " a patent of the king, from Piscataqiia to Sagadahock." — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 403. 260 '^^^ HISTORY [Vol. i. A.D. 1635. account for his ill success. — ' We have (he says,) been endeavor- A view of ' ing to found plantations in a wilderness region, where men, bred plantations. ' up in a land of villages, farms and plenty, could hardly be hired * to stay ; or if induced to become residents, they must be fed in ' idleness, from their master's crib, yet with few or no returns. * We have made the discoveries and opened the fields for others ' to take the harvest. Trade, fishery, lumber, these have been ' the phantoms of pursuit ; while there has been a criminal neglect * of husbandry, the guide to good habits, the true source of ' wealth, and the almoner of human life.'* By dear experience, he found, that foreign plantations, control- ed by great corporations, three thousand miles distant, did exhibit a very unpromising growth ; and that the best concerted schemes of government, formed at the table of cold calculation, were alto- gether uncongenial to the genius and pursuits of a people in a new country. Far removed from the pageantry of wealth, titles and luxury, and from the hostilities of rivals and persecutors, they acquired at once a relish for a rural life and civil independ- ence. Among men, enterprizing enough to leave their native homes, all notions of quit-rents and lordships, necessarily vanish- ed before the plain maxims of fee-simple-estates, and the plainer rights of conscience and equality. As Chahners says, ' when * the restraints were removed, and men left free to manage their * affairs, in the way most agreeable to themselves ; the colonists * engaged in every laudable pursuit, and acquired an extent of * population, of commerce, of wealth and of power, unexampled * in the annals of the world. 'f * Gorges' Nar. p, 48, 49. f Chalmer's Annals, p. 96. Chap, v.] OF MAINE. 261 CHAPTER V. The French in Canada and Acadia — Razilla, la Tour and D'Aul' ncij — Extent of their Claim — D'Anlnei/ seizes njwn Penobscot — Altrmpts to remove him — The French challenge a right as far as Pemaquid — New-Somersetshire, the province of Sir Ferdinando — JVilliain Gorges, Governor — Administration established at Saco — Eight Settlements in the jvcseiit State of 3Iainc — Population — Pcqnods destroyed — Emigration checked — Sir Ferdinando ap- pointed Gov. Gen. of New-England — His View of Colonial AJ- fairs — George Burdct's Character — He removes to Agamenticus — Civil Government needed in the Eastern Country — An Earth- quake. The French called all their dominions in Nordi-America, by-^-^- ^^"^ ■' to the eeneral name of Kcw-Francc* This immense reeion, of . 'C3-5. " _ _ _ o ' American which Canada, Acadia, and Louisiana, were only component I'lench Kaz!ll;i, la parts, was granted in 1G27 to " the Company of New-France 5 T.mr, ami — a body of 107 associates, formed that year by Cardinal Rich- elieu. f By transporting labourers from time to time, into Can- ada, furnished with outfits of three years' necessaries, and by assigning to them lands and seeds enough to sow them, his pro- ject was, to augment the population of that province, within 1 5 years, to 16,000 souls. But this was only a statesman's dream j for a war with England soon happening, and other events inter- posing, entirely dissipated the vision. Acadia, or Nova Scotia, | was still under the military command * John Verazzani, a Florentine adventurer, in the service of the French kin^, who ranged the coast from Florida to Newfoundlartd, A. D. 1524, first gave it the name. He landed and took possession cf Acadia, where the Indians killed him, and some say, ate him.— 40 Universal History, p. 20. t Jc fry's Hist. p. 101.— The Company of New-France, granted to la Tour, in 16:55, the lands at St. John's river,- being the third grant, or title, he had of the same territory.— 1st, From the French king; and 2d. from Sir William Alexander. The Company had been restored to their rights, A. D. 1633.— Be/fc. Biog. p. 344. INovaScotia, called Acadia, is commonly accounted a part of New- France, which lieth on the south side of the river Canada.— Jo/in Ogilby't JVew World, p. 133. 262 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1635 of General Razilla,* whose residence was principally in the for- I tress at La Heve, though his own patent adjoined St. Croix. A subordinate command of the country, eastward of this river, he had given to la Tour ; and of that westward, as far as the French claimed, he had appointed M. d'Aulney commander. The Frer.di Razilla seemed to possess a nobleness of character; yet the uielT' ^^" manner of his seizing upon the Acadian province, or rather per- mitting some places occupied by the English to be plundered, gave them great and just offence. It is true, the third article in the treaty of St. Germains, was so artfully expressed, as to pro- vide for resigning Acadia, which had no certain limits, instead of Nova Scotia, whose boundaries were well defined. It was an advantage, however, in which, it seems, the French themselves had not at first any great confidence. For surely^they must have been sensible, that Nova Scotia, by name, was the country in- tended to be surrendered, — or why had they delayed to extend their claim? — ^Why pillage the trading-house at Penobscot, three years past, and that at Machias not till a year afterwards ? — unless it were to ascertain if such flagrant acts would be resented ? — No doubt, it must have been in consequence of a conviction they had done wrong, and had very questionable rights, thattliey per- mitted the New-Plymouth colonists to resume the occupancy of the former place, and quietly to hold it till the present time. D'Aulney But Razilla, perceiving no public resentments expressed at scot. the outrage, and probably informed of the late territorial assign- ment to lord Sterling, despatched d' Aulney, this summer (1635) in a man-of-war, to take possession of the country. The vehe- ment temper and base cupidity of this man, prompted him at once, to rifle the trading-house at Biguyduce (Penobscot), of all its contents in a piratical manner ; sending away the traders and their servants wnth no better consolation, than a mere sched- ule of the goods plundered, accompanied with boastful threats : — Go now ' said he,' and tell all the plantations southward to the 40th degree, that a fleet of eight ships will be sent against them, within a year, to displace the whole of them ; and know, that " my commission is from the King of France." To avenge the wrong and drive the French from Penobscot, Capt. Girling, master of the Hope, a large ship hired at Ipswich, * Called also « Rosillon," « Razilly."— 1 Huich. Hut.^^. 121. Chap, v.] of Maine. , 262 by the New-Plymouth colonists for the purpose, and joined by a. d, 1635 their own barque, was employed and sent thither, to whom they agreed to give £200, if he succeeded in regaining possession.* The enemy, 1 8 in number, having heard of tlie enterprize, had so securely fortified themselves, that though Girling vigorously prosecuted the attack, till his ammunition failed, he was unable to force a surrender. f All the English colonists deprecated every approaching move- E. Coion'.st ment of the French. Their Romish religion, their love of arbi- irtuich. trary principles, their connexions with the natives, their arrogant menaces, and predatory excursions, severally made their local nearness both dreaded and lamented. Massachusetts in particu- lar, resolved to render New-Plymouth every assistance, and make the expulsion of the French from Penobscot a common cause. She consulted with Capt. Sellanova, a gentleman of great military experience,! ^^^ immediately made preparations for an expedition thither : but it was entirely defeated by an un- common storm and hurricane, which did such immense damage, in the fields and elsewhere, that provisions for one hundred men, could not be procured without great difficulty. Afterwards the French treated the colonists with more forbear- ance and kindness. § A crew of Connecticut mariners, for in- stance, being wrecked on the Isle of Sables, received from them many testimonies of humanity, and were even transported to La Heve, the residence of Razilla ; from which place, he gave four of them a passage to France, and furnished the others with a shallop to convey themselves home. These generous acts were in the last days of his life — happily monumental of his worth and clemency. II D'Aulney was very much annoyed by Girling's vessels, still moored before his slender fortress ; and as soon astlie unfortunate mariners, arrived there, from La Heve, he told them he should detain them till Girling departed. The stratagem succeeded jIT and when he dismissed them, he addressed a letter full of civil- ities to the Governor of New-Plymouth ; and subsequently, both he and la Tour, solemnly declared that they should never, without ♦ VVinthrop's Jour. p. 87. f Hubbard's N. E. p 162. J Massachusetts Rcc. p. 115. 5 Hubbard's N. E. p. 164. 11 I Huldimso>i''s Jlist. p. 122.— Winlhrop p. C'J calls liim " AIous. Com- mander of Rosclle." ^ Winf'iropV JourDal p. 89. 264 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1635. further orders, claim any lands westward of Pemaquid.* It is French certain, however, that the French had, at no time, any territorial claim to . . •' , Pemaquid. possessions wcstward of Penobscot river and bay, — waters which were for many years the divisional boundaries between them and the English. -j- iVovince of ^ ^'®^^ ^^ these limits, thus prescribed by the French them- N. Soiner- gelves to their claims, misht well eive encouragement to the w. Gorges, bold and persevering spirit of Gorges. J By his first patent and the late assignment received of the Plymouth Council, April 22d, he obtained an " absolute property" in the territory, between Piscataqua and Sagadahock, or the two divisions in conjunction, called JYew Somersetshire ; and supposed he acquired also all the political or jurisdictional powers of government, which that Company possessed, before their dissolution. Hence, to organ- ize and establish an administration of justice, he sent over, in the year 1635 or 6, his nephew William Gorges, in the capacity of governor ; a man of sense and intelligence, equal to the impor- tance of the trust. It would seem, he entered upon the duties of his office at Saco. This was the most flourishing, and probably the oldest, settlement in the Province. It had now enjoyed a form of government several years ; which might originally have been a social compact or voluntary combination, for mutual safety and convenience. In the mean time Richard Vines had officiat- ed as governor, and Richard Bonython, as assistant. § Thirty pounds were raised, the present year, by way of a tax for the support of public worship ; and the inhabitants, assessed to pay it, were twenty-one. From these circumstances we may deduce by an usual calculation, that the whole number of souls in the settlement was about 150 or 60. |[ * Mr. Winslow, Gov. of N. P. went lo England to complain ag-ainst the encroachments of the French and Dutch; where Bp. Land imprisoned him 4 months, because he was a Puritan. — Sullivan, y>- 284. — He went ag-ain in 1646. t The French continued in possession of Penobscot till A, D. 1664. I Hutch. Hist. p. 49. I Gorges granted to G. Cleaves and Ri. Tucker, Jan. 27, 1637, bj' deed a large tract of 1,500 acres and more, on the northern part of the pen- insula from Fore river, at the point near tlie ferry, toPurpooduck, extending thence to the Capisick river, S. E. of tlie mouth of Stroudwater. }lBelk. N. H. p. 291. II Sullivan, p. 219, 306, gives the names of the men taxed, Bonython Vines, and Thomas Lewis were taxed £,Z each ; Bead, Waldron and Wil- Chap, v.] of Maine 265 Gorges, the Governor, commenced his administration at the a. D. ig36. dwellinghouse of IMr. Bonython, situated not far from the shore, on Gen. Court the east side of the river. Here he opened a court, March 28th, present, Richard Bonython, Thomas Commock, Henry Joscelyn, Thomas Purchas, Edward Godfrey and Thomas Lewis, com- missioners ; who arraigned, tried and punished, or fined, for divers offences ; and if Gorges were exercising a power as extensive as his jurisdiction, every wrongdoer between Piscataqua and Sag- adahock was amenable to this tribunal :* — It being the first or- ganized government^ established within the present State of JMaine.-f The com-t held sessions two or three years. The Governor, in the dischar2;e of his cfFicial duties, found p"'<'""'n's it necessary to look into the concerns and condiiions of the sever- J'"'j"^''''q"a al settlements in the Province ; which, including the one at Saco, George, consisted of ^ye. — \. Agamenticus, a place of Sir Ferdinando's particular patronage, originally settled by husbandmen and arti- sans, 12 or 13 years before, had assumed the appearance of pros- perity, with a slow but gradual increase of inhabitants. — II. The Piscataqua settlements, or plantation, consisting of families scat- tered from Kittery-point to Nevvichawannock, and the northern Isles of Shoals, were variously employed, though principally in the fisheries and the lumber business. These were first under the superintendence of Waher Neal, then Francis Williams, till the arrival of William Gorges. — III. Black-point settlement, begun liams £2 each, tlic others £l each. Oldham, one of the original paten- tees never dwelt there. Sullivan says, "several persons were fined for dninkenness and others punished for other immoralities." — If a "Court was holden under authority of the Province of Lygonia," as York Records seem to indicate, is it not probable, that VVilliani Gorg^es was entrusted with that patent? * Chalmers, p. 472—3. John Joscehjn's Voyages, 200. — At the head of the Pool, or Leighton's point, it is said a Courf house stood at a very early period. •j-The Court was continued for several days. — T. Williams was bound in the sum of £lOO, with sureties to answer to tJie suit of Mr. T, Lewis, at the next General Court, and a sufficient jury of this Province returned to try the same. There were several actions, — Mrs. Joan Vines vs. Bonyt hon and Lewis, about planting corn; — W. Fcadlock v. M. Howel, debt; T. Pagcu. J. Richmond, Trespass; and there were orders passed against drunkenness ; against mischievous Indians, <^-c. — Folsoin's Saco and Biddt' ford, p. 49—52. Vol. I. 21 266 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A D. 1636. about 6 or 7 years before, by Thomas Commock, Henry Joscelyn* and Mr. Gaines, consisted of several houses, and included Strat- ton's Islands. — IV. The Lygonian plantation, which embraced Richmond's Island and most of the patent to Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyeare,f undertaken here six years previously and deserted the succeeding summer, by most or all of the plan- ters under the " Plough-patent," had not thriven. The inhabit- ants consisted principally of fishermen, hunters, and traders, whose dwelling-places are understood to have been at Spurwink, at Purpooduck, and on the peninsula, collectively called at the time, Casco. Thomas Bradbury and George Cleaves had agen- cies under Gorges, in 1636-7 ; and John Winter, as early as 1631, was the activ'e agent here for Trelawney and Goodyeare.J — V. The Pejepscot settlements, originating in the enterprize of Thomas Purchas and George Way, who established their resi- dence at the head of Stevens' river, A. D. 1624-5, consisted at this time of very few habitations. They claimed on both sides of the Androscoggin, to the falls ; southwardly to Maquoit ; also the Merryconeag peninsula, Sebascodegan, and other Islands,^ upon which there might possibly have been several stages for fish- ermen. — VI. The people residing within the Kcnnebeck patent, were under the jurisdiction of New-Plymouth. || It is convenient furthermore to mention in this place, some par- ticulars of the settlements eastward, as far as Penobscot. 1. * Hubbard's .y E. p. 224. — Commock was here early in 1633. — Haz- Co//, p. 31 S — Kis grant, as it appears to Iiave been laid out by Walter Neal, alt'y, to the P. Council, A. D. 1624, and recorded in York Re- cords, contained 1,500 acres, — confirmed by Sir. F. Gorges. — Book of Claims, p. 59. ■f Tlic patent to Trelawney and Goodycare, dated Dec. 1, 1631, embraced a tract between Spiirv\ink and Casco, or Presumpscot rivers; also, Rich- mond's Island ; John Winter, their agent, being' put in possession of the patent in 1632. George Cleaves and Richard Tucker, who had resided at Spurwink two 3-ears, being expelled by Winter, removed to the peninsula. I Sullivan, Y>. 303-11. — //wi. JS'/r. p. 294. — " The patentees took in as a partner, Mr. Richard Dummer, of INewbiirj-, New-England, in 163S. ^ The deed of Warumbee and five other Sagamores, July 7, 1684, says, "Thomas Purchas came into this country near sixty years before, and took possession of lands from the falls to Maquoit." — Slatcmcnt of Kcnne- beck Claims, p. 9. — It would seem, Purchas at length became sole proprie- tor. II The people being few and sparse on this patent, were never represent- ed in the General Court, at New-Plymouth. — Sttllivan, p. 142. Chap, v.] OF MAINE. 267 Within the ' Sagadahock territory^ were those upon the Islands — A. D. 1C36. upon the river Sheepscot — upon IMasonia and about Cape-Newa- gen.* These contained 50 or 60 famih'es. 2. Tlie Pemaquid plantation had been in a flourishing condition, ever since the pa- tent was granted, A. D. 1631. Monhcgan, Damariscove and Hippocras,f appear to be appendages of it, and their inhab- itants amenable to its government. About the year 1633, and also 1650, Thomas Eibridge, a son of the proprietor, held courts at Pemaquid fort ; sitting in judgment upon wrongdoers and im- posing fines and penalties. J In his absence, Abraham Shurte officiated as agent and chief magistrate of the plantation more than thirty years. § 3. There were a few settlers at the river St. George, and upon George's Islands, within the Muscongus patent ; though they consisted principally of fishermen. If there were, in 1630, as one author has stated, " 84 families, „ i besides fishermen, about Sheepscot, Pemaquid, and St. Georges, || the whole number of white people at the present time, between Piscataqiia and Penobscot, must have exceeded fourteen hun- dred. IT The continuance of William Gorges in New-Somersetshire w'r.or^es' was short, — probably less than two years; for, in July, A. D. i,',' 1637, the authorities of JNIassachusetts were presented with the transcript of a commission from Sir Ferdinando to them ; by which six gentlemen therein named, were appointed to take into their hands the government of the Province and the superinten- * Mason's will slates Masonia to be near " Caphan of Wagg'an." — 1 Haz. Colt. p. 3S5, 398. — or Cape-Ne-wagcn. ] Hub. jYar. p. 230. — Monhejan and Damariscove are probably tlie Isl- ands intended in the Lygonia patent, [Sullivan, p. 310,] thoutjh appendant to Pemaquid patent. I In 1659, Elbridg^e broujlit two actions in Yorkshire Court, against George Cleaves, of Falmouth. !) Ante, A. D. 1631. || Sullivan, p. 167, 391, IT That is, allow 6 to a familj-, or to a freeholder; Souh. Piscataqua settlements, [41 sii^ned the compact in 1640] at present, 200 Agamenticus " [incorporated, A. D. 1639,] 150 Saco, including Black-point, 173 Casco, or Lygonia patent, and Pcjepscot, 75 Kennebeck patent, 100 Sagadahock, Sheepscot, Pemaquid, St, Georges, and Islands 500 Isles of Shoals and other places, 200 Possibly the whole number might be 1500. 1400 I •■(111 II we. 268 THE HISTORY fVoL. I. A. D. 1G37. (lence of his private affairs. Tliis was an extraordinary trust ; and as one of the commissioners had removed to Connecticut, and the name of another was incorrect, the residue dechned an acceptance of the agency.* Affrantto ^^^' fcrdinando, whoso mind was ever fruitful in expedients, Edffc"omb ^^^'°^6 to raise his Province into dislinction hy maldng sundry grants to gentlemen of rank and influence. One was, July 3d, to Sir Richai'd Edgecomb, of 8,000 acres, near the lake of New- Somerset, [probably Merrymeeting-bay] in the present Bowdoin- ham. He also encouraged gentlemen of enterprize and em- inence to visit the country. Still he was forcibly convinced, that the growth of his own Province was surpassed by all its colonial neighbors, not excepting New-Hampshire. For in the present year, Massachusetts, New-Plymouth and Connecticut, by unity of measures and a conjunction of forces, were able to crush entirely, The Pe- One of the most numerous and powerful tribes of Indians in New- destroyed. England. These were the Pequots ; of whom 700 warriors and 13 Sachems were slain. One cause of this war was the murder of John Oldham, a patentee of Saco. fhecked'by The increase and prosperity of the colonies, and the uncom- ihecrovvni j-^^^^-^ ts-Qubles in church and state through the kingdom, served to fan the enkindled ardor of emigration, to a degree of en- thusiasm. f The subject arrested the attention of the king ; and he, again interposing, ordained that none of his subjects should leave the realm, till they had taken the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, and engaged to observe the rules of Episcopal discipline. Nay, he gave orders, that no colonist should enter- tain a stranger, nor admit him to be an house-hold-tenant, with- out license from the crown :J and it was only through the im- portunate petitions of merchants, passengers and owners of ships ready for sea, that he and the Privy Council could be persuaded, * fVinthrop's Journal, p. 132. — IlitbbanPs J\\ E. p. 2C1-2. — Tlie orig- jnal, with tlia f.ijn inanunl and privy seal, was not taken from the ofiice, tecause the fees v/ere not paid. ■fin 10 years about 21,200 had come over. — 1 Holmes'' A. Ann. p. 295,-^ Even Oliver Crointcell had resolved to retire to this country. — 1 Hume, p, 425. J CAa/mer*, 162 — b.— lBidk.Bing. p. 3S5. — All officers and niinistcrs, were required to return to the L'ds. Com. of Plantations every half year, the names and qualities of the emig-rants. — 1 Ilnz. Coll. 421. — In som^ of the vcEsels, came John Joscchjn^ author cf tho Voyages, &c. Ch^P. v.] of MAINE. 269 so far to mitigate the severity of the prohibition, as to allow the A.D. I638, contemplated voyages to be made. The ears of the ministry were ever open to complaints against 'p'-^^^f^"^ the colonists. They being puritans, were represented to be a J j."J^, ^'^"•• people of factious disposition, unworthy of confidence, and par- l^'igi-'>"d- tial to a government of turbulent rulers : and therefore, his Ma- jesty issued a new order for the institution of a general Gov- ernment, and appointed Sir Ferdinando, Governor. But as the charter of Massachusetts was still an insurmountable obstacle in the way of its establishment, the king commanded the colony authorities to surrender it, or they must expect a total dissolution of the corporation.* In reply, they lamented their sufferings, occasioned as they thought, wholly by suspicions which always paint in the darkest colours, and prayed his Majesty for that protection, which blesses him that gives, and them that receive ; saying, ' if our charter * be taken away, and we dissolved, we must leave our habitations * for some other place, and the whole country will fall into the ' possession of the French on the one hand, or the Dutch on * the other. 'f No other argument, or agreement, could have struck Gorges with equal force. He knew the Massachusetts government was co'iom'ar *" the principal barrier against the encroachments of the French. "''^'"• To weaken it, would encourage the pretensions of d' Aulney ; and Gorges might reasonably entertain apprehensions of a seizure upon his own Province. A large number had, in fact, removed from the vicinity of Boston to Connecticut river j and others, tired of accusations and strife, were thinking it no great sacrifice to make a removal from a severe climate, to a more southern temperature. Hence the Governor-General saw, that the only revenues to be derived from a farther prosecution of his favour- ite scheme, must necessarily be die resentments and ill-will of the colonists, towards him and his agents ; and from his nephew, then with him, he had sufiicient knowledge, that the bad pos- ture of his own American affairs, was occasioned partly, if not principally, by the impolicy and unpopularity of his measures. * 1 Ilaz. Coll. 4^2—5, 403—4, 352—3, ■ft Ilaz. Coil. p. 452— 5.— 135 -G.— I Htitcliinson's Hist. p. 8'j. -App. p, 442—4. 270 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1(138. At home, the contests of the royalists, of whom he was a zeal- ous one, and the revolutionists, who were daily increasing in strength and numbers, were assuming a magnitude, great enough to divert the public attention from all remoter interests ; and when Archbishop Laud* and other arbitrary ministers at length lost their influence. Gorges confined his ambition to the single object of procuring a royal charter, the best he could obtain, for the government of his Province. Q^^j.^ At this time, appeared in his plantation at Agamenticus, one Burdei. George Burdet, in the character of a clergyman, who had been a preacher at Yarmouth in England. A controversy with the bishops about ceremonies, had, as he pretended, driven him, a per- secuted man to this country. He arrived at Salem, in 1634, where he preached a year or more, and joined the church ; and upon taking the oath of fidelity, was admitted a freeman of the colony. His natural abilities were good, his manners specious, and his scholarship mucii above mediocrity. His next removal was to the upper plantation in New-Hampshire, where, by artful management, he had the success, in 1636, to supplant Thomas Wiggin, the Governor, and obtain the office himself. To ingra- tiate himself into the favour of Laud, who was a foe universally obnoxious to the colonists, though at that time a most influential member of the Privy Council ; Burdet addressed to him a secret letter, a copy of which was accidentally found, wherein he load- ed Massachusetts with the most illiberal reproaches. ' She is not * merely,' said he, ' aiming at new disciphne, but sovereignty ; — * for, even her General Court account it perjury and treason to * speak of appeals to the king.' — In reward for this he had the thanks of the haughty prelate, who also assured him, as soon as a press of other matters would permit, the errors and disorders should be rectified. f The traits of Burdet's character, were now, without loss of time, exposed in just but odious colors, by an official letter from Boston to his neighbors, | which rendered him obnoxious to the severest obloquy ; and hence he made a precipitate retreat to Agamenticus. Such was the destiny of this happy place, which * Laud was beheaded, A. D. 1645. — 5 Hume, p. 16S. ■\ Winthrop's Journal, p. 176-7. — 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 85. J 1 Hubbard's IS. E. p. 351.— 1 Belk. N. H. p. S3. Chap, v.] of Maine. 271 had enjoyed the instructions of the "pious and learned" ]\Ir. A. D. ig38. Thompson.* Burdet, finding himself unable to wipe ofi' asper- sions, was presently guilty of lewdness, falsehoods, and intrigues, which not only debased him in general estimation, but exposed him to the penalties of law. As a country without government or law, becomes the open civil Gov- receptacle of base men, the emulation of the virtuous is abated ;fi"cc!eii. for their rights are justly considered to be insecure. Full of these discouragements, New-Hampshire, New^-Somersetshire, and the people " farther east,"f had now* formed resolutions of ap- plying to iMassachusetts, though a government less than ten years of age, to receive them within her jurisdiction. Nothing was more desired or needed than consistency, strength and system in the administration ol the people's civil affairs. But before we close the annals of this year, an event which EanhquAke rendered it memorable ought not to be passed without notice. This was the " Great Earthquake," which happened June 1st, between the hours of 3 and 4 in the afternoon. At the time, the weather was clear and warm, and the wind westward. It com- menced with a noise like continued thunder, or the rattling of stage coaches upon pavements, and with a motion so violent, that people in some jilaces found difficulty in standing on their feet ; and some chimneys, and man}- light moveables in dweliinghouses were thrown down. The sound and motion continued about four minutes, and the earth was unquiet at times, for 20 days after- wards. It was generally felt throughout New-England, and the course of it was from west to east. J * Winlhrop's Jour. p. 195.— Hubbard's N. E. j). 276. f 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 83. I Tliis is mentioned by all tlie older u-riteri.— rr/;i//i?-op'j Jour. p. ]5j, 170.— 1 Brit. Emp. in A. p. 276 Also 1 Ilulch. nisi. p. 88. 275i THE HISTORY [VoL. I. CHAPTER VI. Gorges' Charter of the Province of 3IrHnc — Its extent, parsers and privileges — Isles of Shoa's — The si/ston of government by Gor- gcs — His officers and regulations — Courts — Offenders punished — Bounties for wolves— Tico Counties, York and S:)>nerset — Bap- tism enjoined — Piscataqua people combine — Political changes — Agamcnticus, a borough — Raised to a city — Georgenna — Its cor- porate poivcrs — New-Hampshire unites with Massachusetts — Pejepscot — Larlcham aid Gibson disagree — Isles of Shoals revolt — WarwicJt and Plantation Commissioners — Union of four Colo- nies — Wells settled — Wheelwright restored to favor — Lygonia ^iurchased by Sir A. Rigby — Cleaves, his Governor opposed by Vines — The dispute — Referred to Massachusetts — Righy's charactei — Commissioners decide in his favor — His government by Cleaves — Civil afairs in Maine — Kittery established — Death and character of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. A.D. if>39. At length. Sir Ferdinando Gorees obtained of kinsr Charles April 3, =" ' . * ... Charter I. a Provincial Charter, possessing uncommon powers and privi- leges. It bears date, April 3, 1639. The territory, it embraces, begins, in the description given, at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and extends up that river and through Nevvichawannock and Salmon-Fall river, " north-westwards one hundred and twenty miles ;" from Piscataqua harbor " north-eastwards along the sea-coast to the Sagadahock ;" thence through that river and the Kennebeck, "north-westward, one hundred and twenty miles;" and thence over land to the utmost northerly end of the line first mentioned ; including the north half of the Isles of Shoals and the Islands " Capawock and Nautican* near Cape Cod ;" also " all the Islands and inlets within five leagues of the main, along * Perhaps Martha's Vineyard and JS'anlucktt ; But neither Sir Ferdi- nando, his. heirs, or assigns ever took any thing' by this part of the charter. He immediately g-ave public notice, " that if any would undertake by him- self and associates to transport a competent number of inhabitants to plant in any of his limits, he would assign unto him, or them, such a proportion of lands, as should in reason satisfy them, reserving only to himself a small quit-rent, as 2s. or 2s. 6d. for lOO acres per annum." — Gorges'* ^Nar. p. 46. OF Maine. Chap, vi.] of maine. 273 the coasts between the said rivers Piscataqua and Sagada- a. d. 11339. hock." By the charter, this territory and the inhabitants upon it were ,, incorporated into a body politic, and named The Province or tenure. County of ■Maine. Sir Ferdinando, his heirs and assigns werepnadc absolute Lords Proprietors of the Province, excepting the supreme dominion, faith and allegiance, due to the crown, ' and a right to exact yearly a quarter of wheat, and a fifth of the profits arising from " pearl fishings," and from gold and silver mines. The articles of faith, and forms of ecclesiastical government, used by the Church of England were established ; and to the proprietary was given the patronage of all churches and chapels, and the right of dedicating them according to Episcopal usages. In concurrence with a majority of tiie freeholders, or their Govem- representativcs, assembled in Zeo-w/fl^io?/, the proprietor was au-""^"* thorized to establish any laws or orders which the public good required — extending for sufficient cause to life or member, and conforming as far as practicable to those of England. Likewise to him as proprietary Governor belonged the power to erect Courts of justice, civil and ecclesiastical, for determining all manner of causes by sea or land ; to appoint judges, justices, magistrates and their officers, and to displace them ; to prescribe their respective jurisdictions; and to frame the oaths to be taken by officers and by witnesses. Also to him or his deputy, appeals were generally allowed in all cases whatsoever, which could, in England, be carried before the king. The executive poivcrs of the Lord Proprietor, or Deputy-Gover- nor, were plenary. He had the appointment of all executive, military, and ministerial officers, " lifctenants" and deputies ; tlie pardon of all oftenders and ofl:enccs, and the execution of the laws. To provide suitably for emergencies, when " assemblies of freeholders for making laws" could not be convened, he had power by his deputy or magistrates, to establish all fit and whole- some resolutions and orders, provided they did not extend to any person's lile, freehold, or chattels. Whereas the Province, in the language of the charter, " is seated among many barbarous na- tions," and has been sometimes invaded by them, by pirates, and Vol. I. 22 274 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1639. Others ; it ordained that the lord proprietor be invested with the Military af- amplest authority to arm all his provincials in defence, and to fortify, resist, conquer, and recapture in all cases, according to his pleasure and the laws of war : and also amidst all hostilities or tumults, to execute martial law, as fully as any ot the king's captain-generals could do within the realm. He had a right to build, or establish as many cuies, boroughs, and towns as he chose, — to grant them charters of incorporation, appoint markets, and prescribe tolls. He likewise of right designated the ports of entry, rated and took to himself the duties on imports, and yet his provincials were only to pay in England, on their exports thither, the same customs paid by natural born citizens of the realm. Fishery. ^^n English subjects had free privilege to take fish in any waters of the Province, and to dry them and the nets upon the shores of woodlands and wastes, provided no damage be done to the inhabitants. To the Lord Proprietor belonged all waifs, wrecks, escheats, and the estates of pirates and felons, whenever liable to seizure or forfeiture ; also Admiralty jurisdiction ; so that all maritime Admiralty, causcs arising within tlie Province, or within 20 leagues of it, were subject to his adjudication, under the paramount authority of the English Lord High Admiral. An exclusive trade was given and secured to him and the inhabitants within the Prov- ince ; the charter making every transgressor, or intruder, subject to the king's indignation, and to the penalties prescribed by the Provincial laws. Civil Divis- Moreover he had a right, as proprietor, to divide his Province into counties, cities, towns, parishes and hundreds ; to appro- priate lands for public uses; and to erect territorial tracts "into several and distinct manors,''^ with appurtenant demesne lands, rents and services, Court-leets, and Courts-baron, according to usage within the realm. For the purpose of planting and fortifying "the Province of Maine," Sir Ferdinando, his heirs and assigns were expressly allowed to transport hither any " men, women and children" not prohibited by proclamation ; any vessels and munitions of wai-^ provisions and victuals, provided none should have the ions Chap, vi.] OF iMAlNE. 275 rights of freehold, trade or residence there, without the Lord Pro- a. d )639 prietor's express, or tacit permission. To all the people horn in the Provi.ice, whether of English, Pii^ii'g-'^s. Scotch or Irish parentage, were secured the ri^l.ts of citizen- ship, as extensively as il they were the natural born subjects of the realm. But all the provinci:ils, both ciiizens and residents, were required to take the oath of allegiance to the crown, as though they dwelt in England. Every freeholder or tenant was to hold his lands of Sir Ferdinando. his heirs or assigns, as paramount lord of the soil ; though entitled to enjoy all pre- vious grants with the appurtenant rights and liberties, upon the relinquishment of his jura regalia, if any, and the payment of some small pittance as an acknowledgement of the tenure. All the admirals, generals, justices, sheriffs, constables, and other officers of the crown, were commanded to aid the Proprie- tor, his heirs and agents, at all times, when requested, upon the peril of incurring the royal displeasure. Indeed, his proprietor- ship, thus chartered, was little less than an absolute sovereignty ; he being merely subordinate to the crown and to the Lords Commis- sioners of Foreign Plantations, as a subject of the realm. In fine — it was ordained, in and by these Letters Patent, that upon their enrolment they should be forever effectual in law Conrlusion. throughout the British Dominions ; that they should be con- strued according to their true meaning and intent — " most be- nignly, favorably, and beneficially" for the proprietor and his heirs ; that no word or sentence should be interpreted, in preju- dice, to the word of God, the true christian religion taught, or laws established in the kingdom ; and that all explications, when needed, should be made by the king's attorney-general. This is a short outline of Gorges' memorable charter of the Province o( Elaine :* — a charter which contains more extensive powers and privileges, than were ever granted by the crown to any other individual : and in short, if we except the establish- ment of a sectarian religion, we may pronounce it a very masterly chart, as dralted for a colonial government. The extent of the Province northward, was to the mouth of Dead * This charter, entire and at great length, is in 1 Haz. Coll. p. 442— 445 : also in Sullitan'a -^PP- P- 307—408. 276 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D, 1639. river, and northwestward to Umbagog Lake; and the territory Norihern mi^ht be equal to a sixth part of the present State of Maine.* extent. '' '^ ^ ^ The charter embraced five of the celebrated Isles of Shoals ; Isles of viz. Hayley^s, or Smutty-nose Island, Hog, Duck, Cedar, and or Smith's Malaga Islands. Clark's, or Naw Island, farther north, proper- isles. "" . " . ly belonged to ]\Iaine, but not to the cluster. — Those united to New-Hampshire are Star, White, and Londoner''s Islands. The whole number may contain 600 acres. f Though rocky, bleak, and greatly exposed to winter severities, they have a cool re- freshing atmosphere in summer — always healthful, and none upon the coast vvere oftener noticed. To the eye of curiosity, they exhibit in some places, appearances of rock broken off and sepa- rated from the rest of the Island ; in others, frightful chasms, several yards wide and tv/enty, or even thirty feet deep, J evidently occasioned by some violent concussion or earthquake. Through the cracks, or channels, the water at flood-tides, and in storms, rushes in great torrents. These Islands, after the visit of the famous John Smith, in 1 614, were called "Smith's Isles," till they acquired the present name. The peculiar advantages for fishery, which they presented, gave them celebrity and value, and were the efficient and principal causes of the early settle- ments upon them. The character and habits of the original Islanders,^ for industry, intelligence and pure morals, have acquired for them great respect in the estimation of posterity. Among the early residents, were Mr. William Pepperell, and Mr. Gibbons, who carried on the fisheries two years, very extensively ; being men of great enterprize and considerable distinction. j| On * Erroneously supposed afterwards to contain 9,600 square miles. — Brit. Dom. in Jl. p. 117. — it embraced tico of the 12 divisions ; the northerly boundary of JVew-Somersetshirc being' the Androscog-g-in river. t They lie 9 miles S. E. of Portsmouth lig-ht-house, N. Lat. 41° 50'. The harbor is at Hayley's Island, which opens to the S. W. — Seo Introduclion, p. 23, also, post, 1661. I In one of these, viz. Star Island, is " Betty Moody's hole," where she secreted herself, at a time when the Indians carried away " many female captives," — probably in king Philij)'s war. 5 The Islands were settled early. " The deed given by the Indian Sag- amores to John Wheelwright and others, A. D. 1G29, includes the Isles of Shoals." II Pepperell was an ancestor of Sir William, anl. ^ At this court, George Cleaves, who took up 2000 acres, at Spurwink, ^n the promise, as he said, of a grant from Gorges, sued J. Winter, in two Chap, vi.] of malne. 283 to the claimants of Lys^onia, it was expedient to hold the court a. D. 1640. at Saco ; thougii the people of Agamenticus and Piscataqua felt it to be a disappointment, and complained of the distance to the court, us a grievance. They had expected that Agamenticus would bo the seat of government ; and the court, determining to hold sessions there likewise, required of the Piscataqua settlers, their attendance at Saco, only on the annual election days in June ; and allowed them to attend in either place they might choose, at any other times. Among the prosecutions at the fii'st session, only one can be mentioned.* This was the indictment of Jolm Wiiiter, a trader, of Spurwink, or Richmond's Island, for taking a premium of more than 5 per cent. 'upon the cost of the articles sold. The prohi- bition, though uncouth to us in this age of free trade and com- merce, was, in those times of scarcity and ignorance, perhaps, a fit provision of law. In the summer, Thomas Gorsies arrived, commissioned by the '•'•''"^as ' O ' J (iiirgcs, Lord Proprietor, his Deputy-Governor of the Province. He L>e". Gov. '■ '■ -^ _ arrives. was a young gentleman who had received a law education at the Inns of court, in Westminster, whose abilities, qualities of heart, sobriety of manners, and liberal education, qualified him well for the office. His instructions were, to consult and counsel with the magistrates of Massachusetts, as to the general course of adminis- tration most expedient to be pursued ; and such were his own resolutions, that he determined to discharge the duties of his of- fice witli fidelity and promptitude. At Agamenticus he found affairs, both private and public, in lamentable disorder. The Lord Proprietor's buildings, which had cost him large sums of money, were in a state of great di- lapidation, and his personal property was squandered ; — nothing of his household-stuff remaining but an old pot, a pair of tongs, and a couple of cob-irons. actions, for intrusion and trespass; on taking^ possession under the patent to Trelawncy and Goodycare, and recovered. — One R. Bradsliaw, under Gorges and Mason, was succeeded by Richard Tucker, who had joined Cleaves at Spurwink. — There were spverai civil actions brought to this court, viz. A. Browne v. Tiionrias Purchas — slander— verdict £5. — R. Gibson r. J. Bonython, — slander — verdict, £G, 6s, 6d, * The first volume of York County Records begins in 1640 ; and the voU utnes are numbered regularly, down to the present Lime. Georg;e Burdel'; irtal. 284 THE iiisTORV [Vol. i. A. D. 1640. In political matters, the Deputy-Governor found George Bur- det to be the chief manager. Pride and abilities had given him self-confidence and obstinacy ; and he regarded no law, otherwise than to wrest it and make it sanction or excuse his iniquities. He was immediately arrested by order of the Deputy-Governor, for breaches of the seventh commandment, and bound over to an- swer for his crimes before the next Councillors' Court at Saco. In this tribunal, which commenced its session Sept. 7th, Mr. Gorges presided, juries were empannelled, and justice was reg- ularly administered. At this session there were pending about 40 cases, 13 being indictments. Burdet appeared, and such were his arts in management, and such his persuasive address, that he inclined Mr. Vines and two others of the Court, strongly in his favor. Nevertheless, he was indicted and convicted of adultery, of breaches of the peace, and of " slanderous speeches." For the first of these offences, the Court sentenced him to pay £30, and for the others £5. He appealed, and claimed the right of a rehearing in England.* But Gorges, deaf to the demand, ordered his property to be seized and sold in execution of his sentence ; and in return, Burdet, denouncing vengeance against his judges, soon departed for England. There, all his expectations of redress were quickly extinguished ; for, taking sides with one party in the civil wars, he was seized and thrown into prison by the other ; — and we hear of this troublesome man no more.f Some other trials and a few political acts of the Court, may well be mentioned ; — both to gratify curiosity, and reflect some light upon the history of those times. J At the same session, Ruth, the wife of John Gouch, being in- dicted by the grand inquest, was convicted of aduhery with Bur- det, and received sentence, ' that six weeks after her expected ' confinement, she should stand in a white sheet, publicly in the ' congregation at Agamenticus, two several sabbath days ; and like- * wise one other day in the General Court, when she should be ' thereunto called by the Councillors of the Province, according ' to his Majesty's laws in that case provided.' He goes to England. R. Gouch Indicted. * The charter did not allow of any appeal to Englaud. I Hubbard's N. E. p. 361.— Wintlirop's Jour. p. 207. XFulsom's Saco and Biddiford, p. 55— 7— where mcntiuu is made of several trials and cases. Chap, vi.] OF MAINE- 285 Three other presentments were these, — one against John Lan- a. d. 1640. t\ev oi' I*\sc^Vdqun, for swearing two oaths, who was fined two Offenres shillings; one against Ivory Puddington, /or being drunk at Mrs. Tynn's, and fined ; and one against John Smith, servant of John Alcot, /or running away from his master and other abuses, who, after conviction, was sentenced to he whijDped and sent to his master. A bill of indictment was drawn against George Pud- dington, of Agamenticus, for saying on the 8th of August preced- ing, — ive hold the ^^ power of our combination^^* to be stronger than the power of the king. Tl)is the jury endorsed ignora- mus. \ To prevent the great destruction, made by wolves among do- Bounty for 11/-^ 1 1 1 -» 1 • 1 1 Wolves, mestic animals, the Court ordered 12 pence to be paid by every family between Piscataqua and Kennebunk, for each wolf killed within those limits ; and the same sum by every family between Kennebunk and Sagadahock for each one killed, within that di- vision : — the hunter receiving an order from the nearest Councillor to demand the premium. A division of the Province was in fact made, by the river Division of Kennebunk, into two Districts, or Counties, " East and West." vince!^"' No names appear to have been assigned to either by the Court, somer^sa though the western district, or county, gradually acquired the ^^°""''^*' name of York, and terms of an Inferior Court were appointed to be holden at Agamenticus, by a portion of the Council, three limes in a year; and the other, being commonly called Somerset, or JVew- Somerset, had three terms of a like Inferior Court holden annually in the same manner within it at Saco. It was also order- ed that henceforth there should be one General Court holden at Saco, for the whole Province of Maine every year, on the 25th of June, or on die next day, if that should fall on the sabbath ; and the Council might convoke sessions of that Court at other times. But the '• Inferior Courts had no jurisdiction in capital felonies, or civil actions involving tides to lands." Actuated, no doubt, by pious motives, though by peculiar zeal, * By this it would seem that Ajjamenticus had previously combined. •j- The Grand Jury presented John Winter, of Richmond's Island, " for that Tliomas Wise of Casco, hath declared upon his oath, tliat he paid said John Winter, a noble (6s. 8d.) for a gallon of brandy or aqua vitae." Mr. John West " declared he bought of John Winter" a pair of gray stockings at 2s. and shot at 4d. the pound, and paid in bearer at 63. the pound. 286 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A« D. 1640. the Court ordered all parents in the western County, or Division, An order as to bring their unhaptized children to the ordinance ; and whoever " should refuse, after a minister was settled in his plantation, and after "the worshipful Thomas Gorges" and Edward Godfrey, — the Deputy-Governor and senior Councillor of the Province, — ■" should enjoin upon him the duty ;" he was compellable, on being summoned, to appear and answer for his contempt at the next Court. „. , But nevertheless, the new administration in its energetic meas- Piscataqua ' ° settiemems ures gave satisfaction to the Province in general ; thoueh the set- combiue. o 7 o tlements upon the northern banks of Piscataqua were not par- takers in the contentment. Disinclined to acknowledge the jurisdictional authority of Gorges' charter, yet complaining of the great evils they had suffered through want of civil govern- ment, they entered into a social compact, Oct. 22d ; and by arti- cles to which Richard and William Waldron, Thomas Larkham and 38 others were subscribers, combined themselves in a body politic, for the free exercise and preservation of their political rights. They professed to be the king's loyal subjects, and said, they should observe his laws, in connexion with those of their own making, till he should give them further orders.* But as insubordination and anarchy are the fruits of political changes ; these pure democracies, it was found, were holden together by ties so slender, as to be easily burst by the first popular discon- tent ; — and such was the fate of this compact. Civil war Exhilarated, as Gorges had been, in the prospect of soon filling in Eugland. , . -r^ • • 1 • 1 i • • ^ ^ • 1 1 his Provmce with inhabitants, prosperity, and happiness ; he sub- mitted to reverses with vexation and grief. The voice of the people at home, was now at a high pitch, both against his party and their politics. The Commons had already commenced at- tacks upon the ministry, the prelacy, and even the prerogatives of the crown ; in consequence of which, religious persecutions had ceased, and emigration in a great degree also. P"'or such is the love of country and the satisfaction flowing from the enjoyment of liberty, in matters of conscience and worship, that when the persecuting sword was wrested from the destroyer, many who * 1 Haz. Coll. p. 482 Hubbard's JsT. E. p. 222.— The southerly part of Piscataqua plantation was called Champernoon's, probably from the name of one of the Council. It seems Waldron and Larkham, after this, lived in Dover, in N, H.— 1 Belk. J^. H. p. 48, 50.— 3 Coll. Mass. HUl. Soc p. 7. Chap, vi.] of Maine. 287 were preparing to emigrate, changed their minds, and some al-A.D. i64i. ready here, broke up their connexions and returned to England. The muhipUcation of removals hither, in preceding years, had Changes of a direct tendency to enhance the demand and price of domestic animals and of provisions. Passengers brouglit money with them, ant! articles of English fabric. IJut when emigration decreased,* great cattle, which had been selling at £25 a head, could be purchased for one half, or a third part of that sum ; corn and grain v/ere considered a good tender ; and provision by law, it is said, was first made for extending executions on real estate. The domestic manufacture of wearing apparel and bed-clothes, having become more necessary than at any former period, the farmers found it indispensably necessary to raise flax and breed sheep ;f and raw materials were wrought by females into needful cloiliing. A trade was opened between several places in New- England and the West Indies, in which lumber was exchanged for the products of those Islands; — a trade ever of great advant- age to this eastern country. Sir Ferdinando in his special patronage of Agamenticus, gave ATampiui- it a charter of incorporation, April 10, 1G41,J by which he erect- Borough, ed it into a town or " borough.'" It embraced the territory three miles every way " from the church-chapel," or " oratory of tlie plantation ;" and invested the burgesses, or inhabitants, with pow- ers to elect annually a mayor and eight aldermen ;§ and to hold estate to any amount. The mayor and board were authorized to make by-laws, to erect fortifications, and to hold courts in the "Town llall," once in three weeks, for the trial of misdemeanors and all civil causes. The inhabitants now thought they had ex- clusive privileges, and when the General Assembly or Court of elections was convened in June, at Saco, and opened by the Dep- uty-Governor, and the councillors. Vines, Bonython, Joscelyn and * Huhhar(Vit jY. E. p. 385, 395— 238-9— 246.— The New-England colo- nics, the next twenty years, lost by returns liome, more than they gained by accessions from the mother coimtry. — 1 JSTeaVs .'V. E. p. 218. t At this time there were in New-England about 12,000 neat cattle and 30OO sheep. — 1 Hutchinson s Hist. p. 91. — Corn -Is. ; rye 5s. and wheat 6s. per bcshel. See also Chalmers, p. ICJ-S. I Charter entire. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 470-J. 5 Tiiomas Gorges was mayor, and the aldermen were Edward Godfrey, Roger Gard, George Puddington, Bartholomew Barnett, Ed. Johnson, Ar- thur BragdoD, Henry Simpson and John Rogers. 288 '^HE HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D. 1641. Godfrey, three of the aldermen, and a delegate from the burges- ses or inhabitants, appeared and presented a special memorial declaratory both of their corporate rights and duties. They ac- knowledged, they said, the authority of the provincial charter under the Lord Proprietor, and cheerfully rendered full submis- sion to its requirements and the government under it, so far as they were lawfully bound ; protesting at the same time, that neither their present appearance at court, nor any other act of theirs should be deemed prejudicial to their borough-privileges ; and subjoining a request, that their protest might be authen- ticated by a " Notary," and recorded. It is manifest, that the corporate privileges, granted to Aga- menticus were peculiar, and might create some uneasiness in other parts of the Province ; yet the court were willing to give contentment, and ordered the immunities and powers possessed by the borough to be duly respected, till the farther pleasure of the Lord Proprietor should be known.* Without doubt his motives were wholly beneficent, and his wishes in unison with theirs : For I have, (said he,) ' by divine 'assistance settled in the Province a hopeful form of govern- ' ment ; and I am still anxious by all practicable means, to pro- ' mote the best interests of all the inhabitants. 'f Actuated bv these generous designs, he determined now to makes Ag- erect the borough into a " City ;" and accordingly executed amenlicus a •uTif-./^^^.i i-ii «iiy. another and more perfect charter, March 1, 1642, by which he incorporated a territory of 21 square miles, and the inhabitants upon it, into a body politic, which he, evidently in compliment « to his own name, called " Georgeana."! The whole lay in the izeorgeana. ' ^ ./ form of a parallelogram, on the northern side of the river Aga- menticus, extending up seven miles from its mouth, and a league upon the seashore. The police consisted of a mayor, 12 aldermen, 24 common * 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 101. f Gorges' Nar. p. 58. J Charier entire. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 480 — Q.— Edward Godfrey atfirmed that ' he had been a promoter of this Colony of IN. England from A. D- < 1609, and above .^2 years, an adventurer in that design, an inhabitant of i Agamcnticus in 1629—20, and the first that built there; that in 1634, ' he for himself, Samuel Maverick, William Hook and associates, obtain- « ed of the P. Council, a grant of 12,000 acres on the easterly side of Ag^a- Dienticus ; and Gorges' grandson Ferdinando, 12000, on the other side.' Chap. vi.J of jialne. 289 council-men and a Recorder, — annually elective in March, by the A. u. 1642. citizens or freeholders. The Mayor and Aldermen were ex officio Justices, and had the appointment of four sargents, whose badge was " a white rod," and whose duty it was, to serve all judicial precepts. The officers took, besides the oath of allegiance, an- other for the faithful performance of their trust. The courts were two : — one holden every Monday by the Count. Mayor, Aldermen and Recorder, for the trial of all offences not extending to life, and all civil suits not exceeding £10, and not concerning the title to lands. The town-clerk was the register and keeper of the recorils ; and the j)roceedings of the court were to be according to those in chancery at Westminster ; appeals to the Lord Proprietor or his Deputy-Governor in person being allowed in all cases. The other was a mere " Court- leet," holden twice a year by the Recorder, for preserving the rights of the corporation itself, and for punishing such as were abusers of the public trust. All the lands widiin the limits of the city not previously con- veyed, were granted to the corporation in fee-simple, to be holden of the Lord Proprietor, as he held the Province of the crown, by paying yearly a quarter of wheat. The Mayor,* Aldermen, Common Council, and Commonalty, were empowered to make any by-laws they might think fit and ihe^corpor. wholesome, for the better order and government of the corpora- °"°°" lion, not repugnant to the laws of England, nor those of the Province ; and to erect any fortifications, which might be approv- ed by the Provincial Governor and Council ; — and generally, they were to enjoy the liberties and privileges chartered to the city of Bristol in England. In conclusion — Sir Ferdinando adds, ' I command my Deputy- conclusion ' Governor, all my Council and freeholders of the Province, to * The first City-major was £dward Godfrey; — the aldermen were probably those under the former charter. — Wintlirop^s Jour. A. D. 1643, p. 276, — says, they have " lately made Agfamenticus, a poor village, a Cor- poration — and a tailor [R. Garde] their Mayor." They have also "enter- tained one Mr. Hull, an excommunicated pirsoii, for their minister." — The population of Gcorj^eana, at this time, was probably between 250 and 300 souls. Mr. Hull was also a preacher on the Isles of Shoals. Mr. Thomp- son was before Bnrdct, and a good preacher ; afterward he was' settled at Mount Walliston. — Winthrop^s Jour. p. 195, — 7. Vol. I. 24 290 ' THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1642. < take notice of this charter* and to aid and assist the Mayor and ' Commonalty, their successors and assigns, in all things touching ' its rights and authority.' More than ten years the city of Georgeana acted in a corpo- rate capacity, making some grants of land, and managing affairs- in a manner most beneficial to the interests of the people. As the mother country was in a revolutionary state, the Prov- ince of Maine might have been an asylum for loyalists and epis- copalians ; and some such without doubt emigrated, from the flames of civil war enkindling in the realm. But the provincial government, however, was not sufficiently settled, energetic, and methodical, to ensure confidence to a great extent. New- All parts of New-England had hitherto, since the rage of par- iin^tcrwil^h ty in the kingdom, happily experienced a gradual increase of seiisr^'^''" wealth and numbers. f By judicious management and an ener- getic administration, Massachusetts in particular, had acquired to herself an acknowledged ascendency or elevation, in her political character. Indeed, New-Hampshire, taught, since Mason'is death by bitter experience, the futility of self-formed combinations for security, had sought a coalescence with that colony ; and in 1 642, was admitted to a political connexion which lasted 38 years, ivjepscot In t.he mean time the transactions of Thomas Purchas, the re.sigiied lo _ Massachu- original settler at Pejepscot, partook of the same wisdom. He had heard of the Pequot war ; he was acquainted with the In- dian character ; he knew what was the exposure of his situation, and the emulous aspirations of Massachusetts. To effect and establish a conjunction with her, he assigned to her Governor, John Winthrop, by a conveyance executed August 22, 1639, '' all the tract at Pejepscot on both sides of the river Androscog- " gin, — four miles square towards the sea ;" and conceded to her government the same exercise of power and jurisdiction, * Charter entire. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 430, — 6. — Rog-er Garde, Esq. succeeded T. Gor<^es ia the borough mayoralty. In 1644, a woman was tried in the mayor's court for the murder of her husband, condemned and executed. f There were now settled in New-England 77 n iniste"?, who had been driven awav from England, and 50 towns and villages had been planted. — 1 Coll. nf Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 247,— S.— -In Massachusetts 1,232 were added to the list of freemen. — 1 Holmes A. Ann. p. 324, — First CommenccmrMl at Harvard College was this year — a seminary patronized by all New-Eng- land. Chap. VI.] of Maine. 291 possessed within her charter limits. In return it was expected a. D. iC44. the plantation would be soon enlarged and made to flourish ; — it being expressly provided, that Purchas himself, his heirs and associates should ever have the protection of the government, — a right which they claimed, at and after the present time ; and that ihey be allowed to enjoy forever the lands, they might clear and improve within the seven ensuing years.* The acts of Massachusetts colony, at least some of them, were viewed by malcontents, and also by jealous patriots, as stretches of power. Her accusers were royalists and episcopa- lians ; and oftentimes, in repayment of their illiberal strictures, some of them experienced retributive treatment but too severe. A sermon preached by Mr. Larkham of Dover, N. H. (now LnrkiiHm under jNIassachusetts) against hirelings, was an evident aim at ^" ' ***"' Richard Gibson, of Maine, and gave him great umbrage. He was an episcopalian, a good scholar, a popular speaker, and highly esteemed as a gospel minister, especially by the settlers and fishermen, at Richmond's Island and on the Isles of Shoals j among whom he had been for some time preaching. f He in reply, wrote an insulting letter to Larkham ; and likewise ac- cused Massachusetts of usurpation, in her endeavors to rule over the Isles of Shoals. In this state of irritation, Gibson provoked Isles of . Slioals re- the Islanders, A. D. 1G42, to revolt, and probably submit to Gor- voU, ges' government, several of the cluster being his by charter. But he was glad to escape the indignation of that colony by making a humble acknowledgement, and perhaps promising that the Islanders should be urged by him to return to their alle- giance. J As the New-England freemen were generally both republican The New- and puritan, they on the one hand disliked every friend and ad- -IropuMi- vocate of episcopal hierarchy ; and on the other, they were large volwi i.y the Com* inoua. partakers with the republicans in the struggle between the crown * See ante, A. D. 1G36, — also the instrument itself. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 437. — It was in lGt2, that Gov. Gorg'cs and Mr. Vines visited the Wliitc Hills, passing on their waj' through Pcjwacket. — Wintlirop\xeter, A. D. 1629—1 Haz. Coll. p. 271-2. In tlie deed from Gorges, the 294 '^^^^ HISTORY [Vol. i. A.D. J643. ward Rishworth were appointed by the Governor, to lay out the land into lots, suitable for settlers ; and then they, with Messrs. Wheelwright, Storer and Littlefield, began a regular plantation. At Wells, Mr. Wheelwright also gathered a church, of which he became pastor ; being well beloved and highly esteemed by his parishioners and all his immediate acquaintance. But an exclusion from the fellowship of ministers, and a banishment from the society of many pious men, who had been his early friends, were trials of extreme severity to his mind. To reconcile, there- fore, the Governor and Assistants of Massachusetts, he addressed to them, in December, (1 643,) a very humble and sensible letter, in which he confessed, his differences with them upon the subject of justification, had been magnified by the " glass of satan's temptations," and his own distempered imagination ; and had as- sumed a character and importance not warranted by the nature of the matter in controversy. ' I am,' said he, ' unfeignedly sorry, I ' took so great a part in those sharp and vehement contentions, ' by which the churches have been disturbed ; and it repents me ' that I gave encouragement to men of corrupt sentiments, or to * their errors, and I humbly crave pardon.'* The address made a favorable impression upon the Massachu- setts Court ; — they knew him to be a rigid puritan and a high- minded republican ; therefore, they first sent him a safe conduct to Boston, and subsequently the same summer, (A. D. 1644,) they annulled or reversed the sentence of banishment without his I personal appearance. He afterwards embarked for England, and lived in that country several years in favor with Oliver Cromwell, river is called Ogunquit; and the g-rant is upon condition of 5s. quit-rent j'early for each lot of 100 acres. John WadloH' or Wadleigh, removed from Saco to Wells, before 1C49; to whom an Indian, named Thomas Chabinoke, devised ' all his title and in- terest to Namps-cas-coke, being the greatest part of Wells ; upon condition that he should allow one bushel of Indian corn annually to the ' Old Webb,' his mother, as long as she lived. This tract extended from the sea as far up as the great falls on Cape Porpoise [Mousuni] river, and from Negunket to Kennebunk river. In 1659'-60, he and his son joined in a conveyance of the lands between Cape Porpoise and Kennebunk with several reserva- tions, to Eppes, and he to Symonds, son of the Deputy-Goyernor of Massa- chusetts, who settled at Wells ; and as the same had not been previously conveyed, the title proved valid. — Folsom, p. 120. * Wiuthrop's Jour. p. 329-331. Chap, vi.] OF MAINE. 295 tlie Protector. He returned nnd died in Salisbury, Mass. A. D. ■'^•^•'^^^ 1679; and his will was proved and recorded the year followin;^ in the Province of Maine, where the greater part of his estate still remained,* Governor Gor2;es was far from takinc; pleasure in the present Gov. Oor- aspect of his provincial afiairs. The difficulties with the neigh- home, boring French ; the restlessness of the Indians ; the revival of the proprietary claim to Lygonia; and the measures of Parlia- ment, all served to turn his thoughts to his native country ; and he determined at the expiration of three years, the period of his commission, to leave the province. It was evidently the success of rei)ublicariism in Endand, ^'v;""'!', •' I O ' sold lo Alex. which at this time brought again the Lygonia, or Plough- patent, i^'si^y- into notice ; and induced Alexander Rigby\ to become its pur- chaser. The eastern parts of the tcrriloiy had been progres- sively settling thirteen years; and hence he took an assignment of the fee, and of the charter itself, April 7, 1643, in full determin- ation to assume possession of the country and of the reins of gov- ernment. Kigby had been bred to the law, was a high repub- lican, and a gentleman of wealth, of piety and of influence ; hav- ing been a member of the long parliament, probably from Lan- casliire, the county of his residence, and at some time Colonel- commandant of a regiment. He commissioned George Cleaves, then in England, his deputy- He nppoiiii- president, and directed him immediately to take upon himself the rieavesfo administration of affairs. Cleaves having lived 13 years at Spur- S"^*^"' "• wink, and on the Neck, was aware of the resistance he might have to encounter from the provincial government of Sir Ferdi- nando Gorges, who had been by his agents, William and Thomas Gorges, exercir^ing jurisdiction over Lygonia six or seven years ; and therefore on arriving at Boston (in 1644,) he requested the intercession and aid of the Massachusetts' magistrates ; their po- litical if not religious sentiments being in harmony with Rigby's and his own, and in opposition to the creed of his opponents. But Massachusetts prudently declined any farther interposition, than to £rive him advice. He then wrote to Sir Ferdinando's * Sullivan, p. 233-4. — See post. VVei.ls j1. D. 1G53. — See also Kcnp.e- biink. t Winthrop and Sullivan spell " Rigby," — Hubbard " Rigbec." — Ed- ward spelt liis own narr.c '■ Kighv " 296 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1614. Council, and returned to Casco-peninsula [Portland], and there resumed his residence ; Governor Thomas Gorges about this time returning to England.* Calls a Cleaves proceeded to acquaint himself with the affairs and Casco.^* interests of the Provuice, and called a Court, or rather Conven- tion at Casco ; intending to organize a government. To innovate upon usages or make unnecessary changes, would be inconsistent with the dictates of policy or maxims of reason, and he adjusted his conduct by rules of strict prudence and moderation. But every movement of his was encountered by the unquali- Controversy "^ •' ^ between fied Opposition of Gorges' government. Vines convened the him and ^ ^ . Vines. members of the Council at Saco : and in the consideration of the subject, he and they supposed the grand patent, granted to the New-England or Plymouth Council, might be void from the be- ginning, as some argued, because of deception practiced in obtain- ing it ; that though it were otherwise, and though the council had given a patent of Lygonia, they had long since surrendered their charter to the crown, and upon their dissolution, twelve royal Provinces were established, of which, tuo were assigned to Sir Ferdinando ; that the patent of Lygonia could possess no pow- ers of government, since that dissolution — whereas Gorges had obtained a royal charter from his Majesty, and had by his agents and officers exercised a continued jurisdiction over the Province, many years ; and that even if the legality of the claim rested upon a priority of grant, Gorges and Mason had a joint patent of the country, A. D. 1G22, and the former had ever since had possession. On the contrary. Cleaves could shew the original patent to Dye and others, executed A. D. 1630 ; a possession taken soon afterwards under it ; a deed of the late assignment ; and satisfactory evidence, that when the Plymouth Council was dissolved, there was a reservation of all prior grants and existing rights. Still, to avoid a rupture, he sent his friend Tucker to Saco, with a pro- posal of submitting the controversy to the magistrates of Massa- chusetts, and abiding their determination till a final decision should come from England. In return, Vines, not only treated * Gov. Gorg-es' place of residence, while in the Province, was "about a mile above Trafton's ferry, near Gorges' point,"— tiie cellar of his dwelling-- lio'jse remains to this day. " He went to England in 1643" and it has been saiii he returned and died at York.— 1 Huichinssn's Hist. p. 163. Chap, vi.] of Maine. 297 the messenger with rough language but threw him into prison ; — AD. 1644. not permitting him to depart, till he had laid him under bonds, to appear at the next court at Saco, and be in the meantime of good behavior.* This outrage upon every principle of good faidi, exposed Vines and his adherents to the severest reprehension, which Cleaves might not be indisposed to aggravate. He made representations of these facts to the Massachusetts authorities, and requested them to espouse his cause. He also, and the chief men of Rigby's Pro- vince, to the number of thirty, sent to the Commissioners of the United Colonies a written proposition, which they had signed, and in which they expressed their desires, that it might become a member of tlie confederacy. To this, several objections were raised by the Commissioners of the United Colonies. The Province of Lygonia, they said, had no settled and well organized government. She had not complied with an important article of the confederaiion, which was tliis ; — that no Colony while adhering to the Episcopal Church-communion of England could be admitted to membership. Rigby, though the best republican commoner in Parliament, was himself an episco- pal professor, and a friend to the hierarchy ; and his provincials were of the same sentiments. However, in rejecting the pro- posal made, ]\rassachusetts took a prudent stand, resolving to abate the excitement, and avoid, if possible, the resentments both of Cleaves and his opponents, j Acts of wisdom, justice and impartiality usually give to antago- "y'^^'. "'*'' nists fresh confidence, and to mediators additional trouble. Both '" Massa- ciiuseiu. parties msisted upon the arbitrament of the " Bay-magistrates," as tlie Governor and Assistants of Massachusetts were called ; and were hardly restrained from immediate hostilities ; tliough it was repeated to them, that orders by the first arrivals from Lon- don would most assuredly be transmitted by the commissioners of foreign plantations, which would decide and settle the con- test. To allay or extinguish the excitement, a part of the magis- trates were content to hear the litigants. They said, umpirage was * Hubbard's JNT. E. p. 369. — Henry Joscelyn was as zealous as Vines. + The Province of Maine [says TT'inlhrop\i Jour. p. 275,] was not admitted into the confederacy, — " the people ran a different course from us, both in " the ministry and civil administrations." Vol. I. 25 298 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D, 1645. common throughout Europe, in matters infinitely more imjDortant ;. and a decision in this case, if not irreversible and conclusive, might effect a temporary reconciliation. Others said, the contending agents had no adequate power to bind their principals in the affair : and it was a matter wholly foreign, both to their jurisdic- tion and their duties. June 3. -^^ length, however, the magistrates appointed a special court Theresult. ^.q j^g holden at Boston, June 3d, (1645,) to hear the case ; where Cleaves and Tucker, in behalf of Rigby, filed their declaration, which had been seasonably served on Joscelyn and Robinson, who appeared in defence of Gorges' Province. In the trial, which was commenced before a jury, duly empanneled. Cleaves was unable to show a sufficient assignment to Rigby, the one produc- ed being executed by a minority of the original patentees ; nor could he make it appear by legal proof, that the territory in con- troversy, fell in fact within Rigby 's patent. The defendants were in a similar predicament, for they could only produce a copy of Gorges' charter, attested by witnesses, without any verification upon oath, or official certificate. — The court, therefore, dismissed the cause, advising the disputants to live in peace, till a decis- ion should come from the proper authority ; — and the contest re- mained undecided two years.* Sir F. Gor- ^^^ Ferdinando, after his nephew's return, appointed no suc- oned"^"^'*' csssor ; leaving his Province to the management of his Council. He himself, though now more than 70 years of age, had joined the army of the crown, in the civil wars, and was with Prince Rupert the last year of his famous siege of Bristol ;f and when that city was taken by the Parliament-forces, Gorges was plun- dered and thrown into confinement. ^ Richard Vines was elected Deputy-Governor in 1644 ; and a Vines Dep. _ . Gov. of General Court being met at Saco, in August, 1645, he pre- sided in the Council, consisting at that time of five members,^ viz. Henry Joscelyn, Richard Bonython, Nicholas Shapleigh, Francis Robinson, and Roger Gard. The court confirmed the Wheel- , , wri^iifs grant to Wheelwright and associates j otherwise, they only trans- rired con- . ... . , firmed. actcd such busmcss as the exigency of tiie umes required. — * Hubbard's N. E. p. 370.— Sullivan, p. 314. t The siege was in July, 1613 ; and city taken, Sept. 11, 1645. — 5 HwnCy p. 121, 184. \ 3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 135. Chap, vi.] of Maine. 299 Mr. Wheelwright, in a few years, resigned the occupancy of his A. u, i645. homestead to his son, who settled in Wells, and whose descen- dants have been some of the first men in the Province. The anomalous government of Cleaves was at this time not i^ysonia- " _ nieavesand much more than a general conservation of the peace, and a super- R'gby. intendency of his principal's interests. As the agent of Rigb)', he, as early as 1 G47, conveyed lands in Casco, in Purpooduck, in Spurwink, and upon the Islands.* Yet his deed of Peak's Island, in 1637, to Michael INIitten, his son-in-law, was in virtue of an agency from Gorges ; as Cleaves had a commission from Sir Ferdinando, Feb. 25, of the latter year, ' for letting and settling ' lands and islands between Cape Elizabeth and Sagadahock.' Cleaves also conveyed another large tract to JNIitten, the title to which seems not to have passed ; for he afterwards conveyed to George JMountjoy, the great surveyor, and others, — parts of the same tract ; — a confusion of claims, than which, nothing is more repulsive to settlers. Rigby was the patron of episcopal ministers, and the friend of the enterprizing, ignorant, poor. His early and generous exer- tions to send religious instruction to his Province, to the Islanders, and the fishermen upon the coast, give his character the traits of memorable excellence. At some time before his purchase of Lygonia, it is said, he encouraged Richard Gibson, before men- tioned, to protract his mission in these parts. — To Robert Tre- R- Treiaw. lawncy and Moses Goodyeare, members or friends of the episco- pal communion, the Council of Plymouth had granted Richmond's Island, though it was a part of the Lygonian patent. These men, in 1632, appointed John Winter to superintend the fishery at that place; who died, A. D. 1645, leaving a daughter, after- wards the wife of Robert Jordan, an episcopal clergyman. Jor- r. Jordan, dan lived upon the Island, and at Spurwink, till the first Indian war, and was an itinerant preacher to the people. f To finish the story of Jordan, he administered upon Winter's estate, A. D. * Sullivan, p. 114—115, 193, 213.— 1 Coll. .^lass. Hist. Soc. p. bA.—Ilub- hard^s J^ar. p. 282. — Cleaves, as Kig-by's agent, convejcd lands, in 1661, at Cape Porpoise. Indeed, in 1650, Riffby himself confirmed 10,000 acres of his Province to Cleaves. t Jordan died at Great Island, New-Castle, N. H. A. D. 1679, aged 78, devising- an immense real estate to his sons, in Scarborough and Cape-Eliz- abeth. — FoUom, p. 80. 300 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1645. 1648 ; and for monies due Winter, on account of services he had rendered Trelawney, alter he became sole proprietor, Jordan ob- tained an order from the Lygonian government to seize upon all the estate of the latter, — acquiring in this manner a title to lands, particularly in Cape-Elizabeth, which has never been shaken.* Oct. 21. At the court of elections under Gorges' charter, holden at Saco.— Of Saco, Oct. 21, 1645, there were only three of the charter or ^^^^ standing Councillors present, viz. Messrs. Vines, Deputy-Gov- ernor, Richard Bonython and Henry Joscelyn ; when the board, to the number of seven, was filled by election, — Francis Rohin- son, Arthur Mackworth, Edward Small, and Abraham Preble being chosen. Mr. Vines was re-elected Deputy-Governor ; and he and the Councillors were always Provincial Magistrates. William Waldronf was chosen Recorder, and a limited adminis- tration organized. In this Court, the usual and some peculiar subjects came un- Court. der consideration. The state of the Province was one. — ' Hav- ' ing,' said the Court, ' had no communication lately from Sir Fer- ' dinando Gorges, the Lord Proprietor, by which any authority is ' given for the complete organization and establishment of the * government, proposed by him to be formed under the charter, ' nor otherwise for some time heard from him, we have come to * a resolution, and it is ordered, that until directions be received ' from the proper source, a Deputy-Governor be chosen every ' year ; and should Mr. Vines, according to his present expecta- ' tion, depart the Province before his term expires, we have pro- ' visionally appointed Henry Joscelyn, to fill the vacancy.' A Tax. The Court laid upon the Province a tax of £4 lis., in the apportionment of which, they assigned to the Piscataqua planta- * Cleaves styled himself, in his proceedings, the " agent. of Col. Alexan- " der Rigby, President and Proprietor of the Province of Lygonia, — of " Gray's Inn, London." Trelawney and Goodyeare did not themselves come over; — they had an extensive patent from the Plymouth Council and their houses were at Spurwink. After Trelawney's death, his heirs neg- lected his affairs, and joined the crown party in the civil wars. — JVinth. Jonr. — Joscelyn's Voyages, p. 50. — Sullivan, p. 114. — Winter took the estate for services. f It seems Waldron was a man of good learning, but had been for some in- temperance, excommunicated from Dover Cliurch and removed to Maine. In Sept. 1646, he was drowned in crossing Kennebunk river. — HubharcVt JV. E. p. 528. Chap, vi.] of MAINE. 301 tions £2 10s. ; to Gcorgeana £1 ; to Saco lis.; and to Casco a.d. ic45. 1 Os.* By this we are made acquainted with the relative import- ance of those places, and with the fact of continued claim to the jurisdiction of Lygonia.f John Bonython, of Saco, being in debt and guilty of some of-f|^o"„u°"^" fences, had ofiered violent resistance to the oflicer, who had war- 'a«c'i- rants and other precepts against him ; contemned the authority that issued them ; and threatened to take the life of any one who durst touch him. To the process by which he was summoned to answer for his contempts and menaces, he paid no regard ; and therefore the court, after the usual preliminary proceedings, solemnly adjudged him to be an outlaw and rebel — no longer under his Majcstifs protection ; and likewise ordered, that if he could be taken alive, he should be transported to Boston, to un- dergo some extraordinary animadv^ersion or punishment."): Two law-cases occur at this session which are worthy to be diciioua['*" mentioned, only because they involve the question of jurisdiction, *^^^^^' then claimed and exercised from Piscataqua to Casco. One was an action of account, presented by John Trelawney, of Pis- cataqua, for services in the fishery at Richmond's Island, against John Winter, resident there ; the other was a suit by Edward Godfrey of Agamenlicus, one of the Council, to recover £20 awarded him by the High Court of Star Chamber in England, against George Cleaves, the Deputy-President of Lygonia, resid- ing at Casco :^ wherein both judgments were for the plaintiffs. But the paramount power, exercised by the government of Gorges within Rigby's patent, was at length brought to a final con- clusion by the proper authority. The subject having been re- Commis- ferred to the Governor-General and Commissioners of tlie cision, American Plantations ;|| they made their report in March, A. D. imiivorof 1646. By this, they decided, ' that Alexander Rigby, in virtue '^ ' ' * In Connecticut and Ncw-TIaven Colonics, there were, in 1645, 14 taxa- ble towns. f See 1 Coll. JIass. Hist. Soc. 101, — 2. — A fast was ortkrcd to be solemn- ly kept, Nov. 20, through the Province. J Jolm was the son of Richard Boynthoa. He lived 1-2 mile below Saco falls, on tlic cast side of the river. About the time of the American Rev- olution, the remains were discovered of the chimney and cellar of his house, which was destroyed by the Indians, A.D. 1675. — Sullivan, p. 224. — Query — what had Massachusetts to do with an offender in Maine ? 5 Sullivan, p, 309. || Ante, A. D. 1642. 302 A.D. 1646. THE HISTORY [Vol. Divisienal line in the river Ken- nebunk. Cleaves opens a court at Sa- co.— Offi- cers. ' of the deeds, and documents adduced, is the rightful owner and ' proprietor in fee-simple, of the territory or Province of Lygo- ' nia ; being a tract of land 40 miles in length and 40 miles in ' breadth, lying on the south side of the river Sagadahock, and * adjoining unto the great ocean, or sea, called Mare del J\'ort ;* ' and in him is settled the right of planting, ruling, ordering and ' governing it. The Commissioners furthermore ordered all the * inhabitants of the Province to yield due obedience unto its ' constitution of government ; and also directed the Governor of *■ Massachusetts, in case of any resistance, to afford the officers, ' appointed by said Rigby, all suitable assistance.' According to this decision, the river Kennebunk proved to be the divisional line between the two Provinces ; and the only re- maining settlements within Gorges' charter were those of Wells, Georgeana, Piscataqua and the northern Isles of Shoals. No decision could be more unwelcome and affi'onting to the ad- herents of Gorges. If the land-titles of settlers under him with- in the patent of Lygonia were not thereby put at hazard, three of his Councillors, Vines, Joscelyn, and Bonython, and several other officers, fell within Rigby's jurisdiction, and must either yield allegiance to his government or leave their estates and homes. To resist, would only expose them to the coercive power of Massachusetts, which they had reason to believe, she would be by no means displeased to exercise. Hence, Henry Joscelyn prepared to remove to Pemaquid -, and some others did actually quit the Province. Cleaves, exulting in successes, and in the good graces of re- ; publicans, both in England and INIassachusetts, immediately j opened a court at Saco, under the authority and auspices of Rig- ' by, his principal ; at which place, at Casco, and Black-point, he held sessions at appointed intervals, three or four years. The officers commissioned or designated by the proprietor or Cleaves | to govern the province, it seems, were a Deputy-President and 5 or 6 Assistants, who were probably iMagistrates of a judicial character. A court at Black-point was holden by Mr. Cleaves, 1 Henry Joscelyn and Robert Jordan. The administration pos-c?s- * By the favorable interpretation of Mr. Rigby's patent of Lygonia, jyir. Hubbard''s JV'. E. p. 510, says, they " brought it to the seaside ; where- " as the words of the grant laid it 20 miles, and had put Sir F. Gorges out «« of all as far as Saco." U!> ;e, Chap, vi.] of Maine. 303 ed some energy ; and its tide of popularity was proportionate to a.d. 1646. that of the Enghsh repubhcans at home ; so mucli was its for- tune reflected across the Atlantic. The style of the Court was the " General Assembly of the Province of Lvgonia ;" consisting of Assistants and of Deputies chosen by the people.* By tlie commissioners' determination, the territory of Gorges' vir.M Province was reduced to a remnant, and its political affairs j^'^y"^'* thrown into a miserable dilemma. Vines had sold and assigned his estate to Robert Childs, and returned to England,! ^ro'^ which he proceeded to Barbadoes ; 3Ir. Godfrey being the only Councillor left, of Sir Ferdinando's appointment. To revive and organize a new administration, lately so mutilated and crippled, a court was convened at Wells, which elected Godfrey, Cover- ^ ^ , nor ; Richard Leader, \icholas Shaplcisrh, Thomas Ji'ithers, )^!f"* — ' . OtBccri. and Edward Rishivorth, Councillors ; — the latter being appointed also Recorder. Afterwards other courts had sessions under Gorges' charter and articles of combination, and held terms alter- nately in Wells and Georgeana, about three years. J At the court of elections, Oct. 20, 1 647, no changes in the offi A.D. 1647- cers of government are mentioned. Great and provident care was taken of the public interests, and the people enjoyed con- siderable prosperity. One act of the court was memorable ; — this was the formation of the Piscataqua plantations into a town .. _ ' ' Kiiiery in- by the name of Kittery j^" which embraced the present town corpor.iied, * It appears, the Assistants in 1643 were, \V. Roya!l, Henry Watts, Jolin Cossons, Peter Ilill, and Robert Booth : — and Georje Cleaves, Deput}- -President." t Vines' assignment to Child was in Oct. 164.5. Ilis hoii?c was near Winter Harbor on tLc sca-sliore. He first came over A. D. 1609 and had been constantly in the country 30 years. — Iielk. Uiog. p. 354.— He was a hig-li royalist. | Sullivan, p. 320, 325. fj Killcry is the first and oldest loicn in the State : — fJcon^eana being; a ct7i/ corporate, not a it;ic/». The soil is either clay, sand, gravel or loam; and towards the sea the land is broken and rocky. Navy-y nrd,Badger's Trefcthern's, Clark's, Call's and Gorrish's Islands, belong to Kittery. The town records begin March 19, 164:?. The town was divided, and Ber\cick incorporated June 9, 1713, nnd EllUl, March ]. ICIO. In 1?20, the inhabit- ants were employed in "husbandry, fishing, merchant-voyages and ship- building." Tiie town produces annually 1000 barrels of cider; but nr> wheat.— J/^.f. Lttlcr rf the Hon. ,V. Denncl.—T]>e titles to the lands art- derived from Sir F. Gorges. Fir W. Pcppercil was born at Kitlerj-poinf. to which bis father removed from Star-Island. A single lineal descendant. 3Q4 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1647. of that name, the two Berwicks and Elliot. It was so called, from regard to the wishes of several settlers, who emigrated from a town of that name in England. Isles of ^ curious memorial, presented to the court, this year, reflects Slioals. ' ^ „ , . rn, some light upon the faint dehneations oi these tunes: — ihus, ' The humble petition of Richard Cutts and John Cutting, shew- « eth, — That, contrary to an order, or act of court, which says — ' no woman shall live on the Isles of Shoals, John Reynolds has ' brought his wife hither, with an intention to live here and abide. * He also hath brought upon Hog Island a great stock of goats ' and swine, which by destroying much fish, do great damage to ' your petitioners and others ; and also spoil the spring of water ' upon that Island, rendering it unfit for any manner of use — ' which affords the only relief and supply to all the rest of the ' Islands. — Your petitioners therefore pray, that the act of court ' may be put in execution for the removal of all women from in- ' habiting there ; and that said Reynolds may be ordered to re- ' move his goats and swine from the Islands without delay ; — and ' as in duty bound is your petitioners' prayer.' j In compliance with the request, the court ordered Reynolds to ■ remove his swine and goats from Hog Island within 20 days, and also from such other Islands as were inhabited by fishermen. But as to " the removal of his wife," it is ' thought fit by the court,' that " if no further complaint come against her, she may enjoy " the company of her husband."* Never, truly, was there a juster decision, but why an order of court so uncouth and so hostile to woman's rights and privileges, should ever blemish the < page of a statute book, neither history, nor tradition, informs us. , th and While Sir Ferdinando's Province was deeply involved in diffi- ciiniacterof(,y]{jgg |^g (jjgjj [^ England, about two vears before the execution Sir h. Gor- ' o ? . ges. of Charles, his royal master. Seldom is a subject more firmly , attached to his prince. He was a native of the kingdom, born, | A. D. 1 573, at Ashton Phillips, in the County of Somerset — -of Spanish extr action, f — a descendant of an ancient family more now indig-ent, isstilllivin!^, of the Ciitts family. Richard died Sept. 1810.— Sec post. A. D. 16.52 and 1712.— Sullivan''s Hist. p. 241—4. Kiltery was settled in 1G23; and Georg-eana, or Ag-amcnticus, in 1624. * 7 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 250. Also 1 Coll. ib. p. 103. ■j- Duke de la RochefoucauU Liancourt says " Gorges was a Spaniard." It is said his father came over from Spain in the reig'n of Philip and Mary. 2 Travels, p. 244. Chap, vi.] or .maim;. 305 distinguished for respectability than opulence. Ambition, sagacity a. d. ig47. and cnterprize, wliich made him delight in projects of adventure, •'^ir F. Oor were the strong features of his character ; and wliat his mind de- vised, his firmness of constitution, vigor of health and force of purpose, enabled him to pursue with unremitting perseverance. But his aims were too much elevated. Fame and wealth, so often tlie idols of superior intellect, were the prominent objects of this aspiring man ; and tliough he attained to rank and honor, he never could amass riches. Constant and sincere in his friend- ships, he might have iiad extensively the estimation of others, had not selfishness been the centre of all his efforts. In early life he was privy to the conspiracy of Essex against the administration of queen Elizabeth, and afterwards betrayed the whole secret. But if this transaction brought a blush upon his reputation, it had an eflect to gain for him, subsequently, many marks of royal favor, and to attach him more closely to the interests of the crown. He was a naval commander before the close of the queen's last war with Spain ; and in considera- tion of his services and merits he was appointed, A. D. 1C04, Governor of Plymouth in the County of Devonshire. He was also a captain in the navy, A. D. 1G25.* He and Sir Walter Raleigh, whose acquaintance was familiar, possessing minds equally elastic and adventurous, turned their thoughts at an early period of life, towards the American hemis- phere. Being many years the survivor, he had a proportionate advantage. He took into his family several transported natives, and by listening to narrations about their people and country, he was amused, informed and animated. Sanguine in the belief, that rich and powerful states would arise in this region, his mind and his tongue dwelt wiUi rapture u|)on the theme. The facts he collected, he reduced to the form of a succinct History of this northern country ; which, being found to contain many curious and rare particulars, was printed about ten years after his death. In the grand patent of New-England, he was an active and able member, the principal advocate of their rights, and the most powerful champion in tlieir defence. None did more towards planting a colony at Sagadahock, and subsequent settle- ments in the vicinity. He sacrificed his time, expended his * 4 Hume p. 350. Vol. I. 26 306 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1647, money, and sent over his own son and kindred, fully confident Fir F. Gor- of final success. But his schemes were often visionary, and his zeal sometimes partook of obstinacy. Determined to remove all obstacles averse to the establishment of the twelve royal Provinces, or a New- England empire, of which he was to be the Governor-General, he often assailed the charter of Massachusetts, as the chief em- barrassment, and thereby brought upon himself and his measures, repeated censures. In religion, a prominent article of his charter, he is not known to have uttered any intemperate or even conscientious sentiments. It is certain, though he was an episcopalian, devoted to the Eng- lish prelacy, he nev-er was a persecutor of puritans. Secular in his projects and pursuits, he had determined upon the acquisitions of dominion, riches and honors for his sons. His death, at the advanced age of 74, in arms, on the side of his king, from whom he had received so many tokens of favor, gave full proof of his fidelity ; and his life and name, though by no means free of blemishes, have just claims to the grateful re- collections of the eastern Americans and their posterity.* * His oldest son, John, succeeded to his estates and title, a man of na considerable cnerg-y, who survived his father only a few years. John left a SOD, Ferdinando, who inherited the title and some of his grand-fath- er's energies. Chap, vii.] OF MAINE. 307 CHAPTER VII. The French in Acadia — T/ic local situation and rivahhip of de la Tour and (V Aulney — Their religious tends — The warfare between them — La Tour applies to Massachusetts — Gov. Gor6i. „ Oct. 8. Chap. VII.] OF MAINE. ' 317 ries or affronts, mieht take their vessels or plunder the inhab-A.D. i644. itants. Misery and contempt, folly and meanness, mark the contro- .| j...^ versv of these two ambilioiis Frenchmen: for civil war never riv;!! ^^al- reflects a baser image in miniature, than wlicn it is reduced to personal quarrels, or the punctilious points of duelists. Our regrets are deep and many, that the English colonists, and nuirh more the government, ever had any concern in the affair : — For it was impossible to live in amity with both. At one time d'Aulney pressed an English colony-coaster into his service, and compelled the master to go with him to St. John's, in order to communicate through him to la Tour the new arret, and ensure a safe return of the messenger. He was otherwise often an offender ; and by reason of his threats, the frequent and successful applications of his foe to the rulers of Massachusetts, and the measures adopted or opposed by them ; the people were unhappily divided through the whole country into parlies. Madame la Tour, unable to visit her husband or home, com- . , ' Madame la menced two suits at law, one was a2;ainst l^avlcv, the master, for 'four's transportmg her to Boston and not to St. John's, whither she was bound ; the other was against Berkley upon the charter-party, for an unnecessary detention of six months on board, owing to a circuity of voyage for the sake of a gainful trade. The trials before the Court of Assistants lasted four days ; in which she labored to shew her damages, to be equal to the cost of a force and outfit, sufiicient to cope with her enemy, in the event of a rencounter ; and extravagant as the verdicts of the juries may appear, they gave her £2,000. With this money, obtained from the proceeds of the cargo, she chartered three London ships in Boston harbor, and proceeded to St. John's.''^ When d'Aulney was ai)i)rized of her flisrht, or rather departure, r^,. , ■' '■'■ ^ ^ ^ r J D Aulney. he was excessively chagrined, for one of his schemes was now Irustrated ; he having had the fullest intentions of making her his illustrious captive. In this malignant warfare, chivalrous gallan- try, once the pride of Frenchmen, seems to have lost its charac- * Winlhrofs Jour. p. 3G3 — 4.— Here the Journal closes. Afterwards tlie recorder of tlie Court and one of the jurymen, were arrested in London and compelled to find bonds for £l,OoO, to answer in a Court of Admiralty —where they were discharg-ed.— //M^yfenrfr* A". E. p. 4S1. 318 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1645. ter ; and the married wife was marked for triumphant seizure. Jealous now of Massachusetts to a greater degree than ever, he determined to consider the obh'gations of the late treaty with her government as broken ties ; and his king's directions relative to the English, as nullities. He knew, the protestant interest in France was sinking ; his monarch was a child ; and the administration was too much distracted with foreign and domestic wars, too fee- ble and too partial, to arraign him for his conduct, provided he His expedi- actcd zcalously the part of a catholic. From the friars and other feat. treacherous fellows, dismissed by lady la Tour after her arrival home, he had information, that her husband was on a cruise in the bay of Fundy ; and his garrison being supplied with only 50 men and poor provisions, might be easily captured. Therefore the Commander of Penobscot, proceeded thither early in the spring ; and meeting with a New-England vessel off the coast of the peninsula, laden with supplies for his enemy, he made prize of her, turning the crew upon a desolate island, without fireworks, gun or compass ; and proceeded on with his prize. A miserable wigwam was their only shelter ; the snow was deep, and a part of their clothing was withholden from them by their piratical captor. Arriving in the harbor of St. John's, d'Aulney moored his ship in a well-chosen position, near the fort ; and then discharged his ordnance upon it, with considerable effect. But he was con- tending with a heroine of consummate valor : — She returning the fire with such .spirit, that 20 of his men were killed — 13 were wounded ; and his ship was so much shattered and disabled, that he was forced to warp her away under the shelter of a bluff to prevent her from going to the bottom. On his return, he took the plundered crew from the Island after ten days' suffering, and sent them homeward in an old shal- lop, without the necessary comforts of life. Massachusetts, justly incensed by his base conduct, accused him of breaking a sacred treaty, and demanded immediate satis- His conduct faction. But he refused to admit into his presence the messen- CoTonSsI'"" ger, till he had explained how la Tour's wife effected her return home ; and then he charged the colony with assisting his mortal enemy ; killing his domestic animals ; and burning his build- ings ; and furthermore, added he, — I warn you to beware of my sovereign's resentments. — It is true, the messenger replied, he is a mighty prince, and also one of too much honor to com- Chap. VII.] OF Maine. 319 mence a rash attack; yet should he, we trust in a God, who isA.D. 1645. the infinite arbiter of justice. When the messenger furthermore informed d'Auhiey, that the treaty negociated by Marie, had been ratified by the Commissioners of the United Colonies, he utterly refused to give it the sanction of his own si>;nature, till all difficulties were settled. Still, said he, ' so much more is ' honor with me than emolument, that I will wait for an explan- * atory answer till next spring ; and in the mean time, there shall ' be no act of hostility on my part.' Impossible as it evidently was to enjoy peace and a free trade, with both the contending Generals at the same time ; the Gover- nor and magistrates of Massachusetts resolved upon farther ne- gociation rather than war, so long as it could be managed upon honorable grounds. The place and manner were questions of de- bate. Some thought it would neidier be wise nor consistent with the rules of etiquette, to go and treat with d'Aulney in liis own castle, supposing Pemaquid would be a fitter place. Others saw an expediency in such approaches to one, who professed to stand so much upon his ' honor ;' when he, being apprized of their delib- erations, sent them a note, to trouble themselves no farther upon the subject, for he should commission messengers in due time, to wait upon them and settle difficulties. The delay was long and unexpected, extending even to the icjg. 20th of the next September, (A. D. 1646,) when three commis- ('j'X''im^ sioners of his, IMarie, Louis, and his Secretary, arriving in Bos- |\Ki"ssach"!* ton, were received with all the testimonies of respect due to their ^*^"*' master. After a review of mutual grievances, the commission- ers, in the sequel, demanded £800 damages, for injuries done d'Aulney at diflerent times. But the Governor and magistrates thought the colonists were the greater sufferers : — nevertheless, to evince their high sense of justice and honor, and to give d'Aulney satisfaction, on a re-establishment of the former treaty, they made him a flattering present. This was an elegant sedan worth 40 or £30, which being sent by a Mexican V^iceroy to iiis sister in the West Indies, fell into the hands of Capt. Cromwell, and was presented by him to the Governor.* By protracting the negociation, d'Aulnev had been successful,..,. , in deterring the English colonists from trading at St. John's, or '""^ '» '^'>'"- * ritibbarrl's N. E. \\ 49t> 320 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1646. affording his enemy succours. His vigilance was unremitting ; — he being often made acquainted, probably by the treacherous friars, with every movement and the true condition of la Tour ; who himself appeared to be destitute both of prudence and sagacity. Finding his provisions short in the close of the winter, he ventured to cruise from place to place in search of supplies ; leaving his fort and his estate in the care of his wife ; who, though a wise and valiant woman and a discreet manager, well worthy of his unlimited confidence, was at this time greatly needing and highly deserving the experience and energetic assistance of a hus- band, in trials so severe and fatal. A.D. 1647. In April, General d'Aulney, at a favorable moment, again brought all his naval force into the harbor of St. John's ; and commenced with great spirit a cannonade of the fort. In the assault twelve of his men were killed and several were wounded. D'Auinev ^^^ against all opposition, he was able finally, after a short though ^ptures la ggyere siege, to scale the walls, when he made la Tour's wife a prisoner ; putting, it is said, all the others, both English and French to the sword. The amount of plunder, consisting of ordnance, plate, jewels, household-stuff, and other personal prop- erty, which he carried away, probably exceeded £10,000. This catastrophe taught la Tour the folly of presumption. Exposed as he was at all times to capture ; duty and honesty as well as prudence, required him to make the hands of friends the ,, depositories of his effects : For, in this event, his own ruin wasj not all. Many New-England merchants, who were his creditors, were compelled to place their debts on the leaf of total loss. One of the greatest sufferers was Gibbons, whom he was owing more than £2,500, for monies and means furnished him, four years before, when he was in great distress. To secure himsel) more amply. Gibbons had taken, May 13, 1645, a revised mort- gage of all his debtor's real and personal estate in Acadia ; ex- cepting his frigate and a territory, about 72 miles square, upon the westerly end of the great peninsula. Of all the property sc pledged, he also took formal possession, the same year ; 'yet he derived thence no avails towards the repayment or discharge o: his demand.* * L'd Tour gave Gibbons an inventory and deed of his personal estate, vessels, barques, and boats, conditioned, that if he paid Gibbons £2,084, and Chap, vn.] OF Maine. 321 The end of la Tour's accomplished wife was tragical. Driven A- 1>. 1647. from her native country by the sword of catholic persecution, and/^'^^'^^'o'".'" separated from her husband in a season of the greatest anxiety and trouble, she soon sunk under the weigiit of her complicated afflictions. Her home and her estate were gone — she was bereft of all that was dear or desirable in life — her lofty spirit could not endure the ideal dishonor of imprisonment, in the castle of her most inveterate enemy — and, within three weeks after she was made a prisoner, she died of grief. Her wretched husband visited Newfoundland, in eager hopes ^a Tour's of assistance from Sir David Kirk,* a great trader of the age. allsence^"^ Being unable in that way to obtain encouragement, he took pas- sage in one of his vessels for Boston ; where he had the courage to present schemes to his former friends for reviving his fortune, and to urge his pleas for the necessary help. He found several merchants, who still had confidence in his integrity ; and some of them, at length, furnished him with a vessel, manned by Englishmen and Frenchmen, under a master who was neither, and supplied with commodities suitable for the Indian traffic, worth £400. La Tour sailed about the middle of winter for the Nova Scotia peninsula ; and when he had arrived opposite Cape Sable, he de- veloped the baseness of his soul. Consummate in the arts of in- trigue and disguise, he conspired with the master and five of his own countrymen to drive the Englishmen ashore, and run away with the vessel and her cargo. In executing the piratical project, he was violently resisted ; and fought in person, shooting one En- glish sailor in the face with his own pistol. This part of the crew, so barbarously turned adrift in the depth of winter, wandered up and down the coast, 15 days, in extreme sulTering ; till unexpectedly they were met by a party of Mick- mack Indians, who treated them with a generosity highly credita- ble to the attributes of human nature. It is their due, further to add, that they manifested great nobleness in their conduct ;f for they received the forlorn mariners into their wigwams, ra- the interest, by Feb, 20, 1652, the estate was to be again la Tour's — 1 Haz, Coll. p 541 — 1 — where the indenture is entire and the bond in latin. * See Ante, A. D. 1628. + Hubbard's N. E. p. 498. Vol. I. 28 322 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 164S. freshed them with venison and the best food they had, kindly loaned theui a shallop, and provided an Indian pilot, to assist tliem in getting home. Yet it was not till the following spring, (1G48,) three months after they left Boston, that these unhappy men, with all their exertions, and the kind assistance of the natives, were enabled to effect a safe return. La Tour went to parts unknown ; some supposing he had taken a trip to Hudson's bay ;* — as nothing was heard of him for more than two years. Nat'.ve-i nii(t B,^,t thou2;h the Mickmacks of that Province were at this period the French. ^ . ,, . i -n i r i ■ i friendly to the whites oi all nations ; the t rench found in the Mohawks a most deadly scourge. That ferocious and brave people, no force had been formed in Canada sufficient to sub- due. No arts could tame them. — Massachusetts, though re- quested by the Canadian Governor, wholly declined any inter- ference, for, ' never,' said slie, ' have the Mohawks done wrong ' to the English, and they may always be a barrier in cases of emer- ' gency or rupture.' Even Father Dreuillettes, the great apos- tle to the Indians of Nova Scotia, was sent to Boston from Can- ada upon the same errand, without success. — Consequently, after the Mohawks had succeeded in subduing the Hurons, they determined to extirpate entirely the Canadian French, by a gen- eral massacre. f Alarmed by this news, the latter endeavored to shield themselves against destruction, by redoubling their ef- forts to secure the good-will of all the other natives within their acquaintance ; displaying much apparent friendship ; applying the arts of catholic worship ; and inducing the sanctimonious Jesuits, to accommodate their zeal and instructions to tlie same desirable end : and thereby, no doubt, a much greater degree of French influence was attained among them, — especially among the Al- gonquins and the Eastern tribes. On the other hand to check the current, and inculcate, if possible, the protestant doctrines with more effect ; a " Society for projyagating the Gospel in JVew-England,^^ among the natives, by visits, schools, and ser- A. D. 16<19. mons, was incorporated, A. D. 1G49, by act of Pailiainent. No odier place in this eastern region was so much the resort of catholic missionaries, as the fortress of d'Aulney. He was for several years sole ruler of the country, and a religious zealot. But we hear little of him during the last four years of his life. * SuUivau, p. 282. f T> Jefrys, p. 100.-3-5.— I Ilolmet" A. Ann. p. 344. Chap, vii.] of Maine. 323 He died, A. D. 1651 : and the next year, la Tour returned and a. d. igso, .,,.., 1G31, 1632. married his widow. All the rormer possessions of la Tour in Nova Scotia, being now resumed by him ; very strong expectations were entertained in mirries iho Massachusetts and Maine, that he would do his creditors justice. d'Auiney. But they were wholly disappointed. La Tour thought more of present enjoyment, than of old friends. During his second con- nexion, he had several children, — he was seldom absent from his Province ; and when the only daughter and child of his wife, by her former husband, became a canoness of St. Omers, she bequeathed to her half brothers and sisters her whole inheritance. Twelve years' predatory warfare between two ambitious rivals, — the subjects of the same crown, produced effects highly inju- rious to the settlements in the Province of Maine, and the plan- tations farther eastward. Sometimes they committed great wrongs and even depredations ; their menaces frequently excited alarming apprehensions ; free trade was interrupted ; and it was always difficult for the people, so to adjust their conduct by the maxims and rules of prudence, as to keep themselves out of the quarrel. The principles of d'Aulney's great and boasted honor were uniformly the servants of passion or interest. He furnished the natives with firearms and ammunition. The naiives and taught them the great power and use of the gun.* His^Ii'^i,'.','^!^;"* priesthood, consisting wholly of friars, made the savages be- *'""^''"''*- lieve, that catholic rites and ceremonies were the essentials of religion ; and that the dictates of the missionaries were equiva- lent to the precepts of Divine authority. Whereas the ortliodox puritans carefully withheld from the Indians the hunting gun, so necessary among them to obtain the supports of savage life ; while their pious missionaries very honestly instructed them, that real religion consisted in regenerating the affections of the heart; in the immaculate purities of life; and in the practices and dispositions towards others, which we would wish them to exhibit towards us. But these were refinements, which the un- tutored, unenlightened savages could not understand. The usages of retaliation had acquired a kind of sanctity among them, which they believed nature herself tolerated. Indulgences, and super- stitious forms, as allowed by the Jesuits, were altogether more * 1 Hutchinson's Hist, p. 127—159. 324 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. L>. 1552. accordant with their notions and habits, than the self-denying doctrines of restraint, and the rigid precepts of reform, as taught by the protestant missionaries. The French Since this region has been in the occupancy of the French, beiilemeius. ^gitj^gj, tjjg settlements at Penobscot, at Mount Desert, at Machias, at St. Croix, nor the places eastward,* had flourished. Most of the French emigrants were ignorant, poor and unenterprising ; the government was of a despotic military character ; and the com- manders, as we have seen, were perpetually contending. The social regulations were under the direction of the ecclesiastics ; rights and wrongs were not treated nor regarded in a proper manner ; and no man of good sense and intelligence dwells con- tentedly, where life and property are insecure. * These were at St. Johns, Quako, Petudiac, Gaspe^ Port-Rojal,Ie Heve, Cape Sable and other places. N. B. Mr. Vines who was ill-treated and suffered by these Frenchmen, la Tour and d'Aulney, removed to Barbadoes, West Indies ; — where he retrieved his pecuniary circumstances ; and in 1647 — 8 wrote letters to Gov. VVinthrop, who appears highh' to esteem him.— .See these letters in J'^ulsom^s Saco and Biddeford, p. 71 — 3. Chap, viii.] of Maine. 325 CHAPTER VIII. Four civil divisions of this Eastern Country — Province of Maine as bisected — The people combine — Governor, Councilors and ad- ministration — Lygonia under Rii^by — Cleaves his Deputy-Pres- ident — The Court of Assistants — Death of Rigby — Sagadaliock territory — Pemaquid patent and the Droicne right — The Brown and Toppan Rights — Parker's Island, Arrowsick and Jcrcmy- squam — Wiscasset — Cowseagan Claim — Evils of conflicting titles — Penobscot country — The, four different characters of govern- ment, ivithin the limits of the present 3Iainc. In returning to the civil history of Maine, we are necessarily a.I) i647. reminded of the four great political sections into which we find it '" divided. These are, 1 , the restricted province of Gorges, extend- [y'lJ'j' ^'^'*"" ing to Kenncbunk river ; 2, Lygonia ; 3, The Sagadahock terri- tory; and 4, the region between the waters of Penobscot and Passamaquoddy. The Province of Maine, bisected in the manner previously 1 11-1 1- rr^, / 'St. The stated, was labonng under great discouragements. The people Provi.ice o* were troubled and disheartened. Unable satisfactorily to deter- mine what course of measures to pursue, the Provincial author- ities, in June, 1647, addressed a letter to the Lord Proprietor; stating the unhappy condition into which the late decision in favor of Rigby had thrown his plantations, and requesting him to give them instructions in this emergency. But they received no reply. They knew he was a man of 'j-|,e Ad- advanced age ; and a crown officer in the civil wars then raging """"'*i'"a"on in England. Furthermore, a rumor of his death was in circula- tion, the origin or truth of which could not be satisfactorily ascer- tained. In this state of doubt and suspense, it was considered most prudent, to act under the charter ; and accordingly a Gen- eral Court was convoked at Wells, October, 1 648, when Edward Godfrey was re-elected Governor ; and Richard Leader, Nicholas Shapleigh, Thomas Withers,* and Edward Rishworth, who had * Sullh'an writes his name " Withers," p. 320 — 343. — He lived in Kit- terv. 326 '^^^E HISTORY [Vol. i. A.D. iG-ia. been Councillors the two preceding years, were again chosen to the same office. As soon as the government was organized, anoth- er address w;as prepared and transmitted to England, wuh more earnest solicitiide for directions in their political affairs. An anxious year elapsed without any return, and without any further intelligence, than the confirmation of Sir Ferdinando's death. The certainty of this event induced the people of Wells, Geor- geana, Kittery, and perhaps the Isles of Shoals, to hold a popular AD. 1649. convention at Georgeana, in July (1649) for the purpose of a general consultation ; when a discussion was had upon their rights, duties, and difficulties. ' To promote the settlement and the ' greatest good of the country, has been,' said they, ' our un- ' changing purpose ; in which we have endeavored to manage * and regulate its affairs, according to the express powers given in ' the charter to the Lord Proprietor ; the ordinances established * by him and the Provincial General Court ; and the laws and ' usages of England. But most of his Charter Councillors have ' departed the Province — the Parliament of England has com- ' manded us, not to intermeddle with the patent to Mr. Rigby — ' and since Sir Ferdinando's death, no instructions have been re- ' ceived, nor can any be reasonably expected from the parent ' country, so long as it is filled with its present distractions, and * involved in civil war.' Doubts were entertained too, whether the powers of the charter, or at least the administration of government, did not expire with the Lord Proprietor ; and perhaps the inhabitants were fearful of displeasing Parliament, if they acted under that instrument. — Therefore, after premising that the privileges of Agamenticus, or Georgeana should be preserved entire, they formed themselves pact form- into a ' Social Compact,' thus :— " JVe, with our free and volun- * ■ " tary consent, do bind ourselves in a hody politic and comhina- " iion, to see these parts of the Country and Province regulated, " according to such laws as have formerly been exercised, and " such others as shall be thought meet, but not repugnant to the *^ fundamental laws of our native Country.''''* It was further ordained, that a Governor and five or six Coun- cillors, magistrates or assistants, should be annually chosen, " by most voices," or majorities of the voters ; and in proceeding to. * 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 103. IJhaP. VIII.] OF MAINF,. 327 111 immediate election, they chose the same Governor and Coun- a-d. ka9. iillors, who had filled the offices the preceding year ; — Mr. ^ishwortli being re-appointed Secretary or Recorder. Thus or- ganized anew, the administration was continued in the same lands, the two following years ; during which, the proceedings vere conformed substantially, to the provisions of Gorges' char- :er, and the usages already prevailing. Determined, according :o the dictates of wisdom and prudence, to be obedient subjects o the predominant powers of the realm, they professedly approved )f their measures ; and when they heard, that Charles their sov- ereign was no more, and that the reins of government were in he hands of the Commons, they readily took directions from :hat Body. The Lys^onian Province embraced a far greater extent of 2.i. Tiie . . ' I'roMiice of errilory, than that of Maine as lately restricted, and probably as Lysonia .',,.,.., ,, , , aiul ilsgov- Tiany mhahitants ; but in neither ot the governments, were the emmpnt. ines distinctively drawn betvreen the departments of legislation, )f judicature, and of executive autliority. The same tribunal nade laws — tried causes — and carried their sentences into exe- :ution. The administration under Gorges possessed the most of system and energy ; — that under Rigby was the most popular ; md both were regularly organized. Rigby's politics and the sentiments of his provincial officers, were happily in unison with ;he triumphant republicans in England, and the puritan rulers in Massachusetts.* * S3 much only of the records of (he General Assembly in this Province 'Lypronia] have, on diligent inquiry, hecn found, as to sliew, tliat its pro- leeiiinjs were condnctcd with regularity. For instance, a " petition of Robert Jordan to Alexander Rigby, President, George Cleaves, Deputy- President, togetlier with the whole body of tlie General Assembly of Lygonia, assembled thi$22d day of September, 1648," &c.— was " referred by lliis Assembly, September 24, to a Committee of this House, viz. to Mr. George Cleaves, Mr. William Royal, Mr. Ricliard Foxwell, and Mr. Mcnry Watts, to be set on the 10th of October next, at Riciiinond's Island, tonr.ihe report of the state of things jictitioned for, to this Court at the next Sessions; under the hand of the clerk of the Assembly, Peyton Cook." The Committee made their report, in December following, and the decree of the Court upon it, iras afterwards adjudged legal and valid, by the au- thorities of Massachusetts. So ' at a Court holden at RlacU-point, the last day of May, 1648, touching (he administration of P. Cooke, upon the estate of R. V\'illiams, this entry is found:'— "We the judges for the Province of Lygonia, do by our authority, ratify and confirm nnfo the 328 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1649. George Cleaves, under the title of Deputy-President, was chief- magistrate of Lygonia, from the time of purchase to the death of Col. Rigby. The Court of Assistants, in 1650 — 1, so far as we can learn, seem to have been Robert Jordan, an episcopal minister of Casco ; Arthur McWorth oi VxQsnm^scoX'* Henry Joscelyn of Black-point, who was a Councillor under Gorges, and might have become reconciled to Rigby ; Thomas Williams and Robert Boothe, both of Saco, and Morgan Howell of Cape- Porpoise : — John Wadleigh, Jonas Baily, Thomas Morris and Hugh Moseer, were men of some distinction ; yet, if they were clothed with any public trust, their political or official character is not ascertained. Cleaves, it is believed, held his Court principally at Casco and at Saco ;f — the latter place having been the seat of government under different administrations, since A. D. 1636. A. D, 1650. Sir Alexander Rigby died in August, 1650, both esteemed and Sir Aiexcui- laj^iented. Besides bavins; a seat in Parliament, and a Colo- cler Kigby s o ' death. ^gj'g commission — he was admitted to an order of knighthood, and thus acquired the thle of " Right honorable Sir," appurte- nant to the honor conferred. The Sagadahock territory included several parts and settle- 3d. Sngn- mcuts, Connected by no particular bond of union or government. riiory. It extended from Kennebeck river to Penobscot. The principal plantation within its limits was Pemaquid, — a place of general resort for mariners and fishermen in the contiguous waters, and often visited by persons passing and repassing in vessels, between the French settlements and the English towns and liarbors west- ward. It was the seat of government within the patent, to El- bridge and Aldsworth, and had been settled a fourth part of a century or more. The chief magistracy was still in the hands of Abraham Shurte, Esq. whose administration, with a few select said P. Cooke, the aforesaid administration, according to the full tenor thereof. Witness our hands, under our Provincial Seal, the day and year above written. (Signed) G. Cleaves, II. Joscelyn, R. Jordan." See Folsom''s Saco, Sfc. p. 61. » Mc Worth's house erected about 1633, was on the main land, 3 or 4 miles southwardly of Clapboard Island. — 2 Mass. Rec. p 240. i-One of the late entries of this Court of Lygonia was in 164S — Jordan ad'm. of Winter's Estate against Trelawney ; and execution was ex- tended on lands in Casco, Purpoodnck and Spurwink, before mentioned. Chap, viii.] OF MAINE. 329 Assistants, was rather an advisatory conservation of the peace, A. D. 1650. than that of distributive justice and executive command. The Pemaquid patent itself u^as uhimately resolved, into what penwouid has been called the " Drowne Claim.^^ It was originally a joint- |)'',!o^vne'^ tenancy to Robert Aldsvvorlh and Giles Elbridgc, and enured ^iaim. wholly to the latter by survivorship. When his son, John El- bridge, who inherited it, died, he devised it Sept. 11, 1G4G, to his brother Thomas, afterwards a resident for a period at Pema- quid. In 1650, the latter mortgaged Monhegan and Damaris- cove to Richard Russell ; and at the same time sold half of the patent, half of the household furniture, and half of the cattle to Paul White, for £200. Immediate possession was given by Thomas Elbridge's attorneys, Henry Joscelyn and Robert Jor- dan, in presence of Arthur Mc Worth, and Friend Lister. On the 27th of April, 1653, Elbridge and White, conveyed their re- spective moieties to said Russell and one Nicholas Davison ; and the latter taking a conveyance from Russell, in 1657, of all his right, became the sole proprietor of the Pemaquid patent. One of his daughters married with Shern Drowne, and hence the origin of this claim. It embraced " all the town of Bristol, and part " of the towns of JVew- Castle and JYobleborough.^^* " The Brown i?/Wj^" is another important claim. It has its „ " '■ Brown origin in a deed from a couple of Sagamores, July 15, 1625, to rigin. John Brovvnf of New-Harbor. Its southerly line or boundary, ran from Pemaquid falls to Brown's house, on the eastern shore ; and from this line extended northerly 25 miles, including Muscongus Island, and covering " the most of Bristol, all the towns of JVo- " bleborough and Jefferson, and part of the town of JVew- Castle.*' Brown, in August, 1660, conveyed to one Gould and his wife, eight miles square, about midway of the original grant ; and Wil- liam Stilton, who married their daughter, hved on the premises about the year 1720. John Brown, the namesake and heir of *See the report of the Commissioners, in 1811, relative to the difGculties in the County of Lincoln, p. 7 — 12 — 23 — Documents 33 — 80. — Russell and Davison lived in Charlcstown, Mass. Drovrnc was of 13oston. — See ante. A. D. 1623— 30— 36, one/ po«<. Chap. 14, 16G4. f Sec Commissioners^ Report o/'lSll, p. IG— 23. — Documents p. 167 — 170. Brown's deed is signed by " Captain John Somerset," and " Unnongoit," Indian Sagamores. — The deed to Gould and wife, was supposed to be about a third part of the whole Indian purchase. Vol. I. 29 330 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1630. jjjs father, lived at New-Harbor, probably in the paternal man- sion. A survey was afterwards made of the different claims j and James Noble and William Vaughan, in the right of Brown, " improved all the lands lying on both sides of the Damariscotta " Fresh Pond, to the head of it ; also on the west side of the " river half way to Sheepscot, and on the easterly side nearly ta " Pemaquid Pond." Tappaii Though " the Tappan Right" was of later date, it extensively interfered with the others, and ought to be mentioned in this place. It originated in three Sagamore deeds to Walter Phillips, dated A. D. 1661 — 62 — 74; and embraced "a great portion of the " same lands with the Brown Claim." Phillips conveyed to Rev. Christopher Tappan, Nov. 10, 1752, a greater part, if not all his Indian purchases, under whom surveys were made and pos- sessions taken.* Though the colonies of Massachusetts and New-Plymouth, as early as 1633, passed acts which forbade such purchases from the natives without the license or approbation of their Legislatures ; yet they were multiplied in Maine. Parker's, A few Others ought to be subjects of remark, before we leave and Lake's this territory. f One was a purchase of an Indian, in 1649, by c aims. JqJiji Parker of the Island since called by his name, on which he then resided ; and of all land on the west bank of the Kenne- beck from Winnegance-creek to the sea, and westward to the wa- ters of Casco-bay. Another sale was made by a chief the same year to Christopher Lawson, which he assigned, in 1653, to Thomas Clark and Sir Biby Lake. J This was finally confined below the northerly line of the present Woolwich, and embraced the most of that town. The same Thomas Clark and one Roger Arrowsick. Spcucer bought, in 1660, Arrowsick Island of a Sagamore, — a conveyance in which Lake was afterwards interested. One Jeremi- Robinhood, a Sagamore, in 1649, sold Jeremisquam Island to John Richards, a resident; and in 1654, the same Indian con- veyed all the easterly part of Woolwich, to Edward Bateman, squam. * The first deed to Phillips, wassig;Ded bj' Jos!e and Agilike ; the 2d by Wittinosc and Erledug'les ; and the 3d by Erledngles.— See Coin. Report of 1811, p. 12—16.— Documents, Tp. 82— lOS.—'PhiWips^ two first deeds embraced lands on the west side of Damariscolta, now New-Castle, extending to Sheepscot river. •)• See Sullivan''s Hist, for dates of several Indian deeds, p.[144 — 149. I » Statement of Kennebcck Claims," A. D. 1785, p. 7—8. Chap, viii.] of Maine. 331 and John Brown;* under whose titles the lands are holden. a.d. 1650 This covered a part of Lawson's claim. — George Davie, who » was an early settler near Wiscasset-point, purchased in 1663, of the Sagamores in that quarter, a tract one mile or more in width on the west side of the Sheepscot, including the present village of Wiscasset ; also another large tract on the eastern side of that river. These lands came by inheritance and transfer to gentle- men of wealth, who in 1734, associated at Boston, under the name of " the Boston or Wiscasset Company ;" and were often Wiscasset called the ' Jeremisquam and Wiscasset Proprietors.' In 1666 lands were purchased of the Sagamore, Jack Pudding, which lie on Monseag river near Cowsegan Narrows, southeasterly of Woolwich, called the " Cowsegan Claim :" and indeed all the Cowsegan. lands on both sides of the Kennebeck,f and all tlie principal Islands in that vicinity, were purchased of the savage chiefs, about 1649, or within the sixteen following years. f In these conveyances, different deeds often embraced the same Kviis of thfSB con~ lands, or otlierwise their lines greatly intersected or clashed with veyances. each other ; so that they multiplied perplexities in all the grants made here either by die crown, the Council of Plymouth, or the Indians. The most of these titles and claims in sub- sequent years were revived, and invited to their aid as often the complaining proprietor, as the distressed or suffering settler. Confusion, lawsuits and expenses were the evils naturally flowing from such a source ; — evils which retarded the settlement of the country, and rendered the inhabitants indigent and discontented. In no other portion of New-England, were legal regulations more needed, or the want of them more manifest. Without them, all intelligent and discreet people saw, that neither hfe, nor property could be secure ; tides to estates were not sound nor permanent ; the interests of piety and education were not promoted ; nor the * Brown and Bateman lived there in 1666 Sullivan, p. 169. — The early settlement was 1660, under Clark and Lake, who built mills there ; [Sir B. Lake's petilion to the king, in 1650 ;) and continued their possessions till 1675. Tlicir fort was near Georgetown meeting--hou6e. Hammond's fort was at Stinson's point, on Arrowsick, two miles from the other. — Sullivanf p. 172—3. t In 1670, there were 20 families on the west, and 30 on the cast bank of the Kennebeck. — Sullivan, p. 170. \ Swan Island was purchased of Abbagadusset in 1667, by Humphrey Davie; and afterwards claimed by Sir John Davie, a sergeant at law. 332 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1G51. benefits of society in any wise enlarged or established. If the lower orders of people lose all reverence for civil authority, and are filled with distractions, by reason of numerous political changes which are needless ; — what fond expectations of prosper- ity and success could be entertained by a people, under merely the faintest shadows of government ? — Certainly very few ; — nor were they the first to pant even for despotic power which could protect them — rather than to enjoy amid hazards and sufferings, the freedom of their own wills. 4th Vfv- '^^^ fourth political division of our present State, denominated ion, or Pe- Penobscot, and situated between the river and bay of that name nobscoi. ' _ •' and Passamaquoddy, is well known to have been for several years in the possession of the French. They called it a part of Acadia; we, a part of New-England. D'Aulney lived only about a year after his victories over la Tour, in unmolested command of this territory and Nova Scotia. His death, A. D. 1651, has been mentioned; and it is remarkable, that Gorges, king Charles,"' Governor Winthrop, Rigby and d'Aulney, whose names are all connected with our History, should be called from the stage of Hie, within the short period of four years. The com- mand exercised by la Tour, the successor of d'Aulney, was mostly of a military character, without any civil department whatever. Character If civil authority in these eastern territories of ours, had pos- of the east- i i m c ..... , em govern- sessed the attributes oi system, energy, retributive justice, and f^caxs. provident care, to the degree operativ^e in the other colonies ; our advancements in population, wealth and improvement might have fully equalled theirs. Our atmosphere was as salubrious and healthful, our soil nearly as productive, our water privileges, our conveniences for trade, our fisheries and navigation, were all superior ; and enjoying the friendship of the natives among us, we had reason to repose equal confidence in public safety. But our political regulations were crude, injudicious and extremely defective. Though the several governments possessed distin- guishing characteristics, neither was attractive to emigrants. At Penobscot, the ruling power, or government, was Military, — des- titute of every property directly promotive of settlement; for * Chiirles I. was beheaded J.\:uinry 30, 1649 ; and Governor Winthrop died the same year. Chap, viii.] of MAtNE. 333 arms and civil liberties are regulated by different laws. At Pern- A. d, I651. aquid, it was mostly conservative, witbout power or proportion, to any known extent. All the other settlements and places with- in the Sagadahock territory, were wholly destitute even of a civil magistracy ; — a circumstance, which, though it may be urged to prove the sobriety and peaceablcness of those places, surely did not evince very strongly the wisdom and energy of the people. In Lygonia, it was proprietary, and of some force and regular- ity, though without the constitutional forms and executive vigor, necessary to render its rulers and ordinances respected. The death of the illustrious Proprietor, had spread a shade over the whole Province, and filled the people with doubts, whether all political authority and power had not expired with him. In the mutilated Province of Gorges, the government was now confed- erative. It possessed, it is true, the properties of system and union, yet not the strength and ability adequate to self-protection or de- fence. Many of the Provincials were sufficiently apprized of their condhion ; and, perceiving the colonists of New-Hampshire in the full enjoyment of privileges and prosperity, since they had be- come connected with Massachusetts, were strongly inclined to- wards a similar coalescence. Particularly, the inhabitants of Kittery were desirous of the event ;* and the government of Massachusetts, pleased with the project, saw, that by a new and plausible construction of its charter, the object might be attain- ed upon the grounds of right and justice. * Hutchinson's Coll. p. 311—17. "334 '^^^^ HISTORY [Vol. i. CHAPTER IX. Massachusetts' Claim to Maine — Controversy heticeen the General Court and the Eastern Provincials — Survey of the eastern boun- dary— The dispute continued— Lygonia— Commissioners appointed to admit the inhabitants of Maine as freemen — Kittery and York submit — Ides of Shoals — Yorkshire established — Courts constitut- ed and privileges guarantied — Officers — Deputies from Kittery and York to the General Court — The inhabitants of Wells, Saco, and Cape-Porpoise admitted freemen — Those places jnadc towns — Officers — Regulations — Commissioners' protest — Support of Min- isters required — Eastern opposition to 31assacliusctts — Records of Yorkshire collected. Ai D. 1651. As the charter of Massachusetts colony embraced all the lands Massacim- " within the space of three Endish miles, to the northward of the sells ex- . ^ ^ tends iier " rivcr Merrimack, and to the northward of any and every part claims east- , ,- „ , i i i i i • ward. " thereof ; — her government contended, that by obvious con- struction, all the territory south of a line stretching eastward, across the country, from a point three miles north of that riverh source, to the same minute of latitude on the seashore, belonged to her jurisdiction. This was a new claim ; and the General Court at Boston, in prosecuting it were quickened in their movements, by reason of late reports, that several provincials in Maine, had petitioned Parliament for a charter of government; and that others, proba- bly the majority, had expressly given a decided preference to be connected with Massachusetts.* There was no time to be lost. Even the commodiousness of the river Piscataqua, and the irre- parable injuries to be sustained, if it were in the possession of any other than her friends, were urged as arguments against delays. ^ss*^of1ier The two branches of the legislature, being determined to pro- ceed with all the civilities, which the delicacy of the subject re- * Hubbard's JV. E. p. 542.— In years past the Province of Maine had pursued a course disagreeable to Massachusetts, both " in their ministry " and civil administration. " — Winthrop's Journal p. 275. ■Gen. Court. Chap, ix.] OF MAINE. 335 quired, directed, at their October session, that addresses be pre- a.d. ic51. pared and transmitted to Edward Godfrey and his Council, and to the inhabitants at large in the Province of Maine ; acquainting them with the grounds and reasons of their claim. They also appointed three of their most distinguished citizens, Commission- ers, — viz. Simon Bradstreet, a venerable Councillor, Daniel Den- nison. Commander-in-chief of the Militia, and William Haw- thorne, Speaker of the House ; and gave them instructions to re- pair to the Province and admit the inhabitants, by their consent, into the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Should they meet with opposition, they were directed to protest against all pretended combinations, government or exercise of authority therein ; and in general to proceed according to the dictates of their dis- cretion.* The Commissioners made the appointed visit, but returned with- (^ov. God- out success. Meanwhile Governor Godfrey convened a Provin- ([^^^ ("(fpar. cial Court, Dec. 1, and they resolved to present another pe- '''"'•^"'• tition to the House of Commons, which was addressed thus ; — " To the right honorable the Council of State appointed by Par- " liament ;" — 'We esteem it our greatest honor and safety to be ' under the present government, established without king or house * of lords ; and request the benefit of the common safety and ' protection of our nation. We beg leave also to state, that divers ' inhabitants of this Province, by virtue of sundry patents, and ' otherwise, have for these twenty years been under the power ' and guidance of Sir Ferdinand© Gorges, who had these parts ' assigned to him for a Province. But he being dead, and his *' son, by reason of heavy losses sustained, taking no care of our * political welfare ; and most of the charter Councillors, or Com- ' missioners, having died or departed the Province, we were under ' the necessity of combining together for the purposes of govern- ' ment and self-protection, according to the laws of the realm. ' It IS our humble prayer, therefore, that our confederative union ' may be confirmed ; that wc may be declared members of the ' Commonwealth of England ; that the privileges and imnuuu- ' ties of frccborn Englishmen, may be granted and secured to ' ourselves and our posterity, as established rights usually enjoyed * 2 Mass. Rec. p. 81. — IJawlliorne is the first Speaker mentioned of re- cord. — 1 Ilutcldnsons Hisl. p. 150. [lNote|.] 336 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1651. ' by other Provincial subjects ; and that the same favors may be ' bestowed upon us as upon the other colonies.' " Per me EDWARD GODFREY, Gov. " in behalf of the General Court." In resisting the assumptions of IMassachusetts, Godfrey and Cleaves, with their respective partizans, who had been till now inveterate foes, were naturally drawn into the same lists, as joint defendants and coadjutors. For there were apprehensions, that if the claim were pursued to its utmost extent, it would take in a large part of Lygonia ; and Cleaves, about to visit England, was to be the bearer of the petition, and also its advocate at court. More confident hopes of his success were entertained through the surviving influence of Col. Rigby, whose particular patronage Cleaves might urge with the greatest truth and propriety. He was also furnished with one argument, thought to be unanswera- ble ; — this was the Commissioners' late decision in fitvor of Rig- by's Province. The petition itself was drawn up in very courtly terms, and he knew the Commons were strongly prepossessed in favor of colonial rights and privileges. AD. 1652. J^"t Massachusetts, aware of these proceedings, though they rija'^sadiu-'^ Were intended to be kept secret, took immediate measures to de- setts, fgj^j jj^g petitioners ; and her agents at court with no inconsiderable ingemiity, stripped off the veil and exposed the disguise, by shew- ing the project to have originated exclusively among American royalists. These circumstances and the prevalence of the same religious and political sentiments in Massachusetts as in Parlia- ment, threw the petition into oblivion. North limit Massachusetts now determined to pursue her claim to its far- of Mass. _ '■ pciienisui- thest extent, and with renovated vigor. At the May session, tlie Legislature resolved that the charter-line did extend eastward from a place, three miles above the northernmost head of jVIerri- mack river; — to discover and establish which, tliey appointed Simon Willard and Edward Johnson Commissioners of survey. These were directed to procure suitable articles and assistants, and with all convenient despatch take " a true observation of the latitude, at the place," with dieir utmost skill and ability, and make return of their discoveries and services, at the next session of the General Court.* * 2 JiJass. Rcc. p. 114—15. Throe other Commissioners were also ap- pointed to treat witli tlic people of .Maine upon the subject of union. Chap, ix.] of Maing. 337 The skilful artists selected, were John Sherman of Wateitown, A d. i652; and Jonathan Ince of Cambridge College. These and the Com- missioners made the proper examination, and afterwards returned upon their oaths ; — " that at A(|uahatan, the head of the Merri- " mack, where it issues out of the lake called Winnepuseakik,* " on the 1st day of August, 1652, we found the latitude of the " place 43^ 40' 12'' ; besides those minutes allowed for the three " miles further north which extend into the lake."f Governor Godfrey, in the mean time, addressed a letter to the ^' coXey. Court, stating his surprise and resentments at their conduct. An attempt to hold the Province of Maine under your charter, said he, or by any other legal title, without the pretence either of pur- chase, prior possession or anterior claim, and also without the peoples' consent, is the height of injustice. Far different treat- ment have you received from your eastern neighbors. Yes, added he, when that charter of yours was heretofore threatened, with a quo warranto, at the Council Board in England, and your agents were struck with the muteness of statues ; it was J, who answered the objections and obviated the cavils. Hitherto you have declared yourselves satisfied, with your own possessions, as bounded on a line parallel with the jMerrimack, three miles distant from its source, and its northerly bank, following its mean- ders to its mouth ; whereas you are now bursting your bounds, and stretching your claims across Provinces, to which, till lately, no man however visionary so much as imagined you had any right. Your commissioners, it is true, have communed with us plausibly about equal jtrivileges ; yet such is the charity you have heretofore manifested, towards our religion, and other interests, that we trust you will excuse us, if we are the more wary of your proposals and promises. The reply of the General Court, signed by Edward Rawson, Kepiy of their Secretary, was of the following tenor : — Court^"* Jf'orshipful Sir — Our patent, by Divine Providence, continues to be firmly established, under the great seal. It is true, it was demanded, yet never prosecuted to final judgment ; and the Commonwealth of England has by express recognition since, * Perhaps, ' Winnipiseogcc' t That is, the point will be at 43", 43', 12", adding- 3 miles to the above latitude.— 1 Ha:. Coll. p. 571—2. Vol. I. 30 338 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1652. given it fresh and full validity. Though the " Grand Patent of Plymouth" has been dissolved, ours, sanctioned by a Royal Charter, has successfully encountered every attack. Nor do we now claim an acre beyond its true limits ; and had you attentively examined its articles, you must be satisfied with the correctness of our construction. For several years, the extent of our juris- dictional rights were not fully understood ; and so long as doubts remained, — so long as the people of Maine were contented with the regular charter-government established among them, and a friendly intercourse between them and us, was continued uninter- rupted ; we were disposed to forbear, though we have never abandoned the pursuit of our utmost claim and right. In your resistance, (continued the General Court,) probably a majority of the provincial inhabitants are your opponents j for they are greatly desirous of being united with us, and they rich- ly deserve our protection and assistance. Most heartily we thank you, for any services rendered us before the Lords Com- missioners of Plantations : but nevertheless, we are bound to in- form you that the inhabitants and lands, over which you claim to exercise authority, are within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and that we demand our rights ; assuring you at the same time that you all shall share equal acts of favor and justice with our- selves, should a coalescence be amicably formed. If, however, neither rights nor reasons will induce you to hearken, we shall continually proies^ against all further proceedings of yours, under any pretended patent or combination whatever : And finally, that our conduct and accord in this affair may be such, as will be pro- motive of God's glory, and the peace of yourselves and us, are the aim and prayer of your cordial friends. EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary:'* GofKre''- Unhappily, this address had no effect towards abating the op- 2d letter, position and resentments of Godfrey and his adherents. He wrote another letter full of complaint and retort, in language of this import; — Sir, Our rights are equally invaluable as yours. Though you may boast of being owned by the Commons in Par- liament, and expect to dwell in safety under the covert of their wings ; we also are under the same protective power, and are resolved to continue in the possession and exercise of our privi- * 1 Haz. Coll. p. 564—6. Chap, ix.] OF MAINE. 339 leges, till that venerable body shall otherwise order. The dissolu- A. D. 1652. tion of the Grand Patent, had no more effect upon ours than upon yours ; indeed, you have in various ways, for more than 20 years, acknowledged the authority of our patent ; and we marvel great- ly, at your movements and discontent, more especially since we have given you no occasion ; and since it has been solemnly set- tled long ago, that your patent should begin on the seashore, three miles northwardly of the Merrimack. If according to your intimations, there be a party of malcontents among us ; I am acquainted with two or three only of that character, and these are such as have fallen under the penalties of law. Yet, were they tenfold that number, it were neither honorable nor just, to pro- ceed against us, on such grounds. No, nor yet, for the un- certain or unknown favors which you proffer, ought we to barter away our rights and dear bought liberties : It would be trea- son. — To talk gravely of artists to settle your latitude, to run your lines, and survey your limits, in these parts, is preposterous. We ourselves know something of " geography and cosmogra- phy" — and our exclusive aim is the peace and good of the coun- try. " EDWARD GODFREY, Governor.''* To bring this controversy to a speedy conclusion, three Com- Altercation missioners from Boston met, by appointment, Godfrey and his Mn^s. Com' Council, at Kittery-point, July 11, where they had a spirited con- "lij'^l'i'ie^ru. ference, without coming to any terms of reconciliation. The {Ci"i°p Commissioners, finding their adversaries inexorable, publicly ■'"'>'*'■ proclaimed to the people of Maine, the patent-right, which Mas- sachusetts had to govern them as her colonists ; denouncing all exercise of authority by the professed rulers of the Province, and promising to the submissive inhabitants, the full protection of their estates and other rights ; also the same political privileges and acts of favor, as if they had always been under the govern- ment of Massachusetts. In concluding their mission, they virtu- ally absolved the Provincials from all allegiance to Godfrey and his associates in authority, after the 10th of the ensuing Octo- ber. The proclamation and protest were traversed by another, signed by Godfrey and each of the Council. In this, they raised their voice to a high note of remonstrance against the minatory and * 1 Haz. Coll. p. 367—8—9. 340 'JPHE HISTORY [Vol. i, A. D. 1652. despotic treatment received ; — lamenting their fate, that after living 20 years in contentment, expending £35,000 in money, and enduring innumerable hardships, for the sake of rational civil liberty, they must submit to the dictation and control of others, against the principles of right and justice, and against their own consent. But in vain were the pleas of reason and rights, urged against dominant powers : — and complaints too were vain ; still, enlightr ened citizens, could not but foresee and appreciate the ad- vantages of living under the government of a well-organized Commonwealth, instead of one which had a name to rule with- out the ability to protect. Bad coiidi- During these aaitations in Maine, Lygonia was in a still lion of Ly- '"' . ... i t-» • • i gonia. worse condition. It is not ascertained, that her Frovmcials ever entered into an organized civil combination ; nor that they re- newed, or revived a regular administration, after Rigby's death. Cleaves, who is represented to have been a man of more ambi- tion and activity, than of wisdom and fidelity, had gone to Eng- land ; leaving the Province to the management of the most influential and crafty. Edward Rigby, the heir, in this crisis, addressed a letter to the leaders of his Province ; and as it was a death warrant to their authority, it is in substance transcribed. " To Messrs. Henry Joscelyn, Robert Jordan, Thomas Wil- Ri^by's ad-* Hams, Arthur McWorth, Robert Boothe, and Morgan Howell, people of ' and to John Wadleigh, Jonas Baily, Thomas Morris, Hugh Mo- and end of ' sccr, and all others whom this may concern in Lygonia." ernrnfm ' ' Gentlemen : It having pleased the Great Disposer of all ' things, to call out of this troublesome world my dear father, .' and thus to entitle me to the proprietorship of his Lygonian pro-' .' vince, I have to state, that I am greatly displeased with the ' movements and illegal proceedings among you, of which accord- ' ing to the information derived from his late deputy-president, ' you are the instigators or advisers. They were unexpected ; ' nor shall your wrongs and abuses offered to our authority, be ' overlooked, without due and timely submission. All political ' power derived from him, you must be aware expired at his * death ; and I command you whom I am addressing, and sucli ' others as have been commissioned by him to be the public offi- ' cers of the Province, to desist and abstain wholly from further Chap, ix.] of maine. 341 ' transactions, virttite efficii, till you have directions from me ; A i). 1G52. * which I assure you will be communicated without delay. ' Heartily, Gentlemen, do I regret to learn, that my father's ' kindness and generosity towards you, and his confidence in your ' probity, should be repaid in a manner so entirely prejudicial to ' his interests and mine. Again let me tell you, that if after re- ' ceiving this notice, you do not lay aside your private and secret * combinations,* and abstain from unlawful measures, and unani- ' mously join with me, my deputy and other officers in the plans ' devised to promote the peace and good of the Province, I shall ' adopt and pursue such a course towards you, as will enforce sub- ' mission, and effectually rectify all your misdeeds and wrongs. ' At present, I will not enumerate them, nor dispute with you ' about them. Suffice it to say, that I conceive all the official acts, ' either of the deputy-president, the six assistants, the judges, of ' any other officer whatsoever, in the commission of my father, ' done subsequently to his decease, which was in August, 1650, ' are utterl}'' void.f ' I am not unacquainted with the complaints heretofore made ' to my father by yourselves and others ; and I wish you to feel ' confident, that equal justice to all men and in every particular, will ' be done, so far as it shall consist with my office, power, or duty, 'To this end, I shall, as soon as convenience will permit, send ' back Mr. Cleaves, J accompanied by a kinsman of mine, with ^ commissions to those whom I may think most worthy of trust, ' and also with instructions ; expecting your cordial concurrence * in their appointment, and support in the course of measures •' which may be prescribed. — What remain are the respects of him ••who is your real friend, if you are not your own enemies. "EDW. R1GBY."§ ''London, 19th July, 1652." This letter, which arrived at a most fortunate moment for the claim of Massachusetts, put an utter end to the expiring govern- ment of Lygonia, and left Saco, the seat of it, and other planta-? * PerLaps the people had informally combined, iike llicir neighbors, for tlio pui-poses of civil g^ovcrniTicnt. tTbis implies, they exercised- authority nfter Sir Alexander's death. \ Also called " Cleve." — We do not find that any such «■' kinsman" ever arrived, or that such commissions were ever received. ) 1 Haz. Coll p. 571.— Sec York Comity Records, A. D. 1652— :{ 342 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1652. tions eastward, to act according to the dictates of discretion and policy, till he, who could shew a right to rule, might appear. Cleaves returned to Casco the following year ; yet it is not ascer- tained that he brought any commissions with him, or was attended on his voyage by any kinsman of JMr. Rigby's. The patent seems to have slumbered in oblivion, till one Tumy, the agent of Rigby's heirs, revived the claim to the Province, 48 years subse- quently, by presenting a petition to the General Court, praying to have it restored to them. But Massachusetts having previously purchased the country of Sir Ferdinando's heir, and afterwards kept possession of it ; also finding it embraced in her Provincial Charter, her General Court considered the colonial right to it paramount to all others ; and his petition and pursuit of the claim availed him nothing. This was the termination of the Plough-patent, or Lygonian government ; — a title so solemnly settled in favor of Sir Alexander Rigby, in 1C46, by the Com- missioners of Foreign Plantations. Northern At the October session, the General Court received and ac- Wa'ssaciiu-^ cepted the report of their agents, appointed to determine the extendeTio' northernmost boundary or limits of their patent. By this, the Casco-bay. jjj^g ^^^g ^q commence at a place three miles north of the head of Merrimack river, in lat. 43° 43' 12'', and to extend directly east on that parallel, passing above the northern sources of Piscataqua or Salmon Falls river, crossing the Saco towards the mouth of Little Ossipee, 20 miles from the sea, touching the southernmost bend of the river Presumpscot, and terminating at " Clapboard Island, about three miles eastward of Casco peninsula."* To assume the jurisdiction and settle a government through the country south of this line, without farther debate or delay,f the General Court appointed six distinguished gentlemen to perform the important trust. Their commission was of this tenor : — Oct. 23. '■ Commis- ' To our trusty and well beloved friends, Mr. Simon Bradstreet, chosen to 'Mr. Samucl Simouds, Major Daniel Dennison, Capt. William Maine. ' Hawthorn, Capt. Thomas Wiggin and Mr. Bryan Pendleton. ' Whereas you are chosen Commissioners, by this Court, to * See post, chap. 13, A. D. 1653.— The limit was "lor 5 miles to the northward of Mr. Mackworth's house, " who dwelt many years near the mouth of Presumpscot river, on the eastern side ; where he obtained a grant of 500 acres, A. D. 1635, from Vines, agent of Gorges. t 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 150.— (Note 1.) Chap, ix.] OF MAINE 343 ' settle the civil government amongst the inhabitants of Kittery, A. D. if>52. ' the Isles of Shoals, and so to the most northerly extent of our * patent : — * You, or any three or more of you, are hereby authorized and * required, with all suitable despatch, to repair to those parts * and summon together the inhabitants, in places, which you shall 'judge most convenient j and declare unto them our just right * and jurisdiction over those tracts of land where they inhabit, * requiring their subjection, and granting them equal protection * and privileges with ourselves. ' We further give to any three or more of you, full power and ' authority to summon and hold Courts there, lor hearing and de- ' termining all causes civil and criminal, according to the statute- ' regulations and usages of our County Courts ; to appoint com- ' missioners, constables, and such other officers as you shall judge ' needful for preserving the peace, and establishing order and a ' civil administration of justice ; to invest the commissioners with ' such powers, as a major part of you shall judge meet, and admin- ' ister to them and the other officers the proper oaths ', to confirm ' and settle all lawful proprieties ; to grant the people protection ' and the privileges enjoyed by other inhabitants within our juris- ' diction, and otherwise to act in the premises, as this Court shall ' give you furtiier orders ; doing whatever in your wisdom and ' discretion, will be most conducive to the glory of God, the peace ' and welfare of the inhabitants, and the maintenance of our own 'just rights and interests. ' And we do hereby command all magistrates, commissioners, ' captains and other officers, civil and military, within the county ' of Norfolk,* and all the inhabitants upon the Isles of Shoals, ' and those beyond the river Piscataqua within the limits of our ' patent, to be aiding and assisting these our Commissioners, as ' they shall have cause to crave or require. In confirmation of * all which, we have caused the seal of our colony to be hereunto ' affixed, this 23d day of October, 1652.'f Only four of the six undertook the duties assigned them, viz. They open Messrs. Bradstreet and Simonds of Boston, Wiggin of New-Hamp- Kiiiery."' shire, and Pendleton of Maine. They opened a Court at Kit- tery, November 15th, and sent out under their hands a summons * New-Hampshire was then in Norfolk County. f 2 Mass, Rcc. p. 128. 344 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1652. to the inhabitants, requiring them in the name of Massachusetts, to assemble at the house of William Everett, between 7 and 8 the next morning, for the purposes of having an administration of justice established among them. Accordingly most of the towns- men appeared. A long parley ensued ; views and sentiments were interchanged and compared ; and rights, claims and liberties debated. The negociation was continued four days : During which pe- riod, there were instances of excessive warmth, and some ebulli- tions of passion and abuse. One John Bursley uttered violent threats towards the Commissioners as well as towards individuals submitting ; for which he was arraigned before the Court, when he was glad to escape upon the terms imposed of a submissive confession, which he readily made. The inhabitants at length proposed to subscribe to the juris- diction of Massachusetts, provided certain articles and conditions, prepared and offered by them, could be the terms of union. — JVo — replied the Commissioners, /o?' according to our instructions you must first suhmit ; and then you shall have from us a guar- anty oj your rights and of ample privileges. The Court being determined — all farther debate was evidently useless ; and, there- fore, on the 20th, 41 became subscribers to this concession; — ■ Kiiierysub- " Wc whose numcs are underwritten do acknowledge ourselves " subject to the government of JMassachusetts bay in JS"ew-Eng- " land:'* * Kittery was incorporated A. D. 1647. — [Sec ante, chap. VI. 1647.] — The names of those admitted in Kitterj, alpliabctically follow, viz. — John An- drews, Philip Babb, IVIary Baylie, John Bursley, Humphrey Chadbonrnc, William Chadbourne, Abraham Cunley, Daniel Davis, John Diamond, Dennis Downing-, Thomas Diirston, James Emeric, Anthony Emeric, [Emory,] William Everett, Nicholas Frost, Charles Frost, John Green, Hugh Gunnison, John Iloord, Reynold Jenkins, Thomas Jones, George Leader, Nathaniel Lord, Aiitcpas M'anerricke, Robert Mendam, Joseph Mill, ITtig-hbert Mattome, Richard Nason, William Palmer, Daniel Panic, Christian Remich, J/r. Nicholas Shapleigh, Jemima Shores, Thomas Spen- cer, Thomas Spinney, Jonathan Symonds, Richard Thomas, Robert Weigh- mouth, John White, Gowen Wilson, John Wincoln, ./l/r. Thomas Withers. — The latter grentleman and Mr. Shaplcig-h were two of Godfrey's Coun- cil, Richard Leader, another, lived at Newichawannock. His name does not appear among the subscribers — though that place was then a part of Kitlery. The preceding names may be a majority of the heads of families, but not all. of Agymen- ticus. Chap, ix.] of MAINK. 346 The Commissioners after this, enumerated the rights of the A. D. 1652. people which were to remain untouched, and the privileges which they were to enjoy, and then solemnly declared all the subscri- bers, freemen of the colony, without taking the usual oath. Proceeding to Agamenticus,* they summoned the inhabitants submi; of that place to appear the next Monday, between 7 and 8 in the morning, at the dwellinghouse of Nicholas Davis — to receive the rights and immunities of colonists, enjoyed in Massachusetts. The day of meeting was November 22d ; when a spirited dis- cussion was commenced and pursued till afternoon. A few ap- peared to be obstinate ; and Governor Godfrey in particular, who was at the head of the opposition, continued inflexible, till upon a formal call for the vote, a large majority was found to be against him. He then submitted with the rest — himself and 50 othersf taking the oath of allegiance to Massachusetts, and thus becoming free citizens of that colony. The terms upon which the people, both of Kittery and Aga- Terms of menticus acceded to the submission and formed a coalescence with and esiab- Massachusetts, have been classified and arranged under the fol- Yorkshire, lowing articles, as ordinances of the Commissioners. 1 . The Isles of Shoals and all the territory northward of Piscataqua, belonging to Massachusetts, were erected into a county by the name of Yorkshire. A County Court was es- * The Commissioners call tliis " Accomenticus" in their Report ; nor do they any where mention the name " Georgeana." Perhaps they were de- termined not to recognize the city charter, f Their names in .-!?^amen^jcus alphabetically arranged are these; — viz. Philip Adams, Sampson Ang-ier, John Alcoke, Joseph Alcokc, Samuel Al- coke, — Riciiard Banks, Nicholas Bond, Georg-e Beanton, Arthur Brag-don, — Richard Codagon, Thomas Crockett, Thomas Curtoones, — John Davis, Nicholas Davis, John Davis (2d), William Dickson, Thomas Donnell, Henry Donncll, — Robert Edge, William Ellingham, Andrew Everett, — William Frcathic, Hugh Gaile, Mr. Edward Godfrev, William Gomsey, Mr. John Gouge, John Harker, Philip Hatch, Robert Hetherse, Mr. William Hil- ton, I\Tr. Edward Johmon, Robert Knight, Lewis, William Moore, Henry Norton, John Parker, George Parker, Mr. Abraham Preble, Fran- cis Rayne, William Rogers, Mr. Edward Risliworth, Edward Stiet, Syl- vester Stover, Mary Tapp, « [acts only]," John Twisdale, sen., John Twis- dale, jnn., Edward Wcntome, Mr. Thomas Wheelwright, Peter Wyer, Rowland Younge. — JVote. — " Rushworth" and " Rishworth" are the pro- miscuous spelling. Here it is spelt with an i in the first syllable. But in England the name is " Rushworth." Vol. I. 31 346 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1652. tablished, to be holden alternately, in Kittery and Agamenticus, at appointed times, twice a year, by such magistrate or assistant, as the General Court might from time to time designate, assisted by three or five resident Associates, elected for the purpose within the county. The jurisdiction and authority of this Court, in matters civil and criminal, were to be equal with those of the same tribunal in Massachusetts ; and the Court was also directed to appoint, (as in that colony,) three commissioners in each township, to decide petty causes, where there was no resident magistrate. Yorrmadlf ^' littery, incorporated A. D. 1647, was recognized as a towiis. municipal township, and the settlements of Agamenticus were made a town by the name of York ;* and both at the same Their rights time, received a guaranty of equal privileges with other towns and duties. ^^ JVIassachusetts ; having severally the right and liberty of elect- ing;, every year, to the General Court, one deputy, or two, as the freemen or voters might prefer. 3. The inhabitants, having taken the oath of freemen, were eligible to any place of trust or honor wuhin the government, and invested with full right to vote for governor, assistants, and other general officers of the country. They were also to enjoy equal acts of favor and justice with the people on the southerly side of * York is the second town in the State. The name was probably taken from York in England, which was surrendered bj' the Royalists, to the Parliamentary forces, A. D. 1644, after the most bloody battles fong-ht in the civil wars, Ag-amenticus, or Georg-eana, was chang-ed to the name ol York, to avoid the city charter and Gorges' right. The place was char- tered by Sir F. Gorges, April 10, 1641, a borough, and March 1, 1642, a city by tVie said name of Georgeana. It is now constituted a town, and vested with municipal privileges. It was the seat of government under Gorges; it was made the shire town of Yorkshire, in ni6, and has ever since continued the same. It is a ver\' pleasant township, the soil is hard and rocky in many places, though productive in grass and apples. In each of the three first wars with the Indians, the Tribes made great exertions to destroy Hie place entirely, though without success. The land-titles are derived through Gorges. — SulUvan''s Hisl. p. 237 — 9. — " In 1764, the inhab- itants, from an account taken, amounted to 2,298, including 21 French neutrals, and 56 blacks." The climate is very healthy, it having been computed for 30 or 40 years, that one, in 6 or 7 who have died, was 70 years of age or upwards. — 3 Coll. JSIass. Hisl. Snc. p. 6 — 12. — See jyost. A. D. 1713, — This was the residence of Johnson, Moulton, Hon. David Sewall, and other eminent men of the present and subsequent century. — Probably Georgeana enjoyed its city privileges till it was made a town, 1652, Chap, ix.] of Maine, 347 Piscataqua ; and no person was ever to be drawn out of his A. D. 1652. county to any ordinary or general trainings, without his own ex- press consent. 4. Each of the towns and every inhabitant were forever to possess and enjoy, respectively, all their just " proprieties,"* titles, and interests in the lands and houses which they held, or have occupied, whether by grant of the proprietor, " the town, tlie Indians, or their former General Courts," 5. The boundaries of Kittery, York and Wells, were to be examined and set out anew, within the ensuing year, by their re- spective townsmen ; otherwise the General Court were to appoint a committee to perform that service. Till they were so peram- bulated and settled, they were to continue as originally granted ; or according to the survey and return of agents theretofore appoint- ed by the Provincial General Court. If, when the lines were run, they should cross the marslvesjor lands in Kittery or York in new places, the ownership of the soil was not to be thereby affected. 6. To all who were admitted freemen, the Commissioners awarded an indemnity, and pronounced all breaches of the penal laws, and all the acts and exercise of civil power and government by them, prior to October, mentioned in the last protest, to be forever exempt from prosecution. 7. To receive the " imposts" and other monies due to the ^.^y^, ^f. corporations of Kittery and York, and pay what they were sev- q^^,!*."*^ erally owing for public services, supplies or otherwise, the com- missioners appointed Mr. JVicholas Shaphigh collector, and di- rected him to make a report of his proceedings to them within one month : and in case of insufficiency collected, to discharge the people's engagements, it was to be supplied by an assessment or " rates, according to the former custom. "f The Commissioners also appointed him " Shire-Treasurer ;"J — an office which was ordered subsequently to be filled from year to year by the Coun- ty Court. 8. In organizing an administration of justice, several men of inteUigence and distinction in each town were appointed town commissioners, who were authorized to meet in their respective * " Proprieties," or grants of realty in tracts. 1 1 Haz, Coll. p. 573. \ Sullivan, p. 367. 348 THE HISTORY [V'oL. I. A.D. 1652. towns, between the terms of the County Court, and with the as- sociates, hear and determine without a jury, all civil causes, or personal actions not exceeding ten pounds. Also each Commis- sioner, like a Massachusetts' assistant, or magistrate in his own town, was empowered to set alone in judgment, and decide upon misdemeanors and petty offences, and likewise in pecuniary matters or trials of 40 shillings ; and at his discretion, to bind the offenders to keep the peace, admit them to bail, or commit them to prison : — in the exercise of which powers, he was fully author- ized to issue in his official capacity any needful process, whether warrant, summons, attachment or execution. They were more- over, severally invested with authority to solemnize marriages ; and to administer all qualifying oaths, as well to those who might wish to become freemen, as to those elected or appointed to office. 9. Any two of the Commissioners were empowered to con- firm or sanction the choice of all military officers, of and under the rank of Captain ; to grant licences for keeping taverns or " ordinaries," and for retailing spiritous liquors and wines ; and it was enjoined upon them to provide their respective towns with Statute " The Books of the Laws" and such other acts, as had been Books. . 1111 r 1 • • ?) passed " smce the last book came forth m prmt. The Legislative or IMassachusetts' Commissioners next proceed- ed to select and constitute the officers necessary to carry these regulations into effect. The town Commissioners, they appoint- ed in York, were Edward Godfrey, Abraham Preble, Edward Johnson, and Edivard Rishworth ; and in Kittery, Bryan Pen- dleton, and Thomas Withers, also Hugh Gunison, associate. A County Court formed by a Massachusetts' assistant, magistrate, or councillor,* and one of the above sets, was to hold a term in their respective towns once a year, having power to try all cases not capital. It was also ordered, that grand juries and juries of trials, at each terra of the Court, should be selected and sum- moned from the towns of York and Kittery proportionably. Edward Rishworth, was appointed clerk of the writs and county recorder ; and Henry Norton, was " chosen" marshal. The constables appointed and sworn were four ; viz. Thomas *Ev all these titles ivas a member of the upper branch of the General Court, at that time called. Chap, ix.] of MAINE. 349 Davison, and Robert IMendam of Kitteiy ; Nicholas Davis of A. D. 1653. York 5 and Philip Babb of Hogg Island, whose jurisdiction ex- tended to all the Isles of Shoals, excepting Star Island. The innholders, or " ordinaries" licensed, were John Davis of York, and Hugh Gunison of Kittery. The latter was required to pay only "20s. the butt," probably for the quantity of liquor sold.* Never was a revolutionary or political change managed with Measures of more prudence, success or acceptability. Besides rewarding the i,,iive Com- Commissioners amply for their services, the General Court, when IJ^ccepied? the report was made, paid them a commendable compliment, by vole of public thanks ; resolving to make them a valuable pres- ent in wild lands. Nothing farther was done the current year, towards reducing the people of JMaine to obedience ; and only one legislative act, relative to the Province appears ; which pro- vided, that in the County Courts yearly holden in Yorkshire, on the last Thursday of June, a Massachusetts' Assistant was al- ways to preside, as in other counties of the colony. The General Court of Elections, at Boston, in May, 1 653, may.— Two admitted for the first time, two Representatives from Maine ; — viz. (^om^York- John Wincoln of Kittery and Edward Rishworth of York, At *''""*• the same session, five local or town Commissioners were appoint- ed upon the Isles of Shoals, to determine small causes of £10; isicsof and in other respects act as magistrates : Also the chief military ^''°^'* officer there, was directed to take command of the militia upon all the Islands. Richard Bell in o;ham, Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, a„ legislative Commissioner from that colony, and Thomas Wiggin, Weils. Edward Godfrey, Nicholas Shapleigh and Edward Rishworth, local Commissioners were designated to hold the June term of the County Court in Yorkshire, the current year ; and being con- vened there, they among other acts commanded the inhabitants of Kittery and York, severally to elect three associates, to assist at future sessions of the Court according to established law, — in- stead of the local or special commissioners mentioned. When Mr. Bellingham had finished the business of the Court, he was joined by Messrs. Dennison, Wiggin, Rawson, and Pendleton ; and this board of legislative Commissioners, repairing to Wells, immediately summoned the inhabitants of that town, Saco, and * See 1 Haz. Coll p. 573—6.-2 Mass, Rec, p, 144 to 153. 350 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. ifi53. Cape Porpoise, to convene at the house of Mr. Emerson, July WeJs sub- 4th, for the purpose of being admitted freemen of the colony. Ju\y'4: At the time and place appointed, six only in Wells at first took the oath. William Wardwell, when his name was called, refused to answer, and turning with contemptuous airs, left the house. But being brought into court in the afternoon by a constable, on a warrant to answer for his contempt, he was considerate enough to give an ingenious turn to the affair, by saying he only went to persuade his townsmen to submit, and he was presently dis- charged. But discussion was found to be vain, and opposition persisted in altogether fruitless ; therefore the next day, about 20* submitted to terms, and took the freeman's oath of alle- giance to Massachusetts. This completed the submission of the inhabitants within Gorges' restricted patent, and put all political declamation to rest. Saco sub- Saco, the most considerable plantation within the Lygonian pa- tent, had been the seat of different governments, and was a place of some note and importance. But the Provincials were now without any systematic or efficient regulations ; they were tired of revolutions and anarchy, and the obstacles were found to be comparatively few and small, which lay in the way of the Com- missioners, — assembled to discharge this part of their trust and July 5. duty. For on the first call, July 5th, 16f subscribed the sub- mission, and took the oath. To this list, Mr. John Smith, one of the original patentees of Lygonia, caused his name to be added by proxy. \ * These arc the names of those in Wells, who submitted on the 4th and 5th of July. — Samuel Austin, John J, Barrett, John Barrett, Henry Boad, Joseph Bowles, John Buck, Nicholas Cole, William Cole, Joseph Emerson, John Gooch, William Homans, Ezekiel Knig-ht, Arthur Littlclield, Francis Littlefield, Thomas Littlefield, Edmund Littlefield, Francis Littlefield, jiin., Thomas Millot, John Smith, John Saunders, John Thing-, John VVadly, Robert Wadly, John Wakefield, John White, William Wardwell, and Arthur Warmstall. — Richard Call, Edmund Clark, John Elson, and Rich- ard Moore were admitted afterwards. — Sec Wells, post, Vol.11. A. D. 1713. — But query if John Smith was the same as the patentee. f The names of the subscribers, in Saco, were these : — George Barlow, Robert Boothe, Richard Cowman, James Gibbins, Thomas Hale, Peter Hill, Philip Hinkson, Richard Hitchcock, Christopher Hobbs, Thomas Reading, Thomas Rogers, William Scadlock, Ralph Tristram, Henry Waddock, John West, Thomas Williams. Chap, ix.] of MAINE. 351 At the same session in Wells, twelve from Cape Porpoise* A. D. ig53. appeared before the Commissioners ; and by subscribing a sub- Cape Per- mission, and taking the oath as others had done, all became free- miis. men of Massachusetts. The Commissioners, in settling the political and prudential af- Weiis, fairs of this section, declared the several plantations of Wells,! cnpeF"or- poise made towns. * Tlic names of the subscribers in Cnpe Porpoise, [Arundel, or Kcnne- bunk-port,] were these, viz. John Barker, Stephen Batons, Andrew Bussey, John Cole, Greg-or^^ Hoskeries, Morgan Howell, George Jeffrejs, Griffn Montague, William Reynolds, Christopher Spurrcll, Simon Tcoft, Pe(er Teubatt, and Tiiomas "Warner. — 2 .'^lass. Hci:. p. 190. f Wells, (the 3d town in the State,) was probabl}' so called from an En- glish city of that name, in Somersetshire. — Wells is separated from Capc- Porpoise [Arundel] by Kcnnebunk river, from whicli it extends, south- westerly on Wells-bay and the ocean, 10 miles: It contains about 40,000 acres, of which, 1,000 is salt marsh. Sir F. Gorges, in 16-11, gave Thomas Gorges, Deputy-Governor of Maine and Mayor of Gcorgeana, 5,000 acres of land, which he was permitted to select for a baronj', with full pov/er fo divide the same into manors and lordships, and to hold Courts-baron and Court-leets within said Lordship ; and he chose the tract near the small river Ogunquit, in the southwesterly part of the present Wells. On the 19th of April, lG-13, Gorges conveyed a part to Rev. John Wheelwright, who had been ban'shed from Massachusetts, on account of his anlinomian principles; and another grant was made by Gorges to Wheelwright. Henry Boad, and others, of a tract towards Kenncbnnk, July 14, 1G43. — Sullivan, p. 231, 408. — See ante, A. D. 1043.— 3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. US.—Folsom''s Saco and Bid. p. 65. — These grants by Gorges were confirmed at a Court holden at Saco, August 14, 1C44. From the famil}' of Mr. Wheelwright sprang all those of his name in Massachusetts and New-Hampshire. The population in 1653, when it was made a town, might be 15G souls. Its In- dian name was Wchhannd. Courts ^verc holden here occasionally for half a century. In King Philip's, King William's and Queen Anne's Indian wars, Wells suffered severely, especially in the two last ; yet was never entirely overcome. Wells was represented in the General Court of Mas- sachusetts, 1653 and 1676, three years, by H. Gunnison, F. Littlcfield and Wm. Simonds. There were settled here in the ministry. Rev. Samuel Em- ery, A. D. 1701, and Rev. Samuel JefTerds, A. D. 1725. In 1750 the town was divided into two parishes ; and the next year. Rev. Daniel Little was settled in the 2d or Kennebunk parish. In the 1st parish Rev. Gideon Richardson, settled in 1754, was succeeded by Dr. M. Hammenway, in 1759. Kennebunk, or the northerly parish of Wells, was incorporated into a town, A. D. 1820. This latter place was first settled, about 1723, by emi- grants from York and Wells. The piers built in 1798, and 1822—3, at the mouth of the river Kennebunk, cost $12,000. The village of Kennebunk is on the river Mousum, 3 1-2 miles from the sea. Factories have been established at the fails by a company, mostly from Philadelphia, with a cap- ital of one and half million of dollars. A Post Office was established here 352 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1653. Saco,* and Cape Porpoise, f to be towns, and parts of York- shire. — Though neither was permitted to send a deputy to the General Court, and though nothing is said about titles to lands acquired by Indian deeds ; the towns were otherwise assured of the same protection, privileges and administration of justice, with the other towns in Massachusetts. In Wells, Henry Boad, Thomas Wheelwright and Ezekiel Knight, were appointed town Commissioners ; and these, with John Wardly and John Gooch, were designated selectmen ; Jo- seph Bowles was clerk of the writs, and Jonathan Thing, con- stable. In Saco, the town Commissioners were Thomas Wil- liams, Robert Boothe and John West, who were also the select- men ; William Scadlock was clerk of the writs and Ralph Tris- tram, constable : — Also, Griffin Montague was constable of Cape Porpoise. The command of the militia was given to officers who were in 1790, and a custom house in 1797 — The dwelling-house of J. Kimball, near Kennebtink river, and that of Dea. Larribee, on the Mousurn, were garrisons in the Indian wars. A hirje one, called Fairfield's garrison, stood on the easterly side of the former river at the landing.JI/ — S. Letter of B. Palmer, Esq. * Snco, (the -llh town,) is one of (he oldest settlements of the State. Richard Vines passed the winter 1617 — 18, at Winter-harbor; and settle ments were effected about A. D. 1623. — In the 2d and 3d Indian wars, the people were compelled to abandon the place. But the settlement revived in 1714, and the inhabitants on both sides of the river were incorporated into a town in November, 1718, bj^ the name of Biddcford. (See post, A^ D. 1714.) The town was divided in 1772, and the easterly side erected into a town, called Pepperelborovgh, which name was changed to that of Saco, February 23, 1805.— (See Saco, post, A. D. 1772). f Cape Porpoise, (the 5th town,) was first settled probably about 1630. In king Piiilip's and king William's Indian wars, the settlers suffered the same fate as those in Saco. The place was again inhabited about 1714, and its name changed Ihat year to Arundel. — [See post, A. JD. 1714.) It lies between Kennebunk and Biddeford, and is situated about Cape Porpoise harbor. This place was first settled by fishermen, and traffickers. One Jenkins, removed from Dorchester to Cape Porpoise; and in Sept. 1632, he took a quantity of goods, and, attended by a native went back into the country to trade with the Indians. At night while asleep in a wigwam with one of Passaconaway's men, he was killed by a savage, •' dwelling near the Mohawk country," who took the goods ; though they were returned by Passaconaway's subjects. — Winthrop^s Jour. p. 43. Arundel in 1790, contained 1,458 inhabitants. Its name has been changed since the Separation — to that of Kennehunlcport. Chap, ix.] of maim:. 353 with great modest}'^, called ^^ Sargcants.^^ Those in Wells were A. D. 1653. John Saunders and Jonathan Thing, and in Saco Richard Their rights Hatch ; who were required " to exercise die soldiery in their ' respective towns." It was besides, an express stipulation, that the inhabitants of all the towns in Maine, should be forever ex- empt from puldic or colony taxes ; being obliged to defray only their own charges including those of their courts, — and to dis- charge their own debts. Such were the particulars of the civil and judicial regulations established by the Massachusetts Commissioners ; and it mu.st be acknowledged they were liberal and judicious. Though they, as a Board, possessed sovereign power and authority, they used and exercised it without abuse ; and yet extended their acts and measures to matters prudential, judiciary, executive and ecclesi- astical. To mention several particvdars — the inhabitants of Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise were required by the Commissioners, within one year, to lay out and make a road from town to town, suf- ficient for footmen and horses ;* and to clear and fit for carts the highways from house to house, within their respective towns ; otherwise dieir delinquency, as they were told, would incur a fine of £10. A cause of peculiar character came before the Board, in which Barker's Morgan Howell and John Barker, both of Cape Porpoise, were ''^^**' antagonists. Howell charged Barker with uttering opprobrious speeches against ministers of the gospel, upholding strange meet- ings and pretending to have a spirit of prophesy ; — conduct, which was alleged to be a great detriment to public worshiping assem- blies in the plantation. The Board heard the evidence and or- dered him under a recognizancef of £20, conditioned to appear and answer farther, at the next County Court in Yorkshire — to be of good behavior in the meantime, and never more preach publicly in any part of the colony. A case of jurisdiction also occurs, which ought to be stated, A case of .... 1-111 jiirigdiction, as It exhibits to some extent the Massachusetts claim. Ann Ma- son, executrix of John Mason's will, sued Richard Leader, A. D. * Sullivan, p, 365. f This recog-nizance run to Richard RussclJ, colon}' Treasurer of !\Iassachusetts. Howell recognized also in the sum of j[;^50 to jiroscciite the respondent at the appointed time and place. Vol. I. 32 cal aflai 354 THE HISTORY [VoL, I- A. D. 1653. 1652, into Norfolk county, New-Hampshire, in "trespass and ejectment," for withholding possession of houses and lands which he then occupied at JVewichawannock, belonging to her late hus- band. In an issue upon a plea and rephcation in abatement to the jurisdiction, the action was carried by appeal before the Gen- eral Court in May, 1653 ; where at last, judgment was rendered against the defendant, and costs, £6. 10^. 4d.were taxed for his- opponent. By this decision the sincerity and determination ol Massachusetts in her pretensions, were put to the test — and a free course of justice opened throughout her jurisdiction. Ecciosiasti- But of all the subjects which are touched by the hand of power, there is none fraught with more difficulty and danger, than those of professional belief and the religious tenets of men. Never- theless, the Commissioners thought there were few others, which called more loudly for their interference. Instead of the chris- tian sympathies, the mutual charities, and the graces of for- bearance, which are the soul of all social felicity in a youthful community; the churches in Wells, in Saco and in Cape Por- poise, were disquieted by new-fangled doctrines, or rent in pieces by turbulent spirits, self-willed noisy disputants, or disorderly communicants. Particularly, the church in Wells, was greatly disturbed by Henry Boade, Edmund Littlefield, andj William Wardwell, who had been excommunicated for some unsoundness in sentiment, or irregular walk, and still boldly claimed all the privileges of membership. The Commissioners heard the facts in this controversy, and sanctioned the excommunication ; ad- monishing them to desist from all acts of obstinacy and dis- turbance, and pursue a course of conduct conducive to social happiness and christian fellowship ; lest they, who had professed themselves to be the disciples of peace, should at last be the sub- jects of penal severity.* The difficulty in Cape Porpoise was of a different nature. There, the church polity was so framed, that the members could not, without an infringement of its rules and principles, transfer their allegiance to any civil power. Therefore to relieve them of their conscientious scruples, the Commissioners entirely dis- solved their professional connexion, and left them to re-embody under articles consistent with their allegiance to Massachusetts. *2 Mass. Rcc. p. 187. Chap, ix.] OF Maine. 355 The inhabitants of Saco, distinguished for the purity of their a.d. 1653. principles and habits of sobriety, were destitute, though desirous, of a learned ministry. Aware of their solicitude, the Commis- sioners in the plenitude of their power, and in aid of public worship, as expressly desired by the people, licensed Robert Boothe, a pious layman, to take the lead and exhort in religious assemblies, till some provision should be made by law, for supplying this and other destitute places, with accredited ministers. Even here, one man was charged with extravagance in his expressions, — tenets, — visionary views, — and other eccentricities, which ren- dered him, it was said, a disturber of the peace. This was George Barlow; — and the Board, to tranquillize the public mind, commanded him never more to " preach or prophesy" in this place J — assuring him, his disobedience would expose him to pay a fine of £10 and costs.* Apprehending opposition and difficulty in attempts to execute their commission farther eastward, the Board closed their official services with the following Protest, which the Marshal of the county publicly proclaimed : — " Whereas we have declared the right of the Massachusetts' commis- ' government, to the towns of Wells, Saco and Cape Porpoise ; te°"^"' '"^° ' and the inhabitants thereof being summoned, did appear before ' us at Wells, on the 5th of July, 1G53, and acknowledge them- ' selves subject thereunto, and took the oath of freemen and ' fidelity to that colony ; and, the undersigned, her Commission- ' ers, have appointed and settled a government over them : ' We do now therefore protest against all persons whatever, ' that shall challenge jurisdiction, or that shall exercise any act ' of authority over them, or over any other persons to the north- 'ward, inhabiting within the limits of our patent, which doth ex- ' tend to the latitude, 43° 43' 7" northwardly, but what shall be ' derived from us as Commissioners, or from the General Court ' of Massachusetts. " Given under our hands, at Wells, in the County of York, "July 6th, 1G53. " Richard Bellingham, Edward Rawson, " Daniel Dennison, Bryan Pendleton. "f " Thomas Wiggin, *2 Mass. Rec. p. 190. + 2 Mass. Rec. p. 191. 356 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. 1). lary.}. The thanks of the Legislature were presented to the Commis- sioners, for their fideUty and success ; and the charge of £28 13s. 3f?., ordered to be jiaid them out of the public treasury. Taxation. This, in effect, introduced a system of taxation into Maine ; for the county of York was required to reimburse a part of that sum, proportionate to their numbers and pecuniary ability : and so considerable were the public expenditures of the present year, that tiie colony treasurer, by order of the General Court, direct- ed the selectmen of towns to make " a double assessment."* If Massachusetts were actuated by motives of ambition in this enlargement of her borders, and the adoption of these planta- tions ; it must be acknowledged, she guided her measures by maxims of prudence, and manifested great assiduity and zeal for the good of the inhabitants so eagerly adopted. She endeavored to secure their contentment, and win their respect by acts of kindness, care and equal favor. Indeed, they enjoyed some peculiar privileges, for tliey were made freemen, on taking the oath, without the prerequisite of church-membership ; — contrary to the law and usage in Massachusetts. They were also exempt from all public or genei'al assessments, their county and town taxes being all they were required to pay. Po'ioi It was found, as we have observed, that the settlements in tor public Maine and other parts, were without an ordained ministrv, — worship. *■ ■ •' open to the doctrines of every itinerant, who called himself a preacher of the gospel, whether properly invested or not with the sacred office, or whether he disseminated errors, or taught the religion and morals of the scriptures. Of course, the people were under the necessity of listening to these preachers of doubt- ful character, or to hear none, as there were few others. To rectify or prevent these evils, the General Court made it penal for any one publicly to preach or " prophesy," without being first approbated by four neighboring churches, and also required each town, to provide means for supporting a pious ministry. The whole number of men in the five towns who came under submission, or as some more .'harshly call it, " subjugation" to Massachusetts, was about 1 50 in the first instance, f others taking * Sullivan, p. 341. |S iipposcd to 1)C a inajorUy of the males of and over 21 years. If (here were 250 families in the 5 (owns, and 50 families on the Isles of Shoals, at 7 in a family, the whole number of persons wo'.ild be 2,10U. Chap, ix.] of Maine. 357 the oatli aftenvartls. Hence the public nu'nd became much tran- A. D. igj3. quillized — still the minority was large and formidable, and in its ranks were several men of the most wealth and iiillucnce of any in the eastern plantations. One was George Cleaves of Casco, late deputy-president of opposition Lygonia ; another was John Bonython of Saco, a tiubulent per- Konyiiioir' verse spirit and an outlaw ;" a third was Henry Joscelvn+ of ■'"j'^'l'^'": ^ ' J J \ and Joitlaii. Black-point, formerly one of Gorges' council ; and a fourth was Robert Jordan of Spurwink, an episcopal clergyman of learnuig, and the proprietor of a large estate. There were many other malcontents, though of less boldness, activity and influence. To obviate the cavils of Cleaves, who was in England, when the first measures were taken towards subjugating Maine, the Gen- eral Court in a respectful letter, stated anew to him the grounds of the claim, the generous course pursued, and the volun- tary submission of five towns, assuring him of their full deter- nn'nation to prosecute and maintain their rights by patent, still farther eastward ;J and if the obstinacy of opposers could not be abated by force of reason, justice and liberal treatment, they must expect rigor. The change already effected was followed by a legislative or- '^''"^ •■«- ^ "^ _ , . cords of dor, to collect all the remaining records of different administra- Yoiksiiirct tions in Maine, into the office appointed to be kept by the County Recorder. It was a receptacle of documents and papers, never well arranged by the hand of care and skill ; and exhibits an intermixture of judicial, legislative and executive proceed- ings ; — many curious laws and ordinances ; — and not a few novel and ludicrous cases, some of which have been noticed. Won- derfully preser\ed, through subsequent Avars, and numerous other perils, they still appear in the offices of the Clerk of the Courts and the Register of Deeds, in the county of York ; some of which are obliterated by the wastes of time, and others, pemied in an antiquated hand-writing, are not read without considerable difliculty. * Ante, A. D. 1645. I .losccljn lived a uliilo a(, IVinaquiil ; and in liinir IMiilip's Avar rcniovod to !'1\ iiioiiUi Colony. | 2 Mass. Hoc. j). 202. 358 THE HISTORY [VoL. CHAPTER X. The Dutch, the. Natives and the Eastern French — La Tour's con- duct — Peace with Holland — The English shijjs sent to attack Manhadoes, turn against Nova Scotia — They reduce it, and JLeverctt is left there its Governor — The French complain ; but the Province is conceded to England — C. la Tour's death — Sir T. Temple commissioned Govci'nor — A charter to him, S. la Tour and Crown — Temple and Crown purchase la Tour's right — Temple's character — The limits of Cromtoell's charter to him, Crown and la Tour — The consequent difficulties. A. D. 1631. Though the people of New-England were now in the enjoy- ment of general prosperity, and numbers of them in the pos- session of something more, than a mere competent livelihood ; their domestic political relations were assuming a posture, evidently adverse to the public tranquillity. For hostilities commencing in English and October, 1 651 , ^between the English and the Dutch, had an im- uic I war. j^-jg(jjr^^g effect upon their respective colonies on this side of the Atlantic. Jealousies and suspicions were fomented ; a profitable trade between the Dutch colonists at Manhadoes and the people A. D. 1652. of New-England, was interrupted ; and, the next year, an alarm- ing report was in circulation, that the Dutch Governor was in- citing the Indians to extirpate the English planters by a general massacre. The N -^^ ^^^^^ time, the natives in Maine and through the country lives. were numerous. Their principal employment, and even pas- time, were hunting. In all their opportunities for becoming ac- quainted with the gun, they had proved themselves very apt learners. Already many were expert marksmen. Hence they grew bold, and were sometimes insolent. It was more difficult, than formerly, to keep them in awe, and their neighborhood was greatly deprecated. Every serious hint or thought of a rupture with them, filled the country with alarm. The excitements and fears occasioned by the rumors, brought April' 19. 'together at Boston, April 19th, the Commissioners of the United Colonies. They investigated the reports, examined the In- dians, and wrote to the Dutch Governor for information. He re- Chap, x.] of MAINE. 359 plied with some spirit, ' that there was not a word of truth in the a. D. ic53. scandalous report raised about his conduct ; and marvelled much at die novel course pursued, of jilacing any confidence in Indian testimony ;' offering to make explanations to any extent required, if widiin his 'power. Influenced by a spirit of deliberation and forbearance, the Commissioners adjourned without declaring war.* Still the jeal- ousies of the western colonists in New-England had not in the least abated. So highly was he suspected of inciting the Mo- hawks, and other tribes to acts of hostility, that the government of New-Haven despatched agents to England, for the ])urj)ose of laying open unto Cromwell, the Lord-Protector, their dangers and grievances, and praying for assistance or protection. In the same spring, rumors spread extensively through the country, that " some thousand Indians" had collected about Pis- cataqua ; and that the people in these eastern parts were greatly terrified. To quiet the public mind, therefore, at this important season of seed-time, when the report had diverted many from dicir agricultural employments, Maj. Gen. Dcnnison, commander of tiie Massachusetts militia, ordered thither a party — of 24 men to make discoveries, andf if possible allay the people's fears. The eastern French were also viewed with considerable dis- The eastern pleasure and distrust; and the neighborhood of la Tour, since iike'i^ his intermarriage with d'Aulney's widow, and a re-occupation of his Acadian Province, afforded little or no satisfaction. For he manifested not the least disposition to do justice to friends, who had lent him money and credit, and espoused his cause against d'Aulney, in seasons of extreme hazard and anxiety ; nor did he labor to inspire the natives with cordial feelings towards the English colonists, from whom he had in former years received so many testimonies of partiality and favor. Possessed of d'Aul- ney's wife, he apprehended no evils from the surviving influence of his deceased adversary ; and in his returning prosperity, he proved himself to have no genuine principles of honor or moral honesty. As the aspect of affairs darkened, the General Court prohibited * 1 ITvitch. Hist. p. 166—7. t2 Jlass. Rec. p. 170— 191.— Tl:c Sarjc-nnlb' pay uas 2s. r.nd a private's U. per day. 360 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. i>. 1653. the transportation of provisions, either to the French or Dutch, Aiieinbar- under penalty of forfeiting hoth vessel and cargo. La Tour complained of this measure, as an undeserved severity towards him in his necessities ; and the General Court so far relaxed their order, as to permit a small vessel to be freighted thither with flour and other provisions for his relief; intending probably to make a merit of the fiivor and use it as a boon to secure his good-will, and gain the influence of the French missionaries, whose ascend- ancy over the natives was a cause of dread. Cromwell, when made acquainted with facts and circumstan- ces by the agents from New-Haven and other informants, put in requisition three or four ships, for the reduction of the Dutch colony at Manhadoes ; and called upon Massachusetts to afford the necessary assistance in the enterprize. But so great and unavoidable were the delaj-s, that the ships did not arrive in Bos- A.D jC/)4, to" till June, 1654. However, in obedience to the Protector's directions, the General Court, on the 9th of that month, passed re- solves for encouraging the enlistment of 500 men,* to be com- manded by Maj. Robert Sedgwick of Charlestown, a man of popu- lar manners and military talents, and once a member of the cele- brated artillery-company in London ; and Capt. John Leverett, of Boston, a correct tactician, and an animated patriot.f The ex- pedition was not unpopular, yet ere the forces were ready to i'ence Juno embark, news arrived, June 23d, that articles of peace had been signed on the 5th of April, t and that all hostilities must conse- quently cease between the English and Dutch colonies. § Reduction If this were a disappointment, it was followed by an expedition Scoiia!^ f^r more interesting to the eastern colonists, than the conquest of Manhadoes ; — that was, the projected capture of Nova Scotia. Twenty-two years had elapsed, since the country had been ceded or resigned by the treaty of St. Germains to the French ; — an arbitrary transaction of the king, which the republicans in Eng- land and in the colonies of Massachusetts, New-Hampshire and Maine, heartily disrelished and secretly censured. Cromwell had a thorough knowledge of British rights, and the preceding intrigues of the crown ; and though it was a time of profound *2 Mass. Rcc. p. 22G. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. 5(57 — 595. t Elliot's Bioj, Die. p. 297. | 1 Haz. Coll, p. 589. ;2 ]\lass. Kcc. p. '^3:3. Chap, x.] of jiaine. 361 peace between him and France, he determined to subject the A. D. 1634. whole region of Nova Scotia to the government of the nation, as an act of justice. Accordingly he gave secret, informal instructions to the cap- tains of the ships, before diey left England, that when they had reduced the Dutch colony,* — to turn their arms against Nova Scotia and make conquest of it ; and consequently the expedi- tion was undertaken without loss of time. The ships met with no resistance at Penobscot, nor yet at the river St. John,f the place of la Tour's principal fortress and immediate residence. J He was wholly unprepared to repel such an unexpected invasion ; and neither interest, nor ambition, nor any affection for his sovereign could arouse his opposition. In- deed, he manifested no great reluctance to undergo a change of masters, provided he could bo protected in the enjoyment of his ease and his estate. The English in a hw weeks subjugated the whole Province,^ Port-Royal capitulating in August, || when the temporary command of the country was entrusted to Capt. Tjcv'crett. The French complained of this, as an unprovoked outrage in time of peace, and laid the case before the English cabinet ; alleging, that they owned the country by cession, and also by a purchase of the English right, at the dear rate of £5,000 sterl- ing. But the court of the Protector refused to restore it; — claiming it under an older and paramount title, and supposing the cession was never fairly made and completed, nor any engage- ment to pay purchase-money performed. The next season, the A- d. 1655. whole Acadian Province was confirmed to the EnglishjIF who vince con- held it thirteen years ; after which it was re-surrendered under the Engiishj the treaty of Breda.** During the French occupancy, M. Denys and le Borgne were part owners of the Province, the latter being * 1 Douff. Sum. p. 306. t 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 169. X 1 Doug^. Sum. p. 306 — 7. § Mass. Letter Book, p. 103. II 1 Chalmers, p. 187. *A Holmes' A. Ann. p. 301. ** Hub. JV. E. p. 550. — The names of the places captured, and particu- larh' noticed, were Pcnlagoet, St. John's, Port-Royal ; La Hcve, eastward of Liverpool on the south sliore of the peninsula ; Capc-Sahle, the south- western extremity of the peninsula ;ybri la Tour, west of Cape-Sable ; Cape-Fourcha midwaj^ between the N. and S. shore, at the west end of the peninsula. — Lock'oood. Vol. I. 33 162 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1655. a Governor of the country, — an arbitrary and a bigoted catholic The priests bore rule ; and the soldiers, engaged in reducing the French settlements, reported, that they occasionally found scripts of the friars, and schedules of their rules and maxims, or modern " phylacteries," by which they resolved to govern their o\\ti con- duct, guide their disciples, and direct political affairs.* La Tour's La Tour, who was in immediate possession of the interior tharacter. country, upon the bay Fundy, had "the Province previously confirmed to him by the court of France, on his renouncing the protestant religion. "f But he died not long after the late subju- gation : — a man of equivocal character, either catholic or pro- testant, as was most concomitant with interest. He possessed specious talents without honor, punctuality, or principle. He was a subject of great vicissitudes. D'Aulney captured and plundered his fortification, and kept his wife a prisoner till her death. For a period, he was a voluntary exile. After a second marriage, he rebuilt his fortress, which Donee demolished, be- cause it encroached upon the royal prerogative. Once and again was he wealthy, and as often poor, and sometimes distressed. He borrowed money in Boston, and afterwards of M. Belleisle, a rich French trader to North America, and mortgaged his pro- vincial possessions several times for security ; and yet he never made his creditors any payments. He left one heir and a large territorial estate. Temple After the French had conceded and confirmed the country to Nov s - England, Cromwell erected it into a Province, and appointed ''^- Sir Thomas Temple, Governor. J It was a territory considered of great value ; and Temple and one William Crown aspired to become Proprietary Lords of it, or at least the owners of exten- sive tracts. In the meantime, Stephen de la Tour produced such docu- mental evidence of his right to very large territories, as an inher- itance from his father, that Cromwell was induced to confirm his ancestral claim to the extent proved. But neither the father nor son ever exhibited any title to lands southerly of the Passama- quoddy waters, and a moiety of their northern possessions was embarrassed by Belleisle's incumbrance ; yet the soil of the great * Hubbard's N. E. p. 550. t S9 Universal Hist, p. 256. \ 1 Hutchinson s Hist. p. 190. — Temple was a kinsman of Lord Say. Chap, x.] OF MAINE. 3^3 peninsula, an immense region, principally remained ungranted. a. d. less. Some parts of this section might have been purchased by Temple and Crown, as we believe it was ; for we find that the Lord Pro- tector gav^e to them and la Tour a joint charter* in 1656, by which he granted to them and their heirs forever, ' the territory a joint ' sometimes called L'Accadia, and that part of the country call- Nova Scotia * ed Nova Scotia, from Merliquash [Lunenburg] to Penobscot, Tempie^and ^ the river St. George, and the Muscongus — situated on the con- '^°^^"* * fines of New-England.' It is stated by one author,f that the grantees were " heredit- ary" or proprietary governors ; and yet it is certain that on the 18th and 20th of September, the same year, (1656,) Cromwell directed Capt. Leverett, the commander at Penobscot and the river St. John, to deliver up the country to Col. Temple only ; adding, that he had received a commission to govern it, from Merliquash on the east, to St. Georges, near Muscongus, on the west.J In this way a large part of Maine fell within his juris- diction. However, before Sir Thomas embarked for America, he and Crown purchased of la Tour all the right and title of his father or himself to Nova Scotia, or Acadia, and took from him a rCjg-uIar legal assignment.^ Sir Thomas first came to New-En2;land in 1657.l| In enter- , . " A. D. 1657. ing upon the duties ot his ofllce, he opened a lucrative trade in Coi. Tem- his province, IT and continued Proprietary Governor ten years. He acter. was a gentleman of humane and generous disposition, remarka- bly free from the bigotry and religious prejudices of the times. To cite an instance of his disinterestedness, — when the courts of Massachusetts were trying Quakerism, as a capital crime, in 1660; he went and told them, that if they, according to their own declaration, ' desired the Quakers' lives absent, rather than their deaths present,' he would carry them away and provide for them at his own expense. ' Yes, and should any of them return,' said he, ' I will again remove them.'** Two years afterwards, he * The charter runs to Claude, the father, and enures to the son. — See the charter in French. — 1 Has. Coll. p. 616 — 19. — Chalmers, p. 187. f Palairet. p. 14. — Or the charter might have been drafted before the father's death. \ Mass. Letter Book, p. 104. ^ Palairet, p, 10—15. |] 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 190. U Sullivan, p. 158. ** He did not succeed to his mind, and the quakcrs, at least some of them, were executed — 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 184 (Note j.) — He was a great friend to Massachusetts. — 76. p. 194. 364 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1657. vvas recommissioned to the same office of Provincial Governor, by his restored sovereign ; and at some period he seems to have been considered the sole proprietor of the country. Mistakes in j^ jg worthy of particular notice in this place, that the phrase- of Crom- ology and terms of Cromwell's patent to la Tour, Temple and Crown, have proved to be the grounds or causes of endless con- fusion, and severe conflicts. Both Acadia and Nova Scotia are mentioned, yet the limits and extent of them, as expressed, have long perplexed the ablest statesmen ; or in other words, the lan- guage of Cromwell's charter has been urged by opponents to shew, that Nova Scotia must have embraced another and greater region, than what is contained in the charter to Sir William Alex- ander. It was beyond doubt the design of Cromwell to confirm the soil and freehold to the patentees, as vested rights, and for that purpose to express himself in the charter, so broadly and spe- cifically, that all French claims might be forever barred — never again to be revived whh success. For, in the language of the charter, he granted the ' territory called Acadia, a part of the ' country called Nova Scotia, extending from Merliquash and in- ' eluding the port and cape la Heve, Cape Sable, port la Tour * or I'Esmeron, Cape Fourcha, the cape, river or bay of St. Ma- * ry's, Port-Royal, the region about the bay of Fundy, and the * bay and fort of St. John's, the region of Pentagoet and the river ' St. George, near Muscongus, situate about the confines of JVerv- * England:^ — In this, it was a great mistake and misfortune to have called Acadia a part of Nova Scotia, extending it to the river St. George ; or to have considered them " as two different countries, which v.'ere in truth the same."* For Acadia never liad any other southern limit, than that of latitude in the 40th de- gree, mentioned in king Henry's charter to de Monts, A. D. 1603; whereas the southern extent of Nova Scotia, was well understood to be limited and bounded by the river St. Croix, as described, A. D. 1621, in the charter of king James to Alexan- der ; and both extended over the same territory eastwardly, to the shores below the gulf of St. Lawrence. A general recession afterwards, without limitation, laid open all the difficulties. * 1 Clialmers, p. 188.— 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 358, Note 4 Chap, xi.] of Maine. 365 CHAPTER XI. The New-Plymouth patent of Kcnneheck — Difficulties there — A meeting of the people called — A code of rules and regulations adopted — A local Court established — The trade of the patent leased several years — The trade declines and becomes extinct — The -patent sold — The period and value of the trade — The pop- ulation — Remarks. The trade and interests of the New-Plymouth colony at Ken- ■*• ^' i^*^^ •' -^ lo 1G32. nebeck, were at this period, in a state of decHne. The judicious and rigid rules and regulations of the colonial government pre- paiem. scribed, for cultivating an honest and honorable intercourse with the natives, were not strictly observed. There was a diminution of game and furs ; an increasing number of traders ; and an avaricious disposition manifested, by temporary residents, to ac- quire gains in any event. The parent colony was too remote to enforce her laws with uncompromising energy ; and the local administration of justice was a mere conservation of the peace. There was another fact of some importance. The territorial Difficuitiea right and title of the colony, especially her claim from Merry- meeting-bay to the sea, was called in question. Therefore, about this time, Jeremisquam, Sebascodegan, and other islands in the vicinity, were purchased of the natives ; when the practice of obtaining ' Indian Deeds' became fashionable, till nearly the whole patent was covered by them. The execution of one was proved before the Governor of Massachusetts ;* — a circum- stance connected with others, which served to recognize the na- tives' rights to some extent, without regard to prohibitory laws. Beset by discouragements on all sides, the Plymouth colony, in consideration of £50-|- yearly rent, leased the trade three years, ending June 8, 1652, to a committee of five distinguished * la A. D. 1648, a Sagamore convej'ed to Governor Bradford, all the lanils on botli sides of the river to Wessarunset. Squam Island and others were purchased in 1649. t Sullivan, p. 144—5—296; and Book of Claims. 366 THE HISTORY [VoL. I, A. D. I C5'i. colonists,* viz. Gov. Bradford, and Messrs. Winslow, Prince, Millet and Paddy. Still the difficulties and embarrassments were not diminished ; and the colony spread her complaints before Parliament. To prevent encroachments and promote tranquil- lity, the Council of State " granted letters under the great seal, confirming and enlarging her trade within the patent ; and required all the English residents upon the river Kennebeck, to render im- plicit submission to the colonial government, in all their civil and social concerns." An attempt was then made to revive the trade ; and New-Plymouth, at the expiration of the first lease, extended it three years longer j requiring the lessees themselves, or some of them, to reside continually within the patent, under a penalty of forfeiting the trade. A.D. 1G53. The next year, March 7, 1653, the General Court of that March 7. J ^ ' ' A conven- colony, appointed Thomas Prince, who was one of the Council, lion called . . . , , . , :-there. a Commissioner to summon the inhabitants together at some con- venient place upon the river, for these purposes, viz. 1 , to take the oath of fidelity to the governments of England and New- Plymouth, or otherwise leave the patent territory : 2, to be made acquainted with the colony laws, applicable to them, and establish suitable rules and regulations to guide and govern them in their civil affairs : and 3, to choose assistants, who were to aid the commissioner, in framing and executing the orders to be adopt- ed and settled. A. D. 1634.. In pursuance of a warrant issued by the commissioner to the marshal of New-Plymouth, May 15th, 1654, the inhabitants upon the river Kennebeck were summoned to convene on the 23d, at the house of Thomas Ashly, near the margin of Merrymeeting- bay. Accordingly Prince, the commissioner, was met by 16 men of that immediate neighborhood,! to whom, after he had pub- lished his commission, he administered the oath, prescribed in the following words : * Morton's Memorial, p. 135—147, f Their names were these ; Thomas Ashley ; Thomas Atkins ; John Brown, [of Woolwich ;] James Cole; "William Davis; Emanuel Hej'cs ; William James ; Thomas Parker ; John Parker, [of Parker's Island ; Tho- mas PuRCiiAs, Genti-eman, of Peg-ypscot ; John Richards of Jeremis- quam ; James Smitli ; John Stone ; Alexander Thawyt; Thomas Webber, and John White. It is supposed Atkins Wved on. a baj' above Small Point, since called by his name. Chap, xi.] of Maine. 367 " You shall be true and faithful to the State of England as it A. D. 1654. •' is now established ; and, whereas, you choose to reside within Uegubtion* " the government of New-Plymouth, you shall not do, nor cause *' to be done, any act or acts, directly or indirectly, by land or " water, that shall, or may tend to the destruction or overthrow " of the whole or part of this government, orderly erected or es-* " tablished ', but shall contrariwise hinder, and oppose such in- " tents and purposes as tend thereunto, and discover them to " those who are in place, for the time being ; that the government " may be informed thereof with all convenient speed : — You shall *' also submit to and observe all such good and wholesome laws, " ordinances and officers, as are or shall be established, within " the several limits thereof. — So help you God, who is the God " of truth and punisher of falsehood."* This little convention of sworn freemen, under the Commis- sioner, as presiding officer, elected Thomas Purchas, Assistant, and John Ashly, Constable ; and established a code of succinct orders, or ordinances, classed in this manner. Firstly — All capital crimes, such as treason against England or these colo- nies ; wilful murder ; solemn converse or compact with the devil, by way of conjuration or witchcraft j the wilful burning of houses ; sodomy ; rape ; and adultery, were to be tried by the General Court at New-Plymouth. Secondly — The trials of other crimes were within the juris- diction of the Commissioner's and Assistants' Court. — Theft was punishable by restitution of three or four fold, according to the na- ture of the offence and the discretion of the local Court. The convicted drunkard was finable 55. for the first offence — IO5. for the second — and for the third, he was to set in the stocks. Pro- faning wilfully the Lord's day was punishable according to the assistants' discretion. As the Indians when intoxicated were often guilty of " much horrid wickedness," even " the murder of their nearest relations ;" it was ordered, that every inhabitant selling them any strong liquor, should for the first offence forfeit double, and for the second, four fold, the value sold : and for die third, he should forever be debarred the privilege of trading with them. If the wrongdoer were a stranger, his fine for the * See the Jicccrds of PlymouUi Colony, leg-ibiy copied by order of the General Court, and deposited in the office of Secretary of State — Boston. 368 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. AD. 1G54 first transgression was £10, and for the second £20; one half Regulations to the informer and the other half to public uses. Thirdly — In the prudential regulations established : — All fish- ing and fowling were expressly continued free to every inhabit- ant. If " beaver or moose" were presented to any one, for bar- ter by the Indians upon the river, a trade with them was to be free, provided no prohibited article was sold to them. All ac- tions between party and party were to be tried before a jury of twelve men ; but no civil cause above £20 sterling was tria- ble in the local Courts, without the consent of both parties ; such belonging to the jurisdiction of the Courts at New-Ply- mouth. — The next term of the commissioner's or local Court was appointed to be holden at the same place,* the Tuesday after the 20th of the ensuing May ; and probably from year to year in that month. Trade.. An exclusive right to the fur and peltry trade, and the fishe- ries within the patent, had exalted the expectations of the peo- ple at New-Plymouth, to a height altogether unreasonable. They would not believe those interests and enterprizes were un- dergoing a decline, which must assuredly disappoint their hopes. The public mind vv^as full of conjecture ; till a strange jealousy called in question the wisdom, and carefulness of the lessees, though they were the first men in the colony. Seven In February, 1655, all the towns in the government were re- 2jears' lease. . , , . . . , i • i i i i quired to express their opmions upon the course which had been pursued, or ought to be adopted, and especially upon the expedi- ency of leasing the patent any longer. This educed a spirited though temperate legislative discussion, resulting in a further lease for seven years, at £35 annual rent, to be paid half-yearly, in money, moose or beaver at the current prices. By the leasehold-indenture, Bradford, Prince, and Willet, the lessees, engaged to improve the trade in a manner most beneficial as well to the country as themselves ; and to resign the lease, if any town should be dissatisfied with die terms. But nothing Jiad the effect to abate the popular discontent and jealousy ; and the General Court, at the July session, appointed a committee of four, to confer with the Council, or magistrates upon the subject ; to inquire into all the affairs of the patent, — * 1 Ilaz. Co!, p. .586.— New-Plymouth Colony records. Chap, xi.] of Maine. 369 the regulations and government within it — the agency of Mr. A. D. 1655. Paddy — and the accounts of the treasurer ; and to take meas- ures for securing the pubhc powder and property, and repairing, particularly, Jones' river bridge. This investigation had a beneficial influence upon public opin- ion. It was at length perceived, that the discouragements were in consequence of events and incidents, which it was impossible to control. The facilities in taking game, gradually diminished. The deeds of the Indians conveyed rights, which they could not understand. Their hunting grounds were sometimes occupied or claimed by English hunters or sportsmen. For it was necessary, that the lessees should often underlet to applicants, though they were equivocal characters. The business of hunting and trad- ing, was less profitable than formerly ; the value of commodities exchanged for furs being better understood. The Indians were ill-natured and jealous, — the proselytes, if not the dupes, of the catholic missionaries, who were witliout intermission among the tribes.* Amidst these increasing evils, the trade was let, in 1(356-7-8, A. D. 1656 to 1659> at the same annual rent of £35 ; a sum which, though small, the lessees found they could not afford to pay a fourth year. A man- ifesto was therefore issued, July 7, 1659, by the New-Plymouth executive, which publicly stated, that there were unhappily " troubles among the Indians" themselves upon the river, some having been killed or carried away, and all of them too much discouraged to pursue their hunting with any ambition ; that seri- ous losses were already apprehended from the cessation of trade j and that the towns were in duty bound to instruct their dep- uties, what measures should be adopted to prevent its becoming utterly extinct. At the October session, the trade was leased a year for the The irade paltry pittance of only £10, free of embarrassments and out- "inci.^ "' standing dues, upon condition of permitting the Indians never to owe at one time, more than 500 skins. This lease was the last. * Father Gabriel Dreuilletts, the first catholic missionary, to the Cani- bas Indians, commenced a residence in tlie wilderness of Kennebeck, in 1646.— 1 Charlevoix, X. F. p. 435 — This author also says, « the Capuchin priests had a trading house and religious hospital at Pentagoet, in the same year, 1646.' Dreuilletts was succeeded by James Bigot and Vincent Big- ot, father and son, and by Father Ralle. Vol. I. 34 370 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1660. The next year, the lessees took home their agents, laborers and estates ; and the General Court granted to any volunteers the liberty of trade upon the river, without lease or price, proposing to sell the whole patent for £500. A sale at last was negotiated by a Committee of three, appoint- A.D. 16G I. ed for the purpose; and on the 27th of October, 1661,* the The patent' Patent was conveyed to Artepas Bois, Edward Tyng, Thomas sold. Brattle and John Winslow, for £400 sterling ; the deed of as- signment being executed by eleven gentlemen who call themselves a committee. f Remarks, In no Other part of New-England, had the people devoted themselves so entirely to the peltry and fur trade, as they had within the precincts of this patent. Thirty-four years, it had been well improved by the parent colony ; within which period, her emoluments and net gains must have exceeded considerably in the aggregate, £1,600 sterling :J to which is to be added, the price of sale. There was no effort nor intent to establish a plantation upon the river. The government here was of a non- descript character, under which neither the laws nor the rulers were respected ; and many of tlie residents were transient people and hunters. The colony at New-Plymouth had no surplus population to transplant into these parts ; and though the territory of the patent embraced 700 square miles, there were at this period found within it of white people, not more, probably than 300 souls. Surely it is to be lamented, that the laudable en- deavors, made more than half a century before, to plant a colony within the limits of this territory, should never have been effectu- ally revived ; and that the patent itself, after the sale, was in fact permitted to sink so deep in oblivion, as to exhibit only a few settlements, fewer surveys,^ and a small number of the owners' names, for the greater pan of an hundred years. * 1 Jla.is. Rep. p. 484 — Prop, of Kennehcck v. Call. — This Indenture was recorded in the county of York,' A. D. 1719. f Sullivan, p. 117, 304. The assignees erected a fort ia 16G2, at " Mus- quequoite."— [Maquoit.] J Joseph Banc, says, he was taken captive by the Indians, A. D. 1692, was with them 8 yuars; learned their language ; they called the mouth of the Kcnnebeck-rivcr, "Snnkadarunk ;" and the Plymouth trading' house was at " Cushenock." — Kennebeck Claims. Jj Some surveys by Heath in 1719 ; and by Jones in 1731. Chap. XII.] of MAINE. 371 CHAPTER XII. The statute-lmo and government of Massachusetts transferee! to 3Iaine — Elections of public officers — Courts — County officers — Towns, their duties and potoers — The Militia si/stem — General liberties — Particular laws — Marriage — Sabbath — Ecclesiastical affairs — Cambridge platform — Support of the ministry — Heresy, — especially of the Baptists, Jesuits and Quakers — Crimes and punishments — Employments — Humane laws — Education — Debtors — Taverns — Torture — Taxation and assessments. The adoption or subjugation of the western parts of Maine, p^ q j^^q was followed by a train of events, as well as attended by a mul- ^° '^^^• liplicity of circumstances, unusually important to the Province. Maine con- A political connexion was lormed, winch, with some interruption ftiassachu- lasted about an hundred and sixty-seven years. The territorial jurisdiction, though at first limited, was from time to time, ex- tended ; till it embraced the whole seaboard eastward, even to Passamaquoddy. The laws, regulations and politics of Massa- chusetts were immediately received by the adopted people ; and they all became partakers in the administration of civil affairs. The code of statute-law in that government, formed since the Siaiute- . . 'aw. first settlement of the colony and of late considerably improved, was, in a few subsequent years, thought to be quite complete in itself, and in its adaptation to the people's interests, habits and wants,* To become acquainted with this system of political and legal regulations, by which the new subjects of them were to be ruled, was indispensable. For according to an adage of the ' times, no one might be endamaged under color of law or coun- * tenance of authority, unless in virtue of some legislative enact- ' ment sufficiently published ;' and when the law was defective, resort was directed " to the word of God."f They also deserve the more consideration and particularity, because, to them are * Between 1640 and 1660, the General Court completed a system of laws and government, which had become quite perfect. — Hutchinson t Hist. p. 10, 11. t Colony Laws, A. D. 1641, p. 44. 372 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1640 traced the oriein and foundation of successive laws and measures, lo I6G0. , • , even to the present period. At the May session of the General Court, in 1654, next after the submission of the western parts of Maine — a committee of three was appointed to examine and arrange all the Legislative Jaws and ordinances, both written and printed ; and prepare " fit titles and tables for ready recourse to any particular." A vol- ume was afterwards published f' and the General Court ordered, that all new laws enacted, should, within ten days after the ses- sion closed, be printed, and a copy distributed to every magis- trate, court, and town, within the colony. System of According to the articles and provisions of the colony char- government. ter, the government was administered by a Governor, Deputy- Governor — council of eighteen assistants, and house of deputies ; — all of whom were chosen by a free suffrage of the people. f Ireesuffia- Freemen only were voters; and as early as May 1631, it was ordained, that none other than church-members should be freemen ; and that they only, after 1636, might be elected to any office civil or military. Yet the severity of the law was miti- gated towards the eastern people upon their submission j and church-membership was never a prerequisite in Maine, to qualify and entitle a man to the privilege of free suffrage. All who were admitted freemen took the oath of allegiance, either at the annual Court of Elections In Boston, or in the County Courts, where their names were recorded by the clerk, and transmitted to the Secretary of the colony ; who kept lists of all the free- men, in the registry of the General Court. J Public offi- The Governor, Deputy-Governor, Major-General of all the ""■ militia, the Country-Treasurer, the Secretary, Admiral, and two Commissioners of the United Colonies§ were called " General Officers," and were annually elected by the freemen at large, on the last Wednesday of May.|| On election days, the Governor, Deputy-Governor and Assis- * 1 Ma?s. Rcc. p. 209. f They all sat together till A. D. 1G44; wJiea the Council and House separated; and each had afterwards a ncg-ative upon the other. — JFinth. Jour. p. 32S. — Chalmers, p. 166. I In May, 1666, the names of the freemen v/ctc by law sent to the clerks of the shires, and the County Courts tnilhorized to admit freemen. 3— Mass. Rec. p. 224. { Tliesc -werr chosen by the Gsneral Court, till A, D. 1616. i| Patent. Chap, xii.] of MAINE. 373 tants chosen the preceding year, and the Deputies newly elect-A.D. ic-io ed, held a session together, usually iu a meeting-house of Boston, where they received from each freeman of the colony present, a Eienion. written ballot for the candidates, only one being voted for at the same time. In the exercise of this franchise, the voters advanced tlirough one aisle or avenue, and laid their ballots upon the table, d-eparting through another.* Such freemen as did not choose to attend, were permitted to give their votes in their respective towns, to their deputy in the constable's presence ; which, being sealed, were transmitted to the election-table, with a list of the freemen's names who had so voted. f Generally, the person's name voted for was upon the ballot ; sometimes, however, a candi- date was put in nomination, when a ballot marked was counted for him, and a blank ballot against him. In the choice of Assistants, there were some peculiarities. Assistants. The freemen of every town were convened, the first week in every April, by the constable ; when they voted for any num- ber of Assistants, they chose to have, never exceeding eighteen. The whole were exannined by the Governor and Council early in May and published ; and those who had tiie greatest number of votes were declared to be in nomination. On the day of election, the name of each candidate on the list was severally announced, and the freemen voted by way of corns and beans ; the former being counted for him and the latter against him. The freemen who exercised the right of suffrage at home, voted in the same manner for Assistants, transmitting their votes, sealed and labelled, to the election-table. For thirty years, only fourteen were annu- ally chosen ; the number was then increased to eighteen ;J and they, the Governor, and Deputy-Governor, were collectively de- nominated " Magistrates." The Deputies or Representatives to the General Court were „ ^ 1 Keprcscnl- elected by towns. No town could send more than two. If it a'i^es- c-ontaincd not above 20 freemen, it could elect one only ; if less than ten, it was allowed none, though it might join in voting for Deputies with the freemen of the next town. Great latitude was given in the selection of candidates ; for a town might elect any freeman within the colony, its representative ; and these choices * Ogilby, p. 16.3. t Col. Laws, A. D. 1636, p. 42. ^ After August, 1661, eighteen were annually chosen. 374 'i'lii^ HISTORY [Vol. i. A. I). iGio of non-residents were frequent. But no one could be a Deputy to ICGO. . . . ^ who was " unsound m the main points of the christian religion, " as held forth and. acknowledged by the generality of the pro- " testant orthodox writers."* Under the colonial charter, the whole number of deputies in any one year, never exceeded 52, nor were less than 25 ;f and Maine at no time after the connexion, returned more than four, or possibly five^ though a greater number of towns were at dif- ferent times represented. The Judici- The Judiciary power was vested in three tribunals, 1 . the Court of Magistrates, or Assistants ; 2. the County Courts ; 3. the single magistrate's or three Commissioners' Court. The Coiui of Magistrates, constituted of the Governor, Dep- Couri.'° uty-Governor and Assistants, was the highest judicial tribunal in the colony ; having jurisdiction of all capital crimes, cases of divorce, and appeals from inferior courts. Their sessions were semi-annual, in the spring and autumn, and always in Boston. A jury was empanneled as early as May, 1631 ; and after 1634, the freemen in their respective towns and plantations chose their jurymen,! ^^ ^^^^Y ^^^ ^^^^'^ municipal officers. County The County Court was holden by the resident magistrate Coan. within the shire, or such other, as the General Court might de- signate ; assisted by four such freemen of worth and intelligence within the several counties, as the towns in their annual meetings might select or nominate, and the legislature approve and put into the commission, called ^^ Associates. ^^ Of the five, three formed a quorum, provided one at least was a magistrate. The sessions of this court in Maine, were twice every year. They appointed their own clerks or recorders, summoned juries of in- quest and of trials, and had jurisdiction of probate matters, of all causes civil above 40s, all criminal cases not caphal, and others not reserved to the Court of " Assistants. "§ The third and lowest judicial court in the colony, had jurisdic- tion of all civil controversies within the county, wherein the sum * Col. Laws, p. 42-92-98-117. — 2 J\Iass. Rec. p. 238.— A day's absence of a deputy, was fined 20s. t In 1C54, there were 40 ; in 16G2, only 27. In 1CG6-7-8, there were none from Maine, tliough in 1668, there were 50 members. In the next 10 j'ears there were never so many as 50, except A. D. 1671-2, there were 51. | 1 Mass. Kec. p. 76. § Col. T.aws, p. 67-86. Chap, xh.] OF Maine, 375 demanded did not exceed 40 slnllinffs, and it miclit fine in crim- A.D I640 , ., , • , • toieco. inal cases to that amount, it was holden by a sujgle magistrate • I • • 1 11 -11 mi • ■'^ ningis- without a jury, m the town where he resided. — Ihree conunis- iratc's sioners also, if it were required, were appointed* by the Court of Assistants, or County Court, in towns where no magistrate resid- ed, to determine those small causes ; and if any Commissioner was interested, a selectman took his place. Appeals lay from decisions in these petty tribunals, to the County Court. The County-officers were, 1. a marshal, who was the execu- c„m,,„ Qf. tive officer of the county ; 2. the County-treasurer, — both of ^""' whom were elected annually by the freemen in towns, and 3. the clerk, or recorder of the shire, f appointed by ihe County Court, who was by an ordinance of 1642, made ex officio the register of deeds, which had previously been recorded since 1634, in town books. Next to the regulations of counties, we ought to mention those Towns nod of towns ; for the original of almost all political measures and ccrs movements, might at this early period, be traced to the primary assemblies in these municipal corporations. Here the public monies were raised and collected ; officers of trust and honor were voted for ; and the various interests of society promoted and guarded. The town officers in these early times, were, 1 . the selectmen, who had in trust, the prudentials of the town and assessed the taxes; 2. constables, whose official ensign was " a black staff," and whose business it was to warn town meetings, collect taxes, serve the smaller legal processes, raise " hue and cry," and take inquests on dead bodies ; 3. clerk of the writs, who kept the town records, signed legal pre- cepts, returnable before single magistrates or town commission- ers, and recorded births and deaths ; 4. surveyors of highways ; 5. sealers of weights and measures ;J and 6, ty thing-men — all chosen by their townsmen. Among the duties enjoined upon towns, they were required to make and amend their highways and bridges ; and after 1659, to support their poor : also to per- * This was repealed in 1657, cxcepfas to Boston and Yorkshire. — 2 JIass, Rec. p. 332. As to the choice of Associates — Ih p. 32. Tkey were pnt into the " Commission." — 4 JIass. Rcc. p. 2-3.-2 Ilulck. Hist. p. 32. t Ilis records were made by law, 1650, conclusive evidence. — 2 JIast. Rec. p. 25. t In 1674, F. Littlefield was indicted at York, for want of scales and weights in his mill as the law directs. 376 "^'"E HISTORY [Vol. I. A. D. 1640 ambulate the town lines once in three years ; and as early as 1631-5, to procure a standard of weights and measures.* The military was a very important department in the govern- ment. All able bodied freemen and others, who had taken " the oath of residents," belonged to the trainbands. Those, in a town, formed a company ; and if their number were 64, they were en- titled to a captain, subalterns and non-commissioned officers ; Militia. Otherwise they were exercised by sergeants, or perhaps by a sub- altern. Till 1658, the captain, lieutenant and ensign, were elected by the freemen in town meeting ; afterwards, they were elected by their respective companies ; and in both cases, the choice was presented to the County Court, which either confirmed it, or rejected it and ordered another election. f The soldiery of each county formed a regiment, | which was commanded by a sergeant-major, chosen by the freemen of the same county in town meetings. Each regiment was mustered once in three years : and at the head of all the militia in the colony, was a Major-General,§ elected, as previously stated, like the Governor, by the freemen at large. Ensigns and all superior officers, were at a subsequent period, commissioned by the Gen- eral Court. The militia were required to train by companies, six times in a year ; and at least two thirds of the soldiers were required to have muskets, and be furnished with bandoleers ; the resi- due might serve with pikes, || provided they had "corselets and headpieces." But all these were only the more prominent features of the system, devised and embraced by the early colonists. They, as emigrants, felt no veneration, — they cherished no love for the * They were first sealed by those of the Governor's, brought from Eng- land ; and in 1635, each town was required to have a bushel, peck, and tlie aliquot-weights from 1 lb. to 14; also a " mete yard," — to be sealed by the standard in Boston, kept by James Pen, the marshal.— I JIass. Rec. p. 46- 103. i Col. Laws, p. 42-120 —2 Mass. Rec. p. 371. I In 1639, there were in Massachusetts, 2 Rcg-iments, and 1,000 men IVinth. Jour. p. 176.— In 1671, there were 6 Reg-iments including- one in Yorkshire. 5 The military, till 1635-6, were under the Governor, Deputy Governor, and nine Commissioners, who could try offenders by Court-martial and put to death.— 1 .Mass. Rec. p. 93-142. II There were no pikcmen in King Philip's war. — Hutch. Coll. p. 435. Chap, xii.] of maine. 377 establishments in the country they had left. Their General a. d. i640 Court legislated upon almost every subject, which could anywise ... r i-r T Laws and concern the people m the various conditions of life. In 1G41, regulations, when so many sound and liberal provisions received the sanction of the legislature, it was ordained, that 21 years should be the lawful age of all persons for transacting business : and with one general sweep, all impediments to the alienation of property — all feudal or servile burdens, so common in England, were wholly disallowed ; and full liberty given for the conveyance of estates, by deed, will, or otherwise, without forfeiture upon the convic- tion of any crime, or offence whatever.* Equal rights and rational liberty were the arteries of their whole civil system. Every one was free to hunt in the forests, to fish in the tide-waters and the great interior ponds, and to fowl in either ; and also at his pleasure to remove with his family to any other place. No soldier was obliged to go out of his county to do military duty, nor out of the jurisdiction in actual service. Slavery and bondage were prohibited ; and if any one was holden by purchase, he was to be treated with all the kind- ness prescribed in the Divine law. Our ancestors, for the sake of freedom in matters of religion, are well known to have emigrated to this country ; and it is not surprising, therefore, that such institutions as marriage and the sabbath, — the subjects of church-establishments, and orthodox faith, should have engaged their early and perpetual attention. New provisions, and those differing from the laws and usages of the mother country, were intended to be drawn from the scriptures. All christian fugitives from famine and persecution were by law to be succored, and havje the charities extended to them, as enjoin- ed in the Gospel, — also strangers were to have the same measure of justice as freemen. ]VIarriage,f every where a divine and sacred ordinance, was never to be contracted by maidens, without the parents' or guar- dians' approbation. Till that was obtained, all the arts of ad- dress employed in a secret manner, to win a female's affection, were declared by the legislature to be subversive of parental * Colony Laws, p. 44. t Before there was any Colony law, marriage was solemnized by tbe Governor and a minister of the gospel. — Winthrop's Jour. p. 20. Vol. I. 35 378 THE HISTORY [VoL. I, A. D. 1640 authority and the divine honor, and were actually made a fina^ la ir.rtn -^ _ , •' ble offence. The disposal of children in marriage was declared Laws and , • i i i i- • r , ^ , regulations, to be Committed to the care and discretion ot parents by God himself. Magistrates, and none other, were authorized to solemn^ ize marriages, till 1656, when the power was giv^en also to town commissioners, where no magistrate resided ; yet there was a law as early as 1639, forbidding parties to marry, before their intentions had been published in three public meetings, or posted fourteen days. The Sabbath, instituted likewise by Divine authority, was esteemed a day of holy rest ; and several strict legislative provis-^ ions were made for the sacred observance of it. The time limited was from midnight preceding, to that following the day ; attendance upon public worship was enjoined ; absences punisha- ble ; and servile labor, recreation and travelling strictly forbidden. pzUff^iri '^^^ Church relations, deemed by the primary colonists so high- ly important, were evidently intended to be formed and established upon free and scriptural principles. For it was resolved by the legislature, that ^' no injunction might be put either upon any church, or its officers or members in point of doctrine, worship or discipline, whether for substance or circumstance, besides the institution of the Lord."* In accordance with this freedom, ' all f the people of God, who were orthodox in their sentiments and ' not scandalous in their lives, were encouraged by a law, A. D. * 1641, solemnly to congregate and embody themselves into a ^ church estate ; and authorized to elect and ordain their officers, * provided they were able, pious and orthodox 5 and to admit, ' discipline, or excommunicate their members ; yet no church * censure was ever to affect any man's property, civil dignity, of-r f fice, or authority.' In this way the churches were purely coiit gregationaly formed upon principles of equality, and independent^ of each other, But enured as the colonists were in their native country to the connexion of church and state, they knew not how to keep them entirely separate. They said, ' it was the duty of the civil authorr ' ity, to see the rules and ordinances of the gospel observed ac- * cording to the scriptures ;' and they permitted no church to be formed without the approbation of three magistrates. * Pol. Ivaws, p. 101-2. t Hence sometimes called " Independents." I Chap, xii.] of MAINE. 379 Through this avenue once opened, a current of legislation was a.d. 1640 continually flowing into the pale of the church ; many ultimately suffering death from its violence. A synod, convened in 164G, at Cambridge, by direction of the legislature, and protracted by adjournments about two years, agreed at length upon a code of ecclesiastical rules, or articles of discipline, among the churches, which were submitted to them and to the General Court. They consisted of 17 chapters, and have been denominated " TAe Cambridge Cambridge Platform ;" — being subsequently the ecclesiastical '"^™' constitutions through the New-England churches, inasmuch as they generally adopted them.* In connexion with this subject, we may take notice of the pro^ visions made by law for the maintenance of an orthodox min- istry. By an ordinance of 1654, after the admission of Maine^ in which less attention had been paid to religious instruction than in some other parts — every County Court was ordered to appoint what support a town or congregation should render their minister j and if it were not voluntarily provided and paid, it was to be assessed and collected like other taxes ;f and all towns were especially required by law, to furnish their respective ministers with ' convenient habitations.' But to affirm that man is justified by his own works, and not Heresy, by Christ's righteousness, or to deny the immortality of the soul, — the resurrection of the body, — the morality of the fourth commandment, — or the ordinance or authority of magistracy — ^ was harshly denominated, in a law of 1644, to be " damnable heresies,''^ tending to subvert the Christian faith, and to destroy the souls of men. So early was intolerance only another term for what they erroneously considered a part of orthodoxy ; and it is the more remarkable, that the churchmen and legislators ol those times should undertake to check, control or condemn the religious opinions of others, since they themselves had so lately come hither for the sake of enjoying freedom in matters of faith, worship and duty. The heretical sect first assailed by the General Court were the „ . Baptists. — They were found to have originated about a century * 2 Mather's JIagnal. b. v. Ed. 1820— p. 103-203, where the chapters are entire. — I Belk. JV'. 11. p. 70-1. — In some of the articles, " there is an *' appearance of liberty and tenderness, but none in reality." i A. D, 1651. -2 Mass. Rec. p. 230. Quakers. 380 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1640 before, and were declared to be incendiaries in church and state ; denying the lawfulness of wars, and the baptism of infants.* In 1646, it was made highly penal for men to withhold their children from that ordinance, or to leave the congregation when they were baptised. One Painter was the first who suffered. Con- victed of a refusal to permit the baptism of his child, he was publicly whipped ; and within twenty years, before the persecution ceased, about thirty were either fined, whipped or banished, and a few were executed. Jesuits. Next, the General Court, believing, as they said, the wars in Europe to be chiefly fomented by the Jesuits, devoted to the religion and court of Rome, ordered in 1647, every ecclesiastic of that order, coming within the colony, to be banished, unless he was a public messenger, and even then, if he behaved ofFen- sively.f No one is known to have suffered under this law, though frequent attempts were made to seize such of them, as were missionaries among the Indians. But no religious order was so violently attacked as the (Qua- kers. \ The legislature called them " a cursed sect of heretics," pretending " to be immediately sent from God, and infallibly " assisted by the spirit, to speak and write blasphemous opinions ; " despising government, and the order of God in church and *' state, reviling magistrates and ministers, speaking evil of dig- " nities, and seeking to turn away the people from the faith. "§ To exterminate them, ordinances were passed, in 1656, only four years after their first appearance in England, by which their books were to be burnt by the common hangman, and them- selves to be banished, and if they returned, to be executed. * Col. Laws, p. 102-120.— 1 Ilaz. Col. p. 53S — Hub. N. E. chap. 14. t Col. Laws. I 1 Ilulch. Hist. p. 180-1 — 208. — The persecution of qiiakers extended into the Province of Maine, and an order of court was passed in 1669, that " whatsoever 9!m/t'er5 shall act in town affairs as officers within the county of York, shall pay £5." Major Nicholas Shapleigh of Kittery, • sccins to have favored that sect, for the constable of that town, had been ordered, in 1663, " to repair to his house on two sabbatli days, taking' suffi- cient witnesses v/itli him, and to forbid him and all persons assembled, g-iv- ing countenance to any such persons or (heir meetings contrary to the laws of this jurisdiction."— Fo/s«/m, p, 141. ^ Col. Laws, p. 121-126. Chap, xii.] of Maine. 381 Umvards of thirty suffered in Massachusetts under these laws, A. D. 1640 and some were put to death. Nor was this all. It was made heresy, in 1G52, to deny that the books of the Old and New Testament were the written in- fallible word of God — punishable for the first offence, by fine or whipping, and for the second, by banishment, or even death. The whole criminal code was severe, and in some instances (.'odTiln.i sanguinary. The colonists, in framing their statutes, prefer- '^'J],'!'^'" red to adopt or imitate the laws of Moses, rather than those of England ; and of consequence have been thought by modern lawgivers, to have prescribed penalties disproportionate to crimes. Not only murder, robbery, burglary, treason, arson and the crimes against nature, but blasphemy, heresy, idolatry, witchcraft, f perjury, manstealing, adultery, and the striking of a parent by a child of 16 years old and upwards, were capital. Violence to female chastity was also a high crime ; but it is re- markable, tiiat while the adulterer or idolater suffered death for the first transgression, tlie burglar or robber did not, till the third conviction. Punishments were numerous. Besides that of death, which was always to be'by hanging; and of imprisonment, banishment, fines and the pillory ;| convicts often suffered corporeally by branding, cropping the ears, and whipping ; yet the latter was to be imposed only where the crime was shameful, and when the offender's course of life was vicious and profligate ; nor were more than 40 stripes ever to be inflicted under one conviction. Forgery was j)unished by double damages and the pillory ; theft by treble damages ; profanity and spreading false news, by fine, or the stocks ; fornication by fine or enjoining marriage ; gambling, assaults and batteries, and drunkenness, by fine or im- prisonment. Idleness was viewed with marked reproach, as well * Sept. 9, 1661. the king ordereJ all capital and corporeal punishments of tlie Quakers to cease. Still thny were pursned. — 1 Hutch. IJist. p. 188. f Ilti" li Parsons of Sprin2:ficld, Mass. was, in lGo2, the first one tried for witchcraft ; and Ann Hibbins of Boston, in 1655, was the first one execut- ed.— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 165-173. \ Every town was required to be furnished with stocks, under a penalty °f £■'• It was a frame, fitted (o a post with holes half-formed in a lower and half in a folding plank, through which the head, hands and ancles were put, of one in a sitting posture. 382 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. u. 1640 as an inlet of every evil ;* and all strolling travellers, vagrant hunters, and " tobacco takers," were obnoxious to the law, whose offensive manner of life it was the duty of constables particularly to notice. To demand an exorbitant price for labor was made a finable offence in 1635; and afterwards the freemen of every town were authorized by law, to agree among themselves what should be the rates of workmen's wages. Employ- Almost all employments were manual or laborious, and often- times of the hardest kind. To convert forest trees into market- able lumber, woodlands into fields of cultivation, and logs into habitations, were the prominent features of industry at this period. House and ship carpentry, and the handicraft of the coarser artisans, were in general demand. The breeding of domestic animals was much encouraged ; and so needful was wool found to be, for winter clothing, that in 1 654, the people were express- ly forbidden to transport any sheep out of the colony, and no butcher might kill one under two years old.f r , • But the fisheries and the fur trade, affording the greatest at- ;ind Fur tractions to foreigners, were so frequently abused, as to require the special interposition of the legislature. Fishermen often de- stroyed timber — perhaps set forests on fire, and were guilty of frauds or carelessness in packing and curing their fish. To pre- vent these evils, the County Court were directed, A. D. 1652, to appoint fish-viewers for every fishing place or station, within the county. The fur trade led immediately to an intercourse with the natives ; and rendered legislative acts necessary to pre- vent frauds and disaffection. Foreigners, particularly the French and Dutch, furnishing the Indians with firearms and ammunition, were prohibited in 1650, all traffic with them in the colony, upon the penalty of confiscation. J All denominations of money, current in the early periods of settlement, were quite inadequate to the purposes of the people's convenience or wants. Emigrants brought small amounts with them ; and after the removals to this country received a check, about the year 1 640, and many returned back, the legislature, Money. * Charles Potuin was presented by the grand jur}' at York, 1674, for living an idle la/.v life, following no settled employment. t Col. Laws, 188. — In king Thilip's war, a soldier had only '• one shilling per day, besides victuals. — Hutch. Coll. p. 185. I Col. Laws, A. D. 1633—50, p. 132—1. Chap, xii.] OF MAINE. 383 in consequence of the extreme scarcity of a circulating medium, a. d. 1640 made corn, fish, and other products, a tender at the rates pre- scribed by law; also provided for extending executions upon real estate ; made loamjjum* current in payment of all debts, not exceeding 40s. ; and established the rate of annual interest, at eight per centum. Many humane provisions were established by legislative au- uunmue thority, truly creditable to the early colonists. A record was'^"*- kept in towns of all emigrants and their business ; charitable re- lief was to be extended to necessitous strangers ; a support for the poor was to be provided, under the direction of the County Court ;f and all cruelly to brute creatures, kept for the use of man, was strictly forbidden. The Indians were not allowedly to be dispossessed of their planting grounds and fishing births ; though all territorial purchases of them, followed by 5 years quiet pos- session, acquired to the occupants, especially in Maine, an indis- putable title. So high and correct an estimate was set upon pure morals, f . . . . i ^ ' Ed.icalion; good habits, and enlightened principles, that our ancestors be- lieved these could never be well established, without an early and thorough educationj of youth. To keep from men a knowledge of the scriptures, and of the languages in which they were writ- ten, and to impose upon them false glosses of their meaning, was, in the judgment of the legislature, a project of the prince of darkness. Actuated therefore by a strong sense of duty, and by motives of ambition and true policy, the General Court in 1647, required every town of fifty householders to employ a teacher, a sufficient time for the instruction of their children to read and write; and in every town, containing 100 ftunilies, a grammar school was to be kept, where youth might be fitted for college. Heads of families were directed by law to catechise their chil- dren and servants every week, in the principles of religion ; and * Originally " wampampeag." — The value of wampum was 4 black and 8 white beads, for a penny.— 2 JIas.i. Rcc. 41, A. D. 1651 ; not repealed till A. D. l6ol.— 3 JIass. Rcc. 5.— Corn was set at 4s. rye 5s. wheat 6s. flaxseed 12s. per bushel. f By towns after 1659. Jin 167.5, the Selectmen of Kittery, Cape Porpoise, Scarborough and Falmouth, were presented by the Grand Jury in several indictments, for not taking- care, that the children and youth of their towns bo taught their catechism, and educated according to law. 384 THE HISTORY [Vol. Imprison- ment lor debt. A.D. 16-to the selectmen were required to see, that the youth of their town were properly educated, and trained to some gainful or useful calling.* The law was particularly tender of personal liberty, and for- bade the arrest of any debtor, who had sufficient visible property to pay what he was owing. If he, being poor, was imprisoned, he might under a law, as early as 1641, be liberated, by any court or authorized commissioner, provided his poverty was sufficiently manifest in his disclosure upon oath ; being still hold- en if required to " satisfy by service" his creditor, though he might be " sold" only to one " of the English nation. "f To promote order and prevent the dissipation of morals, tav- erns were under strict regulations, in which all dancing and games at shuffleboard and bowling, were expressly prohibited. Some habits were treated with detestation ; — particularly that of wearing long hair, like the Russians and Indians, was reprobated by public authority. In the general view, we have taken of the fundamental regu- lations and legal provisions,! which characterize the colonial government, we find much to admire, and something to censure. If we regret to see heresy made by our ancestors a subject of severe legislation, and to observe punishments sometimes exces- sive and cruel ; we must yet acknowledge our surprize, that a page of their statute-book, should be tarnished by an allowance of torture, however palliated. It is true, the law permitted no one to suffer what was barbarous or inhuman, nor be forced to con- fess his own crimes ; but after conviction, he might be tortured, in order to compel a disclosure of his confederates.^ No in- stance of torture however is found on record ; and we may boldly enquire of that pious age, where is the scriptural authority for its use or exercise on any occasion ? As the people of Maine were only the subjects, not the pro- jectors of these legal regulations, they felt no passion for their enforcement, beyond what appeared conducive to their prosperity and happiness. They made no calculations upon the honors and emoluments of office ; and being strangers to the modern Torture. Remarks. * Col. Laws, p. 74. j lb. p. 43-9. I See "abstracts of the Laws," &c. Hutch. Coll. 161— 187.— "Fundamen- tals " of ttie Massacliiiscfls."— 76. p. 20J— 218. ^ Col. Laws, p. 180. ClIAP. XII.] OF MAINE. 385 Jewish theocracy attempted in Massachusetts to be new-modeled A. D. i6io •^ ^ . . to I6C0. by the gospel, and established there ; they might prudently en- quire, ' what have we to do with projects of political ambition, ' or with the weapons forged against heresy ?' They never be- lieved, that the keys of church and state were rightfully com- mitted to the hands of the clergyman and the magistrate. In- fluenced by a spirit of independence, anxious for an equality of rights, and remote from the seat and scenes of anti-chrisiian warfare, they were generally friends to religious toleration ; and Maine became in some degree an asylum for persecuted fugitives. Indeed, a single instance of persecution, which was expulsion merely, is all that can be found to stain her records. If men of letters and of the learned professions were not her boast, educa- tion was free from the ingredients of superstition ; and if notions of liberty were less refined and more rural in the Province, than in Massachusetts, they were more rational and pure. Before we close this chapter, it is necessary to consider the Taxation. subject of taxation. For although the provincials were exempt from the public burthens, there were several charges which they were under obligation to defray. These were an annual stipend of £17, IO5. due the magistrate, who presided yearly in the County Court of Yorkshire, and the expenses otherwise inci- dental to the administration of public justice, and the manage- ment of town affairs. To meet these charges, and to provide for the erection of a county prison, a tax was laid upon the provincials, in 1654, of £91, 155. This necessarily required a system of taxation, and that of Massachusetts was adopted. At first, taxes were paid in that colony by towns and plantations, according to their popu- lation ; afterwards in 1634, the manner was changed, and they were taxed in proportion to the value of their property real and personal, and the number of their inhabitants. At length, in 1646, the system was amended and improved ; a single tax was set at £1,500, of which every poll, or male 16 years of age or upwards paid 12 pence, and 20*. worth of property paid a penny. In this way, apportionments were assigned to the several towns and plantations.* * 1 Mass. Rec. p. 64, 68, 78, 139.— 2 lb. p. 218-235.— 1 Dou^. Sum. p. 533.— See post A. D. 1675. Vol. I. 36 386 A. D. 1640 to 1660. Census and valuation. Assess- ments. THE HISTORY [VoL. I. This method rendered it necessary to take a census of the tax- able polls, and an inventory of the rateable estate ; a business performed in each town by the selectmen and a commissioner chosen for the purpose. When completed, a session was holden by them in the shire town of the county, and the whole were re- vised, equalized and settled.* The commissioners, appointed in the first instance by the Gen- eral Court in 1654 for the towns in Maine, were Richard Nason of Kittery, Abraham Preble of York, Jonathan Thing of Wells, Robert Boothe of Saco, and Griffin Montague of Cape Por- poise ; who were required, with the assistance of the selectmen, and the advice of their deputies in the legislature, to take and equalize the census and inventory, " and assign to each town of their county its just proportion to pay, according to the custom of the country rates. "f The sum of £91, 15s. mentioned, was ap- portioned in the spring of 1655, to the several towns according to property and taxable polls. J ■" In 1646 ,cows were valued £5, and cattle between 3 and 4 years old at £4. — 1 J\lass. Rec. p. 461. But A. D. 1651-7, the valuation was thus, cows, £3; cattle between 3 and 4 years old £2 10s; between 2 and 3, £2,— between 1 and 2, £l ; every ox 4 years old £5 ; every horse-kind 3 years old £5 ; an ass, £2 ; a sheep 10s ; a g'oat 8s ; and a yearling' swrne 20s. All cattle under a year old were exempt from taxation. — Col. Laws, p. 70. 3 Mass. Rec. p. 16. f 2 Mass. Rec. p. 247. J Thus, — to Kittery and the Isles of Shoals [bclong-ing- to Maine] 45, 15. York -...,- Wells Saco .---.- Cape Porpoise . . . . - £91, 15. Of this sum, the polls in each town would pay in the same proportion, as the aggregate of the taxable polls in Massachusetts would paj' towards a sin- gle public tax of £l,500. In 1662, the proportions were, to Kittery £lO ; York £7 ; Wells £7 ; Cape Porpoise £3 ; Saco £6 ; Scarborough £7 ; and Falmouth £6. 1-7, 17. 13, 10. 10, 05. 4, 08. Chap, xiii.] of Maine. 387 CHAPTER XIII. Massachusetts patent extended to Clapboard Island — The people of Lygonia refuse to submit — The opposition — 3Iilitia of Maine organized — Shaplcigh, Sergeant-major commandant — The natives — Intercourse with them revised — The Lt/gonians submit to Mas- sachusetts — Articles of submission and union — Scarborough and Falmouth established as towns — Their poioers and privileges — Pejcpscot tvithout the limits of Massachusetts' patent — Address of the eastern inhabitants to Lord Cromwell — Rev. 31. \Vhecl- wright's agency — Deputies from Maine — Yorkshire court. After tlie report of Sherman and Ince, by which the northern a. d. 1653. limit of Massachusetts patent was determined to be in latitude MassHchn- 43^ 43' 12" f the General Court despatched to the eastern '/^J^'^P^Jf"' coast, in the summer of 1653, two experienced shipmasters, Jonas Clark and Samuel Andrews, who found the same degrees, minutes and seconds on the northern point of an Island in Casco bay, called the Upper Clapboard Island. Here they marked several trees, one with the letters M. B, ; also a grey rock on the main shore, distant l-4th of a mile.f An east and west line drawn through these points from the Atlantic to the South sea, was therefore supposed to be the northern boundary of that patent, within which tlie whole claim of Mason, the southwesterly section of Maine, and a part of Lygonia, were comprehended. With great perseverance and unchanging purpose, Massachu- People of setts labored more than three years, before the residue of the fuil lo'su™ eastern people within the extended limits of the patent, could be "*"' induced to acknowledge her jurisdiction over them. Neither acts of favor, arguments nor complaints could overcome their obstinacy. In vain did the General Court assure them, that the decision of their own tribunals should remain unimpeached ; that justice and right should be fully administered to them in the Courts * See ante, chap. 9, A. D. ]652. t It was " 4 or 5 miles northward of Mr. Mackworth's house."— 2 Jl/aw. Rec. p. 240. — In 155.3, Thomas Wiggin was magistrate, Edward Godfrey, Nicholas Shapleigh, Edward Rishworth, associates.— In 1654, Abraham Preble was county treasurer for Yorkshire. 38S 'fHE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1651. of Yorkshire ; and that appeals from any judgment, after six days' notice to the adverse party, would be received by the proper Courts having appellant jurisdiction, upon the application of a parly and the assignment of his reasons. They paid no regard to these proposals, nor to the authority of the County Court in Yorkshire, nor to the pioclamations issued in 1655-6, by the Lieutenant-Governor and two Assistants, acting as Commis- sioners in those years, and requiring their submission.* A D ifv' T^^Q greatest opposition was from Cleaves, in which his ad- herents were Joscelyn, Jordan, Bonython, and most of the prin- cipal men in their vicinity. Assisted by them, he endeavored to shew by maps and indubitable evidence, that their estates and habitations were within the province of Lygonia, independent of Massachusetts. To surrender these their inborn rights, would be pusillanimity and treason. Thedis- In return, the General Court undertook to convince them of *'""^* their mistakes, by the depositions of mathematicians and surveyors, the words of the patent, and other authentic documents ; and to remove their fears and prejudices, by the strongest asseverations of justice, protection, and favor. ' Recollect the civilities and re- ' spect, (said the court) which the people of these parts have re- ' ceived, since our rights have been shown and established. Who ' has been threatened or injured .'' Nay, it is time, all combina- * tions, and all resistance to our claims should cease. Our title ' does not rest under a shadow of doubt. So far are our thoughts ' from any infringement of the planters' rights and liberties, that ' we offer them the same we ourselves enjoy. Neither do we ' expect any assistance or relief from taxing your estates ; for we * request nothing more than what you have always done, viz. " to ' bear your own charges."f In becoming fellow-citizens, you ' have no better grounds for objecting to our laws, because you ' have not participated in making them, than emigrants have, ' when they become subjects of the commonwealth. If men ' will in violation of rights and duty, presume any longer to resist ' us, we shall protest most solemnly against all their proceedings, * In 1655 the Yorksliire County Co>irt was liolden by the "worshipful Samuel Symonds, Capt. Tliomas Wigg-in, mag-istrates; Mr. Edward John- eon, and Edward Rishworfh, Recorder, associates. t 2 Mass. Rec. p. 290, 353.— 1 Haz. Coll. p. 59S.— 9. Chap, xiii.] OF MAINE. 389 * and advise what course will be most consistent with the princi- A. D. iCj5. ' pies of honor and justice, in the sight of God and man.' Massachusetts was also opposed by Gorges and Rigby, who were receiving intelligence from Godfrey, and accusing her gov- ernment of usurpation and avarice, before Lord Cromwell. To counteract the charges, she furnished Mr. John Leverett,* her agent at the English court, with facts and instructions, which in connexion with other considerations, were urged in her favor with so much success, before the Lord Protector, as to strength- en the favorable opinion he had long entertained of the New- England puritans and to render abortive all assaults upon her measures and interests. The noted John Bonython of Saco, was another of her foes, A.D. lGo6, both violent and abusive. Sworn never to submit to the govern- ment of Massachusetts, he defied the authority of the County Court, which had undertaken to impose a tax upon him and his townsmen ; and besides refusing to pay his part of it, wrote an insulting letter to the legislature. For his contempts and rebel- lious conduct, that body sent a warrant after him, requiring the officer to arrest him and carry him to Boston. But being always on the alert, he could not be apprehended. f Hitherto INIassachusetts had courted obedience in INIainc, by '^.''c !^liiiiii» •^ o( Maine arguments and persuasives ; — it was now time to think of assert- organized, ing her authority. The militia was considered at this early age, the safeguard of the public ; and the General Court caused mili- tary companies to be formed and established in Kittery, York, Wells and Cape Porpoise, erected the whole into a regiment, and appointed Nicholas Shapleigh, Sergeant-major and command- ant. He was also required to meet with the company officers for improvement in military tactics, and to see that the soldiers were well armed, equipped and disciplined.! Among other circumstances, which made it necessary at this The En- period to render the militia effective, we may perhaps mention fia'i'ivcs" * He was the same who led the troops into Nova Scotia. " Godfrc)' was active about his complaints."— //uicA. Co//, p. 274— 317.— 1 Haz. Coll. 60S. t 2 Mass. Rec. p. 307. I 2 jyjass. Rcc. p. 316. — In Aug. 165fi, 70 of tlie inhabitants in Saco, Cape Porpoise, Wells, Kittery and York, addressed a petition to Lord Cromwell, stating- that they were " a people few in number not competent to man- aj^e weighty affairs," and praying to be cojotiaued under the government .of Massachusetts. — 1 Haz. Coll. p. lOg. 390 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. IG5G. the restiveness of the Indians. Not only in the late Dutch war, but in a recent difficulty with Ninigrate, Sachem of Narraganset, Massachusetts was apprehensive of an open rupture with them.* It had been enjoined upon the colonists by the charter itself, to win the natives if possible to the knowledge and obedience of the only true God and Saviour, and of the Christian faith, " by force of moral example and religious effort and instruction ; and hence among other measures, the laws about this time were revised and improved, as well for their benefit as for perpetuating peace with them. No strong liquors, not even cider nor beer, might be sold to ihem ; every trading house erected without legislative license was ordered to be demolished jf and if the cornfields and crops of the Indians were, even through insufficient fencing, wasted by the cattle of the planters, the town was obliged to repair the damage, and pocket the loss, unless it chose to pursue the owner for a remuneration. All trade with them, in furs, peltry, boats, or other water-craft, J was taken into the hands of the government ; and Indian commissioners were designated by legal authority for a determination of all matters among them- selves, which a single magistrate might decide among the English. § Tii^L^'^o-' ^" 1657, the inhabitants within the patent eastward of Saco, niaiis. ^yj^Q j^ad not taken the oath of allegiance, were summoned to ap- pear for that purpose, before the County Court, at the June term in Yorkshire ; to which, however, they paid no regard. They were then commanded to answer for their defaults, in October, before the General Court. To this requirement, they, through the agency of Cleaves, replied by way of a protest, against the legality of the legislative proceedings ; complaining of them also as a grievance, and repeating their unchanging resolution, never to become the volunteers of subjugation. Met by an independence, or rather an obstinacy so persevering and unusual, the General Court told them, that nothing but equal justice and their own par- ticular good were requested — objects which forbade violent meas- ures, and if they should suffer through want of government or protection, the occasion and blame were imputable solely to their own indiscretion. * Hutch. Coll. p. 270. t Col. Laws, p. 134. | Act A. D. 1656. § 2 Mass. Rec. p. 381. — It is said one magistrate with such Indian commis- sioners had the jurisdiction of County Courts — causes among the Indians. Chap, xiri.] OF Maine. 391 This legislative mildness and forbearance fortunately achieved a d. iC57, what was altogether unattainable by menaces, or acts of compul- sion. When their resentments and prejudices were overcome, which had rendered them blind to their own interests ; they be- came sensible of their defenceless condition, and of the evi- dent advantages resulting from a well-organized administration under a free and equal government ; and consequently entered upon the consideration of terms best calculated, to form and establish the anticipated union. Jordan, Joscclyn and Bonython becomins; at last outrageous inTiicoppo- '' *- "- siiion. their opposition, the two former were arrested by order of tlie Gen- eral Court and carried before that body ; where they, for the sake of regaining their liberty, and avoiding fines, thought it most pru- dent to subscribe a humble submission ; and after taking the oath of allegiance, were discharged.* But Bonython, who was not only guilty of the boldest con- tempts and defiance of government, but of the most flagrant abu- ses to several individuals, escaping, was able to elude the arm of justice ; and the General Court pronounced him an out law and rebel — to be pursued and treated as a common enemy of man- kind ; yet respiting the penalties of out lawry to the first day of August ensuing, and offering a reward of £20 to any one, who would in the mean time bring him before that body. The next year he voluntarily appeared before the legislative Commission- ers in Casco ; offering a " full and satisfactory" confession of his offences, and making a solemn avowal of his allegiance to Massa- chusetts ; and therefore the out lawry was rescinded. Samuel Symonds, Thomas Wiggin, Nicholas Shapleigh and pp.^je'^f^^* Edward Rishworth, who filled this commission, opened a session i'.yf:"i'ia ' ' >■ adopted by in Lygonia, July 13th, 1G58, under legislative instructions to ad- ^'"S'^^chu- mit the remaining eastern inhabitants of the patent, to settle a government among them, and to give them a guaranty of rights enjoyed by other freemen of the colony. The place of meeting and holding their court was at the dwellinghouse of Robert Jor- dan in Spurwink. Here the male inhabitants of the plantations and islands appeared, among whom were Joscelyn, Cleaves and Jordan ; and after a mutual agreement upon the terms of union, * Snllivan. p 371. Scarboro', 392 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 165S. they and nearly thirty others took and subscribed* the freeman's oath. In the articles of submission, and union it was stipulated and agreed ; — 1 , that all the people in these parts should be exoner- ated from their allegiance to Massachusetts, whenever a supreme or general Governor arriv^ed from England : — 2, that all their op- position and other past wrongs be pardoned and buried in obliv- ion : — 3, that the same privileges be secured to them as were en- joyed by other towns, particularly Kittery and York : — 4, that appeals be in all cases allowed to the General Court, when suffi- cient indemnity is offered for the payment of costs : — 5, that none of the privileges hereby granted and secured, ever be forfeited by reason of any " differences in matters of religion," nor be af- fected otherwise than by known and established ordinances and penal laws, formally enacted by the General Court : and 6, that a transcript of the rights and privileges, generally possessed by other towns, be sent to these plantations and inhabitants. It was hkewise ordained by the Court of Commissioners, that the places hitherto called Black-point and Blue-point with the adjacent islands from the Saco to the river Spurwink, be erected into a town by the name of Scarborough,-]- extending back from the seaboard eight miles into the country. Faimoutii. Also Spurvvink and Casco bay, from the harbor side of Spur- * Of the whole number twelve made their marks in hierog-ljphical char- acters, after the manner of the natives, each mark being- peculiarly his own, in contradistinction of all the others. — Jilass. Files. ■f- Scarborough^ (the 6th town,) has a large tract of salt marsh adjoining the sea ; the interior is sand ; and other places, clay or loam. Upon the rivers, is good intervale. From the eminence at Blue-point the prospect is elevat- ed. The charter of the lands by Gorges was confirmed in 1684, to Joshua Scottow and Walter Gendell and others, by President Danforth. The records are continued from 1681 to 1688. In the former year there were 56 rateable polls, Henry Joscelyn was an early settler and an eminent man. He married the Widow Cammock whose husband was Patentee of the place, and left a large estate at Black-point. Scottow was a very generous and valuable man. He gave 100 acres of land towards building a fort near the first meeting-house. He was a magistrate under Danforth. In 1682 there was a vote of the town " to raise 2s Id on each person for the Lord," and in 1685 another vote to build a meeting-house on the plains near the fort, which after a dispute was erected there agreeably to the determination of Edward Tyng and Francis Hook, two of the Provincial Council.— JJ/S. Lei. Rev. jYaihan TiUon.See post. Vol. II. A. D. 1714. I Chap, xiii.] OF 3IA1NE. 393 wink river to the Clapboard Islands in that bay, extending back a. d. 1658. from the water eight miles, were formed into a town by the name of Falmouth.* "^ Falmouth, tlic 7lli town established in tlie State, was so called for one of tliat name in England. It extended from Spurwink river to N ortii Yar- moiitl), about tliree miles eastward from the river Presiimjiscot ; and about eight utiles back from the sca-boar.l, mean distance ; embracing- an area of 80 squ.ue miles ; also Richmond's Island, and all the others opposite to the town upon the coast. Tiie first resident within (he limits of the town, was Walter Bagnall, who set up a trading- house on that island in 1628, and was killed b)' Scitterygussct and an Indian part}', three years afterwards. The Province of Lygonia, or Plough-patent, granted to Dye and others, by the Plymouth Council in 16J0, was described as lying between the head-lands of Cape Elizabeth and Cape Porpoise; and between the coast and a back line 40 miles distant, 'ihe next summer a company of emigrants in the ship Plough visited it, but etlected no settlement. Richard Tucker and George Cleaves had then been residing on the easterly side of the Spur- wink, near its mouth, about a year. But they were interrupted by John Winter, agent of Robert Trelawncy and Moses Goodyeare, who obtained a patent from tlie Plymouth (Council, Dec. 1, 16-31, of the land from Spurwink river to Casco or Fore river — possibly to Presiimpscot ; therefore Tuck- er and Cleaves, in 1632, renmvcd and settled on the south-westerly side of the peninsula, called bj- the English Casco neck, and by the Indians, J)]ach' igonae. Five years after, they obtained from Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a deed of 1500 acres between Fore river and Back Cove, or Presumpscot; and Cleaves, moreover, received from Gorges an agency for " letting and settling any of the lands or islands between Cape Elizabeth and Sagadahock, and back 60 miles." The same year, 1632, Arthur Mackworth settled east of Presumpscot, near its mouth ; and afterwards obtained a deed of 500 acres there, executed by Richard Vines, the agent of Sir Ferdinando. In 1640 there were nine families in ancient Falmouth, viz : at Spurwink or Riclnnond's Island, John Winter, and his subsequent son-in-law, Robert Jor- dan ; upon the iXeck, Tucker, Cleaves and Michael Mitten, the husband of Cleaves' only daughter ; at Back cove, four ; and one, at Presumpscot. The administration of William Gorges, which was commenced at Saco, March 21, 1636, embraced not only Falmouth, but North Yarmouth and Pejepscot. So also did that establislied by Sir Ferdinando, under liis char- ter of Maine, granted A. D. 1639. But in 1643, April 7, Lygonia being as- signed to Sir Alexander Rigb}' — Cleaves was appointed his deputy-presi- dent ; and four ytars afterwards, the validity of the title was confirmed to the assignee. The seat of the Lygonian government was Casco neck ; its jurisdiction extended from Kenncbunk to Wcstecustego [North Yarmouth] inclusive ; and its form was probably imitative of that in Massachusetts. The Provincial Assistants to the deputy-president in 1648, were Robert Boothe and Peter Hill of Saco, Henry Watts of Scarboro', William Royall and John Cossons of the plantation, now North Yarmouth. In July, 1658, Falmouth submitted to become a part of the Massachusetts jurisdiction. Voi. I. 37 894 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1658. These two towns had the privilege of sending' one, or if they Their pleased, two deputies to the General Court ', and of having Com- missioners' Courts vested with power to try all causes without a jury, where the damages or sums demanded, did not exceed The fust representative to the General Court from Falmouth, was George Cleaves in 1G63 and 4. But during' the latter j'car, the King's Commissioner?, June 23, assumed the government of the Province, and appointed George Mounljoy of Casco, one of the Provincial Justices. The Province of Maine was now bisected by Kennebunk river into two Divisions, the eastern and western, and Courts subsequeutl}' holden at Falmouth and York, by the Justices appointed for the whole Province. In 1666, if not before. Juries wereempannelled, and justice regularly administered. The last General Court, under the authori- ty of the King's Commissioners, ivas holden in May, 1668 ; when Massachu- setts resimied the government of Maine, and Francis Neale was chosen one ol the Associates. At the commencement of the first Indian war, 1675, there were in Fal- mouth 46 families, viz : on the east side of Presnrnpscot, 9 ; on the west side of the river, 7; around Back cove. 10 ; at Capissic, towards Stroud- water, 5 ; on the Neck, 4 ; in Purpoodic, 9 ; and at Spurwink, 2, viz : Rob- ert Jordan and Walter Gendel! ; 40 houses, SO militia, and 400 inhabitants. In August (Hlh) of that year the town was assailed by the Indians, when 34 of tlie inhabitants were slain and 17 taken prisoners. Tlie survivors upon tlie neck retired to Jewel's Island, and other places, and did not re- turn to their desolate habitations till the peace of Casco was concluded April 12, 1678. After the purchase of Maine by Massachusetts, a provincial government was established under the presidencj' of Thomas Danforth, in ICSO — 1 ; and Fort Loyal, located on the south-westerly shore of the Peninsula, [at the end of King's street,] was rendered defensible, and a garrison manned with 13 men, and furnished with munitions of war. A General Assembly was first holden at York, March 30, 1680, by the President, Council and depu- ties from all the towns, except from Cape Porpoise, Scarboro' nnd Fal- mouth ; Walter Gendeil appearing from the latter town was disallowed a seat because he had no certificate of his election. Anthony Bracket was appointed Lieutenant and Thaddcus Clark, Ensign of Falmouth company, and the next year the former was the depnty to the General Assembly. In 16S8, at tiie beginning of the second Indian war, there were in towu, 6 or 700 inhabitants. In May, 1690, the town was furiously assailed by the French and Indians, and on the 20th the garrison capitulated; and ill- fated Falmouth lay waste and desolate till the close of the war. See post Vol. II. A. jy. 1714. — JV. B. While this history was in press, the 1st vol. nf Coll. of J\Iaine Hist. Sac. was given to the public; in which is the first part of the History of Portland,'-^ compiled ly William Willis, Esq.^''— evincive of thorough research, and written in a perspicvovs and energetic style. From this, the preceding topographical notice of Falmauth is principally »c' Ucttd. Chap, xiii.] of Maine. 395 £50. Those appointed to this trust for the ensuing year were A. D. 1658. Messrs. Joscelyn, Jordan, Cleaves, Watts and Neal; and each of them was moreover invested with the same power as single mag- istrates, to determine small causes of 40s. and to solemnize mar- riages according to law. In session they were authorized to approve and sanction the nomination or choice of all military officers under the rank of captain ; to grant administrations and perform all other probate business cognizable by the County Courts in other shires ; and in conjunction witii four Associates chosen annually by the freemen, to hold a County Court with juries, every year, in the month of September, either in Saco or Scarborough, the day and place to be designated by the associates, and promulgated by the re- corder, six weeks before the term. All other inhabitants who had not appeared, were upon their request, to be admitted to the rights of freemen before any three of the commissioners, upon taking the oath of allegiance.* Falmouth and Scarborough were declared to be a part of York- The towns shire; and were severally required forthwith to mark and estab- Yorkshire? lish their boundaries, and to furnish themselves with " the Book of the Laws."f The legislative commissioners made a report of their proceed- ings, under date, July 14, 1G58, to the General Court ; when that body tendered them an expression of public thanks for their * Tlie first two ministers of Casco, were of tiie episcopal communion. Rev. Richard Gibson came over early in 1637, and preached at this place, Portsmouth and Isles of Shoals, about five or six years before he re- turned. — Rev. Robert Jordan, arrived here A. D. 1640, at the age of 28, lived in the country 39 years, mostly at Spurwink, occasionally preaching^ and admiiiistcriug' tlie ordinances under the episcopal form, for 36 years, except when Kilcnccd by Massachusetts. He died at Portsmouth A. D. 1679, aired C8 ; leaving his widow and six sons a large landed estate at Cape Elizabeth, Spurwink and Scarborough. — Rev. George Burroughs graduated at Harvard University, 1670, began to preach at Falmouth 1674. His house was south of the stone meeting-house ; — from which he was driven by the Indians, in 167G. He returned in 1683; and " when the town was sacked by the Indians, in 1690, Mr. Burroughs made his retreat to Danvers ;" and two years afterwards he suffered at Salem for witchcraft. See post, A. D. 1692. f The laws were printed in 1660, and B«nt to every town in the eovera- ment.— 2 ^Ims. Rcc. p. 462. 396 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1658. services, and ordered the charges of the commission, being £44, 10s. Sd. to be paid out of the colony-treasury.* jurisdrcUon ^^ being supposed that the jurisdiction of a large tract at Pe- jepscot belonged to ]\Iassachusetts, in virtue of a conveyance made, A. D. 1639, by Thomas Purchas, the original proprietor and settler, f the question was virtually determined in a suit at law. — One Elizabeth WayJ impleaded him, before the County Court of Yorkshire, in an action which was tried by the jury, on an issue iti abatement to their jurisdiction, as a matter of fact. The verdict being in his favor, the Court refused to have it re- corded, and he appealed to the General Court. Here it was decided, that inasmuch as the plantation of Pejepscot, where Purchas lived, was not really within the patent of Massachusetts, though hers by deed, the cause was not cognizable by her courts ; and it was dismissed. A peiiiion Strengthened by the accession of the eastern Lygonia to loCrom-""' Yorkshire, the inhabitants of York, Kittery, Wells, Saco, and ***"' Cape Porpoise, presented their memorial to Lord Cromwell, Oct. 27th, expressive of the satisfaction they felt in the govern- ment, as administered by Massachusetts, with a request for its uninterrupted continuance. 'Our numbers, said they, are few ' and our dissensions, which have been many, owing principally to * malcontent royalists, are happily quieted by wholesome laws ' and watchful rulers. Through their provident care, godly per- ' sons have been encouraged to settle among us, our affairs have * become prosperous, and a barrier is opposed to an influx upon us, ' of " delinquents and other ill-affected persons," — the fugitives of 'punishment. Our pious and reverend friend, Mr. John Wheel- * wright, sometime with us, is now in England, whose thorough * knowledge of our affairs, he will, at your Highness' command, * be happy to communicate. '§ Wher]. Wheelwright, while there, lived in the neighborhood of Sir Wright's Henry Vane, who had been his patron in this country, and now took great notice of him. Through his instrumentality, the for- mer being introduced to the Protector, says, " all his speeches *2 Mass. Rec. p. 410—412. fl Ilaz. CoU. p. -157.— Ante, A. U. 16i2. I Probaby the widow of George VVa)-, co-patenfcc originally with Pur- chas. Eleazer, Georg'e's son, in 16S3, made a conveyance to Richard Whar- ton, i Hu'.ch. Co'.l. p. .314— 31G. Chap, xiii.] of Maine. 397 " seemed to mc, very oithodox and gracious. He spake very AD ic,:js. *' experimentally, to my apprehension, of the work of God's " grace ; and knowing what opposition I met withal from some " whom I shall not name, exhorted me to perseverance. " Stand fast (said he) in the Lord, and you shall see that these " afllictions will vanish into nothing."^"" — Mr.WJieelwright, was a well-chosen agent for the memorialists, to appear hefore the ruler of England, — able and cheerful to represent their condition to the best advantage. In IGaO, Falmouth and Scarborough, joining, elected Ed- A. D. 1659. ward Rishworth, an inhabitant of York, their first deputy to the General Court ; and Saco about the same time, being admitted to the same privilege, elected Robert Boothe. The delegation from Yorkshire now consisted of five members, and might be ten. The assistants designated, this year, to preside in the County Court of Yorkshire, were Thomas Danforth, and Thomas lw''"^® Wiggin ;f and the people of Maine and Lygonia, in their con- nexion with Massachusetts, enjoyed peace and prosperity several years. In the County Court holden at Scarborough in Sept. of this year, Henry Joscelyn, Nicholas Shapleigh, Robert Jordan, Edward Rishworth and Abraham Preble were Associates. It had been so arranged, that one term should be holden, annually, in the tvestcrn, and the other in the eastern, division or part of Yorkshire. J * VVlicchvrijhts' letter.— 1 Ilutck. Hist. p. 170. t Capt. VV^ig-g-in resided at Dover Is. 11. — an assistant from 1G50 to 1GC4, in the government of Massachusetts, N. Hampsliirc and Maine united. J The associates in 1669 and 1661, were the same as in 1650, — " chosen " by the votes of the major part of the fiecmen of tliis county for tlie »« ensuing year." 398 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. CHAPTER XIV. Charles II. restored to the British throne — Lygonia lost to the heirs of Righy — Mason and Gorges claim their respective Provinces — Gorges opposed — Isles of Shoals formed into a town hy the name of Appledore — The ministry thereof the Rev. Mr. Brock — Messrs. Jordan and Thorpe silenced — Decision in favor of Gorges^ claim — Symptoms of revolution there — Yorkshire Court and trials — Tem- pie re-commissioned Governor of Nova Scotia — Maine restored to Gorges — Project of Gen. Government revived — The Hudson and Sagadahock countries granted to the Duke of York — The extent and name of his eastern Province — Dutch at Hudson sidxlued by an English force — Four Commissioners appointed to settle dificuU ties in New-England — Their altercations with the General Court — Nichols proceeds to New- York, and the others eastward. A.D. 1G60. All political changes in England were, at this period, felt to o/ch-iries" ^^^ I'Gmote parts of her colonies. The restoration of Charles II. ^'- to the throne, in May, 16G0,* was a memorable event, which greatly revived the desponding hopes and courage of the episco- palians and royalists, as well on this as that side of the water j and in like proportion filled their opponents with anxieties and fears. In a triumph after so severe a struggle of twenty years, it was apprehended, that foes could expect no favors and friends no denials. The counter claimants of Maine saw their interests suspended Lygonia ... . . lost to Rig- upon the vicissitudes of the times. Edward Rigby, the son of bv's he rs. ^ . ... Sir Alexander, was the lawful heir to Lygonia. His influence with the Protector might have been sufficient to paralize the ex- ertions of Massachusetts, in her subjugation of his province, had he not been an episcopalian, and the associate of Gorges in the opposition. His rights, as once established, might in better days have been recovered ; but they were now wholly disregarded. The distinguished part, which his father had taken in the civil * The population of the colonies at this time was about 80,000 souls, in Virginia S0,000, Maryland 12,000, New-England 38,000, besides 6,000 in Maine. Chap, xit.] of Maine. 399 wars was well remembered. Always himself strongly attached toA.D. IG60. the interests of the republicans, he durst not appear before the throne to solicit justice, much less to ask favor; and his patent sunk into oblivion. Nay, all attempts afterwards made by heirs and agents to derive some advantage from it, proved utterly ab- ortive, and the loss was total. But Robert Tufton, grandson of John Mason by his daugh- ter Anne, having taken his surname and being a royalist, lost no time in laying his rights of proprietorship to JS'ew-IIamp- p*/"- , . shire before the king, and urging his coniplaiiUs against Massa- chusetts, for her encroachments. Immediately the subject was re- ferred to the King's attorney-general, who decided, Nov. 8th, that Robert [Tufton] ]Mason " had a good right and title to the Province." He also claimed Masonia, a territory in Maine of '^'"°""'' 10,000 acres, situated eastward of Sagadahock, on which there had been inhabitants twenty-five years. The settlement was com- menced at Nauseag, [in Woolwich] under an Indian deed of Nov. 1 , 1 G39, to Bateman and Brown, — a title which has prevail- ed against all others ; so that neither the devisees in Mason's will, nor his heirs, however much they were the subjects of royal fa- vor, could ever derive any benefit from this tract.* The Province of Maine was claimed by Ferdinando Gorges, ^r""«''' a grandson of the original proprietor, through his oldest son John, •'^i'''"*'- Discouraged by his father's misfortunes, or the turbulence of the times, John took little or no care of the Province ; nor do we hear any thing memorable of him, nor yet of his son Ferdinando, till shortly before the restoration. In 1G59, the latter published a History of J\''eiv-England, which was compiled by his grand- father and iinj)roved by himself, and which, though a small vol- ume, contains jnuch rare and curious matter. f From the well known devotedness of his family and himself to the royal cause, and the politics of the ministry, he might make large calcula- tions upon court-favor. For the same reasons, INlassachusetts might apprehend the utmost from his influence and resentments. His principal agent in Maine, and inlormant, was Edward God- frey, a man of some abilities and education, but whose peculiar * I Haz. Coll. p. 398—1 Bclk. N. H. p. 8!). t It is ia two parts — viz. >' A luicf Narrntivc," ^c. ; and "A Narrativn,'' 4"C. of New-England; — one of Til purl the other of 57, Cvo. ['nges. 400 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1660, characteristics seem to have been an aspiring, restless ambition, and a studied dissimulation. Besides a residence in the Province, twenty five years, he had been some time Deputy-Governor ; and though he had taken the oath of allegiance to Massachusetts, and accepted an office under her government, he was still an adver- sary to her measures and interests." Obtaining of the Lord Pro- tector no redress of his pretended grievances, he actually went to England during the short administration of his son ; and in 1659, had his complaints referred to a committee of investiga- tion, j- ti![^''i"roviM-^ Unexpectedly he was encountered there, by a representation ciais. from the inhabitants of several towns in the eastern province ; in which they stated, that the jurisdiction of Massachusetts had been extended to them by their own request ; that they had en- joyed great privileges, prosperity and contentment under her gov- ernment ; and that the exchange of acceptable and watchful ru- lers, for men of doubtful character and slender abilities to govern them, would fearfully bring upon them a return of all the evils, which tliey had experienced from civil dissensions and anarchy in former years. The petitions and complaints of Gorges, prosecuted principally by Godfrey, and espoused zealously by Mason, had been pre- sented to the king in council, and to parliament, and referred to a legislative committee of seven. Hence a citation to all concern- ed, ' was posted by the memorialists at the exchange in London.' Adciiessrs Aware of these proceedincis, the General Court in December, of ilie G<'ii. ^ . . <>.urtto presented addresses both to the king and parliament. In one, I'arnanicnt. they Congratulated him on his restoration to the throne of his fath- ers, and besought him not to permit unfavorable impressions to be made "upon his royal heart," by their accusers, till opportu- nity was allowed for defence ; and in the other, they said they had extended their jurisdiction over the eastern planta- tions upon request of the inhabitants, after a careful survey of the patent, without any design improperly to enlarge their own do- minions, much less to impair the rights of any man. J The Isles of Shoals, attached partly to Maine, and partly to * Hutch. Coll. p. 322. t Hutch. Coll. p. 317. J Hutch. Coll. — The General Court also sent letters to several noble- men and otliers '' praying them to intercede in behalf of the colony." — 1 Ihilch. Hi St.. p. 104. Chap, xiv.] of Maine, 401 New-Hampshire, were at this period inhabited by about forty A d. iggi. families. Being places of note and great resort, the General Islos of Court, in May 1661, incorporated them into a town by the name of shoals Appledore, and invested it with the powers and privileges pLcfore. of other towns. As before stated, the first settlers and their de- scendants were a moral and industrious people, distinguished for their intelligence and love of justice and the christian ordi- nances.* The pious and popular ministry of the Rev. John Brock, ^e^-J- . Brock. among these islanders, for twelve years from 1650, is worthy of particular notice. He came to New-England when a youth, and was one of the graduates at Harvard College, in 1647. From early life, he was distinguished for his remarkable piety ; and in the pastoral office, he has been compared to the martyr Stephen, " full of faith and of the Holy Ghost." His animated discourses and frequent lectures excited and kept alive a glow of religious feeling in the heart ; and gave a high relish to public worship. In his pastoral visits, his happy talent in conversation rendered him engaging and instructive to every capacity. A couple of anecdotes show some peculiarities of this godly man. A fisherman of generous disposition, whose boat had been of great use in helping the people from the Islands to the house of worship on the Sabbath, had the misfortune in a storm to lose it. While regretting his loss, the man of God said to him, Go home contented, good Sir, Vll mention the matter to the Lord, — to- morrow you may expect to find your boat. — Considering its par- ticular service to the poor, he made it a subject of prayer ; and the next day, it was brought up from the bottom, by the flukes of an anchor, and restored to him. — One Arnold's child of six years old, lay extremely sick, if not really dead. Mr. Brock, suppos- ing he could perceive some possible signs of life, arose, and with his usual faith and fervor, prayed for its restoration ; using these words towards the close, O Lord, be pleased to give some token before tee leave prayer, that thou wilt spare the child's life. Un- til it be granted we cannot leave thee : — and the child sneezed, and afterwards recovered. j * Ante, A. D. 1639. t Mather'' s JIagnalia, p. 32. — 7 Coll. Mass. Hisl. Soc. p. 254,— He died at Reading, 1688, aged 6$. Vol. I. 38 402 '^"^ HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D. 1661. Quite the reverse was the character of Robert Jordan. He Jordan and had given Massachusetts repeated trouble; and now the poHtical lorpe. ciiQnges evidently emboldened him in his irregularities. On a Sabbath after the close of public worship he presumed to baptize in Falmouth three children, tliough he was not then in priest's orders, having been suspended by Massachusetts. As he and Wales, their father, were holding offices under that colony, the General Court thought it their duty to make an example of the assuming man ; and after giving him a severe reprimand, com- manded him to transgress no more. The same Body also sus- pended one Thorpe from preaching, till his misdeeds could un- dergo a legal investigation before the County Court of Yorksliire. In fact, so powerful a preventive of " disorder, ignorance, and profaneness," was " an able and orthodox iliinistry" thought to be at this period, that the Legislature in 1661, enjoined upon Wells, Saco, and Scarborough, to procure religious instructers of that character, otherwise they must expect to suffer the animad- versions of the law.* Decision in ^[-^q committee of Parliament, reported upon the representa- lavorofMa- ^ '11 f son, (Gorges tions of Mason, Gorges, Godfrey and others, that they were the and otliers. lawful proprietors of extensive tracts in New-England, and had expended large sums of money in settling them ; — that the latter, a zealous friend and uniform supporter of the known laws of the realm, who had resided in the territories of Maine twenty-five years, and been a considerable part of that period. Governor of the Province, had been displaced from that office, and dispossessed of his lands and estate, about the year 1652, by the government of Massachusetts, which after stretching their patent three score miles beyond its settled bounds, had made actual en- croachments upon the eastern plantations, and compelled them " by menaces and armed forces," to submit to the usurped au- thorities of that colony ; that her inhabitants had been a long time, endeavoring to model themselves into a Commonwealth, in- dependent of the crown, exacting oaths inconsistent with their allegiance, issuing writs in their own name, coining money, and disallowing appeals to England ; and that in the opinion of many witnesses, Mason and Godfrey have themselves been damnified * Mass. Rec. p. 472, 482—485.-3 lb. p. 5, 13. Chap, xiv.] of Maine. 403 at least £5,000, with what pretence of right, your committee A. D. 1662. have been unable to ascertain.* Nevertheless, the General Court received from Charles a gra- charies , . , , 1 • 1 I • 1 • A proclaimed.' Clous answer to their addresses, proclaimed him king, August His require- 7th, and according to his requirement sent to England two agents, "^^"'* viz : Mr. Simon Bradstreet and Mr. John Norton. f These men, though well received, returned early the next summer, bringing with them the act of uniformity, by which about 2000 dissenting ministers were removed from their livings ; and also the King's letter, by which the charter of Massachusetts was fully confirm- ed. J It moreover ordered justice to be administered in his name ; the book of the common prayer to be used whenever wished ; the admission of any persons to the Lord's supper, who were sustain- ing fair characters, also their children to baptism ; and the per- mission of all freeholders, having competent estates, to vote in elec- tions, without regard to their religious persuasions. All these, which had in general been previously conceded to the people of Maine, were, with no unnecessary delay, allowed in practice, or subsequently sanctioned by enactments of the General Court. The symptoms of revolution in Maine appeared every where Revoiuuon strong. Although the towns, including Appledore, might send ten '" or eleven deputies to the General Court, not one this spring was returned. The body politic was dissolving ; many men of influ- ence discovering great defection to Massachusetts. Indeed, it is said, that Gorges had resumed the Government of the Province by appointing several men to office ;§ and was united with others, in urging the king to commission and send over a Governor-Gen- eral of New-England including New- York. To counteract these movements, the General Court displaced opposeri by Nicholas Shapleigh, and appointed William Phillips of Saco, Ma- se„g''*'^'"*" jor-commandant of the provincial militia j and before the usual * 1 Belli. N. H. app. p. 300. f 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 199—200. I Answer entire — Hutch. Coll. p. 377 — 80. — The associates in 1662 irero Henry Joscelyn, A. Preble, Ed. Rishworth, Humphrey Chadbourn and George Mountjoy. 5 1 T-Iutch. Hist. p. 234.— Note— The agent of Gorges, Mr. J. Archdale came into Maine with commissions to F. Champernoon, Robert Cutis and T. Withers of Kittery, E. Rishworth and F. Raynes of York, J. Bowles of Wells, F. Hooke of Saco, H. Watts of Blue-point, H. Joscelyn of Black- point, R. Jordan of Spurwink, Francis Neal of Casco and Thomas Purchas of Pejepscot^ as councillors or magistrates. 404 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A D. 1GC3. time of holding the County Court in Yorkshire, directed Richard Waldron of Dover (N. H.) to preside and discharge the ordina- ry business of the term. The Legislature furthermore sent a precept to the people of Maine, which was promulgated through the recorder and the constables, to all the towns. It was in these words : — " To the Inhabitants of Yorkshire." " You and every of you are hereby required in his Majesty's " name, to yield faithful and true obedience to the government of " this jurisdiction, established amongst you, according to your cov- " enant articles, until his Majesty's pleasure be further known."* Early the next year, Massachusetts, in support of her author- ity, sent them a mandatory address, by which they were required to choose associates, clerks of the writs, jurors, town commission- ers, and constables ; to yield due obedience to the laws and the legislative commissioners ; and to discharge their duties with fidelity whether official or civil. The excitement had now in a good degree abated. Three deputies were returned to the Gen- eral Court from the Province, viz : Roger Plaisted for Kittery, Edward Rishworth for York, and George Cleaves for Falmouth and Scarborough. The Assistants, Thomas Danforth, William Hawthorne, and Eleazer Lusher, who were appointed to hold the Yorkshire Court Trials of of- tijis year, were instructed to confirm any officer, whether civil feutlcrs, .' ' or military, whom they could approve ; and to punish every one pretending to possess or exercise adverse civil authority, unless he could show it derived immediately from the king.f Complaints, unusual in number and novel in character, were presented to this court, many of which were the fruits of the late disturbances. Some ten or twelve were fined or otherwise punished, for acts of opposition to the government of Massachu- setts ; and several for their contemptuous or slanderous abuses of its authority or officers. James Wiggin, being indicted for swearing with a profane oath, that if his trencher of fish was poi- son, he would give it to the ' Bay magistrates,^ was tried and *3 Mass. Rec. p. 53—58. f 3 JIass. Rec. p. 59.— Tiie associates , in 16G3, were George Moiintjoy, Humphrey Chadbourn, and Edward Rishworth. — A fine was imposed upon Robert Ford for saying 'John Cotton was a liar and had gone to bell.' — Sullivan, p 373. Chap, xiv.] of Maine. 405 sentenced to pay a fine and give bonds for his good behavior. A. D. 1G65. When arraigned, he protested against^the jurisdiction of the court, and said he was a marshal mider Gorges, and they had no right to try him. — William Hilton of Cape Porpoise, was found guilty of tearing a seal from the warrant, issued for choosing a deputy to the General Court, and for this contempt of authority he was fined.* Even the town of Scarborough, as a municipal corpo- ration, was fined for acts of disobedience ; and unhappily among those who were arraigned, censured and fined for offences of this class and character, was Francis Champernoon, who had been a councillor under Gorges' charter ; Robert Jordan, the episcopal minister at Spurwink ; 31aj. Shapleigh, who had commanded the Yorkshire regiment of militia and been an associate, and Fran- cis Small who was a man of wealth and enterprise. f The dissensions and conflicts about the political powers, rights, and will of competitors, which always weaken the foundations of society, had in the present instance an effect to bring into doubt the validity of many land-titles and grants. To prevent disqui- etude therefore, the General Court, in 1GG3, confirmed to the ter-tenants nearly all the lands in Falmouth, and seem to have allowed purchases to be made of the Indians. Nicholas Shap- leigh and Francis Small, about this time, purchased of them a large tract between the Ossipee rivers, which have ever since been holden under their deeds. For the purpose of enabling the rulers and proprietors of No- ^^y^ gco- va Scotia or Acadia, after the conquest by Cromwell's orders, to ""' defray the expenses of supporting the provincial government and garrisons ; it was generally expected, that they were to have the exclusive control and profits of the Indian trade. J Tiiis privi- lege, the General Court of ^Massachusetts fully confirmed, by passing a penal act against transgressors ; and for' several years, the intercourse and commerce, coastwise, between New-England * R. Boothe was presented by the grand jury, for saying of the Bay magistrates 'they are a company of hypocritical rogues: they fear neither God nor the king." ■f Sullivan. — There were a great number of oilier presentments by the Grand Jury for acts of opposition to the INIassachusctts government, R. Jordan was presented for saying among otlier things, " the Governor of Boston Is a rogue, and all the rest thereof rebels and traitors against the king."— /'o/iOOT, p 92—3. t i flutch. Coll. p. 2-5} : A. D. 1654. 406 THE HISTORY [VoL. T. A.D. 1663, and the province while Col. Temple was Governor, was pursued with mutual benefit and friendship. The generous dispositions and acknowledged abilities and merits of that gentleman, secured to him great credit and confidence among all parties. He seems to have been one who escaped the umbrage both of republicans and royalists. After discharging the duties of Governor, with so much reputation under the Protector, he was re-commissioned by the king, July 17, 1662, to the same office, with an equally ex- tensive jurisdiction, from the eastern extremity of the great pen- insula to " Muscongus on the confines of New-England," which he had previously possessed. The crown also secured to him an exclusive trade with the natives in his Province, and armed him with power to seize all persons found violating his rights, to con- fiscate their vessels and goods, and, after notice, to treat them as a common enemy. Also the General Court, ever desirous to promote a friendly correspondence with the Governor, strictly for- bade all violations of his rights, and gave him and his attorney the power and privilege of prosecuting offenders in any courts of the colony.* The king Charles and the New-England puritans from the commence- Eiidand!' nicut of his rcign, cherished a mutual fear and dislike of each other. He suspected their loyalty and attachment ; they, his disposition to assail their privileges. His ear was always open to accusers, while he was half-deaf to all the prayers and defen- sive reasons and truths they could offer. So violent and success- ful were the persecutions against the rights and claims of Mas- sachusetts in particular, that she not only feared the loss of New- Hampshire and Maine, but began to be apprehensive of having her own Charter taken from her. Therefore, the General Court appointed a committee of both branches, to keep it and a dupli- cate in separate places, thought by them the most safe and secure. f On the 11th of January, 1664, Gorges obtained from the king Maine or- an Order to the Governor and Council of that colony, by which rrsiored'io^ they werc required forthwith to restore unto him his Province, and gonia displeased tcith the Commissioners — Their memorial to the king — Commissioners proceed to the Duke's Province — They open a Court at Sheepjscot — Establish a county and appoint officers — Their other tneasures — Their ajfcial report — Indian Treaty — Skeepscot records — Commissioiicrs return to York — Tkeir account of the Duke's Prooince — -War with France — Unhappy condition of Maine and Sagadahock — Treaty of Breda — Nova Scotia re- signed to Prance — Disagreement of the Acaclians and Puritans ■ — Col. Temple's loss of Nova Scotia. jiiu'eii^^* Charles having resolved to put Gorges into possession of Maine, addressed to the provincials a letter, dated the 11th of June, 1664, which was communicated, prohably through the me- dium of his Commissioners. — Tiie king's ' To our trustv and well beloved subjects and inhabitants in the Idler to the „ . ^ ,/ . , , . , ttt people of ' Frovince of Manie, and whom it may concern, ' We greet Maine, ' you well. * As we are informed, — Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the grand- ' father of the present proprietor, and a generous promoter of ' foreign plantations, obtained a royal charter of Maine, and ex- * pended in settling it, more than £20,000 ; and yet was wholly * prevented from reaping the fruits of his expenditures and labors, * by the unhappy civil wars, wherein he though advanced in age, ' bravely engaged in his master's service : — In the mean time, his ' opponents, intoxicated with success as we understand, and deaf to * the voice of justice, have given countenance to measures by ' which the' provincials have been brought within the jurisdiction of * Massachusetts-Bay, and the proprietary depriv'ed of all the is- ' sues and profits of his property ; though according to the decision * of our " counsel, learned in the law," his right to the charter ^ is fully established ; the Province ivas in possession of (he orig' Chap. XV.] OF MAINE. 413 ' inal proprietor and under his government several years ; the A. U. 1664. * large sums mentioned had been by him expended in settling and * managing it ; he has in the late civil wars, been plundered and ' imprisoned several times; and being exhausted by losses, and '^ ill-treated by the ^^ pretended committees of foreign plantations," ' he and his agents in those times of trouble, had left the inhab- ^ it ants to the temporary government oj their choice. Since the ' restoi-alion, he, by his commissioners, has endeavored to i-epos- ' sess himself of his Province, and two years since, proclaimed ' his Majesty king, established courts, and gave to many the oaths * of allegiance ; but the government of Massachusetts proiiibited * all further proceedings of those commissioners, till they had or- ' ders from the supreme authority of the kingdom : We have 'therefore taken the whole matter into our princely consideration, * (concludes the king) and have thought fit to signify our ))leasure ' in behalf of Ferdinando Gorges, the present proprietor, and do * require you to make restitution of the Province to him or his * commissioners, and deliver him or them peaceable possession ' thereof, or otherwise without delay show us reasons to the con- ' trary : — and so we bid you — farewell,''^ When the General Court v.ere made acquainted with the con- Hemnrks of tents ol this letter, tliey undei'took to justify their conduct, to the Court, royal commissioners, by recapitulating the grounds and reasons, which induced them to receive the provincials under the govern- ment of the colony. His Majesty, as the court believed, was greatly misinformed as to the amount of disbursements made by Sir Ferdinando. It might be true as the inhabitnnts say, that IMr, Thomas Gorges and Mr. Vines, after deducting their own ex- penses, did lay out £500 of the proprietor's money for the pub- lic good, or possibly £1,000 may have been expended in the whole, through mismanagement in building a house in York, breaking up lands, and a few unskilful enterprizes. Massachu- setts however, was not the first to claim a considerable part of Maine, against the rights of Gorges. For, Baron Rigby, twenty years ago, entered upon a large portion of the territory, obtained a decision in his favor, and exercised government there till his death. f — Nay, did not all the agents of Sir Ferdinando aban- don the Province, to self-formed combinations and revolutionists, * Hutch. Coll. p. 305-388. fS Mass. Rec. p. 178—180. 414 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. 1). 166].. long before Massachusetts asserted any right to it ? — Yet what was the nature or character of her claim ; surely it was not to the soil — by sales of which she expected to derive any pecuniary profits or avails. No : — but on the contrary it was exclusively protection and civil government, such as the inhabitants them- selves requested^ They had bound themselves by their oaths, their articles of agreement, and other voluntary acts to live in subjec- tion to the laws and authorities of Massachusetts, till their alle- giance might be expressly countermanded by the supreme gov- ernment of England. How then could they consistently with their solemn obligations, submit to another's control, who presum- ed to act without any evidence of such authority, or paramount right, and without process of law ? The dis- To the letter in behalf of Gorges, addressed by Henry Joscelyn, ^" *■ John Archdale, Robert Jordan and Edward Rishworth, as before mentioned, unto the Governor and Council, requesting them to resign and surrender the jurisdiction of Maine, the General Nov. 30. Court, Nov. 30, replied, that they had determined to yield none of their rights in the Province, until their duties in this particu- lar were made plain and palpable. If the king's will were known, it was only through his address to the inhabitants, not by any mandate or express communication to the government of Massa- chusetts. Nor were the king's commissioners with all the power they possessed, authorized in a more special manner to take pos- session of Maine, than of any other Province, irco. Thus, the features of the troublesome controversy ere exhibit-- ,ipl;'i,',' ''' ' ed to us, at tlie opening of the year 16G5. A party of the pro- ^'"'^' vincials were devoted to the king's will, and of course friendly to the anticipated visit of his commissioners. Many, especially such as were land or office-holders under the Gorges' family, were the advocates of the present proprietary, and some of them claimed to exercise official authority under his appointment. Massachusetts was inexorable ; and numbers of the eastern peo- ple were strongly attached to her government. Therefore when John Archdale,* the proprietor's agent, came forward with an or- der under the royal " sign manual," requiring her to restore unto him Gorges' province, which he said she " had shamefully en- croached upon in the time of the civil wars," the General Court * Fuhoniy p. 91-2. Archdale was in the Province a year. CllAP. XV. J OF MAINE. 415 told liim, that " the distracted condition ot' the people in York- a.D. iGGo. shire" required rather their protection and assistance, and that a government of their choice should never he hastily withdrawn from them. By the orders of that Body,* early in May, we find they speak May. with a positiveness not to be misunderstood. A County Court ^ , . . . County will be holden at York in the present as in previous years. All leguiaiions. civil officers will continue to exercise and perform their duties, and the inhabitants will show, as formerly, due obedience to the colony administration. If Edward Rishworth neglect his duty as County-Recorder, Peter Wyer will take his place, and to him the present incumbent will deliver the record-books and pa- pers. Since there is no resident magistrate in that county, Ezekicl Knight of Wells, will act as such in every particular, till the further order of the Legislature. Messrs Simonds and Dan- forth will hold the usual term of the Courts in York, die current year ; and all transgressors of the law, if any, will have its pen- alties measured to diem with all retributive justice. The king's commissioners, having visited the towns and plan- j,„,p, tations between Boston and Piscataqua, made a short tarry in JV"^'^ ■* ■' (oiiiniis. New-Hampshire and passed the river, about the middle of June, ''i'"ieis in KIiier_) and into Kittery. Here they summoned the people together and de- York, scribed to them their inevitable ruin, if they continued under the * Bay-government.' Its rulers, said they, are rebels and traitors, — their contempts and crimes will soon be laid before his i\Iajes- ty, — and their doom can easily be foreseen. The position and authority assumed by the Commissioners were not only despotic and unwarrantable, but extremely in- discreet. They virtually assailed the charter of Gorges, telling die inhabitants, it granted privileges altogether too great and exclusive, ever to be possessed and exercised by his Majes- ty's most favored subjects, — Mr. Gorges being truly one. Hence they manifested a forwardness to assist them in obtaining security from the claims, both of him and the rulers of IMassachusetts. Next they exhibited a petition for signature, addressed to the king, praying for a new colony charter. This found signers, among those who were the friends or dupes of these arbitrary men ; also among the licentious, who are ever impatient of re- *3 M»£3. Ilec. p. 116—17. 416 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1665, straint, and bankrupts, who were anxious of relief or respite from their debts. Such as were unyielding, they loaded with re- proaches, the volatile they flattered, and the timid they threat- ened. All who did not comply, were told, that their names would be returned to his Majesty, and their disloyalty painted to him in its true colours. So affrighted and amazed were several of them, that they afterwards declared they did not know what they had done. Many of the better and more sensible people looked upon themselves in a condition to be utterly ruined ; and began to entertain thoughts of removing with their families and estates, to some plantation or place of more quiet and greater security. At York, the Commissioners passed several days, undertaking to form and establish a superstructure of civil authority, through- out the Province. In this, they seem to have acted according to the dictates of their own will, without regard either to the char- ter of Gorges or the claim of Massachusetts. Their official order was essentially in these words : — * " By the King's Commissioners for settling the affairs of New- England." ' We having seen the several charters granted to Sir L. s. ' Ferdinando Gorges and to the Corporation of Massa- ' chusetts Bay, and duly weighed the matters in contro-' * versy, do now receive all his Majesty's good subjects, living ' within the Province of Maine, under his immediate protection ' and government. We also . appoint and constitute Francis ' Champernoon and Robert Cutis of Kittery ; Edward Risk' * worth and Edward Johnson of York ; Samuel Wheelwright of * Wells ; Francis Hooke and William Phillips of Saco ; George ' Mountjoy of Casco ; Henry Joscelyn of Black-point ; Robert ' Jordan of Richmond's Island j and John Wincoln of Newicha- * wannock, Justices of the Peace ; and constitute them a Court * to hear and determine all causes, civil and criminal, and to or- ' der all the affairs of the said Province for the peace and de- ' fence thereof ; — proceeding in all cases according to the laws ' of England as near as may be, till the appointment of another ' government by the Crown. ' In his Majesty's name we require all the inhabitants of said *3 Mass. Rcc, p. 1( Chap, xv.] of malnl'. 417 * Province, to yield obedience to the said Justices, and forbid as a D. 166&, ' well the Commissioners of Mr. Gorges, as the Corporation of * Massachusetts-Bay, to molest any of the inhabitants of this Pro- * vince, till his Majesty's pleasure be known. " Given under our hands and seals at York, within the said «' Province, the 23d of June, 16C5." " Robert Carr. " George Cartwright. " Samuel Maverick." They also prescribed a form of oath, which they administered ,, to these magistrates of their appointment ;* and resolved in sup-s'<"'e'sre- i 1 / 1 5jj( ,|,g 3y, port of their own authority, to oppose the two Assistants who Hwriiy of were expected from Boston to join the Associates as usual, and sens. hold a County Court, and if possible to prevent a session. There- fore, Carr, a bolder spirit than his colleagues, issued an order, July 2, to the commander of the militia company in these words ; — " To Capt. John Davis, or in his absence to the next officer in " command : " In his Majesty's name, you are required to give notice to "your company, that without fail, they do appear in arms on " Tuesday morning next, in the field, where they usually meet, " there to attend further orders." R. Carr. In the provincial form of government now established and put Govern- in operation. General Assemblies, composed of all in commission, tuied.'""' and of burgesses or deputies from the several towns, were holden at York, which was evidently appointed to be the seat of government. The Royal Commissioners directed, whenever the Justices were equally divided on any subject, that Mr. Joscelyn should have the casting vote — if he be absent, Mr. Jordan. Another order allowed juries of seven men only, ' on account of the fewness of the inhabitants,' to be impanelled for the trial of cases ; and the first inferior Court under this organization of the government was holden at Wells, in July following, the second at York, Nov. 7. — William Phillips was appointed Major-commandant of the mili- tary forces in the Province ; R. Hitchcock and John Lazer, offi- cers of the Saco and Cape Porpoise companies. f * See post, Sept. 5, 1665. t At the July term in Wells mentioned, the Court ordered « every town ' to take care that there be in it a pair of stocks, a case and couking Vol. T. 40 418 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1505. When the Assistants arrived at Piscataqua from Boston, they were informed of the call made upon the militia, and the menaces uttered and spread by the Commissioners ; and therefore to avoid an open rupture with men, whose tarry and overtures in the Pro- vince must be short, they proceeded no farther ^ immediately re- turning home and reporting the facts to their government* Never were men and their course of measures more universal- ly unpopular. Massachusetts inveighed against them vehement- ly, charging them whh a violation of their own commission and instructions : For no official acts or proceedings of the Board, without the presence and approbation of Col. Nichols, were to be valid ; nor were they ever to disturb any ancient establish- ment of patent claims, nor in any event interrupt the ordinary course of justice ; whereas they were authors of the boldest and most violent measures, without the king's consent, or knowledge ; and had struck a deadly blow at chartered rights, as well as at the public tranquillity. ' Are these the disciples of peace .'' nay, * in Job's time, said the General Court, it was the province of a ' day's man to appease antagonists, by laying the peace-maker's • hands on both ; but the wisdom or artifice of these men, have ' converted the temple of peace into a forum of wretchedness.' The Court also, by way of a remonstrance, spread the Commis- sioner's conduct before the king, with a correct portrait of its deformities. _. , ,. Equally opposed to the Commissioners and to Gorges were goniansnd- the eastern provincials, or inhabitants of Lygonia. They were king- fully aware of their unhappy condition, and in consideration of the king's letter, to them and the rest of Maine, the preceding year, they prepared a memorial to him, August 1, which was signed by George Cleaves, and twenty-one of his friends and neighbors. f It commenced, and proceeded thus : — Au°rust I. ' [ducking-] stool, erected between this and the next court.' The latter was the oUi in?.triimciit fur the punishment of common scolds. It consisted of a long: beam moving' like a well-sweep upon a fulcrum ; the end ex- tended over a pond, on which the culprit was placed and immersed, f'ol- toni's Saco and Biddeford, p. 96. * 3 Mass. Rec. p. 207—8. f Their names are George Cleaves, George Mountjoy, Francis Neale, Phinehas Rider, Richard Martin, Benjamin Attrell, John Injrersoll, George Ingersoll, JoLa Wakelcy, John Phillips, Robert Corbin, Henry Chap, xv.] of Maine. 4I9 'The humble petition of the inhabitants at Casco in the Pro-A.D. igG5. * vince of Maine, represents, agreeably to your Majesty's com- ' mand, our several reasons, why we could not submit to Mr. ' Gorges... But j^r.9^ — To our most gracious father, we, your hum- *bl3 subjects, inhabiting a wilderness in the northern parts of ' your dominions, would return our most dutiful and hearty thanks, ' for your princely care of us and our children. Required by ' your ]Majesty to render submission to Mr. Gorges or assign our ' reasons for declining it, we are frank to say, we have no dispo- * sition to oppose his government, whenever our obedience is ex- * pressly commanded by your Majesty. In our union however, ' with Massachusetts, wc all pledged our allegiance to her gov- ' ernment, till our royal sovereign should otherwise determine * and direct. Vet we have found by happy experience, as your ' Majesty very justly intimates, that her maxims of policy, pru- ' dence and moderation, and her principles of amity and justice, ' so much the causes of her own eminence, have since our short ' connexion with her, been the means of our contentment and ' prosperity, far beyond what wc have enjoyed during any former * period of the same length. The Commissioners, nevertheless, * forbid our submission to her government, and likewise to Mr. * Gorges ; and in return she withholds our allegiance from them. ' So unhappily situated, we humbly entreat your Majesty not to * believe us disloyal, because our names are not found on thepeti- ' tion for a change of government or rulers, as we have no just ' cause of complaint against either Mr. Gorges or Massachusetts ; * — being taught by the best authority, that ' obedience is better ' thmi sacrifice,'' and contentment is our duty, wherever the allot- ' ment of God in his Providence, and your JMajesty's commands ' shall cast us. ' Threatened as we are, for not signing the petition and sub- * mitting to the Commissioners, we beseech your IMajesty to take * these reasons and our case, under your fatherly eye and give us * directions ; for it is the design of our hearts to act correctly and ' uprightly ; and we would rather submit to whatever government ' may be appointed over us, than to contend, or to direct what it 'should be.'* Williams, Ambrose Boadeo, George Lewis, John Lewis, Thomas Skilling', Thomas Skiliiug jr., John Skilling', John Clojes, Thomas Wakeley, John Rider, Nathaniel Wallii. * Hutch. Coll. p. 396—339. 420 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. iC6j. The Commissioners, after spending more than two months m sio^Ts'^g-o the Province, principally at York, Scarborough, and Falmouth, liockf^'^' ifi settling or rather revolutionizing the government, proceeded to the Duke's territory of Sagadahock or New Castle. It is sup- posed to have been at this period and afterwards, that several Dutch families removed from New-York into the territory, and settled upon the eastern banks of the Sheepscot, and the western banks of the Damariscotta, about the lower falls of those rivers.* Bepi 5. A Court was first opened by the Commissioners, Sept. 5, at J/gg'g™^^*" the dwellinghouse of John Mason,\ who lived on the east bank sbeepscct. q^ Sheepscot river — at the Great Neck, not far from a block house or small fort ; which was half a league westerly of Dam- ariscotta lower falls. Being now within the Duke's own patent and Province, as they supposed, whereof the whole was under the admipistration of Col. Nichols the Governor, the other Commissioners were per- haps authorized to act now without his concurrence. Here were no conflicting jurisdictions. Destitute of any regular government, the inhabitants were not reluctant to render obedience unto any power, that was able and willing to protect them. The nominal administration at Pemaquid under Mr. ShurteJ was still a mere conservation of the peace without much system or efficiency. The Commissioners appointed Walter Phillips of Damaris- cotta, clerk and recorder, whose book of records was entitled " the rolls of such acts and orders, passed the first sessions hol- den in the territories of his Highness the Duke of York, on the eastern and northern side of Sagadahock and extending to Nova Scotia ; — -begun at the house of John Mason on the river Sheeps- ■* Snllican, p. 3G--38— 153— 283—291,— At V/oodbridgc's neck on the east- ern bank of the Slieepscot river, a mile above VViscasset point or vil- lage, there are appearances of a very ancient settlement — where the cavi- ties of many cellars are now manifest, though there are trees in some of them of a large siac, f Mason piircliuseJ (he land of two Sagamores, RoLiniiood and Jack Pud- ding. Sullivan, p. 63— 289.— Mr. Randolph came hi(her aflcr (he Revo, lution, claiming through his mother, heirship to John Mason's lands, his ancestor. He said his parents told him he was born at Sheepscot, and the)' fled with him when an infant to New-Jersey, to escape the tomahawk. He produced papers certified by Walter Phillips, and had a copy of Gen. cral Dungan's commission. But his claim was obsolete Sull. p 15G. I Si.ur!'- is suppjscl (o have dinl .it Pc;naquiJ, A. D. 1690. Chap, xv.] of MAINE. 421 cot, Sept. 5th, in the 17th year of the reign of our Sovereign v. i>. I6J5. Lord the King, Anno Domini 1665." They erected the whole territory into a county, hy the name of Cornwall ; named the Sheepscot plantation Dartmouth or JVew- Dartmouth ; and settled the dividing line between it and Pemaquid. Next, they summoned the inhabitants in the several settle- ments, to appear and submit to his JMajesty's government, with- in the Duke's patent. Only twenty-nine however,* appeared and took the oath of allegiance, at this term ; — probably a minor part of the whole number of men between Sagadahock and Pe- nobscot. In the construction and establishment of civil government they appointed a chief constable, three magistrates or justices of the peace, and a recorder. The justices were J\''ickolas Ilaynal of Sagadahock, Thomas Gardiner of Pemaquid, and William Dyer of Dartmouth, being, as the commissioners said, the ablest and ' best men to be found in those places.' The same oath was administered to these as to the justices appointed in the Province of Maine, to wit; — You as justice of the peace do swear, that you will do equal right to the poor and rich, after the laws and customs oj England, according to your cunning and power. You shall not be of counsel to any party. You shall not let or hinder for gift or other cause, but ivell and truly you shall do your office of justice of the peace. Three justices in jMaine, viz. Couns and Henry Joscelyn, Robert Jordan, and George Mountjoy, assisted oe^s iil the by the preceding three, were constituted a Court, and directed 'gj||"^ *'"''' to hold sessions for the trial of all causes, " till further order." Their jurisdiction southward or westward, was limited by the river Sagadahock, including about thirty or forty families upon the islands and eastern side of the river, formerly within the Plymouth patent. But the Commissioners being aware, proba- * In Sagadahock — William Friswell, Richard HaminoncI, John Miller, Robert !\Iorp;an, Tlioiiias Parker, Marcus Pareoiis, Tlioinas Watkins, John While. — ill " SlurpscoC — Win. Dole, Wm. Dyer, (Esq.) Christoplier D3er, Nathan! ■! Draper, Thomas Gents, AVni. James, Wm. Markcs, Jo/t;i J/a.90Ji, Thomas Mercer, Walter Phillips, [Clerk,] flloscs Pike, Robert Scott, Anilrew Stalg'er, John Taj lor, John White. — In Pemaquid — Thomas Al- hridge, [Elbridgc,] Edmund Arrowsmith, Georg^e Biickiand, Henry Champ- tiess, Thomas Gardiner.— o/'.^rro'cWci— .Nicholas Raynal. — Sullivan, p. 287. 422 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. iGfi5. bly, of the royal commission to Governor Temple,* and of the charter to Beauchamp and Leverett, seem not to have exercised any authority northwardly beyond JNIuscongus river. ■{• In try- ing any cause, civil, ecclesiastical or criminal, if the justices were equally divided in opinion, Henry Joscelyn was entitled to a double or casting vote. The chief constable had the power to appoint deputies ; and the following precepts will show us the forms of process, also how he was authorized to act. To the Constable on the eastward side of the Kenneheck river or his Deputy. — Greeting. By virtue hereof, you are required in his Majesty^s name, and under the authority of his Highness, the Duke of York, to ap- prehend the body or goods of C. Laivson, and take bond of him to the value of £120, ivith sufficient surety or sureties, for his personal appearance at a special court, to be held at Arrowsick, the 21th of this present JSovember, then and there to answer to the complaint of E. Dawner, for not yielding a debt due by bill, bearing date the 3d day of June, 1665. Hereof you are not to fail, as you will anstver it at your peril ; and so make true return under your hand. Dated this \st JVovember, 1665. NICHOLAS RAYNAL, Jus. Pads. The officers return. — JVovember, 1665. I have attached the body of C. Laivson, and have taken bail for his appearance at the next Court, to answer to the complaint of Ed. Dawner in an action of the case : This is a true re- turn.l RICHARD LEMONS, Constable. These imperfect sketches, are the prominent features of the measures, civil administration, undertaken to be framed by these Commis- sioners.§ Short sighted statesmen — unacquainted with the genius * Hutch. Coll. p. 244-5. \ " Governor Duncan, ag'ent of the Duke of York, removed many Dutch " families from the banks of tlie Hiidsou to his New Province on the " Sheepscot. They tarried there until the settlements were broken up by "the wars which were soon after commenced by the savajes. — Sullivan^ p. 291. I Sullivan, p. 291. \ The laws of the Duke's Province, collected by Governor Nichols, and confirmed by the Duke, have been examined by the compiler of this his- tory ; but he can find in them no particular mention of his eastern pa- tent. Chap, xv.] of Maine. 423 of the people, their necessities, and the poHtical remedies a. d. 1665. needed, they formed no regular system of government ; their whole management giving full proof of their inadequacy to the magnitude of the trust to which they had been commissioned. No provision was made for legislation, trials by jury, military defence, taxation, religious instruction, or the education of youth. Though they found settlements scattered to a wide ex- tent, some of which were more than forty years old, and also a population probably of three hundred families,* who treated their measures and authority with the utmost civility ; their ill-nature prompted them to represent the whole as only "three small plan- c<>mmi«- . . . . sioiiers ro- tations belonging to his royal highness," viz. " on the northeast of port. "Kennebeck, on Sheepscot river and on Pemaquid ;" 'the * largest of which,' they said, ' did not contain more than thirty * houses, and all of them mean.' The people, whose allotments were labor and poverty, being strangers to the pleasures and ben- efits of society, and strong in the hopes of finding the commis- sioners their benefactors, were represented by them, to be mere fishermen, and fugitives from justice, unused to the restraints of government. Listening to an instance of lasciviousncss related to them, they gave it a turn of ridicule upon the planters generally, by stating in their report,f afterwards made, that ' some of them ' have as many shares in a woman, as they have in a fishing ' boat.' It is said the Commissioners established the form of an ecclesi- astical constitution, which, though cast in an episcopal mould, was remarkable for its simplicity and liberal principles. Assurances were given the inhabitants, that their possessions and rights should not be disturbed. J But no adequate redress of wrongs was pro- vided ; and in all conveyances, as well by the planters as by the Duke's agents,§ it appears the policy was revived of incumbering them with quit-rents. But the unequal numbers of the inhabitants, compared with ,^ ,^^3,^ the natives, and some apprehensions of a rupture, induced the j^n'^'i'/g,'," Commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Sagamores, which contained provisional articles, too judicious and memorable not * Eiglity-four families in IG:>0. — S". T/avis" Report. — And 175 f.imilics in 16T3 Sullivan, p. 391. fSce this report. — Hutch, CoU. p. J2i— 5. ; Sullivan, p. 170-188. \ Sullivan, p. 162 o 374. Sheepscol Records. 424 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 16G5. to be mentioned. For it was agreed, "that if any mischief should happen to be done either by the English or Indians" — re- dress was to be sought by complaint to the Courts, if an Indian m were the sufferer, and to the Sagamores, when the English were injured : — and never were they, on either side, to seek revenge by acts of hostility. This, if religiously observed, ' might have ' been, as Mr. Hubbard* remarks, a perfect preventive of blood- « shed.' The " Sheepscot records" sometimes called the " Records of eastern claims of lands," which were commenced under the Commissioners by Walter Phillips, contained a registry of grants under the Duke, of Indian deeds and other conveyances, and were continued about fifteen years. Afterwards, the book was removed to the Secretary's office in Boston, and was considered to be of great authority, till it was lost.f Early in October, the Commissioners returned to York. In passing or returning through Casco, they opened a Court, and among other arbitrary proceedings, pronounced all land-titles ob- tained from the Lygonian proprietor and all Indian deeds, the merest nullities. The avowal of such a sentiment, though it fanned the fire of indignation, seems to have been apprehended ; for it is said that Massachusetts previously confirmed all the lands in Falmouth to the inhabitants. Taking umbrage at every oppos- ing measure of that colony, the Commissioners were ready to hear any complaint against her. The famous John BonythonJ showed them a warrant which ordered him to be arrested and Commis- sloi.ers at Casco and York. * ilubbard's N. E. 335,— His Indian Wars, p. 297. f It is said that Phillips, to avoid the Indian tomahawk, fled to Charles- ton, Massachusetts, A. D. 1G80, where he died. — It is supposed the records were consumed by fire when the Boston Court House was burnt. Simon Frost of Kittcry says, in his depositions of June 2, 1765, that 25 years be- fore when Deputy Secretary, under J. Willard, Esq. he took copies from that book ; and when the Court House was burnt, in 1748, he was Repre- sentative from Kittery, and with others made search for the rscords soon after, but they could not be found ; nor have they since been seen. J It is not known when or where this troublesome man died. He was furious, obstinate and unpopular. The g-rave stones of this man show him to have been interred at Rendezvous Point on (he cast side of the Saco — upon wliich some imknown hand inscribed this ill-natured couplet. " Here lies Bonyllion the Sagamore of Saco. *' He liv'd a rog-ue, and died a knave, and went lo Hockemocko^ Chap, xv.] of mainl. 425 carried to Boston, " dead or alive j" merely as he said, because a. d. 1665. he would not bow to her government. At York, where they prolonged their visit, they pretended that the eastern inhabitants and a great Sachem also, had peti- tioned the king to receive them under his protecting hand, and appoint Sir Robert Carr their Governor. They gave quite a ro- Thpfr ac- mantic account of the Duke's eastern country. They repre- i^ukn-s sented, that the numerous " islands, harbors and outlets, upon ''"^■'""• *' the coast were richly stored with great fish, oysters and lob- "sters;" that the interior abounded with " wild ducks, geese, " deer," and other game, and also with " strawberries, raspber- ries, gooseberries, barberries, several sorts of bilberries m their seasons ;" and that they found " several kinds of oaks, and "pines, — and the chesnut and walnut trees, sometimes for four or " five miles together."* To oppose them in the exercise of authority, the General Court despatched Messrs Dan forth. Lusher and Leverett, to hold a term of Yorkshire Court in October. f But they were stopped at Piscataqua, Oct. 10, by a sharp letter sent to them from Kit- tery by Carr, who ordered them to desist from their purpose, and proceed no farther. — They therefore returned to Boston and were soon followed by the Commissioners. When they arrived, they were charged by the General Court, with disturbing the public peace; and were requested to meet a committee for the purpose of a conference. — Ao, not a word need pass, replied Carr ;-— but remember, the king's pardon of the late rebellion is conditional, and the authors of the opposi- tion among you must expect the punishment awarded the rebels in England — and you well know their fate.^ Here all intercourse with them terminated. Recalled by the K^gg king,^ they in a few months, departed the colon)', — at a time They nre 1 1 I r • II -111 recalled and when the public attention was arrested and occupied by the news depart, of war, declared by the French king against England. || In the first year of this war, extensive preparations were made war with by the British cabinet, for the reduction ot Canada ; and no '^'^"*^*'' other conquest, on this side of the Atlantic, could give equal * Hutch. Coll. p. 424. f 3 Mass, Rec. p. 208. \ 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 228—9. ; 1 Belk. X. H. p. 97.— Hub. N. E. p. 386. 11 A war to aiil Holland — against England. — 6 Hume p. 440. Vol I. 41 426 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. i66rj.Qj,p^gjQj^ fQj. general joy. The idng required Massachusetts to take the lead among the colonies in the enterprize ; and Gover- nor Nichols expressed the greatest anxiety for the speedy move- ment of her troops. He said it was reported that the French had 700 men under marching orders against Albany ;* and nothing but the arms or enmity of the Mohavvks,f while remaining un- subdued, could form any barrier, to impede the progress of the French and Canadian forces. But the enlistments were not completed and the necessary October, preparations ready till October. It was then too late and wholly impracticable, in the opinion of the General Court and of Gov- ernor Temple, an experienced officer who had been consulted, to march a body of troops over rocky mountains, and through rugged deserts, a distance of 1,400 miles against a formidable enemy ;J — and the campaign was not undertaken. Maine and Never was a country more open and exposed to the incur- bofk.^^' sions of an enemy, than the region was at that time, between Piscataqua and Nova Scotia. The inhabitants, scattered and defenceless, were without fortifications, without arms or military stores, and without even any common bond of union. All the settlements upon a seacoast, 200 miles in extent, were situated near the best harbors, tempting in every thing except poverty, to the visits of invaders. The enemy on their rear, who had by this time acquired a singular missionary influence among the jeal- ous savages, hated the puritan planters, and especially coveted this eastern country. Nor was this all. Distracted with political dissensions, the eastern people had none to help or protect them ; though it were well known how many claimed to control and rule them. In three or four years, all traces of the king's com- missioners were obliterated, a few monumental evils excepted ; and Massachusetts was evidently the only power, to which the inhab- itants could look with any prospect of assistance, § either in war or peace. * " M. de CourccUos, appointed Governor of New-France, transported " the regiment of Carigtiau Saliicrcs to Canada." — 1 Holme.i' A. Ann, p. 396. — And with it cante Baron de Castine. + The French established a peace with the Mohawks, A. D. 1667. 1 3 Mass. Rec. p. 268. J Massachusetts at this time had a militia, consisting " of l,OC0 foot and 400 kor8C."—l Uolmet' A. Ann. p. 3»4. Chap, xv.] OF Maine. 427 Happily for them the war was short, though its consequences a. d. iC67. formed a lamentahle train of evils. A cessation of hostilities in the spring was followed by two treaties, which the English con- Treaty of eluded at Breda, July 31, 1GG7, one with France and the other 31*'"*' "' with Holland. In these negotiations, the English agreed to sur- render Nova Scotia to the French ; and Holland resigned to England, the Dutch colony at the Hudson. The recession or return of the Acadian Province to France, was generally lamented throughout New-England.* Indeed, since Sir Thomas was the territorial proprietor, as well as the Governor, it was a great question among statesmen, and perhaps the English envoy himself doubted, if the crown could cede any other right than that of sovereignty or the government. For the cession was not in the treaty itself, but through the pressure and influence of the French embassy, was subsequently made an appendant article. Except under the administration of Governor Temple, the -p^^ French Acadian French had been always disae;reeable to their New- ?"^ Kn?''sii England neighbors. For their motives of action, their habits of life and thought, their pursuits and plans in business, and in fact, all the qualities and shades of their character, differed as widely from those of the English, as the two people were unlike in their language, tlieir religious tenets and their political sentiments. In short, they agreed in nothing, except in the forms and gifts of nature. Let a bigoted catholic, ever servile to the dictates of Jesuit priests, a slavish subject, believing in the divine right "of kings, a Frenchman devoted to savage society, the chase, the wigwam or an Indian wife, be contrasted with puritan piety, poli- tics, intelligence and taste for refinements; and one will not find it difficult to understand the causes of mutual dislike, nor to de- termine on which side were enmity and the avenger. Among the disciples of papacy, all protestants were esteemed heretics, whose liberty, wealth and life itself, according to their creed, it was no sin to sacrifice. The Indians schooled by the same spiritual teachers, imbibed a similar disposition, and were easily bloated with the same opin- dian*."' ions. The original estrangement and malignity of the eastern and western tribes towards each other, were observed to be grad- ♦ Hutch. Coll. p. 489. 428 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1» A. D 1667. ually yielding to the vibrations of intercourse. Their natural cunning, sharpened by necessity, prompted them to trespass and pilfer at a distance from home. Hence, the people were satis- fied, that the Eastern Indians were the perpetrators of certain mischiefs, committed in the autumn of 1667, among the domes- tic animals, and in the cornfields and meadows of Hadley upon Connecticut river ; and the sufferers sent to Robinhood, a chief Sagamore at Kennebeck, demanding redress and threatening him and his tribe with the utmost severities, if the offences were repeated. To promote amity with them, license was at length given to the traders in fur and in peltries, to sell unto Indian friends, guns and ammunition.'^" The proprietary rights of Temple to the territory of Nova Scotia, no one in justice could deny. But perceiving it was the determination of the French to obtain it, and the agreement of the English to surrender it, he entered into a negotiation with his master's ministry upon the subject. In consideration of a re- linquishment, he exacted a reimbursement of the purchase money, and the expenses bestowed upon fortifications, and incurred in other improvements. The total estimate was found to be £16,200, — -a sum which the crown agreed to pay him.f . ^ ,r.^^ Immediately afterwards, in February 1668, the articlet of A. D 16C8 _ •' J ^ + to 1669. cession was tacked to the treaty of Breda, and all Acadia, with- re'sTgnedTr °^^ ^"7 Specification as to boundaries, including by name, " St, France. John's, Port-Royal, La Heve, Cape Sable, and Pentagoet," or Penobscot, as being parts of the Province, was ordered into the possession of the French. Not being paid the money, he delay- ed the surrender, till by his Majesty's special command, in 1669,§ he was forced to submit, without the consideration promised him, which he never received ; and Capt. Wibourne at Penobscot, and Richard Walker, the proprietary's Lieutenant-Governor, made at last a formal siu'render of the whole, to INlons. le Grand Fontaine. It was a hardship sensibly felt by Sir Thomas; and as it occurred just before his death which was in 1674, he devis- ed the money, or otherwise his interest in the Province, to his nephew William Nelson and his heirs. But being unable to avail * 3 Mass. Rcc. p. 2oD— 272. f Pa!airet,p. IS, I Chalmers, p. 393. See tlie article in appenoix, ps'. J Brit. Emp. in America, p. 22.— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 237. Chap, xv.] of Maine. 429 himself of any advantage from the bequest, Nelson transferred A. D. IGGS, *" to 16G9i it [A. D. 1730] to Samuel Waldo of Boston, who applied to the crown either to pay him the money, award him the Province, or grant him an equivalent in other American lands*.* Nothing however was allowed him, and his claim sank into oblivion. It is said, the first French Governor was M. dc Bourg ;f prp„ci> ru- and after him Mons. Denys was appointed Lt. Governor in Aca-y^^"^'^"*'* dia, who resided in the country thirty years ; and in 1 672, pub- lished a short history of it at Paris. f The French occupied the country from Cape Breton to Penobscot ; and built stockaded forts at the latter place, at Port-Royal and at the river St. Johns.§ In returning to the administration of government, instituted by a. D. IGGS, the king's Commissioners, we find that within the Province previ- Affairs of ously bisected into two divisions, by a partition line through Ken- '^'^'"®- nebunk river, the courts, established consisted of four, the Gen^ eral Assembly, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Quarter Sessions, and single Justice Courts for the trial of causes under 40s. by a jury of seven men. The first had sessions annually in May or June at Saco ; the second three times, and the third four times in a year in each division, at York and at Falmouth, Offences were presented by grand juries, and facts determined by juries of trials. At a court holden at Casco for the eastern division, in July 1GG6, by Heiny Joscelyn, William Phillips, Francis Hooke, Edward Rishworth, and Samuel Wheelwright, styled the " Justices of the peace appointed by special commission from the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Carr, Lt. Col. George Cartvvright and Samuel Maverick Esq." it was ordered, that the selectmen of Falmouth should have the oversight of children and servants and correct such as were disobedient; that George JMountjoy have power to administer oaths, join parties in marriage, and see if the weights and measures in town were according to the king's standard at Winchester. The sale of liquors to the Indians was prohibited : — non-attendance at public worship, sabbath-breaking, and profanity, were made punishable by a justice of the peace. * Palairet, p. 19. f Hutch. Coll. p. 489-543. \ Mass. Letter Book, p. 104. After him Manival was Governor. } 1 Brit. Dom. io Arn. p 246. 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p 399,404. 430 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. \r>Gf,, The courts when holdins; their terms in York, were evidently 1GG7, 16G8. .,,,,, . , ■ ^ r ,, , , guided by the laws previously received Irom Massachusetts ; and the last General Assembly under the new government, was holden at Saco, in May 1 688 ; after which the people sought to be un- der the jurisiliction of Massachusetts.* * 1 Maine Hist. Soc. Coll. p. 117-126.— George Cleaves died about 1666, rnncli embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs. Henry Joscelyn, being- great- ly in debt to Joshua ficottow of Boston, made a conveyance to him, in 1666, of tiie Cammock patent at Black-point, except his homestead, and aa adjoining tract ; — upon which purchase the grantee afterwards resided. Chap. XVI.] OF MAINE. 43 j CHAPTER XVI. Political confusion in Maine — Appointment of Commissioners by MassacJmsctls to settle the affairs there — Governor Nichols' op- position — 7'he Commissioners visit York — Altercations between them and the Justires — Massachusetts raumes the irovernment of Maine — Appointment of officers and courts of justice — John and Henry Joseclyn — State of the eastern Province — Re-svrvey and extent of the Massachusetts' patent, eastward — The county of Devonshire established — Its eijficers and regulations — Peace tcith the Dutch — A new patent to the Duke of York — Courts in Maine — The provincial militia and population — Taxes — Happy union of Massachusetts and Maine — Claim of Gorges and Ma- son — Visit of Edward Randolph — His representations — The agents of .hassaehusetts at the court of England — Their instruc- tions — Decision by a committee of Privy Council — Maine pur- chased by Massachusetts. At the end of three or four years, after the king's Commis- a.i\ iG6e, sioners were recalled, the affairs of Gorges' Province relapsed "'''^' 1 ti r • * TT- • -1 M.inelna into lamentable conliision. His partisans entertauied no great cmiiuscd affection for this new non-descript administration ; nor did he himself give it any special support. Tiic Justices apj)ointed were not the most popular men. In their attempts to discharge their duties, the experiment was unavailing ; — for numbers called in question the validity of their authority, and the lawfulness of the power, which they were endeavoring to exercise. Many hearts beat high for a return of the prosperous days, enjoyed while connected with Massachusetts ; and the principal men be- sought her governn)ent, to reassume the jurisdiction of the Pro- vince. f The General Court, at their session in JMav 1 668, observing '^- ^ I66s. the present to be the third year since any member had appeared consuiered" from Maine, and finding a restoratioVi of political order, and a [^ourr^"'* * 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 238. — Tlie General Court said, they were in a state of " anarchy." — Mass. Rcc. — Hub. ./V. E. p. 593. j The last General Court holdca under authority of the Icing's Comrais- sioBcrs, sat at Saco, May 29, 1665. — 1 Coll. J^Jaine Hist. 80c. p. 126, 432 THE HISTORY [Vol. 1. Four Com- misbioaers. A D. 1663. settled administration of justice, to be anxiously desired by that people, thought it was a religious as well as political duty, they owed both to the king and to the Province, to enter immediately into a consideration of the interesting subject. ' For while the ' inhabitants were choosing, as the Court said, to be under our * charter, they were deprived of their invaluable privileges, and 'thrown into the depths of disorder, by Commissioners who were ' rather destroyers than promoters of his Majesty's interest, and * the peoples' good ; — men who have cast malignant aspersions ' upon our government, and have been the authors of transactions, ' for which they had in fact no lawful authority.' Hence, the General Court appointed four distinguished men, Commissioners, to hold a Court in York, on the first Tuesday of the ensuing July, according to legal and former usage ; and com- manded the people of the Province, in his Majesty's name to yield again all due obedience to the laws and government of the colony.* Also the colonial Secretary in conformity to a legislative order, issued warrants to all the provincial towns, directing them to elect Associates, constables, grand and petit jurors, and other officers. These precepts were distributed to the constables by JVathaniel Masierson, whom the legislature appointed marshal of the county. The substance of the Commissioners' appointment was as fol- lows : — ' To Major General John Leverett, JMr. Edward Tyng, Capt.. ' Richard Waldron and Capt. Richard Pike.f ' You are hereby required to repair to York, in the County ol * Yorkshire, and there all or any two of you, whereof General * Leverett shall be one, are required to keep a County Court ' as the law directs. And in case you meet with any, pretending * to possess other authority, or piesuming to swerve Irom the due ' obedience they owe to this jurisdiction under his Majesty's royal ' charter, to which they have submitted and solemnly pledged * allegiance ; — you will bring them to trial before you, and pass Tlicir ap" poiiilmenl ♦Hubbard's N. E. p. 595. ' \ Lever eft was commander in chief of tiie colony militia; T'y?ig'WAs assistant this year for the first time ; Waldron was deputy from Dover N. H. a speaker of the Jlousc; and Pike lived in Salisbury, and was after- wards an assistant. Chap. XVI. J of MAINE. 433 ' sentence upon the guilty, according to the aggravation of their A. D. I6fis. ' offences. ' Furthermore, you are authorized to confirm all officers and < Commissioners, civil and military, as you shall judge meet and * proper, for the security and preservation of order or peace in ' the Courts of the Shire ; Also, for the better enabling you to * accomplish these duties, you are hereby empowered from the ' date of these presents, to take such measures preparatory for ' holding a Court, and settling the peace of the county, as you in * your discretion shall judge to be expedient ; — And all officers, ' civil and military, within this jurisdiction and all other inhabit- * ants, are hereby directed to assist you as the matter pending * shall require ; and you arc to render an account of your pro- * ceedings to this Court, at the next session in October. * In testimony of all which, this Court hath caused the seal of 'the Colony to be affixed. May 20, 1668.' 'RICHARD BELLINGHAM, Governor.'* Besides their Commission, they had a letter of instructions, by Thpirin- which they were directed to give unto the provincial inhabitants, a £;uaranty of the common privileges enjoyed in other places ; to prevent or check, as far as possible, all disputes and questions about grants of landf made by their local " General Assemblies,' during the interruptions of the three preceding years; to leave individual rights, or claims to real estate, unaltered and untouch- ed ; to suppress disturbances ; and otherwise, to exercise in their discretion as much power and authority as they might find neces- sary, in the performance of the trust delegated to them. J When Governor Nichols heard of these proceedings, he wrote f;„^,prn„r a letter from New-York, June 12th, to the Governor and Assis- ^p'^f^'i'^'j^^J*'- tants of Massachusetts; in which he inveighed severely against s^c''"^<^"s- the course they were pursuing. ' I am, said he, not a little sur- * prized to find, that you are preparing to usurp again the govern- * ment of Maine ; at a time too, when the rights of ownership, which ' have been submitted to the king by different claimants, are still • 3 Mass. Rec. p. 277.— Hubbard's N. E. p. 596. tBy this expression, it would see.Ti that the inhabitants of Maine, during the three } ears interruption had » General Assemblies,' which made grants of lands. t3 Mass. Rec. p. 278. Vol. I 42 434 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1668. « awaiting his royal determination. Nor can it be unknown to ' as/cfV lajid or earth. \\ IJulch. Hist. p. 4>l — "Tarrateens," " Tarrentincs," — Hutchinson, J^Iorse, Belknap; Tarrentincs, Corses; but, Tarratines, Hubbard and Prince. 464 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1615, nowise attempting to arrange or classify them, under any general heads whatever. TheAbena- All the older authors, Smith, Purchas, Winthrop, Prince and Hubbard agree, that the general name of the natives upon the Penobscot was " Tarratines ;" and that they lived on terms of friendly intercourse with the Abenaques tribes until about A. D. 1615 — 16, when the great Avar broke out between them. Prior to this, the Tarratines had entertained a deep-roofed imme- morial ' enmity towards the Abergineans, especially those in Mas- sachusetts and New-Hampshire, — a fact abundantly attested by re- peated instances of attack and devastation committed upon them. The war itself arose from some treachery, into which the Aber- ginean Sagamores had the address to draw the eastern natives, towards the Tarratines ; and like most civil wars, it was bloody and exterminating. From these circumstances, and from Charlevoix, who says " the Abenaques live in a country from Pentagoet to New-Eng- land,"* a conclusive inference follows, that the Abenaques, were the people who originally inhabited the country between Mount Agamenticus and St. Georges river, both inclusive. This is con- firmed by what we know of their general government, or com- mon sovereign. The names of eleven tribes,f or their places of principal resi- dence in this region, are given us by Smith ; whose allies, he says, are the people of " Ancocisco," " Accomynticus," and " Piscataquack," otherwise called Casco, Agamenticus and Pis- cataqua ; and whose " language, fashion and government," he adds, so far as I could perceive, did not essentially differ ; they holding " the Bashnba to be the chief and greatest among them, " though the most of them had sachems of their own. "J The Bashaba and his greatness are frequently mentioned by the early voyagers to this country and by early writers : — a prince who always expected the civilities or customary etiquette of a visit from all strangers who came into his dominions. Gorges, in his History, says, " he seemed to be of some eminence above * 1 Charlevoix, p. 433. I These names, are " Segotago, or Sawocotnck [Saco] ; Pag'hhunta- " Duck, Pecopassum, Taughtanakagnet, Warbegganus, Nassaque, Mashe- " rosqueck, Wawrigeweck, [iN'orridgewock], Moshoquen, Wakcogo and " Pasharanack. \ Smith, p. 18, 20, 218, 214. Chap, xvm.] OF iMAlNE. 465 " the rest, in all that part of the continent :" — " The Massachu- A. D. 1615, . ... 10 1675. " sens were sometimes his friends and sometimes his enemies." His chief abode was not far from Pemaquid. His dominions, which were large, Gorges adds, were called by the general name of Moasham* or according to Belknap, Mavooshen ;•]• " and he " had under him many great Sagamores, some of whom had " a thousand or fifteen hundred bowmen." After his overthrow and death, he was never succeeded by another of equal rank or authority. J The tribes of the Abenaques^ were four, 1. the Sokokis, or The four Sockhigones ; 2. ihe Anasngunticooks ; 3. the Canibas, or Ken- Ant:^ a- abes ; and 4. the Waioenochs. ^^^s- 1. The Sokokis or Soclhlgoncs were settled upon the river Sokokis. Saco, according to Smith's description of the people upon the Sa- wocotuck — ' a river east of Accomenticus.' La Hontan supposes Acadia extended southward of this river ; and says, " the Sokokis were one of the tribes of" that country. JefTreys seems to men- tion their name in this connexion. Apistama, supposed to be the seaboard from Casco-bay eastward. Gorges says, lays be- tween " the Sockhigones' country" and ' the Bashaba's abode or dominions.' The tribe must have inhabited the banks of Saco river, for there is none other of that name upon the Atlantic coast. They were originally a large people, till the first Indian war ; and the immediate residence ef their Sagamores was upon Indian Island, just above the Lower Falls. Two of them, Flucllen and Captain Sunday conveyed lands ; but when their successor, Squando, died, the glory seemed to depart from the tribe, which gradually wasted away. * Gorges, p. 17, 54. t 1 Bclk. Biog. p. 149, 351.—" Maivooshcn."— Pwrc/ias, p. 939. I Capt. Francis says, he has heard of the Bashaba, " he was a great governor." 5 Or "Abnakkis;" — Abcnaqiiis — Dovglass; Abenakis,— CAar/efofr, La Honlan-, Hutchinson ; but, Abenaques. — Ahhe Reynal, Jeffreys, Belknap, Sullivan and Kendall. Note. — Charlevoix, [1 vol. N. F. 417,] speaks of the Sokokis and a murder committed by them, to prevent a peace with the Iroquois ; and adds [vol. 5, p. 178,] the savages of St. Francois are of the Abenaques, among whom are some Algonquins, Sokokis, and Monhegans. It is well known that the tribe on the Saco withdrew early to St. Francois. Vol. I. 46 466 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D, 1615, There were two branches of the tribe and two principal lodg- ments, one was within the great bend of the river at Pegwacket or Fryeburgh ; and the other 15 or 20 miles below, upon the banks of the Great Ossipee. Here, before Philip's war, they employed English carpenters and built a strong fort of timber, fourteen feet in height, with flankers, intending it as a fortification against the Mohawks.* The Anasa- 2. The AncisagunticooTcs,^ originally a numerous and power- gunicoo s. ^^j ^j,j[jg^ claimed dominion of the waters and territories of the river Androscoggin, from its sources to Merry-meeting bay, and on the west side of Sagadahock to the sea. At Pejepscot, or Bruns- wick Falls, they had their usual encampments, or place of re- sort. J This was one of the great passes between the eastern and western tribes, where the savages met in council to plan expeditions against the English. § The Anasagunticooks were a warlike people. A short distance above the Great Falls, they had a fort, which was destroyed by the English, in 1 690. No tribe was less interrupted in their privileges ot fishing and fowl- ing ; and yet none were more uniformly and bitterly hostile towards the colonists. As soon as the first sound of Phihp's war was heard, they fell upon the plantation of Mr. Purchas, the original settler, killed his cattle and carried away most of his ef- fects. Tarumkin, Warumbee and Hagkins, their Sagamores, were brave men ; but the tribe wasted away during the wars, and in 1747, they were unable to muster more than IGO warriors fit to march. II They were the earliest whom the French drew off to St. Francois in Canada. 3. The Canibas were the Aborigines of Kennebeck river, where Hubbard says " were great numbers of them, when the * See, la Hontan ; Gorges, p. 58. — Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 389. — 1 Douglass' Summ. p. 185. — Jeflre^ys, p. 117. I Or Arcsaguntacooks, Hutchinson; Arousegiinticooks, Douglass. — 6 CoU. Jlass. Hist. Soc. p. 117 ; Amerascogg-an, Hubbard ; Aumoughcowg-en, Smith ; Amarascogen, JIather. In 3 Kendall, p. 143, he says, the etymon of Amariscoggan, means — " banks of a river abounding in dried meat," i, e. venison I Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 281—347. ^Sullivan, p. 178—181. II 1 Douglass, p. 185. — \Varumbee, and 5 other Sagamores, July 7, 1684, sold the lands between Sagadahock and Maquoit to the sea, and the Islands, Kennebeck rlai^ns, p. 7. Chap, xviii.] of Maine. 467 river was first discovered."* The tribe appeared to consist of A. D. 1615, two or three branches, or pohtical famihes. For although ^^on- ^j^^ ^.^^.^ quine, Kennebis, and Abbagadussett, between A. D. 1648 and ''**• 1665, in the capacity of chief Sagamores, conveyed to the Eng- hsh all the lands, ten miles in width on each side of the river, from Swan Island to Wessarunsett river ; yet Elderumken, another Sagamore, made conveyances on Stevens' and Muddy rivers in 1670;f and Essemenosque certified in 1653, that the region of Teconnet belonged to him and the wife of Watchogo. The principal residence of Kennebis, the paramount lord, and his pre- decessors of the same titular name, was upon Swan Island, in a delightful situation ; and that of Abbagadussett between a river of his name and the Kennebeck, upon the northern borders of Merry-meeting bay. The territories, which the tribe claimed, extended from the sources of the Kennebeck to this bay, and the Islands on the eastern side of the Sagadahock, probably to the sea. Jeffreys, Charlevoix, la Hontan and others, call this the Canibas tribe ; for which, however, the name " Norridgewocks" is substituted by Doct. IMather,J Douglass,^ and the modern En- glish writers — manifestly from the name of their famous village. This was the residence of the French missionaries, who early taught the tribe the principles of the catholic religion, and forms of worship. Old Norridgewock|| was a most pleasant site, oppo- site the mouth of Sandy river — the general and almost sole re- sorting place of the tribe, immediately after their numbers or ranks were thinned ; and a spot consecrated to them by every sacred and endearing recollection. IT In temper and conduct, the tribe during the earlier periods of their intercourse with the English, manifested a spirit of more friendship and forbearance towards them, than either the Anasa- * Hubbard's N. E. p. 31 . + Sullivan. J Mather's Majnal. p. 6G~See Smith, p. 214. 5 1 Douglass' Summary, p. 172. II « Norrid je" [falls'] and " wock" [Smooth-water,] i. e. little falls and intervals of smooth water above and below. — Capt. Francis. Essemenosque lived in the vicinity of Teconnet.— iiT. Claims. --Charlevoix, {\ Tome. p. 435,) says those of the Abenaques, " who inhabit the environs of Kennebeck' arc called Canibas. ^ The first missionary to the Canibas, was Gabriel Dreuillettes. — 1 Charlevoix, p. 435. wenocks. 468 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1615, gunticooks, or Sokokis. Nor did the Canibas decrease as rap- idly as the others ; — the neighborhood of white men so destruc- tive of savage Ufe, not having till within a recent period, effected their utter extinction.* The Wa- 4. The Wciwenocks]- inhabited the country eastward of Saga- dahock, to the river St. George inclusive. They were the im- mediate subjects of the great Bashaba. For the colonists, at the mouth of the former river, A. D. 1608, and Capt. Smith J while in the harbors of the latter, agree in their statements, that they were urged by the natives to pay court unto that prince. Moxus, Wegunganet, Wivourna, and succeeding Sagamores, have sold lands to the English at Woolwich, Damariscotta and odier places in that quarter, and acted as sovereign claimants of the country. Though the dwelling-place of the Bashaba was near Pema- quid, yet subsequent to his death,§ the principal resting place or head quarters of the tribe have been on the westerly side of the river Sheepscot, near the lower falls. From this circumstance, Mr. Hubbard [| speaks of them as the natives of that river ; and Douglass calls them the " Sheepscot Indians." Broken and wasted by the disasters of the great war, in which the Bashaba was slain, they were never afterwards either powerful or numerous. In 1747 there were only two or three families re- maining ;ir and within a few subsequent years, all of them were *Scc " Stalemr.nl of the Ke.nneherl: Claims'''' — Report of Comyniitrc, June 15, 17S5. — They g'lve a liistory of tliese old Indian deeds, and add:—" From " tlie history and modes of living- amongst the Indians in tliis country, *' there can be no great doubt, but that tiiey originally held as tenants in " common in a state of nature; and though they have formed themselves "into tribes and clans, yet the members of those tribes still retain a com- " mon and undivided rig-lit to tiic lands of their respective tribes. But " from the respect they have constantly had for their sachems and chiefs; " and from long usage and custom among- them, the sachem or chief, has " acquired a riglit, founded in tacit consent, a kind of Iciral autliority and " poivcr, to dispose of the lands of his trib3, or subjacls ; and especially =' with the consent of some of his principal subjects, or his counsellors." — '■ Pamphlet Report, p. 21. ■f Called "Waweiieck.'" — Doct. C'j.'aintn. — 3 Coll. J/. Hist. Sac. p. 117- 18.— 2 Mass. Covncil Rcc. p. 13.—" Wcweenocks."— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 401, who cites Charlevoix. — " VVkwenocks," in treaty A. D. 1746.— 9 Coll, J\L Hist. Soc. p. 222-3. t Smith's Hist. p. 18-20. 5 The great epidemic, or phg-uc, was in 1G17. — 1 TIaz. Coll. p. 14S. II [Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 301. Hi Doug. p. 184. Chap, xviii.] of mai.ne. 469 induced by the French, to leave theu' native counlrv, and loin the A. D. 16)6, •' ^ . -^ . lo 1675. settlement commenced at St. Francois and Becancourt in Can- ada.* They were a brave, active, personable people, — faithful in amity ; and when uninfluenced, they disinclined to make war upon the English. They defended their prince and country with much valor, till overcome; and Capt. Francis says, the name of " Wan- neocks" or Wawcnocks signifies very brave — '•'■fearing nothing.'^ According to Cajit. Smith, ' they were active, strong, healthful and 'very witty. The men had a perfect constitution of body, — ' were of comely proportion, and quite athletic. They would * row their canoes faster,' he says, 'with five paddles, than his own ' men could their boats with eight oars. They had no beards, — ' and thought ours counterfeits. Their women, though of lower ^ stature, were fleshy and well-favored — all habited in skins like the ' men.'f The tribe always joined with the Canibas, being an ally, unchanging in war and peace ; and in this character they appear, till their last treaty with the English. The other division of the aboriginal people in Maine, were the Ktkchi:- Etechemixs. They inhabited the country between the rivers ^""''^' Penobscot and St. John, both inclusive. Mention is made of these nativ^es and their country, by several writers. Hermon Moll places upon his map of the English Em- pire in America,! the Etechemins, along the banks and about the heads of the rivers Penobscot and St. John — eastwardly to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and southwardly to the bay of Fundy ; and so he describes their country in his Geography. The char- ter of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander, 1G20, mentions the bay of Fundy as dividing " the Etecheminson the north, from the " Souriquois, or iMickmaks, on the south." John de Laet§ thought the Penobscot to be the celebrated Norumbegua, or Ag- guncia ; and informs us that the Indians who dwelt upon the river were ' a nation of the Etechcmins ;' and Purchas says, Samuel Champlain was present at a great feast, before mentioned, and among the attendants were the Etechemins. The French king, in 1 G3S, commanded M. d'Aulney to confine his command to the * Charlevoix, [."J vol. p. 429-30] says the savag'cs were invited to Becan- court in 1704 ; and have continued there since. f Smith, p. 19, 214. \ Moll's Geog'. p. 236. \ Novus Orbis, p. 52, 55. 470 'I'HE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D 1615, coast of the Etechemins,* probably supposing it to be limited by the bay of Fundy and river St. John. L'Escarbot calls the people of St. Croix, Etechemins ; apprehending they were not limited west- erly by the Penobscot. And Charlevoix says, ' the Abenaques, 'or Canibas, have for their nearest neighbors, the Etechemins, or ' Marechites, about Pentagoet [or Penobscot] and its environs ; ' and more at the east are the Mickmaks, or Souriquois, the ' proper inhabitants of Acadia. f Three tribes There are three tribes of the Etechemins, — 1. the Tarra- Etecheinins ^^'^^^ ' — ^* ^^^® Openangos, OX ^ Quoddy Indians ; — and 3. the Marechites, or Armouchiquois. Tarraiines. ^ * — ^he Tarratincs are particularly mentioned by Smith, Hub- bard, Prince, Gorges and all the modern Historians of this coun- try ; and it is well established, that they were the native inhab- itants of Penobscot,! claiming dominion over the contiguous ter- ritories, from its sources to the sea. Smith, however, has repre- sented the Penobscot mountains (in Camden) as a natural fortress, which separated them from their western borderers, or neighbors. They were a numerous, powerful and warlike people, more hardy and brave than their western enemies,§ whom they often plundered and killed ; and according to Hubbard and Prince, kept the Sagamores, between the Piscataqua and the Mystic, in perpetual fear. After the conquests and glory achieved in their battles with the Bashaba and his allies ; they were not, like their enemies, wasted by disease and famine. They retained their valor, animated by success and strengthened by an early use and supply of firearms, with which they were furnished by the French. II Less disturbed than the western tribes in the enjoy- ment of their possessions, and also more discreet ; they were always reluctant to plunge into hostilities against the English. IT The Tarratincs ever manifested the greatest satisfaction in their intercourse with the French."^* No fortifications upon the * 1 Hutch. Plist. p. 112.— 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 119. t 5 Charlevoix, p. 290-1. I Pvrchas, p. 989, says, " the Tarratine country is 44° 40'." { Gorges, p. 53. II The Tarratines, for instance, cut out a shallop from Dorchester, with five men in it, whom they killed. — Brit. Domin. p. 94. — Prince, p. 46, 112. H In the first Indian war, provision was made for their relief. — 4 Mass. Rec. p. 50, 66. *■" The " French live with them as one nation or family.' — Smith, p, 20. Chap, xviii.] of imaine. 471 peninsula of Majorbiguyduce, or buildings in the vincinity, ex- a. D_^ 1615, cited either fear or jealousy in them ; for no rising plantations of the French threatened them with a loss of their lands or privi- leges. A barter of their furs for gtms, ammunition and trinkets, was managed with a freedom and adroitness which won and secur- ed their attachment. Indeed, no foreigners could vie with French- men ; for their religious creeds and rites, to which the natives vrere superstitiously devoted, their companionable manners, and vola- tile turn, all made the bonds strong and lasting. About the time the treaty of Breda was ratified, A. D. 1667, Haronde ■nr 1^- 1 ir< r^ • i m CaslillC. Mons. V mcent de bt. Castine appeared among the Tarratmes and settled upon the peninsula, since called by his name. Born at Oleron, a province of France, he acquired an early taste for rural scenes, so fully enjoyed by him in the borders of the Pyre- nean mountains, which encompassed the place of his nativity. Besides the advantages of illustrious connexions and noble ex- traction, being by birth and title a baron ; he was endued with good abilities and favored with a competent education and a con- siderable knowledge of military arts, for which he had a partiali- ty. All these obtained for him the appointment of Colonel in the king's body-guards, from which oflice he was transferred to the command of a regiment called the " Carignan Salieres." Afterwards, through the influence of M. de Courcelles, Governor- General of New-France, the Baron and his troops were, about 1665, removed to Quebec. At the close of the war, the regiment was disbanded, and himself discharged from the king's service. Taking umbrage probably at the treatment he received, and ac- tuated by motives, never fully divulged, " he, as la Hontan says, "threw himself upon the savages." To French writers, his conduct was a mystery ; and to the colonists a prodigy. His settled abode was upon the peninsula where d'Aulney had resided, and where he found means to construct a commodious house for trade and habilancy. He was a liberal catholic, though devout and punctilious in his religious observances ; having usu- ally in his train, several Jesuit missionaries devoted to the "holy "cause." He learned to speak with ease the Indian dialect; and supplying himself with firearms, ammunition, blankets, steel traps, baubles and a thousand other things desired by the natives, he made them presents, and opened a valuable trade with them in 472 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1G15, these articles, for which he received furs and pehry in return, at his own prices. He taught the men the use ot the gun, and some arts of war ; and being a man of fascinating address and manners, he attained a complete ascendancy over the whole tribe ; they looking upon him, in the language of one writer, " as " their tutelar god." To chain their attachments by ties not readily broken, in con- nexion with personal gratification, he took four or five Tarratine wives, — one of them the daughter of Madockawando,* Saga- more of the tribe. He lived with them all by changes, at the same time, and had " several daughters and one son, Castine the "younger," who was a man of distinction and of excellent character. Early habits and great success in trade rendered the father contented with his allotments ; he lived in the country about thirty years ; and, as Abbe Reynal says, " conformed himself in all respects to the manners and customs of the natives." To his daughters, whom " he married very handsomely to French- "men," h^ gave liberal portions; having amassed a property " worth three hundred thousand crowns. "j- The Governors of New-England and of Canada, apprized of his influence, wealth and military knowledge, were, for obvious reasons, the courtiers of his friendship and favor. The Tarra- The Tarratines have probably, at different periods, shifted the ges! situation of their principal village. At the mouth of the Ken- duskeag, they had a common resting place, when the white peo- ple first settled in the vicinity — a place to which they were, from habit, strongly attached. Here the mouldering relics of human bodies, also flint spears, stone implements of labor, and Indian paint dust have been accidentally disinterred, after a burial for an unknown .period of time. A league above the mouth of Kenduskeag stream, and near the westerly bank of the Penobscot, are the undoubted appear- ances of an old village, perhaps the ancient "JVg^as:" The * Madocka-ivando died in October, 1698 JJar. Mag. p. 535. f See authorities for article Castine, or " Castecn," Abbe Reynal — 6 Tome, p. 326. — La Honlan, p. 223. — He says Castine " never chang-od iiis " wife," to convince the savages " that God doth not like inconstant " folks."— 9 Coll. Jfass. Hist. Soc. p. 213.— Hutch. Coll. p. 562.— 1 Holmes:' A. Ann. p. 396. Chap, xviii.] of Maine. 473 English call it " Fort Hill.'^ Here are the cavhies of several a. d igi5, cellars, and the remains of two or three broken stone chimnies. t. The site is a flat of elevated ground, with a gradual slope to the ^'"^Re. water, formed by nature, an eligible })lace for a fortification. When it was destroyed, or abandoned, no account, either histor- ical or traditional, gives us entire satisfaction.* According to some reports, it was burned by the Mohawks : but with much more reason, it is supposed to have been laid in ruins by a party of New-England soldiery, about a century past.f It was cer- tainly inhabited, since Europeans have visited the river; for in the tillage of the land, the plough has turned out such things as the utensils of cookery, bullet moulds, pincers, and other articles of hardware, which must have been the workmanship of modern artisans. The plains in the vicinity, according to the statements of the oldest settlers, originally exhibited all the appearances of having been, at some unknown time, the cornfields of the natives. In later years, Indian Old-town'^ has been their village and altogether the place of their greatest resort. Its situation is upon the southerly end of an island in Penobscot river, twelve miles above the mouth of the Kenduskeag, being partially cleared and containing about 350 acres of very rich and mellow land. At the close of the American revolution, the village contained be- tween 40 and 50 wigwams, about equally divided by a street five rods in width, which passed east and west across the Island ; quite compact on each side, and constructed after the old Gothic fashion with the gable ends towards the street. These slender cabins, which have been gradually decreasing in number, are usually built and occupied by a family, including all the descend- ants of a father living, unless some of them choose to construct others for themselves. Through a short avenue southerly from the main street, is their church or chapel, 40 feet by 30 in dimensions, and one story in * See post, A. D. 1692, chap, xxiii.— Also see post, A. D. 1723; and 8 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. 1 " New Series," p. 264. t See post, 2 vol. chap. ii. A. D. 1723. X In September, ISl 6, according to an account taken, there were about 25 wigwams ; again in May, 1823, it was found, there were only 15 or 16, standing; the chapel dilapidated, the porch and bell down, since rebuilt ;~ Perhaps Old-town is the ancient « LtH.^—Penhallow's Indian Wart, A. D. 1710. « the Island of Lett." Vol. I. 47 474 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1615, height, with a porch, a cupola, and a bell. It is covered with 'larrati clapboards and glazed. Fronting the door within, are the desk village. and altar, two large candlesticks, and some other articles of ser- vice, after the catholic forms ; upon the wall behind, are the im- ages of our Blessed Saviour and some of the primitive saints ; and on the right and left of the desk, are seats for the elders ; other- wise, the worshipers male and female, who uniformly convene on the sabbath, and frequently for prayers on other days when a priest is with them, both sit and kneel upon the floor, which is always covered with evergreens. But the present edifice, which has been built since the revolution, is said to be far from com- paring with their former one, either in size or appearance. Northerly of the chapel, 20 rods, is their burying place, in which stands a cross, 15 or 18 feet in height. In its standard post, six feet from the ground, is carved an aperture, 5 inches by 3 in compass and 4 deep, securely covered with glass, enclos- ing an emblematical form of the Virgin Mary with the inlant Im- manuel in her arms. At the head of each grave is placed a cru- cifix of wood, which is about two or three feet high, and very slender ; — a memorial borrowed from the catholics. The Tarratines were neutrals in the war of the revolution ; — in return, Massachusetts protected them, and prohibited all trespasses upon their lands, six miles in width on each side of the Penobscot, from the head of the tide upwards,* She has since at different times, made large purchases of their lands — until they are left the owners only of four townships — a few acres on the east side of the Penobscot opposite to the mouth of the Ken- duskeag, and the Islands between Old-town and Passadumkeag, 28 in number, containing 2,670 acres. f Openansos 2. — Another large tribe of the Etechemins were settled about tribe. "° "^ the waters of the Passamaquoddy-bay and the river Schoodic. They have, perhaps, been called the " Oj)cnangos,t — though without much authority; — more commonly the ^^uoddy tribe. According to the remarks of Champlain, I'Escarbot, and Charle- * 5 Mass. Rec. p. 32. t About 40 acres, in 1820, were under cultivation; and the Indians, that season, raised 410 bushels of corn, and 50 bushels of beans, besides pota- toes. \ Possibly « Onajjounges."-6 Mass. Rec. p. 71. Chap, xviii.] of Maine. 475 voix, they were anciently numerous ;* but neither of them has A. D. ici5, 1 r I ■! 1 1 '° 1673. given us the name ot the tribe ; nor are they so much as men- tioned by d'Laet, Jeffreys, Palairet, or Hubbard. If we may be- lieve Capt. Francis, this is a younger tribe than either of those at Penobscot or St. John. He says it was told him by his fathers, that an Indian of the latter married a Tarratine wife, and settled at Passaraaquoddy and became a tribe. It is certain, this one has immemorially lived on terms of the most friendly inter- course with both the others ; and was never known to take an active part in any transactions separate from them. Indeed, its chiefs are not distinctly mentioned in any treaty, till that of 17G0 ;f nor is the name of a single Sagamore previously living, handed down to us ;J — so much has the tribe mixed with those tribes, and followed their fortune and fate. It cannot be reasonably supposed, that tliis tribe, once so num- erous and still existing, never had a generic and well known name; especially, since it was otherwise with those not larger, in every part of New-England. But no ancient name is mentioned either by Prince, Hutchinson, Belknap, Sullivan, or any other English or American writer. The only author who has given us any clue to it, is Baron la Hontan. Between the years 1683 and 1696, while he was Lord-Lieutenant of the French colony at Placentia, in Newfoundland, he wrote a series of letters, in French, en- titled '' New Voyages to North America." He was an early writer, favorably situated to acquire a knowledge of the natives; and he turned his particular attention to the tribes of these eastern parts. In giving a list of their names, he mentions the Openan- gos,^ with the Canibas^ Sokokis, and others, as belonging to Aca- dia, which he, like other French writers of that age, supposed might extend westward of Casco bay. He also represents the Openangos to be an " erratic" people, often going from Acadia to New-England. II If they were, according to previous facts, the * Champlain, p. 42-44.-2 Cliiirchill's Voyag^cs, p. 797-812.— 1 Charle- voix's N. F. p. 115. t 9 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 218. I Tlicir present chief is Francis Joseph J^eptune — an aged man, of a gentle disposition — entirely satisfied with his allotment. His mother was a Tarratine, Both parents often told their children to pronounce accord- ing to the dialect of their respective tribes. 5 Capt. Francis supposes " Openango" means the same as little sable very cunning. II La Hontan, p. 223, 230.— Mr; Heckewelder (page 107) gives credit to 476 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1613, unchanging allies and associates of the Tarratines ; this shade of character, which he gives them, is correct. Where else, if there Quoddy was a tribe of that name, could it be settled, excepting about the waters and inlets of Passamaquoddy bay ? By what other name, except Etechemins,'^' ever mentioned by any early writer, could they with the least propriety be called ? — It is true, the moderns call them the ^Quoddy Indians, from the name of their bay ; and Gov. Barnard, in his speech to the General Court, A. D. 1764, makes mention of them as belonging " to the nation of the St. "John's Indians." The village of this tribe is most delightfully situated, at a place called " Pleasant Point"f upon the westerly shore of Pas- samaquoddy bay, in the town of Perry, about two leagues abov^e Eastport. Here are 35 or 40 wigwams, a school-house and a chapel, like the one at Old-town, with a cupola and bell. Be- sides the cabins constructed in the Indian form, there are three framed houses, one occupied by the Sagamore's son Soc Basin, an interpreter and also a priest of the catholic order. Attached to sectarian or catholic rites and forms, this tribe and their spirit- ual teacher are superstitious believers in the great expiatory crucifix, amidst the common cemetery of their dead ; also devo- tees to the usage of little crosses standing by the graves of kin- dred, and to the inspiring sanctity of images, the censer of in- cense, the burning tapers, and holy water. But no motives, no persuasives can arouse them from their debasing inactivity. Nei- ther the emoluments of industry, the pleasures of education, nor the wants of life, have power sufficient to kindle in them, a de- sire of becoming a civilized people. They are indigent and de- thc authenticity of la Hontan's History ; but Charlevoix says, " the great- er part of his facts arc clisfj<^urec!." ?iO, the J\i''orlh Amcrimn Review, J\''o. L., Jnmmry, 1S26, p. G7, spoaks of liini as a soldier anJ a skeptic. * Charlevoix, [1 vol. A*. F. p. 206,] says, Pontag'oet :s 45 Icag'nes from St. John. The rivers of ' the Etechemins arc between the two, but nearest ' the latter.' Then he adds, ' that all the country, from Port-Royal to Ken- ' nebeck, arc peopled by what arc at this day called Jlaleciies ;'' and ag'ain, ' between Pentajoet ;md Kennebeck the savng-es are called Arnnichiquois.' It is certain, that all these statements cannot be correct. fin 1701 Massachusults boiig-ht 100 acres, including Pleasant Point, of one Jol;;i Frost ; and on the 4fh of March, 1801, appropriated the most of it, to the use and improvement of the tribe, (ill the further order of the General Court. Chap, xviii.] of Maine. 477 pressed — iheir lands, and with tliein their hunting grounds, are no A.D. IG15, longer in their possession ; — little more remains to them, than their village and their barbarian freedom. 3. — The other tribe of the Etechemin people, are the Mare- Maiechites. chites* — or rather Armouchiquois,\ as their name aj)pears in Purchas and some other authors. They inhabited the great river, called by them the " Ouygondy,"J but by the Europeans, the St. John — possessing one of the most inviting regions for sav- age life in the eastern country. This tribe was numerous and powerful, and in character, according to Ptu'chas, valiant and ingenious. He says, they had attained to some eminence in the arts of " painting, carving, and drawing pictures of men, beasts " and birds, both in stone and wood." In the first Indian war, they were more opposed, than either of the Etechemin tribes to the proposition of taking arms against the English; afterwards they generally acted in concert with their allies, the Tarratines and Openangos, or 'Quoddy tribe. The JMarechites have two places of aeneral resort, or com- „ , • pact collections of wigwams upon the river§ St. John ; — one is ^iHa^e, the village at Meduciic-point, just above the confluence of the main river and Eel stream, six leagues eastward of the eastern monument. Here are 35 or 40 wigwams, a chapel, and the usual residence of an officiating catholic priest. The other, called ' Indian Village,'' is on the east side of the river, 100 miles higher, near the " Little Falls," and opposite to the mouth of Madawaska. It is wholly within this State, — being situated sev- eral leagues westwardly of the line, which divides Maine from the British Provinces. There is an occasional lodgment on the east- ern bank fronting Fredericton ; and it is said, the tribe have had a slight fortification, 50 or 60 miles above the mouth of the river. || The natives, who have been the subject of observation in the preceding pages, are the only tribes, with which our History of Maine has an immediate concern. But in the sketches of Nova Scotia, necessarily interspersed ; it may be expected that * Melecites, Jeffreys, J\Iorse ; IVInrccliites, Pinkerlori's Geog. fThe French name. | 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 149. 5 From the mouth of tlie river St. John to Fredericton, the distance is 62 mites ;— to Mednctic-point 125 miles ;— to the Great Falls 188 miles. 11 Brit. Dom. p. 256. 478 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. iG!5, some account will be eiven of the natives in that ancient Prov- 10 1675. ince. JMickmnks These, according to la Hontan, Sargeant, Pinkerton, and other writers, are collectively called Mickmaks ;* but Purchas, d'Laet, Palairet, Oldmixon, Moll and Barton, have given them the name of Souriquois.-f They inhabited the great peninsula, south of the bay of Fundy, and the neighboring islands, the isthmus, and perhaps the eastern shores to Gaspe. Originally they were a very numerous people, divided into several tribes, with their respec- ^ tive Sagamores. The country, however, between Gaspe, and the region of the Marechites, some have supposed, was once inhab- ited by a nation called the " Mountaineers. ^^^ The Mickmaks were a people quite distinct and different from the Etechemin tribes ; — in stature larger, with coarser features ; in disposition, more cruel and brutish ; in mind, less valiant and less intelligent ; speaking a language so dissimilar, as to render free conversation with each other impracticable. Yet, ' if the ' Mickmak dialect was known in Europe,' said one well acquaint- ed with it, ' seminaries would be erected for the purpose of prop- ' agating it.''^. When the Europeans first visited Newfoundland, they found the natives extremely barbarous, unacquainted with cookery, and bread made of Indian corn, and clad in summer, only in the habiliments of primitive Eden.|| Those on the main, the Mick- maks, were a single grade higher ; who, if not concerned in the first three Indian wars, were extremely hostile and savage in the oth- ers ; — a scourge of uncommon dread — the merciless destroyers ; vi^hom the Provincial rulers found it of the greatest importance to tranquillize or restrain by presents and by treaty. Wild and indolent, " they still wander from place to place in all the abject- "ness of deplorable stupidity." 'Every exertion to improve ' their condition, has diminished their remains of energy, and dis- * " Mickmacks.'' — Manach. f Souriquois is the French name— 5 Charlevoix, p. 291. I There were ccrtainl}- Mountaineers on the northerly side of the gulf of the St. Lawrence ; whose language had an affinity to the Sknffie in the same region. Many, since the arrival of the Europeans, have gone to " the less frequented wilds of Labrador and Canada." — 3 Coll. JI- Hist. Soc. p. 15-33. 5 10 Coll. M. Hist. Soc. p. 115-16. |1 Oldmixon, p. 15.— Moll, p, 256. Chap, xviii.] of Maine. 479 'posed them to expect by alms and begging, what they ought to A.D. I615, ' obtain by common industry.' The catholic priests have, in some degree, checked their propensity to drunkenness ; other- wise all endeavors, to bring them into a civilized state and regular habits, have been productive of evil rather than benefit.* The entire race of Mickmaks have been numerous. It is said, they originally had fifteen chiefs, as many tribes, as many villages, and in 1760, 3,000 souls. f They hate the Etechemins and have little or no intercourse with them. They have noted villages, perhaps Sagamores, at Cape Breton, Mickmak Isle St. Johns, La Heve, Cape Sable, INlinas, Chigncctou, Poic- '^ " tou, and Jediack. They, or the JMountaineers, have several vil- lages upon the bank and branches of the Merimachi, which emp- ties into the bay of that name. One, called " Burnt Church,^'' which is 40 miles from its mouth, exhibits several wigwams, and a chapel 40 feet square, the walls of which are constructed of split^ocks, laid in lime mortar. Here the natives and the French settlers convene and worship, under the pastoral care of a catho- lic priest. Indian Town is situated upon the north-west branch of the same river, sixty miles higher. It is the principal village of a considerable tribe in these eastern parts, represented to be as numerous, at the present time, as the Tarratines. Farther northward is a small village at " Indian Point,'''' above the head of Resiigouche bay, where there is a chapel with a bell, and a framed house, the residence of the priest. It is in the midst of a Scotch settlement, surrounded with a productive soil, some patches of which are cultivated by the natives. They have a Sagamore and receive supplies from an Indian trader among them, who procures his goods from Quebec. Before we close this chapter, it is important to take a general p„p„is,ion view of the native population in IVIaine ; — a subject, through a de- "I'^.^'j!® "^" ficiency of materials, which is of difficult management, both as to perspicuity and correctness Nor can any thing more be ex- pected, than some analogous calculations and probable results. • Lockwood's New-Brunswick, p. 7. t Douglass, in 1 Summ. p. 183, Ihoug-ht the Mickmaks in 1747, " had not more than 350 fig-htin^ men." But J)lr. J\Ianach, a French missionary, well acquainted with them, says there were 3,000 souls in 1760. — 10 Coll. *Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 115: — And 2 Pinkerluns Gcog. p. C28, says, in ISOO there were SCO fighters east cf Halifax. 480 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D^ 1615, The period to which our Statements will relate, commences im- mediately prior to the war of the trihes, A. D. 1615 — 17, which was succeeded by the sweeping epidemic, previously mentioned. Except the tribes in Maine, all the others in New-England before described, have been classed into six clans or nations, — their allies, branches and dependencies included. Their names and the number of men they could bring into battle, according to the accounts of Gookin,* Prince, f Hubbard, J and other early and correct annalists, are thus transmitted to us : — in Con- necticut, the Pequod warriors w^ere 4,000, and the Mohegan, 3,000 ; in Plymouth colony, those of the Pawkunnawkutts, were 3,000 ; in Rhode Island, those of the Narragansetts, were 5,000 ; in Massachusetts, the bowmen belonging to the ancient people called the " Massachuses," were 3,000 ; and in New-Hamp- shire, those of the Penacooks and Pentuckets, were 3,000 ; — in the whole 21,000 warriors. § If we allow three of them to ten souls, agreeably to the fact ascertained in the Powhatan Confed- eracy by actual enumeration, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, j] and other Virginian writers ; the Indian population of New-England exclusive of Maine, would have been 70,000 souls. ^ Some ■** Daniel Gookin removed from Virg-inia to Massachusetts, about 1644, was an Assistant and Major-General, under the colony charter, and a super- intendant " of all the Indian?," and knew more about them than all the other magistrates. lie died in 1687. — ElioCs Biog. Die. p. 220. f Thomas Prince of MiddlcborouQ;!!, was a graduate of Harv. Col. 1707, an ordained minister of Old South Church, Boston, 1718, and annalist of New-England Cbronology to A. D. 1G33. \ William Hubbard was a graduate of Harv. Co!. 1642, minister of Ips- wich, and historian of New-England, A. D. 1682. \ Gookin.— \ Coll. Muss. Hist. Soc. p. 1 11-229.— Prince, p. IIG.—Huhbard^s JV. 7^. p. 449-50. — Ti-timhtill, p. 40, — He thinks there were not more than 20,000 in Connecticut— J/o/. A. An. p. 418. || Jefferson's Notes, Query xi. H This may be thought to be a disproportionate estimate. For the number of able-bodied effective men, between 18 and 45, in the New-England militia, A. D. 1820, when compared with the census, was only as one to teti. Yet many can bear arms before 18 and after 45 years old ; and numbers are exempt who could do militar}- duty. Not half who might bear arms, are in the train bands. So, in dooming taxes [upon towns, the number of ratable polls between 16 and 70, lias been estimated as one to Jive, of all the souls in a town at the preceding census: one to fow would be more correct. Chap, xviii.] ' of bjaiise. 481 suppose it might originally have been nearly equal to that of the a. D. 1615. English, in 1G75.* In estimating the whole number of natives originally in Maine, A view of , , , • • 1 1 MI 1 • . T . •''f' ii il)es in the calculator is un'olved still deeper in conjecture. It is true, Maine that this State contains as many square miles, as the residue of New-England. Its soil is good, its waste grounds few, and its climate healthful. It has also long rivers — a wide seacoast, and was covered with a heavy forest; affording the amplest means of savage Uvelihood and support, and exhibiting when first dis- covered and visited by Europeans, a people overspreading the land. Nevertheless, the rivers, upon which the tribes were set- tled, were too widely separated from each other, to be promo- tive of a dense population ; nor were the soil and climate so con- genial to the propagation of the Aborigines, as in the more south- erly parts of New-England. The few facts, which history contributes, in relation to the tribes in Maine, may reflect some light upon the subject. No people ever defended their native countiy with more valor and obstinacy, than the SoJcoJcif! did theirs, especially in Lovwell's war. sokokis. A number of them, relinquishing the French interest, in 1744, for the ranks of the English at the seigc of Louisbourg, distin- guished themselves among the bravest soldiers. Alterwards, they could muster only about a dozen fighting men ; and before the capture of Quebec, the tribe was extinct. f The Anasaffunticooks. in 1744, had 160 fighters : and when . the war of the revolution commenced, ' about 40 of the tribe 'icfoks. ' made the shores, the ponds, and the Islands of the Androscog- * gin their principal home.' Philip Will, a young Indian of Cape Cod, was taken captive by the French at the age of 14, in the siege of Louisbourg ; and abiding among the natives, became the chief of this tribe. He was an Indian of some education, and many years instrumental in preventing their utter extinction. f * In A. D. 1696, there were in jNew-England about 100,000 whites. — 2 Holmes, p. 31. — Yet in 1676 there were estimated to be in Massachusetts, New-Hampshire and Maine, 150.,0LO.— Hutch. Coll. p. 4S4.— Quere? fMass. Letter Book p. Ill— 15.— 1 Doug-, p. 185. 1 2 Hutch. Hist. p. 26G Sull. p. 263.— Philip Will was brought up in the family of Mr. Crocker, where he was (aug-ht to read and write the English language and to cypher. He was in height 6 feet 3 inches and well proportioned.— »VS. Letter of A. G. Chandler, Esq. Vol.. I. 48 482 A.D. 1615 to 1673. Cauibas. VVawen- ocks. Eiecheminr. THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. None of the Abenaques tribes, however, were more strongly attached to their native soil, than the Canibas. They were bold and brave fighters through all the Indian wars ; in which they sustained probably a greater loss of numbers than any other tribe. Aware of their decline, they deeply lamented their cruel fate ; having, in 1764, only 30 warriors; and, in 1795, six or seven families constituted all their remains.* The Wawenocks never made any figure after their ruinous war with the Tarratines. Their force was then broken, and more than fifteen years, before the French war, in 1753 — 4, they were drawn away by the French, to the river Perante in Canada, where they settled a village which they called by their own name ; and so considerably united wr.s their tribe, as to be able, in 1749, to bring into war about 40 fighting men.f Charlevoix says, ' the ' Indians of the St.- Francois, uniting the Anasagunticooks and ' Wawenocks, were a colony of the Abenaques, removed from 'the eastern parts of New-England, for the sake of French * neighborhood.' The Etechemins, never having been so much wasted by war, disease and dissipation, and always larger than the Abenaques people, are still inhabitants of their native country, humbled, how- ever, in view of their decline and uhimate destiny. Persons well acquainted with them in former years, affirm that in 1756, they could collectively turn out 1,500 fighting men. Their re- maining population in 1820, amounted only to 1,235 souls, that is to say, 390 Tarratines ;J 379 Openangos ;§ and 466 Mare- chites.|| All the preceding circumstances, combined with the wasting wars in which the Abenaques were repeatedly engaged ; the forces of the Etechemins, whereby they were originally able ta keep the western tribes of the Abergineans in fear and awe jIT and their enduring existence by tribes, to the present time, united- ly conduce to the inference, that the ancient population of Maine must have been at least one half of that in the residue of * 17 Mass. Rec. p. 399.— 1 Dong-, p. 185. f 1 Douglass, p. 101. \ That is, among tlicin were S6 liunlcrs ; 91 under (en years, and 36 camps. !)5 Coll. Jlass. Hist. Soc. p. 211. — Fighters incorrectly lupposed to be only 30, in 1764. || Tinkerton's Geog. p. 627. HThc small-pox spread to Piscataqua, A. D. 1633, " when all the Indians except one or two who had it, died." — JFinthrop''s Journal, p. 69. Chap, xviii.] OF MAINE. 483 New-England. For the numbers of the Abenaques warriors A. i). 1615, were probably equal or superior to those of the Narragansetts, ^^j^^j viz. 5,000 ; and the Etechemin warriors, must now have been ="","""' ^■ Iiiilian pop- about 6,000; — in all 11,000.* By allowing, then, three of "la''"" in . Maine. them to ten souls, as in the Powhatan confederacy, the original population of Maine, A. D. 1615, must have been 36 or 37,000 ; —an estimation probably not very wide of the truth. f * The Abenaques estimated thus — Sokokis ... 900 warriors Anasag'unticooks - - 1,S00 " Canibas ... 1,500 Wawenocks ... 1,100 5,000 Etechemins thus — Tarratines • - 2,400 Openangos - . - 1,400 Marechites - - 2,200 6,000 Total 11,000. But one account, (9 Coll. Mass. Hisl. p. 234,) supposes the eastern Indians from Massachusetts to Canso, in 1690, only 4,310 souls ; — an estimate man- ifestly too low. I Also there were Indians at An^amenticus, Casco, and Macbiaa. 484 'i'Ht^ HisTORV [Vol. i. CHAPTER XIX. The persons of tlienativcs — Their senses — Their dress — Character—' Dispositions — Habits — Wigicams — Food — Society — Females — Marriages — Religion and Superstition — Christianity among them — Their Government — The Bashaba — Sagamores and Sachems — Ceremonies of inducting the Tarratine Chiefs into office — Coales- cence of the tribes — Six Indian IVars and Treaties — Crimes and Punishments — Susup's Cafc — The Employments oj the Indians — Hunting — Fishing — 7 heir Canoes — Weapons — Wars — Pris- oners — Their Wampam — Their Feasts — An Entertainment — Their Amusements — Planners and Customs — Arts — Slusic — Med- ical Knowledge — Dishes of Food — Language. A D 1615 ^^ ^^■'^ subsequent consideration of the natives, their appear- laieib. ance, character, regulations, habits, language, and other peculiar- ities, our observations v.'ill be confined, in general, to the Abena- ques and tlie Etechemins, with occasional allusions to the Mick- maks. „ , The Indian is easily distinsruishable from the inhabitant of Penons of jo iiie Indians, every other country. His stature is above a middling size, his body strong and straight, and his features regular and prominent. But his broad face, black sparkling eyes, bright olive complex- ion, ivory-white teeth, black hair, long and lank, often give to his countenance an appearance, wild, fierce and morose. A deformed, cross-eyed person, or dwarf, is not found among them ; nor are any of the men corpulent. In walking, both sexes incline their feet inwards, by means of a discipline during infancy, enabling them more conveniently to traverse the woods. By reason of an unction, with which they anoint their bodies, to avoid the trouble of flies and vermin, or owing to some other cause, the beards up- on the men in general have no considerable growth.'^' Tiirir With senses acute and perceptions quick and clear, the Indian «e»isus. jg ^ij gyeg^ all ears, and all observation ; — nothing escapes his notice. None are blind, deaf, or dumb ; and his impressions of * Smithy in his TJinlniy, p. 17, sa\s tliey had no beards : — But several of the Tarratinss have told in'?, thf.)' pul! out their hsards when voting-. Chap, xix.] of Maine. 485 men or places, are coeval with life. He will travel unfrequented a.d. I6i5, . . . . 'o 1675. forests without compass or mistake. The Mickmaks, in their wars with the Esquimaux, have been known to cross, in their slender canoes, the gulf of St. Lawrence, 40 leagues over.* The savage state promotes bodily exercise, inures to hardships, jf^Ia^ii,, and preserves from the maladies incident to civilized life. Few are sickly or feeble. JNIany live to a great age, possessing tlieir energies and faculties to the last. Orono, Sagamore of the Tar- ratines, who died, A. D. 1801, lived to the advanced age of 113 years ; and his wife at the time of her death, the preceding year, was aged 100, The dress and ornaments of the males and females are a cu- Their dress riosity. With a taste for bright or lively colors, their clothes are"" gay, often changed in kind, never in fashion. When our shores were first visited by de Monts, Gosnold, Smith, and others ; the natives were clad in skins, without the fur in summer and with it in winter. Some wore mantles of deer-skins, embroidered with chains of beads, and variously painted ; and those of others were curiously inwrought and woven Avith threads and feathers, in a manner exhibiting only the plumage. The poorer sort appeared with nothing more than hard skins about their loins and shoulders ; and a few, in the warm seasons, wore little else than the robe of nature. f In their present fashions, or forms, they wear a woollen cap, or bonnet, cut diagonally and made of a conic shape, enclosing the ears and terminating behind upon the neck. Next to the skin, both sexes wear a cotton or a linen under-shirt, extending down the third of an ell over the short drawers of the one, and the narrow petticoat of the other — severally begirt about the loins. The coats of the men, sewed at the folds, or sides, are lapped over in front and kept together by a belt, without any buttons, and reach below the knee ; and the tunic, or vest of the women is pinned before, also their petticoat, though very narrow, falls some lower. The stockings they both wear, are never knit, but usually made of blue cloth, sewed with selvedges on the outer sides, and extend over the knee. Though shoes can be con- * Jeffreys, p. 94. t Oldrnixon, p. 15,23,24. — H. Trumbull's Indian Wars, p. 91. — Indian Wars, (anon.) p. 229. men is. 486 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.D. 1615, veniently obtained, they prefer moccasins, and usually wear them. None of the females ever cut a hair from their heads, but club or cue the whole ; whereas the males shave off all, except a single lock about the crown,* ' that it may not be starved,' to use their own language, ' by the growth of the rest.'f Thrir orna- The uativcs are excessively fond of ornaments, plumes, and finery ; as if gaudy brightness and beauty could vie for the palm with genuine taste and refinement. Whatever glitters, captivates. Both sexes, especially the females, adorn their fingers with gold rings ; their necks with wampam or silver collars ; their arms with clasps ; their bosoms with brooches, or pendants; their ears with jewels — all of the brightest silver. Among the more wealthy, the men, when appearing in their best, wear long sashes and the ivomen broad scarfs over their shoulders, covered with brooches of the same precious metal ; and some have tinsel or silver hat- bands : — For many of both sexes now wear men's hats instead of the ancient caps. The maidens in their fondness for brilliant colors, and for ribbons and plumes which are gay, discover a wild unripe taste; though by some, the English daughters of fashion * 2 Belk. Biog-. p. 102. f Present Slate nf Jfova Scotia, p. 50. — John de Laet says, ' four leagues north from Kenncbeck, following' the direction of the coast, there is a bay containing- in its bosom a large number of Islands, and near its entrance, one of them is called by the French navigators, the Island of Bacchus, from the great abundance of vines found growing- there. The barbarians that inhabit here, are in some respects unlike the other aborigines of New- France — differing somewhat from them both in language and manners. They shave their heads from the forehead to the crown ; but suffer their hair to grow on the back side, confining it in knots and interweaving feath- ers of various plumage. They paint their faces red or black ; are well formed; and arm themselves with spears, clubs, bows and arrows, which, for want of iron, the}' point with the tail of a crustaceous creature called signoc. They cultivate the soil in a different manner from the savages, that live east of them; planting maize [Indian corn] and beans together; so that the stalks of the former, answer tiie purpose of poles for the vines to run upon. Their fields are enclosed. They plant in May, and harvest in September. Walnut frees grow here, but inferior to ours. Vines are abundant ; and it is said by the French, that the grapes gathered in July, make good wine. The natives, also, raise pumpkins and tobacco. They have permanent places of abode ; their cabins are covered with oak bark, and are defended by palisadoes.' — 2 Lib. de Laet, chap, 19. — Nevus Ob- Chap, xix.] of Maine. 4S7 are the enviable patterns of their imitation.* When Aitteon and a. d. igi5, . 10 1G75. Neptune were inaugurated chiefs, the Tarratine females were attired in their best, wearing rich silks, tinsel fillets and all their ornaments — seldom, if ever appearing better dressed. The military appearance of the men is both singular and war- i\i.iiinry ap- like. On ihcir breasts, they wear glittering medals of copper or''^ silver ; in their ears and sometimes their noses, pendant jewels ; and about their heads, turbans of waving feathers. Vv'itli red pigment, they paint their taces, in a variety of ways, which make their appearance, according to design, truly terrific. All our Indians have a peculiar cast of character. Among Tiipir thar- themselves, every right and possession is safe. No locks, no "^ bars are necessary to guard them. In trade they are fair and honest ;f astonished at the crimes which while men commit, to accumulate property. Their lips utter no falsehoods to each other, and the injuries done an individual, they make a common cause of resentment. Such is an Indian's hospitality, that if an unarmed stranger comes among them and asks protection, he is sure to find it. If cold, he is warmed ; if naked, cloilied ; if hungry, fed with the best the camp aftbrds. They are faithful and ardent in friendship, and grateful for favors, which are never obliterated from their memories. Ordinarily possessing great patience and equanimity of mind, the men bear misfortunes with perfect composure, giving proofs of cheerfulness amidst the most untoward incidents. With a glow of ardor for each other's wel- fare, and tlie good of their country ; all offer voluntary services to the public ; all burn with the sacred flame of patriotism ; and all most heartily celebrate the heroic deeds of their ancestors. The point of honor is every thing in their view. Sensibility in their hearts is a spark which instantly kindles. An injury, a taunt, or even a neglect, will arouse all the resentments of their untutored minds, and urge them on to acts of fatal revenge. An Indian is a being, grave and taciturn. He seldom laughs ; he * " ri! shape like theirs my simple dress, " And bind like liicm each jetty tress, " And for my dusky brow will braid " A bonnet like an English maid. — English Mary. ■j- But they are bad pa3-masters: — being- rcg-ardless of (lieir promises. Alanv who have trusted them, have sustained total losses of their debts. 488 THE HISTORY [VoL. T. A. D. 1615, rather prefers to hear, than to talk: and when he speaks, it is to 1675. r J always to the purpose. But his darker shades of character are many. He is always strongly inclined to be idle. In peace he has no great stimulus to exertion, for wealth, learning and office are not motives of his ambition ; and in war or revenge the agitations subside, when the crisis is past. Bred, like the animals of the woods, unused to parental restraints, and trained to privations from their childhood, they affect never to dread suffering, never exquisitely to feel an- guish — never to have sympathies for the meekest tortured enemy. Their (lis- .Jealousy, revenge and cruelty, are attributes of mind, which truly belong to them. If they always remember a favor, they never forget an injury. To suspect the worst — to retaliate evil for evil — to torture a fallen captive — to keep no faith with an enemy — and never to forgive, seem to be maxims, the correctness of v;hich, according to their ethics, admits of no question. To them, so sweet in thought, and so glorious in fact, is successful revenge ; that they will go through danger and hardships to the end of life, for the sake of effecting their purpose. No arts, no plans, no means, are left unessayed to beat or kill the object they hate. To cite two or three instances. A butcher, accidentally meeting a Tarratine Indian was beat by him unmercifully, because at some previous period, he had, as the savage said, sold him tainted meat. John Neptune, in consequence of a supposed in- jury done some of his tribe, threatened the wrong-doer at Old- town from day to day, with certain death. Another man durst not be alone long in one place, through fear of being murdered by several Tarratines, who haunted and pursued him to avenge a suspected injury.* Wrongs 1" agreement with the defenders of the natives, however, it jiai'ivi'" '"^^ m'.st be acknowledged, that Weymouth, Harlow, Smith, the mas- ter of Popham's ship, and perhaps othersf were aggressors, in kidnapping several of them from their shores ; that they were deprived of their lands and privileges by the encroaching settlers ; and that many impositions were practised upon them in barter * The natives hated jVcgroes, and g-enerally would kill them as soon as they were taken captive. t Ante, A D. 1(505—11— 14.— Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 28C.— Smith, p. 18-20.— Priiico, p. G3, !0. Chap, xix.] of xMaine. 489 and bargains. But, this was exclusively attributable to individ- a. d. 1C15, uals ; most or all of the lands occupied by the planters, being claimed under purchases of the Sagamores, all kidnapping of the natives being universally censured, and the [prisoners gener- ally returned or set free. Nor could the ravages^, of the small- pox,* nor yet those of ardent spirits among them, be sins laid to the charge of the English as a community — they never having made any use of these scourges of mankind to exterminate the natives. On the contrary, they have, when ready to perish, a thousand times, received of the settlers, provisions, clothing, fire- arms, edgetools and other articles of necessity and convenience. Passions inflamed by trifles, often become settled malice and Their cm revenge, and render their wars bloody and cruel. Old men, ^'"*^^" women and children, though too feeble to use a weapon, were sometimes barbarously dispatched ; and the Indians generally abused or neglected their captives. If a child cried, or an adult sunk under his burden, instant death was commonly their portion. How many houses of the unoflending inhabitants have been re- duced to ashes ? how many hundreds slain, or sold into Canadian slavery ? Nay, if the Indian's malignity was not satanical to a fearful degree, why did he wreak his vengeance on slender fe- males or sickly infants ? why revengefully hunt for the precious life, when the war had ceased .-' Their inordinate thirst for ardent spirits has been attributed to ^, . , . their perpetual traverse of the woods, and their constant use of ''"■ "'"''eni m • spirits. fresh water and unsalted meat. They will take strong liquor un- mixed, till they can swallow no more. They are then to a fright- ful degree, violent and mischievous. Their firearms and knives, must then be taken from them, to prevent murder. Their manner of livins; is meagre and uncomfortable. The . . Thfiirman- best wigwams in their villages, are constructed, one story in height, ner of living, from 20 to 40 feet in length, and two thirds the same in width, warns. " The plates are supported bycrotched posts thrust into the ground. The'sides and roofs, were formerly thatched with bark ; — now sometimes covered with rough boards and battened. They are without glass windows, and without doors ; the entrance into * The natives considered the smallpox the greatest evil that ever befell mankind. — Pres. State of JVova Scotia, p. 45, 60. Vol. I. 49 490 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1615, them being through a narrow opening, which is closed by a hanging rug, like a curtain, to keep out cold and rain. Within, are platforms on each side next to the walls, or layers of boughs upon the ground. Here men, women and children, sit in a man- ner not unlike a tailor on his shopboard ; here they eat, with the victuals in their fingers ; here they sleep, with no other bedding than a bear skin underneath, and a few blankets over them. In the area between the platforms, the fire is built, without fire-place, chimney or hearth ; an aperture being left open for the smoke to escape through the roof. Four families are frequently tenants of a single wigwam. Yet, they have nothing like a chair, a mova- ble stool, or table ; all the furniture in these miserable cabins, consisting of a few wooden and iron vessels, knives and baskets. The movable wigwams are of a conic form, constructed with slender poles, making angles of fifty or sixty degrees at the ground, converging to a point at the vertex, and inclosing a circular area of 12 or 15 feet in diameter. They are without floor, chimney or window. The inside ground is spread with boughs ; and the outside is thatched with bark. They have no regular meals, ex- cept in the evening ; — they take their repast when they have an appetite. Their victuals are indifferent, changing with the sea- sons. No creature they take is unfit for food. In the winter it is flesh ; in the spring, fish ; in the summer and autumn, green corn, maize, and vegetables. But they did not know how to make their maize into bread, till the Europeans came among them.* They smoke and broil their meats; they roast their groundnuts in the ashes ; and with the sap of the sugar maple, boiled to molasses, they sweeten their cakes. They pounded their corn in stone mortars, and made the water boil in wooden troughs, by means of stones heated in the fire. The Indians are far from any thing like cleanliness, either in their persons or their huts. Their faces, hands, clothes, vessels, never know what it is to be washed ; and their dark and dirty abodes are equally offensive to the eye and the nose. Serial liie Socicty, which commenced with the primitive pair, is one of the strongest propensities of human nature. This is even mani- fest in savage life. All the members of a family, are united by ♦Oldmixon, p. 15, 23.— H. Trumbull'* Indian Wars, p. 91. Chap, xix.] of Maine. 491 the strongest attachments, and the individuals of a tribe are hoi- A. D. 16I6, , . . . « «o 1675. den together by similar ties. If the women were in truth as cleanly, as by nature comely, some of them might be called secondary beauties. The maids are modest and retiring ; and all the better sort prefer to barter their baskets and other articles, with the females only, of the En- glish. The continency of wives is seldom violated ; — all conver- sation between one and an Englishman, in presence of her " san- up," or husband, is quickly chided by him, whose command is, * talk to me ;' — an usage which renders females reserved. Con- stitutional foes, as they are to contention ; their peculiar charac- teristic is that of peacemakers. As manual labor, in an Indian's view, is mean drudgery, it is performed by the other sex. To the mother and daughters, is assigned the whole business of agri- culture. They plant and hoe the corn ; secure the harvest ; take care of the fish and game, and do the cookery. But when the repast is prepared, the wife and children wait till the husband or father has finished his meal. The female savage seldom if ever intoxicates ; and in fact, she sustains a much better general char- acter than the man. Among the Etechemins, marriages are negotiated by the fa- thers and solemnized, in modern times, by a catholic priest. Capt. Francis says, 'if an Indian is charmed with a squaw, he * tells his parents, and they talk with her's ; and if all are pleas- *€d, he sends her a string of wampam, perhaps 1,000 beads, ' and presents her with a wedding suit. All meet at the wigwam * of her parents ; the young couple sit together till married ; they * and the guests then feast and dance all that night and the next ; ' and then the married pair retire.' — Early wedlock is encour- aged, and a couple, in a fit of matrimonial union, will, for the purpose of finding a priest, traverse the woods to Canada. In later times, polygamyf is not known among them ; and divorces, which are never very frequent, are by mutual consent. A sanup has unlimited control over his wife, having been known to take her life with impunity. A case of the kind oc- * 1 Coll. JI. Hist. Soc. p. 254. — Some of the English who have lived with the Indians, were unwilling to leave them. t Capt. Francis says, before the white people came here, sometimei " lu" diani have four wives." Relis 492 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. n. 1615, curred in 1775, when one in a paroxysm of rage, slew his squaw and hid her body under the ice of the Penobscot, without being, according to report, so much as questioned for his conduct. Children, who are strangers to the restraints and instructions of parents, leave them when able to procure a living for them- selves. The character of a community, formed of such materi- als, is readily anticipated : — It cannot be otherwise than bad. The religious notions of the natives are rude and full of su- perstition. They believe in a Great Spirit, whom the Abenaques called Tanto or Tantum, and the Etechemins Sazoos ; — also in the immortality of the soul, — and in a paradise far in the west, where He dwells, and where all good men go when they die. To the wicked they suppose He will say, when they knock at the heavenly gates, ' go wander in endless misery, — you never shall live here.' For plenty, victory, or any other great good, they celebrated feasts with songs and dances, to His praise. They had strong faith in an evil spirit, whose satanic Majesty they called " Mojahondo ;" — supposing he possessed the attributes, in general revealed of that being, in the Scriptures. They believ- ed also in tutelar spirits, or good angels, whom they denominated Manniton ; and they entertained great veneration for their Poxv- ows.^ These, uniting in one person the two offices of priest and physician, were supposed to possess almost miraculous powers. By invocations uttered in an unknown tongue — by preternatural charms — by leaping and dancing through the fire — and by .strange orisons ; — they pretended to have converse with occult oracles and demons, and to receive ambiguous responses like the Greeks of Delphos.f The Indians told a traditional story, that the Great Spirit creat- ed one man and one woman ; and from them proceeded all man- kind. J But, before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives had no knowledge of the Sabbath, nor had they any religious meet- ings. ' All days,' Capt. Francis says, 'were alike to them.' They believed in dreams, and sometimes commemorated them by feasts."§. No people are more superstitious. They re- garded an old tree in Nova Scotia whh pious veneration, and loaded it with offerings. They thought it the residence of some * Indian Wars, (anonymous) p. 299. f Oldmixon, p. 15.— H. Moll, p. 256. J Purchas, p. 333—939. \ Jeffreys, p. 81—94 Chap, xix.] of Maine. 493 great or good spirit. After its roots were laid open by the sea, a. d. igi5, they continued to venerate it so long as a branch remained. Their dead were generally buried in a sitting posture. In Burials. Pittston, upon the Kennebeck, are two old burying grounds, where skeletons are found in a posture half erect, the head bending over the feet. Relics of human bodies have been discovered in a tumulus near Ossipee pond, which were originally buried with the face downward. In dicse two places, and in others upon the Kenduskeag, and elsewhere, there have been discovered instru- ments, paints and ornaments interred, — the requisites to help the departed spirits to the " country of souls." The modern manner of burials is borrowed from the catholics. The corpse, enclosed in a rough coffin, is followed by an irregular procession to the burying ground ; and when interred, a little wooden cruci- fix is placed at the head of the grave, which is sprinkled with consecrated water, and perfumed with flowers or herbs. If a Tar- ratine dies abroad, he must, if possible, be borne to Old-town and buried in the common grave-yard. The female lamentations for the dead are great and sometimes excessive. The deadi of a young child, swept away from the arms of its mother, as the two lay sleeping in a summer's day, between high and low water mark upon the Penobscot beach, affords a striking instance of savage grief. She burst into loud and excessive lamentations ; and mingled her cries with inarticu- late jabber ; — an hour scarcely closing this scene of shrieking and tears. Christianity was early introduced and subsequently taught, Christianity, among the Abenaques and Etechemin tribes by the catholic missionaries, such as Biard, Masse,* Dreuillettes,f the two Bigots, Ralie,J and others. They effected great changes in the views and practices of the natives. The Powows lost their influence and came to an utter end. Superstitious rites and rituals, blend- ed with endeavors to inculcate and deepen the moral sense, and to encourage religious worship, becoming established, are still * A. D. 160S, at Mount Desert. tThc Capuchin priests had a trading house and religious chapel at Pen- tagoet in 1646. — 1 Charlevoix, p. 435. I A. D. 16S9, at ISorridgewock.— See Jeffreys, 103.— 1 Hoi. A. Ann. 344. —7 Coll. JIass. Hist. Soc. p. 245-50. 2d series.—Vincent Bigot, was at Pe- nobscot in 1688 ; and Jaques Bigot, was at Kennebeck in 1699. 494 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A.n 1613, extant amona; the remnants of the tribes. But neither their to 1G7.5. , ... . , . morals, manners, prmciples or virtues, nor yet their customs, sen- timents or taste, have undergone any very extensive or real im- provements. In all these, the Indians are natives still, without any essential change. Govern- ment. Among these eastern tribes, there was a great similarity of government. It was of the simplest form, which possesses the powers of restraint and coercion. Such were their exalted ideas of liberty, that they had no word by which to express our meaning of subject ; and the character of a master formed in their view, some attribute of a demon. In society, where filial obedience is unknown, political subordination can never be great. Here was civil freedom and an equality of rights, though not of rank. The greatest aboriginal monarch of the east was entitled ' the Bashaha,^ previously mentioned, whose residence was with the Wawenock tribe. Besides his immediate dominions, extending probably from St. Georges to Kennebeck, the tribes westward to Agamenticus, and even farther, acknowledged him to be their paramount lord. His overthrow, in 1615 or 16, terminated the royal line and rank.* Sa'^amore. -^^ ^^^ head of every tribe was a Sagamore,\ or chief magis- .Sachcm. trate, whose councillors, or wise men, were denominated Sachems, — in modern times, captains. He and they knew their influence and felt their importance. In council they directed war and peace ; they had the oversight of the public dominions ; and with very (qw established rules, they, according to discretion, appoint- ed the punishments of offenders. The government was patriar- chal. The Sagamore, possessing superiority of rank and power, always presided when present ; and next to him, was a sachem of secondary grade and influence. On great occasions, all the prin- cipal men of the tribe were convened and consulted. These as- semblies, from which females were uniformly excluded, were con- ducted with the greatest order ; the old men spake first and were especially regarded and venerated, for their wisdom and experi- * I Belk. Biog. p. 351 — 355. — He had many under him. The Saco " is the westernmost river of the dominions of Bashebez." — Purchas^ Pilgrims, 10 Book, chap. 6. t Sounded by the Indians, «' Sunk-a-muh," — ' Sagamore" and " Sachem." — See Statement of Kennebeck Claims, p. 21. I Chap, xix.] of Maine. 495 ence ; and all their debates and discussions were managed with the a. D_ iGis, greatest decorum and secrecy also, when the occasion required it. The office of a Sagamore continues during life. When he dies, the tribe manifest a strong predilection to have his son, or some near relation, succeed him. In these designations, or selections, party spirit often runs high ; the aspirants and their supporters exhibiting all the violence of the competition, manifested in civiliz- ed communities. The three Etechemin tribes have, severally and immemorially, selected their Sagamores and Sachems, or subordinate officers, in form of a general election.* But the candidate, when chosen, is not inducted into office, without the presence and assistance of a delegation fi-om each of the other tribes. This was the case when Francis Joseph Neptime, at Passamaquoddy, and John Ait- teon, at Penobscot, were made chiefs of their respective tribes ; and the most intelligent credible Indians agree in saying, that such is the practice among the Marechites, and has always been the usage among all three of the tribes. The ceremonies of a single induction, whereof the writer was an eyewitness, are worthy of a particular statement. The parties in the Tarratine tribe were so sanguine and violent -p^^,.. after they lost their chief, that they could not for manv months '■,''^'^^,'"' •^ ' -^ - dueled nil agree upon a successor. Perplexed with the long controversy *>* and deeply concerned in effecting an union, the catholic priest interposed his influence ; when they were induced to leave the rival candidates, and select John Aitieon, a reputed descendant of Baron de Castine, by an Indian wife. On the 19th of September, 181G, at Old-town village. Saga- more Aitteon, John JVeptune, next in grade and command, and two captains were inducted into office, with the customary cere- monies. To assist in these, the chiefs and 1 5 or 20 other princi- pal men from each of the tribes at St. John's river and at Passa- maquoddy, had previously arrived, appearing in neat and becom- ing dresses, all in the Indian fashion. Early in the forenoon, the men of the Tarratine tribe, conven- ing in the great wigwam, called the camp, seated themselves on * They are in modern limes called Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Captains, — names borroivcd from the English. line 496 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D 1615, the side platform according to seniority, Aitteon, Neptune, and the select captains at the head, near the door ; the former two Iiidiaii '■ chiefs in- beins; clad in coats of scarlet broadcloth and decorated with silver dueled into ^ office. brooches, collars, arm-clasps, jewels, and other ornaments. Upon a spread before them, of blue cloth, an ell square, were exhibited four silver medals ; three of which were circular and twice the size of a dollar, the other was larger, in the form of a crescent. All these were emblematically inscribed with curious devices, and suspended by parti-colored ribbons, a yard in length, with ends tied. Aware of gentlemen's wishes to be spectators of the ceremonials, they directed the Indian, acting the part of marshal, to invite them into the camp. The admission of the female vis- itants was also requested ; but he replied, as directed by the chiefs, — ' never our squaws, nor yours, set ivith us in council.^ The spectators being seated below the tribe, upon the platform, or benches, covered with blankets ; the Marechite delegation, preceded by their chief, entered the camp in true Indian file, and sat down, according to individual rank, directly before the Tarra- tines. These now uncovered their heads and laid aside their caps and hats, till the ceremonies were closed. Four belts of wampam, brought into the camp by a stately Marechue, were unfolded and placed in the area upon a piece of broadcloth, which enclosed them ; when his Sagamore, presently rising, took and held one of them in his hands, and addressed Aitteon, from five to ten minutes, in a courtly speech of pure ver- nacular, laying the belt at his feet. Three others in rotation, and next in rank, of the same tribe, addressed, in a similar manner, the Tarratine candidates of comparative grade ; — all which were tokens of unchanging friendship and sanctions of perpetual union. The Sagamore, then taking the medal nearest Aitteon, addressed him and his tribe in another speech of the same length as the former ; in the course of which he came three or four times to momentary pauses, when the Tarratines collectively uttered deep guttural sounds, like " aye." These were evident expressions of their assent to have Aitteon, Neptune, Francis, and the other, their first and second Sagamores, and two senior captains. The speaker, closing his remarks, advanced and placed the suspended medal, as the badge of investiture, about Aitteon's neck, — the act by which he was formally Inducted into office and constituted Chap. xix.J of MAINE, 497 Sagamore for life. Neptune and the two captains, in their turns, A.D. IG15, after being; shortly addressed by the other Marcchite actors, were " ^ _ _ _ ' Jfiflian invested by them with the ensigns of office in the same wa^'. chiefs in- T-v • 1 ■ 1 1/-^ 1 1 T T ducted into Durmg these ceremonies, the 'Quoddy Indians without, stood office, around a standard, twenty feet in height, to and from the top of which, they alternately hoisted and lowered a flag, as each Tarra- tine was inducted into office ; at the same time and afterwards, firing salutes from a well-loaded swivel, near the same place. Mr. Romaigne, the catholic priest, attired in a white robe and long scarf, having seated himself among the Tarratines, before the ceremonies were commenced, now rising, read appropriate passages from the Scriptures in Latin, and expounded them in the Indian dialect ; and next a psalm, which he and the Marechites chaunted with considerable harmony. In the midst of the sa- cred song, the whole of them moved slowly out of the camp, preceded by the priest, leaving the Tarratines seated ; and form- ing a circle in union with the 'Quoddy Indians, stood and sang devoutly several minutes, and closed with a " Te Deum." The priest then departed to his house ; and the Indians enter- ing the camp, took their seats — the 'Quoddy Indians in a lower place, abreast the sitting spectators, when they commenced their tangible salutations. In this form of civility, each of the two delegations rising in turn, literally embraced, cheek and lips, the four new-made officers, and shook heartily by the hand, all the others of the tribe. The gentlemen, at the marshal's request, now withdrew ; — to be spectators only about the doors and apertures ; when the Tarratine females, clad in their best dresses and fancifully orna- mented, joined for the first time, the Indian assemblage, and the whole formed an elliptical circle for dances. In close Indian file they moved forward in successive order, with a kind of double shuffle, to their lormer places, animated by the music of a light beat upon a drum, in the midst of the circus, with the ac- companiment of a vocal tune.* The female dancers then retir- ed ; the Indians took their seats ; and the spectators were re-ad- mitted. To close the ceremonies, four chief men of the Marechites * Formerly their chief instruments were rattles, made of small gourds and pumpkin shells. — Smith, p. 32. Vol. I 50 498 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1615, severally rose in succession and sang short songs, somewhat en- j ,. ' tertaining, which were duly responded by others from the new- ciiiefsin- made officers ; throiidiout which, the whole assemblage uttered, dueled into JO ^ o ? office. at almost every breath, a low-toned emphatic guttural sound, not unlike a hickup — the singular way by which they expressed their plaudits and pleasures. More than three hours were consumed in these ceremonies ; which were succeeded by a feast already preparing. Two fat oxen, slaughtered and severed into pieces, were roasting ; rice, beans, and garden vegetables were boiling; and bread-loaves and crackers were abundant. If the cookery, neatness and order, were unworthy of modern imitation; the defects were counter- balanced by the hearty invitations and welcomes, with which all the visitants equally with the natives, were urged to become par- takers, both of the repast and of the festive scenes. The regu- larities of the day relaxed to rude dances and wild sports in the evening, which were by no means free from extravagance and excess. Confedera- These circumstances are evincive of the cordial fraternity and Ttivcs'''* political union of these three tribes. Never have they been known on any emergency, to act otherwise than in concert. Nor have we any accounts, that either of the Abenaques tribes ever took arms against the others. It is certain, the ties of their at- tachment were uniformly strong ; and in every movement, there was great unanimity. Among the Mickmak Sagamores we find, likewise, an ardent coalescence ; there being no traditional report of their making war at any time upon each other. But no con- federacy or union existed between any two of the three great Aberginean, Abenaques, and Etechemin people mentioned, until Philip's war, when a common interest softened their asperities towards one another, and urged them into a general warfare against the colonists, intercours ^Lu-ing fifty years, the planters and traders in Maine, had of iheci.io- great intercourse with the natives, undisturbed b}' any open rup- nisis and i,t . . . natives. ture. When they commenced hostilities, they were full of re- venge and greedy of spoils. No presents, no treaties, no other expedient could, for any length of time, bind them in the bonds of peace. Tlieir jealousies and antipathies towards the English were habitual ; and when it was too late, they had a fearful vision of ultimate exile or utter extinction. Within a period of eighty- Chap. xix.J of MAINE. 499 five years, between the war of Philip, A. D. 1675, and the cap- a.d. i616, _, . . . 10 1675. ture of Quebec, the inhabitants of Maine have been extreme sufferers in six Indian wars ;* — some of which were lonjr and all '^'^ ''"''a" of them bloody. The 1st, lasted three years ; the 2d, nine and treaties. a half; the 3d, ten; the 4th, three and a half; the 5th, Jour^ and the 6th, ^ye years. The number of treaties have been much greater; our political relations with the tribes, till they became extinct or peaceable, being always of considerable importance. All acts and proceedin2;s of the natives are regulated by a f^aws and r • • rri 1 regulation*. present sense of fitness, and immediate benefit. They have no written constitution, no code of laws, no judicial process, no per- manent documents. The fires of avarice and ambition, — the passions for riches and influence, which are the great disturbers of the civilized world, lie comparatively dormant in the savage breast. The Indians are a very peculiar race. Their territories are holden by the tribe in common ; individuals are willing stran- gers to an extended commerce and to accumulated wealth ; and therefore, no regulations are needed among them, except what are made for the purpose of preventing and punishing personal injuries. Their laws of course consist of a few immemorial usages and plain maxims, — manifestly the mere dictates of natural reason. Checks and restraints must be given to the malignant passions ; otherwise no ligaments are strong enough to bind firmly * The wars and principal treaties with the eastern tribes : — MiJg'g:'8 treaty, Nov. 6, 1676.— 2 JVefl/'s JV. E. p. 403-5. 1. King Philip''s war, from June 24, 1675, to the treaty of Casco, April 12, 1678.— Mass. /?ec.— Treaty of Portsmouth, Sept. 8, 16S5.— Belknap's jN". H. p. 34S. 2. King JPllliam's war, (rom August 13, 16S8, to the treaty of Mare- point, Brunswick, January 7, 1699 2 Math, Magnal. p. 556-7. — Treaty of Pemaquid, Aug'ust 11, 1693. — 2 JIath. Mag. p. 542-3, entire. 3. Queen Anne''s war, from August, 1703, to the treaty of Portsmouth, July 11, 1113.— Penhallow's Indian Wars.— I Coll. JV, H. Hist. Soc. p, 83-6. 4. LovweWs war, (rom June 13, 1722, to Dummer's celebrated treaty, Dec. 15, 1725. — Sccrdary''s Office, Boston, — entire. 5. The Spanish, or Jive years'' Indian "oar, from July 19, 1745, to the trea- ty of Falmouth, Oct. 16, 1749.— 9 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 220-3.— Treaty of Halifax, August 15, 1749. — Secretarr/s Office, Boston. 6. French and Indian war, from April, 1755, to the conquest of Quebec, and treaty of Halifax. Feb. 22, 1760, and Pownal's treaty, April 29. — Stt. Office. Treaty with the Mickmaks and Marechites, July 19, 1776. )0 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. D. 1615, a community together. The principal crimes which occur among the Indians are homicides, violent assaults, and drunkenness ; — sometimes treachery, theft and adulterous intercourse. But they are strangers to arson, robber^:, burglary, perjury, forgery, frauds, ravishment and many other offences, vvbich so much disturb and blacken civilized society. rences Crimes and aggravated misdemeanors are summarily examin- ieci(=..g^ by the Sagamore and chief men, who prescribe and dictate what punishment shall be inflicted upon the guilty. A murderer, according to the statement of Neptune and Francis, is tied to a tree, and there shot to death by one of the captains. Sometimes his life is spared upon his engagement to support the wife, the chil- dren, or helpless relations of the slain ; yet doomed to be forever an outcast from the tribe. This and treason are the only crimes among them, punishable with death. If we may believe Capt. Francis, — " Indians seldom steal from Indians ;" yet if one should be guilty of theft, Neptune says, he is tied fast to a tree and whipped till he confesses, and brings forth what he has stolen. Quarrels among them and batteries are not uncommon. An- tagonists never strike. They clinch, and then struggle furiously to throw each other upon the ground ; when the victor seizes the hair of his fallen adversary, wrenches and twists his neck violent- ly ; and sometimes wuth his heel, gives repeated blows in his face. This is oftentimes done even in the view, and witii the approba- tion, of the chief men, when they are convinced of the sufferer's villainy. If female continency and chastity, be seldom solicited or vio- lated, there have been instances of lascivious intercourse, attend- ed with fearful evils. An affair of this character, a few years since, happened at a chief's camp, or hunting wigwam in the for- est, between his wife and an under chief, when the husband was absent. The shrewd native, suspecting the crime, made her con- fess it, and then forgave her ; determining to wreak his venge- ance only on the adulterer. Once they met and strove to take each other's life, in a combat with knives ; nor were they without great difficulty separated. These transactions occurring, while the two men were at the head of the Tarratine tribe, have divided it into dire parties, who are not yet reconciled. Revenge is fully justified, as the Indians believe, in this class ot offences ; and should the blood of the criminal be spilt by the Chap, xix.] of Maine. 5( avenser, its voice could never reach the ear of the tribe. A a. d. 16 . , . .to 1675. birtli without a marriage was never known to occur, except in a onvnccs very few instances, where the putative father is a white man ; and ""'^ •■***" then the mother's former female associates subsequently avoid her society. Some, however, suppose this causes more resent- ment than disgrace. A Frenchman, as we are told, belonging to the company of de Monts, used a freedom with the daughter of an Openango Sagamore, in 1603; which eventuated in the man- ifest appearances of her unchastity. The ardent stranger was willing to marry the fair native, and she was enamored with him ; but her father objected, till the foreigner had evinced superior skill in taking game or salmon. Among the natives, the law of retaliation is considered a dic- tate of nature, always justifiable. The vile, they think, are de- tered from the commission of crimes through the perpetual fear of the avenger, if they transgress. An Indian was never known to seek redress through the medium of our laws and courts, for any injury done him by one of his tribe. Nor was there an in- stance, till quite lately, where a white man ever sued an Indian in a civil action. But prosecutions have frequently been instituted at law upon complaints, both of the Englishman and the Indian, for crimes committed by either against the other. The trial and story of Peol Susup, so much in point, may be Susup's related. About sunset, June 28, 1816, this Indian's turbulence trial, and noise, in the tavern of William Knight, at Bangor, became intolerable ; and the inn-keeper thrust him out at the door, and endeavored to drive him away. The Indian, instantly turning in a great rage, pursued him to the steps, with a drawn knife, and gave him a deep wound, just below his shoulderblade, of which he presently died. On his arrest, Susup frankly said, — ' I have killed Knight — ' and I ought to die : — but I was in liquor ; and he abused me ; ^ ' or 1 never had done it.' After an imprisonment till the June term of the Supreme Ju- dicial Court, at Castine, the subsequent year ; he was arraigned on an indictment for murder, to which he pleaded not guilty* * IManj' of his own tribe, anil several from St. Johns and Passamaquoddj-, attended the trial. Among' ethers, Susup's wife and four or five children ^ — Neptune gave his counsel 30 half dollars. 12 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. D. 1615, A day was consumed in the trial, amidst a concourse, which crowded the meeting-house ; and, according to the position urged '• by his counsel,* the verdict was " manslaughter." The Court then said to him — Susup, have you any thing noiu to say for yourself ? — ' John Neptune,' said he, ' will speak for ' me :' — That Indian then stepped forward from the midst of his associates, towards the Judges, and deliberately addressed them in an impressive speech of several minutes. He spake in broken English, yet every word was distinctly heard and easily under- stood. His gestures were frequent and forcible ; his manner solemn ; and a breathless silence pervaded the whole assembly. — He began — You know, your people do my Indians great deal of wrong. — They abuse them very much ; yes, they murder them ; then they walk right off- — nobody touches them. This makes my heart burn. Well, then my Indians say, we'll go kill your very bad and wicked men. JVo, I tell 'em, never do that thing; we are brothers. — Sometime ago a very bad man-\ about Boston^ shot an Indian dead ; — yoiLr people said, surely he should die ; hut it was not so. — In the great prison-house he eats and lives to this day ; certain he never dies for killing Indian. My brothers say, let that bloody man go free ; — Peol Susup too. So we wish — hope fills the hearts of us all. — Peace is good. These, my Indians, love it well : they smile under its shade. The white men and red men must be always friends ; — the Great Spirit is our Father ; — / speak what I feel. Susup was sentenced to another year's imprisonment ; and re- quired to find sureties for keeping the peace two years, in the penal sum of $500 ; when John Neptune, and 'Squire Jo Merry Neptune, of his own tribe, Capt. Solmond, from Passamaquoddy, and Capt. Jo Tomer, from the river St. John, became his sure- ties in the recognizance. An Indian has few inducements to industry. Like the wretch- ed drones in civilized society, he considers labor beneath his dignity ; and with him, time is esteemed of small value. What necessity or inclination urges him to undertake in seasons of * Mellen and Williamson for the prisoner. — For the government, D, Davis, Solicitor General. t He alluded to one Livermore, who had received sentence of death for killing an Indian ; which was commuted to hard labor for life in the State'* prison. Chap, xix.] of Maine. 5 peace, is leisurely done : for though lie is never quiet, en inert A. D^ i ...... • . '" 1G75, life is in his estimation the boon of earthly happiness. The principal employments of the men are hunting and fishing. Huminc In the former, they discover great skill and dexterity. On the arrival of the Europeans, the natives used wooden traps ; and an expert bowman, it is said, could, with his arrows, do execution at the distance of forty yards.* Sometimes the young hunter would shroud himself in the skin of a moose or other animal, and creep towards the herd, imitating their looks and motions, till a favorable moment offered, when he would shoot the decoyed game, and dropping the disguise, run it down and secure it. For the purpose of taking a herd of deer, two or three hundred men have been known to form an association ; wherein by surround- ing the animals with fires, posting themselves at well-chosen passes, and raising an alarm by hideous yells, tliey were enabled to kill great numbers. Oftentimes, one party would drive them to narrow points of land, or into a river, amidst an ambush, that would rise and kill them. The time for duck hunting was in the month of August, when the flocks had shed their quills and feathers, and their young were fledged insufficiently to fly. Ac- cording to the account given of an instance by Mr. Penhallow, A. D. 1717, the Indians drove them in such numbers into creeks as to be able with their paddles and billets of wood only, to kill 4,600 at one time ; disposing of hundreds to the English at a penny by the dozen. f Birds were taken with snares, or shot with arrows. The fish were caught either by hook and line, by entangling them in wears, by dipping with scoop-nets, or by striking them with spears. The fish lines and nets were constructed of deer's sinews, the bark of trees, or tough grass, spun into threads between the hands and teeth ; the hooks were bones grated to a point and bearded. The remains of Indian wears, constructed with large stones, are still extant in great Ossipee river. The lazy habits of the natives incline them to travel as much ,^, . •' ^ rheir r as possible by water. Their craft or boats are of two kinds. One "f»> '"ge is formed out of a large log excavated, 40 feet in length — the inside being burned and then smoothed by a stone gouge. The other is constructed of birchen bark, so light, that an Indian ♦Smith's Hist. p. 32. f 1 Coll. N. Hamp. Hist. Soc. p. 90. 34 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. D- 1C15, turning it upside down, can travel with it some miles upon his head : yet it will carry six men, and the other about forty. Their axe was formerly made of a fine grained stone, and used by means of a helve, fastened to the pole by a withe. The chisel and gouge were made of the same stone, the one straight and the other curved at the edge. Their arrow heads and spears, were made of flint, or the hardest stone, and shaped like the point of a two edged sword ; the former from two to three, and the latter from four to ten inches in length. A most curious article is the stone pendant, shaped like a pear. In length, it is three inches and a half, and four and a half around the bulb. It is too hea\'y for the ears, too clumsy and ill-shapen for a bosom ornament, and yet too much wrought for any minor use. It has been many times shown to the Indians of different tribes for an exposition of its use, without obtaining any satisfactory information. leir Their ancient weapons of war were only four or five, the war- apons. pI^^I^^ jj-jg staff, the lance, the bow and arrows and the target. The war-club, was made of the root or branch of a tree, with a knot at the end, for the purpose of fatal batteries in close en- gagement. The staff or stake, resembling an espontoon, was an elastic pole, 8 or 10 feet in length, hardened by fire at one end, and designed to parry the enemy, or strike him at short distances. A much more bloody and fatal weapon, was the lance. It re- sembled the pickaxe, and was formed by inserting near one end of a short hand-staff, at right angles, a deer's horn, or a long stone sharpened at each end ; or it was a kind of pike sharply pointed whh flint or bone.* By this, the fighter could fatall}^ at- tack his foe, or shield himself from return-blows. The bow and arrow were of great use both in war and hunting. The bow was made of the toughest elastic wood, 8 or 10 feet in length. It was only bent when used to twang the arrows ; and then, like that of Ulysses, it required no feeble arm to bend it. An old English hunter assures me, he has seen a bowman shoot at short distan- ces with the precision and effect of a rifle-man. The target was a shield, or breastplate, not extensively used. The tomahawk and scalping knife, which strike the minds of the English with so much horror, are sharp-edged weapons, of iron and steel, * Smith's History, p. 31. — Indian Wars, (anon.) p. 272 Chap, xix.] of Maine. 50, which have come into use among the Indians, since their acquaint- A. D. igi, ance with the Europeans. They enter upon war with the utmost deliberation. The Sag- Their war . . . _ . , . (are. amore meets his Indian warriors in council ; a great fire is kin- dled ; and he addresses the assemblage fully upon the important subject. Becoming acquainted with their determination, he takes up a circuitous march, while he sings a war song ; endeavoring to arouse and kindle their patriotic ardor to the greatest height. In war, a largess of services, among the Abenaques and Tarra- tines, is tendered to their Sagamores ; but among the Mickmaks, the Sagamore being more absolute, levied a kind of tribute upon his people, at pleasure."* — The fortifications of the natives were asylums merely, for old men, women and children, surrounded by palisadoes without bastions, where they tarried when the warriors were absent. It was not their policy to face the enemy in the open field ; but in skulking, stratagem and ambush, they dis- played their superior arts of war. They choose by stealth to wind their way under the covert of darkness, within shot of their foe, when their leader, at break of day, gives the signal, by a faint hollow shout ; and the whole body instantly raising a most frightful war-whoop, and rushing upon their enemies witli the usual yell, ho ! ho ! ho ! — scalp and kill after all resistance ceases. In victory or success, they exult extravagantly, in dances, feasts and shouts of triumph. They fight for the public good, without remuneration ; — scalps, booty, trophies, and a return without loss, constituting the glory of the expedition. But wealth with them is of inconsiderable value, except for Thrir present use. They are no misers — though precious metals are Wampara, their most valued ornaments. Their wigwams are mere shelters, and nothing more. All in their estimation, which give worth to their lands, are their hunting grounds ; some small patches for cul- ture, and, since the arrival of the Europeans, the timber of the forests and other spontaneous productions of nature. The trade with them has consisted in a barter of furs and peltries, at " truck houses" and forts, established and regulated by laws. They never had any other domestic animals than dogs ;f no several * Jeffreys, p. 66, 80. — Indian Wars, (anon.) p. 269. t Wolf-dogs are said to be the offspring of the fox and the wolf.— 2 Belk. Biog. p. 130—1. The Indians bad no domestic fowls.— 1 Coll. Mast. Hist. Soc. p. 213. Vol. I. 51 506 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1615, property, whicli was not portable in every situation and move- iol675. , '• m, • ment; and no money except wampam.'^ Inis was an article wrought out of shells, found upon the coasts of New-England and V'irginia, and formed into beads, — all of a vivid color re- sembling pearls. Each " eye," or bead, was of a cylindrical form, about one 4th of an inch in length, smaller than a pipe-stem, and fluted through the centre, large enough to receive a strong thread. They were of two varieties, the white and the hlack or violet : the former was double in value ot the latter, and rated at a farthing apiece, — now at a cent; and both, in 1G43, were by a colony law made a tender, in all debts under 40 shillings. Ten thousand of these beads are not unfrequently wrought into a single belt, four inches in width, and from two to three feet in length. Wampam is with Indians, the pearl of great pjice. It is interwoven into every part of their better dress ; it is their money ; it is used as an interchange or token of the highest re- spect. Ffiasts. The natives have their songs of war, of sociality, and of wor- ship. But none of their usages are more general, than their feasts and dances on special occasions, such as war, victory, peace, marriage, and social meetings. In the war-dance, and it is believed, in that of victory, the females being the devotees of peace, never take a part : otherwise they are as fond of this amusement and exercise, as the other sex. Samuel Champlain was present at an entertainment, in true native style, A. D. 1603, attended by the Algonquins, Eteche- mins, and Mountaineers ;f — the particulars of which give a fair specimen of similar scenes. The Algonquin Sagamore, Ama- dabison, who made the feast, took his seat between two pei'pen- dicular poles, on which were suspended their enemies' heads taken in war ; and all the guests were seated around next the walls of the great cabin, armed with a kind of hard-wood spear, or dirk. To amuse the company, a young Indian took his dog, and, flourishing around the boiling kettles of venison, seven or eight in number, danced from one to another of the attendants, and when coming to the Sagamore, he gave the dog a twirl upon his back, and retook his place. He was followed by others ■* Wampampcagf. — Prince, p. 173. fPurchns, p, 933 — 936. — The men only shout. Chap, xix.] of maine. 50' equally expert in the same feats. All with festive mirth partook a D^ien of the repast ; and afterwards some told stories, others sang, and several danced, with their enemies' heads in their hands. The Indians of Amadabison then arranged and seated before him, " their women and maids, in ranks ;" who suddenly sprang up, as the men stood singing behind them, and casting off their man- tles of fur and other articles of dress, except their beads, sang and danced till quite exhausted ; — when, the whole in concert shouted, he ! he ! he ! — and resumed their mantles and their seats. After a short respite, the Sagamore arose and addressed the Etechemins and JMountaineers, urging them to partake in the festal and social joy; when suddenly the whole company repeated loudly the same shout ; — every one, divesting himself of his mantle, or outer garment, joined in tlie general dance ; the guests, at the close, seizing something at hand, such as beads, flesh, or other article, and presenting it to the Aigonquins. The entertain- ment was closed with foot-races, in which two of each nation were competitors ; the victors being rewarded with presents. The principal amusements of the natives are dancing ;* foot- Amuse- races ; wrestling ; quoits ; chequers ; and among the boys, bat and ball. In summer, when the weather is fair and warm, both sexes bathe daily. At chequers, the older Indians are so expert, as boldly to challenge the most skilful white men to the game. Smoking tobacco is another habit and amusement, to which both sexes are strongly attached. Among familiar friends, the lighted pipe sometimes passes around, from one to another, like a cup of drink ; each taking a few whifs, in general conviviality. The calumetf is the pipe of peace. Its boll is usually made of a soft reddish stone ; and its stem, about two feet in length, is of the hardest wood, oftentimes curiously ornamented. To smoke from it is proverbial of mutual friendship and peace. Like the seal to a contract, or the sanction of a promise ; — it is used as a pledge of fiiith and fidelity — and ever considered sacred. The manners of the Indians are such as might be expected ; Their man- being the untutored — the unpolished children of nature. They always enter a house without knocking, if the door be unfastened, and take seats without being requested. Nay, it was not unusual, * Oldmixon, p. 15. — He says tlie females are particularly fond of dancing, t 5 Charlevoix, p. 311, 397, 426, 437. 508 THE HISTORY [Vol. I. A D. 1613, in earlier times, when they wished to warm, or be sheltered from the storm, to burst in the bolted door of the white man, at any hour in the night, and tarry until it was their pleasure to depart. On meeting, they nod the head, are very fond of shaking hands, and prefer to be saluted with the endearing appellations, or names, of brother or sister.^ The Indians seldom, in token of respect, uncover their heads, or remove their hats or caps, except in times of religious worship. What renders their visits less irksome, is the haste they commonly manifest; though they have no particular object of pursuit. Not many of them can speak English well enough to be readily understood ; and they are, with a few excep- tions, f never very frank to converse, or to communicate any facts concerning their tribe. Both sexes, so far as they fall under the observation of the English, are truly the patterns of modesty ; and instances of violence, offered to females or children are sel- dom known. Names given or assumed among them, as among the ancient Hebrews, are significant of some event, incident, or interesting object in nature. The child inherits no name of its parents, nor does a woman change hers when she marries. They are fond of titles ; and Indian warriors are sometimes rewarded, like Ro- man heroes, by new or appendant names, expressive of their achievements. Past events are celebrated in song ; the tablets of memory are their only records ; and intellectual improvement is never an ob- ject of Indian solicitude. One can hardly conceive of a people more destitute of what the enlightened parts of the world would deem necessary to society and the comforts of life. A few sim- ple implements of daily use, a few weapons of war, a few articles of apparel, are the principal specimens of their ingenuity. They Names. Improve- ments. * That is, ' qua neccheer,'' how do jon do, my brother ? j Aitteon, tlic chief, cannot speak English with facilitj' ; biit John JSTep- tune and Capt. Francis can pronounce the langnage pretty freely — and both are communicative and intellig-ent. Neptune has the high cheek bones, the copper color, the large muscular frame, indeed, all the features and appearance of the true Indian race. But Francis is supposed to be a descendant of Castine or some other Frenchman. He is less of stature, more talkative, and more smiling than most others. English Mary was so called because of her beauty, her correct language, and her amiable man- ners. The awkwardness of her sisters has been known in some instance* to be a great mortification to her. Chap, xix.] OF Maine. 509 are entire strangers to the education, which imbues the mind a d. i616, with moral and rehgious principles, and fills it with knowledge, — which refines the sentiments and affections, and polishes the manners. Their genius is principally mechanical; and they have some Art« and little taste for the fine arts.* A few specimens of their sculpture "'"'''^* in stone and wood, are striking miniature-resemblances of men, beasts, birds and fish. In Wells, has been found a long stone pesde, the end of which has the form of a " serpent's head," well imitated. They sketcli, with considerable ingenuity, the pic- tures of animals, upon different substances, — sometimes upon their vessels and the bolls of their pipes. f As an emblem of the devices in heraldry, the Indian's signature always resembles some animal, which he selects, and adopts, and never changes. The natives, especially the females, hav^e good voices and an ear for music. According to an account in Pring's Voyage, A. D. 1603, they danced excessively, around a youth of the crew, playing upon a guitar. Some Indians will play tolerably upon a violin ; and ill their great dances, the time is kept by a light beat upon a drum, usually accompanied by a vocal tune. Their war songs are solos, with tones of voice rough and harsh ; their carols are more musical ; and their church chantings, in modern times, are imitative of the catholic forms of praise. f The natives have ascertained the true qualities of many herbs, iMedicai plants, barks and roots; and prescribe remedies for every mala- "°"^ ^*' dy with which the human body is attacked. Fevers are cured by sweating the patient in a close wigwam, whh the steam of wa- ter, raised by means of heated stones, and then plunging him into a cold bath. Blisters are raised by certain kinds of bark, bound upon the skin. Sores are cured by warm medicaments ; agues, by hot vegetable steam ; spasms and pleurisies, by sudo- rifics ; and diarrhcea by astringents. In these practices, and in some useful arts, we have been the • Smith's Hist. p. 240.— He says, among- these Eastern Tribes, "their ■" arts, <^aines, music, attire and burials," differ little from those in Virginia. f They paint their faces, though witliout much taste or skill. — 1 Coll. J\l. Hist. Soc. p. 61. X A specimen of Mickmak music. — Tamija, alle-luya, lamija (lore- vem,hau, hau, he., he ; — the two last notes were repeated by the whole com- pany in grand chorus. — Oldmixon, p. 23-4. 610 THE HISTORY [VoL. I , A.D.1G15, copyists of the Indians. We have learned from them, to form £^„ii^,,' iij,. and use the scoop net; the cylindrical baskets, for eel-fishery; itaiioiis oi ^^^ snow shoes, or rackets, in winter travellins: ; to lure and catch llie Indians. ° ' fish by torchlight ; to preserve vegetables from frost by burying them in the sand ; meat from taint by putting it into snow, or dry- ing it in the smoke ; and to dress leather vrith the brains of ani- mals, so as to give it a peculiar pliancy and softness. Their homony consisted of corn broken in a mortar and boiled. Their samp was whole corn hulled by scalding water, a little impregna- ted with lie. Their nokehike was corn parched and pounded. Suckatash was composed of corn in the milk, and green beans — a very palatable dish. The broth of a boiled bass-head, thick- ened with homony, was called upaquontop. They taught us how we might heathfully repose with the feet to the fire, after expo- sure in the open air ; and how to raise maize, or Indian corn,* by manuring the soil with fish, planting it when the leaf of the white oak is " big as a mouse's ear," and hoing it in hills. To subdue a tree they bruised the bark at the surface of the earth, and scorched its roots with fire, till it would grow no more. They beat up and mellowed the ground with a stone or wooden hoe ; and planted four kernels of corn, and two beans in a hill ; and scattered among them pumpkins and squashes. The Indians have no schools; nor till the Europeans came among them, had they any idea of reading, writing, or arithmetic. Attempts have been often made to teach them letters ; and in the present age there are found among the eastern Indians several, who can read a little and write their names. But children un- disciplined at home, submit to school-government with great re- luctance. To mention an instance ; — the English teacher at Pleasant-point tells me, that because he gave an Indian scholar a blow over the shoulder with a bush, he leaped out at the window, and in a minute, there was not one remaining in the house, ex- cept the Instructer : when a sturdy brother of the Indian boy, forthwith rushed in, brandishing a drawn knife with violent men- aces. Parents have no ambition to have their children school- ed, and are unwilling to have them live in English families. f * Indian Corn, or " Maize" was called by the natives, " Wcachin." — D. JVear.s, JV. E. p. 569.— The Indians ate the " entrails of Moose, Deer, Bears, *< —and of fish, and snakes they were particularly fond." — H. TrumbulVs Indian Warn, p. 91. t Rev. Elijah Kellogg. Edacation. Chap. XIX.] of Maine. 511 The thoughts of labor, restraint and discipline, fill them with ex-A.D. IG15, treme uneasiness and anxiety ; and they are always perplexed with fears, that the power of custom and fashion, might change the manners of their children and alienate them from the tribe. In the use of language, or arbitrary signs of ideas, the east- indinnlan- ern natives compare with all other human beings. They have*"'"^'^' their dialects, though no one tribe ever had an alphabet. To invent the signs of words, was an ingenious thought, which never entered their hearts ; and nothing mortal can be the subject of more perpetual change, than a language never written — never reduced to letters. All the dialects of the Abenaques and Etechcmins as previous- ly shewn,* possessed such an affinity and similarity, as enabled those of different tribes to converse together without difficulty.f Vocabularies as well as facts and circumstances confirm this truth. — One of these word-books, was compiled by Ralle, the French Jesuit, who lived among the Canibas Indians 26 years, posterior to 1693; J another by the Rev. Ammi R. Cutter, commander of the fort, and keeper of the trading house at Saco, subsequent to his dismissal from his charge at North-Yarmouth, A. D. 1 735 ; and a third, by Rev. Daniel Little, minister of Kennebunk, and missionary to the Etechemins, after the war of the revolution. These are all said to be preserved ;§ though that of Ralle, being in French orthography, is rather a book of curiosity than of use. II So far as the language of these natives has submitted to grammatical parts of speech, and the etymologies, inflexions, and combinations of words are known, it has many evident peculiari- ties. It has no article ; for a or an, they, like the Romans, use ont; and for ihc^ this or that. Nor have they any single word, by which to distinguish the gender of nouns or pronouns. The Tarratines say, JVeaA, /; Kenh, thoic or you ; Ilechomah, he or 5^6 ; JYeonah, we ; Acoumah, they. Their modes and tenses *£ec Ante, Chap. xvii. — I It was I'rom the natives, that the extensive region of Maine, received the name, Jlavooshcii, or JSlavcooshcn. — Purchas, p. 939. — 2 Belk. Biog. p. 149. — The Indians say, * tlie tribes, at the river St. John, and at Pas- Bamaquoddy, speak the same dialects.' I 7 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 254. — New Series. \ Sullivan, p. 265. jl Ralle's Vocabulary, in liibrary o( Harv. UnivcrsKy. 512 THE HISTORY f'V^Il, A. D. 1615, are quite defective. Their inflexions of verbs to the p' jon^ are . |. . by prefixes, suffixes, and changes, thus : — JVemanche* ' loalk ; giiagcs. Keamounche, you walk ; Heckomah-mounches, he walks ; IVeou- nah-n^muchepowneak, we ivalk ; Aroumah-mauts-cheteck, they walk.f They never use adjectives in the degrees of compari- son ; — an Indian prefix, equivalent to very, being their qualifying term. Land they call keag ; to which they prefix other words, and form the names of their rivers. Fenops-Keag, means rock- land ; Cunds'-keag, leg-land ; MedawanC-keag, ripples or peb- bles-land. J * Ch has its proper sound always when used ; never like k. f In Mohes^an, J^^pumsch, I walk ; k''pumseh, thou or you walk ; premis- soo, he or she icalks. — Dr. Edwards. — In Openang-o. iMoonseh., I walk; L'mooseh, thou, he or she icalks ; JVunchenth, we or you walk; M'sa^-tech, they walk. J These might be indefinitely muUiplied. Passamaquoddy, in Indian orthography, is Pascodiim [pollock'^ oquon \_cakh''em great many'] keag' lland]. The manner of counting, and a few important words and expressions will show us the affinity and repugnance of different dialects. English. T^^RRATINE. MOHEGAN. Virginian. One, Fez-a-qun, IS'quet, Necut, Two, Neice, Neese, Ningh, Three, Noss, Nish, Nuff, Four, Yeaou, Yoh, Yowgh, Five, Polenes-q, Napanna, Paranske, Six, Nequitence, Qmitta, Comotinch, Seven, Tombowcnce, Edana, Toppawoss, Eight. Sonsuck, Shwosnck, Nusswash, Nine, Nour-lee', Paskiigit, Kehatawgh, Ten, Medaira, Pruck. Kaskeke.; Eleven, Nogudouncow, Twelve, Neice-uncow, Twenty, Nes-ins-ca, ViRG IMAN. One hundred Nogudatequa, Necuttoug htysinough, One thousand. Nogiidunqui INecuttwei jnquaough. Heaven, Spumkcag, Tarratinc ; — The heavens, Keesuck, Jilohegan ; Spemcnkako^iin, Algonquin. God, Chenee-wusque ; — Same among all the Etechemin /rite*. Father, Meetungiis, Tarraline. "Nosh, my father, Cosh, thy father, J\lohegan. Tiooch , my father ; Goocli, thy father, Del.; and Nousce, Algonquin. Boy, Skeenooses, Tarraline ; Wuskeene, Mohe- gan ; Pilawetschitsch, Delaware. A man (a) Sannmbee, Tarraline; N'nin, (a^ Mickmak, Kessona ; Virginian, Ncmarough, [a man]. " One white man," is expressed in the Tarratinc language by " Ouanooch;— White man's shoes, by " Ou-a-nooch-wank-seh-nah ;" — and how do you do .' by Ck .joV^^lX-l OF MAINE. 513 Inaie first endeavors to pronounce the world English, they a. D. I6I6, uttered t e sound, " Yeneees," whence is the term Yankees * , ,. '. ' . Indian iBtf The similarity apparent in the dialects of our three Etechemln g"«ge. tribes, though great, is not without many discrepancies. For in- stance, among the Tarratines, chh-ee is yes ; aun'tah, no. But among the Openangos, and Marechites, choh, is used for yes ; and scaud, for 710 or 7iot.-f To resolve, or analyze a language, is an exercise, requiring long and deep reflection, critical knowledge, and profound logic J of which the natives have not, in regard to either, the most distant notions. Their dialects were the dictates of nature. Letters, grammar, composition and style, were subjects among them, which admit of no improvement. Their language, in appearance when written, resembles short hand, or laconic phrases.J Many of their words are long ; one answering for several in the English tongue. The sounds of some vowels in the alphabet, are often Jilohegan ; Alisinapc, Algonquin ; Leno, Delaware. Brother, Neecheen, Tarratine ; 'S\s3ir\]cli, Algonquin ; Skinetch, Jlickmak. Sun, Keezoose^ Tarrutinc ; Kecf-is, Algonquin ; Keeso\]gh, Mohegan. Fire, Squitta, Tar' ratine; ^coute, Algonquin ; FockatawcT, f^irginian. Hair, Peersoo, Tar- raline ; Lissis, or Lissy, ^^/g-oji^um; MWzch, Delaware. * Heckewelder. j The Lord's prayer, in the Tarratine dialect follows, which Gapt. Francis, and Capt. Jo Delislos and others agree in sayingf, is very much so ex- pressed by the Indians at St. John's and Passamaquoddy. Metunk*senah, our Father ; Ouwa'ne, who is there ; spum'keag-aio, up in heaven ; kee*- nuck, adored be ; tle-we-seli*, thy name ; keah^-daber-dock, thy kingdom ; now-ilo'-seh, come ; keah^-olet-haut* ta-mon-a, thy will ; num-ah-zee', let it be done; m'se-tah'-mah, ore/- ,Und usnot ; a-qne-ah-lah ke-ma-sM^ co(.\ue^ into temptation ; n'gah'ne, but; uuma.-zec\ deliver or take ; neo'nah, wj; neo^je,yrom; saw'- got, evil things ; woo-saw'-me, because; keah-dabeld'-ock, the kingdom; ego-mah\ is ; keel-o-ah', thine ; noa'chee, the power ; done-ali'le, and [also] ; s&zoos'', glory ; nesh^lets, forever ; quos^-que, amen. J There are some vestiges of hieroglyphics, among the Mickraaks and some other tribes. — Sargent and Barton, p. 19. Pah-que-num-se-eld\ The Mohawks, to avoid closing the lips, when talk- ing, say, for amen, nwen. — Dr. Edwards, p. 10. Vol. I. 52 514 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D, 1615, repeated ; others and several of our consonants are quite rarely , ,. ,' used. Their accentuation, contrary to the Endish rule and Indian Ian- • i r guage. usage, is thrown as far as possible from the first syllable ; yet their emphasis and cadences are natural, easy and forcible. Unacquainted with literature and the arts, their language is far from being copious. Like that of other nations, its adaptation is to their wants, their employments, and manners. But it has strength ; it is simple and lofty ; and in sound, it is soft and grateful to the ear. So easy is it of utterance, in their mouths j that though many of their words are not pronounced by the English, without difficulty and exertion, the natives speak the longest and hardest of them, with a careless and even a graceful facility. Their expressions are pertinent, and their sentiments full of reason and good sense. To supply the want of words, they make a free and appropriate use of similes and other figures of speech ; which give to their addresses, on special occasions, a peculiar originality and boldness.* They are sometmies eloquent. Their gestures are frequent and forcible, and their modulations of voice are correspondent to their sentiments. * Mr. Manach, a French priest, who lived among the Mickmaks 40 years, or more, prior to 1763, learned their language and declared himself quite enamored with its beauties. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 515 CHAPTER XX. ^Cing Philijys war — The Eastern Sagamores — Causes of the war — The house of Mr. Purchas robbed — Wakejield's family de- stroyed — Skirmish at Neio-3Ieadows — Attack on Saro — Scai-- borough burnt — Wincoln's expedition to Saco — Disasters at iVieic- ichawannock — Forts at Sagadahock — The Indians in that quar- ter disturbed — Pacified by Mr. Shurtc — An erpedition eastward — Bloody skirmish at Ncwichaioannock — Plaisted and his sons kill- ed — Attack on Sturgeon-creek and Wells — Affairs of the war — A truce — General warrants — A parley at Teconnet — Casco and Arrowsick laid waste — Pemaquid burnt — Troops at Dover — The sham fight — Casco revived and Fort Loyal founded — Cape Ned- dick destroyed — Saco fort surrenders — Mugg's treaty — War re- newed — Waldron's and Frost's expedition to Marc-point — Saga- dahock and Pemaquid — Skirmishes — Smart engagement at Black- point — Vessels captured — Peace — Losses. The first open hostilities between the eastern inhabitants and ^ ^^ 1575, the natives, were commenced in the celebrated kins: Philip's war. June 24. It broke out in the colony of Plymouth, June 24, 1675 j* and Kingpiiii- ' within twenty days, the fire began to kindle in these easterly '^' * It will be recollected, that at this period, the towns and plantations within the present State of Maine, were thirteen: — 1. Kiftery, Including all the settlements on the north-eastern banks of the Piscataqiia, — New- ichawannock river, and Quainpegan falls [S. Berwick], and on Salmon Fall river [Berwick]. 2. York, including' Cape Neddick. .3. JP'ells. 4. Cape Porpoise. 5. Saco, on both sides of the river. 6. Scarborough, viz. Black- point east, and Blue-point west. 7. Falmouth, including the peninsula, [Portland], Spurwink and Purpooduck [Cape Elizabeth], and Stroudwater [VVestbrook]. 8, Pejcpscot settlement southerly of the Lower Falls in the Androscog-g-in, and at Maqiioit, 4 miles distant, on the margin of Casco bay. — [See anlc, 1642.] — 9. The plantations upon the Sagadahock ?i.nA Ken- ncbeck, including Cushnoc, and Arrowsick. 10. Shccpscot and Cape- newagcn. 11. Damariscolta, or J^ew-Dartmouth [New-Castle], and the DamariscoTC Islands. 12. Pemaquid. 13. Monhegan, Gorges'' Islands, and the opposite settlements upon the Main. The country between Penob- scot and Passamaquoddy, now in possession of the French [since 1667-8], exhibited only a few habitations at Penobscot, Mount Desert, Machias and Schoodic. 516 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1675. < parts, though distant 250 miles.'* The English population of Indian Sa-'- Maine at this period, probably exceeded 6,000 souls ;f and that sroores, q[ ^\^q Abenaques and Etechemins, it is believed, was twice, if not thrice that number. The character and conduct of the Sagamores in this emergen- cy, reflect considerable light upon the war itself. Wonnolancet the eldest son and successor of the famous Passaconaway, was now chief of the Penacooks ; and he resolved to observe re- ligiously bis father's counsel and take no part in the quarrel. Wholly to avoid the storm, therefore, he withdrew to places re- mote, and unknown to the colonists ; and his example was fol- lowed by the most of his tribe, who abandoned their homes, and sought safety and quiet in the heart of the distant desert.J At the head of the Newichawannook tribe was Blind Will, who was a believer in the prophetic communications of Rowles, his prede- cessor, and greatly perplexed with a presentiment, that the tribes would ultimately be exterminated. He therefore entered the English service, in which he continued about two years to his death. He has been accused of duplicity, in his professions of friendship and respect for the colonists j it being supposed, he inwardly hated them.§ One of the most peculiar men of this age was Squando, Saga- more of the Sokokis. He possessed great strength of mind, his manners were grave, and his address impressive. In the super- stitious devotions of the Indians, he was a leader and enthusiast. He made them believe, he had intercourse with the spirits of the invisible world, who imparted to him revelations of future events. An angel of light, said he, ' has commanded me to wor- * ship the Great Spirit, and to forbear hunting and laboring on ' the Sabbath ; and God himself tells me, he has left the English * people to be destroyed by the Indians.' A man of such rare knowledge and abilities necessarily acquired great influence among other tribes, as well as unlimited ascendancy over his own. His conduct towards the settlers was full of change, being alternately humane and malevolent. || * 2 Math. Magnal. p. 499.— Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 300. t Jilafher, in 2 JIagnaL p. 499, says, ' there were at this lime many fine pcttlemt'nts ii» Maine and Cornwall. I Hub. Indian Wars, p. 68—110—329. ^ 1 Belle. N. H. p. 119—125. jl Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 862—389—391, Chap, xx.] of maine. 617 The Anasagunticook Sagamore was Tarumkin^ — a man ofA.D.ii673. less intellect and less weight of character. Strongly attached to j^^ ^.^^ g^^_ his country, and jealous of its rights, he foresaw the advantages amores. of union, and always acted in concert with other Abenaques chieftains, both in war and peace. His great friend, Robinhood, who was principal Sagamore of the Canibas tribe, made pre- tensions of reluctance to take arms in this war ; and celebrated the settlement of a subsequent difficulty in a carousal and great dance. But Hopehood, his son, was a young warrior, who pant- ed for glory ; and the tribe became active in the war, before it closed.* Another celebrated chief of his time was Madockawando, the adopted son of the great prince and orator, Assiminasqua, and present Sagamore of the Tarratines. He was a man of great sagacity, " grave and serious in his speech and carriage," and like Squando, pretended to have ' supernatural visions and revelations.' His daughter is supposed to have been the wife of Castine, who was then engaged in a profitable traffic with the tribe, which he was unwilling to have interrupted ; and the Sagamore himself, unmolested by the English, in the enjoyment of his possessions, could perceive no inducements to join in the war. His principal minister was Miigg, who, by living in Eng- Mugg, fish families, had become acquainted with their language and habits, and qualified to negotiate with the colonial authorhies. This war has been ascribed to various causes. It has been causes ©j represented with some spleen as well as truth, that the English ''^^ ^^^'^' were the aggressors. The generous treatment and welcome they first received from the natives had been repaid, as accusers say, by kidnapping their benefactors, by disturbing their hunting grounds and fisheries, and by ' a shameful mismanagement of the fur and *peltry trade. 'f In the gradual encroachments of the white peo- ple, the Indians foresaw the danger of being totally exiled from their native country. They complained of impositions ; — for in- stance, an Anasagunticook said, 'he had probably given £100, ' for water drawn out of Purchas' well.'J To nothing European were the natives more passionately at- tached, than the hunting gun ; as it afforded them the necessary * Hubbard's Indim Wars, p. 302— 347— 3<>5— 386. t 2 Math. Magnalia, p. 493—9. J Snppt. to Philip's War. p.'77. ;jlj^ THE HTSTORV [VoL. I. A. D. 1675. means of procuring a subsistence. Still, they said, ' the English ' refused to sell them firearms and ammunition, though they ' were at times ready to starve and perish ; whereas the French ' were free and cheerful to supply them with whatever they wish- ' ed.' Nay, the Sagamores knew the English looked upon them and their tribes with a distrustful eye, and considered them as an inferior order of beings ; while they themselves believed, the Great Spirit, who gave them existence, had also given them ab- solute rights in the country of their birth, and the land of their fathers. Many traditional stories of injuries they had received, were recollected, [for Indians never forget,] and often rehearsed in a manner calculated to arouse and inflame their resentments. The Indians Though England and France were at this period in close alli- fusoient." ance, the Indians had obtained of the French traders , in Canada and at Penobscot, a supply of arms and ammunition, and had gen- erally become acquainted with the use of them. These greatly emboldened their courage and revenge,^ and hastened them to acts of hostility. On their return from hunting, in the spring of 1675, their insolence was peculiar, and their violent conduct ex- cited fearful apprehensions. They took into custody several set- tlers, about Piscataqua, and then set them at liberty through a pretence of friendship, though really in consequence of the pres- ents made to them. E.istcrn In these appearances of rupture, the General Court appointed of war. Captains Lake, Patteshall, and Wiswell, at Sagadahock, ' a com- ' mittee, and entrusted them with the general superintendence ' and military power over the eastern parts.' The court also gave them directions to furnish themselves with all necessary munitions of war, for the common defence, and to sell neither gun, knife, powder nor lead, to any other Indians, than those whose friendship was fully known.* Hostilities When the news of king Philip's war reached York, July 1 1 , commenced. ^^^^^ ^j^^ colouy of Plymouth, Henry Sawyer, one of the towns- men despatched a messenger to Sagadahock, with the alarming inteUigence. In his letter, he mentioned the expedient proposed, of taking from the Indians, along the coast, their firearms and ammunition. Immediately the committee of war met upon the subject, at the house of IVlr. Patteshall, attended by several of *4 Mass. Rcc. p. 29.— Huh. Indian Wars, p. 301. Chap. XX.] of maime. 51! the settlers ; and Mr. Walker, a trader at Sheepscot, induced a A. D. ic? part of the Indians about him, to surrender their guns and knives. To ascertain more fully, the true disposition of the natives, a party of volunteers proceeded up the Kennebeck river, and pres- ently met with live Anasagunticooks, and seven of the Canibas tribe, all of whom came in and delivered their arms. Amidst the conversation however, one Sowen, a Canibas Indian, struck at Hosea Mallet, a by-stander, and could hardly be prevented from taking his life. The assailant was instantly seized and confined in a cellar. The Indians confessed his crime deserved death, yet requested his discharge ; offering a ransom of 40 beaver skins for his release, and several hostages for his future good behav- ior ; — all giving their hands in pledge of their sincerity. The proposal was accepted, and Sowen was released. — To secure their future friendship and fidelity, Capt. Lake then refreshed them with the best of victuals, supplied them with tobacco, and repeated to them the most solemn promises of protection and favor, if they would continue peaceable and quiet. This was the occasion of the great dance mentioned, which Robinhood made the next day, when he celebrated the peace with songs and shouts. But the far-famed Squando,* who had Ions; cherish.cd a bitter Squando's ^ . ^ nfiioiit. antipathy towards the English, had recently been affronted, in a manner which greatly provoked his resentment. As his squaw was passing along the river Saco in a canoe, with her infant child, she was accosted by several rude sailors, who having heard that the Indian children could swim as naturally as the young of irra- tional animals, approached her, and in a fit of inconsiderate humor, overset the canoe to try the experiment. The child sank, and though the mother, diving, brought it up alive, it soon after died ; and the parents imputed its death to the ill-treatment received. So highly did this exasperate Squando, that he resolved to use all his arts and influence to arouse and inflame the Indians against the settlers. News of hostilities in the colony of Plymouth, f widiout doubt, greatly encouraged him in his malevolent schemes and embolden- * Hubbard's Indian Wars, [>. 330-!. t In Philij)"s war, it is said there were :S,00() ligiiters, " exclusive of the eastern Indians.'' — L Tnaiibvirs Conn. p. :J50. 520 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A' D. 1673. ed his friends. The Anasagunticooks had conceived a great The house gyersion to Thomas Purchas, who had dwelt at the head of of Purchas plundered. Stevens' river, two leagues below Brunswick falls, thirty or forty years ; and by trading with them had acquired a large estate. Though he had courted their friendship, and in 1639, had put himself and possessions under the protection of Massachusetts, he was the earliest eastern sufferer in the war. Sept. 5ih. On the 4th or 5th of September, a party of twenf' Indians, among whom were the hostages that had a few weeks before escaped from the English, came to the house of Purchas, and began a parley with his wife, under pretence of trade. But as soon as they ascertained that her husband and sons were absent, they threw aside the disguise, and hastened to rob the house ; taking such weapons, ammunition and hquor as they could find, killing a calf and several sheep near the door, and making them- selves merry with the booty. In the midst of the scene a son of Purchas suddenly returning home, on horseback, was an eyewit- ness of the mischief. To interpose was unsafe, — therefore, when discovered, he fled for his Hfe ; being pursued closely an hundred rods, by a sturdy fleet-footed Indian, with a gun secreted under his blanket. The assailants offered no personal violence to the people of the house, but told them — ' others vi'ould soon come and treat them worse.' Thefotttii-^' There dwelt at Presumpscot-river in Falmouth, one Thomas wlifefieid Wakely, an old man, with his family consisting of nine persons.* Sept'.^is'^' Unsuspecting evil, and remote from neighbors, they were attack- ed by the savages, September 12 ;f when several were killed, viz. the old man and his wife, his son John and wife, and three of their children, — two made captives, — and the house reduced to ashes. The flames and smoke brought to the place^^from Casco neck, Lieut. George Ingersoll, and a mihtary party, too late, how- ever, to do more than see the ruins and relics of this ill-fated family. The body of the aged man, the fire had half consumed. The only remains of his wife and son were their bones burnt to cinder. His daughter-in-law, near confinement, was pierced * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 305.— They removed hither from Cape Ann,, in 16G1 ; liis daughter was the wife of Matthew Coe, the names of his son* were, Jolin and Isaac. t .S'u//jwm, p. 199, supposes it was in July. But it was after Purchas" house was plundered.— //«&. Indian fVars, p. 303—5. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 521 and mangled in a mannieAoo horrid to be described ; and three A. i). 1675. of her children, whose brains had been beaten out, were partly hidden under some oaken plank.* The other, if surviving and made a captive, probably soon sunk into the arms of death, through fatigue and want, nothing afterwards being heard bf the little sufferer. Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Mr. Wake- ly, about 1 1 years old, was carried into captivity. Full of an- guish and fears, the distressed girl was compelled to take up a long and tidious march with these murderers of the family ; hav- ing nothing but the warmth of the season to mitigate her woes, amidst the hunger, fatigue, and most painful recollections, which attended her steps all the way through a gloomy wilder- ness. Once she went as far south as Narragansett ; and this indu- ced a supposition, that some of these savages might be from that quarter. However, in June, after a captivity of nine months, she had the inexpressible joy of being restored to Major Waldron, at Cocheco ; Squando, to his great honor, being her deliverer ; — a Sagamore whose conduct exhibited at different times such traits of cruelty and compassion, as rendered his character difficult to be portrayed. After this a son of Lieut. Ingersoll was killed, and his house and those of his neighbors burnt^ The Indians, having thus began the war, and been guilty of ^-^e ski?- shedding the first blood in it, now dispersed themselves in small ^gtaiead- parties through the country, from Piscataqua to Androscoggin j "^'^ '"'**''■ improving every chance to rob and murder the people in the scattered unguarded settlements of Maine. The English, on the other hand, turned their attention to the places first attacked. A party of twenty-five proceeded in a sloop and two boats, to the head of New-Meadows or Stevens' river, in the neighborhood of Mr. Purcbas ; where they found an equal or greater number of Indians rifling the houses of the settlers. In their endeavors to attain the ground between the savages and the woods, they aroused three spies ; one ran towards the river and was shot to' the ground ;■ another fled across a branch of water in a canoe, wounded ; and the third escaped to the woods unhurt, shouting an alarm. Yet the Indians, instead of flying or advancing, cow^ *It seems this event happened at the house of John Wakely, who lived on the easterly side of Presumpscot river, where the parents were then- visiting or residing. Vol. I. 53 522 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1675. ered down and watched the movements of the English, while gathering the corn and loading their boats : then suddenly spring- ing up, and at the same time, raising their usual yell, ho ! ho ! ho ! rushed forward, wounded several in their retreat to the sloop, and carried off the boat-loads of corn with triumphant shouts. This was to the English a most unfortunate incident ; the savages afterwards being more fatally bent on mischief and revenge. Attack on The next attack was Saturday morning, September 18, upon Sept. 18. the dwellinghouses of John Bonylhon and Maj. William Phillips, at Saco. That of the former stood on the eastern side of the river, half a mile south of the Lower Falls, and 60 rods from the water; the other was on the opposite side, near the present bridge ; and both of them had been tolerably fortified.* A So- kokis native, friendly to Bonython, came to his house and pri- vately said to him, — ' a strange Indian, from the westward, and * several Anasagunticooks of my acquaintance have been at my 'wigwam, persuading all our brothers to lift the tomahawk against * the white people ; and they will soon come back from the east * with many more.' The story alarmed Bonython, and induced him to spread the report, and forthwith to retire with the settlers and their families to the house of Maj. Phillips, which was better garrisoned. Their suspension was short ; — they being the same, or the next day, eyewitnesses to Bonython's house in flames, while a sentinel espied a lurking Indian under the fence. Assault on As Phillips turned from the view, at his chamber-window, he Major Phil- was wounded in the shoulder by an Indian marksman, and must have been killed, had he retained his position. The ambuscade about the house, supposing him slain, gave a savage shout, and incautiously exposed themselves in sight. At this instant, they were fired upon from the house and flankers in all directions ; several were severely wounded, particularly their leader who was able to retreat only three or four miles, before he died. An hour's obstinate resistance, regardless of every proffer and every threat, convinced the assailants, that the place could not be car- ried except by stratagem. That they might therefore draw the men out of the fortification, or induce them to capitulate, they set fire to a tenant's slender habitation, and then to the mill ; ex- ■* Sullivan, p. 221—321 Chap, xx.] of MAINE. 523 claiming, come now, you English coward dogs, come put out the A.Di ig76. Jire — if you dare. Both the artifice and challenge failing of suc- cess ; the firing was continued till the moon set, about four in the morning : when the savages taking a cart, hastily constructed a battery upon the axletree and forks of the spear forward of the wheels, to shelter them from the musquetry of the fort, and filled the body with birch-rinds, straw and fire-matches. This engine, they run backward widiin pistol shot of the garrison-house, in- tending to communicate to it by means of long poles, the flaming combustibles. But in passing a small gutter, one wheel stuck fast in the mud ; when a sudden turn was given to the vehicle, ex- posing the whole party to a fatal fire from the right flanker, which was quickly improved. Six fell and expired ; fifteen then and before were wounded ; and the survivors, about 60 in number, sick of the assault and mortified at the repulse, withdrew.* Dur- ing the siege, there were fifty persons in the house, of whom only ten were effective men, five others could do no more than partially assist, and one or two besides Maj. Phillips, were actu- ally wounded. Phillips, on Sunday, informed the settlement at Winter-harbor, called the town, of his exposed situation and distress ; telling them his ammunition was nearly exhausted, and his people were so much dismayed, that they would leave liira in a few days, unless timely succors prevented. But as none could be spared him, he removed to town on Tuesday, leaving his house un- occupied, which was, in about a fortnight, given to the flames by the infuriated savages. They also, soon after destroyed all the houses above Winter -harbor, and carried into captivity a Mrs. Hitchcock, who never returned. They said she ate in the win- ter, some poisonous root, instead of groundnuts, which killed her. About this time, they slew five travellers, overtaken by them upon the banks of Saco river. A party of the enemy, September 20th, f entered Scarbo- rough, and killed several at Blue-point ; a woman and six chil- rough burnt dren being among the sufferers. At Black-point, John Alger, lieutenant of the company, and his two companions in their ex- * Assailants were " computed at not less than an hundred." — FoUom't Saco and Biddeford, p. 155. f Sullivan, p. 215, says 1676, a misprint probably. i5^4 THE HiSTOjiy [Vol. i. A. p. 1675. cursion of discovery, were encountered by spies ; and in skir-f mishing with them, Alger received a mortal wound, and his brother Arthur was shot down soon after at the same place.* In the two settlements, twenty-seven houses lately inhabited, were burnt to the ground ; and probably a still greater number of fami- lies reduced to suffering and misery. About the same time, Am^ brose Boaden v/as killed, and Robert Jordan's house with its contents was consumed, at Spurwink. „„. , , To defend or relieve the distressed inhabitants of Saco, Capt» Wincoln s ' r ' (Bxpedition ^^incoln of ]N[ewichawannock, and sixteen volunteers, proceeded (i(j Sato. _ J . 7 r with exemplary valor and alertness, to the mouth of Winter-harbor, But unfortunately they were discovered by several prowling sav^ ages, who firing upon them killed two or three ; and then sounds- ed the alarm through the woods. Consequently, the brave band, while landing on the beach near that harbor, was met by 150 Indians well armed and equiped, A warni skirmish ensued, in which Wincoln and his men, overpowered by numbers, retired and took shelter behind a pile of shingle bolts, Protected by this breastwork, they were enabled to fire with a precision so fa-f ^al to their antagonists, as to induce them with the loss of several to leave |:he ground, f The report of the guns drew from the town a party of nine men, joined on the way by two more ; all of whom falling into an ambush, near the place where Wincoln was first attacked, were shot down in a single charge upon them, and presently ex-' pired, "f he enemy in the next place, marked the settlements about the Piscataqua for destruction j and in marching thither, killed several people in Wells. On the New-Hampshire side, at Oyster river, they burned the dwellinghouses of the Messrs. Chesleys, and five or siif others, Ifilled and carried into captivity four men, and, waylaying the ^•oad bety/een Hampton and Exeter, shot down three passengers, pnd made another their prisoner. A-t Ne\ylchawannock [no\v South Berwick] the dwellinghouse * The Alg-ers, or Aug-ers, lived in Pupston parish ; they purchased 1000 3.cres in ISjOttI, of ji Sagamore ; Arthur dying' childless, John, a son of Lt, John, inherited the propertj', and transmitted it to five daughters, one of VFhom, married Jolm Milliken, who purchased out other heirs — and hence ^h,e '^ .Milliken Claim." | riubbard's Indian Wars, p. 310, 323-4. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 625 of John Tozier, 1 50 rods above the garrison* and mills at Sal- A. u. 1675. nion Falls, was at this time, a frontier habitation. He himself, p^^'g^tg*, ^^ and the iTjen of his neighborhood, were absent with Wincoln : Newicha- having left his household unguarded, consisting of fifteen persons, who were all women and children. Against his family an attack was led on by one Andrew of Saco, and Hopehood of Kenne- beck, two of the boldest warriors in their tribes. Their ap- proach was first discovered by a young girl of eighteen, who shut the door and held it fast, till it was cut in pieces with their hatchets, and the family had escaped. Madly disappointed in finding the house empty, some of the savages inflicted repeated blows upon the heroic maid, till she was apparently expiring ; and the rest, in pursuit of the family, overtook two of the children ;-^ .one, three years old, being too young to travel, they at once dispatched, and the other they took and kept with them six ynonths. The young heroine revived after their departure, and repairing to the garrison, she was healed of her wounds and lived piany years. Her name, if known, would adorn the brightest page of history. A larger party, the next day, set fire to the dwellinghouse and s«pt.25, buildings of Capt. Wincoln, which were standing near the upper mills, and reduced them and their contents to ashes ; one of his barns containing more than 100 bushels of corn. The incendi- aries were followed closely till night by the men from the garri- son, who exchanged with them several shots ; the darkness put- thig an end to the pursuit. In the morning, they appeared on the western shore, and fired several guns across the main river at the laborers in the mill ; then shewing themselves more con- spicuously at twilight, were heard to utter loudly, many insolent speeches, calling the people " English dogs," and " cowards." In returning eastward, w'e find great exertions had been Affairs a* employed to keep the Indians quiet, and likewise to for- ho^cIT'^^' tify the people against their attacks. On the easterly bank of Sagadahock, at Stinson's point [in Woolwich,] Richard Ham^ mond had erected a trading house and fortification ; and, two miles distant,f upon Arrowsick, not far from the present meeting- house in Georgetown, Clark and Lake had built another, which was stronger and considerably larger. They had ^Iso in the * Tliis was in the parish of Unit}-, in Kittcry— 5;^//. p. 2i3--l. j 1 Hutchinson's History, p. 311. 526 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1675. vicinity a mansion-house, mills, out-buildings, and cultivated fields j and over their whole establishment they had appointed Capt. Syl- vanus Davis their resident and general agent. They had, besides, a trading house in the neighborhood of the Indian fort, at Tecon- net-falls ; — whither the Canibas Indians had retired with their families, receiving supplies principally from that house, and shew- ing no symptoms of rupture, till after the burning of Scarborough.* Imprudence In the great excitement against the Indians, many people acted tiers. with shameful indiscretion ; threatening with violence some of the most benevolent promoters of peace, and accusing others of sell- ing, for the sake of gain, firearms and ammunition to kill their neighbors. Nay, the Monhegan Islanders offered a bounty of £5, for every Indian's head, that should be brought to them. Jeaiousiesof The jealousies of the Indians were daily increasing ; — to allay the Indians, ^rj^jch, and to bring home the guns, powder and other articles from the trading house near Teconnet-falls, Capt. Davis sent a mes- senger, charging him to assure them all, if they would remove and live near him, down the river, they should be furnished with every supply needed, at the fairest prices. But, either to over- awe them, or to do mischief, the messenger violated his instruc- tions, and told them, ' if they did not go down and give up their • arms, the Englishmen would come and kill them.' This so alarmed their fears that they presently forsook their fort ; and going to Penobscot, sent a runner to the other two Etechemin tribes, requesting them to meet in council, at the peninsular residence of Baron St. Castine : — Possibly he himself was the instigator of the measure. , But Abraham Shurte, chief magistrate of the plantation at Shurle's _ ' o r ^ truce wiih Pemaquid, who was a man of cood sense, and well acquainted the Indians, i ^ o a with the Indian character, left no efforts unessayed, till he had succeeded in having a parley with the disaffected Sagamores ; for which purpose they were persuaded to meet him at his own vil- lage. In this interview, he said to them, — ' I have urged our ' committee of war to issue orders, forbidding every body to ' harm or even threaten a peaceable Indian ; — being determined ' to see all the wrongs you have suffered, fully redressed.' — The discussion resulted in a truce, by w^hich they engaged to live in peace with the English, and to prevent, if possible, the Anasa- * Hubb.irJ's Indian Wars, p. 341, 352.— Sullivan, p. 31, 169, 173. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 527 gunticooks from committing any more depredations, either vponA.D. 1675. the settlers or traders. An uniform perseverance in these conciliatory measures, it was Mmsurcs of ' •' government. believed, might revive and secure the amity of the natives; and therefore, in October, the General Court, acquainted witii their dispositions and circumstances, ordered monies to be disburs- ed from the public treasury, for the relief of those Indians who would become the subjects or allies of the colony ; and appointed Major Richard Waldron of Dover, and Capt. Nicholas Shapleigh of Kittery, to negotiate a treaty with the friendly tribes, upon terms congenial to their wishes. The Court also directed the eastern trading houses to be discontinue d ; and made provision for an expedition into JMaine, — to be prepared under the purvey- ance of iMaj. Clark. A vessel was therefore procured, and laden with military stores and provisions ; having also on board, when she sailed from Boston, a force of fifty soldiers, commanded by Lieut. Scottow.* It was a gloomy autumn ; and on account of the public calamities, a day of fasting and prayer, Oct. 7, was observed throughout Massachusetts and Maine. On that day a man was shot from his horse, in Ncwichawan- ^ewuha- nock, and soon died ; and two youngsters, a mile off, experienced "j'ain^at- the same fate. From these were taken their guns and upper gar- '^^ ments.f Indeed, tliis ill-fated settlement seemed to be more than any other, the object of savage vengeance and utter destruc- tion. Saturday, Oct. IG, about a hundred Indians assailed the house of Richard Tozier, killed him and carried his son into cap- tivity. Lieut. Roger Plaisted, the commander of the garrison, who was an officer of true courage, and a man of public spirit, having a partial view of the massacre, about 150 rods distant, despatched nine of his best men to reconnoiter the movements of the enemy, who falling into an ambush, three were shot down, and the others with difficulty effected their escape alive. A letterj addressed unto two gentlemen at Cocheco, [Dover] communicates the distresses of the place. " Salmon Falls, Oct. 16, 1675. " To Mr. Richard Waldron and Lieut. Coffin These are "to inform you, that the Indians are just now engaging us with at * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 49, 66. f Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 318. J Sullivan, p. 249. 528 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1675. " least one hundred men, and have slain four of our men already, « — Richard Tozier, James Barrey, Isaac Bottes, and Tozier's " son ; and burnt Benoni Hodsdon's house. Sirs, if ever yoy *' have any love for us and the country, now shew yourselves with '* men to help us, or else we are all in great danger to be slain, " unless our God wonderfully appears for our deliverance. They " that cannot fight^ let them pray. Nothing else, but rest yours " to serve.— " Roger Plaisted. " George Broughton." To bring in for interment, the bodies of his slain companions, Plaisted ordered out a team, and led twenty of his men into the field. Placing first in the cart, the body of Tozier, which was most remote, they returned to take the others ; when a party of 150 savages, rising behind a stone wall amidst logs and bushes, fired a well-aimed volley upon the soldiers, and pursued the as-^ sault. The oxen took fright and ran to the garrison. The en- gagement instantly became fierce, though unequal. Plaisted and his men withdrew a few paces, to a more eligible spot of ground, and being greatly overmatched by numbers, the most of them returned. But he, disdaining either to fly or yield, though urged again and again to surrender, fought with desperate courage, till literally hewed down by the enemy's hatchets. A fellow soldier and Plaisted's oldest son, unwiUing to leave the intrepid man, Vj^^^ ?*" , soudit their retreat too late and were slain. Another son, a few Plaisted and o ... hissoHs. weeks after, died of his wounds: — Such being the fate of this Spartan family- — whose intrepidity deserves a monument more durable than marble. The father had represented Kittery four years in the General Court, and was highly respected for his un- common valor, worth, and piety. He and his sons were buri- ed on his own land, near the battle ground, lull in view from the highway, leading through Berwick ; whose lettered tombstone tells succeeding ages, — " JYear this place lies buried the body oj " Roger Plaisted, who was killed by the Indians, Oct. 16, 1675, " aged 48 years : — Also the body of his son Roger Plaisted, who " was killed at the same time.* Before the Indians left the neighborhood, they set fire to three houses, two barns, and a mill, belonging to Mr. Hutchinson of Boston; and then proceeded to Sturgeon-creek, where they * Sullivan, p. 250. Chap, xx.] op maine. 529 burned a dvvellinghouse and killed two men. In this hamlet, the a. d. 1675. house of Capt. Frost,* beino; a little remote from neiirhbors and 'V'^^'^"^"'' unfortified, was marked out by them for destruction. He was at <'*-"»-■ '^• a short distance from it when attacked, and narrowly escaped the fatal effect of ten shots aimed at him, ere he entered his door. There were only three boys with him in the house, yet he had the forethought and prudence to give out audible words of com- mand, as if a body of soldiers was with him ; — load quick ! fire there ! thafs well ! hrave men ! — A stratagem which saved them- selves and the house. The next day, on the eastern beach opposite to Portsmouth battery, the Indians killed a iiouseholder ; and while plundering and setting fire to his habitation, the terror i)f a cannon shot dis- persed them. They made a precipitate retreat, yet by means of a light snow just fallen, they were tracked into the wilderness, and overtaken near a great swamp, into which they threw them- selves, leaving their packs and plunder to tlieir pursuers. The last acts of bloodshed and mischief, committed in Maine i),.prpda- this season by the savages, were at Wells. Here they killed Mr. \x^ii^^ Cross, Isaac Cousins and the servant-man of William Symonds, whose house also they reduced to ashes. Being a man of influ- ence, he was an object of their greater vengeance ; but fortu- nately, before this, he had removed his family to the garrison, which was in the more compact part of the town. The prominent actors in this year's war were the Sokokis, the ^frairs of Anasagunticooks, and a part of the Canibas tribe ; and never did '''*^ ^^^''' the wars carried on by the clans of the northern hive against the Romans, partake of a more predatory character. Within the short period of three months, the settlements between Piscataqua and Kennebeck sustained a loss of eightyf lives, a large number of dwellinghouses and of domestic animals, and an unknown amount of other property. The savages had every advantage. They had no buildings to lose — no fields to be destroyed : — They were actuated by desires of revenge and rapine ; they fought for plunder ; and they were gratified. As tenants of the wilderness, they traversed the rugged country with facility — appalled at no privations ; for hunger, fatigue and hardships were their habits of * Afterwards Major Frost. t Hubbard say*," fifty;" — hut by actual enumeration eighly. Vol. I 54 530 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A, D. 1675. life. Unequalled by the inhabitants in numbers, they chose their time, place and manner of attack ; though, as they afterwards acknowledged, their loss of men was twice that of the white people. Business was suspended. Every individual was seek- ing for his own safety and the security of his family ; the pro- ductions of the earth were not gathered ; dwellinghouses were deserted ; and men, women and children were huddled together in small garrisons, or the larger houses, fortified by timber-walls and flankers ; — generally constructed with sentry-boxes upon the roofs, and guarded by watchmen day and night. To subdue the Indians in their fastnesses, or winter-quarters, into which it was supposed they were retiring, at Pegwacket, Os- sipee, and Pejepscot ; the General Court ordered considerable de- tachments to be detailed from the New-Hampshire and Yorkshire regiments, and gave the command to popular and meritorious of- ficers. But the soldiers were not prepared to march till the 1 0th of December, at which time the snow had fallen to the depth of four feet upon a level ; and they, being unfurnished with snow- shoes, could not travel a day's journey into the woods without great hazard of their lives j — therefore the enterprize was aban- doned.* A truce. No eveut, as it proved, could have had a happier tendency; for the Indians, having been diverted from their ordinary pursuits, had no provisions on hand, nor means of buying them, — their ammunition and plunder were consumed, — the snow was too deep for hunting, — and they perceived, that without peace, they must suffer extreme famine. The Sagamores therefore requested of the Commissioners, Messrs. Waldron and Shapleigh, an armistice, and then entered into a treaty for " the whole body of Indians eastward ;"f engaging to be the submissive subjects of the gov- ernment, and to surrender all captives without ransom. These were happily from time to time restored, and their lives saved. The dying embers of war, kept smothered through seven succeeding months, might never have been disturbed, had the people, uninfluenced by private gains, and personal animosities, been governed by maxims of exact justice and prudence. * About twenty families removed from Saco, Falmoiitli, and the nrig-h- borhood, to Salcrn. fTliis could include only tlie Indians from Tiscataqna to Casco. — Hub- harcTs Indian Wars, p. 346. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 631 But during the winter the community was filled with whispers A. D. 1676. and jealousies. The eastern traders were charged in Boston with selling to the Indians firearms and ammunition ; when it was provable, they were procured of the French. It was also re- ported, that the Sagamores and their confidents were engaged in a deep conspiracy against the inhabitants ; and so fully was this believed, that Major Waldron was induced to issue general q^^^^^^^ warrants for seizing every Indian known to be a manslayer, marrams, traitor or conspirator. These precepts, which afforded every man a plausible pretext Indian kid to seize suspected savages, were obtained by several shipmasters "^PP**"* for the most shameful purposes. One with his vessel lurked about the shores of Pemaquid, when Mr. Shurte, acquainted with his errand, importunately entreated him to depart; assuring him, the English and the natives in the vicinity, were in a state of profound peace, and warning the Indians likewise to beware of his wiles. Yet he treacherously caught several, — and carrying them into foreign parts, sold them for slaves.* Another, by the name of Laughlin, with one of Mr, Waldron's warrants, seized several Mickmaks at Cape Sable, for the same wretched purpose. These people, who had hitherto been altogether dis- tinct and separate from the other eastern tribes, were in this manner provoked, to make the injuries done the natives a com- mon cause of resentment. Greatly incensed by these fresh and unprovoked affronts, the Complaints Indians complained to Mr. Shurte, whose sincerity and kind of- dian's* fices had won their confidence ; stating that many of their bro- thers were missing, — possibly miserable slaves in foreign lands. ' Yes, (added they,) and your people frightened us away last fall ' from our cornfields about Kennebeck, — ^you have since with- ' holden powder and shot from us ; so that we have been unable * to kill either fowl or venison, and some of our Indians, too, the ' last winter, actually perished of hunger.' To conciliate them and preserve their temper, Mr. Shurte told them, that their friends, if transported, should be returned to their homes, and the transgressors arrested and punished ; and that Maj. Waldron had entered into a happy peace with the Sokokis and other Indians, which might become general, provided tlie * Hub, Indian Wart, p. 332—344. 532 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. !67G. Anasagiinticooks and the Canibas tribe would accede to it. Much gratified, apparently, with this parley, as they called it, they presented him with a belt of wampam in token of amity, delivered to him a captive boy, and, a short time after, sent a foot-post, or " runner" to him from Teconnet,* inviting him to » meet the Sagamores in council at that place. A parley at The committee, or council of war, whose advice he sought, 'ieconnct. associated with him in the mission, Capt. Sylvanus Davis, and gave them instructions. On their arrival at Teconnet, the Indians saluted them by a discharge of guns ; and conducted them respectfully into the great wigwam, or camp, where they found seated Assiminasqua, Madockawando, Tarumkin, Hope- hood, Mugg and a large assemblage from their tribes. Squando, whose attendance, they were informed, was expected, had not yet arrived. Assiminasqua, their chief speaker, first addressed them : — - brothers, keep your arms, it is a point of honor. Be at liberty. It is not our custom, like J\lohawks, to seize the messengers coni^ ing unto us, J\''ay — certainly we never do, as your people once did with fourteen of our Indians, sent to treat with you ; taking aivay their guns and setting a guard over their heads. — We now must tell you, lue. have been in deep luaters.'—You told us to come down and give up our arms and powder, or you would kill us. So to keep peace, we were forced to part with our hunting gU7is ; or to leave both our fort and our corn. What we did, teas a great loss — we feel its weight, ' Our reply to you,' said the agents, 'is good. Our men, v.ho 'have done you wrong, are always greatly blamed. Could they ' be reached by the arm of our rulers, they would be punished. ' All the Indians know how kindly they have been treated at * Pemaquid. We come now to confirm the peace, especially to ' treat with the Anasagunticooks. We wish to see Squando, f * and to hear Tarumkin speak. He then remarked : — / have been westward, where I found three Sagamores, wishing for peace ; — many Indians unwilling. I love the clear streams of friendship, that meet and unite. Cer- tain, I myself, choose the shades of peace. My heart is true ; * SulUvanj, p. 171. — Hereabouts were evidences of ' ancient settle- menlE,' \ Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 340, Chap. xx.J of waink. 533 and I give you my hand in pledge of the truth. — Seven of his a.d. icts tribe, also Hopehood and Mugg, oflered the same token of their sincerity. Had Squando been present, Shurtc and Davis might have effected a treaty with the Anasagunticooks. But Madocka- wando, becoming impatient of the distrust and jealousy, which the agents discovered, enquired : — Do we not meet here on equal ground 9 Where shall we huy powder and shot for our winter^s hunting, when we have eaten up all our corn'? Shall ive leave Englishmen and apply to the French ? or let our Indians die ? fVe have waited long to hear you tell us, and now we want, yes ! or no ! ' You may,' said the Agents, ' have ammunition for necessary * use ; but you say yourselves, there are many western Indians, ' who do not choose peace. Should you let them have the pow- ' der we sell you, \v\mt do we, better than cut our own throats? — * This is the best answer we are allowed to return you, though * you ivait ten years.' The reply gave an unfortunate turn to the parley or negotia- tion. The chiefs taking umbrage, declined any further talk; and the Agents returned home,* apprehending a speedy renewal of hostilities. The death of King Philip, August 12, 16TG, which occasion- Ueaih of ed a jubilee among the colonists of his vicinity, was an event in Aug. 12. its consequences, truly calamitous to the eastern people. His surviving most notorious adherents, strolling away, dispersed '^"' |"'''<^' themselves among the Penacooks and Abenaques. Though their Maiue. language was radically the same, and some of them could speak English, they were easily distinguished by their dialect, and the cut of their hair. The maddened passions of these visitors or emigrants, were in correspondent tone with those of Squando. He took fresh courage. His angel, without doubt, revealed to him anew, the utter destruction of the English ; and he was im- patient to see the work renewed. Three of the most noted fugitives, who had taken or acquired Anf^rew, ° ' ■» >imon and the English names, of Simon, Andrew and Peter, escaping to I'^'er. Merrimack river, a short time before the downfall of their prince, killed one Thomas Kimball, an inhabitant tbere, and took captive his wife and five children. They then endeavored to conceal * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 3.11- 534 THE HISIORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1G76. themselves among the Penacooks, who had been neutrals in the war. But as they were murderers, undeserving hospitality, they were surrendered, — seized on one of Maj. Waldron's warrants, and closely confined at Dover, till July ; when they effected their escape, and went to Casco bay. They were all adepts in villainy and Simon, surnamed '• the yankee-killer," boasted, that he had shot at many a white man, and never failed but once of bringing his object to the ground.* „ , , Early in August, he made himself familiar at the house People kill- •' . . edaiCesco. of Anthony Brackett, an inhabitant of Back Cove, (Falmouth) who in a kw days after, lost one of his cows. — ' I can shew you,' said Simon, ' the fellows that killed the creature,' — and then went away. Suspecting his fidelity, Brackett and his neighbors des- patched two messengers to inform Major Waldron, at Dover, of the circumstance and their lears. But before their return, a party of savages came to Brackett's, August 11, led by Simon, who exclaimed, ' here are the Indians that took your cow,' and forth- with seizing all the weapons in sight, proceeded to bind Mr. Brackett, his wife, their five children, and a negro servant ; when her brother, Nathaniel Mitten, in resisting their violence, was in- stantly killed. Next they despatched with their tomahawks, his neighbors, Robert Corbin, Humphrey Durham, and Benjamin Atwell, residents at Presumpscot,f and hurried away their wives and families with the other prisoners, towards the water ; only Attack on One woman escaping with her children in a canoe. An alarm Au^'rii. was given by two men in a boat, who had fortunately escaped the shots aimed at them ; while two others, coming at this juncture to labor for Brackett, likewise fled away unhurt ; and the surviving inhabitants made a hasty retreat to Mountjoy's garrison on the hill. Another laborer, hiding in the bushes, was eye- witness to the death of Thomas Brackett, and the capture of his wife and children, he being killed near his own house, on the southerly side of the peninsula. At convenient times, Messrs. Pike, Wells, Lewis, Felt and the returning messengers, with others, aware of their exposure to certain death or captivity, if the fori were taken, took their re- * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 335, 344, 350. t They also shot John Mountjoy, son of George, and Isaac Wakely, on the Neck, as they crossed over to Purpoodic, and took James Ross, his wife and children prisoners. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 535 spective families and removed to Andrews' or Bangs' Island, as a a. d. igtg. place of greater safety. Recollecting, however, the powder left in different places, the men associated, and, on the night of the 13th, went and brought off about two barrels, and some other ar- ticles. The peninsula of Casco-neck was, during a subsequent period, wholly deserted ;* thirty-four persons being killed in this surprisal, or carried into captivity, f and a considerable property destroyed ; though most of the houses were left standing. J At the same time, August 13, a blow was struck at the life Jg^jroved' and possessions of Richard Hammond at Stinson's point [Wool- wich]. He had been for a long time a trader with the Indians j and they complained, (as they were wont to do), of his cheating them. Once, they said, he filled them with strong drink, and took away their furs from them by stealth. Remembering his offences, a vindictive party of them, visited the place, whose looks and airs so frightened a young maid, that she started to run away : — But an Indian brought her back, and told her she had nothing to fear. Still more terrified by the arrival of a larger number of them, she escaped and travelled over land ten miles to Sheepscot plantation, and told the story to the people there ; adding, that she heard, when at a distance from the house, a great bustle and heavy blows. It was true, the Indians, in the first onset, killed Samuel Smith, Joshua Grant, and also Ham- mond himself, setting fire to his house, and making sixteen per- sons, captives. Before the assailants started away, they divided themselves Arrowsick into two bands. One ascended the river, and took into custody Francis Card and his family ; the other proceeded by water, the same night, to Arrowsick, and landed in great silence on the south-easterly point of the Island, near the settlement and fort. A part of them cowered down under the walls of the garrison, and odiers secreted themselves behind a large adjoining rock ; — all being able to see every movement of the sentinel. As he retir- ed from his post, before the usual hour, without being relieved, he was unconsciously followed through the fort-gate by the sav- age-spies in quick succession ; who instantly closed the port-holes * Probably the inhabitants did not return generally till the peace in April, ]6'ii.— Willis, p, 152. f Namely, 12 men, 6 women, and 16 children. I Hubbard's Indian Wars, 339-IO-3f)9. 536 THE iiisTOKY [Vol. i, A. D. ifi76, and assumed to be masters of the sarrison. Never, perhaps, Aii^. 14. . . 3^1' was consternation greater. The English and Indians fought hand to hand. Aroused from sleep, Capts. Lake, Davis, and others, soon finding resistance vain, fled through a back-door, and jump- ing into a canoe, strove to reach another Island. Overtaken, however, by their pursuers, just as they were stepping on shore,. Lake was killed by a musket-shot, and Davis so wounded that he could neither fight nor flee. Able now only to creep, he hid himself in a cleft of the rocks; and the beams of the rising sun, in the eyes of the assailants, prevented a discovery. Neverthe- less, two days elapsed before he could, even in a light canoe, paddle himself away to the chores of the main. About a dozen other persons, escaping to the further end of the Island, found means to get off in safety. Lake was an enter- prizing, and excellent man ;" and it is said, he would not have been killed, had he asked quarter, and not presented his pistol to his antagonist. So proud was the savage of his bloody exploit, that he took the hat of his fallen foe, and wore it as a trophy, upon his own head. The number killed and carried into captivity, was thirty-five persons. In the general conflagration, the whole of this large and beautiful establishment — the mansion-house, the fortification, the mills, and the out-buildings — collectively the works of years, and the cost of several thousand pounds, forming yesterday the hamlet of the Islands, exhibit to-day only a smoul- dering heap of ruins. Btacki-tt's News of the event rendered Simon and his bloody companions frm'iiy"es- impatient to be partakers of the spoils, or the glory of the siege ; *^''''^' and, therefore, as they were burdened with their prisoners, they left Anthony Brackett's wife and family — probably on Great Se- bascodegan. Here she fortunately found a leaky birchen canoe, in which, after sh.e had mended it, she and her negro servant, rowed them all safely to Black-point, from whence a vessel gave them a passage to Piscataqua. The people The inhabitants eastward of Arrowsick became now so much adahock'*'^' dismayed, that they durst no longer abide in their own houses. hianlL'^^ Those of Sheepscot, listening to the story of the fugitive girl, made an early retreat to the fort at Cape-newagen. The peo- ple of Pemaquid fled on board their vessels ; but being prevent- * Capt. fjakp was the ancestor, pnrhaps father, of Sir Biby Lake. Chap, xx.] of maim:. 537 ed by reason of lisiht or adverse winds irom reachinc; Monhesan, a. d. 1676. J ^ . August. which they supposed to be an Island of the greatest safety upon the coast, they were under the necessity of going ashore upon one of the Damariscove Islands. Here, they met with Messrs. Callicot and Wiswell from Casco and Arrowsick ; and all of them labored incessantly for two days in constructing a fortification. However, as soon as they were favored with a northerly breeze, they abandoned this Island ; those two gentlemen sailing for Bos- ton, and the rest proceeding to Monhegan. The Islanders and refugees uniting there, appointed a watch of twenty-five men by night, and a sufficient guard by day, and agreed that no vessel should leave the harbor for a week, excepting a single one des- tined to go and bring away their household-furniture and effects from Pemaquid. Yet scarcely was the trip performed, before pemaquid they saw clouds of smoke arise over their burning village, also ^"'""'• flames of the houses at New-Harbor, at Corban's Sound and upon some of the Islands. Being shortly after informed, that no succors could be immediately expected from Boston, they quit the Island, and sailed for that town, Piscataqua and Salem. On their passage they visited one of the Damariscove Islands, where they found only the relics of recent destruction, — two dead bodies, the ashes and fragments of the buildings, and the carcasses of the cattle.* In one month, fifteen leagues of coast eastward of Casco Extent of neck, were laid waste. The inhabitants were either massacred, """"^^'^S"- carried into captivity, or driven to the Islands or remoter places, and the settlements abandoned or in ruins. The inhabitants had endured with fortitude a series of hardships many years, and those of the peninsula in particular, could not entertain the thought of altogether abandoning their homes and their all, to the ^ savage destroyers. Upon Mountjoy's Island, two leagues from the shore, was an old stone house which was easily made a shel- ter for a few of them ; and upon Jewel's Island, others fortified a house and made preparations for defending themselves. But the Indians, flushed with their successes, rushed upon this Attack on Island, Sept. 2, when the men were fishing, the women engag- island, ed in washing by the water side, and the children scattered about the shore. At first, a brave lad firing from the house, * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 351—4—360—390. Vol. I. 55 638 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A D. 1676. killed two Indians, and thus gave the alarm. Mrs. Potts and several of her children were quickly seized, when one of them seeing his father coming in a boat, ran towards him, crying for help, — till caught by a savage, upon whom the father durst not fire, through fear of killing his child. One of the men rowed off his canoe towards Richmond Island for assistance, and the others with great intrepidity rushed into the midst of the Indians, and with the loss of tvi^o killed and five made captive, drove them to their canoes. The messenger, meeting witii a ketch, persuaded the master to go and relieve the distressed Islanders j and he finally removed them to places of more safety. The as- sailants proceeded to Spurwink, where they killed two and wounded others. Troops sent Amidst these alarming depredations, the General Court, hav- enemy' "'^ ^"S been Convened, ordered 200 men to be enlisted, under the command of Captains William Hawthorn, Joseph Sill, and J. Hunting, and directed Major Waldron, and Major Frost, to make detachments from their respective regiments, or otherwise recruit as many able-bodied men as could with prudence leave home ; and to despatch them with the colonial troops against the enemy. The force from Massachusetts, partly formed of refugees from Maine, who were anxious to return, consisted of 130 English and 40 Natick Indians. They all arrived at Cocheco, (Dover) Sept. 6 ; where they were met by the soldiery under Waldron and Frost. Mel at Do- At the samc place, about 400 Indians from different tribes ver, by400 aggembled ; some of whom were known to be malignant fugitives Indians. ' o o from the westward ; others had treacherously violated the stipula- tions of the treaty, made with them nine months before ; and all were acting in concert and friendship. As this assemblage was probably not requested, it was not expected ; and Waldron, who had authority to seize all Indian murderers and traitors, was in- volved in a difficult dilemma. Many of the English soldiers, en- raged at the recollection of savage cruelties, were impatient to fall upon them immediately and indiscriminately, with gun and bayo- net ; while he knew, that most of the Indians present were repos- ing the greatest confidence, both in his honor and fidelity. Waldron, therefore, suggested to the officers an expedient, which, though of an uncommon character, was adopted. He proposed, the next day, to the embodied Indians, to have a sham- Chap, xx.] of MAINE. 539 fight, in which they were to manoeuvre on the one side, and the a.d. 1676. EneHsh on the other. Accordinelv the amusement was continu- i?^"'"'^"*' 3 " •' the Indians, ed a short time, when Waldron induced them to fire a erand ^"^' '^'e "f ' _ _ _ ° ihc ofleiid- round ; and the moment their guns were discharged, his troops crs. surrounded the unwary Indians, seized and disarmed them, with- out the loss of a man on either side. To divide them into classes, according to their guilt or innocence, was a far more difficult part of this undertaking. Wonnolancet and his tribe, all adherents to the English and all neutrals in the war, were discharged. The " strange Indians" from the westward, and every one who had been guilty of bloodshed or outrage since the treaty, about 200 in all, were confined and conveyed to Boston. The Governor and Assistants constituted, at that time, the Supreme Court of the colony ; and all the prisoners who were convicted of having taken life, (being seven or eight,) suffered death ; and others re- ceiving the sentence of banishment, were transported and sold in foreign parts for slaves. The propriety of this unprecedented course was a subject, which divided the whole community ; some applauded, — some doubted, — some censured ; but the government approved. Wal- dron and Frost, with other officers, thought it their duty to obey their orders, which directed them to kill and destroy all hostile Indians ; and to submit the future destiny of the prisoners to the public authorities. It was believed, that those who were set at liberty might feel highly satisfied, and those transported would never be able to return. But the Indians thought this farce of a battle, a base Yankee trick, played off in direct violation of good faith ; which they would neither forget nor forgive. Next day, the troops, under the senior command of Capt. „ Hawthorn, piloted by Blind Will, Saeamore of the Newichawan- The troops ' _ •' . proceed to nocks, and eight of his Indians, proceeded eastward by water ; Casco. and after visiting Wells, Winter-harbor, Black-point, and Spur- wink, disembarked, September 20th, upon the peninsula of Fal- mouth. They had taken on the way, only two prisoners, one of whom was killed and the other permitted by Blind Will's men, his keepers, to escape ; they probably intending that every princi- pal event should be communicated to the enemy. As some of the inhabitants belonging to Casco neck, probably Fort Lojai returned — they and the soldiery, proceeded to prepare the 640 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A, D. 167G. foundations for a public garrison,* — to establish which, the Gen- eral Court had made some appropriations. The troops, engaged principally in searching for the enemy and in relieving or removing the settlers, tarried upwards of three weeks upon the peninsula ; during which a few instances only of depredations committed by the savages are noticed. By permission of Capt. Hawthorn, Event at September 23d, seven of the inhabitants visited Pvlountjoy's, or IsiamV"^ ^ Peak's Island, for the purpose of killing and dressing a few sheep, for the support of their families. While there, they were en- countered by an Indian party, and driven to the old stone house for shelter, in which they defended themselves with much valor, till, either by the guns of the enemy, or the stones tumbled upon them from the walls, they were all killed except one, who soon died of his wounds. Being heads of families and men of cour- age and activity, especially George Felt, they were greatly es- teemed and their deaths deeply lamented. A larger party, lurking about Wells, the next day, Sept. 24, shot from his horse James Gooch, as he was returning from pub- lic worship on the Lord's day; and his wife, who was on the same horse, was cut to pieces by them with their hatchets. Sept. 25. On the 25th, they destroyed the settlement at Cape Neddock,f dock c'e^- ' where forty persons were slain, or made the subjects of a vvretch- stro}e . ^^ captivity. This was a transaction, which bore some marks of uncommon barbarity. For instance, — after dashing out the brains of a nursing mother, they pinned her infant to her bosom and in this awful condition was the babe found alive, with one of the paps in its mouth. J Again they entered Wells, and killed George Farrow, — all the settlers being constantly terrified with appre- hensions of instant death. Unable to meet the Indians, who were extremely shy, the troops, Oct. 12, sailed from Casco-neck and continued the resi- October 14. duc of the month at Nevvichawannock. On the second day attacked." only, after they passed Black-point, a body of 120 Indians^ made a furious assault upon the garrison there ; when fortunately all the surviving inhabitants of the place were safe within its walls. This fortress, which was commanded by Henry Joscelyn, Esq. * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 78. — Afterwards completed and called "Fort Loyal." —See fosl. A. D. IfiCO, chap. 21. f In York. | Sullivan, p. 2-11. 5 Card says " 120 fisbtin^^ ineu."— Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 2CU— 2V3. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 541 was strong, and as easily defensible by few men as any one upon a. d. ig76. the coast. Aware of the fact, the arch-leader, Mugg, told the commander, if he would surrender, he and his associates should be free to depart with all their goods, without injury or insult. During the parley, Joscelyn suffered himself to be drawn out a short distance from the garrison, and on returning, he was sur- prized to learn that in his absence all the people, except his house- hold servants, had laden their boats and were gone. In this wretched predicament, he was obliged to surrender at discretion.* The event was a mighty boon — in which Mugg took great pride. For, the Indians themselves had on the same point, and in the vi- cinity, two slender fortifications and eight wigwams between them ; and the present surrender, in addition to the burning of Blue-point, the last year, completed the ruin of Scarborough. To prevent the Indians from plundering Richmond Island, of Seizure of all the valuable property collected there ; Walter Gendell per- rrew at suaded Capt. Fryer of Portsmouth, to proceed with his vessel island, and crew, and remove what remained. He did so ; but as they were loading their vessel, a part of the sailors on shore were seized, and a part on board were driven below deck. Next, by leaping into canoes, the bolder savages succeeded in cutting the cables, and the wind blowing fresh from the southeast, drove the ketch ashore. Surrender, said they, or Jlames will soon make you prisoners of death. Theirs was now a most wretched choice, — either to die by fire or the tomahawk ; — to be thrown into the deep, or to commit a species of suicide, by surrendering themselves prisoners to blood-thirsty barbarians. But as Captain Fryer lay wounded and bleeding before their eyes, his men at last concluded to risque the tender mercies of the savages, and eleven were made prisoners. In the cartel, they were to ransom themselves by delivering a specified quantity of goods in a limited time ; — to procure which, two of the prisoners were released, who, departing, returned with the ransom before the time elapsed. But as the exacters ihemselves were then absent on some new expedition, their fellows took it, killed one of the * HubhanVs Indian Wars, p. 390. — The "list of the inhabitants at Black-point garrison, Oct. 12, 1676," exhibits the names of about 60 rnen, including those within and without the fort. — 1 Coll. Jfainc Hist. Soc. p. 140. 542 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1G7G. bearers, and retained the rest of his companions in custody : — A true specimen this, of Indian faith. Such a repetition of uninterrupted successes, filled the natives with hopes, and the inhabitants with fears, that the entire Prov- ince would soon be overrun and laid waste. Mugg, sensible of October 18. the advantages gained, led a force, Oct. 18, against Wells garri- vVeUs. °'* son at the town's end, and sent his prisoner, Walter Gendell, to demand a capitulation. JVever, said the commander, never shall the gates be opened, till every one within is dead. Re- pelled by so bold a reply, yet bent on mischief, Mugg and his associates killed two persons, wounded a third, cut the throats of thirteen cattle, from which they took only their tongues, and then withdrew to the woods. Nov. i! Supposing that the Indians were collecting at their great fort to^Ossbee. ^"^ Ossipee river, Captains Hawthorn, Sill — and their men took up their march, Nov. 1, from Newichawannock, towards that place ; wading through deep snows, and passing several streams, not frozen hard enough to bear a traveller. This expe- dition of two months, with all its hardships and expenses, was entirely fruitless ; not an Indian being seen, and nothing more done, than burning a part of their fort.* .J , Mugg, the most cunning Indian of the age, came to Piscata- prosais of qyg^ bringing in Fryer, dying of his wounds, and declared upon his faith, which he said was still good, that the prisoners taken at Richmond's Island, would shortly be restored, without ransom ; at the same time, proposing in behalf of Madockawando to ne- gotiate a peace. He and his sagacious master saw how much it consisted with motives of policy and the dictates of prudence, — to treat with a discomfited, desponding foe, — to present the first offer in behalf of their tribe, that had much to lose and nothing to gain by the war, — and to anticipate the necessities of an approaching winter, when the means of sustenance must be entirely meager, and prisoners burdensome. In short, they ex- pressed ardent wishes for a speedy return of peace and of all neutral Indians, several of whom, from every tribe, even of the Canibas and Anasagunticooks, had been absent most of the sum- mer ;f suspecting if the war was continued, that they would form * Huhbard's Indian Wars, p. STG — Day of the return, January 9. f F. Card's Deposition. Chap, xx.] of Maine. 543 connexions with the Algonquins, and other northern Indians, A, D. 1G7G. which could not be readily dissolved, and which might be the means of thinning the tribes. Mugg, therefore, through the agency of jVIajor-General Den- nison, then at Piscataqua, was favored with an immediate passage to Boston : where he, in behalf of iMadockawando and Cheberrina, negotiated a treaty, Nov. G, with the Governor and Council; ^o^-fi- , , . . He negoti- and signed it, " The mark X of Mugg." Its articles were m aips a trea- substance, these : — 1 . All acts of hostility shall cease ; 2. all English captives, vessels and goods, shall be restored ; 3. a full satisfaction shall be rendered to the English for the damages they have sustained ; 4. the Indians shall buy ammunition only of those whom the Governor may appoint ; 5, the slayers of Wal- ter Gendell and his friends, engaged in the ransom of the cap- tives at Richmond's Island, if they are indeed killed, shall be surrendered to the English ; and G. the Sachems of Penobscot shall take arms against the Anasagunticooks and other eas- tern Indians, if they do still persist in the war.* ' In faith of my sincerity and honor,' said Mugg, ' I pledge my- ' self an hostage in your hands, till the captives, vessels and * goods are restored ; and I lift my hand to heaven, in witness of ' my honest heart in this treaty.' On the 21st of the same month, Capt. jNIoore was despatched j^r^^ «,j to Penobscot, in a vessel with the Indian emissary, to procure a ratification of the treaty and bring home the captives. Soon as he arrived, Dec. 2, the articles all received the sanction of the Sagamore ; Gcndcll and a few other prisoners, especially those taken at Richmond's Island were surrendered ; and Mugg declared, that not more than 50 or GO, in the whole, could be found among all the Indians. Reluctant as he pretended to be, through apprehensions of injury or blame for his eonciliatory transactions, he was induced to visit the Canibas tribe, with a mouth full of persuasives to join the peace and release captives. He expected to go as far as Te- connet ; and when he departed, he said to Capt. Moore, if I do not return in Jour days, you may conclude 1 am certainly bereft of my life or liberty. A week or more elapsed, and yet nothing was heard of him ; therefore the Captain returned home. It was * See this treaty entire. — 2 J^eurs jV. E. p. 403-5. 544 THE HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D.j 676. afterwards reported, that Mugg, in a laughing mood, said to the Indians at Teconnet, — / know how we can even hum Boston, and drive all the country bejore us : — we must go to the fishing Islands, and take all the white menh vessels.^ The story of Thomas Cobbet, one of the captives taken the Tiift slory of T. Cobbet. last autumn at Richmond's Island, who returned home with Capt. Moore, is worthy of particular mention. His father was the min- ister of Ipswich. After being wounded by a musket shot, his hands were fast tied, and in the division of the captives, it was his unfortunate lot to be assigned to an Indian of the worst character. Young Gobbet's first duty was to manage the captured ketch of Fryer, in sailing to Sheepscot, and from that place to paddle a canoe, carrying his master and himself, to Penobscot, and thence to their hunting ground at Mount Desert. He suffered the ex- tremes of cold, fatigue and famine ; and because he could not understand the Indian dialect, the savage often drew his knife upon him, threatening him with instant death. In hunting, on a day of severe cold, he fell down in the snow, benumbed, famished and senseless. Here he must have perished, had not the more humane hunters conveyed him to a wigwam and restored him. At another time his savage master was drunk five successive days, in which he was fearfully raving like a wild beast. To such an alarming degree did he beat and abuse his own squaws, that Cobbet, who knew himself to be much more obnoxious than they, to his fury, fled into the woods to save his life ; where he made a fire, formed a slender covert, and the squaws fed him. At the end of nine weeks, the Indians had a ^ve^X powow ; and his master sent him to Mons. Castine for ammunition to kill moose and deer. He arrived at a most opportune hour, just be- fore Mugg's departure to Teconnet, who readily called him by name. Ah ! said Mugg, 1 saiv your father when I went to Bos- ton — and I told him his son should return. He must be releas- ed according to the treaty. Yes, replied Madockawando, but the captain must give me the fine coat he has in the vessel ; Jor his father is a " great preach-man,^^ or chiej speaker, among English- men. — This request was granted, and young Cobbet saw his de- moniac master no more. The late treaty gave some encouragements of a settled tran- * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 386-391. Chap, xx.] of MAINE. 545 quillity, still the aspect of Indian affairs was by no means free A. D. 1677. from gloom. The conduct of Mugg was suspicious ; a part only Indian af- of the captives had returned ; some of the Indians threatened to break the treaty ; and the scalps taken from the heads of three " foreign Indians," at Cocheco, who were known by the cut of their hair,* to be Narragansetts, induced the belief that many of those peojile had mixed with the eastern tribes, and were foment- ing quarrels. At length a renewal of hostilities in the spring was extensively apprehended ; and the General Court ordered a win- ter expedition to be fitted out eastward. This, consistina; of 150 men, of whom GO were Natick Indians, F^'*'^:. . Expedition sailed from Boston early in February, under the command of against the enciny. Majors Waldron and Frost ; a day of prayer being previously ap- pointed for the success of the enterprize. The places of their particular destination were Casco and Kennebeck, and their in- structions were, " to subdue the Indians in those parts, and deliver " the English captives detained in their hands." The first intelligence they received concerning the eastern Indians, was communicated by John Abbot, at the Isles of Shoals; who, with the help of a boy, had effected an escape from them at Sheepscot in his own vessel. He said, ammv.nition was uncom- monly scarce and dear, among all the Indians ; — especially at Kennebeck, powder was Avorth 32*. by the pound, and some were gone or going into Canada to buy it. Waldron landed his troops, Feb. 18, upon Mare-point in Bruns- Fek 18. wick, a league below Maquoit, where they were presently hailed Mare^point by a party of Indians, among whom appeared Squando and Simon jJUsh^ "^" the Yankee-killer. A parley was commenced, in which Waldron enquired of Simon, their speaker, — From what place did you hear of us ?— At ' Purpooduck-head.'-- Jf7iO roused up the Indians to re- nerv the loar?—' Oh !— Blind Will :— He says he'll kill Waldron.'f — Do you desire peace ? — ' Yes, and we sent Mugg to Boston for ' that purpose — he told us you'd be here.' — Can you tell us, where noiv arc the English captives ? — ' O, may be under Squando.' — Are they well 1 — ' Yes.' — Why donH you release them ? — Squando replied, ' I will bring them in the afternoon.' Nothing more was seen of the Indians, till noon the next day, * Fiubbard's Indian Wars, p. 392-5.-1 Bclk. N. H. p. 122. f This was probably a false assertion. Vol.. T. 56 546 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1677. when a little flotilla of 14 canoes, was discovered up the bay, pulling for the shore ; and presently a house was seen in flames. As Waldron's scout approached the Indians, they raised a hideous shout, and challenged some of the soldiers to fight. Maj. Frost attacked them from an unexpected quarter, — killing or wounding several ; and again presented a flag of truce, which produced another parley. The Sagamores were now asked, — why they had not brought the captives 'I — why they set the white mail's house on fire '^ — and why they challenged the soldiers ? — They replied, ' that the ' captives were a great way off, and the snow and cold weather ' had prevented their coming ; — that the house took fire by ac- ' cident ; and that the soldiers fired at the Indians first :' — ' These ' are our answers to you.' „, ,, Unable here to fight the Indians to advantage, or recover Waldron at '-' ^ ^ Sagada- the captives, Waldron sailed to Sagadahock. Disembarking on the western shore of the peninsula, opposite the foot of Arrowsick Island, and concluding to settle a garrison there ; he made arrangements for the purpose, and set about half of his men to Feb. 26. work. With the others in two vessels, he proceeded, Feb. 26, to Pemaquid. Meeting at that place three or four Sachems and an assemblage of mixed Indians, partly Tarratines, he agreed with them, the next day, to lay aside arms on both sides, sub- rait to a mutual search, and enter upon the negotiation of a treaty. Fci). 27. Iti its commencement, Waldron desired them to restore their *^fr!';'iv"at' captives, also to take arms, furnish canoes, and proceed against i'einBquid. ^j^g Anasaguuticooks, as a common enemy. A few of our young men only, said an old Sagamore, who cannot he restrained, have had any concern in the war. All the prisoners with us, were received from the Canibas tribe to keep ; and we must have for supporting each one of them, 12 heaver skins, and some good liquor. Our canoes, you know, are in use; we are hound to Penobscot in them. — Sufficient liquor was then given them, and abundant ransom was offered ; yet only three prisoners were pro- duced, or could be obtained. Though their sincerity was suspected and their treachery feared ; another meeting was appointed in the afternoon. At that time Waldron espying the point of a lance under a board, searched farther, when he found other weapons hidden also ; and taking f» Chap, xx.] of MAINE. 547 one, he brandished it towards them, exchim'm^,— perfidious a. d. ig77. wretches — you intended to get our goods and then kill us, did you ? — They were thunder struck : Yet, one more daring than the rest, seized the weapon and strove to wrest it from VValdron's hand. A tumult ensued, in which his hfe was much endangered. Maj. Frost, laying hold of IMegunnaway, one of the barbarous murderers of Thomas Brackett and his neighbors, hurried him into the hold of the vessel. Meanwhile an athletic squaw caught up a bundle of guns, and run for the woods. At that instant, a re- enforcement arrived from the vessels ; wdien the Indians scattered in all directions, — pursued by the soldiers, either to the water's edge or into the forest. In this affray, Sagamore Mattahando, also an old Powow, and five Indians were killed. One canoe was capsized, from which five of them were drowned ; — and four others were made prison- ers. Waldron preserved his goods, and took from the Indians about 1,000 pounds of beef and some other booty. But the chastisement partook of a severity, which the provocation by no means justified ; nor could it be dictated by motives of sound policy. It must have reminded the Indians of the mock-fight at Dover, and served to increase their prejudices. One of his pris- oners was the fiur sister of Madockawando, whose influence with her brother, had he not been absent on a long hunting tour, might have effected a release of captives. Megunnaway, grown hoary in crimes, was shot.* On their return to Arrowsick, they killed two Indian plunderers vvaidron at found there, put on board the large guns, several anchors, a quan- J^r^^^s]*^ ' tity of wheat and boards which had escaped the flames, and sent a captive squaw to Teconnet fort ; demanding in their names an exchange of prisoners. They likewise left, under Capt. Sylva- nus Davis, a garrison of 40 men upon the main, where it was lately setded, and returned to Boston, IMarch 11, without the loss March ii, •II 1 T 1 f r^ ri -1 lithiums to of a man ; carry mg with them the body of Capt. Lake, entn-ely Boston, preserved by cold. As the Mohawks were In amity with the English, and an uni- The Mo- Inwks liircd versal terror to all the New-England tribes ;f it was thought to into service. * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 410. t The whole number of Mohawk fighters, or warriors of the Five Na- tions. A. D. 1677, were estimated at 2,150. — Chalmers. 548 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1677. consist with maxims of the wisest policy, to persuade them, if possible, into the public service. The measure was recommended by Sir Edmund Andros, the Duke's Governor of New-York and Sagadahock,* and fifteen of them were at length taken into em- March IG. ploy; who appeared, March 16, in the vicinity of Amoskeag- falls, on the Merrimack. They first hailed the son of Wonnolan- set, who, being unable to understand the language, took fright and fled ; they all firing two rounds at him without effect. Unac- Biind Will quainted with the friendly character of Blind Will, and the Indians killed. about Cocheco, they next attacked him and eight of his tribe, then employed by Waldron to make discoveries, and only a part of them escaped alive. The death of Blind Will, one of the slain, was the less lamented, because of his supposed duplicity ; though his general conduct had always been in consistency with his professions. In any point of view, the event was unfortunate, as the introduction of the Mohawks to our assistance was altogether im- politic. Religious people thought there was great impropriety in applying to the heathen for help.f The news of their arrival upon our frontiers spread, almost with the rapidity of lightning, through the New-England and Nova Scotia tribes. All were ex- cited to greater activity and watchfulness ; and our Indian allies, in view of the late fatality, aggravated by a report of their being hirelings into the war, became highly jealous, that an indiscriminate extermination was intended. f Any longer retention of the Mo- hawks in service was evidently forbidden by every principle of prudence — by every particle of good sense. A view of the past and anticipations of the future, were equally gloomy. Ere the snow had entirely disappeared, the ravening savages had singled out their victims, and were impatient to re- new the work of destruction ; York, Wells, and the new garrison opposite Arrowsick, being the principal objects of their vengeance. Indeed, if we except those places, Kittery, Newichawannock, and Winter-harbor, we may enquire what other places in Maine were not already wasted or deserted ? M- , .,. , To bury the bodies of the murdered inhabitants, which had lain INine killed .' ' on Arrow- ^bove ground upon Arrowsick, more than seven months, a large part of the opposite garrison proceeded to the Island, not suspecting dan- ger. But they were soon fired upon ; an ambush intercepted * 1 Trumbull's Conn. p. 326. f Hubbard's Indion Wars, ji. 410. t Hubbard's N. E. p. 630-1. Chap, xx.] of xMaine. 549 their retreat to their boats ; and nine of them were shot down A. D. ig77. upon the spot.* The survivors were soon after removed by- order of goverunient to other places, perhaps to Casco-fort, Black-point, or Winter-harbor ;f and Capt. Swaine with CO men, including ten Naticks, was despatched from Piscataqua eastward, to afford relief, succor, or support, where either was most needed. About the same time, April 7, seven men were killed in the April 7. z' I 1 r "IT- 1 -1 r Sevpii killed outer fields ot York, two mues from town, engaged in the first •" York, labor of spring. It was a feat which partook of great audacity ; for that town being more environed by settlements than others, had suffered less than they ; still supposing, for the same reason, no great danger to be apprehended. But the town, which the savages seemed to have marked out Attack upoa this year for early and utter destruction, was Wells. From their ^ *' first entering it, April G, when they killed three, to the end of the month, they made attacks upon the people and their garrison several times. On the 13th, John Weld and Benjamin Storer a prills, vrere killed by them. Two or three approaching a man and boy^ who were fowling in the marshes, were first espied by the boy,, when the man was half-sitting and fixing his flint. Springing up as the boy spoke, he aimed his gun directly at them, crying out„ ah, you rogues, I've been looking fo?' you; — when they, being startled by this bold rebuff, turned and fled. The fort was com- manded by Lieut. Swctt, a brave and vigilant officer — always- alert and active for the safety of the inhabitants. Seeing a strolling Indian, who was in fact a decoy, Swett despatched eleven of his men towards the place, to make discoveries. By ventur- ing too far, they fell into an ambush, when two were shot dead, and one mortally wounded. Hearing the report of the guns, Swett sent out auxiliaries, who killed five or six, and would have done thorough execution, had not an Irishman sung out, here they be ! — here they be ! — which so alarmed them, that they with- drew and sheltered themselves among the thick trees and bushes.. After the garrison had been re-established at Black-point, and May ig. the command of it accepted by Lieut. Tappen, a man of great ^a?rison'*be'- courage ; the Indians beset it, May 16, with an uncommon bold-^^[i'^^"^.],_ ness and pertinacity. The siege was continued three days in sue- ^'^• * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 410. f 1 Ijclknnjrs N. H. p. 127, snvs (o Boston. 550 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1G77. cession ; the assailants determining to force a surrender, or perish in the attempt. In this most obstinate encounter, three of the EngUsh were slain and one taken, who was barbarously tortured to death. One of the enemy brought to the ground, by particu- lar aim, was then supposed to be old Simon — afterwards found to be the celebrated Mugg. The loss of this leader so damped the courage of his companions, that they, in despair of victory, departed. Mugg had alternately brightened and shaded his own character, until the most skilful pencil would find it difficult to draw its just portrait. To the English this remarkable native was friend or foe — and among his own people, counsellor, peacemaker, fighter, or emissary, just as self-interest or the particular occasion might dictate. His address was inspiring, and his natural good sense and sagacity partially inclined him to be an advocate for peace. York and gy repulses, the Indians learned precaution, though defeat sai'ed seldom crippled their spirits. The party, after Mugg's death, di- vided, — eleven canoes full of Indians, proceeded eastward, to glean in the waste places of their spoils, and five hastened away to Wells and York ; where, within a few days, they killed seven persons, and took two captives. Finding six friendly Indians, May 28th, lying in a state of intoxication, they made prisoners of them, but at last left them in the woods, after a day's journey of 20 miles, through fear of the terrible Mohawks. Civil affairs. Though the town of Kittery was represented, this year in the General Court, by John Wincoln, also York and Wells, by Sam- uel Wheelwright, and the administration of justice was continued in Yorkshire ; the inhabitants of Devonshire had left their homes, and all the judicial regulations in that county were at an end. For the defence of Black-point, and the security of Winter- Black-poml ^ •' bailie. harbor, the General Court ordered a company of 40 men to be recruited, 200 Christian Indians taken into service, and all such able-bodied men enlisted, or impressed, as could be found, who had migrated from the Province of Maine.* The command of the forces, including the Indians, was given to Capt. Benja- min Swett and Lieut. Richardson. They arrived at Black-point June 28. on the 28th of June in high spirits. It is a rule of policy in fighting the Indians to gain time. Aware * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 109, 116. Chap, xx.") ov Maine. 561 of the maxim, and informed of the fact, that the savages had A. i). ic*7. been seen hovering around tlie place, Swett, at the head of one division, and Richardson the other, joined by some of the inhab- itants,* led out the whole, the next morning, upon the declivities j^^e 2y. of a neighboring hill. A large decoy, supposed to be the main body of the Indians, feigned a retreat, and were pursued by Swett and Richardson, till they found themselves between a thicket and a swamp, in a most exposed situation. Instantly, from an am- bush on each side, great numbers rising with a war-whoop, fired at once upon the two divisions, in which there were many young or inexperienced soldiers, and the whole were thrown into con- fusion. But though the ranks were broken, the engagement was sharp and proti'acted. Richardson was presently slain, and many on both sides soon shared the same fate. Swett fought the ene- my hand to hand ; displaying upon the spot, and in a retreat of two miles, great presence of mind as well as personal courage, in repeated rallies of his men, in his exertions to bring off the dead and wounded, and in defence of his rear, upon which the savages hung with destructive fury. At last, wounded in twenty places, and exhausted by loss of blood and by fatigue, he was grappled, dirown to the ground, and barbarously cut in pieces at the gates of die garrison. With this intrepid ofiicer, fell sixty of his men, forty English and twenty Indians, being two thirds of the whole number in tlie engagement. Seldom is the merit of a military officer more genuine — seldom is the death of one more deeply lamented. f The triumphant savages, in their next movement, spread them- The Indians selves along the seacoast from Wells to Casco-bay, resolved to ing vesse)s. try the favors of fortune upon the water. They were neither sailors nor skilful oars-men ; yet, by frequenting the harbors In the night-time, they were enabled to seize, in the month of July, . about twenty fishing vessels at anchor, — the greater part of which belonged to Salem. J Each of them carried from three to six men, who might have made a successful defence, had they not been taken by surprize ; or, as one author says, ' had they either * courage or skill to fight any thing but fish. '§ In fact, four did * Making 90 English in all. — Folsom, p. 160. + Hubbard's i\. E. p. 034.-1 Belle. N. H. p. 12S.— 6 Coll, Mass. Hist. 6oc. p. 263. I 6 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 263. 5 Hubbard's N. E, p. C35. 562 THE HISTORV [VoL. I. AD. 1G77. make a brave resistance ; having several men killed, and carry- ing nineteen others into Salem wounded. Hence, a large vessel, equipped like a war-ship and manned with 40 seamen, was des- patched to recapture the prizes, and give the enemy battle : — A vain enterprize — for the unskilful captors, finding the ketches too heavy to be managed with paddles, and being unable otherwise to manage them, had taken out all the valuable articles and aban- doned the whole of them. If most of the ketches were recov- ered, it is certain the crew of the cruiser while out, never saw a single Indian. The good Such wcrc the calamities and distresses of the summer, 1677, Gov? All- through the Province ; when alleviation arose from an enterprize *''"°^" unanticipated. Fearful that the Duke's Sagadahock Province in its present deserted condition, might be seized upon by the French or other foreign nation. Sir Edmund Andros, in June,* sent a military force from New- York to Pemaquid, with orders to take possession of the country, and build a fort at that place. When the garrison was finished, he placed in it " a considerable number of soldiers," established a custom house there, f and recommended an intercourse and traffic with the natives. The commander finding them to be pacific and tranquil, entered into jAu^ust. an agreement, early in August, with some of the Sagamores ;J in consequence of vyhich, fifteen captives were surrendered, and the vessels detained by them, were permitted to return home. A. I). iiTiQ. The harmony which prevailed through the autumn and winter, -Casco. between the parties, and the pleasures of tranquillity and safety enjoyed, strongly induced other Indians to think of peace ;§ and in the spring, Major Nicholas Shapleigh, of Kittery, who had succeeded Frost in the command of the Yorkshire regiment, Capt. Champernoon and Capt. Fryer of Portsmouth, were appointed commissioners by the government of Massachusetts, to settle a peace with Squando and all the Sagamores upon the Androscog- gin and Kennebeck. They met the Indians at Casco, and entered into articles of peace, April 12th, 1678, by which, || 1. the cap- tives present were to to be surrendered, and those absent released without ransom ; 2. all the inhabitants, on returning to their homes, * But Belknap't JV. H. p. 158, says it was " in August." f 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 292. J 4 Mass. Rec. p. 147. \ Hubbard's J\''. E. p. 637—9. — Philip's war ceased this winter, at the westward. || Neal's N. E. p. 407. Chap, xx.] of maine. 553 were to enjoy their habitations and possessions unmolested ; but A. D. 1G77, 3. they were to pay for their lands to the Indians, year by year, a quit-rent of a peck of corn for every English family, and for Major Phillips of Saco,* who was a great proprietor, a bushel of corn. Though the close of king Philip's war in Maine was the cause close of of universal joy, the terms of peace were generally considered jp-s^sarl ' by the English, to be of a disgraceful character, — nevertheless, preferable to a predatory warfare and its consequent deprivations and calamities. Nor were the exactions of the Sagamores un- just. The Aborigines, it was acknowledged, had a possessory right to the country ; large tracts had been taken from the Soko- kis, the Anasagunticook and Canibas tribes, as well by en- croachment as by purchase ; and their remarkable successes through the late war, might very properly embolden them to dic- tate these hard conditions of peace. The losses sustained through the country, eastward of Piscat- aqua, were various and great. About 260 were known to have been killed or carried into captivity, from which they never re- turned. There were probably many others, the accounts of whose deaths have never been noticed, or transmitted to poster- ity. Numbers were severely wounded, who survived ; and an hundred and fifty or more, at different times, were made captives who were released. The dwellinghouses at Cape-Neddock, Scarborough, Casco, Arrowsick, Pemaquid and several other places were reduced to ashes. Possessions were laid waste, domestic animals killed, and a great amount of property plun- dered or destroyed. The cost of the war in Maine, to the colo- ny government, was £8,000, besides incidental losses.f * 1 Belk. N. H. p. 129.— Erroneously Pendleton. t 4 .Vaw. Rec. p. 147-359. — The loss and damage of Philip's war to all the colonics, are estimated thus : — losses of men, 600; 1,200 houses ; 8,000 cattle;— cost £150,000. Loss to the Indians, 3,000 Mycs.—Hulch. Coll p. 493. Vol, I. 67 554 '^^^ HISTORY [Vol. i. CHAPTER XXI. The purchase of Maine by Massachusetts displeases the King — Andros, Governor of New-York and Sagadahoch — Affairs of Maine — State of the country — Last County-Court — Gorges^ char- ter restimed — T. Dan forth elected President — Difficulties in the way of a neto administration — E. Randolph' s demeanor — JSorth- Yarmouth confirmed — President Danforth takes possession of Fort-Loyal — A Provincial government established — The Coun- cil — Articles of settlement — Public Officers — An instance of per- secution — Grants of Lands — Patriots of 3Iassachusctts accused before the king — Her Charter vacated — Demise of the crown^ Charles II. succeeded hy James II. — Pcjepscot purchase made — Troubles tcith the Indians feared — Treaty loith them — Neio Ad- ministration under Dudley — He is superseded by Sir Edmund Andros — His character. A. D. 1677. The purchase of Maine by the colony of Massachusetts was The pnr- \ . "^ t , i chase of in Several respects an uiipoi'tant cvent. It settled a troublesome pleases the controversy with Gorges ; it established an incontrovertible right mg. to the soil of a country containing more square miles than the colony itself; and formed a connexion with its inhabitants by legal ties. But the bargain greatly displeased Charles II., the reigning king. Desirous, as he was, to make provision for the Duke of Monmouth, his beloved natural son, and being with that view engaged in treaty at the time, with the proprietor, he was so much affronted, when he was informed of the transfer, that he reprimanded the agents for their disloyal interference, and required them to assign it unto the crown, upon payment of the. sura they had given. He even pressed the demand ; stating in a letter to the colony government, ' We were much surprized, while ' listening to the complaints of Mr. Gorges, that you should pre- ' sume, without asking our royal permission, to purchase his inter- ' est in the Province of Maine ; acquainted, as you know we are, ' with some effects of the severe hand you have holden over our ' subjects there.* * Hutch. Colt. p. 451, 581. — There had been a proposition to convey the Province of Maine and Ncw-IIampshirc to Jhe king-, with a de.^ig^n of Chap, xxi.] OF MAINE. 555 But this authoritative address had no great influence upon the a. D. 1677. government and people of the colony. They were not strangers to their rights. The purchase was open and fair — made at the desire of the provincials themselves, when they were driven to extremities hy an Indian war, and when nearly all the assistance and protection they were receiving, proceeded from Massachusetts. Edmund Andros, ducal Governor of New-York and Sagada-A.D. 1678. hock, under James, the hrother of the king, was without doubt GoI! of N. his minion, and a foe to the proprietors of the purchase. For, sa^ada- besides taking possession of the provincial territory and establish- ^°^^' ing a fort at Pemaquid, Andros manifested a strong disposition to monopolize the trade and (ishery, and discountenance a return of such settlers, as appeared determined to yield allegiance to Mas- sachusetts. In this repulsive policy, her concurrence was claimed by him ; but the General Court boldly declared, ' we shall never ' prevent our people from settling their proprieties in that section, ' whether upon the Islands or the main, within our jurisdic- * tion.'* An uniform course of measures was steadily pursued. The Mnv General Court, during their session in the spring, admitted, as jjj''^'"*''^ usual, three associates for Yorkshire ; invested Major Waldron with magistrate's authority to administer the qualifying oaths to them and the town commissioners, for that county and Devon- shire ; and delegated Thomas Danforth to preside, the current year, in the County Courts. Maine was then attracting great public attention ; and at the adjournment, in October, the late October, purchase was formally ratified and confirmed by the General Court. In fulfilment of the stipulations, the legislature author- ized the colony-treasurer to effect a loan of the consideration money, and pledge the accruing customs, with the public credit, for security. The assignment being effected in the midst of an Indian war, was obtained at a low price ;f yet the taxes, debts, inakinj provision for the DnUc of Moumontii. — CoUitis'' Letter tn Gov. Lcv- rrdt, July 28, 1674. * \ Mass. Rec. p. 117, 173, 193. f 1 Doug. p. 389. — The establishment of Fort Loyal on the Neck, [Fal- mouth] on its south westerlj' shore, not far from the end of the bridg'e to Purpooduck, and the maintenance of a garrison therein, were an additional charge. The Province of Maine agreed to maintain 6 soldiers ; and Mas- sachusetts 7, including- the Captain, Sergeant, Gunner and 4 privates, the expense of the latter being estimated at £400 per annum. 656 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1678. burdens, and the people's uncommon indigence, occasioned by tiiat war, rendered it doubtful whether the money promised could be raised without a re-sale ; so great was the snm of £1,250 at that time in view of a war-worn, exhausted community. The leg- islature therefore, invested the Governor and Assistants with dis- cretionary power, to make a disposition of the entire Province, if necessary, either by transfer or pledge, to effect a reimburse- ment of the loan.* There were no capitalists nor foreign mer- chants at this period in the country. ' New planters from Eng- ' land had rarely come over for many years past; nor had any Irish, ' or Scotch foreigners of late become settlers ; moreover, our own ' traders were neither numerous nor wealthy. Few vessels were ' built in the country over 100 tons' burthen ;'f and there was a scarcity of circulating medium. A. D. ifiTj. The gentlemen clothed with judicial authority for the eastern Cou'r^uir Province, in 1679, were Joseph Dudley and Richard Waldron, *^r ^!u^'^' Commissioners — Edward Rishworth, John Wincoln, Joshua Scot- tow, and Samuel Wheelwright, Associates ; at whose last session in a County Court, holden at York, under the colony government, before the administration was changed — the circumstances of one July. case, decided in July, are worthy to be related. A trial. James Adams of York, affronted with one of his neighbors, Henry Simpson, determined to avenge himself upon two of his unoffending sons, whose ages were between six and nine years. His contrivance and crime were the more satanical as they were deliberate. In a solitary place, 4 or 5 miles from the dwelling- houses of the inhabitants, he built of logs beside a ledge of per- pendicular rocks, a pen or pound, several feet in height, inclined inwards from the bottom to the top. After this, he decoyed the boys into the woods under a pretence of looking for birds' nests, and had the art to draw them within the pound, J where he left them confined, to perish with famine and suffering. The chil- dren were soon missed, and the alarmed inhabitants searched the woods for them thoroughly, more than forty-eight hours without success. The boys, presently aware of their v/retched situation, made various trials to get out, and at length by digging away * 1 Hutch. Hist. p. '296. — lie snys >' to reimburse the expense of defend., inff it." . f Chalmers, p. 436, 437, yriir, plncp hns brpu hince called "■the DcviCs Invention.'"' Chap, xxi.] of Maine. 557 uith their hands, the surface of the earth underneath one of the a. D. 1679. bottom logs, effected their escape. They wandered in the woods three days : being at last, attracted to the seashore, by the noise of the surf, where they were found. The depraved criminal was soon arrested, and after conviction received this sentence. — •' The Court having considered your in- " human and barbarous offence against the life of the children, *' and the great disturbance to the country, do sentence you to ^' have thirty stripes well laid on ; to pay the father of the chil- ■" dren £5 money — the treasurer of the county £10, out of ^' which, the expenses of postage and searching the town are to " be discharged ; — also pay the charges and fees of the prison ; " and remain a close prisoner during the Court's pleasure, till " further order." Tiie same month sureties entered into recog- nizance of £100, before two of the Associates, " conditioned to " send him, within twenty-one days, out of the jurisdiction."* The eastern Indians had now been pacific and tranquil upwards of a year ; and the fugitive inhabitants of the Province were re- turning to their late habitations and places of abode. But as hostilities might be easily renewed, and were much feared, no new settlement was permitted to be commenced, without a license from the Governor and Assistants, or from the County Court. At the October session, the affairs of Maine were made the October, subject of legislative discussion. The territory was extensive,f nicnfof""* and the value evidently much greater than the price paid. The -^^^'"'^• General Court, not unacquainted with the intrigues of royal cab- inets, were jealous that if they in any way parted with the country, it might become the property of the French ; and finding the con- dition of their funds improving, reconsidered their order passed a year since for selling it, and resolved to keep it. A great question then arose J — how shall the Province be gov- erned .'' It was argued by some, that all the assignable rights and interest of Gorges were pecuniary, not political ; that allegiance was personal, and civil power vested in an individual, was not transferable ; and that a public functionary could never delegate his authority ; the sale and purchase of office being a manifest * lion. David Sewall, A. D. 1794.— 3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 9-10.— 1 Coll. Maine Mist. Soc. p. 2S5-G. t Supposed to be" 9,600 square miles." — 1 Doug. p. 389. =80 by 120 miles. I Siilliran, p. 304, 568 THE HISTORY [Vol. i. A. D. 1679. outrage upon every principle of civil liberty. — But other reasons and arguments, appearing to be more satisfactory, prevailed. For the royal charter to Sir Ferdinando, passed unto him, " his heirs and assigns," the jurisdiction as well as the property. Massachu- setts in her corporate capacity, had by lawful purchase, become the assignee and lord proprietor of the Province ; as Lord Balti- more was of Maryland, and the Penns of Pennsylvania. Still, it was plain the Province must be governed according to the pro- visions and stipulations in the charter — not as a constituent of Massachusetts colony; for, 1. she by the purchase had recog- nized a right in Gorges -, and 2. the north-easterly limits of her own territory, had, by a late decision in 1677, been restricted to an imaginary line, three miles from the mouth and north bank of the Merrimack.* A. D, 1680. It was determined, therefore, by the General Court, in Febru- February. i r^- t-i t Gorges' ary, 1680, to assume the royal charter granted to Su' t erdmando sumed. Gorges ; and in conformity with its provisions, to frame a civil administration over the Province. For this purpose, the general oversight and direction of its affairs were, by a legislative ordin- ance, committed to the Governor and Board of Colony Assistants. The government they established, was this — to have a Provin- cial President, chosen by them from year to year, and two legis- lative branches ; — the upper one was to be a Standing Council of eight members, and the other to be a popular delegation, con- sisting of deputies chosen by towns as in Massachusetts. The Council, who were to be appointed by the Board of Assistants, and continue in office during their pleasure, were to be the judges of a Supreme Court, and magistrates through the Province. The legislative bod);- was to meet at least once in every year. ^, The Board of Assistants then proceeded to elect a President, Thomas -t ' Oaiiforih P. ^^(j ^^q choice fell upon Thomas Danforth, at that time Deputv- Governor of Massachusetts. f He was a gentleman of handsome talents, and good education, and at this period, possessed a great weight of character. He was born in England, A. D. 1622, came over in early life, and before 1679, the first year of his *4 Mass Rec. p 173-193. j As Mr, Danforth's residence was in Cambridge (INlass,), w)ien he was absent from Maine, liis place was supplied by a Deputy-President, pro tcflfipore. B. Pendleton, and J. D.iris were Deputy-Presidents. Chap, xxi.] of MAINE. 559 being Deputy-Governor, he had been twenty years an Assistant. A. i). icso. Besides being president of the board of Commissioners of the United Colonies, he had previously for several terms presided in the County Court of Yorkshire. His wisdom, firmness and prudence, qualified him to conduct difficult public affairs with success ; and his uncompromising opposition to arbitrary power, and his high-minded republican politics, rendered him preem- inent in popular estimation. He held the office of President of Maine, till the dissolution of the Massachusetts charter.* To assist President Danforth in organizing and arranging the Province civil affairs of the Province, and holding a term of the judicial fnem. courts, the present season, the Board of Assistants, after the Gen- eral Election in May, appointed Samuel Novvel, a special commis- sioner. He was an Assistant this year, and the next, he was appointed against his will, to the office of joint agent with Mr. Stoughton to England. He had been a minister of the gospel, f was a man of reflection and good sense, and in politics, strongly attached to the high republican party of his times. Several obstacles lay in the way of their progress, which the General Court found it difficult to remove. There were royal- ists and episcopalians in the Province and elsewhere, always com- plaining to the crown against Massachusetts, and never willing to be her subjects ; and the king himself was still pursuing his de- mand of the country. In his address to the General Court, about this time, he says, — ' It is marvellous that you should exclude ' from office, gentlemen of good lives and estates, merely because ' they do not agree with you in the congregational way ; espe- ' cially since liberty of conscience was the principal motive of * your first emigration. Nor is this the only thing to be noticed. ' The title-deeds of Maine, we expect will be surrendered to the ' crown, on the advancement of the purchase-money and interest* * He was after this among the most prominent opponents to Governor Andros' administration, and acted as president of the Couneil, wlien the people took the g^overnmcnt from him. Restored to the office of Deputy- Governor, on the re-assumption of colonj' autiiorities, he continued to hold it till the chart3r of William and Mary ; under which, in 1695, he was appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature. He died at his seat in Cambridge, A. D. 1699, aged 77. His only son, Samuel, a graduate at Harvard, died in England, 1771.— See the Biog. Dictionaries of Rev. Dr. Alien and Rev. Dr. Elliot. Article Danforth Thomas. t I Hutch. Coll. p. 53i5. 560 THE HISTORY [VoL. K A. D. 16S0. < We likewise mention to you, " the acts of trade and navigation," ' passed A. D. 1672, for the whole of New-England, and inform * you, we have appointed under them, our trusty and well beloved * subject, Edward Randolph, collector, surveyor, and searcher.'* Randolph, the evil genius of the country, who first visited it Randolph's ' ' ° •' . repreaeiiia- four ycars before, was already here, engaged in the exercise of his office. He was the emissary of the Lords Commissioners of foreign plantations, to whom he made long and exaggerated statements. He early undertook the vindication of Edmund An- dros, in all his measures as well at Sagadahock as New- York. To his judicious management, Randolph imputed the late peace with the Indians ; and represented, that if, according to his ad- vice, the Mohawks had been sooner introduced into the public service, the war might have been shortened and many of its ca- lamities averted. He even presumed to assert that the people of Massachusetts, especially " the Bostoners," had a strong antipa- thy to Sir Edmund, and at one time had greatly interrupted the trade between that colony and New-York ; and that while they were giving countenance to an illicit trade with the Acadians, they were exciting among the eastern inhabitants great jealousies to- wards that people, and encouraging a most shameful Indian traffic. Yes, said he, the Indians " to get their fill of rum and brandy, will strip themselves to their skins ;" and then the depositaries of the law will whip and fine them for drunkenness. In a word, Massachusetts, according to his representations, was coining money, making laws averse to those of the mother country, pur- chasing dominions, and aiming to be a free state. f To such aspersions, the colony rulers were ready to repeat, as often as it was expedient, the facts previously stated to the min- istry, through the medium of a letter addressed to the Earl of Sunderland, in which they say, ' our lives and treasures have * been unsparingly sacrificed to rescue Maine from the utter ruin ' attempted by a barbarous and bloody enemy ; — sacrifices for * which we have never received nor requested of the Provincials * the least remuneration. We have from many of them, the ful- ' lest assurances of their past satisfaction with our course, and of * their desire still to be connected with us, and their unwilling- * Letter, dated July 24, 1679, entire in Hutch. Coll. p. 619-22. fSee liandolpk's Jfarratine entire. — JTvtch, Coll. p. 477-511. Chap, xxi.] of maine. 561 * ness to hazard a cliange : and, as we without the least shadow A.D. 1G8O1 * of disloyalty obtained title to the Province, a twelvemonth after ' his Majesty decided it to be in Gorges, it is our duty to favor ' the inhabitants and provide them with a free systematic admin- * istration.'* Early in the year, Messrs. Danforth and Nowel repaired to Maine gov York ;f and so far as we can learn from the mutilated records and slender evidences preserved, the former proclaimed his au- thority, exhibited his commission of Provincial President, and being assisted by Mr. Nowel, now reported an administration of government consisting of a Council, and an Assembly of Deputies, to be elected by the sev^eral towns. J But there were evidently many malcontents and objectors. Some preferred to be a con- stituent of the Massachusetts government, rather than its colony. No less than 115 of the inhabitants, resident in difterent parts of the Province, subscribed and transmitted a petition to the king, complaining of a tax of £3,000 as an intolerable burden imposed on three towns only, viz. York, Kittery and Wells, to defray the charges of the late Indian war, and praying his INIajesty ' to re- * establish among them his royal authority, and allow them to ' have a government of their own, according to the laws and con- ' stitutions of the Province, till his pleasure be further known. '§ It had, however, been ascertained, that the principal objection to the paramount jurisdiction of Massachusetts, would arise from the eastern inhabitants of the Province. Many of them were holding lands under the Lygonian proprietors ; and might foster jealousies and fears of being disturbed in their possessions. They had, too, in the previous administration of justice, received some special favors ; and a few were bold enough to utter threats of resistance, unless their rights, interests and privileges, were first fully secured to them. Before the war, they were entertained with the prospect of a Nonh-Yar- new settlement eastward of Falmouth, under a grant from Sir "'°""'- Ferdinando Gorges, or his son ; and the revival of the enterprize was now desired, both by them and the surviving grantees. It * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 469, 489. t 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 296. — Perhaps tlie first meeting- was in March. I Elliot's Biog. Die. p. 146. ^ 1 Coll. Jlaine Ilisl. Soc. p. 302— 3.— See there the names. Vol. I 58 562 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1680. would be a frontier barrier eastward, against the Indians in the event of a rupture ; and would ofler many advantages inviting to settlers. The township was described as originally lying ten miles on the seacoast, or Magocook bay, from the south-eastern corner of Falmouth, and extending from the water, five miles in width on each side of JVestecustego* [now Royall's] river ; and thence northerly, or back from the coast, about nine or ten miles, according to the run of the river, or 2 and 1—2 leagues in di- rect course at right angles from the shore. As requested^ there- fore, the General Court at their spring session of this year, con- firmed it to Joseph Phippon and the other surviving proprietors..f In this act of confirmation, were reserved to Massachusetts, all the rights and royalties, belonging by the provincial charter to the Lord Proprietor. It also required the proprietors, or their legal representatives, to assign to the President of the Province, 300 acres for a farm, in any part of the plantation, where he might make the selection ; to pay, after the first seven years, annual rent-charge of five beaver skins forever ; and to settle at least thirty families and a minister of the gospel within two years. The provincial charter itself was generally acknowledged to be excellent ; — containing more privileges, and less restrictions, than any other of similar character, which had received the royal signature. To conciliate the people of Casco bay. Governor Casco. Bradstreet addressed to them, from Boston, a letter, dated June June 4. 4th, in which he says — ' As we have become the proprietors of ' the royal charter, and have concluded to settle a government in ' the Province according to its provisions ;J any opposing meas- ' ures will render the authors of them obnoxious to punishment. ' Let the emergency be avoided ;' for " you shall have protec- " tion, and aii provision made for your security and improvement, " consistent with the principles of that charter and your greatest *•' 'Svvegustajoe." — 4 JIass. Rec. p. 373. fThe first set of trustees consisted of Bartholomew Gednc}', Joshua Scottow, Sylvanus Davis and Walter Gendell, appointed, July 13, 1681. — ^V. Yarmouth Rtcords. I One account states, that the provincial government was settled, March 17th, 1680, and warrants issued for the choice of Deputies to the " General Assembly," to be holdcu at York ; and the session commenced there, March 30th, 1680.— Perhaps the eastern towns were not then reconciled, nor represented. Chap, xxi.] of MAINE. 563 " good ," — and to close, we, " your loving friends, commend you A. D. 1680, -' to the guidance and protection of Almighty God." To prevent, therefore, the usurpations and encroachments of ^"S"?*' , ' '■ Foi I Loyal Governor Andros, as well as to quiet the people of Casco,* and settle a government through the Province, President Danforth, Mr. Nowel and Mr. Nathaniel Saltonstall, another Assistant, em- barked in August, from Boston, with sixty soldiers, in a ship and sloop, and proceeded to " Fort Loyal,'''' then commanded by Capt. Edward Tyng. This was a public garrison, erected on the southerly shore of Casco-neck, [in Portland], in pursuance of a legislative order, passed four years before ;f and now fur- nished with munitions of war. Here President Danforth and the two Assistants, as special commissioners, had 'a consultation with the inhabitants, in which they became acquainted with their wants and wishes, and made to them a proposition for convoking a Gen- eral Assembly of Deputies from the whole Province, at York, in the ensuing spring, agreeably to the provisions of the charter. But according to one account, the freeholders in the Province of Maine, being summoned, met at York, March 17th, 1680 ; istraiion""^' and a commission, under the seal of the Governor and Council of Massachusetts, was openly exhibited and read, thereby declaring themselves the lawful assigns of Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; and giving notice, that they had erected and constituted a Court and Council, and deputed Thomas Danforth, Esq. for the first year, President : — " to the end that the above named Province might " be protected in the enjoyment of their just rights and privileges, " according to the rules of his Majesty's royal charter, granted " unto the above named Sir F. Gorges, Kt." Warrants for the choice of deputies to the General Assembly to be holden at York, were issued for a session in March, or perhaps June. Major Bryan Pendleton was appointed Deputy-President, and author- ized with the assistance of other members of the Council, or ~ Magistrates, to hold intermediate terms of the Court. Pendleton was among the earliest colonists of Massachusetts, and settled in Watertown, which he represented six years in the General Court of Massachusetts; and in 164G, he commanded the mili- tary corps, since denominated the ' Ancient and Honorable Ar- tillery Company' in Boston. He resided in Portsmouth several * 1 Hutch. Hist, p. 297. | See ante, 1676, chap. xx. 564 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. I). 1680. years ; from which he removed to Saco, in 1665. He signed a petition to the king as Deputy-President, in 1 680, praying ' for aid in rebuilding the towns wasted and desolate,' by reason of the late Indian war. He died soon afterwards. He was succeeded in the office of Deputy-President, by John Davis of York, Dep- uties were chosen from year to year by towns, and annual sessions of the General Assembly were holden at York, for five or six years,* The subject of the new township, among other thmgs, was presented to the President and Commissioners ; and the follow- ing order, passed at their adjournment, shews in some degree the power they w'eie authorized to exercise. — ' At Fort Loyal in Bept. 22. ' Falmouth, 22d Sept. 1680; it is ordered, for the further en- rooutii. ' ' largement and encouragement of the settlement on Westecuste- ' go river' — " that the waste lands lying between the said grant " and Falmouth, shall be added to the township ; and also an " Island lying between the sea and said township, called New- " Damariscove. It is also hereby ordered and declared, that the " name of the said plantation shall be JVorth-Yarmouth.,\ " Pr. Thomas Danforth, President" * An election sermon was preached at the commencement of each an- nual session ; the one in 1683, being' delivered by Rev. Shubael Dummer of York. It seems some towns sent two deputies, and some one, to the General Assembl3', Baco sent, in 1681, John Harmon ; in 1GC2, John Davis; 1C33, Benjamin Blackman ; in 1684, John Sarg-ent; and in 16S5, Gcorg-e Turfrey. But it appears that Mr. Davis, ho\vcver, was " disac- cepted as a scandalous person," — for by a colony ordinance of Massachu- setts, the spirit of which seems to have been transferred hither, a deputy must be ' sound in the orthodox faith — and not scandalous in conversation.' f This is the 8th town in the Province, (a) Ii,s liame was taken, proba- bly, from Yarmouth, iu England. The town records begun, A. D. 1680, \\st vol. folio, 324 fages^ and carefully preserved, contain many valuable facts. Three towns have since been taken from North-Yarmouth ; — viz, Freeport, A. D. 1789; Pownal, in 1808; and Cumberland, in 1821,— S^e Sullivan, p. 182, 191. — An early settler, was John Mare, at a point now in Brunswick, called " Mare-point." William Royall came over about 1630 • made a purchase of Gorges, 1643 ; in 1G53 he settled on the east side of Westecustego river, with J, Cousins, R. Bray, and John Maine. A fort ■was early built near the mouth of Royall's river, for the accommodation (a) Jlppledore [sec A. D. 1661] was properly the Sth town established ; but it seems not to have retained its name in subsequent years, and there» fore its number is omitted in the enumeration. Chap, xxi.] of imaine. 565 The report of the President and Commissioners, the general a. i). iGsi. affairs of the Province, and the expediency of maintaining a •'^"'■"'"■y 7. garrison at Fort Loyal, were referred to a committee of seven garnsoiied. members, at the January session of the General Court, in 1681 ; when it was resolved that a garrison, well established, would be an asylum and safeguard of the people on any sudden incursions of the Indians, and also greatly encourage husbandmen " to replant themselves in this town and the vicinity ;" and that it ought to be maintained and continued at the charge of Massachusetts, provided the people of INIaine would furnish and pay six soldiers to man it.* Next, a form of government, like that under Sir Ferdinando Form of Gorges, was fully established, and a civil administration organ- m niaii.c. izcd, under a commission from the Governor and Council of Massachusetts. — It seems the first Provincial Council, consisting ot eight members, were Bryan Pendleton, Charles Frost, "^j*® Couu- Francis Hook, John Davis, Joshua Scottow, Samuel Wheelwright, and John Wincoln ; — Edward Rishworth was Secretary of the Province, or Recorder ; and either he or and defence of the inhabitants. But Ihey were compelled b}- the Indians, in 1676 and in 168S, to abandon the settlement and tlie fort. The town was revived in 1680, and ajain in 1722, and resettled. — [See post, A. D. 1722.] — In the second year of the Spanish, or fifth Indian tear, A. D, 1745, the inhabitants suffered severely by the savag'e cnemj'. Of the persons; killed, were IMcfcsrs. Greely and Eaton. The house of John Maine, at Flying--point, was broken up and a child killed in its mother's arms. This point is S. E. of Harraseeket river, in Freeport; and three or four miles eastward of the settlement on the westerly side of Royall's river, towards its mouth. Subsequent to the capture of Canada and the close of the In^ dian wars, the town has had a flourishing- growth ; so that when it was di- vided, in 1789, it contained upwards of 3,000 inhabitants ; having; at that time a greater number tlian any other town in tlie county of Cumberland. The number in Freeport, in 1790, was 1330. The sole minister of North- Yarmouth, at this time, was Rev. T. Oilman. But on the 26th of June, 1794, there was set off from his Society the JVorth-west Congregational So- ciety, and a meeting-house was built ; and on the 20th of June, 1797, a Bap. tist Sodctij was incorporated fur North- Yarmouth and Freeport ; and El- der Thomas Green was settled. There are several Islands wliich are at- tached to North-Yarmouth ; especially Great and Little Gebeag. It was first represented in the General Court, in 1742, by Cornelius Soule, be- tween 1745 and 1766, by Jeremiah Powell, and in 1773, by John Lewis. Mr. Powell was an eminent man of his age, and many years a member of the Council. * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 310. 566 THE HISTORY [VoL, 1. A. I). 1G81. Edward Tyng* belonged also to the Council. Major Pendleton of Saco, was chosen Deputy-President — as stated by the former account. Mr. Ty7ig, a worthy, well-informed and active citizen, had been an Assistant in the legislature of Massachusetts. He married the daughter of Thaddeus Clark, an emigrant from Ire- land to the peninsula or neck, in 1663, — a respectable freeholder and resident on what has since been called Clark's point [in Portland.] In 1684, under President Danforth's administration, Clark was a deputy to the General Assembly, from Falmouth. Messrs. Frost and Hookf were both of Kittery ; the former had represented his town several years in the General Court, and was now appointed Commandant of the Regiment : — The latter, sup- posed to h^ve been the son of WilHam Hook, one of Gorges' first Council, was Province Treasurer. Mr. Davis lived at Y ork, had been the commanding officer of the militia company, and in the late war had distinguished himself as a brave and discreet soldier. He succeeded Pendleton as Deputy-President in the year 1681. Mr. »Sco?'i?ow, originally from Boston, dwelt in Scar- borough ;J — a name identified with the author of " the old man's tears."§ Mr. Wheelwright was a son of the Reverend founder of Wells, and afterwards a Councillor in the General Court of Massachusetts. Mr. Wincoln of Newichawannock settlement, in Kittery, captain of the town company, was a brave officer and had been several years a deputy to the General Court. — These Councillors, or Magistrates, called themselves Justices, as they held the judicial courts of the Province. A general In June, the President and Council met in General Assembly, with deputies or representatives from the several towns ; where, after political subjects were discussed, they at length agreed upon the following propositions, and adjourned to August. The num- ber in the lower branch this year is not ascertained ; but four * 10 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 181.— If Mr. Tyng was not of the Council the first year, he was afterwards Councillor. He was now Captain of the g-arrison, — It is supposed the members of the Council were designated by the Massachusetts Board of Assistants, who acted as substitutes for the orig-inal Lord Proprietor. f Hook now of Saco— thence removed to Kittery. X Capt. Scottow was a man of great public spirit, and did much towards defending Scarborough against the Indians. From his name is Scottow's Hill.— c/»fS. Letter nf Bev. J\'. Tilton. \ 3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 300. Chap, xxi.] of Maine. 567 years afterwards, there were 6 Councillors or Assistants; and 12 a.Di lesi. Deputies.* On the part of the Province, the articles ivere these: — 1. All Articles of public charges henceforth arising in the Province, whether for government, protection or otherwise, shall be defrayed out of the provincial treasury. 2. A garrison at Fort Loyal, sufficient for its defence, shall at all times be maintained at the charge of the Province, and the command of it belong to the Provincial Pres- ident. 3. All who have taken patents or leases from Sir Ferdi- nando Gorges, his heirs or agents, shall perform their respective covenants to IMassachusetts, the present chief proprietor, in ac- knowledgement of her right to the soil. 4. All other inhabitants and residents shall severally pay into the provincial treasury for the use of the chief proprietor and the support of government, a stipend for himself and f^imily, in this ratio, — that is, if a person's single county or province tax be 2 shillings or less, he shall ren- der 1 shilling — if it exceed 2s. then 3s. will be exacted of him. 5. To meet and defray the provincial expenditure, entitled " Pub- lic Charge,'''' all persons, all estates, and all landholders, whether resident within or without the Province, shall be equally rated and taxed ; \\'\\\\ the exemptions only of town commons and the public lands of the chief proprietor. — 6. On the part of Massa- chusetts ; — She must grant and guaranty unto the inhabitants of the Province, a full acquittal and discharge forever, of all claims and demands due for time past to the chief proprietor, by char- ter or otherwise ; and all townships and other tracts granted either by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Massachusetts, or their respective agents, and all streams and mill-sites which may be hereafter granted, must be forever exempt from rent, and every other claim of the chief proprietor, or Provincial President ; — ex- cepting when the defence of them shall render an assessment ne- cessary and reasonable. f The General Assembly of Maine, convening, August 18, pur- August is. suant to adjournment, concluded to adopt the propositions or Ar- sembiy tides ; and consequently they were tacked to a petition and trans- a,-i*icios.'^ mitted to the General Court of IMassachusetts. All the articles received the unqualified approbation of that body, to whieiii a few others were added. The Provincial Presi- Perhaps tlicijc measures belong- to the year IGBO. f ■* Mass. Rcc. 568 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1G81. dent was directed to execute under his official signature and seal ^''fr^ vcTb ^° landholders, legal confirmations of their real estates ; without ihe General ^ny Other cxactions at the time, than the said stipend of one or Court; and •' i^ others add- three shillings,* reserved to the chief proprietor, and paid in ac- knowledgement of the tenure or the grantor's right of soil. All suitable exertions shall be used for the people's safety and de- fence ;f and the revenue accruing to the chief proprietor shall be appropriated to those purposes. The arrears, due to the com- mander of Fort Loyal, to the soldiers, and the purveyor of sup- plies, shall be discharged by Massachusetts ; and after this, the charges of supporting the garrison shall be defrayed out of the revenue arising from the Indian trade. Every subsequent grant of lands was to be first made by the General Court, and then confirmed by deed of the Provincial President. Province In Completing the arrangement of public affairs, Francis Hook, 'IVersurer's , t-. • m • i • i • i tiutics. the Provmce i reasurer, was appouited to receive the stipends, or tenure-fees on the confirmations of titles to landholders ; J to take possession of all houses and real estates, belonging to the chief proprietor or his agents, or to the late servants of Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, or his heirs ; to prosecute by law all such as improperly withhold possession ; and furthermore, with advice of the Provincial President, to make leases of such lands and tene- ments belonging to the chief proprietor, as may enure and be for his sole use and benefit. The I'resi- The President, according to the charter, had the power of ap- tcm.spow pQJjj^jj^g ^jjg commander of the garrison ; all militia officers; the marshal ; and all justices of the peace. § In the Council, which was the Supreme Court of Judicature, he presided ; and in the *The lands within Lygonia were confirmed by the President to boards of trustees, to be distributed according- to individual ownership ; the trus- tees of Nortli-Yarmoiith being- Jere. Dummer, Walter Gendell, John Royall, and John York ; those of Falmouth, 1684, were Edward Tj^ng, Sylvanus Davis, Mr. Gendell, Thaddeus Clark, Anthony Brackett, Dom. Jordan, George Brimhall, and Robert Lawrence. f A garrison was established at Fort Loyal, to be supported partly by Maine and partly by Massachusetts. For which purpose, all the saw-mills in the Province, 24 in number, were taxed about J|^92, lOs. I President Danforlh was atithorized, May 11, 1681, by an instrumcnJ under the Colony seal, to make those confirmations. § Justices were appointed in towns, where no Councillor dwelt. Mr. JJlackman was a Justice of the peace in Paco. Chap, xxi.] of .Maine. 569 enactment of laws, his approbation was requisite. Tiiough after A. D. 16GI. the first year, the towns were represented in the General Assembly by Deputies, and full powers for the regulation of the affairs of the Province appear to have been committed to the legislative body ; its proceedings were of a very mixed character. Laws were made and enforced ; legal questions settled j letters of administration granted, and wills proved ; roads laid out, mili- tary commissions issued ; provisions made for the public safety in case of war ; the religious affairs of towns superintended ; and in short, every subject of public and many of private interest, ac- cording to the usage and example of Massachusetts, came under the cognizance of the Court. One act or order prohibited the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians under a penalty of 20s. for every pint sold to them ; and also all trade with them with- out license from government was forbidden. The charter was neither silent nor definite upon the subject of religion, in its let- ter only, paying special deference to the Episcopal Communion ; hence the Provincial Rulers were actuated by the orthodox prin- ciples prevalent in Massachusetts. A single case will shew the spirit of the times. The Baptists made their first appearance in Maine, A. D. 1681 ; The Bap- when several persons m Ivittery, cmbracnig then- tenets, were cuted. baptized by immersion. One of their brethren, William Screven, manifesting great zeal in religion, became their leader in worship and devotion. He was born in England, A. D. 1629. Emigrat- ing to Kittery in early life, he married Bridget Cutts, and the fruits of the union were eleven children. His talents were natu- rally of a splendid order. He possessed a lively imagination, a glowing heart, and was a good English scholar. Edified and enlivened by his rare gifts and ardent piety, his religious associates gave him testimonials of fair character and full com- munion ; representing him to be in the eye of charity, one whom God had qualified and furnished with the gifts and graces of his Holy Spirit, to open and apply the good word, which through the blessings of the Lord Jesus Christ, might be by him made ef- fectual and usefid ; — commending him to the fellowship of their Baptist brethren in Boston. In his visit to them they encouraged him in his labors of love and zeal ; and committed him to the Vol.. I. 59 570 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1682. faith and fellowship of the saints, wherever God in his Provi- dence might call him to exercise his abilities. The proselytes of this sect, when their sentiments became known, excited so much notice, that Mr. Hooke, one of the mag- istrates, or Provincial Council,* and Mr. Woodbridge, minister of the parish, sent a summons to all who had attended a Baptist meeting, requiring them to appear and answer for their offence. They presented themselves accordingly, when the magistrate threatened them with a fine of 5s., if they presumed again to offend in that way. Au-rust. ^^^'- Screven, on returning, was likewise summoned before the ven fined' ^rencral Assembly, at their August session ; and after being ex- amined upon the subject of unlawful preaching and holding re- ligious meetings, he was fined £10, for his past offences ; and ordered never more to have any public religious exercises what- ever, at his own house or elsewhere, especially on the Sabbath. His refusal to submit to the injunction, was deemed a contempt of his Majesty's authority, and the Court awarded sentence against him ; — that he in future forbear from his turbulent and contentious practices ; — give bond for his good behavior ; — and stand committed till the judgment of Court be comjAied with. August 17. August 17, 1682. Edward Rishworth, Recorder. But against all opposition, a church of eight male members was embodied, Sept. 25 ; and the next year, they with Mr. Scre- ven and their families removed to Cooper-river in South-Caro- lina. f This is said to have been the only instance of religious persecution within the limits of this State. Scarbo- "^^ ^^^^^ ^'"^® ^^^^ Settlements in the Province -had greatly re- rough, vived.J Scarborough, for instance, which had been depopulated in the late war and most of its houses reduced to ashes, con- tained, in 1681, fifty-six ratable polls, manyjarge fields and eighty "^Tlie Deputies or Representatives in the General Assembly, in 1682, were JVirholas Sliapleigh from Kiltcry ; Abraham Preble, and John Puchlinglon, York ; Johii Harmon, TLud Benjamin Blackman, Saco ; and Anthony Brackett, Falmouth. Georg-e Turfrey was Deputy for Saco ; and Georg-e Inger- soll for Falmouth, A D, 1685. f Grecnleaf's Ecc. Hist. p. 240—1. J There were at this time in the Province of Maine, 24 saw-mills ; viz. in Kittery 5, and Quampcjan 1 ; in York 3 ; in Wells 6 ; in Cape Por- poise 3 ; ill Saco 3 ; and in Casco 'J, including that of tnlvanus Davis, and one at Prcsumpscot. — Sec ante, p. 568, [note f). Chap, xxi.] of MAINE. 571 cows. The town records were commenced the same year ; a a. D. 1682. tax of 2s. Id. was assessed, on every man, in 1682, "for the Lord ;" and in 1684,* the land-titles were confirmed by Pres- ident Danforth, to Capt. Scottow and other trustees for propri- etors, — according to the practice in all the Lygonian towns. f Besides the preceding confirmations of land-titles ; several Grants of tracts of a thousand acres were granted ; namely, one lot at Mer- ^" ' rjconeag-neck to the college ; one to the colony-treasurer, Mr. Russell; House Island, to Mary INIountjoy ; and Swan Island, claimed under an Indian purchase, was confirmed to Humphrey Davy. Large tracts of woodland, being unproductive to individual Woodianrf proprietors, had never hitherto been taxed. But their gradual '^' ^^^^' ' rise in value, particularly in the vicinity of settlements, the occa- sional appearance of speculators, and the burdens of the late war, wrought a change in public opinion ; and the General Court ordered an annual tax of 2s. to be assessed on every lot of 100 acres, and collected by the marshal, provided the land was ly- ing without the limits of a corporate town. This probably orig- inated the practice which prevailed to the time of the Separa- tion, of taxing unimproved lands, at a lower rate according to their value, than any other property. J It was auspicious to the Province at this time, that she was sep- a u. i683. arated from Massachusetts, harassed as that colony was by her uTnfort'h persevering enemies. Even twenty of her ablest and most pop- [lersecuied ular statesmen. President Danforth being one, were not only de- nounced by Randolph for their republican patriotism and politics, as basely factious : but they had moreover been pursued by him, two years, in articles^ of impeachment or accusation before the throne ; charging them with high misdemeanors and offences. With them was also identified the charter of Massachusetts, which was assailed with so much force and virulence, that the General Court directed their agents in England, to resign the title-deeds of Maine to the crown, provided any such expedient *Rcv.J^. Tilloiis JIS. Letter.— A dispute about setting Ihe^inecling- liouse was referred to E. Tyng and F. Hooke, two of tlie Council. *- t The population of the Province at this lime might be 6 or 7,000 ; New- Hampshire, contained 4,000 ; 4 townships ; 450 lailitia.— Chalmers, p. 404. X 4 Mass. Rec. p. 410—11, § See the articles Hutch. Coll. p. 526. 572 THE HISTORY [Vol. i. A.D. 1683. could preserve from wreck the colony charter — yet never to con- cede a single right or principle it contained. But as unconditional submission was what the king imperiously October 23. required, the duties of the agents were at an end ; and Oct. 23, they arrived in Boston, closely followed by Randolph, with a writ of (^uo Warranto, sued out of the Chancery Court at Whitehall, July 20th, preceding. The precept was soon served upon the Governor, and, being returned, no facts, no arguments, no influence, could prevent a decree of Court against the charter. The royal prerogative was in truth at war with all charters. That June'iil."'*" of London itself had been assailed ; several others in England StcVof had been surrendered; and this of Massachusetts, on the 18th Massachu- f j \QQA was adjudged to be forfeited : and the liberties of setts vacal- ' j o ' ®^' the colonies were seized by the crown. The decree was immediately succeeded by the appointment oi Colonel Kirke, Governor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New- Hampshire and Maine ; — a man of more opprobrious memory, or more universally disgusting to the colonists, could not have been found.* But happily for them, before he was prepared to ^^'iig's embark, a demise of the king happened, Feb. 16, 1685, which annulled the appointment ; and his brother and successor, James II. did not incline to renew it. That monarch was publicly proclaimed at York, in April. The Provincial Assembly of Maine, this year, consisted of the President, Deputy-President, six Councillors, Magistrates or Jus- tices, and twelve Deputies. f * To understand what sort of characters were sometimes selected to govern these colonies, a ^evf facts relative to Kirke may be mentioned. He had been latelj' willidrawn from the Tangier Fort, in Fez, on the Afri- can shore ; and entered the army on the crown's side against the Duke of Monmouth. At one time, in this civil war, he ordered 19 of his fellow cit- izens, taken in arms, to be hanged without the form of a trial. Once he ordered at every health he drank, a person to be hanged. A young maid, flinging herself at his feet, pleaded for the life of her brother, with all the persuasives which the charms of beauty and innocence bathed in tears could inspire, Not softened by love or clemency, yet influenced by de- sire, the tyrant promised to grant her request, provided she would be equally compliant to him. The maid yielded to the conditions. But after she had passed the night with him, the wanton savage showed her from his window her brother suspended on a gibbet. In the midst of dishonor, rage and despair, she became distracted. — C Hume, p. 216. t In 16S1, the General Assembly appointed .). Scottow, Edward Tyng, Chap, xxi.] of iviaine 573 By thus vacating the colony charter of Massachusetts, theA.D. 1G84. ties which connected the Provincials of Maine with that ])eople were loosened ; and some of them took fresh encouragement in resuming purchases of the natives. A most important deed of p^j'^'^i'^ase. conveyance to Richard Wharton, was executed July 7, 1G84. by Warumbee, and five other Anasagunticook Sagamores. It was at first supposed, the conveyance included the lands between Cape Small Point and Maquoit, thence extending northward on the western side of the river Androscoggin four miles in width to the Upper Falls ;* and from these, five miles in width on the other side of the river, down to Merrymeeting bay, including the Islands upon the coast. The deed itself premised, that Thomas Purchas, the first possessor of the tract, settled near the center of it about GO years before, and obtained, according to report, a patent from England ;f that Nicholas Shapleigh had at some time purchased of the Sagamores Merryconeag peninsula, J Se- bascodegan Island, and the other Islands between Cape Small Point and Maquoit, and had died seized of them ; that the wid- ows and heirs of Purchas and Shapleigh, after a few reserva- tions, had joined in a quit-claim of the whole to Wharton ; and that the six Sagamore grantors, wishing to encourage him in set- tling there an English town, and in promoting the salmon and sturgeon fishery, as well as in consideration of the money they had received, did grant and confirm to him the aforedescribed tract. The deed was acknowledged by the Sagamores, July 21, before Edward Tyng, Esq. of Falmouth ; a formal possession hav- ing been given " at the Fort of Pejepscot," the day the deed was dated. But they reserved to themselves the use of all their an- Sylvanus Davis, Walter Gendell and Nathaniel Fryer, to .superintend tliO repairs of Fort-Loyal, and settle a chief officer over the garrison. '*' 1 Doug. Sum. p. 390. — He says Mr. Wharton was a mercliant of Bos- ton. He supposed the purchase embraced " 500,000 acres ;" and was five miles in width on the west sido of the river, and extended to a " certain fall in said river," — probably much above Lcwiston Falls ; thence, as Douglass erroneously states, " nortlieast, about 144 miles to Kennebec." It is true that subsequent proprietors have claimed as high as the Great Falls in Rumford. f See ante, A. U. 1636, 1C42. Post, A. D. 1713.— 1 Brit. Dom. Jf. Amer. p. 292. I But 1000 acres of this had just been g-ranled to Harv. Col. 674 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1(584 cient planting grounds, and the accustomed privileges of hunting •^"'^'- and fishing. This has been denominated " ^Ae Pejepscot Purchase;^'' and, owing to the indefinite description of the boundaries in the deed, and to the long controverted question, what '■^ falls" were intend- ed ; — ^no other proprietary purchase or patent in the State, has caused so much discussion and controversy. For should the tract be bounded westward on North-Yarmouth, and restricted by diagonal lines, extending easterly and westerly from a point at the head of the second [or Lewiston] Falls, the purchase em- braced only the territory of eight or nine townships, perhaps in all 200,000 acres ;* less than half what Mr. Wharton might ex- pect the purchase to contain. Danforih's It is evident, that under the presidency of Mr. Danforth, a legis- admiiiistra- , . i , , , i • i ii • tion. lative body had annual meetuigs ; and government, as well as jus- tice, was satisfactorily administered for six years. f To maintain a garrison at Fort Loyal, which appears to have been an object of general concern, a tax was laid upon all the saw-mills in the Province. In this way there were raised, by the year, £93 ; and at a session of " the Council and Representatives of the sev- " eral towns, assembled at York, May 24th, 1 682," they agreed with Anthony Brackett, for one year, to take the charge and com- mand of the garrison, furnish provisions, ammunition, and every necessary article, and man it with six men in summer and four in the winter, for £160. Another important subject was that of confirming the land-titles, as mentioned in the 4th article of set- tlement; for which purpose. President Danforth, in 1684, con- veyed to several boards of trust, the townships of Scarborough, Falmouth and North-Yarmouth ; reserving to the chief proprie- * A tier of towns on each side of Androscogg-in, viz, on the west side, Harpswell, Brunswick, Durham, Danville, [lately Pejepscot] Poland, and part of Minot : — on the eastern side, Topsliam, part of Bowdoin, Lisbon, and Lewiston. — See Slalement of Kenncheck Claims, p. 8-11. Jfole. — Possession was g-iven by the Sagamores to John Blaney and his wife, who administered on the estate of Purchas ; and they, for the heirs, passed the seizin to \Vharton. I Deputies from Falmouth to the General Assembly of the Province, ia 1601 and 2, Anthony Brackett ; in 1684, Thaddcus Clark ; and in 1683 and 5, Georg-e Ingersoll. — Saco, in 1633, Benjamin Blackman ; in' 1684, John Sar- gent ; and in 1685, George Turfrey. Chap, xxi.] of maine. 575 tor a small quit-rent. The trustees then proceeded to make A.d. 1C85. surveys and assignments to settlers and proprietors according to their just claims and rights ; whereby they became quieted both as to titles and lines. Great precaution was used in the establishment of new planta- 3'i?"^|'**, . tions, by reason of the fearful apprehensions conceived of another ^'^"''■ rupture with the Indians. For in the spring of 1685,* they dis- closed unusual restlessness, also some symptoms of malignity. Their jealousies were moreover disturbed by a terrific story seut into circulation, that ' two hundred Mohawks were coming to ex- ' terminate the eastern Indians. 'f So much did John Hagkins, Sagamore of the Penacooks, believe the report, that he was in-' duced to address a letter to the Governor of New-Hampshire, May 15, praying for protection, and adding, if you never let " JMohogs'^ kill us, we'll be submissive to your ivorship forever. Indeed, a renewal of hostilities was from month to month August 13, greatly and justly feared. Francis Hook sent a letter from his residence in Kittery, August 13, to Capt. Barefoot at Portsmouth, representing to him, from information received by a foot-post, that there were just grounds for apprehending some sudden de- sign of the " heathen" against the inhabitants. ' They have * lately,' said he, ' been guilty of affronts in the vicinity of Saco, ' threatening the people and killing their dogs ; and within the * last three days, they have gathered all their corn, and moved off " pack and baggage." " A word to the wise is sufficient." " The " proverb is, forewarned, forearmed." ' IMyself and the rest in ' commission with us are setting ourselves in a posture of defence ; ' and to-morrow our Council meet to consider what is needful to ' be done.' But by timely and energetic measures, which eventuated in a a Tiraiy treaty, the attack or mischief was averted. The Abenaques Tribes"*^ tribes were requested to attend the negotiation ; and on the 8th ^^P' ^' * In 1685, the General Assembly ordered, that Fort Loyal be the g^aol or prison for the four associate towns of Saco, Scarborough, Falmouth and Nortli-Yarinouth, and that " the justices in the respective towns, direct tlieir mittimuses to the keeper of the gaol" there, — ' the charges for set- * tling and keeping the same, to be paid from the common or Provincial ' treasury.' — Willis'' Hist. Portland., p. ISl. + 1 Belknap's N. H. p. 3:54. 3!fi. 576 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 16S5. of September, the treaty was concluded and signed by Lieut. Gov. Walter Barefoot and three of his Council, on the part of New-Hampshire ; and Francis Hook and John Davis, two of the Provincial Councillors of Maine ; also at different times by twelve Sagamores and Chiefs* from Penacook, Saco, Andros- coggin and Kennebeck. By this it was agreed, 1. that there should be lasting friendship between the English and the Indians ; 2. that if either harm the other, the English shall be tried and punished by a Justice of the Peace, and the Indians by their Sagamore ; 3. that whenever any Indian shall manifest designs of mischief, the other Indians inhabiting these Provinces shall give notice to the English and assist them ; 4. that all the tribes, while in friendship, shall be protected against the Mohawks ; and 5. that whenever the Indians shall remove with their wives and children, without giving timely notice to the English, they may be apprehended, or war may be made upon them till the Saga- mores render satisfaction. f Colony of This cvcnt was rendered more important by occurring amidst settsr*^' "' ^ revolution in the civil affairs of Massachusetts ; as her destiny would probably have an essential influence upon the political state of the Provincials in Maine. Symptoms of an expiring adminis- tration in that colony were apparent through the season. The charter was a dead letter ; and it was even doubtful, if an act passed this year, giving the magistrates a chancery jurisdiction, was valid. A D 1GS6 ^^ ^^^^ organization^ of the government, under the declining Ne^w admin- ^'^^^"^^ of the colony charter, May 12, 1686, only 36 Deputies istraiion. ^qq^ their seats ; and the arrival of a commission from the king to Joseph Dudley, put an end to the General Court, on the third J. Dudley ^^y of ^^^ session.^ Mr. Dudley was a native of Massachusetts, son to the first Deputy-Governor of the colony, a graduate of Harv. college, in 1665, and an Assistant as early as 1676 : — He possess- * Kancamag-us, [John Hag-kins or Hawkins] ; Wahowah, or Hopehood, Kenneheck ; Natambomct of Saco, and others. t 1 Bclk. N. H. App. p. .348. J Hutch. Coll. p. 543. — Bill of nomination. \ Mr. Danforth was now removed from the office of President in Maine and a Court substituted, which was composed of Hon. William Stoughton, Judge ; John Usher and Edward Tyng, Esqrs. Assistants or Cotmcillors ; and a Jus- tice v.as appointed in each town. The Court sat at York in October. President; Chap, xxi.] OF MAINE. 577 ed eminent talents, and his aspiring ambition seldom met with its a.d. icsg. equal. He was commissioned President of Massachusetts, New- Hampshire, Maine and Rhode-Island ; and to assist him in the administration of government, fifteen mandamus Councillors were appointed by the crown. Edward Randolph was one ; and the two designated for Maine were Edward Tyng, and Bartholomew Gedney.* Though the latter lived in Salem, he had property, frequent agencies, and occasional residence in Maine. To the President and Council were committed the power of managing and directing all the political and judiciary affairs of these several colonies, without any house of deputies, or other co-ordinate branch of government. A majority of the Council con- stituted the Superior Court, which was to set three times in the year, probably in Boston, for the whole country. The County Courts were to be holden by a member of the Council, assisted by associate justices, commissioned for the purpose ; from whose decisions appeals were allowable to the Council. The courts of probate were to be holden for Massachusetts at Boston, by the President himself as ordinary ; and in each other Colony or Province, now considered a county, by a surrogate or substitute. Juries were to be "pricked" in each county, by the marshal and one justice of the peace, from a list given them by the select- men of the towns. f In general, all legal usages were observed. But Dudley's ad- ^'"'"^^"h ministration was short, and though unpopular, it was not grievous, ^o^'- An- It lasted only four months and 26 days ; when he was superseded by Sir Edmund Andros. This man arrived at Boston, Dec. 20 ; and on the same day published his commission. He possessed a despotic disposition, and was strongly attached to the interests of the crown. Between 1674, and 1682, a period of eight years,f he had been ducal Governor of New-York and Sagadahock ; — an office wherein his temper, imperious manners, and arbitrary * The other members of the Council were, William Stoiighton, Simon Bradstreet, John Pynchon, Peter Bulklej', Nathaniel Saitonstall, John Fitz Winthrop, Wait Winthrop, Jolin Usher, Jonathan Tyng', Robert Mason, Richard Wharton, Dudley Bradstreet and John Hinckes. — When the board was full, twenty eight — Elioty p. 31. + I Hutch. Hist. 316—1 Bclk. N. H. p. 186. \ 1 Doug. p. 430 — He says " seven years." Vol. I. 60 578 THE HISTORY [VoL. l. A. D. 1686, politics, had rendered his name odious to many in the former Province ; and his character unpopular, among all classes in Massachusetts and Maine. Nevertheless, his master, James II. had now greatly enlarged his political sphere, by giving him a commission of Captain-General and Governor in Chief, over all his colonial dominions in New-England, without excepting Ply- mouth or Connecticut. Chap, xxii.] of Maine. 679 CHAPTER XXII. The French in Nova Scotia and at Penobscot — Dutch there — Um- brage taken by theFrench Governor — Dutch seize upon Penobscot — Expelled — Andros succeeded by Dungan — He appoints Com- missioners to Sagadahock — Their measures — Andros commissioned Governor of New-England — His administration — He plunders Castine at ' Biguyduce — Has a parley with the Indians at Pemct- quid — Orders the fort there to be repaired — His treatment of the Indians — His eastern expedition — Garrisons established in Maine •^Andros and his adherents thrown into prison — Council of Safety — Government under the Colony Charter resumed — James II. ab- dicates the throne — Williain and Mary proclaimed — Government of Maine reorganized — War bettoeen France and England — Policy of the Canadians — Nova Scotia subdued by Phips — His expedition to Canada — First paper money — Charter of William and Mary. To preserve the country of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, against a. d. 1670, the incursions of adventitious invaders, the French after a repos- Nova session,* estabHshed forts at Port-Royal, Chedabucto, St. John's, La Have and Penobscot. Mons, Mourillon de Bourg, acted as Governor ; a profitable trade was pursued in furs, peltry and fish ; French visitors and traders were multiplied ; and the Jesuit mis- sionaries labored with renewed zeal to christianize the natives. In other respects the country, for several years, was treated with great inattention ;f Canada appearing to afford the principal at- tractions to the enterprize of the French. Meanwhile, the whole coast between Penobscot and St. Croix remained untouched by the arts of culture and improvement, and almost without inhab- itants. The Dutch had manifested early andvgreat desires to share thexjie Dutch North American coast with the English and French. Commer- cial in their pursuits, they knew how to set an adequate value upon water privileges ; and after their treaty with England, A. D. * Ante, A. D. 1668-9-1670, in Chap, xv.— Hutch. Coll. p. 489. t 40 Univerial Hitt. p. 9.— Population only 900 whiter in NoTa Scotia. fJgO THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D, 1674. 1674, being still at war with France, they despatched an armed ship to seize upon the fort at Penobscot. In the capture, there was a loss of men on both sides.* The success was not pursu- ed, — the enterprize offered no considerable gains, — and the pos- session acqnii-ed was not long retained. The country was open and inviting to various adventurers. The Indian trade, masting and fishing, offered encouragements to enterprize ; and several small vessels were employed in a friendly intercourse and trade between the Acadians, and the peo- ple of New-England. The cod-fishery upon the Acadian coast was free : and nothing interrupted the subsisting harmony and mutual correspondence, enjoyed by de Bourg, and the Inhabit- ants of New-Hampshire, Maine and the Duke's Province, until the commencement of king Philip's war.f A.D. 1G75. By enquiries how the Indians could be so generally equipped and supplied with arms and means for assailing the English ; it was sufficiently ascertained that they procured guns and ammuni- tion of the Acadian traders, probably with the Governor's appro- bation ; and the English colonists, from this circumstance, ven- tured to accuse, or at least suspect him of instigating the Indians DelWg to hostilities. De Bourg, affecting to be highly incensed towards lakes af- °\ ^ . . front. the authors of these surmises and invectives, strictly inhibited his people from having any trade or intercourse with the English ; and ordered an impost of 400 codfish to be demanded and taken of every vessel, found fishing upon the coast: and if they refused to render the number exacted, their fish and provisions should be seized and taken from them. J Dutch aj^ain Such was the peculiar antipathy generally entertained towards Penobscot, the principles and manners of the French, that any seizure of their dominions, it might be well supposed, would excite gratitude as well as pleasure among the English colonists. Possibly influenc- ed by this motive — certainly by a perpetual desire of possessing a D if7c ^"^^ unoccupied region, the Dutch, again in the spring of 1G76, sent a man-of-war to Penobscot, and captured the French fortifi- cation there ; determining now to keep possession of the coun- try. But, as this was a part of New-England, and within the Duke's Province ; and as anticipations were entertained of its re- turning, amid some future events, to the English or their colonists, * Hutch. Coll. p, 464. f 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 28C. J Hutch. Coll. p. 489, Chap, xxii.] of Maine. 581 either by purchase, recession, or reconquest ; two or three ves- a.d. ic7g. sels were despatched thither from Boston, which drove the Dutch from the peninsula.* To the French this must have afforded the greater satisfaction, because the English captors did not tarry, but immediately abandoned the place. These events and circumstances drew the attention of Gov- a.d. 1677. ernor Andros to his master's Sagadahock Province ; and in con- /,.°V' .JH nexion with other reasons induced him, in 1677, to take formal ^^^j^'^s"' ^' possession of the country — likewise, as previously stated, f to erect a fort at Pemaquid. He was a man of activity ; yet, through his whole administration, his aim at monopoly and usurpation, rendered his conduct a subject of common animadversion. He was succeeded in the government of New-York ^^^ ji^,d_ \cs3_ Sagadahock, August, 1683, by Col. Thomas Dungan : whose Aus»st- appointment, by the Duke of York, was on the 30th of the pre- cf-cd^-d by '^ ' •' ' ^ Dungan. ceding September. Though a papist, inflexible as his master, he is reputed to have been " a man of integrity, moderation and genteel manners. "f He entertained correct notions of civil liberty, and was the first Governor, who convoked a Legislative Assembly in the Province of New-York. He was a man of good sense and judgment. When a rupture of the eastern In- dians was apprehended, in 1684, his opinion was consulted by the government of New-Hampshire, upon the wisdom and ex- pediency of inviting the JMohawks into the public service.^ For, though the French could neither subdue that brave people, nor treat with them, he secured their friendship to the English this year by treaty — which was succeeded, thirteen months and aA.o. iG8fl. half afterwards, by another with the Abenaques before described. Receiving his commission from the Duke of York, he was unaffected by the demise of the crown, as before mentioned. Death of Feb. 16, 1685; — still exercising the power and enjoying the emoluments of the office, until reappointed the next year, by the a.d. iggg. same royal person, now James II. In the confirmation of his * 1 Huldi. Hist. p. 280, 353.— President Danfortli says, ' it were better ' to expend £3,0C0, (o gain Canada itself, than that cither tlie French ' or Dutch should have it ; such is the value of the fisher}', masting', and * the fur trade.' f Ante, p. 552. J 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 461-3-4- ^ 1 Belk. JV. H. p. 183, 322. — For tlie Mohawks were better acquainted with the " Indians" skulking fight." 582 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1686. official authority, Duncan entered upon new projects of adniin- Dungan re- . ' commission- istratioD eastward. Palmer and '^° Superintend and manage the ducal Province at Sagada- West, com- jjoc^ he appointed two commissioners, John Palmer,* one of the ej 'he Council in his Majesty's plantation and colony of New-York, Province, and John West, one of his partisans and favorites, both eager of wealth and distinction ; and, investing them with plenary pow- ers, he sent them into the Province. They repaired to Pema- quid, early in the summer of 1686, and published their com- mission. Here they found most of the inhabitants returned to their places of abode, which had been forsaken in the late war ; and Abraham Shurte, exercising the office of town clerk. They visited Sheepscot, New-Dartmouth, the other settlements, and the Islands ; considering the provincial territory, as a county by the former name of Cornwall. Their con- Next, they proceeded to regrant or confirm the lands to the '^"'^'' settlers, and to other claimants or possessors. In this transaction, they were not only guilty of mean and cruel avarice ; " they were," as a cotemporary author expresses himself, " arbitrary as the grand Turk ;"f — the basest oppressors of a poor, warworn, distressed people. In the single town or plantation of New-Dart- mouth, It is stated, they executed about 140 leaseholds ;J re- serving an annual quitrent of 5s. for every 100 acre lot — or other- wise a bushel of merchantable wheat, or its value in money. The several tracts so leased to individuals, were generally intend- ed to contain 100 acres, yet some were allowed only house-lots of 3 or 4 acres, and for executing any leasehold of 100 acres of woodland and 20 of marsh, they exacted the enormous fees of £2. 10s., and probably a proportionate sum for less or larger quantities. For themselves they made ample provisions, without much regard to the rights of any one j surveying to each other 1 0,000 acres, also to Mr. Graham the Attorney-General of Massa- chusetts and to some others, very large and valuable tracts of 6 or * Palmer was also one of Andros' Council ; — perhaps a Judge likewise. f 2 Math. Mag. p. 510. I See one of these deeds, in Sullivan s Hist. p. 162-4 — It seems that Palmer acted by commission from " lit. Hon. Col. Thomas Dungan," Gov- ernor in behalf " of our most gracious sovereign," King James II. supreme Lord of (he Colony ; — given under " the seal of the Colony ;'' and signed, " J. Palmer." — John ^'cIf, Deputy Secretary. Chap, xxii.] of Maine. 583 8,000 acres. From the settlements upon the main, they proceed- a. d. i686. ed to the Islands ; and even John Dalling, an old inhabitant of Monhegan, found his only safety in taking from Palmer, Sept. 13, a leasehold of his own homestead upon that Island. Besides the amount of money, being not less than 5 or £600, ^he sufler- filched in this way from a distressed and enterprizing people ; ^^^^^^ ''^^ the emissaries of the commissioners were busily engaged in ex- citing among the timid settlers, the fears of being ejected from their lands and homes, if they delayed to take the deeds and pay the fees ; and many were thus terrified into the measure.* But, as thgir purchases were not surveyed nor the boundaries definitive- ly described, the soundness of their titles and extent of their claims might still be questioned, and future contentions and trou- bles be their unhappy doom : — a dilemma, which necessarily con- strained them to enquire, whether they ought to apprehend the most evils from the savages, or from these harpies. Nor did the leaseholders in fact, derive by these instruments any titles ; none of them ever prevailing against Indian deeds, or the grants under Elbridge and Aldsworth.f In the further execution of the power and trust committed to The mm- them. Palmer and West were directed ' to lay claim to the ^'izpTcar- * country as far eastward as the river St. Croix,'J — the limit of ^"p^'X" the Duke's patent ; and exercise over it the prerogatives of gov- ^^°^' ernment, to the extent of his power and right. Unadvised of these facts, a shipmaster from Piscataqua, in the course of trade, pro- ceeded to Penobscot, with a cargo of wines, where they were land- ed under an idea, that the place was within the French terri- tory. But because they had not been entered in the custom- house at Pemaquid, and the duties paid ; Palmer and West sent and seized them. This gave great affront both to the French and the people of New-England. The government at Boston issued a general circular to all fishermen and likewise to the in- habitants of New-Hampshire and Maine, warning them not to venture upon the eastern coasts, lest they should be surprized and compelled to answer for injuries or damages, done even by * Hutch. Coll. p. 647-563-5. t Sullivan, p. 162.— The Commissioners, [A. D. 1811, Report, p. 23,) say, • no claims under these leaseholds or grants were before them, except the • rights of settlers, who hold their possession under such deeds.' I Hutch. Coll. p. 543. 584 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1686. others. However, through the influence of the French ambas- sador at the English court, a restoration of the wines was ordered, and the difficulty healed. Duncan's In Dungan's administration of five years, which terminated fioITun- '^^ with the month of March, 1688, "he removed many Dutch A'-'^D^ies?. " families from the banks of the Hudson — to this Province ;" whose residence was continued till the subsequent Indian war.* All his measures in this region, were rendered extremely unpopu- lar, by the cupidity, and arbitrary procedure of his agents. Palmer, West and Graham ; for " they placed and displaced at " pleasure," and some of the first settlers were denied grants of their own homesteads j while these men were wickedly dividing some ' of the best improved lands among themselves.'f Andros, At length the appointment of Sir Edmund Andros, A. D. 1687, New-En^- Governor of " Massachusetts, Connecticut,! New-Hampshire, iiis adminis- Maine, Plymouth, Pemaquid, and Narragansett" or Rhode-Island, seemed to suspend or nullify Dungan's authority in the province of Sagadahock, and bring its jurisdiction into competition be- tween the two rivals. Yet the dispute was soon settled, by a new iMarch, commission in March, 1688, to Andros j appointing him Captain- General and Vice-Admiral over the whole of New-England, New-York, and the Jersies.§ His Council consisted of thirty- nine members, II any five of whom constituted a quorum. Ed- ward Randolph was commissioned Secretary. * Sullivan, p. 291; f Hutch, Coll. p. 565. \ 1 Doug. p. 374. — He says, " Connecticut''' was named in the commission. But Chalmers^ p. 419, does not mention that colony. \ 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 473, II A list of Gov. Andros' Council -.—{See 8 Coll. JIass. Hist. Soc. p. 182. J\''ew Series.'] Jilassachusetts — Joseph Dudley, William Stoughton, John Pynchon, Richard Wharton, Jonathan Tyng-, William Bro'.vn, and Edward Randolph. — Maine — Bartholomew Gedney and Edward Tyng. — J\''ew- Hampshire — John Usher, Robert Mason, Samuel Skrimpton and John Hinckes. — Plymouth — Thomas Hinkley, Barnabas Lathrop, William Brad- ford, Daniel Smith, John Sprag-ue, John Wallej"^, INathanicl Clark, and John Cothill. — Rhode-Island — Walter Clark, Walter Newbury, John Green, Richard Arnold, Richard Smith, and J. Alborow. — Connecticut — Robert Treat, J. F. Winthrop, Wait Winthiop, and John Allen. — Jfcw- York — A. Brockholt, Francis Nicholson, Lt. Governor, Frederic Philipse, Anthony Baxter, Henry Couillard, John Young', and John Palmer. — J^evc- Jcrsey — Nicholas Bayard. They are arranged by colonies so far as can be ascertained ; though it is believed W. Winthrop was of Boston, Col. Ged- ney resided some time at York, — usually, at Salem. Chap, xxn.] of riaine. 585 The commission blended the several departments of govern- A. D. 1683. ment, legislative, executive and judicial ; admitting the interposi- Gov. An* tion of no popular branch, and prescribing no particular form of ministra- administralion. Nor were the Governor and Council guided by any other instructions, or mandatory precepts, than the rules and formulas of their own will and discretion. All statute-laws were at their feet ; all taxes were subject to their command ; and land- titles might be made their playthings. It is true, Governor Andros at first, like king James, his mas- ter, made plausible professions. He gave sanction to all colonial laws not inconsistent with his commission ; he directed taxes to be assessed agreeably to former usages ;* and ordered a regular administration of justice, according to antecedent practices and the customs of the country. But he soon proved himself a fit instrument of despotism, and Grievances, a just object of general execration. Palmer, Mason, Brockholt, Usher and Randolph, of the Council, were his principal advisers, and West, Graham, and Bullivant, were his parasites and confi- dants. Seldom did he convene more than six or seven of the Council on any occasion, — even when his orders' and measures touched the vital interests of the community. The people were permitted to meet in their primary assemblies, only once in a year^ at the usual time of choosing their town officers. Those wor- shipping in the congregational way, were threatened with the loss of their meeting-houses, unless they reformed. No marriage was allowed to be solemnized, unless the parties or their friends were first bound in a bond with a penalty, to be forfeited unto the gov- ernment, should any lawful impediment come to light. The press was restrained ; and land-titles were directly and fatally assailed. The doctrine was industriously spread and strenuously urged, that the inhabitants must have new patents of their real estate. Indian deeds were pronounced to be no better than " the scratch of a bear's paw." Nor could any old deeds of lands, or ancient titles to real estate, it was said, possibly be valid, in colonies where the charters were vacated ; — according to a pretended law-maxim of * A tax for 168B, was apportioned thus, Kittcry, £l6, Zs. 6d. ; York, £G, 1.^. lOrf. ; JFells, £i, 2s. 4(1. ; Saco, £3, ]9s. 2d. ; Scarborough, £3, 16*. 2d. ; Falmouth, £4, 8*. id. ; Cape Porpoise, £l, Qs. \Qd. ; Isle rf Shoals, £l, Os. I0rf.=£41, 14*. 4d. total ;— at one half-penny tax, for £l valuation. Vol. I. 61 586 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. D. 1688. the day — the unborn young dies with the expiring dam. — Hence, Grievances ^q procure a ncvv assurance of land, it was necessary to file a under An- * _ •' <^ros. petition, describing the lot and the claim, and praying for a con- firmation; to obtain a favorable report from the committee to whom the petition was referred ; to take a warrant for a survey and cause it to be effected, and a descriptive report to be made ; and then, and not till then, could a deed be obtained : — large fees being exacted in every step and stage of the process.* — Sometimes it cost £30, to obtain a single deed, and £2, 10s. were demanded for the probate of a single will : — while Andros, the supreme ordinary or judge, and Dudley, his deputy, divid- ed the emoluments between them. — However, it must be acknowl- edged that they, in managing the business of the probate depart- ment, were the authors of considerable improvement, for they introduced the forms adopted in the spiritual or ecclesiastical ^ courts of England, which have subsequently prevailed in our courts of probate. Andros was as much determined upon the enlargement of ju- risdiction, as upon the unlimited exercise of power, and the ac- cumulation of wealth. He could not be a stranger to the rapid changes of public opinion in England. Party spirit ran high ; and in the counter currents of politics, one was setting strongly in favor of Holland, and another with equal force against France. Nay, though he was the creature of Jame II., who was a papist, he possessed neither love nor veneration for papal domination, nor for French Catholicism. He feared the Dutch, and might sup- pose, if they again seized upon the open country between Penob- scot and St. Croix, which was both in his commission and in the ducal patent, they might, with the present temper of the nation in their favor, be permitted to hold it. He was fully sensible how much a repossession of it would give him credit among the peo- ple of New-England ; and he had reason to believe, the order for restoring the wines seized at Penobscot, was rather an act of justice to the colonists, than of partiality to the French. With these views, he resolved to seize upon Penobscot ; and * Through the influence and persuasion of Edward Tyng-, one of Sir Edmund's Council, and Sylvanus Davis of Falmouth, many of the inhab- itants of that town took deeds of their lands, in 1687 and S ; who after- wards became incensed towards those men, for urg-irig- them to snrh acts and expense. Chap, xxii.] of MAINE. 587 in March or April ordered CajDt. George, commander of the A D. 1688. Jfrigate Rose, then at Pemaquid, to be prepared for the expedi- cP'"''a„. tion. by the time lie and his attendants should arrive there. Pro- ^'^^^ ^/^^^^ ' . , upon Pe- ceeding to Piscataqua by land, he sent a message from that place, "obscoi. and directed Col. Mason, who was then examining into the state of the provincial militia of Maine, to meet him on the eastern margin of Casco bay ; as he was about embarking for the east- ward, in a sloop attended by a commodious barge. His passage among the Islands of that bay, afforded him much pleasure. He visited Mr. Wharton's possessions at Pejepscot, — ascended the Kennebeck several leagues — and returning, joined Capt. George at Pemaquid ; and both sailed for the peninsula of 'Biguyduce.* Soon as the frigate was conveniently anchored in the harbor, near the old fort and habitation of Baron de St. Castine ; the Governor transmitted to him by a Lieutenant, due notice of his being on board, ready for an interview if desired. But the Baron, too wary to be made a prisoner by surprize, had already taken his family and retired to the woods ; leaving all to the will of the unexpected visitors. They found household furniture, firearms, ammunition and coarse cloths — all which they put on board the frigate ; in nowise injuring his catholic altar, chapel-service, pic- tures, ornaments, or buildings. In this expedition, the Governor had brought with him carpen- ters and materials, to repair the fortification and render it fit for a garrison. But it had been originally constructed in greater part, of stones and turf; and had fallen so much into ruins, that he concluded to spare the expense, and abandon the undertaking and the place. He returned to Pemaquid, where, agreeably to previous invita- Reiums t» tion, he was met by several Indians. In a parley — he warned and^Mdey'i them never to follow, nor yet fear the French. Call home, said i^^'jj'a'^g*' he ^ all your young men; he quiet; live in peace; and we will assist and protect you. Turning to a Tarratine Sachem, he ad- ded, — yes, and you tell your jriend Castine, if he will render loyal obedience to the king of England, every article taken from him shall be restored at this place. Hoping to win their good will bv courteous talk and kind offices, he then treated them with ar- ♦ Hutchinson's Coll. p. 662-3-6. 588 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1, A, D. 1683. dent spirits, and distributed among them shirts and some other presents. The situation, harbor and bay, appeared to so great advantage in his eye, he thought Pemaquid might be the principal mart in the eastern country. Finding, however, that the fort, built by his directions eleven years before, had gone greatly to decay, he or-' dered it to be thoroughly repaired, To him, some of the inhabi- tants made complaint against the mismanagement of Palmer and West, and prayed him to confirm their original rights and pos-' sessions to them, This is unnecessary, said he, for all that Dun^ gan's commissioners did, is of no effect. During the spring, an account v;as taken of the inhabitants scattered along the eastern coast from Penobscot to St, Croix^^-^after which, his attention was for several months diverted from this country, by public business, which called him to New- York. f Castine'saf- The treatment which Castine had received gave him great iiecied°with Umbrage, He considered the plunder of his house a wanton \n\v outrage upon him, being fully able, as he believed he was, to justify all his conduct towards the English ; and fully determined never to submit to their domination. Nor had he any great re^ gard for the government of France. He preferred to be the ruler of the Indians — -and indeed his influence among them was su^ preme. Moved by motives, which are hereafter to be more fully stated, though somewhat connected with his advice, the Indians com- menced hostilities in August. Immediately every fort, between Piscataqua and Penobscot, was repaired and put in the best pos» * Jit Penobscot — Baron Castine, his family, and Uanne, his servant, — At Edgemoragan Reach — Charles St. I^obin, his son and dapghtcr, and La Flour and his wife. — At " Mount Demrts,'' viz. at Petit Phamnts, Lowrj', wife and cliild, [FrencK] \ Hinds, wife and 4 children, {Englisli] : and ot\ the cast side peditions anticipated — Saco fort built — A treaty- — The Jesuits — Their imposition upon the Indians — Conduct of Capt. Chubb — He surrenders Fort WilUam Henry-^Church' s 4th eastam expe-i dition — He is superseded by Hawthorn — Maj. Frost killed — Last hostile acts of the Savages — Peace of Ryswick — Treaty with the Indians — Losses, A D 1688 The second war with the Indians, long and distressing, com- Kiiig Wii- njonh'- called " king WiUiam,h war," developes great varieties liam 3 war. •' "^ j i o and strong features of character. To numbers living in that gen^ The Eng- eration, both colonists and natives, the wilds and solitudes of the lisli and In- diaus. country unbroken, were fresh in recollection. Born neighbors, they were more than half-acquainted with each other's disposi- tions, language and habits. In their intercourse, there were some instances of mutual confidence and particular friendship j other- wise, the two people generally disagreed in every thing, except in the common endowments of nature. An interval of ten years' peace had enabled the returning in- habitants of Maine, to repair the ruins of the last war, and in some degree to enlarge the borders of their settlements. The)' Chap, xxhi.] of Maine 605 seemed to exult in their yearly advances upon the heavy-wooded a.d. icgs. forest; in their fenced, though rough inclosures, and in their log- house cottages ; being quite contented in the enjoyment of civil and religious liberty, with the merest competency, the humblest comforts and their limited improvements — as the fruits of their own enterprize, fortitude and toil. Yet they were destitute of sanctuaries for divine worship, schools for their children, mills, bridges, and even passable roads. Framed houses, smooth fields, and large stocks of cattle, when the instances occurred, were in this age accounted w^ealth and luxury. Yes, and happily for them, their successes in times past, and the encouraging an- ticipations of the future, gave an inspiring influence to motives of courage and emulation. Apprehensions of attack or injury from the Indians, were the sources of their greatest troubles ; as a few garrisons and fortified habitations were, under the Divine protection, their principal, if not their only safeguard and shield. The natives, on the contrary, ever contemning the arts of discipline and culture, were enraged to see the breaches between the waters and the woods, continually widened by the axe and the toils of the white men ; and to notice the advances of civ- ilization stealing upon them like approaching flames. Though jt be true that the western Indians, by a coalition and intermar- riages with them had partly sustained a declining population : yet in a much greater degree, these emigrants had been exciting the resentments of the eastern Sagamores, and inflaming them against the settlers. An union most remarkable, and altogether without precedent, ']'i,e saga- was found now to exist among the natives themselves. Most of {]]p["j,^,'^*, the Newichawannocks, were lost among the Peuacooks ; both of i^'^'"^** them being disposed to regard no longer the dying advice of Passaconaway and Rowles,* w'ho had charged them to keep peace with the English. If WonnoJancet himself wisely observ- ed his father's council ; Kancamagus, another Sagamore of the tribe, surnamed John Hagkins,f could not forget the seizure of the 400 Indians, and the fatal attack of the Mohawks, in the employ of the English. Taking affi-ont also, from some ill usage he thought he had received, he paid no great attention to any dissuasives, nor to the presents made him by Massachusetts ; for Ante, Cliap. 17. f Also called Johu Hawkins.— 1 Belk. JS". H. p. 346. 606 THE HISTORY [Vol. u A. D. 1G88, he had resolved to take arms. JVetombomet,* the successor of Squando, complained, that the English interrupted the fishery belonging to his tribe in the Saco river ; and he and Robin Do- ney, a Sachem of the same tribe, were determined to avenge their Sagamores, injuries. The Anasagunticook Sagamore, Warumbee, who had succeeded Tarumkin, being encountered in his objections to en- croachments, by his own grant to Wharton, in 1684, was ready to exclaim boldly and loudly against the new neighboring settle- ment at North-Yarmouth; for by the treaty of 1678, it was pre- tended, the English were only to enjoy their former possessions, not enlarge them. Hopehood, still living, Moxus and Bomaseetiy Sagamores of the Canibas tribe, and Toxus,\ a Sachem, or chief among the Indians about Norridgewock, were cherishing strong suspicions, that in the conveyances of lands upon Kenne- beck river by Monquine, Robinhood, Abagadusset and others, there was much deception practised. The Wawenocks, after the extensive sales of territory by their Sachems, Josle, Witte- nose, Obias, and others, became identified with the Canibas tribe ; and Jack Pudding or Sheepscot John, is the only Saga- more of theirs, mentioned at this period. ~^ The celebrated Ma- dockawando was at first an advocate for peace, engaging to nego- tiate a treaty, in which " Egeremetl of Machias," and the three Etechemin tribes, would in all likelihood have joined ; had not the movement been prevented by Baron de Castine. Causes of All the Abenaques tribes, instigated by the French, moreover, uttered grievous complaints, that the corn, promised by the last treaty, had not been paid, and yet their own was destroyed by the cattle of the English ; and that they, being deprived of their hunting and fishing births, and their lands, were liable to perish of hunger. — No changes affected by the cultivator's hand, yielded any beauties to their eye. The wild scenery of nature, untouched by art, so captivating to the poet, the painter, and the rambler, must, for reasons self-evident, afford the untutored savage the only desirable places of residence. It was the land of their birth, their childhood and their fathers' graves. Bound to their native country by a thousand attachments, they resolved not to war * Called also by other names. f 2 Hutch. Hist. p. 80-1. I Moxus had also the name Edgcremet.— 2 J[lag.-530-5i2.~SuIl. p. 147, 2 Hutch. Hist. p. 359. Chip. XXIII.] oP MAINE. 607 leave it without a most desperate struggle. Hence, nothing dis- A. D. 1688' turbed them more, than new settlements and fortifications. The plantation begun at North-Yarmouth, they thought to be Attack upon a direct encroachment. To deter the inhabitants from complet- momh. ing the rising garrison, which ihcy were building on the eastern shore of Royall's river; the Indians proceeded to kill several cattle, about the settlement on the opposite side, and gave other indications of hostility. As the work still progressed with re- doubled efforts ; a small party, about the middle of August,* J^^J^^^sl 13 waylaid two workmen, as they went one mornins; from the settle- ''''^ •""/'"' ' ' •' ^ iiing of the ment, in search of dieir oxen, to labor on the garrison, and made "a""- them both prisoners. The rest of the savage party, well armed, rushing from the bushes towards the other men, who were going to work at the same place, accosted them with insolent language, and began to provoke a quarrel. Words were followed by a scuffle, in which at first an Indian gave one Larabee a violent push, who instantly raising his gun, shot his assailant dead. While in the act of firing, he was seized by another sturdy In- dian, whom Benedic Pulcifer struck with the edge of his broad- axe ; and the skirmish became general, and some fell on both sides. The English, perceiving themselves inferior in number to their foes, withdrew to a place of less exposure under the bank of the river, where they defended themselves with great bravery, till their ammunition was nearly expended. To a part of the contest, Capt. Walter Gendell, at the garrison, was an eyewitness. He had long been a fur trader with the Indians, and supposed, from the very friendly intercourse he had always had widi them, they would not knowingly hurt him. Observing now his friends had ceased firing, he took a bag of ammunition, and hastened with a servant and a float to their assistance ; standing upright, as the servant paddled, that die Indians might know liim. But before they were entirely across, each received a fatal shot in his body, by particular aim ; and Gendell threw the ammunition ashore, hav- ing only time to say before he breathed his last, " I have lost my life in your service." Thus supplied, the planters were enabled * One account says this was July. — Hutch. Coll. p. 566. — But, 2 JInth. .Magnnlidi p. 509, says it was in September ; yet lie says, the attack on Sheepscot, " was soon after ;" which was September 5th. — Stdlivan, p. 185, mistakes the rear. — Sec I Hutrh. Hijp„..p)f,r,. onset was made ; and the Indians, flouting in disappointment, set "',"'"'' "'"^ ' 'Oil S;liee|;scot fire to the deserted houses, and reduced the whole of them ex-^ie^'ro^ed. cept two or three to ruins. As an instance of their perfidy and barbarism, they abused the man sent from the fort to treat with them, and then assassinated him. There was a fort on the banks of the Sheepscot river, which, with all the buildings were destroy- ed about this time| and the settlement entirely broken up. The overthrow of these ancient plantations was truly a fatal catastro- phe. The Dutch settlers migrated from this quarter, never to re- turn ; and the places themselves, so lately and so long inhabited and flourishing, lay waste about thirty years. The concluding outrage of this year, was the captivity of Barrow and Bussey, with their families, between Winter-harbor and Kennebunk, who were probably carried to Teconnet, the general depository of prisoners. The interposition and policy of Governor Andros, in this emer- Measures of gency, were attended with no memorable advantages. His dis- dros! missal of the Indian prisoners — his proclamation, October 20th, commanding the Sagamores to surrender the guilty Indians — his deputation sent to Falmouth and Maquoit fbr the purpose of treat- * 1 Hutchinson's History, p. 326. f 2 Mather's Magnalia, p. 507-9. I Sullivan, [p. 165] by inistalie, says " 1600;" buttliat year was a time of profound peace. — In the winter following', [viz. in A. D. 1688-9J Gov. Andros placed a garrison at New-Dartmouth, or Newcastle, of 24 regu*-' lars and 60 militia ; he also left men in the fort at Sheepscot. Upon the revolution, in April, 16S9, he says, of the fort at Newcastle, most of tho men were drawn off, and others debauched — they seized their officer and carried him a prisoner to Boston, and thereupon the fort was desarled. Vol. I. 64 610 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1689. ing with them — his army of 7 or 800, led by him into the eastern country — accomplished nothing. Only the establishment of gar- risons, as previously stated,* were productive of any good effects. The Indians were scattered through the interior wilderness during the winter ; and in the spring, the reins of government, amidst a sudden revolution, as before noticed, were changed into other hands. April. Jn April, the administration of public affairs in Maine, under administra- the direction of Massachusetts, was resumed by President Dan- liou. _ . , forth and the Provincial Council ; Maj. Frost and Col. Tyng were appointed to command the western and the eastern regi- ments ; and the forts underwent a review and thorough revision. Though Castine, according to report, had the preceding year, instigated the Indian fighters to hostilities, by furnishing every one of them with a roll of tobacco, a pound of powder and two pounds of lead ; it was still thought by many, that good manage- ment might prevent a war. JMadockawando, his neighbor, a Sagamore of great power and influence, had strongly expressed , _ himself in favor of peace, and promised to negotiate a Ireatyf . ^f^i|""^'i°° I^"t the awful destruction of Cocheco [now Dover] f in New- Hampshire, June 7, blasted every expectation. The seizure of 400 Indians at that place, more than twelve years before, was a transaction never to be forgotten, — never to be forgiven by sav- ages. Lapse of time had only wrought their resentments into animosities, malice and rage ; and an opportunity now offered, to satiate their revenge. Two squaws, that fatal night, begged lodg- ings within the garrison ; and when all was quiet, they opened the gates and gave the signals. In a moment, every apartment was full of Indians, and several rushed towards the door of the room, in which Major Waldron was asleep. Aroused by the noise, he sprang out of bed, though eighty years of age, and drove them through two doors with his sword. Turning back for his pistols, he was stunned by the blow of a hatchet, dragged into the hall, and seated in an elbow chair upon a long table. They then cut long gashes across his breast and loins with their knives, exclaiming with every stroke " I cross out my ac- count." His nose and ears they slashed off, and forced them into his mouth ; and when, through anguish and loss of blood, * Ante, chap. xxii. A. D. 1689. t 6 Mass. Rec. p. 8. I 2 Math. Ma^:. p. 511.— 1 Belk N. II. 200. Chap, xxiii.] of MAINE. 611 he was falling from the table, one held his own sword under him, A.D. 1689. which put an end to his life and his misery.* Besides setting fire to the mills and five dwcllinghouses, which were consumed, they killed twenty-three of the inhabitants and took twenty-nine captive, whom they carried into Canada and sold to the French. This merchandize of prisoners gave to Indian warfare and Captive* Indian captivities, a new character. To prevent bloodshed, to Canada, preserve life, to take captive the greater number uninjured, and to treat them better, — these were some of the effects incident to the practice, when it became one ; for the premiums, which the Indians received of the French for a captive, bore some propor- tion to his appearance and worth. The sale, however, was not an unhappy event either to the country or to the captives them- selves, especially if they had the fortune to become family-ser- vants. Still they were not unfrequently urged and pressed by every seducing art, to embrace the popish religion, and some- times they were kept in confinement, until they were ransomed. The inhabitants were always in danger of being killed or taken Manner of captive unawares. For the Indians never intended to be dis- fa,.e. covered, before they did execution. Their courage was not manly — they feared to face their foes, or fight in the open field. By ' skulking' under fences near the doors of dwellinghouses, and lying in wait behind logs and bushes about woodland paths, they achieved their principal exploits. The time of attack was usu- ally at an early hour in the morning ; and it has been known by their own confession, after they have assaulted a house or sacked a neighborhood, that they have lain in ambush for days together, watching the people's motions, and considering the most favora- ble moment for making an attack. They were sparing of their ammunition — therefore their guns made a small report. f In * Major Richard Waldron, a native of England, was one of the early settlers in Ncw-IIampsliire. He had represented Dover in the General Court of Massachusetts, 25 years, and was sometimes speaker of the house. In 1679, he was elected by the inliabitants of Kitlsry, their deputy, Ihoug-h anon-resident. He was a man of true courage and military merit; and a ]ong time commanded the New-Hampshire regiment. He was Vice- President under Mr. Cutts ; and in 1681, at the head of that Province. Seldom is a man more deserving, seldom more beloved. — See his Character in the Grafton Journal, JN". H. June, 1825. f Soon after the revolution, the troops stationed at Fort Loyal, it ap- pears, were withdrawn ; and the fort loft to the care of the people. In 612 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A. 1). 1G83. the bolder assaults, they often yelled and shouted. One of their secret feats was at Saco. Four young men going out, in July, A skiriTiish to catch and bridle their horses, fell into an ambush, and were all al Saco. killed at the first shot. To bury the slain, a company of twenty- four men, well armed, pi'oceeded to the place, upon whom a body of Indians fired from their covert, and sprang forward to the attack. A severe encounter ensued, in which they were at first driven to a swamp ; then returning with an auxiliary force and infuriated spirits, they compelled their antagonists to retreat, with a loss of six left upon the ground.* August 2. The garrison at Pemaquid, under the command of Captain desuo^ed' Weems, was a particular object of savage vengeance. Being only a kind of resting place for the inhabitants, it was poorly manned, since Brockholt and all the men, except Weems and 15 men, had left it, and in quite an unfit condition to repel an assault. One Starkie, in passing from it, Aug. 2, to New-Harbor, was seized by a party of Indians, who threatened him, yet promised him favor, if he would tell them what he knew about the fort. To save his own life, hetold them with too much truth, that Mr. Giles and fourteen men were then gone to his farm at the falls ; and that the people were scattered about the fort, and few in it able to fight. The Indians then divided into two bands ; one went and cut off Giles and his companions, and the other attack- ed the garrison with a fierceness and perseverance, that forced a June, they stated to g-overument that tlie men in the fort were few and worn down with fatijjuc and that the\- had onl}' 20 balls for the great guns, and 3 1-2 bbls of powder, — but no provision — nor a musket belonging to the g-arrison. — 1 CoH. Jlaine Hist. Soc. p. 197. * 2 Math. Magnnl. p. 512. — About this time, the garrison-house of Do- minicus Jordan, son of P.cv. Robert Jordan, at Spurwink, was violently assailed b^' the sava^-cs, which lie defended wilh bravery and success. To intimidate him, an Indian called to him loudly, 'we are ten hundred in 'number;' — '• I don't care," replied Jordan, *' if yon are ten thousand." A few years afterwards, perhaps at the commencement of the third Indian war, several Indians visiting liis house, were received with familiajilj-, common in time of peace; when one inflicted a mortal blow upon his head, exclaiming, ' ^/lere, Domimcws .' now kill ^em ten thr.iisand Indian! The family were ail made prisoners and carried to Canada ; and Mary-Ann, who married a Frenchman, at Trois Revieres, never returned. A son, of his father's name, Dominicus, lived on the old estate, at Spurwink, and was representative from Falmouth in the General Court, several years. lie died in 1749, aged QQ. Samuel, his brother, settled in Saco. — Folsom, p. 181. Chap. XXIII-] , OF .MAINE. 613 surrender. The terms of capitulation were life, liberty and a.d. igs9. safety — all which were violated ; the savages butchering some, and making prisoners of others. About the same time, Captains Skinner and Farnhan), coming to the shore, from a neighboring Island, were shot dead as they were stepping from their boat upon the ledge ; and Capt. Pateshall, whose vessel was lying in the barbacan, was also taken and killed.* Reduced to despair by these fatalities, which were aggravated The eastern by fresh depredations of the Indians upon the Kennebeck, and by wjljliiraw ^o Acadian privateers upon the coast, the inhabitants eastward of '""'''" Falmouth withdrew to that town, or removed to other places of more security. The forts eastward were abandoned, and a wide country, lately adorned with settlements, herds and fields, exhib- ited all the forms and facts of a melancholy waste, f In defence of the remaining towns and settlements of the Committee . . °f safety. Province, President Danforth, his Council, and the people, resolv- ed to use every precaution and effort. He appointed in each of them a committee of six men, J whom he empowered and direct- ed to order scouts and watches ; to regulate and equip their mili- tia ; to dispose of the people in forts and fortified houses ; and to do whatever else they in the exercise of sound discretion might judge expedient for the public safety. He also directed an account to be taken, of all the resident inhabitants within the Province, and of all who had left it. To confirm, moreover, the fortitude of the people, and protect \iassachu« them — to overawe or fright the enemy — and to settle and strength- ?^''* *^'"'* o J o ()00 men en the garrisons ; Massachusetts ordered 600 men to be raised, eastward, by detachments from the militia or by voluntary enlistments, and gave the command to Maj. Swaine. His place of rendezvous was at Newichawannock, from which his forces, Aug. 28th, August 28. * 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 352. — Charlevoix [2 vol. ofJ^.F. p. 417] says, the In- dians possessed Ibemselvcs of ten or twelve stone houses and a street ; and at nig^ht summoned the commander of the fort to surrender ; when an Englishman sung out, " I am fatigued and must sleep first." — It was under- stood there were about an hundred people that belonged to the fort and village ; but when thej- surrendered, (as he states, on the 20th of August,) the commander appeared at the head of fourteen men only, being all that remained of the men, attended by some women, and a few children. t Math, Mag. p. 512. J Those of Falmouth were Capt. Sylvanus Davis, and Brackett, Inger- soll, Clark, Gallison and Andrews. — 6 Mas$. Rec. p. 68-9, 614 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1689. took up their march eastward. One of his officers was the brave Capt. Hall, who had distinguished himself in king Philip's war ; and one of his companies, consisting of 90 Natick Indians, was commanded hy Captain Lightfoot. The garrisons were now sup- plied with soldiei's, and furnished with ammunition, 'corn, rye, biscuit, salt, and clothing ;' and Swaine happily arrived in season to drive the enemy from Blue-point and Falmouth. In chasing the savages from Fort Loyal, Capt. Hall lost about ten of his best soldiers. Swaine was soon followed into the Province, and a part of his Benjamin ... Church. forces jomed, by the celebrated Benjamin Church* at the head of 250 volunteers, English and Indians, whom he had enlisted in New-Plymouth and Rhode Island. He was commissioned, Sep- °P'" ■ tember 6th, by the government of Massachusetts, with the rank of Major, to the chief command of all the troops in service. It President appears furthermore, that President Danforth, then presiding in a orders. scssion at Boston, holden by the Commissioners of the United Colonies, f superadded a mandatory order, addressed to all the authorities of the Province, which he presented to Major Church, in these words. Sept. ic. ^^ Boston, September, \&th, 1689. " To all sheriffs, marshals, constables, and other officers, mili- " tary and civil, in their Majesties' Province of Maine. " Whereas, pursuant to an agreement of the Commissioners of •' the United Colonies, Major Benjamin Church is commission- " ed Commander-in-Chief, over that part of their Majesties* " forces, levied for the present expedition against the common " enemy, whose head-quarters are appointed to be at Falmouth, " in Casco bay : — " In their Majesties' names, you, and every of you, are " required to be aiding and assisting, to the said Major Church in *' his pursuit of the enemy, as any emergency shall require ; and " so impress boats and other vessels, carts, carriages, horses, " oxen, provisions, ammunition, men for guides, &tc. as you shall * He was born at Diixbury, A. D. 1639, and died in 1718 ; a man of mil- itary talents, piety and influence. No one's name struck greater terror to tiic Indians. t The Board consisted of Thomas Danforth, President and Elisha Cook, from Massachusetts; Thomas Hinkley and John Walley, of Plymouth col- ony ; and Samuel Mason and William Pitkin, of Connecticut. Chap, xxiii.] OF MAINE. gl5 "receive warrants from the said chief Commander, or his Lieu- a.d. 1689. "tenant so to do. You may not fail to do the same speedily and *' efFectually, as you will answer your neglect and contempt of " their Majesties' authority and service at your utmost peril. " Given under my hand and seal, the day and year above " written, Annoque Regni, Regis et Reginae WUlielmi et Ma- rine primo. " By Thomas Danforth, President "of the Province of Maine." The United Colonies of New-England now made the war a lusimnions common cause, and on the 1 Sth, gave the commander his instruc- Unhrd Coi- tions. By these, he was directed to keep out scouts and a for-"'""" lorn hope before his main body, to avoid every ambush, to promise the soldiery, besides their stipulated wages, the benefit of all the captives and lawful plunder taken, and a fuiiher reward of £8 for every Indian fighting-man slain ; and in general to pun- ish all drunkenness and profanity, and see that the army observe the worship of Almighty God, by morning and evening prayers and the sanctification of the Sabbath. He was also instructed to cooperate with Major Swaine, in all practicable cases; and to consult with Capt. Sylvanus Davis, of Falmouth — a man of ac- knowledged acquaintance with the Indians and the eastern affairs.* The Commissioners furthermore endeavoured to persuade the Moimwkf brave Mohawks into the eastern service : — it might, as it was ob- J,hi"*inio' served to them, open a new field of glory. But they said, JVb — """ "^"'""*^^" we have fought our oivn battles ivith the French, and burnt Mon- treal to the ground. We are by treaty the allies of the English j we promise to preserve the chain unbroken. Amity is a river re- freshing to us as to you — and we wish the sun ever to shine in peace over our heads. We have no will to go iviih gun and hatchet against the " Onagounges,''''\ — as the eastern Indians were collectively called by them. The successes and cruelties of the Mohawks, and their un- changing friendship for the English, from whom they received a supply of weapons and ammunition, produced among the Cana- dians the sharpest and most inveterate feelings of revenge. M. de Callieres, the military commander of the country, having con- wnr. * Churcli's Expedition, (edition 1710) p. 96. t 6 Mass. Rcc. p. 71. — 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 477. 616 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1689. ceived the project of subduing the entire Province of New-York, by an attack upon the northern parts, with an army, and upon the south, by a naval force, went to France, and prevailed upon the king to afford the assistance requested. The fleet and troops arrived at Chebucta in Nova Scotia, and himself and Count Frontenac, who had lately been reappointed Governor of Cana- da, reached Quebec soon after the destruction of Montreal. Astonished and dismayed at the calamities and confusion of the country, they immediately felt the imperious necessity of aban- doning the expedition altogether ; and the fleet returned to France. September. Major Cliurcli arrived at Falmouth in the latter part of Sep- ^ki'imtshes Member, though* not before Major Swaine and a part of his ai Kni- force had retired, to the rendezvous at Nevvichawannock. Land- ing his men near Fort Loyal in the dusk of the evening, Church disposed of them in the garrison and neighboring houses. Hall, Southworth and Davis, were some of his Captains ; and Num- posh commanded the Seconet and Cape Indians. The principal intelligence, he received of the enemy, was from Mrs. Lee, Maj. Waldron's daughter, who, after being made a captive at Cocheco, had been rescued by a colonial privateer. She stated, that the army of Indians she left, had 80 canoes, and they said their company consisted of 700 men. She saw several Frenchmen among them, and understood, the whole force was preparing to attack Fort Loyal. The truth of her story was confirmed by the report of a spy or scout, who said he had the preceding day, seen at a distance a large body of the enemy. Church, fully acquainted with the Indian modes of war and fighting, marched his forces, an hour before day, towards the woods not far from the head of Back Cove, and halted them in a thicket, about half a mile northwesterly from the garrison. The Indians had already landed upon the other or westerly side of the Cove, and a scout had taken Anthony Brackett,f one of the principal inhabitants, a prisoner. A brisk firing was com- menced in his orchard, by an advanced force under Capt. Hall, * Tliis time is supposed (o be correct frosn the whole narrative; though Church in his " Expeditions" is not particular as to lime or place. Gov- ernor Siillivnn has described some of t!ic places. — Sull. p. 202. t Son of the one killed in the last Tvar. — 3 Math. Mag. p. 528. Chap, xxin.] of maixe. 617 after they had forded over, which alarmed the town, and drew A. D. icsa. to him a reenforcement under Church himself, with an additional ^^ rmishes supply of ammunition. It seems the cove at this place was "'f^ui'i- narrow, and the Indians on the farther side were so near its mar- gin, that Church's men were able to reach the enemy with their shots, over the heads of Hall's soldiers. Church next proceeded in haste up the cove 80 or 100 rods, determined to pass over to the same side, join Hall, and attack the Indians in the rear. The latter, desirous to prevent it, met him and his troops, and advanced to attack them ; manoeuvring to prevent their junction with Capt. Hall, but being unable, they retreated into the woods. Major Church at this juncture, finding the bullets two large for the caliber of the guns, ordered casks of tlicm to be cut into slugs, — still resolved to pursue the enemy. But as the day was far spent, he concluded finally to return, with his dead and wound- ed, to the fort. — The campanions of Southwor»h and Numposh, afforded Hall and his company timely and signal assistance. In the midst of the action, the Indian Captain Lightfoot, perceiv- ing, that their ammunition was nearly exhausted, passed over, and taking a cask of powder upon his head, and a kettle of bullets in each hand, repassed to them in safety. Church represents the enemy to have conducted with courage and considerable policy, during the action. They divided, and a party construct- ed an opposing breastwork of logs, which they stuck full of bushes to screen them from view, and prevent his cooperation with Hall and his company. The Indians in their flight threw themselves into a cedar-swamp ; and the reason assigned by Church, why he did not intercept their retreat, was the intervening rough and bushy grounds. The loss to the English is said to have been 21 or 22 killed and wounded; — of the former, six be- longed to Capt. Hall's company, and of the latter, six were In- dian friend?.* Major Church then proceeded to Kennebeck, which he ascend- t'i,,. ,i;s,rej, ed several leagues ; and returning, ranged the coast, revisited the "|g"*" ^^°" garrisons and sailed for Boston ; leaving 60 soldiers quartered at Fort Loyal, under the brave Capt. Hall. Many of the suffering people entreated him to take them away in his transports ; and * Church's Expedition, p. 89-106— and Letter to the Governor of Massa- chusetts.- Su/Zavan, p. 202-3. Vol. I. 65 618 THE HISTORY [VoL. 1. A, D. 1689. Capt. Scottow of Black-point, who accompanied him, complain- ed, that President Danforth, by requiring of them provisions for a supply of the military, had brought them into great distress. Count Frontenac, anxious to raise his credit among the Cana- dians and Indians, and to distinguish himself by some enterprizes against the American subjects of king William, with whom his master was at war in Europe, projected three expeditions against the English colonists. One of them, despatched from Montreal, destroyed Schenectady, a Dutch village on the Mohawk river, FeS.8, 1690. Feb. 8th, 1690 ; committing the most atrocious cruelties.* The dy desiroy- Other two proceeded against the outer settlements of Maine. Until this period, the frontiers had a respite from Indian war- fare, during the winter months ; as the deep snows and cold weather were a security against incursions. But the French had now joined the Indians, and became actors and partakers in scenes, which ought to put every mortal, calling himself a chris- tian, to the blush. Newichawannock, [Berwick] which suffered so much in the last war, had more than revived — as it contained, according to Charlevoix, 27 houses. To destroy this flourishing plantation} a party arrived, March 18th, from Trois Revieres, under the com- mand of the Sieur Hartel, or Artel, a Canadian oflicer of distin- guished reputation. The whole number was fifty-two men, of whom twenty-five were Indians, under the famous Hopehood. They commenced the assault at daybreak, in three different places. The people, though entirely surprized, flew to arms, and defended themselves in their garrisoned houses, with a bravery applauded by Hartel himself. They fought till thirty-four of the men were killed ; but in this, as in most other such onsets, the assailants, having altogether the advantage, forced the people to surrender at discretion. The number of prisoners were 54, of whom the greater part were women and children. The assailants then took all the plunder they could consume or carry away, and set on fire most of the houses, the mills and barns, which with a great number of cattle were consumed. The party with their prisoners and booty now retreated, pursu- ed by about 150 men, in the vicinity, aroused to arms by the smoke of the burning village ; who came up with Hartel in the ■+ Williams' Vermont, p. 293. Chap, xxiii.] OF MAINE. 619 afternoon, at a narrow bridge over Wooster river. Expecting an A.D. 1690. attack, the latter posted his men advantageously on the opposite . , . . , ' ^ . . . A skirmish. bank, when a sharp engagement ensued, which lasted till night. Four or five of the pursuers were killed, and the enemy lost three men, two of whom were Indians, and the other Hartel's nephew ; his son, also, was wounded. Another Frenchman was taken prisoner, who was treated so tenderly, that he remained with the English and embraced the protestant faith. He said the French and Indians were severally receiving from the Canadian government, the monthly wages of ten livres.* The third expedition, meditated by Frontenac, was sent against May. Falmouth. There were at that lime upon the peninsula, three nnVrort' fortifications besides Fort Loyal. One was near the present J;;^J;gj_^'' burying-ground ; another was on the rocky elevation southerly of the new court-house, almost indefensible ; and the third, in a better condition, was further westward, near the water-side. The public garrison had been under the command of Capt. Willard, of Salem ; but, on his being ordered abroad, to pursue the ene- my, he was succeeded by Capt. Sylvanus Davis, who, it seems, had only a small number of regular troops left with him. The body of French and Indians, collected to destroy this place, was sent under the command of M. Burneffe, and con- sisted of 4 or 500 men.f His Lieutenant was M. Cortc. de ]\larch, who was a leader in taking Schenectady. The greater part of the Frenchmen were from Quebec, under one M. de Portneuf ; 55 men were mustered at Trois Revieres, of whom 25 were AlgonquinsJ and Sokokis ; and all, it is stated, were met by Hartel on his return, and rcenforced by a part of his men. To these were united an unknown number of Indians from the eastward, under Castine§ and Madockawando. The whole were seen passing over Casco bay, in a great flotilla of canoes, early in May ; and were, it seems, deterred from an immediate attack, by a knowledge, and possibly a view of the squadron un- * 1 Bdk. JV. //. p. 2U7. — Charlevoix says2,0C'0 head of cattle were burnt in the barns. This must be an exag-geration. f J>/r. Jilather, (2 Magna!, p. 524,) says 400. Cut Capt. Davis says 4 or 500 French and Indians set upon the fort, May I6th, 1690. — His Lelier, I Coll. Jlas.i. Hist. Soc. p. 104-5, 3fi scries. — But Charlevoix says Portneuf commanded. lie also siys there were four small forls near the g-arrison. J 40 Universal History, p. 56-7. ^ Church's Expedition, p. 106. 620 'T'^E HISTORY [Vol. r. A.D. iCDO.der Commodore Phips, which must have passed these coasts towards Nova Scotia, about the same time. Attack upon Nothins; more was heard of the enemy till about the 10th of l^aliiiouili. ^ 1 1 • 1 • 1 Ma • 10 ^^^^ month ; when a bold party approaciied withm three or lour miles of Fort Loyal, probably in the north-westerly skirts of Fal- mouth, and drove off twenty cattle, supposed afterwards to be slaughtered for the use of the army. The inhabitants conjectur- ed from this circumstance, that the head-quarters of the Indians must be in that direction; and President Danforth ordered JVJajor Frost to detach, without delay, 100 men from the provincial militia, to be joined by a party from the garrison ; all of whom, under Captain Willard, were directed to proceed in the search and pursuit of the enemy.* When they departed, the command of Fort Loyal was assumed by Captain Sylvanus Davis, as pre- viously mentioned. jj.^ , jr Early in the morning of the 16th, one Robert Greason, going from home, at Presumpscot river, was seized by an Indian scout and made a prisoner. This bold arrest induced the general sus- picion, that the enemy was watching in that quarter for an advan- tageous surprize o! the town. To make discoveries, therefore, about thirty young volunteer soldiers, under Lieut. Thaddeus Clark, proceeded from the garrison, about half a mile, to an em- inence, evidently Mountjoy's hill ; and entered a lane which was fenced on each side, and led to a block house in the margin of the woods. Observing the stare of the cattle in the field, they suspected an ambush behind the fence, and yet all rashly ran towards the place, raising the shout, huzza ! huzza ! But the aim of the cowering spies was too sure and deadly ; for they brought Clark and thirteen of his comrades to the ground at the first shot ; the rest fleeing, upon a second charge, to one of the forts. Flushed with this success, the French and Indians rush- ed into town, and beset the several fortifications, except Fort Loyal, with great fury. All the people, who were unable to make good their retreat within the walls, were slain. Af"ter a manly defence through the day, the volunteers and inhabitants finding their ammunition nearly exhausted, and despairing of re- * It was a uiisfortiiue to Casco, Ihunq-li n'jt to Willard, that lie, so cjuali- ficfl an officer, shoul 1 l^e '• called orT (wo or tfirce days Lcfore" the attack. --2 .'Un/'jc^'* J/afT'i.n'/a, ji 524. Chap, xxiii.] of .mai.ne. 621 cruiis or supplies, retired under the covert of darkness to the pub- A. D. IGOO. lie garrison. The assailants, next morning, finding the village abandoned, plundered the houses and set them on fire. They then proceeded to stonn the garrison. Thwarted in this attempt, and sustaining considerable loss from the fort guns, they entered a deep contig- uous gully, too low to be reached by the shots of their antago- nists, and began the work, at some distance, of undermining the walls. Four days and nights, they wrought with indefatigable and incessant exertion, till within a few feet of the fort, when they demanded a surrender. It was a crisis trying in the extreme to all within the walls, fi^i-rison of They were exhausted with fatigue and anxiety. The greater Ja'oiiui'a'ies. part of the men were killed or wounded. Capt. Lawrence had received a shot whicli was mortal. All thoughts of outward suc- cor or relief were fraught with deep despair ; and on the 20th* niay 29. a parley was commenced, which terminated in articles of capitu- lation. By these it was stipulated, that all within the garrison should receive kind treatment, and be allowed to go into the nearest provincial towns under the protection of a guard : — to the faith and observance of which Castine " lifted his hand and swore by the everlasting God." The gates were then opened, when a scene ensued, which shocks humanity. The prisoners, who were seventy in number, besides women and children, were called heretics, rebels and traitors, the dupes of a Dutch usurper, and treated with every insult and abuse. No part of the articles was regarded. Capt. Davis, who was one of the prisoners, says, ' the * French suffered our women and children and especially the ' wounded men, to be cruelly murderedf or destroyed after the * surrender ; and the rest, being 3 or 4 with himself, took up a ' march of 24 days to Quebec.'f The whole number of prison- * Charlevoix s:i\s 2Ttli i\Iay ; but Capt. Davis says (lie enemy forced a surrender llie 20th of May. lie liiinsclf was at Quebec 4 months; and was finally cxclianored fur a Frenchman taken by Sir William Phips. — C/iarle. voix [3 vol. JV'. F. p. 135] says the Canibas and other Abenuqucs Indians »■ laid waste 30 leag'ues of country," this year. ■f Nathaniel White, the Indians tied to a stake, " and cut off one of his ears and made him cat it raw." t Capt. Davis says, '• Frontenac blamed Burnoffc for breaking (heir oaths." 622 I'HE HISTORY [Vol. i. A.D. 1C90. ers, including some taken in the vicinity, was about a hundred. Faimouih Capt. Willard and his men had not returned. The fortifications destroyed. ^ were all laid waste, and the dead bodies of the inhabitants were left to bleach and moulder above ground. Such was fallen Fal- mouth — a spectacle of homicide, ruin and melancholy.* All the east- The Capture of Fort Loyal was Considered a great calamity. whiurraw^ The victorious enemy, ranging through the country, and rioting on to Vv ells. ^|-|g spoils, threatened the destruction of the entire Province. All within the fortifications of Purpooduck, Spurwink, Black- point and Blue-point, departed without orders, to Saco, thence proceeded in a few days to Wells [Kennebunk] and thence to Storer's garrison. Here they were reenforced and ordered by government to abide and resist all attacks. Sufleriiigs To mention the hardships and sufferings of a few captives, capti\es. |^]^gjj gj- Newichawannock and Falmouth, will give some idea, though a faint one, of an Indian captivity. They were com- pelled to travel through pathless deserts and deep swamps ; over craggy mountains and windfalls ; in rain, cold and snow ; and oftentimes barefoot, half-naked and half-starved. By day and by night they were exposed to all the inclemencies of the weather and always oppressed with the excruciating pains of mind, aris- ing from remembrance of lost homes, friends and social scenes. In travelling, they were loaded with burdens, pushed forward by the points of weapons — not unfrequently tortured, or made the victims of instant death. Robert Robert Rogers, a corpulent man, taken at Newichawannock, Rogers. ^]jg March previous, being unable to carry his burden further, threw it down, fled and secreted himself. The Indians found him by his footsteps, hidden in a hollow tree. They stript him, beat him most cruelly, pricked him with the points of their swords and knives and tied him to a tree ; then building a fire near him, bidding him take leave of his friends and say his prayers, they pushed up the fire to his flesh, danced around him, and, cutting collops from his body, threw them bleeding into his face. With his back to the stake, they left him broihng in the fire, till he was consumed. * Charlevoix [3 ro/. JV. F. p. 7S] says there were eight pieces of cannon mounted in the fort. No want of ammunition ; and wlien the prisoners marched out of the fort, 50 in all, the savajes raised a shout, fell tipoa them with hatchet and sword and killed all except four, and these were wounded. Chap, xxiii.] of mai.ne. 623 Mary Plaisted, made a captive at the same time and place, a.d. 1690. three weeks after confinement, was compelled to lie on the cold ^j^p' ^'*'*' ground and open air with her infiint, both quivering and starving. After travelling many days through swamps and snows — over logs, rocks and mountains, she could not move another step. Her Indian master coming to her, seized her infant, and, stripping off its rags, dashed out its brains against a tree and threw it into the river. Now, said he, ' you are eased of your burden — you * can walk faster.' To mention the painful case of one other sufferer, taken with ,^j^^^, p^^^, the precedmg tv/o,* will suffice for this place. Mary Furguson, S"^""- a girl of 15, was so overburdened with plunder, laid upon her back, that she burst into tears and said she could not go another step. An Indian led her aside, cut off her head and scalped it; holding up the scalp and exclaiming, so I'll do loith you all, if you dare cry or complain. Hopehood, one of the most bloodv warriors of the a2;e, again ,., . . , appeared with a gang of desparadoes, prowling through the Pro- "' ^^''''^' vince. In July, they had a severe skirmish at Wells, with a par- a"'' •"Spruce . cictk. ty under Capt. Sherburne. Fired with uncommon revenge to- wards Newichawannock, they proceeded to reduce the remains of that ill-fated settlement to utter ruin ; shooting one man and burn- ing several buildings. At Spruce-creek [Eliot] they killed an old man and took a woman captive. Next, they pushed into New- Hampshire ; killing, burning and destroying in every place, where the people were unguarded. But these were the last feats of Hopehood. He was soon after killed by a party of Canada In- H„p„i,g„j dians, who mistook him for one of the Mohawks.f As a further '^'"'-'^• specimen of his character, it may not be improper to notice an instance of his cruelty. James Key, a boy of five years, one of the captives taken by him at Newichawannock, in JNlarch, being quite broken-hearted, had spells of crying to see his parents. To still the little sufferer, the savage stripped him naked, lashed both bis arms around a tree, and whipped him from head to foot, till he was covered with blood. Soon after, the child had a sore eye, which Hopehood said was caused by crying ; and seizing him, he turned it from[_tlie socket with his thumb, exclaiming, "if " I hear you cry again, I'll do so by 'tother." One day, because * 2 Mathers Magnalia, p. 517. + 2 Mather^ Majnalia, p. 524-5. 624 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. AD. 1690. the child in travelHng was unable to keep up, the monster at once sprang and cut his head to pieces with his hatchet. , ,. After the conquest of Nova Scotia by Phips, was completed, riielntiiaii'i _ _' _ ^ i i ' ifid'yiiu! and the expedition planned against Canada was known at Que- Frejicl). bee, the Indians" were left chiefly to themselves, in the manage- ment of the war against the English frontiers ; for Count Fron- tenac was needing all his men and means at home. This was considered a favorable period for chastising the eastern tribes ; and while the fleet was gone to reduce Quebec, Major Benjamin Snpt 2. Church was again, September 2, taken into the public service. 'ill ex'le'ch- * About 300 men were placed under his command, consisting of """■ enlistments in Plymouth Colony, and troops from Massachusetts. This government furnished him with the necessary shipping and supplies ; and the General Court and Commissioners of the United Colonies gave him instructions. He was directed to visit Casco, Pejepscot, and any other places in the vicinity, where the French and Indians had their head-quarters, and, if possible, to kill them or drive them from the country ; also to ransom, rescue, or in some way recover the captives. He visits He first landed his men at Maquoit and led them across land, Biid Fejcp- before daylight, f towards Pejepscot-fort, on the western side of the Lower Falls in the river Androscoggin. He and his advanced guard first saw young Doney, a Sokokis, his wife and two cap- tives, about a mile from the fort, on the further side of a stream and marsh full of water, which they were obliged to ford, though it were to their armpits. Doney ran for the fort ; and Church, though retarded by wading through the water, closely pursued him. As the fleet-footed Indian entered the gate, he cried, -En^- lishmen ! Englishmen ! — when all within it, flew precipiiantly in different directions ; some leaped into the river and were drowned ; a few fled under the falls and were seen no more ; and several ran unwarily into the very arms of Church and his men, who by this time had arrived at the place, expecting a skir- mish. But there was no resistance. The English captives re- covered, were in a starving, wretched condition. The prison- ers taken, consisted of one Indian, — the wives of Kancamagus and Warumbee, — several other squaws, — and a great number of scol * Only about a tliirJ part remained, and these were Protestants. — 1 Urit. Enip. \\ 17G. f 2 JIalh. Jilng. p. 522, be says ' by night.' Chap, xxiii.] of MAINE 625 Indian children. The hfe of the native was spared, through a. D. 1690. the importunity of two female captives, who said;, he had been the means of their preservation, and tiiat of many others. He represented, that the Indians were abroad, engaged in drawing the Marechitcs of St. John's river into the war. The wives of the two Sagamores and their children were saved and sent on board his vessels, in consideration of a solemn promise made by the women, that eighty English prisoners should be restored. But it is painful to relate, and nowise creditable to the usual hu- manity of Major Church, that the rest of the females, except two or three old squaws, also the unoffending children, were put to the tomahawk or sword.— The old women, he left with some necessaries and this errand, — ' tell the Sagamores, they may find * their wives and children at Wells.'* Major Church, the next day, proceeded with his men, forty miles up the Androscoggin, to the Indian fort, where he recovered seven captives, killed twenty-one of the enemy, and took one prisoner. After plundering the fort, which contained some valua- ble property, he left it in flames. His prisoner was Agamcus, called from his size Great Tom, who was a sullen fellow, and on the march had the cunning to escape from his careless keepers. Flying to some of the Sagamores, he told them such frightful sto- ries about the tremendous Church and his forces, that the Indians fled into the woods, leaving Brackett, taken the previous year at Falmouth, who arrived at Maquoit, about the time Church was reembarking his troops. f Church proceeded to Winter-harbor, where, in a skirmish a skirmish which a party of his men had with old Doney and the enemy, a[ Qa"^'^'^ near Scammon's fort,J he killed two savages and recovered an English captive, who informed him, that the Indians were collect- ing at Pejepscot, to go against Wells. In his return to that place, he was only able to take some additional plunder. He next an- chored at Purpooduck, Sept. 21 , and landed three companies upon Scpti 21. the peninsula. Here he had a smart engagement with the Indians, in which he lost five of his Plymouth soldiers, killing 8 or 10 of the enemy, and taking 13 canoes. A returning captive told that * Church's Expedition, p. 107-117. | 2 JNIath. Mag-, p. 523-9. I Scammon's g^arrison was on the east side of the Saco, 3 miles below the falls. Vol. I 66 (J26 THE HISTOKY [V'oL. 1. A. D. 1690. the Indians, in consequence of their loss, butchered, according to custom, as many of their prisoners. He collected and buried the mouldering bodies of the people skin in the capture of Fal- mouth, and returned home, leaving 100 of his men at Wells, under Capt. Converse'^' and Lieut. Plaisted. A view of Although Major Church acquired so much honor in king pediilon.'' Philip's war, he added to it few laurels in this expedition. The government of Massachusetts thought his exploits were wholly of a negative character, unworthy of applause. Some of tiie dis- affected eastern Provincials basely charged him with putting their cattle into barrels, and selling it in Boston for plunder. He him- self complained, that the grievous report about the ' Eastward * Expedition, rolled home upon him, like a snow ball, gathering * size at every turn, till he was quite overshadowed, and hidden ' from all favorable view of his friends.' But he had lived long enough to know, that military merit is measured by successes j and though suspicion paints in the darkest colors, a conscious- ness of having performed well and v.'Isely all that could be done, was a better security to reputation, than inscri])tions on brass or marble. He magnanimously collected a considerable contribu- tion iu Plymouth Colony, which he transmitted to the eastern Provincials, accompanied by an address to Major Frost, John Wheelwright, Esq. and others, encouraging their expectations of still farther relief. His policy at Pejepscot had the anticipated eflect upon the Sagamores. For, in October, ten of them came to Wells, where they were extravagantly gratified, in the restoration of the cap- tive wives and children. Being in a mood to talk with open heart, they said, the French had made fools of them, and three times repeated these words — " JVe ivUl go to war against you no more ;^^ — " fVe are ready to meet your head-men, at any time , „n dnd place you appoint, and enter into a treaty.''^ Airure 5 On the 29th of November, at Sasadahock, a truce was si^rned wonllis. . . . . ' . . by commissioners from Massachusetts, — viz. Majors Hutchinson and Pike, two of the Assistants, and Capt. Townsend, Master of the Province sloop ; and by six Sagamores,f in behalf of all the * But Church says (ainversc went with him to Boston. — Expedition, p. 123.— It was only a trip, p. 129. t These were Nctomboinet, (or Naitumbuit,) of Saco; V/arumbcc, of Androscogigin ; John Hawkins, alias Kankamapus, of Penacook ; Edg-ere- Chap, xxiii.] or Maine. 627 Abenaques tribes, including the Penacooks. But it was, how- a.d. i690. ever, preceded by a conference of no less than six days, and was finally subscribed hy the Sagamores while they were in their canoes ; nor was it to continue beyond the first of the ensuing May. Still, they stipulated and agreed to do no injury in the mean time to the English, to deliver up all the prisoners present, and on tlie first day of May, surrender at Storer's garrison, in Wells, all the others, — and there make a lasting peace. They also promised to give the English timely notice, should the French plot any mischief against them. Ten English captives were then re- leased, with one of whom, Mrs. Hall, they parted very reluctantly, because she wrote well and served them as a secretary. This was almost the only good fortune of the autumn, which r^nr towns could counteract the fate of the Canada expedition and the great '^*^'-'^'"- discomfiture of the public. Never had jMaine witnessed a darker season. Only four towns remained, — viz. Wells, York, Kittery, and Appledorc or the Isles of Shoals ; and these, the enemy had evidently marked out for utter and speedy destruction. There were in Wells, between the present highway and the beach, several houses, constructed of hewn limber, with flankers, risen, and on each a walchtower — all of which were fortified, and might be occupied and used as garrisons. One of the largest and strongest was Mr. Storer's, situated near the old meeting-house, and about 100 rods from ihe present one, — considered at this period a public fortification. At the time appointed. May 1st, 1G91, President Danforth, j^ attended by several gentlemen, besides some of his Council, ^'ay '• and guarded by a troop of horse, visited Wells, in anticipation of meeting the Indians and forming a treaty. But not one ol them appeared ; — being evidently deterred, through French influence. A few of them, however, who were in the neighborhood, were brought in by order of Capt. Converse, and asked, why the Sag- amores were not present to enter upon a treaty, according to promise. — ' IVe no remember the time,^ — said they. — ' But still * we noiv give up two captives ; and we promise, certain, to bring ' the rest in ten days.'' — To try their faith and honor, they were met, alias, Moxns, Toqualmot, and Watombamet, probably of Kenoebeck. — See 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 358, where some of the names are differently spelt- —2 Malhtr^$ Jlagnalia, p. 529, 543.— 1 Coll. JUaxs. Hist. Soc. p. 104-5, 3d vert«*. — Sullivan, p. 147. 628 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. 1692- then dismissed ; yet nothing more was seen of the Indians. — Hence, President Danforih and his associates, thus disappoint- ed, and despairing of a negotiation, soon returned to York ; prom- ising as he departed, to send a reenforcement to Converse, consisting of 35 soldiers, from the county of Essex. They ar- June 9. I'ived June 9th ; and in one half hour afterwards, the garrison was furiously heset by Moxus and two hundred Indians. Being repulsed, they presently withdrew and proceeded to Cape Ned- Capp Ned- fJock, in York. Here they attacked a vessel and killed the dick burnt, greater part of the crew, set the little hamlet on fire, and then scattered in different directions. Madockawando remarked, as related by a captive, ' Moxus miss it this time, — next year Til ' have the dog Convei'se out his den.^ jy]^. Four companies, commanded by March, King, Sherburne, paXs'^i?ro- ^"d Walton, the first being the senior officer, were despatched, _cJath. Jlag. p. 556-7. I Bomaseen and two otlicrs were on board the g-alley, who were not to be restored (ill (he Eng^lish captives were dclirered. — 5 Alasx, Rec. p. 5S2. Vol. I. 69 650 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. [VoL. I. A.D. 1699. heavy tax upon the population of the Indians. Fights, fatigue, famine and sickness, occasion wastes which the natural increase among them in seasons of tranquillity never repair. For scalps and plunder they chiefly received arms and ammunition from the French — not unfrequently provisions and wages, and always en- couragement. Yet the Indians, on the whole, gain nothing by war, and the English lose everything but their character. If the people in Maine had some public garrisons, several Losses. stockaded forts, and a great number of fortified houses construct- ed of timber, shot proof to musquetry, with flankers at oppo- site angles, and also exterior entrenchments ; — these could not withstand a long siege, a few of them only remaining undemolished. They afforded tolerable asylums for the inhabitants ; but were uncomfortable dwelling-places for families ; so much were the people crowded when within the walls. Many resigned their possessions to the destroyers, and departing, returned no more. All the towns and settlements, except Wells, York, Kittery and the Isles of Shoals, ' were overrun ;* and an untold number of domestic animals, was destroyed by a rapa- cious enemy. More dwellinghouses, in proportion to other losses, were, however, left unconsumed and standing, than in the for- mer war — though now tottering in ruins. About 450 people were either murdered, killed in battle or died of their wounds ;f and as many as 250, were, during the war, carried into captivi- ty ; some of whom perished of famine, hardships or disease. A few however, who were captured in their childhood, becoming attached to the society of the savages, chose to remain with them, and never would leave the tribes. J * Assacombuit, liimsclf a b!oad\' warrior, it is said, h;id " killed and tak- " en in this war 150 men, women and ciiidren." t 2 JInthiirx .Magnalia, fioS.— But he and JWa/, [2 vol ./Y. E. 544-562] are too low. By enumeration our loss was more than 7u0. \ An .flnrxdolc. — Several Indian women, suffering- with liung-er in the late war, and seeing horses upon the peninsula of Casco, requested their ; husbands, to siioot a few of them, ' for we, said ihey, want some roast meat.' One, driven into a corner, was caught, which a young- Indian wished to have the pleasure of riding-. The mane and tail were clipl and twisted into a halter, and tiic savag-c mounted. Fearful of being- thrown, he had his feet tied fast together utuler the body of the horse ; when the DDbroken animal being let ^Oy g-alloped off with such furious speed, that bolli were presently out of sight, and nothing was ever found of cither, except one of the rider's limbs, which Ihe Indians buried in Capt. Brackctt's cellar. APPENDIX. No. 1. LETTERS PATE.NT TO SIEUR DE MO\TS, LiF.LTr.NANr Gf.NF.nAL OK Acadia and the circumjacent country, Novemdeh 8, 1G03. [Translated from IJEscarboVs History of j\''ew- France.'] Henry, by the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre : — To our dear and well beloved the Sieur de Monts, Gentleman in ordinary of our Bed-Chamber, Greeting. — As our greatest care and labor, since our accession to this Crown is, and always has been, to maintain and preserve it in its ancient dignity, greatness and splendor ; to extend and enlarge, as far as lawfully may be done, the boundaries and limits thereof ; We, being long informed of the situation and condition of the country and territory of Acadia ; — moved hereunto above all things by a peculiar zeal, and a de- vout and firm resolution, which wc have taken with the aid and assistance of God, the Author, Distributor and Protector of all Kingdoms and States ; to cause to be converted, brought over and instructed in Christianity, and in the belief and profession of our Faith and Religion, — the people who inhabit that country, at pres- ent a barbarous race, atheists, without Faith or Religion ; and to draw them from the ignorance and infidelity wherein they now are. Having also from the reports of Captains of vessels, pilots, mer- chants and others, who a long time ago have visited, frequented and trafficked with the people who are found there, long understood how profitable, convenient and useful may be to us, to our States and subjects, the possession, residence and occupancy of those places, for the great and apparent benefit which will accrue from the great frequentation and connection with the people there, and the traf- fick and commerce which may by this means bo safely carried on and negotiated. — We, for these causes, fully confiding in your great prudence, and in the knowledge you possess of the quality, con- dition, and situation of the said country of Acadia; from the di- vers voyages, travels and visits you have made into those parts, and others, neighboring and circumjacent, — assuring oursclf that this our resolution and intention being made known unto you, you v.ill 1)0 able attentively, diligently, and not less courageously and valorously' to execute, and bring to the perfection we desire; we have expressly appointed and established, — and by these presents 652 APPENDIX. signed with our own hand, we do appoint, ordain, make, constitute and establish you, our Lieutenant General, to represent our person in the country, territory, coasts and confines of Acadia, from the 40th, to the 46th degree, — and within this extent, or any part thereof, as far inland as may be practicable, to establish, extend and make known our name, power and authority, — and thereunto subject, cause to submit and obey, all the people of the said land, and circumjacent country ; and by virtue hereof, and by all other lawful ways, to call, instruct, move and stir them up to the knowl- edge of God, and to the light of the christian faith and religion ; to establish it there, and in the exercise and possession of it, to maintain, keep and preserve the said people, and all others inhab- iting said places ; and in peace, quiet and tranquillity to command there, as well by sea as by land ; to order, determine and cause to be executed every thing which you shall judge can and ought to be done to maintain, keep and preserve the said places under our power and authority, by the forms, ways and means prescribed by our ordinances. And for your assistance in the premises, to ap- point, establish and constitute all necessary officers, as well in affairs of war, as in justice and policy, in the first instance, and from thence in future to nominate and present them to us for our approba- tion ; and to give such commissions, titles and grants as shall be necessary. And as circumstances shall require, yourself, with the advice of prudent and capable persons, to prescribe under our good pleasure, laws, statutes and ordinances, (conformable to ours as far as may be) especially in such matters and things as arc not provided for by these presents; to treat, and effectually contract peace, alliance and confederation, good friendship, correspondence and communication with the said people, and their princes, or others having power and command over them ; to maintain, keep and carefully observe the treaties and alliances you shall stipulate M'ith them, provided they on their part faithfully observe them ; and in default thereof to make open war against them, to compel and bring them back to such reason as you shall judge fit for the honor, obedience and service of God, and the establishing, upholding and preserving our said authority among them ; at least to visit and frequent them by yourself and all our subjects, in all security, liberty, frequentation and communication ; to negotiate, and traffick there, amicably and peaceably ; to grant them favors and privileges, and bestow on them employments and honors. Which entire power above-said, we also will, and ordain, that you have over all our said subjects, and others APPENDIX. t)53 who shall remove and inhabit there, to traffick, and trade, and reside in the said places ; to hold, take, reserve and appropriate to your- self what you shall wish, and shall see to be most convenient and fit for your rank, condition and use. To parcel out such parts and portions of said lands, — to give and attribute to them such titles, honors, rights, powers and faculties as you shall see fit, according to the rank, condition and merits of the people of the country or others ; especially to people, cultivate, and cause the said lands to be settled the most speedily, carcfiilly and skilfully that time, places and conveniences will permit ; to this end, to make, or cause to be made the discovery and examination, of them, along the extent of the seacoasts, and other countries of the main land, that you shall order and prescribe, within the said limit of tlie 40th degree to the 4Gth or otherwise, as far as may be done along the said seacoasts, and into the main land ; carefidly to search after and to distinguish all sorts of mines of gold and silver, copper and other metals and minerals; to dig for and collect them, and purify and refine them for use ; to dispose of, as we have directed in the edicts and regu- lations that we have made in this kingdom, the profit and emolu- ment thereof, by yourself, or by those you may appoint for that pur- pose, — reserving unto us only the tenth part of the produce of the gold, silver and copper, — appropriating to yourself our portion of the other metals and minerals, to aid and relieve you in the great expen- ses, which the said charge may bring upon you. Meantime, for your safety and comfort, and for that of all our subjects, who shall go to those parts, and shall dwell and trafiick in the said lands, as generally all others, who shall place themselves under our power and protection, — we authorize you to build and construct one or more forts, places, towns, and all other houses, dwellings and habita- tions, ports, havens, retreats and lodgements that you may consider proper, useful and necessary to the execution of the said enterprize ; to establish garrisons, and soldiers to protect them ; and to employ, for aid in the aforesaid purposes, vagabonds, idle and dissolute per- sons, as well from the towns as from the country, — and also those condemned to perpetual banishment or for three years at least, be- yond our realms — provided this be done by the advice and consent, and by the authority of our oflicers. Besides the preceding (and that which is elswhere appointed, directed and ordained to you by the commissioners and authorities given you by our very dear cousin the Sieur de Danville,* Admiral * Anville is an error in Hazard's cop}" — for it appears from history, that Charles Mont- morenei, Due de Danville, was at that time Admiral of France. Vol. I. 70 654 APPENDIX, of France for that which expressly concerns the admirality in the achievement, expedition and execution of the said things) — to do generally for the conquest, peopling, settlement and preservation of the said land of Acadia, and of the coasts, circumjacent territories, and of their appurtenances and dependences, under our name and authority, all we ourselves could do, or cause to be done, if wc were there present in person, even in cases requiring more special direction, than we have provided for by these presents ; to the con- tents of which we direct, ordain, and expressly enjoin all our jus- tices, officers and subjects to conform themselves, and obey you, and give attention to you in all the said things, their circumstances and dependencies. To give you also in the execution of them all aid and comfort, main strength and assistance of which you shall have need, and shall be by you required, — all under the pains of rebellion and dis- obedience. And in order that no one may pretend cause of ignor- ance of this our intention, and be disposed to intermeddle in whole or in part, with the charge, dignity and authority, that we give you by these presents ; we have, of our certain knowledge, full power and royal authority, revoked, suppressed, and declared null and of no effect, henceforth and from the present time, all other powers and commissions, letters and despatches given and delivered to any person whomsoever, to discover, people and inhabit said lands, in the said extent contained within the said 40th degree, to the 46th degree, whatsoever they may be. And furthermore, we direct and command all our said officers, of whatever rank or condition they may be, that these presents, or a certification thereof duly compared herewith, by some one of our beloved and faithful counsellors, notaries and secretaries, or other royal notary, they the said officers cause, at your request, ap- plication and suit, or at the suit of our attornies, to be read, publish- ed and registered in the registers of their several jurisdictions, au- thorities and districts, preventing as much as shall belong to them, all troubles and hindrances contrary hereunto. For such is our plea- sure. Given at Fontainbleau the eighth day of November, in the year of Grace, one thousand six hundred and three, and of our reign the fifteenth. Signed, HENRY. [And lower down — by the king, Potif.r. — And sealed upon a sim- ple label, with yellow Wax.] APPENDIX. 00& No. 2. SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER'S PATENT OF NOVA SCOTIA, SEPT. 10, 1621. [From John Palairet's Description of the English and French possessions in J^''crth America.] James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &lc. — To all the Clergy and Laity of his Dominions — Greeting. Be it known, that we have ever been careful to embrace every opportunity, that offered, for the honor and advantage of our king- dom of Scotland, and that we think there is no acquisition more easy and more innocent, than those which may be made by carry- ing new colonies into foreign and uncultivated countries, where are the necessaries of life ; especially if such lands are either uninhab- ited or occupied by unbelievers, whom to convert to the Christian faith, is a duty of groat importance to the glory of God, 6lc. For these causes, as well as in consideration of the good, faithful, and acceptable favors, which have been already and hereafter to be performed to us by our trusty and well beloved Councillor, Sir William Alexander, Kt. who is the first of our subjects of Scot- land, that undertook to carry over this foreign colony at his own expense, and has desired leave to cultivate lands and countries included within the limits undermentioned : — We therefore, from our royal intention to extend the Christian religion, and to promote the wealth, prosperity and peace of the natural subjects of our said kingdom of Scotland, have, by the advice and consent of our cousin and councillor, John, Earl of Mar, &.c. and of the other Lords-Commissioners of the said kingdom of Scotland, given, grant- ed and transferred, and by virtue of this present, issuing from us, — We do give, grant and transfer to the said William Alexander, his heirs, or all claimants by right of inheritance from him, all and sin- gular the lands of the Continent and Islands situate and lying in America, reckoning from the cape or promentory called Cape Sable, at 43'' or thereabouts, from the equator towards the north, that is to say, from the said promontory along the seashore that runs from the west, as far as St. Mary's bay, and stretching from thence to the north, in a straight line, to the entrance or mouth of that great bay which washes the eastern coast, between the countries of the Souriquois and of the Etechemins, as far as to the river o( St. Croix, and to the farthest source or spring, which first comes from the west to mingle its waters with those of that river ; from thence by a straight imaginary line, crossing the lands or running towards the APPENDIX north, as far as the fir.^t bay, river or spring which runs into the great river of Canada ; and irom thence continuing eastward to the sea along the shores of the river of Canada, to the river, bay, port or latitude, commonly known by the name of Gachepe or Gaapie ; and afterwards, from the south-east side as far as the Isles called BacaJaos or Cape Breton, leaving the said Isles on the right, and the gulf of the said great river of Canada or the great bay and the lands of Newfound- land or Terra Nova, with the Isles thereto appertaining, on the left ; and thence passing to the said cape or promontory of Cape Breton, turning to the south and west as far as the above mentioned Cape Sable, where begins the tract that is to be included and compre- hended, between the said seacoasts and their circumferences from the sea, to all the lands of the continent, with the rivers, bays, tor- rents, roads, isles or lakes situate about six leagues from any of the parts both of the said coasts and their circumferences either to the west, north or south, and from the south-east (in which situation is Cape Breton,) and from the southern part, where lies Cape Sable, all the seas and Islands to 41) leagues of said coasts, therein includ- ing the great Island commonly called the Island of Sable or Sab- Ions, situate towards Carban, or south south-east, to about thirty leagues from the said Cape Breton in the ocean and at the 44th degree of latitude, or thereabouts. — All which said lands shall for the future bear the name of New Scotland, [Nova Scoiia,] and be also divided into such parts and portions, and be called by such names as Sir William Alexander shall think fit; together with all the mines, as v.'ell the royal ones of gold and silver, as the other mines of iron, lead, copper, pewter, brass, &c. And if any doubts or questions shall hereafter arise upon the interpretation or con- struction of any clause, in the present letters patent contained, they ghall all be taken and interpreted in the most extensive sense, and in fcivor of the said William Alexander, his heirs and assigns afore- said. Furthermore, v.e of our certain knowledge, our own mere notion, regal authority and royal power, have made, united, annex- ed, erected, created and incorporated, and we do, by these our let- ters patent, make, unite, annex, erect, create and incorporate, the whole and entire Province and lands of Nova Scotia, [New Scot- land] aforesaid, with all the limits thereof, seas, &c. officers and jurisdictions, and all other things generally and specially above mentioned, into one entire and free dominion and barony, to be called at all times hereafter, by the aforesaid name of Nova Scotia. In witness whereof, we have to these our patents affixed our great seal, in the presence of our said cousins and councillors, Sir James, APPENDIX. 657 Marquis of Hamilton, George, Earl of Keith, Alexander, Earl of Dumforniling, our Councillor, Thoma?, Earl of Melros, (Sec. Secre- tary, our beloved and privy councillors, Mr. Richard CocUburn the keeper of the privy seal, &.c. , Given at our castle at Windsor, the tenth day of September in the year of our Lord, 1621, and of our reign the 55th and 19th. No. 3. NARRATIVE OF iVRS. H.\N.\.\H SWARTO.X'S CAPTiViTY, JIav 1600— Nov. 169J. [Compiled from 2il vol. Doct. J\Iathcr''s Ma^nalia.] A NARRATIVE of 3Irs. Hannah Swarton's* captivity, will give some idea of savage life and the sufferings of captives. In May, 1G90, when the enemy beset Falmouth, her husband, herself and their family, consisting of four children, were dwelling at a short distance northerly of the fort. The Indians, on entering the house, killed her husband before her eyes ; and carried her, and her daughter and three sons into captivity.- — My master (says she) was a Canada Indian, whose wife was an eastern native, partly bred up among the English at Black-point, but now turned papist. Wc presently moved off eastward. The provisions taken from our own and our neigh- bors' houses were soon consumed ; and even while they lasted, our direful afflictions deprived me of all appetite. My children were soon separated from me, and distributed among the captors ; and though we were sometimes permitted to see each other, we were not allowed to converse much together or mingle our tears : for the sym- pathies of natural affection unrepressed, are always so affronting to Indians, that they would threaten us with instant death, if we wept. Though sunk with fatigue, we were, after a week or ten days, long destitute of any food, except ground-nuts, acorns, roots, wild weeds, and a little dogs' flesh ; — a sustenance which, though miserable in- deed, was yet quite insufficient to satisfy the cravings of hunger. At one time they killed a bear — afterwards they took a turtle and some fish — of which I was allowed to be in part a partaker. Once, a piece of moose's liver was given me — a refreshing morsel truly, to my hungry appetite. In our travels about the shores of Casco- bay, and through the country to Kennebeck, I was compelled to carry heavy burdens, and to go at their pace or be killed at once, * Thongli Dr. INIather, [2 Magnalia, p. 306—12] calls her by that name ; yet query, if it were not Swirnton? APPENDIX. After my shoes and clothes became worn and tattered, my feet and limbs were often wounded and bleeding ; and by reason of toil and faintness, my pace was so'checked, that I was often threatened with an uplifted tomahawk over my head. One John York, a fellow-suf- ferer, being entirely exhausted, was taken aside and despatched outright. Once, my mistress and myself were left '^six days without food, except the tainted bladder of a moose. This being too tough and loathsome to eat, we boiled it and drank the broth. At length she directed me, to go and make a fire on a remote point of the shore, in hopes by the smoke to invite, fortuitously, a visit of the Indians. Espying a canoe, I beckoned it ashore, when the squaws in it came, and gave me a roasted eel; — and never had I tasted meat more pal- atable. Through the whole summer and autumn, I was hurried up and down the wilderness ; for wherever an Indian happens to be, he is on the point of going somewhere else, never contented, nor at rest. They are no economists ; they eat excessively, whenever possessed of enough, and then have nothing. In the season of fruit, I lived on wortleberries, and a kind of wild cherries, which grew on bushes ; being obliged also, to gather them for my mistress, so long as any remained. When winter commenced, they put upon me an Indian dress ; giving me a slight blanket, a pair of leathern stockings, and moccasins : — Yet many times, my limbs were nearly frozen. Even in their huts, the smoke and stench, cold and fam- ine, made suffering more extreme, and slavery more dreadful. A rush of recollections often filled my soul with anguish, which no tongue nor pen can describe. Woman-like, I reflected upon my- self with tears, that I ever left the privileges of my birth-place, and the smiles of kindreds, — public worship and the divine ordinances. But my native Beverly, was only sweet in name and in memory ; and as it was, through over-emulous desires, of adding to worldly substance that we had exchanged it, for a new settlement destitute of church privileges and the gospel ministry, I thought I had directly brought upon myself the judgments of a frowning God. Now bereaved of hus- band, children, home, and every thing but a miserable life ; I was half-distracted. Languor, melancholy, famine and suffering, prey- ed upon my spirits and my life. Yet in mi/ distress I cried often xinto the Lord, (in the language of another,) hoio long wilt thou hide thy face from me ! hoio lung shall mine enemy be exalted over me ! To aggravate, if possible, my grief and distress, when we arrived at Norridgewock, every English prisoner was removed from our company ; and I was told my oldest son was killed — a fate, I APPENDIX. 659 feared, destined to all my children, while I had only Rachel's consolation, to weep for them. From that place, I was obliged to take up a long and wretched journey, in the heart of winter, through the wilderness to Canada. I travelled in deep snow, over steep hideous mountains, through swamps and thickets, and among windfalls ; stepping from log to log, near a thousand in a day, — at the same time, carrying on my shoulders a heavy burden. So frequently did my feet and limbs bleed, that my tracks in the snow might be readily traced by the blood. Without tasting of domestic meat or bread, or having a comfortable night on the way, I arrived at last, about the middle of February, 1G91, in the vicinity of Quebec ; where my master pitch- ed his wigwam, in sight of a few French habitations. Sent thither to beg food for him and his squaw, I found the inhabitants kind and generous. They fed me with refreshing food ; and in the second visit, I tarried, by my master's consent, over night. The next morning I was called upon by an Englishman, who though a prisoner to the French, ventured to attend me about four miles to Quebec, and generously introduced me into the family of the Chief Justiciary of the Province. The Lady Intendant, paid my late Indian master a satisfactory ransom ; and I became her waiting servant. Kind and attached to me, she soon joined with the priests and nuns, and strongly urged me to become a disciple of the catholic religion. This, to me, was a new species of trial ; and I presently found my- self transferred from one furnace of afflictions to another. I was hear- tily disposed to please my w'orthy mistress ; while I was in conscience and in duty bound not to betray my Lord, but contend earnestly for the faith, once delivered to the saints, I sometimes attended the papal worship ; but at last withdrawing, I was treated with harder usage. More than once, the priests threatened to send me to France, where heretics, they said, have to take the flames. At length, being able to procure an English bible, I searched and read the scriptures daily, which yielded me the refreshing toatcrs of life : — A religion pure and simple — at an infinite remove from human merit and catholic rites. Col. Tyng of Falmouth, and Mr. Alden, fellow captives, were permitted to converse with me, and ap- peared to be firm in the protestant doctrines ; strengthening me in the faith of them. Still, during this long period of more than four years, my religious belief was assailed again and again, and severely tried, by the superstitious friars. But an acquaintance, formed about that time with Margaret Stilton, a pious captive, prov- 560 APPENDIX. ed a balm to my afflicted soul. Oh the seasons, never to be forgot- ten, when we together perused the sacred volume, and in social prayer reciprocated the devout sentiments of the holy Psalmist ; — / shall not die hut live, and declare the works of the Lord : Truly he has chastened us sore, hut he has not given us over to death. To my inexpressible joy, when Capt. Gary arrived in a vessel to carry the English captives home from Quebec, I, with my youngest son, was admitted to a passage, leaving, however, three children — my only daughter, now about 20, supposed to be at Montreal, and my other two sons, if living, whom I had never seen since the morning after we were taken captive. We arrived at Boston in November, 1G95, after an absence of five years and a half, from my beloved country — and the rapturous joys of friends, meeting on a return from Indian captivity, can be more easily imagined than told. APPENDIX. 661 No. 4. SKETCHES OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS !N MAIPiE, DURING THE FIRST CEjJTURY, AI'TER THE SETTV.EMENT OF THE COUNTRY ; Alphdbsticclly arranged. John Alden, one of the original band of pilgrims, that settled at Plymouth, in 1620, is said to have been the first who sprang from the boat upon the shore at the time of landing. He settled at Duxbury, and was an Assistant or Councillor, in the govern- ment of that Colony, 42 years, including his first election in 1633. The same year he was sent to Kennebec as a resident magistrate to protect the trade on that river. In 1G34 occurred his alarming dif- ficulty with Capt. Hoskins, there, in which the latter was killed, and the former did not escape censure, though the homicide itself was deemed excusable. This anecdote is told of him ; — as it is said, the celebrated Miles Standish having buried his wife, within a few months after the colony was planted, sent by Alden, young, ruddy, personable, to know if his addresses to the daughter of William MuUins would be acceptable. The messenger accordingly made inquiry of the father, who replied, that ' Precilla' (for that was the daughter's name) must be consulted before he could return any answer, thoiigh he had himself no particular objection. She was therefore called into the room ; and when she had taken seat, he arose, and in a most prepossessing manner told his errand. To every word, she listened with utmost attention and then casting an open interested look upon him, said, " prithee, John, and why not rather speak for yourself ?" — The answer was so imexpected that he could only bow obeisance amidst a blush of countenance, and take his leave. But the hint was too good not to be improv- ed, and the acquaintance in due time, though piquant to the af- fronted Standish, ripened into a marriage, the fruits of which were eight children. He died A. D. 1687, aged 88 years. His son, Capt. John Alden, married Major Phillips' daughter Elizabeth, of Saco ; and having built a saw-mill in that place, re- sided there more or less of the time for twenty years. Meanwhile he was commander of a sloop in the Colony-service, employed in supplying the eastern forts with stores and provisions. Having removed to Boston, he was arrested, in 1692, for witchcraft, and thrown into prison, where he lay in close confinement, fifteen Vol. I. 71. 662 APPENDIX. weeks. However, by the assistance of his friends, he effected an escape, and kept out of the way, till the infatuation had eflfectu- ally abated. He died, 1702. Sir William Alexander was born at Clarkmannanshire, Scotland, in 1580, and married the daughter and heiress, of Sir William Erskine. He had a liberal education, and after travelling in for- eign countries, he joined the court of King James, and attended him into England. On the transfer of his majesty to the throne of that kingdom, he wrote a gratulatory poem. In short, he was so fond of the muses, that his royal master called him ' his philo- sophical poet.' In 1613, he was selected one of the gentleman ushers to prince Charles, appointed master of requests, and re- ceived the honor of Knighthood. But this was only the beginning of preferments and favor, for his king gave him a Charter of No- va Scotia, Sept. 10, 1621 ; the office of Secretary of State for Scotland, in 1626 ; a peerage of that kingdom, in 1630, by the title of Viscount Sterling ; and June 14, 1633, raised him to the grade of earl. These dignities Avere perhaps more readily con- ferred upon him because his master had taken from him his prov- ince, sometimes called Acadia, and resigned it to France, under the treaty of St. Germains ; — actual possession being assumed by his subjects during the last mentioned year. He was further remu- nerated by having one of the twelve royal Provinces assigned to him in 1635, situate between Pemaquid and St. Croix, and also Long Island, or Isle Sterling, opposite Connecticut. He was evi- dently more of a scholar, than a statesman. Sir Thomas Urqu- hart, a cotemporary countryman of his, tartly remarks, that he was not satisfied with plucking a laurel from the muses and being a prince among the poets ; but like another Alexander craved the region of some New-foundlaud, and the sovereignty of another Scotland. He died A. D. 1640, leaving two daughters — both his sons having deceased before him. William, his lordship's eldest son's heir, succeeded to the grandfather's estate and dignities, but survived him only a short time, and left no heir : therefore the heirs of Sir William's second son, Henry, took the inheritance. The descendants have always said, that earl Henry never sold the province between Pemaquid and St. Croix, to the Duke of York ; but only loaned to him the title-deed, to take a description of the Island Sterling, and he improperly caused the whole to be insert- ed in his original ducal Patent, of March 12, 1664. William Alexander, a native of New-York City, and a distinguished offi- APPENDIX. cer of the Revolution, is a descendant. He went to Great Britain A. D. 1760, in pursuit of his titular dignity and ancestral estate ; and though he failed of obtaining the acknowledgement of them, he was uniformly called and addressed by the title of Lord Ster- ling. Isaac AUerton, one of the first that settled at Plymouth, origin- ally opened and commenced the trade with our Eastern Indians. By a little barter from year to year at Monhegan and the vicinity, he became acquainted with the fur trade and fishery in this quar- ter ; and in 1625, a shallop loaded with corn was sent from Ply- mouth up Kennebec river, which was exchanged for 700 lbs. of beaver, besides other furs. Next year a small trading-house was erected at Penobscot [Biguyduce] ; and in 1627, Mr. Allerton took a voyage to England and obtained from the Plymouth Coun- cil, the first patent for trade on the Kennebec ; and the year fol- lowing, a truck-house was established on the banks of that river. In 1629, January 13th, he obtained another Patent with more ex- tended privileges ; and in 1633, he was engaged in establishing a trading-house at Machias. When he returned from England, with the last mentioned patent, he took passage, on board of the Lyon, William Pierce, master, who sailed from Bristol, England, in the spring following for Penobscot, having in the vessel, the agent of the Muscongus Patentees, and four or five men sent to establish a trading-house, at the mouth of St. Georges' river. He removed to New-Haven in 1643, where he resided at least fifteen years. John Archdale came over from England to Maine in the autumn of 1663 ; or according to Joscelyn, his arrival was early the next year. He appeared in the capacity of agent and Deputy-gover- nor under Ferdinando Gorges, Esq. grandson of the patentee and proprietor of Maine. It seems, that on the restoration of Charles II., Gorges spread his claim to the Province, before the throne ; entered into a correspondence with some of his friends here ; and so far as defective records enable us to judge, obtained a royal decision in his favor, and formed a plan of government, which, in some respects innovated upon that of his grandfather. Certain it is, that Archdale came into the Province with commissions to these twelve men as Councillors or magistrates ; namely, Fran- cis Champernoon, and Thomas Withers of Kittery, Edward Rishworth and Francis Raynes of York, Joseph Bowles of Wells, Francis Hook of Saco, Henry Watts of Blue-point, Henry Jos- celyn of Black-point, Robert Jordan of Spurwink, Francis Neale 663 664 APPENDIX. of Casco, and Thomas Purchas of Pegypscot : — also another to James Wiggins, who was appointed marshall. On the distribu- tion of these commissions, a v/^arfare was commenced by Massa- chusetts against these magistrates and their party, and several of them were indicted and punished, for their rebellion ; so that the provincials were in a state of revolution, in 1664, bordering on downright anarchy ; — Massachusetts exercising absolute command, reckless of the king's order, requiring a restoration of the province to Gorges; while some of Archdale's or Gorge's new magistrates were " granting warrants and other precepts, taking depositions and hearing causes." The same year, the four Royal Commis- sioners, Nichols, Cartwright, Carr and Maverick, arrived ; and in June of the following year they visited Maine and put an end to Archdale's short administration. Lewis Bane, a worthy inhabitant of York, represented his town in the General Court, in J704, and afterwards had eight elections. His mind was of a military and mechanical turn ; he commanded the town-company several years ; and was appointed with Major Jo- seph Hammond, to the erection of fort Mary at W inter-harbor, Saco, in 1708. His son Jonathan succeeded Capt. Bradbury in command of the Block-house, which stood in the upper part of the plantation. — Joseph Bane, of the same place and probably a kindred, or broth- er, born in 1676, was taken by the Indians in 1692, and detained a captive among them, seven years and ten months. During his captivity, he travelled with them extensively over the country, and learned to speak their language with so much facility, as to ren- der him exceedingly useful afterwards, as an interpreter. His re- turn home, was not till after the close of the second Indian war. Benjamin Blackman, a son of Rev. Adam Blackman, the first minister of Stratford, Connecticut, was a graduate of Harvard College, 1663, and afterwards for several years, a preacher of the gospel at Maiden, Massachusetts, though his name is not itali- cised in the catalogue. He was a man of considerable talents and learning ; yet his abilities evidently rendered him more fit for business than for the desk. In 1675, he married at Boston, the daughter of Joshua Scottow, who conveyed to him, five years afterwards, a tract of land, near Blank-point ferry ; upon which he settled and subsequently resided, about seven or eight years ; after which he removed to Saco. Till this time, he had usually preached to the settlers in his vicinity ; and the next year, 1683, he represented the town of Saco in the General Assembly, under APPENDIX. the provincial administration of President Danforth, and became the proprietor of a large real estate. While Sir Edmund Andros was Chief Magistrate of New-England, he commissioned Mr. Blackman a Justice of Peace ; and it was he who issued a Avarrant for the arrest of twenty Indians in 1688 ; and yet it was by the Governor's order, that they were set at liberty. He removed, after this, to Boston, but never returned. Richard Bonighton was a co-proprietor with Thomas Lewis, of the Patent on the eastern side of the Saco, obtained February 12, 1629, old style. Having previously determined to try their for- tune in this eastern wilderness, they both emigrated from England, and entered upon the grant, in the ensuing June. The dwelling- house of Capt. Bonighton stood a short distance, southerly of the Lower Falls, on the easterly side of the river. He was an upright, sedate and sensible man — and so much a disciple of peace, that he was never known, it is said, to have been a party to a lawsuit. According to the accounts we have of the public trust confided to him, he was sole Assistant to Mr. Vines, the superintendant of the Plantation till the arrival of Governor William Gorges, in 1635 ; and one of the Council both under his administration, and under Sir Ferdinando's Charter-government; — an office which he held to the time of his death in 1648. He left one son and two daughters, all born in England. John, his son, a resident near his father, was a contentious refractory man ; and though he liv- ed to the year 1684, he was one of the unhappy mortals, that die unlamented. The elder of his sisters, married Richard Foxwell of Scarboro' and the other, Richard Cummings of Saco. Robert Boothe appears among the original settlers of Wells, in 1643. He thence removed to Saco ; and in 1648, he was one of the magistrates, or assistants under Mr. Cleaves' administration of Lygonia. He w^as a man of sound sense and considerable educa- tion ; besides which, he possessed a mind so rarely gifted, a piety so lively, and a tongue so fluent of expression, thai he frequently officiated as a lay-preacher, in religious assemblies, profitably ed- ifying those who heard him. On the submission of Saco to Mas- sachusetts, in 1653, he was town-commissioner and clerk of the •writs ; and in 1659, he was a deputy to the General Court at Boston, — being the first representative the town ever returned. He died in 1672, aged 68, leaving a character worthy to be im- itated by all such, as would rise to distinction by their own merits. Anthony Bracket and Thomas Bracket, brothers, removed from Portsmouth, N. H. to Casco-neck, about 1662-3 ; married the 665 666 APPENDIX. daughters of Michael Mitten, the grandchildren of George Cleaves; and settled not far from the head of Back-cove. Anthony was taken captive by the Indians in 1676, and again in 1689 ; and was with them about a year in each captivity. He was command- er of Fort Loyal and of the town-militia company, in 1682; and in that and the preceding years, was the representative of Falmouth, to the General Assembly, under President Danforth's administra- tion, — a very eminent and popular man of his time. He died be- fore the 3d Indian war, leaving several children. The life of Thomas was not a long one ; he being killed by the Indians, in 1676, when they made their first attack upon Casco. John Brown was one of the earliest settlers at New-harbor on the western shore of Broad-bay, [in Bristol]. This enterprise he was probably induced to undertake, by one John Pierce, an emigrant from the city of London, who obtained a patent, dated June 1, 1621, from the Plymouth Council, allowing him the priv- ilege of settling at any place he and his associates might choose, not however within ten miles of any other settlement, " unless on the opposite side of some great and navigable river ;" and he located on the southerly margin of Broad-bay. Brown had a hab- itancy there as early as 1625 ; and the same year, July 15, pur- chased of the Indians a tract between Pemaquid and Broad-bay, eight miles by twenty-five in extent, including Muscongus Island. Thus he and Pierce, whose father was his brother-in-law, united the puchase with the patent and commenced a plantation. He was alive in 1660 ; and when he died, he left a son of the same name, who resided on the premises, and a daughter, who married 'Sander Gould. The father, or possibly another of his name, join- ed one Bateman in purchasing, of the Indians a considerable tract, in Woolwich. John, junior, when he died, (1720) aged 85 years, devised his Broad-bay estate to his son, who resided at Saco. From the original settler, is deduced the famous "Brown Right," which has occasioned so much controversy in that quarter. Thomas Cammock, (or Commock), who appears among the early emigrants to this country, originally settled on the northern side of the Piscataqua. Here, Walter Neale, resident agent of Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, as well as of John Mason, executed to Cammock, June 2, 1633, a territorial grant, extending halfway from that to Agamenticus-river. Displeased with this situation and having pre- viously procured of the Plymouth Council, in 1630, a patent of lands between Spurwink and Black-point, [Scarboro'] ; he sold APPENDIX. tbe former in 1635, to James Trueworthy and removing upon the latter, settled at Prout's Neck, not far from the mouth of Dun- stan-river. Capt. Canimock was a nephew of the earl of War- wick ; and was in 1635-6, one of William Gorges' councillors or assistants. He died in 1C43, on a voyage to the West Indies ; having previously conveyed 500 acres of his estate, to the use of his wife and the residue to his friend Henry Joscelyn, by deed to take effect after his death, provided he should die without issue. He did die childless and Joscelyn married his widow. Humphery Chadbourne, came over to Piscataqua, as early as 1631, and dwelt, a few years, at Stra\vberry-bank, Portsmouth. Next he removed to Newichawannock, about the year 1638-9 and settled at Great Works, or Chadbourne's river, now in South- Berwick. For the purpose of forming a large establishment in business, he procured, in 16413, from Sagamore Rowles, a quit-claim of a large tract, at the mouth of that river and up its banks and erected expensive saw-mills. He was a man of mind and influ- ence ; and at his day, none in enterprise and activity went before him. In 1657, and two other years, he was sent a deputy to the General Court, at Boston, by Kittery, his plantation at Newich- awannock, being then a part of that town. He was also, in 1663, one of the County-court associates. Benjamin Chadbourne, his great-grandson, who was a councillor several years, both under the Province-charter and the Constitution, was in possession of the ancestral estate, to the time of his death. In 1793, he remarked — " I am now 75 years old, and since I can remember, there was no house betwen mine and Canada.'' Francis Champernoon, the cousin of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, came over probably, in 1639, one of his charter-councillors, and settled in Kittery. He was an inflexible adherent to the interests of his worthy kindred and patron ; and of course a zealous foe to all assumption of government, exercised by Massachusetts. Al- ways actuated by a spirit of firmness and consistency, which in- spired confidence, he was commissioned Justice, both under Archdale, in 1663-4, and the king's commissioners, in 1665. He held also, the oflice of militia-captain — a post of no inconsiderable honor in those times ; but his political course was unpopular, and he removed to New-Hampshire, where he was one of the Prov- ince-council, in 1684. He had three daughters, two of whom married into the Cutts family ; and the third married Humphrey Elliot, whose son Champernoon, on his grandfather's death, in 1687, became a principal proprietor of his estate. 667 668 APPENDIX. George Cleaves, [otherwise spelt Clcve or Cleves] emigrated from England to Spurwink, in 1630 ; having by possibility, some prior acquaintance with the original proprietors of the " Plough- patent." The next year, he and Richard Tucker, with whom he had formed a connexion in business, removing from that place, became the earliest actual settlers upon Casco-neck, now the pen- insula of Portland. Pleased with the local situation and privi- leges of the place, he in behalf of his partner, and dependants presently laid claim to 1,600 acres of land, under a proclama- tion of James I. ; vt^ho offered 150 acres to every individual subject of his, that would emigrate at his own charge, and settle on any vacant or unoccupied parts of his American domains. But when he foimd, that the province of New-Somersetshire, which was assigned to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, embraced all the territory claimed by him (Cleaves), for himself and others, he took a a voyage to England, in 1636, possibly with Gov. William Gorges on his return home. While there he so ingratiated himself into the favor of the Lord-proprietor as to obtain from him, January 27, 1637, a leasehold, — to run 2,000 years, of all the lands he claimed or desired to hold on the peninsula, between Fore-river and Presumpscot, including Mountjoy's Hill and Hog Island. He was also impowered to lease or grant, with reservation of quit- rents, to such as wished to become actual settlers, all the lands and Islands, if requested, " between Cape Elizabeth and the en- trance of Sagadahock river, and thence up into the land, 60 miles." On Cleaves' return he brought with him a commission from Gor- ges to six of the Massachusetts-Assistants, authorizing and re- questing them to exercise for a short period, a political superin- tendance over his Province. Still he suspected, the friends of Gorges were secretly his foes ; — a suspicion in which he thought he was fully confirmed, vphen he found himself not so much no- ticed, as to be named, in the Charter-administration of 1639-40, one of Gorges' Standing Council. Hence Mr. Cleaves again, in 1642, visited England ; and probably used pursuasives with Sir Alexander Rigby, to purchase the Lygonian Patent ; for we find, as soon as he had taken an assignment of it, he appointed Mr. Cleaves deputy-president of the contemplated administration in his Province ; — both agreeing well in their episcopal senti- ments and republican politics. But the new office df Cleaves, necessarily brought him into collision with Gorges' adherents, and rendered it expedient to secure, if possible, the favor of Mas- APPENDIX. gg9 sachusetts. For this purpose, he went to Boston in 1644, and sought, though in vain, her auxiliary interposition. Consequently, he and his coadjutors contended singlehanded, for jurisdiction, •with the rulers under Gorges, till March, 1646 ; when by a de- cision in England, Rigby's right and title were fully established. Cleaves then assumed the government ; had a Board of five or six Assistants ; called General Assemblies ; and held Courts, four or five times in the year. When acting judicially, he and the Assistants constituted the Supreme Court ; and the names of those who acted as such at dilierent times, were Henry Joscelyn, Robert Jordan, William Royall, Henry Watts, John Cossins, Pe- ter Hill and Robert Boothe. But as the commission of Mr. Cleaves was at an end, when his patron died, in August, 1650, — a fact of which he had full information, the next year, he waited about a twelve-month for instructions without receiving any, and then took another trip to England. There he had an interview with Sir Alexander's son ; yet he received no other orders from him, than to have an oversight of the Province, till commissions were sent to him. Of course, after his return, he resolutely re- sisted the jurisdictional claim of Massachusetts, till July, 1658 ; when he and the Lygonian Provincials thought it best to submit. Upon this change, he was appointed town-commissioner ; and in 1663 and 4, represented the town of Falmouth in the General Court at Boston. He died about 1666, an aged man, leaving only one child, the wife of Michael Mitten, whose death occurred in 1682. It fell to the lot of Mr. Cleaves, to encounter many ob- stacles and embarrassments, political and pecuniary, in the course of his pursuits ; and he died the possessor of little or no proper- ty. The traits of his character were such as to give it the sem- blance of contrarieties ; for while his foes accused him of an un- hallowed ambition and a litigious spirit ; others have set to his credit the merits of honor, energy, enterprize and perseverance. Edward and Richard Callicott [or Collicott] were both early in- habitants of Maine. Edward first settled in New-Hampshire as early as 1631 ; acted several years as Governor of the plantations at Dover; and in 1642, was a deputy in the General Court at Bos- ton. About the year, 1659, he removed to Saco. Richard was a man of more intelligence and distinction. He removed from Dor- chester, Massachusetts, to Falmouth, in 1657 or 8 ; and was re- turned a deputy or representative to the General Court, for that town in 1659, and in 1672 for Saco. Twenty years before he re- VoL. T. 72 670 APPENDIX. moved into the eastern country, he was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery company ; and in 1674 he was commis- sioned by Massachusetts, with others, to establish the County of Devonshire ; and was appointed one of the special Commission- ers, to hold Courts there, in lieu of associates in other counties. His last place of residence was in Boston, where he died, in 1686. John Cossins [Cousin] born in England, A. D. 1596, resided on a beautiful Island, afterwards known by his name, situated near the mouth of Royall-river in North-Yarmouth ; which he purchased, in 1645, of Richard Vines, the agent of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. After residing upon it about thirty years, he was compelled to leave it, in 1675, at the opening of the first Indian war. He re- moved to York, where he died, in 1683, at an advanced age. While he dwelt upon the Island, he was one of Mr. Cleaves' Assistants in his government of Lygonia ; — a man much esteemed for his in- tegrity and diligence. Robert, John and Richard Cutts [or Cutt] three brothers, emi- grated from Wales, to the Isles of Shoals, as early as 1645. In a few years, however, Robert removed, first to Barbadoes, then to Great Island, New-Hampshire, and lastly, to Kittery-point, and his brothers to Portsmouth, all of whom became eminent men. From these three are descended all those of their name in Maine and New-Hampshire. Robert established a ship-yard, and carried on ship-building very extensively. Being strongly attached to the interests of Gorges, he accepted the office of Justice, in 1664 and 5, both under Archdale and the king's commissioners. When he died, in 1672, he left a large estate to his son Richard, whose son of the same name, the grandson of Robert, born in 1693, and settled on Cutts' Island, in Kittery, represented his town, in 1734 and seven other years, in the General Court, and in 1755, was elected a member of the Council — a seat which he held eight years. Col. Thomas Cutts, son of the latter, settled in Saco about 1758 ; and by means of an extensive business in ship-building, navigation and merchandize, acquired a large estate. He convert- ed Indian Island, into a high state of culture, and erected upon it a spacious mansion-house, where he passed the closing years of his active life. EdAvard Cutts, probably his brother, after having represented Kittery, his native town, seven years in the Legisla- ture, was elected into the Council, in 1779, and succeeded Mr. Simpson, in his judicial capacity, both as Judge of the Common Pleas and Judge of Probate. He was also two years in the Sen- ate under the State-constitution. APPENDIX. 671 George^ Humphrey and John Davie are all mentioned in the his- tory of Maine. The first commenced an early settlement at Wis- casset-point ; and in 1663, purchased a considerable territory there of the natives. His dwellinghouse was on the westerly bank of the river, in the midst of what is now the village. About the time Sheepscot-settlement was destroyed by the Indians, in 1688, he retired to some older place, for more safety. Humphrey claimed Swan Island in the Kennebec, under an Indian deed, dated 1669. He was a man of some note ; being one of the Mas- sachusetts' Commissioners, appointed to establish and organize the county of Devon, or Devonshire, in 1674. That Island of his was afterwards claimed by Sir John Dnvir, a sergeant at law, who was graduated at Harvard College, in 1681, and at length became the inheritor of a large estate in England, from which he derived the title of baronet, and upon which he afterwards resided. John Davis, a man of very considerable abilities, natural and ac- quired, and of a military taste and turn of mind, was an inhabi- tant of York. Taught by experience, that a people's prosperity as well as security, essentially depended upon a methodical and energetic government, he espoused the coalescence of Maine with Massachusetts, in 1652 ; and took an interested part in promot- ing the union. At first he was licensed to keep the town ordina- ry; and yet during the whole of President Danforth's adminis- tration he was one of the Standing Council ; and also the succes- sor of Major Pendleton, Deputy-President of Maine, in 1684, and .^ had command of the militia. Sylvamis Davis first settled at Damariscotta, where he, in 1659 and 1665, purchased considerable lands of three Indian Sagamores. Afterwards, when Clark and Lake had formed an establishment on Arrowsick, he removed to that Island, and became their general agent. The place exhibited a flourishing appearance, till the In- dian massacre, August 14, 1676 ; when he was severely wounded and hardly escaped with his life. Within a year or two after peace, he settled on Casco-Neck, Falmouth, and took from Pres- ident Danforth, a grant of Little Gebeag, and from the town-trus- tees, a sectional assignment of lots. He was in general highly esteemed; yet his eflbrts in 1687-8, under Andros' administration, to persuade the people to take from the Governor, new patents of their lands, deducted much from his popularity — as it unfolded a tint of the parasite. Yet in 1690, he had command of Fort Loyal, when the French and Indians, after a most obstinate siege, com- 672 APPENDIX. pelled him to surrender it, and to see every article of capitulation violated, and most of the garrison put to death. He was himself carried to Canada and detained in captivity more than four months. His subsequent residence was in Boston. Being a landholder in the province of Sagadahock, and a man of considerable distinc- tion, he found his name inserted in the Charter of William and Mary, as one of the Council ; and by two subsequent elections, he was chosen to fill the same office. He died, in 1703, without issue ; leaving his estate to his wife and the daughters of his friend, James English. — See Coll. Mass. His. Soc. 3 series, i. vol p. 101—102. Henry Donnel, an inhabitant of York, removed from that town, about 1658, to Jewel's Island, in Casco-bay, on which he resided and had a fishing station, till the commencement of the second Indian war, in 1688. Unable to dwell there longer in safety, he returned to his former residence. His sons were Henry and Sam- uel, — the latter was one of the Councillors named for Maine, in the Province-charter of 1691, and subsequently received two elec- tions to the same place. Rev. Shubael Dummer,* a graduate of Harvard College, in 1656, was ordained at York, to the pastoral office, in 1673 ; being the first settled minister of that town. His wife was the daughter of Edward Rishworth, Esq., and their dwellinghouse was eastward of the present village, about thirty rods from the seashore. Mr. Dummer was a serious godly man, devoted to his charge, and if not eloquent, he was a sound and interesting preacher. At the time of his settlement, so small in number were his brethren in the ministry, that he of necessity preached his own ordination sermon. His faithful labors and ardent zeal for his people's good, through a period of nineteen years, mutually endeared them to each other, and rendered the circumstances of their final separa- tion highly painful. For on the fatal morning of Feb. 5, 1692, when the Indians made an assault upon the town, burning, killing and plundering, he was shot dead at his own door. His lovely and excellent wife, who was carried into captivity, soon died of suffering and grief. Mr. Dummer was in the 56th or 7th year of " His father was Richard Dummer of Newbury, born 1591 , came to New- England in 1()32, hvetl first in Roxbury and was an Assistant 1640 and 1645; and then removed to the former place. His sons were Shubael, Jeremiah, Richard, and William who was father of Liontenant-Governor, William Dum- mer. Shubael was born February 17, lOuG ; commenced preaching at York in 1662 APPENDIX. his age ; — and according to Doct. Mather, his heart was touched, like the prophet's lips, as with 'a Vne coal from the altar.' Thomas Danfortii, bom at Franilino-ham in Suflolk, England, A. D. 1622, emigrated with his father, Nicholas Danforth, to New- England, in 1634 and settled in Cambridge. He was admitted freeman in 1643; chosen a representative of his town in 1657-8, an Assistant first in 1659, afterwards being a member of the Board 20 years. He was Deputy-governor from 1679 to 1G86, inclusive, and again after the revolution, he filled the same office three years, and once he came within CI votes of being elected governor. He was a man of unquestionable integrity and great firmness ; a high- toned republican of the old school ; and acted a distinguished part in public aflfairs. Subsequently to the purchase of Maine, he was appointed by the General Court of Massachusetts, or rather by the Board of Assistants, May 11, 1681, (new style) the President of the Province, an oflice he filled till the Charter of William and Mary was received ; except during the interruptions, occasioned by the short administration of Dudley and Andros. Though his established residence was in Cambridge, he repaired frequently to the Province, while at the head of its government ; and sometimes continued his visit for weeks. He was a great favorite of the people and a coadjutor with Gookin, Cooke and others in opposing the acts of trade and in vindicating chartered rights, against every encroachment of arbitrary power. Hence he rendered himself obnoxious to the British politicians, and consequently, his name was not allowed to be inserted in the Province-charter, (in 1691,) as one of the Council. But in the organization of government, he was appointed one of the Judges on the Supreme Bench — a seat he filled till his death, Nov. 5, 1699, aged 77 years. In evidence of his intelligence and correct judgment, he pointedly condemned the proceedings of the Courts against witchcraft, as. the offspring of delusion. He had 12 children, two of whom were sons, viz. Samuel, graduated at Harvard College, 1671, a distinguished scholar, who died at London, in Dec. 1676, un- married ; and Jonathan, who was graduated at the same College,, 1679, and died in 1682, in whom the male line became extinct.. Giles Elbridge was co-proprietor with Robert Aldsworth, alder- man of the city — Bristol, England, in their patent of Pemaquid,, obtained Feb. 20, 1631. Their particular attention was first turned towards this section of country probably by the views given of it by the celebrated adventurer, Capt. John Smith. Having, in 1625, 673 674 APPENDIX. purchased Monliegan, tliey determined now to improte and enlarge the infant settlements, both on the Island and within the limits of their new patent ; and give the planters an established form of civil government. But they labored under a mistake not uncom- mon in those days, which was, to imagine they could bring into existence a flourishing plantation or colony in the wilderness, with- out residing upon it, or even visiting it ; for neither of the pa- tentees ever so much as saw this country. In a few years, Aldsworth died, when the Avhole patent enured to Elbridge by survivorship ; and hence his sons, John in the first instance, and then Thomas, became sole proprietors of it. The former took it by descent and the latter by his brother's will of Sept. 11, 1646 ; after which he came over to Pemaqiiid, dwelt there several years ; and at length, by two assignments, dated Feb. 1, 1651, and Sept. 3, 1657, he conveyed away the whole patent. Still he resided there ; and in 1665, came into the court of the king's commissioners and swore allegiance to the Duke of York, as proprietary of Sagada- hock. The property afterwards passing through several hands, ultimately rested in the wife of Shem Drowne, and hence the origin of the '■^ Droivne Claim.'''' While Thomas Elbridge was a resident at Pemaquid, he made grants of land ; held courts, tried causes ; and punished offences. But still the government exercis- ed or formed by him was probably little more than a conservation of the peace. Richard Foxwell removed from Scituate and settled at Blue-point in Scarborough, A. D. 1636, when he was f51 years of age. His wife was the daughter of Richard Bonighton. Though he was not a man of very much note, he was well esteemed ; he had been a " merchant;" and in 1648 his town sent him a deputy to the General Assembly of Lygonia. He died in 1677, leaving eight children. Nicholas and Charles Frost, father and son, dwelt at Sturgeon- creek in Kittery ; the former being one of the early settlers of that place ; and a constable under the Charter-government of Gorges. He lived till the year 1663. — Charles was one of the most eminent and public spirited men of that age, within the Province, In 1658, and subsequently, he was the representative of his town, five years, in the General Court at Boston ; he was a member of the Provincial Council, during the whole of President Danforth's administration ; he had also command of the Yorkshire Regiment of militia ; and at the time he was shot by the Indians, July 4, APPENDIX. 1697, he held a seat in the Council and upon the Bench of the Common Pleas. His death was very deeply lamented ; as it oc- curred in the height of his usefuhiess and fame, and at a time when his services were greatly needed. Roger Garde was an early inhabitant of Agamenticus. Having some knowledge of letters and a good acquaintance with penman- ship, he was appointed in 1640, Provincial Register under the charter-government of Gorges ; elected mayor of the city, Gor- geana; and in 1644, promoted to a scat in the Council. But being a warm adherent to the rights and interest of the Lord-proprietor, and a loe to the claim of Massachusetts ; he was constrained to find amid the political changes of his time, that his popularity was hardly commensurate with his life. Thomas Gardiner^ reputed to have been a very worthy man, was an early settler at Pemaquid. In 1665, he was appointed by the king's commissioners, one of the magistrates for the Duke's province ; and in 1674, when Devonshire was established by Massachusetts, he was appointed to the same office and also to the command of the militia, in the new county. Sir Ferdinando, Robert, Willianij Thomas, and a second Ferdi- nando Gorges, are all entitled to notice in the early settlement of this State. The first, through a period of forty years, greatly interested himself in the discovery, colonization and other affairs of this Eastern Country ; — a biographical sketch of whose char- acter appears in the preceding History. — Robert, his son, took from the Plymouth Council, Dec. 13, 1622, a patent of lands, 30 miles by 10, about Cape Anne ; and in September of the next year, came with several passengers and families to begin a planta- tion. He had also a commission, as Governor and Lieutenant Gen- eral of New-England; — and the habitancy he selected, was at Weymouth. But this, the primary essay to establish a general government, met with no success ; and he returned to England at the end of one year. — l^^lliam Gorges, a nephew of Sir Ferdinan- do, is said by one to have come over first, in 1624, a companion of Col. Francis Norton — and to have been furnished with " divers workmen for the building of mills and houses and with all things necessary for a settlement,'' at Agamenticus ; while another ac- count says, it was Ferdinando, the proprietor's grandson, who came over with Norton. However this may be — William, called Capt. Gorges, was appointed Governor of New-Somersetshire, by his uncle in 1635, soon after the 12 provinces were formed — out of 675 676 APPENDIX. the Grand Patent, and he had taken an assignment. He came over early the next spring, and immediately proceeded to measures for the government of the Province. He appointed a Council, held courts at Saco, and exercised an official jurisdiction, about two years before his return. Chalmer says, " he ruled for some years, a few traders and fishermen, with a good sense, equal to the im- portance of the trust." — Thomas Gorges^ the cousin of Sir Fer- dinando, arrived in the Province of Maine during the spring of 1640 ; bringing with him from the Lord-proprietor a commission of Deputy-governor. He opened his court at Saco, which had reg- ular sessions ; — giving to his administration the characteristics of energy, justice and considerable system. He was a man of pure principles, and very handsome abilities, — grave in his deportment and by profession a lawyer ; having pursued and finished his course of legal studies at the Inns of Court in Westminster. He return- ed home in 1643, when his commission expired, though the Lord- proprietor gave him some large tracts of land, and pressed upon him every motive, to abide longer time in the Province. — Ferdi- nando Gorges, Esq. was the son of John Gorges and grandson of the Lord-proprietor. It is said by two writers, that he came over with Col. Norton in 1624, to settle Agamenticus, with " a patent of 12,090 acres on the east side and 12,000 to the west side of the river ; and that they had hopes of a happy success." If he did visit this country his abode here was short. Certainly, to him at length, descended the whole provincial patent of Maine ; about which he had a controversy with Massachusetts, from 1652 to 1677 ; w^ien he sold the Avhole to her for £1,250 sterling. His grandfather's History of America painted to the life, enlarged by him and published in 1658, contains many original, rare and curious facts, which will be ever precious to the antiquarian. Walter Gendell, dwelt at Spurwink, [Cape Elizabeth,] as early as 1666. He was a great fur-trader with the Indians, and supposed he had secured their friendship and confidence. But in 1676, being the s'econd year of king Philip's war, they made him pris- oner at Richmond Island, and carried him to Penobscot ; where in a few months, he was set at liberty, under Mugg's treaty, and conveyed to Boston by Capt. More. Being convicted of having had a treacherous intercourse with the Natives, he was sentenced to forfeit his lands, to pay costs of prosecution, to rim the " gaunt- let" through the military companies of that town ; and then to depart the colony. — He returned into Maine ; and it appears, he APPENDIX. was afterwards restored to all he had lost ; for in 1680, he was one of the Falmouth-commissioners ; in 16S3, a superintendant of Fort Loyal ; and the next year, a deputy from that town to the General Assembly, under the administration of President Dan- forth. He was also one of the trustees, in the re-grant or revival of North- Y^arraouth ; at which place he was killed by the Indians, in August, 1688, being among the very first that fell, in the sec- ond Indian war. He left no child but some property. Edward Godfrey^ came over about the year, 1629, and took from Sir Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason, and their associates, an agency for the management of their affairs at the Piscataqua. Captivated with the situation of Agamenticus-plantation, begun by his friends, Col. Norton and young Ferdinando Gorges, he con- cluded to settle there ; and it is said, he built one of the first framed houses, ever erected in the place. He became interested in two considerable tracts of land in the vicinity ; — one was a grant on the north side of Agamenticiis-rivcr, which Sir Ferdi- nando made, Dec. 1, 1631, to him and three associates, — William Hooke, his neighbor, Samuel Maverick, of Noddle's Island, and William Jeff'eries, of Weymouth ; the other was a lease-hold of 1,500 acres, on the northerly side of Cape Neddock Creek, which Gorges granted, in 1638, to Mr. Godfrey, his'son Oliver and Rich- ard Rowe, conditioned to pay an annual quitrent of 2s. on every one hundred acre lot. Mr. Godfrey was a man of zeal and perse- verance in every enterprize he undertook ; and such was his character and conduct, — such his untiring efforts to promote the settlement and best interests of this plantation — and so much was he a favorite of the Lord-proprietor, as to secure entirely his con- fidence and esteem, and merit the honor of being appointed by him, in 1640, an original member of his Charter-council. In fact, he had previously belonged to the board of Assistants under William Gorges ; and in 1642, he was Mayor of the city Gorge- ana. He manfully resisted Col. Rigby's claim to Lygonia till there was a decision in his favor ; after which, he succeeded Mr. Vines, in 1646, as Governor of what remained to Sir Ferdinando — an office which he filled, with credit to himself, for several years. During a part of that period, commencing with 1649, when it was understood that John Gorges, the heir to the Province, was disinclined to assume the government of it, the inhabitants formed a " Combination," under the Charter, and annually elected Mr. Godfrey, Governor, by voting at town meeting, in manner of elec- VoL. I. 73 677 678 APPENDIX. tions, pursued by the freemen of Massachusetts. With great spirit, he opposed the jurisdictional claim, which that Colony raised to Maine, till Kittery and Agamenticus were induced to submit, in 1652 ; — then he yielded to constraint and took the oath of allegi- ance, to her government. Disposed still to conciliate him and his partisans, her commissioners immediately appointed him town and county commissioner ; and the next year, the provincials elected him senior associate upon the bench of the county-court. He died about the year, 1661 or 2, highly esteemed for his firmness intel- ligence and integrity. Peter and Joseph Hill, have been noticed in the early history of this State, The former, who resided in Saco, was a deputy to the General Assembly of Lygonia, in 1648; and a short time, one of Mr. Cleaves' Assistants. Nevertheless, he submitted to Massa- chusetts, in 1653, and his useful life was prolonged to the year, 1667. — Joseph Hill, his grandson, whose father's name was Roger, was born, in 1671, married Joseph Bowles' daughter of Wells, and in 1689, settled in that town. Still, when Fort Mary, at Saco, was erected, in 1693, he was appointed one of the two su- perintendants. He was a brave man ; and being commander of the militia-company, in Wells, was probably singled out by the enemy, in their attack upon the place, in August, 1703 ; for he was, at that time, taken and carried a captive to Canada. Two years afterwards, he was sent by the Governor of that province, to effect an exchange of prisoners ; who reported on his return home, that there were "with the French 114 captives, besides 70 with the Indians." His grandson, Joseph Hill, of the same town, was 29 years a member of the Council, and 13, a judge of the Common Pleas. William and Francis Hooke, [or Hook] were probably kindreds, though it is not ascertained in what degree. The former, an em- igrant from Bristol in England, became associated with Edward Godfrey, in a purchase made at Agamenticus, A. D.. 1631, and finally settled there. He was one of the first Charter-councillors under Gorges, when the administration was framed, in 1640; but he never took his seat at the Board. Marrying about that time the widow of Capt. Walter Norton, he removed to Salisbuiy, Mass. from which was sent a deputy to the General Court, in 1643 and 7, and where he died, in 1654; leaving a widow with- out any children ; Mr. Winthrop speaks of him, as ' a godly gerv- tleman.' APPENDIX. 579 Francis Hooke is first iotroduced to us as a pious man and preacher of the gospel. He selected his place of abode at Winter-harbor, in Saco, where mention is made of him in 1660. Inflexibly at- tached as he was, to the interests of Gorges, in belief that his right was well-founded, he was appointed a Justice, both under Arch- dale in 1663-4, and by the king's Commissioners in 1665. For a period, his acceptance of these offices, in connexion with his political sentiments, might have rendered him unpopular among the partizans of Massachusetts ; yet so entirely had he regained the public esteem in 1680, as to be appointed first County-treasu- rer under Pres. Danforth's administration, and a member of the Council during the whole period of his presidency. He seems to have had the singular good fortune of a very few public men, that is — to be popular with all parties. For in 1692 and 3, he was a member of the Province-council under the Charter of William and Mary, a judge of Probate two years, and also a judge upon the bench of the Common Pleas. He removed to Kittery before the commencement of the 2d Indian war, where he died in January 1695. In a word, such was Francis Hooke, that none other at that age in the Province was more public spirited and highly useful — none better beloved. Hutchinson was a distinguished name in Massachusetts and this State, from the early settlement of the country, to the war of the Revolution. William Hutchinson was an emigrant to Boston, as early as 1634, and the husband of the famous Anne Hutchinson,* the " Antinomian." He died in 1642; and his son Edward, a brave military officer, lost his life in a battle with the Indians in King Philip's war. Actuated by a spirit of speculation or perhaps thoughts of removal, the same Edward, in 1673, two years before his death, purchased of William Phillips of Saco, considerable tracts of land, on the westerly side of the river in that place ; at the same time owning mills at Newichawannock, burnt two years afterwards by the Indians. In 1676, Mr. Phillips distributed among his children and donees, the extensive territory, which he had pur- chased of the Sagamores, several years before, embracing the present Sandford, Alfred and Waterborough ; when one share be- came the property of Elisha Hutchinson''s wife, who was Mrs. Phillips' daughter, by a former husband, John Sandford, Esquire, * After her husband's death, she removed to the Dutch Country, (N. T.) ; and in 1643, she and all her family, except one daughter, being 16 persona, were killed by the Indians. 680 APPENDIX. of Rhode Island. The said Elisha, grandson of the ahove Wil- liam, and son of Edward, was a very distinguished man, represen- tative of Boston, in 1680 — 3 ; Assistant, in 1684, 6 and 6; Chief- commander of the Massachusetts' militia, a charter-member of the Council in 1692 ; and being a freeholder in Maine, in right of his wife, and perhaps otherwise, he was elected for that prov- ince, to a seat at the same Board two successive years, 1708 and 9. He died, in 1717, at the age of 78. His son Thomas^ who died, in Dec. 1739, was father of the Governor* and Historian of Massachusetts. — Eliakim Hutchinson, another son of Edward, seems to have inherited his father's estate at Saco ; in virtue of which as a prerequisite qualification, required by Charter, he was chosen for Maine, into the Council, in 1695 ; receiving in all 21 elections. He died in 1718, in the 77th year of his age. His son, Edward Hutchinson^ was elected a member of the Board for the same Prov- ince, in 1725-6 ; being a landholder, either as heir or devisee of the Saco estate, which, however, he sold in 1750, to a Mr. Allen for ie 1,200. George Ingersol, born in 1618, was the son of Richard Ingersol, who emigrated in 1629, from Bedfordshire, England, to Salem, Massachusetts. The residence of George at Back-cove, Falmouth, in 1657, is the first notice of him recollected. His military tal- ents and taste, procured his promotion, in 1668, to the command of the town-militia company, — an office he filled with much rep- utation to himself, through the first Indian war. In 1683 and 5, he was sent by his town, a representative to the General Assem- bly, under President Danforth's administration ; but before the second Indian war, he removed to Salem, where he died, in 1694; leaving two sons, — George, who was Shipwrecked, and Samuel, who settled at Stroudwater. Robert Jordan^ a young episcopal clergyman, emigrated from the west of England, in 1640, and settled at Spurwink. He was, without doubt, a man of talents and considerable learning. In a short time, he married at that place, Sarah, the only daughter of John Winter; in the settlement of whose estate, about the years, 1647 and 8, he became the proprietor of • large landed estate. Both his religious and political sentiments, made him a great friend to the interests of Gorges ; and of course, as great a foe to * Gov. Thomas Hutchinson, had three sons, Thomas, Elisha and William Sandford, who were graduated at Harvard College, 1758, 17C2, and 1770.— See Farmer's Genealogies. APPENDIX. 681 Massachusetts. But he manifested no great opposition to the claim of Col. Rigby; and therefore, after it was decided, in March, 1647, that the Plough Patent in Lygonia belonged to him, and an ad- ministration of government was about to be formed by Mr. Cleaves, Jordan was appointed one of his Assistants, or a mem- ber of his Council ; and continued to hold the place, till the ter- mination of Rigby's jurisdictional claim. Yet even at that time, especially in 1653-4, when Massachusetts asserted her right by Charter to embrace Lygonia, within her jurisdiction ; his resist- ance of her claim was so violent, as to render him obnoxious to prosecutions ; and several presentments were threatened against him. Unrestrained and unawed, however, by these measures, he was finally arrested in 1657, and carried to Boston for trial ; where he barely escaped penance, by a wise and timely submission. Though he afterwards, in 1659, and two following years, was elected to the otfice of an Associate, in the County-court ; his obstinacy was by no means subdued; for in 1664-5, he accepted commissions of the peace, both from John Archdale and the king's commissioners, and exerted himself to maintain the new- established authorities against Massachusetts. To such a height was his opposition carried, when she resumed the jurisdiction of Maine, in 1668, that the Grand-jury of Yorkshire Court, in that year, returned several indictments against him for breaches of his alle- giance and contempts of her authority. Besides these difficul- ties, he hardly escaped, in 1675, the savage tommahawk ; his dwellinghouse being laid in ashes, by the Indians, soon after he left it. He first removed to Great Island, now Newcastle, at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and thence to Portsmouth, where he died, in 1678, aged 68 years. Though he retained his mental faculties to the last, he lost so entirely the use of his hands in the latter part of his life, that he became wholly unable to write. He sustained a fair moral character ; was strongly attached to the Episcopal liturgy; and for thirty years, he occasionally delivered religious discourses, and administered the christian ordinances, according to the rites of his sacerdotal order. Still he was evi- dently much better fitted and qualified for secular business than for the ministry — a man rather austere than courtly — rather re- spected than beloved. To his wife and six surviving sons, he left a large real estate, which was situated in Spurwink, Purpoodic and Scarborough. His sou, Dominicus, who married Ralph Tris- tram's daughter of Saco, lived in a garrison-house, on the old ^32 APPENDIX. estate at Spurwink. At a time in the 2d Indian war, when it was furiously besieged, a savage bawled out, you no ^scape, Do- minicus, here be ten hundred Indian : — 1 d'n'*t care, said he, if there be ten thousand. Alterwards, when danger was little apprehended, a large party entered his house, and as one began to talk, another buried his hatchet in Jordan's head, and exclaimed, ^Aer^?, Domin- icus, nnc kill 'em ten thousand Indian. He being thus dispatched, his family were carried captives to Canada. A young daughter, Mary Ann, whom her master renamed Arabella, married a French- man at Trois Revieres, and never returned. Her brother Domini- cus, when 13 years of age, escaped from captivity, and lived till 1749. Rish worth and Samuel Jordan, were from the same stock. Henri/ Josceli/n came over about the year 1634, in the interest of Capt. John Mason, with an intent to settle at Piscataqua. But being thwarted in his expectations, by that gentleman's death, he proceeded next year to Scarboro', and took up his abode at Black- point. At the same time, he was appointed by William Gorges, one of his Assistants ; and in 1G39-40, he was honored by Sir Ferdinando, with a seat at the board of his Charter-council. So good was his standing, that on the departure of Mr. Vines, in 1645, he was Deputy-governor the remainder of the year. He was an opponent of Col. Rigby ; yet when he found Lygonia was assigned to him and himself within its limits, he accepted the office of Assistant under Mr. Cleaves ; and in another change, when Scarboro' submitted to Massachusetts in 1658, he was chosen an Associate, and in 1660, was returned by that town and Falmouth, a Deputy to the Gen. Court at Boston. Still, as often as occasion occurred, he espoused the provincial rights of Gorges ; and therefore, at the time the king's Commissioners undertook to establish a form of government for Maine and Sagadahock, in 1665, he accepted the office of Senior Justice, for both provinces. But so great after this was his variance with Massachusetts, that on her resuming the government of Maine, in 1668, he retired in disgust to Pemaquid. Here he resided till the first Indian war, in 1675, when he removed to Plymouth, where he passed the last days of his life. He left one son, of the same christian name, who was afterwards the father of 13 children. Mr. Jos- celyn, whose wife was the relict of Capt. Cammock, removed to Prout's Neck in Scarboro', after the marriage, and resided their 25 years before his removal to Pamaquid. Sometime prior to his leaving Prout's Neck, he being embarrassed, assigned his estate APPENDIX. 633 to Joshua Scottow of Boston, in discharge of his debts. Mr. Joscelyn manifestly lived, in troublous times, — a man entitled to far more respect than his adversaries were willing to allow him. His brother, John Joscelyn, resided with him at Prout's Neck, the greater part of a year; and during that time, he collected many valuable facts, which appear iu the narrative of his " Voyages," afterwards published. Christopher Lawson, born 16 IG, was one among others, who con- sidered himself persecuted by the government of Massachusetts. Therefore he left Exeter, N. H. with Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1643, and after a short stay at Wells, proceeded to Sagadahock. Pleased with the situation of the lands northward of Woolwich, he purchased of the Indians, 1649, a large tract in that vicinity, a part of which he assigned in 1653, to Thomas Clark and Biby Lake. Major Clark was a man of great enterprize and of so much note as to be appointed one of the commissioners to estab- lish Devonshire, in 1674. Capt. Thomas Lake was killed at Arrowsick by the Indians, in August, 1676. In respect to Law- son, his hostility to Massachusetts, and her pretended eastern claims, rather increased than abated ; and he hesitated not to pronounce her a persecutor and usurper. Hence, he was arrested and tried, in 1669, on a charge of contempt for her courts and authority, and sentenced to set an hour in the stocks. Richard Lender, a resident freeholder at Newichawannock, in possession of Capt. John Mason's lands, was so highly esteemed by the people as to receive six elections into the board of Assistants under Gov. Godfrey's administration, anterior to its termination in 1652 ; yet no mention of him is made afterwards. Probably his opposition to Massachusetts at that time, might have cost him the loss of her favor and his own popularity. Thomas Lewis, co-proprietor with Richard Bonighton, of the ancient patent on the eastern side of the river Saco, came into the country before 1630 and settled at Winter-harbor. He died in 1638 ; and Francis Robinson was the executor of his will. He was one of William Gorges' Council and much esteemed for his virtues. His daughter married James Gibbins, who removed from Saco to Kittery in 1642, where he died in 1683. Michael Mitten [Mitton] came over probably with Mr. Cleaves, when he returned from England, in 1637; and settled on Casco- neck. His wife was Cleaves' only child, and his children were daughters, the wives of Anthony and Thomas Bracket, Thaddeus Clark and James Andrews. His character for honor and chastity 684 APPENDIX. bears indelible stains ; for he seduced, in his own house, Richard Martin's daughter, who was entrusted to his protection ; and who after retiring to Boston, endeavored to secrete her shame by taking her infant's life, — a crime for which she, in 1647, died on the scaffold. Arthur Macworth settled in 1632, on the eastern side of Pre- sumpscot-river, and southerly of the Clapboard Islands, at a place since called, " Mackey's point." His wife was the relict of Sam- uel Andrews, whose daughter married Francis Neal of Falmouth. He was an Assistant, or Magistrate, in 1645, under the administra- tion of Governor Vines ; — having ten years previously, received from him a deed of his lands, and been himself, to some extent, an agent of Sir Ferdinando. He was opposed to Col. Rigby ; and consequently Cleaves would not admit him into his council. He died in 1657. Nicholas Manning probably resided at Damariscotta. In 1688, when Sir Edmund Andros, assumed the exercise of government, over the duke's province of Sagadahock, he appointed Manning presiding sole magistrate or senior justice within the ducal ju- risdiction, provided Henry Joscelyn was not present. Mr. Man- ning was moreover directed to lay out or survey a road from Pem- aquid, through New-Dartmouth to Kennebec. But a second Indian war soon terminated all his official services, and occasioned his withdrawal to a place of more safety. Rev. Samuel Moody was born at Newbury, January 4, 1676, graduated at Harvard in 1697, and settled in the ministry at York in December, 1700. — His grandfather, William, emigrated from Wales to Newbury as early as 1634, and had three sons, Joshua, Samuel, and Caleb. Joshua, born in England, was the first min- ister of Portsmouth ; and Caleb's son, Samuel, first above men- tioned, was the second ordained minister of York. Rev. Joseph Moody, his son, settled in 1732, over the 2d Church in York, was the father of the celebrated master Samuel Moody, who was 30 years preceptor of Dummer Academy. The pious minister of York died in 1747 — the epitaph on whose grave-stone is in these words ; — " Here lies the body of the Rev. Samuel Moody, A. M. " the zealous, faithful and successful pastor of the first Church of " Christ in York." — [See, in Doct. Allenh Biog. Diet, well written notices of Rev. Messrs. Joshua and Samuel Moody.'] George Mountjoy, (" or Munjoy,") bom in 1626, was the son of John Mountjoy, an emigrant from Abbotsham, in Devonshire, Eng- APPENDIX. 685 land. George removed from Boston to Falmouth, in 1G59, and located his dwellinghouse on the north-easterly part of Casco- neck, below the burying-place j though he owned the high-grounds above it, called "Mountjoy's Hill." He is reputed to have been a man of critical observation and correct habits, of undisputed enterprize, considerable education and some wealth. He was one of the most celebrated surveyors of lands and draftsmen in his time. In 1664, he was a County-associate under Massachusetts; and yet he was appointed, the next year, by the king's Commis- ers, one of their Justices for Maine. At his death, in 1680, he left several children, and a wife, who was the daughter of John Phillips, Boston. Walter and Francis Neale, [orNeal] came early into this country, from England ; and though they are of the same surname, they are not known to be kindred. Walter arrived at Piscataqua, in the spring of 1630, the commissioned agent of both Gorges and Mason, in all their plantation affairs ; and the next year, we find, he "was styled the Governor of Piscataqua." He made territo- rial grants in Kittery as well as in Portsmouth, and put Mr. Brad- shaw in possession of a large tract at Spurwink, granted by the Plymouth Council, — afterwards purchased by Richard Tucker, the first settler. He left for England, in August, 1633. — Francis Neale, resided on the easterly side of the Presumpscot, in Fal- mouth, as early as 1658. He was town-commissioner several years ; one of John Archdale's Justices in 1664 ; an associate under Massachusetts, in 1668, and the two following years ; and in 1670, deputy of his town to the General Court at Boston. John Oldham arrived at Plymouth, in July, 1623, with a family of ten persons and resided successively at that place, at Hull and at Cape Anne, and finally settled at Watertown. Revisiting Eng- land, he was induced to unite with Richard Vines, in 1630, and take a joint patent of lands on the western side of the Saco. For reasons unexplained, he never resided upon it, but resigned it entirely to his co-proprietor. In his trade with the Indians, which was extensive, he in some way so affronted them that the Pequods, in 1636 killed him, at Block Island, southerly of Newport — a murder, which with other wrongs of theirs, occasioned a war, and the overthrow of the tribe. John Parker, was the earliest permanent settler on the Island Erascohegan, since called by his name, lying in the mouth of the Vol. I. 74 686 APPENDIX. river Sagadahock. He dwelt upon it, during" the winter 1629-30, and purchased it of a Sagamore, in 1643. When a government was instituted at Kennebec, in 1654, by Thomas Prince, under authority from Plymouth-colony ; Mr. Parker, desirous of estab- lished order and protection, took the oath of allegiance, though doubting, if her jurisdiction extended so far as to embrace his Island. He died before the first Indian war; and his descendants have held the lands under the ancestral purchase of the Natives. Bryan Pendleton^ born 1599, came over to New-England early, and settled in Watertown, prior to 1634; which he represent- ed in the General Court, six years before 1648. In the mean-time, he was a member of the ancient Artillery company in Boston, and captain of the Militia. He removed to Portsmouth about, the year 1650-1 ; and in 1652, he was one of the Massachusetts com- missioners appointed to take the submission of Maine. While re- siding at Portsmouth, he was engaged in commerce and acquired a considerable estate ; and also represented that town in the Gen- eral Court at Boston, 5 years. In 1658, he purchased 200 acres of land at the Neck, near Winter Harbor in Saco, and settled upon it, in 1665. His political and military knowledge with good nat- ural abilities, immediately gave him great weight of character among his new acquaintances ; and therefore, in 1667, " under the " government of the king's commissioners, he was elected a burgess, " to attend the General Court of the Province." The same year, under the new governmental order of affairs, he and two others were chosen by the town, " the judges of small causes under ten pounds." Nevertheless being always well affected towards Mas- sachusetts, especially when her commissioners resumed the gov- ernment of Maine, he was appointed by them one of the associ- ates and Sergeant-major of the military, that is. Major-command- ant of the Yorkshire Militia. He was also one of the county- associates for several years. However, for the sake of more safe- ty, he lived in Portsmouth, during the first Indian war ; and after- wards, on his return to Saco, he appears to have been one of the most distinguished men in the Province. For under the adminis- tration of President Danforth, he was appointed, in 1680, senior member of his Council and Deputy-president, — offices holden by him at the time of his death, which occurred the following year. He left two children, James, who removed from Portsmouth to Ston- ington, Connecticut, about the time of his father's death, and was the father of four sons and one daughter. She married, in 1665, APPENDIX. Rev. Seth Fletcher, then the minister of Wells, who was in six or seven years afterwards, reinstalled at Saco. Their only child was Pendleton Fletcher^ whom his grandfather adopted, about 1670, when 13 or 14 years old ; giving him a large estate, of which he took possession on coming of lawful age. What ren- dered him distinguished was his misfortunes ; for he was taken captive four times by the Indians; when he died in 1747, he left six sons, whose descendants are spread over the country. William Prpperell, a native of Cornwall, England, emigrated to the Isles of Shoals, in 1676, where he lived upwards of 20 years, and carried on a large fishery. Next he removed to Kittery-point, where he became a worthy merchant and a distinguished magis- trate, and where he died in 17.34. — He left one son, born in 1696, afterwards Sir William Pepperell, — the most famous man Maine ever produced. He was a member of the Province-council 32 years, a Lieutenant-general, and in reward for his brilliant servi- ces, merits and successes in the capture of Louisburg, in 1746, the king ennobled him with the title and dignity of Baronet of Great Britain, — an honor never before nor since conferred on a native of New-England. He died at his seat in Kittery, July 6, 1759, aged 63 years. — [See biographical sketches of him in the Biog. Die. of Doct. Allen and Doct. Elliot.] He had two children, namely, a son, Andrew, who graduated at Harvard College 1743, and died March 1, 1751, aged 26 years; and Elizabeth, his only daughter, born 1723, who married Col. Nathaniel Sparhawk, of Kittery* and who survived her father. To their second son, Wil- liam Pepperell Sparhawk, Sir William devised his great estate and ' titled dignity' upon condition — he renounced and dropped his surname, on or before arriving at lawful age. Such a compliance probably cost him no great effort ; and accordingly we find at the head of the Harvard Catalogue of graduates, in 1766, "William Pepperell, Mr. " Baronettus". He settled in Boston ; was a man of eminence, one of the Mandamus Council, and consequently a noted loyalist in the Revolution. — He abandoned his spacious man- sion house there when the enemy left the town ; which was oc- * Col. Sparhawk, whose ancestors lived in Cambridge, is of the 4th generation ; his father, John Sparhawk, minister of Bristol, graduated at Harvard College, 1689. left two sons, John, minister of Salem, and the Col. who w^as a Councillor and Judge of the Common Pleas in York County. He had three sons graduated at Harvard College, viz. Nathaniel, in 1765, CSir) William, 1766) and Samuel, 1771 . 687 688 APPENDIX cupied for a period by Major General Heath, and afterwards in 1778, confiscated. He died in London, Dec. 17, 1816, when the title probably became eytinct. William Phillips, a distinguished man in Maine, removed from Boston to Saco, in 166C. His wife was the relict of John Sand- ford, Secretary of Rhode-Island, whose son, Peleg, was the Gover- nor of that Colony, and whose elder daughter married Elisha Hutchinson of Boston. The children of Mr. Phillips, after mar- riage with Mrs. Sandford, were three sons and five daughters. He soon became, it seems, a great landholder in the county of York ; for it is found that all the unsold 'patented' lands of Rich- ard Vines, situate on the southern side of the Saco, were conveyed by him in 1645, to Robert Childs ; by him in 1647, to John Beex and Company, in London, great traders to New-England ; and by them in 1656 and 9, for £90, to Mr. Phillips; and the General Court, in 1660, quieted all the settlers under Vines, upon the 'pa- tent' territory. Phillips purchased likewise of Sagamore Fluellen, in 1661, the territory between Mousum and Little Ossipee rivers, embracing most of the present Sandford, Alfred and Waterborough; and in 1664, he procured from Sagamore Mogg Hegone a quit- claim of all the lands between the Saco and the Kennebunk rivers, extending from the seacoast to a line parallel therewith, which was to run from Salmon Falls in the Saco to the Kennebunk. This included the above ' patented' purchase. He also made in the same year, two other purchases, one of Hobinowcll and the other of Captain Sundy, embracing the upper part of the present Hollis and the most of Limington. Still it was his good sense and his merits, more than his wealth, that gave him rank and influence. Amidst all the political changes of his time, he was highly es- teemed by all parties, and much in office. Within two years after he settled in the Province, he was elected one of the county-asso- ciates ; and was likewise " legally chosen by the major part of the " freemen and fidelity-men of this county, to exercise the place of " Sergeant-major, [or commandant of .the Yorkshire Regiment] " for the year ensuing, and his oath was given him at this Court, "holden at Wells, September 29, 1663." Though l^e was then under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; he, through an honest conviction of Gorges' rights, espoused his cause with spirit and perseverance, whenever the justice of counter claims was under discussion ; and therefore at the time the king's commissioners undertook to new-model the government, in 1665, he accepted APPENDIX. from them the oflice of magistrate and was reappoiiUcd command- er of the regim.ent. But this course of conduct, Nvhile it deduct- ed largely from his great popularity, gave so much umbrage to Massachusetts, that when she resumed the government, in 1668, she treated him with entire neglect; appointing in his stead, Bryan Pendleton, to the command of the Yorkshire regiment. Inclined at length to dispose of his real estate, he sold, before the year 1670, to Richard Hutchinson J, 000 acres; to Edward Tyng, 1.500 ; to Richard Russel, 2,000 acres ; and three square miies, 16 Lieutenant-Governor Leverett. In October, 1675, his dwelling- house was laid in ashes by the savages ; after v»hich event, he removed to Boston. The next year, he made partition of his east- ern estate, among his own children, and those of his wife by a former husband, Elisha Hutchinson's wife having one share, as previously mentioned. He died in 1683, having devised the res- idue of his valuable property to his Avife and three sons, Nathan- iel, Samuel, and William. Nor ought the fact to be passed unno- ticed, that when Gorges assigned Maine to Massachusetts, May 6, 1677, he made a special reservation of all the grants made by Wjlliam* Phillips. Walter Phillips was an early settler on the south-westerly side of the Damariscotta, in New-Dartmouth, [Newcastle,] a little south- erly of the Lower Falls ; v/here, in 16(il and 2, and in 1674, he purchased large tracts of the Sagamores. He appears to have been a sensible man, worthy of public, coulidence, and acquainted with penmanship ; for when the king's commissioners, in 1G65, held a session at the house of John Mason, on Great Neck, east- erly of the Sheepscot, for the purpose cf establishing a govern- ment within the Duke's province of Sagadahock, they appointed Phillips, clerk, and county-recorder. He was faithful to his trust, and registered many deeds and otl»er valuable papers ; so that the " SiiEEPScoTT Records," kept by him, were, till burnt with the Boston Courthouse, in 1748, often both examined and mentioned, as documentary evidence of land-titles and facts. He retired from the Province, when the second Indian war commenced, about 1688, and afterwards resided in Salem, some 15 or 16 years. In 1702, he conveyed his eastern estate to Christopher Tappan of New- bury, and hence the " Tappan Right,^^ subsequently the occasion of so much altercation and controversy. 689 * Called in the assignment. " A'athanid." \>\- a niistnkf of the name 590 APPENDIX. Roger Plaisted, early settled at Berwick, the north precinct of Kittery ; being one of the most excellent public-spirited men in his time. In 1663, and three other years, he represented Kittery in the General Court, at Boston, and two years he was an Associate. But his life was not a long one ; for as early in the first Indian war, as October, 1675, he being only 48 years of age, and also two of his sons, all men of Spartan valor, were slain in a battle with the savage enemy ; he being at the time commander of the military company and of the garrison, in that place. Abraham Preble removed from Scituate to Agamenticus in 1642, and the same year purchased of Edward Godfrey, a tract of land upon which he settled. He was one of the Council or Magistra- cy, under Sir Ferdinando's Charter, from 1645, to the time when the province was adopted, or subjugated by MassachusettSj in 1652. Immediately, and for several years, he was one of the Associates, and in 1660, he was appointed County-treasurer. He died in 1663, in the height of public esteem. His son, Abraham, who died in 1723, in his 50th year, was a distinguished man : — his grandson was the famous Brigadier Preble of Falmouth ; and his great-grandson was Commodore Edward Preble. Thomas Purchas was the first settler at Pegypscot, [Brunswick] probably as early as 1625 or 6. His companion was George Way ; and it is said, that in 1632-3, they took from the Ply- mouth-council, a joint Patent of lands on both sides of the An- droscoggin, from the Lower Falls to its mouth ; and that he pur- chased the same tract of the Natives. He lived on the southerly side of Stevens' river near its head ; and was engaged in the fur- trade. He was so much noticed by Gov. William Gorges, as to be selected by him, in 1635, one of his Council. Becoming ap- prehensive for his own safety, however, or supposing himself neg- lected by Sir Ferdinando, in forming his new administration, he assigned the greater part of his wild lands, to Massachusetts, in 1639 ; and at the same time, as well as in 1642, he put himself and his plantation under the protection of her government. As this measure probably answered no great purpose, he submitted, in 165'1, to the New-Plymouth-government on the Kennebec ; took the oath of allegiance; and was elected sole Assistant to Mr. Prince, the Colony-commissioner. It appears, however, that he was one of those flexible patriots, who could accommodate his poli- tics to the changes of the times, as he accepted the office of Jus- tice under Archdale's brief authority, in 1664 ; though it is true, APPENDIX. QQl he might have justly believed, that all the civil and political rights of that Colony, within the Kennebec Patent, had ceased with the sale of it, three years before, and the acceptance of his new ap- pointment perfectly consistent. His house was plundered by the Indians^ in September, 1675 ; when he left Pegypscot, and we know nothing of his return. Francis Rai/nes, an inhabitant of York, noticed for his intelli- gence and his friendship to Gorges, was appointed, in 1664, one of Archdale's Justices. Nevertheless, on the re-assumption of government by Massachusetts, in 1668, he was chosen an Associ- ate, and subsequently took an active part in political affairs. Alcholas Reynal, who resided ou the easterly side of Sagada- hock, is a man whose name is not noticed, till 1665. Yet his character for respectability must have been previously known ; as the king's commissioners, while they were at Sheepscot, that year, appointed him a Justice of the peace for the Duke's province. Edward Rishworth, removed, in 1643, from Exeter, N. H., to Wells, with his minister. Rev. John Wheelwright, whose daugh- ter he had married. Leaving that place in a few years, he finally settled at Agamenticus. He was a man of good education, and considerable abilities, but what rendered him principally distin- guished was his gentlemanly manners, his penmanship and cler- ical correctness. Immediately on the assumption of government in Maine by Massachusetts, in 1652, he was appointed Recorder and one of the Associates, and continued to hold the same offices through a series of years. Also, between 1653 and 1679, both in- clusive, he had 13 elections as a Deputy from his town to the General Court at Boston, and one year, 1659, he was returned for Falmouth and Scarborough united ; it being no uncommon thing in his days, for towns to elect non-residents, their represent- atives. Being a professed friend to Massachusetts, he lost some part of her favor, by consenting to accept, as he did, the ofl^ice of Justice, under Archdale and under the king's commissioners, in 1664 and 5 ; yet he afterwards so retrieved his reputation and re- gained his popularity, as to be appointed under President Dan- forth's administration, in 1680, one of the standing Council and the Recorder. These places he faithfully filled till his death, which occurred probably about the time the Charter of William and Mary arrived. The tragic death of his only daughter, the wife of Rev. Shubael Dummer, has been previously mentioned. ^^^lliam Royally an emigrant to Salem, as early as 1629, became subsequently an original settler of North-Yarmouth, near the ^92 APPENDIX. " mouth of Westgustego-river, which from him took its new name. On its easterly side, he purchased of Gov. Thomas Gorges, a tract of land, upon which he ultimately established his residence. He was an Assistant, in 1636, under William Gorges' short admin- istration of New-Somersetshire ; and again, in 1648, under that of Mr Cleaves in Lygouia. Though no mention is made of him in the first Indian war, we find the savages made him a prisoner, in 1688 ; and Baron de Castine, very generously ransomed him and set him at liberty. He had two sons — John, who lived in York, and William, born in 1640, who died in 1724. Hon. Isaac Roy- all was William's sou, born in 1672, who returned from An- tigua, in 1737, his previous place of residence several years, and died, 1739. Robert Scmkey, settled at Winter-harbor in Saco, was provost- marsh all under the administration of Gov. Thomas Gorges, in 1640 ; and likewise under that organized by Mr. Cleaves, in 1646, over Lygonia. Humphrey Scamman, born at Portsmouth, in 1640, resided, after he was 21, successively, at Kittery, at Cape Porpoise, and ulti- mately at Saco, near the ferry, where he settled, about the year 1680. The fear of suffering from the Indians was at that period by no means imaginary ; for in 1697, he and his family were taken and carried away captive by them to Canada; where they were detained so long that Mary, one of his daughters, became weaned of home, and married a Frenchman, and never returned. Mr. Scamman was a Representative to the General Court, in 1719, and died in 1727 ; of whose posterity, there have arisen several distinguished men. Joshua Scotlow — was a freeman in Boston, in 1639 ; and some years afterwards Captain of the Artillery Company,— also author of a couple of literary tracts. Becoming, in 1660 and 6, the as- signee and otherwise, the owner of Abraham and Henry Joscelyn's several farms in Scarboro', he removed thither after the first In- dian war and settled at Front's Neck. At the commencement of President Danforth's administration, in 1680, he was one of the Standing Council ; in 1683, the trustee of Scarborough and Fal- mouth townships ; and in 1688^ a Judge of Probate under Gov- ernor Andros. He died in 1698, at Boston ; leaving two daughters, who married in that town, aud a third who married Rev. Bejamin Blackman of Saco. He also left one son, Thomas Scottoio, a very worthy young man, who, when he had completed his education APPENDIX. and taken his degree at Harvard College, in 1677, returned to his father's family ; was appointed, in 1688, Register of Probate, and County-commissioner, under Sir Edmund Andros' short adminis- tration ; and the next year had command of the garrison in his town. But savage hostilities and his father's death, induced him to leave the place entirely; and in 1728 the estate was con- veyed to Timothy Prout, Esq. from whom the ' Neck' has deriv- ed its name. Nicholas Shapleigky an early settler in Kittery, was one of the first, who, in 1652, surrendered to Massachusetts, and consented to take the oath of allegiance. His example had great influence ; and indeed such was his weight of character, and so great his popularity, that in the course of a few years, he was either ap- pointed or elected to most of the offices, in the power of the gov- ernment or the people to give him. In the outset, he was a special commissioner for holding courts ; first county treasurer; in 1656, surgeant-major of Yorkshire Militia ; also several years, an As- sociate. But at length, he became so much a proselyte to the sentiments of the Quakers, that after he was elected an Associate in 1663, he refused to be sworn. This raised in Massachusetts, and among many in Maine, a persecuting spirit against him which ran to such a height, as to arouse in him a proportionate opposition. He accepted, at the hand of Archdale, the appointment of com- missioner, from Gorges, the Lord-proprietor's heir of the Province ; espousing boldly his rights, and protesting with great zeal, against all the acts and orders of Massachusetts, within the Province of Maine. His chief colleagues in the opposition, were Joscelyn, Jordan and Champernoon ; all of whom were indicted by the Grand-jury, at the ensuing term of Yorkshire court, for divers contempts and political misdemeanors. But he utterly refused to hold any office, under the king's commissioners : and his wisdom, fidelity and conscientious circumspection, apparent in the discharge of every duty, through a period of several years, greatly mitigated the asperity of public feeling ; and partially restored him to favor; so that he was appointed, at the close of king Phillip's war, a commissioner to treat with the Indians, — a trust which he execut- ed April 12, 1678. He was also a deputy from Kittery, in 1682, to the General Assembly, under Danforth's administration. — It is supposed, that Benjamin Shapleigh, born in Boston, 1645, was his only son. Vol. I. 75 693 594 APPENDIX. Abraham Shurie* when quite a young man, came over to our shores, under the auspices of Gyles Elbridge, and Robert Aids- worth, in 1625; and one of the first acts, we find of his as their agent, was the purchase of Monhegan, the same year. He resid- ed at Pemaquid, was superintendant of their affairs, and sole or chief magistrate of the people, till Thomas Elbridge came over and took possession of the Patent under his brother's will, executed September 11, 1646. We hear little of Mr. Shiirte, for the succeeding forty years. He was probably the assistant of El- bridge in the management of affairs, civil and political, before and after his sale of the Patent in 1651 and 7, till the king's Com- missioners assumed the government in September, 1665. Of those who took the oath of allegiance at that time to the Duke of York, we find the name of Elbridge, not that of Shurte. The latter was a man of great prudence and discretion. As the com- missioners had their session at Great Neck, on the Sheepscot, and he had chosen a residence in the wilderness for the sake of liberty, perhaps he thought it fraught with circumspection to re- remain at home. No notice appears to have been taken of him in any of their measures ; nor by Massachusetts in 1674, when she established Devonshire ; though she made Pemaquid the county-town. His conduct towards the natives was always evin- cive of good sense, and exhibited exemplary kindness. In 1631, he restored to Lynn, a Sagamore, his wife, who had been made a captive by a party of the Abenacues ; and in king Philip's war, he made repeated efforts — not without success, to conciliate the temper of the Indians, and counteract a rising spirit among the whites, incentive to hostilities. He was uniformly a useful man, being in 1686, "town clerk of Pemaquid," when he must have been upwards of 80 years of age. It is said he died in 1690. Roger Spencer removed from Charleston to Saco in 1658 ; and two years afterwards, joined Thomas Clark in the purchase of Ar- rowsick Island. He also joined Major Pendleton in the purchase of the Neck, where he settled, and built the first mill ever erected on Saco-river. At the end of ten years he returned to Boston. He had several children ; and it is interesting to know, that one of his daughters had two husbands, the first was John Hull, a trader in that town, and the other was [Sir] William Phips ; and another * Soinelimes spelt " Shurd," or even "Short," but he UTote his own name " Shurte." APPENDIX. 696 married Doct. David Bennet of Rowley, Massachusetts. Ben- net's son, Spencer, adopted by Sir William, who had no child, took his surname and succeeded to his fortune.. He heads the list of graduates at Harvard College in 1703 ; was Province-councillor and Lieutenant-governor; and died April 1757, aged 73 years. His son, William Phips, was graduated at the same college in 1728. Edward Tyng was the second son of his father, whose chris- tian name he bore, and who came over in 1636, and settled at Boston. The father was an eminent man, being an Assistant 14 years, and Col. of Suffolk regiment. Edward, the son, removed to Falmouth Neck, about 1678-9, where he married the daughter of Thaddeus Clark, son-in-law of George Cleaves. Being a man of more than common intellect, and of great military taste — well acquainted with public afTairs, he soon entered upon a political career, which continued to his death.. It commenced with the administration of Pres. Danforth, in 1680, when he was imme- diately appointed to the command of Fort Loyal ; a trustee of Falmouth-township ; and a member of the Provincial-council ; — offices which he held with honor to himself, till the commence- ment of the revolutionary changes under Pres. Dudley, in 168C, and of Gov. Andros, in 1687. Nor was it very unexpected, that, as the former had married his sister, he should be appointed, as he was, a member of the Council under Mr. Dudley and Mr. An- dros, in each of their administrations. The latter also gave him a Colonel's commission, which embraced the militia, both in Maine and the Duke's province ; and when the re-organization of government under Pres. Danforth, in May, 1689, was confirmed, Col. Tyng was one of his Council — and re-appointed commander of the Eastern Regiment, — as Major Charles Frost was of the west- ern one. In short, such was the grade he held in public estima- tion, that he was selected and subsequently appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, after the Province was subdued by Phips, in May, 1690. But in his passage to Annapolis, he was taken prisoner by the French and sent to France where he died. He left two sons and two daughters. 1. Edward, born 1683, was the brave naval Commodore, at the siege of Louisbourg, (1745) ; and 2, Jonathan, of Woburn, a member of Andros' Council and a magis- trate of influence, who also had two sons. These were, 1, John, who was graduated at Harvard College, 1691, lived at Chelmsford, was a Major, killed by the Indians in 1710, and left a son, John, 696 APPENDIX. graduated at the same College, 1725, the eccentric Judge Tyng of Tyngsboro, Mass. ; and 2, Eleazer, Colonel of the Middlesex Regiment. William Tyng, who was Sheriff of Cumberland County, Maine, and died sometime since, at Gorhara, was the son of Commodore Tyng. Richard Vines, who first visited Maine in 1609, and again in 1616, could boast of having been in the country several years before any other inhabitant that could be found. His voyages hither, were under the direction of Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; who induced him and his companions to come over, explore the coun- try and select a place for settlement. Accordingly, they passed the winter 1616-17, at the mouth of the river Saco, since called 'Winter Harbor,' and on the 12th of February, 1629, old style, Vines and John Oldham took from the Plymouth-council, a patent of lands, eight miles on the western side of the river by four on the coast, — Vines having already resided there five or six years, and becoming subsequently sole patentee. He was principal su- perintendant of the plantation, till the arrival of Gov. William Gorges in 1635, who appointed him one of his Council or Assist- ants. Next, in 1640, he was constituted one of Sir Ferdinando's charter-council, and appointed his steward-general, — places which he filled till the year 1643, when, on the departure of Thomas Gorges, he was promoted to the office of Deputy-governor. He looked with carefulness to his own affairs and was considered at one time a man of considerable wealth. But in consequence of heavy losses sustained by d'Aulney and others, at the same time determined never to be a subject of Col. Rigby's government, he sold his whole patent, Oct. 20, 1645, to Doct. Robert Childs, and after a residence of 22 years, at Saco, he removed to the Isl- and Barbadoes. Though Mr. Vines was an Episcopalian and roy- alist, his sentiments were ingenuous, and he sustained an excel- lent character. Subsequent to his removal, he had a correspond- ence with Gov. Winthrop of Boston, in 1647 and 8, by which, in taking our farewell of him, we are enabled to form a very favor- able opinion of his pious principles as well as his good sense. H 9Q 78 G, r- '-r^^ )-7- o V «. ^ -- o Hq fk / .4^?^--/ 4 cv y "*.. ► ^''^ 4 o^ *V'. A^^ •• "^ .V *> ^^ j ■ V •^'<; \%JI^*- ..^% '• 'o • i * ,0' -^ ' .. , 1 " u ^ ■_ , . '^ o .«•'•♦ o 'bV A^ -,^- ^oV' > A 0*' - ■ » ON , '^■.- .o -^.^V o V .0' 5 - iVv^^ "o > O. -o.o' ,0 :^ <:^. ♦ A<^ y ^ ^ ^^;?P!*" -^ •^ 0^ ^^ .0-: <'. N. MANCHESTER. INDIANA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 983 472