Class T ^(cC^ Book . ;K1V U IFts IResources c_ COMPILED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE, UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF JOHN W. JOCHIM, Secretary of State 1893 j: o < u f- .< f- MICHIGAN AND ITS RESOURCES SKETCHES OF THE GROWTH OF THE STATE, ITS INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION; DESCRIPTIONS OF ITS SOIL, CLIMATE, TIMBER, FINANCIAL CONDITION, AND THE SITUATION OF ITS UNOCCU- PIED LANDS; AND A REVIEW OF ITS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AS A HOME. COMPILED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE, UNDER SUPERVISION OF JOHN W. JOCHIM, SECRETARY OF STATE. LANSING, MICH. ROBERT SMITH & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS 1893 ^^-' VA U L 3 1907 D. ofD. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. The first edition of this work was issued in 1881, consisting of 12,000 copies, and was exhausted early in 1882. They were distributed upon application into every State and Canada. Soon after an edition of 5,000 copies was printed in the German language, also a similar edition in the Dutch language for Hollanders. Three thousand were issued in February fol- lowing and the same number in April. A little more than three months after the first edition was published a second edition of 20,000, enlarged and thoroughly revised, was issued. Much more valuable information was furnished in the second edition relative to finances, leading insti- tutions and industries of the State, together with facts derived from the statistics of 1880, railroad development, etc. It w^as found later that this supply was insuflB- cient and 10,000 additional copies were issued, making a total of 42,000 in the English language. Ten thousand more were ordered in February, which were soon exhausted. The third edition was issued in 1883, giving a sketch of each county and general information about the State. This, too, was exhausted before 1885, and still applica- tions were made for the book. The Legislature of 1891 authorized the reissue of the work, but the Governor failed to sign the act. In 1893 the Legislature authorized its recompilation and the reissue of 12,000 vol- umes, 8,000 copies of which were to go to the World's Fair, at Chicago, for distribution. The small appropriation and short time allowed to perform the work may largely interfere with its completeness, but such as it is we present it. There may be many errrors in it, that is the human part of it. To overlook errors would be the humane part, but a thorough investigation of the "Resources of Michigan'' would cause you, in the honesty of your conviction, to exclaim, " The half was never told!" TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Agricalture - - 24, 38 Michigan Soils. R. C Kedzie.. -- - 24 Fruit Belt and Potato district, R. C. Kedzie -- - 25 Jack Pine Plains, R. C. Kedzie - 26 In Upper Peninsula, R. C. Kedzie - 58 Banks and Finance. T. C. Sherwood 169 Berries, L. R. Taft.. - - - 33 Copper, J. M. Longyear -- -- 55 The Copper Country, R. A. Parker --- 66 Coal, S. G. Higgins... 121 Celery : 86 Cranberries, R. C. Kedzie.. - 27 Climate, J. G. Ramsdell.. ....41-60-62 Charitable Institutions, L. C. Storrs... 161 Emigration - 185 Essential Oils, Geo. W. Osborn 4-^ Educational, J. E. Hammond „ 131 Institutions under State Control 131 not under State Control 153 Fisheries, Herschel V. Whittaker ...^ — 175 State Board of Commissioners, Geo. D. Mussey 178 Distributions from Hatcheries - 179 Farming - — - 80 Fruit, J. G. Ramsdell .- 39 Floriculture, Commercial, L. R. Taft 37 Gold 55-80 Geology, general. R. A. Parker 71 Geographical, R. A. Parker 61 Geographical and Geological, F. S. Dewey - 202 Grindstones 85 Horticultural Resources. L. R. Taft 32 Historical, R. A. Parker , — . 62 Health in Michigan. Dr. Henry B. Baker 193 Hardwoods in Northern Michigan, J. G. Ramsdell.. - HO Iron 70 Ore 54 Ranges— Menominee, Marquette and Gogebic 75 Production, Bilboa, Spain— comparison 79 Institutions of Learning, J. E. Hammond 132 State, Value of - 165 Asylums for Insane 164 Michigan and its Resoueces. Page Jack Pine Plains. R. C. Kedzie _ 24 Labor, Diversity of. 29 Land Office, U.S., U. P., Geo. A- Royce _. 19 L. P., Oscar Palmer 20 Michigan State 20 Lumber Interests ...48-55-106 Mining, Cost of... 69 Michigan at the World's Fair 47 by Counties 209 as a Summer Resort 183 Soldiers' Home 181 Soils, B. C. Kedzie 24 Market Gardening 35 Markets 42 Nursery Industry, L. R. Taft 35 Potato District, R. G. Kedzie , 24 Potato, The, L R. Taft 36 Peppermint, Geo. W. Osborn 45-50 Pig Iron Charcoal _ 86 Railroad Department, E. A. Rundell 124 Rivers and Water Powers. 8. B. McCracken 87 Reformatories, L. C. Storrs. 161 Sandstone, R. A. Parker 56, 80 Serpentines, R. A. Parker _ 83 Soils, Composition of, J. G. Ramedell 39 State Governmenit 15 Grovrth, Population and Wealth 17 Penal and Charitable Institutions, L. C. Storrs... 161 Valuation Table 12 Indebtedness and Taxation, E. J. Wright.. 167 Capitol 11 Troops, C. L. Eaton 192 Sault Ste. Marie, C. H. ('hapman 200 Ship Yards and Ship Building... 187 Shipping Ports, R. A. Parker 77, 128 Salt Production, S. G. Higgins 117 St. Clair Tunnel 126 ' (Cuts of, between pages 126 and 127.) Timber, Hardwoods of Michigan, J. (i. Ramsdell 110 Broad Leaved Trees, W. J. Beal 113 Truck Farming, L. R. Taft : 37 Transportation, J. M. Longyear 59-62, 126 Upper Peninsula, J. M. Longyear 53 Resources. R. A. Parker 61 Peninsular State __ 286 Water Powers and Rivers of Michigan, 8. B. McCracken.. 87 Upper Peninsula, F. W. Denton 99 " 8oo." C. H. Chapmap , 164 ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. A cenBUS of Michigan in 1834 showed a population 87,273, more than enough to entitle the territory to statehood. In 1835 the legislative council authorized a convention to form a State constitution, which was done in May and adopted by the people. At the same election State officers were chosen. • The legislature met in the November following, and Stevens T. Mason, " the boy Govenor," entered upon the duties of his office. At the same time John S. Horner claimed to be the Governor by virtue of an appointment by President Jackson. The history of the contest to settle this question forms a particularly interesting part of the history of Michigan, which want of space compels us to omit. It was at this time the historical " Toledo war " made an epoch of Michigan more ludicrous than serious. Michigan claimed the boundary line established by the ordinance of 1787 must obtain. By this a considerable strip would be taken from northern Ohio, and even Toledo would be placed in Michigan Ohio claimed the said ordinance had been set aside by the constitution. Ohio was in possession. Michigan laid claim to the strip. Stevens T. Mason, with probably more spirit than mature judgment, determined at whatever cost to repos- sess the coveted strip, and Gov. Lucus, of Ohio, was equally determined to hold it. In the spring of 1836 Gov. Mason called the State troops, formed an army of about 1,000 men, and marched to the scene of conflict. From the general history of the matter it was considered more boys' play than anything else by the authorities at Washington. No battle was fought, in fact it never assumed a very hostile or warlike appearance. There was probably no intention on either side to spill either Wolverine or Buckeye blood. Not but the men on both sides of the conflict were brave and determined, but the whole affair wore the appearance of a snowball battle, and trickery took the place of military tactics. It has been said that there was an understanding among the troops on each side that blank cartridges only were to be used. In order to conciliate both sides the general government made a proposition that Ohio should retain possession of the strip, and Michigan should have the entire upper peninsula. This was rejected by Michigan. A small strip of farm land and the village of Vistula or Toledo was considered worth more than the 8 Michigan and its Resources. whole upper peninsula. But the State was organized and could be admitted to the coveted dignity of a real State by accepting the terms— washing off the war paint, and exchanging the implements of warfare for a state seal. Consequently on the 15th day of December, 1836, assented to the conditions, and on the 27th. day of January, 1837, Michigan became a member of the great family. There being no more serious results from the Toledo war than mere disappoint- ment among a few ambitious persons, the whole matter has been looked upon as a joke. There was no sectional hatred or animosities resulting from the Toledo war. It is likely the ambition of a few may have been chilled, but the whole matter has been looked upon as a joke, and now, when the great wealth of the upper penin- sula is considered, the joke becomes richer. As stated, Michigan became a State in 1837 and took rank in population as 23d, having a population of 174,467. In 1890 it stood 9th, with a population of 2,093,889. GEOGEAPHICAL. In latitude it is the same as the State of New York and is located between 42 and 48° north latitude. The most southern portion of England is 50° north. France is located between 42 and 50°, Norway entirely north of 58°, Sweden principally north of 56°. Marquette in Michigan is more than two degrees farther south than the city of Paris in France. Copper Harbor, in Keweenaw county, the most northern village of Mich- igan, is about the same latitude as the central part of France. The southern line of Michigan is in the same latitude as Eome in Italy and the northern line of Portugal, Oregon, Wisconsin, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine are in the same latitude. The State is nearly surrounded by the grand- est fr6sh water lakes in the world. On the north Lake Superior, the largest lake in the world, the navigation of which passes through one of the finest lock canals in the world, located at Sault Ste. Marie ( " the Soo" ). Lake Michigan " the great unsalted sea," next in size, is the grandest and most beautiful body of fresh water in the world. Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie on the east are grand bodies of water. Michigan has a coast line of more than 1,600 miles. Vessels carrying 1,000,000 feet of lumber may be seen in her waters. It has 7,410 miles of railroad. There are 84 organized counties (not including Isle Royal), most of which have well built court houses. In the front line of products in the United States we find Michigan points to copper, lumber and salt, and in close proximity to the frqnt, wheat, iron, fruit, potatoes, celery, etc. In manufactories, Michigan furniture, cars, carriages, engines, pianos, and in fact nearly all productions of soil, skill and labor are well up in the scale of excellence. EARLY IMPRESSIONS. For many years Michigan was handicapped by the impression becoming general that there was nothing in the State to induce settlers. In the early settlement of the State a commission was appointed to investigate and make report relative to the condition of the land, its value, etc. Their visit occurred at a time when the State, almoet a wilderness, was very wet, and it is supposed they became disgusted. • They reported that the State was a vast swamp. It was called the Great Black Swamp, the Admission into the Union. principal products being frogs and ague, and what timber there was on the land was entirely inaccessible. This, coming from the source it did, created a very unfavorable impression of Michigan and the tide of immigration was turned toward other States. This impression was strengthened by a letter written by a deputy United States sur- veyor when surveying Oakland county. It was probably very wet weather. The writer said in substance that the land was springy and indicated a submarine lake underly- ing the surface, rendering it very unsafe for horses or men, and finished his letter by saying that the balance of the State was a vast swamp, and inasmuch a& this was about as far west as civilization was ever likely to extend, it would be useless expenditure of time and money to proceed any further with the survey. Had a true representation of the vast resources of the State been made at the time instead of the erroneous impression that was not even worthy of investigation, the State today would occupy even a more exalted position in the galaxy of' States. The writer remembers an incident showing the impression of Michigan in Ohio, When the Illinois and Iowa fever struck Ohio thousands were going to the west to invest. A gentleman from Michigan visited my fathers house in Ohio, and learing that the western fever had struck my father, asked him why not go to Michigan. "Michigan? Go to Michigan to shake with ague and starve to death, the frogs piping a requiem at my funeral? Why there is hardly an acre of farm- ing land in the State. This we know, for we have it straight from the public statements. What do not starve or die with malarious diseases, will freeze to death." Such was believed of Michigan. School children were told of the '• Great Desert of the west, and the Great Black Swamp of Michigan." Early geographers were at fault and the more pious wondered why the Creator had made such places as the Great Desert and Michigan. Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, and other States were benefited by these false statements and impressions. Thousands of enterprising persons from overcrowded eastern states went west. Many who had never seen prairies were enchanted, nothing to do but begin farming. When crops were gathered the question arose, what will we do with them. When winter came the question of fuel became urgent. 'Tis true the Creator had spread out a beautiful panorama of his handiwork, but the great beauty of land was at the expense of timber for lumber to build and fuel to burn. The greatest school to teach appreciation of blessings is deprivation. Obstacles to perfect enjoyment are often rich blessings. The gi-eat unbroken forests of Michi- gan, " that dreadful country,-" was intended to supply the lumber for homes and comforts throughout the prairie and timberless regions of the west. It was also a storehouse with unlimited supply of iron, copper and salt. Millions of people today enjoy the comforts of houses built of Michigan lumber. Stop and consider a moment. The State furnished say ^,000,000,000 feet of lumber per year; allow 20,000 feet to each house, this would be sufficient to build 200,000 houses for families of five each, 1,000,000 persons, and although this great drain on the timber supply has been going on for a quarter of a century or more, sufficient pine is left to supply the needs of the State, and it is safe to say that enough timber has been burned and otherwise destroyed to supply a good sized state with buildings. The State is practically out of debt and can not get into debt very deeply, or more than $50,000. The public buildings, complete and elegant, are all paid for, 2 10 Michigan and its Kesoueces. consisting of capitol, two penitentiaries four asv]nm« f. ,^ ■ for the blind, and one asylum for the deaf and dH "''"'' °"' '^^°«'' sities in the world, the finest agricultu!., . , • T ' °''' °' '^' '"^^^^^ "°i^'«- industrial school fm- boys ame fo. ^^ ^^' " " '''''''"' ^*^*^^' -formatory. about everything hat'eo M be ealled' """"' "'°° ' ^°^'^^"' ^^-^' ^^^ ^ ^^^ other older states stopped She hV! ""P^'^^^'^^^t^- Michigan .began where in her .eady niarchTtt "L^rilTc^^ritrn^- -'^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^t THE STATE CAPITOL The seat of government of the State was located at Lansing in 1847. The old capitol was built and archives of the State removed. There was no city here, not even a village. It was almost an unbroken wilderness. To illustrate the wild condition of the land at that time an incident may be mentioned. Arrangements were made to perform a wedding ceremony in the Governor's room. Guests were invited, among whom were a couple of ladies living near the present location of the Everett house, about five or six blocks from the capitol. Toward evening they left home to attend the wedding, lost their way, wandered around the country through the forest and thickets until dark and being unable to find the capitol took the back track, or in some way found home. They gave it up, disgusted with "city life," but glad they had escaped contact with bears and wolves. Nearly opposite the capitol, or across the road, now Washington Ave., near the present location of the Hudson house, there stood a monster walnut tree. During a storm it fell across the road, completely blocking the road (probably the only road). It became necessary to get it out of the way. It was cut into logs, piled up and burned in a great log heap, no value being placed on the lumber it would have made. The new capitol was begun in 1872. An appropriation of 81,430,000 was made, 31,427,743.78 expended and $2,256.22 turned back into tKe treasury. An act standing today as a living monument to the honesty of the building committee. An act having few if any parallels in the history of the country. The building is 345x191.5 feet, or including porticoes and steps 420x274 feet- Extreme height, 267 feet. Covers one and one-sixth acres and has a walk around outside wall of 1,520 feet. The superstructure is built of Amherst, Ohio, sandstone; 15,000,000 Lansing brick •were used. English plate glass of best quality, in fact all materials were of the best. And although fifteen years have passed since it was built not a flaw is found in the work or design except, perhaps, the poor accoustic properties of the hall of representatives. The two legislative halls are illuminated by electric lights. Through the building there are 271 chandeliers, 1,702 gas burners, one elevator, and about 20 elegant stairways. It is heated by steam throughout. The plumbing system is perfect. There is not the remotest danger from fire, wind or water. In short it is the most elegant and complete capitol in the United States built for anything near the same amount of money. POPULATION, VALUATION, ETC. Population, valuation, total acreage, area in farms, public lands subject to sale or entry, chief x>roducts, compiled from statistics. Counties. Popu- lation, 1890. Valuation. 1890. Total acreage. Acreage in farms. Public lands subject to sale or entry. Chief products. Alcona 5,409 $1,500,000 435,257 31,586 27,147 Lumber and farm products. Alger 1,238 38,961 15,581 2,500,000 16,000,000 6,000,000 588,862 529,951 370.325 8,380 364,798 49,092 28,409 984 22,320 Lumber, building stone, charcoal and fisheries. Farm products, fruit, peppermint, lumber, paper and woolen mills. Lumber, farm products and fisheries. Allegan... Alpena Antrim Arenac Baraga. Barry 10,413 5,683 3,036 23,783 3,000,000 1,250,000 2,000,000 15,000,000 306,552 234,998 583,601 352,032 50,799 46,825 1,423 302,188 2,960 1,085 34,346 112 Lamber, bark, charcoal and farm products. Lumber, farm products, manufacto- ries and fisheries. Lumber, building stone, slate and farm products. Farming products, fruits and manu- factories. Lumber, ship building, manufacto- ries and fisheries. Bay - 56,412 5,287 27,000,000 2,000,000 285,820 204,138 123,735 34,509 Benzie.- 5,630 Berrien 41,285 18,000,000 368,414 278,661 Branch 26,791 20,000,000 320,443 282,488 and fisheries. Farm products, dairying and stock. Farm products, fruit and manufac- tories. Farm products, fruit and manufac- tories. Lumber, farm products, fisheries, etc. Calhoun Case 43,501 20,953 9,686 30,000,000 16,000,000 3,500,000 447,115 312,927 247,099 373,777 260,440 55,020 120 Charlevoix 3,070 Cheboygan 11,986 4,000,000 468,745 44,758 27,525 Lumber, farm products and fisheries. Chippewa 12,019 5,000,000 995,225 48,000 121,009 * Lumber, grain, building stone. Clair 7,558 2,500,000 864,020 29,366 6,497 Farm products. Farm products and stock. Clinton 26,509 19,000,000 364,895 311,001 94 Crawford Delta 2,962 15,330 a 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,031,550 359,459 742,975 491,917 14,065 29,995 2,562 31,124 64,064 11,289 Lumber, saw mills and farm pro- ducts. Dickinson products. Iron ore, lumber and farm products. Eaton 32,094 20,000,000 366,467 308,565 80 Farm products and manufactories. Farm products, fruit, lumber and manufactories. Farm products, fruit and manufac- tories. Fruit and farm products. Emmet Genesee Gladwin 8,756 39,430 4,208 3,000,000 25,000,000 2,000,000 272,057 411,015 880,018 39,927 345.918 22,090 4,008 80 28,030 Gogebic 13,166 15,000,000 687,145 1,277 11,798 IroB ore and Inmbering. Gd. Traverse... 13,355 4,500,000 297,002 30,189 8,120 Fruit, farm products, lumber, manu- factories. a Included in Marquette, Menominee and Iron. * Eleven million tons having passed the "Soo" canal in 1892. Population, Valuation, Etc. 13 Population, Valuation, Etc. — Continued. (yoanties. Popu- lation, 1890. Valuation, 1890. Total acreage. Acreage In farms. Public lands subject to sale or entry. Chief products. Gratiot 28,668 $10,000,000 364,623 243,772 640 Fruit, farm products and mineral Hillsdale 30,660 22,000,000 384,950 329,585 Farm products, dairying and stock. Houghton 35,389 40,000,000 646,470 26,098 46,670 Copper, limestone and slate. Huron.. 28,545 37,666 32,801 15,224 4,432 18,784 8,000,000 21,000,000 19,000,000 5,000,000 535,953 354,227 366,526 354,128 766,746 368,740 278,972 287,483 304,818 26,861 17,038 70 80 Ingham Ionia coal, building stone. Farm products, manufactories and stock. Building stone, silk mills, farm pro- ducts and manufactories. _ Lumber, farm products, silt and plaster. Lumber and farm products. Lumber and farm products. Iosco . 51,800 25,723 240 Iron 6,000,000 Isabella 6,000,000 142,894 IsleRoysd 135 100,000 138,414 21,868 Stone, native copper and fisheries. Jackson Kalamazoo Kalkaska 45,031 39,273 5,160 31,000,000 27,000,000 8,700,000 455,874 357,726 359,144 355,721 305,554 34,943 400 80 7,234 Farm products, coal, sandstone and manufactories. Farm products, celery, peppermint and manufactories. Farm products, charcoal and lumber. Kent 109,922 2,894 50,000,000 3,000,000 545,658 213,754 402,256 4,518 Keweenaw 2,984 manufactories. Copper and lumber. Lake 6,505 1,500,000 365,886 21,809 4,891 Timber, charcoal, farm products. Lapeer 29,213 7,944 14,000,000 1,250,000 424,030 195,882 316,571 80,612 Farm products, lumber, charcoal and Leelanau 2,282 manufactories. Charcoal, fruit and farm products. Lenawee 48,448 30,000,000 484,211 392,071 Livingston Luce 20,858 2,455 16,000,000 2,000,000 370,845 581,437 317,496 39,041 Wool, stock, fruit and farm pro- ducts. Lumber, celery, charcoal and farm products. Charcoal, ore, lumber and farm pro- ducts. Stock, ships, mineral springs and Mackinac 7,830 2,000,000 641,329 29.088 30,792 Macomb 31,813 24.230 860 18,500,000 9,000,000 100,000 302,314 349,214 69,115 258,648 55,595 4,670 Manistee Manitou 9,418 4,990 fisheries. Lumber, salt, fruits and farm pro- ducts. Fisheries and farm products. Marquette Mason.. 39,521 16,385 22,585,950 4,500,000 1,071,426 315,326 28,368 54,070 91,545 2,780 Iron, lumber, charcoal, pig iron, stone and fisheries. Lumber, fruit and farm products. Mecosta 19,697 5,000,000 361,875 113,925 160 Fruit, farm products and lumber. Menominee ... 83,639 7,312,500 667,153 49.189 18,818 Iron, farm products and lumber. Midland 10,657 2,000,000 335,867 71,112 1,028 Salt, lumber, farm products, bro- Missaukee 5,048 3,000,000 362,798 35,750 7,555 Farm products and lumber. Monroe 32,237 32,637 16,500,000 10,000,000 859,444 454,278 266,994 231,193 Stock, farm products, manufactories Montcalm and fisheries. Farm products and lumber. Montmorency.. 1,487 1,000,000 355,540 16,966 37,759 Farm products and lumber. Muskegon Newaygo Oakland 40,013 20,476 41,245 13,000,000 4,500,000 29,600,000 321,476 542,222 575,394 96,995 430,427 478,898 1,699 1,779 40 Farm products, lumber, fisheries, fruit and manufactories. Farm products, fruit and manufac- tories. Wool, stock, fruit and farm products. Oceana 15,698 4,500,000 344,895 121,834 1,320 Lumber, fruit, furniture and farm products. 14 Michigan and its Resources. Population, Valuation, Etc. — Continued. Public Counties. Popu- lation, 1890, Valuation, 1890. Total acreage. Acreage in farms. lauds subject to sale or entry. Chief products. ' Ogemaw Ontonagon — 5,583 3,756 $2,000,000 2,000,000 865,962 858,880 38,242 7,967 5.204 118,974 Lumber, farm products and manu- factories. Copper, fisheries, farm products, lumber. Timber and wood making factories. Osceola 14,630 4,000,000 362,247 103,057 576 Oscoda 1,904 1,000,000 365,299 25,146 61,397 Lumber and farm products. Otsego... 4,272 2,500.000 334,085 19,810 209,079 11,723 440 36,958 Logs and lumber. Farm products, fruit, celery, stone, manufactories. Ottawa Presqnelsle.-. 35,358 4,687 15,000,000 1,500,000 354,165 428,309 Roscommon... 2,033 1,500,000 339.490 ' 5,045 17,857 Lumber and farm products. Saginaw Samlac Schoolcraft Shiawassee 82,273 32,589 5,818 30,952 37,000,000 8,000,000 3,500,000 17,000,000 516,563 616,035 756,715 343,964 275,508 815,955 17,182 262,906 480 507 39.500 Lumber, salt, coal, building stone and lake commerce. Lumber, farm products, manufacto- ries and fisheries. Pine, cedar, pig iron, fisheries and farm products. Farm products, coal and manufacto- St. Clair 52,105 25,356 20,000,000 20,000,000 444,921 321,403 342,598 290.719 ries. Farm products, salt, lumber, fisheries St. Joseph and mineral water. Tascola 32,508 10,500,000 519,098 284,426 400 and farm products. Lumber products and farm products. Van Bnren 30,541 15,000.000 391,289 304,514 82 Fruit, stock, peppermint and farm products. Woolen and paper mills, fruit and Washtenaw ._. 42,210 2.571,141 11,278 31,000,000 90,000,000 4,000,000 454,688 385,033 366,058 376,300 286,868 52,456 Wayne farm products. Fruit, farm products, fisheries, ship- Wexford 17,700 building, peppermint, furniture, etc. Lumber, fruit and farm products. STATE GOVERNMENT. Seat of government — Lansing. Legislative power — Senate and House of Representatives. Senate is composed of 32 members, presided over by Lieutenant Governor. House of Representatives composed of 100 members; presiding officer, Speaker, who is chosen by the members from one of their number. Convenes on first Wednesday of January in each uneven numbered year. Executive power is vested in Governor who, with Lieutenant Governor, is elected each alternate year. Judicial power is vested in Supreme Court and other courts below. Supreme Court is composed of five members elected for term of ten years. State OflBcers:— Secretary of State. Superintendent of Public Instruction. State Treasurer. Commissioner of State Land Office. Auditor General. Attorney General. Regents of the University. Appointive Officers:— * Commissioner of Banking. Commissioner of Railroads. Commissioner of Labor. Commissioner of Insurance. Commissioner Mineral Statistics. Librarian. Oil Inspector. Salt Inspector. Veterinarian. Game and Fish Warden. , Adjutant General. Quartermaster General. The diversified interests of the State are managed by State boards, such as Board of State Auditors, State Swamp Land, Control. Equalization, State Canvassers, Claims for Relief, St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal, Fund Commissioners, Geological 16 Michigan and its Eesources. Survey, Internal Improvement, Escheats of Property to State, Agricultural Land Grant, Review of Assessment of Telegraph and Telephone Lines, Railroad Crossings. Railroad Consolidation, Railroad Control, Labor Statistics, Fish Commissioners. Health, Correction and Charities, Pardons, Pharmacy, Dentistry. Sanitary Commis sioners, Insurance Policy, Detroit Police, Jury Commissioners for Wayne Co., same for Saginaw Co., Soldiers' Home, Agricultural College, Forestry Commissioners, Normal School, Mining School, Public Schools, School for Deaf. Blind, Asylums for Insane (Michigan. Eastern, Northern), Industrial School for Boys, Home for Girls. State Prison (House of Correction. Upper Peninsula and Ionia). Insane Criminals, Detroit House of Correction, Every institution in the State of a public character is managed by boards. TH^ STATE— GROWTH, POPULATION AND WEALTH. ITS VALUE DISCOVERED. It is only within a very few years that the northern counties ot the lower peninsula have been known and understood, except by a few enterprising men, even among Michigan people. The extension of the lumber interests, seeking fresh material for the mills, led to their first thorough exploration, and it was not until those interests had acquired enormous magnitude that the now undoubted fact was realized that, great as had been their profits, the discoveries they had made and the great wilderness they had partially cleared promised more to agri- •culture than it had yielded to the ax. Immense tracts of hard-wood timber were found containing no pine, and it was found, too, that large portions of our northern territory which produce the best pine produce also the best crops. There are pine barrens bearing an inferior and scraggy wood, which the fas- tidious lumberman utterly neglects. But these occupy only limited areas in what are known as the pine regions of the State, and cover only a comparatively small portion of its territory. Most of the great trees which constitute the pride of our lumber forests, and have made Michigan pine famous at home and abroad, grow largely among beeches and hard maple and other valuable wood, which only flourish on soils capable of yielding good crops. A few of these noble pines, standing among scores of hard timber, give character to the dis- coveries of the " land looker " for the saw-mills, while in no wise detracting from the value of the soil on which they grow. Of course there are different degrees of value in these lands, as in all others, and the settler will exercise the same discretion in his choice as he does in determining other accessories to a home. But there are thousands of acres in Michigan from which pine trees have been cut, as well as many other thousands which have never borne pine, into the ^il of which no ploughshare has ever penetrated, which will well repay the labors of the husbandman, and the fee simple of which can be bought for less than a year's rental of many of the lands of Europe. AN UNSTIMULATED GROWTH. No organized effort has been made by the State to promote general immi- gration. Whatever means have been employed to invite population from abroad 3 18 Michigan and its Resources. have been isolated and fragmentary. The growth of the State has been entirely natural and unstimulated. The result has been to make its people peculiarly hoijiogeneous in character. New elements have been assimilated with marked success and rapidity The natural resources and attractions of the State, how- ever, have continued to draw people hitherward from other States and from Europe, until the population of 57 years ago has increased nearly ten-fold. The territory which entered the Union in 1837, with 174,467 inhabitants of both sexes and all ages, sent to its defense less than thirty years later more than 90,000 soldiers. The State which stood twenty-third in rank in 1840 had advanced to the 9th in 1890. A table based upon the returns of the United States census in each succeeding decade tells the whole stoi-y: Table showing the population of Michigan at each Federal Enumeration since the Admission of the State in 1837, ivith the Progressive Increase and Rank. CENSUS YEAR. Population. Increaee. 1837 . 174,467 212.267 397,654 749,113 1,184.059 1,636,937 2.093,889 1840 .37.800 1850 . 185.387 1860 -- .351,459 1870 434,946 1880 452,878 1890 „. . 456,952 UNITED STATES LAND OFFICES. UPPER PENINSULA. BY GEO. A. ROYCE. On the first day of July, 1892, we prepared a list of the vacant government lands for the annual report of the honorable Commissioner of General Land Office, show- ing that there were 523,411 acres of vacant government land in this district, divided among the several counties as follows: Comities. Acres. Alger 12,118 Baraga 26,480 Chippewa 101,235 Delta .32,063 Dickinson 7,520 Gogebic 2,460 Houghton 40,630 Iron 21,380 Coanties. Acres. Isle Royal 15,400 Keweenaw _ 2,170 Luce 23,800 Mackinac 15,910 Marquette 77,530 Menominee 9,000 Ontonagon 108,120 Schoolcraft 27,595 We do not know the character of these lands except in a general way. and are therefore unable to give definite information concerning any particular tract. There is a great deal of timber land in this district, pine, hemlock, birch, maple and poplar, predominating. Considerable farming is done in this peninsula and we have the reputation of growing the finest root crops in the State. Small fruits are eIbo a certain crop. Wheat, oats, rye and barley are successfully raised and hay is gen- erally an abundant crop. I do not know that stock raising has been followed to any extent in this country and it occurs to me that our geographical position would render such an enterprise unprofitable, owing to our long and severe winters. It is a well known fact, however, that the farmer of this locality is better rewarded for his labor than the farmer of almost any other locality. Our remoteness from the great markets of the country make it necessary for lumbermen and others doing business in the country, to purchase our farm crops at a much higher price than can be obtained for the same sort of produce in the more thickly settled districts. .20 Michigan and its Kesources. LOWER PENINSULA. BY OSCAR PALMER. The vacant government lands in this district are subject to Homestead Entry only and are approximately as follows, by counties: Acres. Oscoda '. 43.763 Crawford 19,402 Presque Isle 10,117 Montmorency 22,020 Alpena 6,500 Ogemaw 1,600 Alcona 1,700 Roscommon 7,685 Manistee 3,400 Manitou 2,000 Gladwin 26,864 Cheboygan 6,860 •Otsego 2,500 Acres. Benzie 1,750 Iosco 19,780 Lake Mason Newaygo Leelanaw Grand Traverse. Kalkaska Missaukee Wexford Clare Arenac Oceana 1,380 2,180 300 1,700 1,560 2,760 3,180 380 4,380 160 720 Total 200,641 STATE LANDS FOE SALE. The following is the latest circular issued by Michigan State Land office, show- ing amount of land for sale or entry on January 1, 1893, with general instructions and information relative thereto: [ Circular No. 1. ] MICHIGAN 8TATE LAND OFFICE, AT LANSING. ALL LANDS OWNED BY THIS STATE ARE CONTROLLED BY THIS OFFICE. THERE ARE NO LOCAL AGENTS. BUSINESS CAN BE DONE BY LETTER. IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO COME HERE. This office cannot give information about the soil and timber of any particular lots, but buyers and settlers are advised to examine for themselves before taking. Section 1. To aid in looking up State lands we furnish plats at the legal prices, payable in advance, as follows: Showing vacant lands, 25 cents per township. Same, with streams drawn on, 50 cents per township. Showing vacant lands, streams, and names of purchasers of State lands, $1.50 per United States Land Offices. 21 township. In ordering plats, always give the number of the town and range of the townships wanted. A plat showing all the vacant State lands in any county will be furnished for the price named in our land table in section 10 of this circular. Cash should be sent with orders by mail. SWAMP LANDS. Section '2. Prices range from $1.25 to $8.00 per acre, the main body being held at $1.25. Only a few townships in the northern part of the State are held at more than $1.25 per acre. Eighty acres or less of these lands, in one body in the lower peninsula can be bought by any person on a first payment of one-quarter of the price down. The buyer must make affidavit that he will settle on the land within one year after the purchase. Blank affidavits furnished. Ten years' time allowed to pay the balance at seven per cent annual interest. Swamp land scrip cannot be used in purchase or payment of balance due. These lands are subject to homestead entry; any citizen over 21 years old, and not already owning 40 acres of land, may homestead not to exceed 80 acres, but he may buy an adjoining 80 acres or less on quarter payment down, with ten years' time on the balance, with seven per cent annual interest. Blank applications furnished at this office. In cases where swamp lands are paid for all down, payment will be received in money or in swamp land scrip, and there is no limit to the quantity purchased. The State constructs wagon roads and ditches in the newly settled portions of its territory, making payment for the work in swamp lands, so-called. Thus a contractor having finished his i-oad job receives a swamp land credit at this office, on which he may draw orders in favor of any person. SCHOOL LANDS. Section .3. Price $4.00 per acre. Where these lands are valuable. for pine, cedar or hemlock timber they mu;t be paid for all down. But where they are valuable mainly for farming purposes they can be sold on time. Persons desiring to buy on time are required to furnish this office with a timber affidavit, and by this affidavit the comrhissioner will decide whether the desired lots are subject to sale on time, and if so subject to sale on time, first payment of not less than one-half the price down will be received. Blank timber affidavits furnished. On the balance due the time is not limited, and seven per cent yearly interest is charged. college lands. Section 4. These lands have been recently examined by competent men, and appraised by the State Board of Agriculture at from $5.00 to $12.50 per acre. They may be sold on not less than one-quarter payment down, if they are not mainly valuable for the timber thereon. Time on balance due not limited. Interest seven per cent. The balance due or any part of it may be paid at any time. other lands. Section 5. University lands are held $12.00 per acre, asset lands at $10.00 per acre, asylum lands, salt spring lands, and State building lands at $4.00 per acre, the terms being the same as for school lands. forfeited lands. Section 6. The price of forfeited part-paid lands, now held by the State, is the original minimum price per acre, and all improvements and unpaid taxes added thereto. Michigan and its Kesources. APPLICATIONS. Section 7. No lands can be withheld from market for the benefit of purchasers until the purchase price is received at this office, and all deposits to purchase on part payment must be accompanied with an acceptable affidavit as required by law. When full payment down is made, no particular form of application is required but the applicant should be particular and give full name and address of person to whom patent is to issue. Sec. 8. For information as to government or railroad land apply to United States land office at Marquette, upper peninsula, and Grayling, lower peninsula, as this office has no record of such lands entered or unentered. SENDING MONEY. . Section 9. Money to make any kind of payments at this office can be sent by express or mail. In sending by express always pay the express charges yourself. In sending by mail get a postoffice or express order, or send in registered letter. National bank drafts on Detroit or New York will be received as money. Other bank drafts will not be received as payments until collected, nor will Canada money be received at this office. Make all postoffice or express orders or bank drafts payable to " Commissioner of the State Land Office." In your letter always tell plainly what you want, mention description of land, and number of certificate if any; give your name, postoffice address, and put in a postage stamp for our answer. JOHN G. BERRY, Commissioner, Postoffice, Lansing, Michigan. NUMBER OF ACRES OF STATE LANDS OF ALL CLASSES SUBJECT TO ENTRY JAN. 1, 1893. Acres. Swamp Land, per acre $1.25 _ . 101,323.81 Swamp Land, per acre $2.00 _ _ 9,769.16 Primary School Land 222,519.78 Agricultural College Land .._ 103,068.46 Acres. University Land 80.00 Salt Spring Land 440.00 Asylum Land 1,482.98 Total.... |L 438,684.19 The above totals are being changed by sales, entries and foreitures, continually, ■consequently cannot remain correct any length, of time. Besides the above the following is a list of lands claimed and for sale by the railroads and other corporations mentioned below: Name of corporation. Com, or agent. Acres. Jackson, Lansing tt Saginaw R. R O. M. Barnes, Lansing 270,504 Marquette. Houghton & Ontonagon R.R....E. W. Allen, Marquette 82,348 Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette R. R E. W. Cottrell, Detroit 1,255.181 Chicago & Northwestern R. R. Chas. E. Simmons, Chicago 312,363 Grand Rapids ct Indiana R. R ...W. O. Hughart, Grand Rapids ... 269,976 i Saginaw. E. S. ) [ 64.470 Marquette. ) ( Boston. ] Mich. Land & Iron Co. (limited) Horatio Seymour, ■] Madison. }■ 455,498 ( Wis. ) Lac LaBelle Harbor Grant- .J. M. Longyear, Marquette 99.700 United States Land Offices. Name of corporation. Com. or agent. Acres. Portage Lake & Lake Superior Ship Canal-.J. M. Longyear, Marquette 4.38,440 St. Mary's Falls Mineral Land Co R. R. Goodell, Houghton Ontonagon & Brule River R. R E. Mariner, Milwaukee Ft. Wilkins & Copper Harbor Mil. Road W. W. Manning, Marquette 174,000 For price, terms, etc., of State lands, apply to Commissioner of State Land Office, Lansing, Mich. For railroad and other lands apply to commissioner or agent of such corporation. For information relative to government land, apply to general land office, Wash- ington, D. C, or U. S. receiver at Marquette, or Grayling land offices, Michigan. MICHIGAN SOILS. BY R. C. KEDZIE, AGRICfULTURAL COLLEGE. No State has suffered more in reputation by reason of ignorant misrepresen- tation than Michigan. At the time of its earliest settlement it was considered the lit home of the Indians, wild beasts and malaria. For the white man it was uninhabited and unhabitable. In a report made to a religious body regard- ing the feasibility of establishing missionary stations to christianize this heathen wild, it was stated that the project was impracticable " because only a narrow strip along the border of the territory was inhabitable, the interior being a vast and impenetrable swamp." The surveyor general of Ohio in 181.5, after speak- ing of the "swamps alternating with barren sands which make up the great mass of the interior," says: "Taking the country altogether, so far as has been explored and to all appearances, together with the information received concern- ing the balance, it is so bad there would not be more than one acre out of a hundred, if there would be one out of a thousand, that would in any case admit of cultivation." Such statements only awaken a smile now that the territory has been explored and settled; for here was found, not indeed the Eden of old guarded by ttam- ing sword, but an earthly paradise clasped in the loving arms of "the vast unsalted seas." The nature of the soil and the climatic conditions w^ere found to be admirably fitted for all the agricultural products of the temperate zone and unsurpassed for most fruits. Soil and climate, after all is said, are the enduring conditions of the prosperity of a people. Mines will finally be exhausted, forests will disappear, commerce may find new channels, but soil and climate are the physical basis of the life of a people; they are a possession for all time. / THE DRAINAGE LAW. One cause that led to a marked change in the condition of our State and the public estimate in which it was held was the drainage law, whereby each land owner was compelled to bear his just part of expense in draining a district, and no churl could block the drainage of a neighborhood because he chanced to control the outlet. A large area of worthless swamp was thus reclaimed to useful purposes Michigan Soils. 25 and malaria banished. No law since the giving of the ten commandments has pro- duced more good and inflicted less evil. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY OF THESE SOILS. The capacity of the soi 1 in the southern counties of the State for the production of grains is wide known. Wheat, corn, oats, and barley find here the fitting and enduring conditions for growth. The distinctive wheat belt embraces ^the four southern tiers of counties. Other counties will produce large crops oi wheat, but rne counties named are distinguished in this respect. Characteristic specimens of wheat soil are shown in the display of Michigan soils in the Michigan building, Nos. 1 to 90. The analyses of these soils is given by labels attached to each jar. The remarkable productiveness of some of these soils is shown in No. 1, from Lenawee county, a soil that had been in continuous cropping for forty years with- out manure, yet it produced 83 bushels of shelled corn to the acre in 1879. The production of 40 bushels of wheat to the acre has often been secured in these counties. SOIL SPECIMENS ON EXHIBITION. Thirty-eight different kinds of soils from widely reported localities are placed on exhibition with a statement of the chemical composition, the kind of timber naturally growing on them and a brief statement of their physical qualities. Attention is called to this collection of Michigan soils. They are not unusual and extraordi- nary specimens gathered to astonish and mislead, but the average soils of the county or locality. The are ordinary and not extraordinary, and hence more valuable for presenting the truth. SOILS OF THE FRUIT BELT. The whole State produces apples of the highest quality, and ''Michigan apples" are quoted as the type of excellence in all the States east of the Rocky mountains. The special fitness of the southeastern part of the State to raise grapes is shown by the name River Raisin, so named because of the abundance of wild grapes that grow along its banks. But the name "Fruit Belt" has been more particularly applied to the counties on our western border, under the lee of Lake Michigan, where the peach has found a home and where other fruits flourish. Nine specimens of soil — Nos. 10 to 18 — are shown. The soils show wide range in physical appearance and chemical com- position. The peach belt is produced by climatic conditions more than by the nature of the soil. The counties forming "The thumb," south of Saginaw bay and bordering on Lake Huron, are distinguished for the excellent quality of their plums. THE POTATO DISTRICT. While potatoes of excellent quality are raised in all parts of the State, a district around Grand Traverse bay, consisting of the counties of Grand Traverse, Benzie, Leelanaw and Antrim, is distinguished for its superior quality of potatoes. The soil bore a very heavy growth of hardwood trees, the hard maple very abundant. 4 26 Michigan and its Resources. The soil is open and porous and the tubers are protected from frost when left in the ground all winter by reason of the heavy coating of snow which falls before the ground is frozen. They may thus be wintered in the hill, and when dug in the spring have the same crisp, mealy quality so prized in potatoes first dug from the ground in the fall in other localities. These spring dug potatoes may yet become an important element of market gardening. Specimens of these soils — Nos. 19, 20 and 21— are on exhibition. THE JACK PINE PLAINS. These are extensive tracts of light, sandy soil in the northern central part of the lower peninsula bearing a light forest growth of dwarf pines and scarlet oak, with a few trees of Norway pine. The Pinus banksiana, or Jack pine, is the leading forest growth, and the region is known as the Jack pine plains. The experiment station of the college has made some experiments on the Jack pine soil to see what could be done by the use of what the soil contains, what could be gathered from the atmosphere, and the mineral materials found in abundance in the small lakes of this region, to bring such soil into productive eonditions. The raising and plow- ing under of green crops and the application of marl have been the principal means employed. Three specimens of such soil from Grayling, Crawford County, are exhibited. No. 22 is the soil in its natural condition; Nos. 2^ and 24 contain soils which have raised crops of sperry, vetch and peas, the same plowed under for green manuring; No. 25 is the marl found so abundantly in small lakes and swamps. The change in physical properties will be evident on inspection, and the chemical changes will appear from the analysis showing how the insoluble mate- rials may become soluble by the transforming influence of green manuring. SOILS FOR EXCEPTIONAL CROPS. While Michigan soils are good for the every-year use of the farmer and fruit grower, there are certain soils which are invaluable for the growth of special crops. These special productions have of late years come to the front in a way to chal- lenge the attention of the whole country. Singularly enough these crops are raised on the kind of soil once held to be the opprobrium of our State, '• the Michigan swamps." Passing by the enormous crops of timothy hay now raised on tamarack swamps, I need only mention celery, cranberries and peppermint, which are now grown on this mucky soil in perfection. Specimens of the soil suited to each of these crops and their analysis are exhibited for the information of the public. No. 26 is a sample of muck contributed by the Dunkley Celery Co., of Kalamazoo, on which is raised celery of such excellence that Kalamazoo celery has acquired a national reputation. No. 27 is muck from the celery plantation of Geo. Hancock, of Grand Haven, whose celery has a good reputation among the lovers of this delicious vegetable. No. 28 is muck sent by the Newberry Celery and Improvement Co., of Newberry, Luce county. The director of the Newberry company writes: "We ship you this day by express a sample of soil taken from our garden for the purpose of having it placed on exhibition at the World's Fair with other soils of this State. On this soil we have produced the finest celery grown in the State. The celery grown here has a fine nutty flavor unknown to the celery grown in the Michigan Soils. 27 southern part of the State. We have also grown large crops of grain and hay on this land. Two years ago we seeded one and a half acres to spring rye, which yielded seventy bushels of fine plump grain. From this one and one-half acres we cut three and one-half tons of hay. The soil is from sixteen feet to unknown depth. There are thousands of acres of the same character of soil in our vicinity. We would also say that during the eight years we have been growing celery here we have not had a failure of a crop." PEPPERMINT LANDS. I wrote to a gentleman in the peppermint district asking for a specimen of the soil for raising peppermint, and not receiving the specimen, I wrote again and received the following reply: " Your first communication was referred to Mr. , of this town, who is the largest mint raiser in the State, and who promised me he would forward the soil desired, but I saw him this morning and he said the ground was so frozen he could not get it without being to greater expense than he wished to incur. The facts are he does not want published to the world the benefits of reclaiming marsh lands, for that is all there is of it. Any marsh land that can be drained so it can be worked and still hold moisture enough to carry the crop through is good enough mint soil. Moisture is the great secret. It must have moisture enough to retain the leaves until it is in bloom, for all of the oil is in the leaves." Evidently Mr. has a good thing, and is willing to keep it. CRANBEREY SOIL. I also wrote to a successful grower of cranberries in St. Joseph for a specimen of cranberry soil, but he was in the south and failed to get my letter in time. Some time ago I made an analysis of his cranberry soil and also of some neigh- boring soil that would not raise the fruit. The most marked difference in these soils was that the barren soil was very acid, while the fruitful soil was neutral to litmus paper. This I find to be the most common distinction between fertile and barren muck. All these celery soils in the fresh state were entirely free from acid. All the muck lands in the State, when properly drained, and in a suitable physi- cal condition, and free from acid, may produce large crops of cranberries, mint and celery. Muck is a mine for the skillful cultivator. There is nothing in either the soil or the climate, or other natural advantages of Michigan, which exempts those who settle in the State from the common conditions of success in every part of the world. If a man without means chooses to lead an idle and thriftless life, he can starve to death here as soon as anywhere else. But there is no portion of the Union, either in the states or territories, which offers larger encouragement to industry and economy. The laborer, seeking employment with an honest desire to earn a living, and willing to render a fair day's work for a fair day's wages, can always, under ordinary business conditions, find something to do for which he will be well paid. A few years of labor and frugality, in which steadiness and growing experience will, as in every other pursuit, enhance from year to year the value and compensation of his services, will ensure savings enough to buy land. If he has chosen one of the newer sections of the State for his resi- dence he may readily secure a farm in the neighborhood to which he has become 28 Michigan and its Kesoukces. accustomed, at low prices and on easy terms, and the same qualities which gave him a start will establish his prosperity and independence on a sure and enduring basis. It is not alone the work of the farm that affords openings to labor. The mines, furnaces, lumber camps, mills, manufactories, and mechanic arts of the State, con- tinually increasing in number and variety, furnish a growing and diversified demand for every kind of employment that a man can pursue either with his head or his hands. And there is no region on earth where brains and muscle can work more advantageously together. DIVERSITY OF LABOR. The range of labor in Michigan is great. Some branches of industry are not found such as the raising of oranges and bananas, the manufacture of whisky (except- ing possibly moonshiners) or digging for diamonds. But there is a great diversity of labor and nearly every kind of industry is carried on. One peculiarity is notice- able. Labor is performed on the most approved plans. The best of machinery and appliances are used. This is accounted for by the fact that Michigan's popula- tion is drawn from the most enterprising element of other states. Drones stay in the old states, enterprising young men seek new fields. Michigan as a manufact- uring state employs the best skill and enterprise to be found and the results very clearly establish the wisdom of this plan. The cost of power is more in Michigan than in the coal regions of Ohio and Pennsylvania, but much less than in the western states. There is plenty of coal in Michigan, but water transportation makes the cost of fuel reasonable. Taken with the fact that the State has an abundant supply of wood for fuel for family purposes, there is but little anxiety about the question of supply. Lumber is cheap, land is cheap, and there is no reason why labor in Michigan cannot result in comfortable homes. An order for any manufactured article excepting glass can be filled in Michigan by Michigan products. Ini'farming success follows intelligent labor as surely as in any state. There are vast tracts of land in the State patiently awaiting the manipulation of intelligent labor. Land easily accessible and close to good markets. Unlike the description of a part of the wilds of West Virginia by a fourth of July orator, who said " there were places in West Virginia that the foot of man had never trod and the eye of God had never seen," Michigan is peculiarly favored in location, as are nearly all peninsulas. The labor of the farmer has paid above the average. Extremes of wet and dry weather, heat, cold and wind, are not common. Taking all things into consideration labor is fairly remunerated. Years to come, with transportation for all production, there can be no doubt of employment in Michigan. FARMING. Farming is a much abused industry. There are a very large number of people styled farmers and who claim to be farmers, but few real farmers. A real farmer, possessing the requisite qualilicaions, always succeeds. What is a farmer? "One who cultivates land" (Webster). |,The act of cultivat- ing land in this connection would imply, of course, proper, full, correct cultivation ; one who understands the soil; how, when, where, and what to plant; how to culti- vate and take care of, to cure and harvest crops; to do all things pertaining to the business in the proper way at the proper time. This involves a liberal stock of knowledge and adaptability to the work. A man who never saw a farm buys some land, a team, some tools, seed, etc., moves to a farm and is immediately rated as a farmer. Should he trade his farm for a black- smith shop and take charge would that act make him a blacksmith? He opens a select school, would that act make him competent to teach? Should he buy a physician's practice would that act make him competent to practice medicine? There is much to learn in connection with farming. Many follow the business through life and never learn. Farmers may be classed under three heads: First, those who know nothing of the business; second, habitual and instinctive farmers; third, scientific farmers. The first fail, and generally become politicians, and next calamity howlers. Everything goes wrong. It is too dry, or too wet, too hot or too cold, frost always kills his fruit, he cannot get a price for anything ani has to pay too much for everything he buys. The second class hold their own, and the rise of the price of land sometimes makes them wealthy. The third class are the successful ones. Their farms wear a look of prosperity and con:ifort. Crops are good, stock well fed and well bred, buildings are good and homes comfortable, fences in good order, no run down land, no mortgages. He makes a compost heap and does not allow the alkalies to eat up the acids. He knows what kind of fertilizer his weak land needs. While number one is talking politics and complaining he is analyzing his soil and fertilizers. He succeeds, and ought to. One great mistake made by farmers is undertaking to farm on 40 acres. It is too little land for general farming. The woodland must be kept, the garden is neces- sary. The cows and horses necessary for farming 40 acres would do for 80; fencing for 40 is nearly as much as for 80, if properly divided. If 40 acres will support a family the products of the surplus over 40 is clear. One hundred and sixty acres is not too much for a small farm. At 810 per acre (and thousands of acres can be Farming. 3 1 bought for less) 160 acres will cost S1.600, 40 acres will cost $400, Sl,200 difference. If the farm is workable the Sl.GOO will be paid with more ease than $400 on 40 acres. (The same proportions will not hold good indefinitely.) It does not pay to hold unproductive land except timber land. Very many think the vacant lands are all State lands. This is not correct. There are more vacant lands owned by indi- viduals and corporations than by the State, which can be bought cheap, and even improved land can be bought at reasonable rates. It is said the average Michigan man will sell anything but his family. HORTICULTURAL RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN. BY L. R. TAFT, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Ten years ago when the name of our State was mentioned to the people of some of her sister states, it was generally associated in the mind of the listener with some of the croi)s for the raising of which her fame is world wide. Desirable as may have been her reputation for the raising of corn, oats, wheat, wool and other agricultural products, with which the people not only of this but of foreign coun- tries have been fed and clothed, the renown obtained from her Michigan apples was far greater. Today, although no other state can equal her in the size, color and quality of this the most important of all fruits, the increased attention given to the growing of peaches, plums and grapes has forced the apple to give up some of its glory in the race for fame. Moreover, proud as Michigan horticulturists are of the reputation so nobly won and so richly deserved for the production of luscious fruits, they are not content with this, but have pushed forward in other lines, and today the renown of Kala- mazoo celery and Grand Rapids lettuce has extended until it has reached the Atlantic shore on the east and has surmounted the summits of the Rockies on the west. The State owes its success in these lines to three things: First, skill and indus- try of her horticulturists; second, the advantageous location with large bodies of water upon three sides; third, the possession of a variety of soils most of which are particularly adapted to horticulture and which are arranged in a gentle undu- lating manner that is favorable to both water and air drainage. Another thing that has been of inestimable benefit in stimulating the people in horticviltural work is the excellent market facilities enjoyed. Not only do the railroads radiate to all parts of the country, but being sur- rounded upon three sides by the great lakes, very cheap water rates can be secured. Not only do Detroit, Grand Rapids. Saginaw, and hundreds of other thriving cities stretch out their hands to be fed, but Michigan grapes, peaches, plums, strawberries, etc., find a ready market in all of the adjoining states. From at least a dozen harbors upon the lake shores large steamers laden to their gun- wales with fruit and vegetables make daily trips to Chicago and Milwaukee, from which points the surplus is distributed through the northwest. While the temper- Horticultural Resources of Michigan. 33 ing influence of Lake Michigan upon the cold southwest and westerly winds makes a narrow strip along its shore particularly adapted to the growing of some of the more tender fruits, a large part of the land in the counties that make up the six southern tiers can be used to advantage for fruit growing. Nearly, if not all, the counties in the southern peninsula have land that will grow all of the hardier fruits. The northern peninsula seems well adapted to growing currants, goose- berries, raspberries, strawberries, and other small fruits. The large fruits also seem to thrive in properly selected locations. THE STRAWBERRY. Although the demand for this fruit has repeatedly doubled it has never out- stripped the supply. A few years ago a single crate would perhaps cause a glut of the market, in a small town, where now a wagon load can be disposed of readily. There are a few localities in the State where this fruit, if given a well drained soil and proper care, will not thrive. While it seems to do best upon a rich sandy soil, almost any soil from a light sand to a heavy clay can be used for growing it. As usually grown the plants are set about eighteen inches apart, in rows from three and one-half to four feet wide. The plants are thoroughly cultivated the first sea- son and are allowed to form matted rows covering about one-half of the ground and leaving rows for the pickers to work in. If large and fine fruit will bring an extra price it will often pay to layer a few of the plants and remove all runners that form later in the season. As soon as the runners begin to form the stronger ones are selected and are layered over a strip so that they will stand eight or ten inches apart. If the others are nipped off as soon as they appear the entire vigor of the plant will be used in forming strong crowns. In this way, the stronger runners can be selected and as they will have all of the food and moisture, instead of sharing it with hundreds of other plants, the growth secured will be able to develop a large number of plants and fruit. Particularly if the season is a dry one the crop will equal that secured from a thick matted row, and the price obtained for the fruit will be much more than could be secured for fruit grown in any other way. Frequently, too, it might happen that in case there is a glut in the market the choice fruit can be sold at a satisfactory price while the others will be wasted. Although most varieties do best in matted rows, others give good returns when grown in hills. For field culture these are generally planted about ^one by two and one-half feet, and all runners are cut off that start during the season. In the home garden, if placed in beds with five rows one foot apart each way and a nar- row walk between the beds, a large quantity of fruit can be grown upon a very small area. Particularly when grown upon heavy soils a good mulch of marsh hay, straw or similar material is applied in the fall as soon as the ground has frozen. While the depth over the plants should not be much more than an inch, a considerable greater depth may be applied between the rows. This will prevent the alternate freezing and thawing and the consequent breaking of the roots and heaving of the plants. As spring opens the mulch should be removed from over the plants. It may be left to cover the ground between the rows with a cultivator. Whether mulched in the winter or not, something of the kind is desirable during the fruit- ing season as it serves to keep the sand from washing upon the plants and to hold 5 34 Michigan and its Eesources. the moisture and thus prevent the drying of the plants in time of drouth. Th& spring set plants bear a full crop the following summer. As a rule the plantation is then freed from grass and weeds and retained for another year. As a rule girls and women are preferred as pickers to boys as better work is done by them. Various methods of managing the pickers and keeping account of the amount picked are in use. Perhaps the most common method is to furnish each picker with a light carrier holding four one quart boxes. He is then started upon a row and gathers the berries, cutting each of the stems off close to the hulls with the thumb nail. When the boxes are full, the pickers generally carry them to the packing shed where they receive a ticket for the four quarts. A better way, however, and one that is in use by several large growers, is to have one or more reliable pickers whose business it is to gather up the boxes as they are filled and deliver them to the packer. In this way much of the confusion and loss of place by the pickers, that is so common when the other plan is used, is prevented. When sold in a fastidious market the berries are generally assorted into two or three grades, only the large and perfect berries being placed in the first class. If the boxes are nicely packed, with the upper layer faced, they will bring consider- ably more than berries put up in a careless manner. While the supply for all of the villages and small cities is generally grown in the immediate vicinity, some localities have large areas devoted to the raising of straw- berries for shipment to other states. The most extensive plantations are in the vicinity of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, although many are grown in Van Buren, Allegan, Ottawa, Kent and Muskegon counties. RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES. Closely following the strawberry in season come the raspberry, red and black, and the blackberry. Not only is there a large local demand in the larger villages and cities, but they are shipped by rail and boat to Chicago and Milwaukee in large quantities. In several sections of the State, where these fruits thrive exceptionally well, there are large evaporators, and plantations of from 30 to 50 acres are grown to supply them. When placed upon well drained and moderately rich soil the crop is almost a sure one. For evaporating purposes the Ohio blackberry is generally grown, while the Gregg is the favorite for market^purposes. The early varieties of blackberry are most profitable, and the Early Harvest, with slight winter protection, is pre- ferred to all other kinds by growers in the vicinity of Benton Harbor where from 20 to 40 acres are devoted to this one variety by several planters. CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES. These fruits seem at home and consequently thrive in all sections of Michigan. particularly in the southern and western portions. Large areas are grown for market purposes and they prove very remunerative crops. The Chicago market in partic- Horticultural Resources of Michigan. 35 ular takes immense quantities of both fruits, and as they only thrive in the cooler portions of the country there is little or no opposition from the south. While the Downing is the variety of gooseberry most commonly grown, the Industry and other large sorts of European origin can be grown with good success in many parts of the State where the soil is deep, cool and moist. In some localities the currant borer has been so destructive to the cherry and similar varieties that they are little planted for market purposes, the principal reliance being upon the Victoria and Red Dutch. The demand for white currant is comparatively small and the black varieties are but little grown. CRANBERRIES. Within the past ten years the interest in this fruit has rapidly increased, and it is likely that within a short time the home grown berries will supply the demand. There are thousands of acres of marsh land in the State that are well adapted to this crop and at the present prices it will be a profitable one. The largest planta- tion is the Comings marsh, in Berrien county, near St. Joseph. THE NURSERY INDUSTRY. The propagation of fruit trees in Michigan dates back to the time of the early French settlements, and although many of the old apple and pear trees that are still growing near several of the old French towns and Indian villages were brought from Montreal, others were grown from seed. The extent to which fruit, both large and small, is grown, requires annually many thousand trees for the planting of new orchards, and many of these are the prod- uct of Michigan nurseries. Nearly every county in the southern half of the State has several nurseries and many of the firms are doing an extensive business. Along the lake shore counties in the peach district are a large number of nurseries which are principally devoted to the growing of peach trees for local planting. From 1.50 to 200 acres are used in these sections. MARKET GARDENING. While the truck farmer grows but two or three kinds of vegetables and thes'^ on a large scale, the market gardener cultivates a full variety of and endeavors, by careful selection of varieties, to prolong the season. His products are sold to market men, or retailed from the wagon. Our large manufacturing towns and cities consume immense quantities of fresh vegetables, and good prices can generally be obtained. Not only is the climate adapted to the growing of a great variety of vegetables, but light sandy loam soil suitable for the purpose can be found in most localities. In addition to the sale of the vegetables, most gar- deners are able to add to their income by the sale of vegetable plants. The canning and pickling factories of the State use immense quantities of tomatoes, and the growing of sweet corn, tomatoes and seeds, particularly of beans, give employment to thousands of men. Cabbages have been produced in Muskegon county weighing 67 pounds per head and of first quality. "36 Michigan and its Resources. the potato, while grown successfully and to a considerable extent in all parts of the State, is to the northern half of the lower peninsula the leading money crop of the farmer. Upon soil that will not produce remunerative grain crops and where the late springs and early fall frosts render the corn an uncertain crop, the potato thrives. Not only is the yield as a rule satisfactory but the tubers are large, smooth and of exceedingly fine quality. There has been little or no loss from potato rot and blight and the Colorado beetle is each year becoming less trouble- some. The acreage is each year increasing and from several small railroad stations .50,000 to 150,000 bushels are shipped annually. In the loose sandy loam soil, machinery can be used for planting, cultivating and harvesting, and the cost of production thus reduced to the minimum while their superior flavor and keeping ■ qualities place them at the top of the market. CELERY. Few crops have done more to keep our State in the minds of the people of the distant, as well as the neighboring states, than the celery from Kalamazoo and other sections. It is now some fifteen years since the first celery was shipped, but it is only within the last ten years that the business began to take on its present mam- moth proportions. Kalamazoo has within a radius of four miles 3,000 acres of marsh land adapted to this crop. The land is first drained by means of open ditches, after which it is plowed and subdued. Manures are used in large quantities as even upon this rich soil they cannot be dispensed with. Seed for the first crop is sown either in hot beds or greenhouses early in March, the plants are set out in May and the crop harvested in July. A sec- ond crop is set out in June to be harvested in August, while plants for winter use are set the last of July or the first of August. The crops for summer use are bleached with boards or with paper, while that for winter use is hilled up with earth. In Kalamazoo alone there are some thirty firms engaged in shipping celery, and the industry of growing the crop gives employment to 2,000 men. The daily shipments amount to forty or fifty tons in the heighth of the season. Land equally suited to the crop is found in hundreds of other places in the State and the marshes at Kalamazoo, Tecumseh and Durand will undoubtedly find strong competition. WINTER FORCING OF LETTUCE. Until recently lettuce has been known as a spring and summer salad crop, and was but sparingly grown for winter use, and then only in hot beds or in some spare greenhouse as a catch crop by the florists. Some six or eight years ago the growing of winter lettuce as a commercial greenhouse crop was begun. By care- ful selection a variety well adapted to the purpose was obtained, which is now used exclusively by the growers of Grand Rapids and has become known all over the country as the " Grand Rapids variety of lettuce." This lettuce was so attract- ive in appearance that a demand at once sprang up for it, and as it was easily grown it produced a very profitable crop. The business soon became quite exten- Horticultural Eesources of Michigan. 37 sive. Many erected houses and went into the business of lettuce growing. The Grand Rapids lettuce soon obtained a reputation all through the neighboring states, and regular shipments were made to Detroit, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleve- land, Columbus, Cincinnati and other large cities, and although the prices secured were considerably higher than lettuce from local growers could be obtained for, the demand could not be supplied. While some of the houses are three-quarters span, the common even span has for the most part been used in the greenhouses erected for lettuce growing. The houses are sometimes heated by steam and hot water, but the use of the hot air flue is more common. The furnaces are placed at the end of each house, or if they are long a furnace is constructed at both ends. Flues built of brick or of vitrified pipe lead from these furnaces through the house and back, passing up as a chimney over the furnace. Three crops are taken off during the winter and as the variety grown can be planted quite closely the profits are very satisfactory. The prospects for this industry are very flattering. TRUCK FARMING. In certain localities of the State where climatic and soil conditions are favorable and whence there is ready communication with large cities, this new industry is a favorite. ' The term applies to the growing of one or more vegetable crops upon a large scale and their shipment to market or wholesale dealers. If the crops are properly handled it can at once be seen that the large trucker can grow larger and better crops and can place them on the market at a lower price than the average small grower. Aside from the celery and potatoes which have been mentioned above the principal truck crops grown in Michigan are onions, tomatoes and melons. The onion is now grown in large quantities on swamp land in various parts of the State. Upon this soil large yields are obtained with little expense for labor and nothing at all for fertilizers, while there is little danger of injury from drouth. It is also largely grown upon the uplands, and the crops thus obtained, on account of their superior flavor and keeping qualities, bring a much higher price than those grown upon the low land. In localities within easy reach of market the tomato is generally found to be profitable by trucksters, and immense quantities are grown, particularly in Berrien county. They require a rich, but warm and early soil, and with good selection of varieties and well grown plants, but little skill is required to grow them. In a general way the same can be said of melon growing. The water-melon is not very largely grown, but the musk-melon is a profitable crop and is quite largely grown by trucksters, especially in the vicinity of Benton Harbor. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. Where ten years ago one would seldom see flower beds in the yards or plants in the windows the reverse is now the rule, and this gives to the florist a large sale of bedding and house plants. The principal increase in the business of the florist has been in the sale of cut flowers for the adornment of the person, the table or the parlor. 88 Michigan and its Resources. Nearly every large town has its florist, and in the cities particularly the busi- ness is an excellent one. In addition to supplying the local demand for plants and flowers, several firms have a large shipping trade in both, the flowers being for the most part sent to commission merchants in Chicago and the plants to florists in all parts of the country. 4 MICHIGAN AS A FRUIT GROWING STATE. BY J. G. RAMSDELL. The soil, topography and climate of the lower peninsula of Michigan is well adapted to the growing of every variety of orchard and garden fruit that can be grown north of the thirty-seventh parallel, and its marketing facilities are unequaled. Every variety of apples, pears, plums and cherries can be successfully grown upon nearly every farm, and the peach is a safe and profitable crop on all of the high rolling lands lying within thirty miles of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Grapes do well on the hillsides everywhere, and all varieties of berries yield large annual crops. Successful and profitable fruit growing depends princi- pally upon four conditions: First, a soil naturally adapted to a strong and health- ful growth of trees and plants, for the manuring of orchards is generally difficult and always expensive. Second, topography that will admit of free and rapid atmos- pheric drainage in clear cold weather, and thus aid the general climate in pro- tecting trees and fruit from extreme freezing in winter and from damaging ver- nal and autumnal frosts during the blossoming and fruiting season. Third, a climate by which the extreme heat and blasting winds of summer, and the extreme cold and violent storms of winter are tempered to harmless conditions, for it is not the general average of heat in summer, or the general average of cold in winter that the orchardists have to consider, but the extremes of heat that blast and the extremes of cold that destroy, that he has to fear. Fourth, a ready and convenient market with cheajj and rapid transportation. All these conditions are more completely fulfilled in the soil, topography, climate and market facilities of lower Michigan than in any other territory of equal extent in the union of states. COMPOSITION OF SOIL. The inorganic substances which must exist in a soil to make it naturally fertile — that is fertile without manuring — are silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, oxide of magnesia, potash, soda, chlorine, sulphuric acid and carbonic acid, either free or combined with one another, or with other substances. A soil contain- ing these ingredients with from six to ten per cent of organic matter will remain permanently fertile until exhausting crops require the replacement of some of these ingredients. The rocks from which the soil of the lower peninsula of 40 Michigan and its Resources. Michigan is derived furnish all these inorganic substances in great abundance, and the decomposition of ages of forest growth has furnished the needed supply of organic matter. At some period in the geological history of this continent there was a great uplifting in the Lake Superior region. The trap and granite underlying the azoic formation was forced up through all the superincumbent strata of rocks, upturn- ing the broken edges to the surface. During the subsequent glacial period these strata were broken, ground and pulverized into drift material and spread over lower Michigan to a great depth, varying from six hundred feet in the northern to fifty feet or more in the southern part. The rock strata thus ground up and commingled are composed of the following geological formations: Trap and granite in every variety of composition, the azoic formation; the Lake Superior or Potsdam sandstone, highly impregnated with per- oxide of iron; the Trenton group, a siliceous limestone; the Hudson river group, an argillaceous limestone abounding in fossils; the Clinton group, an argillaceous calcareous limestone; the Niagara group, a crystalline magnesian limestone, rich in fossils; the Onondaga salt group, rich in chloride of sodium (salt) and sulphate of lime (gypsum); the Helderberg group, a limestone composed largely of fossil coral; the Hamilton group, a bituminous limestone; and the Huron group, a dark bitum- inous clayey shale. Those familiar with the mineral composition of the several rock formations above named will readily see the exti'aordinary richness in plant-feeding elements of a soil composed of the mingled constituents of these rocks. The feldspar and mica of the trap and granite furnish an abundance of potash; the fossil remains of the limestone rocks, an abundance of phosphates; the salt and gypsum of the Onondaga salt group, an abundance of these materials. The ferrugineous sandstone of the Potsdam group furnishes the iron oxide necessary to healthy growth and high color of fruit and foliage; the mica, feldspar and ai'gillaceous limestones and shales furnish sufficient alumina to give the proper adhesiveness to the soil, and the limestone siliceous rocks, amply supply those materials. The dense forests of deciduous timber that originally covered the most of the State, the magnificent growth of oak, ash, maple and elm which composed those forests, give abundant evidence of the fertility of the soil in the elements of vegetable growth and con- firm the conclusions which science maintains. TOPOGRAPHY. The lower peninsula is bordered on the west, north, and east by lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie. The watershed that divides the streams flowing into these lakes rises to the height of 600 feet above the lakes in Hillsdale county in the southern part, falling gradually northward to less than 100 feet between the tributaries of the Saginaw river and the Grand in Gratiot county, then gradually rising northward until it reaches an elevation of over 1,000 feet in Otsego county. The largest streams, such as the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon and Manistee, on the west, and the Saginaw, Huron and Raisin on the east, take their rise in the higher lands and form broad fertile valleys along their course. The divides between these rivers and their tributaries form gently rolling uplands, without either extended plains or precipitous hills. On the higher plateau which Michigan as a Fruit Growing State. 41 forms the watershed between the great lakes, numerous lakes abound varying from a few acres to many square miles in extent. The natural drainage of the whole is complete. The effect of the topography of lower Michigan upon the growing of fruit will be considered with the CLIMATE. Lake Michigan has an average depth of 1,000 feet, an average width of sixty miles, and contains an area of 2.3,150 square miles. This vast body of water lying along the west and northwest border forms a thermal regulator, absorbing the heat of summer and gradually yielding it up again to temper the cold of winter, thus avoiding the extremes of heat and cold that damage foliage in summer and injure buds and trees in winter. The prevailing winds in winter are west and northwest. These winds, passing over the open water of Lake Michigan in winter are raised in temperature from ten to thirty degrees; so ,that storms that register from twenty to thirty degrees below zero on the western shore of the lake seldom fall to zero on its Michigan border. The amount of heat which a gallon of water will absorb and then give off again when surrounded by a lower temperature is immense. Take a gallon of water, heat it to the boiling point, put it in a common jug, and place it under the robes in a sleigh, and it will keep the feet comfortably warm for a whole day's journey with the thermometer at zero. Such is precisely the effect of Lake Michigan, lees in degree but infinitely greater in amount. Warmed up by the summer's heat of sun and wind, as the air over the water falls below it in temperature, the water yields up a portion of its heat in constantly ascending vapor which these westerly winds bring directly to the Michigan shore, softening almost past credibility its climate as far north as the forty-fifth parallel. In this respect the great lake seems almost endowed with consciousness; the colder the weather the greater its effort to temper the air. Go out in a still clear morning with the thermometer at zero and look out upon the lake; you will see a dense column of vapor rising from its surface, as though all the fires of Pluto were seething at its bottom. This vapor is wafted over the land and meeting with the colder upper air is condensed and falls in snowflakes so clean and pure and white that nature furnishes no object with which to compare them. This evaporation is going on constantly during the winter season, giving a great depth of snow, particularly in the northern porti(jn, where the depth is so great that the ground is wholly protected from freezing. The same causes that temper the winter, acting inversely, also temper the heat of summer. The water having cooled down to near the freezing point during the winter, absorbs the excessive heat of summer, so that those blighting winds which so often sear and destroy the foliage of trees and plants in other states are unfelt in this. While the hydrographic advantages of Michigan regulate and temper its general climate, its favorable toijography is a valuable element in successful orcharding. Along the whole eastern shore of Lake Michigan, for at least ten miles inland, and around Grand Traverse bay, for a distance varying from three to five miles, damaging frosts either in spring or fall seldom occur, and the same is true upon the hillsides and ridges of the rolling lands of the interior. The philosophy of this is 42 Michigan and its Resources. so simple and yet so little understood that yn explanation here will not be out of place. Every one has observed that ordinary frosts vary greatly in their severity in the same neighborhood, low places, level lands, and basins or depressions, suffering more injury than sidehills, knolls and ridges. On a clear, still night heat radiates from the surface of the earth into space. As this radiation goes on the surface grows colder and colder. If level the air remains stationary and falls in temperature with the surface of the earth. At first the moisture of the air is condensed and foims dew; at 32° Fahrenheit it is crystalized into hoar frost; if it sinks still lower the sap of tender plants is frozen, and expanding bursts or injures the cells and kills the plants. Cold air is heavier than warm air, and the colder it gets the heavier it grows. On hillsides, knolls and ridges, as radiation cools the surface the air becomes heavier and runs down the hill to the valley or plain below and warmer air takes its place; this in its turn grows dense and passes down, forming a current of air down the hill, leaving none of it still long enough to reach 'the freezing point. If the valley is inclosed so as to foim a basin, the cold air draining into it may till it up so that the frost will reach up the hillside to the level of the dam which incloses it. But where the drainage reaches a body of water, heat escaping from the water reheats the air. causing it to rise and flow back again to take the place of that which is flowing down the hill. In the cold, still nights of winter the dif- ference in temperature between hillsides and inclosed basins and level land is surprising. On February 9, 1865, the coldest night ever known in the Grand Traverse region, Messrs. Avery and Marshall of Old Mission found a difference of twenty-two degrees in less than 100 feet elevation; and Messrs. Parmely & Brinkman eleven degrees in fourteen feet elevation. These tests were, however, in places where the drainage was obstructed by ridges across the line of drainage forming basins. Where the valley or hillside opens without obstruction to the bay or lakes, the difference is not so great. I found on my farm which descends rapidly towards Grand Traverse bay, a differ- ence of ten degrees to one hundred feet elevation on the same night of the Old Mission test. When we consider how close the margin is between absolute exemption from injury and the total destruction of the tender varieties of fruit trees by freezing, we can see how important is this matter of atmospheric drainage. With twelve degrees peach buds are comjjaratively safe; at fifteen degrees the buds are pretty 8ure to be killed, and the trees are in danger; and at twenty-two degrees destruc- tion of the tree is almost certain. A hundred feet elevation, with open drainage to lower levels, may determine the difference between a crop of fruit and a ruined orchard; and in inclosed valleys or basins twenty feet may do the same. This simple matter was not understood in the early planting of orchards in this State. For ease of cultivation and convenience in gathering the fruit, level lands were selected for orcharding, to the great disappointment and loss of the owners. MARKETS. A glance at the map of Michigan and the west is all that is necessary to show its great advantage in resjject to markets. At the very gates of Chicago, the greatest distributing fruit point in the world, with both water and rail transporta- Michigan as a Fruit Growing State. 43 tion to the vast fiuitlegs region of the west and north with its unlimited demand, jj;ives to Michigan fruit growers market advantages superior to the fruit growers of any otlier state. CHARACTER OF FRUIT. The fruits grown in Michigan, while less in size than the same varieties grown in the Mississippi valley and on the Pacilic coast, are firmer in texture, more spirited and pronounced in flavor, higher colored, fairer, and of greater specific gravity, and their keeping qvialities, especially apples, surpass all other districts. My peach orchard is on Grand Traverse bay, elevated 100 feet above its surface, in latitude 44^ ii' . I had a heavy crop last summer, and today, March 21, 1893, notwithstanding the severity of the past winter, the buds are uninjured and the promise for a heavy crop again this year is certain. PEPPERMINT AND OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS. BY GEO, W. OSBORN, OF MENDON, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRAL MINT GROWERS' CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION. Michigan produces annually more peppermint oil than all the other states com- bined, and St. Joseph county, in which it was first successfully produced com- mercially in this State, still furnishes something more than half of Michigan's annual product. Next in order of their product come Kalamazoo. Wayne. Van Buren, Allegan and Cass, and peppermint is raised and stilled to a small extent in several other counties. Peppermint was first cultivated and distilled in Michigan in about 1835, on White Pigeon Prairie, township of Florence, St. Joseph county, by a Mr. Sawyer, but for some reason the venture was unprofitable and was abandoned. Pepper- mint oil was first successfully produced commercially in 1842, by Messrs. John Smith and Harrison Ranney, who had had experience in the business in Wayne county, N. Y., on the farm of the late Norman Roys, in the same township of Florence. The sandy loam of the burr oak plains seemed particularly adapted to its growth. That farm and township were soon covered, the business extended to the townships of Lockport, Nottawa, Park and Mendon, so that by 1850 the yearly product of peppermint in St. Joseph county alone was estimated at 100,000 to 150,000 pounds — an amount exceeding the production of all the rest of the world at that time. These details for the early history of this industry I get from Mr. George Roys, who was born in Florence and is thoroughly famil- iar with it, and though, at this distance in time and in the absence of statis- tics, the estimate may seem wild, it must be remembered that at that time the land was new, injury by winter freezing or summer drouth practically unknown, and that the average yield was about twenty pounds per acre on uplands, whereas at present a very small proportion of the crop is grown on uplands. The big Peppermint and other Essential Oils. 45 crop of 1850 also so overloaded the market that the price of oil dropped to less than one dollar a pound, driving many out of the business. Although it was known that peppermint was a plant of an aquatic nature, it was not until 1880 that it was demonstrated that it could be successfully pro- duced on reclaimed marsh land. This induced Messrs. Sidney Johnson and Henry Hall, of Three Rivers, to buy and reclaim 1,000 acres of the "Florence marsh" for this purpose, on which Mr. Hall still successfully operates the largest mint farm in the world. Marsh mint, however, is not free from failures. Cut worms, spring frosts, sum- mer floods and grasshoppers serve to keep the supply even with the demand. Though an average successful crop is fifteen to twenty pounds of oil per acre, yet owing to reasons given fields are often cut yielding only two to four or five pounds, and frequently as high as one-fifth of the acreage in the State reported to the Mint Growers' Association is an entire loss, so this keeps the average per acre for the State low as compared with the average per acre for a fairly good crop. As the mint is only cultivated the first year and requires afterward no expense of labor except cutting with a mower and distilling, fields are often harvested which yield little more than enough to pay for mowing and distilling. WORMWOOD, SPEARMINT, ETC. Wormwood was first cultivated and distilled in Michigan in 1860, by the late Alvin Calhoun, likewise of Florence, St. Joseph county, who was the only grower for several years. In 1871 he sold 150 pounds of oil at twelve dollars per pound, and the exorbitant price so stimulated over production that the price dropped to about two dollars; too near the cost to leave any profit to the grower. The other essential oils grown and distilled by farmers are spearmint, tansy and erigeron. All these oils are produced in sufficient quantities to supply the demand, and their annual sales add several thousand dollars to the essential oil industry. ACREAGE IN PEPPERMINT. The number of acres of peppermint now raised in the State from a close esti- mate made by the Mint Grow'ers' Association, is about 11,000. The average yield per acre is about 8 pounds, making a total of 88,000 pounds. The average price paid growers for the past four or five years has been $2 per pound. Total value to growers, §176,000. The oil is sold by the producers to local buyers, who sell it to exporters and speculators in New York and other markets, except what is handled by the Mint Growers' Association and sold direct to the large dealers in New York and elsewhere for the benefit of its members. Michigan's only con- siderable domestic competitor in peppermint oil is the State of New York, where the industry first started. MODE OF DISTILLATION. As a rule the farmers distill their own mint, except the small growers, who draw it to the nearest still to be manufactured. These stills are generally run night and day until the crop is secured. The oil is obtained by evaporation, the 46 Michigan and its Eesources. steam passing through a series of tin pipes, where it is condensed by using cold water upon them. The water and oil thus condensed runs into a receiver; the oil being the lighter rises to the top and is dipped off into cans and is ready for market. EXPOKTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS. The exports of pepjjerniint oil from the United States for a number of years past, so as to get an average cannot be obtained, for the reason that previous to the year ending June 30, 1891. this oil was classed in exports with other essential oils and drugs. In 1890 the association succeeded in getting peppermint in a sepa- rate list, and the annual statement of the exports of the United States for the year ending June 30, 1891, shows in pounds as follows: To Germany 2.'5.191 Great Britain and Ireland 15.3'2l? France 1,513 All other countries 291 Total amount exports (pounds) 45.321 Total export value $120,831 Average value exports, per pound $2 66 FOREIGN COMPETITION. A small amount of peppermint oil is produced in England, Germany and France. but not enough to affect prices in the world's markets. The most serious competition we have to meet is from an inferior oil produced in Japan. This oil has an unpleasant odor and taste, but is a heavy oil and rich in menthol. The following table of exports from Japan from 1884 to 1890. with the export value at the date of shipment will show the competition from that country: Year. Ponnds. Per pound. 1884 12.020 SI 60 1885 20.480 1 67 1886 81,330 50 1887 115.231 51 1888 25.586 60 1889 31.734 65 1890 .39,149 85 This oil was sent to the following countries: Germany, Great Britain. China. France, United States. Italy, British India, and other countries in the order named. It will be seen that Japanese oil enters largely into the world's consumption and is a strong competitor of American oils. Its cheapness, and the facility with which it can be mixed with our oil as an adulterant, makes it a dangerous rival. MICHIGAN AT THE FAIR. BY WORLD S FAIR COMMISSIONER. AT THE FORE IN THESE GREAT INDUSTRIES: First in Lumber, Iron Ore, Charcoal, Iron, Salt, Gypsum, Furniture, Fkuit, Peppermint Oil, Inland Fisheries, Lake Commerce, Ship Building; Sbcond IN Copper and Vessel Tonnage op all Kinds. First also in Yield op Wheat Per Acre and Value. Product Per Acre op the Main Farm Crops. A summary of statistics regarding Michigan's chief industries, compiled under direction of the State World's Fair Commissioners for bulletin in the Michigan building, makes a remarkable, and in some respects a showing as surprising as it is gratifying in respect to those industries in which the Peninsula State either leads all other states in the Union, or stands in the front rank in the extent and value of annual product. By this exhibit, compiled in most cases from official sources, Michigan stands first in lumber and saw-mill products, hardwood forests, hardwood manufactures and furni- ture. First in iron ore, charcoal iron, salt and gypsum. Second in copper. Among the first in yield of wheat per acre and in the value product per acre of farm crops generally as compared with states west of New York. First in peppermint oil, and not second in apples, peaches, plums and fruit generally. Third in value of sheep and wool, only Ohio and California surpassing her. First in extent of coast line, with over 1,600 miles on Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie. First in inland commerce; first in inland commercial fisheries; first in ship building, and second only to New York in vessel tonnage of all kinds. First in number and variety of its summer resorts, and in its wealth of brook trout, grayling, bass, pike, perch, and other stream and lake sport fishing. First in its State univer- sity, with 2,800 students (science, literature, law and medicine); and not second in 48 Michigan and its Resoukces. its common, high, normal and mining schools and agricultural college; or in its State benevolent institutions, including school for the blind at Lansing; for deaf mutes at Flint, soldiers' home at Grand Rapids, State public school at Coldwater, industrial home for girls at Adrian, industrial school for boys at Lansing, asylums for insane at Kalamazoo, Pontiac, Traverse City and upper peninsula, asylum for insane criminals at Ionia, and home for the feeble-minded. Some of these statements are almost startling. For instance, nearly half the total domestic product of iron ore and half its value come from Michigan's mines. Pro- duct for 1892, 7,543,544 tons; increase over 1890 census of 1,687,375 tons. (Report statistics geological survey for 1892.) Total value of product of United States for census year, $33,351,978; total tons, 14,518,041, of which Michigan produced 5,856,- 169, valued at $15,800,524; Alabama next in tonnage with 1,570,319 tons, valued at $1,511,621; New York second in value product, $3,100,210, with 1,247,537 tons; Penn- sylvania third in value product, $3,063,514, with 1,560,234 tons. Average value per ton of ore, Michigan, $2.70; Alabama, $0.96; New York, $2.49; Pennsylvania, $1.96. (Census bulletin 113). " The total production of iron ore in the United States in 1890," says State Com- missioner of Mineral Statistics Lawton in his official report, •' was about 17J-^ mill- ion tons, to which Michigan contributed 7,185,175 tons, worth at the mines at least $26,000,000. The quality of Michigan ore is greatly in its favor. The average in 1890 was 02 per cent, in metallic iron some 68, while much of the ore produced else- where has b\it 50 per cent or less. About half of the product, too, was Bessemer, i. e., so free from phosphorus as to be suitable for making Bessemer steel." "Nearly 55 per cent of all the iron ore mined in the United States in 1892 was furnished by the Lake Superior region, and of this amount Michigan furnished 86 per cent.'' — Richard A. Parker. The report of the mining division of statistics in the geological survey for 1892 puts the total iron ore product for the United States for 1892 at 16,296,666 long tons, or 1,778,625 tons increase over census year. Michigan jjroduced in 1892, 7,543,544 tons, an increase over census year of 1,687,.375, or 95 per cent of the increase for the whole country, and over 46 per cent of the total output. Ala- bama stands next to Michigan in output with 2,312,071 tons; Minnesota third, with 1,255,463; Pennsylvania fourth, 1.084,047; New York fifth, 891,099; Wisconsin sixth, 790.179 tons. Twenty-four states produced iron ore in commercial quantities. With only 43J^ per cent of the total output in the census year Michigan's value product was 471;^ per cent. \Vith 46 per cent of the total output in 1892, as per report of geological survey, the value product of Michigan iron ores for '92 should be a trifle over 50 per cent of the total value product; and with 47.3 .per cent of the total output, as per R. A. Parker's figures, 51.4 per cent of the total value product. Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota produce, according to 1890 census, more than one-third of all the lumber in the United States, while Michigan's output just about equals that of Wisconsin and Minnesota combined, and was a fifth (to be exact, 19.75 per cent) of the total domestic product. The total Michigan jn-oduct of lumber, shingles, staves, etc., for the census year aggregated $08,141,189, an increase over 1880 of $15,691,261. United States census bulletin No. 5, page 6, o •7: > CD •f'l^J — I L i_H_iM. Michigan at the Fair. 49 puts the value of lumber and sawmill products and their manufactures for 1890 census year as follows: States. No. miles. Capital. No. hands. Valae product. Michigan 86.3 320 $111,302,797 84..586,623 27,497,187 43,827 31,050 9,927 $68,141,189 Wisconsin.. .. 49,547,410 Minnesota - 19,123,023 Total 2,U0 223,386,607 84,814 $186,811,622 The acting superintendent of census under date of May 5, 1893, states that it was '• not yet possible to publish final and complete totals, but that Michigan's product constituted nearly one-fifth (19.7.3 per cent) of the total value of lumber and sawmill products thus far obtained for the census of 1890." He, however, gives a summary, by groups of states, of the lumber and sawmill products (exclu- sive of manufactures) as follows: White pine group (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota) $115,699,014 Pacific coast (California, Washington, Oregon) 24,192,367 Hard pine states (Maryland. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri) 54,747,266 Central (Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee) 49,433,293 Eastern (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware) 62,087,984 All the other states and territories 4,119,246 Total for United States $323,134,009 The total United States lumber and sawmill products (according to same author- ity) for 1880 were 8233,660,043, or §89,474,052 less than in 1890, while Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota produced in 1880, §77,768,313, or 837,930,691 less than in 1890. In 1880 these three states furnished 33.34 per cent of the total United States lumber and sawmill product, while in 1890 they furnished 35.81 per cent. The Pacific group furnished 7.49 per cent; the southern, 16.94 per cent; the central, 15.29 per cent; the eastern, 19.21 per cent; all other states and territories, 5.26 per cent. The United States produces half of the world's copper, and Michigan one-third that of the United States. Michigan's 1889 product, 43,728 tons; 1890, 50,303i^ tons; 1891, 54,685 tons. " The total value of Michigan's 1890 copper output, at 15^^ cents per pound (average rate for year in New York) was 15,855,427." (Report of Michigan Commissioner of Mines and Minerals, 1891, page 36.) Total United States product in 1889, 113,028 tons; Michigan, 4.3,723 tons; Montana, 49,111. Total for 1890, 136,704 tons; Michigan, 50,303}^ tons; Montana, 61,475. Michigan 1891 product, 54.685 tons. 7 50 Michigan and its Eesources. According to 1890 census Michigan produced one-third the charcoal iron made in the country, $3,932,278 out of the $11,985,103 total domestic product. In salt Michigan's output is almost one-half in amount and value of the total domestic product; $2,302,579 in value in 1890; in 1891, 3,927.G71 barrels; in 1892. 3,812,054 barrels. Of gypsum Michigan produces almost half the total domestic product — 131,767 tons in 1890; New York next with 52,206 tons. For an average of ten years ending in 1890, as shown by report of United States Statistician Dodge, Michigan not only led Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and all the great northwestern wheat states in the yield of wheat per acre (18^^.3 bushels in 1891 as per Michigan " Farm Statistics "). but also in the value product per acre of wheat, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat and hay. Michigan has 178 furniture factories in 60 cities and villages, with an invested capital of $9,855,000. Grand Rapids has 45 factories, with a capital of $5,000,000. employing 5,000 hands and is the recognized furniture center of the country. More peppermint oil is produced in Michigan than in all the rest of the country together. The acreage for 1892 is put at 11.000; average yield per acre, eight pounds; value per pound at still. $2.00, or a total value in first hands of $176,000. In 1890-91 the United States exported 45.321 pounds of oil, valued at $2.66 per pound, while Japan, the only other country producing a surplus of peppermint, exported same year 39,149 pounds, valued at eighty-tive cents. The Japan article is a heavy oil and rich in menthol, but in every other way inferior and is largely in use as an adulterant. But probably the most surprising tigures are those grouped under the head- ing, "First in inland commerce, first in ship building, and second only to New York in vessel tonnage of all kinds." According to the quoted report of Unitod States Statistician Dodge, the total vessel tonnage on the Great Lakes in 1891 was 1,063,063 tons; number of vessels, 2,94'); value. $75,590,950. The ton mileage on these lakes in same year was 25 per cent of the railway ton mileage of the United States. The freight tonnage passing the Sault canal in 1890 was 8.554.- 4.34. or 1,664,341 tons more than passed through Suez canal, and this although the Suez is open the whole year, while the Sault is closed several months. The freight tonnage passing through Detroit river in 1890 was 21,684,000 tons, about the same as that of Liverpool and London combined, or our entire Atlantic coast foreign trade tonnage. The character of the lake tonnage is given as follows: Steamers. 1,277; sail, 927; unrigged. 771; steel, 89; iron. 39; wood, 2,817. Statis- tician Dodge is quoted further on this point as follows: "About one-quarter the tonnage of our entire merchant marine is on the northern lakes, and the large steam tonnage (1,000 tons and upwards) on the Great Lakes exceeds the total similar tonnage of all the rest of the country by 131.093 tons." Michigan leads in this great lake commerce and her vessel tonnage for the year ending June 30. 1892. exceeded that of every other state in the Union, except New York, the great ocean carrier. The figures on which this statement is based are furnished by the United States statistician from the last report of the United States bureau of navigation. The table following shows the number of vessels and vessel ton- nage of the sixteen leading states (totaling 4..373.040 tons in 1892) for the years Michigan at the Fair. 51 ending June 30, 1892, 1891, 1888 and 1886 and includes all states having 50,000 tonnage: • States. No. vessels '92. Tonnage. Sail. Steam. 628 188 477 147 257 897 174 178 196 125 172 214 181 1.58 1,457 Total. 1892. 1891. 1888. 18S6. Michigan .. .- 522 1,494 486 1,902 695 151 2,062 •460 251 965 150 161 3.59 51 2,302 1,150 1,682 963 2,019 952 548 2,236 638 447 1,090 322 375 540 209 3,759 390,920 389,942 353,( 57 352,574 316,872 315,849 143,536 134,413 111,267 101,088 89,074 84,632 57,974 56,499 l,3:«l,937 388,021 393,775 284,744 :«J9,014 311,726 267,795 276,7.50 433,133 273,203 409,664 281,132 276,540 141,431 119,754 91,043 91,996 64,724 77,470 62,402 53,317 1,136,1.54 226,391 MassachaeettS— - 442,383 282,416 Maine California. 487,574 251,142 Ohio -. 164,681 Maryland 146,899 108,672 83,025 89,412 49.776 73,522 "1,029,233' 69,952 Oregon.. - -.. New York .59,192 1,218,113 From the foregoing table it is seen that the growth of Michigan's tonnage has been continuous since 1886, and that its increase in six years has been 73 per cent. New York's tonnage for the same period shows a net increase of only 10 per cent; its tonnage showing a steady decrease amounting to lo^j per cent for the live years ending 1891, and then in a single year jumping up 310.704 tons. Massachusetts shows a net decrease since 1886 of 52,401 tons, or about 12 per cent; Maine a decrease of i;i5.0{K) tons, or 27^3 per cent. The seven Atlantic sea- board states, New York. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Maine, Maryland, Connecti- cut and New Jersey, which in 1892 had considerably more than half the total tonnage of the country, showed in that year a net increase over 1886 of only 39.078 tons, or l^j per cent, while the tonnage of the lake states, Michigan, Ohio. Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Minnesota, increased during the same period :{;39,406 tons, or 60 per cent, 315.774 tons being credited to Michigan and Ohio. The lake tonnage of New York and Pennsylvania has not as yet been given sepa- rately from the ocean tonnage. Not less surprising is the way Michigan has forged to the front in ship building. Of the total 294,123 vessel tonnage built in 189{t in the United States 1(!9.091 tons were built on the seaboard, 16,560 tons on western rivers, and 108,526 tons on the northern lakes. Of this 108,526 lake tonnage Michigan yards at Bay City, Detroit and Grand Haven built 45,7.33 tons, 65 vessels, including two 4,000 ton steel steamers for the ocean trade, while Cleveland and other Ohio yards built 41.000 tons. United States Statistician Dodge, who is authority for the foregoing, further says: ••The steam tonnage built on the Great Lakes in 1890 was 40 per cent greater than that of the entire seaboard. For the lakes, 86,023 tons; seaboard, 61,137." It may not be amiss, in this connection, to add that but for the treaty with Great Britain, which forbade it. some of the great war cruisers for the United States navy would have been constructed at the Bay City yards. As indicative of Michigan's yet undeveloped, as compared with developed resources, farming and other, the following figures are also given: Population in 1890, 2,09.3,889; increase over 1880, 28 per cent. Tax value. State equalization, 52 Michigan and its Kesources. 1892, $1,130,000,000; square miles, per United States survey, 58,915. Acres of land in farms as per " Michigan Farm Statistics" of 1893, 12,720,619. Acres land not in farms, 24,254,741. Acres in farms improved, 8,328,189; not improved, including reserved woodlands, 4,392,430. Considering the large proportion of Michigan's yet undeveloped resources in connection with what she has already achieved, her inexhaustible mines and minerals, her wealth in hard wood forests lying conven- ient to consuming centers, her advantageous position as the center of the com- merce of the Great Lakes, and the gi-eat amount of virgin agricultural land yet untouched by the settler, it must be conceded that no state in the Union offers brighter promise for the future. Michigan is a great State. She is surpassed by no other state in the Union, if indeed equaled, in the extent, number and diverstiy of the great industries in which she either leads or stands in the front rank; and this fact will be made more and more prominent as the days roll by at the great World's Fair in Chicago. THE UPPER PENINSULA. BY HON. J. M. LONGYEAK. The upper peninsula of Michigan, lying between Lake Superior on the north and Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and adjoining the state of Wisconsin on the southwest, is something over three hundred miles in length and nearly one hundred and fifty miles in extreme width. Its average width is perhaps fifty or sixty miles, its irregular outlines making it extremely difficult to give any compre- hensive verbal description of it. In surface characteristics it presents more variety than is found in any other part of the State. The eastern half of the peninsula is comparatively level, being underlaid on the south by horizontally bedded limestones and on the north by sandstone. In this part of the peninsula occur very extensive swamps, some of which are heavily timbered with spruce, cedar, tamarack, etc.. while others consist of extensive wet marshes or savannas. There are also large areas of land in this region with rolling and, in places, broken surface, particularly on the north or Lake Superior shore where sandstone often rises to heights of sev- eral hundred feet above the lake, notably at the Pictured Rocks, where the rugged scenery, the fantastic and beautiful forms into which the waters of the lake has worn the sandstone, create a coast whose beauties have been famous since the country was first known to the earliest explorers. The streams in this region generally Mow southward into Lake Michigan, the watershed, or divide, being only a few miles south of Lake Superior. The Teh-qua-me-non river is the largest which enters Lake Superior from the eastern half of the peninsula, the other streams being generally small. The streams flowing into Lake Michigan are slug- gish and of considerable volume, considering the area drained. Those entering Lake Superior are generally of rapid current and many of them form interesting and picturesque waterfalls in their rapid descent to the lake. The surface of the western part of the peninsula is generally rolling and often broken with high, rocky hills rising to heights of from six hundred to one thousand 54 Michigan and its Resources. five hundred feet above Lake Superior. The most rugged and mountainous regions are the Huron mountains, east of Keweenaw bay, and the Porcupine mount- ains, near the west end of the peninsula. The streams in this portion of the peninsula are generally full of rapids and contain numerous cataracts, some of which have already been utilized for water-power. Many others will be utilized in the future, as the natural power, aggregating many thousand horse power, will certainly be used as the region is developed. Most of the streams in this west- ern portion of the peninsula are small, but a few carry a very considerable vol- ume of water and the power they are able to furnish will be permanent and valuable. Scattered about over the surface of the entire peninsula are hundreds of lakes of various sizes, from mere ponds to seA^eral thousand acres in area. Fish abound in nearly all of these lakes and many of them are visited every year by sports- men, the number of visitors steadily increasing from year to year as better trans- portation facilities are afforded. The region is an enticing one to the tourist, the sportsman, the artist and the man of business, all finding within its boundaries ample scope for the exer- cise of their respective talents and skill. IKON ORE. The great business of the upper peninsula is the production of iron ore, in which the western half abounds. It is safe to say, however, that great as the production now is, the capacity of the peninsula is many times greater than has yet been demonstrated. The greater part of the peninsula is still a wilderness and there are miles of iron ore indications yet untouched by miners or explor- ers. Many of these indications are fully as good as those first found on the older ranges. The iron ore business of the peninsula multiplied over seven times in the eighteen years between 1873 and 1890. both seasons inclusive, and it is safe to say that it may be still multiplied seven times more before the limit of its productive capacity has been reached. It is estimated by many experts that in the not very distant future the iron business of this cauntry will have increased to such porportions that it will be impossible to supply the