JOHNSON AND WALKER'S DICTIONARY £U FTHE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. SASfiUJIEIL JJOMM^®FL 11 ■; ' ■'. ■ . ., _' A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: BY SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D AND JOHN WALKER. WITH THE PRONUNCIATION GREATLY SIMPLIFIED. AND ON AN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN: WITH THE ADDITION OF SEVERAL THOUSAND WORDS. BY U. S. JAMESON, ESQ. OF LINCOLNS-IN^. SEVENTH EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. LONDON: W. TEGG & CO., CHEAPSIDE. 1850. ADVERTISEMENT. The object of this work is to combine the merits of the most popular Dictionaries, especially those of Johnson and Walker, so as to supersede the necessity now felt of having more than one Dictionary even for the ordinary purposes of the English student ; and at the same time, in avoiding their defects and redundancies, to preserve the same dimensions as the ordinary octavo abridgement of Johnson. The course which has been adopted is, first, the exclusion of many words, now standing in Todd's edition of Johnson, which neither by use or analogy are English; and the introduction of which, either in writing or conversation, would draw upon the person using them the charge of pedantry or vulgarity. Secondly, in the common abridgements of Johnson, the authors' names are still retained ; while the quotations, shewing the various acceptations in which the words were used by such authors, and which alone could make their names valuable, or even necessary, have been excluded. Many of these are names of no authority, beyond that of having appeared in print, while their perpetual recurrence has contributed to swell the volume to the exclusion of really valuable matter. These names have been dispensed with; and the space obtained by their omission, and by the omission of useless words and obsolete accepta- tions, has been devoted to the insertion of all such technical words as are now in use, and which the general reader is likely to meet with, and expected to understand : these have been given from the best authorities. Among such additions are many which have been com- pounded for or applied to recent inventions, now of general notoriety, and which therefore demand a place in an English vocabulary. To these may be added many words, which, but a few years since, might have been deemed obsolete or homely, but which having been of late most deservedly revived by writers of transcendent merit, now con- 6 tribute both power and beauty to the most vigorous and polished compositions of the age. These, without descending to mere pro- vincialisms, have been carefully inserted. The pronunciation of Walker has been generally followed, though the Editor has not felt himself bound in all cases to adopt his mode of expressing that pronunciation. The principal deviation from Walker's system has been in the restoring of certain letters, for which others of a similar or nearly similar sound have been unneces- sarily substituted. For instance, all words ending in er, as maker, cater, teller, better, &c. we are directed by Walker to pronounce ma'-kur, ka'-tur, tel'-lur, bet'-tur, &c. The sounds of the e and the u in that numerous class of words are certainly not easily distin- guishable when spoken rapidly ; but when pronounced deliberately, a delicate ear will instantly perceive the difference between the small sound of the one and the full sound of the other. Again, the letter A in certain situations, especially before the vowels i and u, when carelessly pronounced, is apt to slide into the sound of j. This, which in fact arises from a slovenly enunciation, is by Walker laid down as the strict rule : adulation is to be pronounced ad-ju-la'-shun, compendium is com-pen'-je-um, ingredient, in-gre'-jent, &c. This, in a passage read or spoken with solemnity, would be intolerable. In like manner the syllable tu, perpetually recurring in our language, as in the words congratulation, flatulent, natural, &c. will, even when most carefully spoken, receive a sufficient degree of the aspirate, with- out the speaker following Walker's direction to pronounce them con-gratsh-u-la'-shun, flatsh'-u-lense, nat'-tshu-ral, &c. It is not probable that a polite speaker would at this day, even on Mr. Walker's authority, pronounce the word yes, yis. The simplicity and typographical beauty of the mode suggested by the publisher, and adopted for the first time in the present work, of marking the different sounds of the vowels by the point3 instead of the figures will be immediately perceived. SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. A has three long sounds and two short ones. The first sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that which among the English is its name. This is what is called, by most grammarians, its slen- der, sound; we find it in the words lade, spade, trade, &c. In the diph- thong ai we have exactly the same sound of this letter, as in pain, gain, stain, &c. and sometimes in the diph- thong ea, as bear, swear, pear, &c; and twice we find it in the words where and there, and once in the anomalous diph- thong ao in gaol. The long slender a is generally produced by a silent e at the end of a syllable ; which e not only keeps one single intervening consonant from shortening the preceding vowel, but sometimes two : thus we find the mute e makes of rag, rage, and keeps the a open in range, change, &c. ; hat, with the mute e, becomes hate, and the a continues open, and perhaps some- what longer in haste, waste, paste, &c. though it must be confessed this seems the privilege only of a ; for the other vowels contract before the consonants ng in revenge, cringe, plunge ; and the ste in our language is preceded by no other vowel but this. Every conso- nant but n shortens every vowel but a, when soft g and e silent succeed; as, bilge, badge, hinge, spunge, &c. Hence we may establish this gene- ral rule : A has the long, open, slender sound, when followed by a single con- sonant, and e mute, as lade, made, fade, &c The only exceptions seem to be, have, are, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid. A has generally the same sound when ending an accented syllable, as, pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta-tor. We proceed to the second sound of this vowel, which is that heard in father, and is called by some the open sound ; but this can never distinguish it from the deeper sound of the a in all, ball, &c. which is still more open: by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as between the a in pale, and that in wall : it answers nearly to the Italian a in Toscano, Romano, &c. or to the final a in the naturalized Greek words, papa and mamma. The long sound of the middle or Ita- lian a is always found before the liquids Zw; whether the latter only be pro- nounced, as in psalm, or both, as in psalmist : sometimes before If, and lve t as calf, half, calve, halve, salve, &c. ; and before the sharp aspirated dental th in bath, path, lath, father, glass, grass, last, fast, after, basket, mast, master, command, demand, &c. As the mute I in calm, psalm, calf half, &c. seems to lengthen the sound of this letter, so the abbreviation of some words by apostrophe seems to have the same effect. Thus, when the no is cut out of the word cannot, and the two syllables reduced to one, we find the a lengthened to the Italian or mid- dle a, as cannot, can't} have not, han't f shall not, shan't, &c. The short sound of the middle or Italian a, which is generally confound- ed with the short sound of the slender a, is the sound of this vowel in pan- tan, mat, hat, &c. We generally find this sound before any two successive consonants. The third long sound of a is that which we more immediately derive from our maternal language, the Saxon, SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. but which at present we use less than any other : this is the a in fall, ball, gall: we find a correspondent sound to this a in the diphthongs, au and aw, as laud, law, saw, &c. The long sound of the deep broad German a is produced by 11 after it, as in all, wall, call- or, indeed, by one I, and any other consonant, except the mute labials, p, b, f, and v, as salt, bald, false, falchion, falcon, &c. The exceptions to this rule are generally words from the Arabic and Latin lan- guages, as Alps, Albion, asphaltic, fal- cated, salvo, calculate, amalgamate, Alcoran, and Alfred, &c. Our modern orthography, has made it necessary to observe, that every word compounded of a monosyllable with 11, as albeit, also, almost, &c. must be pronounced as if the two liquids were still remain- ing. The w has a peculiar quality of broadening this letter, even when pre- positive: this is always the effect, ex- cept when the vowel is closed by the sharp or flat guttural k org, x, ng, nk, or the sharp labial /, as wax, waft, thwack, twang, twank : thus we pro- nounce the a broad, though short in wad, wan, want, was, what, &c. and though other letters suffer the a to alter its sound before 11, when one of these letters goes to the formation of the latter syllable, as tall, tal-low; hall, hal-low ; call, cal-loiv, &c. yet we see w preserve the sound of this vowel before a single consonant, as wal-low, swal-low, &c. The q including the sound of the w, and being no more than this letter pre- ceded by k, ought, according to ana- logy, to broaden every a it goes before, like the w ; thus quantity ought to be pronounced as if written kwontity, and quality should rhyme with jollity. There are however some exceptions, as quaver and equator. The short sound of this broad a is heard when it is preceded by w, and succeeded by a single consonant in the same syllable, as wal-low swal-low, &c. or by two consonants in the same syllable, as want, wast, wasp, &c. but when I or r is one of the consonants, the a becomes long, as walk, swarm, &c. The a in the numerous termination ale, when the accent is on it, is pro- nounced somewhat differently in dif- ferent words. If the word be a sub- stantive, or an adjective, the a seems to be shorter than when it is adverb: thus a good ear will discover a differ- ence in the quantity of this letter, in delicate and dedicate; in climate, pri- mate, and ultimate; and the verbs to calculate, to regulate, and to speculate, where we find the nouns and adjectives have the a considerably shorter than the verbs. Innate, however, preserves the a as long as if the accent were on it: but the unaccented terminations in ace, whether nouns or verbs, have the a so short and obscure as to be nearly similar to the e in less ; thus, palace, solace, menace, pinnace, popu- lace, might, without any great depar- ture from their common sound, be written palles, solles, &c. But the sound of the a which is the most difficult to appreciate, is that where it ends the syllable, either immedi- ately before or after the accent. We cannot give it any of its three open sounds without hurting the ear; thus, in pronouncing the words abound and diadem, ay-bound, abbound, and aw- bound ; di-ay-dem, di-ah-dem, and di- aw-dem, are all improper ; but giving the a the second, or Italian sound, as ah-bound and di-ah-dem, seems the least so. For which reason the short sound of this letter has been adopted to mark this unaccented a : but if the unaccented a be final, which is not the case in any word purely English, it then seems to approach still nearer to the Italian a in the last syllable of papa, and to the a in father, as may be heard in the deliberate pronuncia- tion of the words idea, Africa, Delta, &c E. The first sound of e is that which it has when lengthened by the mute c final, as in glebe, theme, &c. or when it ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as se-cre-tion, ad-he-sion, &c The exceptions to this rule are, the SOUNDS OF TI12 VOWELS. words ivhere and there, in which the first e is pronounced like a, as if writ- ten whare, thare ; and the auxiliary verb were, where the e has its short sound, as if written werr, rhyming with the last syllable of pre-fer ; and ere (before), which sounds like air. The short sound of e is that heard in bed, fed, red, wed, &c. The e at the end of the monosylla- bles be, he, me, we, is pronounced ee, as if written bee, hee, &c. It is silent at the end of words purely English, but is pronounced distinctly at the end of some words from the learned languages, as epitome, simile, catastro- phe, apostrophe, &c. The first e in the poetic contrac- tions, e'er and ne'er, is pronounced like a, as if written air and nair. This vowel, in a final unaccented syllable, is apt to slide into the short i: thus, faces, ranges, praises, are pro- nounced as if written faciz, rangiz, praiziz. There is a remarkable exception to the common sound of this letter in the words clerk, Serjeant, and a few others, where we find the e pronounced like the a in dark and margin. But this exception, I imagine, was, till within these few years, the general rule of sounding this letter before r, followed by another consonant. The vowel e before I and n in the final unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes suppressed and sometimes not, forms one of the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation.. When any of the liquids precede these letters, the e is heard distinctly, as woollen, flannel, women, syren; but when any of the other consonants come before these letters, the e is sometimes heard, as in novel, sudden-, and sometimes not, as in swivel, raven, &c. No ex- act rule can be given for this va- riety of pronunciation ; but, it may be observed, the e before I, in a final un- accented syllable, must always be pronounced distinctly, except in the following words : shekel, weasel, ousel, navel, ravel, snivel, ravel, drivel, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, nozel. The words are pronounced as if the e were omitted by an apostrophe, as shek'l, weas'l, ous'l, &c. or rather as if written shekle, weasle, ousle, &c. ; but as these are the only words of this termination that are so pronounced, great care must be taken that we do pronounce travel, gravel, rebel (the substantive) parcel, chapel, and vessel, in the same manner; a fault to which many are very prone. E before n in a final unaccented syllable, and not preceded by a liquid, must always be suppressed in the verbal terminations in en, as to loosen, to hearken, and in other words, except the following: sudden, kitchen, hyphen, chicken, ticken (better written ticking) jerken, aspen, platen, marten, latten, pal- ten, leaven or leven, sloven, mittens, and perhaps a few others. In these words the e is heard distinctly, contrary to the general rule which suppresses the e in these syllables, when preceded by a mute, as harden, heathen, heaven, as if written hard'n, heatKn, heavn, &c. ; nay, even when preceded by a liquid, in the words fallen and stolen, where the e is suppressed, as if they were written falVn and stoVn: garden and burden, therefore, are very analogically pro- nounced garden and burd'n : and this pronunciation ought the rather to be indulged, as we always hear the e sup- pressed in gardener and burdensome, as if written gard'ner and burden- some. This diversity in the pronunciation of these terminations ought the more carefully to be attended to, as nothing- is so vulgar and childish as to hear swivel and heaven pronounced with the e distinctly, or novel and chicken with the e suppressed. But the most general suppression of this letter is in the preterits of verbs, and in participles ending in ed : here when the e is not preceded by d or t, the e is almost universally sunk, and the two final consonants are pronounced in one syllable : thus, loved, lived, barred, marred, are pronounced as if written lovd, livd, bard, mard. The same may be observed of this letter when silent 10 SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. in the singulars of nouns, or the first persons of verbs, as theme, make, &c. which form Hemes in the plural, and makes in the third person, &c. where the last e is silent, and the words are pronounced in one syllable. When the noun or first person of the verb ends in y, with the accent on it, the e is likewise suppressed, as a reply, two replies, he replies, &c. But it must be carefully noted, *.hat there is a re- markable exception to many of these contractions when we are pronouncing the language of scripture : here every participial ed ought to make a distinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a vowel : thus, " Who hath believed our report, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed ?" Here the participles are both pronounced in three syl- lables ; but in the following passage, " Whom he did predestinate, them he also called : and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justi- fied, them he also glorified." Called preserves the e, and is pronounced in two syllables ; and justified and glo- rified suppress the e, and are pro- nounced in three. This letter is a perfect diphthong, composed of the sounds of a in father, and e in he, pronounced as closely together as possible. The sound of this letter is heard when it is length- ened by final e, as time, thine, or end- ing a syllable with the accent upon it, as ti-tle, di-al ; in monosyllables end- ing with nd, as bind, find, mind, &c. in three words ending with Id, as child, mild, wild; and in one very irre- gularly ending with nt, as pint. The short sound of this letter is heard in him, thin, &c. and when end- ing an unaccented syllable, as van-i- ty, qual-i-ty, &c. where, though it cannot be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant, yet it has but half its diphthongal sound. This sound is the sound of e, the last letter of the diphthong that forms the long i When this letter is succeeded by r, and another consonant not in a final syllable, it has exactly the sound of e in vermin, vernal, &c. as virtue, vir- gin, bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, mirth, birth, gird, girt, skirt, girl, whirl, firm, &c. The letter r, in this case, seems to have the same influence on this vowel, as it evidently has on a and o. When these vowels come before double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, as in arable, carry, marry, orator, horrid, forage, &c. they are considerably shorter than when the r is the final letter of the word, or when it is suc- ceeded by another consonant, as in arbour, car, mar, or, nor, for. In the same manner, the i, coming before either double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, preserves its pure short sound, as in irritate, spirit, conspiracy, &c; but when r is followed by an- other consonant, or is the final letter of a word with the accent upon it, the i goes into a deeper and broader sound, equivalent to short e, as heard in virgin, virtue, &c. So fir, a tree, is perfectly similar to the first syllable of ferment. There is an irregular pronunciation of this letter, which has greatly multi- plied within these few years, and that is, the slender sound heard in ee. This sound is chiefly found in words derived from the French and Italian languages. The words that have preserved the foreign sound of i like ee, are princi- pally the following: antique, bombasin, brasil, capivi, capuchin, caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de-frise, critique, frize, gabar- dine, haberdine 9 quarantine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue, invalid, ma- chine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, police, profile, recitative, man- darine, tabourine, tambourine, tontine, transmarine, ultramarine. In all these words, if for the last i we substitute ee, we shall have the true pronuncia- tion. In signior the first i is thus pro- nounced. When i ends an initial syllable with- out the accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a consonant, the SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 11 i is generally slender, as if written e. But the exceptions to this rule are so numerous, that nothing but a cata- logue would give a tolerable idea of the state of pronunciation in this point. Chicane and chicanery have the i always short, or more properly slender. Ci before the accent has the i gene- rally short, as, ci-vilian 9 ci-vility. Ci-barious and ci-tation have the i long. Cli before the accent has the i long, as, cli-macter . Cri before the accent has the i ge- nerally long, as, cri-nigerous, cri-te- rion. Di before the accented syllable, be- ginning with a consonant, ought gene- rally to be pronounced long, as, di- gest, digestion , digress, digression, di- lute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, di- mensive, direct, direction, diversify, diversification, diversion, diversity, di- vert, advertisement, divertive, divest, divesture, divulge, didactic, dilacerate, dilaceration, dilaniaie, dilapidation, di- late, dilatable, dilat ability , dilection, dinumeration, diverge, divergent; though some of them may undoubtedly be pro- nounced either way ; and in some the i is short, as, divide, diminish, divine, diuresis, dioptrics, &c. O. Grammarians have generally al- lowed this letter but three sounds. Mr. Sheridan instances them in not, note, prove. For a fourth T have added the o in love, dove, &c. ; for the fifth, that in or, nor, for; and a sixth, that in woman, wolf, &c. .The first and only peculiar sound of this letter is that by which it is named in the alphabet : it requires the mouth to be formed, in some de- gree, like the letter, in order to pro- nounce it. This may be called its long open sound, as the o in prove may be called its long slender sound. This sound we find in words ending with silent e, as, tone, bone, alone; or when ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as, mo-tion, po-tent, &c. ; likewise in the monosyllables, go, so, no. This sound is found under seve- ral combinations of other vowels with this letter, as in moan, groan, bow (to shoot with), low (not high), and before st in the words host, ghost, post, most, and before ss in gross. The third sound of this letter is called its short sound, and is found in not, got, lot, &c. ; though this, as in the other short vowels, is by no means the short sound of the former long one, but corresponds exactly to that of a, in what, with which the words not, got, lot, are perfect rhymes. The second sound of this letter, as was marked in the observation, may be called its long slender sound, cor- responding to the double o. The words where this sound of o occurs are so few, that it will be easy to give a catalogue of them : prove, move, behove, and their compounds, lose, do, ado, poltron, ponton, sponton, who, whom, womb, tomb. It may be observed, that the o, like the e, is suppressed in a final unac- cented syllable when preceded by c or k, and followed by n, as bacon, beacon, deacon, beckon , reckon, pronounced bak'n, beatin, deak'n, beck'n, reck'n. The o is likewise mute in the same si- tuation, when preceded by d in pardon, pronounced pard'n, but not in guer- don : it is mute when preceded by p in weapon, capon, &c. pronounced weap'n, cap'n, &c ; and when pre- ceded by s in reason, season, treason, oraison, benison, denison, unison,foison, poison, prison, damson, crimson, advow- son, pronounced reazn, treaz'n, &c. and mason, bason, garrison, lesson, ca- prison, comparison, disinherison, parson, and person, pronounced mas'n, bas'n, &c. Unison, diapason, and cargason, seem, particularly in solemn speaking, to preserve the sound of o like u, as if written unizun, diapazun, &c. The same letter is suppressed in a final un- accented syllable beginning with t, as seton, cotton, button, mutton, glutton, pronounced as if written set y n, cot'n, &c. When x precedes the t, the o is pronounced distinctly, as in sexton* 12 SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. This letter is likewise suppressed in in the last syllable of blazon, pro- nounced blaz'n ; but is always to be preserved in the same syllable of hori- zon. This suppression of the o must not be ranked among those careless abbreviations found only among the vulgar, but must be considered as one of those devious tendencies to brevity, which has worn itself a currency in the language, and has at last become a part of it. To pronounce the o in those cases where it is suppress- ed, would give a singularity to the speaker. U. The first sound of u, heard in tube, or ending an accented syllable, as in cu-bic, is a diphthongal sound, as if e were prefixed, and these words were spelt tewbe, kewbic. The letter u is exactly the pronoun you. The second sound of u is the short sound, which tallies exactly with the o in done, son, &c. which every ear perceives might as well, for the sound's sake, be spelt dun, sun, &c. The third sound of this letter is the u in bull, full, pull, &c. The first or diphthongal u in tube seems almost as peculiar to the English as the long sound of the i in thine, mine, &c. ; but here, as if they chose to imitate the Latin, Italian, and French u, they leave out the e before the u, which is heard in tube, mule, &c. and do not pronounce the latter part of u quite so long as the oo in pool, nor so short as the u in dull, but with a middle sound between both, which is the true short sound oo in coo and woo, as may be heard by comparing woo and wool; the latter of which is a perfect rhyme to toll. This middle sound of u, so unlike the general sound of that letter, exists only in the following words: bull, full, pull ; words compounded of full, as wonderful, dreadful, &c. bullock, bully, bullet, bulvmrk, fuller, fulling- mill, pulley, pullet, push, bush, bushel, pulpit, puss, bullion, butcher, cushion, cuckoo, pudding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put, when a verb : we find this sound chiefly confined to words which begin with the mute labials, b, p, f, and end with the liquid labial I, or the dentals s, t, and d, as in bull, full, pull, bush, push, pudding, puss, put, &c. The compounds of bull, and those of full, which are numerous, follow the sound of their primitives. It must be remarked, that this sound of u, except in the word fuller, never extends to words from the learned lan- guages; for, fulminant, fulmination, ebullition, repulsion, sepulchre, &c. sound the u as in dull, gull, &c. and the u in pus and pustule is exactly like the same letter in thus. So the pure English words, fulsome, buss, bulge, bustle, bustard, buzzard, preserve the u in its second sound, as us, hull, and custard. A deviation from the legitimate sounds of this letter is found in the words busy, business and bury, which are pronounced bizzy, bizness, and berry. Y final Y final, either in a word or syllable, is a pure vowel, and has exactly the same sound as i would have in the same situation. For this reason, printers, who have been the great correctors of our orthography, have substituted the i in its stead, on ac- count of the too great frequency of this letter in the English language. That y final is a vowel, is universally acknowledged ; nor need we any other proof of it than its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, &c. or ending a syllable with the ac- cent upon it, as bmjing, cyder, &c. ; this may be called its first vowel sound. The second sound of the vowel y is its short sound, heard in system, syn- tax, &c. The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syllable, like that of the i in the same situation, is always like the first sound of e: thus vanity, pleurisy, &c, if sound alone were con- SO JNDS OF THE VOWELS. 13 suited, might be written vanitee, pleu- risee, &c. The exception to this rule is, when/ precedes the y in a final syllable, the y is then pronounced as long and open as if the accent were on it : thus jus- tify, qualify, &c. have the last syllable sounded like that in defy. This long sound continues when the y is changed into i, in justifiable, qualifiable, &c. The same may be observed of multi- ply and multip liable, &c. occupy and occupiable 9 &c. W final. That w final is a vowel, is not dis- puted; when it is in this situation, it is equivalent to oo ; as may be per- ceived in the sound of vow, tow-el, &c. ; where it forms a real diphthong, composed of the a in wa-ter, and the oo in woo and coo. It is often joined to o at the end of a syllable, without affecting the sound of that vowel ; and in this situation it may be called ser- vile, as in bow (to shoot with), crow, low, not high, &c. DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A ? Has, in the English language, regularly only two sounds peculiar to itself ; a short and a long one ; all other sounds being ir- regular ; and depending upon its combina- tion with other letters. The broad sound resembling that of the German a is found in many of our monosyllables, as all, wall, malt, sail ; in which a is pronounced as au in cause, or aw in law. A open, not unlike the a of the Italians, is found, in father, rather. A slender, or close, is the peculiar a of the English language, resembling the sound of the French e masculine, as in the words place, face, waste, and all those that terminate in ation; as, relation, nation, ge- neration. A is also, in some words tran- sient and unobserved, as in the last sylla- bles of carriage and marriage ; in others less faintly sounded, as in those of captain and chaplain ; and in some obscurely utter- ed, as in collar, jocular. A, an article set before nouns of the singular number; a man, a tree. Before words be- ginning with a vowel and h mute, it is writ- ten an ; as an ox, an egg, an honour, an ha- bitual practice. A is sometimes a noun ; as, a great A. A is placed before a parti- ciple, or participial noun ; and is considered as a contraction of at; as 1 am a walking. It also seems to be anciently contracted from at, when placed before local surnames ; as Thomas a Becket. In other cases, it seems to signify to ; and in some cases it signifies in. A, prefixed to many or few, implies one whole number ; as, Told of a many thousand warlike French. A has a peculiar signification, denoting the propor- tion of one thing to another ; as, The land- lord hath a hundred a year. A., in compo- sition, seems to have sometimes the power of the French a in these phrases, a droit, a gauche, &c. and sometimes to be contract- ed from at, as, aside, aslope, afoot, asleep, atkirst, aware. Yet some of these are not so contracted. They are the same as on side, on foot, on sleep. So adays was for- merly written on days ; aboard, on board. There are words of which the a is become so component a part as not to be displaced ; as, afresh, alive, aloud, anew ; but it is re- dundant in arise, arouse, awake. A, in ab- breviations, stands for artium, or arts ; as A.B. batchelor of arts, artium baccalaur eus ; A. M. master of arts, artium magister ; oi anno ; as, A. D. anno domini. ABAC1ST, (ab'-a-sist) n. s. He who casts accounts, a calculator. ABACK, (a-bak') ad. Backwards; a sea term, applied to sails when flatted against the mast. ABACOT, (ab'-a-kot) n. s. The cap of state, used T in T old times by our English kings, wrought up in the figure of two crowns. ABACTOR, (a-bak'-tur) n. s. One who drives away or steals cattle in herds or great numbers at once, in distinction from those that steal only a sheep or two. ABACUS, (ab'-a kus)rc. s. A counting-table, anciently used in calculations ; the upper- most member of a column. ABAFT, (a-baff) ad. From the fore-part of the ship, towards the stern. ABAISANCE, (a-ba'-sanse) n. s. An act of reverence ; a bow. To AB ALIEN ATE, (ab-a'-le en-ate) v. a. To estrange ; to withdraw the affection. In law, To transfer the property of a thing to another : applied chiefly to lands. AB ALIEN ATION, (ab-a-le-en-a'-shun) n.s. The act of giving up one's right to another person. To ABANDON, (a-ban'-dun) v. a. To give up, resign, or quit ; to desert ; to forsake ; to leave. ABANDONED, (a-ban'-dund) par. Given up ; corrupted in the highest degree, aa, an abandoned wretch. ABANDONEE, (a-ban'-dun-er) n. s. A for- saker. ABANDONING, (a-ban'-dun-ing) n. s. A leaving, or forsaking. ABANDONMENT, (a-ban'-dun-ment) n. s. The act of abandoning, ABANNITION, (ab-an-ish'-un) n. s. A ba- nishment for one or two years for man- slaughter. To ABARE, (a-bare') v. a. To make bare, uncover, or disclose. ABARTICULATION, (ab-ar-tik-u-la'-shun) n. s. That species of articulation that has manifest motion. To ABASE, (a-base')t;. a. To depress ; to lower ; to cast down ; to bring low. ABASED, a. A term in heraldry, used of the wings of eagles, when the top looks Fate, far, fall, fst ; — me, met ;- -pine, pin ; — no, move pO/Ur.d ; — thin, rnis. ngt ; — tube, tub, by! 1 ;—o]\ ABB downwards, towards the point of the shield ; or when the wings are shut. ABASEMENT, (a-base'-ment)n. s. The state of being brought low ; the act of bringing low ; depression. To ABASH, (a-bash') v. a. To put into con- fusion ; to make ashamed. It generally implies a sudden impression of shame. The passive admits the participle at, some- times of, before the casual noun. ABASHMENT,(a-bash'-ment) n.s. The state of being ashamed ; cause of confusion. To ABATE, (a-bate') v. a. To lessen ; to diminish ; to deject or depress the mind ; to let down the price in selling ; sometimes to beat down the price in buying. To ABATE, (a-bate'>u. n. To grow less; as, his passion abates ; the storm abates ; used sometimes with the participle of before the thing lessened. In common law, it is used both actively and neuterly ; as, to abate a castle, to beat it down ; to destroy, or re- move ; as to abate a nuisance. To abate a writ, is, by some exception, to defeat or overthrow it. In horsemanship, a horse is said to abate or take down his curvets ; when working upon curvets, he puts his two hind-legs to the ground both at once, and observes the same exactness in all the times. ABATEMENT, (a-bate'-ment) n. s. The act of abating in the different senses of the verb. (See Abate) The state of being abated ; the sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating; extenuation. In law, the act of the abator ; or the affection or passion of the thing abated ; as, abatement of the writ ; a plea in abatement is a plea put in by the defendant praying that the writ or plaint may abate, that is, that the suit of the plaintiff may cease for the time being. In heraldry, an accidental mark, which being added to a coat of arms, the dignity of it is abased. In commerce, a discount in the price, where the money is advanced directly. ABATER,, (a-ba'-ter) n. s. The agent or cause by which an abatement is procured. ABATIS, (ab'-a-tis) A military term. It means trees cut down, and so laid as to form a defence for troops stationed behind them. ABATOR, (a-ba'-tur) n. s. One who intrudes houses or land, not entered upon by the legal heir. ABATUDE, (ab'-a-tude) n.s. Any thing di- minished. ABATURE, (ab'-a-ture) n. s. Sprigs of grass thrown down by a stag in his passing by. ABB, (ab) n. s. The yarn on a weaver's warp. ABBA, (ab'-ba) n. s. ASyriack word which signifies father. ABBACY, (ab'-ba-se) n.s. The government of an abbey ; the rights and privileges of an abbot. ABBAT1AL, (ab-ba'-sial) a. Relating to an abbey. ABBESS, (ab -ogss) n, • . The superiour or governess of u nunn ry or monastry of wo- man. ABE ABBEY, or ABBY, (ab'-be) n. s. A mo- nastry of religious persons, whether men or women, distinguished from religious houses of other denominations by larger privileges. ABBOT, (ab'-but) n. s. The chief of a con- vent, or fellowship of canons. ABBOTSH1P, n. s. The state of an abbot. To ABBREVIATE, (ab-bre'-ve-ate) v. a. To shorten by contraction of parts without loss of the main substance ; to abridge ; to shorten ; to cut short. ABBREVIATE, (ab-bre'-ve-ate) n.s. An abridgement. ABBREVIATION, (ab-bre-ve-a'-shun) n. s. The act of abbreviating, or state of being abbreviated ; the means used to abbreviate, as characters signifying whole words ; words contracted. ABBRE VIATOR, (ab-bre'-ve-a-tur) n. s. One who abbreviates or abridges. ABBREVIATORY, (ab-bre',ve-a-tur-re) a. That which abreviates, or shortens. ABBREVIATURE, (ab-bre'-ve-a-ture,) ?,. s. A mark used for the sake of shortening ; a compendium or abridgement. ABBREUVOIR. A wateiing-place; among masons, the joint or juncture of two stores, or the interstice between two stones to be filled up with mortar. A, B, C. The alphabet; the little book by which the elements of reading are taught. ABDECANT, (ab'-de-kant) part. a. Abdi- cating, renouncing. ABD1CANT, (ab'-de-kant) n. s. The person abdicating. To ABDICATE, (ab'-de-kate) v. a. To give up right ; to resign ; to lay down an office ; to deprive of right. To ABDICATE, (ab'-de-kate) v. n. To re- sign ; to give up right. ABDICATION, .(ab-de-ka'-shun) n . s . The act of abdicating ; resignation ; the act of renouncing any thing. ABDICAT1VE, (ab'-de-ca-tive) a. Causing or implying an abdication. ABDITIVE, (ab'-de-tive) a. That which has the power or quality of hiding. ABDITORY, n.s. A place to hide and preserve goods in. ABDOMEN, (ab-do'-men) n.s. That cavity commonly called the lower venter or belly, containing the stomach, guts, liver, &c. ABDOMINAL, (ab-dom'-me-nal) )«.Re- ABDOMINOUS, (ab-do'm'-me'-nus) ] lating to the abdomen. To ABDUCE, (ab-duse>. a. To draw to a different part ; to withdraw one part from another. ABDUCENT, (ab-du'-sent) a. Drawing away. Muscles which serve to open or contract parts of the body are called abducents. ABDUCTION, (ab-duk'-shun) n.s. The act of drawing apart, or withdrawing one part from another ; a particular form of argu- ment ; taking away, or leading away. ABDUCTOR, (ab-duk'-tur) s. Muscles which draw back the several members. ABEARANCE, (a-ba'-ranse) n.s. Behaviour, a technical term. Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, met ; — pine, pin ; — no, move, ABJ ABECEDARIAN, (a-be-se-da'-re-an) ». s. A teacher of the alphabet, or first rudiments of literature. ABED, (a-bed') ad. In bed ; to bed ; a vul- garism. ABERRANCE, (ab-er'-ranse) } s. A devi- ABERRANCY, (ab-er'-ran-se) ] ation from the right way. ABERRANT, (ab-er'-rant) a. Deviating from the right way. ABERRATION, (ab-er-ra'-shun) n. s. An errour ; a mistake ; deviating from the common or right track : applied chiefly to mistakes of the mind. ABERR1NG, (ab-er'-ring)j)a?*r. Wandering, going astray. To ABERUNCATE,(ab-e-run'-kate)r;.«. To pull up by the roots ; to exterpate utterly. To ABET, (a-bet') v. a. To set on ; to push forward another ; to support him in his de- signs by connivance, encouragement, or help. ABETMENT, (a-bet'-ment) n. s. The act of abetting. ABETTER or ABBETOR, (a-bet'-tur) n.s. He that abets ; the supporter or encourager of another. ABEYANCE, (a-ba'-anse) n. s. Reversion ; expectation. Lands, &c. are in abeyance, which are not actually in the possession, but only in the expectance of him who is next to inherit them. To ABGREG ATE, (ab'-gre-gate) v. a. To lead out of the flock. ABGREG ATION, (ab'-gre-ga-shun) n.s. A separation from the flock. To ABHOR, (ab-hgr') v. a. To hate with acrimony ; to detest to extremity ; to loath ; to abominate. ABHORRENCE, (ab-hor'-rense) \n.s. The ABHORRENCY, (ao-hgr'-ren-se) ] act of abhorring ; detestation ; the disposition to abhor, used with the participles from or of. ABHORRENT, (ab-hor'-rent)a. Struck with abhorrence ; loathing ; contrary to ; foreign ; inconsistent with. It is used with the par- ticles from or to ; as, it is abhorrent to me. ABHORRENTLY, (ab-hgr'-rent-le) ad. In an abhorrent manner. ABHORRER, (ab-hgr'-rur) n. s. A hater, detester. To ABIDE, (a-bide') v. n. To stay in a place ; to dwell ; to remain without decay ; to continue in the same state ; to endure without offence. To ABIDE, (a-bide') v. a. To wait for ; ex- pect ; attend ; to bear or support the con- sequences ; to support or vindicate ; with by ; as I will abide by it ; to bear without aversion ; to bear or suffer. ABIDER, (a-bi'-dur) s. He that abides in a place. ABIDING, (a-bi'-ding) 11. s. Continuance ; stay. ABJECT, fab'-jekt) a. Mean ; worthless ; low ; being of no hope or regard ; despic- able ; vile. ABJECT, (ab'-jekt), n. s. A man without hope ; one of the lowest condition. ABL To ABJECT, (ab-jekt') v. a. To throw ot cast away ; to throw or cast down. ABJECTEDNESS, ^ab-jek'-ted-ness) n. *. The state of an abject. ABJECTION, (ab-jek'-shun) n. s. Meanness of mind ; want of spirit ; the state of being cast away, or lost ; the state of being cast down ; the act of humbling ; humiliation. ABJECTLY, (ab'-jekt-le) ad. Meanly; basely. AB JECTNESS, (ab'jekt-ness; n. s. Abjec ■ tion ; meanness. ABILITY, (a-bil'-e-te) n. s. The power to do any thing ; capacity of mind ; mental power; in the plural number, abilities, it generally signifies the faculties cf the mind. ABINTESTATE, (ab-in-tes'-tate) a. He that inherits from a man who did not make a will. ABJUDICATED, (ab-ju'-de-ka-ted) part. a. Given bv judgement from one to another. ABJUDICATION, (ab-ju-de-ka'-shun) n. s« Rejection. To ABJUG ATE, (ab'-ju-gate) v. a. To unyoke. ABJURATION, (ab-ju-r'a-shun) n. s. The act of abjuring ; the oath taken for that end. To ABJURE, (ab-jure') v. a. To cast oft upon oath ; to swear not to do, or not to have something ; to retract, recant, or ab- negate a position upon oath. To quit the country, and go into banishment ; from the custom of abjuring the realm by felons who had taken sanctuary. ABJUREMENT, (ab-jure'-ment) n. s. Re- cantation. ABJURER, (ab-jxi'-rer) n. s. He who abjures or recants. To ABLACTATE, (ab-lak'-tate) v. a. To Avean from the breast. ABLACTATION, (ab-lak-ta'-shun) n. s. One of the methods of grafting. ABLAQUEATION, (ab-la-kwe-a'-shun) v. s. The act or practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees. ABLATION, (ab-Ia-shun) n. s. The act of taking away. ABLATIVE, (ab'-la-tiv) a. That which takes away ; the sixth case of the Latin nouns. ABLE, (a'-bl) a. Having strong faculties, or great strength ; power of mind ; having power sufficient. ABLE-BODIED, (a'-bl-bgd-did) a. Strong of body. To ABLEGATE, (ab'-le-gate) v. a. To sena abroad upon some employment. ABLEGATION, (ab- le'-ga-shun) n. s. The act of sending abroad. ABLENESS, (a'-bl-ness) n. s. Ability of body or mind ; vigour ; force ; capability. ABLEPSY, (ab'-lep-se) n. s. Want of sight; blindness. Figuratively, unadvisedness. To ABLIGATE, (ab'-le-gate) v. a. To tye up from. 7bABLOCATE, (drMo-kate) v. a. To let out to hire. ABLOCATION, (ab-lo-ka'-shun) n. s. A letting out to hire. npt ; — tube, tub, bull ; — gil ; — pgund ; — thin, Tins. ABO ABLUENT, (ab'-lu-ent) a. That which washes clean ; that which has the power of cleansing. ABLUTION, (ab-lu'-shun) n.s. The act of cleansing or washing clean ; the water used in washing ; the rinsing of chymical pre- parations in water. A religious ceremony, being a sort of purification, performed by washing the body. ABLY, (a'-ble) ad. With ability. To ABNEGATE, (ab'-ne-gate) v. a. To deny. ABNEGATION, (ab-ne-ga'-shun) n. s. De- nial ; renunciation. ABNEGATOR, (ab-ne-ga'-tur)n.s. One who denies, renounces, or opposes any thing. ABNODATION, (ab-no-da'-shun) n.s. The act of cutting away knots from trees. ABOARD, (a-bord') ad. In a ship. ABODANCEl (a-bo'-danse) n.s An omen. ABODE, (a-bode") 'n. s. Habitation ; dwell- ing ; place of residence ; stay ; continuance in a place. To make abode. To dwell ; to reside ; to inhabit. A.BODE, (a-bode') pret. from Abide To stay, continue, or dwell. To ABODE, (a-bode) v. a. [See Bode.J To foretoken or foreshow ; to prognosticate. To ABODE, (a-bode') v. n. To be an omen. ABODEMENT, ' (a-bode'-ment) n. s. A secret anticipation of something. ABODING, (a-bo'-ding) n.s. Presentiment; prognostication. ABOLETE, (ab'-o-lete) a. Old ; out of use. To ABOLISH^ (a-bgl'-ish) v. a. To annul ; to make void. Applied to laws or insti- tutions. To put an end to ; to destroy. ABOLISHABLE, (a-bgl'-ish-a-bl) a. That which may be abolished. ABOLISHER, (a bol'-lish-er) s. He that abolishes. ABOLISHMENT, (a-bol'-lish-ment) n. s. The act of abolishing. ABOLITION, (ab-o-lish'-un) n. a.- The state of being abolished; the act of abolishing. ABOMINABLE, (a-bom'-e-na-bl) a. Hate- ful, detestable ; to be loathed. ABOMINABLENESS,(abom'-e-na-bl-ness) n.s. Hatefulness; odiousness. ABOMINABLY, (^-bom'-e-na-ble) ad. Most hatefully ; odiously ; detestably ; in a man- ner to be abominated. To ABOMINATE, (a-bom'-e-nate) v. a. To abhor, detest, hate utterly. ABOMINATION, (a^bom-e-na'-shun) n. $. Hatred ; detestation ; the object of ha- tred ; pollution ; defilement ; wickedness ; hateful or shameful vice. ABORIGINAL, (ab-o-ridge'-e-nal) a. Primi- tive ; pristine. ABORIGINES, (ab-o ridge'-e-nez)n.s. The earliest inhabitants of a country ; those of whom no original is to be traced ; as, the Welsh in Britain. To ABORT, (abort') v. n. To bring forth be- fore the time ; to miscarry. ABORTION, (^-bor'~si:un) n. $. The act of ABR bringing forth untimely ; the produce of an untimely birth. ABORTIVE, (abor'-tiv) a. Being brought forth before the due time of birth ; bring- ing forth nothing ; failing or miscarrying from whatever cause. ABORTIVELY,(a-bor'-tiy-le) ad. Born with- out the due time ; immaturely ; untimely. ABORTIVENESS, (a-bgr'-tiv-ness) n.s. The state of abortion. ABORTMENT, (a- bgrt'-ment) n. ?. An un- timely birth. ABOVE, (a-buv') prep. To a higher place ; in a higher place ; more in quantity or number ; in or to a superiour degree ; in a state of being superiour to ; unattainable by ; beyond ; more than ; too proud for ; too high for. ABOVE, (a-buv') ad. Over-head ; in a higher place ; in the regions of heaven , before ; chief in rank or power. ABOVE-ALL, (a buv-all') ad. In the first place; chiefly. ABOVE-BOARD, (a-buv'-bord) ad. Upon deck. Figuratively, in open sight ; without artifice or trick ; without disguise or con- cealment. ABOVE-CITED, (a-buv si-ted) part. Cited before. ABOVE-GROUND, (a-buv'-grour-d) ad. Used to signify alive ; not in the grave- ABOVE-MENTIONED,(a-buv'-men-shund) part. See Above-cited. To ABOUND, (a-bgund') v. n. To have in great plenty ; to be in great plenty. ABOUT, (a-bgut') prep. Round; surround- ing ; encircling ; near to : concerning ; with regard to ; relating to ; in a state of being engaged in, or employed upon ; appendant to the person, as clothes ; relating to the person, as a servant. ABOUT, (about) ad. Circularly, in a round ; in circuit, in compass ; nearly, as about ten or twelve men ; here and there : with to before a verb it gives an incipient signification ; as, about to fly : round ; the longest way, in opposition to the short straight way : to bring about, to bring to the point desired ; to come about, to come to some certain state or point ; to go about, to prepare to do it. ABP. for Archbishop ; which see. ABRACADABRA, (ab-ra-ka- dab -ra) A cabalistical word used as a charm against fevers. To ABRADE, (a-brade') v. a. To rub off; to waste by degrees. ABRASION, (a-bra'-zhun) The act of abrading or rubbing off. In medicine, the wearing away of the natural mucus of cer- tain membranes ; the matter worn off by the attrition of bodies. ABREAST, (a-brest') ad. Side by side. ABRENUNCIATlON, n. s. See Renun- ciation'. ABREPTION, (ab-rep'-sLun) n. of being carried away. The stale Fate, far, fa.ll, fat; — me, met; —pine, pin; — no, move, ABS To ABRIDGE, (a-bridje') v. a. To make shorter in words ; to contract ; to diminish ; to deprive of ; to cut off from. ABRTDGER, (a-brid'-jer) n. s. He that abridges ; a shortener ; a writer of com- pendiums or abridgements. ABRIDGEMENT,(a-bridje'-ment) n.s. The epitome of a larger work contracted into a small compass ; a compendium ; a sum- mary ; a diminution in general ; contrac- tion ; reduction. To ABROACH, (abrotsh') v. a. To tap ; to set abroach. ABROACH, (a-brotsh') ad. In a posture to run out, properly spoken of vessels ; in a state to be diffused or extended. ABROAD, (a-brawd') ad. Without confine- ment ; widely ; at large ; out of the house ; in another country ; diffused in all direc- tions, this way and that ; without, in contradistinction to within. To ABROGATE, (ab'-ro-gate) v. a. To re- peal ; to annul. ABROGATE part. a. Annulled ; abolished. ABROGATION, (ab-ro-ga'-shun) n. s. The act of abrogating ; the repeal of a law. ABROOD, (a-brood) ad< In the action of brooding. ABRUPT, (ab-rupt') a. Broken, craggy; di- vided, without any thing intervening ; sud- den, without the customary or proper pre- paratives. Figuratively, unconnected ; as " an abrupt style." ABRUPTION, (ab-rup'-shun) n.s. Breaking off ; violent and sudden separation. ABRUPTLY, (ab-rupt'-le) ad. Hastily ; without the due forms of preparation ; ruggedly ; unevenly. ABRUPTNESS, (ab-rupt'-ness) n. s. An abrupt manner ; haste ; suddenness ; roughness ; cragginess ; as of a fragment violently disjointed. ABSCESS, (ab'-sess) n.s. A tumour filled with matter. To ABSCIND, (ab-sind') v. a. To cut off. ABSCISS, (ab'-sfss) n.s. or ABSCISSA, Part of the diameter of a conick section, inter- cepted between the vertex and a semi-ordi- nate. ABSCISSION, (ab-sizh'-un) n. s. The act of cutting off; the state of being cut off. To ABSCOND, (ab-skond') v. n. To hide or conceal one's self; to fly or absent one's self : generally used of persons in debt, or criminals eluding the law. ABSCONDER, (ab-scon'der) n. s. He that absconds. ABSENCE, (ab'-sense) n. s. The state of being absent, opposed to presence ; want of appearance, in the legal sense. When applied to the mind, inattention ; neglect of the present object. ABSENT, (ab'-sent) a. Not present ; inat- tentive in mind. To ABSENT, (ab-sent') v. n. To forbear to come into presence ; to withdraw one's self. ABSENTEE, (ab-sen-te') n. s. He that is absent from his station. ABS ABSENTMENT, (ab-sent -ment) n. s. The act of absenting, or state of being absent. ABSINTHIAN, (ab-sin'-*fte-an) a. Of the nature of absinthium, or wormwood. ABSINTHIATED,