.y 0^' '0' .-^■^ .^ %. ' S \ > \> ^ ^ * " / ^^^^ r -^^ ^ ^ < \> . ->^ \V "^ ,<^- - '$ xO '^<. '^V 'O 0^ ^'"L'^ \^^ V "^^ ^\ v^' ■v THE NORTH CAROLINA REYERglBIiECOPY BQeKg. RECOMMENDED BY THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR USE IN ALL THE PUBLIC SOHOOLS OF THE STATE. The North Carolina Reversible Copy Books are specially adapted to our schools. The essential system is com- jilete in four books, and the books are so arranged by a patent method that but a single page is necessarily exposed at one time. A full page Blotter is hinged to the cover, and it can be used on every page of the book. Some of the special points of merit in the North Carolina Reversible Copy Books are: /. THE REVERSIBLE FORM IS THE BEST. \. Occupies less desk roon). 2. Pnges lie flat. 0. One page only is exposed. 4. Each page is removable. 5. Contains extra Practice Leaves. 2. THE GRADING IS BETTER. 1. Each book contains both Alphabets. 2. The copies are more progressive. 3. The books advance in harmony with other school grades. 4. Letters are arranged in order of similarity and simplicity of formation. 5. Monotonous repetition is avoided. 3. THE SERIES IS MORE COMPACT. 1. It is complete in Six Books. 2. Obtainable in Parts. 3. Bn*^ V ne series of Copies. 4. No superfluous lines, si)aces or numbers. 5. The copy lines are all contained in P\)ur Books. 4. THE SYSTEM IS MORE SIMPLE. 1. Three principles to each Alfihabet. 2. Less complicated and objectionable ruling-, 3. No abstract marks, unmeaning words or confusing directions. 4. Analysis is omitted from the books. 5. The ruling corresponds with ordinary Note, Letter send Cap in spacing. ALFRED WILLIAMS & CO., BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, RALEIGH, N. C. SCHOOL HISTORY NORTH CAROLINA, FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME. JOHN ^A^. MOORE. THIRD EDITION-REVISED SND ENLARGED. SCHOOLS OF THE STATE. K A LEIGH: -^ ALFRED WILLIAMS & CO., Publishers. UZZELL & GATLING, PRINTERS. 1882. Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 18S2, by ALFRED WILLIAMS & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at tVashington. PREFACE. In the publication of a tliird edition it seems proper that something should be said as to changes made in this work. At a session of the North Carolina Board of Education, held November 22d, 1881, it was resolved that "the Board expressly reserve to itself the right to require further revisions" in Moore's School History of North Carolina, the second edition of which was then adopted for use in the public schools. Conforming to this requirement of the State Board of Education, the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort to perfect this work. To Mrs. C. P. Spencer, E. J, Hale, Esq., of New York, and Hon, Montford McGehee, Commissioner of Agriculture, the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions, but still more largely to Col. W. L. Saunders, Secretary of State, who has aided assiduously not only in its revision, but in its progress through the press. CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. I. Pliysical Description of North Carolina 1 II. Piiysical Description — Continued 5 III. Geological Characteristics 9 IV. The Indians 13 V. Sir Walter Raleigh 18 VI. Discovery of North Carolina 22 VII. Governor Lane's Colony 27 VIII. Governor White's Colony 32 IX. The Fate of Raleigh 37 X. Charles II. and the Lords Proprietors 42 XL Governor Drumniond and Sir John Yeamans 46 XII. Governor Stephens and the Fundamental Constitutions... 51 XIII. Early Governors and their Troubles 55 XIV. Lord Carteret Adds a New Trouble 59 XV. Thomas Carey and the Tuscarora War 63 XVL Governor Eden and Black-Beard 69 XVII. Governor Gabriel Johnston 73 XVIII. The Pirates and Other Enemies 78 XIX. Governor Arthur Dobbs 82 XX. Governor Tryon and the Stamp Act 86 XXI. Governor Tryon and the Regulators 93 XXri. Governor Martin and the Revolution 98 XXIII. First Provincial Congress 102 XXIV. Second Provincial Congress 106 XXV. The Congress at Ilillsboro Ill XXVI. Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge 116 XXVII. Fourth Provincial Congress Declares Independence 120 XXVIII. A(loi)tion of a State Constitution 125 XXIX. The War Continued 129 XXX. Stony Point and Charleston 132 XXXI. Ramsour's Mill and Canideii Coint-IIoiise 136 CONTENTS. V CHAPTER. PAGE. XXXir. Battle of King's Mountain 140 XXXIII. Cornwallis' Last Invasion 145 XXXIV. Battle of Gnilford Court-Honse 150 XXXV. Fanning and his Brutalities 154 XXXVI. Peace and Independence 160 XXXVII. The State of Franklin 164 XXXVIII. Formation of the Union 169 XXXIX. France and America 173 XL. The Federalists and the Republicans 177 XLI. Closing of the Eighteenth Century 182 XLII. Growth and Expansion 186 XLIII. Second War with Great Britain 190 XLIV. After the Storm 194 XLV. The Whigs and the Democrats 198 XLVL The Condition of the State 202 XLVIL The Courts and the Bar 206 XLVIIL Origin of the Public Schools 210 XLIX. Slavery and Social Development 215 L. The Mexican War 219 LI. The North Carolina Railway ?nd the Asylums 223 LII. A Spectre of the Past Re-appears 227 LIIL The Social and Political Status 231 LIV. President Lincoln and the War 236 LV. The War Between the States 242 LVI. The Combat Deepens 246 LVIL The War Continues 251 LVIII. War and its Horrors 255 LIX. The Death Wound at Gettysburg 259 LX. General Grant and his Campaign 263 LXI. North Carolina and Peace-Making 269 LXIL The War Draws to a Close 274 LXIII. Concluding Scenes of the War 277 LXIV. Refitting the Wreck 283 LXV. Governor Worth and President Johnson 287 • LXVI. Results of Reconstruction 292 LXVII. Results of Reconstruction — Continued 298 LXVIII. Impeachment of Governor Holden 303 VI CONTENTS. CIIAI'TKR. PAGE. LXIX. Resumption of, Self-Government 307 LXX. Tlie Cotton Tnide and Factories .311 LXXI. Progress of Material Development 315 LXXII. The Railroads and New Towns 321 LXXIII. Literature and Authors 326 LXXIV. The Colleges and Schools 332 LXXV. Conclusion 337 APPENDIX. Constitution of North Carolina.. 345 Questions on the Constitution 373 HINTS TO TEACHERS. It is well known that any subject can be more tliorouglily taught when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums for imparting the knowledge; and the teacher of "North Carolina History" will find a valuable help in a wall map of the State hung in convenient position for reference while the Jiistory class is reciting. Require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities when men- tioned, also places adjoining; trace the courses of the rivers whicii have a historical interest, and name important towns upon their banks. A good, reliable wall map of North Carolina can be procured at a moderate price from the publishers of this work. It has been deemed proper to make the chapters short, that each may form one lesson. At the close of each chapter will be found questions upon the main points of the lesson. These will furnish thought for many other questions whicli will suggest themselves to the teacher. There are many small matters of local State history which can be given with interest to the class, from time to time, as appropriate periods are reached. These minor facts could not be included in tiie compass of a school book, but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to "Moore's Library History of North Carolina." Inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for their native State. A little effort in this direction will show you how easily it can be done. In every boy and girl is a latent feeling of pride in whatever per- tains to tiie welfare of their native State, and this feeling should be culti- vated and enlarged, and thus the children make better citizens when grown. The history of our State is filled with events which, told to the young, will VIII HI^'T.S TO TEACHERS. fix their attention, and awaken a desire to know more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the foundation of this Commonwealth. The Appendix contains the present "Constitution of North Carolina.'' Then follows a series of "Questions on the ("onstitution," prepared expressly for this work by Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. I)., President of the University of North Carolina. This is an entirely new and valuable feature in a school book, and contains an analysis of our State government. This is just the information that every citizen of North Carolina ought to possess, and teachers should require all their students of this history to read and study the Constitution and endeavor to answer the .questions thereon. No State in the Union possesses a i-ecord of nobler achievements than North Carolina. Her people liave always loved liberty for themselves, and they offered the same priceless boon to all who came within her borders; and it was a full knowledge of this trait of our people which made Ban- croft sav "North Carolina was settled bv the freest of the free." HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTEK 1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. The State of North Carolina is iiichided between the parallels 34° and 3()J° north latitude, and between tlie meridians 75 J° and 84 J° west longitude. Its western boundary is the crest of the Smoky Mountains, which, with the Blue Ridge, forms a part of the great Appalachian system, extending almost frorii the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; its eastern is the Atlantic Ocean. Its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundral miles; its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty -eight miles. The extreme length of the State from east to west is tive hundred miles. The area end^raced within its boundaries is fifty-two thousand two hun- dred and eighty-six square miles. 2. The climate of North Carolina is mild and equable. This is due in })art to its geographical j)osition ; midway, a,^ it were, between the northern and southern limits of the Union. Two other causes concur to modify it: the one, the lofty Appalachian chain, which forms, to sc^me extent, a shield from the bleak \vinds of the north-west; the other, the softening influence of the Gulf Stream, the current of which swee])s along near its shores. ']. The result of these coml)ined causes is shown in the character of the seasons. Foii's are almost unknown; frosts 2 HtSTORV OF XORTir ("AIIolJXA, occur not until the uiiddle of October; ice rarely forms of a sufficient thicknc^i^ to be gathered; snows are light, seldom remaining on the ground more than two or three days. The average min-fall is about fifty-three inches, which is pretty unif(»rmly distributed throughout the year. The climate is eminently favorable to health and longevity. 4. The State falls naturally into three divisions or sections — the Western or Mountain section, the Middle or Piedmont section, and the Eastern or Tide-water section. The first con- sists of mountains^ many of them rising to towering heights, the highest, indeed, east of the Rocky Mountains, It is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge and on the west by the Smoky Mountains. The section enclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an elli])se. Its length, is about one hundred and ei«j:htv miles ; its averao:e breadth from twentv to fifty miles. It is a high j)lateau, from the plane of Avhich many lofty mountains everywhere rise, and on its border the culminating ]K)ints of the Appalachian system — the Roan, the Grandfather and the Black — lift their heads to the sky. Between the mountains are fertile valleys, plentifully watered by streams, many of them remarkable for their beauty. The mount'iins themselves are wooded, except a few which have prairies on their summits, locally distinguished a.s "balds." This section ha.s long been one of the favorite resorts of the tourist and the painter. 5. The Middle st^ction lies between the Blue Ridge and the falls where the rivers make their descent into the greiit plain which forms the Eastern section of the State. Its area comprises nearly one-half of the territory of the State. Throughout the greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and dales, thouu'h the sui-face near the mountains is of a bolder and some- PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. 6 times of a rugged cast. The scenery of this section is as remarkable for qniet, picturesque beauty, a.s that of the Western is for subHmity and grandeur. 6. The Eastern section is a champaign country; relie^'ed, however, by gentle undulations. Its breadth is about one hundred miles. Its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive water prospects. 7. The cultivated ^productions of the Mountain section are corn, wheat, oats, barley, hay, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Cattle are also reared quite extensively for market. In the Middle section are found all the productions of tlie former, and over the southern half, cotton appears as the staple product. In the Tide-water section cotton, corn, oats and rice are staple crops, and the "trucking business" (growing fruits and vege- tables for the Northern markets), constitutes a flourishing industry. The lumber business, and the various industries to which the long-leaf pine gives rise, tar, pitch and turpentine, liave long been, and still continue to be, great resources of wealth for this section. Of the crops produced in the United States all are grown in North Carolina except sugar and some semi-tropical fruits, as the orange, the lemon and the banana. The wine grapes of America may be said to have their home in North Carolina; four of them, the Catawba, Isabella, Lincoln and Scuppernong, originated here. 8. The physical characteristics of the State will be better understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out upon a vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the Smoky Mountains, an altitude of near seven thousand feet, to the ocean level. Through the range of elevation thus afforded, the plants and trees (or what is comprehended under the term flora) vary from those peculiar to Alpine regions to those peculiar to semi-tro]:>ical regions. 4 IIISTOIJY OF XOKTII ( ARoLfXA. 9. Tlic variety of trees is most mnrkcd, iiicliulinir nil those which yield timber emphyed in the useful, and uiauy of those employed in the ornamental arts. Indeed, nearly all the s])e(Mes found in the Ignited States, eixt^t of the Rocky Mountains, are found in Xorth Carolina. Her wealtli in this rtVpect will be appreciated when the strikin<>; fact is mentioned that there are more s])ecies of oaks in North Carolina than in all the States north of us, tuid only one less than in all the Southern States east of the Mis. What is said of the Eastern or Tide-water section? Point it out on the map. 7. What are some of the j)rodnctions of the Mountain section ? Of the Piedmont? Of the Tide-water? What is said of the grapes of North Carolina? 8.' How may the physical characteristics of the State be easily under- stood ? 1). What is said of the plants .and trees? What further is said of this particidar l)ranch of Noith ramliiKi's wealth? PHYSICAL DESC'IUPTIOX. O CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL DESCRTPTION-ContinnaL 1. The mountains of North Carolina may be eonvenientlv classed as four se])arate chains: the Smoky, forniin^i; the western boundary of the State; the Blue Ridge, running across the State in a very tortuous course, {\nd shooting out spurs of great elevation; the Brushy (which divides, for the greater j)art of its course, the waters of the Catawba and Yadkin), beginning at a })oint near Lenoir, and termina.ting in the Pilot and Saurat(jwn Mountains; and an inferior range of much lower elevation, which may be termed, from its local name at different points, the Uwharrie or Oconeechee Mountains — beginning in Mont- gomery county and terminating in the heights about Roxboro, in Person county. 2. E'lch of these mountain ranges is m-u'ked by distinct characteristics. The Smoky chain, as contrasted with the next highest — the Blue Ridge — is more continuous, more elevated, more regular in its direction and height, a.nd rises very uniforndy from five thousand to nearly six thousand seven hundred feet. The Blue Ridge is coni])osed of many fragments scarcely connected into a continuous and regular chain. Its loftier summits range from five thousand to five thousand nine hundred feet. The Brushy range pi'csents, throughout the greater ])art of its course, a remarkjd)le uniformity in direction and elevation, miuiy of its jjeaks rising above two thousand feet. The last, the Oconeechee or Uwharrie range, sometimes presents a succession of elevated ridges, then a number of bold and isolated knol)s, whose heights are one thousand i'(}i^i above the sea level. 6 IIISTOin' OF XUUTII CAKOLJXA. ']. There arc tliree distinct systeni.s of rivers in tlie State: those that find their way to the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississipj)i, those that flow through Soutli Carolina to the sea and those that reach the sea along our own coa,st. The divide between the first and the second is the Blue Ridge chain of mountains; that between the second and third systems is found in an elevation extending from the Blue Ridge, near the Virginia line, just between the sources of the Yadkin and tlie Roanoke, in a south-easterly direction some two hundred miles, almost to the sea-coast below Wilmington. In the divide between the first and second systems, which is also the great water-shed between the Atlantic sIojdc and the Mississippi Valley, a singular anomaly is presented, for it is formed not by the lofty Smoky range, but by the Blue Ridge — not, therefore, at the crest of the great slope which the surface of the State presents, but on a line lower down. On the western flank of this lower range the beautiful French Broad and the other rivers of the first section, including the head waters of the Great Kanawha, have their rise. In their course through the Smoky Mountains to the Mississii)pi they pass along chasms or "gaps" from three thousand to four thousand feet in depth. These chasms or "gaps'' are more than a thousand feet lower than those of the corresponding parts of the Blue Ridge. 4. The rivers of the second system rise on the eastern flank of the Blue Ridge. These rivers — the Catawba and the Yad- kin, with their tributaries stretching from the Broad River, near the mountains in the west, to the I^umber, near the seii- coast — water some thirty counties in the State, a fiin-shaped territory, embracing much the greater portion of the Piedmont section of the State. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. 7 0. Tlie rivers of the third system' are the Chowan, the Koanoke, the Tar, the Neiise and the Cape Fear, usually navi- gable some for fifty and others to near one hundred mile,s for boats of light draught. Of these the three last have their rise near the northern boundary of the State, in a comparatively small area, near the eastern source of the Yadkin. The Chowan has its rise in Virginia, below Appomattox Court House. The principal sources of the Roanoke, also, are in Virginia, in the Blue Ridge, though some of its head streanxs are in North Carolina, and very near those of the Yadkin. Only one of these rivers, the Cape Fear, flows directly into the ocean in this State ; the others, after reaching the low countr}^, move on with diminished current and empty into large bodies of Avater known as sounds. 6. The great rivers of these three systems, with their net- work of countless tributaries, great and small, afford a truly magnificent water supply. Flat lands border tlie streanxs in every section ; they are everywhere exceptionally riei, and in the Tide- water section, of great breadth. In their course from the high plateaus to the low country all the rivers of the State have a descent of many hundred feet, made by frequent falls and rapids. These falls and rapids afford an unlimited motive power for machinery of every description; and here many cotton mills and other factories have been established, and are multiplying every year. 7. The sounds, and the rivei^s which empty into them, consti- tute a net-work of Avater^vay for steam and sailing vessels of eleven hundred miles. They are separated from the ocean by a line of sand banks, varying in })rcadth from one hundred yards to two miles, and in height from a few feet above the tide level to twenty-five or thirty feet, oji which horses of a small 8 iTiSToRV OF Noirnr CAIfOr.INA. breed, called " Bank Ponies," are reared in o-reat iuHnl)ers, and in 51 half wild st-ate. These banks extend alon^ the entire shore a distance of three hundred miles. Thr()ut!:h them there are a number of inlets from the sea to the sounds, but they ;ire usually too shallow except for vessels of lijrht burden. Along its northern coast the commerce of the State has, in consequence, been restricted; it has, however^ aai extensive commerce through Beaufort Harbor and the C-dpe Fear River. 8. The simnds, and the rivers in their lower courses, abound with iish and water-fowl. Hunting* the canvas-back duck and other fowls for the Northern cities is a regular and ])rofit- able branch of industry; while herring, shad and rock fishing is pursued, especially along Albemarle Sound, with spirit, skill and energy, and a large outlay of capital. QUESTIONS. 1, \\'liat is tlie subject of this chapter? IIow may the inoiintains of North (.'arolina be chissed ? Descril)e each chain. I'oint out these mountains on the map. 2. Describe the Smoky Mountains. The Bhie Kidge. Tlie Brushy. Tlie Oconeecliee. ii. Describe the river systems of the State. Give the dividing lines between the systems. Describe the How of the rivers of Western North Carolina. Trace the courses of these rivers on the map. What is said of the mountain gaps? 4. Where are the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers? What portion of the State do they water? Point them ont on the map. 5. Describe the rivers of the third system. Where do they empty? O. What do our rivers aflbid? What is said of our water-power? 7. What mention is made of the sounds? Describe the banks. l\)int out on the ma|) the sounds and the banks. H. With what do the sounds and rivers abound? \\'hat impoilant branches of induslrv are mentioned? (iEOLOC^K'AL CllAKACTElflSTR'S. ''J CHAPTER III. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. A knowledge of tlie geology of a State atfordf^ the key to its soils, siiK'3 the soils are formed by the disintegration of the underlying rocks, more or less mixed with animal or vegetable matter. The peculiar geological structure of the State fur- nishes the material for every possible variety of soil. In fact, there is no description or combination unrepresented. There are, first, the black and deep peaty soils of Hyde county and the great swamp tracts along the eastern border of the Tide- water section; then come the alluvions, marls and light sandy soils of the more elevated portions of the same section; then the clayey, sandy and gravelly soils of the Piedmont and Mountain section, the result of the decomposition of every variety of rock. 2. From its western boundary to the last falls of its rivers, the rocks generally belong to that formation known as primi- tive. These are easily distinguished; they are crystalline in structure, and have no animal (n^ vegetable remains (called fossils) imbedded or preserved in them. The soils of this for- mation are not very fertile, nor yet are they sterile; they are of medium (piality, and susce])tible, under skillful culture, of the highest improvement. The primitive rocks are cliiefly repre- sented by granite and gneiss. 8. The rocks of the secondaiy formation aj)pear in certain counties of the Piedmont section, and here the coal fields occur, embracing many hundred square miles. This formation con- sists of the ])rimitive rocks, broken down by natural agents, 10 iiisTonv OF xoirni cArvOLiXA. and siil)S('(|iieiitly deposited in beds of a thickness from a few feet to many hundred, and abounds in organic remains. The soils of this formation vary more tlian the former, as the one or the other of the materials of wliich they are made up, happens to predominate. 4. The Tide-water section belongs to that which is known as the "quaternary" formation. Here no rocks like those mentioned above are found; indeed, rocks, in the ordinary sense of that term, are unknown. This formation will be best understood by regarding it as an ocean bed laid bare by u])heaval through some convulsion of nature, and thus made dry land. Sandy soils predominate somewhat in this section, though there are tracts in which clay is in great excess, and other tracts in Avhich vegetable matter is in great excess. Between these extremes there exist, also, the usual mixtures in various proportions. 5. Geology also affords a key to the mineral resources of a State. Those of the Tide-water section are summed up in its marls. That ^vhole section is underlaid Avith marl at a depth of a few feet, and in quantity sufficient to raise and keep it, when regularly applied to the surface, for all time to come at the highest point of })roductiveness. Of all resources for wealth this is the most durable; and, on account of the industry to which it is subservient — the agricultural — is best calculated to promote the happiness of man. C). It is in the primitive rocks, however, that minerals abound. Those of North Carolina sur])ass any in the Union. In the last Report on the Geology of the State one hundred and seventy-eight are numbered and described. Among these are gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, mica, corundum, graphite, man- ganese, kaolin, niill-stonc ^rits, iii:u'l)le, l)arvtcs, oil shale. GEOLOGICAL CHAKACTElilSTlCVS. 11 buhr-stones, roofing slate, etc. The most of these are the subjects of great mining industries, which are daily developing to greater proportions. 7. Of some of these minerals, as corundum and mica, North Carolina has already become the chief source of supply. Among the principal sources of the future mineral wealth of the State copper, gold and iron are clearly indicated. The ores of these metals are found in abundance over extensive tracts of country. Lastly, in North Carolina many beautiful specimens of the precious stones have been found, and a large capital has been raised to carry on mining as a regular business for one of these — the hiddenite gem. 8. North Carolina Avill thus be seen to be a State of vast resources, whether we regard the variety and value of her natural or cultivated productions, the immense range of her minerals or her facilities for manufacturing industries. It would, perhaps, be safe to say that no equal portion of the earth's surface will, in half a century, be the scene of industries so various and of such value. QUESTIONS. 1. Of what does tliis chapter treat? What does the knowledge of the geology of a State afford ? Mention the variety of soils found in North Carolina. 2. Where are the primitive rocks found? Describe them. How are they chiefly represented ? What are the soils of this division? 3. Where do the rocks of the secondary formation appear? Describe this formation. What is said of the soils of the secondary formation? 4. To what class do the rocks of the Tide-water section belong? What is said of this section? Describe the quaternary forniation? What is said of the soil ? 5. What else is aflbrded by geology? Wiicre is marl found, and what is said of it? \'2 inSTOKV OF NOKTir CAROLINA. O. Wlu-re (1() the minerals abound? How many kinds of minerals are located in this State? Can you name the jtrincipal ones? Wliat is said of mining? 7. What is said of corundum and mica? Of gold and iron? Of [jrccious gems? H» What great resources does North Carolina possess? Jf. J'"* "i :;X~ THE INDTAXS. 13 CHAPTER IV. THE INDIANS. That portion of America now known as the State of North Carolina was once inhabited bv Indians. For many ao;es befc^re Columbus came across the seas in the year 1492, they had held undisputed })ossession of all the Western Continent, except those Arctic regions where tlie Esquimaux dwelt. 2. Nearly a century had gone by since the Spaniards had begun their settlements, and yet, north of St. Augustine, in Florida, not a white man was to be found. Cortez and Pizarro had founded great States in Mexico and Peru, but the vast region stretching from the Rio Grande to the St. Lawrence was still the home of only red men and the wild beasts of the forest. 3. There w^ere many different tribes and languages to be found among the Indians. In North Carolina, the Tuscaroras lived in the east, the Catawbas in the middle, and the Chero- kees in the western portion of the territory as now defined. There w^ere Corees, Melierrins, Chowanokes, and other small tribes in the east, but they were w^eak in numbers and occupied but a small portion of our present State limits. 4. The treacherous Tuscaroras were a portion of a powerful race known as the Irocpiois. The other five nations of this family dwelt in the lake country of New York, and were the most daring and dangerous confederation among all Indians then known to the w^hite people. These Iroquois of the N(n'th were generally friendly to the English, but Avaged almost ceaseless war upon the French and a tril)e of Indians called the Alg(^n(|uius. 14 HlftTOPvV OF NORTH CAROIJXA. 5. Tlie Tu.scaroras ^ve^e jj^enerally to be found in the country watered by the Roanoke and Neuse Rivers, and ^vere the terror of all other tribes. It is not known when they had se})arated from their northern relatives. They kept up amicable relations with them, and messengers and embassies occasionally passed between the banks of the Roanoke and the settlements on the northern lakes. 6. The Catawbas roamed over the fair region throuy^h which flow the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers. Westward of them were to be found, in the mountains, the numerous bands of the Cherokees. Amid the towering peaks, and along the beautiful French Broad and other rivers, lived and hunted these simj)lc children of the hills. They were generally disposed to peace, and were averse to leaving the |)ara(lise they inhabited for the dangerous honor of the war-path. 7. The Indians were, in many respects, a peculiar ])eo])le. Though ignorant and savage, they were not idolaters. They believed in one God, whom they called the "Great Spirit." They were not shejjherds or farmers, for they had no domestic animals except dogs, and their corn fields were but insignificant ])atches, cleared and cultivated by their women. They cleared these little ])atches of laml by burning doAvn the trees, and their ])low was a crooked sti(;k, with which they scratched over the ground for planting the corn. The men hunted, and fought with other tribes, but disdained to be found engaged in any useful labor. 8. Such habits made large areas of land necessary for the subsistence of the ])eo])le. Thus all of the tribas were jealous of the intrusion of others upon their hunting grounds, and whenever one found another getting closer than usual war was begun. Their lives were filled with terror and a])prehension; THE INDIANS. 15 not knowing when some enemy would kill and scalp every person in the tribe. 9. The Meherrins lived in the fork of Meherrin and Chowan Rivers. They were long at war with the Nottoways, who lived in Virginia, south of James River. The Meherrins at last left their old men, women and children, and went on the ^var-J:)ath against th^ir enemies, who happened to be approaching them on a similar errand. They chanced to miss each other, and the Nottoways therefore found the lodges of their foes completely undefended, and they slew every human being in the captured village. The Meherrins left their old homes in despair and disappeared in the west. This occurred after, many white people had settled in the Albemarle country. 10. Such a state of society necessitated the control of one leader; so the Indian tribes were governed by chiefs, who led them to battle and in pursuit of game. Some of these chiefs, like Powhatan and King Philip, were men of marked ability, and extended their power over other tribes. When a chief died his son succeeded to his office only when fitted for the place; if weak or cowardly, some other brave was chosen. In this way the honor was not strictly hereditary. 11. The Indians had no knowledge as to the working of iron. They had only bows, arrows, stone tomahawks and such weapons for war. They lived in small communities, embracing from ten to thirty cabins, for protection, but had no large towns, because of the impossibility of feeding great numbers at one point. They held it a part of their religion to seek vengeance for all injuries, real and imaginary, and their general traits of character were as savage as their habits. In war they had no pity on captives, no reverence for helpless age, and were strangers to the sentiments of honor and justice. They ^-ere IB HISTOKV OF NOKTir (AIJOLINA. bravo, yet niucli o-jwii to cunnino; and ti'oachci'v, Tlicv i-arcly forjrot benefits or for<):ave injuries, 12. Many relics of the.-^e savages are yet to be found in almost every county throughout the Steite. Broken pieces of ])ottery, arrowheads and tomahawks are often plowed up in the fields; and mounds of various sizes, made by tlie Indians, are still seen in some sections. There had long been a tradi- tion among the Indians that, in the course of time, pale-faced strangers from beyond the seas would possess their land; and so, after ages of petty warfare among themselves, as the sixteenth century drew to \t< close, they were confronted by men who built ships that withstood the ocean's storms, and shook the solid earth with the roar of their artillery. QUESTIONS. 1. Who were the original inhabitants of the country now known as Nortii Carolina? 2. Who had made setllenients on the American continent a century before the English? Wiiat two great men were leaders in making those settlements? ■ 3. Give the location of the various tribes of Indians in North Carolina. 4r. Who were t!ie Tuscaroras? Wiiat was the feeling of the Indians toward tlie white people? 5. In what part of North Carolina were the Tuscaroras found? What were their habits? O. What tribes were found in the western portion of the State? What were their Iwbits? 7. What kind of people were the Indians? How did they cultivate the soil ? 8. Give further description of their babbits. O. Where was the iiome of the Meherrin Indians? The Nottovvays? Wiiat were the relations existing between these two tribes? 10. Describe the government of the Indians? 11. How did tJK'V live? What were some of their traits in war? THE INDIANS. 17 12. Wliat relics of the Indians are still to be found in the State? What tradition existed among the Indians? Plow was that tradition beginning to be fulfilled? Point out on the map the ancient homes of the Tuscarora Indians. The Catawbas. The Cherokees. The Corees. The Meherrins. The Chowanokes, Trace the course of the Koanoke River. The Neuse. The Meherrin. The CJiowan. The Catawba. The Yadkin. The French Broad. 18 HISTOEV OF XOKTII CAKOLiy.^. CHAPTER V. SIR WALTER RALEIGH. A. D. 1570 TO 1583. 1570. The sixteenth century of the Clirl.stian em was one of the most Avouderful periods in the world's history. The recent invention of the printing prass had scattered books and knowledw over Christendom, a larwr liberty in relijjrious mattei*s had been achieved by the Reformation, and darino; navigators sailed with their shi}>? into many regions never l:)efore visited by civilized men. 2. The Portuguese and Spaniards sent expeditions to many lands. In America, thousands of men and women were living who had come from Europe, or had been born of white parents since the first settlements in the AYest Indies, Mexico and Peru. As Columbus had discovered the new world with Spanish ships, the kings of Spain laid claim to all the continent. -'>. England, in that time, was ruled by Queen Elizabeth, who began her reign in 1558. Ireland and the small islands in the British Channel were the only de}?endencies of the Crown. Scotland was still an independent monarchy. With a few nu'llions of subjects, and this small territory as her realm, this queen was in great danger of dethi'onement anel death. The Pope, the Catholic kings and her own people belonging to the Church of Rome denied her title to he queen and sought her overthrow and that of the Protestant religion she upheld. 4. Amid so many dangers and difficnhies, (^ueen KlizalK'tli, l)y wisdom and |)ni(l('iic(', not only nianageple." DISCOVERY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 23 They liad the good fortune to escape the Spanish cruisers, which were so dangerous to English vessels sailing at that day upon this course. On the 14th day of July they first saw the coast of North Carolina, probably at a point just below Old Topsail Inlet. They continued northward along the low, barren barriers of sand ^^^hich divide the Abaters of the ocean from those of Pamlico and Croatan Sounds, and, two davs later, came to anchor off an island called Wocoken, in what was an inlet at that day. 4. They called this place Trinity Harbor. Across the desolate saiid ridges were fair landlocked waters, and great forests that sent far out to sea the odors of countless flowers. The weary toilers who had sailed so far, with nothing to look upon but the sky and the great stretches of the sea, were charmed with the richness of the vegetation, the balmy air, and the ceaseless songs of the mocking-birds. 5. For two whole days it seemed that the country was uninhabited, for no one had been seen by the Englishmen. At the expiration of that period they saw a canoe approaching from the north, in which were three Indians. One of them landed and came down the beach toward the ships. By signs he was invited aboard the vessels, aiid went with the white men to survey some of the wonders of civilization found in various parts of the vessel. 6. It must have been a notable day in this Indian's life, when, for the first time he, who had seen nothing of the kind larger than his canoe, beheld the tall poops, the towering masts and the great sails of vessels that had come from such distant lands beyond the seas. Nothing so astonished the Indians of that day as the roar of artillery. It was something entirely beyond their comprehension, and filled them with terror. 24 niSTOKY OF XORTir C'AROIJXA. They had no guns or knowledge of their use. So, when a cannon was fired they were ready to believe that men who could do such things were possessed of supernatural powers. 7. The officers of the vessel gave to the Indian a hat, shirt and several other articles, besides treating him to wine and meat, Avhich he seemed to greatly relish. As a return for their kindness, the Indian took his canoe and showed the white men how to catch fish. In a half hour he had nearly filled his boat with those delicious fish which have always so remarkably abounded in all the waters of that portion of North Carolina. By signs he made known his wish that they should be divided between the men of the two ships, and then he took his departure. 8. The next day many Indians, with much ceremony, visited the ships. Among them was Granganimeo, a brother of the chief who ruled in that portion of the country. He was an honest and kindly Indian, faithful to his promises, and afford- ing a strong contrast to Wingina, the Indian king, who was full of suspicion and duplicity. The Indians Avere clothed in mantles and aprons of deer-skins. They Avere gentle, unsus- picious and hospitable. A few days later Amadas, with eight of his men in a boat, visited the home of Granganimeo, about twenty miles distant, on the shore of Roanoke Island. The chief was not at home, but his wife gave them a cordial and hospitable reception. She prepared a feast for them of fruits, melons, fish and venison, and showed them every kindness. Note. — The Indians were greatly amazed at the sight of gunpowder, the cause of all the noise in tlie artilleiy. On one of their expeditions they captured a quantity of powder from the colonists, and, to increase the supply, tliey made rows in the ground and carefully planted the black grains of powder, expecting to reap a full harvest of it in season. DISCOVERY OF ^•ORTH CAROLINA. 25 9. Aniadas and Barlowe proceeded, in the presence of many Indians, to lay claim to the country for their queen. This whole pageant was probably a dumb show to the astonished and ignorant natives. They neither knew nor cared what the white men were celebrating with beating drums, flaunting banners and salvoes of artillery. 10. This expedition had not been sent with any purpose of settlement; so, in a few weeks after the ceremony of taking possession, the fleet weighed anchor and sailed back to England. They carried with them a large cargo of skins and valuable woods, which they had obtained in trading with the Indians. For a bright tin dish the Indians gave twenty skins, worth about thirty-five dollars, and fifty valuable skins were given for an old copper kettle. Amadas and Barlowe also carried to England the first knowledge of the potato and tobacco. 11. With their own consent, two Indians, named Manteo and Wanchese, were taken aboard and carried to England, that they might see something of the world across the sea. They afforded a singular test of human nature. They were of equal abilities, and yet, by the visit to England, Manteo became the friend, and Wanchese the implacable enemy of the white men. 12. Queen Elizabeth was greatly pleased by the glowing descriptions of the new countiy as given by the returned mariners, especially by the accounts of the abundance of fruits, vines hanging with luscious grapes, great forests, rich shrubbery and bright flowers, and she gave the country the name of Virginia, in honor of herself, the " Virgin Queen.^' 15851 13. Walter Raleigh was, soon after, elected a mem- ber of Parliament in the House of Commons, of which body he became a leader. The queen, in recognition of his services, confirmed his patent for prosecuting discoveries in foreign 26 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. lands, and, in eonf erring upon him the honor of knighthood, made him Sir Walter lialeigh. QUESTIONS. 1. How did the people of En;;Iand receive the news of Sir Plurnplirey Gilbert's death ? How did it affect Raleigh ? 2. What had the expeditions cost him'? Who did he next send out to the new world ? 3. When did this fleet leave England ? Describe their course and trace it on the map. When did they reach the coast of North Carolina i* Where did they land ? Can you point out this place on the map? Wocoken ? Croatan ? Pamlico Sound ? 4. What did they name this place? What is said of the new land ? 5. What occurred on the second day after their arrival ? 6. How did this visit impress the Indian ? How were the Indians affected by the roar of the. artillery ? 7. What return did the Indian make for the kindness of the white men ? 8. Who next visited the siiips? What kind of man was he? How did this Indian's wife treat the white men? Locate Roanoke Island on the map. 9. What formal ceremony did Amadas and Barlowe conduct? 10. What did the ships carry back to Europe? 11. What two Indians were taken on a visit to England ? How was each of them affected by the visit? 12. What account did the mariners give of the new country? What did Queen Elizabeth think of the description? What name did she give to tiie new country, and why? 13. Of what body did Raleigh soon become a member? What title was then conferred upon him, and why ? GOVERNOR lane's COLONY. 27 CHAPTER VII. GOVERNOR LANE'S COLONY. A. D. 1585 TO 1586. We cannot easily realize, in our day, what excitement and enthusiasm were felt in England when the two ships returned and exhibited the Indians, the potatoes, the tobacco and other new and strange productions that had been gathered by Amadas and Barlowe, to prove the value and fertility of the newly- discovered land. It is strange, but true, that moi-e value was set upon the discovery of the sassafras tree than upon anything else, and wonderful things were expected of its virtue as a tea, a medicine and for the manufacture of perfume. 2. Sir Walter Raleigh hastened to send over a colony of men to take possession of Roanoke. Ralph Lane, a gentleman of courage and experience, was appointed Governor. The seven ships, conveying one hundred and eight emigrants and the two Indians who had visited England, sailed on the 9tli of April; they were commanded by Sir Richard Grenville, who was a cousin of Raleigh, and famous as a seaman. Note. — Sir Walter Raleigh planted some of the potatoes upon his own estate, and found them very palatable. Other people afterwards obtained seed from him, and now the potato forms a principal part of the food of Ireland. Kaleigh was also the first Englishman who ever used tobacco. An amusing incident is related of his using it. His servant entered the room one day, bringing a mug of ale, while Kaleigli was enjoying his pipe and tobacco, and the smoke was issuing from iiis mouth and tilling the room. The servant, thinking that his master was on fire, immediately dashed the ale in his face and ran out, crying for help, for his master "would be burnt to asiies." 28 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 3. This fleet also eanie over by the southern route, and was in considerable danger off Cape Fear during a great storm, but the ships all safely rode out the gale, and, on the 26th of June, 1585, they dropped their anchors in Trinity Harbor, off the coast where the fleet had lain during the visit of the pre- vious year. News of their arrival was at once sent to Wingina, at Roanoke Island. 4. Governor Lane had one hundred and eight men to remain Avith him, among wdiom was Thomas Hariot, the celebrated mathematician and historian. AVith these colonists he landed upon Roanoke Island, and began to build and fortify a town upon the northern part of the island, which he named the " City of Raleigh.'^ The island is tAvelve miles long and about four broad, and is to this day fertile and pleasant as a place of residence. It then abounded in game, and countless and choice varieties of fish were to be caught in the sounds and sea at all seasons of the year. 5. Admiral Grenville was active during his stay at Roanoke in visiting many Indian towns and in exploring the many broad waters that are found connected with one another in that portion of North Carolina. On one of his expeditions he hist a silver cup, w^hich was stolen from him during his stay at an Indian town. The passionate seaman, in a rage, demanded its return by the Indians, whom he charged with stealing it. They did not comply, and he, wath great imprudence and injustice, burned the whole village and destroyed all the corn. 6. This was the first taste afforded the Indians of how harshly they might expect to be treated, and, though no war followed inunediatelv, thev neither f()ri»:ot nor forgave (xren- ville's punishment, and many unexpected injuries were inflicted 29 upon the poor settle]\s by the Indians on account of tliis rash and cruel act. 7. Governor Lane, after the admiraFs departure, continued his explorations, in order to learn the geography and nature of the countiy. He ascended the Chowan River to near the mouth of the Nottoway and joenetrated the interior as far as the Indian villao;e of Chowanoke. Instead of clearino; fields and making provisions for his people, he was laboriously searching for gold mines and jewels. He was told by the chief of the Chowanoke Indians, whom he held as prisoner for two days, that such things abounded along the upper reaches of Roanoke River (then called the " Moratock "), and that the head- waters of that stream extended to within an arrow's flight of a great ocean to the west, and along the banks of the river lived a very great and wealthy race of people, whose walled cities glittered with pearls and gold. 8. Fired in imagination by this false and wicked Indian story, preparations were made for a journey in boats, longer than had yet been attempted. They found the swift current of the Roanoke difficult to ascend, and their small store of provisions were exhausted by the time they had reached where the town of Williamston now stands. They could procure none from the Tuscaroras, who dwelt upon the banks, and, while in this dilemma, the savages made a night attack upon their camp, and with great difficulty the adventurers succeeded in escaping destruction. 9. Thus perished Governor Lane's dreams of gold. He hurried back to Roanoke and soon found the hostility of the Tuscaroras extending to the tribe under Wingina. Gran- ganimeo was dead, and Manteo was the only Indian of any influence who manifested friendshi]) for the colonists. They .')() HISTORY OF NORTH CAIJOJ.IXA. liad previously brought an abundance of fish, game and fruits ; but tliese supplies now ceased, and Governor Lane realized that he was surrounded by. a peo])le who had become his enemies. 1580. 10. By some means, he discovered that Wingina was concerting with the Tuscaroras for an attack upon Roanoke Island. Concealing this knowledge, he invited the unsuspect- ing plotter to come, with certain of his people, to a feast at the City of Raleigh. They accepted the invitation, and Wingina, with eight of his head-men, was put to death. This occurred on the first of June, 1586. 11. This was a stern and bloody punishment of their foes, but it gave the white men deliverance from attack until Sir Francis Drake came, with a large fleet, and anchored in Trinity Harbor, finding the colony almost in a perishing condition. 12. Ralph Lane was not a hero, but Francis Drake was. If the Governor lacked resolution, no man ever supposed the great admiral deficient in this respect. After long consultation, Drake approved the resolution of the colonists to abandon the settlement, and, on the 19th of June, 1586, taking them aboard his ships, he steered for England, leaving the City of Raleigh untenanted. Thus failed the first attempt at forming a permanent settlement u])on this great territory forming the present limits of the L^nited States. QUESTIONS. 1. What occurred in Juigland on the return of tlie ships? Mention some things exiiibited by the niiiriners. 2. What did Sir Walter Kaleigh next do ? Who was apixiinted Gov- ernor? Who commanded the expedition? 3. What was the route of the fleet? When and where did they hind ? 4. How many men were hmded upon Roanoke Ishmd ? What did they name their citv? Describe Roanoke Ishmd ? (lOVERNOR lane's COLONY. 31 5, Mention some of Grenville's exploits during his stay. O. What did the Indians think of this treatment ? How did the settlers suffer in consecjuence? 7. How did Governor Lane occupy hijnself? Wiiat wonderful story was told Lane by the Indians? 8. How did Lane regard this story ? Give an account of liis expedition up tiie Koanoke River. Point out Williamston. 9. What did Governor Lane find to be the condition of affairs upon his return to the settlement? 10. What plot was discovered ? How did Governor Lane prevent it? 11. What was the effect of tliis treatment? Wiiat help arrived from England ? 12. What did the colonists resolve to do? What is said of this attempt to found a colonv ? ■'-»-: HisToiiv OF xoirni cauolina. CHAPTER YIII. GOVERNOR WHITE'S COLONY. A. D. 1586 TO 1590. It must have boon a sore trial to Sir AValtcr Ralclo;!! wlien ]ie leai'iicd that his colonists had returiKxl to England. He liad sent over a ship with abundant supplies, which reached Roanoke only a few days after Sir Francis Drake sailed away with his fleet. Finding no wliite people upon tlie island, the sliips returned to England. Sir Richard Grenville also touched at the same point, with three other ships, about fifteen days later. The folly, avarice and timidity of agents, such as Ralph Lane, have, in all ages, crippled the noblest efforts for liuman advancement. 2. Sir Richard Grenville left fifteen men in the fort built at Roanoke by Lane, lest the English claim to the country should be lost through want of its being occupied. They soon fell victims to Indian vengeance after Grenville liad hoisted liis sails and gone in search of -Spanish treasure ships. 1587. '3. Once again, in 1587, Raleigh collected a fleet of transports, and, with John -White as Governor, sent about one hundred and fifty men, women and children to Roanoke for ] )ermanent settlement. They brought over farming implements, Avisely determining to give up the useless search for gold, and U) look to husbandry as a means of livelihood in their new home. On arriving' at Roanoke, on the 22d of July, Governor W'liite, with forty of his best men, went ashore for the purpose of finding the men who had been left there l)y Grenville. The fort was destroyed, thejiouses were in a dila})idated condition (iovKiJNoij WHrn:'s colony. 'V^ and no trace of tlie colonists was found, except a single skele- ton which lay bleaching in the sun in front of one of the cabins, indicating that some fearful tragedy had been enacted. 4. Sir Walter Raleigh had ordered White to go to Hampton Roads, in the region of C^hesapeake Bay, instead of Roanoke, but this command was disregarded under the ]3lea that their })ilot, a Spaniard, would not show the way. But as Governor Lane had sent a party there the year before, the locati(jn must have been known to others of the expedition besides Fernando, the pilot. It was like everything else done by John White Avhile connected with the effort of colonization — very foolish and culpable. 5. Manteo was still the warm friend of the English, and, with his mother, welcomed them to his home on Croatan. He was, on the 13th of August, as a reward for his faithful services, baptized by order of Sir Walter Raleigh, and created a noble- man, with the title of " Lord of Roanoke," which was the iirst title of nobility ever conferred by the English in America. 6. Governor White had, among the colonists, a daughter named Eleanor, wife of Ananias Dare, one of his assistants. On August 18th, a few days after their arrival, she gave birth to a little girl, who, in honor of the land of her birth, was named "Virginia Dare." This i^ about all we know of the little girl who will ever be famous as the first of all the children born to English speaking people within the borders of the United States. One of the counties of this State bears the name of "Dare" in honor of this little girl, and includes in its area the scene of her birth. 7. Governor White had been at Roanoke only a few weeks, when he became convinced that he should at once return to England in the interest of the people he had been sent over ."U PIT8T()KY OF XORTTI CAROT.IXA. here to govern. He .said they would need provisions and additions to their numbers, and a larger supply of implements of civilized life; therefore, after a stay of l)ut thirty-six days with the colony, he set sail for England. 8. He should have manifested even more haste to return to America, as members of his own family were included among the settlers who were at Roanoke looking to him for guidance and safety amid so many dangers. But when he reached England, and Raleigh had furnished him with two ships and men and stores for his speedy return, John White found excuse foi" long delay before revisiting the stormy neighborhood of C'ap(^ Hatteras. 9. AVhen he was ready to sail for America a great Spanish fleet, called the " Invincible Armada," was drawing near the English coast, with the avoAved purpose of dethroning the queen and subjugating the people. John White preferred to take the chances of plunder in the coming engagement to ful- filling his duty to the poor people at Roanoke, who were waiting so anxiously for his return. 10. British heroism, aided by a severe storm, drove off and destroyed the great Spanish fleet, and Governor White, with liis tAvo ships which Raleigh had with great difficulty fitted out for him with stores for the colony, joined in pursuit of the fugitives. He gained neither gold nor glory, and his ships were so battered that they had to be carried into port and repaired before they were fit to venture on a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Sir Walter Raleigh expressed very great displeiusure at the conduct of Governor White. 15J)<>. 1 1 . Three years had elai>sed before Gcn^ernor AVhite came l)ack to Roanoke. He found the "City of Raleigh" as desolate as upon Ids first arrival. There was no trace of the (K)A^ERN(^R white's COLONY. 35 colonists left, except the Avord " Croatan," carved upon a tree. It had been agreed that if the colonists should find it necessary to remove before his return, they would thus designate the place to which they had gone. Governor White, in his search, found three of hLs chasts which had been buried by the colo- nists and afterwards dug up and partly l^roken open. They contained books, maps and pictures, all of which were badly torn and spoiled. 12. Croatan was a peninsula about fiftv^ miles from Koanoke Island, and Govenor White had good reason to believe that tlie people whom he left had gone there ; but he sailed down the coast in sight of the place, and went back to England with no furtlier efforts to discover the nature of their fate. ThiLS again, Roanoke ^vas left to the savage and the ^vild l3east. It will never be known what became of the colonists. Sir Walter Raleigh for a long time did not despair of finding them, and sent out five expeditions for this purpose, but all were unsuc- cessful. Their fate is one of those sealed secrets which will only be known when all our ignorance shall be enlightened, and the sea gives up its dead. Note. — Tliere was a tradition among the Indians that these peoj^le, after great suffering for food, were adojjted by the Hatteras tribe of Indians, and became mingled witli them ; and, it is said that later generations of these Indians possessed many physical characteristics which indicated a niixtuie of the European and Indian races ; but this may be, after all, fanciful surmises of the earh'^ historian. QUESTIONS. 1. What ships had been sent over to relieve the colony ? 2. How did Grenville continue English claims to Roanoke? What was the fate of his settlers ? .')<) HisTonv OF xoinn cak'omxa. 3. What was Raleigh's next attempt at settlement*? Who was appointed (rovernor? How many people composed the colony? How was this colony better prepared for permanent settlement than any of its piede- eessors ? What became of this colony? 4. Where had White been ordered to make settlement? Point out Hampton Roads on the map. Why did he land at Roanoke Island? *">. Wi)at is said of Manteo? (>. What is said of little Virginia Dare? How is her name still honored in this State? Point out Dare county on the map. 7. What did Governor White do in a few weeks after his arrival at Roanoke ? H. What was furnished to him on his arrival in England? Did he at once go back to relieve the colonists? O. Why did not Governor Wiiite immediately return to his suffering people ? 10. What became of the "Spanish Armada"? How did Governor White become engaged in tliis conflict? 11. How long was Governor White away from Roanoke? What did he find on his return ? What is supposed to have been the meaning of the word "Croatan?" What did Governor White find ? 12. Where is ''Croatan"? Can you locate it on the map? Did Gov- ernor White go to this place to seek his people? Was any settlement on Roanoke at this time ? What effort did Raleigh make to find these people? THE FATE OF RAI.EIGH. 37 CHAPTER IX. THE FATE OF RALEIGH. A. D. 1590 TO 1653. The story of the attempted settlement on Roanoke Island is the story of one of the world's tragedies. Misfortune seemed to be the doom, not only of the colonists, but of many gallant men who sought to aid Sir Walter Raleigh in his enterprise. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with two of his ships, was the first to perish at sea; Sir Francis Drake and his compeer. Sir John Hawkins, both died of pestilence in the West Indies ; and, to the baffled and broken-hearted originator of the scheme, the coming years were black with disaster and death. 2. With the loss of Governor White's colony, Raleigh found that his expenditures had greatly impaired his wealth. He had lost more than two hundred thousand dollars (£40,000 sterling), and, no longer able to lit out costly and fruitless expe- ditions, was forced to solicit aid from others, joining them in the rights and privileges granted him by the queen in his charter. 1603. 3. But Raleigh found his greatest disaster in the death of Elizabeth. After ruling England so wisely and well for more than fifty years, she died on March 24th, 1603. This Note.— It nuist also be remembered that money in the sixteenth century was worth at least five times more than at present. Forty thousand pounds expended by Sir Walter Kaleigh would, at that time, purchase about wliat one million dollars would now command in England or the United States. 38 HISTORY OF XORTU CAROIvINA. great queen left her throne to one of the most paltry and contemptible of men. 4. King James I. was an ungainly Scotch pedant^ who was inca[)al)le of appreciating heroism and manliness in others, beciULse of his o^vn deficiency in all su(;h qualities. He lavished favors and titles on unworthy favorites, and incurred the con- tempt of wise men for his follies and vices. 1(>18. 5. Sir Walter Raleigh had long treated the Span- iards as the enemies of his country. The King of Spain hated him on that account, and King James, to please His Catholic jMajesty and secure the marriage of Prince Charles to a Spanish princess, cruised the great laA\yer, Sir Edward Coke, to procure the wrongful conviction of Raleigh, his greatest subject. After lying in prison for twelve years under this conviction, Raleigh was released by King James, and although not pardoned, was put in c'ommand of an expedition to the coast of Guiana. The expedition ^vas unsuccessful, and on his return, to satisfy the King of S])ain, eJames signed the warrant for Raleigh's execu- tion u])on his former sentence. Accordingly, Raleigh was beheaded, at the age of sixt}— five, as a traitor to the land for whose good he liad accom])lished more than any one else in* all it< limits. (). Thus suffered and died the man who first sent ships and men to the soil of North Carolina. That he failed in what he Note. — 8ir Walter Raleigh uccnpied tlie twelve years of his imprison- ment in writing a " History of the World." This work gave great ofl'ence to King James, who endeavored to suppress its circulation. Wlien Ealeigh was carried to execution, while on the scaffold, he asked to see the axe. Jle cldsely examined its l)right, keen edge, and said, with a smile: "This is a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." He then laid his head composedly on the block, moved his lips ;is if in prayiT. and gave the signal for the blow. THE FATE OF IIA LEIGH. 39 desired to accomplish should not detract from the gratitude and reverence due to his memory. If incompetent and un- worthy agents, and the accidents of fortune, thivarted him in his designs, the fault was not his. He was the greatest and most illustrious man connected with our annals as a State, and should ever receive the applause and remembrance of our people. 7. After the death of Sir Walter Ealeigh no more efforts were made to plant a colony at Roanoke. The spot was never favorable for such a purpose. No coast in the world is nnich more dangerous to ships than that of North Carolina. Cape Hatteras is even now the dread of all mariners. It is visited by many storms, and sends its deadly sand bars for fifteen miles out into the ocean, to surprise and wreck the ill fated vessel that has approached too near the coast. 8. Gqvernor Lane, while at Roanoke, discovered the broad, deep inlet and safe anchorage at Hampton Roads, within the present limits of Virginia. This port lies but little to the north of that inlet which Amadas and Barlowe entered on the first English visit to Carolina. Into Hampton Roads, in 1607, went another colony, sent over by men who had succeeded the unfortunate Raleigh in the royal permission to plant settlements in America. To the genius and bravery of the leader, Captain John Smith, was due the permanence of the settlement at Jamestown. The name of ^'Virginia," which had been applied to all the territory claimed by England under the discoveries of Gilbert and Raleig:h, was then confined to the colonv on James River. 9. In the course of a few years many places on the Atlantic coast were occupied by expeditions sent out from England and other countries of Europe. Those of England, at Plymouth, 40 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLIXA. of the JJuteli, at New Amsterdam, and of the Swedes, in New Jersey, were speedily seen, while yet roamed the Tuscarora in undisturbed possession of North Carolina. 10. As A^irgiiiia grew more populous there were hardships and troubles concerning religion. Men and women were per- secuted on account of their religious practices. If people did not conform to the " English '^ or Episcopal Church they were punished by fine and imprisonment. Sometimes cruel whip- pings became the portion of men who were found preaching Quaker and Baptist doctrines. 11. Sir William Berkeley, who was Governor of Virginia, had no authority over men who dwelt in the region south of a line a few miles below wdiere the ships approached the inland waters of Virginia. When this became knoAvn many people around the Nansemond River and adjacent localities went south- ward, towards the Albemarle Sound, seeking homes where the tyrant of A'irginia had no jurisdiction. 165»5. 1^. For this cause Roger Green, a clergyman, in 1653, led a considerable colony to the banks of the Chowan and, Roanoke Rivers ; but, even before this, there were probably scattered settlements over most all the region nortli of the ^Vlbeniarle Sound, of Avhicii we have no reliable account. QUESTIONS. 1. Wliat is said of the attempted settlement upon lloauoke Island ? ti. What had the expedition cost Raleigh? 3. What was Raleigli's greatest loss? 4. Who succeeded Qneen Elizabeth? What kind of a man was King .James I.? »>. What new trouble caino u})()n Raleigh? l>escril)e his convirtion and death? THE FATE OF KALEIGH. 41 6. How sliould the people of North Carolina ever think of Sir Walter Raleigh? 7. Were any further efforts made to plant a colony at Roanoke? What is said of the place? 8. What safe anchorage had (Governor Lane discovered ? What colony entered Hampton Roads in 1607 ? What town was settled in Virginia, and by whom? To what locality was the name "Virginia" then confined? 9. Mention some settlements made on the Atlantic coast about this time. 10. What persecutions were common in Virginia? 11. Over what section of country did Governor Berkeley have no authority? When this became known to the people what did many of them do? 12. What settlement was made by Roger Green, and when? Were there any settlements in North Carolina before this time? 42 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROJ.IN'^A. CHAPTER X. KING CHARLES II. AND THE LORDS PROPRIETORS. A. D. 1663. After the discovery of North CaroHua, in 1584, by Amadas and Barlowe, many years had gone by l^efore the period noAV reached in this narrative. Xot only had James succeeded Ehzabeth, but Charles had succeeded James and had been beheaded as a traitor to the land he pretended to rule. Crom- well had lived, ruled and died, and Charles II. was on the throne of his fathers, and thus again royal bounties became possible and fashionable. 2. Many men in England had heard of the goodly land which was being peopled around Albemarle Sound, beyond the juris- diction of Governor Berkeley. He, too, with his bitter and envenomed soul, took part in a scheme which was to give him some authority over the refugees who had imagined themselves beyond the rejich of his cruel rule. 1C(>3. 3. In the year 1663, His Majesty Charles II., King of England, Scotland and Ireland, granted to George, Duke of ^V.lbemarle; Edward, Earl of Clarendon; AV'illiam, Earl of Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret, Sir John Colleton and Sir AYilliam Berkeley, as "I^ords Proprietors," all the territory south of the lands not idready granted to the province of Virginia, down to the Sj^anish line of Floridji. 4. There were some remarkable men among these titular owners of the land we now inhabit. The Duke of Albe- marle had been General George Monk before the restoration of KING CHARLES II. AND THE LORDS PROPRIETORS. 43 King Charles, and was made a nobleman on account of his part in that transaction. He was not possessed of very great ability, and only became famous by the accidents of fortune. 5. Veiy different was the astute lav>yer, Edward Hyde, who, for his abilities, was made the Earl of Clarendon and Lord High Chancellor of England. He was a selfish and crafty man, and lost his offices in his old age, but had two granddaughters who became queens of Great Britain. 6. Lord Ashley, afterward the Earl of Shaftsbury, will ever be remembered for the part he l^ore in establishing the writ of habeas corpus as a part of the British constitution. He was a bold, able and profligate man, who marred great abilities by greater vices. He combined within himself all that is danger- ous and detestable in a demagogue. 7. Sir William Berkeley, then Governor of the province of Virginia, Avas another of these Lords Proprietors. He was the embodiment of the cruelty and religious prejudice of that age. He whipped and imprisoned people who worshipped God in a way not pleasing to himself, and was immortalized })y the remark of King Charles IL, who said of him : ^^ That old fool has taken more lives without offence in that naked country than I, in all England, for the murder of my father.'' 8. To these men, as Lords Proprietors, a great territory was granted, which they called " Carolina,'' in compliment to King Charles IL* All of them except Governor Berkeley lived in Note. — Governor Berkeley exhibited some traits of his character by saying, while Governor of Virginia: "I thank God there are no free schools nor printing here, and I hope we shall have none of them these hundred years." *Many years before this time the name of "Carolina" had been applied to the territory between Virginia and Florida, in honor of King Charles IX. of France. 44 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. England, but they ruled the new country and sold the lands at the highest rate of money they could get, with a tax of seventy-five cents on each hundred acres, to be paid every year. 9. Many fine promises were made to the English and other people to induce them to go to Carolina and settle. Freedom to worship God in the way that seemed best to each individual was especially held out to poor suiferers like John Bunyan, who, in those days, were too often kept for long years in loath- some prisons because of their diifering with the civil magistrates as to certain matters of faith and practice in the churches. 10. Religious persecution w^as practiced in most of the American colonies. It had been decreed in some of the New England colonies that Quakers, upon coming into the province, should have then' tongues bored with a hot iron and be banished. Any person bringing a Quaker into the province was fined one hundred 230unds sterling (about five hundred dollai's), and the Quaker was given twenty lashes and imprisoned at hard labor. In Virginia the persecutions were equally as bad, if not worse, and some of the punishments were almost as severe as Indian tortures. The Assembly of this colony (Virginia) levied u])on all Quakers a monthly tax of one hundred dollars. 11. To escape persecution, many men avIio were Quakers and Baptists, had already gone to the region around the Albe- marle Sound; and others followed from various inducements. Their settlements were known as the "Albemarle -Colony." The whole country was still roamed over by Indians, and even in Albemarle the rude fai'in^houses were widely scattered. 12. There was not even a village in tlie new province. No ,churches, court-houses or public schools were to be seen; but the men and women of that day loved liberty. They preferred it} undergo danger from the Indians and the privations of KING CHARLES IF. AND THE EORDS PROPRIETORS. 4-") lonely homes in the forest to the persecution which they found in England and in many portions of America. 13. It can hardly be realized, amid the present luxuries and enjoyments of the American people, what dangers and ]:>riva- tions were encountered by the white settlers in North Carolina two hundred years ago ; for while no\v tli rouging cities, teeming fields and busy higliways of a people numbering many millions cover the land, then cruel and crafty Indians, always hostile at heart to the tread of the white man, surrounded the defenceless homes of the scattered colonists and filled the great forest stretching three thousand miles toward the setting sun. QUESTIONS. 1. Wliat period have we now reached in onr history? What elianges liad taken place in tlie English government? 2. In what new scheme do we find Governor Berkeley taking part? 3. What new grant of this territory was made in 1663? W^hat was the new government called ? 4. What kind of man was George, Dnke of Albemarle? 5. Who was Edward, Earl of Clarendon ? 6. Who was Lord Ashley? What was his character? 7. What was Governor Berkeley's character? What was said of liim by King Charles II.? 8. What name was given to the territory now granted ? In whose honor was Carolina named? Where did the Lords Proprietors live? WMiattax was to be paid to them ? 9. What inducements were oflered to the English to go to Carolina and settle? Why was "religions freedom"' an inducement for them to leave their cotnfortable homes and settle in a savage country? 10. What religions {)ersecutions were seen in most of the American colonies ? 11. What two religious sects had emigrated to this section? What did they call their colony? 12. What was the condition of the colony? What sacrifices had the colonists made, and why? ' 13. How did the condition of the colonists differ from ours ? 46 HlJ^TOPwY OF XORTTT CAROTJXA. CHAPTER XI. GOVERNOR DRUMMOND AND SIR JOHN YEA MANS. A. D. 1663 TO 1667. King Charles II., who thus bestowed tliis vast dominion upon a few of his friends, was in marked contrast, as a sovereign, to Queen Elizabeth. He was a gay, dissolute, shameless libertine, who despised all that is valuable in human duties, and spent his life in the paltriest amusements. He could be polite and entertaining in conversation, but abundantly justified Lord Rochester's remark that "he never did a wise tiling or said a foolish one." 2. Under instructions from the other Lords Proprietors, Sir William Berkeley, in 1663, appointed William Drummond the first "Governor of Albemarle." He was a Scotch settler in Virginia, and ^vas a man who deserved the respect and confi- dence of the people whom he governed. He was plain and prudent in his style of life, and seems to have given satisfaction to the people, who had been previously uncontrolled by law or magistrate. 3. After a stay of three years, Governor Drummond returned to Virginia. A great trouble arose in Virginia at this period, known as " Bacon's Rebellion." A brave young man, Nath- aniel Bacon, was at the head of a force resisting the presumption and illegal authority of Governor Berkeley. William Drum- mond, seeing the justness of the resistance, warndy supported Bacon's cause. Mrs. Sarah Drummond, wife of the Governor, noblv sustained her husband. ]>a('on died l)efore the close of GOVERXOR DRITMMOXD AND SIR JOHN YEAMANS. 4/ the ^'Rebellion/' and a large number of the leaders were put to death. Governor Drunnnond Avas, by order of Berkeley, hanged within two hours after his capture. The entire property of Mrs. Drummond was confiscated and herself and five children were turned out to starve. 4. This tragic culmination of Berkeley's ruthless cruelties was the occasion of the bitter censure bv the King;, alreadv recorded. After the death of Berkeley, Mrs. Drummond bl^ought suit against his wife, Lady Francis Berkeley, for recovery of her property, and a verdict in her favor was given by a Virginia jury. Governor Drummond is commemorated by the lake in the Dismal Swam]3 which still bears his name. 5. It Avas discovered soon after the king's grant to the Lords Proprietors, that a belt of land extending southward from the present Virginia boundary to a point on a line with the mouth of Chowan River, and extending indefinitely west, Avas not included in that charter; so, in 1665 another charter AA^as granted joining this strip of territory to North Carolina. 6. In 1663 there Avas an expedition formed in the island of Barbadoes, Avhich came to the shores of Carolina and explored to the distance of about one hundred and fifty miles the courses of the north-east branch of the Cape Fear River. This expe- dition Avas under command of an experienced navigator named Hilton, who Av^as assisted by Long and Fabian, and returned to Barbadoes in February, 1664. 7. Among the planters who had fitted out this expedition Avas John Yeamans. He Avas a young man of good connections in England. His father had been Sheriff of the City of Bristol during the Avar of King Charles I. Avith Parliament, and was put to death by the order of Fairfax on account of his stubborn defense of his citA' in the kind's behalf. 4(S IIISTOnV OF NORTH CAIIOUNA. 1605. 8, Ycainans had emigrated to Barbadoes hoping to mend his broken fortunes, and being pleased with the report of Captain Hilton's expedition, he determined to remove to Carolina. He Avent to England to negotiate with the Ijords Proprietors and received from them a grant of large tracts of land, and at the same time he was knighted by the king in reward for the loyalty and misfortunes of his family. Return- ing from England in the autumn of 1665, he led a band of colonists from Barbadoes to the Cape Fear, and purchasing from the Indians a tract of land thirty-two miles square, settled at Old Town, in the present county of Brunswick. The settle- ment Avas afterAvards knoAvn as the " Clarendon Colony." This A^llage, Avhich Avas called CharlestoAvn, soon came to number eight hundred inhabitants, and they occupied their time in clearing the land for cultivation and preparing lumber, staves, hoops and shingles for shipment to Barbadoes. The colony greatly prospered under the excellent and prudent management of Sir John Yeamans, but Avas afterAAards deserted, Avhen Yeamans Avas ordered by the Lords Proprietors to the goA^ern- ment of a colony on Coo])er and Ashley RiA^ers, in South Carolina. 9. There had been, as early as 1660, a Ncav England settle- ment, for the purpose of raising cattle, on the Cape Fear; but this colony in(;urred tlie resentment of the Indians, it is said, by kidnapi^ing their children under the pretense of sending them to Boston to be educated ; and the colonists Avere all gone Avhen the men from Barbadoes Ansited the Cape Feiu\ Whether the XcAV Englanders Avere driven from the settlement by the Indians, or left because their enterprise Avas unprofitable, is not known with certainty. These men left attached to a post a GOVERNOR DRUMMOND AND SIR JOHN YEAMANS. 49 writing dLscouragiiig ^' all such as should hereafter come into these parts to settle." 1667. 10. During Governor Drunimond\s stay in Albe- marle there was entire satisfaction manifested by the people with his rule, and also with that of the Lords Proprietors. He exerted himself to arrange matters so as not to disturb the titles acquired in the time previous to the king's grant; and there was full sympathy between him and the class represented l)y George Durant. 11. This sturdy Quaker had, some years before, bought from the Yeoppim Indians the place knoAvn as "Durant's Neck," on Perquimans River; and he was a leader in wealth and influence among the settlers. He was prosperous in his affairs, and largely controlled the views of the people belonging to his religious sect. 12. The rivers were full of fish every spring, and with little trouble large supplies were caught in the nets and weirs. Indian corn, tobacco and lumbei' were sent in vessels to New England and the West Indies. In return, sugar, coffee and rum were brought to Albemarle, and an active trade grew up, which was almost wholly conducted by the New England vessels. 13. These vessels all passed through the inlet at Nag's Head, where, as late as 1729, twenty-five feet of water was found upon the bar. This afibrded entrance to ships of con- siderable size. Cape Hatteras w^as then, as now, a place of great peril to ships, and many were wrecked upon the terrible outlying sand bars ; but this did not deter the brave mariners from the trade which they found was growing each year more profitable. 4 50 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. \Vli;it was the character of King Charles II.? What was said of liiin by Lord Rochester? 2. Who was appointed the first (Governor of Albemarle? What kind of man was lie ? 3. How long did Governor Drummond stay in North Carolina? Can yon tell something of "Bacon's Rebellion"? Wliat part did Governor Drummond take, and what was the result? What can you tell of Mrs. Sarah Drummond? 4. What further is said of Mrs. Drummond ? How is Governor Drummond's name commemorated in the State? Point out this lake. 5. What additional piece of land was given to the Lords Proprietors in 1665? G, What expedition came to Carolina in 1663? 7. What is said of Sir John Yearaans ? 8. What was the object of Yeamans' visit? What colony did he form in 1665? Where was it located? What is the history of this colony? 9. Wiiat previous settlement had been made in this same vicinity? Why was it deserted ? 10. How had the people of Albemarle been pleased with the adminis- tration of Governor Drummond ? 11. Who was George Durant? Point out "Durant's Neck" on the map. 12. Give some account of the prosperity of Albemarle? What vessels conducted the trade? 13. Through what inlet did vessels enter the sound? Describe the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras. FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITITTIONS. 51 CHAPTER XII. GOVERNOR STEPHENS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONS. A. D. 1667 TO 1674. After Sir William Berkeley had put Governor Driimmond to death in the manner described, Governor Stephens was sent in 1667 to take his place. Stephens was a ruler of ordinary abilities, and probably did his best for the interests of the province, so far as was consistent with a keen regard for instruc- tions from the Lords Proprietors. 1668. 2. The government, in his day, consisted of the Governor, his council of twelve, and twelve members of the House of Assembly, elected by the freeholders. Every white man having an estate of inheritance, or for life, in fifty acres of land, was a freeholder. Perfect religious liberty was allowed, and there was no check at that day upon the govern- ment, provided it preserved its feiilty to the King and the Lords Proprietoi's. 3. A wide margin was left to the Grand Assembly of Albemarle for the display of its power. Neither the Legisla- ture nor the Governor had any capital city for the transaction of business. The Governor lived on any farm he pleased, and the General Assembly met at such place as it deemed most convenient. 1669. ^. Their earliest known legislation allowed no settlers to be disturbed for the collection of debts contracted before coming to live in Albemarle. Another law exempted all new comers from taxes for one year; and j^rohibited tlie OZ IIISTOIiV OF NORTH ("AIIOLIXA. transfer of any land by a settler during the first two years of his residence. These laws were evidently passed to encourage immigration. 5. As there were no Church of England preachers then in the colony, another statute allowed people to get married by simply going before the Governor, or any of his CH)nncil, and declaring a purpose to become man and wife. 1(>70. 6. Albemarle at that time was divided into the ])rc('incts of Carteret, Berkeley and Shaftsbury. The settle- ments extended rapidly down the sea-coast, and soon reached as far south as the ])rcsent town of Beaufort, on Old Topsail inlet. 7. Governor Stephens soon reached the conclusion of his administration and the term of his natural life. The closing months of his rule were embittered by the nature of the instructions he received from the Lords Proprietors and the Board of Trade in London. 8. One of these instructions, materially changing the simple government previously existing in the province, was concern- ing the colonial trade. English merchants saw that New England vessels were visiting the scattered settlements on the ^vater-courses and establishing a lucrative exchange of manu- factured goods for the tobacco, corn and lumber of Carolina. 9. It was determined in London to stop this, and appro- ]>riate to English factors whatever of profit might be realized. The old English Navigation Act, passed under Cromwell to brcalv down the Dutch trade, was revived as against the Boston skippei's. Governor Stephens accordingly told the colonists they imist exchange the products of their farms with none but Englisli traders, but he quickly found that the peo])le were resolute in refusing ol)edience to auv such reirulations. FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONS. 53 10. It was further annouiiced that a new scheme of rule had been prepared in England. This was the work of Lord Shaftsbury and a distinguished philosopher named John Locke. This, fiiniiliarly known as " Locke's Grand Model/' was called by the Proprietors " The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina," and was a cumbrous and elaborate system, full of titles and dignities. It involved a large expenditure, and was as unsuited to the Carolina wilderness, as St. Paul's Cathedral in London was for a meeting-house for the Quakers of Pasquotank ! IL The people who were constantly enduring danger and privations in Albemarle at once resolved that they would have no part in the titles and pageants concocted by these wise men of England. They had been promised freedom if they would come to America, both by the king in the Great Deed of Gi^ant and by the Lords Proprietors, and nothing less than the privi- leges of Englishmen would satisfy them. 12. The "Navigation Act" was intended to destroy their commerce and manufactures, and the " Fundamental Constitu- tions," if submitted to, would have put an end to their home rule. They waged a long opposition to these two things, and a century went by before, in the blood of the Revolution, American commerce became free. They were denounced as unruly subjects, but they were, in all truth, wise and resolute patriots. They were protecting not only themselves, but the generations of the future. (QUESTIONS. 1. Who succeeded Governor Druimiiond :is Governor of Albemarle? What kind of man was Governor Stephens? 2. In what did the government consist at that time? 04 HISTORY OF NORTH ("AROLIXA. 3. What is said of the Grand Assembly? Where did ihe (Jrajid Assembly usually meet? 4. Mention some of tiie earliest laws? 5. What law was enacted concerning marriage? G. How was Albemarle divided? How far had the settlement extended? 7. What trouble came to Governor Stephens? 8. What kind of trade was carried on between Carolina and New England ? O. What was determined by the Lords Proprietors? What old law was revived ? How did the people receive the orders from Governor Stephens ? 10. What two celebrated Englishmen prepared a form of government for Carolina? What was this system called? State its nature? 11. What was resolved by the colonists concerning the Grand Model ? 12. What was the intent of the Navigation Act? Of the Fundamental Constitutions? EAKLY UOVEKNOES AND TPIEIK TllOUBLEH. 55 CHAPTER XIII. EARLY GOVERNORS AND THEIR TROUBLES. A. D. 1674 TO 1680. 1674. Samuel Stephens, upon his death in 1674, was succeeded by George Carteret as Governor of Albemarle. The oldest member of the council was entitled by law to the place, but the members of the House of Assembly succeeded in obtaining the position for their speaker. Governor Car- teret found many difficulties in the office he had assumed ; and becoming disgusted with the continued opposition of the people to the Fundamental Constitutions and the navigation laws of 1670, he went over to London and resigned his place as Governor. 1676. 2- When he reached England he found Eastchurch, who, as Speaker of the House of Assembly, had been sent over to remonstrate with the Proprietors against the innova- tions they were proposing. His friend Miller, who was accused of indulging in rebellious language, had been carried out of the province for trial at Williamsburg, in Virginia, and was also in London at this time seeking redress for his alleged grievances. 3. Eastchurch was in London as the agent for Albemarle. The people were paying him to procure the assent of the Proprietors to some remission in tlie hard measure of the navi- gation laws; also for the abrogation of the Fundamental Constitutions. He and Miller betrayed their trusts, and became tlie willing tools of Lord Shaftsbury and the Board of Trade. 4. As the price of their subservience, Eastchurch was o(y PILSTORY OP' NORTPI CAROLINA. appointed Governor of .Vlbeniarle and Miller was made Sec- retary of State. Tlie authorities in London were fully resolved that the New England vessels should be excluded from Caro- lina waters and that the Fundamental Constitutions should be a'jcepted as the system of government. 5. This betrayal of a high trust was to bring its own punish- ment on the heads of both Eastchurch and Miller. On their way to America they stopped at the Island of Nevis, where the new Governor of Albemarle met a Creole lady. His con- duct in London liad been weak enough, but complete insanity seemed to have fallen upon him at Nevis. For two years he was oblivious to all the disorders and distresses of the people conunitted to his government; and he sui;rendered everything else to liis love-making. 1677. C. Miller went on to Albemarle, and in Jidy, 1677, assumed control of public affairs. There were then in the colony two thousand tax-payers. Besides Indian corn, which Avas the staple production, eight hundred thousand pounds of tobacco were made that year. The whole colony was enjoying such prosj^erity as a fertile soil and good climate always give. 7. Tlie new Governor conducted matters in an outrageous manner. He imposed taxes upon all goods sent to other colonies, and in this way soon realized five thousand dollars on the tobacco which was sent to Virginia and Boston. 8. He was particularly emphatic in his orders forbidding trade with New England vessels. George Durant, with a larg(! majority of the ])eople, was determined to thwart liim in this matter. Governor Miller, on the other hand, Avas so dctci'mined in enforcing liis orders that lie in person boarded a Boston vessel and arrested the ski])])er. EARLY GOVERNORS AND THEIR TROUBLES. .3 Y 1678. 9. Thereupon, John Culpepper, with his followers, seized Miller, and having put him in prison, assumed the government himself. • He imprisoned all the deputies of the Lords Proprietors. The king's revenue, also, amounting to fifteen thousand dollars, was appropriated by him. Cul- pepper, like Gillam, the skipper who had caused the outbreak, was from New England. 1680. 10. At last, after two years delay upon his journey, Eastchurch made his appearance in Albemarle. He had won his bride, but lost everything else. Culpepper scouted his claims to the government. He went to Williamsburg, in Virginia, to beg the Governor of that province to aid him in regaining the place he had lost by his folly ; but so slow and ceremonious was his lordship that Eastchurch died of vexa- tion before anything substantial had been accomplished in his behalf. 11. Miller escaped from the confinement to which he had been subjected by Culpepper, and again went to England to utter his complaints. Culpepper followed him there, and though indicted and tried for treason, was acquitted by aid of Lord Shaftsbury. 12. Thus it was, in the earliest days of our history as a people, that the men of North Carolina found means to resist the execution of laws enacted abroad for their oppression, and commenced a struggle which was to continue for a century. QUESTIONS. 1. Who succeeded Samuel Stephens as Governor? How did lie obtain the phice? Why did Governor Carteret go to England? 2, What two men from Carolina did he find in England, and what was their mission? 08 HISTORY OF NOUTM CAKOLINA. 3. What duty had the colonists entrusted to Eastchiircli ? How did he fulfill the trust? 4. How were Eastchurch and Miller rewarded for their betrayal? What was the determination of the London authorities? 5. What was the conduct of Eastchurch while on his way to Carolina? 0. What did Miller do in the meantime? What was the condition of the colony at this period? 7. How did the new Governor manage affairs? 8. What trade did he forbid? By whom was his command thwarted? What violent act was done by Miller? 9. "What was done to Miller? Who assumed the government? 10. When did Eastchurch arrive at Carolina ? How did he find mat- ters? To whom did he go for aid, and with what success? 11. What became of Miller and Culpepper? 12. What do the events of this lesson teach us? LOKD CARTERET ADD8 A NEW TROUBLE. 59 CHAPTER XIV. LORD CARTERET ADDS A NEW TROUBLE. A. D. 1680 TO 1704. When John Culpepper had ended his administration the authorities in England sent over John Harvey as Governor. Little is know of him or of his successors, John Jenkins and Henry Wilkinson. There were still misrule and confusion in Albemarle. A few men of wealth, who acted as deputies in the Council for the absent Lords Proprietors, were their advo- cates and defenders in everything they proposed ; but the people still traded with New England vessels and vented their scorn upon the Fundamental Constitutions. 1681. 2. At last, in 1681, the authorities in England con- cluded that if one of their own number went over he might exert more influence upon the people than a hired agent. Therefore, they induced Seth Sothel, who had bought the interest first granted to the Earl of Clarendon, to venture on the doubtful expedient. 1683-88. 3. To the great good fortune of the province, this abandoned man was captured at sea by Algerine pirates. Thus he became the slave of these corsairs for two years. When he arrived it was soon seen what a beastly and detestable monster had been sent as a reformer of the morals of the people of Albemarle. He was the most shameless reprobate ever seen as a Governor in America. He took bribes, . stole property and appropriated the Indian trade to his own uses, growing worse and worse until the people, in 1688, could no longer endure his iniquities, and drove him from the jilace he disgraced. 60 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. He went to South Carolina, and after his sentence of twelve months exile had expired, returned to North Carolina and died in 1692. 1089-93. 4. Philip Ludwell and Alexander Lillington were the next rulers in Nortli Carolina, and the administration of the latter witnessed the triuni])h of the colonists in the consent of the Lords Proprietors to the abolition of the Fun- damental Constitutions. This event occurred in 1693, and brought no little joy to the men who had so long and success- fully opposed it as the Constitution of Nortli Carolina. 1695-96. 5. Thomas Harvey ruled next in Albemarle, while John Archdale, a wise and benevolent Quaker, was put in charge of all tlie settlements in Avhat ^vas North Carolina, and also those on Cooper and Ashley Rivers, in South Caro- lina. In the year 1696 a severe pestilential fever visited all the tribes of Indians along Pamlico Sound and destroyed nearly all of them. The colonists, soon after this, feeling somewhat safer from Indian attacks, began to form settlements southward. 1704. 6. Henderson Walker succeeded to the rule by virtue of his place as President of the Council. After him Colonel Robert Daniel, Avho had made reputation in an expedition against the Spaniards in Florida, became, in 1704, the Gov- ernor of tlie |)r()vinc(', 7. Governor Daniel was probably the mistaken and ignorant agent of Ijovd Carteret, who happened then to be the Palatine, or chief of the I^rords J*ro])rietors, in a foolish effort at reform. Carteret, like James 11., was by no means a pattern in moral- ity, but became impressed with his duty to cause the Assembly to pass a law making the Episcopal Church the State Church in the province, as it was in England. LORD ('ARTEIJET ADDS A NEW TROUBEE. (jl 8. The Baptists and Quakers were numerous, and both of these sects were sternly opposed to any such regulation. The law was passed in spite of their votes to the contrary, and provided for building churches, buying glebe lands, and public taxation to pay the rectors' salaries, but did not visit any disqualification or punishment upon non-conformists. The first Episcopal preacher arrived at Albemarle in 1703, and the first church was built in 1705, in Chowan county. 9. These persons, who were not members of the Episcopal Church, said they were already paying for the support of their pastors, and at once declared that they would not submit to the injustice of paying money to -men who were the leaders in the persecutions of Baptists and Quakers in England and America. 10. The Presbyterians of South Carolina sent John Ashe, of that section, to London to resist the confirmation of the law, and Edmund Porter was sent, for the same purpose, by the people of Albemarle. Ashe died in London before he knew of his success. Both Queen Anne and the House of Lords denounced the innovation as unjust and impolitfc, and the law was therefore annulled by Her Majesty in her privy council. 11. It was thus, year by year, that the Carolinians kept up their struggle for freedom and equality before the law. The ocean stretched between them and the men who sought their oppression, and large expenditures, both in money and heart- w^earing efforts were undergone, as the dangerous and alarm- ing years went by, but these men of the woods never wavered in their determination to be free. 62 lirSTOIlY OF NORTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. I, Wiio was sent from England to sncceed John Culpepper as Governor of Carolina? Wlio followed Governor Harvey in office? Wliat was the condition of afiairs in the colony under these Governors? ti. Who became Governor in 1681 ? Who was Seth Sothel, and why was he selected ? 3. What befel Sothel on his way to Carolina? What kind of man was Governor Sothel ? What did the people do? 4. Who next took charge of Carolina? What important thing was accomplished under this administration? 5. Who was Governor in 1696? Who had charge of all the settle- ments? O. Wliat two Governors are next mentioned? 7. Whose agent was Governor -Daniel? What law was i)assed by the Assembly ? 8. What two religious sects were strongest opposers of the act? What was provided for in the statute? 9. What complaint was made by the Baptists and Quakers? 10. VV^ho was sent to London in the interest of the Presbyterians? W^hat man from Albemarle? Wliat was the success of the mission to London? II. What was the almost constant struggle of the people of Carolina? THOMAS CAREY AND THE TUSCARORA WAR. 63 CHAPTER XV. THOMAS CAREY AND THE TUSCARORA WAR. A. D. 1704 TO 1712. , Thomas Carey, who had ah*eady reached the positions of Speaker of the House of Assembly and Lieutenant-Governor, was promoted, to be Governor In 1705. He had been a leader in opposition to Governor Daniel's church scheme, and for that reason John Archdale and the Quakers had procured his elevation to the latter position. It may be imagined what was their disgust and surprise when it ^vas found that Carey had changed sides and become the Willing tool of Lord Carteret. 1705. 2. In 1705 the town of Bath, in Beaufort county, was settled, and this was the first incorporated town In North Carolina. One of the oldest churches In the State Is at Bath. The brick used in the building w^ere brought from England. The edifice Is still in a good condition, and Is regularly used for public w^orshlp. 3. When the General Assembly niet, Governor Carey announced that, under English laws, none but members of tlie English or Episcopal Church could be allowed to take the oaths necessary to qualification for a seat in either House. John Porter Avas thereupon sent to London to malvc known this fresh outrage and betrayal of the people. 4. He was soon back with orders for Carey's removal ; and the General Assembly elected William Glover by the votes of John Porter and the men he influenced. It Is sickening to add that Glover also immediately deceived the men who were his supporters, and was found acting and talking exactly as i)4 HISTORY OF NORTH ('AROLINA. Caivv had done. The next thing seen was tlie ])aeifi('ati()n of Carey and the (^nakers, and tlieir re-eleetion of him as Gov- ernor. 5. Two rival governments were thus at open ru})ture, each claiming to be the lawful government in Albemarle. They both took up arms, and it seemed that bloodshed must ensue. A General Assembly was called to decide the question of authority. Members were present with certificates of election signed by Glover, and another set whose certificates were issued by Carey. Glover and Carey, Avith their adherents, occupied separate rooms in the same building, and great confusion and bitterness prevailed. Finally the members of Glover's council Avere compelled to seek refuge in Virginia. 6. In such a state of affairs, Edward Hyde arrived from England Avith papers directing Ed^vard Tynte, the Governor of both South and North Carolina, to commission him as Governor of North Carolina. In the meantime Carey, hav- ing heard of Governor Tynte's death, refused to acknowledge Hyde's claims, and proceeded to arm and equip his folloAvers. 1711. 7. The cruel luid crafty Tuscaroras now resolved to avail themselves of the divisions among the white peo])le. They procured the Meherrins, Corees, Mattanuiskeets and other tribes to unite with them in an eft'ort to nuuxler all they could of the settlers. They kept the secret so well that on the night of the 11th of September, 1711, according to the calendar of that day, more than two hundred whites were butchered. The Tuscaroras mustered in their ranks a stronp; force, which was increased by their allies to sixteen hundred warriors. The Indians continued this terrible slaughter for three days, and only ceased when fatigue and drunkenness rendered them inca])ab]e of further continuance. THOxMAS CAREY AND THE TTTSCARORA WAR. i)~) 8. The Baron de Graffeiireid, a nobleman from Bern, had just established (in 1710) a flourishing colony, comprising about six hundred persons, Germans and Swedes, at New Bern, at the confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. De Graifen- reid and John I^awson, the surveyor-general, while on an exploring voyage up the Neuse River, a feA\' days before the massacre of September 11th, were seized by the Indians. The war council decided that both the men should be put to death. De Graifenreid made claim that he was king of the Swiss set- tlement just established, and escaped death by promising that no more land should be taken from the Indians without their consent. The unfortunate Lawson and a negro servant were l)ut to death by the most horrible cruelties. 9. Baron de GrafPenreid was held a captive for several ^veeks, and Avas set at lil)erty upon applit^ation of Governor Spottswood. On his return to his settlement he found it in a condition of almost desolation. He became so disheartened at the prospect that he soon sold his interest in Carolina and I'cturned to Switzerland. 1712. 10. The South Carolina militia and near a thousand Yemassee Indians, under Colonel Jolni Barnwell, came as swiftly as they could to the rescue, and inflicted a stunning blow upon the savages. They ^veve attacked in a fort near New Bern, and more than three hundred of the Indians were killed and a hundred made prisoners. Thinking the league crushed. Colonel Barnwell went hc^nie with his forces, after making a treaty with the Indians, Avhich was quickly broken. 11. In this terrible emergency, which threatened the destruc- tion of so many settlers, Governor S])ottswood, (^f Virginia, did nothing to aid the colony except keep the Five Nations and Tom Blount's Tuscaroras neutral in the war. The great (j(j HLSTOUV OF NORTir CAFJOr.INA. danger was in the j^ossiblc adhesion of the New York Irocjuols to the savaue league. A\ itli ^Vlbeniarle divided, and eonse- (juently in a measure helpless, it wa.s seen that it would he impossible to meet the Five Nations in battle. 12. When the next spring had op3ned, some hundreds of men in North Carolina were j(Mned bv Colonel James Moore, from S(nith Carolina, with another foree of a hundred and fifty of his white neighbors and the Yemas^ees, who again were willing to make war upon their hated enemies, the Tusearoras. l'>. Another bloody attack upon a fort made of earth- works and palisades resulted in such slaughter of the Indians that Handcoek, their chief, who had boldly led them before, w^as so disheartened at the loss of his braves that; with his tribe, he abandfined Carolina and rejoined his brethren in the lake country of New York, who were from that time known as the Six Nations. They ventured no more among the men who had so fearfully broken their strength and power as belligerents. The fort occupied by Handcoek and his force Avas situated where the village of Snow Hill, Greene county, now stands, and WHS called by the Indians ^' Nahucke.'' The siege began March 20th, and in a fe^y days the fort, with eight hundred prisoners, was taken by storm. Colonel ^loore's loss was twenty white men and thirty-six Indians killed and alwut one hundred wounded. 14. In the midst of the danger, in this .^cond year of the war, yellow fever was seen for the first time in Albemarle. Governor Hyde fell a victim to its virulence. He died Sep- tember 8, 1712, and was succeeded by Thomas Pollock, who had long l)een known as one of the richest and most influential of the settlers. Pollock and Edward Moseley, who Avas the leading la\A^^er and ablest man in Albemarle, were in deadlv THOMAS (\\11P:Y ANT) THE TUSrARORA WAR. (i7 enmity concerning the quarrels between the contending Gov- ernors. 15. During this turbulent period among their rulers the people of Albemarle were giving their principal attention to growing corn and other farm products. They were improving their settlements and reaping the full reward of industry and perseverance. In 1704 the manufacture of tar began, and it was soon discovered that thi>s native article ^v^as destined to become a very valuable commodity, both at home and in foreign countries. 16. During tht' years just considered North Carolina received large accessions to her population. As early as 1690 French Protestant refugees purchased lands and began to form settle-, ments in Pamlico. In 1 707 another body of French emigrants, under the guidance of their clergyman, Phillipe de Riche- bourg, located in the same section. A good number of French Huguenots, also, had formed thrifty settlements in the Pamlico region and along the banks of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. QUESTIONS. 1. How did Thomas Carey become Governor of Albemarle? How did he disa[)point the people wlio elected him ? 2. Wliere was the first town incorporated in the State? 3. What announcement was made by Carey at the meetins; of the Assembly? How was this received by the people? 4. What orders were brought by Porter? Who was elected as Carey's successor? How were the people disappointed in Governor Glover? 5. What was the condition of affairs? O. Who arrived from England, and for what purpose y How did Carey receive Governor Hyde's demand? 7. How were the Tuscaroras acting during this public trouble? What calamity befell the colony ? 8, What befell Baron de Graffenreid and John Lawson ? ()S msToiiY OF xoirnr caroi.ixa. 1). What further is said of de Grafienreid? 10. Wliat aid came from South Carolina? Desciibe tlie battle. 11. How did Governor S{K)ttswood, of Virginia, act (hiring this trouble? AVhat was specially feared by the people? 12. How was tlie colony preparing for war? 13. Describe the second battle and the result, 14. What terrible sickness visited Carolina in 1712? Wiio was one of the victims? Who succeeded Governor Hyde? What is said of (iovernor Pollock? lo. How were the peojde of Albemarle occupying themselves during these troublesome times? 10. Give some account of the growth of the settlements in North Car(.)rma. (lOVEKXOJ; EDEX AND liLACR-KEAKl). ()J) CHAPTER XVI. GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD. A. D. 1712 TO 1722. With the conquest of the Tuscaroras and their aUies, a great danger was removed from the settlements in Carolina. Tom Blount and his people were assigned a tract of land as a token of the gratitude of the whites for their refusal to join in the war. This reservation was first located south of Albemarle Sound, but was afterwards changed to the region still kno^^^n as the " Indian Woods," in Bertie county. 1713. 2. In 1713, Colonel Pollock was relieved of his office as Governor by the arrival of Charles Eden, w^ith full powers from the Duke of Beaufort, who was then Palatine. Governor Eden was instructed by the Proprietors to discourage much expansion of the settlements. He became popular with a large portion of the people. He lived some years at Queen Anne's Creek, which town was called Edenton, as a compli- ment to him. He afterwards bought a place on Salmon Creek, in Bertie county, and dwelt there. This place is still Ivuown as "Eden House." 1715. 3. In 1715 the same Yemassee Indians who had so signally aided in the overthrow of the Tuscaroras, repeated, in South Carolina, the bloody work of their old enemies in Albemarle. They were aided by other tribes, and murdered many white people. Tlie Indians in the Bath j)recinct also, ttdviuir advantaire of the alarm caused l)v this outbreak in the 70 HISTORY OF XOKTH CAIKHJNA. southern ])r(»vinco raised tlie war crv and murdered several wliite people on the Panilieo plantations before they eoiild be ehecked. 4. At the request of the Governor of South Carolina, Gov- ernor P]den immediately sent a strong foree of both cavalry and infantry to aid the South Carolinians. Colonel Maurice jMoore, who was the brother of Colonel James Moore, the late connnander against the Tuscaroras, and had become a resident of Albemarle, was in command. 5. The oldest statutes of which we have co]:)ies were enacted in 1715, at the house of Captain Richard Sanderson, in Penjuimans. Edward Moseley w^as Speaker of the House of Assembly, and differed with Governor Eden in many matters of provincial policy. Through all his life as a public man he was intensely devoted to the interest of the colony ; and though warmly attached to the English or Episcopal Church, was resolute in his advocacy of complete religious liberty. He formed a strong party of men, who regarded the Governor as simply the agent of the Lords Proprietors; and therefore, to be vigilantly watched and checked in any innovation upon established jirivi leges. 6. There had been, for years, many crimes connnitted l)y ])irates upon the oceim just along the North Carolina" coast. They sometimes extended their inflimous practices to the sounds and rivers. One Edward Teach, who was also called " Black- Beard," was the chief of these bloody robbers. He had a fleet of armed vessels, the largest of Avhich was called Queen Anne^s Revenge. This formidable craft carried a cre^^' of one hundred men, and forty cannon. 7. Edward Moseley and othci-s were clamorous for the arrest and ])unishnient of such horrid offenders against the law, and GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD. 71 denounced Governor Eden as their accomplice. It was brought to the knowledge of Captain Ellis Brand, who came in com- mand of a British squadron in Hampton Roads, that Teach w^as to be found near Ocracoke. 8. Lieutenant Robert Maynard was ordered to go to that point and capture the outlaws. He found the pirates, who saluted him with so deadly a broadside that a large portion of the royal men were slain. Maynard unfortunately got his ship aground in the action, and his deck was terribly raked b}' his antagonists' fire. His case seemed well-nigh hopeless, w^hen he resorted to a stratagem. All of his men were ordered to go below, and soon the pirates saw nothing but dead men upon the deck. They hastened to board what they thought was another pHze. 9. But Maynard and his men met them as they crowded upon the deck, and after a bloody struggle, captured nine men, who were the survivors of the prolonged and desperate conflict. Among these was a gigantic negro, who was on the point of blowing up the pirate vessel when arrested in his desperate purpose. 10. Black-Beard was slain during the battle, and Maynard sailed away from the scene of his victory with the corsair's head fixed upon his bowsprit. The captured offenders were carried to Williamsburg, Virginia, and there tried and executed, as they deserved to be. 11. In the early portion of the eighteenth century the whole Atlantic coast of America was more or less infested by these buccaneers. In some quarters they congregated in great num- bers and made expeditions in which they laid cities under contribution, and endangered all legitimate conunerce in the 72 iiisToiiv OF xoirrii carolixa. iK'w world. They were as cruel desperadoes as have been seen in any age of the world's history. After long and costly eifort by the English and other governments, they Avere driven from the seas. QUESTIONS. 1. What reservation was given to the Indians? 2. Who became Governor in 1713? How had Governor Kden been instructed by the Lords Proi>rietors? Where did he live? 3. What occtj red in 1715? 4. Wiio was sent to aid the people of South Carolina? 5. At whose house did the Legislature meet? What noted man was Speaker of the House? Give some description of Edward Moseley. 6. Wiiat famous pirate was ravaging the coast about this time? 7. Of what had Governor Eden been charged? 8. Who was sent to capture the pirate? Describe the battle. 9. How did the engagement result? 10. What disposition was made of the captives? 11. What is said of the Atlantic coast during this period? -==^i^m^^t G0VP:1IN()J{ (rABlllEI. JOHNSTON. 73 CHAPTER XVII. GOVERNOR GABRIEL JOHNSTON. A. D. 1722 TO 1748. Upon the death of Governor Eden in 1722, Colonel Thomas Pollock, as President of Plis Majesty's Council for North Carolina, assumed the place of Governor, but he died in a short while and was succeeded by William Reed. That year Bertie precinct was erected west of Chowan River, and court- houses were, for the first time, ordered to be buih. Not only the General Assembly, but courts and all public affairs, up to this time, had been held in private houses. 2. North Carolina then comprised three counties. These were Albemarle, Bath and Clarendon. Albemarle contained Currituck, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan and Bertie pre- cincts. Bath and Clarendon, though counties, were not sub- divided at this time. 1724. 3. The Lords Proprietors, as the last evidence of their lack of wisdom and interest in the province they had so long cursed with their misrule, sent over George Burrington. After the creation of the counties of Bath and Clarendon the representative of the Lords Proprietors was called "Governor of North Carolina." 4. Governor Burriny-ton's character was verv bad ; he had been indicted and punished in the Old Bailey, in I^ondon, for beating an old woman, and was, all his life, drunken and (piarrelsome. Yet such a man came over to be the guardian of a people who kne^v not when they were to be tomalunvked 74 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. by the savages or driven into fiirtlier exile by the zeah)ts who Avere disturbed at the nature of their religious belief. 1725. '>• This weak and wieked ruler only remained one yeai- in ehargc, when Sir Riehard Everhard came to replace him. They were brothers in iniquity, and before Burrington left Edenton these two men disgraced themselves bv fio-htino- in the streets of that village. The General Assembly met at Edenton, and by enactment of law the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia was run in November of this year. 1729. <3. Such rulers as have just been mentioned so utterly disgusted every one in the colony that the King and Parliament were petitioned to buy the province and abolish the rule of those who had only hindered its growth. So, in 1729, for the sum of forty-five thousand dollars, all of the proprietors except Lord Carteret, sold to the Crown their interest in Caro- lina. Thus, after sixty-six years of unbounded misrule, these men in London who had so greatly cursed North Carolina by their ignorance and mistakes, surrendered their title to property which had never paid them more than about one hundred dollars apiece in any one year. 7. They had never really cared for the people whom they Avere so anxious to disturb with their crude notions of religion. The schemes of London merchants were of far more moment than the welfare of Albemarle, and the folly of the Funda- mental Constitutions was to be upheld even at the ruin of the ])r()vince. (S. As an earnest of the want of ctu*e King George I. was to exhibit toward the colony, Governor Burrington Avas sent back to the people who were already so well acquainted with his faults of tem[)er and characier. lie soon got ijito trouble GOVERNOU GABRIEL JOHNSTON. YD with the leading men of the province, and pretending to go to South Carohna, returned to England, where he was soon after killed in a night-brawl in the city of London. 1734. 9. Nathaniel Rice was Governor until the arrival and qualification of Gabriel Johnston, who took the oaths of office at Brunswick, on the Cape Fear River. Governor John- ston was a Scotchman, who had lived for several years in London, and was to prove the wisest and best of all the men sent over to rule the people in Carolina. He married Penelope Eden, daughter of the late Governor, and dwelt at her home on the Chowan River. 10. There were no troubles between the Governor and people in the time of Governor Johnston's administration. Some- times Edward Moseley, always a stickler for the rights of the colonists, would carry some dispute into the General Assembly, })ut the measures of Governor Johnston, as a general thing, were pleasing to all classes of the people and received their support. 11. At this period. Dr. John Brickell, with a party of white men and Indians, was sent by the General Assembly to explore the mountain region of Western North Carolina. He went into East Tennessee in his travels among the Cherokees. He brought back wondrous accounts of the beauty of the region and of the simplicity and kindness of the natives. Dr. Brickell practiced medicine in Edenton and wrote an interest- ing book about the North Carolina of that day. 1740. 12. During the Spanish war Governor Johnston enlisted four hundred North Carolina troops for the expedition that was led by Governor Oglethorpe against the Spaniards at St. Augustine, in Florida. They formed a battalion of the regiment commanded l)y Colonel Vanderdussen. They were /() IIIS'IOUV OF NOiriH CAROI.INA. carried iiiulci' Admiral X^eriion to the sieof of ( artJiagena and ])articipated in tlie dangers and liorrors of that expedition. Ihit few returned to tell the storv of their disasters. 1 740. 1 '3. I n eonse(|uenee of the great defeat of the Seoteh by tlie English at the battle of Cnlloden, many Seoteh emi- grants began to settle in North .Vmeriea. The ea])tives in the struggle mentioned had been offered choice between death and exile to America. The emig-rants landed at Wilmington in large numbers and formed settlements along the Cape Fear River. One of their principal towns was at Cross Creek, now knoAvn as Fayetteville. These Scotch people were brave, industrious and frugal, and North Carolina has alwa}'s esteemed them as a part of her best population. 1748. 14. The province had never grown so rapidly, or been so ])rosperous, as in the rule of the wise and excellent man Avho now conducted public affairs. The provinces of North and South Carolina were fornudly separated in Gov- ernor Burrington's time, and u])on the death of Governor Johnston, in 1 7."32, it was found that the population had been multiplied several times over what it had Ikvu twenty years before, and it now^ numbered nearly fifty thousand peoi)le. Great quantities of tar, ])itch and turpentine, also staves, corn, tobac(?o and other ])roducts of the farm, besides i)ork, beei', bacon and lai'd, were exported. QUESTIONS. 1. Who became (xovenior on the de;ilh ul' (ictvernor Juleii 'i What chaniijes were noticed in the coh)ny? 2. Into what precincts and counties was North Carolina divided ? J5. Who was sent over by the Lords Proprietors in 1724 as Governor? ■4. (Jan y(»u lell st)nietiung (jf Governor Binrington's past life? GOVERNOIl (JABRII^.L JOHNSTON. ( I 5. Mow long wns Governor Burrington in office, and who succeeded Jiini? How did tliese officers conduct themselves in Edenton ? O. What large purchase was made in 1729? Which of the Lords Pro- prietors reserved iiis right? Wliat had been the annual i)rofit to the Proprietors from the colony ? 7. How had these men always felt towards their province? 8. What was the first act of George I. in the government of North Carolina? How did Burrington's administration terminate? O. Who was Burrington's successor? Who followed Governor Rice? Tell something of Governor Johnstcjn. 10. How did Governor Johnston conduct affairs? 11. What expedition was sent out at this time? What account of the western country was given by Dr. Brickell on Iiis return? 12. What occurred in 1740? 13. How and by whom was the Cape Fear region now being settled ? 14. Give an account of the [)rosperity of the province during this period. 7. The year 1749 is memorable because then, for the first time, a printing press was erected in North CaroHna. James Davis brought this press to New Bern from Virginia, and began, years later, the publication of a weekly newspaper, called The North Carolina Magazine or Universal Intelligencer. This occurred in 1765, and the press was used until that time in printing the laws and proceedings of the General Assem})ly. 4. The first movements toward peopling the western sections of the province were seen this year in the purchase, by the Moravians, of a large tract of land from Earl Granville. They called it Wachovia, in compliment to Count Zinzendorf 's estate in Germany. The same region was peopled rapidly by other German settlers, with a large addition of Scotch-Irish emigrants. Their town was named Salem, and is now the county seat of Forsyth. 1752-3. 5. Upon the death of Governor Johnston, Presi- dent Rice was in charge until the next year, when, upon his death. Colonel Matthew Rowan succeeded to the place thus made vacant. Colonel Rowan lived in Bladen, and was a planter of large means. He was greatly valued, and his name is perpetuated in a county which has long been important in North Carolina. 1754. 6. At this time thei-e was great rivalry between France and England for supremacy in America. Large as was the area of unoccupied territory for division between them, they were fast maturing schemes for each other's expulsion from the Western Continent. 7. All around the English settlements, from New England along the great lakes, and down the Mississippi River, a chain of forts was being constructed by the French, and the aid of all the Indian tribes had already been secured except in the >>0 lIISTonV OK NOUTII CAROLINA. instance of the Iroquois or Six Nations in Xew York. I^ord DinAN'iddie, then Governor of Virginia, sent a messenger to say that these enemies were even encroaching upon the Old Dominion and erecting a fort at the junction of the two streams wliich form the Oliio River. 8. Pittsburg stands upon the spot where this famous Fort I)u Quesne was constructed. His lordship applied for aid i'rom North Carolina in an expedition which he proposed to send against these intruders. Governor Rowan and the General Assembly responded nobly and promptly to the call. 9. Colonel James Innes, who had served gallantly under Lord Vernon at Carthagena, in South America, was put in (command of a regiment mustering more than nine hundred men. Two hundred thousand dollars was voted for their (Mpiipment and supplies, and with high h()])es, the long march for the (Jhio River was begun. 10. When the army reached Winchester, in Virginia, ( V)l()nel Joshua Fry, who was in command of all the forces, died, and Governor Dinwiddle appointed Colonel Innes his successor. But this appointment gave offence to the Virginians, who wished Colonel George Washington, already a favorite of the peoj)le, to take command. The Virginia Legislature, under the circumstances, Avould make no provision for the support of ('olonel Innes^ regiment, and it was forced to return home. In this way the genei'ous pur]K)se of North Carolina was com- ])letely thwarted. 11. Colonel Innes died at Winchester soon after. The l''i'('ncli occupied their fort and perfected those arrangements ^^•hich resulted, shortly afterwards, in the teri'ible defeat of tlic aiMiiv commanded bv (jtcneral I^raddock. THE PIRATES AND OTHER ENEMIES. 81 12. Another army of Virginians and North Carolinians, about thirty years after these occurrences, was assembled to attack Colonel Patrick Ferguson's British and Tories at King's Mountain. A very diiferent spirit prevailed there. The North Carolina officers, who greatly outnumbered those of the Old Dominion, insisted that as tliey were at home, Colonel Camp- bell, of the latter State, should assume command, and tlieir Jvuightly courtesy was followed by a glorious victory. QUESTIONS. 1. Who infested the coast during Governor Johnston's term? 2. How was :i fleet of pirates received by the Cape Fear men in 1748? Wliat was done with the spoils? Point out Brunswick and Wilmington on the map. 3. What memorable event occurred in 1749? 4. Give an accoimt of the settlement of Wachovia. In what {)art of the State is this settlement? 5. Who became Governor after the death of Governor Rice? What kind of man was Governor Rowan? 6. What were the English and French trying to accomi)lisli in America at this period? 7. How were the French pre[)aring for hostilities? What was stated by Governor Dinwiddle's messenger? 8. Of whom did Governor Dinwiddie ask aid? How did North Caio- lina respond to the call? O. To what extent did the province prepare assistance? 10. What occurred at Winchester? How did this ai)p()intment allect the Virginians, and why? How did the efibrt of North Carolina to aid the Virginians terminate? 11. What was the result of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne? 12. \Vhat other occurrence is mentioned? 82 HISTORY OF NOirril CAIfOLIXA. CHAPTER XIX. GOVERNOR ARTHUR DOBBS. A. D. 1754 TO 1765. Kino; George selected Major Arthur Dobbs as Governor of Xortli t^aroliiia; and at New Bern, on November 1, 1754, he entered upon the discharge of his duties. He was a man of higli temper and very obstinate in support of his views, but devoted to whatever lie believed his duty demanded'. His greatest fault was filling public offices with members of his own family and a disposition to make jobs for his own benetit. 2. Governor Dobbs soon visited the new county of RoAvan, which was established in 1 753, and included in its area most of the western portion of North Carolina and a part of Ten- nessee. He found Presbyterians under Rev. Hugh McAden, and Baptists under Rev. Shubal Stearns, establishing churches and laying the foundations of towns in a region where, but a few years before, no white people were to be seen. 1757. 3. Colonel Hugh Waddell, of Brunswick, was put in command of troops raised in North Carolina for the French and Indian war. He had started to join General Braddock's colunui, but just previous to the fatal battle on Monongahela River was recalled by Governor Dobbs to repel the attack of the Cherokees on Old Fort. This stronghold was built lunid the western mountains to o\'(M^aNve the Indians and as a refuge for the settlers. 4. Governor Lyttelton, of South Carolina, by Jiis bad man- agement, had most wantonly provoked the Over-hill Indians into this condition of liostilitv. His foolish and umiecessarv GOVERNOR ARTHUR DOBBS. 83 interference and cruelty had converted these usually peaceful neighbors into sufftcient hostility to make it easy for French emissaries to obtain their active aid against the Eno-lish settlers. 5. Captain Dennie, with his company, was also besieged at Fort Tellico. Colonel Waddell made haste Avith his battalion and drove off the Cherol^ees, burning their lodges and destroy- ing all the corn . he could hud. Another battalion remained with General Forbes, as North Carolina's contingent in the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. These things occurred in 1757. 6. In England the administration of the Duke of Newcastle over American and foreign affairs terminated, and the first William Pitt succeeded to his place. In every portion of the world mighty consequences residted from this arrangement. The fleets and armies of Great Britain were animated with the zeal and patriotism of that great statesman. ^ 1759. 7. Of all the victories of the year, none Nvas so important to America as that of General Wolfe over the French at Quebec. It broke the power of France in the Western Continent, and stopped, in a great measure, the wai' waged by Indians upon the frontier settlements. 8. At no period has the population of North C^arolina increased relatively so fast as during these years no^V' under consideration. Up to the death of Governor Johnston it had amounted to no more than thirty thousand souls, but since that time had more than double])lc because of the aiuoiiiit exacted, but was considered constitutional in England by many great laA\yers who were warm friends of the Ameri- can people. But in America it had been held for some time that no tax levied by Great Britain, \vithout the consent of America^ was just; and thus every man resolved that the Stamp Act should not be enforced. 9. When the news reached Governor Tryon at New Bern the General Assembly was in session at that place. A very bold and fearless man, Colonel John Ashe, was then Speaker of the House of Assembly, (jovernor Tryon asked of Ashe, in private conversation, what the House would do as to the neAv law. "We will resist its execution to the death/' said he, and that very day Governor Tryon sent them all home by proroguing* the session. Nor did he permit them to assend:)le again until late in the next year, after the repeal of the Stamp Act. By this means he prevented the election of delegates from North Carolina to the Continental Congress which met in New York in 1765 to organize the opposition to that oppressive measure. 10. The first step of the people in their resistance to the Stamp Act was to carry James Houston, who had been appointed stamp agent, before Moses John DeRosset, who was then Mayor of Wilmington. There, in the presence of many distinguished men of the Cape Fear country, on the l()th of November, 1765, he was obliged publicly to resign '■' Proroyne is to conliime f)r adjonni a legislative body iVoni one session to another l>v Koval or State antlioritv. (GOVERNOR TRYOX AND THE STAMP ACT. 89 his office in the Court House of Wihiiington, and make oath that he would have no further connection with it. 11. Twelve days later, on the 28th November, 1765, the ship of war Diligence arrived with stamps. The commander was told by armed men, under Colonels Ashe and Waddell, that they must not be landed ; and no effort was made to do so. On the 21st December, 1765, the Governor issued his procla- mation dissolving the General Assembly, and on the same day took the opinion of his c(nuicil and the Attorney-General ^'whether writs can issue for the election of a nev; Assembly, as the circulation of the stamps is obstructed." The council and Attorney -General advised that the writs could go without stamps. 1766. 12. On the 6th January, 1766, Governor Try on taking fresh courage from some source, went so far as to issue a proclamation announcing that the stamps were on board the Diligence and ready for distribution. It did no good, however, for no one woidd use them. Comparative quiet now ensued for some ^veeks, but it was (^nly the calm befjre the storm. 13. On the 14th February, two vessels that had come up to the port of Brunswick without stamps upon their clearance papers were promptly seized by the Custom House officers, and then the storm arose. On the 19th, armed men broke open the desk of the Collector of the Port, and forcibly carried off the unstamped clearance papers of the two vessels. On the 20th, a committee of armed men appeared on board the Viper and demanded of Captain Lobb the two sloops he was guarding. Meanwhile armed men were continually coming into Bruns- wick from different counties. 14. On the evening of the 20th, Mr. Pennington, another stamp distributor, took refuge in Governor Tryon's house. 90 HISTORY OF XOKTJI (AKOLIXA. Shortly after ciglit o'clock on the luorniiig of the 21st, anned men appeared before the Governor's house and sent him a note desiring liim to permit Mr. Pemiington to ap])ear before them, and informing him that it would " not be in the power of the Directors appointed to prevent the ill consequences that may attend a refusal." The Governor replied that any gentleman Avho had business with Mr. Pennington might see him at tlie Governor's house. This, however, was by no means satisfac- tory, and in a short time, according to the Governor's statement, a body of some five hundred men in arms moved toward his house. A detachment of sixty men came down the avenue and the main body drew up in sight and within three hundred yards of the house. 1 5. Mr. Cornelius Harnett, a representative in the Assembly for Wilmington, came at the head of the detachment and sent a message asking to speak with Mr. Pennington ; when he came into the house he told Mr. Pennington " the gentlemen wanted him." The Governor replied that Mr. Pennington was in his house for refuge and that he would })rotect him to the utmost. Mr. Harnett thereupon said he hoped the Governor Avould let Mr. Pennington go, as the people were determined to take him out of the house if he should be longer detained, an insult, Mr. Harnett said, they Avished to avoid giving to the Governor. 16. The Governor protested it mattered not about that insult after they had already offered him eveiy insult they could offer by investing his house and virtually making him a prisoner before any grievance had ])een made known to him. 17. Mr. Pennington growing a})prehensive and showing a disposition to go with ^Ir. Harnett, the Governor suggested to him that he resign before he left. To this he agreed, and thereupon the (Jovernor let him go. He was afterward com- GOVERNOli TIJYOX AXD THE STAMP ACT. 1)1 pelled to take an oath that he would never issue any stamped paper in tlie provinee, as were all the elerks of the eountv courts and other public officers. The inhabitants, in the language of the Governor, having redressed, after the manner described, their grievances complained of, left the town of Brunswick about one o'clock on the 21st. These things were done, it must be borne in mind, in the broad daylight, and by men perfectly w^ell known, and without a particle of disguise. After this, vessels entered and left the ports of North Carolina as if no Stamp Act had ever been passed. 18. On June 13, 1766, came news from England of the repeal of the law that had so terribly excited and aroused America. Governor Tryon announced the fact in a proclama- tion, but he had been humiliated by the resistance at Wilming- ton, and from that hour, probably, determined on the revenge which he afterwards exacted at Alamance. Notp:. — Governor Tryon desired to regain his influence, ibr political pur- poses, over the people whom he had so greatly offended; and he ordered a general muster at Wilmington. He prepared a feast for the militia, of whole oxen roasted, and barrels of beer. When the feast was ready the people rushed to the tables and threw the oxen into the river and emptied the beer upon the ground. A general fight ensued between the militia and the men of the English vessels, and perfect quiet was not restored for several days. QUESTIONS. 1. What distinguished person have we now under consideration? How did he become Governor of North Carolina? 2. Who accompanied Governor Tryon? What is said of the two ladies? 3. Tell something of life in the eastern counties at this time. 4. How did the Tryon family become very influential? 5. Wliat great preacher came to North Carolina in 17Go? How were his labors i-ewarded ? 92 HISTORY OF Noirnr Carolina. O. What rDoniorable law was passed by Parliament? How was the news received in North Carolina? 7. What can you tell of the Stamp Act? 8. What is said of the law? O. Under what circumstances did the news reach the (rovernor ? Wiuit did the Governor do concerning the assembly? 10. Mention the first act of resistance to this law. 11. Wiien did the Diligence arrive? What occurred on her arrival? 12. What did the Governor do on January 6th? With what result? 13. What trouble befell the Viper f 14. What occurred on February 20th? 15. What further is said of this afihir? 16. What did the Governor say of these things? 17. What was the conclusion of this afKiir? 18. What joyful news was received on June 18th, 176(3? How had (xovernor Tryon been affected by the resistance of the people to the Stamp Act. GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE REGULATORS. 93 CHAPTER XXI. GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE REGULATORS. A. D. 1766 TO 1771. Ill the middle and western connties of North C'arohna in tlie period referred to, there was eolleeted a hirge increase of popu- lation. Immigrants had come in large companies from Scotland, Ireland, England and Germfany. Fully two hun- dred thousand inhabitants were by this time to be found east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. They were separated by that great barrier from the Cherokees, who latterly had well respected this line of separation. 2. A great j)ortion of the western settlers had recently come to tlieir new liomes, and ^v ere very poorly provided with the means of living. They were hundreds of miles from market, and made nothing on their farms to sell, but wheat. These farmers were taxed about twelve dollars apiece on the poll, and paid an annual rent of seyentv-fiye cents on each one hun- dred acres of their land. 3. When they hauled wheat to Cross C^reek, now Fayette- ville, it realized but little more than enough to pay for the salt needed in the family. Sugar and coifee were luxuries in which they rarely indulged. It can thus be seen how cruel would have been even an honest collection of what the laws demanded of these recent settlers as taxes. When these sums were enormously increased by dishonest sheriffs the farmers were in despair, for it was beyond their power to pay. 4. The farmers knew they were being cheated, and resolved to ])ut an end to such practices. Colonel Edmund Fanning, !> 1 Ilis'r<)|;\- ol' N(Hri'II (Ai.'OIJNA. of I lillshni-o, ill Orange comitv, was nrowinu; rich as RcjrisU'r n\' I)('('(ls, and was tlic ringleader in lliis ()j)|)r('ssi<>n of tlic j)('(»|>|c. •"). In tins same coinily li\('r<>t<"etion against the \\r<»n^s of tlie pnblic ollieers. His orn'ani/atiou was known as the " Jlet^idators," and thev wei'e l(» help <'a<'li other in the law suits and indictments irrowiniL!,' ont of a iH'I'nsal to |)ay nnlawi'id demands. (). This was wise and proju'i', as these men were not rchell- ions, hnt only desii-ed relief from o|)])ression, hut Hnshands slioidd have joined the leati'iK' lie was thns ci-eatin^', and tlici'chy shared the liahilities of the mend)ei-s. This he wonld not do, hut pi'cached and haraniiued nntil the jx'ople wer<' in a {'rVi'V of excitement. 17<»S. T. 'I'he fii'st trouble ^^ew out of the sei/,ni"e of a hoi'se fi'om one of two men sent to Ilillshoro on a mission to the shei'ilf. The Re<2:ulat()rs retook the liorse by force, and tired into the I'oof of Colonel Faniiiujz;'s house. That nimht ilusbands was aiTest<'d and carried to Hillsboro, and ua\'e bail ibi' his Jippearanee at the next Superior ( '(MU't. 1 le had hardly left Hillsboi'o before seven hunut was met by the Regulators and driven back. 11. On the 16th of May, 1771, the force of Governor Tryon, numljcring eleven hundred men, met about two thou- sand of the Regulators at a place called "Alamance," in Orange county. In the battle that ensued there was stubborn figliting until the anununition of the Regulators wiis exhausted, and they were driven from the field. Many men lost their lives, and all that was gained by North Carolina, after a noble resLst- ance to oppression, was that Edmund Fanning and others, who were largely responsible for all its disorders, left the province. 12. The brutal malice and cruelty in Governor Tr^'on^s chai'acter was exhil)ited soon after the battle. Several ]:)risoners 96 IIISTOIIY OF NORTH CAROLINA. were taken by liiiii, and one of them, a poor half-witted }'out]i named flames Few, was, by Tryon's ()rder, hnn*^ on the spot, without trial. Twelve other prisoners were soon eonvieted of high treason and sentenced to death. Six of them were hanged almost immediately; the execution of the others was delayed for a few days in order that a grand military display might be made on the occasion, the details of whicli the (tov- ernor superintended in person. 13. Governor Tryon left the province a montli after tlie battle of Alamance to become, by the king's ap})ointment, Governor of New York. He had signally failed to do his duty in compelling his subordinates to deal honestly with the })eople, but yet he retained the confidence of many able and l)atriotic men. Richard Caswell and many other leaders in the ])rovince were distressed that he had ceased to l)e the Ghief- Maii^istrate of North G^arolina. Note. — It lias been said that the battle of Alamance was begun by Gov- ernor Tryon, who fired the first gun at a prisoner named Robert Thompson, killing him instantly. The men seemed to hesitate about beginning the fight, and Governor Tryon, rising in his stirrups, exclaimed: "Fire! fire on theui, or on me !" QUESTIONS. 1. How were tiie middle and western counties of North Carolina being peopled at this period? 2. Give some description of these people. How were tiiey taxed? 3. What return did the sale of their crops bring them? How was theirs a hard lot? 4. By whom were the poor farmers being oppressed? 5. What noted man is now mentioned? Can you tell something of the acts of Herman Husbands in the province? C>. How did he shrink from becoming a member of his league? GOVERNOR TR YON AND THE REGUJ.ATODS. 97 7. AV'liat was the first trouble? How did. they settle the matter? Men- tion some circnnistances of the trial of Husbands. 8. What was the result of Governor Tryon's visit to Hillsboro? How did the trials at court terminate? 9. How were the Regulators effected by this "mock judgment"? Into what trouble did Husbands next fall? 10. What ste{)S were taken by Governor Tryon towards crushing the Regulators? By whom was his array re-inforced? 11. Can you describe the memorable "Battle of Alamance"? What benefit was derived from it? Point out on the maf) the scene of the battle. 12. What was Governor Tryon's conduct after the battle? 13. When did Governoi' Tryon leave North C'arolina, and for what purpose? ,jrii,„ jiiip '"ill 'W' '111' 1 1;-'' ,"iiii 98 HISTORY OF NORTH TAROUXA. CHAPTER XXII. GOVERNOR MARTIN AND THE REVOLUTION A. D. 1771 TO 1774. James Hasell, as President of the Council, assumed the con- duet of affairs until the arrival of the new Governor. This ne^v Governor, Josiah Martin, was born 23d April, 1737, and had been a Lieutenant-Colonel in the British army, which posi- tion he was oblio^ed to resiii^n on account of his health. He then sought civil employment and was appointed Governor of North Carolina. He was a far more honorable man than Tryon. He had no unworthy favorites, as Tryon had, and concocted no selfish schemes for his own benefit or that of his family, but was exceedingly obstinate and strict in the observance of royal prerogatives. Unattractive in his manners, and very positive in his opinions, he sometimes failed to withhold the manifestations of his displeasure toward those who might happen to differ with him, no matter how" honestly. Perhaps, however, in the fierce antagonisms of the times in which he ruled in Xorth Carolina, his real virtues were not appreciated as they deserved. 1771. 2. Governor Martin met the Assembly, for the first time, in New Bern, on the 19th of November, 1771. At his suggestion, the Ijcgislature passed an act of amnesty toward all persons engaged in the war of the Regulation except Hus- bands and a few other leaders. Such wise and merciful action, however, was not to be the rule of his life. 3. It had long been felt that the tjixes were exceedingly 'nui-dciisonic and, from n statement made to the liCOfislature at GOVERNOR MARTIX AND THE REVOLUTION. 99 this time, by one of the public treasurers, of the reiil condition of the pubhc funds, it was seen that these taxes had been, for a time at least, unnecessarily imposed. The treasurer showed that a full collection of the amounts in arrear, for which security had been given, would discharge the entire public debt and leave in the public treasury the sum of t^v^enty thousand dollars. A bill was at once passed in both houses of the Legis- lature, and without opposition in either, discontinuing the special taxes that had been devoted to the extinguishment of the public debt. Governor Martin, however, vetoed the bill, and thus began a series of conflicts with the Legislature that lasted until his expulsion from the province. 4. The repeal of the Stamp Act had been gratefully received, but Parliament still excited great apprehension by an express and formal assertion of its powers to tax America. It had cost immense sums to the Crown to drive out the French, and much money was still needed to pay British exj^enses in America. It was insisted that the colonies ought to pay their fair share in these burdens. The great question was, how this was to be done. If Parliament could levy what it pleased, then Americans were no longer free, in that they were not masters of their own purses. Many propositions were made to arrange the difficulty, but none were satisfactory to both sides. 1773. 5. So dissatisfied was Governor Martin with his first Legislature that he speedily dissolved it, and did not permit a new one to meet until the last of January, 1773. The new Legislature met in New Bern, and the House gave notice of its temper by electing as its Speaker, John Harvey, of Perquimans, admitted on all hands to be the most earnest supporter of colonial rights in all the province. Upon every important 100 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. subject of legislation the Governor and the new Assembly were at variance, and he accordingly dissolved it on the 9th of !March, declaring that it "had deserted its duty and flagrantly insulted the dignity and authorit}^ of the government." 6. The next Assembly met in New Bern, on the 4th of December, 1773, and continued in session seventeen days, when it shared the fate of its predecessor, and was sent home with tlie injunction to consult w^ith the people and learn their will. 7. Short as was the session, however, its action was most important. On the day after the session began, letters were received from the Legislature of Virginia and other colonies, proi:>osing that each province should appoint a Committee of Corres])ondence. The proposition was speedily agreed to by the House of Assembly, and a committee of nine appointed, with instructions to "obtain the most early and authentic intelligence of all such acts and resolutions of the British Parliament, or ])i'occeding,s of administration, as may relate to or aifect the J^ritish colonies in America, and to keep and maintain a cor- respondence and communication with all sister colonies respect- ing these important considerations, and the result of such, their ])roceedings, from hour to hour, to lay before the House." 8. John Harvey, Richard Caswell, Samuel Johnston, Joseph Hewes, Edward Vail, Cornelius Harnett, John Ashe, William Hooper and Robert Howe constituted the committee, and certainly, in Xorth Carolina at least, it may be said there was never an abler one. By this action the province took position Avith its sister colonies on the great question of the day. That the question was regarded as one of great importance and great gravity, if not of great difficulty, we need no other assur- ance than that afforded by the character of the men into whose hands it was committed. GOVEliNOE MARTIN AND THE EE VOLUTION. 101 QUESTIONS. 1. On whom did the government next devolve? Wlio succeeded James Hasell? How is Governor Martin compared with some of liis prede- cessors ? 2. Where did Governor Martin first meet the Assembly? What law was passed ? 3. What was tlie financial condition of the government at this period? What act was passed concerning taxes? 4. How were the people excited by the English Parliament? What was the trouble? 5. How did Governor Martin act concerning the Legislature? What declaration was made by him ? 6. Where did the next Assembly meet, and what was done with it? 7. What letters were received during the session ? What was done with the proposition? 8. Who composed the Committee of Correspondence? What is said of these men? ^C-f3)C^ 102 HISTOHY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XXIII. FIRST PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. A. D. 1774. 1774. By this time the propriety of holding a general or Continental Congress, composed of delegates or representatives duly chosen by the several colonies, had suggested itself to men of sagacity in every portion of the country. Wherever made, the suggestion at once found a lodgment in public favor, and by the time summer had come it was a generally accepted fact that such a congress would be held, and the time and place of its session })retty well agreed upon. During the month of June, 1774, each colony, through its Committee of Correspondence, was invited to send delegates to a Continental Congress to be held in Philadelphia during the coming September. 2. From its first agitation, the project of a Continental Congress, to consider the best ways and means of redressing the grievances of the colonists, was exceedingly distasteful to Governor Martin, for he regarded it as a most efficient way to organize rebellion. He resolved that he Avould prevent North Carolina from participating in such a Congress, as Governor Tryon had prevented her from participating in a similar one in 1765. To this end he determined that during the continuance of the existing disturbed condition of the colonies no Legis- lature should meet in North Caroliuji, thinkino: therebv to ])rcvent the due election of delegates from the province. 8. To this fixed pur})ose on the part of Governor Martin, made known to John Harvev throui>:h Mr. Bio:iJ:leston, the Governor's J^rivate Secretary, the Congress held at New Bern FIRST PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 103 in August, 1774, owed its existence. When Mr. Biggle- ston told him the Governor did not intend to call another Legislature "until he saw a chance to get a better one/' Harvey replied " then the people will convene one themselves." Accordingly, about the first of July, in accordance with a plan agreed upon three months before between Willie Jones of Halifax, Samuel Johnston of Chowan and Edward Buncombe of Tyrrell, Harvey, the Speaker of the House of Assemljly, issued hand-bills calling uj^on the people to elect delegates to a Provincial Congress, as it was called, to assemble in New Bern on the 25th of August, to express the sentiments of the people on the acts lately passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, and to appoint delegates to represent the province in a Conti- nental Congress. The hand-bills of this bold Speaker also invited the people to invest the deputies whom they might send to New Bern "with powers obligatory on the future conduct of the inhabitants." 4. The elections for deputies were duly held about the first of August, and the Governor, finding himself thus completely checkmated, was furious. The calm audacity of the Speaker in summoning such a body to meet at New Bern, in the very presence of the King's representatives, as the Governor said, " to concert treasonable schemes against the Crown," astounded him. 5. Up to this time Governor Martin had not at all realized how weak had become the ties that bound the people of the colony of North Carolina to the mother country. Nor did he believe they would, with any degree of unanimity whatever, take so bold and defiant a step in the direction of open rebellion as that involved in the election of a Congress with powers obligatory on the people, but owing no obedience to the 104 HlSTOJiY OF ^'()KTH CAKOLINA. authority of the Crown. Yet, at the appointed times and places, with few exceptions, the people throughout the pro- vinces openly assembled and elected delegates to tlie proposed Congress, clothing them with most extraordinary powers. 6. This evidence of the condition of popular sentiment in the province could neither be doubted nor disregarded. Accord- ingly, on the 12th of August, 1774, the Governor asked his council to advise him what to do in a state of affairs so incon- sistent with the peace and good order of the government and so injurious to the maintenance of the authority of the Crown. After deliberating for a day on the matter, the council advised him to issue a proclamation, and he did so, condemning the elec- tions just held as highly illegal, and warning all officers of the King, both civil and military, to do all in their power to pre- vent such assemblages of the people, and especially the meeting of the deputies or delegates at New Bern on the 25th instant. 7. In spite of all this, the first Provincial Congress of North Carolina met at New Bern, August 25th, 1774, and elected John Harvey as Moderator or President. Richard Caswell, Joseph Hewes and William Hooper were chosen as delegates to the Continental Congress. Protesting their loyalty to the Crown, but expressing a full determination to defend their rights as freemen, the members entered into an agreement that unless their grievances were redressed they would discontinue all trade Avith English merchants. 8. This Congress was the first great step in the Revolution, Avhich was to deliver North Carolina and America from tlie dominion of a distant King and Parliament. The men of America were soon to be free from all foreign interference in their government. It was a bold and liazardous step in FIRST PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 105 Colonel Harvey and the men over Avlioni he presided as Moderator, but safety in the end was the reward of those who thus dared to be free. QUESTIONS. 1. What important stej) was suggesting itself to the people? How was the suggestion received? Wliat was done in June, 1774? 2. How did Governor Martin regard this matter? What did he determine to do? 3. What was the result of the Governor's plan? What was done by John Harvey ? 4. How was Governor Martin eflected by Harvey's success ? 5. What had the Governor began to realize? What was done by the. people? 6. What advice did the Governor seek? What was given? 7. When and where did the first Provincial Congress of North Can)lina meet? Who was Moderator? Who were chosen as delegates to the Conti- nental Congress? 8. What is said of this Piovincial Congress? 106 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XXIV. THE SECOND PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. A. D. 1775. After the meeting of the firt^t Provincial Congress, at New Bern, there were, to all observers of intelligence throughout the ^Norkl, evident signs of an approaching rupture between the Royal Government and the people in Xorth Carolina. Each (lay Nvidened the breach bet^veen them and rendered more difficult an arrangement of the troubles. 2. In the regular course of events, if Xorth Carolina Avould continue to keep abreast of her sister colonies in the movement for the preservation of the inherent rights of British subjects, it was necessary that she should formally ratify and jipprove tlie action recently taken by the Continental Congress, and to elect delegates to that Congress for a ne\v term. Accordingly, on the 11th of February, 1775, after the Governor had ordered an election to be held for a new Legislature to meet in Xe^v Bern, on the 3d of April, Colonel Harvey also, issued hand- bills for the election of another Congress to meet at the same time and place. 3. Both elections were held and l)oth bodies niet at the apjx)inted time and place. Indeed the same individuals were members of both the House of Assembly and of the Congress. The records show that every member of the House of Assembly who was present was also present as a meml)er of the Congress, with only three exceptions. (Jolonel Harvey Avas chosen to preside over both bodies. When sitting as the Honse of Assembly the members called him "Mr. Speaker," but when sitting ae a Congress they cidled him "Mr. Moderator." Accord- THE SECOND PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 107 ing to the journals of their proceedings the Congress met at nine o'clock and the Assembly at ten o'clock in the morning. Upon the face of the journals of the two bodies their proceed- ings seem to have been entirely separate and distinct ; it is said, however, to have been otherwise in fact, and that at one moment the members would be sitting with Mr. Speaker Harvey as a House of Assembly under the authority of the Crown, and at another with Mr. Moderator Harvey, as a Congress in defiance of the Crown. 4. As the two Houses of the Ijegislature met Governor Martin in the palace, according to the custom of that day, at the beginning of a session, he saluted them with indignant remon- strances, which were, the next day, most ably answered in an address prepared by Captain Robert Howe, of Brunswick. A chief ground of his complaint was that the Assembly would take no action against the Congress. He was aptly reminded, however, in reply, that as the Assembly had no control over its sessions, holding them at his will and pleasure only, and remembering how that will and pleasure had been exercised, a Congress that did have control over itself was absolutely necessary for the protection of the people. The result was a 2)roclamation dissolving the Assembly on the 8th of April, that being the fourth day of its session. 5. The Congress, however, could neither be dissolved nor dispersed, and proceeded in its work with much deliberation. The same delegation was returned to Philadelphia ; and articles of association, pledging the members to abstain from all com- merce with British marts, were signed by ^11 except Thomas McKnight, of Currituck. 6. It was seen that a crisis was near at hand. Boston had been held, for months past, in a state of siege. At length, on 108 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. April 19tli, came the encounter at Lexington. Accidents are constantly heard of wherein more lives are lost, but this little skirmish, small as it was, ^vas enough, witli its tidings, to fire the hearts of a continent. 7. The tidings of such an occurrence in our day outstrips the Ayinds. In less than an hour it is knoAxn all over the Mississippi Valley, across the Rocky Mountains and along the shores of the Pacific Ocean. But our ancestors of that day had no railways or telegrajihs ; so, it was fully two weeks after the militia-men slain at Lexington had stiffened in their blood tliat Richard Caswell heard of it in Petersburg, Virginia. 8. A courier was hurrying southward with the tidings, but it wa^ not luitil May 1 9th that the ]:>eople of Mecklenburg, in North Carolina, became aware of ^vliat had occurred. At the village of Charlotte upon that day a large concourse of the leading men of that county had assembled. Fired at the nature of the startling intelligence, they held a convention, and after remaining in session all night, on the morning of the 2()tli passed resolutions of independence that will immortalize their names. 9. All America, while arming for the Ayar, was still protest- ing loyalty to the King, but these men of Mecklenburg Icitped to a conclusion, the exj^ediency of Avhich more than a year of blood was re(iuired to impress on the minds of their country- men. Abraham Alexander presided in the meeting, and the famous "Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence" was drawn by Dr. Ephraim Brevard. Note. — The men of Mecklenburg held another meeting on May olst, and adopted a system of government and military commissions. These peo- ple publicly declared themselves free from English iiile nearly fourteen months before the Declaralion of Inde|ieiiden(e at riiiiadeiphia. THE SECOND PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 109 10. The news from Boston was speedily followed, in N^orth Carolina, by nionrnful tidings from Perquimans county\ Colonel John Harvey, after so many strenuous efforts to put North Carolina in readiness for the storm, sank under disease, and died at his place in " Harvey's Neck," on the Albemarle Sound. No braver or wiser man has ever borne a part in the conduct of affairs in North CaroHna. 11. Apprehensive for his own safety and that of his family. Governor Martin at once made preparations for leaving New Bern. He sent his family to New York by sea, but went himself by land to Fort Johnston, at the mouth of the Cape Fear.* But even Fort Johnston proved unsafe as a place of refuge, and in July the Governor left it and went on board the war-sloop Cruiser, then lying in the river before the fort. On the same day Colonel Ashe, with five hundred men, burned the fort to the ground. "■'Governor Martin took advantage of this journey to visit the Scotcli settlements on the upper C;ipe Fear, and set on foot the insurrection that cidininated in the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. QUESTIONS. 1. What signs were observed after tiie first Provincial'Congress? 2. What was necessary for North Carolina to do? Wliat was done on February 11, 1775? 3. What is said of .this election? Describe the Legislature and Congress? 4. How was the Legislature received by the Governor? How did Captain Howe answer him? 5. What was done by the Congress? 6. What startling news was received on April 19th? 7. How did the circulation of news in 1775 differ from the present? Who was first to receive the news of Lexington? nc HISTOIIY OF XDRTH CAROT.IXA. 8. Wlieii did the tidings reach Mecklenburg? What great event occurred at Charlotte? Find this city on the map? O. What was the attitude of the American people at this time? By what name have the Charlotte resolutions always been known? 10. What sad news next thrilled North Carolina? 11. What was done by Governor Martin? What occurred at Fort Johnston? THE ("ONGRESS AT HIELSBOEO. Ill CHAPTER XXV. THE CONGRESS AT HILLSBORO. A. D. 1775. It had been seen at New Bern tliat Colonel Harvey's days were nnnibered, and Sanmel Johnston had been empowered, in case of the Moderator's death, to order an election for another Congress to meet at Hillsboro whenever he should deem it necessary. Accordingly (Colonel Harvey having died), the Congress met, at the call of Mr. Johnston, in Hillsboro, on the 20th of August, 1775, and a memorable Congress it was. Samuel Johnston was its President. 2. When Governor Martin left New Bern royal authority was virtually at an end in North Carolina, but it was at Hills- boro, and by the Congress there assembled, that its last vestige was swept away. The time had come when, if North Caro- lina intended to stand with her sister colonies, she must take up arms and appeal to the God of battles. This she was ready to do without any hesitation, and this she did do at Hillsboro, giving publicly to the world her reasons for so doing. 3. The Governor sent to Samuel Johnston a copy of his proclamation, dated on board His Majesty's ship Cruiser, at Cape Fear, on the 8th of August, 1775, in which he warned the people against the Hillsboro Congress as a dangerous and unconstitutional assembly, and of baneful influence; and further, that to assemble men in arms in the province, without authority from the King, was a violation of law for which they would be held answerable. In reply to this proclamation, which was duly laid before the Congress by the Moderator, 112 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. j\Ir. Joliiiston, it was formally resolved that the proclamation was a false, scandalous, scurrilous and seditious libel, tending to disunite the good people of the province; '^and further, that the said paper be burnt bv the common liangma-n." 4. Accepting the recent flight of Governor Martin to the British ^var-sk)op Crimer as an abdication of the government of tlie Crown, the Congress proceeded to put in its place a gov- ernment of tlie people and established what in this day would be called a provisional government. Cornelius Harnett* was at its head. 5. On the tiiird Tuesday in October in each year delegates to a Congress were to be elected, which Congress was to meet on tlie 10th of November following, unless otherwise directed. When in session Congress was, of course, supreme ; when not in session, ample authority was vested in a general or provisional council and subordinate or district committees of safety. The province was divided into six military districts, and as for as possible, put on a war footing. 6. The ordinary militia organization was perfected and monthly drills ordered ; a special organization of minute-men, as that class of troops was called, was provided for each district, and in addition, tsvo regiments of regulars were ordered as the contingent of the province for the Continental army. Provision was also made for the purchase, anywhere and every- where, of arms, powder, lead, salt and saltpetre; for the manufacture at home of salt, saltpetre, powder, and for the "This man was tlie second of the name. His father came to Clarendon in Governor J>urrington's time, and was all his life afterwards a member of the council. This Cornelius Harnett was well educated, and was so intensely devoted to the American cause that he was called in that day "the Samuel Adams of North Carolina." THE CONGRESS AT HIELSBOPJ). 113 refilling of .sulpliiir; for the maiiiifacture of })rowii and writing paper, cotton and woolen cards, linen and woolen cloths, pins and needles, and for the erection of furnaces for making iron and steel and iron hollow-ware, and of rolling mills for making nails, large premiums were offered. A census, too, was ordered to be taken without delay. 7. An issfte of money to meet expenses was also provided for. In a word, every function of government was from that time exercised in the name and by the authority of the people of North Carolina. A^'irtually the province was under martial law, but it was under martial law self-imposed. 8. It is evident that the men who constituted the Hillsboro, or third Provincial Congress, knew perfectly well what they were doing, and had fully counted the cost. Success meant freedom, and would make them patriots; failure meant abject submission to a foreign government, and would make them traitors. Knowing this, they deliberately put a government of the people in the place of the government of the King; they put an army in the field and provided it with arms and ammunition ; and, as if looking ahead to a long and protracted struggle, during which their ports would be doubtless block- aded, they sought at once, by the offer of large bounties to encourage the manufacture at home of such articles as were of common use and prime necessity. They were indeed both bold and far-seeing, those men of the Hillsboro Congress, and well they might be, for they were the best and bravest of the province — men whose names are now household words tliroughout the State. 9. The HilLsboro Congress had not called out troops any too soon, for it was discovered that both Governor Martin, in North Carolina, and Lord Dunmore, in Virginia, were engaged 114 HISTORY OP NORTH CAROLINA. iu schemes to excite insurrections aiiiouo; the ne^-ro slaves. Colonel Robert Howe, with the Second North Carolina Regi- ment, was sent to Norfolk, in Virginia, where the British troops, being beaten at Great Bridge, were soon driven from the soil of the " Old Dominion." 1 0. This occurred in December, 1775. About tlie same time Colonels Griffith Rutherford, Thomas Polk and James Martin embodied their militia regiments and went to South Carolina, where they speedily crushed a Tory insurrection of certain men called the " Scovilites." The militia were, of course, aided by Whig troops of that province. The readiness Avith which North Carolina marched troops both to Virginia and to South Carolina caused her to stand very high in the estimation of the Continental Congress. 11. The term "Tory" was applied to men who upheld the royal authority and were opposed to any movement to defend the colonies against tlie exactions of the Crown and Parlia- ment. The "Whigs," on the contrary, were at that day demanding that American commerce should be free, and that no taxes should be imposed by Great Britain upon the colonies. They were not enemies to the King, and only opposed to that whicli they considered o])])ressive in the designs of his ministers. QUESTIONS. 1. Who had been selected to take Coh>neI Harvey's place? When and where did the third Provincial Congress meet? 2. In what condition were public affairs when the Congress met? 3. What proclamation did the Governor send to Samuel Johnston? What reply was returned ? 4. What view was taken of the Governor's flight? Who was placed at the head of the provisional government? «S. Mention some laws which were passed concerning the Congress. THE CONGRESS AT HILLSBORO. ] 15 C>. Mention some further acts of the Hilisboro Congress. 7. What about the issue of money? 8. What is said of the men who composed the Congress? 9. In what scheme was Governor Martin found engaged? What f(»rce was sent to Virginia? 10. Who were sent to South Carolina? 11. Detine tiie terms "T crowd broke fortli in one loud swell oi' rejoicing ajid ])rayei'. N\'licn lie had linishcd, all the pco])lc shouted with joy, and the INDEPENDENCE DECEARED. 1 2o cannon sounding from fort to fort, proclaimed the glorious tidinp's that all the thirteen colonies were now free and inde- pendent states. The soldiers seized Mr. Harnett and bore him on their shoulders through the town. The declaration was ordered to be read in all portions of North Carolina, and except in one county, the mandate was everywhere obeyed. 8. All the North Carolina troops then in arms, including the two Continental regiments and the militia under General Ashe, were in Charleston. They were spectators of the combat in which the gallant Moultrie, within his fort of palmetto logs, signally defeated the same British fleet under Sir Peter Parker that had l>een so recently in Cape Fear Elver. 9. General James Moore marched northward from Charles- ton with his brigade, but died in Wilmington. His death was a serious loss to North Carolina and the cause of liberty, for in military genius, as in patriotic devotion, he had few equals and no superior in America. Colonel Francis Nash succeeded to his place. General Howe was sent to Savannah, having with him his old command, the Second North Carolina Regi- men t. Four new reo:iments were ordered bv the Provincial Congress and were soon put in the field. 10. On the same day with the battle in Charleston Harbor, June 28th, 1776, the Cherokee Indians descended from their mountain homes and murdered two hundred western settlers. General Griffith Rutherford collected two thousand men of the militia regiments in his command, and took such swift and ample vengeance that from that time these Indians ceased to trouble the frontier. They had been incited by British agents to their disastrous work. 124 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. "What is said of the fourth Provincial Congress? Where was it iield? ti. In what condition was public sentiment when the Congress met? 3. What was done on the fourth day of the session? Why should the 12th day of April, 1776, ever be remembered ? Can you state the substace of this memorable declaration of independence? 4. What is said of the Halifax declaration? 5. Tell something of the boldness of this declaration? G. What was done by the Continental Congress on May 4th? 7. Describe the reading of the declaration of independence. 8. Where were the North Carolina soldiers at that time? O. What other military movements were mentioned? lO. Wliat occurred on .January 2Sth, 1776? 'i4'i'iAimil/fmni/''i/''ll, . ,,„„,„, ■■■.,,„/, ADOPTION OF A STATE CONSTITUTION. 125 CHAPTER XXYIII. ADOPTION OF A STATE CONSTITUTION. A. D. 1776. After the pii})Iie avowal by the people of North Carolina, through their newly organized Congress at Halifax, in April, 1776, of a fixed purpose to secure, by force of arms, absolute independence from the mother country, and of her desire to enter into foreign alliances to accomplish that end, there was no reason for any longer delay in establishing a permanent form of government for the colony. Hitherto, pride of consistency, in form at least, to say nothing of a considerate regard for tender consciences, if not for weak nerves, might well have held them back. After the action of the Congress on the 12th of April, however, it was manifest that the day of provisional government was nigh its close, and that the people of North Carolina must abide the arbitrament of war to which they had appealed, whether in future they should be free, self-governing citizens or dependent subjects of a foreign government. The half-way ground and the time for temporary expedients were both left behind in North Carolina on the 12th of April, 1776. There was great division, however, among the wisest and best men in the province as to the true nature of the new system of government which had thus become necessary. 2. Samuel Johnston was a wise and patriotic leader. He was a man of wealth and experience in public affairs and was devoted to his country, but he thought that new experiments in government were dangerous, and withal was long very much averse to a final separation from Great Britain. He wished to 126 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. keep up the old system of rule as far as possible; among other reasons, because he doubted the ability of the people to govern themselves. These views were also held by Genei-al Allen Jones, of Northam]>ton, and other prominent ni«n. 3. On the other hand Willie Jones, of Halifax, brother of General Allen Jones, was the leader of a majority of the leg- islators ar.d the people. He held as the fundamental article of his political creed, that the American people were capable of governing themselves, and that all political power belonged to and proceeded from them. Like Jeiferson, of Virginia, he advocated religious freedom, separation of Church and State, liberty of the press and choice of rulers by the masses at the ballot-box. 4. Between these two champions of opposing theories stood Kichard Caswell, a man of excellent discretion and great ])ractical common sense, who, haj^pily tempering the fierce democracy of Jones with the more cautious conservatism of Johnston, possessed, in a rare degree, the confidence of the jx'ople of North Carolina of every faction. A ^larylander by 1)irth, he came to Xorth Carolina when quite a youth, without fortune or friends, and won his unbounded poj)ularity by long- years of unselfish, unstinted devotion to her service. 5. Men of strong convictions, especially when accustonKnl to shape ])ublic sentiment, do not readily yield to op])osing views, and it was a happy thing for Xorth Carolina that she possessed such a man as Caswell, whose commanding influence enabled him to control and finally to compose the fierce differences that prevailed in regard to the character of the pro- ])osed new government. At his suggestion, the matter was postponed until the winter, when a new Congress would be in session, fresh frcjm the ])eo])l(' and in full possession of their ADOPTION OF A STATE CONSTITUTION. 127 vieM^s ill the premises; and in this way the question at issue as to the character of the new government was remitted directly to the decision of the people. 6. By formal resolution, adopted on the 9tli of August, 1776, the Council of Safety called the attention of the people to the fact that the next Congress would frame a constitution for the State, and urged, for that reason, that the greatest care be taken in the selection of delegates at the ensuing election. 7. The election was held on the 15th day of October, and the Congress met at Halifax on the 12th day of November, and, on motion of Allen Jones, made Richard Caswell its President. Samuel Johnston, after a hot contest, had failed to be elected, and was consequently not a member. He was in Halifax, however, during the sitting of the Congress, and doubtless exercised but little less influence than he would have done had he been a delegate. 8. On the 17th of December, that most admiral)! e enuncia- tion of human rights, the bill of rights so-called, was adopted, and the next day the constitution was adopted. 9. The new constitution went into operation at once, witli Caswell as the flrst Governor, and tlie great work of supplying the State with judges, sheriffs, magistrates and other officers began. Fc^r several years there had been no courts to admin- ister justice, either civil or criminal, except military tribunals and the various committees of safety. Fortunately, while Governor Caswell, aided by the legislative authorities, was putting in motion the untried machinery of a new government, and evoking civil order from military disorder, our British foes were far away to the northward. At last. North Caro- linians lived under a government of their own making, administered bv officers of theii- own choosino:. 128 IIISTOIIV OF xoiiTir carotjna. QTHSTIONS. 1. What was seen to be the next necessary step after the action of the Halifax Congress? Can you tell what difficulties had [)ieviously existed? 2. Wiiat views were held by Covernor Johnston? 3. What did Willie Jones consider necessary for the peoi)le? ^Vhat was advocated by him? 4. How did Caswell consider these things?. 5. What good influence was exerted by his opinion? 6. What did the Council of Safety do? 7. When did the Congress meet? Who was chosen to preside? 8. What was done on December 17th? O. Who was the first Governor of North Carolina under the constitu- tion? Describe the condition of affairs. THE WAIJ ('ONTTNUED. 129 CHAPTER XXIX. THE WAR. CONTINUED. A. D. 1777 TO 1779. All of the North Carolina Continentals were with General Washington early in the new year, 1777. They reached him in a great emergency. His army had just been driyen from Xew York across the State of New Jersey, and such had been his losses by battle and otherwise, that when he reached the Delaware Riyer he could hardly muster tiye thousand men. 2. Sir William Howe, the British Commander-in-Chief, had twenty-nine thousaiiid trained soldiers available, and when T^oiil Cornwallis, who had been pursuing the Americans, was lialted by him, it was the salvation of the force left with General Washington. Had Sir William forborne to stop the pursuit of Cornwallis the struggle might have soon ended in the capture of Washington. After a week of delay, Corn- wallis was permitted to advance, and even then came up in time to see the last boat-loads of the American troops crossing tlie great river which so effectually stopped all further pursuit. 1777, »^. When General Nash arrived at the American camp, after his long march from the south, he brought six full regiments of North Carolina ( ■ontinentals, nearly doubling the force upon which the hopes of America mainly depended. By tliis means General Washington was soon aftei* able to confront the advancing enemy in the battle of Brandy wine, on Septem- ber 11th. At this and other engagements the North Carolina ti'oops displayed both courage and discipline. ];^0 HISTOnV OF XOHTH CAROLINA. 4. It was on the bloody occasion of the attack upon the British force at Gerniantown, October 4th, that their most glorious record was made. General Washington entrusted the post of honor on the extreme right flank of his line of attack to General Francis Xash. The British were driven bv the North Carolinians a long distance on the right of the village, but the American divisions which had been sent in on the left failed to dislodge the enemy, and in this way left (general Xash's force exposed both on his left and rear. "). It was a glorious but bloody day for North Carolina. The brigade suffered heavy loss in advancing, but greater when com])elled to fjvll back for want of support. General Nash and Colonel Edward Buncond)e were mortally wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Irwin and many other gallant officers were slain upon the field. <>. 1778. At length the British forces were directed again toward the south. On December 29th, General Robert Howe was driven from Savannah by General Prevost, on which occasion the Second Kcgiment of Continentals was confronted by a regiment of North (^ar<>lina Tories under Colonel John Hamilton. Howe and his command were transferred to West Point, on the Hudson River, of which important ])ost he was soon ('(unmander, with the rank of Major-General. 1779. T- After 1 778 the courts were fully established, and Judges Ashe, Iredell and Spencer held terms at Wilmington and at five other towns twice a year. Waightstill Avery, as Attorney-General, was busy in trials for treason against the State. There ^\•ere many men who yet labored to restore the King's authority, and against them was needed all the vigilance possible, both in the courts and at military hea(l(|uai*ters. THE WAR CONTINUED. 131 8. More than three years of the war had passed away without serious disaster to North CaroKna. No invaders disturbed her borders, and beyond the grief for friends slain in battle, there was cause for gratitude to God that so few evils of the war liad yet visited the State. 9. General Washington had evinced such nobility of soul and great military capacity that all American hearts were soon tilled with love and admiration. With far-seeing wisdom, he was patiently biding his time to strike his enemies, and in' foreign lands other great soldiers were applauding the mingled caution and boldness of his military movements. QUESTIONS. 1. Where were the North Carolina troops at this time? What was the condition of Wusliington's army? 2. How were the Continental troops henefited hy an order of Sir William Howe? (3. What battle was fought on September 11th, 1777? 4. On wiiat battle field did the North Carolina troops specially distin- guish themselves on October 4th? Relate the circumstances. t5. How did General Nash and his troops sufTer on this occasion? O. What occurred at Savannah on December 29th, 1778? To what place was General Howe then transferred ? 7. When wei-e the courts of North Carolina fully established ? Can you tell something of the judicial system in that period? 8. For what had North Carolina cause to be grateful ? 9. What is said of General W\ashington? 132 irmToiiv of xohth cahoijxa. CHAPTER XXX. STOXY POINT AND CHARLESTON. A. D. 1779 TO 1780. The capture of Savannah caused uneasiness in all the South- ern States. It was seen at once that Georgia was but a starting^ point in a general scheme of transferring hostilities from i\w north. Early in 1779, General John Ashe reached Charleston Avith two or more brigades of militia. These were hurried oif at the importunate demand of the Governor of South Carolina, to attack the British at Augusta. 2. General Ashe remonstrated, saying his men were not yet ready for active service in the field ; he obeyed orders, how- ever, and took the field as directed. On his approach the enemy retired down the Savannah River, and Ashe, dividing his force, was so unfortunate as to fall into an ambush on Brier Creek, where his men, who were raw, undisciplined troops, were taken by surprise and routed. 3. A little later, and elsewhere, there was better fortune. At Stony Point, on the Hudson River, a stn^ng American fortifi- cation had been recently ca})tured by the British. General Wayne found that it was garrisoned by six hundred Scotch Highlanders, constituting one of the regular Royal regiments. The work was nearly surrounded by the river and by morasses, and the single approach was so swept by the guns of the work, and also by those of several ships-of-war lying close by for the purpose of aiding in its defense, that it seemed well-nigh hope- less to attempt its capture. sr()N\ POINT \M) (11 AK'I.IXroN, i;is I. lint li()|H'l('ss MS il s(H'm('(l, (uMU'ral W'aviuMlcttM-mincd to uvaUc {\\v nitcmpl. lie drew near at mi(lniij:,lil, and with unloaded innsUcts, and conraiic dial lias ncsiM- Ihmmi snr|)ass('d, captnrcd die slronoliold a( [\\v point of the haNoncl. f). Two (•olimins of assault wnv sent in on tlie ri^lit and left; l)nt to Major llafdy MnrlVcc's two conipanit's of the Second North ( arolina ('ontinental l\ei;inient , as a forlorn hope, was the post ol" i-eal honor ;nid dani;-ei' assigned. TIk'N' eharo-ed full in front, np the sleep hill-side, throniih S(>\'eral lines of ahattis, and in this wa\ reeeixcd the hotl(\st of the eiiemv's lii(>. The capture of the lort was lari^'cK due to the oallantry ol" the North Carolina troops. I7SO. <>. ( h>\'ernoi- ( 'aswcll heini;- ineli^ihlc for the next term, was snececded, at the hcoinniiio- of iUv year, l>y Al)ner Nash as (1iief-Ma,oislrate of North ('arolina. Tlie constilii- tion proxided that after three years' ser\ice the bi\eciiti\'e hecaine inelit;il)le lor the next leian, and ( aswcll had ser\'e North (arolina troops of the (Continental Line had heen ordered tothesonth. 'I1ie\ were at ( liarleston with (Jeiieral Lincoln, heino l)esico(>d there hy an o\'erw helmino' force under Sir lIcnrN' ('linton. in siddition to the army, the l>ritish commander had come dnw n from New \'ork with a <;reat licet. (S. The defense was a hi'MN'e one, hut iiiiaA'ailini;, and on Mav I'itli (Jeneral liincohi was forced to surrender. It was a S lllSTOKV OF NOiiTH ("AltOLlXA. ing" tliat (xeneral Caswell had a considcTablc militia force at CIieraM", in South Carolina, he started, two days later^ for the neighborhood of Ijord Cornwallis and his army at Camden. 9. He reached Cheraw with some additional troops that had joined him on the march. On August 15th, taking a large portion of CaswelFs militia, he set out with the purpose of surprising Cornwallis. Colonel Armand was marching in front when, at midnight, his dragoons recoiled from an unexpected meeting with the British vanguard. The collision was unex- pected on both sides, and threw' General Gates' column into disorder. 10. His officers vainly besought him to retreat, as the veteran forces of the enemy had not been surprised. Both sides halted and prej)ared for battle. At dawn Lord Cornwallis sent his regulars with lixed bayonets to attack the militia on the right, and tliese untrained troops unable to Avithstand so fierce an onset from regular veteran soldiers, abandoned the field. 11. C^olonel Henry Dickson held his regiment of North Carolina militia firmly to the front, and with the Continental, or regular troops, they offered a stubborn and gallant defense. But the flight of so many made it necessary to withdraw the few^ wdio thus gallantly stood their ground. 12. The American defeat w^as complete. Two thousand men were killed, wounded and captured. All the stores and transportation were utterly lost. General Gates fled early in the action, and spurred on, without sto])ping, to Hillsboro, in this State. His defeat nearly ruined the American cause in the south, and his reputation as a military leader received a severe l)low. 130 Note. — The capture of Creneral Cirriffitli Ktithertord at Camden was one of the most deplorable incidents of the disaster. His courage, military ability and influence among his people made him invaluable to the Ameri- can cause. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the feeling of the Tories in North (Jarolina after the dis- aster at Charleston? 2. Where were the Tories assembling? Who was sent to attack them? 3. Describe the attack. What was the result? 4. In what respect was this an important victory? 5. Mention some of Major Davie's exploits. O. How did these engagements affect Cornwallis? 7. Who was put in command of the southern forces? What kind of man was General Gates? 8. What was his first military movement? 9. What occurred on August 15th, 1780? 10. How did the engagement result ? 11. What is said of Colonel Dickson and his regiment? 12. What was the termination of this affair? How did General Gates act? 140 lusToiiY OF Noirni caiujj.ina. (CHAPTER XXXII. SECOXD INVASION OF THE STATE— BATTLE OF KING'S MO TINT A IN. A. D. 1780. Tlu' (liwister at Camden left North Carolina without defense against invasion by the British nnder I^ord Cornwallis. But the spirit of Governor Nash and his people was high, and they did not for a moment relax their efforts for the support of the war. In a short time five thousand Continental and militia tr(.)ops were in motion for the neighborhood of Charlotte. 2. Generals Jethro Sumner and William I^. Davidson were })ut in ('<^mmau(l of two eamps, where the raw levies were drilled and equipped for the field. Colonel Davie was still continually in the enemy's front, to watch and report every movement. Since the route and dispersion of General Sum- ter's connnand by Tarleton, on August 19th, Davie's battalion Avas the only mounted fonx' left in the South. 3. In Se})tend)er, Lord CoruAv^allis at last moved forward Irom his camp at Camden. He sent Colonel Patrick Ferguson toward the scene of the late Tory defeat at Ramsonr's Mill. This Colonel Ferguson was one of the ablest officers in the British army. He was cool, daring and Avell skilled in every- thing relating to the conduct of military affairs. He could command men in camp and in battle, and excelled all others in arousing the spirit of the Tories. He induced hundreds of men to take sides \\\{\\ the King whcu nuothci" would lia\'c failed. 141 4. As Lord Coriiwallis marched upon North Carolina, Colonel Davie hung upon his front and fell back only as com- pelled by the advance of the British. He made but one dash against his pursuers before reaching Charlotte; but on arriving there he and Major Joseph Graham halted under the court- honse, in the middle of the village, and surprised Cornwallis and the whole British army by a resistance so bloody and stubborn as to prove the right of that place to the name of " Hornet's Nest," which Cornwallis bestowed upon it. 5. The English commander was so harassed by the daring attacks of the militia upon his men at Mclntyre's Farm and elsewhere in that neighborhood that he concluded to remain at Charlotte until he could hear from Colonel Ferguson. That officer had halted at a place called Gilberttown, where his one hundred and fifty British Regulars were soon re-inforced by large numbers of native Royalists, who came to the English flag to take service in its behalf. 6. Colonel Charles McDowell and others, hearing that Fer- guson was enrolling the Tories, met at Watauga and took counsel against him. No General was present, and McDowell was so old they feared he would be unable to endure the probable hard marching necessary to overtake their wiley foe. Colonel Campbell, of A'irginia, as a courtesy, to one belonging outside of the State, was put in command by the North Car(^- NoTE, — Davie's whole force did not number more than two hundred men, and yet so cool and bravely did they meet the British assault, that the enemy was several times driven back. Major Graham was, at that time, just twenty-one years old, and he exhibited such courage and conduct as have never been excelled. In one attack upon him he received nine wounds and was left for dead on the field, but made his escape. 142 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. • liiia officer;^, and thev set out witli about eleven lunulred men to look for tlie enemy. 7. Colonels Shelby, Sevier, Cleveland, and Major Jioseph ]\f('D()well, of Xorth Carolina, toj^ether Avith Colonel AVilliams, of South CaroUna, selected nine liundred picked men from their mounted force, and through the stormy thirty hours of their march kept their saddles until, on the morning of the 7tli of October, they found the foe with eleven hundred and twenty- five men on the summit of King's Mountain. It wtis a strong position, luit the heroic mountaineers at once surrounded it and began the attack. 8. Ferguson fought like a lion at bay, l)ut the deadly rifles of the assailants were plied upon his ranks as the Royalists were ])ushed back step by step. Time and again the British commander headed the regulars, and by desperate charges down the mountain side, drove back a portion of the advancing \Miig lines. At last Ferguson was slain, after being many times wounded, and soon the British fire slackened, and then to the nine Juuidred militiamen of the hills the renniant of the Royalists laid down their arms. Six hundred men became prisoners of war. 9. This was a blootly but a glorious victory. The nund)er of British dead was unusually great. 'Hieir proportk)n of wounded was perhaps smaller than was ever seen in a nuKlern battle. The Whigs lost three Held <>fHcers, one ca])tain and hfty-three privates. 1(J. It was a most opportune success, and apprised Lord Cornwallis of what dangers might await his further advance. He became so disheai'tencd upon learning of the disaster that he at once fell back to W'innsboro, in South Carolina. Xorth ( aroliiKi was auaiu iVcc from invaders, and the Tories of everv 143 section felt their hopes .sink as they realized the SAviftness and completeness of this overthrow. Every patriot heart, however, once more beat with hope and joy. 11. The victory of King's Monntain was the tnrning point of the war in the sonth, and foreshadowed tlie tinal success of the American Armies in the following year. The arrival of General ^Nathaniel Greene, who now took command of the Southern Army, in place of General Gates, secured every advantage of the situation. He was from Rhode Island, and had been a blacksmith, but was a man of rare military genius, and as such had been singled out by General Washington to occupy an important place. 12. General Greene soon proved himself a great com- mander. He was gentle, unselfish and true, and loved the cause for which he fought l^etter than his own life. He was brave, cautious and quick to seize upon all the faults of his opponent. He could patiently wait until battle was proper, and even in apparent defeat was really more dangerous than less competent commanders Avith a foe beaten and in full flight. QUESTIONS. 1. What number ol' troops did (leiieral Nasli raise toward the defense of North Carolina';:' 2. What Generals were put in command ? Where was Colonel Davie? 3. What move did Cortnvallis make? To what place was Colonel Fer- guson sent? What is said of him as a commander? 4. Where was Colonel Davie? Relate the exploit of Colonel Davie and Major Joseph Graham at Charlotte. 5. What were the movements of Cornwallis and Ferguson? 6. What preparations were made towards attacking Ferguson? Who was put in command of tfie troops, and why? 7. What was the strength of the command? W^here did tiiey find the enemy? When did the battle begin? 144 HISTORY OF NO I rn I cakolina. S. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. 9. Mention some of the losses. 10. Mow did the victory affect Cornwallis ? ' 11. What officer was sent to take the ])hice of (leneral (iates in the South? 12. What was General Green's niilitarv ability? ■liii; .11*" "iliii. ;;> rORNWALI.IS T.AST INVASION. 145 CHAPTER XXXIII. CORNWALLIS' LAST INVASION, A. D. 1781. General Greene soon became aware that his great trouble would be in obtaining food in sufficient quantities to feed an army large enough to meet the British in open field. Generals Gregory and Jones were ordered back to their homes, and their brigades were disbanded because of this poverty of resources in that section of the country. General Morgan was sent wTst of the Catawba River; another camp was established at Cheraw, and the militia of Rowan and Mecklenburg, Under General Davidson, were allowed to await at their homes for anv call tliat misrht become necessary. 1781. 2. Such was the state of affairs in General Greene's command when Lord Cornwallis was re-inforced by the arrival of another division of troops under the command of Major- General Leslie. On January 17th, Lieutenant-Colonel Tarle- t<^n, with his famous legion and the first battalion of the Seventy-first Regiment, assailed General Morgan at Cowpens. These men had so often cut to pieces such American forces that they expected an easy victory on this occasion. o. They were received by the Americans v, itli the utmost coolness and self-possession. Their deadly fire emptied so many British saddles that the boldest riders were thrown into confusion. Like a thunderbolt, then came a charge of the American light-horse, under Lieutenant-Colonel William 10 14H HisToKY ov Noirrn Carolina. AViishiiigtoii. Thev rode down and sabred the terrified Britons, chasing them many miles from the held. 4. In less than an hour the eleven hundred British were so thoroughly routed that tliey lost five hundred and tAVO prisoners, three hundred killed and wounded, with all their artillery and stores. General Morgan had but eight hundred men, and though flushed with victory, he remembered that the main army of the enemy was at Turkey Creek, only twenty-five miles away. He therefore prudently burned his captured stores, and leaving his and the enemy^s wounded under protection of a flag, at once began his retreat through North Carolina. 5. He well knew that Lord Cornwallis would be enraged at Tarleton's disaster and would seek the recapture of his pris- oners. During twelve days the ^^ictors fled from the scene of their glory, while the British were ])ushing on close behind them. At the expiration of that time, as the day Avas closing in, and General Morgan had just safely crossed the Catawba River, at the Island Ford, he looked back and saw the British A'anguard on the other bank of the stream. 6. The exultant pursuers had overcome the twenty-five miles of start, and feeling sure of their jjrev, they encamped that night with the utmost confidence that on the next day they could easily oA'ertake thv fugitives. But they were doomed to disappointment. Soon a heavy rain began falling, and Avhen the night was ])ast tlie river had become a gr(\at and impassable flood. 7. The baffled foe was comjx'lled to halt, for the passage of the stream was im])()ssib]e. The high water remained in the river for forty-eight hours, during Avhich time the British Avere unable to effect a crossing. General Morgan sent his militia witli tlie pi-isoners on to Virginia, and AA^th his Continentals CORNWAI.LIS' LAST IXTA.SIOX. 147 kept down the left bank of the river and joined General Greene at SherrilFs Ford. There they unhappily disagreed as to future operations/ and General Morgan left the service. 8. During the two days that Lord Cornwallis was stopped by the rise in the Catawba River, General Greene made arrangements to dispute its passage. This was attempted at Cowan's Ford, and the British, after some loss, forced a passage. Unfortunately, brave General Davidson, who was in command of the militia, was killed, and upon his fall his men retreated from the field. They were surprised by Tarleton at Torrence's Tavern, six miles away in the direction of Salis- bury. 9. The chase was now renewed and General Greene was again in great danger. When he reached Salisbury he was so dejected at the condition of affairs that a good woman named Mrs. Elizabeth Steele sought to cheer him by words of hope. He explained to her his almost desperate condition, and that though in command of the Southern army, he was wholly without friends and without money. She generously pressed upon him a purse of gold, and, with hope revived by such an exhibition of womanly sympathy and generous patriotism, he resumed his i-etreat. 10. A rise in the waters of the Yadkin River, after the Americans had crossed, repeated the scenes witnesssed on the Note. — While General Greene was in the house of Mrs. Steele, at Salis- Uury, he caught sight of a picture of King George III. hanging upon the wall. The picture recalled many unpleasant memories and hardships to the General. He -took it from the wall, and, with a piece of chalk, wrote upon the back: "O, George, hide thy face and mourn." He then replaced 5he picture with its face to the wall and rode away. This picture, with the writing on the back still visible, is now thought to be in the possession of Mrs. Governor Swain. [Rvmple^s History of Rowan County.] 148 IIISTOItV OF NORTH CAIJOLIXA. C'atawba ; and thus, while (xeiicral Greene was enabled to reaeh the forces from Cheraw that had been ordered to meet him at Guilford Court House, Lord CornwalHs was compelled to make a wide detour up the river to get across. 11. Again, in a few days, the Americans, still retreating, found their enemies once more close up in their rear. For several days, on long stretches in the road, the two armies could see each other. 12. General Greene was so hotly pursued that he found it necessary to check the enemy in some way, and the gallant Colonel Otho H. Williams, of Maryland, with a corps of light troops numbering seven hundred men, was detailed to cover the retreat. This detachment most faithfully performed its duty. Taking but one meal each day, and six hours' sleep in forty-eight, they retarded the progress of the enemy so much, by frequent collisions, that Greene was enabled to considerably increase the distance between the two armies. 13. At last, on February 13th, Dan River was reached, and Ijord Cornwallis came up only in time to see the last boat-loads of the Americans safely landing on the other side of the wide stream which was too deep for the British to ford. Thus ended this famous retreat, extending more than two hundred miles. It gave General Greene great reputation, and the struggling Americans took fresh heart, for they knew they had at last a General in command who could provide wisely and well amid all the dangers so thickly environing him. QUESTIONS. 1. What great trouble (iid (iener;il (xreene foresee? How did he dis- pose of the forces ? 2. At what place were the Americans attacked ? li. Describe the l)attle of Camden. Where is Camden? cornwallih' last invasion. 149 4. Wluit were the British losses? What was done by General Morgan? 5. Describe the events of the next twelve days. 6. What occurred during the night while the two armies were camped on opposite sides of the river? 7. How did the rise in the river benefit the Americans? Find the Catawba River on the map. What occurred at Sherrill's Ford ? 8. Give an account of the engagement at Cowan's Ford. O. What hajtpened to General Greene at Salisbury? 10. What rivei- was next crossed? 11. Describe the retreat further, 12. What did General Greene find it necessary to do to cover his retreat? Who commanded this detachment? 13. What river was crossed on February 13th, 1781 ? How many miles had Greene been pursued by Cornwallis? Can you go to the map and trace the course of this famous retreat? 150 HISTORY OF NOKTII CAKOLLXA. CHAPTER XXXIV. BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT HOUSE. A. D. 1781. AVheii the British comniauder fouiKl that General Greene Ava8 completely beyond his reach, he marched to Hillsboro and there erected the royal standard. In consequence of his proclamations and the retreat of General Greene across Dan River, several hundred Tories collected under Colonel John Pvle and started to join Lord Cornwallis. General Greene sent Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lee across Dan River to observe them. 2. Pyle and his Tories supposing Lee's force to be British troops, drew near, uttering cheers for King George. Suddenly the bugles of the light-horse sounded a charge, and Pyle and his men were furiously assailed. In five minutes ninety lay dejid upon the ground, and nearly all the others were prisoners of war. This bloody aifair has been called " Pyle's Hacking Match.'' 3. Major Joseph Graham, with his mounted force, had just before captured a picket of twenty-five men a mile and a half away from Hillsboro. General Polk's militia were also in the same vicinity, and soon General Greene, having received re-inforcements, recrossed the Dan and assumed a position (^n the Reedy Fork, a confluent of Haw River. 4. Cornwallis hearing of Pyle's disaster, left Hillsboro and moved westwju'd to ])rotect any Tories that nu'ght seek to reach him. The first time the two armies again saw anything of each otiici- wMs at Wliitsell's Mill. At that plsicc CoIoik^I BATTLE OF GUII.FOKD COURT HOUSE. 151 Otho H. Williams was posted with a Ixxly of light troops, which Xford Cornwallis attempted to cut off from the main body. He failed in so doing, but both armies were filled with admiration at a display of personal gallantry. 5. Colonel Williams had posted sharp-shooters in and around the mill-house. These discovered a British officer approaching a ford below them, and saw that he was leading men and trying to cross the stream. Many deadly rifles were soon hurling their missiles around him, but slowly, and as if unconscious of being under fire, he crossed in safety. This intrepid man was Lieutenant-Colonel William Webster, then a brigade commander under Cornwallis. 6. On March 15th, 1781, General Greene being at the court- house of Guilford county, learned that the British army was approaching on the Salisbury road. He posted his men in three lines and awaited the enemy^s arrival, who came on in fine style, but the first American line, composed of militia, giving ground, only the men of the gallant Captain Forbis, of the Hawfields, gained credit for their conduct. The British found stubborn resistance in the second and third lines, where the Continentals were posted. 7. It was a furious and bloody conflict, and such havoc was wrought in the British ranks by a charge of Colonels Howard and Washington, that Lord Cornwallis opened fire with his artillery upon his friends and foes alike, and thus checked this dangerous American movement. General Greene at length gave orders for retreat, and the field was left in the possession of the British. 8. British valor was never more splendidly exhibited than upon tills hard-fought field. With less than half of Greene's force, they woji the field, but the \-)ctoJT was too costly. Al loli HI8T()]{V OF XOliTlI CAROLINA. least oiie-l'oiirtli of the British force was dead and disabled, including the gallant A\^ebster, the hero of AVhitscllj^ Mill. (General Greene, liaving halted close by the scene of conflict, returned three days later to again offer battle, but Lord Corn- wallis was flying towards Wilmington for safet}^ He who had so long sought to bring on an engagement was now the fugitive. 9. General Greene followed in pursuit, but failing to over- take his foe, he tiu'ued his course and marched against Lord Ilawdon, in South Carolina. He had redeemed North Caro- lina from the grasp of her foes, and went to confer upon the two other Southern commonwealths a similar blessing. No more British armies were to bring ruin and terror to any portion of North Carolina. 10. I^ord CornwTillis hurried to Wilmington. His stay was short there, for turning north, in the mcmth of April, 1781, he marched his army, by w^ay of Halifax, to Virginia. There, ere long, this great soldier was to close his career in America. Pie had, with a small portion of the British force under the conuiiand of Sir Henry Clinton, accomplished more than all his compatriots. 11. On SeptemlxT the 8th a brilliant battle took place at Eutaw Springs, in South Carolina, between General Greene's army and the British under Colonel Stewart. It was the hardest fought and best conducted action of the war. The tliree North Carolina Continental regiments, led by General Sumner, bore the bi'unt of the conflict, and were greatly praised tor their gallantly. Al)out two thousand men each was the strength of the armies, and they lost twelve hundred in killed and wounded. This battle resulted in the retreat of the British lo Charleston. BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT HOUSE. lOo 12. Governor Nash's term of office having expired, Thomas Burke, of Orange, became his successor. Burke was an Irishman bv birth, of good family, Avell educated and with fine abilities. He had been conspicuous in public affairs and had shown a warm devotion to the American cause. His home Avas in Hillsboro, which was then the capital of the State. QUESTIONS. 1. Wliere did Cornwallis next go? What recruits were raised, and who was put in command? Who iiad General Greene appointed to watch the enemy ? 2. Describe the surprise and defeat of Colonel Pyle and iiis men. 3. Mention the movements of Major Joseph Graham. Of General Greene. 4. Give an account of the affair at Whitsell's Mill. 5. What special act of bravery is related ? 6. What occurred on March 15th, 1781? Give some account of the battle of Guilford C\)urt House? 7. How did tiie engagement terminate? 8. W^hat is said of the British victory? What did General Greene do three days later? O. Where did he then go? 10. Where did Cornwallis carry his army ? 11. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs. 12. Who succeeded Governor Nash, and what is said of him? 154 III.STOKV OF NORTH CAHOMXA. CHA PTER XXXY. FANNIiXG AND HIS BRUTALITIES-CAPTrRE OF GOVERNOR BURKE. A. D. 1781. When Lord ConnvallLs left W^iliningtoii, on his way to Virginia, there were no Britisli troops left in North Carolina except abont four hundred regulars and some Tory recruits, which constituted the garrison of Wilmington. Major James H. Craig was in command there, having captured the place in the preceding January. 2. He had been trained to arms, and when General Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, was his Adjutant-General. He w^as skillful as a soldier, but utterly unscrupulous as to the means he used to carry out his objects. Seeing the British driven from almost all the State, he determined to ruin a people he could not subdue, and began to stir up a warfare of neigh- borhoods. 3. He found in David Fanning, of Chatham county, a powerful aid in liis inhuman scheme. Fanning was a man of low l)irt]i, ignorant and unscrupulous. He was a good |)artisan guerrilla leader, l)eing brave, enterprising and swift to execute. Associating with himself a small band of Tories, Avhose sole objects were ])lunder and revenge, he was for a time tlie terroi- of Chatham and Orange counties. Well mounted and well armed, and continually on the alert, these marauders made havoc of the Whig settlements, murdering, burning and HIS BKUTALITIE.S. 155 hunianitv. They did not spare even their own neigh h(>rs, many of whom they shot down or hanged at their own doors. 4. Many stories are told of Fanning's ex]:>loits, of his audacity, his cruelty, his arrogance, and his wonderful successes and hairbreadth escapes. Such a state of affairs existed at one time in the counties ravaged by his band that even the pitiless C'Olonel Tarleton deplored its continuanc^e. Fanning was born in Johnston county about the year 1754, and was the vilest and bloodiest wretch ever seen in our limits, most richly deserving the punishment of the gallows. He continued his criminal courses as long as he lived, and was pardoned for a capital felony committed on the Island of Cape Breton not long before his departure from this world. 5. Fanning began his military operations by surprising a court-martial in Chatham. His prisoners were disposed of by parole or sent to Wilmington, This was in July, 1781. His attack upon the house of Colonel Philip Alston, a few days later, was a more serious matter, for he encountered stubborn resistance and some loss before compelling the surrender of a force almost as large as his own, and protected by the walls of a large house. Four of the Whigs were killed, and those who remained alive were spared from butchery by Fanning only at the earnest appeals of Mrs. Alston. 6. Fanning's movements called for resistance, and Colonel Thomas Wade collected a force of more than three hundred men at McFall's Mill, in Cumberland county. These were speedily attacked and utterly driven from that portion of the country. It was afterwards learned by the victors that Colonel Dudley's Chatham regiment of cavalry w^as disbanded, and Fanning innuediately ])uslied on to Hillsboro. On the morn- 15(> IIISTOIJY OF NOUTH CAKOLINA. iii^ of September 12th, his force entered the town, and snceeeded in captnring Governor Burke and several other prominent persons."^ 7. The bold marauders who had thus seized the (xovernor and capital of the State, at once started Avith their prisoners for AV'ilmington ; but tidings of this exploit had reached a body of men who hastened to Lindley's Mill, on Cane Creek, to receive them. The Whigs, nominally commanded by General Jolui Butler, were really directed by Major Robert Mebane in their brave and bloody reception of the Tories. 8. The Tory Colonel, Hector McXeil, leading the attack, was slain, and his followers driven back in confusion. It seemed that Governor Burke would be rescued and the Avhole Tory column captured, when Fanning, ever fertile in expe- dients, discovered a ford in Cane Creek, and having crossed Avith a portion of his command, attacked the Whigs in the rear. This soon ended the battle, Avhich Avas a bloody one to both sides. 9. About the same time with the capture of Hillsboro, a most gallant and successful attack Avas made upon the Tory stronghold at ElizabethtoA\^n, in Bladen county. There sixty Whigs, in the faA'oring darkness of night, fell upon and drove out a largely superior force conunanded l)y Colonel John ■'David Fanning gives the accomU of this affair as follows: "We received several shots from different houses; however, we lost none and snflered no dan)age, excei)t one man woiuided. We killed fifteen of the rebels and wounded twenty, and took ui)wai(ls of two hundred prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his council, and part of the Continental colonels, several captains and subalterns, and seventy-one Continental sol- diers out of a church. We proceeded to the gaol and released ihiity J^(tvalisls and 15rilish scddiers." FANNING AND HIS BRUTALITIES. 157 SliiJgsby. He and many of liis men were slain, and Major Craig was thus confined in his fortitieations in Wilmington. 10. When Fanning captured Governor Burke at Hillsboro, the Chief-INIagistracy of the State devolved upon Colonel Alexander Martin, of Guilford. This latter gentleman liad seen some service in the field as an officer of the Continentals. Governor Burke was treated, from the hour of his capture, with extraordinary harshness. He was compelled to march all the way to Wilmington, and after some delay was sent thence by ship to Charleston. 11. General Leslie, who commanded the British army in South Carolina, placed the captive Governor upon an island near Charleston, where the deadly malaria was supplemented by danger of assassination from certain Tories, Avho were loud in their threats of executing such a purpose. Burke made repeated applications for a cliange of quarters, or for exchange as a prisoner, but was told that lie was kept as a hostage to be executed in case of the capture and punishment of David Fanning. 12. After months of torture from such treatment. Governor Burke, feeling that he was justified in disregarding his parole, effected his escape and returned to North Carolina. He resumed his office for the short interval between his return and the meeting of the Legislature. To his great discomfiture, he was defeated at the next ek^ction for Governor by Alexander Martin. The members of the General Assembly could not forgive his breach of his parole, and he regarded their act as evidence of public condemnation. His sensitive spirit brooded over this. His domestic relations were not such as to soothe and sustain his wounded mind, and the life that opened witli such brilliant ]H'omise soon closed in gloom. Governor Burke 1'">S HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. (lied and was buried on his farm near Hillsboro. Xo stone has ever marked the spot. He left one child, a daughter, who died unmarried. 13. General Griffith Rutherford had been a prisoner since the battle of Camden. Upon his exchange, he at once renewed his efforts to deliver North Carolina from her foes. He soon collected a body of Mecklenburg and Rowan militia and marched for Wilmington. 14. On neariug the city he received news of Lord Corn- wallis' surrender at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781. He pushed on his lines, and arriving in Wilmington he found that Major Craig had taken ship and was flying from the land he had so scoured by his presence. 15. The number of men enlisted from North Carolina in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war Avas : In 1 775, 2,000; 1776,4,134; 1777,1,281; 1778, 1,287; 1779, 4,930; 1780, 3,000; 1781, 3,545; 1782, 1,105; 1783, 697. The State furnished, in Continental troops and militia, 22,910 men. QUESTIONS. 1. What British forces were in North Carolina after tlie depai'tnre of Cornwallis? Who was in command at Wilmington? 2. Can you tell something of Major Craig? 3. Tell something of the character of David Fanning? 4. (rive further description of his traits. Mention the horrible condi- tion of the State under Fanning's exploits. 5. Relate Fanning's attack on the Chatham court-martial. What occurred at Colonel Alston's house? O. What officer went to attack Fanning? What was the memorable exploit of Fanning on September 12, 1781 ? 7. What preparations were made for a fight at Lindley's Mill ? 8. Describe the engagement. 9. What occurred at Elizabethtown? FANNING AND HIS BRUTAIJTIES. 159 10. Who became Governor after Governor Burke's capture? How was Governor Burke treated? 11. What further account is given of his treatment? 12. Mention the concluding events of his life. 13. What was done by General Kutherford upon his exchange? 14. What did he find upon his arrival at Wilmington? 15. State the number of men enlisted in North Carolina during the Revolution. !()() iiisroijv OF Noirrii cainh.ina. (MI APTEK XXXVI. PEA CE A XI) I XI) EPEXDEXC 'E. A. D. I78I TO 1784. On the IJItli of October, 1781, as has been previously stated, T^ord Cornwallis surrendered himself and his army to General AYashington, at Yorktown, in Virginia. The timely arrival of the friendly French fleet under Count Rochambeau, enabled Washington to lay siege to Cornwallis and force him to surrender. 2. The English commander, who was a skillful soldier, comj)lained that he had been forced, by the orders of his superior officer and against his own judgment, into a position from Avhich he could not escape. General La Fayette, however, doubtless had at least an equal share in bringing about the result, for it was his skillful manoeuvering of an inferior force that held Cornwallis checked so that AVashington was enabled to bring his troops to their apj)ointed i)laces at the a])])ointe INDEPENl^ENCE. 163 QUESTIONS. 1. VVliat is said of the surrender of Cornwallis ? 2. Of what did the English commander complain? What credit is due La Eayette? 3. How were the colonies considering the qnestion of peace and inde- pendence? 4. What was the effect, in England, of the news of Cornwallis' surren- . General Washington was chosen as President of the Convention, and in 1788 the result of their deliberations was submitted for the ratification of the several States. It was provided by the Convention framing the Constitution, that nine States should ratifv the new Constitution before it should go into operation, and that it should then be binding only upon those thus acceding to it. 7. A convention for North Carolina was called and met at Hillsboro, July 21st, 1788, to consider the proposed Constitu- tion. Samuel Johnston, who had been Moderator of several Provincial Congresses, and who had also succeeded Governor C^aswell as Chief-Magistrate of the State, was chosen to pre- side. He and Judge James Iredell, Colonel Davie and .\rcliii)ald Maclaine were eiu'nest advocates of instant and unconditional ratification on the part of North Carolina. 8. Willie Jones, of Halifax, who had so long controlled much of the legislation and government of the State, was the leader of those who opposed sucli action. They favored the addition of numerous amendments before committing the for- tunes of North Carolina to such control. They insisted that without further specification, the powers reserved to. the several States would not \)v sullicicullv uunrdcd; and the Convention, FORMATION OF THE UNION. 171 1)}^ a great inajority, took the .same view of the matter. The result was that while declining to ratify absolutely the Consti- tution as it then stood, the hope was held out that upon the adoption of proper amendments it would be ratified. 9. There was great excitement in the State upon North Caro- lina's thus failing to join the new government. Political ani- UK^sities ran high, and renewed efforts were made to overcome the popular objections. The people became restless at the position they were occupying, being thus, with New York and Rhode Island, strangers to the great compact of their sister States. 1789. 10. The new government of the United States went into operation in the spring of 1789, and General Washington took the oaths of office on Mt«:4ik~44b, as the first President of the Republic. In November the Legislature and a new C'onvention both met at Fayetteville, and on the 21st the Constitution of the United States was speedily ratified, and North Carolina was enrolled as a member of the new confed- eracy, which was to astonish all nations by the vigor of its rule and the splendor and rapidity of its growth as a nation. Before this, however, the first ten amendments to the Consti- tution had been proposed to the Legislatures of the several States for ratification, there})y allaying the apprehensions that had been felt at Hillsboro the year before. 1790. IL Two important matters were also settled at this period. The convention at Hillsboro limited the seat of the Note. — The .State Convention ol" 1788 was commissioned to select a place for the seat of goverment, which had been migratory since the earliest days of the Carolina colony. The place selected for the capital was the farm of Isaac Hunter, at Wake Conrt House, or some other place within ten miles of that locality, to be determined l)V the General Assembly. 172 IIISTOIIY OF XOKTII CAROLINA. State goveriiinent to sonic point in Wake county. Tlicca])ital liad l)ccn migrating from town to town for nearly the Avhole period of North CaroHna's existence. The Legishiture also passed a l)ill creating the University of Xorth Carolina, and the terms of the Halifax Constitution, as to popular education, Avere thus first put in to some shape of accomplishment. Both of these measures were highly needed. QUESTIONS. 1. What (juestion was excitini;: the people of North Carolina at this period? What was thought of the Confederation ? 2. How were the people of the State divided upon this great (piestion ? 3. What other party was formed ? What were they called, and what powers-did they pro[)ose to give to the general government? 4. What convention was to meet in 1787 ? 5. WMu) were chosen to represent North Carolin;i in that body? O. Who was chosen President of the Convention? How was the new Constitution to be submitted to the people? 7. What convention met in Hillsboio in 1788? How did some of the prominent members view the question ? 8. What (lifTerent opinion was held by other leading men? What did the Convention do with the (.'onstitution ? 9. What was the effect upon the State? What other States also failed to ratify ? 10. When did the new government go into operation ? Who was chosen Hrst President of the ITnited States? When and wliere did North Carolina ratify the Constitution and become a member of the united government? 11. \Vhat two impoi'tant matters were settled at this period ? FEANrE AND AMERICA. 1 V . > CHAPTER XXXIX. FRANCE AND AMERICA. A. D. 1790 TO 1794. Wlien North Carolina had thus taken her place in the Federal ITnion, and the whole system of State and National polity became perfected in America, many hearts beat with gratitnde to God for the promises of a ii;lorions fnture. The magnificent realm won by the blood of heroes was at last guarded by a system of laws so wise and eifective that peace and prosperity were soon to make it one of the greatest of civilized lands. 2* This example of freedom achieved in the wilds of America was speedily felt in Europe. General Washington had been in the discharge of his duties as President about a month, when the States-General of France met in the famous convention which was to pull down the ancient French monarchy and engulf all Europe in seas of blood. The over- taxed and excitable Frenchmen were maddened by the contrast afforded in their sufferings and the blessings achieved by their late allies on the other side of the Atlantic. 3. Governor Caswell, while in the discharge of his duties as a member of the State Senate, died at Fayetteville, in the month of December, 1789. He was shortly followed in death by William Hooper and Archibald Maclaine. Willie Jones had retired from public life ; and thus, four most consjjicuous leaders almost simultaneously disappeared from public life. 4. Colonel William R. Davie, of Halifax, John Haywood, of the same county, and Alfred Moore, of Brunswick, were ] 74 irisToRY OF Noirnr caholina. greatly infiiiential, and wore w(»rtliy succes.sors of the older servants of tlie })iil)lie who had been thn.s removed from the arena of their former usefuhiess. Governor Johnston having been elected United States Senator, was sneeeeded as Governor by Alexander Martin. 1792. ')• It Avas during this second term of Governor Martin's rule that Raleigh was selected for the State capital. A large tract of land at Wake Court House had been bought of Colonel Joel Lane, and upon it a city was laid oif and the public buildings erected. Before that time, since Governor Tryon's palace at New Bern had been burned, the main ques- tion to be determined by every General Assembly was what town should be selected for holding the next session. 6. Fayetteville, Hillsboro, New Bern and Tarboro were sure to get up an excitement and contest as to which of them should be next favored with the presence of the State officers and the General Assembly. The Governor and his assistants had been dwelling wherever it best suited them, and the public records had thus been ('(►ntinually migrating over the State. 7. Thei'c was little churcli organization in .Vmerica until after the Revolution. There was not a single Bishop of the Episcopal Church in all America before the Revolution, and not until 1 789 was an effoi-t made to suj)ply such a prelate for the Cliurch in Xorth Carolina. Tlie Rev. Charles Pettigrew was then elected IJisho]) of the Diocese by a convention at Tarboro, but he died before consecration. bbler, which attacked him 178 nisToiiv OF Noirnr caholixa. with great violence. When Judge Spencer's fee])le cries iittracted attention, he had been so injured that he soon after died of nervous exhaustion. 4. In accordance with the law of 1 790, the provisions of the Constitution of 177G were first seen in process of fulfill- ment when the trustees, after mature deliberation, selected Chapel Hill, in Orange countv, as the site of the State Uni- versity. Here, upon one of a long range of great hills traversing that region, they secured several hundred acres on the crest of a noble elevation that overlooks the surrounding country. 5. In 1793 the corner-stone of the East Buildino: was laid for the University at Chapel Hill. Colonel Davie, as Grand Master of the Masons in the State, officiated; as did also Rev. Dr. McCorkle, who delivered an eloquent address to the citizens who had assembled from all parts of the State to do honor to the occasion. 1795. 6. In 1795, the buildings and faculty having been made ready, the institution Avas regularly opened for the recep- tion of students. The Rev. David Kerr and Samuel A. Holmes constituted the faculty, and Hinton James, of AVilming- ton, was the first student to arrive. Thus began an institution of le^u'ning in which distinguished men were to be 2)repared for usefulness in almost every honorable employment among civilized men. 7. Tennessee had been conveyed to the general government soon after the ratification of the United States Constitution, North Carolina reservino; to herself the ri<>Iit to locate land warrants in a certain portion. During the administration of Governor Ashe, A\ho had succeeded Alexander Martin, manv THE FEDERALISTS AND THE REPUBLICANS. 179 and extensive frauds in land warrants were concocted by James Glasgow, Secretary of State, Martin Armstrong, John Arm- strong and Stokeley Donnelson. 1797. 8. Immense tracts of land were located under fictitious boundaries, and not only the Continental soldiers, but also the States and the United States were thus swindled by these officers, who had been long honored and trusted in North Carolina. 9. Courts were ordered to be held by the General Assend)ly for the trial of these distinguished culprits; and in 1799 they were convicted and punished by heavy fines and the loss of their offices. Judge John Haywood resigned his plac« on the bench, and instead of trying, defended the malefactors, one of whom paid him one thousand dollars as a fee for his services.* A few years before a similar scene had occurred, when Benja- min JMcCulloh M'd^ convicted at Warrenton and punished for like offi^nses. 10. The excitement between Republicans and Federalists grew in intensity. John Adams had succeeded General Wash- ington as President, and he -was one of the most violent of the Federal party. French agents and apologists became more offi^nsive in their demands for American aid. President Adams procured the passage of laws by Congress that startled and confounded many good citizens, 11. These "Alien and Sedition Acts" armed Federal author- ities with the power to seize and send out of the country, without trial, any foreigner who might become offensive to ^Nnrth Carolina had honored James Glasgow by giving his name to one of the counties of the State, but in consetinencx^ of his disgrace the name of CJlasgow county was stricken from the list, and the county named in honor of (jenoral Nathaniel Greene. 180 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. them; also to indict in the District or Circuit Courts of the United States any writer or publisher whom the grand juries might charge with Hbel. 1798-99. 12. Virginia and Kentucky thereupon hastened to pass the famous resolutions of 179public of Auierlca wa;> wi^^ely ruled during the eight years of i\[r. Jeflersoii's aduiiiiistratioii as l*resident. He was not only the greatest of political philosophers^ but a consuni- niate party leader. Under his management the Federalists were so completely won over that even ex-President John Adams was found among the electors who voted for Jefferson's re-election. 2. Vermont, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee were added to the list of States, and the vast territory known as "Louisiana" was purchased from France and made a portion of the Ameri- can Union. For this magnificent territory the United States paid fifteen million dollars. But with all this evidence of internal advancement, there was unnecessary and ever-growing troul)le with foreign powers. 1804-. 3. Great Britain had not only failed to carry out the conditions of the treaty of Paris, but continual trouble and war with the western Indians were traced to the plotting of British agents. In Europe, on the high seas, American ships were frequently subjected to wrong and indignity by British cruisers, which seized their cargoes or crews on various ])retexts. These maddening interferences were fast bringing the people of the ITnited States to a determination to vindicate, by arms, their claims as a free and independent ])eo])le. Enro])e was still cnnNul.-cd by war. Napoleon Bonaparte had GliOWTH AND EXPANSION. 187 been crowned Emperor, and in the mighty struggle the claims of the aggrieved Republic were overlooked or despised. 4. The people of North Carolina were still in great want of general education. The University, at Chapel Hill, was sending out graduates who had already conferred honor upon that seat of learning; but the preparatory schools, so neces- sary as feeders to such an establishment, were few and far between. 5. Rev. William Bingham had begun a school in the eastern part of the State. He removed temporarily to Pittsboro, but finally settled at Hillsboro and established the academy which is even at this day continued near by, at Mebaneville, under the management of one of his descendants. This school, dating from 1793, was, even in its infancy, of marked excel- lence, and has won more reputation than any similar institution in the Southern States. Rev. Dr. David Caldwell's school in Guilford, Rev. J. O. Freeman's in Murfreesboro, and a few academies in the villages, however meritorious, produced but slight effect upon the great mass of the people. 6. There had not been opened a single free school in all the State. Occasionally there could be found neighborhoods where a few citizens joined in employing a man to teach the elementary branches of English education, but these were generally attended for only a few months, and were not very admirable either for discipline or in the matters taught. 1805. 7. The people of the interior and west were becom- ing anxious for some means of conveyance and travel to the outer world. The crops raised were generally too bulky to pay for expensive transportation over long distances, and for this reason were available to feed only the community in which they Avere o;rown. Tobacco from all the c(junties in the northern 188 HISTORY OF XORTH CAROLINA. portion of the State was ('t)iiveyed to iiuirket by rolling the hogsheads containing it alono; tlie roads^ to markets at Peters- burg in Virginia, and Fayetteville. 8. In the regions of the long-leaf pine much attention was given to the preparation of turpentine and tar. Indeed, so large a trade grew up in these articles, that some people abroad came to think that North Carolina produced little else. There were no turpentine distilleries to be found, at this time, in North Carolina ; and the crude product of the tree was shipped from our ])orts to be manufactured in other States. 6. In 1805, during the sessions of the Legislature, General James Wellborn, of Wilkes, introduced a proposition to build, at the State's expense, a turnpike from Beaufort Harbor to the mountains ; but this and all other such improvements were neglected for some; time to come. 1810. 10. The canal through the Dismal Swamp was to prove very beneficial to eastern counties ; but this work, though authorized long l)efbre, was yet unfinished. Vessels to Ne^v York or Baltimore still passed out to sea by the dangers of Cape Hatteras, and not unfre(|uentl}' both cargo and crew AV'cre engulfed amid its cruel sands. 11. There was, at this period of our histoiy, a brisk tvadv between the West Indies and several of the eastern towns. Wilmington, New Bern, Washington and Edenton were all largely engaged in the shipment of staves and provisions; importing salt and tro])ical stores in return. This, and all other foreign trae people of the interior and west becoming specially interested ? 8. What is said of the })roduction of turpentine and tar? 9. What was proposed by General James Wellborn to the Legislature of 1805? 10. Give a general description of coast navigation at this time. 11. Give some particulars concerning trade. 12. Explain the embargo act. 13. What war was declared in 1812? 190 ITISTOUY OF NORTH (VVP.OLIXA. CHAPTER XLIII. SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. A. D. 1812 TO 1815. James Turiierj of WaiTcn ; Nathaniel Alexander, of Meek- lenburg; David Stone, of Bertie, and Benjamin Smith, of Briinswiek, had served in tnrn as Governors of North Caro- lina during the years of growth and expansion described in the last chapters. William Hawkins, of Granville, was chosen to the same high office in 1812, and, as Commander-in-Chief of all the State's forces, felt lunisnal responsibilit}^ in prospect of war even then begun between Great Britain and the [Tnited States. 1813. 2. It was the pur})ose of the ^Vmerican government to seize Canada and carry on hostilities, as nuich as possible, in that portion of America. As no great army was assembled at any one point, no call was made upon North Carolina for troops to be sent outside of her borders, except to Norfolk, in A'^irginia. .At that ])lace Major-General Thomas Brown, of Bladen, was in coimnand of a division sent from North (Wo- lina. 3. General Brown was a veteran of the Revolution, and had rendered heroic service at Elizabethtown and elsewhere during that lon<>: and arduous struo^a^le. His brio^ade conunanders were General Thomas Davis, of Fayetteville, and General James F. Dickhison, of Murfreesboro. 4. Camps were also established and troops held for action at other points. The western levies were collected at Wadesbon^, under dfcneral Alexander (iri'ay, and were drilled and ke])t in SF.COND WAR WITH (lUEAT BPJTAIX. 11)1 readiness to be marched to the relief of either Wilmington or Charleston. Colonel Maurice Moore at Wilmington^ and Lieutenant-Colonel John Roberts at Beaufort, commanded garrisons for the defense of these sea-ports. 1814. 5. In the American army on the northern frontier, where Winfield Scott, of Virginia, was winning laurels, were two North Carolina officers who were also rising to distinction. These were William Gibbs McNeill, of Bladen, and William McRee, of Wilmington. Both became Colonels in the corps of engineers. Amid the frequent disasters and exhibitions of incompetency on the part of other officers in that department, these gallant men were of great credit to America and to North Carolina. (3. On the sea, where the mighty fleets of Great Britain had at such fearful disadvantage the few cruisers of their opponents, were also to be found brilliant representatives of this Common- wealth. Captain Johnson Blakeley, of Wilmington, had been reared by Colonel Edward Jones, the Solicitor-General of North Carolina. He had already made reputation in the Mediterranean Sea under Commodore Preble. 7. Early in 1814 he went to sea in the United States sloop- of-war Wasjo, and captured, with great eclat, the British sloop- of-war Reindeer. Having burned this prize for fear of its recapture, he refitted in a Erench port, and in August encoun- tered another British ship, the Avon. The British vessel had struck her colors, when a fleet of the enemy came upon the scene and the victorious Wasj) was forced to fly. • In a few days Blakeley, thus cruising over the crowded seas surroiuid- ing England, captured fifteen merchant vessels. On one of these, the brig Atcdanta, he put a prize crew and sent her to the United States. H)2 HLSTOPvY OF XORTII CAROT.TXA. 8. This is the hist that is known of tliis galhnit and ill- fated officer. He perished in some unknown manner at sea, but has left an imperishable name to our keeping. 9. Captain Otway l^urns, of Beaufort, was the eonunander of a cruiser known as the Smip-JDrar/on. With this privateer he h)ng roamed the seas, and was victorious in many well- fought actions. He survived the war and was afterwards a member of the Legislature. The village of Burnsville was named in his honor. 10. In addition to the troops already mentioned, a regiment connnanded by Colonel Joseph Graham, so highly distin- guished in the Revolution, was sent against Billy Weathersford and his Cr^^ek warriors, who had massacred nearly three hun- dred white people in Fort Minims, on the Alabama River. Another North Carolinian by birth. General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was in command of the force sent to aveuire this outrage of the red men.* 11. So swiftly and completely had Jackson done his work, that ^vhen the Korth Carolina regiment arrived there was nothing left to do; for, as Weathersford declared, his braves were all dead, and the war ended. The Indians were required, as a preliminary to peace, to bring in their fugitive chief, Weathersford. That bold and able half-breed did not Avait for arrest ujion hearing these terms, but rode into General Jack- son's camp, and in surrendering himself, boldly announced that he did so because he no longer had warriors to continue the struggle. "I have nothing to ask for myself," said he, "but I want ])eace for my ])eo])le." *General Andrew Jackson was horn in MocUK'nl)iir',i,M()un1y, (ui the Mtli (lav of March, 17(i7. SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 193 1815. 12. Peace was soon made between the United States and Great Britain, and the two nations, after struggling for each other's injury for three years, agreed to stop without settling a single one of the causes of the war. England did not even agree to cease impressing men from the United States navy, but this teas no moi^e prctdiced. The treaty of peace was ratified by the United States Senate Fe})ruary 7th, 1815. QUESTIONS. 1. What Governoi's had served in North Carolina (hiring the years just considered ? Who was Governor at the beginning of the year of 1812? 2. How had the United States proposed to conduct tiie campaign? What troops did North Carolina furnish? AVho was in command? 3. What is said of (xeneral Krovvn's past record ? Who were his brigade conmianders? 4. What military preparations were made in North Carolina? e5. What two Nortli Carolina officers were winning distinction under General Winfield Scott? In what branch of the army were they serving? O. What is said of affairs on the seas? What North Carolina naval officer was distinguishing himself? 7. Give an account of some of his bold and heroic exploits. How many English vessels did he capture? 8. What is known of him after this? O. What oilier seaman was distinguishing himself for his bravery? How is his name commemorated in the State? 10. Who was sent against the Indians? What great (general was in conunand of all this force? 11. WHiat was the success of General Jackson's expedition? 12. What is said of the end of the war of 1812? 13 194 HISTORY OF XORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XLIY. AFTER THE STORM. A. D. 1815 TO 1821. Wlien hostilities ceased it seemed a great thing to the people of North Carolina once more to enjoy the full benefits of trade and commerce. British cruisers had made all foreign com- modities very scarce and costly. Salt had been made on the sea-coast in limited quantities, but of inferior quality. It was, therefore, gratifying to the people to see the stores again filled with goods of every description. 2. When this period of its history had been reached, the State Ayas divided into sixty-two counties. Each of these sent annually to the General Assembly one Senator and two mem- bers of the House of Commons. Edenton, New Bern, Wil- niington, Fayetteville, Hillsboro, Halifax and Salisbury were called " borough towns ''; and, by virtue of this superior dig- nity, each sent, in addition to the county members, a represen- tative to the lower House of Assembly. 8. The Moravian settlement at Salem had prospered, and tliough no great numbers of that sect had come over from Europe, yet much wisdom and thrift were seen in the affairs of Wachovia. A female seminary of real excellence and great ])opularity had been founded in 1804, and young ladies from all the Southern States were receivino^ a o;ood education in this retired and healthful region. 4. Raleigh then contained about eight hundred people; Fayetteville tvyice as many. Wilmington and New Bern were the largest and most important towns in the State, but were still limited in ]K»])ulnti()n and trade. Edenton and Halifax APTER THE STORM. 19o liad eacli lost importance, and many villages were surpassing them both in number of inhabitants and in extent of trade. 1819. '^3. Dr. Joseph Caldwell had been, for many years, President of the University. He came from New Jersey to make North Carolina his future home, and gave the State of his adoption so laborious and useful a* devotion that his name will be cherished in its limits so long as learning and patriotism are valued. He was not only making the college famous for the excellence of its appointments, but internal improvement was advocated by him so intelligently and zealously that the general apathy on the two great subjects of education and inter-comnuinication was passing away. 6. The churches Vvcre likewise providing for increased effect among the people. The Methodist Conference was each year adding to the number of its churches and itinerant preachers. The Baptists had added the "Chowan^' as a coadjutor to similar bodies known as "Sandy Creek" and "Kehukee^^ Associations. 7. The Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, in 1816, per- fected its oi-ganization by the election and consecration of Bishop John Stark Ravenscroft. He was a man of strong character and eminent piety and usefulness. As a preacher he was held in equal reverence with another distinguished divine of that day, the Rev. John Kerr, of Caswell, a leader among the Baptists. Note. — In 1827, Dr. Caldwell delivered an exceedingly able address before the Legislature, on the subject of railways, and a considerable interest was awakened. The first railway in the United States was built in 1826. This was in Massachusetts, and was only two miles long. It was known as the "Quincey Railroad." The first passenger railway was the Baltimore and Ohio road, fifteen miles long, and was regularly opened in 1830. The cars were drawn bv horses until the next vear, when a locomotive was used. 19(j HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 8. The Presbyterian Synod also contained many able and excellent ministers. Rey. Drs. Samuel E. McCorkle, David C'al(h\'ell and James Hall ^yere greatly esteemed for their learn- ing and deyotion. This church was especially active and efficient in refutino; the teachino^s of the French atheists. 9. William Gaston and Bartlett Yancey Avere leaders among the statesmen of North Carolina at this period. They were both greatly distinguished for eloquence and ability. For purity (►f character they have not been surpassed in all our aimals. Another James Iredell had arisen in Chowan county, and in Craven were John Stanly and young George E. Badger. In Caswell appeared Romulus M. Saunders, another young lawyer of tine abilities, who became a distinguished citizen of the State. 10. The establishment of the Supreme Court, in 1818, on its present basis, was largely the work of Bartlett Yancey. John Louis Taylor, the Chief-Justice, with Leonard Henderson and John Hall as Associates, constituted a tribunal whieh was soon to win the veneration of American lawyers. 1820. 1 1 . This has been called the era of '^ Good Feeling " in .\merican politics. But the question of slavery in the territoi'ies was fast assuming a dangerous importance. 12. The Northern States objected to the admission of any more slave States. The Southern would consent to no such j)rohibition. The storm gr)e\y louder, until it Avas temporarily settled by the "Missouri Compromise" of March 3d, 1820, which ])rovided that henceforward slavery should be forever forbidden north of the parallel of 36° 60'. The news of which, however, Mr. Jefferson declared fell on his ears "like a iirc-l)('ll at night." AFTER THE STORM. 197 QUESTIONS. 1. What was the condition of North Carolina after the war of LSI 2? 2. How many counties were in North Carolina in 1815? What is said of the representation in tiie General Assembly? What towns had special privileges? 3. Give some account of the growth of the Moravian settlement at Salem. 4. Give some description of various towns and villages. «5. What eflorts were Dr. Joseph CaldAvell putting forth i'or the advance- ment of the State? 6. What growth was seen among the Methodist churches? 7. Who was at the head oi' the Episcopal Churchy Wiiat is said of Bishop Ravenscroft? ^ 8. Who were the most eminent Presbyterian divines? What benetit was derived from their labors? O. Mention the political leaders. * 10. Through Avhose eflorts was the Supreme Court establised? Who were the Justices? 11. What was this [leriod called ? . 12. What question was greatly agitating the people? * mi ^ • 198 HLSTOIIV OF NOUTH CAROLINA. CHAPTEK XLV. THE WHIGS AND THE DEMOCRATS. A. D. 1821 TO 1827. 1821. Ill the dwade following the enactment of the Mis- sonri Compromise there was prodigious material growth in every section of the American Union. In North Carolina the real prosperity of the people was imperceptible, by reason of the heavy emigration to the South and West. Not only popu- lation, but wealth, was continually withdrawing to more pro ii table fields of labor and speculation. 2. While the Northern and Western sections of the Union ^^•ere receiving the thousands who came every year from Europe and elsewhere, there was no such accession to our mimbers. For a century past there has been little or no innnigration to North Carolina. The stream of settlers that once poured so steadily into the hill country had ceased even before the Revo- lution. 3. After the overthrow of the Federalists by Mr. Jefferson, in the year 1800, there was no national party struggle on the old issues, l)ut in every portion of the country were individuals who adhered to the views of Alexander Hamilton as to the j)roper construction of the Constitution of the United States. Many of these were men of great social and professional eminence. 4. Under Mr. Madison and his successors there was, in fact, no party but the Democratic-Republicans. Every one who hoped for ])olitical i)r(nn()tion professed the i'aith of that THE WHIGS AND THE DEMOCRATS. 199 organization. There was no party division as to the Bank of the United States, or the tarilF of dnties on foreign imports. 5. In the year 1825 the State was graced by the visit of General La Fayette. A half centnry before he had left his wife and all the charms of life in Paris to do battle in behalf of the strnggling American colonies. After acting a distin- gnished part in the French Revolntion, he had returned as the Nation's guest, to receive the thanks of another generation for the great services he had rendered in the past. He went from State to State, every^vhere greeted with the utmost love and veneration. He soon returned to France in the United States ship Brandywine, after receiving princely recognition and rewards from Congress. 6. In this year, also, a considerable excitement Avas created on account of an extraordinary advance in the price of cotton. In a few weeks the price went from twelve to thirty-two cents per pound. This great rise was only temporary, and many people were ruined by the sudden and unexpected fall. 7. In 1825 the election of John Quincy Adams, by the House of Representatives to the Presidency, resulted in giving a new aspect to political matters. General Andrew Jackson, who had received the largest popular vote, and was then a Senator from Tennessee, became the leader of those who were called " Democrats." Those who were opposed to him assumed the name of "Whigs." 8. Mr. Adams, though elected as a Democratic- Republican, soon found that party arrayed against his administration. Henry Clay, and all of those who had been Federalists, sup- ported the President. In North Carolina many prominent men arrayed themselves Avith the new [)arty. These Whigs, as thev were called, advocated a continuance of the United 2(10 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. States Bank, a tariff for ])rotcoti()ii on importations, and a distribution to the several States of the money realized 'oy the sale of public lands. 9. General Jackson and the Democrats favored a tariff for revenue. They contended that the National Bank Avas not only unauthorized by the Constitution, but also dangerous to the liberties of t\y/ people. They were likewise unfriendly to the plan of making the States peusioners of the general govern- ment, as proposed in the policy of distribution. 10. Soon great rancor developed between the two })arties, both of which had lately been included in the Rejnibli^an ranks. Henry Clay and John Randolph inaugurated ani- mosities by a duel ; and soon, in North Carolina, as elsewhere, social amenities were l)ut little regarded between the Whigs and Democrats. 11. This Avas very absurd. All were citizens of a free country, and w^re entitled to hold and express opinions as to what was the best policy for the government to })ursue. God has so constituted men that, of necessity, they must differ in opinion on all subjects. How weak and wicked then, is the man who hates his brother because of the failure to agree on matters that are, after all, involved in doubt. 12. It was not always so, however, for when the Constitu- tion was framed at Philadelphia, in 1787, all the States but Massachusetts recognized the legality of slave property, ^'^ery soon afterwards, however, the "Society for African Emanci- pation" was formed, with Dr. Benjamin Franklin as its president. This body petitioned Congress to abolish slav(u-y in the States and Territories, but was answered that the Constitution left this matter, to the States, and that the Federal authorities had no powers. THE WHIGS AND THE DEMOCRATS. 201 13. The Northern States finding slave labor unprofitable, had all abolished this institution in their midst, and their slaves had been sent to the South and sold. Southern men, also, had been divided as to the policy of continuing a state of society so opposed to the general liberties of mankind ; but this liberal spirit in the South was checked by the violent and unreason- able criticisms and denunciations of the Northern reformers. QUESTIONS. 1. Wluit growth was noticed in the Union (hiring the years jnst con- sidered ? 2. Wliat is said of iinniigration to Noi'th Carolina? 3. In wiiat condition were the political parties of the country? 4. What is said of Pix'sident Madison's administration? 5. What distingiiisiied Fienchrnan visited North Carolina in the year 1825? Plow was he everywhere received by tiie people? How did Con- gress treat him? 6. What is said of the extraordinary rise in the pi-ice of cotton? How did it affect many people? 7. What was the efiect of the election of John Qiiincy Atlams? What two political i)arties then existed ? 8. What troubles did Mr. Adams find? What [)arty was led by Henry Clay? What were some of the Whig principles? 1). What did General Jackson and his jiarty advocate? 10. What results were produced by the violent assertions of these opinions? 11. What is said of [xditical animosities? 12. How was the question of slavery viewed ? What State refused to recognize the legality of slave property? What society was organized? 13. How had the Northern States acted in regard to slavery? What checked the liberal spirit of the South concerning slavery? 202 HISTOIIY OF NORTH CAPvOI.lNA. CHAPTER XLVI. THE CONDITION OF THE STATE. A. D. 1827 TO 1836. While the Republic of the United States was so divided and agitated as to matters of policy touching the interests of all the Union, there were, at the same time, many issues of local importance confined to North Carolina. 2. The old habit of annually changing the place for hold- ing the sessions of the Legislature had first brought about a feeling of sectionalism between the eastern and w^estern coun- ties. Western men had first learned to combine in securing Hillsboro rather than New Bern for this purpose. It was natural and right for them to seek to lessen as much as possible the distance that separated the State capital from their homes. 1829. 3. The western counties were also anxious to change the system of representation, so that their weight in popula- tion should be felt in legislation. As it was, the east held control of both Houses of the General Assembly. Hertford, Avith five hundred voters, had exactly the weight of Buncombe or Orange, with its thousands. Eastern men would not consent to modify tliis hardship. They insisted that the Hali- fax Constitution was still to be adhered to, and refused to go into a constitutional convention for fear of changes that might subject eastern wealth to taxation in order to secure the construc- tion of higliways in the west. 1831. 4. On tlie morning of the 21st of June the ca])itol at Raleigli was burned. The fire was caused by the careless- ness of a workman who was covering the roof. Tlie building THE CONDITION OF THE STATE. 203 was a total loss, as was also the beautiful statue of Wasliing- tou, which stood iu the rotunda. A new capitol was erected upon the site of the old building, by act of the Legislature- of 1832. It is an elegant structure, and was built of native granite, at a cost of over a half million of dollars. 5. The burning of the Capitol, or State-House, as it was called, was a calamity and inconvenience, but the chief regret was over the loss of the marble statue of Washington. This fine work had been recently received from the famous sculptor, Canova, in Italy, and was said to be one of his finest produc- tions. 1834. 6. On the 4th of June, 1823, a political conven- tion, composed of gentlemen from the western portion of the State, met in Raleigh. It was presided over by Bartlett Yancey. The object of the convention was to divise measures to secure greater weight iu the I^egislature to their great and growing popular majorities. Many wise and desirable changes in the Constitution of 1776 were suggested, and the result Avas that sectional feeling ran very high. So much so, that in time the people of the west might have proceeded to extreme measures had not the Legislature of 1834 come to the rescue in the passage of the " Convention Bill." Note. — "By a freak of liberality, unusual in those good old days, when the State never spent over ninety thousand dollars a year for all purposes; when taxes were six cents on the one hundred dollars value of real estate only, and personal property was entirely exempt, the General Assembly had placed in the rotunda a magnificent statue of Washington, of Carrara marble, by the great Canova. It was the pride and boast of the State. Our people remembered with peculiar pleasure that La Fayette had stood at its base and commended the beauty of the carving and fitness of the lionor to the great man, under whom he had served in our war of inde- pendence, and whom he regarded with a passionate and reverential love." ~i 11071. Kemp P. Bank, LL. I).) 204 IIISTOiJY OF XOKTH CAKOLIXA. 7. On a close vote, aided by the votes of eastern borongli members, the bill was ])assed whieh provided that, in case the call for a convention therein contained shonld be endorsed bv a majority of the voters in the State, then a convention should be held; and each member chosen, before taking his seat, should take oath that he would not be a party to any further alterations of the Constitution than those specified in the enabling act. 1835. 8. The Convention met in Raleigh on June 4th, 1835, and Nathaniel Macon was made President. Many of the ablest men in the State were members. Judge Gaston, Governor David L. Swain and Judge J. J. Daniel were leaders in the debates. Borough representation and free negro suffrage Avere abolished. The election of Governor Avas taken from the Asseml)ly and committed to the people. The legis- lative sessions Avere made biennial instead of annual, as of old. Each county was to send one member to the House of Com- mons, and more if its population justified so doing. One hundred and twenty members constituted this body, while the Senators were limited to fifty. The upper House was to rep- resent taxation ; and the lower, population. 9. These organic changes were ratified by a })Opidar majority of more than five thousand votes. This change of Constitu- tion was soon followed by the first })opular election for Gov- ernor. Governors Miller, Burton, Owen and Swain had succes- sively occupied the Executive Office in North Carolina, until the Legislature, in 1835, for the hist time, selected a Governor in the person of Richai'd Dobbs Spaight, of Craven. 10. This gentleman did not equal his father in the brilliance of his endowments, but he was well fitted for the exigencies of a contest before the people. He w^as nominated for re-election THE CONDITION OF THE 8TATE. 205 by the Democrats tlie next year, but was beaten by the Whig nominee, Edward B. Dudley, of Wihnington. Mr. Dudley was not only a very able lawyer, but proved himself a states- man of enduring worth. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of these troublesome years ? 2. What troubles were seen in North Carolina? What divisions had sprung up between the eastern and western men of the State? 3. How did the men of the two sections view tiie question of represen- tation? 4. Wiiat i)ublic l)uilding was burned on June 21st, 1831? What was the cause of the fire? What was lost Avith the building? Where was the new Capitol built? Of what was it built? 5. What was the chief regret? Who was this work by? O. What is said of the Western Convention of 1823? 7. W^hat law was enacted concerning a convention? 8. What is said of the memorable Convention of 1835? What changes were made in the Constitution? 9. What was the majority of votes given to tlie amendments? Who was the last Governor selected by the Legislature? 10. What two candidates were before the people in 183G? Who was the first Governor elected by the people? , ,„,,..iiiii;i iiii , , iiiiii':::ir""' 206 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XLVII. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS -THE COURTS AND THE BAR. A. D. 1836. There had been many changes effected among the people of North Carolina by the lapse of time when the year 1836 came in. Bartlett Yancey, the two Drs. Caldwell and Archibald Hendei'son were all dead, and their places filled by other men. Cotton was becoming more and more widely cnltivated, and, year by year the valne of slave property was increasing by reason of the profits realized in the cnltivation of this great Sonthern staple. 2. The Dismal Swamp Canal was at last ready for traffic between the Albemarle country and Norfolk, in the State of Virginia. A change was soon apparent in the trade of the towns thus connected by a new water-course with the outer world. The dangerous voyages through the inlets and out into the ocean Avere by degrees abandoned, and almost all direct trade with the West Indies ceased. 3. The first railway charter given in North Carolina was that of the Petersburg Railroad. This was in 1830, and was followed, two years later, by that of the Portsmouth and Roanoke route. Soon after, Governor Dudley and others organized the AYilmington Railroad, leading to Weldon, the same terminus fixed for the others. This was for some time the longest single line in the world. 4. A few lines had been constructed in^the United States ])rior to these, but they were among the ])ioneer works of the vast net-\v()i"k of* railways now seen in ev(M"v portion of the THE COURTS AND THE BAR. 207 Republic. Wonderful changes have taken place in the travel and traffic of the States. The vast extent of the national territory once presented to wise observers of our institutions a bar to any unity of thought and interest; but steam and electricity have triumphed over space, and the Republic, in 1882, is far more compact and its parts greatly more accessible than were the Atlantic States in 1787. 5. In just a half century the iron lines, beginning at the sea have reached and pierced the mountain barriers of Western North Carolina. From State to State rush the tireless ministers of our wealth and pleasure. Instead of the wagon toiling slowly in the rear of weary axemen, we see the long and well- appointed railroad train sweep by with the speed of the hurri- cane, bearing the wealth of States, and doing more in the course of twenty-four hours to diffiise civilization and luxury than our ancestors could have accomplished in as many years. 6. The Baptist churches of the greater portion of North Carolina, in 1830, formed what they called a "State Conven- tion," and organized for missionary and other purposes. This important movement resulted in a great improvement to this denomination, for out of this combination learned periodicals, new churches and many colleges and schools were to have their origin. 7. Among public men of that day Judge Willie P. Man- gum, of Orange, held a distinguished position. His brilliant eloquence and gracious demeanor secured his election in 1830, over Governor John Owen, to the United States Senate. In this distinguished body he remained long and became highly influential. A personal difficulty cam e near resulting in a duel between these two gentlemen, but it was amicably settled. Gov- ernor Owen was no further in public life, except to preside over 208 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. the convention wliieli nominated Harrison and Tyler for the chief execntive offices of tlie United States in 1840. 8. Upon the deatli of Chief- Jnstice Taylor, in 1829, the legal profession lost one of its greatest ornaments. His strong natnral nnderstanding was further improved by his learning; bnt in addition to this, he possessed qualities which peculiarly fitted him for framing the practice and precedents of a new tribunal. He was an eminently wise and just man, and well deserved to be called the "]\Iansfield of North Carolina." 9. Upon Judge Taylor's death, Leonard Henderson became Chief- Justice, and Judge J. D. Toomer, Associate-Justice. The latter only remained a member of the Court a few months, and having resigned, was succeeded by Thomas Ruffin, of Orange. Xo one in our history has l)rought higher judicial (pialities to the bench than were seen in Judge Ruffin. Deep learning, wide grasp and luminous statement soon made him respected both at home and abroad. 10. Upon the death of Chief-Justice Henderson, in 1833, William Gaston, of Craven, was elected to the Supreme Court. The Court was then composed of Chief-Justice Thomas Ruffin, Joseph J. Daniel and AVilliam Gaston, Associates; and was un- equaled in America as a legal tribunal. Judge Daniel was able, learned and upright; and in Gaston nature had combined her highest gifts. His Roman Catholic creed was not shared by many peoj)le of the State, but such were the ])urity and useful- ness of his life that no man of his time was more beloved or trusted. 11. The Judges of the Superior Courts were also men of in- tegrity and ability. Henry Seawall, who was a powerful advo- cate in the courts, and had twice been clothed with the judicial ermine, had I'cceiUb- ered that in 1767 the first school was incorporated by the Legislature of North Carolina, by the act in favor of the academy at New Bern. In this, and subsequent legislation for schools at Edenton and elsewhere, it had pro- vided that the teachers should all be communicants of the Church of England. This stipulation was, of course, part of the English Church and State system of government. 2. When, just previous to the outbreak of the Revolution- ary war, the founders of the " Queen^s Museum," at Charlotte, a school so named in honor of the Queen of England, asked incorporation of the Colonial General Assembly, it was not granted, for the reason that this institution was Presbyterian, both as to trustees and faculty. Up to that period dissenting ministers had not been allowed any legal recognition, and it was considered a great concession that the Presbyterian clergy were allowed to officiate at marriages. 3. During the Revolution (in 1777) the useful seminary at Cliarlotte was first legally chartered as "Liberty Hall." It was in no way sustained by or connected with the State, but was to tlio Presbytery of Orange what Davidson College is now to tlip Synod of North Carolina, and was sustained solely by the contributions and patronage of private citizens. Indeed, til is had been the case all along with the chartered schools of New l>ern and Edciitoii. ORIGIN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 211 4. In 1776, when the Convention at Halifax framed the first Constitution for the State, among the leading ordinances of that instrument was that for the State's active aid to the education of the people. With this clause in the Constitu- tion which they all swore to uphold, the legislatoi-s had done nothing so far, except to provide, in 1790, for the establishment of the Universit}^ at Chapel Hill.* 5. This disregard of their organic law, on the part of thovSe constituting the State government, Avas deeply regretted by many wise and gO(xl men. But only a few dared to encounter the opposition to taxation for popular education. Governors Johnston and Davie in former days, and Judge Murphy and Bartlett Yancey of later times, had been strenuous for a larger compliance with the terms of the State Constitution, but the membei-s of the vseveral Legislatures, fearful of incurring popular displeasure, or for other reasons, had held back. 6. General Jackson and the Democratic party had opposed the distribution of the proceeds from the sale of national public lands as a fixed rule in the policy of the government, but in his last administration many millions of dollars had accumu- lated in the Federal treasury, for which the general govern- ment had no immediate use. In 1837 this fund was divided out to all the States except Virginia (that Commonwealth refusing her share). North Carolina's proportion amounted to one and a half million dollars. ^Section 41 of the Kalifax" Constitution declared *' that a school or schools shall be established by the Legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters paid by the public as may enable ihem to instruct at low prices. All useful learning shall be duly encour- aged and promoted in one or more universities." '212 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 7. This fund, together with the amounts realized from the sale of swamp lands belonging to the State, and certain shares of hank stock, also the property of North Carolina, was set aside and invested for the benefit of the ])ublic schools of the State, and was knowi\ as the '' School Fund," 8. It was not until the year 1840 that any effective legisla- tion was had for the establishment of the free educational system. By an act of the Legislature of 1836, the Governor and three others, by him to be appointed, were constituted the " Literary Board." In 1839 an act was passed to divide the counties into school districts. It left to each county the option of schools or no schools. It showed considerable advance in popular wisdom, that all but one of the counties decided to have schools and to be taxed for the erection of such buildingg as were necessary in the work. 9. Not in the General Assembly alone was the subject of education receiving unusual attention. The Baptists, in 1826, established a high school on the farm of Colonel Calvin Jones, in Wake comity. A little later it was changed in name and became Wake Forest College. The Presbyterians, in 1838, founded Davidson College, in Mecklenburg. These denomi- XuTK. — Tlie Presidential campaign (if 1840 wjjh an iiiiusiialiy excitinic one. The Whig nominee, William Henry Ilanison, was charged by hh opponents as having lived in a "log cabin," with nothing to drink but " hard eider," His friends made good use of these charges. "Hard Cider" became a political watch-word, and, in the numerous Whig processions n ' log cabin " on wheels occupied the most prominent and honored position. The "Log Cabin Campaign " will long be remembered. President Harri- son died within one month after liis inauguration. His last words were, "The principles of the government; I wis^h them carried out. I ask nothing more." ORIGIN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 213 national institutions became noble adjuncts to the University in aifording opportunities for liberal culture in our own borders. 10. Thus, at last, the "old-field schools" were superceded as better institutions took their place. The old-fashioned countr}^ teacher, who j:)assed from house to house for subsistence, and was wholly dependent upon the feelings or caprices of one or two employers, gradually disappeared as academies and common schools multiplied. , 11. The Bingham School in Orange, the Lovejoy School in Kaleigh, the Bobbitt School in Franklin, the Caldwell Insti- tute in Greensboro, Trinity College near Raleigh, the Donald- son Academy in Fayetteville, and numerous other excellent male academies greatly added to the number of well-informed and useful men. 1842. 12. The Salem Seminary, so widely renowned for the host of cultivated women sent out to every portion of the South, at last found a worthy rival in St. Mary's School.. This institution was established at Raleigh, in 1842, under the 'patronage of Bishop Ives and the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina. Rev. Dr. Aldert Smedes, who so long presided over its fortunes, was singularly fitted for such a place; for in no other institution in America was intellectual training more largely supplemented by the moral and social graces. These popular institutions were soon re-inforced by the excellent Methodist Female College at Greensboro. The Presbyterians, a few years later, had a first rate school for the education of their daughters in " Edgeworth," a noble seminary established by Governor Morehead at Greensboro. 214 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. What is this chapter about? What hiws had been enacted concern- ing education? 2. Why had incorporation been refused to the "Queen's Museum" ? 3. What is said of the schools at Charlotte and Davidson '? 4. What clause was in the first State Constitution ? How had the intent of this clause been carried out? 5. What were some of the views in regard to popular education? What men had advocated the provisions of the Constitution? 6. What addition to the School Fund did North Carolina receive in 1837 ? 7. How was the fund further increased ? 8. Can you mention the legislation at this period affecting sciiool mat- ters ? 9. What denominational schools were foimded about this time? 10. W^hat is said of the "old-field schools"? 11. Where were the leading male schools, and what is said of their usefulness? 12. What female schools are mentioned ? What is said of St. Mary's School? What is said of other schools? SLAVERY AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT. 215 CHAPTER XLIX. SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. A. D. 1842 TO 1844. When the year of our Lord 1842 had come, peace and prasperity were in all portions of North Carolina. Society was still divided into three classas. These were the white people, the slaves and the free negroes. The latter class had originated by manumission, and were numerous in some of the eastern counties. They had lost the right of suffrage by the action of the State Convention of 1835. 2. This action on the part of the Convention was due in some degree, doubtless, to the constant agitation of the slavery question, though by no means due to that alone; but to the further fact, as well, that during the time they voted by suffer- ance they had plainly demonstrated their utter unfitness to appreciate or exercise the great right of suffrage. 3. As a class they were unthrifty and dishonest, and each year becoming more useless as members of the community; their association with the slaves was regarded as an evil to be avoided if possible; therefore, they were discriminated against in the legislation of the period. Virginia and Ohio had both enacted statutes which forbade them access to their borders. North Carolina provided by law that in case of their removal, from the State they lost their residence, and were forbidden to return. 4. The right of the States to pass such laws for the protec- tion of their slave property cannot be denied, luiless the right of property in slaves be also denied. Nor can they properly 216 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. be called unjust. The right of property in their slaves the ])eople of North Carolina regarded as settled by the Constitu- tion of the State and that of the United States. Theorists might speculate whether African slavery was consistent with the American Declaration of Independence as they pleased, but the right of property in slaves was undisputably recognized and secured in the fundamental laws of the land. As to the moral question involved, if any such there was, the vSouthern slave-owner regarded it as one between himself and his God, and not between himself and his Northern brother. o. As a matter of course slavery and intellectual culture are incompatible, and education was therefore denied the slaves. The right to testify in the courts against a white man, and even the right to defend himself from the assaults of white men, except in defense of life in the last extremity, were also neces- sarily denied him. These restrictions were necessary to the maintenance of the legal relations between the dominant and •subject races. 6. Of course there were those Avho studied tlie slavery problem from every possible stand-point, except the constitu- tional legality of it. That, at least, was fixed. Some doubted tlie morality of it and others questioned the policy of it, and it is quite possible, had time and opportunity for gradual manu- mission and exportation offered. North Carolina would have been a free State, in the course of events, of her own accord. 7. The Northern States had sold their slaves rather than free them under their acts of manumission. It was not possible for this to be further rej^eated by the Commonwealths still i*etain- ing the institution; so in a blind ignorance of (lie Cnlni'c :ind in utter hopelessness of any practicable solution of their diCfi- SLAVERY AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT. 217 ciilty, except in remaining as they were, the statesmen of the South contented themselves with a simple poHcy of resistance to change. 1844. 8. Among the white people of North Carolina were found all who participated in the conduct of public affairs. The means of popular education had been too recently adopted to show effects upon the community. The labors of a few wise men were just being crowned with success and the children of the poor were receiving the rudiments of education in every portion of the State. 9. In religion, the great mass of the people belonged to coun- try churches. These rural congregations, as a general thing, met on one Saturday and the succeeding Sabbath of each month, to attend the preaching of a minister who often served other churches as pastor the remaining Sundays. Beyond the Sun- day-schools and annual protracted meetings, there were no other religious observances except occasional fiuierals and prayer- meetings at private houses. 10. The balls and horse-races of former days in the eastern counties had, in a large measure, ceased. In the growth of the Methodist and Baptist Churches in that section, such amuse- ments had been so discouraged that festivities of this kind became rare. In the western sections of North Carolina they had never been countenanced by the Presbyterians. 11. The summers became more or less marked by great assemblages in the protracted or ^^ camp meetings." They were, to the devout, seasons of religious devotion, but to the young and thoughtless, opportunities for courtship and social enjoy- ment. 218 . HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. qup:stions. 1. AVliat three classes of society existed in North Carolina in 1842? . 2. What action was taken by the Convention of 1835 in regard to free negroes ? 3. What is said of this class of our jwpnlation ? 4. How (lid our people view the question of slavery ? 5. What privileges were denied the slaves ? Why? 6. What would probably have been the final result in North Carolina? 7. What had the Northern States done with their slaves ? How was the South compelled to act? 8. What educational progress was being made? 9. What was the condition of religious matters? 10. What effects were seen from the growth of the churches? 11. What great congregations were found in various places during the summer? THE MEXICAN WAR. 219 CHAPTER L. THE MEXICAN WAR. A. D. 1844 TO 1847. Governor Dudley was opposed by ex-Governor John Branch, of Halifax, as the candidate of the Democratic party in 1838. Governor Branch had been in the Cabinet of General Jackson, and upon his defeat in this contest, retired from public life in North Carolina to receive the appointment of territorial Gov- ernor of Florida. In the Gubernatorial contest, two years later, John Motley Morehead, of Guilford, as the nominee of the Whigs, likewise defeated the Democratic leader. Judge Romu- lus M. Saunders. 2. They were both men of large natural endowments, and have never been surpassed in the vigor of their debates before the people. They were both educated at Chapel Hill, and Avere types of public Southern men of their day. Judge Saunders made a high reputation as a member of Congress; and Gov- ernor Morehead so grew in favor that eloquent Lewis D. Henry, who opposed his re-election, was also defeated by a considera- ble majority. 3. The loss of the State in the deaths of Judge Gaston, of Judge Daniel, and of Lewis Williams, long one of our repre- sentatives in Congress, was not easily repaired. Michael Hoke, of Lincolnton, was rising to prominence as a politician when his untimely death occurred. He had just concluded a brilliant canvass against William A. Graham, of Orange, for the office of Governor, and lost his election and his life in the summer of 1844. 220 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 4. This election of Governor Graham marked a new era in the development of the State. He was the son of General Joseph Graham, of the Revolution, and inherited many of his virtues. No public man in the history of the State has brought closer application or a higher elevation to his duties. Like Rich- ard Caswell and Nathaniel Macon, his hold upon the public affections was never lost, and to the day of his death he was " first in the hearts of his countrymen '' of North Carolina. 5. In 1844, James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, who was a native of North Carolina and a graduate of our University, was elected President of the United States. During his admin- istration the United States and the neighboring Republic of Mexico went to war. The boundary line between Texas and Mexico had long been in dispute between those countries, a dispute that practically amounted to a constant border warfare. Of course as soon as Texas was annexed to the United States the Federal government took the place of Texas as a party to the quarrel, and undisguised, open war followed. 6. President Polk made a visit to the University during his term of office, which was highly appreciated and greatly redounded to the honor of that ancient institution. President Polk was born in Mecklenburg county in 1795, and died in 1849. The announcement of his nomination for the Presi- dency was the first message ever sent by telegraph. It was sent from Baltimore, where the National Democratic Convention was in session, to Washington City, on 29th May, 1844, over an experimental line, put up at the expense of the Federal govern- ment, to test Professor Morse's recent invention. 184<>. 7. A regiment of North Carolina volunteers was sent to Mexico under Colonel Robert Treat Paim , of Chowan. It was stationed on the lino of communication, but was not THE MEXICAN WAR. 221 actively engaged in any of the battles. Two companies of North Carolina troops, under Captains W. J. Clarke and Charles K. Jones, were mustered into the Twelfth Regiment United States Infantry, and did valiant service in the battle at National Bridge. 8. Louis D. Wilson, of Edgecombe, had been Captain of Company A, in Colonel Paine's regiment. He was promoted Major and assigned to duty in the Twelfth United States In- fontry. He died on duty in Mexico, and left his estate to the benefit of the poor of his native county. 9. Captain Braxton Bragg gained great credit for his con- duct at the battle of Buena Yista, where, with a single battery of light artillery, he resisted the attack of a large force upon General Taylor's left flank, and thus prevented a movement that would otherwise have caused the immediate retreat and probable destruction of the American army. 10. The smoke was so dense in this action that Captain Bragg was able to place his battery within fifty yards of the advancing column. He gave the foe a round of double canister shot, which opened great gaps in their ranks. They staggered and recoiled under this murderous fire. When the delighted American commander saw that the battle was won, he arose in his stir- ruj)s and joyfully sliouted : "(live them a little more grape, CViptain Bragg." 11. Major Samuel McfRcc, of Wilmington, rendered valua- ble service as Quartermaster in the army under General Scott. Captain J. H. K. Burgwin, of the First United States Dra- goons, died of his wounds at Taos. Lieutenant James G. Martin lost an arm and gained a brevet at Churubusco. Cap- 222 HISTORY OP NORTH CAROLINA. tains T. H. Holmes and Gabriel Rains, and Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, all gave valuable and recognized service in the two columns under Generals Scott and Taylor. QUESTIONS. 1. What |)eii()(1 have we now reached ? Who were Governors at this tinne ? What is said of Governor John Branch ? 2. What mention is made of tlie candidates for Governor? 3. What deaths of prominent men occurred about this period? 4. Wiiat Governor was elected in 1844? How was he behjved in the State? 5. What troubles arose in national matters on the election of James K. Polk? 6. Wiiat is said of his visit to the University? Of what State was President Polk a native? How was his nomination announced? 7. Can you mention the North Carolina troops sent to Mexico, and their commanders? 8. Tell something of Major Louis D. Wilson? 9. What valiant officer was with General Taylor at Buena Vista? Give an account of his timely aid to the American army. 10. Describe the action. 11. What other officers are spoken of? 3|C*f3ft-V IJATLWAY AND ASYIATJSrS. 223 CHAPTER LI. THE NORTH CAROLINA RAILWAY AND THE ASYLUMS. A. D. 1848. No single year in human records has been more prohfic of change and social advancement than that which witnessed the overthrow of King Louis Phillipe in France, and the general upheaval of all Europe. It seemed that the spirits of the sixteenth century had revisited the earth, and that men were everywhere resolved on revolution or amendment. 1848. 2. North Carolina formed no exception to this gen- eral impulse of Christendom. A wise and patriotic disregard of old sectional and party traditions first led to the assump- tion by the State of a controlling part in the great work of internal improvement. The railroads that had been previously constructed from different points to Roanoke River, were all in a deplorable condition. 3. The Raleigh and Gaston route was so decayed and impaired in its equipments that a whole day was consumed in the passage of a mail train over the eighty miles traversed. The Seaboard route to Portsmouth, Virginia, was prostrate and out of use. The Wilmington Road, though it was in somewhat better plight, was still served by feeble engines, which drew a few trains slowly along the track, ironed no more heavily than the wheels of a six-horse wagon. 4. The additional fact that no railway went further west than the village of Raleigh, also prevented the accumulation of such travel and traffic as to repay tlie outlay of construe- 224 irisToiiY OF north Carolina. tion and ('(juipincnt. The Wilmington lioad furnished the great route between the Nortli and South, and in that way won richer returns than lines leadinfy to the interior. 5. The long deferred hopes of Western North Carolina wTre at last to be realized. Ex-Governor Morehead and others besought the Legislature for the State's aid in a great line which sliould connect Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh and Goldsboro. This was to be called the " North Carolina Rail- road," and was to be two hundred and forty miles long. . 6. Eastern men, as a general thing, opposed this bill, but it was earnestly supported by William S. Ashe, of New Hanover, and others, in the House of Representatives; and, having passed that body, it was sent to the Senate. The vote in the upper House resulted in a tie. Calvin Graves, of Caswell, was Speaker. He had been a life-long Democrat, and knew that the people of his county were opposed to the State's aid- ing the proposed road, but he nobly discharged what he thought to be his duty, and, by his casting vote, the bill became a law. 7. This great step in building up the material prosperity of the Commonwealth did not satisfy the desires of this memo- rable Assembly. Measures that had been adopted at the pre- vious session for the establishment of an institution for the education of tJie deaf, dumb and the blind children of the State were extended; and, at the earnest solicitation of Miss Dorothea Dix, of New York, a further appropriation was made for the erection of a hospital for the insane. 8. Miss Dix devoted her life to the amelioration of this unfortunate class of people. In North Carolina, as generally in tlie Re})ublic, there had been no better disposition of lunatics than thcii" confinement in the loathsome duuireons of countv RAILWAY AND ASYLUMS. 225 jails. Numbers who might have been restored to reason and usefuhiess were, in this way, condemned to the horrors of per- petual insanity. Instead of the comforts, kindness and resto- ration now to be found in the management of the Insane Asylums, the jjoor lunatic lay in chains in the murderer's cell and howled out his life amid the darkness and foetid exhala- tions of the hell to which he was doomed. 9. North Carolina Avas thus manfully meeting the require- ments of both civilization and humanity; for as the condition of their highways affords the truest test of a people's advance- ment in civilization, .so, also does the provision made for the care and comfort of the unfortunate and helpless afford the highest evidence of a people's progress in humanity. 10. In this memorable session of 1848-'49, a still further exemplification of the wisdom of the North Carolina Legis- lature was seen in their statute for the protection of married women. Before that time the husband acquired by marriage absolute title to his wife's personal estate and a life interest in her real property, and these interests he could sell without her consent. He could also restrain her of her personal liberty. 11. The statute of this year provided that the husband's interest in the wife's lands should not be subject to sale l)y the husband without her full and free consent and joinder in the conveyance. This was to be attested by a privy examination and certificate appended to the deed conveying such lands. 12. A further nuich needed improvement took place when the ancient English rules allowing the husband the right of personal chastisement were also abolished, and this infamous badge of inferiority numbered among the things of the past. Ie3. There have been periods in the history of all commu- nities when extraordinary development was witnessed. The 226 HLSTOJIY OF XORTfl C'AEOLINA. overthrow of one ancient abuse leads to the correction of another; and thus, in the awakening sympathies of the hour, reformations give way to a new and higher humanity. QUESTIONS. 1. Wliat is this lesson about? What is said of the period now reached ? 2. How was North Carolina feeling the general impulse of improve- ment? 3. In what condition were the railroads? 4. How far west were the railroads reaching? Which of the roads was "obtaining most travel ? 5. What important railway is nmv mentioned? What was to be its extent? 6. Can you describe the passage of the "Kail road Bill" through the Legislature? 7. What charitable institutions were provided for at this session ? ThrougJi whose instrumentality was the appropriation made for the Insane Asylum ? 8. What devotion did Miss Dix give to this subject? What had been the disposition of the insane before this ? O. What is said of these internal improvements? 10. What other important law was enacted at this session? Canyon tell something of the rights of married women previous to this time? 11. What were the provisions of the new law? 12. What was indicated by these acts of the State? 13. \Vhat reflections are made upon this era? A SPECTRE OF THE PAST RE- APPEARS. 227 CHAPTER LII. A SPECTRE OF THE FAST RE-AFFEARS. A. D. 1848 TO 1852. The female seminaries of Salem, Raleigh and Greensboro were supplemented, in 1848, in the establishment, by the Chowan and Portsmouth Baptist Associations, of another female school of hiffli trrade, at Murfreesboro. This useful and popular institution soon gained reputation and attracted patron- age from many of the Southern States. The Edgeworth Semi- nary at Greensboro was a similar institution under Presbyterian rule. It was a worthy rival of its compeers in the education of Southern girls. The University, Wake Forest and David- son Colleges were advancing their standards and growing in prosperity. The Univei-sity, especially, under the sagacious administration of ex-Governor Swain, assisted by an able body of experienced teachers, made great progress. Several hundred students were in attendance, gathered from all the Southern and South-western States. 2. Governor Morehead had been succeeded in office by Wil- liam A. Graham, of Orange. In the United States Senate, Judges Mangum and Badger were the peers of the best men of the Republic, and reflected honor on North Cai'olina. 3. In the House of Representatives, Colonel James J. McKay, of Bladen, had long been recognized as one (jf the leading men, and was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. Messrs. Kenneth Rayner and Thomas L. Clingman were also men of recognized a])ility, the latter bringing varied accomplishments to aid his discharge of duty. 228 iriS'J'OKY OF NOllTH CAROLINA. ISJrO. 4. At tlie exi^iratioii of Governor Graham^s term of office Charles Manly, of Wake, became Governor. The people of the State grew excited in the contest between Messrs, Manly and Reid over the Democratic pro|X)siti(>n to abolish the free-hold qualification of voters for State Senators. It had been, ever since 1776, necessary for a man to possess fifty acres of land to be entitled to this franchise. It was now proposed, to allow all white men the privilege of suffrage. 5. U})on the election of General Taylor as President of the United States, Mr. Polk retired to private life, and soon died at Nashville, Tennessee. He was a pure and laborious man, but was not the equal of Andrew Jackson in those great natu- ral gifts which immortalized the hero of New Orleans. 6. Upon the cessation of war with Mexico, it had been agreed in the treaty of }>eace tliat upon the payment of a large sum of money, Upper California should, with other Mexican territory, belong to the United States. The discovery of immense deposits of gold on the Pacific coast led to such immi- gration there that, in 1850, California was applying for admis- sion as a State into the Union. 7. Again the spectre of coming strife and bloodshed was seen in the renewal of the struggle over the question of free- dom or slavery in this new sister in the galaxy of States. Southern men like Henry Clay thought that the whole sub- ject had been settled in 1820, when, l^y the Missouri Compro- mise, it had been ordained that involuntary servitude should not obtain north of the geogra])hical line 36° 30' north lati- tude. 1850. 8. It was understood that the surrender of the right to ()wn slaves north of this line was the consideration for the admission of the ridit to own tliem south of it, and that this A SPECTRE OF THE PAST PvE-APPEARS. 229 was what the " compromise " meant. But they were told that the inhibition alone was effective, and that no such converse right was intended to be conveyed as that contended for by the men of the South. The most logical of these men said that Congress had exceeded its powers in the enactment mentioned, and that no jiower could settle the question but the people of the new State. 9. It was seen that " Wilmot's Proviso/' which was an amend- ment continually offered by Mr. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, excluding slavery from all future States, was the fixed determi- nation of the Northern people. So, after a protracted and bitter struggle, Mr. Clay, as the last service of a long and illustrious life, procured the pas'^age of the compromise of 1850, in which the only concession by Northern men was the *' Fugitive Slave Law." 10. This statute provided that Federal courts and officers should arrest and retiu^n to their owners such slaves as should be found absconding in the different States of the Union, whether free or slave-holding. It was greeted by a prodigious outcry from the Northern press and people. They determined that this national law should not be executed, and the different legislatures of the free States began their enactment of personal liberty laws, which made it penal to aid in carrying out the law of Congress. 1851. 11- The people of the South were both exasperated and disheartened at such manifestations, and in view of such palpable violations of their plain constitutional rights, began seriously to consider whether iu a union with the Northern States the arbitrary will of the people of those States was not to be the rule of government rather than the Constitution solenmly 230 lIISTOliY OP^ XOETH C'AllOJ.INA. agreed upou between their forefjitliers. If this Avere to be so the dream of liberty, regulated by law in the Federal Union, was at an end. QUESTIONS. 1. ^VIlat educational institutions are mentioned? 2. AV'lio was Governor in 1848? What two men were distinguished in the United States Senate? 3. Who were the representative men in the House? 4. Who succeeded Governor Graham in 1849? Wliat proposition was agitating the people? 5. Who succeeded Mr. Polk as President of the United States? What is said of President Polk ? 6. What events were occurring in the West? 7. What spectre of the past re-appears? Relate the circumstances? 8. In what condition was the question now seen ? 9. What is said of the " Wilmot Proviso'' and "Fugitive Slave Law" ? 10. What was the " Fugitive Slave Law " ? How did the North legis- late against this law of Congress?. 11. How was the South effected bv these troubles? THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. 231 CHAPTER LIII. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. A. D. 1852 TO 1859. The election of General Franklin Pierce to the Presidency, in 1852, was considered by many as a rebnke to those who had been so clamorous in the North against the compromise of 1850. He was a warm supporter of the rights of the indi- vidual States, and the knowledge of this fact brought repose to the minds of Southern men. 2. North Carolina had just entered upon a career of rapid development of her mineral resources. The incorporation of a clause extending the right of suffrage in the State Constitu- tion, the completion of the great central railway, the opening of the asylums and the large addition to the number of schools were evidences of progress and wide-spread prosperity. Capi- talists, for the first time, began to invest their wealth in cotton and Avoolen factories. 1853. 3. The creation of the office of Superintendent of Common Schools, in 1853, and the appointment of Calvin H. Wiley, of Guilford, to that position marked an extraordinary advance in the matter of popular education. Mr. Wiley soon evinced so much discretion and devotion to his duties that his propositions of improvement were adopted, and his views and wishes soon became those of the State government. Tlic same year was further signalized by the Normal School, under charge of Mr. Craven, being empowered by the Legislature to grant literary degrees and the assumption of the full dignities of a college. After nearly thirty years of usefulness, this institu- 'l'')l HISTOIIY f)F XOirni CAItOLIXA. tioiij now known . as Trinity C'ollege, is still acconi])lisliing great good nnder the auspices of the Methodists of the State. 4.' AYith the new lines of railway and the restoration of the old routes, there was a large advance in the value of real estate and in the amount of productions sent abroad. The use of Peruvian Guano and other concentrated fertilizers was just being introduced, and the example of Edgecombe county in the use of compost heaps was being folloAved in every direc- tion and adding innnensely to the yield of exhausted fields. 5. It was a notable thing in the political history of the country, that in the Presidential contest of 1852 the candi- dates for Vice-President, of both the Whig and Democratic parties, were born in North Carolina and educated at Chai)el Hill. Ex-Governor William P. King, Democrat, then of Alabama, Avas chosen over ex-Governor Graham, who had been Secretary of the Navy in the Cabinet of President Fillmore. 6. The churches Avel'e prospering under their increased atten- tions to education. A larger culture was coming to those Avho filled the pulpits at home, and devoted men like Dr. Matthew T. Yates were going to heathen lands to spend their lives for the good of other races. The Episcopal Church had abundant compensation in the wisdom and virtues of Bishop Atkinson for the loss of Bishop Ives, upon his leaving that communion for the Church of Pome. The great slavery controversy was bringing trouble and division to the Baptists and Methodists, and thus, not only statesmen and politicians, but ministers of the Gos])el were also set at variance. 1854. 7. From Massachusetts was sent, jit this ])eriod, a new and startling impulse to the northern pulpits and hustings. It had beeji the peculiar glory of tlie American peoj)le that they were tlie originators of the great doctrine and practice of THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. 233 religious liberty. A new party, calling themselves the "Know- Nothings," had carried that State and were proclaiming their ojDposition to all Roman Catholics as public officers. The "Know-Nothings" were also called the "American Party," and their motto was "America for Americans." 8. This was to prove a short-lived and pernicious movement. It not only contravened the noblest American precedents, but at once combined all the ends and fragments of parties which had previously opposed the great organization that had been led by Jefferson and Jackson. Besides their hostility to the Roman Catholic religion, they inculcated one other principle; this was opposition to the naturalization of foreign immigrants until after a residence of twenty-one years within the borders of the United States. The success of this new party ended in the Virginia campaign between Governor Wise and T. S. Flournoy. 1855. 9. About this time another party began to be prom- inent in the Northern States. It was called the " Republi- can Party," and was the outgrowth of the notorious controversy over the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Con- gress. This statute was, in effect, but a continuance of the legislation in regard to California, and amounted to little beyond transferring the question of slave or free territory from Congress to the new States. The North, however, was fanati- cally bent on the destruction of slavery everywhere within the United States, and would not consent that each new State should settle the question for itself. On the contrary^ it was determined to prohibit the spread of slavery whether the people in the new States and territories desired it or not. 10. It was soon seen, therefore, in the bloody conflicts between the settlers from the North and those from the South, 234 IILSTOIiY OF NORTH CAJIOLJXA. especially in Kansas, that ^SS({uatter Sovereignty" Avoukl neither afford protection to Southern immigrants in removing with their property there, nor any prospect of a fair solution of a vexed question. 1857. 11- On June 27th, 1857, an event occurred m North Carolina which brought sadness to the whole State. Rev. Elisha Mitchell, D. D., while making researches and surveys upon Black Mountain, in the darkness of night lost his way and fell over a very steep precipice and water-fall, and was killed. His remains were found, eleven days after the accident, in a pool of clear water at the foot of the water-fjdl. They are now resting on the highest point of the mountain, and the spot is known as " Mitchell's Peak." Dr. ^Mitchell found, by measurement, that the Black Mountain was the highest point of land east of the Rocky Mountains. " ^Mitchell's Peak" is 6,672 feet above the level of the sea, and 244 feet higher than Mount Washington in New Hampshire. 12. After the defeat of Charles Manly by David S. Reid, of Rockingham, for Governor in 1852, the Democrats continued to gain in strength in each succeeding election. In 1854 Governor Bragg was elected to succeed Governor Reid l)y an increased majority over Hon. John A. Gilmer, the Whig can- didate. Messrs. Mangum and Badger were succeeded by Gov- ernor Reid and Colonel Asa Biggs, of Martin, as United States Senators; and when, in 1S5S, another (Governor was to be chosen, both Judge John W. Ellis, of Powan, and his com- petitor, Duncan K. MacRae, of Chuuberland, claimed to be defenders of the Democratic faith. The diflferences between the North and the South wei*e fast bringing the peo})le of North Carolina to one mind. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. 235 QUESTIONS. 1. Of what does this chapter treat? How was the election of President Pierce considered? 2. Wliat is said of internal improvements? . 3. What educational progress was being made? 4. How was the value of lands increasing? 5. What is said of the Presidential campaign of 1852? 6. In wliat condition were religious matters? How was the question of slavery effecting some of the religious denominations? 7. What new party was organized in Massachusetts? What was the main policy of the "Know-Nothings?" 8. What is said of this new party ? 9. What party next originated? 10. How was the South effected by "Squatter Sovereignty?" 11. W^hat fatal accident befell Dr. Elisha Mitchell in 1857? 12. What changes in the government of the State are now mentioned ? iiiiili|{|iiiii' ,,,iii"1 " "'""III 2o(i IIISTORV OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER LIV. PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. A. D. 1860 TO 1861. 18C0. After seventy years of party struggles toucliing the relations of the General Government to the individual States, the Presidential contest of 1860 opened with such notes of violence and public confusion, that it was at once seen that at last the supreme crisis had come. 2. The only issue apparently before the American people was that of slavery in the Territories. The Democrats Avere divided into two fragments. Those suj^j^ortiug Judge Douglas for the Presidency advocated "Squatter Sovereiijnty." The Breckinridge men said that the question .of slavery should only be settled as to the new States at their constitutional conven- tions; Avhile Republicans, supporting Abraham Lincoln, pro- claimed that only the enactment of the "Wilmot Proviso" would satisfy them. The Whig candidates, Messrs. Bell and Everett, and the Whig party were silent on all these stormy differences, and were not of much significance in the general upheaval. 3. Back of this question, hoAvever, about slaA^ery in the Terri- tories, and iuA'olved in it, Avas the real issue between the Repub- lican and Democratic parties, and that Avas Avhether the Federal Constitution sliould be tlie supreme law of the land. The riglit (>r property in slaA'es Avas guaranteed by that Constitution, and if tlie lve[)nblican ])arty could thus destroy tliat right it might, when it so pleased, destroy any and all other rights. The PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. 237 Democrats held that the Constitution Avas supreme; the Repub- licans held that there was a still higher law unwritten and undefined. One was certainty, the other chaos. 4. It was seen at an early period of the contest, that the bulk of the Southern people would be found 'supporting Breckin- ridge and Lane.* It was generally held in all the slave-hold- ing States that the election of Mr. Lincoln would be significant of a purpose among Northern men to disregard their rights, and that the inauguration of the abolition policy by the Fed- eral officers would compel and justify the secession of the Southern States from the Union. 5. When, in November, 1860, it was known that the Repub- licans had triumphed in the national election, and that Abraham Lincoln would be chosen President of the United States by a majority of the electors in the different State electoral colleges, then it was realized that the extreme Southern States would, at an early period, sever their connection with the government at AVashington. 1801. 6. South Carolina and others said that protection of their property would now be impossible in the Union, and there- fore, before the inauguration of President Lincoln, on March 4th, 1S()1, seven States had assembled conventions, and by their ordinances declared the ties formerly binding them to the Republic of the United States to be null and void. 7. On the 1st of January, 1861, the Legislature then in reg- ular session, passed by a large majority in each House, an act declaring that in its opinion the condition of the country was *Jo.sepli Lane was born in Buncombe county in this State, and was the cousin of Colonel Joel Lane, who once owned the lands upon which Raleigh was built. He had served gallantly as a Brigadier-General in Mexico, after- wards in Congress and as CTOvernor of Oregon. 238 IIISTOIIY OF NORTH CAIIOI.IXA. SO perilous "that the sovereign people of the State should assemble iu convention to effect an honorable adjustment of the difficulties whereby the Federal Union is endangered, or other- wise to determine what action ^vill best preserve the honor and promote the interest' of North Carolina." 8. At the same time that the delegates were to be elected the act required that the sense of the people should be taken whether there should be a convention at all or not. The election was held on 28th of February, 1861, and upon the question of convention or no convention, the official count showed a major- ity of 194 votes against convention, that is to say, 45,409 votes for convention and 45,603 votes against convention. The vote of Davie county, which was not received in time to be counted, would have increased the majority against convention some 200 votes. 9. How the delegates elected were divided in sentiment on the day of election cannot be ascertained, nor was such division to be relied upon, for changes were daily taking place, and men, no matter how reluctantly, were rapidly coming to believe that in united action by the South lay the only hope for the future. 10. In April, President Lincoln, in consequence' of the attack upon and capture of Fort Sumter, required of Governor Ellis North Carolina's proportion of an army of seventy-five thousand men, which was to be used in the coercion of the seceded States. This demand Governor Ellis promptly refused ; and he at once convened the IjCgislature in s})ecial session, declaring in his proclamation that the time for action had come, and upon his reconnnendation twenty thousand volunteers were called for by the General Assembly to sustain North Carolina in her course. PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. 23U 11. A State Convention was called by the Legislature on the 1st of May, and met on the 20th day of May, 1861, in the hall of the House of Commons. On this anniversary of the Meck- lenburg Declaration the Ordinance of Secession was passed, and North Carolina made haste to connect herself with the " Con- federate States of America. 12. The Ordinance of Secession was as follows : '^AN ORDINANCE DISSOLVING THE UNION BETWEEN THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA AND THE OTHER STATES UNITED WITH HER UNDER THE COMPACT OF GOVERN- MENT ENTITLED 'THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.' " We, the people of the State of North Carolina, in Convention assembled^ do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by the State of North Carolina in the Convention of 1789, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified and adopted ; and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly ratifying and adopt- ing amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated. " We do further declare and ordain, That the Union now subsisting between the State of North Carolina and the other States, under the title of 'The United States of America,' is hereby dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in full ]30Ssession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State." 13. The number of submissionists in North Carolina was very small, and the real diiferences of opinion did not so much regard final action in the crisis as they did i\\Q wiiy and the time in which it should be reached. Many preferred separate State action ; many others preferred concert of action among the States. Some preferred immediate action; others thought it advisable to wait until s(^me actual "overt act," as it was called, 240 HLSTOliY OF XOIITII CARC^LINA. was committed by the new administration. Bnt no matter how mncli people were divided on these points, on one point they were a unit, that is to say, in the desire that final action should represent as near as possible every phase of public sentiment. And to secure this greatly to be desired unanimity in action, many personal preferences and original opinions were sacrificed. 14. Many good people had hoped and prayed that the troubles between the North and South would be peaceably arranged ; but all hope of such a blessing was now lost, and the whole State resounded with the notes of preparation for the war. In every county men pressed forward by thousands to enlist at the call of the State. 15. Governor Ellis ^vas in the last stages of hopeless disease, but, with great resolution, he addressed himself to the discharge of the onerous duties of his station until his death, on June 9, 1861. He was succeeded by Colonel Henry Toole Clark, of Edgecombe, who became Governor of the State by virtue of his office as Speaker of the Senate. 16. Colonel John F. Hoke, of Lincoln, was succeeded as Adjutant-General by James G. Martin, of Pasquotank, late a Major in the army of the United States. The forts, Johnston, Macon and Caswell were seized, as was also the Federal arsenal at Fayetteville; and, in this way, fifty-seven thousand stand of small fire-arms and a considerable store of cannon and ammu- nition were secured. 17. After many years of peace and prosperity, the people of North Carolina were once again to exhibit their patriotism, courage and endurance under the most trying circumstances. In the first Revolution they had contributed twenty-two thou- sand nine hundred and ten men to the defense of the United PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. 241 colonies ; in this second upheaval niore than a hundred and fifty thousand crowded to the fra\% and grew famous on more than a hundred fields. QUESTIONS. 1. How was the Presidential contest of ISGO viewed ? 2. Wliat was the issue ? Who were ihe candidates,, and what were their platforms ? 3. What was the real issue between the Democrats and Republicans ? What views were held by each party ? 4. To whom were most of the Southern people giving support? How did they view the probable election of Mr. Lincoln ? 5. Who were elected? What did some of the Southern States intend to do ? 6. What occurred before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln? 7. What act was i)assed by the North Carolina Legislature? 8. Can you tell the result of the vote upon this question? O. Wha.t was the South beginning to realize? 10. What call was made upon Nortii Carolina by Mr. Lincoln ? With what result ? 11. When did North Carolina leave the Union ? 12. Can you repeat tiie Ordinance of Secession ? 13. Mention tlie political opinions to be found in the State upon these questions. 14. What had been the hope of many of our peoi»Je? How was the news of secession received ? 15. What occurred on June 9th ? WJio succeeded Governor Ellis ? 16. What seizures were made by North Carolina authorities? 17. What are tlie thoughts upon this period ? 16 242 HISTOPtY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER JA\ THE WA E BETWEEN THE STA TES. A. D. 1861. The people of North Carohna loved the Union of States that had been in such large part constructed by the heroism and wisdom of their own fathers. They well knew its value to themselves under an unbroken Federal Constitution; they knew, too, the danger incurred in the attempt to absolve them- selves from further Federal connections. But they knew, also, their rights under the Constitution, and were fully determined neither to surrender them, nor to aid in the subjugation of their sister States. As the State had entered the Union by action of a convention of her own people, she uoav resolved to leave it in the same manner. 2. For more than a month before the memorable 20th day of May, 1861, when the secession ordinance Avas passed, troops were volunteering and being received by Governor Elns from many portions of the State. The first ten companies were embodied in a regiment, of which INIajor Daniel H. Hill Avas elected Colonel by the commissioned officers. They were at once sent to York-town, in Virginia. 3. On June 9th, General Benjamin F. Butler, aaIio was in conmiand of tlie Ignited States forces at Fortress Mom-oe, in Virginia, sent a colunui of troops up the Peninsula for the purpose of ascertaining the ]X)ssibility of reaching Richmond, which city had recently become the Capital of the Southern Confederacy. Early the next morning the Federal advance became confused in the darkness and two of their regiments fired iiixtn eacli other. THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATP:S. 243 4. At Big Bethel, on the 10th, they found the regiment of Col- onel Hill supporting a battery of the "Richmond Howitzers." There were also present two infantry and three cavalry com- panies belonging to Virginia. This force was assailed by the Federal army, but the attack was repelled and the assailants retired in disoi'der to Old Point Comfort. Only one Confed- erate soldier Avas killed in the action, and that wixs private Henry Wyatt, of Edgecombe county. He belonged to Cap- tain J. L. Bridgers' company, and was the first Southern soldier slain in the war between the States. 5. The whole affair was insignificant, both as to the num- ber engaged and the results achieved, but was hailed as a happy omen by the South. North Carolina, with all her deliberation in taking part in the struggle, was thus to afford the first martyr of the South, and was present with her troops to arrest the first Federal invasion of Southern soil. 6. On the 18th and^21st days of July occurred much greater and more serious conflicts at Manassas and Bull Run, also in Virginia. Another FeEEPEN8. 247 defense. ' The Federals landed and moved up the island in the rear of the forts which had been constructed to prevent the passage of -vessels to the west of the defenses. The only recourse left was to abandon the lower batteries and concen- trate the Southern troops at a point near the centre of Roanoke Island. 5. It was hoped that the morasses, indenting both shores and leaving a narrow isthnuis, would enable the small Con- federate force to defend that position; but the bravery and enterprise of the enemy enabled him to turn both flanks, and nothing was left Colonel Shaw and his command but to fall back to the northern end of the island and there lay down their arms. (3. The battle had been bravely fought for two days, and the two thousand Confederate prisoners and their gallant leader became captives, but only after inflicting heavy loss upon the assailants. The place was untenable against superior naval appliances, and quite men enough had been sacrificed in view of the impossibility of preventing its isolation by Federal fleets. 7. Very different were the defensive capacities of the city of New Bern. It was immediately foreseen that this impor- tant place would be next assailed, and with enough troops it Avould have been an ea.sy feat to have held it indefinitely, but whether its value as a strategic point would have justified such a defense may be doubted. The Confederate authorities entrusted its defense to General L. O'B. Branch, who had no experience in military affairs, and in whose command, like General Wise's, was not a single regiment that had been under fire, though there were skillful officers of lower rank who had seen much service in the old army. On March 14th, General 248 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. Burnside, with the army and fleet so lately the victors at Roanoke, moved to attack the forts Avhich had been constructed just below the junction of Neuse and Trent Rivers. 8. General Branch had in his command the Seventh, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth North Carolina Regiments, a portion of the Nineteenth (cav- alry), with Brem's and Latham's light batteries and a small force of militia. These were disposed along a line stretching from Fort Thompson, on Neuse River, across the railroad to an impassable swamp, which afforded abundant protection to his right flank. 9. The battle began at seven o'clock in the morning and raged imtil noon. The Federal attacks Avere repeatedly repelled until, by the fatal flight of the militia in the centre, the Confederate lines were broken and a precipitate retreat ensued. General Branch lost two hundred prisoners and seventy men killed and wounded; and, besides these, all his guns and stores. He was beaten in his first battle, when per- haps naught but defeat wan expected, ])ut he soon Avon high reputation as a brave soldier and skillful officer. Victory is not always possible to the best generalship. He met, in a few days at Kinston, re-inforcements that would have enabled him to hold his ground at New Bern; but like many other earthly succors, they came too late for real benefit. 10. The fall of New Bern sealed the fate of the Confederate forces at Fort Macon. Colonel M. I. White, with five com- panies of the Tenth Regiment (artillery), endured the Federal bombardment until the work was in danger of being blown up. He sim-endered the fort on April 26th, 1862. These disasters at home were indeed calculated to dishearten, but the only visible effect upon the people at large was to increase the THE COMBAT DEEPExN.S. 249 numbers of those who were still volunteering by thousands to defend North Carolina and the Confederate States. 11. In the spring of 1862, General McClellan, the Federal commander, having determined to make his advance on Rich- mond by way of James River, and having made his preparations to that eifect, General Johnston transferred the Confederate troops from Manassas to the peninsula between the James and York Rivers, thus placing his army between McClellan and Richmond. 12. At Williamsburg occurred the lirst memorable conflict of the year between the two great armies struggling on the soil of the Old Dominion. In this conflict the charge of the Fifth North Carolina Regiment, under Colonel D. K. MacRae, excited the admiration and its terrible losses the sympathy of both friend and foe. 13. In the bloody and glorious campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, General T. J. Jackson grew immortal before the com- ing of midsummer. The gallantry of the Twenty-first North Carolina Regiment at Winchester, like that of the Fourth at Seven Pines, was as conspicuous as bloody. In this latter battle, where so many other men of the State were slain, the Fourth Regiment, under Colonel George B. Anderson, lost four hundred and sixty-two men out of five hundred and twenty. 14. In the last days of June nearly all of the North Caro- lina regiments and many Southern troops were concentrated around Richmond, under the command of General Robert E. Ijcc, in place of General Johnston, who had been wounded at Seven Pines. In the week of battle ^vhich ended in the over- throw of the great investing army of General McClellan, they lost thousands of their bravest and best. Ninety-two regi- 250 IIISTOUY OF XOIITH CAIiOJ.IXA. iiu'iits constituted tlic divisions of Jackson, Longstreet, D. H. Hill and A. P. Hill. These were the forces that drove the Federals to their ships; and forty-six of these regiments belonged to Xorth Carolina. It may be safely asserted that more than half the men actively engaged and disabled during that terrible week were citizens of Xorth Carolina. QITKSTIONS. 1. WluU is said of North (Jarolina's forces in the wars? 2. What is said of this condition of affairs? 3. What force was sent to defend Albemarle Sonnd? 4. Can you tell of Burnside's attack? 5. What was the conclusion of the engagement? 6. What is said of this battle? 7. To what point was attention next directed? What officer was in command? When was the Federal attack made? 8. What com])osed General Branch's command? O. Describe the battle. 10. What is said of the fall of New Bern? What fort was next snr- rendered? Where is Fort Macon? 11. What military movements were made in Virginia? 12. What is said of the gallant charge of the Fifth Regiment at Wil- liamsburg? 13. Wiiat regiments are s[)ecially mentioned as participants at Win- chester and Seven Pines? 14. What is said of the events at this [)eriod? thp: war continues. 251 CHAPTER LVII. THE WAR CONTINUES. A. D. 1862. Amid the exultation that filled the hearts of the people of North Carolina for the victories around Richmond, there was grief in many families for heroes fallen in the discharge of duty. Colonels Stokes, Meares, Campbell and C. C. Lee, like a great host of their compatriots, were gone to come no more. It seemed that the superior numbers and resources of the United States forces were to prove powerless before the fiery onsets of the Confederate troops. 2. In the month of August, 1862, Zebulon B. Vance, of Buncombe, then Colonel of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, was chosen Governor of North Carolina over William Johnston, of Charlotte, who had been of late Commissary-General of the State. By an ordinance of the Convention, Colonel Vance entered upon his duties as Chief-Magistrate on September 8th, 1862. He was to evince great zeal in the discharge of his official duties. 3. The first Maryland campaign, which occurred in the fall of the year, was the next event of general interest. In the battles fought in that memorable campaign the North Carolina regiments won great reputation, but at a terrible loss of life. General Branch was killed and General Anderson received wounds at Sharpsburg of which he soon died, and left grief in many hearts for their untimely end. Colonel C. C. Tew also fell in the same great V)attle, and increased the grief of his '2o2 lIISTOkV OF XORTIl C'AUOI.IXA. l)e()j)le at tlit loss by tlie niystcry of liis fate. He disappeared amid the storm of conflict, but exactly how and when was never known. 4. In North Carolina there liad been comparative quiet through the spring and summer months. The Federal garri- sons at Plymouth and New Bern were watched by small bodies of Confederates, but no fighting occurred except in Plymouth, which toAvn was taken and held for a few hours by Colonel Martin, Avith the Seventeenth Regiment, and then abandoned because of the Federal gun-boats. 5. On Blackwater Piver, just below Franklin, in Virginia, there was a gallant conflict of a few cavalrymen under Lieuten- ant Thomas Puffin, of the Fourth Cavalry, and a Federal double-ender. The crew were all driven from deck and the ship lay at the mercy of the assailants until her consorts cimie up the stream from below and slielled the victors from their prey. 6. By the 1st of December the Federal army, this time under command of General Burnside, was confronting General Lee at Fredericksburg, Virginia. On the 13th, Burnside attempted to carry our lines, but after repeated and desperate assaults and terrible slaughter, withdrew his troops. It w^as in this battle that Marye's Heights Avon its bloody fame. The gallantry of the enemy, especially of Meagher's Irish Brigade, was magnificent. 7. Simultaneously with the attack of General J^urnside upon the army of General I^ee at Fredericksburg, tlie South Caro- lina brigade of General Fvans, then stationed at Kinston, North Carolina, was sur])rise(l to see a few mounted Federal soldiers make an attack uj)()n the jxtsition then licld by them. THE WAR CONTINUES. 253 The Federals were driven back and pursued in the direction of New Bern. Suddenly the South Carolinians found them- selves confronted by more than twenty thousand foes. 8. In the speedy retreat that ensued, General Evans was unable to burn the bridge across the river, and effected his escape with some loss. Pie was, the next day, re-inforced, and awaited General Foster's approach on the road leading to Goldsboro. But the Federals were seeking to intervene between that place and the one occupied by Evans. All of Tuesday morning (December 16tli) the masses of the Union troops were seeking to cross Neuse River at White Hall, but they were bravely met there by General Beverly H. Robinson, who, with the Eleventh, Thirty-first, Fifty-ninth and Sixty-third Regiments and Battery B, Third North Carolina Battalion, withstood all their attacks and inflicted severe loss upon the baffled invaders. The contest lasted for eight hours, during which General Foster persisted in his efforts to drive off the Confederates, so that pon- toons could be laid for a bridge across the stream, in place of the one burned the night before. 9. Failing to cross Neuse River at White Hall, General Foster marched in the evening for Goldsboro, and, having reached the bridge of the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, succeeded in burning it, in spite of the gallant eflPorts of Gen- eral Clingman and his brigade to prevent. 10. General Foster retired in great precipitation to New Bern, and the burned bridge was his only trophy in an expe- dition which seemed so threatening at its inception. QUESTIONS. 1. What Avas the feeling concerning the victories around Richmond ? 2. Who was chosen Governor in 1802? When did Colonel Vance enter upon the duties of Chief-Magistrate? 2o4' HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 3. What losses had North Carolina sustained in the battle of Sharps- burg? What increased the grief of Colonel Tew's people? 4. Wliat was the state of aflairs in North Cai'oliiia during the spring and sn miner of 1802? 5. Describe the engagement on Blackwater River? O. Where was the Federal army confronting General Lee on December 1st? What occurred on the loth? 7. Can you tell of the surpi-ise at Kinston ? 8. What was the further result of this affair? i}. What is said of the conclusion of this matter? lO. Where did General Foster go? WAR AND ITS HORRORS. 255 CHAPTER LYIII. WAR AND ITS HORRORS. A. D. 1863. 1863. When the year 1863 had come upon the American States in their bloody and wasting quarrel, there was nothing to indicate any solution of the great controversy. Many bloody battles had been fought, thousands of homes were saddened in the loss of brave and true men, and yet both sides were as intent as ever upon carrying on indefinitely the terrible and costly struggle. 2. Mr. Lincoln and the government at Washington said there should be no peace until the seceded States returned to their allegiance. Mr. Davis and the government at Rich- mond said, on the other hand, that the seceded States were, of right, free and independent States that had rightfully resumed their delegated powers, and owed no allegiance to the Federal government. 3. It was hoped that England and France would recognize the independence of the Confederate States; but beyond extending to the Southern government the rights of bellig- erents, this trust proved utterly fallacious. Confederate agents were received and armed vessels allowed to enter their ports, but no aid was extended to the Southern cause. The arrest of the Confederate Commissioners, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, on a British mail steamer by a United States war vessel, was resented by England and war seemed probable; but these Southern envovs were released, and no aid came from abroad 256 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. except in the ships tliat were l^ouo-lit of private persons for the purpose of cruising against vessc^ls belonging to citizens of the United States. 4. Among the earliest measures adopted ])y the Federal government was the blockade of the Southern sea-ports. Wil- mington, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and Galveston were all watched by armed ships that sought to exclude the vessels of all countries from entering these harbors. Cruisers swarmed along the whole Southern coast, and it became a matter of great peril and difficulty to send out or bring in any com- modity by way of the ocean. 5. This soon led to a scarcity of salt, sugar, coffee, molasses and everything which had been formerly imported from Europe or bought of Northern merchants. Prices continually advanced as such things became more scarce in the South. Wilmington is so situated that an effective blockade there was almost impossible. There were two inlets, and, therefore, two blockade fleets were necessary, and even with this added diffi- cult^' the blockading squadron could not prevent, on dark nights, the passage of s^\ ift steamers that swept in and out of the Cape Fear Kiver and brought from Nassau and Bermuda what was most needed for the armies and people. 6. Soon after his inauguration, Governor Vance, at General Martin's suggestion, sent Colonel Thomas M. Crossan to Eng- land for the purpose of procuring a ship to supi)ly the wants of North Carolina. Crossan had been a naval officer in the service of the United States, and had judgment enough in such matters to select one of the swiftest ships in the world. It was called the Loirl Clyde abroad, but that name was changed to the Ad- Vance, and the vessel made many successful voyages before she was ca]itured. WAR AND ITS HORRORS. 257 7. Ill the superior clothing and equipments of the North Carolina troops were the wisdom and activity of the State government manifested. And, too, not only were the neces- sities of our own soldiers supplied, but large aid was extended to the troops of other States. Besides this, cotton and woolen cards and many other necessaries were brought in and dis- tributed to the different sections of the State. Salt was the most important of all the domestic supplies excluded by the blockade. To procure this indispensable article, private ftic- tories on the sea-coast were supplemented by others under State management ; but these proved insufficient to meet popu- lar wants, and arrangements were made to procui^e additional supplies from the salt wells of south-western Virginia. 8. It was early foreseen that in so great a struggle enormous expenditures would become necessary; and, to meet such liabilities, it would be necessary for the Confederacy and the individual States to use their credit in procuring supplies on the faith of future payments. Many millions of dollars were to be expended, and only Confederate and State obligations would be available to meet such purchases. 9. Unhappily, the great supply of cotton then in the South was not utilized by the authorities, and thus a solid basis of credit was lost; and a favorite theory is, that had all the cotton been promptly seized by the government and sent to foreign ports, the depreciation of its funds would have been averted, but whether this could have been done is, to say the least, by no means certain. As it was, in 1863 both Confederate and State money began to.depreciate in value, and this depreciation once begun, had no stoj) in its downward tendencv. 17 258 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the condition of the war in 1863? 2. What positions were taken by Presidents Lincohi and Davis'/ 3. From what countries iiad the South expected aid? What is said of the arrest of Mason and Slidell? 4. What Southern cities were blockaded? What was the effect of this blockade ? 5. What is said of the port of Wilmington? 6. How did Governor Vance supply the wants of the people? What is said of the Ad- Vance f 7. What supplies wei'e brought in by the Ad-Vance f How was salt obtained ? 8. How did the Confederate government jiropose to obtain fluids for carrying on the war? 9. What was the cause -of the great depreciation in the value of money? THE DEATH- WOUND AT (JETTYSBURG. 259 CHAPTER LIX. THE DEATH-WOUND AT GETTYSBURG. A. D. 1863. Ill spite of the great Federal success in acquiring territory in North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi and elsewhere, and, notwithstanding the increasing hardships everywhere felt, the government and people of the Confederate States were still undismayed and hopeful when the spring of 1863 permitted the vast armies of the United States to resume active military operations. No thought of submission was entertained by the Confederate soldiers, and, among the people at home only in rare instances were individuals to be found who expressed hopelessness as to the result of the war. 2. In North Carolina a period of inactivity suc(,'eeded the raid by General Foster, which was only broken by the unsuc- cessful attack on the town of Washington. General W. H. C. Whiting, who had made reputation a.s a division commander in the Army of Northern Virginia, was sent to assume charge of the Department of the Cape Fear, with his headquarters in Wil- mington. This city had been fearfully ravaged by yellow fever in the fall of 1862, and had now become all-important to the Confederacy as a port. Other Southern sea-ports were almost totally closed by blockade, and only at the Cape Fear was there left a hope of access. 3. Generals Braxton Bragg, D. H. Hill, Leonidas Polk and Benjamin McCulloh had all risen to prominent commands, and conferred honor by their connections with the Old North State. Among the younger officers. Generals Pender, Hoke, Pettigrew and Ramseur had all won distinguished notice and promotion for o"n11nnt and meritorious service. 200 HISTORY OF XOPvTH C'ATJOTJNA. 4. Many thousands had been enrolled in the sixty-six reji'i- nients and ten battalions of North Carolina mustered in the C/Onfederate service, and, though mourning was in many house- holds, recruits \vere constantly going to fill the gaps occasioned by deaths on the field and in the hospitals. Dr. Charles E. Johnson had been succeeded as Surgeon General of the State by Dr. E(hyard AVarren. Drs. E. Burke Hjiywood, Peter E. Hines, AV. C. Warren and others of the leading physicians were placed in charge of great hosj)itals at Raleigh and other cities in the State. North Carolina sustained a similar institu- tion at Petersburg, in Virginia. Of the latter the excellent lady^ Miss Mary Pettigrew, a sister of the General of the same name, became matron ; and, like another Florence Nightingale, cheered the sick aiid dying with her elegant presence. 5. General Burnside lost his place by his disaster at Fred- ericksburg, and was followed in command of the Army of the Potomac by General Joseph Hooker. This gallant commander was as signally beaten at Chan eel lorsville on May 2d and 3d. No battle of any age conferred greater honor upon the victors ; but in the loss of Stone=syall Jacikson the South was deprived of a leader whose place could not be supplied. North Carolina was never more gloriously ^'indicated than on this famous field, and ex-Governor Graham, who ^yas then in Richmond, said, a fcAv days afterAvards, in the Confederate States Senate, that half the men killed and wounded at Chancellorsville belonged to North Carolina regiments. 6. So astonishing was the result of this battle, and so crush- ing its effects u])on the Federal authorities, that General Lee again resolved n])on an invasion of the North. The invasion proved a failure, and after several severe battles General Lee was forced to return, with his defeated army, to Virginia. It THE DEATH-WOUND AT GETTYSBURG. 261 was on that last dread day, the 3d of July, at Gettysburg, that he discovered that even his incomparable infantry could not accomplish everything he desired. 7. Thirty thousand of the bravest and best, who had so long made the Army of Northern .Virginia unconquerable, were lost to our cause forever. Among the North Carolinians, Generals Pender and Pettigrew, Colonels Burgwin, Marshall and Isaac E. Avery were slain, and a host of subalterns like- wise perished. 8. Another great disaster happened at this time in the sur- render of Vicksburg, Mississi]^pi, with the army there under conniiand of General Pemberton, involving as it did the occu- pation of so large a portion of the Confederacy. These great losses, occurring as they did on the same day, and so vitally affecting our strength, were never retrieved, and from that day Southern fortunes waned, with occasional flickeriugs, of hope, until the close at Appomattox. 9. But many gallant struggles were yet to be made. On different fields the great forces of the Union were to be bravely repelled, but the ranks of General Lee's army were so much thinned that it became daily more impossible to confront the increasing horde that gathered against it from all civilized nations. But the policy of attrition and exhaustion was not to be seen in full force until the next year. 10. During the month of June, Colonel Spear's cavalry raid in Hertford and Northampton counties was driven back by General M. W. Ransom, and, beyond this, there were no movements of a hostile character in the State limits duriiip; the year. 262 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROIJNA. QUESTIONS. 1. In wliat condition was the vSouth in 1803? 2. How was the port of Wilmington specially iini)ortant to the Con- federacy? Who was in command at this place? 3. What North Carolinians are mentioned as having risen to promi- nence ? 4. How many regiments had the State furnished up to this timer' Who succeeded Dr. Charles E. Johnson as Surgeon General of the State? AVhat doctors had charge of the liospitals? What noblewoman is mentioned, and what is said of her? 5. What fierce battle was fought on May 2d and 3d? What did Gov- ernor Graham say of the North Carolina troops at Chancellorsville ? 6. Upon what did General Lee resolve after the victory ? What was the result of the invasion ? 7. How many Southern soldiers were lost on this occasion? What North Carolinians are named among the slain? 8. What other great disaster happened at this time ? How did it eflect the Southern cause ? O. What is said of Lee's army ? lO. What raid was driven back by General Kansom ? ^ *-i^¥i^^ GENERAL GRANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. 263 CHAPTER LX. . GENERAL GRANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. A. D. 1864. 18G4:. The ibiirth year of the great war opened on North Carolina with grief in ahiiost every family; still, with diminished hopes and increased exertions for the general defense, they looked forward to a campaign which they well understood was to be decisive of their fortunes. Perhaps not even General Washington was so trusted and beloved by the American people in the Revolution as was General Robert E. Lee by those of the kSouth in the closing years of the struggle. 2. In his genius and capacity they felt sure they had the very highest human leadership, and in his splendid career and spotless renown they all took pride as conferring reflected credit upon themselves. So nol)le, unselfish and wise, he had become the idol of his o\vn people and the admiration of his foes. At the outbreak of the war he had declined the com-, mand of the Federal armies, because he believed it was his duty to take part with his own people. 3. Ex-Governor Thomas Bragg had been for some time in the Cabinet of President Davis, as Attorney-General. He resigned the position and was no more in public life. Since 1854, when he had left the Bar to become the Governor of North Carolina, he had been continually growing in public favor, and now returned to the leadership of his profession. No lawyer in our annals has been more respected or successful. In the Confederate States Senate the })olished and eloquent 264 HISTORY OF NOllTH CAROLINA. George Davis, of Wilmington, and W. W. Avery, of Burke, had served until the latter was Succeeded, in 1862, by W. T. Dortch, of Wayne; and, a year later, Mr. Davis was suc- ceeded by ex-Governor Graham; and later still, Mr. Dortch was succeeded by Thomas S. Ashe, of Anson, who did not take his seat by reason of the dissolution of the Confederate govtTument. 4. In the midst of the great struggle there was, of course, a great diminution of attention to matters of education. Gov- ernor Swain, with a renniant of the faculty, remained at Chapel Hill, and, with a few boys too young for service, yet retained the name and semblance of the University. Professors Hubbard, James and Charles Phillips, Hepburn, Smith, Fetter and Judge Battle were still on duty at their old posts, but Professor Martin was Colonel of the Eleventh Pegiment, and almost all the students were enrolled as soldiers of the Con- federate army. The sectiu^ian colleges, male and female, Avere nearly all closed, and even in the common schools there wa.s small interest manifested amid the blood and excitement of the time. 5. Many of the ablest ministers of the gospel left their churches and wera faithful chaplains in the army. Great religious interest was awakened by them among the men who were so bravely battling in Virginia, and many thousands were converted and added to the churches^ during the revivals in the camps. 6. The re-capture of Plymouth, in Washington count}', on April 20th, 1864, was one of the most brilliant and successful affairs of the war. The youthful and gallant Brigadier- General R. F. Hoke was sent by General 1jva\ in command of a division, with which he surrounded the strong fortifications GENERAL GRANT ANI> HIS CAMPAIGN. 265 and took them by assault, capturing more than three thousand prisoners. The help of the iron-clad Albemai'k was very efficacious oi? this occasion, and her combat at the mouth of Roanoke River, a few days later, was one of the most stubborn naval engagements on record. Single-handed, Captain Cook fought and defeated a strong fleet of double-enders, and drove them, routed, from the scene. This expedition of General Hoke secured his promotion, and was in marked contrast with that of General Pickett against New Bern a few weeks before ; the only incident of which, creditable to the Confederates, was General Martin's well-fought battle at Sheparsdville. 7. When the spring opened, tidings came from the Wilder- ness of fresh battles in that region which had been made famous the year before. General U. S. Grant had been made Commander-in-Chief of all the Federal armies, to assume the direction of affairs in Virginia. With the vast numbers at his command, he resolved upon such strategy as fell with fearful results upon his army, but it weakened the reduced ranks of the Confederates at the same time. General Grant lost more men in his march from the Rapidan to the James River than General Lee had confronting him, but it mattered not, for still fresh Federal thousands poured in to fill the places of those who fell at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and the minor combats. On our side, however, there were none to take the places of those who were killed. 8. In this terrible campaign, which was not ended even when General Grant began the siege of Petersburg, the North Carolina regiments were fearfully reduced. Generals Ram- seur, Daniel and God^vin, together with Colonels Andrews, Garrett, Brabble, Wood, Spear, Blacknall, C. M. Avery, Jones, 266 HISTORY OF NORTH CIAROIJNA. Barbour and Moore were anioni>: those who sealed their faith with their blood. 9. No battle of the war was more brilliant in ih partieulars and results than that of Ream's Station, fought on August 24th, 1864. General W. S. Hancock, of the; Federal army, had seized and fortified a position, from which General Ix'c ordered Lieutenant-General A. P. Jlill to dislodw him. So stern was Hancock's resistance that two bl(K)dy assaults had been repelled, when the privates of Cooke's, MacRae's and Lane's North Carolina brigades demanded to be led to the attack in which their comrades had failed. Their officers complied; and, with seventeen hundred and fifty muskets in the charge, they took the Avorks and captured twenty-one hun- dred prisoners and thirteen pieces of artillery.* 10. In the steady depreciation of Confederate and State money was the greatest calamity of all. The cry of distress from famishing women and children was increasing in volume, and the State and county authorities were finding' it more and more impossible to meet, by public charit}', the pressing wants of their people. 11. The pay of Confederate soldiers in the ranks was $15 and $17 per month, in "Confederate money." During the latter days of the war flour sold for $800 per barrel ; meat }^3 per pound; chickens $15 each; shoes (brogans) $300 per pair; coffee $50 per pound; tallow candles $15 per pound. It may be easily imagined how great was the suftering in the South when it is remembered that numbers of soldiers' wives were almost entirely dependent upon the pay of their husbands '•'Tlu' North ("iiioliiiii cavalry regiments were al.so greatly applauded by General llanipton lor service on the same occasion. GENERAL GRANT AND HLS CAMPAIGN. 267 for support. There were relief coniiiiittees throughout the State, but the great scarcity of provisious made them ahiiost helpless. 12. Almost all the white meu of North Carolina were in the ranks of the different regiments and battalions mustered into the Confederate service. Their families ' were largely dependent upon the pay they received as soldiers. When tlie Confederate money became w^orthless want and suffering appeared in every s(jption, and unhappy wives were clamorous for their husbands' return to avert starvation at home. 13. The sufferino^ families were ever in the minds of the dauntless men who Avere away facing the enemy, for a direr foe was thinning the blood and blanching the cheeks of wife and child. Therefore, many a hero turned his back on the scenes of his glory and incurred personal ignominy, and sometimes the punishment of death, for desertion. 14. The case of Edward Cooper was in point. He was tried by court-martial for desertion. He declined the aid of a lawyer to defend him, and, as his only defense, handed the presiding judge of the court the following letter, which he had received from his wife: "My Dear Edwakd: — I have always been proud ol you, aud since your connection with the Confederate army I have been prouder of you than ever before. I would not have you do anything wrong for the world, but l)efore God, Edward, unless you come home, we must die. Last night I was aroused by little Eddie's crying. I called and said, "What is the matter, Eddie?" And he said, "O mamma, I am so hungry." And Lucy, Edward, your darling Lucy, she never complains, but she is growing thin- ner and thinner every day. And before God, Edward, unless you come Jiome. we must die. Your Mary." 15. General Cullen Battle and his associate members of the court were melted to tears. Although the prisoner had vol- 268 HISTORY OF XOKTH CAROLINA. untarily returned to his command, they found him guilty, and sentenced him to death, but recommended mercy. General Lee, in reviewing the case, api)roved the finding but pardoned the unhappy artilleryman, who was afterwards seen by Gen- eral Battle, standing pale and bloody, as he fired his last round into the retreating Federals. He then fell dead at his post in battle. QUESTIOxXS. 1. "What year of the war liave we now reached? Wliat is said of North Carolina's ho{)es? 2. What tribute is paid to General Robei't E. Lee? 3. What is said of ex-Governor Bragg? What changes were made in the Confederate States Senate? 4. What is said of educational matters at this period? 5. How were the ministers of the Gospel faithfully performing their duties? O. Can you desciibe the capture of Plymouth by General R. F. Hoke's command? 7. W^liere was the principal fighting in the spring of 1804? What is said of Grant's campaign? 8. What losses had North Carolina sustained in this campaign? O. Descrilie the battle of Ream's Station. What North Carolina tr()o[)s captured General Hancock's position? 10. What is said of the depreciation of the Confederate currency? How was it effecting the people? 11. What was the pay of Confederate soldiers? Mention the prices of some of the necessaries of life. 12. How were the soldiers' families suffering? 13. What is said of the terrible struggle of the women and children? 14. Can you mention the case of Edward Cooper? lo. What w^as the verdict of the court-martial? What was the ending of this sad case? NOr.TH CAROLINA AND PEACE-MAKING. 269 CHAPTEK LXI. NORTH CAROLINA AND PEACE-MAKING. A. U. 1864 TO 1865. In 1864 Colonel Vance was re-elected Governor of North Carolina. At his first election he was personally very popular, was a soldier in the field, had been in actual battle, had been by no means a strong " Union " man in the earlier portions of the year 1861, and, indeed, in May of that year, was in camp at the head of his company. Mr. Johnston, his opponent, was a secessionist, but neither popular nor a soldier, and compara- tively but little known to the mass of the people, except in his own immediate section of the State. Everybody of every shade of opinion had the fullest confidence that Colonel Vance would do his whole duty. There was no expectation that Mr. Johnston would be elected, nor any serious effort made in his behalf. 2. In his course as Governor such strenuous support was given to the Confederate States that when his term of service approached conclusion, and a new election was to be held, a few men who had been among his most zealous friends two years before, but who now opposed the determined attitude of the Confederacy and of North Carolina, were found opposing his continuance as Governor. 3. These comj^rised a small fragment of the people, and William W. Holden, of Wake, was their candidate, and this was all the opposition Governor Vance had. Mr. Holden was the editor of the Standard, a newspaper that had, in years past, been extreme in Southern proclivities, and he had advo- 270 HISTOIJV OF NORTH CAROLINA. eated and signed the Ordinance of Secession, bnt of late lie had advocated North Carohna's \vithdrawal from the Confederacy and tlie making of separate terms with the powers at Wash- ington. 4. Governor Vance and the people, except the handfnl of Holden's followers, both in and out of the army, opposed this project as dishonorable and unjust to their compatriots of other States. They held that North Carolina's fortunes Avere insep- arable from those of the other Southern States and that she must share their fate, whatever that might be. 5. About this time several propositions looking to overtures to Mr. Lincoln for peace were communicated to Governor Vance from certain members of the Confederate Congress from other States, but he refused to take any part in such a scheme. He was re-elected by an overwhelming majority, after a thorough exposition of his views by many addresses both to the people at home and to the North Carolina soldiers in their camps. 6. As General Grant day l)v day massed fresh thousands of troops before Petersburg, and the Confederate resistance grew more feeble in the Shenandoah Valley, the conference which took jilace at Old Point Comfort Avas arranged to no purpose. After a mighty struggle the South, in utter exhaus- tion, was soon to lay down the arms that had been so bravely wielded. 7. The importance of AVilmington to the waning fortunes of the Confederacy had long been evident in the closing of other sea-ports by blockade. General Whiting was an able and experienced engineer, and his main defense. Fort Fisher, on New Inlet, was ])ronounced by General Beauregard as almost impregnable. Forts Caswell and Holmes, at the mouth NORTH CAROLINA AND PEACE-iMAKlNG. 271 of Cape Fear River, and the numerous work.s fringing both banks of the stream from Wihnington to the ocean, had apparently rendered hostile approach from that direction a thing almost imjDossible to any naval expedition. 8. On December 25th the same General Butler who had been at the capture of Fort Hatteras in 1861, came with an army which was borne in a great fleet commanded by Admiral D. D. Porter. This vast armada, carrying six hundred of the heaviest cannon modern science has been able to construct, opened fire upon Fort Fisher. 9. The fort was re-inforced by a few companies from other portions of General Whiting's command, and later, the divis- ion of General Hoke arrived from Petersburg and took posi- tion in the intrenched camp at Sugar Loaf, four miles distant up the river. General Braxton Bragg had been for some time in command of the department and was present on this occa- sion. 10. All day, on that Christmas Sabbath, a fiery storm of shot and shell was rained upon the fort, which answered slowly and deliberately from its different batteries. In the midst of the bombardment. General Butler landed his army on the peninsula above the land-faci of the work, but upon inspection of its strength he grew hopeless of his undertaking, and, on the night of December 26th, having re-embarked his forc^ the fleet returned to Beaufort. 1865. 11. There was much joy and relief in this evident Federal confirmation of the reported impregnability of the great work, and congratulations went around among the Con- federates over this defeat of the costly undertaking of the invaders. General Braaca: withdrew Hoke's Division and all 272 IIISTOPvY OF NOIITPI CAROUXA. the force at Sugar Loaf, except Adani\s light battery and the cavahy, witli the intention of attacking the garrison of New Bern. * 12. He was signally interrupted in this undertaking, when, on the night of the 12t]i of January, 1865, Colonel William Lamb telegraphed from Fort Fisher that the fleet had returned and the troops were disembarking for a renewal of the attack. General Bragg hurried Hoke's and all other available com- mands back to the rescue, but found the Federal army in complete possession of the ground between the fort and intrenched camp. Upon a reconnoissance, the enemy were found too strongly posted to be assailed. 13. The great fleet opened fire upon the land-face, and having dismounted all but one of the twenty-two heavy guns defend- ing that flank, on the evening of the 15th, General Terry, by signal, changed the fire of the fleet to the sea-face batteries. The three Federal brigades that had worked their way close up, sprang forward in a charge that resulted in the capture of seven traverses and four hundred })risoners. The assailants lost their three commanders and five hundred men. It was a fatal blow. The Federals could not be dislodged, and, after brave and unavailing combat within the Avorks, Fort Fisher was taken; and its garrison, numbering two thousand men, became ])risoners of war. General AMiiting and Colonel Lamb were both badly wounded, and the former soon died of liis injuries. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the re-election of Governor Vance in 1804? 2. What course had Clovernor Vance pursued? Wliat is said of tlie approacliing election? 3. Who was Governor Vance's opponent? What measures were being advocated bv Mr. Holden and his followers? NORTH CAROLINA AND PEArE-iMAKING. Z/'3 4, How did Governor Vance and the people consider these measures? 5. What propositions had certain members of the Confederate Congress communicated to Governor Vance, and how had he received them? Wliat was the result of the election ? O. Where was General Cirant placing fresh troops? W^hat was the result? 7. What is said of Wilmington and its defenses? 8. What occurred on December 25th, 1804? 9. Describe the attack on Fort Fisher. 10. What was the conclusion of the attack? 11. How did the Htate receive the news of this Federal failure? What forces were removed from Fort Fisher? 12. Describe the preparations for renewal of attack on January 12th, 13. Give an account of the engagement, Wat was the sad result? 18 'Zi4 inSTOKV OF NOKTH CAKOI.fNA. CHAPTER LXII. THE WAR DBA WS TO A CLOSE. A. D. 1865. With the fall of Fort Fisher the fate of Wilmington was sealed. With the Federal troops in siieli a position the port was most effectually closed. The last connection of the beleagured Confederacy with the outer world was thus broken, and North Carolina^ with beating heart, listened to the a})proaching footsteps of countless invaders. General Lee, A\ho had been made General-in-Chief of all the Southern arnn'es, selected General Joseph E. Johnston to command in North Carolina. 2. General Bragg's forces having retired from Wilmington, met the corps of Major-General Scholield in an ineffectual engagement at Kinston, on March 8th, and retired upon Golds- bore >. This command, with the troops lately in Charleston mid Savannah, the remnant of the Army of Tennessee and Hampton's Division from Virginia, soon made an army of twenty-five thousand men, under the command of General Johnston. 3. Against him were coming, from South Carolina, the great army under (Jeneral W. T. Sherman; from Wilmington, the corps of General Terr}-, and from Kinston, the army of Gen- eral Schofield. In addition to these overwhelming forces, another cohnnn was approaching from the west, under General Stoneman. 4. As this great array gathered toward Raleigh as a com- juon focus, the first conflict was between the. division com- THE WAR DRAWS TO A CLOSE. 2ib manded b}^ General Hardee and the arni}- of General Slierman at the hamlet of Averysboro. After a stubborn light, Hardee withdrew, and, having joined General Johnston, the latter collected fifteen thousand men at Bentonsville, in Johnston county, on March 19th, and awaited Sherman's approach. 5. General Sherman, on that day, made six successive attacks upon Jolinston's left, composed of Hoke's and Cheat- ham's divisions and the late garrisons on the Cape Fear. The Federal assaults were all repelled, and, at the order for our troops to advance, three lines of the enemy's field works were carried and several batteries captured. This success, however, was not bloodlessly eifected. 6. General Sherman withdrew to Goldsboro to meet Scho- field and Terry, and Johnston halted near Smithfield to await developments. With such a force it seemed impossible that he would be able to meet the combined strength of the thi-ee armies assembling at Goldsboro, but the result at Bentonsville had greatly elated his troops, and they resolutely awaite<:l Gen- eral Sherman's return to the shock of arms. 7. After so much bloodshed the end of hostilities, however, was near at hand. General Sheridan, with heavy cavalry re-inforcements, having assailed the right flank of General Lee's defensas at Petersburg, after hard fighting, succeeded in winning a decisive battle at Five Forks on the 28th of March. The loss of the six thousand Confederates made prisoners on that day was fatal to a -longer hold on the thinly-manned lines around the city that had been so long and nobly defended. 8. On the morning of the 2d of April, in the general assault. General Lee's lines were pierced in three places, General A. P. Hill was slain, and, at nightfall the doomed army of Northei-n Virginia began its famous retreat. .Vfter 276 JIISTOKY OF XOKTII CAROI-IXA. incredible hardships, having fought their way to A])poniattox Court House, the small remnant of the heroes who had for four years so dauntlessly held their ground against all comers were envelojx'd in the masses of pin-suing hosts, and, on April 9th, at the command of their beloved leader, they there laid down their arms. 9. General Lee was never greater or more loved or inore reverenced than in the hour of his fall. He had not taken part in the struggle to gratify ambition or for love of war, but in the conscientious discharge of sacred duty. Into that struggle North Carolina had sent more than a hundred and fifty thousand of her sons, and to them all he was ever the ideal of the soldier, the gentleman and the Christian. At his command they laid down their arms, returned to their homes and in time renewed their allegiance to the United States. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the effect of tlie fall of Fort Fisher? ti. What occurred at Kinston? What was the size of (4eneral John- ston's army? 3. What great forces were march int? against Johnston ? 4. Where was the first conflict between these armies? When was the battle of Bentonsville fought? Point out Averysboro on the map. Ben- tonsville. «>. Can you tell something of the fight at Bentonsville? (>. What was done by the Federal and Confederate commanders after this battle? 7. What occurred at Petersburg? H, How did the battle result? Wiiat took place at Aijpomattox ? O. What is said of the great Ociieral Lee? (JONCIATDING .SCENE.S OF THE WAK. 277 ■ CHAPTER LXIII. CONCLUDING SCENES OE THE WAR. A. D. 1865. When General Johnston became aware of General Lee's retreat, he Avas informed that his next duty would be to effect a junction of his forces with those withdrawn from Peters- burg. In accordance with this object a movement was begun at Raleigh, April 10th. The army, Governor Vance accom- panying it, having passed the capital, ex-Governors Graham and Swain, accompanied by Surgeon-General Warren, met General Sherman at the head of his vast army a few miles from Raleigh and asked him to protect the city. 2. General Sherman and his accunmlated army of more than a hundred thousand men entered the capital city on April 13tli. As the advance, under General Kilpatrick, the brutal libertine and notorious bummer, moved up Fayetteville street, a Confederate cavalryman. Lieutenant Walsh, of Texas, before his flight, halted near the State House and fired several times at Kilpatrick and his staff. His horse falling in his effort to escape, he was captured and taken before Kilpatrick, who ordered him to be immediately hanged. This outrageous order for the murder of a Confederate prisoner of war was speedily obeyed. 3. General Johnston was soon api)rised of General Lee's capitulation, and, after conference with President Davis at Greensboro, he resolved to end the war by surrender of his army. To this end, having connnunicated with General Sher- man, they met on April LSlli, at the house of a Mr. JJennell, 27S HISTOIIY OF NORTH CAROLiyA. near Diirliam, and aoTCcd upon conditions of surrender, sub- ject to the aj)])ro\'al of President Lincoln. Most unhappily for the Soutliern people, Mr. Lincoln never had an opportunity to express his opinion concerning this military convention; for he having just been assassinated at Washington by John AVilkes Booth, Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, had become President in his place. 4. Mr. Johnson was a x^orth Cai'olinian by birth. He had lived in Raleigh until he reached manhood and then emigrated to Tennessee, where he became a very prominent citizen. When the war came on he adhered to the Federal side, and was very bitter and harsh in his hostility to the South. He was rewarded for his course by election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States in 1864. In the violent excitement which followed upon the killing of President Lincoln, Mr. Johnson would not sanction the liberal terms of surrender which General Sherman had granted to General Johnston, althoup-h General Sherman had been in conference with the deceased statesman just previous to his death, and was folk)w- ing his directions as to the treatment of the conquered South. 5. Notwithstanding this refusal of the President of the United States to carry out the agreement of the military com- missioners, the army of General Johnst(^n was surrendered at Greensboro on April 26th, 1865, and sent home on parole on like terms Avith the Confederate troops at Appomattox. Note.— In the State election of 18(10 the total vote i)()lle(l was ni>,oS(;— the largest that had ever been polled. North Carolina furnished to tlie Confederacy over 150,000 men, or quite as many soldiers as she had voters during the four years of the war. The total number of troops furnished bv all the Stales of the Confederacy was about (iO0,()0O, and it will be se-en that North Carolina furnished one-fourth of the entire force raised by the CONCLUDING SCENES OF THE WAR. 279 6. General Schofield was made military Governor of North Carolina, and his first official act was a proclamation declaring freedom to the slaves in the State. After two centuries of servitude these people were at last delivered from their bond- age. It is difficult at this day to say who were the more blessed in this deliverance — the slaves or their masters. 7. It was a hard thing for men who had been reared in the South to realize that their principal property, guaranteed to them, as it was, in the fundamental law of the land, was founded in injustice; and still harder was it to accept poverty on the strength of a sentiment. Human nature is selfish in all regions, and, that Southern men should have clung to their property is no more than what their opponents would have done had the circumstances been exchanged. It will be diffi- cult for posterity to understand what a mighty revolution in the domestic life of the people was involved in this single act of an army officer. 8. The slaves had been looking forward with hope, since the beginning of the war, that freedom might be in store for them, vet almost all of them had remained in quiet subjection at their homes while the war was progressing. It seemed hard for them to realize, for some time, that they were at last the masters of their own movements. As a general thing, they continued quietly at labor on the farms of their former owners until the crops that were growing were complete in their tillage, or, as they expressed it, " laid by." Confederate governinent during the war. At Apj^mattox North Carolina surrendered twice as many muskets as did any other State, and at Greens- boro more of her soldiers were among the paroled than from any of her sister States. North Carolina's losses l^y the casualties of the war were lai-gely over 30,000 men. — {Our Living and Our Dead.) 280 lIlSTOliY OF .NORTH CAKOJ.INA. 9. Governor A^ance was soon arrested and imprisoned in the '^ old eapitol " at Washington. President Davis was also captured and imprisoned. Mr. Johnson appointed Vance's late political antagonist, W. W. Holden, Provisional Governor, and, at the same time, removed from office every State and county official in North Carolina. For some weeks no officer with civil powers was to be seen, and to the connuanders of the many Federal posts alone could the peaceful have looked for protection against violence and fraud. 10. No man ever had so great an opjmrtunity for fixing himself in the esteem and affi?ction of the people as Governor Holden had during his administration as Provisional Governor, and no man ever so completely threw golden opportunities away. Had he risen to the full height of a patriot, his name would to-day be a loving household Avord in every section of the State. But he did not, and such opportunities rarely occur twice to any man. 11. His career had been not an uneventful one. ( )f humble origin, he had, by dint of his own work and his own brains, car- ried himself to the control of the Democratic party in the State. He was not satisfied with the position of editor of the chief organ of the dominant party, and the pecuniary profits that then resulted from such a position, but desired to be made Governor of the State. He was defeated for the nomination by Judge Ellis before the Democratic State Convention at Charlotte, and from that pei-iod dates his downward career. He advocated the Douglas movement, and then supported Breckinridge and Lane. He voted for and signed the Ordinance of Secession, declaring he intended to preserve as an heirloom in his family the ])en with Avhich he attached his name to the ordinance; and then he became the head and front of the Union element in the COXCLUDING SCENES OF THE AVAR. lJ8l State during the war. At the close of the war, as we have seen, he was made Provisional Governor by President Johnson. 12. No man knew better than Governor Holden that on our side the war was entirely at an end when the troops laid down their arms, and that when the people of North Carolina renewed their allegiance to the Federal government they intended to stand to it honestly and faithfully. None better than he knew that they desired nothing so much as to set them- selves to the task of rebuilding their fallen fortunes. He knew, too, that they w^ere well aware that before this could be done civil government, with all its varied machinery, must be re-established, and that in all that was right and proper for a people so situated, they were ready to aid him in doing this. The returned soldiers, too, especially felt that of them some recognition was due for the honorable terms and respectful treatment accorded to them at Appomattox and Greensboro. 13. In such mood it would have been an easy task for a ruler Avho was both patriot and statesman to re-estal)lisli Fed- eral authority in North Carolina. It was simply impossible to punish all who had fought against the Federal government. It was quite as impossible to expect the many who had fought against it to take part in punishing tha i'aw. Amnesty and oblivion on one side, renewed allegiance and strict observance of the laws on the other, plainly constituted the true solution of the problem. Unfortunately, the partisan prevailed over the patriot. Instead of granting amnesty and oblivion, treason was to be made odious and traitors to be punished. Instead of making the j^ath easy back to the Union, it was constantly l^locked up in every possible way by both State and Federal authority. Of course an era of bitterness l)egan, which the long imprisonment of Mr. Davis, the judicial nnuxlers of Mrs. 282 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. SuiTatt and Henry Wirz, the protracted exclusion of the Southern States from all participation in the general govern- ment and the harsh policy of reconstruction daily served to intensify. QUESTIONS. 1. What movement did General Johnston attempt after the surrender of General Lee? What men met General Sherman's army in behalf of the city of Raleigh ? 2. Wiien did Siierman's army reach Raleigli? Wliat event is men- tioned ? 3. What was done by Johnston after learning of Lee's surrender? What occurred at Washington City? 4. Wiiat is said of President Andrew Johnson? How did lie act con- cerning the terms of Johnston's surrender? 5. When and where did General Johnston surrender? 6. Who became military Governor of North Carolina? What was his first official act? What is said of the freedom of the slaves? 7. How is the question of slavery further considered? 8. How had the slaves acted during the war? How did they receive the news of freedom ? O. What befell Governor Vance? To what ofiice was W. W. Holdeu appointed? What was the condition of civil affairs in North Carolina? 10. What is said of Governor Holden ? 11. Can you tell something of his life? 12. How should Governor Holden have viewed the situation? 13. What would have been the proper course to pursue towards North Carolina? REFITTING THE WKECK. 283 CHAPTER LXIY. REFITTING THE WRECK. A. D. 1865 TO 1867. When the bulk of the vast armies that had effected the overthrow of the Confederacy was marched northward and disbanded, the full extent of the ruin that had been wrought was at last realized. So many Federal troops had been col- lected in North Carolina that their subsistence and depreda- tions had consumed nearly all the food in the State, and the utmost scarcity was disclosed in broad districts contiguous to the line of march and occupation by General Sherman's great armies.- 2. Grief for the ruined South, the desolated homes and slain kinsmen was further supplemented by the pangs of want and huno:er. Famish ino^ men and women were forced to solicit rations of the Federal officers. Aid was given generally to needy applicants, upon their taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. 3. In the liberation of the slaves ruin was brought upon the banks and other fiscal corporations of the State, and, as a consequence, the endowments of the University and the colleges were, to a great extent, forever lost. Even the large Literary Fund, by which the whole system of common schools was sustained, being invested in similar securities, also disappeared in the general bankruptc}'. 4. When the Provisional Governor had entered upon the discharge of his official duties, North Carolina was reduced to a small supply of cotton as the sum of her available means to discharge the current expenses of the new government, and 284 JIISTOHV OF NOllTIT CAROLINA. even that was seized by the agents of tlie United States, and, to Governor Holden's appeals for its release, the Seeretary of the Treasury and President Johnson jiroved deaf and inex- orable. 5. fludges Pearson and ]>attk' were reinstated in tlieir places of Supreme Court Justices, but Judge M. E. Manly was replaced by Edwin G. Reade, of Person. By orders from \\'ashingt()n, a proclamation was issued for an election of a Convention to restore the State to its former relations. This body met October 2d, 1865, and selected Judge Reade as its president. Ordinances were passed repealing and declaring null and void the secession ordinances of May 20th, 1861, abolisliing slavery and invaliding all contracts made in futhcr- ance of the late w-ar. 1866. 6. In the same election, Jonathan Worth, of Kan- dolph, W'as cliosen over Governor Holden as Chief-Magistrate. The State was apparently resuming its self-government, and w^as soon to show that some spirit was left in the people. They refused to ratify the ordinances of the late Convention by a decided majority; and, while accepting the situation and sub- mitting in all quietude to the authorities imposed, they were yet resolved to take no part in these constrained reformations. 7. The general government had been for four years declar- ing the Ordinances of Secession, passed by the several States, null and void. It had been repeatedly announced that no State could thus sever her connection with the Union; but when the legally elected Senators and Representatives from North Carolina reached Wasliington, they found that this doctrine was reversed, and were told that they could not take ])art in national kgislation until Congress should restore the Southern States to their lost privileges. BEFITTING THP: WRFX'K. 285 8. In the Soutliern elections that were held, every man was required to take oaths of allegiance and for the support of the amended Federal Constitution. Some refused to attend the polls and a few left the country for foreign lands. A vast majority were resolved to support the Union in good faith, but unhappily, this was not so understood by the men who con- trolled at Raleigh and at Washington. They were impressed with the belief that only hostile sentiments actuated Southern white men, and, therefore, the proper policy was to confer political power upon the negroes, and in that way establish a new system of rule and social life in the Southern States lately in revolt. 1867. 9. This was a great and cruel mistake in policy. It was not only impossible of execution, but necessarily entailed trouble and suffering on both races thus put in antagonism. It could not be expected that white people would quietly submit to the domination of negroes who had so recently been their slaves, even if such rulers had been equally intelligent and socially respected. When the race feeling was added to the late subjection and present ignorance of the negroes, it was the most futile and abortive scheme ever proposed in America, and was at war with all the precedents and spirit of the great Republic. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the condition of tlie State after the departure of Federal troops ? 2. How were the people enduring mental and bodily snfiering? 3. What had become of the various educational funds? 4. W^hat was the only means by which North Carolina could meet the expenses of the State government? What became of tlie small supply of cotton ? 286 TirSTORV OF NOHTII CAROUXA. 5. What cluinges did Governor Holden make in the Supreme Court ? What orders did the Goveinor i-eceive from Washington ? Wliat was tlie work of the Convention? O. Who was chosen to succeed Governor Holden? What political opinions were expressed hy the people in their votes? 7. What inconsistencies were observed in the management of affairs at Washington? 8. How did the men of the South feel concerning the laws of Congress? O. How are the events of this period considered ? GOVERNOK WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 287 CHAPTER LXY. GOVERNOR WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. A. D. 1867 TO 1868. President Andrew Johnson, as has been*ah*eady stated, was born and reared in the city of Raleigh. He went to Tennessee after reaching manhood, and, though blessed with small advan- tages as to early culture, devoted himself to political life. He is said to have mastered the rudiments of education with his wife's help. His native ability soon gave him position as a politician and eventually great popularity and control over the Tennessee people. 2. He soon relaxed in the severity of his feelings toward the late Confederates, and thereby incurred the resentment of the leaders in the party which had elected him Vice-Presi- dent. In the bitterness of the mutual recriminations between him and his late friends in Congress, there was, unhappily, evil to result to North Carolina and the South ; for to the old resentments against the South was added a desire in many men to thwart the President who had become their ally. 3. Governor Worth had ever been marked as a public man by the utmost devotion to the Federal Union. He had con- stantly opposed the doctrine and necessity of secession. He was now to show his wisdom and attachment for the State of his birth. As Governor, he was continually pressed to secure legal protection for the people against the interference of mili- tary commanders and courts-martial, which were constantly intruding upon the jurisdiction of the State courts. 288 HisTonv of north oarotjxa. 4. The whole system of education in the common schools had perished in the loss of the Literary Fund. The Univer- sity still continued its ministrations, but with a diminished faculty and patronage. Tlie colleges, male and female, })elong- ing to the different religious denominations, were re-opened and generally were slowly regaining their former efficiency. 5. Among the first enactments by the Legislature after the war, Avas the law allowing negroes to testify against or for white parties in courts of justice. This w^as a great change in our law, but was now necessary for their protection, as they no longer had masters to care for them. (3. The agriculture of the period was rapidly advancing in the perfection of its details. Concentrated fertilizers were coming into general use and the area af cotton culture was immensely expanding. The farms were about equally divided as to the style of their management. The best farmers still hired their 'Viands" and superintended the details of opera- tion in person, but many leased their lands to laborers and furnished the teams and supplies needed by the tenants. 7. Under the sensible and moderate rule then seen in the State, prosperity seemed rapidly returning, but as the LTnited States Congress still refused to allow any representation in that body, there was great and increasing uneasiness as to the terms that would be finally exacted from the South in the j^ro posed reconstruction measures. 1808. 8. Early in the year 1868 a convention, so-called, was held to frame a new Constitution under the Reconstruction Act of Congress. The election for the delegates was held under General Canby's orders and the returns were sent to him at Charleston. U])on his order the Convention met, ;nid U])on his order its delegates were seated and unseated. GOVERNOR WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 289 9. Ill the latter part of April the Constitution thus framed was submitted to such of the people as were allowed to vote, at an election held as before, under General Canby's order, and by him, in Charleston, South Carolina, the returns having been sent to him there, declared to have been adopted. It is now generally known as the " Canby Constitution." In June, by order by telegram from. General Canby, Governor Worth, who had been elected Governor by the people in 1866, was turned out of his office and Governor Holden put in his place. The only authority for this and other outrages was the might of Federal bayonets, 10. The Legislature elected under the recently adopted Con- stitution met on the 1st of July, 1868. It was comprised largely of negroes and of men from the North who had lately come to North Carolina. These latter were popularly known as " carpet-baggers," and a.s a class were mere birds of prey who came here for plunder. As might have been expected, the legislation of such a body was both corrupt and injurious. Ignorant of the resources of the State, of its people and their necessities, it would have been a miracle almost, no matter how honest, had their legislation not been harmful. Unfortunately, there was added to gross ignorance the most unblushing corruption and ^vanton extravagance. Many mil- lions of debt, in the shape of ^^ Special Tax Bonds," as they were called, were attempted to be fastened upon the State by this Legislature, but the people have pei>;istently refused to recognize them. 11. The Convention and elections of 1868 will ever be remembered. The act of Congress, passed on February 20th, 1867, was in vain vetoed by the President. It was made the law of the land, and under its provisions, while twenty tliou- 19 290 HISTORY OP NORTH CAROLIXi^. sand white men of North Carolina were deprived of the right to vote, that privilege was extended to every colored male in the State who liad attained the age of twenty-one years. 12. Tlie year closed with great apprehensions to all classes. The new State government possessed neither 'the confidence nor the aifection of the people, and in the pandemonium of bri- bery and corruption there was justification for the fears of men, who, in corrupt and reckless appropriations and corrupt and reckless expenditures, foresaw ruin to all material interests of the State. 13. In Robeson county life and property were so insecure that extraordinary measures Avere adopted to extirpate the bandits who slew and plundered as if no legal restraints Avere left in the land. The story of Henry Berry Lowery and his " Swamp Angels " will ever stand as a convincing proof of the incompetency of the government of that day or of its wanton disregard of its duties to its citizens. QUESTIONS. 1. Where was President Andrew Johnson born? To what State did he go ? To what profession did he devote himself? How is he said to have mastered the rudiments of education ? What position did his native ability give him ? 2. How did his feelings toward the South undergo a change ? What did he incur tlicreby ? How did this effect North Carolina and the South? 3. W^hat is said of Governor Worth ? 4. In what condition were the institutions of learning at this period? 5. What legislation is mentioned favoring the colored people? Wliy was this noVv necessary ? 6. How were agricultural matters progressing? How were the farms conducted? 7. Wliat was the general condition of the State? 8. For what was the Convention of 1S()8 held? Under whose order was the election for delegates held? GOVERNOR WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 291 D. When was the Constitution thus framed submitted to the people ? How is this Constitution now known ? How was Governor Worth removed from office, and who was put in his place? What was the authority. for this and other high handed measures? 10. When did the Legislature of 1868 meet, and of whom was it com- posed ? What is said of this Legislature? What is said of the "Special Tax Bonds"? 11. W^hat is said of the Convention and elections of 1868? 12. In what condition were public affairs? 1.3. What is said of Robeson county, and Henry Berry Lowery and his " Swamp Angels"? 292 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROT.INA. CHAPTER LXVI. THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. A. D. 1868 TO 1870. There was in North Carolina great indignation at the result of the enforced changes wrought in the polity of the State by means of the various congressional enactments. Straligers from other States, and men entirely unused to legislation, had effected many alterations in our government and laws. It was to be expected that such things, done in such manner, would prove distasteful to a proud race that had so lately withstood so stoutly on the field of battle, and so long, such superior num- bers. 2. Among the many unnecessary changes that were rendered more distasteful by the harsh manner of their accomplishment Avere those made by Governor Holden and his party at the State University at Chapel Hill. This venerable institution, which had given education to many men of renown, was taken in hand, and, with a new management and a new faculty, made uj) of carpet-baggers and unsuitable native North Carolinians, re-opened its doors. Its late president, ex-Governor David I^. Swain, had died shortly after his removal, his colleagues in the faculty had dispersed in search of new homes, and silence had usurped the halls so long thronged by students from many States. The village of Chapel Hill, depending on the existence of the University for its support, became almost deserted. No less than thirty of its best families removed within two years. The people of North Carolina refused to jxitronize the new organization, and the institution was for seven years prostrate. THE KESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. 21)3 3. The changes did not stop with the University. The judges of all the courts had been, since 1776, elected by the Legislature. This was altered, so that they were in future to be selected by the votes of the people. The name of the lower branch of the General Assembly, so long known as the House of ^^ Commons," became that of the " Representatives." The meeting of the Assembly was made annual instead of biennial, and the pay of the members and State officials largely increased. Our county government system, too, was changed, and so was the mode of electing magistrates, who had hitherto been elected by the Legislature. In future they were to be elected by the people. In many portions of tlie State the eifect was to put the white race at once under the domination of the black race. Bitterness and' great excitement were the inevitable results. But of all the innovations, none, perhaps, was so startling as that made in the procedure and practice of the courts. It was distasteful both to client and counsel, but to the older lawyers it was especially objectionable. 1869. -I. The distinguishing event of this year in North Carolina was the appearance, in various parts of the State, of well-organized bodies of horsemen, commonly «dled Ku-Klux, who ro^e about at night in full disguise and punished crimes that the law had failed to punish. The mystery attending their coming and their going, the silence they preserved in their marches, the disguises they wore, coupled with the terrible punishment they inflicted, struck terror into the hearts of men with guilty consciences. 5. These midnight riders were doubtless in their origin tlic natural outgrowth of the condition of society that had pre- vailed in North C'arolina for some time past — that is to say, they were originally nothing more nor less than local mutual 294 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. protective associations, with little form about them and but little more secrecy. The first step having been taken in that direction, the next followed as a matter of course. Next came associations to prevent future crime by punishing past crime. These organizations were more conn)lex in their character and of wider range in their operations. 6. The condition of society was very bad, but not worse than might have been expected under a government Avhich, obnoxious in its creation, daily became more hateful in its con- duct. Negro suffrage had just become a reality. Spies and eavesdroppers were everywhere catching up men's Avords and watching men's actions for report to the govei-nment at Raleigh. Corruption and licentiousness stalked openly in the legislative halls and sat unblushingly on the judicial bench, while in the Executive office was a Governor ready to obey the behests of his party at any cost. It was an era of extravagance, bribery, corruption, oppression, licentiousness and lawlessness. Of the negroes, ignorant slaves but yesterday, with all their passions stirred to the utmost, large numbers blindly believed that freedom and suffrage would make them masters to-morroAV Avere it not for the native white race. First suspicious, then sullen, then aggressive, they soon came, under the bad teaching of the men Avho were their leaders, to regard the native white men as their born enemies. The result was the murder of men, the outraging of women, the burning of barns and other like destruction of property, then of vital importance, for the hnv had no terror for any evil doer who had friends at court or in the Executive chamber. It is but just to the negroes, how- ever, to say that it is not believed that if they had been left to themselves tliey would have acted as they did, but that they were influenced to bad deeds by bad white men, who used them THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. 295 as tools to accomplish political ends. Under such circum- stances as these, good citizens felt that they were tried beyond human endurance, and justified themselves to their own consciences for taking the law into their own hands. 7. The evils the Ku-Klux came to cure were indeed unbear- able; but it must be said, also, that while the disease was desperate, the remedy was fearful. It is a fearful thing for men to band themselves together in secret and take the law into their own hands, and nothing but the direst necessity and the gravest emergency can ever justify it. Inseparable from every such organization, and this proved no exception to the rule, is the danger of its easy perversion to the gratification of personal malice or the improper punishment of petty offenses, and this alone ought to be warning that in such a remedy lies terrible danger. 8. Governor Holden quailed before the Ku-Klux, and from his guarded house issued proclamation after proclamation, but they would not down at his bidding. When winter came, and with it the Legislature, Senator Shoifner, of Alamance, at the instance of the Governor, introduced a bill into the Senate, in its terms conferring upon the Governor the right to declare any and every county in the State to be in insurrection, and to recruit and maintain an army Avhenever he saw proper. In other words, the bill sought to confer upon the Governor the power to declare martial law at will. Of course this was unconstitutional. 1870. 9. The Shoifner bill was ratified on the 29tli of January, 1870. On the night of the 26th of February, Wyatt Outlaw, a negro, was hung in the county town of Alamance by the Ku-Klux. On the 7th of March the county was declared to be in a state of insurrection. Federal troops were 296 HISTORY OF NORTH CAJiOLINA. sent there, but beyond eating tlieir rations they had no occupa- tion, for quiet and good order prevailed throughout the county. 10. A striking fact, true of every place during these un- happy times, is that whenever white Federal troops were sent to a troubled section, whether in Alamance, Caswell, Orange or elsewhere, there was straightway an end of trouble. The law-breakers were awed into good behavior, and those whom self-protection had forced, in their own judgment, to take into their own hands the administration of justice, of course had no further occasion to do so. 11. Governor Holden, however, seemed not to be satisfied with the Shoifner bill, for on the 10th of March he wrote''' to the President, asking that stringent orders be sent to the com- manding General, and stating that if "criminals could be arrested and tried before military tribunals and shot, there would soon be peace and order throughout the country. " The remedy," he said, " would be a sharp and bloody one, but as indispensable as was the suppression of the rebellion." On the 14th he wrote to the members of Congress from North Carol ina,t beseeching them to induce Congress to authorize the President to declare martial law in certain localities, so that he might " have military tribunals, by which assassins and mur- derers can be summarily tried and shot," and telling them at the same time that he could not have such tribunals unless the President was authorized to suspend the habeas corpus. 12. At the time when the Governor was so anxious thus "summarily" to try and shoot people, not a single man had been killed in Caswell, and onlv one in Alamance. It nuist be "For letter in full, see GoveriKji-'n Letter-book, page 328. jFor letter in full, see (iovernor's Letter-book, page 329. THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. 297 borne in mind, too, that the men whom he refers to, and whom he afterwards arrested as assassins and murderers, were among the best men in all the land, many of them venerable for age as well as respected for personal integrity and Christian char- acter. QUESTIONS. 1. How did our people take the many changes in State polity? 2. What was done with the University ? 3. How was the manner of electing judges changed? What was the effect of this change? 4. What secret organization was formed at this time? 5. What is said of the Ku-Klux ? 6. Can you tell something of the condition of society? 7. How are the doings of the Ku-Klux considered? 8. What was done by the Governor in regard to the Ku-Klux? O. What occurred in Alamance county? 10. What was the general effect produced by the Federal troops? 11. What was the next step taken by Governor Holden ? 12. Who were the men arrested by order of the Governor? 298 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROI.INA. CHAPTER LXVII. THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION— Continued. A. D. 1868 TO 1870. On the 21st of May, John W. Stephens, then a Senator from Caswell county, was secretly murdered in an unused room in the court-house at Yanceyville. A large concourse filled the house when the deed was connnitted, the occasion being a Democratic political gathering, and Stephens was seen and talked to at the meeting, being there as a spectator. Strange to say, however, it is a mystery to this day as to who committed the crime. 2. It was insisted by Governor Holden and his party that Stephens had been murdered by the Ku-Klux. This, how- ever, was as stoutly denied, and the assertion added that, as Stephens was an object of derision and contempt rather than of hatred, there was neither desire nor cause to put him to death. 3. Meanwhile, Congress had refused to confer upon the President the power to declare martial law, and the August elections kept drawing near. A new Attorney-General and a new Legislature and new Congressmen were to be elected. The Governor and his party were therefore comjjelled to rely on the Shoffner bill alone. 4. State troops, as they were called, were now recruited, and, on the 21st of June, George W. Kirke, a brutal ruffian of infamous character, and known to be such, who had com- manded a regiment of Federal troops during the war, was brought from his home in Tennessee and commissioned Colonel. Tliis man Kirke, in liis public posters calling for recruits, the THE RESULTS OF EECONSTRUCTION. 299 original of which was found in Governor Holden's own hand- writing, appealed to his old comrades to join him, saying that " the blood of their murdered countrymen, inhumanly butch- ered for opinion's sake, cried to them from the ground for vengeance/' 5. On the 8th of July the county of Caswell was declared to be in a state of insurrection. Meanwhile, however, a com- pany of Federal troops had been stationed at Yancey ville, and had found use for neither ball nor bayonet, and in both Ala- mance and Caswell the courts were open and not the slightest obstruction to any process of the law. 6. On the 13th of July, Kirke having organized his regi- ment, was ordered to take command of the counties of Ala- mance and Caswell. In a few days more than a hundred citizens of Alamance and Caswell were arrested and imprisoned by Kirke and his subordinates. In some instances persons thus seized were hung up by the neck, or otherwise treated with great brutality. Among these prisoners were many men who had been for years of the first respectability as citizens, and were known and honored in every portion of the State. 7. Application was speedily made to Chief- Justice Pear- son for a writ of habeas corpus, that Adolphus G. Moore, and others thus imprisoned, might know the cause of their deten- tion and receive the protection of the laws. Judge Pearson granted the writ, but when it was served on Kirke, he directed the messenger to inform the Chief-Justice that such things " had played out," that he was acting in accordance with Gov- ernor Holden's orders, and he refused to obey the command of His Honor. The lawyers of the imprisoned men then asked for further process of the Judge to punish Kirke for his dis- regard of his orders ; but Judge Pearson passed over his con- 300 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. teinptuous message as the " flippant speech of a rude soldier/^ and held that his powers were exhausted, as the Governor had ordered Kirke to seize the men, and the judiciary could not contend with the Executive, and in this he was sustained by the other members of the court. 8. The conspiracy against the Constitution, the laws and the liberties of the people developed rapidly, now that the highest judges in the State had declared the courts of the State to be im- potent. The military tribunals that the Governor failed to get from Congress in March, he now proceeded to organize under the ShoflPner act. The court was to consist of thirteen members, seven of whom Governor Holden selected from among his own partisans in the militia and six he left to Kirke to select from the officers of his command.* The 25th day of July was first selected for the meeting of the court, and then the 8th of August. t It was a terrible state of affairs. The Chief Executive of the State was daily making his preparations for holding a drum-head court-martial to try the best men in all the land, tie them to stakes and shoot them like dogs, while the judiciary, standing in sight and in hearing, declared itself helpless ! 9. Fortunately, Chief- Justice Pearson and those who sat Avitli him were not the only judges in North Carolina. There proved to be at least one judge who did not think his powers exhausted. That judge was George W. Brooks, Judge of the United States District Court for North Carolina, and applica- tion was accordingly made to him for a writ of habeas corjjus. He axme to Raleigh, and was told by the Governor that if he "'•'For full letter, see Inipeacliment Trial, Volume I, page 233. fFor full letter, see Inipeacliment Trial, \'olnme II, page 1147 THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. 301 interfered civil war would ensue; but Judge Brooks was inflexible^ and, on August 6tli, he ordered Marshal Carrow to notify Colonel KIrke that in ten days his prisoners should be brought before His Honor at Salisbury. 10. Governor Holden then appealed to President Grant, informing him of the situation; and the President, after advis- ing with the Attorney-General, replied that the authority of Judge Brooks must be respected. Kirke accordingly brought a portion of his prisoners as ordered, to Salisbury, and as no crimes were alleged for their detention, they were all set at liberty. 11. As soon as Governor Holden was informed of the decision of the President, he sent a messenger in haste to the Chief-Justice, who thereupon came to Raleigh, and the prisoners who had not been brought before Judge Brooks at Salisbury were carried before him and the other Judges of the Supreme Court at Raleigh. 12. But it was Judge Brooks who broke the backbone of this great conspiracy against the government of North Caro- lina. No man ever lived on our soil who deserved to be held in more grateful remembrance by the people of North Caro- lina than he. Whatever others may have done in building up the State, it was he that saved her Constitution and her laws and the liberties of her people. The scenes of horror that would have been witnessed but for his timely interference cannot be thought of, even now, without a shudder. It Is greatly to be hoped that the Legislature will speedily erect a suitable monu- ment in the capltol square in token of the gratitude of thfe people for whom he did so much. 302 HISTORY OF NOllTH CAROLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. What occurred at Yanceyville on May 21st? 2. Wiio were accused as the murderers of Stephens? Upon what ground was tliis denied? 3. What had Congress done concerning martial law? 4. What man was put in charge of the State troops? Where was Kirke from, and what was liis character? 5. What was the condition of affairs in Alamance and Caswell counties? 6. Give an account of Kirke's exploits in these counties. 7. To whom did the people apply for aid ? With what result? 8. What was next done by the Governor ? 9. To what judge did the people next go for protection? What did Judge Brooks do? 10. What was Governor Holden's next step? Where were Kirke's prisoners taken? 11. Where were the prisoners then carried ? 12. What tribute is made to Judge Brooks? What are the reflections upon this matter? I **>M THE IMPEACHMENT OF GOVERNOR HOLDEN. 303 CHAPTER LXVIII. THE IMPEACHMENT OF GOVERNOR HOLDEN A. D. 1870 TO 1872. The election of 1870 resulted in a great triumph for the people. Opponents of the administration were elected to the Legislature in overwhelming majorities, and a determination to bring Governor Holden to trial for his crimes against the Constitution and liberties of the people was at once apparent. 2. Nothing can be more important in a civilized government than protection to the liberty of the people. Nothing is truer than that " eternal vigilance is the price of liberty." Even in the royal government of England, for more than two centu- ries the King has had no power to deprive a citizen of the right to be heard in the courts, when restrained by legal pro- cess or otherwise. Neither there nor in America could any- thing but foreign invasion or positive insurrection justify even Parliament or Congress in suspending the right to this palla- dium of civil liberty. 3. Upon motion in the House of Representatives, the Leg- islature having assembled, a committee was appointed to inquire into the facts, and soon, articles of impeachment were presented to the Senate, charging the Governor of the State with the commission of " high crimes and misdemeanors." 1871. 4. By the terms of the State Constitution, this worked a disability in Governor Holden; and Tod R. Cald- well, of Burke, then Lieutenant-Governor, assumed control of the Executive Department. 304 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 5. Ilia court of iin])ca('linient in North Carolina, Avhen tlie Governor is on trial, the Cliici-Ju.stice is the president of the body. The members of the Senate are triers and the House of Representatives act as prosecutors in behalf of the j^eople, and a two-thirds vote is required to convict. 6. Thus, with Judge Pearson presiding, there was a long and deliberate examination as to the charges made against the Chief-Magistrate of North Carolina. After hearing the testi- mony presented both by the accusers and by the respondent. Governor Holden was convicted of the charges made against him, deprived of his office and declared incapable of holding any further honor or dignity in the State. 7. Such a trial has been seen but in this single instance in all the history of the State, and it attracted considerable atten- tion in its progress. It involved great and important issues, and was happily followed by peace and quiet in every portion of the State. 8. After eight years' absence, a delegation was again seen in the Federal capital representing the State of North Carolina in the Congress of the United States. For two years past her mend)ers of Congress had been allowed to participate in the national legislation, and thus an ignominious disability had at last been removed from her Federal relations. A mighty con- vulsion that had stirred the nation to its depths, was being slowly hushed into calm by the adoption of wiser and more peaceful methods. A broader nationality w\as coming alike to the Northern and Southern people, and the wounds of the war were fast healing in the lai)se of time. 9. The census of 1870 showed vast improvement in many departments of human industry. North Carolina, in the many alterations wrought by the war, was learning the wisdom of THE IMPEACHMENT OF GOVERNOR HOLDEN. 305 diversifying the pursuits of the people. Slowly, public atten- tion was being turned to the opening of new industries. The Western North Carolina, the Raleigh & Augusta and the Caro- lina Central Railroads were opening up a new era in the his- tory of such interests in the old North State. 10. With a greatly extended area of production in cotton, there was, besides, an enormous addition of railroad profits from the increase both of travel and freights. As the railway lines lengthened to the west, it was found that they would repay the cost of construction, and each of the rival political parties pledged itself to the completion of the great Western Road which was to pierce the extreme mountain barriers and find outlets into Tennessee, both at Pucktown and the Warm Springs in Madison county. 11. Slowly this great dream of the wise men of the past approaches the day of its accomplishment. A half century has gone by since Dr. Joseph Caldwell and Governor Dudley first impressed this scheme upon the public mind as a work of the future. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the result of the election of 1870? Upon what was the Legislature determined? 2. Can you tell what is said about piotection of the liberties of the people ? 3. What was done by the House of Kepresentatives? 4. How did tliese charges effect the Governor? Who assunieil control of the Executive Department? 5. Who constitutes a court of impeachment in North Carolina, and what vote does it take to convict? 6. Who presided at the trial of Governor Holden? How did the trial terminate? What was the punishment? 20 306 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 7. Wliat is said of this great trial ? What did it involve ? By what was it followed ? 8. What political changes were seen at Washington City ? How was the condition becoming better? 9. What is said of industrial pursuits in North Carolina? Of rail- roads? Can you trace the route of these railroads on the map? 10. How was the State being agitated upon the question of internal improvements? 11. What is said of the accomplishment of these improvements? How long has it been since this scheme was impressed upon the public? RESUMPTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 307 CHAPTER LXIX. RESUMPTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. A. D. 1872. In the yeai-s that had passed since the close of the war between the States the people of North Carolina had been con- tinnally looking forward to the honr when the State should be fully restored to its old relations with the Federal government. In the consummation of the reconstruction policy, inaugurated and carried out by Congress, this had been partially attained, but, in the provisions of the Constitution adopted in 1868, there were many particulars that were unsuited to the habits of the people, and amendment was eagerly desired in this respect. 2. Political animosities were being softened by the lapse of time and general prosperity was fast extending to different sections. Towns and villages were being built along the lines of railroads and cotton and other factories were con.stantIy Ixiing added. 3. Just previous to the outbreak of the late war the Masonic Grand Lodge of North Carolina had reared at Oxford a large and costly building, which was called "St. John's College,'' and was intended for the education of young men. In 1872 this building was devoted, by the fraternity that had erected it, to the education of the orphan children of North Carolina. This noble charity was placed in the care of John H. Mills, who has abundantly justified the wisdom of those who were parties to his being diosen for so responsible a place. 4. This school, which educates so many who would other- wi.se gi'ow up in ignorance and vice, is aided now l>y an annual 308 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. appropriation from the State and another from the Grand Lodge of Masons, but on individual contributions of the charitable it is mainly dependent for its support. Perhaps no other cliarity ever so much enlisted popular sympathy in North Carolina, and none ever more richly repaid the unselfish con- tributions of the people. 5. At the period now reached the University had ceased to l)e attended as a college. Rev. Solomon Pool still remained its President, but the buildings were silent, and the famous seat of learning no longer held its proud position among American institutions. Meanwhile the denominational colleges were vigorously at work, and were receiving a larger patron- age than formerly. 6. Amono; the female seminaries of the State a new and formidable rival for popular favor arose — Peace Institute, at Raleigh. This institution, like the Orphan Asylum, had originated before the war, but, during the years of strife the building was used as a hospital. It is controlled by the Pres- byterians, and under their excellent management it has become one of the best appointed and most popular institutions in all the State. 7. In the nomination and re-election of General Grant as President of the United States, in 1872, there were many inci- dents to show the alteration in Southern sentiment. The white men of the South, as a general thing, voted in that contest for Horace Greeley, of New York. He had been long identified with all the movements that were specially obnoxious to Southern people, and yet, after so many bitter differences in the fifty years past, the old leader of the Abolitionists became tha nominee of the Hemocrats and received tlieir votes for the Presidcncv. EESUMPTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 309 8. This strange course was said by those w^io pursued it to be dictated by the desire on their parts to show that they did not harbor resentment toward old enemies, and wx're not now dis- afFectal tow^ard the Union, but ^^^ere willing for '^the dead past to bury its dead/' and well might they pursue such a course. With the close of the war had passed all reason for the exis- tence of another Republic. In the abolition of slavery .the States had become uniform in interest, and it was soon patent that it ought to need only a little time to heal the breaches of the war and restore concord to the two great sections of the mighty American Commonwealth. 9. Unfortunately, however, the men who swayed the desti- nies of the country were more partisans than patriots, and sought to perpetuate the domination of their party more than the restoration of peace and concord. 10. In the sober second thought of the American people it is to be hoped that patriotism will prevail. That hatred and malevolence can continue indefinitely in the relations of the two grand divisions of the Republic, is as impossible as it would be unwise and wicked. Their destiny is too grand for the people of America to think of marring it by a continuance of strife. Year by year the traces of blood disappear from the face of the land, and more closely grow the bands that make us a free and united people. QUESTIONS. 1. To what period had the people of North Carolina been looking' for- ward since the close of the war? What acts had somewhat prevented tlie arrival of this state of affairs? 2. \Vhat is said of political animosities and the general prosperity of the State? Of towns and factories? 3. What charitable institution iiad been opened by the Masons? W^ho was put in charge? 310 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 4. What is said of the Orphan Asylum? 5. In what condition was the University? What is said of other col- leges? O. What female school is now mentioned ? 7. What political changes were seen in the Presidential cam[)aign of 1872? 8. What was said to have dictated this course? What was the general position of the people since the close of the war? O.' What was the cause of sectional prejudices continuing to exist? lO. In what characteristics do the American people stand high? Why should all sectional animosities be speedily lemoved ? THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTORIES. 311 CHAPTER LXX. THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTORIES. A. D. 1873. 1873. Previous to the introduction of Whitney's cotton- gins there had been much attention bestowed by the people of the State upon the cultivation of flax. This crop was never reared for exportation, but for family use at home. Few of the ancient spinning wheels can now be found, but they were once abundant and the manufacture of home-made linen was common in North Carolina. This was even more the case than is now the preparation of woolen fabrics upon the hand-looms of the families. 2. So soon as the lint cotton was cheaply separated from its seed the great question of its universal use was solved. It could be so easily produced that no woolen or linen fabrics could hope to compete with it in the markets of the world. The good women of the State soon learned the economy of buying the cotton warp of the cloth wove at the farm houses, but it was long before even this common domestic necessity was prepared for use in the South. 3. The cotton-yarns were, until about 1840, almost all spun in New England and bought by the merchants in the large cities when laying in their semi-annual supplies of goods for the retail trade. The purchase of slaves and the cultivation of cotton so completely absorbed the energies of our people that no one invested capital in anything else, except, perhaps, some Avho preferred real estate for such a purpose. 312 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 4. But even before the civil war and the liberation of the slaves there were wise men who urged the propriety and profit of cotton mills in the South. Since the war there has been an immeuse development of this itidustrv, and now the sound of the loom and spindle may be heard throughout the State. Hundreds of persons are employed in a single one of the cot- ton mills. In this way not only the Avealth but the population of the section is increased by bringing in new settlers. The railways find added employment, and in some cases private residences are seen that are rural paridises in the beauty and comfort of their appointments. There is, in some of the western counties, large capital invested in mills for the manu- facture of woolen yarns and cloth, from which satisfactory profits are realized. Another one of the important industries of the State is the manufacture of paper. The daily and weekly newspapers of North Carolina are now largely supplied with printing papers by the mills of the State. The first paper mill in North Carolina was erected near Hillsboro, in 1778; the second one was built at Salem, in 1789, by Gotleib Shober. 5. North Carolina has ever been sIoav to change in the habits of her people. The Avays of their forefathers always seem best to most of them until abundant example has shown the wisdom of an innovation. Steam, however, is usurping a place in every species of labor and motiou. The great seines of Albemarle Sound, the printing press, the cotton gin and nearly everything else is now obedient to the tireless energies of this great motor. 6. When North Carolina shall have developed her system of trausportation so that the coal and iron mines shall be more largely wnrsiiits of the State been benefited? 320 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 5. What are the most iinportant employments in a State? What are some of North Carolina's commercial advantages? C>. What was the financial condition of the people at the close of the war? 7. What is said of Raleigh as a trade centre? 8. In what way did trade matters begin to improve at the capital? O. What else is said of North Carolina's commercial prospects ? What advantage has Raleigh derived from the Cotton Exchange? 10. Wiiat is said of the Israelites? 11. What new enterprise was inaugurated in 1878? What has been the results of the hatchery? What fact has been pi'oven concerning fish? 12. What is said of tiie improvement in the means of catching fish? 13. What other species of trade is found in the eastern counties? 14. What is said of the production of pea-nuts? 15. Can you tell something of the growth and trade of Wilmington? 16. How has the navigation of the Cape Fear River been impi-oved? 17. What other sea-port city is now mentioned? What is said of its commercial interests? THE liAILROADS AND NEW TOWNS. CHAPTER LXXII. tiip: railroads and new towns. A. D. 1879. 1879. The Raleigh & Gaston Raih'oad originally connected the two places that gave name to the route. It was necessary, in reaching Raleigh from the Albemarle region, to go to Wel- don, and then, by the Petersburg Railroad, the junction in Greenville county, Virginia, gave access by a short line to Gas- ton. It was not until about 1853 that the Raleigh & Gaston route was extended directly down the Roanoke River to Wel- don. This was a great facility to both trade and travel on this important line, yet twenty years elapsed in the progress of internal communication before this short link could be added. 2. A great trunk line, extending east and west through the whole length of the State, has long been a favorite scheme of many statesmen in the effort to build up a sea-port at Beaufort. But in the progress of .the late war it became all-important to the Confederate government to tap the North Carolina Road at Greensboro, in order that troops and militiiry freights might be speedily conveyed to Petereburg and Richmond by way of Danville. 3. The completion of the. lines leading from Charlotte to Wilmington, from Charlotte to Statesville, from Raleigh to Hamlet, the Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley from Fayetteville to Greensboro, and the Western North Carolina Road from Salis- bury to Asheville, and the Paint Rock branch have enormously increased the facilities for travel in the State. In addition to these lines new routes from Jamesville to Washington, from Rocky Mount t(^ Tarboro, from Norfolk to Elizabeth C^itv and 322 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. Edeiiton, from Durham to ChajK'l Hill, from Henderson to Oxford, from Goldsboro to Smitlifield, have also been recently added to the railway system. 4. The road from Winston to Greensboro has resulted in the creation of a city alongside of ancient Salem which is in every respect the compeer of Durham in the swiftness of its growth and the amount of its trade and manufactures. Winston, Durham and Reidsville have arisen almost like magic, and are expanding into such importance that Charlotte, Salisbury and Greensboro have all felt the consequences of their growth in trade and population. 5. The city of Charlotte has greatly prospered and has become important for its large trade and railway interests. Perhaps nowhere else in the State have the citizens of a city shown greater enterprise. Its merchants, lawyers and editors have all won the respect and admiration of other comnumities, and have raised their city to such prosperity that it is now rapidly becoming a rival of Wilmington and Raleigh and taking place in the front rank among North Carolina's emporiums. 6. One of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed in North Carolina was the famous centennial anniversary of the signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration. It tilled Charlotte with thousands of visitors, among whom were the Governors of several States and manv other distino;uished ^Vmericiui citizens. Ex-Governor W. A. Graham, Judge John Kerr, Governor Brogden and others delivered orations, and the citizen-soldiers of the State were gathered to do honor to an event '' that had made Charlotte forever sacred to history and song.'' This oc(!urrence was, of course, on May 20th, 1875, and just one hundred years later than the concourse ordered THE RATI.ROAD8 AND NEW TOWNS. 323 7. Fayettevllle, Asheville and Statesville have also afforded reniarlval)]e instances of thrift and expansion in the busy latter years of our State's history. Asheville, besides being a favorite resort as a watering place, supplements its summer festivities with large numbers of visitors avoiding the rigors of winter months elsewhere. It is becoming a railway centre and is fast developing a large and lucrative trade. 8. The tendency to\vard the erection of manufactories and the recent influx of foreign immigrants are happy auguries for the continued prosperity and growth of towns in the State. The wondrous diversity of products of the soil, the extent of the forests and the richness of the mines, all combine to demon- strate the ease with which the success of other American States can be rivalled in our own. 9. Already the mountains have been pierced by the railway from Salisbury. Other lines from Virginia, South Carolina and Tennessee are being constructed, so that every portion even of the mountainous region will soon be within easy reach of the markets of the world. The Cranberry Iron ores, the matchless Mica quarries and the Corundum deposits are all being made available to commerce and will realize valuable returns for the capital employed upon them. 10. Not the least remarkable among the new industries of the western counties is the c