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 GENERAL VIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES; 
 
 COMPRISING, ALSO, 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE AND 
 TERRITORY IN THE UNION; 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 VARIOUS TABULAR STATEMENTS, 
 
 COMPREHENDING AGGREGATES OF THE 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, AS WELt AS 
 
 IN THE YEARn840. 
 
 TABLES OF THE MINING, AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND 
 COMMERCIAL INDUSTRY OF THE UNION; 
 
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 ALSO, OF ITS 
 
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 CANALS, RAIL-ROADS, COLLEGES, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, ETC. 
 
 BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PUBLISHED BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 
 
 N. E. CORNER OF MARKET AND SEVENTH STS. 
 
 1846. *^ 
 
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1 
 
 GENERAL VIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES; 
 
 COMPRISING, ALSO, 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE AND 
 TERRITORY IN THE UNION; ' 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 VARIOUS TABULAR STATEMENTS, 
 
 COMPREHENDING AGGREGATES OF THE 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, AS WELL AS 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1840. 
 
 TABLES OF THE MINING, AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND 
 COMMERCIAL INDUSTRY OF THE UNION; 
 
 ALSO, OF ITS 
 
 CANALS. RAIL-ROADS. COLLEGES, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONj 
 BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL) 
 
 PHILADELPHIA; 
 PUBLISHED BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 
 
 N. E. CORNER OF MARKET AND SEVENTH STS. 
 
 1846. 
 
Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by 
 
 H. N. BURROUGHS, 
 
 in the clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
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 PEEFACE. 
 
 The rapid growth of the American Republic in extent and population, and the 
 distinguished position it has assumed among the nations of the earth, render an 
 acquaintance with the geography of its various states and territories so important, 
 that no one can, without the imputation of ignorance, be destitute to any extent 
 of a knowledge of what is becoming every day better understood, and of which 
 the means and the materials are constantly on the increase. It is, doubtless, 
 incumbent on every individual to become familiar, as far as practicable, with the 
 geography, resources, and condition of the country of which he is a citizen : 
 more especially he who exercises the right of suffrage should, to the extent that 
 his means will permit, obtain a knowledge of the character and details of the 
 government of which he may with propriety be called one of the joint sove- 
 reigns, and for the proper conduct of the administration of which he is indirectly 
 responsible. 
 
 A perusal of the following pages will be found to supply a large amount of 
 valuable information, concisely stated in comparatively a small space, and to 
 impart an intimate acquaintance with the physical features, population, produc- 
 tions, resources, trade, and improvement of all parts of the Union. For fami- 
 lies it is well calculated as a compendious reading-book; and for scholars, whose 
 ideas of geography are derived from some of the various treatises that are usually 
 studied in the public and private schools of the Union, it will impart a more 
 extended and enlarged view of that important science. 
 
 The geographical description comprises a general account of the Union, with 
 its Executive government. Judiciary, Public Lands, Army, Navy, &c. ; followed 
 by a special delineation of all the different states, including Florida and Texas, 
 as well as the Wisconsin, Iowa, Indian, Missouri, and Oregon Territories — 
 representing their position, soil, minerals, agriculture, products, manufactures, 
 commerce, religious denominations, cities, towns, &c. ; all derived from the best 
 authorities, and brought down to the present time. Besides which, there are 
 a number of valuable statistical tables, comprehending an aggregate of the num- 
 bers of the different classes of the inhabitants, and their pursuits, — the compara- 
 tive numbers of the population at different periods, besides lists of the universi- 
 ties and colleges, and other literary and scientific institutions, — the principal 
 canals and rail-roads, numbers of the individuals attached to the different 
 religious societies in the country, &c. The whole forming a mass of facts, 
 interesting to men of business and students of geography, as well as to the 
 public generally. 
 
 Philadelphia, April, 1846. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The United States are the most interesting and important division of the 
 western continent. They are distinguished for the excellence of their govern- 
 ment, the rapid increase of the population, and for the intelligence, industry, and 
 enterprise of the inhabitants. They occupy the most valuable and productive 
 portion of North America, and rank amongst the most powerful commercial and 
 wealthy nations of the globe. 
 
 The United States are situated between 24° 20' and 54° 40' N. latitude, and 
 longitude 17° E., and 125° W. longitude, extending through 29 degrees of lati- 
 tude and 58 degrees of longitude, and comprise a superficial area of upwards of 
 2,300,000 square miles. The frontier line has a length of 10,000 miles, of which 
 about 3600 are sea-coast, and 1200 lake-coast. A line drawn across from the At- 
 lantic to the Pacific, through the centre, is about 2500 miles in length. 
 
 So vast a region of course includes a great variety of sarface, soil, and climate. 
 It abounds in navigable rivers, and a large proportion of it is susceptible of culti- 
 vation, and is of a quality calculated to repay the labour bestowed upon it, more 
 than almost any other region of the same extent in the world : but a small portion 
 of its surface is occupied by mountains, which, from their height or ruggedness, 
 forbid all attempts to render them productive in the means of subsistence to. man. 
 There are no great deserts, and few barrens; nothing like the vast sterile plains 
 which exist in other parts of the world. The basins of the rivers are exceed- 
 ingly productive : that of the Mississippi, including the Missouri, is undoubtedly 
 the finest valley on the globe. It is abundantly watered by streams, which not 
 only give fertility to their borders, but are ready to waft the gifts of the soil to the 
 ocean, and bring back to the inhabitants the products of all other climes. The 
 soil returns an ample harvest for all that is planted in it, and the climate is favour- 
 able to almost every production of the earth that can sustain life or increase its 
 luxuries. 
 
 Though lying within the temperate zone, the United States embrace a great 
 variety of climate. In the northern parts, the winters are long and severe ; snow 
 often falls to the depth of two or three feet, and the cold is so piercing as to 
 oblige the inhabitants to make very diligent provision against it. Spring returns 
 here in April, and in summer the heat is great. In the southern parts of the 
 country, snow is seldom seen, ice is rarely formed in the rivers, and those fruits 
 which shrink from a northern climate, and flourish only in warm regions, are 
 scattered over the soil. In Georgia, the inhabitants may collect the figs which 
 grow before the windows, and may load their tables with oranges, lemons, and 
 other exquisite fruits that grow in their gardens and groves, while in parts of 
 Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, even peaches will not flourish. Between 
 these extremities, as in Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Illinois, there is a re- 
 gion adapted to the wine-grape, which thrives best in places removed from both 
 the torrid and frigid zones. 
 
 The United States are intersected by two principal and two subordinate ranges 
 of mountains, the Rocky and Alleghany, the Ozark and Green Mountains. The 
 Rocky Mountain, or Chippewayan range, forms the great dividing ridge of North 
 America, separating the waters which flow in opposite directions, towards the 
 great oceans which bound the opposite sides of the continent. They are situated 
 at a medium distance of about 600 miles from the Pacific ; the highest rise above 
 the line of perpetual congelation, being estimated at about 12,000 feet in height. 
 
 The Alleghany, or Appalachian range, runs in a north-easterly direction from 
 the northern part of Alabama to New-York, stretching along in uniform ridges, 
 at the distance of from 250 to 80 miles from the sea-coast, and following its gene- 
 ral direction. It occupies in breadth a space of from 60 to 120 miles, and sepa- 
 rates the waters which run into the Atlantic Ocean, from those which flow into 
 the Mississippi and its tributaries. • The highest elevation in this range, and the 
 

 UNITED STATES. 
 
 most prominent in the Atlantic States, is Black Mountain, in the western part of 
 North Carolina : it is 6476 feet in height. 
 
 The Green Mountains extend from Connecticut, through Massachusetts and 
 Vermont, to Canada, dividing the Atlantic rivers from those of Lake Champlain 
 and the St. Lawrence. Some of the peaks of this range attain considerable ele- 
 vation. In New Hampshire and Maine, are found many considerable peaks, which 
 are not connected with any systematic range, but are scattered in detached 
 groups. The White Mountains, in New Hampshire, are the most elevated in 
 New England. Mount Katahdin, or Ktaadin, near the centre of the state of 
 Maine, is the highest in that state. The view from its summit is fine and varied, 
 and extends over 80 or 100 miles. The other principal heights in Maine are 
 Wassataquoik Mountain, Mount Abraham, Mount Bigelow, Speckled Mountain. 
 The Ozark Mountains extend from Texas, through the western part of Arkan- 
 sas, into the lead-mine region of Missouri. Their general direction is nearly 
 similar to that of the Alleghany range, and their altitude is supposed to be about 
 2000 feet above the sea. 
 
 The territory of the United Stales is washed by three seas, the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. 
 The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border, are Passamaquoddy Bay, 
 which lies between the state of Maine and the British province of New Bruns- 
 wick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, on the coast of 
 Massachusetts; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Con- 
 necticut; Delaware Bay, between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, which sepa- 
 rates New Jersey from Delaware ; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates with 
 the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, and extends in a northern di- 
 rection for 200 miles, through the states of Virginia and Maryland ; and Albe- 
 marle and Pamplico Sounds, on the coast of North Carolina. In the Gulf of 
 Mexico, the principal bays are Chatham Bay, near the southern extremity of the 
 peninsula of Florida ; Appalachie Bay ; and Mobile Bay, in Alabama. In the 
 Pacific, the Gulf of Georgia is the most important inlet on the western coast of 
 the United States. It separates Qudra and Vancouver's Island from the main 
 land, and is about 120 miles in length from north to south, and from 5 to 20 miles 
 in width. 
 
 The great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, not being altogether in the 
 United States, have been described elsewhere. The boundary between the Bri- 
 tish and American territories passes through their centre, allotting about an equal 
 share of their vast waters to each nation. Lake Michigan is wholly within the 
 territory of the United States. It is connected with Huron by the Strait of 
 Michillimackinac, and is about 320 miles in length, and from 55 to 60 miles wide, 
 with an area of 16,200 square miles. The country around the head of this lake 
 is settling rapidly ; and the mildness of the climate, the excellence of the soil, 
 and the probable speedy junction of its waters with those of the Mississippi, will 
 shortly fill this portion of the west with population and wealth. By the St. Clair 
 River, of 35 miles course, the waters of Huron rapidly descend to the St. Clair, a 
 shallov/ lake about 90 miles in circuit. Detroit River connects Lakes St. Clair and 
 Erie. The other lakes of any magnitude in the United States are Chamiplain in 
 New- York, Winnipiseogee in New Hampshire, and Moose Head in Maine. 
 
 Lake Champlain separates the States of New York and Vermont, and is in 
 extent 140 miles nearly north and south. It is connected with the Hudson river 
 j by the Champlain canal, and with the St. Lawrence river by the Sorelle, or Riche- 
 ! lieu. Large and elegant steam-boats ply daily between Whitehall and St. John's, 
 I Lower Canada, which touch at the principal places, and numerous travellers are 
 I constantly passing and repassing this route during the season of navigation. 
 
 Lake Winnipiseogee is one of the most picturesque sheets of water in New 
 England. It is very irregular in form, and contains a number of islands, some of 
 which are cultivated. The lake is about 22 miles long, and from 1 to 8 miles 
 wide. 
 
 ' Moose Head Lake is situated in the central parts of Maine. It is of an irre- 
 gular form, about 38 miles in length, and from 2 to 12 wide. The main branch 
 
 
of Kennebeck river flows from it. Around it, at various distances, are situated 
 some of the highest mountains in Maine. 
 
 The Rivers vv'hich water the territory of the United States are numerous, and 
 some of them among the most important in the world. No portion of the globe 
 possesses greater facilities for inland navigation and trade, or is more generally 
 intersected with large and navigable streams. They may be divided into four 
 great classes : 1st. The streams which rise on the east side of the Alleghany 
 mountains, and flow into the Atlantic Ocean ; 2d. Those south of the Alleghany 
 range, which discharge themselves into the Gulf of Mexico; 3d. The' Mississippi 
 and its wide tributaries, which drain the waters of the vast valley included be- 
 tween the Rocky and Alleghany ranges ; and 4th. The rivers which, rising on the 
 western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, direct their course to the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 The Penobscot is the largest river that has its course wholly in the State of 
 Maine. It joins the Penobscot Bay between the towns of Penobscot and Prospect. 
 It is navigable for vessels of considerable burden to Bangor, where navigation and 
 the tide terminate. Large quantities of timber are exported from the sea-ports 
 on the river and bay. The course of this river is near 300 miles. 
 
 Kennebeck River is, next to the Penobscot, the largest in Maine. It is the 
 outlet of Moose Head lake, the most considerable in the State. It is navigable 
 for vessels of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 miles from the sea. Its whole course is 
 about 230 miles. 
 
 Connecticut River, the most important stream in New England, rises in the 
 highlands separating the United States from Canada, and flows into Long Island 
 Sound, afl;er a course of upwards of 400 miles. It is navigable to Hartford for 
 large steam-boats, and vessels of 8 feet draught ; also for small steam-boats to 
 Wells river, in Vermont, more than 200 miles above Hartford. The head waters 
 of this river are elevated 1600 feet above Long Island Sound. Its banks present 
 to the eye every variety of scenery ; — magnificent mountains and hills, delightful 
 valleys and meadows, unsurpassed in beauty and fertility, and many of the most 
 beautiful towns and villages in New England. 
 
 The Hudson River rises west of Lake Champlain in numerous branches, and 
 pursuing nearly a straight southerly course of about 320 miles, unites with the 
 Atlantic below the city of New York. This is one of the most important rivers 
 in the United States. The navigation and commerce on its waters are very great, 
 and annually increasing. By means of the Erie and Champlain canals, it is con- 
 nected with Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence river. It is navigable for ships of 
 large burden to Hudson city, and for the largest steam-boats to Albany and Troy. 
 
 Delaware River rises in New York, and flowing south, separates Pennsylvania 
 from New York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware bay, after a course of 
 about 310 miles, below New Castle. It is navigable for vessels of the greatest 
 burden to Philadelphia,- and for small craft to the head of the tide at Trenton, 
 above which city it is navigable 100 miles for boats of 8 or 9 tons. 
 
 Susquehannah River, one of the largest in Pennsylvania, is formed by its north 
 and west branches, which unite at Northumberland. Its north, or longest branch, 
 rises in Otsego lake. New York, from whence to its mouth is about 460 miles. 
 
 The Potomac River rises in two branches in the Alleghany Mountains, and 
 forms, during its course to Chesapeake bay, the boundary between Virginia and 
 Maryland. It is navigable for vessels of large burthen to Washington city. Its 
 junction at Harper's Ferry with the Shenandoah, is regarded as a great curiosity. 
 Its length is about 335 miles. 
 
 James River pursues a course of upwards of 400 miles, and unites with the 
 south part of Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads. It is navigable for sloops to 
 Richmond, where the Great Falls formerly presented an obstruction, but a canal 
 has been made around them, and the river is now navigable for batteaux 2.30 
 miles above the city. 
 
 Savannah River separates South Carolina from Georgia, and enters the Atlantic 
 17 miles below Savannah, to which city it is navigable for vessels of large bur- 
 den. Steam-boats ascend the river to Augusta falls. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 Appalachicola, which discharges itself into the bay of the same name, in the 
 Gulf of Mexico, is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. 
 The former is navigated to Columbus by steam-boats : on its head-waters are 
 numerous gold-mines. The Appalachicola and Chattahoochee united, are about 
 425 miles in length. 
 
 The Mobile River is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombeckbee 
 rivers, 40 miles above Mobile. The head-waters of the Alabama rise in the gold- 
 region of Georgia, not far from the sources of the Chattahoochee, and after a south- 
 west course of near 500 miles, form a junction with the Tombeckbee. Steam- 
 boats ascend to Montgomery, a distance, by the meanders of the rivers, of near 
 300 miles. 
 
 The Mississippi is the largest river of North America, and one of the noblest 
 in the world — watering a more fertile region, and having a larger course of unin- 
 terrupted navigation, than any other known stream. Its course — taken in con- 
 nexion with its mighty auxiliary, the Missouri — is estimated at 4490 miles in 
 length. The space drained by its waters is supposed to exceed 1,300,000 square 
 miles, being upwards of two-thirds of the whole territory of the United States, or 
 about one twenty-eighth part of the terraqueous surface of the globe. In no por- 
 tion of the world has the triumph of art over the obstacles of nature been so com- 
 plete. The introduction of steam-navigation has been productive of immense 
 advantages, and has been carried to a greater extent than on any other river. 
 Mississippi proper rises west of Lake Superior, in a dreary and desolate region, 
 amidst lakes and swamps, and, after pursuing a south-east course of about 600 
 miles, reaches the falls of St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, 
 and where are 58 feet of rapids. Thence it flows a south-easterly, and then 
 southerly direction ; and after forming the boundary between Missouri, Arkansas 
 Territory, and Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky,. Tennessee, and 
 Mississippi, on the east, discharges its waters, through many mouths, into the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3000 miles long, and is navigable for steam-boats to 
 the falls of St. Anthony. The following are the principal tributaries of the Mis- 
 sissippi from the west : — The St. Peter's, which joins it at Fort Snelling, is a 
 stream of about 400 miles, flowing a south-east course. The Des Moines, a river 
 of about 400 miles in length, enters the Mississippi about 130 miles above the 
 Missouri. 
 
 The Missouri enters the Mississippi river about 18 miles above St. Louis, after 
 a course of 3217 miles. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the 
 latter, it is much the longer stream of the two; but the Mississippi, having been 
 first discovered and explored, has retained its name to the Gulf of Mexico. This 
 error being now past remedy, the Missouri must be considered as a tributary of 
 the Mississipi. It is formed of numerous branches, which rise among the Rocky 
 Mountains, between the parallels of 42° and 48° N. Latitude. The most remote 
 are the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. The only obstruction that occurs 
 to its navigation is at the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 miles from the Missis- 
 sippi. Here the river descends 362 feet in 18 miles : the descent is by four great 
 pitches or cataracts, of 98, 19, 49, and 26 feet, respectively. The width of the 
 river is about 350 yards, and the cataracts are considered to be, next to those of 
 Niagara, the grandest in the world. About 100 miles above, is the place called 
 the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. This river was lately ascended by a steam- 
 vessel 300 miles above the Yellow Stone, a distance from the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi of 3460 miles. 
 
 The largest tributaries of the Missouri are, the Yellow Stone, of 1100 miles in 
 length, the Platte, or Shallow river, of 1600 miles course, and the Kanzas, of 
 1200 miles in length. They all rise in the Rocky Mountains, and flow through 
 a flat prairie country, inhabited by a widely scattered Indian population. 
 
 The Arkansas is, after the Missouri, the most considerable tributary of the Mis- 
 sissi;ipi from the west. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and its course is com- 
 puted to be about 2000 miles. It enters the Mississippi river about 540 miles 
 below the Missouri. Steam-boats can generally ascend this river to the mouth 
 
 13 T ""^ 
 
8 
 
 UNITED STATE 
 
 of the Canadian, its largest tributary, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, 640 
 miles from the Mississippi river. 
 
 The Red River is the first tributary stream of any note which enters the Mis- 
 sissippi, in 'ascending from its mouth. It has a course of about 1500 miles, and 
 flows through immense prairies of a red soil. 
 
 The principal tributaries of the Mississippi which flow into it from the east- 
 ward are as follows : — 
 
 Chippeway River, 200 miles in length, enters the Mississippi at the lower end 
 of Lake Pepin. 
 
 The Wisconsin River joins the Mississippi about 4 or 5 miles below the town 
 of Prairie du Chien. In part of its course it approaches so near the Fox River 
 of Green Bay, as to leave a portage of only 1^ miles. It is one of the great natu- 
 ral channels of communication between the lakes and the Mississippi. 
 
 The Illinois River enters the Mississippi 18 miles above the Missouri, after a 
 course of more than 400 miles. It is near a quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, 
 and has a remarkably smooth, gentle current. 
 
 The Ohio River is the largest eastern tributary of the Mississippi. At its 
 junction, and for 100 miles above, it is as large as the parent stream. This river, 
 from its commencement, afl^ords the most delightful prospects. Tributaries*of 
 romantic and beautiful character come in almost at equal distances, as lateral 
 canals. The Ohio is formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
 rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separa- 
 ting the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from Virginia and Kentucky, and 
 falls into the Mississippi 193 miles below the Missouri. Its current is gentle, 
 and is nowhere broken by any considerable falls, except at Louisville, in Ken- 
 tucky, where the water descends 222 f^et in 2 miles. This obstruction is now 
 obviated by the Louisville and Portland canal, which affords a passage to steam- 
 boats of small draft, at all seasons, to the upper parts of the river at Pittsburg. 
 
 The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, a fine navigable river, which 
 rises in the north-east part of Indiana. It is in length about 450 miles. 
 
 The Cumberland River rises in the mountains, on the eastern boundary of 
 Kentucky. At high water, it is navigable for boats almost to its source, and for 
 steam-boats to Nashville at all seasons. 
 
 Tennessee River is formed by the union of several large branches, which 
 rising in the mountainous country in western Virginia and North Carolina, unite 
 in one in the vicinity of Knoxville, enters the Ohio 46 miles above the Mississippi, 
 and 12 below the Cumberland. Its entire course from the source of its longest 
 branch, is 850 miles distant from the Ohio. It is navigable for steam-boats, in 
 most stages of the water, to Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals. This is 
 the most important of all the tributaries of the Ohio. 
 
 The Yazoo, the most southern of the principal eastern tributaries of the Mis- 
 sissippi, has a course of 240 miles, and discharges its waters into the Mississippi 
 about 12 miles above the Walnut Hills. 
 
 The most considerable river on the Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains is the 
 Columbia, or Oregon. Its head-waters interlock with the Arkansas, Rio del 
 Norte, &c. ; it is about 1400 miles in length, its principal branches are Lewis's or 
 Saptin river, 1000 miles in extent ; Clark's or Flat Head river, 700 miles long, 
 M'Gillivray's, Okinagan, &c. Fort George or Astoria, Fort Vancouver, and 
 others, on these waters, are trading establishments belonging to the British Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. Vessels of 300 tons may ascend the Columbia, 125 miles; 
 and large sloops may go up to the head of tide, 183 miles from the Ocean. 
 
 Minerals abound in the United States in great variety and profusion. Iron is 
 very generally diffused, and is very abundant. Lead, limestone, and coal both of 
 the anthracite and bituminous kind, abound in quantities supposed to be inex- 
 haustible, especially of the former description. Gold has recently been found to 
 a considerable amount in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 
 and Tennessee. The most valuable mines are in North Carolina and Georgia. 
 It is difficult to ascertain the amount of gold found in the United States ; but the 
 value of the metal sent to the Mint, from 1823 to 1836, was $4,377,500, pro- 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 bably not one half of the produce for that period, as large amounts of it are sent 
 to Europe uncoined. The lead-mines of Missouri, Illinois and Wisconsin, are 
 said to be the richest in quality in the world ; and the quantity of that metal ex- 
 tracted from the ore, within the last few years, has been so great as to exclude 
 almost entirely the foreign article from our markets. The annual produce of the 
 Missouri mines is estimated at 5^ million, and of the Illinois and Wisconsin, 24 
 million pounds. 
 
 Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union, and large quantities are manu- 
 factured in New York, Western Pennsylvania, Western Virginia, Ohio, and Illi- 
 nois : it is also made from sea-water in some parts of New England. The whole 
 amount made in 1840 was 6,179,174 bushels. 
 
 The United States form a federal republic. Each of the States is independent, 
 and has the exclusive control of all concerns merely local ; but the defence of the 
 country, the regulation of commerce, and all the general concerns of the confede- 
 racy, are committed, by the constitution, to a general government. 
 
 The legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a Senate and House 
 of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each State, 
 chosen every two years, for a period of six years, so that one-third of the Senate 
 is renewed biennially. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen 
 every two years. Their number is proportioned to the number of inhabitants, and 
 the ratio has been fixed at one for every 70,680 inhabitants, three-fifths of the 
 slaves being omitted in the enumeration. The House of Representatives repre- 
 sents the people; the Senate represents the States. 
 
 The judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one chief and eight associate 
 judges; of 35 District Courts, of one judge each, except that seven of the States 
 are divided into districts (New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Missis- 
 sippi and Louisiana, are divided into two districts each, and Tennessee is divided 
 into three districts) ; there are 9 Circuit Courts, composed of the judge of the dis- 
 trict, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court. 
 
 The executive power is vested in a President, who, together with the Vice- 
 President, is chosen for four years, by electors from all the States. The principal 
 subordinate officers of the executive department are the Secretaries of State, of 
 the Treasury, of War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster-General, and the Attor- 
 ney-General. The President must be a native-born citizen, or have been a citizen 
 at the adoption of the constitution, of 35 years of age, and have resided in the 
 United States 14 years. The present constitution of the United States was 
 adopted in 1789, and has since been amended. It secures to the people the grand 
 principles of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the 
 press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. 
 
 The principal executive officers are the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of 
 War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General. They 
 are removable at the will of the President, and, with the Vice-President, form the 
 cabinet. The Department of State was created in 1789. The Secretary conducts 
 the negotiations with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public ministers of 
 the United States abroad, and with those of foreign states near the United States. 
 He has the charge of the United States seal, preserves the originals of laws and 
 treaties, and of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse between 
 the United States and foreign nations ; he grants passports to American citizens 
 visiting foreign countries, has the control of the patent office, and preserves the 
 evidence of copy-rights. There are attached to the Department of State, a Diplo- 
 matic Bureau, a Consular Bureau, a Home Bureau, and the Patent Office. 
 
 The Treasury Department was created in 1789. The Secretary superintends 
 the fiscal concerns of the government; he is required to report to Congress annu- 
 ally the state of the finances, and recommends such measures as he thinks proper 
 for improving the condition of the revenue. The Treasury Department comprises 
 the offices of the Secretary, four Controllers, ten Auditors, the Register, the Trea- 
 surer, the Solicitor of the Treasury, and the Land Office. 
 
 As there is at present no direct taxation by the general government, the revenue 
 has arisen chiefly from the customs on imports, and from the sale of the public 
 
 27 
 
10 UNITED STATES. 
 
 lands. By these means the national government was enabled, January 1st, 1837, 
 not only to complete the payment of the public debt contracted during two wars 
 with Great Britain ; but, after reserving $5,000,000, they were able to distribute 
 to the States the sum of $37,468,859, which, by an act of June 23d, 1836, was 
 deposited with them according to the number of their electoral votes, liable to be 
 recalled in case of necessity, but which will probably never be recalled. The 
 great expense of the Indian war in Florida, and the diminution of the customs 
 in consequence of commercial embarrassments, caused the expenses of the govern- 
 ment temporarily to exceed the revenue; so that a small debt was contracted, 
 amounting, on December 1st, 1844, to $23,850,673.03. 
 
 The public lands have recently been a great source of revenue. These lands 
 have been ceded to the United States by the new States, or have been derived 
 from the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, and of Florida in 1819. They are con- 
 sidered as belonging to the native tribes of Indians who inhabit them, until the 
 title has been regularly extinguished by purchase and treaty. When this is done, 
 they are surveyed, and sold at $1.25 the acre, as the lowest price. This source 
 of revenue is much less considerable than formerly. In 1836, it amounted to the 
 large sum of $25,167,000; but it has now diminished to less than $3,000,000 
 annually. The law for the distribution of the proceeds among the States has 
 been repealed. The revenue of the United States for the year ending July 1st, 
 1844, amounted, with a balance in the treasury at the commencement of the year, 
 to $40,816,207.58, and the expenditure to $32,958,827.94; leaving a balance in 
 the treasury, on the 1st of July, 1844, of $7,857,379.61. The United States have 
 272,645,356 acres of public land surveyed and unsold, and much more which is 
 not surveyed. 
 
 The mint of the United States was established at Philadelphia in 1793 ; and, 
 in 1838, branches were established at Charlotte, N. C, at Dahlonega, Ga., and 
 at New Orleans, La. At the mint in Philadelphia, the whole coinage, from the 
 commencement to the end of the year 1842, amourfted to 255,087,171 pieces, with 
 a value of $85,873,052 ; at the branch of Charlotte, 162,118 pieces, with a value 
 of $666,030; at the branch of Dahlonega, 178,534 pieces, with a value of $827,- 
 638 ; at the branch of New Orleans, 14,179,656 pieces, with a value of $3,155,443 ; 
 making a total of 269,607,479 pieces, with a total value of $90,522,163. 
 
 On June 30th, 1844, there were 14,103 post-offices in the United States; the 
 amount of transportation during the previous year was 35,409,624 miles, at a cost 
 of $2,938,551. The expenditure for the year was $4,296,867.70; gross amount 
 of revenue, $4,237,285.83. The General Post-Office is un^der the superintendence 
 of the Postmaster-General, who has the appointment of the postmasters through- 
 out the country, and the power of making contracts for carrying the mail. 
 
 The War Department was created in 1789. To this department belongs the 
 direction and government of the army of the United States, the erection of forti- 
 fications, the execution of topographical surveys, and the superintendence of Indian 
 affairs. Attached to it are a Bureau of Indian Affairs, Pension Bureau, Head- 
 Quarters of the Army, Quarter-Master's Bureau, Subsistence Bureau, General 
 Subsistence, Pay Bureau, Medical and Surgical Bureau, Engineer Bureau, Topo- 
 graphical Bureau, and Ordnance Bureau. 
 
 The Array of the United States consisted, in 1844, of 2 regiments of dragoons, 
 4 of artillery, and 8 regiments of infantry, containing, at the end of the year 1844, 
 8,616 men, viz., dragoons 1,298, artillery 2,340, infantry 4,456; the whole being 
 under the command of one major-general, and two brigadier-generals. 
 
 The office of the Secretary of the Navy was created in 1798. The Department 
 consists of a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, of Ordnance and Hydrography, 
 of Construction, Repairs and Equipments, of Provisions and Clothing, and of 
 Medicines and Surgical Instruments. 
 
 The Navy of the United States, though on a small scale, acquired great repu- 
 tation during the last three years' war, when the American ships successfully 
 encountered those of the mistress of the ocean. Much has since been done, both 
 in enlarging the number of vessels, and extending and constructing suitable dock- 
 yards; but the naval force is not considered adequate to the exigencies of the 
 
■BHroaEimaaa-dfAnnni 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 11 
 
 country. In the year 1844 it consisted of 6 ships of the line, 1 razee, 14 frigates, 
 21 sloops of war, 16 brigs and schooners, 3 store-ships, and 8 steamers, afloat. 
 There are on the stocks, in an unfinished state, 4 ships of the line, 3 frigates, 1 
 store-ship, an iron steamer at Pittsburg, and one at the navy-yard at Washin<non, 
 to be used as a water-tank. Total, 78. ° 
 
 There are eight navy-yards belonging to the United States, viz. : at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H.; at Charlestown, in Boston harbour; at Brooklyn, on Waljabout 
 Bay, opposite New York; at Philadelphia; at Washington City; at Gosport, 
 opposite Norfolk, Va. ; at Pensacola, Fl. ; and at Memphis, Ten., on the Mis- 
 sissippi river : the latter is not yet completed. There are graving or dry-docks 
 at Charlestown and Gosport, and a third is erecting at Brooklyn. 
 
 In its commerce, the United States is the second country on the globe, beino- 
 inferior only to Great Britain. In 1840, the capital invested in foreign trade, by 
 importing and commission merchants, was $119,295,367; in domestic retail dry- 
 goods and other stores, $250,301,799 ; in the fisheries, $16,429,620. The regis- 
 tered tonnage of the United States, for the year ending September 30th, 1842, was 
 975,358; the enrolled and licensed tonnage was 1,045,753; and, of fishino- ves- 
 sels, 71,278; making a total of 2,092,390. Of the registered and enrolled ton- 
 nage, there were employed in the whale fishery, 157,612 tons. 
 
 The value of the imports into the United States for the year 1844, was 
 $108,434,702. The value of the exports for the same period, was $111,128,278; 
 of which $100,183,497 was domestic produce. 
 
 The United States are chiefly an agricultural people, to which they are led by 
 the extent of their territory, and the fertility of the soil ; and the agricultural 
 resources of the nation are becoming yearly more and more developed. The 
 following agricultural statistics are derived from the census of the United States 
 for 1840; There were 4,335,699 horses and mules; 14,971,586 neat cattle; 
 19,311,374 sheep ; 26,301,293 swine ; poultry was raised to the value of $9,344,- 
 410. There were produced, 84,823,272 bushels of wheat; 7,291,743 of buck- 
 wheat; 378,531,875 of Indian corn; 18,645,567 of rye ; 4,161,504 of bailey ; 
 123,071,341 of oats; 108,298,060 of potatoes; 35,802,114 pounds of wool; 
 219,163,319 of tobacco; 80,841,422 of rice; 790,479,270 of cotton ; 155,100,809 
 of sugar; 1,238,502 of hops; 622,303 of wax; 61,552 of silk cocoons; 10,248,108 
 tons of hay ; 95,251 of hemp and flax. There were 29^ bushels of edible grains, 
 exclusive of potatoes, to every individual of its population. The products of the 
 dairy were valued at $33,787,008; of the orchard, at $7,256,904; of lumber, at 
 $12,943,507. And there were also made, 124,734 gallons of wine. 
 
 The manufactures of the United States, though not equal to its agriculture and 
 commerce, and of recent origin, have already risen to great respectability. A 
 large amount of property has been invested in them, machinery has been exten- 
 sively introduced, and they supply a great amount of articles for home consump- 
 tion, and, already, considerable for exportation. No country in the world can 
 compete with the United States in the article of coarse cotton goods, neither as 
 to quality nor price. Cottons which, in 1812, were worth 25 cents a-yard, can 
 now be bought, of a better quality, for 8 cents. And, even in the finer quality 
 of goods, great advancement has been made. It is only since the peace of 1815 
 that manufactures have made great progess, though they were commenced in Rhode 
 Island many years before, and had made some advances. It was the policy of 
 the British government, before the revolution, to discourage American manufac- 
 tures, and thus to keep the country in a state of great dependence. But that has 
 gone by ; and, should events ever cut oif a supply of British manufactures, the 
 country would be ablejo do without them. Unless Great Britain and other coun- 
 tries shall consent, in a fair way, to receive American bread-stufl^s in excliange 
 for their manufactures, the Americans will be compelled to become their own 
 manufacturers, and they will thus secure their substantial independence. 
 
 Home-made or family goods were produced, in the year 1840, to the amount of 
 $29,023,380. There were 1240 cotton factories, with 2,284,631 spindles, which 
 employed 72,119 persons, and produced articles to the amount of $46,350,453, with 
 a capital of $51,102,359. 1420 woollen manufactories employed 21,342 persons, 
 
12 UNITED STATES. 
 
 producing goods to the amount of $20,696,999, with a capital of $15,765,124 ; 426 
 paper-mills employed a capital of $4,745,239 ; hats and caps were manufactured 
 to the amount of $8,704,342, and straw bonnets to the amount of $1,476,504; 
 20,018 persons were employed in tanneries, with a capital of $15,650,929 ; sad- 
 dleries, and other manufactories of leathei;, employed a capital of $12,881,262; 
 carriages and wagons employed 21,994 persons, and produced to the amount of 
 $10,897,887, with a capital of $5,551,632; mills of various kinds employed 
 60,788 persons, and produced to the amount of $76,545,246, with a capital of 
 $65,858,470; vessels were built to the amount of $7,016,094; furniture was 
 made by 18,003 persons, and employed a capital of $6,989,971. There were 
 1552 printing-offices, 447 binderies, 138 daily, 125 semi-weekly or tri-weekly, 
 and 1141 weekly newspapers, and 227 periodicals; the whole employing 11,523 
 persons, and a capital of $5,874,815. Iron manufactures employed a capital of 
 $20,432,131, and 30,497 persons; glass manufactures employed 3236 persons, 
 and a capital of $2,084,100, producing articles to the amount of $2,890,393. The 
 anthracite coal employed a capital of $4,355,602, and 3043 persons ; bituminous 
 coal, a capital of $1,868,863, and 3768 persons ; and lead, a capital of $1,346,756, 
 and 1017 persons. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was 
 $267,726,579. For a more particular account of the manufactures, see the articles 
 on the respective States. 
 
 The whale, cod, mackerel and other fisheries have long been an interest of great 
 national importance. They are carried on chiefly from the New England States, 
 and in New England ships. The whale-fishery is prosecuted in the Atlantic 
 ocean, chiefly south of the line, for the right or black whale ; and in the Southern, 
 Indian, and Pacific oceans, for the spermaceti whale. In the year 1841, 600 ves- 
 sels, of 193,000 tons, were employed in this business; and, in the course of the 
 same year, spermaceti and whale oil was brought home, of the value of about 
 $7,400,000. Seal oil and furs are also obtained in the Antarctic seas by these 
 adventurous seamen. The fishery is carried on chiefly from the ports of Nan- 
 tucket and New Bedford, and also, but on a less scale, from New London, Sag 
 Harbour, Warren, Bristol, Hudson, &c. About 16,000 men are engaged in it, 
 and the seamen are paid, not by fixed wages, but by a certain share in the profits 
 of the voyage. Those in the Pacific and Southern oceans are generally absent 
 from two to three years at a time. The cod-fishery is pursued on the banks and 
 coasts of Newfoundland, and on the Labrador coasts. It employs many thousands 
 of tons of small craft, some of which make several trips a year ; those on the 
 coast-fisheries generally remain longer. The mackerel-fishery also employs a 
 great amount of shipping. In 1840 the fisheries produced 773,967 quintals of 
 smoked or dried fish, and 472,359^ barrels of pickled fish. 
 
 No part of the world presents such an extensive river commerce. Steam-ves- 
 sels, first introduced in America on the Hudson river, ply on all the principal 
 streams; and upwards of 100,000 tons of this species of craft belongs to the 
 United States, almost the whole of which is on the interior waters. The Missis- 
 sippi and its tributaries, comprising alone an extent of 8000 miles, is traversed by 
 250 steamboats. Neither the States nor individuals have been slow in improving 
 and extending these natural advantages ; and the spirit with which they have 
 undertaken, and the perseverance they have shown in executing the most magni- 
 ficent plans, have shed a lustre on the American name. The great land-locked 
 bays of the coast have been connected by a chain of canals, affording a safe 
 internal water-route from Narragansett Bay to Albemarle Sound. The eastern 
 and western waters have been united by several channels, which either turn the 
 Alleghanies, or surmount their summits. The waters of the lakes and the Mis- 
 sissippi have been connected at various points, and the obstacles in the navigation 
 of the most important rivers have been overcome by removing the bars or ledges 
 which obstructed their channels, or by side-cuts, locks, and dams. The whole 
 length of this artificial navigation is not less than 4000 miles; all of which, with 
 one or two trifling exceptions, has been executed in the short space of twenty-five 
 years. These great works have already given fresh life to manufactures, and 
 encouraged the establishment of new ones ; invigorated, and in many places 
 
H - ■ ^g?^?y"" I . 
 
 UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 created, internal trade; promoted agriculture, which requires a cheap and easy 
 transportation for the hulky articles which it consumes and produces; and deve- 
 loped, in an astonishing degree, the mining industry of the country. 
 
 The Americans have equally surpassed all other people in the number and 
 extent of their rail-roads, having, in about fifteen years, constructed 4500 miles 
 of these artificial levels, over which carriages are propelled by locomotive steam- 
 engines at the rate of from 20 to 30 miles an hour. Although this contrivance is 
 less adapted than canals to the conveyance of bulky artfcles, yet it possesses 
 some advantages over that mode of transport, such as that of not being interrupted 
 by ice, and of being suited to certain localities in which, artificial water commu- 
 nication would be impracticable. 
 
 The people of the United States, from the first settlement of the country, have 
 been very attentive to the cause of popular education, and this cause is continually 
 gaining a stronger -hold on the community. It is recommended by all the gover- 
 nors of the States, in their annual messages to their respective Legislatures. 
 Most of the older States have respectable funds devoted to the support of common 
 schools, and, ih the new States, the general government have provided funds for 
 the support of schools, by setting apart one 36th section in each township, con- 
 taining each one square mile, for the purposes of common education. The amount 
 of land already set apart for educational purposes, east of the Mississippi, is com- 
 puted to amount to 8,000,000 of acres. The same spirit is also extendino- west 
 of the Mississippi, and has penetrated even to the Indian tribes ; and the Choctaw 
 nation has applied $18,000 per annum out of the moneys which they receive from 
 the United States, to the support of schools. Knowledge and virtue are reo-arded 
 as the main pillars of the republic. In less than twenty years from the landino- 
 at the rock of Plymouth, Cambridge College was founded, and numerous simila*r 
 institutions have been successively established, from that day to this. 
 
 The following are among the principal colleges and universities in the country, 
 with the date of their establishment: Cambridge College, now Harvard Univer- 
 sity, in 1638; Yale College, at New Haven, in 1700; Nassau Hall, or Colleg-e 
 of New Jersey, at Princeton, in 1746; Brown University, at Providence, in 
 1764; Dartmouth College, at Hanover, New Hampshire, 1769; the University 
 of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, in 1739; Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, 
 Maine, in 1794 : and, among the more recent institutions, the University of Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee, in 1806; the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, in 1819- 
 Amherst College, at Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1821 ; and many others. Per- 
 haps, if fewer institutions had been chartered, and they had been more liberally 
 endowed, the beneficial results would have been greater, though the number edu- 
 cated would probably have been less. 
 
 According to the census of 1840, there were in the United States 173 colleo-es 
 or universities, with 16,233 students ; 3242 academies, with 164,159 students' 
 47,209 common and primary schools, with 1,845,244 scholars. In the above 
 enumeration, theological and medical schools, where they are separate from col- 
 leges, are ranked among universities and colleges. In the academies, the ancient 
 and modern languages, grammar, history, logic, rhetoric, natural and moral phi- 
 losophy, &c., are taught. The common schools are extensively provided with 
 libraries, and appropriate apparatus for illustrating the sciences taught in 
 them. ° 
 
 There are 38 theological seminaries, belonging to different denominations, 
 designed to succeed a collegiate course; some of which are connected with col- 
 leges. The principal of them are the theological seminary at Andover, Mass , 
 Congregational; the theological seminary at Princeton, Presbyterian ; the theo- 
 logical seminary at Auburn, Presbyterian; the theological seminary of the Epis- 
 copal Church, New York, Protestant Episcopal; the theological institution at 
 Newtown, Massachusetts, Baptist; and the theological departments of Yale 
 College and Harvard University. 
 
 There are eight law schools in different parts of the country. The earliest 
 institution of this kind was founded in 1798, by the Hon. Tapping Reeve, and 
 taught afterward by him in connection with the Hon. .Tames Gould, both judges 
 
14 UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. At this institution, many of the principal 
 civilians in the United States have been educated. It is now discontinued. 
 
 There are 28 medical schools, some of them connected with colleges. The 
 principal are the medical departments of the University of Pennsylvania ; of 
 Harvard University; of Yale College; of Dartmouth College; of Transylvania 
 University; of the University of Rlaryland, at Baltimore; of the University of 
 New York ; the College of Surgeons and Physicians, New York ; the Louisville 
 Medical Institution ; the Vermont Academy of Medicine, at Castleton, &c. 
 
 There is no established church in the United States, religion being left to the 
 voluntary choice of the people. No sect is favoured by the laws beyond another, 
 it being an essential principle in the National and State governments, that legisla- 
 tion may of right interfere in the concerns of public worship only so far as to pro- 
 tect every individual in the unmolested exercise of that of his choice. Nor is any 
 legislative provision made for the support of religion, except that, in Massachu- 
 setts, the Legislature is enjoined to require, and in New Hampshire is empowered 
 to authorize, the several towns and parishes to make adequate provision, at their 
 own expense, for the support of protestant ministers. The same was the case in 
 Connecticut until 1818, when it was abolished by the new constitution. But, in 
 all the other States, the support of religion is left entirely to the voluntary zeal of 
 its professors. 
 
 The numbers of established churches, or congregations, are estimated at over 
 20,000, and the ministers at about 25,000. The Baptists are the most numerous 
 denomination. The Methodists are reckoned as second in numerical amount ; 
 and the Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Uni- 
 versalists and Lutherans, probably rank, in point of numbers, in the order in which 
 they are mentioned. Other sects, respectable in amount of numbers, are the 
 Dutch Reformed, Christians, Unitarians, Friends or Quakers, Moravians, &c. 
 In fact, almost all the sects of Christianity are represented in our country. 
 
 To the State governments is committed that branch of legislation which relates 
 to the regulation of local concerns. These bodies make and alter the laws which 
 regard property and private rights, appoint judges and civil officers, impose taxes 
 for State purposes, and exercise all other rights and powers not vested in the 
 federal government by positive enactment. ITiey are, in their composition, very 
 similar to the federal government. The legislature consists always of two 
 branches, both of which are returned by the same electors ; and these electors may 
 be said to comprise the whole adult white population, the usual qualifications being 
 citizenship, with one or two years' residence, and payment of taxes. 
 
 There are no early enumerations of the population on which much reliance can 
 be placed ; but, in 1753, the number was estimated at 1,051,000. A regular 
 decennial census, taken since 1790, gave, at that period, 3,929,827; in 1800, 
 5,305,93ij ; in 1810, 7,239,814 ; in 1820, 9,638,131. It is iTiost interesting to con- 
 sider> as the immensity of unoccupied land leaves full scope for this power of 
 multiplication, how vast the future numbers may be with which this region will 
 be peopled, and which will render it much the greatest state thai ever existed in 
 ancient or modern times. It is calculated, upon good grounds, that in a century 
 it will contain 160,000,000; and still, being only half so densely peopled as 
 Britain or France, leave ample scope for future increase. The Americans, should 
 they continue united, would then become the greatest nation in the world, and the 
 most powerful States of Europe would rank as secondary to them. 
 
 The population, exclusive of the Indians, whose numbers are not comprised 
 in the above statements, consists of three classes — whites, free coloured persons, 
 and slaves — whose relative proportions at six different periods are here given : 
 
 Whites. Slaves. Free coloured. 
 
 1790 3,172,464 697,897 59,465 
 
 1800 4,304,489 893,041 108,395 
 
 1810 5,862,004 1,191,364 186,446 
 
 • .1820 7,861,710 1,538,038 232,524 
 
 1830 10,526,248 2,009,043 319,599 
 
 1840 14,189,705 2,487,355 336,293 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 15 
 
 In regard to these numbers, it is to be observed, that in the census of 1790 are 
 not included the inhabitants of the Mississippi and North-west Territories, esti- 
 mated at about 12,000 ; and that, between 1800 and 1810, Louisiana was acquired 
 with about 50,000 inhabitants ; and 39,000 Africans were brought into the coun- 
 try. Ihe toliowing statement shows the relative rate of increase of the whole 
 population, and of each of the three classes, in the three periods from 1810 to 
 1820, from 1820 to 1830, and from 1830 to 1840 : 
 
 1810-1820. 1820-1830. 1830-1840. 
 
 Increase of whole population. . . .33.3 per ct 33.4 per ct 30 per ct 
 
 Whites 34 ..« 33.9.." 35 " 
 
 blaves 28.6.." 30.6.." 21 " 
 
 Free Blacks 24.8.." 37.4.. " 23.75" 
 
 Blacks 28.5.. " 31.5.. " 23 " 
 
 Maine.. 
 N. H.... 
 Verni't . 
 Mass.. .. 
 
 K. I 
 
 Conn. . . 
 N. York 
 N. Jer. 
 Penn'a 
 
 Del 
 
 MaryPd 
 
 D. ofC. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 N. Car. 
 
 S. Car. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alab'ma 
 
 Miss'ppi 
 
 Louis'a 
 
 Ten'see 
 
 Kent'y 
 
 Ohio ... 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois , 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Michg'n 
 
 Arkan's 
 
 Iowa .. . 
 
 Wis. T. 
 
 U. S. N. 
 
 Total. 
 
 151 ,7 W 
 
 183,762 
 154,465 
 423,245 
 
 69,122 
 251,002 
 586,786 
 211,949 
 602,365 
 
 64,273 
 341,548 
 
 14,093 
 880,200 
 478,103 
 345,591 
 162,101 
 
 8,850 
 
 Totals. 
 
 105,602 
 
 220,955 
 
 45,365 
 
 4,875 
 
 381 
 
 951 
 
 20,343 
 
 12,422 
 
 1,700 
 
 6,153 
 
 105,C,35 
 
 3,244 
 
 345,796 
 
 133,290 
 
 146,151 
 
 59,404 
 
 Total. 
 
 288,705 
 214,360 
 217,713 
 472,040 
 
 77,031 
 262,042 
 959,949 
 249,555 
 810,091 
 
 72,674 
 380,546 
 
 24,023 
 974,622 
 555,500 
 415,115 
 252,433 
 
 3,489 
 
 13,584 
 40,343 
 
 135 
 
 40,352 
 
 76,556 
 
 261,727 
 
 406,511 
 
 230,700 
 
 24,520 
 
 12,282 
 
 20,845 
 
 4,762 
 
 103 
 
 310 
 
 15,107 
 
 10,851 
 
 795 
 
 4,177 
 
 111,502 
 
 5,395 
 
 392,518 
 
 168,824 
 
 196,365 
 
 105,218 
 
 17,088 
 
 34,660 
 44,535 
 80,561 
 
 298,335 
 244,161 
 235,764 
 523,287 
 83,059 
 275,202 
 
 1,372,812 
 277,575 
 
 1,049,458 
 
 72,749 
 
 407,350 
 
 33,036 
 
 1,065,379 
 63f1,829 
 502,741 
 340,987 
 
 237 
 
 1681 
 
 3,011 
 
 24 
 
 127,901 
 
 75,448 
 
 153,40' 
 
 422,813 
 
 564,317 
 
 581,434 
 
 147,178 
 
 55,211 
 
 66,580 
 
 8,896 
 
 14,273 
 
 48 
 
 97 
 
 10,088 
 
 7,557 
 
 211 
 
 4,509 
 
 107,398 
 
 6,377 
 
 425,153 
 
 205,017 
 
 258,475 
 
 149,650 
 
 Total. 
 
 41,879 
 32,814 
 69,064 
 80,107 
 126,732 
 
 190 
 
 917 
 
 10,22-2 
 
 1,617 
 
 399,955 
 269,328 
 280,652 
 610,408 
 
 97,199 
 
 297,665 
 
 1,918,608 
 
 320,823 
 
 1,348,238 
 
 76.748 
 447,040 
 
 39,834 
 
 1,211,405 
 
 737,987 
 
 581,185 
 
 516,823 
 
 34,730 
 309,527 
 136,621 
 215,739 
 681,904 
 687,917 
 937,903 
 343,031 
 157,445 
 140,455 
 36,629 
 30,388 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 76 
 
 2,254 
 
 403 
 
 3,292 
 
 102,994 
 
 6,119 
 
 469,757 
 
 247,001 
 
 315,401 
 
 2I7,.531 
 
 15,501 
 
 117,549 
 
 65,659 
 
 109,588 
 
 141,003 
 
 165,213 
 
 535,925(893.041 7,239,814|l,191.364 9.038,131 ll,538,Q38 12.866.020 ^^^^2 ^^6^3 
 
 25.081 
 4,576 
 
 501,973 
 
 284,574 
 291,948 
 737,699 
 108,830 
 309,978 
 
 2,428,921 
 373,306 
 
 1,724,033 
 
 78,085 
 
 470,019 
 
 43,712 
 
 1,239,797 
 753,419 
 594,398 
 691,392 
 54,4 
 590,750 
 375,651 
 352,411 
 829,210 
 779,82.H 
 
 1,519 467 
 
 685,866 
 
 476,183 
 
 383,702 
 
 212,267 
 
 97,574 
 
 43,112 
 
 30,945 
 
 6,100 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 674 
 
 64 
 
 2 605 
 
 89,737 
 
 4,694 
 
 448,987 
 
 245,817 
 
 327,036 
 
 280.944 
 
 25,717 
 
 253,532 
 
 195,21] 
 
 168,452 
 
 183,059 
 
 182,258 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 331 
 
 58,240 
 
 19,935 
 
 2,487.355 
 
 ^^€5, ^c. of the differetU Classes of the Population in 1840. 
 
 PatEE VVKtTE POPDtATION. 
 
 Under 5 years of ase 
 Of 5 to 18 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 l,j to 20 
 
 20 to .-JO 
 
 30 to 40 
 
 40 to 50 
 
 50 to 60 
 
 00 to 70 
 
 70 to 80 
 
 80 to 90 
 
 90 to 100 
 
 I'pwards of 100. 
 
 Malea. 
 
 1,270,743 
 
 1,024,050 
 
 897,530 
 
 756,100 
 
 1,322.453 
 
 860,452 
 
 536,6(10 
 
 314,528 
 
 174,2.'?8 
 
 80,067 
 
 21,677 
 
 2,508 
 
 476 
 
 Totals 7,249.276 6,939,942 
 
 1,20.3,319 
 
 9fi<),940 
 
 830,630 
 
 792,223 
 
 1,253,490 
 
 77iM20 
 
 r 02, 183 
 
 304,852 
 
 173,3211 
 
 80,565 
 
 23,902 
 
 3,232 
 
 316 
 
 COLOtTRED POPULATION. 
 
 Under 10 
 
 Of 10 to 24... 
 
 24 to 36... 
 
 36 to 55... 
 
 55 to 100... 
 Upwards of 100. 
 
 Totals. . 
 
 Free MalM. Free Females Male Stavei. Female Slarea 
 
 56,284 
 52,805 
 35,321 
 
 28,274 
 13,513 
 
 284 
 
 186.457 
 
 55,062 
 50,592 
 41,682 
 .30,371 
 15,753 
 302 
 
 199,778 
 
 422,584 
 391,260 
 235,380 
 145.200 
 51,331 
 750 
 
 421,465 
 3)0,117 
 
 239,825 
 
 139,204 
 
 49,746 
 
 581 
 
 1,246,408 1,240,705 
 
 . InaaHe and Idiota. Blind. 
 
 Whites 14,508 5 024. 
 
 Blacks 2,926 l'892. 
 
 Deaf aod Damb. 
 
 . . . .6,682 
 .... 977 
 
 Totals.... 17,434 6,616 7,659 
 
 Revolutionary and militarv pensioners 20 797 
 
 Whites over 20 unable to read and write 549',693 
 
16 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The whole number of aborigines existing within the territorial jurisdiction of 
 the United States, was estimated in 1844 at 335,350; of whom perhaps 50,000 
 reside in the Oregon territory, west of the Rocky Mountains, and the residue east 
 of tliat region. Of those on the Atlantic side of the Mississippi river, 85,348 
 have removed from its eastern to its western bank, and settled in the Western or 
 Indian territory, assigned to them by the government of the United States ; and 
 31,587 are still east of that stream. Of the Indians residing east of the Rocky 
 Mountains and west of the Mississippi, 168,290 are indigenous to that region, 
 nowise under the control of our government : of these, the principal are the Sioux, 
 Pawnees, Camanches, Minatarees, Blackfeet, Crows, Gros Ventres, and Assini- 
 boines. The most humane exertions have constantly been in operation, on the 
 part of the general government, to preserve the race from extinction, by severe 
 provisions to prevent their obtaining ardent spirits, and by unwearied efforts to 
 train them to the arts and agriculture, and to impart to them the blessings of edu- 
 cation and Christianity. Under the system adopted by the government, agents 
 and sub-agents, interpreters and mechanics, are employed among the different 
 Indian tribes, to carry these purposes into effect; and the President is authorized 
 to cause the stores of the licensed traders to be searched, and, if ardent spirits 
 are found among the articles for sale, the whole goods are forfeited to the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The whole number of Indian schools established among them, partly by chari- 
 table associations of the different religious denominations, and partly by pecuniary 
 aid from the government, is 78. The sum of $10,000 was appropriated in 1844, 
 by the U. S. government, to assist in their maintenance. Of the foregoing 
 schools, 63 were reported in 1844, with 2667 scholars and 100 teachers, including 
 those in the Spencer academy and Fort CofTee academy, in the Choctaw nation ; 
 the first of these contained 3 teachers and 110 pupils, and the latter, 1 teacher 
 and 36 pupils. Two of the schools at Fort Leavenworth are manual labour 
 schools, one of which, under the direction of the Methodists, is the largest of all 
 the Indian schools, containing 159 scholars. 
 
 The territory of the confederacy is at present divided into twenty-eight States, 
 one Territory, and one Federal District, which contains the seat of government. 
 This does not include the extensive tract assigned to the Indians, called the West- 
 ern Territory ; the region west of the Missouri and north of the Platte ; and the 
 residue of the late Iowa Territory, of which the State of Iowa now forms a part; 
 and that west of the Rocky Mountains, in which the white population is yet of 
 small amount, and which has received no political organization. The States 
 are divided, for municipal purposes, into sections, styled counties; except in 
 South Carolina, where they are called districts; and in Louisiana, where they are 
 called parishes. In the States of New England, in New York, Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana and Michigan, the counties are subdivided into town- 
 ships (in some States these are called towns), and in Delaware into hundreds. 
 
 THE EASTERN, or NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 New England comprises the six States situated east of the Hudson, viz., 
 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
 The inhabitants are almost exclusively of unmixed English origin, and, though 
 never united as a political whole, they have at different periods been connected 
 for their common interests. From the earliest settlement of their country, they 
 have enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and religious instruction, and, 
 trained to habits of industry, economy, and enterprise, by the circumstances of 
 their peculiar situation, as well as by the dangers of prolonged wars, they present 
 traits of character which are considered as remarkable abroad, as they are common 
 at home. 
 
 The surface of the country is infinitely varied. In the interior it is mountain- 
 ous, with fertile valleys between. The land along the sea-shore presents in ge- 
 neral an irregular surface, consisting of hills and ridges, with flats of moderate 
 extent. The inland portion towards the mountains presents an almost constant sue- 
 
r 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 cession of short hills and narrow valleys. There are no extensive plains through- 
 out the whole of New England. Much of the soil is good, yet in general it re- 
 quires diligent cultivation, and compels the farmer to use great industry to pro- 
 cure tolerable crops ; and although it well repays the labour of the husbandman, 
 it is on the whole less fruitful than many other parts of the United States. 
 
 Most of the New England States are largely engaged in manufactures. The 
 different establishments of various kinds are too numerous to specify. The cotton 
 factories, in particular, employ a vast number of hands and a great amount of 
 capital. A proof of the result of these great establishments may be found in the 
 fact that twenty-five years ago the chief cottons of the United States were im- 
 ported from India. New England now sends her manufactured cottons there, and 
 finds the trade profitable. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this 
 part of the Union has rapidly increased in population and business. 
 
 The New Englanders are extensively engaged in the Bank and whale fisheries. 
 This pursuit employs many thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most impor- 
 tant items in this section of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most 
 experienced and intrepid mariners in the world. 
 
 An active commerce is carried on from the ports of New England with all 
 parts of the world ; their ships spread their sails in every sea, and her lumber 
 manufactures and the produce of her fisheries are extensively exported. Almost 
 every village carries on some handicraft, and the farmer often employs the long 
 winter evenings in some gainful task. Thus are produced many little objects 
 which although in appearance of small value, yet in the aggregate constitute a 
 source of considerable wealth to the community, and are produced to such an ex- 
 tent as almost to rival in value the products of the large manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 From the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants of New England have 
 been a religious people. The entire freedom of opinion enjoyed by them has led 
 to a diversity of religious denominations. In almost every town and village are 
 several places of public worship belonging to the different sects common in the 
 country, among which are Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, 
 Unitarians, &c. It is disreputable for a man to have no religious belief, and there 
 are few who do not give their support to some one mode of religious worship. 
 The sabbath is strictly observed, and the people generally attend public worship 
 twice during the day. 
 
 Education is more universal here than in any part of the world. It is exceed- 
 ingly hard to find persons of mature age who have not been instructed in the 
 common branches of school learning. Institutions of learning and education were 
 established at an early period by the first settlers of New England, some of which 
 at the present day are the most respectable and efficient in the Union. A large 
 part of the distinguished men of the United States have been educated at Har- 
 vard and Yale colleges, and though there are many similar institutions in other 
 States, still many students from the south and west are annually taught in the 
 colleges of New England. 
 
 The population of New England has been gradually increasing. In 1700 it 
 was about 120,000, and in 1755 was estimated at 345,000, not including the troops 
 at that time in the provinces. The amount in 1820 was 1,659,854; in 1830, 
 1,954,G09; and, in 1840, 2,235,002; of which number 23 were slaves. 
 
 STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 Maine is the most northern and eastern of the United States. Previous to the 
 year 1820, it formed a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, at which 
 period it was received into the Union as an independent State. Maine is in length 
 from north to south about 216 miles, and from east to west 162; the area is differ- 
 ently estimated at from 32,000 to 35,000 square miles. On the sea-coast, the 
 country is generally level ; at some distance in the interior, hilly ; and in the cen- 
 
 I tral parts of the State are many mountains of considerable elevation. 
 
 i —L _ == 
 
 28 
 
18 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The principal rivers are the St. Johns, with its branches, the Allagash, Wal- 
 loostook, and the Aroostook; with the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
 Saco, Pleasant, Damariscotta, and Union rivers. 
 
 , The sea-coast of Maine is remarkably indented with bays and inlets, which 
 afford great facilities for navigation and commerce. The principal are Casco, 
 Penobscot, Frenchman's, Englishman's, Machias, and Passamaquoddy Bays. 
 
 The lakes are so numerous, that it is estimated one-sixth of the surface of the 
 State consists of water, and indeed they form one of the characteristic features of 
 the country. Some of them are remarkable for their picturesque beauties, and 
 many of them will no doubt be useful mediums of communication when their 
 vicinity is more populous. The most noted are Moosehead, Umbagog, Sebago, 
 the Schoodic Lakes, and Lake Chesuncook. 
 
 The soil on the coast is various, and of but moderate fertility : in the interior, 
 most of the land is more productive, and some of it, especially on the Kennebec 
 and Penobscot river, is fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and grazing. One 
 of the most important productions of this State is white-pine timber, which is 
 found chiefly on the Upper Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, and also on the Alla- 
 gash. As there is no other tract of country yielding this lumber to any considera- 
 ble extent in the Atlantic States, the lands producing it have lately much advanced 
 in price. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1800, 151,719; in 1810, 228,705; in 
 1820, 298,335; in 1830, 399,955 ; and in 1840,501,793. Of these, 252,989 were 
 white males, and 247,449 white females ; 720 were coloured males, and 635 coloured 
 females. Employed in agriculture, 101,630; in commerce, 2921; in manufac- 
 tures and trades, 21,879; in navigating the ocean, 10,091 ; in the learned profes- 
 sions, 1889. 
 
 According to the census of 1840, there were in the State 59,208 horses or mules ; 
 227,255 neat cattle; 649,264 sheep; 117,386 swine. There were produced, 
 248,166 bushels of wheat; 137,941 of rye; 950,528 of Indian corn; 355,161 of 
 barley ; 1,076,409 of oats ; 10,392,380 of potatoes ; and 601,358 tons of hay. The 
 products of the dairy amounted to $1,496,902, and of lumber to $1,808,683. 
 
 The exports of Maine, for the year ending September 1841, were $1,078,633, 
 and the imports $700,961. There were, in 1840, 70 commercial and 14 commis- 
 sion houses in foreign trade, employing a capital of $1,646,926 ; 2220 retail 
 dry-goods and other stores, with a capital of $3,973,593 ; 2068 persons employed 
 in the lumber trade, with a capital of $305,850. 
 
 The manufactures of Maine are considerable. Home-made or family manufac- 
 tures amounted, in 1840, to $804,397 ; there were 24 woollen manufactories, 
 which employed 532 individuals, producing goods to the amount of $412,366, 
 with a capital of $316,105 ; 6 cotton manufactories produced goods to the amount 
 of $970,397, with a capital of $1,398,000. Flouring, grist, saw and other mills, 
 employed 3630 persons, and produced to the amount of $3,161,592, with a capital 
 of $2,900,565. Ships were built to the amount of $1,884,902; 3610 persons 
 were employed in the fisheries, with a capital of $526,957. Total amount of 
 capital employed in manufactures, $7,147,224. 
 
 The principal colleges in Maine are Bowdoin, at Brunswick, founded in 1794 ; 
 Waterville College, at Waterville, founded 1820 ; Bangor Theological Seminary, 
 at Bangor, founded 1816; Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, founded 1822. 
 These institutions had, in 1840, 266 students. There were in the State 86 acade- 
 mies, with 8477 students; 3385 common and primary schools, with 164,477 
 scholars. There were 3241 persons, over twenty years of age, who could neither 
 read nor write. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are the Methodists, Baptists, and Con- 
 gregationalists. The Baptists had, in 1836, 222 churches, 145 ordained minis- 
 ters, and 15,000 communicants; the Methodists, 115 travelling preachers, and 
 15,493 communicants; the Congregationalists, 161 churches, 119 ministers, and 
 12,370 communicants. There are also some Free-will Baptists, Friends, Episco- 
 palians, Unitarians, Universal ists, and Roman Catholics. 
 
 The chief works of internal improvement are the Cumberland and Oxford 
 
MAINE. 
 
 19 
 
 Canal, completed in 1829, 20^ miles long; Bangor and Orono Railroad, com- 
 pleted in 1836, 10 miles long ; the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Rail-road, 
 incorporated in 1837. This work, in connection with the Eastern Rail-road, con- 
 nects Boston with Portland; it was completed in 1842. Several other lines of 
 rail-roads are contemplated, the most important of which is a rail-road from Port- 
 land to Quebec. or 
 
 The city of Portland is the largest and most important place in the State. It 
 is beautifully situated on Casco Bay, is well laid out and handsomely built, and 
 has a capacious harbour, which is defended by two forts. Here are six banks, 
 sixteen churches, a court-house, city hall, custom-house, jail, athenaeum, with a 
 public library containing 5000 volumes. The population, in 1840, was 15,218. 
 The city of Bangor, the most important place on the Penobscot, has trebled its 
 population since 1830; in 1840 it contained 8627 inhabitants. From 300 to 400 
 million feet of lumber are said to be annually exported from this place. 
 
 Augusta, the capital of the State, occupies both sides of the Kennebec river, 
 50 miles from its mouth : it contains a handsome State-house of granite, and an 
 United States Arsenal. Below Augusta are Hallowell and Gardiner, both flourish- 
 ing towns; and at the head of ship navigation, and about 15 miles from the sea, 
 is Bath, noted for its ship-building. From Thomaston is exported large quantities 
 of lime, marble, and granite. Some of the other principal towns in Maine, are 
 Eastport, Machias, Calais, Orono, Belfast, Brunswick, Saco, and York. 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 This State is bounded on the north by Lower Canada; on the east, by Maine 
 and the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Massachushetts ; and west by Vermont. It is 
 in length, from north to south, about 160 miles; and from east to west, 70 is 
 about the average breadth. It is, in area, 8500 square miles. The sea-coast of 
 this State, from Piscataqua Harbor to the south boundary, is but 18 miles in 
 
 extent. , j- ■ 
 
 The country on the coast is level : in the interior, the surface is greatly diversi- 
 fied by hills and valleys, and contains several mountains of considerable height; 
 among which are the White Mountains, the most elevated of any in the New 
 England States. The other considerable elevations are, Moosehillock, Monad- 
 nock, Kearsarge, Sunipee, Ossipee, &c. 
 
 The White Mountains are distinguished by the names of Washington, Frank- 
 lin, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Pleasant. Mount Washington is 
 6,428 feet in height. They are covered with snow ten months in the year, and 
 are often seen from a great distance at sea, and frequently before any intermediate 
 land, although they are at least 65 miles in the nearest direction from the coast. 
 The wild and sublime character of their scenery causes them to be annually 
 visited by numerous travellers. The ascent to their summits is attended with 
 considerable fatigue, but has been surmounted in a few instances by ladies. The 
 view is rendered uncommonly grand and picturesque by the magnitude of the 
 elevation, the extent and variety of the surrounding scenery, and, above all, by 
 the huge and desolate piles of rocks extending to a great distance in every direc- 
 tion. In the western pass of these mountains, there is a remarkable gap, called 
 the Nutc/u, which is esteemed one of the grandest natural curiosities in the United 
 States. To an admirer of the wonders of nature, the passage through the Notch, 
 and the views from the summit, afford a rich repast. Though inferior to the 
 Andes or the Alps in elevation, yet they display the grandest mountain scenery, 
 surpassing everything of the kind to be seen elsewhere in this country. 
 
 The principal riveTS of New England have their origin, either wholly or in 
 part, in this State. These are, the Connecticut, Merrimack, Androscoggin, Saco, 
 and Piscataqua. The other most considerable streams are, the Upper and Lower 
 Amonoosuck, Sugar River, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Magallaway, and Nashua. 
 The principal lakes are the Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, 
 and Newfound Lake. 
 
 14 
 
20 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 The inhabitants of New Hampshire are principally engaged in agriculture ; the 
 chief products are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c. ; and horses and 
 cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c., are largely exported. There are some large 
 manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the State. 
 
 The mineral resources of New Hampshire are not great. Copper is found at 
 Franconia, and iron is abundant in Lisbon and Franconia; plumbago or black 
 lead also occurs in several places, particularly at Bristol. A fine-grained granite, 
 which is quarried in many places, affords an excellent building material. The 
 forest affords abundance of excellent timber, and the white pine sometimes 
 attains the height of 200 feet, with a straight trunk six feet and upv/ards in 
 diameter. 
 
 About eight miles from the coast are the Isles of Shoals, belonging partly to 
 New Hampshire, and partly to Maine. They lie between Portsmouth and New- 
 buryport, and are hardly more than a cluster of shoals rising above the water. 
 The inhabitants are about 100 in number; they live solely by fishing, and sup- 
 ply Portsmouth and the neighbouring towns with fresh fish. 
 
 The population of New Hampshire, in 1790, was 111,855; in 1800, 183,858; 
 in 1810,214,460; in 1820,244,161; in 1830,209,328; and in 1840, 284,574. 
 Of these, 139,004 were white males, and 145,032 white females; 248 were 
 coloured males, and 290 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 77,949 ; 
 in commerce, 1379 ; in manufactures and trades, 17,826 ; in navigating the ocean, 
 455; do. lakes, rivers and canals, 198; in the learned professions, 1640. 
 
 The exports for the year 1841 were $10,384, and the imports $73,701. The 
 tonnage entered was 11,129, cleared 3805 tons. 
 
 In 1840 there were 43,892 horses or mules, 275,562 neat cattle, 617,390 sheep, 
 and 121,671 swine. There were produced, 422,124 bushels of wheat; 308,148 of 
 rye; 105,103 of buckwheat; 1,162,572 of Indian corn; 121,899 of barley; 
 1,296,114 of oats; and 0,206,606 of potatoes; 1,260,517 pounds of wool ; 1,162,368 
 of sugar; and 496,107 tons of hay. The produce of the dairy was $1,638,543 ; 
 of lumber, $433,217. 
 
 Home-made or family goods were manufactured to the amount of $538,303. 
 There were 66 woollen manufactories, 152 fulling-mills, and 58 cotton factories. 
 The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $9,252,448. 
 
 The principal literary institution of the State is Dartmouth College, in Hano- 
 ver, founded in 1770; to which is attached a flourishing medical department. 
 The Gilmanton Theological Seminar)' was founded in 1835, under the direction 
 of the Congregationalists. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 433 students. 
 There were in the State 68 academies, with 5799 students; 2127 common and 
 primary schools, with 82,632 scholars. There were 942 white persons, over 
 twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are the Congregationalists, Baptists, and 
 Methodists. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 159 churches, 142 ministers, 
 and 18,932 communicants; the Baptists had 90 churches, 64 ordained ministers, 
 and 6505 communicants ; the Free-will Baptists had 100 congregations, and 81 
 ministers ; the Methodists had 75 ministers. Besides these, there are Presbyte- 
 rians, Unitarians, Episcopalians, Universalists, and some Roman Catholics, with 
 two societies of Shakers. 
 
 Portsmouth, the only sea-port, and the largest town in the State, is pleasantly 
 situated on the Piscataqua, three miles from the sea. It has one of the finest 
 harbours in the world, aflTording 40 feet of water in the channel at low tide, and 
 being easily accessible to vessels of the largest size, and completely landlocked. 
 It is protected by several forts. The tide rises ten feet. The town stands on a 
 peninsular elevation, sloping towards the harbour, and is well built. It contains 
 seven churches, seven banks, the county buildings, &c., and is well supplied 
 with good water brought from the neighbourhood. Two wooden bridges have 
 been built across the Piscataqua, one of which is 1750 feet long. There is here 
 a navy-yard belonging to the United States, situated on Navy Island, on the east 
 side of the river, but within the limits of Maine. Population in 1840, 7887 ; 
 being 195 less than in 1830. 
 
I 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 21 
 
 Concord, the capital of the State, on the west side of the Merrimack river, is 
 handsomely built on two principal streets ; has the State-house and State prison 
 of granite, besides banks, churches, hotels, &c. ; population, 4897. In the south- 
 east part of the State, are several towns largely engaged in manufactures ; these 
 are, Dover, Somersworth, Newmarket and Exeter ; the latter, besides its mills and 
 manufactures, contains Phillip's Academy, a well-known and respectable semi- 
 nary. These are all on navigable rivers, furnishing fine mill-seats, and constant 
 communication with the sea. Nashua, near the south line of the State, contains 
 several large cotton-mills ; population in 1840, 6054. Hanover and Haverhill are 
 towns of between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants each. Amherst and Keene are 
 neat and thriving towns between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. Man- 
 chester, on the former, is a manufacturing town, with 3235 inhabitants. 
 
 STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 Vermont is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by New Hampshire; S. by 
 Massachusetts; W. by New York; from which it is separated, in part, by Lake 
 Champlain. It is 157 miles in length, from north to south ; 90 miles in breadth 
 on the northern, and 40 on the southern boundary; and contains an area of 10,212 
 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres. 
 
 The Green Mountains, from which the State derives its name, on account of 
 the evergreens with which they are covered, occupy a large part cf the State ; 
 and most of its surface is uneven. The range passes through its whole length, 
 about half-way between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut river. 
 
 From these mountains, many streams take their rise ; the most important are. 
 Otter creek, Onion river, La Moile, and Missisqne, which empty into Lake Cham- 
 plain, on the west; the White, Pasu;mpsic, and West rivers, which flow into the 
 Connecticut, on the east. 
 
 The scenery of this State is romantic and beautiful, the air pure and healthful, 
 and the natives industrious, intelligent and hospitable. 
 
 The soil is fertile, and all sorts oi^ grain suited to the climate are produced in 
 great abundance. Dark, ricli, and loamy, it is admirably calculated to sustain 
 drought, and affords the finest pasturage of any State in the Union. Wool is 
 becoming an important product here. Cattle of various kinds are raised, with 
 great facility ; and nowhere is finer beef to be .seen, than is fed on tlie rich white 
 clover pastures of Vermont. Tlie butter and cheese are universally known for 
 their excellence. 
 
 Vermont is entirely in the interior ; yet, by the system of internal improvements, 
 the Champlain Canal, and the Lake, vessels and steamboats have brought her ter- 
 ritory almost in contiguity with the sea. Pari of the trade goes by canal to 
 Albany, and part down the lake to Montreal : much of that which formerly went 
 to Boston and Hartford, is now drawn by the Champlain Canal to New York- 
 This canal has been of incalculable advantage to the State. 
 
 The population of Vermont in 1790 was 85,589; in 1800, 154,465; in 1810, 
 217,895; in 1820, 235,764; in 1830, 280,679; in 1840, 291,948. Of these, 
 146,378 were white males; 144,840, do. females; 364 were coloured males ; 366, 
 do„ females. Employed in agriculture, 73,150; in commerce, 1303; in manu- 
 factures and trades, 13,174; in mining, 77; In navigating the ocean, 41; do. 
 lakes, rivers and canals, 146 ; in the learned professions, 1563. 
 
 In 1840 there were in the State, 60,402 horses and mules; 384,341 neat cattle; 
 1,681,819 sheep; 203,800 swine. There were produced, 495,800 bushels of 
 wheat; 1,119,678 of Indian com ; 230,993 of rye ; 54,781 of barley ; 288,416 of 
 buckwheat; 2,222,548 of oats ; 8,869,751 of potatoes; 3,699,235 pounds of ^\^)ol; 
 4,647,934 of sugar; 836,739 tons of hay. The products of the dairy amounted to 
 $2,008,737; of the orchard, to $213,944 ; of lumber, to $349,939. 
 
 The exports of this State, for the year ending Sept. 30th, 1841, were $277,987, 
 and the imports were 246,739 ; the tonnage entered was 13,560, and the tonnage 
 cleared of the same amount. 
 
 Vermont is an agricultural, rather than a commercial and manufacturing State. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 There were, in 1840, 747 retail stores, with a capital of $-2.9G4,0G0; the lumber 
 trade employed a capital of $45,506; home-made or famil}^ goods were produced 
 to the amount of $674,548 ; 95 woollen factories and 239 fulling-mills produced 
 articles to the amount of $1,331,953, with a capital of $1,406,950; 7 cotton fac- 
 tories, with a capital of $118,000, produced articles to the amount of $113,000. 
 The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in the State, was 
 $1,326,440. 
 
 There are three colleges in Vermont. The University of Vermont, at Burling- 
 ton, was founded in 1791 ; Middlebury College, at Middlebury, was founded in 
 1800; Norwich University was founded in 1834. In these institutions there 
 were, in 1840, 233 students. There were in the State 46 academies, with 4113 
 students, and 2402 common and primary schools, with 82,117 scholars. There 
 were in the State 2270 White persons, over tw»nty years of age, who could neither 
 read nor write. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are the Congregationalists, Baptists and 
 Methodists. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 186 churches, 114 ministers, 
 and 20,575 communicants ; the Baptists had 125 churches, 78 ministers, and 
 10,525 communicants; the Methodists had 75 itinerant preachers; the Episcopa- 
 lians had one bishop, and 18 ministers. Besides these, there is a considerable 
 number of Universalists and Christians, and a few Unitarians and Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 There are 19 banks in the State, with an aggregate capital of $1,325,530, and 
 a circulation of $1,966,812. Vermont has a State debt of about $250,000, about 
 one-half of which was contracted in the building of the new State-house. 
 
 The capital of the State is the little town of Montpelier, situated in a wild and 
 rugged region, at the junction of the north and south branches of the Onion 
 river. Here is a handsome State-house of granite, recently erected, together 
 with the public buildings of the county. The population of the town is 3725. 
 West of the mountains are several flourishing towns, which enjoy the advantage 
 of an easy communication with Lake Champlain,and, through it, with the Hudson 
 and St. Lawrence. St. Albans is a neatly built town, on a small bay, with an 
 active and increasing trade, and containing 700 inhabitants. Further south is 
 Burlington, the largest town in the State, and the principal commercial place on 
 the lake. It is pleasantly situated on a gently rising slope, overlooking the lake, 
 and it has an excellent harbour. Here are the county buildings, and the Univer- 
 sity of Vermont ; and at the falls of the Onion river there are some manufactories. 
 The population is 4271. The city of Vergennes, with 1017 inhabitants, is acces- 
 sible to lake vessels ; and the American squadron on the lake was fitted out here 
 in 1814. The falls in the river afford some good mill-seats. Above Vergennes 
 lis Middlebury, which contains some mills, and a college. Marble of a good 
 quality is quarried here. Population, 3162. Higher up the river is Rutland, 
 containing quarries of marble, several manufacturing establishments, and the 
 public buildings of the county, with 2708 inhabitants. On the same side of the 
 mountains, but farther south, is Bennington, near which are found limestone, mar- 
 ble, and iron. Here are some mills and iron-works. Population, 3429. This 
 place is noted for the victory gained in 1777 by General Stark. 
 
 Crossing the mountains, and entering the rich valley of the Connecticut, we 
 find a number of thriving towns and neat villages, lining its fertile meadows. By 
 means of several short canals, boats are enabled to ascend the river above New- 
 bury ; the principal of these cuts is at Bellows' Falls, where a fall of fifty feet is 
 overcome by nine locks, and an excavation of half a mile in length. Brattleboro' 
 is a busy place of 2624 inhabitants, and containing some manufactories. Windsor 
 is a neat town in a picturesque situation, with the lofty peaks of Ascutney Moun- 
 tain towering above it. A small stream which runs through the town, serves to 
 carry the machinery of several manufacturing establishments ; and there is a State 
 prison built of oranite, and conducted on the Auburn plan. Population, 2744. 
 ^ At the little village of Bellows' Falls, the river is suddenly contracted from 300 
 to 16 or 20 feet wide, and rushes with great impetuosity through a narrow 
 chasm cut in the solid rock, having a fall of nearly fifty feet in a half of a mile. 
 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 23 
 
 Woodstock, with 3315 inhabitants, lies a little off from the river; and higher up, 
 but on the Connecticut, is Norwich : civil engineering and other practical sciences 
 receive particular attention in the institution here, styled the Norwich University. 
 Population, 2218. 
 
 i 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 This State is bounded north by Vermont and New Hampshire ; east by the 
 Atlantic Ocean ; south by Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and west by New York. 
 The average extent, from north to south, is 70 miles, and from east to west 140 ; 
 area, 8500 square miles. The Green Mountains range through the central parts 
 of the State, from north to south. These mountains, in their whole extent, 
 abound in noble elevations, dark green forests, pleasant and sheltered valleys, and 
 an infinite variety of impressive scenery. The highest peaks are Saddle Mt., 
 Taghkonic, Mt. Tom, Mt. Holyoke, &c. 
 
 Massachusetts has no large rivers wholly within her bounds. The Merrimack 
 passes out of New Hampshire into the northern division of the State, emptying 
 into the sea at Newburyport. The Connecticut, in traversing it from north to 
 south, nearly bisects the State. The Housatonic, Charles and Ipswich, Neponset 
 and Taunton, though they have short courses, are pleasant streams. The deep 
 bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, which has given name to the State, has 
 caused it to be known in the other States by the name of the Bay State. Cape 
 Ann bounds it on the north, and Cape Cod on the south. 
 
 Agriculture receives here great attention, and is conducted with a superior 
 degree of skill and intelligence. Massachusetts is no doubt the best cultivated 
 State in the Union. Both the Legislature and agricultural societies have made 
 great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty husbandry, and to introduce the 
 best foreign breeds of sheep and cattle. Commerce, manufactures, and the fish- 
 eries, are, however, the great objects of pursuit. 
 
 The population of the State of Massachusetts, in 1790, was 388,727 ; in 1800, 
 422,845; in 1810, 472,040; in 1820, 523,287; in 1830, 610,408; in 1840, 
 737,699. Of these, 360,679 were white males, and 368,351 white females ; 4654 
 were coloured males, and 4015 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 
 87,837; in commerce, 8063 ; in manufactures and trades, 85,176; in navigating 
 the ocean, 27,153; do. rivers and canals, 372 ; in mining, 499 ; in the learned 
 professions, 3804. 
 
 In 1840, there were in the State, 61,484 horses or mules; 282,574 neat cattle; 
 378,226 sheep ; 143,221 swine. There were produced, 157,923 bushels of wheat ; 
 536,014 of rye; 1,809,192 of Indian corn; 87,000 of buckwheat; 165,319 of 
 barley ; 1,319,680 of oats ; 5,385,652 of potatoes ; and 569,395 tons of hay. The 
 products of the dairy were valued at $2,373,299 "; of the orchard, $389,177. 
 
 Massachusetts is extensively engaged in the fisheries. There were produced, 
 in 1840, 389,715 quintals of dried or smoked fish; 124,755 barrels of pickled fish; 
 3,630,972 gallons of spermaceti oil; 3,364,725 gallons of whale, or other fish oil. 
 In its shipping Massachusetts is the second Slate in the Union, being inferior 
 only to New York. 
 
 The exports in 1840 amounted to $10,186,261, and the imports to $16,513,858. 
 There were 241 commercial and 123 commission houses engaged in foreign trade, 
 with a capital of $13,881,517; 3625 retail dry-goods and other stores, with a 
 capita] of $12,705,038; the lumber trade employed a capital of $1,022,360; the 
 fisheries employed a capital of $11,725,850. 
 
 The manufactures of Massachusetts are equally distinguished with its com- 
 merce. Home-made or family goods were produced to the amount of $231,942; 
 27 fulling-mills and 144 woollen manufactories produced articles to the amount 
 of $7,082,898, employing a capital of $4,179,850; 278 cotton factories produced 
 articles to the amount of $16,553,423, and employed a capital of $17,414,099; 
 1532 saddleries and other manufactories of leather produced articles to the amount 
 of $10,553,826, employing a capital of $3,318,544; flouring, grist and saw-mills 
 
 »m . ...■■■■.. I »m»»n«i^ ^»»M i «>mMJMu ~ »-j ;» m il I ,- . u ^i.im I ■■■»!■■ n m n mm« m «imm wi Si t mM.^ua 
 
 14* V 
 
24 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 manufactured to the amount of $1,77 ), 185, and employed a capital of $1,440,152; 
 ships were built to the amount of $1,349,994. The total amount of capital em- 
 ployed in manufactures was $41,774,446. 
 
 Various works of internal improvement have been executed, which afford 
 great convenience and facility to travelling and transportation. They are, 
 the Middlesex Canal, which extends from Boston to the Merrimack river, 26 
 miles; the Blackstone Canal, from Worcester to Providence, R. I., 45 miles; 
 and the Hampden and Hampshire Canal, 20 miles in length, which is a continua- 
 tion of the Farmington Canal, from the Connecticut north boundary to North- 
 ampton. 
 
 The following rail-roads have been constructed, viz. : from Quincy to Neponset 
 river, 3 miles ; the first work of the kind in the United States. From Boston to 
 Lowell, 26 miles, with a continuation through Nashua to Concord, N.H. ; a branch of 
 this line from Wilmington is carried, through Andover and Exeter, to North Ber- 
 wick, Me., 60 miles. From Boston to Providence, 42 miles, and thence to Sto- 
 nington, Ct. ; a branch line extends from Mansfield, through Taunton, to New 
 Bedford, 33 miles. From Boston to Worcester, 43 miles; then commences the 
 Western Rail-road, through Springfield to the west boundary of the State, where 
 it connects with Albany, Hudson and Troy, by roads lately fi.nished. From 
 Worcester to Norwich, Ct, 59 miles. The Eastern Rail-road, through Salem 
 and Portsmouth, to Portland, Me., 104 miles. The Fitchburg Rail-road, leading 
 through Concord, is in progress. A rail-road from Springfield to Hartford, 26 
 miles, is on the point of being completed. 
 
 Massachusetts has three colleges, and two theological seminaries. Harvard 
 University, at Cambridge, is the oldest and best endowed seminary in the coun- 
 try, having been founded in 1638, about eighteen years after the first landing on 
 the rock of Plymouth ; Williams College, at Williamstown, in the north-west 
 corner of the State, was founded in 1793, and is flourishing: Amherst College, at 
 Amherst, was founded in 1821, and has had an unexampled growth, ranking with 
 the first colleges in New England. The theological seminary at Andover, under 
 the direction of the Congregationalists, has been munificently endowed by a few 
 individuals, and is one of the oldest and most respectable of the kind in the United 
 States. It was opened for students in the autumn of 1808. The Baptists have 
 a flourishing theological institution at Newtown, founded in 1825. All these 
 institutions had, in 1840, 769 students. There were 251 academies and grammar 
 schools in the State, with 16,746 students ; and 3362 common and primary 
 schools, with 160,257 scholars. There were 4448 white persons, over twenty 
 years of age, who eould neither read nor write. These, as in most cases in the 
 States, were principally made up of foreign immigrants. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are Congregationalists, Unitarians, Bap- 
 tists, Methodists, Episcopalians, and Universalists. In 1836, the Orthodox Con- 
 gregationalists had about 323 churches, 291 ministers, and 46,950 communicants; 
 the Unitarians had about 120 ministers; the Baptists had 129 churches, 160 
 ministers, and 20,200 communicants; the Methodists had 87 ministers; the 
 Episcopalians had one bishop, and 37 ministers; the Universalists had 100 con- 
 gregations, and 44 ministers; the Friends had 18 societies; the Roman Catholics 
 had one bishop, and 11 ministers. Besides these, there are a few Presbyterians, 
 Christians, Swedenborgian or New Jerusalem, and Shakers. 
 
 Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and the principal city of New England, 
 is pleasantly situated upon a small hilly peninsula on Boston Bay, with a safe 
 and commodious harbour, deep enough to admit the largest vessels, capable of 
 containing 500 ships at once, and so completely landlocked as to be perfectly 
 secure. Several forts, erected on these islands, command the approaches to the 
 city. Beside the main peninsula, the city comprises another peninsula, called 
 South Boston, connected with the former by two free bridges; and the island of 
 East Boston, with which communication is kept up by steam ferry-boats. Four 
 wooden bridges also connect the city with Charlestown and Cambridge ; a solid 
 causeway of earth unites it to Brookline; and a narrow neck of land, which has 
 been raised and widened by artificial constructions, joins it to Roxbury. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 25 
 
 The population, in 1800, was 24,937; in 1830, 43,298; in 1830, 64,392; and 
 in 1840, 93,383 : but, if the adjacent towns are included, which in fact form so 
 many suburbs of the city, the population exceeds 120,000. The State-house, 
 fronting a fine park of 75 acres, called the Common, and standing on the most 
 elevated part of the city ; the market-house, a handsome granite edifice, two 
 stories high, 536 feet by 50; the court-house, which is also of granite, 176 
 feet long, 57 high, 54 wide ; the city hall, or old Stale-house, and Faneuil 
 Hall, more interesting from historical associations than from their architectural 
 merits; and the Massachusetts General Hospital, a handsome granite building, 
 168 feet in length; the Institution for the Blind, in which are about 50 pupils; 
 the Boston Athenaeum, which has a library of 30,000 volumes, and a picture- 
 gallery ; the Medical School of Harvard University ; the Eye and Ear Infirmary ; 
 the Houses of Industry, Reformation, and Correction, are the principal public 
 buildings that deserve mention. 
 
 The bridges and wharves are remarkable for their great length. The Canal 
 bridge is 2800 feet long; the West Boston bridge, 2760 feet; and some of the 
 others exceed 1500 feet. The wharves have been constructed in a somewhat 
 similar manner. Central wharf, 1380 feet long, by 150 wide, contains 54 large 
 warehouses, four stories high. Long wharf, 1800 long, by 200 in width, has 76 
 warehouses, equally spacious. Commercial wharf is 1100 feet, by 160, with a 
 range of 34 granite warehouses. 
 
 As a commercial city, Boston is the second in the Union, in amount of business. 
 In 1840, the shipping belonging to the port amounted to 220,243 tons; value of 
 imports, $16,000,000; exports, $10,000,000. Banking institutions, 25, with an 
 aggregate capital of $17,800,000; insurance companies, 25, with a capital of 
 $6,000,000; 38 newspapers, 12 of which are published daily. This city has 
 ever been distinguished for its attention to education. The free schools are, the 
 Latin School, the High School, nine grammar and writing schools, 57 primary 
 schools, and one African school for blacks. There are also numerous private 
 schools for children of both sexes. Boston has 106 literary and charitable socie- 
 ties. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Historical Society, and 
 the Natural History Society, are ^mong the learned societies. There are 75 
 churches, 2 theatres, an Odeon, &c. 
 
 Charlestown, which is connected with Boston by three bridges, stands on a 
 lofty peninsula, the centre of which is occupied by Bunker Hill. Though irre- 
 gularly built, it commands many fine views of the harbour and the surrounding 
 country. The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk of granite, rising to the height 
 of 220 feet from its base, which is 50 feet square. The United States' Dock- 
 yard, comprising a number of store-houses, arsenals, magazines, barracks, and 
 slips, with a graving or dry-dock, built at a cost of $677,000, covers an extent of 
 about sixty acres. The population of the town is 11,484. Adjoining Charles- 
 town is Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, with 8,409 inhabitants. At 
 Watertovvn, adjoining Cambridge, there is an United States' Arsenal. 
 
 To the south-west is the little town of Brighton, noted for its cattle market, in 
 which, in 1840, the sales of cattle, calves, sheep, and swine, amounted to 
 almost $3,500,000. Lynn is a neat and thriving town, whose inhabitants, be- 
 side making 3,500,000 pair of shoes annually, carry on th-e cod and whale fish- 
 eries. Population in 1840, 9367. A long beach of smooth, hard sand, 
 terminates in the rocky little peninsula of Nahant, a favourite watering-place 
 of the neighbouring towns. Marblehead, long the principal seat of the cod 
 fishery, has of late turned its attention partly to mechanical industry, particularly 
 to shoemaking, which occupies the winter leisure of many of its hardy fishermen. 
 100 sail of small vessels are employed in the fishing, coasting, and foreign trade. 
 Population, 5575. 
 
 The city of Salem, with 15,082 inhabitants, is noted for the commercial enter- 
 prise and industrious spirit of its citizens. It was long largely engaged in the 
 East India and China trade, and its coasting and foreign trade is still consider- 
 able ; but it labours under the disadvantage of not having a sufficient depth of 
 water for the largest vessels. The inhabitants have lately engaged in the whale 
 
 29 
 
26 UNITED STATES. 
 
 fishery, in which they employ 13 ships; the whole shipping of the port a^iounts 
 to 37,021 tons.- The city is neatly built, and it contains an athenaeum, a marine 
 museum, a valuable collection of natural and artificial curiosities, belonging to 
 the East India Marine Society, which is composed wholly of nautical men ; 8 
 banking institutions, with an aggregate capital of $2,350,000 ; 3 insurance com- 
 panies, with a capital of $570,000; 18 churches, and several charitable institu- 
 tions. The manufactures are also considerable. Beverly, connected with Salem 
 by a bridge 1500 feet in length, has 4689 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in com- 
 merce and the fisheries; and Danvers is a busy town, with a population of 5020, 
 containing 21 tanneries, a rolling and slitting mill, &c. Cape Anne, the north 
 point of Massachusetts Bay, is occupied by the fishing-town of Gloucester: ton- 
 nage owned here, 17,072 ; population, 6350. A few miles north of the cape is 
 the handsome town of Newburyport, situated at the mouth of the Merrimack. Its 
 foreign commerce was formerly more extensive than it is at present, but its trade 
 is still important; and the whale, mackerel and cod fisheries are also canied on 
 from this place : tonnage, 23,965. Population, 6716. 
 
 The south point of the great bay from which the State takes its name, is Cape 
 Cod, a long irregular peninsula, of 75 miles in length, by from 5 to 20 in breadth. 
 It consists chiefly of hills of white sand, mostly destitute of vegetation. The 
 houses are in some places built upon stakes driven into the ground, with open 
 spaces between, for the sand to drift through. The cape, notwithstanding, is well 
 inhabited, and supports a large population, the majority of which subsists by the 
 fisheries and the coasting-trade. South of Cape Cod is the island of Nantucket, 
 containing the town of the same name, with 9012 inhabitants, all crowded toge- 
 ther close upon the harbour, which lies on the northern side. The island is merely 
 a sand-bank, 15 miles in length, by about 5 or 6 in breadth, slightly elevated 
 above the ocean. There are, however, some productive spots ; and about 7000 
 sheep and 500 cows are raised, which feed in one pasture, the land being held in 
 common. The inhabitants are distinguished for their enterprise. They have 
 about 75 ships engaged in the whale-fishery, and a considerable number of small 
 vessels in the coasting-trade ; 34,342 tons of shipping are owned here, and 2000 
 men and boys belonging to the island are employed in navigation. Martha's 
 Vineyard is somewhat longer than Nantucket, and contains considerable wood- 
 land. The inhabitants are mostly pilots and fishermen ; but some salt and 
 woollen cloth are made. Holmes' Hole, a safe and capacious harbour on the 
 northern coast, is an important station for ships waiting for favourable weather to 
 pass Cape Cod. 
 
 Fifty-seven miles south of Boston, and situated on Buzzard's Bay, is New 
 Bedford, the great seat of the whale-fishery. It is a handsomely built town, and 
 has a safe and capacious harbour. The population, in 1840, amounted to 12,087. 
 The shipping of the district, which includes several other towns on the bay, is 
 89,089 tons; nearly the whole of this is employed in the whale-fishery; and in 
 1841, 54,860 barrels of sperm and 49,555 of whale oil were brought in here. 
 Capital employed in the fisheries, $4,512,000. There are 4 banks, with a capital 
 of $1,300,000 ; 3 insurance offices, 14 churches, an academy, &c. A rail-road, 24 
 miles long, connects this place with Taunton. 
 
 Lowell is the greatest manufacturing town in the United States, and may be 
 considered the Manchester of America. It was commenced in 1813, but its prin- 
 cipal iiicrease dates from 1822; it now contains 25,000 inhabitants. In 1844, 
 the capital employed in its various manufactures amounted to $10,850,000. Its 
 cotton and woollen factories alone give employment to near 9000 operatives, the 
 greater part of whom are females. About 24,000,000 pounds of cotton are 
 expended annually in the production of 76,000,000 yards of cloth. The average 
 amount of wages paid per month is $138,600. The supply of water-power from 
 the Merrimack is convenient and unfailing. Lowell also contains powder-mills, 
 flannel-works, grist and saw-mills, glass-works, &c. 
 
 Among the other places noted for manufactures are Fall River village, near the 
 mouth of Taunton river; this town was almost wholly destroyed by fire on the 
 2d of July, 1843, but was almost immediately rebuilt; the loss was estimated at 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 27 
 
 $700,000. Taunton, on the river of the same name, and 32 miles south-west 
 from Boston; Worcester, west from Boston; Springfield and Northampton, both 
 on Connecticut river, the former on its eastern, and the latter on its western side; 
 Pittsfield in the western, and Adams in the north-western, part of the Slate. 
 
 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Rhode Island is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Its extent, from north to south, is about 48 
 miles, and from east to west, 42; area, 1500 square miles. The face of the 
 country is mostly level, except in the north-west, part of which is hilly and rocky. 
 The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. A large proportion 
 of the north-western and western part of the State has a thin and lean soil, but 
 the islands and country bordering on Narragansett Bay are of great fertility, and 
 are celebrated for their fine cattle, and the abundance and excellence of their but- 
 ter and cheese. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, and some wheat. 
 
 The island of Rhode Island is celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated appear- 
 ance, abounding in smooth swells, and being divided with great uniformity into 
 well-tilled fields. The climate much resembles that of Massachusetts and Con- 
 necticut in its salubrity: the parts of the Slate adjacent to the sea are favoured 
 with refreshing breezes in summer, and its winter is the most mild of any of the 
 New England States. 
 
 The rivers are small, with courses of not more than fifty or sixty miles, and 
 i discharging an inconsiderable quantity of water; but as they descend from two 
 hundred to four hundred and fifty feet, and are steady in their supply of water, 
 they furnish a great number of valuable mill-seats ; and they have been exten- 
 sively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, and Paw- 
 catuck, are the principal streams. 
 
 The population of Rhode Island, in 1790, was 58,825; in 1800, 69,122; in 
 1810, 76,931; in 1820, 83,059; in 1830, 97,212; in 1840, 108,830. Of these 
 51,362 were white males; 54,225 white females; 1413 were coloured males; 
 1825 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 16,617; in commerce, 1348; 
 in manufactures and trades, 21,271 ; in navigating the ocean, 1717 ; in the learned 
 professions, 457. It is the only State in the Union in which the number employed 
 in manufactures and trades exceeds those employed in agriculture. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 8024 horses and mules; 36,891 neat cattle; 
 90,146 sheep; 30,659 swine. There were produced 3098 bushels of wheat ; 
 34,521 of rye; 450,498 of Indian corn; 2979 of buckwheat; 65,490 of barley; 
 171,517 of oats; 911,973 of potatoes; 183,830 pounds of wool. 
 
 The exports for the year ending September 30th, 1841, was $278,465 ; and the 
 imports were'$339,592. The tonnage entered was 25,195 tons, and the tonnage 
 cleared was 21,698 tons. 
 
 The manufactures of this State, small as it is, are deserving of particular 
 notice. According to the census of 1840, home-made or family goods were pro- 
 duced to the amount of $57,180 ; 41 woollen factories, with 45 fulling-mills, 
 produced goods to tiie amount of $842,172, employing a capital of $685,350 ; 
 209 cotton factories produced goods to the amount of $7,116,792, employing a 
 capital of $7,360,000; various mills produced articles to the amount of $83,6h3, 
 employing a capital of $152,310; vessels were built to the amount of $41,500; 
 four distilleries produced 885,000 gallons of distilled spirits, and 3 breweries 
 produced 89,600 gallons of beer, with a capital of $139,000; capital employed 
 in the fisheries, $1,077,157. The total amount of capital employed in manufac- 
 tures was $10,696,136. 
 
 Brown University, at Providence, founded at Warwick, in 1764, and per- 
 manently located at Providence, in 1770, is the only college in the State, and is 
 a flourishing institution. The president and a majority of the trustees are required 
 to be of the Baptist denomination. The common schools of this State, formerly 
 less attended to than in the other New England States, have latterly received 
 
28 UNITED STATES. 
 
 much attention, and are improving. In 1843, there was expended for instruction 
 in the State, $42,944. The State has a permanent school-fund amounting to over 
 $50,000. Tlie sum of $-25,000 annually is paid from the State treasury to the 
 school committees of the several towns, for the support of the public schools. 
 In 1840, there were in Brown University, and in a High-School, which partakes 
 of the nature of a college, 324 students. There were 52 academies or grammar- 
 schools, with 3664 students; 434 common and primary schools, with 17,355 
 scholars. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are Baptists, Congregationalists, Epis- 
 copalians, and Methodists. 
 
 Until recently, the only Constitution of this State was the Charter granted by 
 Charles II., in 1663. Several attempts have been made within the last 20 years 
 to form a Constitution more suitable to the spirit of the age, all of which failed 
 until November, 1842, when, after a display of much party rancour, a new Con- 
 stitution was adopted by a majority of the legal voters. 
 
 The principal city of Rhode Island is Providence, the second in New England 
 in point of population, wealth, and commerce. It is situated at the head of Nar- 
 ragansett Bay, and is accessible to the largest merchant-vessels : it carries on an 
 active coasting and foreign trade. The population of the city increased from 
 16,833 in 1830, to 23,171 in 1840. Here are 15 banks with a capital of about 
 $5,000,000 ; also a number of cotton-mills, bleacheries, dye-houses, machine- 
 shops, iron-founderies, &c. Among the public buildings are the State House, 
 the Halls of Brown University, the arcade, a handsome granite edifice, 17 
 churches, &c. Steam-boats, of the largest and finest class, keep up a daily com- 
 munication with New York, during the greater part of the year ; the Blackstone 
 canal, and Boston and Providence rail-road, terminate here ; the latter is conti- 
 nued to Stonington, in Connecticut. Pawtucket River, above Providence, is the 
 seat of extensive manufactures. North Providence, on the Massachusetts bor- 
 der, contains the manufacturing village of Pawtucket, opposite which is the 
 town of Pawtucket in that State. The whole manufacturing district is also 
 commonly called Pawtucket, and it contains a number of cotton-mills, beside 
 machine-shops, calico-printing works, iron-works, &c. There is a population of 
 about 8000 souls on both sides of the river. Above this the Pawtucket takes the 
 name of the Blackstone, and furnishes mill-seats which have created the village 
 of Woonsocket Falls, also situated on both sides of the river, in the townships 
 of Smithfield and Cumberland. There are also manufacturing establishments in 
 other parts of Smithfield. Warwick, on the Pawtuxet River and Narragansett 
 Bay, is a manufacturing and fishing town, with 6726 inhabitants. 
 
 Bristol, on the eastern shore of the bay, is a busy town, with 3490 inhabitants 
 actively engaged in the foreign and coasting trade and whale fishery. Nearly a% 
 the south end of the island of Rhode Island is Newport, once one of the princi- 
 pal towns in the colonies, and still a favourite summer resort, on account of its 
 pleasant situation, the refreshing coolness of the sea-breezes, and its advantages 
 for sea-bathing. The harbour is one of the finest in the world, being safe, capa- 
 cious, and easy of access, and is defended by an important work called Fort 
 Adams; but trade has mostly deserted the town, and now centres chiefly in Pro- 
 vidence. Population, 8321. Prudence and Conanicut Islands in the Bay, and 
 Block Island, at the entrance of Long Island Sound, belong to this State. The 
 latter is destitute of a harbour; the inhabitants, 1069 in number, are chiefly fish- 
 ermen. 
 
 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 This State is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, south by Long Island 
 Sound, east by Rhode Island, and west by New York. It is 90 miles in length, 
 70 miles in breadth, and contains 4764 square miles. The principal rivers are, 
 the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Farmington, and Naugatuck. The face 
 of the country is generally hilly, and, in the north-western parts, mountainous. 
 The soil is good, and the industrious inhabitants have not neglected its cultiva- 
 
CONNECTICUT. 29 
 
 tion. The valley of Connecticut River, from Middletown to the northern bound- 
 ary of the State, is a luxuriant meadow, chequered by patches of wheat, corn, 
 and other grain. Some other parts of the State are well cultivated and fruitful, 
 and some portions are beautiful, as well from the gifts of nature as the improve- 
 ments of art. 
 
 The chief productions are Indian com, rye, wheat, in many parts, oats, barley, 
 buckwheat, flax in large quantities, &c. Orchards are numerous, and cider is 
 made for exportation. The State is, however, generally better adapted to grazing 
 than tillage, and its fine meadows and pastures enable the farmer to feed great 
 numbers of neat cattle, horses, and sheep. The quantity of butter and cheese, 
 annually made, is great, and of well-known excellence. 
 
 The whale and other fisheries are carried on from several of the ports in this 
 State; and there are valuable shad fisheries on the larger rivers. 
 
 The population, in 1790, was 273,946; in 1800, 251,002; in 1810, 261,942; 
 in 1820, 275,248; in 1830, 291,711 ; in 1840, 300,015. Of these, 148,300 were 
 white males; 153,556 white females ; 3881 were free coloured males; 4212 free 
 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 56,995 ; in commerce, 2743 ; in 
 manufactures and trades, 27,932 ; in navigating the ocean, 2700 ; do. rivers and 
 canals, 431 ; in the learned professions and engineers, 1697. 
 
 According to the census of 1840, there were in the State, 34,650 horses and 
 mules; 238,650 neat cattle; 403,467 sheep; 131,961 swine. There were pro- 
 duced 87,009 bushels of wheat; 737,424 of rye; 33,759 of barley; 1,500,441 
 of Indian corn; 303,043 of buckwheat; 1,453,262 of oats; 3,414,238 of pota- 
 toes; 889,870 pounds of wool; 471,657 of tobacco; 426,704 tons of hay; 
 17,538 pounds of silk cocoons. The products of the dairy amounted to $1,376,534, 
 and of the orchard to $296,232; the value of lumber was $147,841 ; and 2666 
 gallons of wine were made. 
 
 The exports of this State, in 1840, amounted to $518,210 ; and the imports to 
 $227,072. Capital employed in the fisheries, $1,301,640. 
 
 The manufactures of Connecticut are still more extensive than its commerce. 
 Home-made or family manufactures amounted, in 1840, to $226,162 ; there were 
 119 woollen manufactories, producing articles to the amount of $2,494,313, em- 
 ploying a capital of $1,931,335; 116 cotton factories produced articles to the 
 amount of $2,715,964, and employed a capital of $3,152,000; 408 saddle, shoe, 
 and other leather manufactories, produced articles to the amount of $2,017,931, 
 employing a capital of $829,267 ; vessels were built to the amount of $428,900. 
 The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in the State was $13,- 
 669,139. 
 
 This State has 3 colleges. Yale College, at New Haven, founded in 1701, 
 is one of the oldest colleges in the United States. Wi^shington College, at Hart- 
 ford, is under the direction of the Episcopalians, founded in 1826. The Wes- 
 leyan University, founded in 1831, is under the direction of the Methodists. In 
 1840, the three colleges had 700 students, more than two-thirds of whom were 
 in Yale College; there were 127 academies and grammar-schools, with 4685 
 students. The best endowed of these are Bacon Academy, at Colchester, and 
 the Episcopal Academy, at Cheshire. There were 1619 common and primary 
 schools, with 65,739 scholars ; 526 persons, over 20 years of age, could neither 
 read nor write ; the least number in proportion to its inhabitants in any State ih 
 ihe Union. This State has the largest school-fund in proportion to its population 
 of any State in the Union ; it amounted, in 1842, to $2,044,354. 
 
 The principal religious denominations are the Congregational ists, Baptists, 
 Methodists, Episcopalians, with a few Roman Catholics, Universalists, and Uni- 
 tarians. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 232 churches, 271 ministers, and 
 29,579 communicants ; the Baptists had 92 churches, 77 ministers, and 10,039 
 communicants; the Methodists had 73 ministers; the Episcopalians had one 
 bishop and 63 ministers. 
 
 The chief works of internal improvement in Connecticut are, the Farmington 
 canal, extending from New Haven to Northampton, Mass., 78 miles; the rail- 
 road from Stonington to Providence, 45 miles, chiefly in Rhode Island ; this work 
 connects with the Long Island rail-road at Greenport, by a steam ferry of 24 
 
30 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 miles. The Norwich and Worcester, 59 miles. The New Haven and Hartford, 
 36 miles; now extended to Springfield, Mass. The Housatonic, from Bridgeport 
 to West Stockbridge, Mass., 96 miles. The three last connect with the great 
 rail-road system leading from Boston to Buffalo. 
 
 New Haven, a semi-capital of the State, is situated on a bay of the same name. 
 The harbour is safe and spacious, but it is shallow and gradually filling up. The 
 city is regularly laid out and neatly built : many of the houses have fine gardens ; 
 some of the principal streets are bordered by rows of shade trees, and the princi- 
 pal square is finely ornamented in the same manner. Among the public buildings 
 are the State-house, the State-hospital, the Halls of Yale College, ten churches, 
 &c. One of the wharves here is 3943 feet in length. The coasting and foreign 
 trade of New Haven is considerable : steam-boats and packets keep up a regular 
 communication with New York ; and there are some extensive manufactories of 
 fire-arms, carriages, &c. Population, 12,960. Bridgeport is a thriving town near 
 the mouth of Housatonic river, with 4570 inhabitants ; it contains 6 churches, 2 
 banks, a number of manufacturing establishments, 8 academies, and 13 schools. 
 The capital employed in manufactures amounts to half a million dollars. The 
 Housatonic rail-road commences here. In the interior are Danbury and Litch- 
 field, with some manufactures. 
 
 Hartford, also a semi-capital of the State, is built on the west bank oi Con- 
 necticut river. It stands in a fertile district, abounding in neat villages, which 
 enjoy the advantages of numerous mill-seats and easy communication with the 
 sea; population in 1840, 9468. Steamboats run daily between Hartford and New 
 York, and several small steam-packets and tow-boats are employed on the river 
 above. The principal branches of industry are printing and publishing, shoe- 
 making, the manufacturing of saddlery, cards, and wire, wearing apparel, &c. 
 Among the public buildings are the State-house, city hall, 13 churches, 5 banks, 
 savings bank, &c., the Asylum for the deaf and dumb, retreat for the insane, &c. 
 The Asylum for the deaf and dumb, the first institution of the kind established in 
 America, was founded in 1816, and has about 140 pupils, who receive instruction 
 I in various branches of useful learning, and acquire a knowledge of the useful arts. 
 Washington College, founded in 1824, has 7 professors and 72 students. 
 
 Middletown, a few miles below Hartford, is accessible to vessels drawing ten 
 feet of water, and its coasting and foreign trade is considerable. The situation of 
 the town is pleasant, and the houses and public buildings neat. Its manufactures 
 comprise cotton and woollen goods, powder, cordage, paper, machinery, &c. : 
 population, 3511. Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut river, was the first 
 spot occupied by Europeans in Connecticut, and the ground was regularly laid 
 out for a large city ; but the anticipations of its founders have not been realised. 
 
 New London, near the mouth of Thames river, is the principal commercial 
 place in Connecticut, with one of the best harbours in the country. Its trade is 
 considerable; upwards of fifty ships sail hence to the whale-fishery. Population, 
 5519. Norwich, 13 miles above New London, is a flourishing manufacturing 
 city. The water-power is ample, and is extensively employed. There are in the 
 township 17 manufacturing establishments, 8 churches, 4 banks, &c. Population 
 of the city, 4700 ; of the township, 7239. Stonington, in the south-east corner of 
 the State, has a considerable number of vessels engaged in the whaling and seal- 
 ing business. Population, 3898. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 The Middle States are bounded on the north by Canada, the river St. Law- 
 rence, and Lakes Ontario and Erie"; south by Virginia; east by the Atlantic 
 Ocean and New England ; west by the State of Ohio and Virginia. As a region, 
 the Middle States comprise New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and 
 Delaware ; it extends, from north to south, about 490 miles, and from east to west. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 31 
 
 pfl'nhet'i:™""" "' ■'"'■'»"' "•""= "■"-• "-i --P- 0-0 of .he finest 
 Blue Rid,e in North Carolina, 'or S^WhitCULl' ^t^ZC °T^l 
 
 .tgM^ror™-^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 thiIr:,r'''¥h"'H„"^nT/^lLa~"''\"°"™' "' '^ "S imefrin 
 a«ll,l "of our naviS,irst?i^ b^rL <? ='7°?»t »'' '"°=' ™P°"""' >"<! 
 
 their Sumber^nd ria'nitude ' '' '" ''' particularly remarkable Jr 
 
 of Pennsylvania and Delaware flows' to BaTtt'oJrT'' °f °. •^""^"i!'™"" P»" 
 n<r different hihit<, fp^llnn:. "^ j ^ ■ • ^ P^°P'^ of various countries, hav- 
 
 contiguity: they seldom ui^te for nn" nK, ^^'"^ ""^^^'^^ ^""Sether is their 
 
 little symVhy or common feelin J wiLh nrn ^7^^' ""^ '^'^■'"^ ^^^"^^ '« ^e but 
 
 Sta1es"nto NtwVorfc'ont'ueftTZr"' \'^ '"^'^f ^^^^^ ^^^ the New England 
 rity of the prLlt populat on oJ thnt 4? '^'"""'^ ^°'" "^""^ y«"^' ^^at a majo- 
 
 vania. Population of the AliddffstS i S»n 5"£^"^ emigrants in Pennsyl- 
 of whom 97,778 were s aves ' ""'' '" '^''^' ^'^^^'^BG; m 1840, 5,118,076; 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 coJbTn1nrwkh^It;s;terak'dTitt"f'J^^'^ P°P"'«- - ^^^ Union, 
 
 and easy access C^eaSSc work, i ^^7^"^«§^«« ^^ «oil. internal navigation 
 exhibits one of thlramS^ ermy T^^ of imperial grandeur 
 
 nowhere on the glXe bTyrd^r'^Z'SrSerr"'' '"' P"^^^"^^' ^^^^ ^^ -- 
 
32 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and 
 Pennsylvania ; and west by Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, and the Niagara river. 
 Length, 316 miles; breadth, 304; containing about 46,000 square miles. 
 
 This State forms a portion of the elevated table-land of the United States, 
 broken in some places by mountainous ridges of inconsiderable elevation, and 
 containing some remarkable depressions, which form the basins of lakes, or the 
 channels of the rivers. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Hudson, St. Lawrence, Delaware, Susquehanna, 
 Alleghany, Genesee, Niagara, Oswego, and the Mohawk. A part of the lakes 
 Erie, Ontario and Champlain, are in this State. The other principal lakes are 
 Lake George, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Oswegatchie, Canandaigua, &c. 
 
 The soil in the maritime part of the State is sandy, in the middle beautifully 
 undulating, and in the western and southern division remarkably level, rich, and 
 inclining to alluvial formation. 
 
 Iron ore is found in inexhaustible quantities, and of a good quality, in the north- 
 eastern part of the State ; it occurs also in some of the central, eastern, and south- 
 western counties. Lead is found in some parts ; also gypsum, in the central 
 counties, where it is extensively used for agricultural purposes. Limestone like- 
 wise occurs. Salt is procured in abundance from the Onondaga salt-springs, in 
 the township of Salina ; the brine is conducted to Salina, Syracuse, and other 
 neighbouring villages, where the salt is obtained by boiling, by solar evaporation, 
 and by artificial evaporation, 45 gallons of water yielding a bushel of salt. The 
 well-known springs of Ballston and Saratoga are partly saline, partly chalybeate; 
 and the water is exported in considerable quantities, not only to other States, but 
 to foreign countries. In the western part of the State there are burning springs, 
 yielding carburetted hydrogen, which is applied to economical uses in the neigh- 
 bouring villages. 
 
 Wheat is the great agricultural staple of the State, and flour and provisions are 
 largely exported. The manufactures are extensive and flourishing. The capital 
 employed in that branch of national industry, in 1840, was over $55,000,000, in- 
 dependent of home-made articles produced to the amount of more than $4,600,000. 
 The cotton and woollen factories alone employed a capital of about $8,400,000, 
 and produced articles to the value of near $7,200,000. 
 
 The commerce of New York is on a great scale, as, beside supplying her own 
 wants, and exporting her surplus productions, she imports a large share of the 
 foreign articles consumed in the neighbouring Atlantic States, as well as in many 
 of the Western States, to which her natural and artificial channels of communi- 
 cation give her access ; and her great commercial emporium is the outlet for the 
 produce of the same regions. 
 
 The inhabitants consist in part of the descendants of the original Dutch settlers, 
 who have at present, however, lost in a great measure their national characteris- 
 tics, and the descendants of the German palatines, who removed thither in the 
 beginning of the last century, with some emigrants from Great Britain, and other 
 European countries. But the mass of the people are of New England origin or 
 descent, and they are favourably distinguished for enterprise, intelligence, and 
 virtue. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 340,120; in 1800, 586,050; in 1810,959,049; in 
 1820, 1,372,810 ; in 1830, 1,913,508 ; and in 1840, 2,428,921. Of these, 853,929 
 were white males, and 816,276 white females; 6435 were coloured males, and 6428 
 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 455,954 ; in commerce, 28,468 ; in 
 manufactures and trades, 173,193; in mining, 1898; in navigating the ocean, 
 5511 ; do. lakes, rivers and canals, 10,167; in the learned professions, 14,111. 
 
 There were in the State, according to the census of 1840, 475,543 horses and 
 mules; 1,911,244 neat cattle; 5,118,777 sheep ; 1,900,065 swine ; poultry to the 
 value of $1,153,143. There were produced, 12,236,418 bushels of wheat; 2,979,323 
 of rye; 10,972,286of Indian corn ; 2,520,060 of barley ; 2,287,885 of buckwheat ; 
 30.123,614 of potatoes ; 9,845,295 pounds of wool ; 10,048,109 of sugar ; 447,235 
 |l of hops; 1735 of silk cocoons ; 3,127,047 tons of hay ; and 1130 of hemp or flax. 
 
NEW YORK. 33 
 
 The products of the dairy amounted to $10,496,021 ; of the orchard, to $1^701,935 ; 
 of lumber, to $3,891,302. 
 
 The commerce of New York greatly surpasses that of any other State in the 
 Union, The exports of 1841 were $33,139,833, and the imports were $75,713,426 ; 
 the tonnage entered was 1,111,680; the tonnage cleared, 965,548. 
 
 The manufactures of the State are also extensive. Home-made or family 
 manufactures amounted to $4,636,547 ; 323 woollen manufactories, with 890 
 fulling-mills, produced articles to the amount of $3,537,337, with a capital of 
 $3,469,349; 117 cottoa factories, with 211,659 spindles, employed 4407 persons, 
 and a capital of $4,900,772, and produced articles of the value of $3,640,237; 
 332 persons produced 2,867,884 bushels of salt, with a capital of $5,601,000 ; 186 
 furnaces produced 29,088 tons of cast-iron; 120 forges produced 53,693 tons of 
 bar-iron, and employed a capital of $2,003,418 ; 9 smelting-houses produced 
 670,000 pounds of lead, and employed a capital of $221,000; boots, shoes, sad- 
 dles, &c., were produced to the amount of $6,232,924 ; machinery was produced 
 to the amount of $2,895,517; hardware and cutlery, to the value of $1,566,974; 
 precious metals, to the value of $1,106,203 ; 212 distilleries produced 11,973,815 
 gallons of spirits ; 83 breweries produced 6,059,122 gallons of beer, and employed 
 a capital of $3,107,066; 338 flouring-mills produced 1,861,385 barrels of flour, 
 and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of $16,953,280, and em- 
 ployed a capital of $14,648,814; vessels were built to the amount of $797,317; 
 amount of capital employed in the fisheries, $949,250. The total amount of 
 capital employed in manufactures was $55,252,779. 
 
 This State has several important literary institutions : Columbia College, in 
 New York city, founded in 1754; Union College, at Schenectady, founded in 
 1795; Hamilton College, in Clinton, founded in 1812 ; Geneva College, at Ge- 
 neva, founded in 1823; University of the City of New York, founded in 1831. 
 The Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary was founded by the Baptists 
 in 1819 ; the Theological Institute of the Episcopal Church was founded in 1819, 
 in the city of New York ; the New York Theological Seminary, at Auburn, was 
 founded in 1821 ; the Hartwick Seminary, at Hartwick, Otsego county, founded 
 1816; the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New York, was 
 founded in 1807 ; the Albany Medical College was founded in 1839. In the 
 above-named institutions there were, in 1840, 1285 students. There were in the 
 State 505 academies, with 34,715 students, and 10,539 common and primary 
 schools, with 502,367 scholars. There were 44,452 white persons, over twenty 
 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1838, the Presbyterians, with a few Congregationalists, had 564 ministers, 
 and 86,000 communicants ; the Dutch Reformed had 142 ministers, and 15,800 
 communicants; the Methodists had 591 ministers, and 30,700 communicants; 
 the Baptists had 483 ministers, and 67,183 communicants ; the Episcopalians had 
 207 ministers, and about 10,000 communicants; the Associate Reformed had 30 
 ministers; the Lutherans had 27 ministers; the Roman Catholics had 32 minis- 
 ters; the Unitarians had 8 ministers; the Universalists had 25 ministers. 
 
 The State of New York is distinguished for its magnificent public works, con- 
 structed for the purpose of connecting the great central basin of the lakes and the 
 St. Lawrence with the Atlantic ; 663 miles of canal navigation have been ob- 
 tained, at a cost of $13,497,568. T'he great trunk is the Erie canal, extending 
 from Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to the Hudson, 364 miles. The Champlain canal 
 extends from Lake Champlain, at Whitehall, to the junction of the Erie canal 
 with the Hudson, 64 miles, with a navigable feeder of 12 miles; lockage, 188 
 feet, by 21 locks. Other branches of this work, pervading different parts of the 
 State, are the Oswego canal, 38 miles, connecting the Erie canal at Salina with 
 Lake Ontario; Cayuga and Seneca canal, 23 miles, extending from Geneva to 
 Montezuma, on the Erie canal, and thus continuing the navigation through those 
 two lakes ; Crooked Lake, eight miles, connecting that lake with Seneca Lake; 
 Chemung canal, from the head of the latter to the river Chemung, or Tioga, at 
 i Elmira, 23 miles, with a navigable feeder from Painted Post to Elmira, of 16 
 i miles; Chenango canal, 97 miles in length, from Binghamton, on the Chrnango, 
 
 30 
 
34 UNITED STATES. 
 
 to Utica ; the Black River canal, 35 miles in length, from Rome, on the Erie 
 canal, to High Falls, on Black river; and the Genesee Valley canal, from 
 Rochester to Olean, on the Alleghany river, 107 miles. 
 
 Beside the works constructed by the State, the principal canal made by a pri- 
 vate company is the Delaware and Hudson, extending from the mouth of Round- 
 out creek, on the latter river, to Port Jervis on the Delaware, up that river to the 
 mouth of the Lackawaxen, and along the latter to Honesdale, in Pennsylvania ; 
 total length 109 miles, of which 26 are in Pennsylvania. From Honesdale a rail- 
 road runs to the coal-mines at Carbondale, a distance of 16 miles. 
 
 The following are the principal rail-roads completed in the State of New York : 
 From Albany to Schenectady, 16 miles; from Schenectady to Utica, 78 miles; 
 frorn Utica to Syracuse, 53 miles ; from Syracuse to Auburn, 26 miles ; from 
 Auburn to Rochester, 78 miles ; from Rochester to Attica, 44 miles ; from Attica 
 to Buffalo, 36 miles. All the foregoing roads form one continuous line from 
 Albany to Buffalo of 331 miles, and, in connection with the rail-road from Albany 
 to West Stockbridge, Ms., of 38 miles, and thence to Boston, 162 miles, the whole 
 forms a splendid connected rail-road of 531 miles in length. The other chief rail- 
 roads in the State extend from Schenectady to Saratoga Springs, 22 miles ; from 
 West Troy to Schenectady, 20 miles; from Troy to Ballston Spa, 23^ miles; 
 from Hudson to West Stockbridge, Ms., 33 miles; from Brooklyn to Greenport, 
 90 miles; from New York to White Plains, 29 miles; from Corning to Bloss- 
 burg, Pa., 40 miles; from Buffalo to Niagara Falls, 23 miles; from Lockport to 
 Niagara Falls, 24 miles ; from Ithaca to Owego, 29 miles ; and from Piermont 
 to Dunkirk, on lake Erie, 446 miles ; this road is finished ajnd in use from Pier- 
 mont, about 45 miles. 
 
 The city of New York is the largest, most wealthy, and most flourishing of all 
 American cities; the greatest commercial emporium of America, and, after Lon- 
 don, the greatest in the world. 
 
 No city in the world possesses equal advantages for foreign commerce and 
 inland trade. Two long lines of canals, stretching back in every direction, have 
 increased its natural advantages, and rendered it the great mart of an almost inde- 
 finite extent of country ; while its facilities of communication with all parts of the 
 world have made it the thoroughfare of the same vast region. The progress of 
 its population has never been paralleled : in 1790 it was 33,131 ; in 1810, 96,373 ; 
 in 1830, 203,007; and in 1840, 312,710; or, including Brooklyn, nearly 350,000. 
 
 New York is well-built and regularly laid out, with the exception of the older 
 part, in which the streets are crowded, narrow, and crooked ; but this now forms 
 only a small portion of the city. It is chiefly as a great mart of foreign and inland 
 commerce that New York is most advantageously known. 
 
 The arrivals from foreign ports are about 2000 annually, and of coasters near 
 4800. The passengers that arrived in 1843 were 46,302 in number, of whom only 
 341 were Americans. The imports in the same year amounted to $50,308,520, 
 the exports to $23,440,336, and the duties collected to $11,300,407. There is a 
 line of steam-packets to Liverpool, besides which there are line-ships that sail for 
 Liverpool every five days, to London every ten days, and to Havre every eight 
 days. Regular lines of packets are also established to all the chief cities of the 
 United Stales, the West Indies, and South America. Steamboat-lines to all the 
 adjacent maritime towns are numerous. 
 
 There are in New York 25 banks, with an aggregate capital of more than 
 $27,000,000; several marine insurance companies, with a capital of about 
 $3,000,000; 22 fire insurance companies, with a capital of about $6,000,000, 
 besides several mutual insurance companies. There are 4 savings banks, 15 
 markets, 6 theatres, a circus, and 2 museums. Among the public build- 
 ings are the City Hall, a handsome edifice of white marble, with a front of 216 
 feet; the Hall of the University, a splendid building, 180 by 100 feet; the Hall 
 of Columbia College; the Hospital; the City Lyceum; 185 churches; the Astor 
 House, a vast hotel of Quincy granite, 200 feet by 150, and 77 feet high, contain- 
 ing 390 rooms; the Almshouse at Bellevue, on East river; the Penitentiary on 
 Blackwell's Island, in the same river, several miles from the city ; the Custom- 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 house, an elegant building, 177 feet long by 89 wide, on the model of the Par- 
 thenon ; the new Exchange, recently erected in place of the one destroyed by fire 
 in 1^35; the Hall of Justice, built in the Egyptian style, and usually called the 
 Tombs. 
 
 The benevolent societies are numerous and well supported. They comprise a 
 hospital, with which is connected a lunatic asylum, at Bloomingdale ; a hospital 
 at Bellevue, for the sick and insane poor, connected with the city almshouse; 
 three dispensaries; an institution for the blind; one for the deaf and dumb; and 
 a great number of orphan asylums, relief associations, education, bible, and tract 
 societies, &c. Neither is New York behind her sister cities in h'er literary and 
 scientific establishments. Beside the educational institutions already mentioned, 
 the Historical Society, the New York Society Library, with 40,000 volumes; the 
 Lyceum of Natural History, and the American Lyceum, have published some 
 valuable papers; while the Mercantile Library Association, and the Apprentices' 
 Library, show that the merchants and mechanics are not indifferent to the intellec- 
 tual improvement of their clerks and apprentices. 
 
 There are here also an Academy of Fine Arts, and an Academy of Design. The 
 American Institute, for the promotion of domestic industry by the distribution of 
 premiums and other rewards, holds annual fairs for the exhibition of the products 
 of American industry. 
 
 The most splendid work undertaken by the city corporation is the Croton 
 Water-works. An aqueduct built of stone and brick conveys the water of the 
 Croton river to the city. It commences five miles from the Hudson, at a dam 
 built in the river for the purpose of creating a supply, and which contains 500 
 million gallons. The aqueduct is 40 miles long, has a descent of about 13 inches 
 per mile, and will discharge 60 million gallons of water in 24 hours. The re- 
 ceiving reservoir, two miles from the city, covers 35 acres, and contains 150 mil- 
 lion gallons. The Croton water is of the purest kind of river water, and is suffi- 
 cient to supply a population five times as numerous as that of New York. It is 
 carried to all parts of the city in iron pipes, laid deep enough to be unaffected by 
 the frost. 
 
 The city of Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite to New York, is situated 
 on a rising ground which commands an agreeable view, and it partakes in 
 the commercial activity and prosperity of its neighbour. Here is a navy-yard of 
 the United States, on Wallabout Bay, There are in Brooklyn 30 churches, 
 3 banks, 3 insurance companies, &c. Steam ferry-boats are constantly run- 
 ning across the East river to New York, and a rail-road extends to Greenport, 96 
 miles, at the eastern end of Long Island, which forms a portion of the nearest 
 route to Boston. Population in 1830, 15,394; and in 1840, 36,233. About 50 
 miles above the city of New York, and on the west side of the Hudson, is West 
 Point, a celebrated military post during the war of independence, and now the 
 seat of the United States' Military Academy for the education of officers of the 
 army. Newburgh, 10 miles above West Point, and on the right bank, with 6000 
 inhabitants, and Poughkeepsie, 14 miles higher, on the left, with 7500, are neat, 
 thriving villages, with considerable trade, and several ships engaged in the whale- 
 fishery. Near the head of ship navigation, 1 17 miles from the°sea, stands the city 
 of Hudson, on a commanding eminence on the left bank of the river. Its trade 
 and manufactures are extensive and increasing, and it has eleven ships, with an 
 aggregate of about 4000 tons, engaged in the whale-fishery. The city is well 
 laid out and prettily built, and the neighbourhood presents many charming pros- 
 pects. Population in 1840, 5672. 
 
 On the western bank of the Hudson river, 145 miles above New York, is the 
 city of Albany, the capital, and, in point of size, the third city of the State. Its 
 wealth and trade have been greatly increased by the Erie and Champlain canals, 
 which terminate in a large basin in the city; and its situation renders it a 
 great thoroughfare, not only for traders, but also for travellers on the northern 
 route. It contains several handsome public buildings, among which are the capi- 
 tol, a fine stone edifice; the State-hall, and the city hall, both of white marble;: 
 the Academy, of red freestone; 30 churches, &c. A medical college, female aca- 
 
 15 
 
 
«K 
 
 36 UNITED STATES. 
 
 demy, and exchange, are also important public buildings. Twenty steamboats 
 
 and fifty tow-boats ply between this city and New York, and the intermediate 
 
 places on the river. By the Erie canal and a continuous line of rail-roads, Albany 
 
 {is connected with Buffalo, and shares extensively in the trade of the far West. 
 
 By the Champlain canal, it receives the trade of the North. Rail-roads also 
 
 extend to Saratoga, and another great line of rail-roads extends eastward to 
 
 Boston. Population in 1840, 33,721. The city of Troy, six miles above Albany, 
 
 I is situated on the opposite side of the river. The trade and manufactures of this 
 
 I place are both considerable. The city is regularly laid out and prettily built. 
 
 I Population in iSJO, 19,334. Nearly north from Albany, at a distance of 29 and 
 
 j 39 miles respectively, are the most frequented of American watering-places, 
 
 I Ballston Spa vind Saratoga. At the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the head of 
 
 a deep bay, is Sacket's Harbour, an important naval station during the three 
 
 years' war ; and on the Black river, 7 miles from its mouth, is the flourishing 
 
 village of VVatertown, with about 4000 inhabitants. The water-power derived 
 
 from the river is computed at 10,000 cubic feet ; the fall is 88 feet in a mile, and 
 
 forms an immense hydraulic power, which is just beginning to be used ; here are 
 
 a number of mills and factories of different kinds. 
 
 Up the valley of the Mohawk, and along the line of the canal and its branches, 
 are a number of cities and towns, which have sprung up, as if by enchantment, 
 in the bosom of a wilderness. Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Oswego, Auburn, 
 Ithaca, Seneca, Canandaigua, Rochester, Lockport, and Buffalo, are the princi- 
 pal. The city of Schenectady, situated in the midst of a fertile tract, affording 
 numerous mill-seats, traversed by the canal, and connected by rail-roads with 
 Albany, Saratoga, and Utica, has an extensive and increasing trade, and some 
 manufactures. It is the seat of Union College, one of the principal collegiate 
 institutions in the State. Population in 1840, 6784. 
 
 Upwards of 90 miles north-west from Albany, on the Erie canal, is the city of 
 Utica. In 1794, the spot contained only four or five log houses, in the midst of 
 a wilderness : in 1840, the city had a population of 12,782 souls, 18 churches, a 
 court-house, offices for the clerks of the Supreme and United States' Courts, an ex- 
 J change, 2 academies, the Utica library, apprentices' library, museum, Protestant 
 and Roman Catholic orphan asylums, and various other charitable institutions; 4 
 banks, a savings bank, mutual insurance company, and 1600 dwellings : it dates 
 its prosperity from the completion of the Erie canal. 
 
 Still farther west, on the canal, are the villages of Salina, Syracuse, Geddes, 
 and Liverpool, the seat of the Onondaga salt-springs, which are the property of 
 the State : the manufacturers pay a duty of six cents a bushel, and, in the year 
 1840, made 622,335 bushels, much of which is sent out of the State. The 
 works are capable of producing 3,000,000 bushels a year. Population of Syra- 
 cuse in 1840, 6500 ; of Salina, 2600. From Syracuse, a branch canal extends to 
 I Oswego, on Lake Ontario, one of the most flourishing villages in the State : the 
 j river of the same name furnishes an inexhaustible water-power, which is very 
 , extensively employed for useful purposes, and an excellent harbour, protected by 
 \ piers, constructed by the general government. Since the opening of the Welland 
 I canal, a considerable portion of the trade of the upper lakes, as well as that of 
 Lake Ontario, enters at Oswego, and large quantities of wheat are brought in to 
 i be ground here. The population of the village more than doubled between 1830 
 I and 1840, having increased from 2117 to 4500 inhabitants. 
 
 I Rochester, situated on the Genesee river, seven miles from its mouth, and 
 [traversed by the Erie canal, is a flourishing town. The river has here a fall of 
 I upwards of 90 feet, and, a few miles below, it descends by a fall of 75 feet to the 
 I level of Lake Ontario. The water-power thus produced is immense, and there 
 ' are now in the city 22 large flour-mills, several cotton and woollen manufactories, 
 I and a great number of other manufacturing establishments. The aqueduct over 
 I the river is upheld by ten arches of hewn stone. The population increased from 
 il502 in 1820, to 20,191 in 1840. The city contains 23 churches, 6 banks, a 
 j savings bank, museum, a collegiate institute, and various other institutions. 
 The city of Buffalo, at the western termination of the canal, has a harbour 
 
NEW JERSEY. 37 
 
 on Lake Erie, protected by a long pier. The city is well built and finely situated, 
 overlooking the lake; and it contains a great number of large warehouses and 
 manufactories. The population in 1820 was 2095; in 1830, 6321 ; and in 1840, 
 18,213. The lake-trade is very extensive. In 1817, there were but 25 vessels, 
 and no steamboat, on Lake Erie; and in 1840 they amounted to 360 sloops, 
 schooners and brigs, and 60 steamboats, most of which exceeded 200 tons bur- 
 then; beside several ships, &c. Buffalo contains, in addition to its numerous 
 churches, an exchange, a theatre, orphan asylum, young men's association, &c. 
 Ithaca, at the head of Caynga Lake, increased its population from 3324 in 1830, 
 to 5650 in 1840. By the Owego rail-road, it is connected with the Susquehanna, 
 and, by the lake, with the Erie canal and tide-water. Its situation is highly pic- 
 turesque. There are numerous manufacturing establishments here. 
 
 STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
 
 The State of New Jersey is bounded north by New York, east by the Atlantic 
 Ocean and New York, south by Delaware Bay, and west by Pennsylvania. It is 
 138 miles in length, and 50 miles in breadth ; the area is about 6600 square miles. 
 The soil of this State is not naturally well adapted to agricultural pursuits, much 
 of the land being either sandy or marshy ; yet its proximity to two of the largest 
 markets in the United States, and the industry of the inhabitants, have rendered 
 It exceedingly productive of all sorts of grain, fruits, and vegetables, common to 
 the climate. New Jersey is intersected by many navigable rivers, and has numer- 
 ous streams for mills, iron-works, and every species of manufactures requiring 
 water-power. The principal of these streams are the Raritan, Hackensack, Pas- 
 saic, Salem, Tom, Cohanzey, and Maurice rivers. 
 
 New Jersey abounds in valuable iron ores; rich veins of zinc ore occur in the 
 northern part of the State ; copper also abounds, and has been extensively worked. 
 The greater part of the sandy tract is covered with extensive pine forests, which 
 have afforded supplies of fuel for the numerous furnaces of the State, and the 
 steamboats of the neighbouring waters ; the middle section is the most highly 
 improved and wealthy part of the State, being divided into small farms "and 
 kitchen-gardens, which are carefully cultivated, the produce of which finds a ready 
 market in the manufacturing towns of the district, and in the great cities of the 
 adjacent States. The northern counties contain much good pasture-land, with 
 numerous fine farms. The apples and cider of the north are as noted for their 
 superior quality as the peaches of the south. The industry of the inhabitants is 
 chiefly devoted to agriculture, commerce being mostly carried on through the 
 ports of New York and Pennsylvania ; the north-eastern corner is, however, the 
 seat of flourishing manufactures. The shad and oyster fisheries in the rivers and 
 great estuaries that border on the State, afford a profitable employment to many 
 of the^nhabitants. 
 
 The population of New Jersey, in 1790, was 184,189; in 1800, 211,149; in 
 1810, 245,592 ; in 1820, 277,575 ; in 1830, 320,779 ; in 1840, 373,306. Of these, 
 177,055 were white males; 174,533, white females; 10,780 were free coloured 
 males; 10,261, free coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 56,701; in 
 commerce, 2283; in manufactures and trades, 27,004; in mining, 266; in navi- 
 gating the ocean, 1143; in navigating rivers and canals, 1625;° in the learned 
 professions, 1627. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 70,502 horses and mules; 220,202 neat cat- 
 tle; 219,285 sheep; 261,443 swine. There were produced, 774,203 bushels of 
 wheat; 1,665,820 of rye; 4,361,975 of Indian corn; 3,083,524 of oats; 12,501 
 of barley; 856,117 of buckwheat; 2,072,069 of potatoes; 397,207 pounds of 
 wool ; 1966 of silk cocoons. The products of the dairy amounted to $1,328,032 ; 
 of the orchard, to $464,006; of lumber, to $271,591 ; 9416 gallons of wine were 
 made. 
 
 The home-made or family manufactures amounted to $201,625; 31 woollen 
 manufactories, and 49 fulling-mills, produced goods to the amount of $440,710, 
 
38 UNITED STATES. 
 
 employing a capital of $314,650; 43 cotton factories produced article^ to the 
 amount of $2,086,104, employing a capital of $1,722,810; hats and caps were 
 manufactured to the amount of $1,181,562; saddles, boots, shoes, &c., were pro- 
 duced to the amount of $1,582,740; 64 flouring-aiills manufactured 168,797 bar- 
 rels of flour, and, with other mills, employed a capital of $2,641,200 ; ships were 
 built to the amount of $334,240 ; capital employed in the fisheries, $93,275. The 
 total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $11,517,582. 
 
 The College of New Jersey, or Nassau Hall, at Princeton, is one of the oldest 
 and most distinguished in the country, and has educated many eminent men. At 
 the same place is the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, mere 
 recently founded, but equally distinguished. Rutgers College, in New Bruns- 
 wick, was founded in 1770, and latterly has been flourishing. Connected with 
 it is the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, founded in 1784, 
 which is respectable. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 433 students; 
 there were in the State 66 academies, with 3027 students, and 1207 common and 
 primary schools, with 52,583 scholars. There were 6385 white persons, over 20 
 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1835, the Presbyterians had 100 churches, and 105 ministers; the Dutch 
 Reformed had 48 churches, and 42 ministers ; the Episcopalians had 35 churches, 
 1 bishop, and 29 ministers; the Methodists had 64 ministers, and about twice as 
 many congregations ; the Baptists in 1832 had 61 churches, and 54 ordained 
 ministers ; the Friends had 67 meetings ; the Roman Catholics had 4 ministers. 
 There are also Congreo-ationalists, Universalists, and others. 
 
 There are several important works of internal improvement in this State. The 
 Morris canal proceeds from Jersey city, opposite to New York, westwardly, 101^ 
 miles, to Easton, Pa. The Delaware and Hudson canal commences at Borden- 
 tovvn, proceeds north-west to Trenton, and thence north-east to New Brunswick, 
 on the Raritan river. The Camden and Amboy rail-road commences at Camden, 
 opposite to Philadelphia, and proceeds north-east to Amboy, 61 miles; it has a 
 branch from Bordentown to Trenton, 8 miles, and another from Craft's Creek to 
 Jobstown, 13 miles. The Paterson and Hudson rail-road proceeds from Jersey 
 city to Paterson, 16| miles. The New Jersey rail-road proceeds from Jersey 
 city, tlirough Newark, 34 miles, to New Brunswick ; here it joins the New 
 Brunswick and Trenton rail-road, which connects the two places, 27 miles dis- 
 tant. The Morris and Essex rail-road extends from Newark, 22 miles, to Morris- 
 town. A rail-road extends from Elizabethport, 25 miles, to Somerville. 
 
 The city of Trenton, on the east bank of the Delaware, at the head of sloop 
 navigation, is the capital of the State. It is regularly laid out, and contains the 
 State-house, State-prison, and seven churches. A wooden bridge, 1100 feet in 
 length, here crosses the river, just below the falls ; and the Delaware and Raritan 
 canal passes through the city. The falls afford extensive water-power for manu- 
 facturing purposes, and there are ten mills and manufactories in the vicinity. 
 Population, 4035. Ten miles from Trenton is the village of Princeton, the seat 
 of New Jersey College, and celebrated in the revolutionary history for thef' action 
 of January 3d, 1777. Population, 3055. 
 
 The city of New Brunswick, at the head of sloop navigation on the Raritan, 
 and at the termination of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, is the depot of the 
 produce of a fertile district, and a place of considerable trade. The upper streets 
 are spacious and handsome, and command a fine prospect. Here are Rutgers 
 College, and a theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church. Population 
 in 1840, 8693. It contains 8 churches, 2 banks, 120 stores, and 800 dwellings. 
 
 At the mouth of the Raritan stands the city of Amboy, or Perth Amboy, with 
 a good harbour, which is, however, little used. Elizabethtown is a pretty 
 and thriving town near Newark Bay, with about 2500 inhabitants ; it contains 
 several manufactories, mills, &c. It is intersected by two rail-roads. 
 
 The city of Newark, the largest and most important town in New Jersey, 
 stands on the Passaic, three miles from Newark Bay, and has easy communication 
 with New York by means of steamboats and the New Jersey rail-road ; the Morris 
 canal also passes through the city. Newark is prettily situated and well built. 
 
 I 
 
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PENNSYLVANIA. 39 
 
 with spacious streets and handsome houses, many of which are ornamented with 
 fine shade-trees. The manufactures are extensive ; the capital employed in 1840 
 amounted to $1,511,339. Carriages, shoes and boots, cutlery, saddlery, jewelry, 
 hats, furniture, &c., are among tlie articles produced. The population in 1830 
 was 10,953, and in 1840, 17,290. Paterson, at the falls of the Passaic, is one 
 of the principal manufacturing towns in the country; it has an immense water- 
 power, which is extensively applied to economical purposes. Here are cotton- 
 mills, with numerous other works, such as paper-mills, machine-shops, button 
 factories, iron and brass founderies, nail factories, woollen-mills, &c. The town 
 contains nine churches, a philosophical society, and also a mechanics' society 
 for improvement in the mechanic arts. Population, 7596. 
 
 Below Trenton, on the Delaware, is Bordentown, pleasantly situated on ele- 
 vated ground overlooking the river, and standing at the termination of the Dela- 
 ware and Raritan canal. Population, about 1800. The city of Burlington, below 
 Bordentown, is also a neat little town, situated on the bank of the river, with 
 3434 inhabitants. Steamboats from Philadelphia touch at these places several 
 times a day. The city of Camden, opposite to Philadelphia, carries on some 
 branches of manufacturing industry; several steam ferry-boats are constantly 
 plying between the two cities. It contains 6 churches, an academy, bank, court- 
 house, &c. Population in 1840, 3,371 ; in 1845, 4306, with 836 dwellings. 
 
 Woodbury, 7 miles south of Camden, is connected with the latter by a rail- 
 road ; it is a neat village of 120 dwellings, and about 800 inhabitants. Salem, 
 on Salem creek, 35 miles south of Camden, is a town of 250 houses, and had a 
 population in 1840 of 2007 inhabitants. It was founded in 1675, and was the 
 first place that was settled by English emigrants in West Jersey. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 This State, which, from her central position, her dimensions, her natural re- 
 sources, her great lines of communication, and her population, may rank as one 
 of the most important in the Union, is bounded on the north by New York and 
 Lake Erie, east by New Jersey, scuth-east by Delaware, south by Maryland and 
 Virginia, and west by part of Virginia and Ohio. Its greatest length, from east 
 to west, is 307 miles, and its breadth 157; area, 46,000 square miles. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehanna, 
 Juniata, Alleghany, Monongahela, and Ohio. The various ridges of the Alle- 
 ghany range, whose general direction is from south-west to north-east, intersect 
 the central parts of this State. The valleys between many of these ridges are 
 often of a rich black soil, suited well to the various kinds of grass and grain. 
 Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. No State 
 in the Union shows to the traveller a richer agriculture than Pennsylvania. It 
 is emphatically a grain country, raising the finest wheat. It produces all the 
 fruits and productions of the norlliern and middle States, and is particularly 
 famous for the size and excellence of its breed of draught horses. 
 
 The inhabitants of Pennsylvania, though composed of all nations, are distin- 
 guished for their habits of order, industry, and frugality. The passing stranger, 
 as he traverses the State, is struck with the noble roads and public works, with 
 the well-cultivated farms, and their commodious and durable stone houses, and 
 often still larger stone barns. An agricultural country, alike charming and rich, 
 spreads under his eye. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Pennsylvania is very great. Coal, iron, and salt, occur 
 in vast quantities. The coal of Pennsylvania is of two kinds, the anthracite and 
 bituminous, which are quite distinct in their qualities and localities. The first is 
 found in the eastern part of the State, between the Delaware and Susquehanna 
 rivers, and is estimated to cover an extent of about 624,000 acres. The bitumi- 
 nous coal is found in the western parts of the Stale, on the Ohio, Alleghany, and 
 other rivers in that region. 
 
 Iron-ore of an excellent quality is abundant, and extensively wrought. The 
 — — - X 
 
40 UNITED STATES. 
 
 iron-mines in the eastern part of the State were explored and worked at an early 
 period of colonial settlement, and had become an interest of value before the 
 Revolution. Since the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation, iron has at all times 
 employed in Pennsylvania a considerable amount of capital and labour; whilst 
 the recent successful application of anthracite coal to the fusion of the ore, and 
 the abundance of both materials in close proximity, promise a vast extension of 
 the business. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 434,373; in 1800, 602,545; in 1810, 810,091 ; in 
 1820, 1,049,313; in 1830, 1,346,672; in 1840, 1,724,033. Of these, 884,770 
 were white males; 831,345, white females; 22,752 were coloured males; 25,102, 
 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 207,533; in commerce, 15,338; in 
 manufactures and trades, 105,883; in mining, 4603; in navigating the ocean, 
 1815; in navigating canals, rivers and lakes, 3951 ; in the learned professions, 
 6706. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 361,558 horses apd mules; 1,161,576 neat 
 cattle; 1,755,597 sheep ; 1,485,360 swine. Poultry was produced to the amount 
 of $681,979. There were produced, 12,993,218 bushels of wheat; 6,544,654 of 
 rye; 2,096,016 of buckwheat; 14,077,363 of Indian corn; 206,858 of barley; 
 20,485,744 of oats; 9,477,343 of potatoes ; 3,028,657 pounds of wool ; 48,694 of 
 hops; "325,018 of tobacco; 2,265,755 of sugar ; 7262 of silk cocoons ; 1,302,685 
 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at $3,152,987; of the orch- 
 ard, at $610,512; of lumber, at $1,146,355. There were made 14,328 gallons 
 of wine. 
 
 The exports for the year ending September 30th, 1841, were $5,152,501, and 
 the imports $10,346,698. The tonnage entered was 99,385 ; and cleared,-83,523 
 tons. 
 
 The manufactures of Pennsylvania are extensive. According to the census of 
 1840, home-made or family manufactures amounted to $1,292,429; 235 woollen 
 manufactories and 337 fulling-mills produced articles to the amount of $2,298,861, 
 employing a capital of $1,500,546; 106 cotton manufactories produced articles to 
 the amount of $5,013,007, employing a capital of $3,325,400; 2997 persons pro- 
 duced 859,686 tons of anthracite coal, with a capital of $4,334,102 ; 1798 persons 
 produced 11,620,654 bushels of bituminous coal, with a capital of $300,416; 213 
 furnaces produced 98,395 tons cast-iron, and 169 forges, &c. produced 87,244 tons 
 of bar-iron, employing a capital of $7,781,471 ; 1149 tanneries, and 2132 other 
 manufactories, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $3,453,243, 
 employing a capital of $3,979,459 ; 30 powder-mills manufactured 1,184,225 
 pounds of powder, employing a capital of $66,800; drugs, paints, &c., were pro- 
 duced to the amount of $2,100,074; 28 glass-houses and 15 glass-cutting estab- 
 blishments produced articles to the amount of $772,400, employing a capital of 
 $714,100; machinery was produced to the value of $1,993,752; precious metals 
 to the value of $2,679,075; 1005 distilleries produced 6,228,768 gallons of dis- 
 tilled spirits; 87 breweries produced 12,765,974 gallons of beer, employing a 
 capital of $1,585,771 ; 725 flouring-mills produced 1,181,530 barrels of flour, and 
 with other mills produced articles to the amount of $9,232,515, employing a 
 capital of $7,779,784. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in 
 the State, was $31,815,105. 
 
 The colleges are numerous. The University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, 
 was founded in 1755 ; Dickinson College, in Carlisle, in 1783 ; Jefferson College, 
 in Canonsburg, in 1802; Washington College, in Washington, in 1806; Alle- 
 ghany College, in Meadville, in 1815 ; Pennsylvania College, in Gettysburg, in 
 1832 ; La Fayette College, in Easton, 1832; Marshall College, at Mereersburg, 
 1836. Besides these, are the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, founded at Philadelphia, in 1765; Jefferson Medical College, at Philadel- 
 phia, in 1824; the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, at Philadelphia, 
 in 1839; the Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church, at Gettysburg, in 
 1826 ; the Seminary of the German Reformed Church, at York, in 1825 ; the 
 Western Theological Seminary, at Canonsburg, and the Theological Seminary 
 at Pittsburg. In all these seminaries there were, in 1840, 2034 students. There 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 41 
 
 were in the State 290 academies, with 15,970 students; and 4968 common and 
 primary schools, with 179,989 scholars. There were 33,940 white persons, over 
 20 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 Of the religious denominations, the Presbyterians, including the Associate 
 Reformed, had, in 1836, 400 ministers; the Methodists, 250; the Baptists, 140; 
 the German Reformed, 73 ; the Episcopalians, 70 ; the Friends, 150 congrega- 
 tions. Besides these, there are several other denominations which are less 
 numerous. 
 
 By a splendid course of internal improvements, Pennsylvania has greatly 
 extended and facilitated Tier trade, but has contracted the largest debt of any State 
 in the Union which she is abundantly able to discharge, but can only do it by mode- 
 rate taxation. The central division of the Pennsylvania canal commences at the ter- 
 mination of the Columbia and Philadelphia rail-road, at Columbia, and extends 
 along the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, 172 miles, to Hollidaysburg, where it 
 passes over the Alleghany mountain by a rail-road. The western division of the 
 Pennsylvania canal extends from Johnstown to Pittsburg,104 miles. This completes 
 the line of rail-roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 395 miles. A canal extends 
 from the Pennsylvania canal, at the mouth of the Juniata river, and proceeds 39 
 miles to Northumberland, where it connects with the North and West Branch 
 canals. The West Branch canal extends from Northumberland, along the West 
 branch of the Susquehanna river, 75 miles, to Farrandsville, in Clinton county, 
 reaching the bituminous coal-fields in that vicinity. The North Branch division 
 extends from Northumberland, 73 miles, to a little above Wilkesbarre. The 
 Delaware division of the Pennsylvania canal extends from the tide-water at Bris- 
 tol, 20 miles above Philadelphia, to Easton, at the mouth of the Lehigh, where it 
 joins the navigation of the Lehigh company, extending to the coal region, 25 
 miles. The Schuylkill navigation commences at the Fairmount dam, near Phila- 
 delphia, and extends to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill county, the heart of the 
 anthracite coal region. The Union canal extends from the Schuylkill, near Read- 
 ing, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna, 82 miles ; it has a navigable feeder of 
 23 miles on Swatara creek, which communicates with the coal region. The Sus- 
 quehanna or Tidewater canal commences at Wrightsville, opposite to Columbia, 
 and extends 45 miles to Havre-de-Grace, in Maryland, and connects the Penn- 
 sylvania canal with the tide-water of Chesapeake bay. The Philadelphia and 
 Reading rail-road extends from the west side of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, 
 to Pottsville, in Schuylkill county, 90 miles, giving ready access to the coal region. 
 There are many minor rail-roads, which have relation to the transportation of 
 coal. The Alleghany Portage rail-road extends from Hollidaysburg to Johns- 
 town, 36^ miles, and connects the eastern and western divisions of the Pennsyl- 
 vania canal. The Philadelphia and Columbia rail-road, one of the most import- 
 ant in the State, extends from Philadelphia, 82 miles, to Columbia on the Sus- 
 quehanna. A rail-road extends through the south-eastern part of the State, leading 
 from New York to Baltimore and Washington. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia, the principal city of the State, and one of the most 
 regularly laid out and handsomely built in the world, stands between the Dela- 
 ware and the Schuylkill rivers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 100 miles 
 from the sea by the course of the former. It yields to none in the Union in the 
 wealth, industry, and intelligence of its citizens. Philadelphia has the advantage 
 of a double port, connected with very remote sections ; that on the Schuylkill is 
 accessible to vessels of 300 tons, and is a great depot for the coal of the inte- 
 rior; the other, on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant-vessels to the doors 
 of the warehouses, and is spacious and secure. 
 
 The streets are broad and straight, crossing each other at right angles, and 
 dividing the city into numerous squares, some of which have been reserved for 
 public walks, and are ornamented with fine shade and flowering trees. The 
 dwelling-houses are neat and commodious, and the public buildings, generally 
 constructed of white marble, are the most elegant in the country. Three bridges 
 cross the Schuylkill ; the wire suspension bridge is remarkable for its light and 
 beautiful appearance. Numerous steam-boats afford constant communication 
 
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 31 
 
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 42 UNITED STATES. 
 
 with Baltimore and New York, and, with the rail-roads into the interior, render 
 this city the great thoroughfare between the north and south, and the east and 
 west. 
 
 Philadelphia includes the City Proper, with Southwark, Moyamensing, and 
 Passyunk, on the south ; and Kensington, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, and 
 Penn Township, on the north ; having a population, in 1790, of 42,520; in 1810, 
 of 96,664; in 1830, of 167,811 ; and in 1840, of 228,690. 
 
 The manufactures of Philadelphia are various and extensive : her foreign com- 
 merce is considerable, the arrivals from foreign ports in 1835 having been 429, 
 and the value of her imports being $5,000,000 a year; her inland commerce is 
 also very extensive, and rapidly increasing, in consequence of the facilities afford- 
 ed by the numerou's canals and rail-roads that centre here, affording an easy com- 
 munication with all sections of the State, and with the great western valley. 
 There are about 500,000 barrels of flour and 3600 hogsheads of tobacco inspected, 
 and upwards of 800,000 bushels of grain measured here, annually. 
 
 The shipping belonging to the port in 1843, was 104,349 tons. There are in 
 the city 14 banks, with a capital of $12,000,000. 
 
 Philadelphia is noted for the number and excellence of its benevolent institu- 
 tions. Among these are the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Dispensary, Wills' 
 Hospital for the lame and blind ; the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and for 
 the blind ; the Almshouse, Magdalen Asylum, Orphan Asylums, Girard College 
 for Orphans, &c. The Society for alleviating the miseries of public prisons, has 
 not only distinguished itself by its successful efforts in reforming the penal code 
 of the State, but in improving the conditions of the prisons : the discipline adopt- 
 ed by the influence of this society consists in solitary confinement with labour; 
 and the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania are conducted on this plan. The learned 
 institutions of Philadelphia are equally distinguished; they are the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Pennsylvania His- 
 torical Society, and the Franklin Institute ; all of which have published some 
 valuable volumes. The medical schools are also much frequented, and highly 
 celebrated. The City Library, including the Loganian collection, consists of 
 53,000 volumes. There is also an Academy of Fine Arts here. Free schools 
 are supported at the public charge, and educated, in 1843, 33,130 scholars, at an 
 expense of $192,000. The principal public buildings are the Custom-house, late 
 the United States Bank, on the model of the Parthenon, and the Pennsylvania 
 Bank, of the Ionic order, both elegant specimens of classical architecture ; the 
 Mint, a handsome building, with Ionic porticoes 62 feet long on each front; the 
 Exchange, 95 feet by 114, containing a spacious hall, news-room, the post-ofl[ice, 
 &c. ; the Girard Bank; the Girard College, a splendid structure, HI feet by 169, 
 with a colonnade of Grecian Corinthian columns entirely surrounding it. All of 
 these buildings are of white marble. 
 
 The United States Marine Asylum, capable of accommodating 400 men, with 
 a front of 385 feet; the Almshouse, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, consist- 
 ing of four distinct buildings, with nearly 400 rooms; the State-house, interesting 
 from its having been the place where the Declaration of Independence was adopt- 
 ed and promulgated; the United States Arsenal, &c., also deserve mention. 
 There are here 144 churches and places of public worship, including 3 syna- 
 gogues. The State penitentiary and the county prison are not less remarkable 
 for their architecture, than for their discipline. The county prison, built of Quincy 
 granite, has a front of 310 feet, by 525 in depth. There is a navy-yard here, but 
 ships of war of the largest class cannot ascend to the city with their armament. 
 The inhabitants are liberally supplied with water, raised from the Schuylkill 
 river, by the Fairmount works, constructed at an expense of $432,500; the daily 
 consumption in summer is about 4,500,000 gallons, and supplies 26,549 tenants. 
 Recently, the corporations of Spring Garden and the Northern Liberties have 
 completed a similar work, on a smaller scale, for the supply of their districts with 
 water independent of the city. The city proper and the Northern Liberties are 
 lighted with gas, and the district of Kensington is about to be illuminated, in the 
 same manner. 
 

 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 
 Frankford and Germantown are flourishing towns in the vicinity of Philadel- 
 phia. The former contains several manufacturing establishments, incliidinn col- 
 ton-mills, calico-print works, &c. Near it are an arsenal of the United iStates, 
 and a lunatic asylum belonging to the Friends. Germantown is a flourishing and 
 pleasant town, with 5482 inhabitants, containing a bank, some manufactures, &c. 
 The other most important places in Pennsylvania are Lancaster city, Harrisburg, 
 Reading, Easton, and Pottsville, in the eastern section of the State ; in the west- 
 ern are Pittsburgh, Beaver, &c. 
 
 The city of Lancaster, 62 miles west of Philadelphia, pleasantly situated in thi 
 fertile and highly cultivated Conestoga valley, is one of the handsomest in the 
 State: the streets are regular, and among the public buildings are 12 churches^, 
 an academy, &c. Its trade is extensive, and the manufactures various and ccn- 
 siderable; it is noted for the superior quality of its rifles, coaches, rail-road cars, 
 stockings, saddlery, &c. The population amounts to 8417. Lancaster is con- 
 nected with Philadelphia and Harrisburg by rail-roads, and with the Susquehann;i. 
 below Columbia, by a canal. 
 
 Harrisburg, the capital of the State, stands on the left bank of the Susque- 
 hanna. The State-house is a neat and commodious building, from the cupola ol 
 which is one of the finest panoramic views in the United States. Here are also 
 a court-house, and a number of churches. Population in 1840, 5980. Beyond 
 the Susquehanna are the thriving towns of Carlisle and Chambersburg ; the former 
 containing 4351, and the latter 4030 inhabitants. Carlisle is the seat of Dickin- 
 son College. 
 
 Reading, about 50 miles north-west from Philadelphia, is a prosperous town on 
 the left bank of the Schuylkill, and at the termination of the Union canal. The 
 town was laid out in 1748 by Thomas and Richard Penn, governors and proprie- 
 tors of the province ; it is regularly built, and was originally settled by Germans ; 
 several newspapers are still printed in that language, though English is generally 
 understood. More than 50,000 dozen wool hats have been manufactured here in 
 a year, for the southern and western markets ; nails are also made to a consider- 
 able extent. Population, 8410. 
 
 Easton, at the confluence of the Lehigh and the Delaware, and the termination 
 of the Morris canal, is one of the most flourishing inland towns in the State. In 
 its immediate neighbourhood are numerous flour-mills, oil-mills, saw-mills, &c. 
 The situation is highly picturesque, and it contains 2 banks, 5 churches, and La 
 Fayette College, founded in 1832, which has 154 students. The population in 
 1840 was 4865. Pottsville is situated in a wild district on the Schuylkill, in the 
 midst of the coal region. It contains many handsome dwellings, and its popu- 
 lation, which in 1825 did not exceed 300, amounted in 1840 to 4345. Mauch 
 Chunk, first settled in 1821, is also built on very broken ground ; but, in addition 
 to the coal trade, it enjoys the advantage of an extensive water-power, which is 
 used for manufacturing purposes ; and its population at present exceeds 1800. 
 Wilkesbarre stands in the delightful valley of Wyoming, whose rural beauty and 
 peaceful shades, once stained with blood and desolated with fire, have been con- 
 secrated by the deathless muse. The population of "Wilkesbarre in 1840 was 1718. 
 
 Pittsburg, the principal city of Western Pennsylvania, is built at the junction 
 of the Monongahela and the Alleghany. The city proper includes only .the tract 
 between the rivers ; but, as the towns of Alleghanytown, Birmingham, &c., really 
 form a part of Pittsburg, they must properly be included in its description. Per- 
 haps its site is unrivalled in the world, commanding a navigation of about 50,000 
 miles, which gives it access to the most fertile region on the face of the globe, 
 surrounded by inexhaustible beds of the most useful minerals. Connected by 
 artificial works which top the great natural barrier on the east, with the three 
 principal cities of the Atlantic border on one side ; and by others, not less exten- 
 sive, with those great inland seas that already bear on their bosoms the trade of 
 industrious millions, Pittsburg is doubtless destined to become one of the most 
 important centres of population, industry and wealth, in the United States. The 
 population of the place, in 1800, was about 1600; in 1820, 10,000; in 1830, 
 12,568 ; and, according to the census of 1840, 21,115. There are here 20 large 
 
 16 
 
44 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 "1 
 
 founderies and engine factories, with numerous small works ; rolling-mills, cotton 
 establishments, white-lead factories, breweries, saw and grist-mills, glass-works, 
 with brass founderies, steel manufactories, tanneries, salt-works, paper-mills, 
 manufactories of cutlery and agricultural implements, &c., are among the 374 
 manufacturing establishments of Pittsburg. The city is regularly built; but the 
 clouds of smoke in which it is constantly enveloped, give it rather a dingy ap- 
 pearance. Among the public establishments here, are the Alleghany arsenal, 
 belonging to the United States; the Western Penitentiary of the State, the West- 
 ern University, a Presbyterian and a Reformed theological seminary, 35 churches 
 and places of worship, 60 common and 12 select schools, &c. A steam-engine 
 supplies the city with 3,000,000 gallons of water daily. One of the most destruc- 
 tive fires that has occurred in the United States, took place here on the 17th of 
 April, 1845. About 1000 buildings were consumed, besides a great amount of 
 merchandise. The entire loss is estimated at from six to nine million dollars. 
 
 In the district to the south of Pittsburg, Washington, Brownsville, and Union, 
 are thrivingr towns. Canonsburtj is the seat of Jefferson Collegfe. Below Pitts- 
 burg is the borough of Beaver, at the mouth of Beaver river; in the vicinity are 
 several small but thriving towns, which are indebted for their prosperity to the 
 great water-power afforded by the falls of that stream. Numerous mills and 
 manufacturing establishments have recently been erected on both sides of the 
 river, and the whole population of the neighbourhood is about 5000. The falls 
 are 5 miles from the Ohio river; their descent is about 69 feet. Fallston and 
 New Brighton at their foot, and Brighton and Sharon lower down, are all within 
 a short distance from each other. 
 
 Erie, on the lake of the same name, is important on account of its harbour, 
 which is protected by several piers. This place is increasing rapidly, and bids 
 fair to become of considerable commercial importance. By the completion of the 
 Erie extension of the Pennsylvania canal, it is now connected with Pittsburg, on 
 the Ohio river. Population, 3412. 
 
 STATE OF DELAWARE. 
 
 The boundaries of this State are, on the north, Pennsylvania; on the south, 
 Maryland ; on the east, Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean ; and, on the west, 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 
 The extent from north to sonth is 90 miles ; from east to west, 25 miles ; area 
 in square miles, 2120. The principal streams, besides the Delaware, which forms 
 a part of its boundary, are Brandywine creek, Christiana creek. Duck creek. Mis- 
 pillion creek, and Indian, Choptank, and Nanticoke rivers. 
 
 The general aspect of Delaware is that of an extended plain, mostly favourable 
 for cultivation. On the table-land forming the dividing ridge between the Dela- 
 ware and Chesapeake Bays, is a chain of swamps, from which the waters descend 
 in one direction to Chesapeake, and in the other to Delaware Bay. The upper 
 part of the State is generally a fine tract of country, and well adapted to the 
 growing of wheat and other grains. The staple commodity, however, is wheat, 
 which is produced of a superior quality. Brandywine creek, in the upper part of 
 the State, furnishes water-power for great and growing manufacturing establish- 
 ments. The chief articles are flour, cottons, woollens, paper, and gunpowder. 
 Delaware contains but few minerals; in the county of Sussex, and among the 
 branches of the Nanticoke, are large quantities of bog iron-ore, well adapted for 
 casting; but it is not wrought to any extent. 
 
 The population of Delaware in 1790 was 59,094; in 1800, 64,272; in 1810, 
 72,674 ; in 1820, 72,749 ; in 1830, 76,739 ; in 1840, 78,085. Of these, 2605 were 
 slaves; 29,259 were white males; 29,302, white females; 8626, free coloured 
 males; 8293, free coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 16,015; in com- 
 merce, 467 ; in manufactures and trades, 4060 ; navigating the ocean, 401 ; navi- 
 gating rivers and canals, 235; in the learned professions and engineers, 199. 
 

 DELAWARE. 
 
 45 
 
 In this State there were, in 1840, 14,421 horses and mules ; 58,833 neat cattle ; 
 39,247 sheep; 74,228 swine; poultry was valued at/ $47,205. There were pro- 
 duced, 315,165 bushels of wheat; 33,546 of rye; 2,099,359 of Indian corn; 
 927,405 of oats ; 5260 of barley ; 11,299 of buckwheat, and 200,712 of potatoes ; 
 22,483 tons of hay ; 64,404 pounds of wool ; 1458 of silk cocoons. The products 
 of the dairy amounted to $1 13,828 ; and of the orchard, to $28,21 1. The exports 
 in 1840 amounted to $37,001, and the imports to $802. Capital employed in the 
 fisheries, $;170,000. 
 
 The manufactures of Delaware are more extensive than its commerce. Home- 
 made or family goods were produced to the amount of $62,116; 2 woollen facto- 
 ries produced articles to the amount of $104,700, employing a capital of $107,000 ; 
 1 1 cotton factories produced articles to the value of $332,272, employing a capital 
 of $330,500; 18 tanneries employed a capital of $89,300; 75 other manufactories 
 of leather, as saddleries, &c., manufactured articles to the amount of $166,037, 
 employing a capital of $161,630; 27 powder-mills manufactured 2,100,000 pounds 
 of gunpowder, employing a capital of $220,000; 21 flouring-mills manufactured 
 76,194 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of 
 $737,971, employing a capital of $291,150; ships were built to the amount of 
 $35,400. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $1,589,212. 
 
 There is but one college in the State — Newark College, at Newark, founded 
 in 1833; it has 100 students, and a library of 3500 volumes. There were, in 
 1840, 20 academies in the State, with 761 students, and 152 primary and common 
 schools, with 6924 scholars ; there were in the State 4832 white persons, above 
 the age of 20, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 Of the principal religious denominations, the Presbyterians, in 1836, had 15 
 ministers; the Methodists, 15; the Episcopalians, 6 ministers; the Baptists had 
 9 churches, and 5 ministers; the Roman Catholics had 2 ministers. There were 
 also some few Friends. 
 
 Several important works of internal improvement have been completed. The 
 Chesapeake and Delaware canal commences at Delaware city, on the Delaware 
 river, and extends 14 miles to Back creek, a tributary of Elk river. It is 60 feet 
 wide at the top, and 10 feet deep; has two lift and two tide-locks, 100 feet by 22 
 feet in the chamber; completed in 1829, and cost $2,750,000. It is navigable for 
 sloops and steamboats. The New Castle and Frenchtown rail-road extends from 
 New Castle, on the Delaware, 35 miles below Philadelphia, to Frenchtown, on 
 the Elk river, which enters Chesapeake Bay. It is 16J miles, and connects with 
 steamboats on the Delaware and Chesapeake. 
 
 The city of Wilmington, pleasantly situated near the junction of the Brandy- 
 wine and Christiana, is a well-built, growing town, and the most important in the 
 State. It contains an arsenal, hospital, 16 churches, &c., and is supplied with 
 water by water-works on the Brandywine. Its trade is considerable, and it sends 
 several ships to the whale-fishery. In the immediate vicinity there are about 100 
 mills and manufactories, producing flour, paper, iron-ware, powder, and cotton 
 and woollen goods ; the Brandywine flour-mills are among the most extensive in 
 the Unit'.d States. Population in 1840, 8367. New Castle, below Wilmington, 
 is at the eastern termination of the rail-road to Frenchtown ; it contains about 
 1200 inhabitants. Dover, the seat of government, contains the State-house, and 
 about 600 inhabitants. Lewistown is a village near Cape Henlopen, in front of 
 which has been erected the Delaware Breakwater. The work consists of two 
 piers, an ice-breaker 1500 feet in length, and a breakwater 3600 feet long; cost, 
 $2,216,950. 
 
 STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Delaware ; east by Dela- 
 ware and the Atlantic ; south-west and west by Virginia. Length 196 miles, and 
 120 miles in breadth; area in square miles 10,950, in acres 7,008,000. The 
 principal rivers are the Potomac, which divides it from Virginia; the Susque- 
 
46 UNITED STATES. 
 
 hanna, Patapsco, Pawtuxent, Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and 
 Pocoinoko. 
 
 The maritime part of this State is penetrated far into the interior by Chesa- 
 peake Bay, as a vast river dividing it into two distinct portions, called the eastern 
 and western shores. These shores include a level, low, and alluvial country, 
 intersected by tide-water rivers and creeks, and, like the same tracts of country 
 farther south, are subject to intermittents. Above the tide-waters, the land again 
 becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commence the Alleghany moun- 
 tains, with their numerous ridges; the valleys between them are of a loamy and 
 rich soil, yielding fine wheat and all the productions of the middle, together with 
 some of those of the southern States. The national road passes through the wide 
 and fertile valleys in which Frederick and Hagerstown are situated, being broad 
 belts of the same admirable soil which is seen in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. 
 Among these mountains and hills the air is elastic, the climate salubrious, and 
 the waters clear and transparent. 
 
 In manufactures and commerce, Maryland sustains a very respectable rank ; 
 numerous woollen and cotton-mills, copper and iron rolling-mills, are established 
 in and near Baltimore, and are also scattered over other parts of the State. Flour 
 and. tobacco are the staple productions; the exports of the former are very great, 
 and, of the latter, the product is considerable and of excellent quality. The 
 herring and shad fisheries are actively carried on, and yield valuable returns, con- 
 stituting an important article of trade, as well as of home consumption; the com- 
 merce of Maryland is extensive, and her ports serve as the outlets of large tracts 
 of productive country in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the western States, whose 
 consumption is also in part supplied through the same channels. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 319,728 ; in 1800, 345,824; in 1810, 380,546; in 
 1820,407,350; in 1830,446,913; in 1840,469,232, of whom 89,495 were slaves. 
 Of the free population, 158,636 were white males, and 159,081 white females; 
 29,173 were coloured males, and 32,847 coloured females. Employed in agri- 
 culture, 60,851; in commerce, 3249; in manufactures and trades, 21,325; in 
 navigating the ocean, 721 ; in navigating canals, rivers, &c., 1519 ; in the learned 
 professions, 1647. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 92,920 horses and mules ; 225,714 neat cat- 
 tle; 257,922 sheep; 416,943 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $218,765. 
 There were produced, 3,345,783 bushels of wheat; 723,577 of rye; 8,233,086 of 
 Indian corn ; 73,606 of buckwheat ; 3594 of barley ; 3,534,21 1 of oats ; 1,036,433 
 of potatoes; 488,201 pounds of wool; 24,816,013 of tobacco; 5673 of cotton; 
 2290 of silk cocoons; 36,266 of sugar; 106,687 tons of hay. The products of 
 the dairy amounted to $457,456; of the orchard, to $105,740; of lumber, to 
 $266,977 ; and 7585 gallons of wine were made. The exports of this State in 
 1840 amounted to $5,768,768, and the imports to $4,910,746. 
 
 Of the principal manufactures, home-made or family articles amounted to 
 $176,050; 39 fulling-mills and 29 woollen manufactories produced articles to the 
 amount of $325,900, employing a capital of $117,630 ; 21 cotton manufactories 
 produced articles to the value of $1,150,580, employing a capital of $1,304,400 ; 
 12 furnaces produced 8876 tons of cast-iron, and 17 furnaces produced 7901 tons 
 of bar-iron, and employed a capital of $795,650; 73 distilleries produced 366,213 
 gallons of spirits, and 11 breweries produced 828,140 gallons of beer, the whole 
 employing a capital of 185,790; 408 saddleries and other manufactories of leather 
 produced articles to the amount of $1,050,275, employing a capital of $434,127; 
 189 flour-mills produced 446,708 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced 
 articles to the amount of $3,267,250, and employed a capital of $4,069,671 ; ships 
 were built to the amount of $279,771 ; capital employed. in the fisheries, $88,947. 
 The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in this State was 
 $6,450,284. 
 
 St. John's College, at Annapolis, was founded in 1784. St. Mary's College, 
 ^t Baltimore, was founded by the Roman Catholics, in 1799. The Baltimore 
 Medical School, founded in 1807; and in 1812 there were, added to it the faculties 
 of general science, law, and divinity, and it received the name of the University 
 
MARYLAND. 47 
 
 of Maryland. Mount St. Mary's College was established at Emmettsburg-, in 
 1830, by the Roman Catholics. These institutions had, in 1840, 400 students. 
 There were in the State 127 academies, or grammar-schools, with 4178 students ; 
 and 507 common and primary schools, with 16,982 scholars. In this State there 
 were, in 1840, 11,605 white persons, above 20 years of age, who could neither read 
 nor write. 
 
 Of religious denominations, the Roman Catholics are the most numerous. They 
 have an archbishop, who is metropolitan of the United States, and 60 churches. 
 The Episcopalians have 77 ministers; the Presbyterians have 25 ministers; the 
 Baltimore Methodist conference, which extends into neighbouring States, has 172 
 travelling preachers ; the Baptists have 20 ministers ; the German Reformed have 
 9 ministers. There are also Lutherans, Friends, Unitarians, &c. 
 
 Two of the greatest works of internal improvement in the United States have 
 been projected and commenced in Maryland ; the first is the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio canal, which commences at Georgetown, D. C, and is designed to extend 
 341^ miles to Pittsburg. This is the work of a joint-stock company, chartered 
 by the States of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, and sanctioned by Con- 
 gress. It was commenced in 1828, and is completed to Hancock, 136 miles. 
 Considerable work has been done between this and Cumberland, where a spacious 
 basin is in process of erection. It is extended 7^ miles to Alexandria, on the 
 southern part. A completion to Cumberland will open a vast and rich coal region. 
 The Baltimore and Ohio rail-road is designed to extend from Baltimore to the 
 Ohio river at Wheeling, 360 miles, and is the second great work. It was incor- 
 porated by the legislatures of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, in 1827, and 
 commenced July 4th, 1828. It is completed from Baltimore to Cumberland. 
 There is a side-cut over 2^ miles to Frederick. A rail-road extends across 
 the State, passing through Baltimore, and which forms part of the great chain 
 from New York and Philadelphia to Washington. This road proceeds on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, 8 miles, from the former place. The Baltimore 
 and Susquehanna rail-road extends 56 miles from Baltimore to York, Pa. A 
 rail-road 19| miles long extends from the Baltimore and Washington rail-road to 
 Annapolis. A rail-road extends from Frenchtown to New Castle, Del., connect- 
 ing the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. The same is effected by a canal extend- 
 ing from Back creek, a tributary of Elk river, to Delaware city, on the Delaware, 
 42 miles below Philadelphia. It is 66 feet wide at the top, 10 feet deep, and 
 affords a passage to vessels requiring that depth of water. 
 
 Baltimore, the principal city of the State, and, in point of population, the third 
 in the Union, stands on an arm of Patapsco Bay, about 14 miles from the Chesa- 
 peake, and 200 from the sea, by the ship channel. The harbour is capacious and 
 safe, and consists of an inner basin, into which vessels of 200 tons can enter, and 
 an outer harbour, at Fell's Point, accessible to the largest merchant-ships. The 
 entrance is commanded and defended by Fort M'Henry. Baltimore possesses 
 nearly the whole trade of Maryland, that of part of Western Virginia and Penn- 
 sylvania, and the Western States ; and its inland communication has been ex- 
 tended and facilitated by the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. 
 Manufactures of cotton, woollen, paper, powder, chemicals, pottery, &c., are also 
 carried on in the city and neighbourhood. Baltimore is the greatest flour market 
 in the world; in 1840, there were inspected 764,115 barrels, and 31,606 half 
 barrels of flour. Its tonnage in 1840 was 76,022. The foreign trade employed 
 a capital of $4,404,500; the retail trade, $6,708,611; and the manufactures, 
 $2,729,983. Baltimore has 9 banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,500,000, 
 and 9 insurance companies. The public buildings are 105 churches, 2 hospitals, 
 2 theatres, a circus, museum, penitentiary, exchange, the college and university 
 halls, &c. The Battle Monument, erected in memory of the successful defence 
 of the city, when attacked by the British in 1814, is an elegant marble obelisk, 
 35 feet high, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell in that gallant 
 affair. The Washington Monument is the most splendid structure of the kind in 
 the country ; it is a Doric column of white marble, with a circular staircase inside, 
 by which you ascend to the top; the column is 180 feet in height, and 20 feet in 
 
 16' 
 
48 UNITED STATES. 
 
 diameter at bottom; it stands upon a base 23 feet high, and is surmounted by a 
 colossal statue of the Father of his Country. The exchange is a large and hand- 
 some edifice, 3G6 feet by 140; the Roman Catholic cathedral is, perhaps, the 
 finest church in the country, and it contains some good paintings. The citizens 
 of Baltimore are not more distinguished for their bold and persevering enterprise, 
 than for hospitality and agreeable manners. In 1765, there were not more than 
 fifty houses on the site of the city ; in 1800, the population had increased to 
 23,971 ; and in 1840, to 102,313. 
 
 The city of Annapolis, agreeably situated on the Severn river, three miles from 
 Chesapeake Bay, is the capital of the State. It is regularly laid out, with the 
 streets diverging from the State-house and the Episcopal church. The State- 
 house is a handsome building, in which the Old Congress held some of their 
 sessions ; and the Senate chamber, in which Washington resigned his commis- 
 sion, has been preserved unaltered ; here is likewise the State library of 10,000 
 volumes. Annapolis is also the seat of St. John's College. The channel to the 
 city is narrow and difficult. Population, 2792. Frederick city, 47 miles west 
 of Baltimore, is, in point of wealth, elegance, and population, the second city in 
 Maryland. It is connected with the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road by a branch 
 road of Similes. The population, in 1840, 5182. North-west from Frederick city, 
 and near the north line of the State, is Hagerstown, a well-built and flourishing 
 town, containing the usual county buildings, several churches and academies, 
 and a population of 3750 souls. Williamsport, at the mouth of the Conococheague, 
 is a flourishing village on the route of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Population, 500. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 This is a territory of ten miles square, under the immediate government of 
 Congress, and therefore is not represented in that body. It is divided into two 
 counties and three cities, the counties and cities being separate. The cities are 
 Washington, Alexandria, and Georgetown ; the counties, Washington and Alex- 
 andria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac, 120 miles from its 
 mouth, between Maryland and Virginia, and was ceded to the general govern- 
 ment by those States in 1790. The population of the District amounted, in 1840, 
 to 43,712, of which 4694 were slaves, and 8361 free blacks. 
 
 The city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the great 
 man whose name it bears, in 1791, and became the seat of government in the year 
 1800. It stands in the centre of the District, upon the north bank of the Potomac, 
 between the river and the East Branch, one of its tributaries. The plan of 
 the city combines regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the 
 surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings occupy commanding posi- 
 tions, and the monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is avoided, while all 
 its advantages are secured. The minor streets run at right angles, but the larger 
 avenues diverge from several centres, intersecting the streets with various degrees 
 of obliquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. The smaller streets run 
 north and south, east and west, and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The 
 grand avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and are planted with trees. 
 Several of the largest unite at the hill on which the Capitol is situated. These 
 bear the names of the several States of the Union. 
 
 Washington is the residence of the President of the United States, and of the 
 other chief executive officers of the Federal Government, and of foreign ministers 
 to the United States. Congress meets here annually on the first Monday of 
 December, and the Supreme Federal Court holds its annual sessions here. 
 
 The population of the city is 23,364, including 4808 free blacks, and 1713 
 slaves ; but, during the session of Congress, the city is thronged with visitors 
 from all parts of the world. The buildings which it contains are in three distinct 
 parts; one portion being in the neighbourhood of the navy-yard, another in that 
 
11 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 49^ 
 
 of the Capitol, and another on Pennsylvania Avenue, which extends from the 
 Capitol to the President's house. 
 
 The Capitol is a large and magnificent building of freestone, 353 feet long, in 
 the shape of a cross, with the Representatives' Hall and the Senate Chamber in 
 the two wings, and a spacious rotunda in the centre. The Hall of Representa- 
 tives is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and 60 in height, lighted from the top ; it 
 is one cff the most elegant halls in the world. The Senate Chamber is of the 
 same shape, and 74 feet long. The rotunda is 96 feet in diameter, and is 96 feet 
 high to the top of the dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is beauti- 
 fully paved ; the whole has a most grand and imposing effect. Several pieces of 
 sculpture are placed in niches in the walls, representing events in American 
 history. The sound of a single voice uttered in this apartment is echoed from 
 the dome above with a rumbling like distant thunder. The National Library 
 is contained in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of national paintings by 
 Trumbull. 
 
 The President's house, also of freestone, is two stories high, with a lofty base- 
 ment, and it has a front of 180 feet, adorned with an Ionic portico ; it is surrounded 
 by extensive grounds. On each side are the four offices of the executive depart- 
 ments ; on the west are the War and Navy, and on the east the State and Trea- 
 sury departments. The General Post-office, recently built of marble, is situated 
 about half-way between the President's house and the Capitol ; near it is the 
 Patent Office, a handsome edifice of freestone, the upper part of which is occupied 
 by the National Institute. There are also here an arsenal and a navy-yard, with 
 a city hall, an hospital, penitentiary, insane asylum, 21 churches, the halls of 
 Columbia College, &c. A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal terminates 
 in the city. 
 
 Georgetown is about three miles west of the Capitol, and is pleasantly situated, 
 commanding a prospect of the river, the neighbouring city, and the diversified 
 country in the vicinity. The houses are chiefly of brick, and there are many ele- 
 gant villas in different parts. The Catholic College here is a respectable institu- 
 tion. Georgetown is a thriving place, and has considerable commerce ; but the 
 navigation of the river is obstructed by a bar just below the town ; here is also a 
 cannon foundery, 4 banks, 7 churches, &c. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 commences at this place. Population, 7312. The city of Alexandria, six miles 
 below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, carries on an extensive 
 trade in flour, tobacco, &c. The city is regularly laid out; it has a good harbour, 
 with commodious wharves, and is accessible to the largest ships. Here are a 
 High School, a girls' boarding-school, under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, 
 an Orphan Asylum, 10 churches, several tanneries, engine manufactories, foun- 
 deries, cotton-mills, &c. Population, 8459. A branch of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal extends from Georgetown to this place. 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 The States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
 bama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, are those usually termed the Southern States : 
 the whole region extends from the Potomac to the Sabine river : its coasts are 
 washed on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. 
 The area of the whole region is about 420,000 square miles. 
 
 The tract of country in the Southern States bordering on the Atlantic, is a low 
 sandy plain, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and, in general, covered with pine forests. 
 Beyond this, towards the Alleghanies, it becomes elevated and hilly, and then [ 
 mountainous. Those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which bor- [ 
 der on the Gulf of Mexico, are low and level. In the interior they are diversi- 
 fied, and in some parts mountainous. The low countries in all the Southern States 
 are mostly barren, except on the borders of rivers, where the soil is very fertile. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Southern States are nearly all occupied with agricul- 
 ture. The commerce, which is extensive, is principally in the hands of foreign- 
 
 32 
 
50 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 ers, or of their northern countrymen, and carried on in northern vessels. The 
 great staples of this region are cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco : nearly the whole 
 of the cotton crop of the United States is raised here, which, with rice and sugar, 
 is confined to its southern section : in the northern the principal productions are 
 tobacco, wheat, and corn: in the low regions of the Carolinas, pitch-pine grows 
 in great perfection; and tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, are the staples of these 
 districts. Gold is almost exclusively confined to the upper and middle portions 
 of this region, and is now so extensively found as to have become an object of 
 national importance. 
 
 The rivers of the Southern States, south of Chesapeake Bay, are generally dis- 
 tinguished by sluggish currents, and sand-bars at their mouths. Although there 
 is no stream, exclusively belonging to this section of the Union, that can be ranked 
 in point of extent with the great rivers of the country, there are several which, 
 from the length of their course and the volume of waters which they flow, would 
 in other countries be considered as large streams ; and there are not a few which 
 furnish useful navigable channels. 
 
 The population is chiefly of English descent, but is in some places somewhat 
 mixed. There are many descendants of the French and Spanish, particularly in 
 Louisiana and Florida. In Louisiana the French language is extensively spoken, 
 and the laws and some of the newspapers are printed both in that tongue and in 
 English. 
 
 The negroes, who form more than two-fifths of the population, constitute a 
 separate class, and are mostly held in slavery. The Indians were formerly nu- 
 merous and comprised several powerful tribes, but they have mostly emigrated 
 westward. A few Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, still remain, but are 
 all under treaty stipulations to remove, and will doubtless soon rejoin the tribes 
 beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Southern States are seldom collected together in villages 
 and towns, like their northern countrymen, but live in a scattered manner over 
 the country. This is in a measure owing to the predominance of agriculture over 
 commercial and mechanical occupations, but principally to the circumstance that 
 the bulk of the labour is performed by slaves. Instead of small proprietors tilling 
 their little farm with their own hands, we here find extensive plantations culti- 
 vated under the direction of the owner or his agent, who merely attends to the 
 pecuniary affairs, directs the operations and oversees the labourers. This state of 
 things has a decided influence upon thejnanners and character of the people, yet 
 there are individual differences so great that no general description will apply 
 equally to the Virginian, the Carolinian, and the Louisianian. Generosity, great 
 hospitality, a high sense of honour, and a manly independence of thought and 
 conduct, are among the favourable traits of the southern character. The poorer 
 class of whites are in general less frugal and industrious, and enjoy fewer advan- 
 tages in respect to education and religious instruction than the same class in the 
 Northern States. Population of the Southern States, in 1840, 4,648,991, of whom, 
 1,944,748 were slaves, and 112,710 free blacks. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Nature has bestowed on Virginia advantage of position, soil, climate, and navi- 
 gable rivers. She is often distinguished by the title of the Ancient Dominion, 
 probably from the circumstance of her having been the first settled of the colonies. 
 
 This State is bounded on the north by Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Oliio ; south 
 by North Carolina and Tennessee ; east by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean, and 
 on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. Extent from north to south, 220 miles ; from 
 east to west, 370 miles. Area, about 64,000 square miles. 
 
 Every portion of Virginia is penetrated by fine rivers and streams, useful either 
 as channels of navigation, or for mechanical purposes. The principal rivers are 
 the Potomac, Shenandoah, James, Rappahannock, Mattapony, Painunky, York, 
 Rivanna, Appomattox, Elizabeth, Nottoway, Meherrin, Staunton, Ohio, Sandy, 
 Great Kanawha, Little Kanawha, and the Monongahela and its principal branches. 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 The Alleghany range of mountains, with its numerous ridges, covers the whole 
 middle section of this State, and gives it a rugged surface. The country east of 
 the mountains descends gradually to the flat and sandy alluvion of the coast. 
 The district west of the mountains is hilly. The soil varies greatly, being sandy 
 and sterile %n the coast, very fertile on the banks of rivers, and productive in the 
 valleys of the AUeghanies. The climate is equally varied, being hot, moist, and 
 unhealthy in the lower alluvial country, and cool and salubrious among the moun- 
 tains. To the productions common to the northern and middle sections of the 
 Union, this State adds the sweet-potato, the finest tobacco, and in the southern 
 parts cotton as a crop. The productions of the north and the south, apples and 
 wheat, cotton and tobacco, meet here as in Tennessee in the western country. 
 The temperature, soil, and circumstances, are supposed to be favourable in the 
 highest degree to the cultivation of the grape and the silk mulberry. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Virginia is boundless ; gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, 
 limestone, marls, gypsum, magnesian, copperas, and alum earths, thermal, chaly- 
 beate, and sulphuretted springs, excellent marbles, granites, soap-stones and sand- 
 stones, &c., are among the treasures as yet for the most part lying idle in the 
 bowels of the earth. Mining industry has, however, recently taken a start, and 
 will doubtless soon afford profitable employment to many of the inhabitants. 
 
 Of the metallic products of Virginia, gold is one of the most important. It 
 is found on both sides of the North and Rapid Ann rivers, of the North and 
 South Anna near their heads, of the Rivanna in the lower part of its course, and 
 of the James river above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. The belt of 
 country in which this metal exists, extends through Spottsylvania, and some 
 neighbouring counties, in a south-west direction, into North and South Carolina, 
 Georgia, and Alabama. In this State the gold is diffused over large surfaces, and 
 has not been found sufficiently in mass, except in a few places, to make mining 
 profitable ; about $52,000 worth was obtained in 1840. 
 
 Vast fields of coal exist in Virginia, both of the bituminous and anthracite 
 kinds ; of the former, great beds have been found spreading over an extent of many 
 miles, in which the seams are sometimes 30, 40, and even 60 feet thick, and of 
 excellent quality. Coal has been mined and exported in considerable quantities 
 from the vicinity of Richmond, for many years past. Iron ore exists also in vast 
 quantities, in various parts ; in some places it is found between immense layers 
 of coal. 
 
 Salt springs occur at various places ; at some of which works for manufacturing 
 the water into salt have been erected : the most important are on the Great Ka- 
 nawha river, in the vicinity of Charleston. The quantity made here is about 
 1,500,000 bushels annually; 70 gallons of brine yielding 1 bushel of salt. Vir- 
 ginia contains a profusion of mineral springs, of great and various virtues, many 
 of which have acquired much reputation for their medicinal properties, and some 
 of them are much resorted to. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 747,610; in 1800, 886,149; in 1810, 974,622; in 
 1820, 1,065,366; in 1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,797; of whom 448,987 
 were slaves. Of the free population, 371,223 were white males; 369,745 white 
 females; 23,814 were coloured males; 26,020 coloured females. Employed in 
 agriculture, 318,771 ; in mining, 1995; in commerce, 6361 ; in manufactures and 
 trades, 54,147; in navigating the ocean, 582 ; do. canals, rivers, &c., 2952 ; in 
 the learned professions, 3866. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 326,438 mules and horses; 1,024,148 neat 
 cattle; 1,293,772 sheep ; 1,992,155 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
 $754,698. There were produced, 10,109,716 bushels of wheat; 1,482,799 of 
 rye; 87,430 of barley; 243,822 of buckwheat; 34,577,591 of Indian corn; 
 13,457,062 of oats; 2,944,660 of potatoes; 2,533,374 pounds of wool ; 75,347,106 
 of tobacco; 2956 of rice; 3,494,483 of cotton ; 1,541,833 of sugar; 3191 of silk 
 cocoons; 364,708 tons of hay; 25,594 of hemp and flax; 1,500,000 bushels of 
 salt. The products of the dairy were valued at $1,480,488; of the orchard, at 
 $705,765; of lumber, at $538,092; and 13,911 gallons of wine were made. 
 
 The exports of the State for the year ending September 30th, 1841, were 
 
^^ 
 
 52 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 $5,630,286, and the imports were $337,237. The tonnage entered was 34,275 ; 
 and the tonnage cleared was 63,243. 
 
 The manufactures of Virginia are not so extensive as those of many States 
 inferior to it in territory and population. Home-made or family manufactures 
 amounted, in 1840, to $2,441,672; 47 fulling-mills and 41 woollen manufactories 
 employed a capital of $112,350, and produced articles to the amount of $147,792; 
 22 cotton manufactories produced articles to the amount of $446,063, with a capi- 
 tal of $1,299,020; 42 furnaces produced 18,810 tons of cast-iron, and 52 forges 
 produced 5886 tons of bar-iron, employing a capital of $1,246,650; 11 smelting 
 houses produced gold to the amount of $51,758, employing a capital of $103,650 ; 
 5 smelting houses produced 878,648 pounds of lead, with a capital of $21,500 ; 
 12 paper-mills produced articles to the amount of $216,245; 3342 persons manu- 
 factured tobacco to the amount of $2,406,671, employing a capital of $1,526,080; 
 764 flouring-mills produced 1,041,526 barrels of flour, and with other mills pro- 
 duced articles to the amount of $7,855,499, employing capital to the amount of 
 $5,184,669 ; vessels were built to the amount of $136,807 ; capital employed in 
 the fisheries, $28,383. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in 
 the State, was $11,360,861. 
 
 William and Mary's College, at Williamsburg, is the oldest in the State, and 
 one of the oldest in the country, founded in 1691 ; Hampden Sydney Colleae, in 
 Prince Edward county, was founded in 1783, and is flourishing; Washington 
 College, at Lexington, was founded in 1812 ; Randolph Macon College, at Boyd- 
 town, was founded in 1832. There are theological schools at Richmond, in 
 Prince Edward and Fairfax counties. The most important literary institution in 
 the State is the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, founded in 1819. In 
 the above colleges, and a few others, there were, in 1840, 1097 students; there 
 were in the State, 382 academies, with 11,083 students; and 1561 common and 
 primary schools, with 35,331 scholars. There were in the State, 58,787 white 
 persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 The Baptists, the most numerous religious denomination, had, in 1836, 435 
 churches, 261 ministers, and 54,302 communicants; the Methodists had 168 
 ministers and 41,763 communicants; the Presbyterians had 117 churches, 90 
 ministers, and 11,413 communicants; the Episcopalians had one bishop, one 
 assistant bishop, 65 ministers, and about 3000 communicants ; the Lutherans had 
 24 congregations and 7 ministers; the Reformed Baptists (Campbellites) had 
 about 10,000 communicants; the Roman Catholics had 10 congregations; the 
 Unitarians had one minister; there were also some Friends and Jews. 
 
 Virginia has undertaken several important works of internal improvement, by 
 chartering private companies, which have been aided liberally by the State. The 
 Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albermarle Sound, extend- 
 ing from Deep Creek, a tributary of the former, to Joyce's Creek, a branch of 
 Pasquotank river, of Albermarle Sound, 23 miles long. It has branches of 11 
 miles. A canal extends along James river, from Richmond to Lynchburg; and 
 this communication is designed to be extended by canal and rail-road to the Ohio 
 river, by the Great Kanawha. No other spot between New York and Georgia 
 presents an equally favourable country for a line of communication across the 
 Alleghany mountains. The whole length will be about 425 miles. A rail-road 
 extends from the Potomac river, at the mouth of the Aquia Creek, to Fredericks- 
 burg, and thence to Richmond, in the whole 75 miles. It proceeds from Rich- 
 mond to Petersburg, 23 miles, and from Petersburg to Weldon, on the Roanoke 
 river, 59 miles, where it unites with the rail-road to Wilmington, N. C. A rail- 
 road proceeds from a point on the Fredericksburg and Richmond road, north-west 
 to Gordonsville, 50 miles. A rail-road extends from Petersburg to City Point, 12 
 miles. Another extends from Winchester 32 miles to Harper's Ferry, where it 
 unites with the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. Greensville rail-road connects the 
 Petersburg and Roanoke rail-road with the Raleigh and Gaston rail-road, N. C, 
 extending from Hicksford, 18 miles to Gaston. The Chesterfield rail-road, 13^ 
 miles long, extends from the Chesterfield coal-basin to tide-water in James river, 
 j at Manchester, opposite Richmond. 
 ' Richmond, the capital of the State, and its principal city, stands on several 
 
VIRGINIA. 53 
 
 eminences, which command fine views of the surrounding country, and give to 
 the city an air of singular beauty. The western division" occupies a high plain 
 called Shockoe Hill, overlooking the lower town, and containing a beautiful 
 square of about ten acres, which is adorned with fine shade trees, and laid out in 
 gravelled walks ; here, in a commanding situation, stands the Capitol or State- 
 House, one of the most elegant structures in the United States, containing a 
 statue of Washington by Houdon; and contiguous to it is the City Hall, a neat 
 edifice of the Doric order. The other public buildings are the Armory, Peni- 
 tentiary, 16 churches, a theatre, &c. The city is supplied with pure water from 
 three reservoirs, each containing 1,000,000 gallons, and filled by two pumps, 
 which raise at the rate of 800,000 gallons in the 24 hours. Richmond is 110 
 miles from the mouth of the river, which carries 15 feet of water to within a few 
 miles of the city, and affords boat navigation for 220 miles above the falls. These 
 advantages enable it to carry on an extensive trade, both inland and by sea ; the 
 annual value of the exports being about 6,000,000 dollars, in addition to a valu- 
 able coasting trade. Large quantities of wheat, flour, tobacco, &c., are brought 
 down by the James River Canal. The falls of the river immediately above the 
 city afford an unlimited water-power, which is largely applied to manufacturing 
 purposes; there are here 21 flouring-mills, making annually 75,000 barrels of 
 flour; an extensive iron-works, with which is connected rolling and slitting mills, 
 arid nail factories, besides numerous tobacco factories, a large cotton milf, paper 
 mill, &c. The capital employed in manufacturing, in 1840, amounted to $1,372,950. 
 Population, in 1840, 21,153. Manchester, on the south side of James river, is 
 connected with Richmond by Mayo's Bridge. It contains several factories, 360 
 houses, and about 1500 inhabitants. A rail-road extends from this place 13 miles 
 westward, to the coal-mines, which yield a million bushels of coal annually. 
 
 The principal sea-port of this State is Norfolk, which is situated on the Eliza- 
 beth river, eight miles from Hampton Roads. Its harbour is deep and capacious, 
 easy of access, and perfectly secure; the Road, an expansion of James river just 
 above its mouth, aflfords the finest anchorage in the world, and is capable of con- 
 taining its united navies. The entrance, between Old Point Comfort and a sand- 
 bar called the Rip Raps, is rather more than a mile in width, and is defended by 
 Fort Monroe and Fort Calhoun. The favourable situation of Norfolk, in regard 
 to the sea, and its connexion with the interior by means of the Dismal Swamp 
 Canal and the Portsmouth and Roanoke Rail-road, have made it the chief com- 
 mercial depot of Virginia, and, in 1840, 19,079 tons of shipping belonged to the 
 port. The town is built on low ground, and the neighbourhood is marshy ; the 
 principal streets are well paved and clean, but the others are less commodious 
 and more irregular. The buildings are not distinguished for elegance, but some 
 improvements have been made of late years in this respect. There are 8 churches, 
 3 banks, a marine hospital, a theatre, lyceum, &c., and a population of 10,920. 
 At Gosport, in Portsmouth, on the opposite side of the river, is one of the most 
 important navy-yards of the United States, containing a magnificent dry-dock, of 
 hewn granite, constructed at a cost of 974,356 dollars. Population of Portsmouth, 
 6500. Suffolk is a thriving little town to the south-west, with 1500 inhabitants ; 
 It stands on the Nansernond river, and is accessible to vessels of 100 tons. 
 
 Petersburg, on the right bank of the Appomattox river, is a handsome and flou- 
 rishing town, with 11,136 inhabitants, combining an active trade in cotton, flour, 
 and tobacco, with manufacturing industry. Vessels drawing seven feet of water 
 come up to the town, but large ships unload at City Point, at the mouth of the 
 river. The falls of the Appomattox furnish ample water-power, and there are 
 here several cotton-mills, merchant flour-mills, grist, and saw-mills, rope-walks, 
 woollen factory, &c. Some distance, above Petersburg, and also on the Appo- 
 mattox river, is Farmville, a flourishing town, incorporated in 1832; it contains 
 2 large tobacco warehouses, 5 tobacco factories, and various mechanic shops. 
 Population about 1000. 
 
 North-west from Richmond, and on the Rivanna river, is Charlottesville, with 
 about 1000 inhabitants. It is pleasantly situated in a charming valley, and de- 
 rives Its interest from its being the seat of the Virginia University. The halls of this 
 valuable institution form a fine collection of buildings. Three miles from Char- 
 
54 UNITED STATES. 
 
 lottesville is Monticello, the seat of the late President Jefferson. The mansion 
 occupies a lofty summit of the South-West Mountain, 500 feet above the Rivanna, 
 and commands a view of the Blue Ridge on the west, and of the low country as 
 far is the eye can reach on the east. A simple granite obelisk over the grave of 
 Jefferson bears this inscription, written by himself : Thomas Jefferson, Author of 
 the Declaration of Independence, and Founder of the University of F^irginia. Nearly 
 west from Richmond, and 120 miles distant, is Lynchburg, situated on the 
 southern bank of James river. It is a neat and flourishing town, carrying on an 
 active trade, and containing some manufactories. The water-power afforded by 
 the river is partially employed in propelling a cotton-mill, and several saw and 
 flour-mills ; and there are here tanneries, tobacco factories, &.c. Several hand- 
 some packet-boats ply daily on the river, between this place and Richmond. 
 The town is supplied with water from a reservoir containing 400,000 gallons, 
 fed by a double forcing-pump, and placed at such an elevation as to throw a 
 copious stream over the tops of the houses. Lynchburg is one of the largest 
 tobacco markets in the world ; from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 pounds are inspected 
 annually. Population, 6395. Danville, on the Dan river, which is navigable 
 by boats some distance above, is a flourishing village, with 1200 inhabitants ; 
 its position commands some trade, and there are some manufactories here. 
 
 The Great Valley Section consists of an elevated table-land between the Blue 
 Ridge and the Alleghany chain, from 1200 to 1500 feet above the sea. It is, 
 however, traversed by several mountain chains, forming numerous subordinate 
 valleys, at once fertile and picturesque, and constituting a region of singular 
 wildness and beauty. Its rare combination of great agricultural resources with 
 extraordinary mineral riches, must one day render it the seat of a populous and 
 wealthy community. At the lower end of the valley stands the town of Harper's 
 Ferry, celebrated for the majestic scenery in its vicinity. The town has a popu- 
 lation of about 2000 inhabitants, and contains three churches, an academy, two 
 Masonic halls, one of the largest flouring-mills in the Union, an Arsenal of the 
 United States, containing about 85,000 stands of arms, and an Armory for the 
 manufacture of fire-arms. A rail-road extends from this place to Winchester, 
 one of the most flourishing towns in the State, with 3454 inhabitants. It stands 
 on the site of old Fort Loudon, in the midst of a very rich and highly-cultivated 
 tract, inhabited by an industrious and thriving population. Winchester is the 
 depot of the surrounding country, and its trade and manufactures are extensive. 
 
 Fredericksburg is a flonrishing town at the head of navigation on the Rappa- 
 hannock river, which admits vessels of 140 tons up to the town. Its situation 
 makes it the depot of a well-cultivated tract, and its trade is considerable. To- 
 bacco, wheat, flour, corn, &c., are the principal articles of exportation. Popula- 
 tion, 31)74. Falmouth, Port Royal, Tappahannock,and Urbanna,are small villages 
 on the Rappahannock. In Westmoreland county, on the Potomac, is shown the 
 spot where Washington was born; the house, which stood on Pope's creek, 
 about half a mile from the river, on a plantation called Wakefield, is now in ruins. 
 A simple stone, with the inscription. Here, on the l\th of February 1732, George 
 Washington was horn, designates the consecrated spot. Further up the river, 
 eight rniles from Alexandria, is Mount Vernon, the seat and the tomb of that 
 great and good man. The mansion-house is a simple wooden building, two sto- 
 ries high, with a plain portico extending the whole length, and commanding a 
 view of the river ; the tomb is merely a walled excavation in the bank, with a 
 brick front and closed by an iron door. 
 
 Leesburg, a few miles east of the Potomac river, is a neat and thriving town, 
 with about 2000 inhabitants, situated in a productive and highly cultivated dis- 
 trict. Fairfax, further south, is a flourishing village, and further on is Barbours- 
 ville, in the vicinity of which are the seat and tomb of the late President Ma- 
 dison. 
 
 In the western part of the State is the city of Wheeling, surrounded by rich 
 coal-beds and a highly fertile country ; and, standing at the head of steam-boat 
 navigation on the Ohio during the season of low water, is one of the most flour- 
 ishing trading towns in the country. The population increased from 1567 in 
 1820, to 7885 in 1840. Over 20 steam-hoats are gwned here, and great quantities 
 
VIRGINIA. 55 
 
 of goods are forwarded to this point in wagons by the National Road from the 
 east, and by keel-boats, flat-boats, and steamers down the river. Iron-founderies, 
 steam-engine factories, cotton and woollen-mills, glass-houses and cut-glass works, 
 flour, paper, and saw-mills, copperas, white-lead, sheet-lead, and tobacco-manu- 
 factories, are among the manufacturing establishments. There are exported 
 from Wheeling annually 1,500,000 bushels of bituminous coal. 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Carolwa is bounded on the north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, south by South Carolina, and west by Tennessee. Length 362 miles, and 
 breadth 121 miles; area, 43,800 square miles. The country, for more than 60 
 miles from the coast, is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. 
 The greater portion of this district, except along the water-courses, is a vast forest 
 of evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers are insalubrious. 
 Having passed this monotonous region, we emerge to the pleasant and mild parts 
 of the State, at the base of the Alleghanies, from whose summits the eye tra- 
 verses an immense extent of beautiful country to the west, and vision is lost in 
 an agreeable succession of hill, dale, forest, and valley. 
 
 In the western part of the State the Blue Ridge, which forms the separating 
 line between the waters of the Atlantic and the Mississippi, attains an elevation 
 of about 5500 feet. The western boundary of the State is formed by the pro- 
 longation of the same ridge ; its diflTerent parts are known by various local names, 
 one of which, the Black Mountain, has been recently ascertained to be the most 
 lofty in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains; its height is 6476 feet, 
 or 48 feet more elevated than Mt. Washington: another summit of the Blue 
 Ridge, the Roan Mountain, is 6038 feet in height. The tract between the two 
 ridges is an elevated table-land, from 2000 to 2500 feet above the sea. 
 
 North Carolina abounds in considerable rivers, but enjoys few facilities for navi- 
 gation in proportion to the number and size of the streams, which are shallow or 
 broken in their course, or lose themselves in lagoons difficult of access, or are 
 obstructed by bars. The Chowan flows into Albemarle Sound, and admits small 
 vessels to Murfreesboro'. The Roanoke also empties itself into the same shallow 
 basin. The Tar River and the Neuse both flow into Pamplico Sound : the first is 
 navig:able 90 miles, to Tarboro', and the latter to Kingston. Cape Fear river, the 
 principal stream, which has its whole course within the State, rising on the north- 
 ern border, pursues a south-easterly course of 280 miles, and enters the ocean at 
 Cape Fear; the Waccamaw, the Lumber, and Yadkin, which take the names 
 of the Little and Great Pedee, and the Catawba, which rises in the Blue Ridge, 
 all flow into South Carolina; while the French Broad, Little Tennessee, Hiwas- 
 see, and New river, descend in an opposite direction from the same range. 
 
 The swamps are a striking feature in the eastern part of the State. The 
 Dismal Swamp lies in the north-eastern part and extends into Virginia. It is 30 
 miles in length and 16 in breadth. In the centre, on the Virginia side, is Lake 
 Drummond, 15 miles in circuit; a canal is carried through it from Norfolk to Al- 
 bemarle Sound. Between Albemarle and Pamplict) Sound is another, called Alli- 
 gator Swamp ; this has been partly drained, and the land rendered fit for the cul- 
 tivation of rice. These swamps have a clay bottom, over which lies a thick 
 stratum of vegetable compost. The drained lands are found to be exceedingly 
 fertile. *" ^ 
 
 The pine forests of North Carolina, which cover nearly the whole of the east- 
 ern part of the State, yield not only much lumber for exportation, but also nearly 
 all the resinous matter used in ship-building in this country. The resinous pro- 
 ducts are turpentine, spirits of turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch; turpentine is 
 merely the sap of the tree obtained by making an incision in the bark; the tur- 
 pentine flows out in drops, which fall into a box placed to receive them. 
 
 Among the mineral productions, the most important appear to be gold and iron. 
 The gold region of North Carolina embraces the section on both sides of the Blue 
 Ridge, and extends to the east of the Yadkin. The surface mines are the most 
 
 17 — 
 
56 UNITED STATES. 
 
 easily worked, but the vein mines are the most durable. In almost any part of 
 this district, gold may be found in greater or less abundance. It exists in 
 orains or masses from almost imperceptible particles, to pieces of one or two 
 pounds weight; one of the largest lumps ever found, was dug up in Cabarras 
 county — it was worth between 7 and 8000 dollars. Lumps from the value of 
 100 or 200 to 1000 dollars, are not uncommon. 
 
 The great diversity of climate between the eastern lowlands and the western 
 high country, produces a corresponding diversity in the agricultural productions 
 of the two sections ; while the former yields cotton, rice, and indigo, the more 
 northern grains and fruits thrive in the latter, which yields wheat, Indian-corn, 
 tobacco, and hemp. 
 
 The population of North Carolina, in 1790, was 393,754; in 1800, 478,103; 
 in 1810, 555,500; in 1820, 638,829; in 1830, 738,470; in 1840, 753,419; of 
 whom 245,817 were slaves. Of the free population, 240,047 were white males; 
 244,823 white females; 11,226 were coloured males; 10,505 were coloured 
 females. Employed in agriculture, 217,095; in commerce, 1734 ; in manufac- 
 tures and trades, 14,322 ; in navigating the ocean, 327 ; do. canals, rivers, &c., 
 379; in the learned professions, 1086. 
 
 There were in this State, in 1840, 166,608 horses and mules; 617,371 neat 
 cattle; 538,279 sheep; 1,649,716 swine. There were produced, 1,960,885 bush- 
 els of wheat; 15,391 of buckwheat; 213,971 of rye; 23,893,763 of Indian-corn ; 
 3574 of barley; 3,193,941 of oats; 2,609,239 of potatoes; 625,044 pounds of 
 wool; 16,772,359 of tobacco; 2,820,388 of rice; 51,926,190 of cotton; 3014 of 
 silk cocoons; 101,369 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
 $674,349; of the orchard, at $386,006 ; of lumber, at $506,766. There were 
 made 28,752 gallons of wine. The exports of the State, in 1840, amounted to 
 $387,484, and the imports to $252,532. 
 
 The amount of home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, was $1,413,246; 
 25 cotton manufactories produced articles to the amount of $438,950 ; 10 smelt- 
 ing-houses produced gold to the amount of $255,619 ; hats and caps were manu- 
 factured to the amount of $38,170; 353 tanneries employed a capital of $271,979 ; 
 240 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the 
 amount of $185,387; 323 flouring-mills produced 87,641 barrels of flour, and 
 with other mills produced articles to the amount of $1,552,096; vessels were 
 built to the amount of $62,800; 2802 distilleries produced 1,051,979 gallons of 
 spirits; tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin, 593,451 barrels. Amount of capital 
 employed in the fisheries, $213,500. Total amount em,pjpyed in manufactures,, 
 $3,838,900. ^ 
 
 The University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, was founded in 1791 ; Da- 
 vidson College, in Mecklenburg, founded in 1837. In these institutions there 
 were, in 1840, 158 students. There were in the State 141 academies, with 4398 
 students ; and 632 common and primary schools, with 14,950 scholars. There 
 were in the State 56,609 white persons above the age of 20 who could neither 
 read nor write. 
 
 Of religious denominations, the Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous ; 
 they have each about 20,000 communicants; the Presbyterians, about 11,000 
 communicants. The Episcopalians have a Bishop and 20 ministers; the Luther- 
 ans have 18 ministers, 38 congregations, and 1890 communicants. Besides these, 
 there are some Moravians, Friends, and Roman Catholics. 
 
 A rail-road extends from Wilmington, IGl miles, to Weldon, on the Roanoke 
 river. Another also extends from Raleigh, 87 miles, to Gaston. These works 
 unite with others from Virginia. The Dismal Swamp Canal of Virginia, extends 
 into North Carolina, (see Virginia). 
 
 Raleigh, the capital of the State, not far from the west bank of the Neuse, is a 
 thriving town with 2244 inhabitants. A fine State-House of granite has been 
 erected here, in place of the one destroyed by fire in 1831, when Canova's statue 
 of Washington was unfortunately ruined. Fayetteville is a busy and flourishing 
 town, at the head of boat navigation ort Cape Fear river, with 4285 inhabitants 
 It contains an United States Armory. Salem, Salisbury, and Charlotte, are 
 small towns in this section. The last mentioned has of late rapidly increased in 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 57 
 
 importance on account of its proximity to the gold mines. Population about 
 1000. It contains a United States Mint for the coinage of gold. 
 
 Beaufort, the only port of North Carolina directly upon the sea, admits vessels 
 drav;inor 12 feet of water, and the harbour is safe and commodious ; but the town 
 is inconsiderable. Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea on Cape Fear river, is the 
 most important commercial town of the State, and it carries on a considerable 
 trade with the West Indies. The population is about 4744. Newbern, on the 
 south bank of the river Neuse, 80 miles from Pamplico Sound, is a place of some 
 commerce, although large vessels cannot come up to the town, and the navigation 
 is tedious and difficult for smaller craft. Population, 3690. Washington and 
 Tarboro', on the Pamplico river, Plymouth and Halifax, on the Roanoke, Eden- 
 ton, on the Chowan, and Elizabeth, on the Pasquotank, are small trading towns. 
 
 I 
 
 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The State of South Carolina is bounded on the north and north-east by North 
 Carolina, south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, and south-west by Georgia, from 
 which it is separated by the Savannah river; it is in length 188 miles, by 160 in 
 breadth, the area being about 30,000 square miles. The rivers of South Carolina 
 afford some considerable navigable facilities for small river-craft; but, in the 
 lower part of their course, they are shallow, and obstructed by bars. The prin- 
 cipal are the Waccamaw, Pedee, Black river, Santee, Cooper, Ashley, Stono, 
 Edisto, Ashepoo, Combahee, Coosaw, Broad, and Savannah. 
 
 The harbours of this State are generally of little value; but the coast presents 
 numerous entrances, which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford 
 advantages for an active coasting trade. The harbour of Charleston is obstructed 
 at the entrance by a dangerous sand-bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit 
 small vessels. The harbour of Beaufort, or Port Royal, is the best in the State, 
 and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented. St. Helena Sound is 
 the most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast ; but, although 
 about three miles wide and ten miles long, it is too much beset with shoals to 
 be of any great commercial value. 
 
 The sea-coast is bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and the 
 shore there is a very convenient navigation. The main land is by nature divided 
 into the lower and upper country." The low country extends 80 or 100 miles 
 from the coast, and is covered with extensive forests of pitch-pine, called pine 
 barrens, interspersed with swamps and marshes of a rich soil; beyond this is the 
 sand-hill region, 60 miles in width, the sterile hills of which have been compared 
 to the arrested waves of the sea in a storm. To this distance the broad extent of 
 country is denominated the lower country; beyond it we approach the ridge, or 
 upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precipitous. From the summit 
 stretches a fine belt of table-land, fertile and well cultivated, watered by rivers, 
 and irrigated by smaller streams, extending from the Savannah to Broad river. 
 The country beyond the ridge- resembles in its scenery the most interesting of the 
 nortliern States. The traveller is gratified by the pleasant alternation of hill and 
 dale, the lively verdure of the hills is contrasted with the deeper tints of the 
 extensive forests which decorate their sides, and, iirthe valleys, broad rivers roll 
 their streams through the varied beauties of luxuriant and cultivated fields. The 
 ascent hence to the mountains is gradual and imperceptible. A number of moun- 
 tains 'of striking forms, here swell with their peaks to a very considerable eleva- 
 tion. Table Mountain is the most conspicuous; its summit is supposed to be 
 4000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 The low country is infested with many of the diseases which spring from a 
 warm, moist, and unelastic atmosphere. Of these, the most frequent are fevers, 
 from which the inhabitants suffer more than from any, or perhaps from all other 
 diseases together. The districts of the upper country enjoy as salubrious a cli- 
 mate as any part of the United States. During the most unhealthful period of the 
 year, it is customary for the wealthy South Carolinians to seek relaxation in n 
 
 33 
 
58 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 tour through the northern States, or in a sojourn at some of the watering-places 
 in the upland country. 
 
 The staple commodities of this State are cotton and rice; the latter, first intro- 
 duced in 1693, is raised only in the low country, where the immense swamps in 
 which it is grown may be easily irrigated, by means of the rise of the tide in the 
 rivers. Indigo was for some time an important staple ; its culture was introduced 
 in the middle of the last century, and, at the breaking out of the revolutionary 
 war, about 1,000,000 pounds were exported annually; but, toward the close of 
 the century, the price was so much lowered by large importations from the East 
 Indies into England, that it gave way to cotton, which is raised on the same 
 lands. 
 
 There are no manufactures of any importance in South Carolina, but the com- 
 merce is extensive; it consists in the exports of rice, cotton, lumber, &c., and of 
 large quantities of the productions of Georgia and North Carolina, and in the 
 import of manufactured articles, wines, tropical fruits, &c., for home consumption. 
 
 The region in which gold is found extends through this State. Although the 
 mines are abundant, the diggings have been less numerous than in North Caro- 
 lina. Various ochres, used in painting, are found near Yorkville. Marble, lime- 
 stone, iron and lead ore, potters' clay, fullers' earth, nitrous earth, talc, and most 
 of the useful fossils, are common. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 249,073; in 1800, 345,591; in 1810, 415,115; in 
 1820, 502,741; in 1830, 581,185; in 1840, 594,398; of whom 327,038, or 
 something more than one-half of the population, were slaves. Of the free popu- 
 lation, 130,496 were white males; 128,588 white females; 3864 were coloured 
 males; 4412 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 198,363 ; in commerce, 
 1958; in manufactures and trades, 10,325; in navigating the ocean, 381 ; do. 
 rivers, canals, &c., 348; in the learned professions, 1481. 
 
 According to the census of 1840, there were in the State 120,921 horses and 
 mules; 572,608 neat cattle; 232,981 sheep; 878,532 swine. There were pro- 
 duced 968,354 bushels of wheat; 44,738 of rye ; 14,722,805 of Indian corn; 
 3967 of barley; 1,486,208 of oats; 2,698,313 of potatoes; 299,170 pounds of 
 wool; 60,590,860 of- rice; 61,710,274 of cotton ; 51,519 of tobacco ; 30,000 of 
 sugar; 2080 of silk cocoons; 24,618 tons of hay. The products of the dairy 
 were valued at $577,810; of the orchard, at $52,275; of lumber, $537,684. 
 
 The exports of this State, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1840, amounted to 
 $8,043,284; and the imports to $1,567,431. The tonnage entered was 55,620 
 tons, and the tonnage cleared 92,185. 
 
 The amount of home-made or family manufactures, was $930,703; there were 
 3 woollen factories which produced articles to the amount of $1000; employing a 
 capital of $4300 ; 15 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $359,000, 
 and employed a capital of $617,450; 4 furnaces produced 1250 tons of cast-iron; 
 9 forges produced 1165 tons of bar-iron ; the whole employing a capital of 
 $113,300; 5 smelling-houses produced gold to the amount of $37,418, and em- 
 ployed a capital of $40,000 ; one paper-mill produced to the amount of $20,800, 
 with a capital of $30,000; 164 tlouring-mills produced 58,458 barrels of flour ; 
 and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of $1,201,678, and em- 
 ployed a capital of $1,668,804 ; 250 distilleries produced 102,288 gallons of dis- 
 tilled spirits, employing a capital of $14,342 ; vessels were built to the amount 
 of $60,000. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was 
 $3,216,970. 
 
 Of religious denominations the Methodists are the most numerous; at the 
 commencement of 1836 they had 37,503 communicants; the Baptists had 314 
 churches, 226 ministers, and 36,276 communicants; the Presbyterians had 90 
 churches and 70 ministers ; the Episcopalians had 50 churches, one bishop, and 
 43 ministers; the Lutherans had, in 1840, 24 ministers, 34 congregations, and 
 1667 communicants; there were also Roman Catholics, Unitarians, Friends, 
 Universalists and Jews. 
 
 The most important literary institution in the State is the College of South 
 Carolina, founded in 1804. There is a theological seminary connected with the 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 59 
 
 institution. In both departments there were, in 1843, 216 students. Charleston 
 College was founded in 1795, and has about 50 students.. The medical institu- 
 tion in Charleston has 8 professors and 158 students. There were in the State, 
 in 1840, 117 academies or grammar-schools, with 4236 students; and 566 com- 
 mon or primary schools, with 12,520 scholars. There were 20,615 free while 
 persons, over 20 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 South Carolina has several important works of internal improvement. The 
 Santee canal, extending 22 miles from Charleston harbour to Santee river, was 
 finished in 1803. Through this canal, and the improvement of the Santee and 
 Congaree rivers, a steamboat communication has been opened from Charleston 
 to Columbia. Winyaw canal extends from Winyaw bay, 7^ miles, to Kinlock 
 creek, a branch of the Santee river. The navigation of Catawba river has been 
 improved by five short canals, with an aggregate length of 11^ miles. The South 
 Carolina rail-road extends 136 miles, from Charleston to Hamburg, It was 
 commenced in 1830, and completed in 1834. It has since been sold to tlie 
 Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati Rail-road Company. This company con- 
 template the formation of the longest rail-road yet undertaken in the United 
 States. Its entire length, from Charleston to Cincinnati, will be 718 miles. 
 The Branchville and Columbia rail-road extends from Branchville, or the South 
 Carolina rail-road, 66 miles, to Columbia, and is to form a part of the Charles- 
 ton, Louisville, and Cincinnati rail-road. 
 
 Charleston, the principal city of South Carolina, and the largest city in the 
 Atlantic States south of the Potomac, stands on a point of land between the 
 Ashley and Cooper rivers, six miles from the ocean. It is regularly laid out, 
 with streets running east and west from river to river, and others intersect- 
 ing them nearly at right angles, from north to south. Among the public 
 buildings are 26 churches, the City Hall, Exchange, two Arsenals, Theatre, 
 College Halls, Aims-House, Orphan Asylum, &c. ; the City Library contains 
 about 18,000 volumes, and the Orphan Asylum supports and educates 250 desti- 
 tute children. The city is healthier than the surrounding country, and the 
 planters from the low country, and many opulent West-Indians, spend the sum- 
 mer here. Its commerce is extensive, comprising nearly the whole of that of 
 the State, and its shipping amounted, in 1840, to 29,250 tons. The population 
 increased from 18,711, in 1800, to 29,261, in 1840; of which number 14,673 were 
 slaves; including the Neck, which is adorned with numerous plantations in a 
 high state of cultivation, the population is estimated to exceed 40,000 souls. 
 The approach to the city is defended by Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, at 
 the mouth of the harbour, and by Castle Pinckney opposite the extreme point 
 of the city within. 
 
 Columbia, the capital of the State," is pleasantly situated on the Congaree, 
 below the junction of the Saluda and Broad rivers. It is regularly laid out 
 with very wide streets, and is a neatly-built town with 3500 inhabitants. It 
 contains a handsome State-House, a Lunatic Asylum, the Halls of South Caro- 
 lina College, and several churches. Granby is a little town on the opposite side 
 of the river. Camden is a place of some trade, situated on a rising ground on I 
 the Wateree, with about 1000 inhabitants. It is noted for the two battles fought 
 near it during the Revolutionary war, in the first of which the Baron De Kalb 
 was slain. 
 
 Beaufort, to the south of Charleston, is a little town on Port Royal Island, 
 about 16 miles from the sea, with a fine harbour, which is little used. George- 
 town, to the north, on Winyaw Bay, being the depot of an extensive and well- 
 cultivated district, has considerable trade, but is not accessible to vessels drawing 
 more than 11 feet of water. It is, however, unhealthful, and during the autumn, 
 many of the inhabitants resort to North Island at the mouth of the bay. Popu- 
 lation about 2000. Cheraw, on the Pedee, near the North Carolina line, is a 
 town of about 1000 inhabitants; its trade is very considerable. Greeneville, in 
 the upper part of the State, is a neat town of about 1000 inhabitants ; it is situ- 
 ated in the midst of a salubrious and fertile country. 
 
 17 
 
60 UNITED STATES. 
 
 STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia is bounded north by Tennessee and North Carolina, north-east by 
 South Carolina, and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west 
 by Alabama. Length, 300 miles ; breadth, 200; area, 58,000 square miles. The 
 principal rivers of Georgia are the Savannah, (which forms the boundary between 
 it and South Carolina,) Alatamaha, Ogeechee, Satilla, Ockmulgee, Oconee, St. 
 Mary's, Chattahoochee, Flint, Tallapoosa, and Coosa. The coast of Georgia, for 
 four or five miles inland, is a salt marsh, mostly uninhabited. In front of this, 
 towards the sea, there is a chain of islands of a grey, rich soil, covered in their 
 natural state with pine, hickory, and live-oak, and yielding, on cultivation, the 
 finest quality of sea-island cotton. The principal are Wassaw, Ossabaw, St. 
 Catherine, Sapelo, St. Simon's, Jekyl, and Cumberland. Beyond the swamps 
 which line the coast, commences that extensive range of pine-barrens closely re- 
 sembling those of South Carolina ; above this range the country begins to be 
 pleasantly diversified by gentle undulations. This region is bounded on the west 
 by the Blue Ridge, which here swells into elevations 1500 feet in height, which 
 thence subside, and are lost in the sea. Beyond the mountains is an extensive 
 and rich table-country, with a black soil of great fertility. 
 
 The climate of Georgia differs but little from that of South Carolina. The 
 low-country planters have their sickly season and summer retreats in the high 
 pine woods. The districts central to the rice-swamps, in the Carolinas and 
 Georgia, are universally insalubrious. There are districts in this State that ap- 
 proach nearer to tropical temperature than any part of South Carolina, and better 
 adapted to the sugar-cane, olive, and sweet orange. The hilly and western parts 
 are as healthy as any in America. As an average of the temperature, winter 
 may be said to commence in the middle of December, and terminate in the mid- 
 dle of February. The climate of the low-country compares very nearly with 
 that of Louisiana. 
 
 The mineral resources of Georgia are but imperfectly known; copper and iron 
 have been found, but the most valuable mineral production, hitherto, has been 
 gold. It occurs in the northern part of the State, on both sides of tlie Chattahoo- 
 chee river as far north as the Blue Ridge, and to a considerable, but not well- 
 ascertained distance on the south. 
 
 The great agricultural staples of Georgia are cotton and rice. The cotton crop 
 has amounted to 400,000 bales, and the rice to 35,000 casks. Some sugar and 
 tobacco are also raised. The fruits are figs, oranges, melons, pomegranates, 
 lemons, citrons, pears, peaches, &c. 
 
 The population of Georgia, in 1790, was 82,584; in 1800, 162,680; in 1810, 
 253,433; in 1820, 348,989; in 1830, 516,567; in 1840, 691,392; of whom 
 280,944 were slaves. Of the free population, 210,534 were white males ; 197,161 
 white females; 1374 were coloured males; 1379 coloured females. Employed 
 in agriculture, 209,283 ; in commerce, 2428 ; in manufactures and trades, 7984 ; 
 in mining, 574 ; in navigating the ocean, 262 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 352 ; in 
 the learned professions, 1250. 
 
 There were in this State, in 1840, 157,540 horses and mules; 884,414 neat 
 cattle; 267,107 sheep ; 1,457,755 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
 $149,623. There were produced, 1,801,830 bushels of wheat; 60,693 of rye; 
 20,905,122 of Indian corn; 12,979 of barley ; 1,610,030 of oats; 1,211,366 of 
 potatoes; 102,894 of tobacco; 12,384,732 of rice ; 163,392,390 of cotton ; 329,744 
 of sugar. The products of the dairy were valued at $605,172; of the orchard 
 at $156,122; of lumber at $114,050. There were made 8647 gallons of wine. 
 The exports of the State, in 1840, amounted to $6,802,959, and the imports to 
 $491,428. 
 
 The family or home-made articles amounted to $1,407,030, The capital em- 
 ployed in manufactures amounted to $2,889,505, chiefly in flouring and other 
 mills, cotton factories, tanneries, &c. ; 14 furnaces produced 494 tons of cast-iron, 
 and employed a capital of $24,000. 
 
 The University of Georgia, located at Athens, is the principal literary institu- 
 
yM ffieyirtrllMlMiii ■■■ 
 
 GEORGIA. 61 
 
 tion in the State, and was designed to liave an academic branch in each county. 
 A few only of those have been opened. It was founded in 1788, and has been 
 well endowed. In this institution and its branches, there were, in 1840, G22 stu- 
 dents. There were in the State 176 academies or g^rammar-schools, with 7878 
 students, and 601 common or primary schools, with 15,561 scholars. Of the 
 population, 30,717 white persons over 20 years of age could neither read nor 
 write. 
 
 The Baptists are the most numerous of the religious denominations ; they had, 
 in 1835, 583 churches, 298 ministers, and 41,810 communicants. The Methodists 
 in Georgia and Florida had 80 travelling preachers, 33,442 communicants, of 
 whom 25,005 were whites, 8436 were coloured. The Presbyterians had 75 
 churches, 45 ministers, and 4882 communicants. The Episcopalians had 4 minis- 
 ters ; the Protestant Methodists had 20 congregations and 15 ministers; the 
 Christians had 15 or 20 ministers; the Roman Catholics 4 ministers; the Uni- 
 tarians 2 ministers. There are also some few Lutherans, Associate Reformed 
 Presbyterians, Friends, and Jews. 
 
 Georgia has several important works of internal improvement. The Savannah 
 and Ogeechee canal extends 16 miles, from Savannah to Ogeechee river; it was 
 completed in 1829. The Brunswick canal extends 12 miles, from the Alata- 
 mana river to Brunswick. The Georgia rail-road extends westward from Au- 
 gusta, 170 miles, to Marthasville, The Athens branch extends from the Georgia 
 rail-road 23 miles, to Athens. The Western and Atlantic rail-road is designed 
 to continue the Georgia rail-road to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, 130 
 miles. The Central rail-road extends from Savannah 197 miles, to Macon, and 
 is now in progress of completion from Macon to be united with the Georgia rail- 
 road near Decatur. The Hiwassee rail-road, also in progress, will begin at a 
 point on the Western and Atlantic rail-road, and will be carried thence to Knox- 
 ville, in Tennessee. 
 
 The city of Savannah is advantageously situated for a commercial town, being 
 accessible to large ships from the sea, and communicating with the interior by the 
 noble river on which it stands. It is built on the southern side of the Savannah, 
 on a high hank rising about 50 feet above the water, from which it makes a fine 
 appearance, with its spacious and regular streets, and its handsome public build- 
 ings, mingling pleasantly with the groves of trees which surround them and 
 adorn the squares and principal streets. The site was formerly unhealthy, on 
 account of the surrounding swamps, but this evil has been* cured by judicious 
 drainings. In 1820 it suffered much from a terrible fire, but it has recovered from 
 this shock, and is at present one of the most flourishing cities in the Southern 
 States. It contains 13 churches, a Court-House, Exchange, Arsenal, Jail, U. S. 
 Barracks, an Academy, Theatre, 2 Asylums, a Poor-House, Hospital, Market- 
 House, besides banks, &c. Population in 1840, 11,214. Savannah is the chief 
 commercial depot in the State, and most of the cotton and rice, with large quan- 
 tities of the other articles of exportation, pass through this port. There was ex- 
 ported, in 1843, about 300,000 bales of cotton, 25,000 tierces of rice, and near 
 8,000,000 feet of lumber. Two companies employ on the Savannah river alone 
 17 steam-boats, some of which are of iron, and more than 70 tow-boats, some 
 being as large as 150 tons burthen. In 1840, the tonnage of the port was 17,930 
 tons. 
 
 ^ The city of Augusta, the great interior emporium of the State, stands on the 
 Savannah, at the head of steam-boat navigation. It is handsomely built, and con- 
 tains a City-Hall, 7 churches, an Hospital, Arsenal, Theatre, &c. ; a bridge 
 across the Savannah, 1200 feet long, connects it with Hamburg. The population 
 amounted, in 1840, to 6500. Augusta is the depot of an extensive tract of pro- 
 ductive and populous country, and is connected with the sea by the Charleston 
 and Hamburg rail-road, and the Savannah river. 
 
 Milledgeville, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Oconee, at 
 the head of steam-boat navigation, and is a place of some trade. Population in 
 1840, 2095. It contains the State-House, the Penitentiary, on the Auburn plan, 
 State Arsenal, &c. Athens, a thriving little town above Milledgeville, is the 
 seat of the University of Georgia. Population, 1200. 
 
62 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Macon is situated at the head of navigation on the Ocmulgee; it consisted in 
 1823 of a single cabin; in 1830 it had a population of 2600 souls, and in 1840, 
 3927. Its trade is extensive and increasing ; there is a considerable number of 
 saw and grist-mills in the vicinity. A great amount of cotton is shipped from 
 this place. 
 
 Columbus is situated on the Chattahoochee, at the head of navigation, and 430 
 miles from the sea. The town was first laid out in 1828, when the site was ye 
 covered with the native forest ; in 1842 it contained over 4000 inhabitants, with 
 several churches, newspapers, &c. Steam-boats run regularly from here to New 
 Orleans, and 60,000 bales of cotton were shipped from the town in 1842, when 
 15 steam-boats were employed on the Chattahoochee. Dahlonega, in the north- 
 ern part of the State, between tlie Chestatee and Etowa, is the seat of one of the 
 offices of the United States Mint. 
 
 Darien is a neat and thriving little town, with an active trade in cotton, and in 
 the lumber which is brought down the river in large quantities. Its population 
 is about 2500. Brunswick, with a spacious harbour, is situated on Turtle river 
 about 10 miles nearly due west from the opening between St. Simon's and 
 Jekyl islands. St. Mary's, a small town on the river of the same name, just 
 above its entrance into Cumberland Sound, derives importance from its fine deep 
 harbour, the most southerly on the coast from Georgia to Florida. 
 
 THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Florida, is bounded north by Alabama and Georgia; east by the Atlantic 
 Ocean; south and west by the Gulf of Mexico. Formerly the name of Florida 
 was applied to the whole country east of the Mississippi, and south of the parallel 
 of 31° north latitude. The river Appalachicola divided it into East and West 
 Florida. The part lying between the Mississippi and Pearl river is now included 
 in the State of Louisiana ; the part between Pearl river and the Perdido, belongs 
 to the States of Mississippi and Alabama; and the part east of the Perdido is 
 the country that is now called Florida. Its mean length, from north to south, is 
 380 miles, and the mean breadth 150, the area being 57,750 square miles. 
 
 The surface of Florida is in general level, and not much elevated above the 
 sea. It is intersected by numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers, of which the prin- 
 cipal are the St. John's, Appalachicola, Suwanee, Ocklockony, Choctawhatchie, 
 Escambia, and Yellow-Water rivers. The southern part of the peninsula is a 
 mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp rocks, interspersed 
 with a scattered growth of shrubby pines. 
 
 The gulf stream setting along the coast has here worn away the land, forming 
 those islands, keys and rocks, known by the general name of Reefs, or Keys, 
 between which and the main land is a navigable channel. These islands con- 
 tain some settlements and many good harbours. One of the most important is 
 Key West, 6 miles long and two in breadth, on which is the town of Key West, 
 a naval station, and the seat of an admiralty court: the harbour is good, well 
 sheltered, and of sufficient depth of water to admit the largest vessels. 
 
 The eddies which set towards the shore from the gulf stream cause many ship- 
 wrecks on this part of the coast, furnishing employment to the Bahama wreckers. 
 The soil of Florida is in some parts, especially on the banks of the rivers, equal 
 to any in the world; in other parts, it is indiflferent; and there are large tracts 
 which are represented to be of little value. 
 
 Live-oak timber is one of the most valuable products of Florida. The fig, 
 pomegranate, orange, and date, are among the fruits; cotton is the chief agricul- 
 tural staple ; the sugar-cane is also pretty extensively cultivated ; rice is raised 
 in large quantities; and indigo formerly furnished a valuable article of exporta- 
 tion, but is now only raised for family use. But Florida is on the whole better 
 suited for a grazing country ; and its vast herds of cattle, horses, swine, &c., 
 find a boundless extent of range in its fine pastures. 
 
 The climate, from October to June, is generally salubrious; but the months of 
 
FLORIDA. G3 
 
 July, August, and September, are hot and uncomfortable ; and during this season, 
 fevers are prevalent. At St. Augustine, however, the climate is delightful, and 
 this place is the resort of invalids. 
 
 In the year 1822 Spain ceded Florida to the United States, in compensation 
 for spoliations committed on the commerce of the latter. From that lime, it wzs 
 governed as a territory until 1845, when it became a State. Florida was lately, 
 for several years, the theatre of a war between the United States and the Semi- 
 nole Indians. In 1818 this tribe was conquered by General Jackson, and agreed 
 to abandon the territory and remove west of the Mississippi. Preparations were 
 made for their removal in 1835, but being reluctant to leave their country, they 
 commenced hostilities under Osceola; but, after a protracted war, they were at 
 length subdued. The Indians are now, for the most part, removed to a desirable 
 country beyond the Mississippi, where, it is hoped, that they will remain undis- 
 turbed and at peace with their neighbours. 
 
 The population, in 1830, was 34,723 ; in 1840, 54,477; of which 16,456 were 
 white males, and 11,487, females; free coloured persons, males, 398; females, 
 419; slaves, males, 13,038; females, 12,679. There were employed in agri- 
 culture 12,117; in commerce 481; in manufactures and trades 1177; in navi- 
 gating the ocean 435; on canals and rivers 118 ; in the learned professions, and 
 engineers, 204. 
 
 There were in the State in 1840, 12,043 horses and mules; 118,081 neat cat- 
 tle; 7198 sheep; 92,680 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $61,007; 
 bushels of Indian corn 898,974; 75,274 pounds of tobacco; 481,420 of rice ; 
 12,110,533 of cotton; and 275,317 of sugar. A small amount of rye and hay 
 was produced. 
 
 The manufactures are inconsiderable; the amount of capital employed in that 
 branch, in 1840, was $669,490; and in home-made or family articles $20,205. 
 There is no college, at present, in Florida. In 1840 there were 18 academies 
 and grammar-schools, with 732 students ; and 51 common and primary schools, 
 with 925 scholars. There were 1303 white persons, over 20 years of age, who 
 could neither read nor write. 
 
 St. Augustine is the oldest town in Florida, and also in the United States ; it 
 was settled by the Spaniards in 1565; it stands at the junction of two small 
 creeks, called the Matanzas and the North River. It is regularly built, but the 
 streets are narrow ; the houses are generally two stories high, surrounded with 
 balconies and piazzas; it contains 4 churches; a U. S. Barracks, and Land 
 Office. It is commanded by Fort Marion, which stands at the mouth of the har- 
 bour. On Amelia island, the north-eastern corner of Florida, is the little village of 
 Fernandina, which, during the embargo, and the late war, was an important depot. 
 
 Jacksonville, on the St. Johns river, is a flourishing town, forming the depot 
 of the trade of the surrounding country ; it is also a considerable thoroughfare. 
 In the middle section of the territory are St. Marks, Tallahassee, Quincy, Mari- 
 anna, Monticello and Appalachicola. St, Marks is the shipping-port of a popu- 
 lous and productive district, and is a growing town, with a good harbour; the 
 entrance affords 12 feet water; but up to the town, 6 miles from the sea, the bay 
 carries only 8 feet. 
 
 Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, stands on an eminence in a fertile district, 
 and contains 3 churches; a bank; a State House; jail; market, and an aca- 
 demy. The population in winter is about 2500. Appalachicola is a flourishing 
 little town, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It has a good harbour, 
 and its trade in cotton is considerable ; about 20 steamboats navigate the river, 
 besides other craft; it has an Episcopal church, and two banks. 
 
 St. Joseph's, on the bay of the same name, is also a place of growing trade; 
 the bay affords 25 to 33 feet of water, and is well sheltered from all winds; this 
 is connected with Jola, on the Appalachicola river, by a rail-road. Pensacola, on 
 the bay of the same name, is important as a naval station of the United States ; 
 it is accessible, to small vessels, through Santa Rosa Sound; a long, shallow 
 lagoon, sheltered by the island of Santa Rosa, which also fronts the bay of Pen- 
 sacola, and through the main channel to ships of war, up to the navy-yard, about 
 8 miles below the town. The population of Pensacola is about 2000. 
 
64 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 The State of Alabama is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Georgia, south 
 by Florida, and west by the State of Mississippi. Length 280 miles; breadth 
 160 miles ; area 46,000 square miles. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Alabama, Tombigby, Black Warrior, Coosa, Tal- 
 lapoosa, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Perdido, and Cahawba. 
 
 The southern part of the country, which borders on the Gulf of Mexico and 
 West Florida, for the space of 50 miles wide, is low and level, covered with pine, 
 cypress, &c. ; in the middle it is hilly, with some tracts of open land ; the nor- 
 thern part is somewhat broken and mountainous, and the country generally is 
 more elevated above the sea, than most other parts of the United States at equal 
 distance from the ocean. The Alleghany mountains terminate in the north-east 
 part. The forest trees in the middle and northern part consist of black and white 
 oak, hickory, poplar, cedar, chestnut, pine, mulberry, &c. 
 
 Alabama possesses great diversity of soil, climate, natural, vegetable, and 
 mineral productions. Occupying the valley of the Mobile, and its tributary 
 streams, together with a fine body of land on both sides of the Tennessee river, 
 its position in an agricultural and commercial point of view is highly advan- 
 tageous. A considerable portion of that part of the State which lies between the 
 Alabama and Tombigby, of that part watered by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and 
 of that on the Tennessee, consists of very excellent land. On the margin of many 
 of the rivers there is a considerable quantity of cane-bottom land, of great fertility, 
 generally from a half to three-quarters of a mile wide. On the outside of this, is 
 a space which is low, wet, and intersected by stagnant water. Next to the river 
 swamp, and elevated above it ten or fifteen feet, succeeds an extensive body of 
 level land of a black, rich soil, with a growth of hickory, black oak, post oak, 
 dogwood, poplar, &c. After this come the prairies, which are plains of level, 
 or gently waving land, without timber, clothed with grass, herbage, and flowers, 
 and exhibiting in the month of May the most enchanting scenery. 
 
 The sugar-cane has been found to succeed very well in the extreme southern 
 strip, between Florida and Mississippi, and indigo was formerly raised ; rice also 
 grows well on the alluvial bottom near the Gulf; but cotton, which thrives 
 throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The cotton raised in 1840 
 amounted to 117,138,822 pounds. There are five principal and several other 
 minor mines of gold and silver in Randolph Cjounty, producing about $125,000 
 annually, and employing from 300 to 500 people. There are inexhaustible beds 
 of fine iron ore in the same county. There are also rich mines of gold and silver 
 in Tallapoosa, and gold has also been found in Coosa, Talladega and Chambers 
 counties. Iron foundries have been established in Benton and Talladega. Nitre 
 is found in abundance in Blount. There are immense quantities of coal near 
 Tuscaloosa and in many other places. Salt can be manufactured near Jackson, 
 in Clarke county ; iron ore, marble, granite, limestone, &c., are also found in ti\4 
 same county. Lead ore, in large quantities, and of excellent quality, is found 
 in the bed of the Tennessee, on the Muscle Shoals. 
 
 Alabama has a sea-coast of only 60 miles, which, however, contains Mobile 
 Bay, one of the deepest basins on the Gulf. It is about 30 miles long, and from 
 3 to 18 broad, and the main entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide ; but vessels 
 drawing more than 8 or 9 feet cannot approach nearer than 11 miles from the town 
 of Mobile, except at high water. 
 
 The population in 1800 was only 2000; in 1810, 10,000; in 1820, 127,901; 
 in 1830, 308,997; in 1840, 590,756, of whom 253,532 were slaves. Free white 
 males 176,692; do. females 158,493; free coloured males 1030; do. females 
 1009. Employed in agriculture 177,439 ; in commerce 2212 ; in manufactures 
 and trades 7195; navigating the ocean 256 ; do, canals, rivers, &c, 758; learned 
 professions 1514. 
 
 There were in this State, in 1840, 143,147 horses and mules; 668,018 neat 
 cattle, 163,243 sheep; 1,423,873 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
 $404,994. There were produced, 828,052 bushels of wheat; 20,947,004 of 
 
ALABAMA. G5 
 
 Indian corn; 1,406,353 of oats ; 1,708,356 of potatoes; 117,138,823 pounds of 
 cotton; 273,302 of tobacco; 149,019 of rice. Tlie exports, in 1840, amounted 
 to $12,854,694, and the imports to $574,651. 
 
 Domestic or family articles made in 1840, amounted to $1,656,119. The capi- 
 tal employed in manufactures was $2,130,064, a large portion of which was em- 
 ployed in flouring and other mills. 
 
 The University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, La Grange College, at La Grange, 
 and Spring Hill Colleg.e, near Mobile, are the principal literary institutions in the 
 State; these had, in 1844, 251 students. There were in the State, in 1840, 114 
 academies and grammar-schools, with 5018 scholars, and 639 commou and pri- 
 mary schools, with 16,243 scholars. There were in the State 22,592 white persons 
 over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 Of the religious denominations, the Methodists are the most numerous ; in 1842 
 they had 34,868 communicants ; the Baptists had 535 churches, 254 ministers, 
 and 25,934 communicants. There were also Episcopalian, Roman Catholics, &c. 
 
 This State has not neglected works of internal improvement. Muscle-Shoals 
 canal is designed to overcome an obstruction in Tennessee river, and extends from 
 Florence 36 miles, to Brown's Ferry, at the head of the shoals. Huntsville 
 canal extends from Triana, on Tennessee river, to Huntsville, 16 miles. Mont- 
 gomery and West Point rail-road extends from Montgomery to West Point, at 
 the head of the rapids on Chattahoochee river, 87 miles. The Tuscumbia, Cort- 
 land and Decatur rail-road extends from Decatur to Tuscumbia, 44 miles. The 
 rail-roads in progress of construction are the Selma and Tennessee, from Selma 
 to Gunter's landing, on Tennessee river, 170 miles. The Wetumpka, from We- 
 tumpka, 56 miles, to Fort Williams, at the head of the falls of Coosa river, and 
 is designed to unite with the Selma and Tennessee rail-road. The Cahawba and 
 Marion, 35 miles, will connect the two places. 
 
 The city of Mobile is a flourishing commercial town, being the depot for nearly 
 the whole State of Alabama and part of Georgia and Mississippi ; it is built on a 
 dry and elevated spot, but was formerly rendered unhealthful by the surrounding 
 marshes ; these, however, have been drained, and the streets have been paved with 
 shells, and of late years Mobile has not suffered from diseases. The harbour is 
 good, and numerous steam-boats run on the Alabama and Tombigby rivers and 
 to New Orleans. Mobile is next to New Orleans the largest cotton market in 
 the United States ; 320,000 bales have been exported here in one year. This 
 city contains a Court-House, Jail, Custom-House, a U. S. Naval Hospital, a 
 City Hospital, 3 banks, the Barton Academy, and 7 churches. The exports 
 amount to from 12 to 16 millions of dollars annually. It suffered severely by fire 
 in 1827 and in 1839 ; at the latter period, 600 houses were burnt, but it has been 
 rebuilt with increased convenience and beauty. Population, in 1840, 12,672; in 
 1845, over 17,000. Blakely, on the opposite side of the bay, on a high, open, 
 and healthy site, with deeper water and a harbour easier of access than that of 
 Mobile, has not thriven in the same manner, and is only a little village. It con- 
 tains a Court-House, 10 stores, &c. 
 
 Montgomery, near the head of the Alabama, is a busy, growing place, with 
 about 2300 inhabitants. Wetumpka, on the Coosa, at the head of steam-boat 
 navigation, was cut out of the forest in 1832, and in 1835 it was a place of con- 
 siderable business. Population in 1840, 2600. Gainesville, on the Tombigby 
 river, is a thriving place, lately settled. Population, about 1200. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, the capital, stands in a rich district, on a fine site, near the centre 
 of the State, on the Black Warrior river, and, being accessible to steam-boats, is 
 a place of considerable trade ; it contains the State-House, the halls of the Uni- 
 versity, the county buildings, &c. The population of the town is about 2000. 
 
 Florence, below Muscle-Shoals, at the head of steam-boat navigation on the 
 Tennessee, is a growing place of about 2000 inhabitants, with a prosperous trade. 
 Tuscumbia, opposite to Florence, is also a thriving town. Population, 2000. 
 Above the Shoals, and about ten miles north of the river, is Huntsville, situated 
 in a very fertile and beautiful region, with about 2500 inhabitants. 
 
 34 
 
66 UNITED STATES. 
 
 i 
 
 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 The State of Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, east by Ala- 
 bama, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, west by Louisiana and Arkan- 
 sas. It is about 300 miles in average length, and 160 in breadth; area, about 
 48,000 square miles. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, 
 Yazoo, Big Black, and Tombigby. The Mississippi forms the western boundary 
 from lat. 31° to 35° north ; 308 miles in a right line, but by the course of the 
 river near 700 miles. 
 
 The Yazoo or Mississippi Swamp is an extensive tract of country between 
 the Yazoo river and the Mississippi, about 175 miles in length and 50 in breadth, 
 with an area of 7000 square miles. A considerable part of it is annually over- 
 flowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and at that period it assumes the appear- 
 ance of a vast marine forest. Many parts of it have an excellent soil, and produce 
 large crops of cotton, &c. ; it is also intersected by numerous creeks and bayous, 
 leading to and from the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. Numerous mounds, walls, 
 and enclosures, are found in it, attesting the existence of a considerable population 
 at some former period. The Cold Water river, the head branch of the Yazoo, 
 communicates with the Mississippi by a bayou or creek called the Yazoo Pass, 
 through which boats of considerable burthen pass and repass during periods of 
 high water. 
 
 The southern part of the State, extending about 100 miles north from the Gulf 
 of Mexico, is mostly a champaign country, with occasional hills of moderate ele- 
 vation, and is covered with forests of the long-leaved pine, interspersed with 
 cypress swamps, open prairies, and inundated marshes. A considerable portion 
 of this part is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is generally sandy, sometimes 
 gravelly and clayey. It is capable of producing cotton, corn, indigo, sugar, gar- 
 den vegetables, plums, cherries, peaches, figs, sour oranges, and grapes. 
 
 In proceeding north, the face of the country becomes more elevated and agree- 
 ably diversified. The growth of timber consists of poplar, hickory, oak, black 
 walnut, sugar-maple, buckeye, elm, hackberry, &c., and the soil is exceedingly 
 fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton, corn, sweet-potatoes, indigo, garden 
 vegetables, and fruit. Nearly all the country watered by the Yazoo is described 
 as incomparably fertile and well watered. 
 
 Tobacco and indigo were formerly the staples of Mississippi, but cotton, at pre- 
 sent, is the chief production of the State, and it absorbs nearly all the industry 
 of the inhabitants, to the exclusion even of corn and cattle. The crop of 1840 
 amounted to nearly half a million bales. Some sugar is produced in the southern 
 strip, but the cane does not appear to thrive. 
 
 The population, in 1816, was 45,921 ; in 1820, 75,448; in 1830, 136,806; in 
 1840,375,651; of whom 192,211 were slaves. Of the free population, 97,256 
 were white males ; 81,818 white females ; free coloured males, 715 ; do. females, 
 654. Employed in agriculture, 139,724; in commerce, 1303; in manufactures 
 and trades, 4151 ; in navigating the ocean, 33 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 100; in 
 the learned professions, 1506. 
 
 There were in this State, in 1840, 109,227 horses and mules; 623,197 neat 
 cattle; 128,367 sheep; 1,001,209 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
 $369,482. There were produced, 196,626 bushels of wheat; 11,444 of rye; 
 13,161,237 of Indian corn; 1654 of barley ; 668,624 of oats ; 1,630,100 of pota- 
 toes; 175,196 pounds of wool ; 6835 of wax; 83,471 of tobacco; 777,195 of 
 rice; 193,401,577 of cotton. The produce of the dairy was valued at $359,585; 
 of the orchard, at $14,458 ; of lumber, at $192,794; tar, pitch, and turpentine 
 amounted to 2248 barrels. 
 
 The amount of home-made or family articles, was $682,945 ; 53 cotton manu- 
 factories produced articles to the amount of $1744, employed a capital of $6420; 
 hats and caps were manufactured to the amount of $5140, employing a capital of 
 $8100; 128 tanneries employed a capital of $70,870; 42 other manufactories of 
 leathp"-, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $118,167, employ 
 in J a capital of $41,945; two per^^ns produced confectionary to the amount of 
 

 MISSISSIPPI. 67 11 
 
 $10,500; 274 persons produced machinery to the amount of $242,225; 132 per- 
 sons produced carriages and wagons to the amount of $49,693; 16 flouring-mills 
 produced 1809 barrels of flour, and with other mills manufactured articles to the 
 amount of $486,864; vessels were built to the amount of $13,925. The total 
 amount of capital employed in manufactures was $1,797,727. 
 
 There are three colleges in this State. Jefferson College, at Washington, 6 
 miles east of Natchez, was founded in 1802, and has been liberally endowed ; 
 Oakland College, at Oakland, was founded in 1831, and is prosperous; Cenlen- 
 nary College, at Brandon Springs, was founded in 1841, by the Methodists, and 
 is flourishing. The colleges existing in 1840 had about 250 students. There 
 were in the State 71 academies, with 2553 students ; and 382 common and pri- 
 mary schools, with 8236 scholars. There were in the State 8360 white persons 
 over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious denominations. 
 In 1836, the Methodists had 53 travelling preachers, and 9707 communicants ; 
 the Baptists had 84 churches, 34 ministers, and 3199 communicants : the Episco- 
 palians had 4 ministers; the Presbyterians, of different descriptions, had 32 
 churches and 26 ministers. 
 
 A rail-road extends from Vicksburg, 50 miles, to Jackson, and is extended 14 
 miles farther, to Brandon. A rail-road extends from Natchez, and is designed 
 to be continued through Jackson to Canton, a part only of which is completed. 
 Several other rail-roads have been projected, and some work done on them. 
 
 Natchez, the largest town in the State, is situated on the east bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi, 300 miles above New Orleans. It consists of two distinct parts ; the 
 lower town, called Natchez under the Hill, and the Upper town ; the former is 
 built on the margin of the river, about half a mile in length, and from 100 to 200 
 yards in breadth ; it is occupied by warehouses, tippling-shops, boarding-houses 
 for the boatmen, &c. ; the upper town stands on a lofty bank or blutf, rising 
 abruptly to the height of 300 feet, and is the residence of the better class of citi- 
 zens. The streets are wide, regularly disposed, and adorned with fine shade- 
 trees, and it is during the greater part of the year an agreeable and healthful resi- 
 dence. Natchez contains a Court-Honse, Jail, 4 churches, 3 banks, an Academy, 
 a Female Seminary, Hospital, an Orphan Asylum, Masonic Hall, Theatre, 2 steam- 
 mills, &c. It is a great cotton mart, and in the busy season the streets are blocked 
 up with bales of cotton. Population, 4800. 
 
 Vicksburg, 106 miles above Natchez, stands on the declivity of several consider- 
 able eminences, called the Walnut Hills, rising abruptly from the river. It is sur- 
 rounded by numerous plantations, and is the depot of a large tract of ountry, which 
 a few years since was occupied solely by Indians. The city contains a Court- 
 House, Jail, 4 churches, 3 academies, 100 stores, and 3200 inhabitants. A 
 number of steam and other boats are constantly in harbour, loading and unloading 
 their cargoes ; and a large amount of cotton is annually shipped from hence. 
 All the trade of the Yazoo country centres in this place. Vicksburg is upwards 
 of 500 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, by the Mississippi river. 
 
 On the west bank of Pearl river is Jackson, the capital of the State : it is 
 situated in a plain about a half mile square, on which stand the State-House, the 
 Penitentiary, and some other public buildings. It contains about 2100 inhabitants. 
 
 Woodville, in the south-western part of the State, 18 miles from the Missis- 
 sippi, is a very pretty village, with 800 inhabitants. The little village of Fort 
 Adams is considered as its port on the Mississippi, but Woodville is now con- 
 nected with the river at St. Francisville by a rail-road. 
 
 Port Gibson is a flourishing little town, prettily situated on the Bayou Pierre, 
 and laid out with great regularity. Population, 1200. The river is navigable 
 for steam-boats to this place in time of high water, and a rail-road connects it with 
 Grand Gulf, its port on the Mississippi. The latter, finely situated on a natural 
 terrace, takes its name from a remarkable eddy in the river, and is a thriving 
 town with 1000 inhabitants. Yazoo city, on the Yazoo river, and Grenada, on 
 the Yalabusha, are thriving places, as are also Aberdeen and Columbus, on the 
 Tombigby : the latter place has a population of more than 2000, and an extensive 
 commercial business is transacted here. 
 
 18 
 
68 UNITED STATES, 
 
 STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 Louisiana is bounded on the north by the States of Arkansas and Mississippi ; 
 on the east, by the latter State ; on the south, by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the 
 west, by the republic of Texas. The 33d degree of north latitude is the northern 
 boundary, west of the Mississippi river; and the 31st degree on the east of that 
 liver; the Pearl river is its extreme eastern boundary, and the Sabine its western. 
 It is in length 240 miles, by 210 in breadth ; and contains 48,220 square miles. 
 
 Three-fourths of the State are without an elevation that can be properly called 
 u hill. The pine woods generally have a surface of a very peculiar character, 
 rising' into fine swells, with table surfaces on the summit, and valleys intervening 
 from 30 to 40 feet deep. The alluvial soil is level, and the swamps, which are 
 the only inundated alluvions, are dead flats. The prairies, which constitute a 
 large portion of the surface of the State, have, in a remarkable degree, all the 
 distinctive aspects of prairies. To the eye they seem as level as the still surface 
 of a lake. They are, except the quaking prairies, higher and drier than the savan- 
 nas of Florida. 
 
 The Mississippi, after having formed the boundary of the State for about 450 
 miles, enters its limits, 350 miles from the sea by the course of the river channel. 
 Throughout this distance of 800 miles, its western bank is low, and flooded in 
 high stages of the river. Outlets, or bayotis, receive its surplus waters during 
 the period of the annual inundation, which are carried off by them to the sea : 
 the principal of these bayous are the Atchalafaya, Plaquemine, La Fourche, &c. 
 The rivers in this State, in addition to the Mississippi, are, the Red river; the 
 Washita, flowing into the Red river; the Teche, Vermillion, Merraentau, and 
 Calcasieu, run into the Gulf of Mexico, together with the Pearl, on the east, and 
 the Sabine, on the west. The Red river is the most important. Soon after en- 
 tering Louisiana, its bed was formerly choked up by an immense accumulation 
 of fallen timber, called The Raft, which extended over a distance of 160 miles; 
 but a large part of it has been removed by the exertions of the general govern- 
 ment, and the whole mass will soon be cleared away. 
 
 On the banks of the Mississippi, La Fourche, the Teche, and the Vermillion, 
 below lat. 30° 12' north, wherever the soil is elevated above the annual inunda- 
 tions, sugar can be produced ; and the lands are generally devoted to this crop. 
 In all other parts of the State, cotton is the staple. Rice is more particularly 
 confined to the banks of the Mississippi, where irrigation can be easily performed. 
 The amount of sugar has gradually increased in this State, from 1783 to the pre- 
 sent time. The crop of sugar is now about 100,000 hhds. The prairies of the 
 western parishes afford fine pastures, and here are found large herds of cattle and 
 horses. Rice, corn, tobacco and indigo are also produced. In the eastern part 
 of the State, between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers, lumber is cut for exporta- 
 tion, and some tar, pitch, and turpentine are prepared. 
 
 The population of Louisiana in 1810 was ?6,556 ; in 1820, 153,407; in 1830, 
 '218,575; in 1840, 352,411 ; of whom 168,452 were slaves. Of the free population, 
 89,747 were white males; 68,710 do. females ; 1 1,526 coloured males ; 13,976 do. 
 females. Employed in agriculture, 79,289 ; in commerce, 8549 ; in manufactures 
 and trades, 7565; in navigating the ocean, 1322; do. canals, lakes, and rivers, 
 662; in the learned professions, 1018. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 98,888 horses and mules; 381,248 neat 
 cattle ; 98,072 sheep ; 323,220 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of $283,559. 
 There were produced, 60 bushels of wheat; 1812 of rye; 5,952,912 of Indian 
 corn; 107,353 of oats; 834,341 of potatoes; 119,824 pounds of tobacco ; 3,604,534 
 of rice; 152,555,368 of cotton; 1 19,947,720 of sugar ; 24,651 tons of hay ; 49,283 
 pounds of wool. The products of the dairy were valued at $153,069; of the 
 ' orchard at $11,769; of lumber at $66,106. There were made 2884 gallons of 
 wine, and 2233 barrels of tar, pitch and turpentine. 
 
 The exports of this State amounted, in 1840, to $34,236,936; but these be- 
 long to the great and fertile States of the Mississippi valley. Its imports 
 amounted to $10,673,190. 
 
1 rnw*^" 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 G9 
 
 
 Home-made or family manufactures amounted to $65,190 ; two cotton factories 
 produced articles to the amount of $18,900, with a capital of $22,000; six fur- 
 naces produced 1700 tons of cast-iron, and two furnaces produced 13G6 tons of 
 bar-iron, employing a capital of $357,000 ; 25 tanneries employed a capital of 
 S132,025; seven other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced 
 articles to the amount of $108,500, and employed a capital of $89,550; 5 sugar 
 refineries produced to the amount of $770,000 ; hardware and cutlery was pro- 
 duced to the amount of $30,000 ; mills of various kinds produced articles to the 
 aracamt of $706,785^ and employed a capital of $1,870,795 ; vessels were built 
 to the amount of $80,500; 5 distilleries produced 285,520 gallons of distilled 
 spirits ; and one brewery 2400 gallons of beer. The total amount of capital em- 
 ployed in manufactures was $0,430,699. 
 
 Louisiana College, at Jackson, was founded in 1825 ; Jefferson College, at 
 Bringiers, founded in 1831 ; St. Charles College, at Grand Coteau, is under the 
 direction of the Roman Catholics; Baton Rouge College, at Baton Rouge, was 
 founded in 1838; Franklin College, at Opelousas, was founded in 1839. In 
 these institutions there were, in 1840, 437 students. There were in the State 52 
 academies, with 1995 students; 179 common and primary schools, with 3573 
 scholars. There were 4861 white persons, over 20 years of age, who could 
 neither read nor write. In 1835 the legislature granted to three colleges $363,775, 
 to be paid out of the State treasury ; viz., $48,775 to Jefferson College, to defray 
 the expense of its buildings, and $15,000 annually, for the period of 10 years ; to 
 Louisiana College, $15,000 annually, for the same period, to pay the salaries of 
 their professors, and to lower the rates of tuition, and other expenses ; and $15,000 
 also to Franklin College. 
 
 The State was originally settled by Roman Catholics ; and they are still the 
 most numerous religious denomination. In 1835 they had 27 ministers. Metho- 
 dists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians, exist in considerable numbers 
 and are increasing. 
 
 Several works of internal improvement have been undertaken. Pontchartrain 
 Rail-road extends from New Orleans, 4-^ miles, to lake Pontchartrain, and cost, 
 originally, $200,000, and with its improvements $500,000. West Feliciana 
 Railroad extends from St. Francisville, on the Mississippi river, 20 miles, to 
 Woodville, Miss. Orleans street Rail-roa'd, through Orleans street, is li miles 
 long, and connects New Orleans with the Bayou St. John's. New Orleans and 
 Carrolton Rail-road extends from New Orleans, 6^ miles, to Carrol ton, passing 
 through Lafayette. It has city branches, making its whole length 11| miles. 
 Various other rail-roads and canals have been projected, and some work has been 
 done upon them, but they are at present suspended. 
 
 New Orleans, the third commercial mart in the Union, and the capital of Lou- 
 isiana, stands on the left bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles from the sea by the 
 course of the river, and four miles from Lake Pontchartrain. Steamboats and 
 small vessels come up to the landing on the latter, where an artificial harbour has 
 been formed, and whence a rail-road and two canals extend to the rear of the town. 
 In the front of the city, on the river, the largest merchant-ships lie close up to 
 the levee or bank, so that no wharves are necessary to enable them to load and 
 discharge. The river is here from 100 to 160 feet deep, and a half-mile wide. 
 
 New Orleans is the depot of the whole Mississippi Valley, and must increase 
 in importance with the daily growing wealth and population of that vast region. 
 Thousands of huge arks and flat-boats float down its mighty artery, loaded with 
 the produce of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, as well as with that of 
 the more western States. The number of steamboat arrivals and departures is 
 greater here than in any other city in the United States. The exports, including 
 the foreign and coasting trade, are not less than $40,000,000 annually ; but its im- 
 ports are vastly less. l\Iuch of the western country, which exports its produce by 
 the way of New Orleans, imports its goods from New York. In 1842,740,267 bales 
 of cotton were exported to foreign ports and coastwise. The licensed and enrolled 
 tonnage, in 1840, was 126,613 tons. According to the census of that year, the capi- 
 tal engaged in foreign trade amounted to $16,490,000 ; and in the retail trade 
 
70 UNITED STATES. 
 
 to $11,018,225. New Orleans depends, generally, for manufactured articles, 
 upon other places ; in 1840, the capital employed in manufactures was $1,774,200. 
 
 The city stands on a dead level, and is regularly laid oat with the streets inter- 
 secting each other at right angles, as the surface of the water is from two to four 
 feet above the level of the city, at high water, and even in low stages of water is 
 above the swamps in the rear ; a levee, or embankment, from four to eight feet 
 high, has been made all along the river, to prevent inundations ; a breach or cre- 
 vasse sometimes occurs in this dike, but it is rarely permitted to do much damage 
 before it is closed. Among the public buildings are the Cathedral of St. Louis, 
 a massive and imposing building with four towers, and 9 other churches, the 
 State-House, Custom-House, Exchange, United States Mint, and Land-Office ; 
 16 banks, with an aggregate capital of $40,000,000; 12 insurance companies, 
 with a capital of $3,600,000 ; 3 theatres, some of which are splendid structures ; 
 4 markets, and a number of hotels, two of which are very splendid, and cost 
 $600,000 each; the Ursuline Convent; the Charity Hospital; Orphan's Asy- 
 lum, &c. The charitable institutions are numerous, and well conducted. There 
 are two colleges, with 105 students; 10 academies, 440 students ; 25 schools, 
 with 975 scholars. Regular lines of packets are established to all the chief At- 
 lantic cities, as well as to Galveston, &c. Population in 1810, 17,242 ; in 1820, 
 27,176 ; in 1830, 46,310.'; and in 1840, 102,193. 
 
 Donaldsonville, for some time the capital, is one of the healthiest towns in the 
 State, with about 1000 inhabitants, at the mouth of the Lafourche outlet. Baton 
 Rouge, 130 miles by the river, above New Orleans, contains a military post and 
 an arsenal of the United States. It stands on the first highland or bluff point 
 passed in ascending the river. The population in 1840, was 2269. St. Francis- 
 ville, at the mouth of the Qayou Sara, is a neat, busy, and thriving village, con- 
 sisting chiefly of one street. 
 
 Alexandria, on Red River, 100 miles from the Mississippi by the windings of 
 the stream, is a pleasant little village in the centre of a rich cotton region, and 
 ships large quantities of that staple for New Orleans. Natchitoches, 80 miles 
 above, was founded in 1717. It was formerly the centre of the trade with the 
 Mexican interior provinces, receiving bullion, horses, and mules, and sending off 
 manufactured goods, tobacco, and spirits. St. Martinsville, and New Iberia, on 
 the Teche, and Opelousas or St. Landre, to the north, are small villages contain- 
 ing from 300 to 500 inhabitants, but surrounded by a fertile and well cultivated 
 country. 
 
 WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 This section of the United States comprises the States of Ohio, Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Arkansas, and Iowa, the orga- 
 nized Territory of Wisconsin, together with the nominal Territories of Missouri 
 and Oregon, the Western or Indian Territory, and the region north of Iowa, which 
 has not as yet received any distinctive name. It includes the whole of that vast 
 space extending from the western base of the Alleghany Mountains to the Pacific 
 Ocean, and from the Red river of Louisiana and the 42d degree of latitude on 
 the south, to the parallels of 49° and 54° 40' on the north, extending from, east to 
 west 2300 miles, and from north to south 1100 miles, comprising an area of 
 1,683,000 square miles. 
 
 The Chipewayan or Rocky Mountain range are the most important mountains 
 in this region. They are but imperfectly known to us, and present a very rugged 
 and sterile appearance, and oppose generally a formidable barrier to an intercourse 
 between the countries on their opposite sides.. The other elevations are the Ozark 
 Mountains, extending from Missouri south-west to Mexico ; the Black Hills, 
 between the Missotiri and Yellow-Stone rivers; and between the former ri ■^er and 
 the St. Peter's river a low ridge intervenes, known as the Coteau des Y airies; 
 farther to the eastward, and immediately south of Lake Superior, the Porcupine 
 Mountains extend, separating the rivers of Lake Superior from those of the Mis- 
 sissippi and Lake Michigan. 
 
 ■MM 
 
WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 71 
 
 The immense prairies of this region constitute the most remarkable feature of 
 the country. These are level plains stretching as far as the eye can reach, totally 
 destitute of trees, and covered with tall grass or flowering shrubs. Some have an 
 undulating surface, and are called rolling prairies ; these are the most extensive, 
 and are the favourite resort of the buffalo. Here, without a tree or a stream of 
 water, the traveller may wander for days, and discover nothing but a grassy ocean 
 bounded on all sides by the horizon. In the dry season the Indians set fire to the 
 grass; and the wide conflagration which ensues, often surprises the bison, deer, 
 and other wild animals, who are unable to escape from the flames, and are burned 
 to death. 
 
 Much of this great country, especially the northern and western parts, remains 
 to be explored. Of the region west of the Mississippi, hardly anything was 
 known before the beginning of the present century, when the government of the 
 United States dispatched Captains Lewis and Clark on an expedition of disco- 
 very. These officers, at the head of a large party, well equipped, proceeded up 
 the Missouri in boats to its source, crossed the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 
 Ocean, and returned by the same course. The southern part was explored by an 
 expedition under Lieut. Pike ; and at a later period, Major Long and other travel- 
 lers have visited different parts of the country. 
 
 But the great physical features of this region are its giant rivers, with their 
 hundred arms spreading for thousands of miles through every comer of the terri- 
 tory, and bringing its most remote recesses, in the very heart of a vast continent, 
 almost into contact with the sea. The main trunk of this great system of rivers 
 has been already described. The Ohio, on the east, and the Arkansas, Red river, 
 and Platte, on the west, are the greatest of the subordinate streams. The first, 
 gathering up the waters of one of the most fertile regions of the globe, bears upon 
 its gentle current the products of a highly cultivated country. The last mentioned 
 take their way for a considerable part of their course through barren tracts of 
 sand. The Arkansas, however, has vast tracts of productive territory for many 
 hundred miles in the lower part of its course. The Red river also passes through 
 a less desert region than the Platte, the country in its lower part being iiighly 
 fertile. The Alleghany and Monongahela, rising in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 
 unite at Pittsburg, and take the name of Ohio. From Pittsburg to the Missis- 
 sippi, the river has a course of 950 miles, receiving numerous navigable streams, 
 from the two great inclined planes between which it runs. 
 
 The great rivers, which form so striking a natural feature of this region, give 
 to the mode of travelling and transportation in general, a peculiar cast, and have 
 created a peculiar class of men, called boatmen. Craft of all descriptions are 
 found on these waters. There are the rude, shapeless masses, that denote the 
 infancy of navigation, and the powerful and richly adorned steam-boat which 
 makes its perfection; together with all the intermediate forms between these 
 extremes. Since the use of steam-boats, numbers of the other craft have disap- 
 peared, and the number of river boatmen has been diminished by many thousands. 
 The first steam-boat on these waters was built at Pittsburg, in 1811 ; since that 
 time, about 800 have been built at different places, some of which are from 400 
 to 500 tons burthen, but the greater number are from 90 to 150, 200, and 300 
 tons ; there are at present not far from 400 steam-boats on the Mississippi and its 
 tributaries, making an aggregate of about 90,000 tons. 
 
 Lead, iron, coal, salt, and lime abound in the western States; and probably no 
 region in the world exhibits such a combination of mineral wealth and fertility of 
 soil, united with such rare facilities of transportation. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
 hemp, cotton, salted provisions, flour, whiskey, hides and furs, coarse bagging, 
 and lead, are the most important articles of export; and all sorts of manufactured 
 goods and colonial produce are imported. 
 
 The character of the western States is mixed, but the predominant traits are 
 those of Virginia, and of New England. Kentucky was settled from Virginia and 
 North Carolina ; while Ohio is a scion of New England. These two States have 
 in turn sent their population farther west. But there is much sectional character, 
 much of the openness and boldness of the men and their descendants, who con- 
 tested every inch of territory with savages, whose houses were garrisons, and 
 
 "18* ■ "" ~2B — — 
 
72 UNITED STATES, 
 
 who fought at the threshold for their hearths and altars. The population of the 
 western States and Territories, Jn 1840, was 4,458,154; of whom 443,856 were 
 slaves. The inhabitants of tnis section are rapidly increasing in number, and 
 are probably not less than 5,000,000. 
 
 The negroes constitute about a tenth part of the population. They are held as 
 slaves in all the States but Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Iowa. A few 
 Indians yet remain within the limits of the western States. 
 
 STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 This enterprising and populous State is bounded on the north by Lake Erie 
 and the State of Michigan; east by Pennsylvania and Virginia; south by the 
 Ohio river, which separates it from Western Virginia and Kentucky ; and west 
 by Indiana. Its length is 210 miles, and mean breadth 200, containing about 
 40,000 square miles. The Ohio river forms the boundary of this State, on the 
 south-east and south, for near 500 miles. 
 
 The rivers which flow into Lake Erie on the north, are Maumee, Sandusky, 
 Huron, Vermillion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula; those on the south 
 flowing into the Ohio, are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, Little and Great Mi- 
 ami. The Au-Glaize and St. Mary's, in the western part of the State, are branches 
 of the Maumee. 
 
 The interior and northern parts of the country, bordering on Lake Erie, are 
 generally level, and in some places marshy. Nearly one-third of the eastern and 
 south-eastern part is hilly and broken. The hills are numerous, but they seldom 
 rise to any considerable height. Immediately upon the banks of the Ohio, and 
 several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval or meadow land, of great 
 fertility. In the interior, on both sides of the Scioto, and on the Great and Little 
 Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of level and rich land in the State. 
 In many parts there are large prairies, particularly on the head waters of the 
 Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two Miamis. Some of 
 these prairies are low and marshy ; other prairies are elevated, and are frequently 
 called barrens ; not always on account of their sterility, for they are often fertile. 
 The most elevated tracts of country between the rivers, are the wettest and most 
 marshy in the State ; and the driest land is that which borders on the various 
 streams of water. 
 
 Ohio produces abundantly everything which grows in the middle States. Flour 
 is exported in vast quantities by the Ohio and Lake Erie to southern and eastern 
 markets. Many steam-mills have been erected, especially in the vicinity of the 
 Ohio river, for the manufacturing of that article. Mills for the same purpose, 
 propelled by water, are to be found in every part of the State. Rye, oats, buck- 
 wheat, &c., are produced abundantly; and tobacco is raised to the amount of 
 50,000 hogsheads annually. Horses, cattle, and hogs are here raised in great 
 numbers, and driven to an eastern market; and thousands of barrels of beef and 
 pork are boated from all the towns on the navigable streams, for the southern 
 part of the valley, or to New York. 
 
 Coal is found in great quantities in the eastern parts. Iron ore has been disco- 
 vered, and wrought pretty extensively in several places. Salt-springs are found 
 on some of the eastern v/aters of Muskingum, and on Salt creek, 28 miles south- 
 east of Chillicothe, where there are considerable salt-works. 
 
 The manufactures of the State are rapidly increasing in importance. The local 
 position of Ohio gives it great facilities for trade ; the Ohio river affords direct 
 communication with all the country in the valley of the Mississippi, while by 
 means of Lake Erie, on the north, it communicates with Canada and New York. 
 The northern and eastern counties export great quantities of agricultural produce 
 to Montreal and New York, and since the construction of the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
 vania canals, many of the productions of the southern and western counties also 
 find their way to New York and Philadelphia; an active export trade is also 
 carried on down the river, by way of New Orleans. 
 
OHIO. 
 
 73 
 
 The rapid growth of the population of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in 52 
 years from the time when it received its first white settlers, the number of its in- 
 habitants was a million and a half, and is now (1845) estimated at 1,800,000. 
 Its fertile and unoccupied lands attracted immigrants not only from the other 
 States, chiefly the Eastern and Middle, but large bodies of Swiss and Germans, 
 and great numbers of British emigrants, have settled themselves in its smiling 
 valleys and rich plains. 
 
 The population in 1790 was 3000; in 1800, 45,365; in 1810, 230,760; in 
 1820, 581,434; in 1830,937,637; in 1840, 1,519,467 ; being the third in popu- 
 lation in the United States. Of these, 775,360 were white males ; 726,762 white 
 females; 8740 coloured males; 8602 coloured females. Employed in agricul- 
 ture, 272,579 ; in commerce, 9201 ; in manufactures and trades, 66,265; in navi- 
 gating the ocean, 212; do. rivers, canals, and lakes, 3323; in mining, 704 ; in 
 the learned professions, 5663. 
 
 Tliere were in this State in 1840, 430,527 horses and mules; 1,217,874 neat 
 cattle; 2,028,401 sheep; 2,099,746 swine. Poultry was produced to the value 
 of $551,193. There were produced 16,571,661 bushels of wheat; 814,205 of 
 rye; 33,668,144 of Indian corn; 212,440 of barley; 633,139 of buckwheat; 
 14,393,103 of oats; 5,805,021 of potatoes; 3,685,315 pounds of wool ; 5,942,275 
 of tobacco; 6,363,386 of sugar; 62,195 of hops; 38,950 of wax; 4317 of silk 
 cocoons; 1,022,037 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
 $1,848,869; of the orchard, at $475,271 ; of lumber, at $262,821. There were 
 made 11,524 gallons of wine; 6809 tons of pot and pearl ashes. 
 
 The exports of the State, in 1841, were $793,114; and the imports were 
 $11,318. This includes but a small portion of its trade, having relation only to 
 its foreign commerce. 
 
 Home-made or family goods were manufactured to the amount of $1,853,937 ; 
 130 woollen manufactories and 206 fulling-mills produced articles to the value of 
 $685,757, and employed a capital of $537,985; 8 cotton manufactories produced 
 articles to the amount of $139,378, with a capital of $1 13,500 ; 72 furnaces manu- 
 factured 35,236 tons of cast-iron, and 19 forges produced 7466 tons of bar-iron, 
 and employed a capital of $1,161,900; 434 persons produced 3,513,409 bushels 
 of bituminous coal, with a capital of $45,525; 14 paper-mills produced articles 
 to the amount of $270,202, with a capital of $208,200 ; 31 persons manufactured 
 hemp or flax, producing to the amount of $11,737; hats and caps were manu- 
 factured to the amount of $728,513 ; 812 tanneries employed a capital of $957,383 ; 
 1160 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the 
 amount of $1,986,146, with a capital of $917,245 ; 187 persons manufactured 
 tobacco to the ^mount of $212,818, with a capital of $68,810 ; 289 persons pro- 
 duced hardware and cutlery to the amount of $393,300; 390 distilleries produced 
 6,329,467 gallons of distilled spirits, and .59 breweries produced 1,422,584 gallons 
 of beer, the whole employing a capital of $893,119 ; carriages and wagons were 
 manufactured to the amount of $701,228, and employed a capital of $290,540; 
 536 flouring-mills produced 1,311,954 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, pro- 
 duced articles to the amount of $8,868,213, employing a capital of $4,931,024 ; 
 vessels were built to the amount of $522,855. The total amount of capital em- 
 ployed in manufactures was $16,905,257. 
 
 The University of Ohio, at Athens, was founded in 1821 ; the Miami Univer- 
 sity, at Oxford, in 1809. These institutions have been publicly endowed with 
 large grants of land. Franklin College, at New Athens, was founded in 1825 ; 
 the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, in 1826 ; Kenyon College, at Gam- 
 bia (Episcopal), in 1826; Granville College, at Granville (Baptist), in 1832; 
 Marietta College, at Marietta, in 1832 ; the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, at Ober- 
 lin, in 1834; Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati, in 1819; as was also Wood- 
 ward College, at the same place. Willoughby College, at Willoughby, is a 
 medical institution, it was founded in 1834 ; Lane Theological Seminary, at 
 Cincinnati, in 1829. There are theological departments in Kenyon, Western 
 Reserve, and Granville colleges, and in the Oberlin Institute ; a Lutheran theolo- 
 gical school at Columbus, and two medical and one law school at Cincinnati. 
 At all these institutions there were, in 1840, 1717 students. There were in the 
 
 35 
 
74 UNITED STATES. 
 
 State, 73 academies, with 4310 students ; and 5186 common and primary schools, 
 with 218,609 scholars. There were in the State 35,394 white persons, over 20 
 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1836 the Presbyterians had 247 ministers; the Methodists had 200 minis- 
 ters; the Baptists had 170 ministers; the Lutherans had 47 ministers ; tlie Epis- 
 copalians had one bishop and 25 ministers ; the German Reformed had 26 minis- 
 ters; and there were besides, a considerable number of Friends, Roman Catho- 
 lics, and a few others. 
 
 This State has some important works of internal improvement. The Ohio 
 Canal extends from Cleveland on Lake Erie, 307 miles, to Portsmouth on the 
 Ohio. It has the following navigable branches ; 14 miles to Zanesville ; 10 
 miles to Columbus ; 9 miles to- Lancaster; 50 miles to Athens ; the Walholding 
 branch of 23 miles; Eastport branch of 4 miles, and one of 2 miles, to Dresden. 
 This important work was begun in 1825, and finished in 1832. The Miami 
 Canal extends from Cincinnati, 178 miles, to Defiance, where it meets the Wa- 
 bash and Erie Canal ; thus completing a second line of canal from Lake Erie to 
 Ohio river. The whole distance from Lake Erie is 265 miles. The Mahoning 
 Canal extends from the Ohio Canal, 88 miles, eight of which are in Pennsylva- 
 nia, to Beaver river. The Sandy and Beaver Canal extends from the Ohio 
 Canal, at Bolivar, 76 miles, to Ohio river, at the mouth of Little Beaver creek, 
 and is but partially completed. The Milan Canal extends from Huron, 3 miles, 
 to Milan, to which steamboats now ascend. The Mad River and Sandusky 
 City Rail-road extends from Tiffin, 36 miles, to Sandusky city, and is designed 
 to be continued to Cincinnati ; but is finished only 28 miles from Cincinnati. 
 Several other railroads have been projected. 
 
 Cincinnati, the largest city in the Western States, hence often called the 
 " Queen of the West," is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the 
 mouth of Licking river. The streets are drawn with great regularity, in lines 
 parallel and at right angles to the Ohio. Its growth has been uncommonly rapid ; 
 it was founded in 1789, and had, in the year 1800, 750 inhabitants; in 1820, 
 964-2 ; in 1830, 24,831 ; and, in 1840, 46,338; including Fulton, Covington and 
 Newport, which are properly suburbs of Cincinnati, the population amounted to 
 60,000. One-third of the adult population is computed to be German. There 
 are in Cincinnati 43 churches; 7 banks ; 4 market-houses ; a theatre; museum; 
 3 colleges; a Mechanics' Institute; Academy of natural sciences; 2 libraries, 
 and 3 Orphan Asylums. The city is supplied with water that is raised from the 
 river, by steam-power, into reservoirs that are elevated 150 feet above low water 
 mark. Cincinnati is the greatest pork market in the Union, 160,000 hogs, valued 
 at $3,172,000, have been slaughtered here in a year. The capital employed in 
 the foreign commercial and commission business amounted, in 1840, to $5,200,000; 
 by 1035 retail stores, $12,877,000; the manufactures employ 10,647 persons ; a 
 capital of $14,541,842, and produce articles to the amount of $17,432,670; this 
 also includes some of the manufactures of Fulton, Covington and Newport. 
 
 Columbus, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Scioto, in a 
 rich and beautiful district, at the intersection of the river by the National Road, 
 and a branch of the Ohio Canal. It is built on a regular plan, with a square 
 in the centre of the town, round which stand some of the principal public build- 
 ings. Here are the State-House, a Lunatic Asylum, an Asylum for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, an Institute for the Blind, a Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn 
 plan, Court-House, seven churches, a bank, &c. Population in 1840, 6048. 
 
 Chillicothe stands between Paint Creek and the Scioto, and the streets, ex- 
 tending across the neck from river to river, are intersected at right angles by 
 others running parallel to the Scioto. Population, in 1840, 3977. The manu- 
 factures of the place are pretty extensive, and are rapidly increasing. Ports- 
 mouth, at the southern end of the Ohio Canal, derives importance from its situa- 
 tion ; its trade is considerable, and there are here several iron-founderies, nail- 
 factories, saw and grist-mills, &c. Population, in 1840, 1500. 
 
 Zanesville is situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Muskingum, by 
 which and the Ohio Canal it has a water communication with New Orleans and 
 New York. The falls in the river have made Zanesville the seat of numerous 
 
OHIO. 
 
 75 
 
 mills and manufacturing establishments, including flour-mills, saw-mills, iron- 
 founderies, paper, cotton, and oil-mills, glass-works, &c. Population, in 1840, 
 including the village of Putnam, on the opposite side of the river, 7000. Two 
 bridges cross the river here, and the town contains 9 churches, an atheneeum, two 
 academies, &c. Marietta, at the mouth of the Muskingum, is the oldest town in 
 the State; it is pleasantly situated partly on a lower and partly on an upper 
 plain, with wide streets, shaded with trees, green squares, and neat buildings. 
 There are numerous mounds and embankments in and around the town. SliTp- 
 building was formerly carried on here, and many steamboats are still built ; seve- 
 ral saw-mills, an iron-foundery, tanneries, &c., also furnish occupation to the 
 inhabitants, 1814 in number. Steubenville, on the Ohio, in the midst of a rich 
 and populous district, contains a number of woollen and cotton manufactories, 
 iron and brass founderies, steam-engine and machine factories, copperas works, 
 several tanneries, and saw and flour-mills, cotton and woollen factories, with a 
 population of 5203 souls. Cleveland, the most important lake-port of Ohio, 
 stands at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river and of the Ohio Canal. Its harbour 
 has been secured by artificial piers, and is commodious and easy of access. 
 Population, in 1840, 6071. Brooklyn, on the opposite side of the river, contained 
 1409 inhabitants. In 1842, at Cleveland, there were 2468 steamboats and other 
 arrivals, and 2462 departures. Exports, $5,851,898. In the same year there 
 were 80 sail of vessels belonging to this port, of which 5 were steam-boats. 
 
 Huron, a thriving town further west, is the depot of a rich and flourishing 
 district ; Norwalk, in its rear, contains some manufacturing establishments, and 
 1800 inhabitants. Sandusky city is situated on a fine bay, with a good harbour, 
 and is a busy and growing place. Perrysburg, at the head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion on the Maumee, is situated upon a high bank below the falls of the river; 
 its situation combines great advantages both for navigation and manufactures. 
 Population of each, 2000. Toledo, formerly Fort Lawrence, is a flourishing town 
 further down the river, with 1222 inhabitants. 
 
 Dayton, on the Miami, at the junction of the Mad river, which furnishes a 
 great number of mill-seats, is a rapidly growing town, in a highly productive 
 region. It carries on an active trade by the Miami Canal, and it contains numerous 
 saw and grist-mills, several woollen and cotton factories, an oil-mill, and other 
 manufactories. Population, in 1840, 6067. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 Kentucky is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, which separates it from 
 the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois ; east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, 
 and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the State of Missouri ; the 
 greatest length is about 400 miles, breadth 170, area 40,500 square miles. 
 
 The principal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, Cum- 
 berland, Kentucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt, and Rolling. 
 
 The Cumberland Mountains form the south-east boundary of the State. The 
 eastern counties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and rugged. A tract 
 from 5 to 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and^broken land, 
 interspersed with many fertile valleys. Between this strip. Green river, and the 
 ' eastern counties, lies what has been called the gard-en of the State. This is the 
 most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide. The 
 surface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and friable, 
 producing black walnut, black cherry, honey locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar- 
 tree, mulberry, etm, ash, cotton-wood, and white thorn. The whole State, below 
 the mountains, rests on an immense bed of limestone, usually about eight feet 
 below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this limestone, through 
 which the vv-aters of the rivers sink into {he earth. The large rivers of Ke'n- 
 tucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of 
 any other part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. 
 The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities ; the rivers havino- aenerally worn 
 
76 UNITED STATES. 
 
 very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices 
 formed hy Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting per- 
 pendicular rocks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and 
 difficult ascent, four times as high. 
 
 The principal productions of Kentucky are corn, hemp, wheat, and tobacco. Salt 
 springs are numerous, and supply not only this State, but a great part of Ohio 
 and Tennessee, with this mineral. The principal manufactures are cloth, spirits, 
 cordage, salt, and maple-sugar. Hemp, tobacco, and wheat, are the principal 
 exports. These are carried down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, and 
 foreign goods received from the same place in return. Louisville, on the Ohio, 
 is the centre of this trade. 
 
 In the south-west part of the State, between the Green and Cumberland rivers, 
 are several wonderful caves. The Mammoth Cave, 130 miles from Lexington, 
 on the road to Nashville, is one of the most remarkable caves in the world ; it 
 has been explored to a great distance, and is with good reason supposed to extend 
 for 8 or 10 miles. The earth at the bottom is strongly impregnated with nitre, 
 which has been to a considerable extent manufactured from it. 
 
 The population, in 1790 was 73,677 ; in 1800, 220,859; in 1810, 401,511 ; in 
 1820, 564,317; in 1830, 688,844; in 1840, 779,828; of whom 128,258 were 
 slaves. Of the free population, 305,323 were white males ; 284,930 white fe- 
 males ; 3761 were coloured males ; 3556 coloured females. Employed in agricul- 
 ture, 197,738; in commerce, 3448 ; in manufactures and trades, 23,217; in navi- 
 gating the ocean, 44 ; do. canals, rivers, and lakes, 968 ; in mining, 331 ; in the 
 learned professions, 2487. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840,395,853 horses and mules; 787,098 neat 
 cattle; 1,008,240 sheep; 2,310,533 swine; poultry to the value of $536,439. 
 There were produced, 4,803,152 bushels of wheat; 17,491 of barley; 39,847,120 
 of Indian corn; 1,321,373 of rye; 7,155,974 of oats; 8169 of buckwheat; 
 1,055,085 of potatoes; 1,786,847 pounds of wool; 38,445 of wax; 53,436,909 
 of tobacco; 16,376 of rice ; 691,456 of cotton ; 1,377,835 of sugar ; 88,306 tons 
 of hay ; 9992 of hemp and flax. The products of the dairy amounted to $931,363 ; 
 of the orchard, to $434,935 ; of lumber, to $130,329. There were 2209 gallons 
 of wine made. 
 
 Among the mineral productions, iron-ore, coal, salt and lime are abundant. 
 Salt was produced, in 1840, to the amount of 219,695 bushels. Hpme-made orj 
 family manufactures amounted to $2,622,462. The other manufactures, consisting 
 chiefly of cotton and woollen goods, iron, tobacco, cordage, spirits, salt, &c., 
 amounted to $5,945,689. 
 
 Transylvania University, at Lexington, was founded in 1798, and is a flourish- 
 ing institution. Centre College, at Danville, was founded in 1822; St, Joseph's 
 College, at Bardstown, was founded in 1819; Augusta College, at Augusta, was 
 founded in 1825; Georgetown College, at Georgetown, was founded" in 1829; 
 Bacon College, at Harrodsburg, was founded in 1836 ; St. Mary's College, Ma- 
 rion county, was founded in 1837. Transylvania University has a floul-ishing 
 medical department, and there is a medical institution at Louisville. In the forego"^ 
 ing institutions there were, in 1840, 1419 students. There were 116 academies 
 and grammar-schools, with 4906 students; 952 common and primary schools, 
 with 24,641 scholars. There were in the State 40,010 white persons over 20 years 
 of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 The Baptists, the most numerous religious denomination, had in 1836, 500 
 churches, 300 ministers, and 35,000 communicants. The Methodists had 100 
 travelling preachers and 31,400 communicants. The Presbyterians had 120 
 churches and about 10,000 communicants. The Episcopalians had one bishop 
 and 13 ministers. The Roman Catholics had a bishop and 34 ministers. There 
 were a considerable number of Cumberland Presbyterians and Reformed Baptists, 
 two societies of Shakers, and one of Unitarians. 
 
 The most important work of internal improvement is the Louisville and Port- 
 land canal, 2^ miles long, around the rapids in Ohio river. It admits steam- 
 boats of the largest class, is 50 feet wide at the surface, is exr^avated 10 feet deep 
 in a compact limestone, and has an entire lockao-e of 22 feet. The navio-ation of 
 
KENTUCKY. 77 
 
 the Kentucky, Green and Licking rivers has been extensively improved by dams 
 find locks. A rail-road extends from Lexington to Frankfort. It is designed to 
 be continued to Louisville, but is for the present suspended. Several other rail- 
 roads have been projected. 
 
 Lexington is the oldest tovi^n in the State, and was for many years the capital ; 
 it is situated in the centre of a rich tract of country, about 20 miles east 
 of Kentucky river. The streets are spacious and regularly laid cut, and the 
 houses and public buildings are neat and elegant. This city is more distin- 
 guished for its hospitable and polished society, and as an agreeable place of resi- 
 dence, than for bustle of business. The public buildings comprise the Halls of 
 Transylvania University, the State Lunatic Asylum, 9 churches, Court-House, 
 Jail, 2 banks. Orphan Asylum, Poor-House, City School-House, &c. There are 
 a number of bagging and rope-factories, iron-founderies, &c. Population, 7500. 
 Frankfort, the capital of the State, stands on the right bank of Kentucky river, 
 on an alluvial bottom, above which the river hills rise abruptly to the height cf 
 more than 200 feet. Steam-boats go up to Frankfort, 60 miles from the rnouth 
 of the river, and keel-boats much higher. The Slate-House is a handsome edi- 
 fice, built of white marble, taken from the banks of the river; and there is here 
 a penitentiary conducted on the Auburn plan. 
 
 Louisville, the principal city in Kentucky, is situated on the south bank of 
 the Ohio river, just above the falls of that river. The Louisville and Port- 
 land canal enables large steam-boats to reach Louisville at all stages of the 
 water. This city carries on an extensive and valuable trade, many thousand flat- 
 boats arriving here yearly from all parts of the upper Ohio, and steamboats arriv- 
 ing and departing daily. The population, which in the year 1800 amounted to 
 600, was in 1840, 21,210, and in 1843, 28,643. The public buildings are 25 
 churches, a City Hall, Court-House, City and County Jail, Marine "Hospital, 
 Medical Institute, 5 banks, 4 markets. City Work-House, Hospital, 2 orphan 
 asylums, School for the Blind, &c. Some of the hotels are among the finest in 
 the Union. The manufactures of Louisville are extensive, and include founde- 
 ries, steam-bagging factories, rope-walks, cotton and woollen factories, flouring- 
 mills, &c. Portland is a growing village at the lower end of the canal. 
 
 Maysville is the first considerable town of Kentucky which is passed in de- 
 scending the river Ohio. It is the depot of the upper part of the State, and its 
 trade is pretty extensive. Population in 1840, 2,741. Newport and Covington 
 are thriving towns, situated on the opposite banks of the Licking river, and oppo- 
 site to Cincinnati; they are the seats of some manufacturing industry, as well 
 as of an active trade. The streets of Covington are so laid out that, but for the 
 intervention of the Ohio river, they would be a continuation of those of Cincinnati. 
 Population, 2026. Among the other towns in Kentucky are Harrodsburg, noted 
 for its mineral springs, Danville, the seat of Centre College, Bardstown and 
 Georgetown, the seats of Roman Catholic colleges, and Princeton, the seat of 
 Cumberland Colleore. 
 
 
 STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee is bounded north by Kentucky ; east by North Carolina ; south by 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and west by Arkansas. It is 430 miles 
 lonff, and 104 broad, and contains 40,000 square miles. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, 
 Duck, Holston, French-Broad, Nolichucky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion. 
 Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk. 
 
 Tennessee is washed by the Mississippi on the west, and the rivers Tennessee 
 and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. West Tennessee, 
 lying between the Mississippi and the Tennessee rivers, is a level or slightly un- 
 dulating plain : east of this section is Middle Tennessee, of a moderafely hilly 
 surface. The eastern part of the State adjoining North Carolina, is known by 
 the name of East Tennessee : it abounds in mountains, many of them lofty, and 
 presenting scenery peculiarly grand and picturesque. Of these mountains the 
 
ag^iiyCTittEOtef Cima g j ign 
 
 ^78 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Cumberland, or great Laurel Ridge, is the most remarkable. Stone, Iron, Bald, 
 Smoky, or Unaka mountains, join each other, and form, in a direction nearly 
 north-east and south-west, the eastern boundary of the State. 
 
 The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western part of 
 the State has a black, rich soil ; in the middle there is much excellent land ; in 
 the eastern, part of the mountains are barren, but there are many fertile valleys. 
 
 The climate is generally healthful. In East Tennessee, the heat is so tem- 
 pered by the mountain-air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf 
 of Mexico on the other, that this part of the State has one of the most desirable 
 climates in North America. The middle part resembles Kentucky in climate. 
 
 The great business of Tennessee is agriculture. It is the largest corn-growing 
 State in the Union; in the year 1840, the crop amounted to almost 45 million 
 bushels, or about 53 bushels to every individual in the State. The exports are 
 cotton, corn, tobacco, flour, &c. The principal commerce is carried on through the 
 Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and from them through the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi to New Orleans. This State also supplies Kentucky, Ohio, &c. with cot- 
 ton for inland manufactures ; and from East Tennessee considerable numbers of 
 cattle are sent to the sea-ports on the Atlantic. 
 
 The most valuable mineral products of Tennessee are iron, gold, coal, and salt. 
 Gold is found in the south-eastern section, but it has not been systematically 
 worked. Iron occurs throughout the State east of the Tennessee ; there is a num- 
 ber of furnaces both in East and Middle Tennessee, which produced, in 1840, 
 above 26,000 tons of metal. Coal is found in the Cumberland Mountains of 
 excellent quality. Marble, marl, buhr-stone, nitrous earth, and other useful mine- 
 rals are met with, and there are some valuable mineral springs. 
 
 The population of Tennessee, in 1790, was 35,691 ; in 1800, 105,602 ; in 1810, 
 261,727; in 1820, 422,813; in 1830, 681,904; in 1840, 829,210; of whom 
 183,059 were slaves. Of the free population 325,434 were white males ; 315,193 
 do. females; 2796 coloured males; 2728 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 
 227,739 ; in commerce, 2217 ; in manufactures and trades, 17,815 ; in navigating 
 the ocean, 55 ; do. rivers and canals, 302 ; in the learned professions, 2042. 
 
 There were in the State in 1840, 341,409 horses and mules; 822,857 neat 
 cattle; 741,593 sheep; 2,926,707 swine. Poultry was valued at $606,969. 
 There were produced 4,569,692 bushels of wheat; 304,320 of rye; 44,986,188 
 of Indian corn; 17,118 of buckwheat, 7,035,678 of oats; 190,370 of potatoes; 
 1,060,332 pounds of wool ; 29,550,432 of tobacco; 7977 of rice; 27,701,277 of 
 cotton; 258,073 of sugar; 31,233 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were 
 valued at $472,141; of the orchard at $367,105; value of lumber produced 
 $217,606 ; 3366 barrels of tar, pitch, &c., were made. 
 
 Home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $2,886,661. There 
 wer« 26 woollen factories and 4 fulling-mills, producing articles to the amount 
 of $14,290; 38 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $325,719 ; 34 
 furnaces produced 16,128 tons of cast-iron ; and 99 forges produced 9673 tons of 
 bar-iron ; 21 persons produced 13,942 bushels of bituminous coal; 5 paper-mills 
 produced articles to the amount of $46,000, and other manufactories of paper 
 produced to the amount of $14,000; the whole employing a capital of $93,000 ; 
 117 persons produced hats and caps to the amount of $104,949 ; 454 tanneries 
 employed a capital of $404,114 ; 374 other manufactories of leather, as saddle- 
 ries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $359,050, with a capital of $154,540 ; 
 29 potteries produced to the amount of $51,600; hardware and cutlery was 
 produced to the amount of $57,170; machinery to the amount of $257,704; 
 1426 distilleries produced 1,109,107 gallons of distilled spirits ; and six breweries 
 produced 1835 gallons of beer ; carriages and wagons to the amount of $219,897 ; 
 28 rope-walks produced cordage to the amount of $132,630; 255 flouring-mills 
 produced 67,881 barrels of flour; and, with other mills, produced articles to the 
 amount of $1,020,664, with a capital of $1,310,195. The total amount of capi- 
 tal employed in manufactures, in the State, was $3,731,580. 
 
 Greenville College, at Greenville, in East Tennessee, was founded in 1794; 
 I Washington College, in Washington county, was founded in 1794 ; the Univer- 
 
TENNESSEE. 79 
 
 sity of Nashville, the principal institution in the State, was founded under Cum- 
 berland College, in 1806 ; the East Tennessee College, at Knoxvilie, was founded 
 in 1807; Jaclison College, near Columbia, was founded in 1830; the southwest- 
 ern Theological Seminary, at Maysville, was founded in 1821 ; the number of 
 students in these institutions, in 1840, was 369. There were in the State 152 
 academies, with 5539 students ; and 983 common and primary schools, with 
 25,099 scholars. There were in the State 58,531 white persons, over 20 years 
 of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1836 the Methodists had 127 travelling preachers, and 34,266 communi- 
 cants; the Baptists had 413 churches, 219 ministers, and 20,472 communicants; 
 the Presbyterians had 120 churches, 90 ministers, and 10,000 communicants; 
 the Episcopalians had a bishop and eight ministers. There were besides many 
 Cumberland Presbyterians, and some Lutherans, Friends, Christians, and Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 Some works of internal improvement have been commenced, but are at present 
 suspended. A rail-road from Memphis, on the Mississippi, 50 miles, to La 
 Grange, in Lafayette county, is in progress. Somerville branch will extend from 
 the main road, at Moscow, 16 miles, to Somerville. The Hiwassee Rail-road, 
 from K.noxville, 98^ miles, to the Georgia line, is intended to unite with the 
 Western and Atlantic Rail-road of Georgia. 
 
 Nashville, the capital, and the most considerable city of the State, is situated 
 on the south bank of Cumberland river. The site is elevated and uneven; 
 the town is well built, containing, beside some elegant dwelling-houses, a Court- 
 House, Market-House, Jail, Lunatic Asylum, State Penitentiary, 3 banks, 10 
 churches, the Halls of Nashville University, a female academy, and various 
 other schools. The city is supplied with water from the Cumberland river, 
 which is raised by a steam-engine into a reservoir that is elevated 66 feet above 
 low-water mark ; near a million gallons can be raised every 24 hours. Popula- 
 tion, in 1840, 6900. 
 
 Clarkesville, below Nashville, is a thriving little town. Franklin, to the south 
 of Nashville, is a busy town with 1500 inhabitants, who carry on some branches 
 of mechanical and manufacturing industry pretty extensively. 
 
 Knoxvilie, which stands on the right bank of Holston river, was for some time 
 the seat of government, and a place of considerable trade ; its commercial im- 
 portance, however, has of late diminished. Population 1500. It contains the 
 Halls of East Tennessee College, a useful and flourishing institution. The other 
 towns of this section, Blountviile, Jonesboro, Rogersville, and Maryville, are 
 little villages of 500 or 600 inhabitants each. 
 
 In the southern part of the State, Winchester, Fayetteville, at the head of 
 navigation on the Elk river, and Pulaski, are thriving little towns ; the last men- 
 tioned has 900 inhabitants, and the two others about 700 each. Columbia on the 
 Duck river, is one of the most flourishing towns in the State, and has about 1200 
 inhabitants ; it is the seat of Jackson College. Murfreesboro, for some time the 
 capital of the State, is pleasantly situated in a very rich and highly cultivated 
 district,. and it has a population of 1500. Bolivar, at the head of navigation on 
 the Hatchee, is a very growing and busy town ; Randolph, on the second Chicka- 
 saw Bluff, below the mouth of the Big Hatchee river, has a good harbour for 
 steamboats in all stages of the water, and is conveniently placed for the outlet of 
 a productive region. Memphis is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi 
 river, on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff", where old Fort Pickering stood. It has 
 one of the best sites for a commercial emporium on the Mississippi river. The 
 bluff is 30 feet above the highest floods. The trade of this place is already equal 
 to that of any town between St. Louis and New Orleans. It contains 4 churches; 
 an academy ; 53 stores, and 5000 inhabitants. A United States navy-yard is 
 to be located here, and it is already commenced. A rail-road to La Grange is in 
 use: it is designed to form a part of the Memphis and Charleston Rail-road. 
 
 19 2C 
 
r 
 
 80 UNITED STATES. 
 
 STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana is bounded on the north by the State of Michigan and Lake Michigan ; 
 east by Ohio ; south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucliy, and 
 west by Illinois, from which it is separated in part by the Wabash river. The 
 mean length is about 260, and mean breadth 140 miles ; area, about 36,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 The Ohio river flows for 350 miles along the southern extremity of the State. 
 Next to the Ohio is the Wabash, which with its branches, the White, Patoka, 
 Tippecanoe, Eel, Salamanic and Mississinewa rivers, water all the central parts 
 of the State. In the north-west is the Kankakee river, a tributary of the Illinois ; 
 in the north and north-east are the rivers St. Joseph of Michigan, and the St. Jo- 
 seph of Maumee ; the former flows into Lake Michigan, and the latter, uniting 
 with the St. Mary at Fort Wayne, forms the Maumee river, which flows into Lake 
 Erie. In the south-east is the White Water river, a tributary of the Miami. In 
 the south are a number of small rivers and creeks which flow into the Ohio, none 
 of which are of importance. 
 
 There are no mountains in Indiana ; the country, however, is more hilly than 
 Illinois, particularly towards Ohio river. A range of low hills, called the Knobs, 
 extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which 
 in many places produce a broken and uneven surface. North of these hills lie the 
 Flat Woods, 70 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal streams, except the 
 Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land ; both together, from three to six 
 miles in width. 
 
 For a wide extent on the north front of the State, between W'abash river and 
 Lake Michigan, the country is generally an extended plain, alternately jirairie and 
 timbered land, with a great proportion of swampy lands, and small lakes and 
 ponds. The prairies bordering on Wabash river are particularly rich, having 
 ordinarily a vegetable soil from 2 lo-5 feet deep. Perhaps no part of the western 
 world can show a greater extent of rich land in one body than that portion of the 
 White river country, of which Indianapolis is the centre. The natural growth of 
 the soil consists of oak of several kinds, ash, beech, buckeye, walnut, cherry, 
 maple, elm, sassafras, linden, honey-locust, cotton-wood, sycamore, and mulberry. 
 The principal productions are wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, 
 potatoes, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. 
 
 Iron and coal have been found in the State ; and there are some salt-springs, 
 and epsom-salts are found in a cave near Corydon ; but the mineral productions 
 have no great interest. 
 
 The population, in 1800, was 5G41 ; in 1810,24,520; in 1820, 147,178; in 
 1830, 341,582; in 1840, 685,866. Of these there were 352,773 white males; 
 325,925 white females ; 3731 coloured males ; 3434 coloured females. Employed 
 in agriculture, 148,806 ; in commerce, 3076 ; in manufactures and trades, 20,590 ; 
 in mining, 233 ; in navigating the ocean, 89 ; do. canals, lakes, and rivers, 677 ; 
 in the learned professions, 2257. 
 
 In 1840 there were in this State 246,036 horses and mules ; 619,980 neat cattle ; 
 675,982 sheep ; 1,623,608 swine ; poultry to the value of $357,594. There were 
 produced, 4,049,375 bushels of wheat ; 129,621 of rye; 28,155,887 of Indian 
 corn; 28,015 of barley ; 5,981,605 of oats; 1,525,794 of potatoes; 1,237,919 
 pounds of wool ; 1,820,306 of tobacco ; 3,727,795 of sugar ; 38,591 of hops ; 
 30,647 of wax ; 178,647 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
 $742,269; of the orchard, at $40,055; of lumber, at $420,971; of furs and 
 skins, at $220,883. There were made 10,265 gallons of wine. 
 
 In 1840, the amount of capital engaged in foreign trade was $1,207,400; in 
 the retail trade, $5,664,687. 
 
 The amount of home-made or family manufactures was $1,289,802 ; 24 fulling- 
 mills and 37 woollen manufactories produced articles to the amount of $58,867 ; 
 12 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $135,400; 7 furnaces pro- 
 duced 810 tons of cast-iron ; 1 forge produced 20 tons of bar-iron ; 47 persons 
 mined 242,040 bushels of bituminous coal; paper was manufactured to the 
 
INDIANA. 81 
 
 1 
 
 amount of $86,457; tobacco to the amount of $65,659; hats and caps to the 
 amount of $122,844; shoes, boots, saddleries, &c., to the ameunt of $730,001 ; 
 machinery to the amount of $123,808 ; 323 distilleries produced 1,787,108 gallons 
 of distilled spirits; 20 breweries produced 188,392 gallons of beer; carriages 
 J. and wagons were manufactured to the amount of $163,135; 204 flouring-mills 
 manufactured 224,624 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to 
 the amount of $2,329,134 ; vessels were built to the amount of $107,223. The 
 total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $4,132,043. 
 
 Indiana College, at Bloomington, was founded in 1827; South Hanover Col- 
 lege, at South Hanover, in 1829; Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, in 1833; 
 the Indiana Asbury University, in 1839. In these institutions there were, in 
 1840, 322 students. There were in the State 54 academies, with 2946 students, 
 and 1521 common and primary schools, with 48,189 scholars. In 1840, there 
 were 38,100 white persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1836, the Baptists had 334 churches and 218 ministers; the Presbyterians 
 had 109 churches and 70 ministers; the Methodists about 70 circuit preachers; 
 the Lutherans, in 1830, had 30 congregations and 8 ministers. Besides these 
 there are many Friends, some Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and some Presby- 
 terians, Methodists and Baptists of different descriptions, not included in the above. 
 
 The principal work of internal improvement undertaken by this State is the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, which extends from Lafayette, at the head of steam-boat 
 navigation on the Wabash, 187 miles, to the navigable waters of Lake Erie at 
 Toledo, on Maumee Bay. The Whitewater Canal extends from Lawreneeville, 
 at the mouth of the river, 76 miles, to Cambridge city, on the National Road. 
 It is also to be extended by a branch to Cincinnati, which is in progress. The 
 Madison and Indianapolis rail-road, from Madison on the Ohio river, 95 miles to 
 Indianapolis, is in progress and nearly completed. Other works of internal im- 
 provement have been projected and begun, but are at present suspended. 
 
 Indianapolis, the capital of the State, stands on the left bank of the west fork of 
 White river ; it is laid out with much regularity, and with wide, spacious streets. 
 The public buildings are the State-House, Governor's House, a bank, 11 churches, 
 10 schools, 4 libraries, 1 county seminary, with philosophical and chemical ap- 
 paratus, 4 printing-offices, 48 stores, 10 mills of various kinds, and various other 
 manufacturing establishments. Population, in 1843, about 3500. The national 
 road passes through the town. 
 
 New Albany is the largest town in the State; it is on the Ohio river, a few 
 miles below the falls. Population, 4226. The principal buildings are a Court- 
 House, Jail, 9 churches, bank, insurance office, Lyceum, male and female semi- 
 nary, theological college, &c. ; there are also a number of manufactories of va- 
 rious kinds. Jeffersonville, which stands opposite to Louisville, is a thrivino- 
 town, with 800 inhabitants. It contains the State prison. Madison, on the Ohio 
 river, some distance farther up, is a flourishing town with 3798 inhabitants ; it 
 has 6 churches, a Court-House, Jail, Bank, Savings Bank, 50 stores, with several 
 manufactories, mills, &c. Vevay was founded by a Swiss colony, with 1200 
 inhabitants. The grape has been successfully cultivated here, and the town is 
 surrounded by vineyards. Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, just below the mouth of 
 White Water river, carries on an extensive trade, but its site being low, it is 
 sometimes subject to inundation during very high stages of the water. 
 
 New Harmony, on the Wabash river, was founded "by the German sect called 
 Harmonites, under the direction of Mr. Rapp. In 1824 it was bought by Mr. 
 Owen, of Lanark, who attempted to put in operation here his new Social System : 
 the scheme failed, and his followers were dispersed, but the village is now a 
 flourishing place in other hands. Vincennes, higher up the river, is the oldest 
 town in the State ; it was founded by the French, in 1730. It contains 2000 
 inhabitants, about a fifth of whom are French. Terre Haute, Lafayette, and 
 Logansport, are small but flourishing towns on the Wabash river. Richmond, 
 on the National Road, near the Ohio State line, is also a populous little town. 
 The city of Michigan, founded in 1835, at the head of Lake Michigan, is the 
 only harbour on the lake in the State. It is well situated for trade, and has 
 about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 3fi 
 
82 UNITED STATES. 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 This fertile and improving State is bounded north by Wisconsin Territory, east 
 by Indiana, south by Kentucky, and west by the States of Missouri and Iowa. 
 Its medium length is about 350 miles, and medium breadth 170; the area being 
 59,500 square miles. 
 
 The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash, form about two-thirds of the whole 
 boundary of the State. The other most considerable rivers are the Illinois, Kas- 
 kaskia. Muddy, Little Wabash, Rock, Sangamon, Embarras, Fox, Des Plaines, &c. 
 
 The southern and middle parts of the State are for the most part level. The 
 north-western section is a hilly, broken country, though there are no high hills. 
 The climate resembles that of Indiana and Ohio. The soil is generally very 
 fertile, and yields abundant harvests. 
 
 Corn is the staple agricultural production of the State. Wheat is also raised 
 in large quantities, and yields flour of superior quality ; rye is much used for dis- 
 tillation. Hemp, tobacco, and cotton, are cultivated; the latter is mostly con- 
 sumed in household manufactures. Large herds of cattle are kept, and great 
 numbers are driven out of the State, or sent down the river in flat-boats. Thou- 
 sands of hogs are raised, and pork is largely exported. 
 
 Coal, salt, and lime, iron, lead, and copper, are among the mineral productions 
 of Illinois. Coal is abundant in many quarters, and is worked to some extent. 
 Lead is found in the north-western corner of the State in exhaustless quantities. 
 The Indians and French had been long accustomed to procure the ore, but it was 
 not until 1822 that the process of separating the metal was begun. Since that 
 time the business has been actively pursued, and as much as 6000 t6ns of lead 
 have been smelted in one year. Some salt is made near Shawneetown; near 
 Danville, on the Little Vermillion; and near Brownville, on Muddy creek. The 
 salt springs are owned by the United States, and leased to the manufacturers. 
 
 The population of Illinois has increased with the same amazing rapidity as that 
 of the neighbouring States. The constitution provides that neither slavery nor 
 involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State, otherwise than 
 for the punishment of crimes; and as negroes coming into the State are required 
 to give bonds with security, that they will not become chargeable as paupers, 
 there are few blacks. 
 
 The population, in 1810, was 12,282; in 1820, 55,211; in 1830, 157,575; in 
 1840, 476,183; of whom 255,235 were white males; 217,019 do. females; 1876 
 coloured males; 1722 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 105,337; in com- 
 merce, 2506; in manufactures and trades, 13,185; in mining, 782 ; in navigating 
 the ocean, 63; do. lakes, rivers, and canals, 310; in the learned professions, 
 2021. 
 
 There were in the State, in 1840, 199,235 horses and mules; 626,274 neat 
 cattle; 395,672 sheep ; 1,495,254 swine. Poultry valued at $309,204. There 
 were produced, .3,335,393 bushels of wheat; 82,251 of barley; 4,988,008 of oats ; 
 88,197 of rye; 57,884 of buckwheat ; 22,634,211 of Indian corn ; 2,025,520 of 
 potatoes; 650,007 pounds of wool ; 17,742 of hops; 200,947 of cotton ; 564,326 
 of tobacco; 399,813 of sugar; 1150 of silk cocoons; 1976 tons hemp and flax; 
 164 ■Jo2 of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at $428,175; of the 
 orchard at $126,756 ; of lumber at $203,666 ; of skins and furs at $39,412. 
 
 Home-made or family manufactures arhounted to $993,567; 4 fulling-mills 
 and 16 woollen manufactories produced goods to the amount of $9540 ; 5 fur- 
 naces produced 158 tons of cast-iron; 20 smelting-houses produced 8,755,000 
 pounds of lead ; 22 persons produced 20,000 bushels of salt ; hats and caps were 
 manufactured to the amount of $28,395 ; 155 tanneries employed a capital of 
 $155,679; 626 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced arti- 
 cles to the amount of $247,217; machinery was produced to the amount of 
 $37,720; 150 distilleries produced 1,551,684 gallons of distilled spirits; U 
 breweries produced 90,300 gallons of beer; carriages and wagons were produced 
 to the amount of $144,362 ; 98 flouring-mills produced 172,657 barrels of flour, 
 and, with other mills, manufactured articles to the amount of $2,417,826 ; vessels 
 
 1^ 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 83 
 
 The total amount of capital employed in 
 
 were built to the amount of $39,200< 
 manufactures was $3,136,512. 
 
 Illinois College, at Jacksonville, was founded in 1829 
 
 =gc, ai jaujiouuviiic, wao luuiiueu III LOUD ; ShurtlefF College, 
 in Upper Alton, in 1835 ; M'Kendree College, in Lebanon, in 1834 ; M'Donough I 
 College, at Macomb, in 1837. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 311 j 
 students. There were in the State 42 academies, with 1967 students; 1241 
 common and primary schools, with 34,876 scholars, and 27,502 white persons, 
 over 21 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 
 
 The Methodists are the most numerous denomination ; the Baptists and Pres- 
 byterians are the next in point of numbers; the Episcopalians and Roman Ca- 
 tholics are less numerous ; and there are some other denominations. 
 
 In 1836 this State adopted an extensive system of internal improvements, con- 
 sisting of canals and rail-roads, most of which must be left to another generation 
 to complete. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, the most important of them all, 
 is in progress, and will probably be completed. It extends from Chicago river, 
 about 5 miles from Chicago, to the head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois 
 river, at Peru, 106 miles ; it is 60 feet wide at the top, and 6 feet deep. A rail- 
 road extends from Springfield, 53 miles, to Merodosia, on Illinois river. Coal 
 Mine Bluffs Rail-road extends from Mississippi river, 6 miles, to the coal mine. 
 Other rail-roads have been commenced, but they are at present suspended. 
 
 The principal town in Illinois is Chicago, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of 
 a small river of the same name. The canal now in progress from this city to the 
 Illinois river, when completed, will bring to it a vast increase of trade. It is 
 situated on both sides of the river. An artificial harbour has been made 
 by the construction of piers, which, extending some distance into the lake, 
 prevent the accumulation of sand on the bar. The town has grown up within 
 10 or 12 years, and contains 6 churches, a Court-House, Jail, U. S. Land-Office, 
 an academy, Fire Insurance Co., with numerous stores and manufactories. The 
 city is supplied with water from the lake. Population, in 1840, 4500. 
 
 Vandalia, the late capital of the State, is a small town with 800 inhabitants. 
 It is on the route of the National Road, on the west bank of the Kaskaskia river, 
 about 80 miles north-east of St. Louis. Alton, situated two miles and a half 
 above the mouth of the Missouri, and eighteen below that of the Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi river, is the most commercial town in the State. Possessing a com- 
 modious harbour, with an excellent landing for steamboats, it has become the 
 centre of an active and growing trade. Population, 2340. There are here 6 
 churches, a bank, Lyceum, Mechanics' Association, 8 schools, a penitentiary, and 
 3 printing-offices; and the picturesque site of the town is well set off by its neat 
 houses, surrounded by tasteful piazzas and gay shrubbery. Upper Alton, 3 miles 
 in the rear of Alton, is the seat of Shurtleff College, and a theological seminary. 
 Edwardsville is a neat and thriving village, to the north ofAlton. 
 
 Cahokia and Kaskaskia are old French villages on the American Bottom, set- 
 tled as early as the year 1683, with from 500 to 800 inhabitants each, most of 
 whom are French. 
 
 Springfield, the capital of Illinois, is near the centre of the State, on the border 
 of a beautiful prairia, and surrounded by one of the most fertile tracts in the 
 Union. It contains the State-House, Court-House, market-house, Jail, U. S. 
 Land-Office, 3 academies, 6 churches, 34 stores, one iron-foundery, 4 carding 
 machines, 3 printing-offices. Population, 2579. ^ 
 
 Jacksonville is one of the largest inland towns in the State ; it is on an ele- 
 vated ground, in the midst of a delightful prairie. Population, 2500. Carroll- 
 ton, further south, is also a growing village. 
 
 Peoria is situated at the foot of the lake of that name, and on the Illinois river. 
 It contains 1467 inhabitants. Ottawa, above the Rapids, and near the western 
 termination of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, is also a flourishing village, with 
 deep water and a good landing. 
 
 Quincy is on the east bank of the Mississippi, 104 miles west of Springfield ; 
 it is a thriving town, and has 1500 inhabitants. Rock Island city is at the 
 junction of the Mississippi and Brock rivers ; it is laid out on an extensive scale, 
 ajid includes Stephenson village. Population, 700. Galena city, near the north- 
 
 19* ' 
 
84 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 west corner of the State, is the metropolis of the lead region of Illinois and Wis- 
 consin ; it is on Fever river, 6 miles from the Mississippi, and is accessible to 
 steamboats at all stages of the water. Large quantities of lead are shipped from 
 Galena every season. Population, 1500. 
 
 Nauvoo, the city of the Mormons, is situated on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi river, 124 miles north-west of Springfield ; it is 4 miles by 3 in extent, and 
 contains more than 1000 buildings and 7000 inhabitants. The chief public 
 buildings are the Nauvoo-House, a spacious hotel, in part of which Joe Smith, 
 the late Mormon prophet, resided ; the Nauvoo Temple, an edifice 130 by 100 
 i feet, designed as the grand Cathedral of the Mormon sect ; and a university, with 
 a president and several professors. A military body, called the Nauvoo Legion, 
 consisting of from 2000 to 3000 men, properly officered, armed and disciplined, 
 has been organized here. About 3000 Mormons reside beyond the bounds of the 
 city. It is proposed to call this place the City of Joseph, in honour of the de- 
 ceased prophet. 
 
 STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 The State of Michigan consists of two distinct peninsulas. The southernmost, 
 or Michigan Proper, has its base resting upon the States of Ohio and Indiana, and 
 is bounded on the east and northeast by Lake Huron, for a distance of 250 miles ; 
 i Lake Michigan is its western boundary for an extent of 260 miles. It is in 
 length about 288, and in breadth, at the widest part, 190 miles. Area, 38,000 
 square miles. 
 
 The northern peninsula lies north-west of the southern ; it was nominally at- 
 tached to Michigan, while under a territorial government, and was added perma- 
 nently to her territory when admitted into the Union as a State. It is bounded 
 north by Lake Superior ; east by St. Mary's river ; south by Lake Michigan ; 
 and south-west by the Mennomonie and Montreal rivers ; length, from east to 
 west, about 320 miles; breadth, from 160 to 30 or 40 miles; area, 28,000 square 
 miles ; area of the State, 66,000 miles. 
 
 The northern peninsula is yet but imperfectly known; the surface is more irre- 
 gular than that of the southern section, and is much less suited for agricultural 
 purposes ; but it is nevertheless important on account of the quantities of pine 
 timber, and minerals, which abound in various parts; and also from the valuable 
 fisheries on the shores of Lake Superior. The shores of the latter are mostly 
 low, and but little indented by bays and harbours; and as the prevailing winds 
 are from the north-west, and sweep with great fury over the lake, navigation is 
 more stormy and dangerous than along the Canada shore. 
 
 The Pictured Rocks are a remarkable natural curiosity, and extend along the 
 southern shore of Lake Superior, a distance of 12 miles. They form a perpen- 
 dicular wall, 300 feet high, presenting a great variety of romantic projections and 
 indentations, having the appearance of landscapes, buildings, and various objects 
 delineated by the hand of man; among the features that attract admiration are 
 the cascade La Portaille, and the Doric Arch. The cascade consists of a con- 
 siderable stream precipitated from the height of about 70 feet, by a single leap, 
 into the lake. The Doric Rock, or Arch, has the appearance of a work of art, 
 consisting of an isolated mass of sandstone, with 4 pillars, supporting a stratum 
 or entablature of stone, covered with soil, and giving support to a handsome 
 growth of spruce and pine trees, some of which are 50 or 60 feet hi^h. 
 
 The native inhabitants of this region are some bands of the Chippeways, on 
 the shores of Lake Superior, comprising only about 1400 or 1500. 
 
 The southern peninsula is generally a level country, having no elevation that 
 can properly be called a hill; its centre is a table-land, elevated 30 or 40 feet 
 above the level of the lakes. Along the coast of Lake Huron there are in places 
 high bluffs : and along the east shore of Lake Michigan are hills of pure sand, 
 of from 50 to several hundred feet in height, which have been blown up by the 
 almost constant western winds sweeping over the lake. 
 
MSCHIGAN. 
 
 The peninsula abounds in rivers : none of them have much extent of course, 
 and but few are navigable to any considerable distance inland. Grand river is 
 the largest: it empties into Lake Michigan : its whole course is about 150 miles, 
 and it is navigable 50 miles from the lake to the rapids for sloops and steam- 
 boats, and above that point there is sufficient depth of water for boats 50 miles 
 farther. The St. Joseph's river is a considerable stream, and empties into Lake 
 Michigan at the south-west angle of the territory. It is, like Grand river, navi- 
 gable for large sloops to the rapids, and above them has a still farther extent of 
 boat navigation. It flows through a very fertile region, variegated by prairies 
 and high forests ; the country on this river is not surpassed, in point of beauty 
 and fertility, by any in the Lnion. The other considerable streams which flow 
 into Lake Michigan are the Kalamazoo, Grand, Maskegon, Pentwater, Manistic, 
 and Aux Betises. Those which flow into Lake Erie are the Raisin and Huron 
 rivers. The Clinton is the only considerable river which falls into Lake St. 
 Clair. The Belle, and Black, or Dulude, fall into St. Clair river. The Saginaw, 
 running northward, falls into Saginaw Bay, of Lake Huron. Many other, but 
 smaller streams, fall into the same lake, such as the Thunder Bay, Sandy, Aux 
 Carpe and Cheboeigon rivers. 
 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and the other productions of this section of the Union, are 
 raised easily, and in abundance. It is a country highly favourable to cultivated 
 grasses. No inland country, according to its age, population, and circumstances, 
 has a greater trade. A number of steam-boats and lake vessels are constantly 
 plying in this trade, which is with Detroit, Chicago, Ohio and New York. 
 
 The climate of this region, in consequence of its being level and peninsular, 
 and adjacent to such large bodies of water, is more temperate than could be ex- 
 pected from its latitude. The southern counties have mild winters, and the spring 
 opens as early as in any part of the United States in the same latitude : the po- 
 sition of the northern division subjects it to a Canadian temperature. The winter 
 commences early in November, and does not terminate until the end of March. 
 
 The population, in 1810, was 4528 ; in 1820, 9018 ; in 1830, 31,0.39 ; in 1840, 
 212,267. Of these 113,395 were white males; 98,165 do. females; 393 co- 
 loured males ; 314 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 56,521 ; in commerce, 
 728; in manufactures and trades, 6890; in navigating the ocean, 24 ; do. canals, 
 lakes, and rivers, 166 ; in mining, 40; in the learned professions, 904. 
 
 There were in 1840, 30,144 horses and mules; 185,190 neat cattle; 99,618 
 sheep; 295,890 swine; poultry was produced to the value of $82,730. There 
 were produced 2,157,108 bushels of wheat; 127,802 of barley; 2,114,057 of 
 oats; 34,236 of rye; 2,227.039 of Indian corn; 113,592 of buckwheat; 2,109,205 
 of potatoes; 153,375 pounas of wool ; 1,329,784 of sugar; 130,805 tons of hay ; 
 755 of hemp or flax. The products of the dairy were valued at $301,052 ; of the 
 orchard at $16,905 ; and of lumber at $392,325. 
 
 The exports of Michigan, in 1840, amounted to $162,229 ; and the imports to 
 $138,610. Capital employed in foreign trade $177,500 ; capital employed in the 
 retail trade $2,228,988 ; capital employed in the lake fisheries .f 28,640. 
 
 The amount of home-made or family articles was $113,955 ; capital employed 
 in manufactures, in 1840, $3,112,240; more than $2,400,000 of which was in- 
 vested in flouring, and other mills. 
 
 Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, has departments of literature, science, and 
 the arts, and of law and medicine. It has academic branches at Detroit, Ann 
 Arbor, Monroe, Kalamazoo, White Pigeon, and Tecumseh. Marshall College, 
 at Marshall, and St. Philip's College, near Detroit, are respectable institutions. 
 These colleges had, in 1840, 158 students. There' were in the State 12 acade- 
 mies, with 485 students ; and 975 common and primary schools, with 29,701 
 scholars. There were 2173 white persons, over 20 years of age, that could nei- 
 ther read nor write. 
 
 In 1836 the Presbyterians had 42 churches and 19 ministers; the Baptists had 
 17 churches and 11 ministers; the Roman Catholics had one bishop and 18 
 ministers; the Episcopalians had one bishop and 4 ministers; and the Metho- 
 dists were considerably numerous. 
 
 The most important works of internal improvement are the Central Rail-road, 
 
86 UNITED STATES. 
 
 now completed from Detroit to Jackson, 80 miles; the Southern Railroad is 
 completed and in operation from Monroe to Adrian, 36 miles. The Erie and 
 Kalamazoo Rail-road is in operation, 30 miles, from Toledo to Adrian. The 
 Detroit and Pontiac Rail-road is in operation, 25 miles, from Detroit to Pontiac. 
 Other works which have heen projected are, for the present, suspended or aban- 
 doned. 
 
 The city of Detroit, the capital of Michigan, stands on the western shore of 
 Detroit river, which unites Lakes B^rie and St. Clair. Few places are Ijetter situ- 
 ated for a commercial city, and few have a more solid promise of permanent pros- 
 perity. It is regularly laid out with the streets crossing each other at right 
 angles. The chief public buildings are the State-House, City Hall, 8 churches, 
 4 banks, 3 market-houses, a theatre, circus. State Penitentiary, County Jail, Go- 
 vernment Magazine, Mechanics' Hall, &c. There are 3 female seminaries, seve- 
 ral high schools for boys, and 12 public schools. The Michigan State Library 
 contains 2000 volumes. Detroit is finely situated for trade ; the navigation of the 
 river and lake are open about 8 months in the year. The arrivals of vessels and 
 steam-boats is about 300 annually, and clearances the same. The tonnage of 
 the port, in 1840, was 11,432. Population, 9102. 
 
 Monroe, on the river Raisin, 2^ miles from its mouth, is a town of consider- 
 able trade. A ship canal, 100 feet wide and 12 deep, connects it with the lakes; 
 steam-boats from Buffalo and Detroit stop here. Population, 1703. Adrain, 
 higher up on the same river, has 2496 inhabitants. St. Joseph's, at the mouth 
 of the St. Joseph's river, is the most important town on the east shore of Lake 
 Michigan. Marshall, on the Kalamazoo river, and Pontiac, at the northern termi- 
 nation of the Detroit and Pontiac Rail-road, are thriving towns in the interior. 
 Mackinaw, on Michillimackinac Island, in the northern part of Lake Huron, was 
 long noted for its fur trade. Sault St. Mary (pronounced Soo St. Mary) is on 
 the river St. Mary, near to where it flows out of Lake Superior; it is the most 
 northern town in the State, and has about 900 inhabitants. Great quantities of 
 white fish and lake trout are caught here; they are salted and exported to a con- 
 siderable amount. The navigation is closed from the middle of November until 
 the 1st of May. In winter the thermometer often sinks to 20° or 30° below zero, 
 and the mercury sometimes freezes. 
 
 STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Missouri is bounded north by Iowa ; west by the Western or Indian Territory ; 
 east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Illinois, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee ; and south by the State of Arkansas. Its length is about 280 miles, 
 and medium breadth 230, the area being about 65,000 square miles. The Mis- 
 sissippi river forms the whole of the eastern, and the Missouri a portion of the 
 western boundary of the State. The western line of the State, south of the Mis- 
 souri river, is the meridian which passes through the point of junction of the 
 Kansas and the Missouri rivers. 
 
 Besides the great rivers Mississippi and Missouri, this State is watered by 
 others of smaller magnitude. The largest are the Osage, Grand, Salt, Chariton, 
 Gasconade, Merrimac or Maranec, Big Black, and St. Francis. The Osage is a 
 large river, navigable for boats 660 miles. Between the Osage and Missouri, and 
 north of tlie latter, the country is undulating and agreeably diversified; while in 
 the south-east, between the Big Black river and the Mississippi, the whole tract, 
 with the exception of a narrow strip on the border of the latter, is a low, inun- 
 dated morass, forming a portion of the great swamp of which the principal part 
 is in the State of Arkansas. 
 
 The lands bordering on the Missouri are very fertile. They consist of a stra- 
 tum of black alluvial soil, of unknown depth. On receding from the banks of 
 the rivers, the land rises, passing sometimes gradually, and sometimes abruptly, 
 into elevated barrens, flinty ridges, and rocky cliffs. A portion of the State is, 
 therefore, unfit for cultivation; but this part of it, howt!ver, is rich in mineral 
 
MISSOURI. 
 
 87 
 
 treasures. The land is either very fertile or very poor; it is either bottom land 
 or cliff, either prairie or barren: there is very little of an intermediate cjiiality. 
 The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, and very favourable to health. 
 
 Missouri is admirably adapted for a grazing country, and large herds of cattle, 
 horses, and swine are raised. Beef, pork, tallow, hides, and live-stock constitute 
 important articles of export. Cotton is produced in the southern part of the 
 State, but not in considerable quantities ; tobacco is more extensively grown, and 
 hemp, wheat, Indian corn, and the other cereal grains are cultivated with success. 
 
 The lead mines of Missouri are estimated to cover an area of 3000 square 
 miles; the centre of the lead district is about 70 miles south-west from St. Louis. 
 These mines were wrought by the French 100 years ago. In 1840, there was 
 made here about 2400 tons of lead. South of the lead region is the noted iron 
 mountain, one of the greatest curiosities of the kind in the world ; it is a mile 
 broad at its base, 3 miles long, and from 300 to 450 feet high, filled with mica- 
 ceous oxide of iron, which yields 80 per cent, of the pure metal. Not far distant 
 is another body of iron ore equally rich, called the Pilot Knob, a mile and a half 
 wide at the base, and 300 feet high. In this region are likewise found copper, 
 zinc, manganese, antimony, calamine, cobalt, &c. 
 
 Numerous shot-factories are established along the high rocky bluffs of the Mis- 
 sissippi, which renders the erection of towers unnecessary. Iron is found in 
 inexhaustible quantities, and is pretty extensively wrought. Coal also abounds 
 particularly along the Missouri, and aluminous and nitrous earth, marble, salt- 
 springs, sulphuretted and thermal waters, &c., occur. 
 
 The population of the State, in 1810, was 19,833; in 1820, 66,586; in 1830, 
 140,074; in 1840, 383,702 ; of whom 58,240 were slaves. Of the free popula- 
 tion, 173,470 were white males; 150,418 white females; 883 coloured males; 
 691 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 92,408 ; in commerce, 2522 ; in 
 manufactures and trades, 11,100; in inining, 742; in navigating the ocean, 39; 
 do. rivers, lakes and canals, 1885; in the learned professions, 1496. By a cen- 
 sus taken by authority of the State in 1844, the population was found to have 
 increased to 511,937, of whom 70,300 were slaves. 
 
 There were in 1840, 196,132 horses and mules; 433,875 neat cattle ; 348,018 
 sheep; 1,271,161 swine. There were produced, 1,037,386 bushels of wheat; 
 68,608 of rye ; 17,332,524 of Indian corn ; 15,318 of buckwheat ; 9801 of barley ; 
 2,234,947 of oats; 783,768 of potatoes; 562,265 pounds of wool; 9,067,913 of 
 tobacco; 121,121 of cotton ; 274,853 of sugar; 49,083 tons of hay ; 18,010 of 
 hemp or flax ; poultry valued at $270,647. The products of the dairy were valued 
 at $100,432; of the orchard, at $90,878 ; of lumber, at $70,355. 
 
 Home-made or family manufactures amounted to $1,149,544 ; 9 woollen manu- 
 factories produced articles to the amount of $13,750; 2 furnaces produced 180 
 tons of cast-iron, and 4 forges produced 118 tons of bar-iron ; 21 smelting-houses 
 produced 5,295,455 pounds of lead ; 69 persons produced 249,302 bushels of 
 bituminous coal; 36 persons produced 13,150 bushels of salt; machinery was 
 produced to the amount of $190,412; 293 distilleries produced 508,368 gallons 
 of distilled spirits; 7 breweries produced 374,700 gallons of beer; wagons and 
 carriages were produced to the amount of $97,112; 64 flouring-niills produced 
 49,363 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of 
 $960,058. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $2,704,405. 
 
 The University of St. Louis was founded in 1829; Kemper College, at St. 
 Louis, in 1840; St. Mary's College, at the Barrens in St. Genevieve county, in 
 .830; Marion College, in Marion county, in 1831 ; St. Charles College, in 1839; 
 and Missouri University, at Columbia, in 1840; Fayette College, at Fayette, is 
 a new institution. In the colleges founded before 1839, there were, in 1840, 495 
 students. There were in the State, 47 academies with 1926 students; and 642 
 common and primary schools, with 16,788 scholar.*. There were 19,457 white 
 persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 
 
 In 1836, the Methodists had 51 travelling preachers, and 8692 members; the 
 Baptists had 146 churches, 86 ministers, and 4973 communicants; the Presbyte- 
 rians had 33 churches and 17 ministers; the Roman Catholics had one bishop 
 
 2D 
 
88 UNITED STATES. 
 
 and 30 ministers ; the Episcopalians had three ministers. There were besides, a 
 number of Cumberland and Associate Reformed Presbyterians. 
 
 St. Louis is the commercial capital of Missouri, and the largest town west of 
 the Mississippi. It is built on two banks, the first, not much raised above, the 
 level of the river, contains two narrow streets running parallel with its course, 
 and the second, or higher bank, which spreads out into a wide plain in the rear, 
 comprises the rest of the city. The upper part is well laid out, with spacious and 
 wide streets. This city was founded in 1764, but it continued to be an inconsi- 
 derable village while the country remained in the hands of the Spaniards and 
 French. It is the emporium of the Upper Missouri and Mississippi, and must 
 continue to increase in importance as the vast regions to the north and west 
 become settled. The lead mines in its vicinity, and the establishments connected 
 with the Indian agencies, land-offices, &c., also create a good deal of business. 
 The population is now chiefly composed of Americans, besides French, Ger- 
 mans, &c. The city contains 21 churches, a Land-Office, Theatre, Bank, 2 In- 
 surance Companies, Museum, Masonic Hall, 2 Orphan Asylums, the St. Louis 
 University, Western Academy of Natural Sciences, 80 schools, and a United 
 States Arsenal. The city is supplied with water raised by steam-power from the 
 Mississippi to a reservoir on an elevated ancient mound, whence it is distributed 
 over the town in iron pipes. A company is also formed for lighting the streets 
 with gas. St. Louis is the principal dep6t of the American Fur Company, who 
 have a large establishment here with 1000 men in their employ, who collect and 
 dispose of a vast amount of furs. The arrivals of steam-boats at this port have 
 amounted to 800 in a year, with a tonnage of 100,000 tons. Population in 1830, 
 5852; in 1840, 16,469; in 1844, 34,140. Jeffi^rson United States' barracks are 
 on the bank of the Mississippi, 10 miles below the city, and can accommodate 
 about 700 men. 
 
 St. Charles, 20 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, and the same distance 
 from St. Louis, is a pleasant village, with 1042 inhabitants, of whom many are of 
 French descent; it consists of five streets that run parallel with the river, on 
 which are some handsome buildings. St. Charles was for a number of years the 
 capital of the State. 
 
 Jefferson city, on the south side of the Missouri river, and near the centre of 
 the State, is the capital of Missouri ; it contains the State-House, and a Peniten- 
 tiar}' ; its site is not a fortunate selection, and it has not in consequence pros- 
 pered. Population, 1175. Higher up the stream are the villages of Franklin, 
 Booneville, Keytesville, Lexington, and Liberty. 
 
 Independence, a town south of the Missouri river, and near the western boun- 
 dary of the State, is the point from whence the traders to Santa Fe and the emi- 
 grants to Oregon commence their respective journeys. Such numbers sometimes 
 collect on these occasions, that they cannot be accommodated with lodgings in 
 the town, but encamp in the fields in the vicinity. Platte city, on Platte river, 
 and Weston on the Mississippi, above Fort Leavenworth, are thriving towns. 
 Herculaneum, 30 miles below St. Louis, is a small town, which contains nume- 
 rous shot-works, and serves as one of the ports of the lead district. Population, 
 1607. St. Genevieve is another old French village, built on a high alluvial bank 
 which the river is now washing away. Cape Girardeau, situated on a high bluff 
 in the midst of a rich district, is the depot of the southern part of the State. Po- 
 pulation, 1728. New Madrid is an inconsiderable village, on a high alluvial 
 j bank, which, like that of St. Genevieve, has been mostly carried away by the 
 river. The village also suffered from the earthquake of 1811. Population, about 
 500. 
 
 STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri, east by the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Tennessee and the State of Mississippi, south by Lou- 
 isiana, and west by the Western or Indian Territory and the northeiTi part of 
 Texas. Its southern line is the 33° of north latitude; the northern 36° 30'. Its 
 
ARKANSAS, 
 
 89 
 
 length, from north to south, is 245 miles, and mean breadth about 212 ; its area 
 is 51,960 square miles. 
 
 The principal river, besides the Mississippi, is the Arkansas. Its course is 
 nearly through the centre of the State from west to east ; and it affords at all 
 times steam-boat navigation to Little Rock, 300 miles from its mouth, and occa- 
 sionally to Fort Gibson, nearly 350 miles farther. The other important streams 
 are the Red river, St. Francis, White, and Washita rivers. 
 
 The surface of the country exhibits much variety. In the eastern portion, 
 along the Mississippi river, it is level, and often overflown by that noble river. 
 In the central part it is undulating and broken, and in the western section it is 
 traversed by the Ozark Mountains, which are estimated to attain an altitude of 
 about 2000 feet above the ocean. The other considerable elevations are the Black 
 Hills, north of the Arkansas, and the Washita Hills, on the head waters of the 
 Washita river. The soil is of all qualities, from the most productive to the most 
 sterile ; much of it is of the latter description. It has, however, a sufficient 
 amount of excellent land to enable it to become a rich and populous State. 
 
 Of the products of Arkansas, cotton is the staple; corn and sweet-potatoes 
 thrive well ; wheat, and other small grains, have not been cultivated to a great 
 extent; peaches are remarkably fine ; but apples do not succeed so well. The wild 
 fruits, grapes, plums, &c., are abundant. Among the curiosities may be men- 
 tioned the vast masses of sea-shells that are found in different places: they 
 answer a valuable purpose to the inhabitants, who collect and burn them for lime. 
 
 The hot or warm springs, on the head waters of the Washita river, are among 
 the most interesting curiosities of the country; they are remarkably limpid and 
 pure, and are used by the people who resort there for health, for culinary purposes. 
 They have been analyzed, and exhibit no mineral properties beyond common 
 spring-water. Their efficacy undoubtedly results from the refreshing mountain 
 breezes, the conveniences of warm and tepid bathing, and the novel and romantic 
 scenery of the surrounding regions. 
 
 The population of Arkansas in 1830, was 30,388 ; in 1840, 97,574; of which 
 19,935 were slaves.- Of the free population, 42,211 were white males; 34,963 
 white females ; 248 coloured males ; 217 coloured females. Employed in agri- 
 culture, 26,355; in commerce, 215; in manufactures and trades, 1173 ; navigating 
 the ocean, 3 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 39; in the learned professions, 301. 
 
 There were, in 1840, 51,472 horses and mules; 188,786 neat cattle; 42,151 
 sheep; 393,058 swine. There were produced, 105,878 bushels of wheat; 
 4,846,642 of Indian corn; 189,553 of oats ; 293,608 of potatoes; 6,028,642 
 pounds of cotton; 148,439 of tobacco. The capital employed in foreign trade 
 amounted to $91,000; capital in the retail trade, $1,578,719. 
 
 The home-made or family articles made in 1840 amounted to $489,750. There 
 is but little attention yet bestowed on manufactures ; the capital employed in 
 them amounted to $424,467. 
 
 There is no college in this State. There were 8 academies, with 300 students ; 
 113 schools, with 2614 scholars. The principal religious denominations are Me- 
 thodists and Baptists ; there are also Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 Ijittle Rock, the capital of Arkansas, is on the south bank of Arkansas river, 
 and at the head of permanent steam-boat navigation on that stream. It is on a 
 high bluff, elevated from 150 to 200 feet above the river, and is the first place in 
 which rocks occur above its mouth. It is regularly laid out, and contains a State- 
 House, Court-House, Jail, 5 churches, 2 banks, a theatre, an academy, a United 
 States Arsenal, United States Land Office, Penitentiary, 21 stores, 2 steam saw- 
 mills, 500 dwellings, and about 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 Helena, on the west bank of Mississippi river, contains a Court-House, Jail, 
 U. S. Land Office, 10 stores, and 500 inhabitants. Fayetteville contains a Court- 
 House, Jail, a U. S. Land Office, and about 450 inhabitants. Columbia, on the 
 Mississippi river, has a Court-House, Jail, 75 dwellings, and 500 inliabitants. 
 Arkansas, on the north bank of Arkansas river, on a high bluff with flats in the 
 vicinity, which are inundated at times by the White river, contains a Court- 
 
 37 
 
90 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 House, Jail, about 50 dwellings, and 300 inhabitants. These are the most im- 
 portant towns. Since the opening of the Great Raft, and the improvement of the 
 navigation of Red river, this section of the State has been improving. 
 
 THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 This State comprises about a fourth part of the late Territory of Iowa, it lies 
 immediately east of the Mississippi river and north of the State of Missouri. It 
 has an area of 45,000 square miles. The south-eastern section of the territory is 
 the only part yet settled, and is a beautiful, fertile, healthful region, interspersed 
 with timber land and prairie, and abounding in springs and mill-streams. 
 
 The principal rivers of Iowa, besides the Mississippi, which forms its eastern 
 boundary, are the Blue-Earth, Upper Iowa, Turkey, Maquekota, Wapsipimecon, 
 Red-Cedar, Iowa, Chicagua or Skunk, and Des Moines. 
 
 The products of the soil are the same as those of the neighbouring States : 
 wheat, corn, rye, oats, and potatoes, all grow with great luxuriance, and are of 
 excellent quality. The mineral region of Iowa appears to be connected with that 
 of Wisconsin, and is equally rich in metal. The limits of the country containing 
 the lead ore are unknown, but it probably extends hundreds of miles towards, and 
 into the State of Missouri : besides lead ; copper, iron and coal are known to 
 abound. 
 
 Few portions of the United States have excited so much attention as Iowa ; it 
 is settling more rapidly than any other portion of the western country with enter- 
 prising and industrious inhabitants. A number of towns have been laid out; of 
 which some that are situated on the Mississippi, are increasing very fast. 
 
 Iowa was erected into a separate territorial government June 1838, and an act 
 was passed by Congress and approved March 3, 1845, admitting it into the Union 
 as a State, subject to the condition of being approved of or rejected by the people 
 at the next ensuing election. The population, in 1840, was 43,111. Of these 
 there were employed in agriculture 10,469 ; in commerce 355 ; in manufactures 
 and trades 1629 ; in mining '217 ; in navigating the ocean, rivers, and canals 91 ; 
 in the learned professions 365. 
 
 There were in Iowa, in 1840, 10,794 horses and mules; 38,049 neat cattle; 
 15,354 sheep ; 104,899 swine ; poultry was valued at $16,529. There were pro- 
 duced 154,693 bushels of wheat; 3792 of rye; 1,406,241 of Indian corn; 6212 
 of buckwheat ; 216,385 of oats ; 728 pf barley ; 234,063 of potatoes ; 23,039 
 pounds of wool; 8706 of tobacco ; 41,450 of sugar ; 17,953 tons of hay ; 313 of 
 hemp or flax. The products of the dairy were valued at $23,609 ; of lumber at 
 $50,280 ; of skins and furs at $33,594. 
 
 Home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $25,966. The 
 total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $199,645. 
 
 The University of Iowa, at Mount Pleasant, has been chartered by the territo- 
 rial legislature, under the direction of 21 trustees ; 7 academies have been incor- 
 porated. In 1840 there was in operation one academy with 25 students. There 
 were 63 common and primary schools, with 1500 scholars. 
 
 Iowa City, the capital of the territory, is at the head of navigation on Iowa 
 river, and 70 miles from the Mississippi: population 800: houses 150. The 
 capitol is a handsome edifice built in the Doric style of architecture, 120 feet by 
 60. Burlington, the first capital of Iowa, is on the west bank of the Mississippi 
 river, 250 miles above St. Louis. The town is regularly laid out, and contains 
 several public buildings ; the stores are numerous, and the business is very con- 
 siderable. Population, 1400. Dubuque is also on the west bank of the Missis- 
 sippi, and about 180 miles higher up that stream than Burlington; it is the com- 
 mercial capital of the mining district of Iowa, and some of the finest lead mines 
 in the United States are in its vicinity. Among its churches is a Roman Catho- 
 lic cathedral of stone : there are various public buildings, and a number of stores : 
 the trade of the town is important and valuable. Population, 1300. Peru, Da- 
 venport, Bloomington, Fort Madison, Montrose, and Mount Pleasant, are the 
 other principal towns. 
 
WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 
 
 91 
 
 WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory was erected into a separate government in 1836, and for two 
 years afterwards included Iowa witiiin its limits. It stretches from the Missis- 
 sippi river on the west to Lalie Michigan on the east, and from the northern boun- 
 dary of the Union to the State of Illinois on the south. It is in length near 600 
 miles, and from 100 to 200 miles in breadth ; containing probably an area of 
 100,000 square miles. A considerable portion of this territory is still inhabited 
 by Indians. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Mississippi and its tributaries, the St. Croix Chip- 
 peway, Wisconsin, Rock river, &c. ; the St. Louis, Montreal, and other streams, 
 flowing into Lake Superior ; the Mennomonie and Fox rivers of Green Bay, and 
 others. In some parts of the territory the soil is very fertile, and produces laro-e 
 crops of the various grains common to this section of the Union. In the vicinity 
 of Lake Micliigan the water-courses, ponds, and marshes, are covered with wild 
 rice, which constitutes a considerable part of the food of the Indians. 
 
 Wisconsin is rich in minerals: lead is found in great abundance, and also 
 copper and iron. The J ead region comprises a portion of the richest lead deposits 
 in the world : it extends on the east side of the Mississippi from the Wisconsin 
 to the Rock river, and on the west it connects with the lead region of Iowa 
 Lead mining is carried on extensively, as well as that of. copper: about 6400 
 tons of lead were made here in 1840. 
 
 .Zil population, in 1840, was 30,945; of these 18,768 were white males: 
 11,992 do. females; 101 were coloured males; 84 do. females; employed in 
 agriculture, 7047; in commerce, 479; in manufactures and trades, 1814; in 
 mining, 479; in navigating lakes, rivers, canals, &c., 223 ; in the learned pro- 
 fessions, 259. ^ 
 
 There^were in the territory, in 1840, 5735 horses and mules; 30,269 neat 
 cattle; 3462 sheep; 51,383 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $16,167 
 There were produced 212,216 bushels of wheat; 1365 of rye; 379,359 of Indian 
 corn; 10,654 of buckwheat; 11,062 of barley ; 406,514 of oats; 419,608 of 
 potatoes; 6777 pounds of wool ; 135,288 of sugar. The products of the dairy 
 were valued at $35,677 ; the amount of lumber produced was $202,293 ; of skins 
 and furs $124,776. 
 
 Home-made articles amounted to $12,567; and the capital employed in manu- 
 factures to $635,926 ; 40 smelting-houses produced 15,129,350 pounds of lead. 
 
 No college has been established in Wisconsin; but 23,040 acres of land have 
 been granted for a university. The land has been advantageously located. There 
 were, in 1840, two academies, with 65 students; and 77 common and primary 
 schools, with 1937 scholars. •' 
 
 Fort ^yinnebago, a United States' garrison, stands at the portage between the 
 Wisconsin and Fox rivers ; the waters of the two streams here approach so close 
 to each other, and are so nearly on a level, that boats, in wet seasons, have been 
 floated Irom one to the other. A canal is in progress of construction for the pur- 
 pose ot connecting these rivers. In the vicinity of Green Bay are the thrivin<r 
 villages of Green Bay, Navarino, and Depere. The former has a line harbour"; 
 and IS a place of considerable business. 
 
 The principal settlements on the Mississippi, are Prairie du Chien, Cassville, 
 &c.; the former is about five miles above the mouth of the Wisconsin river- it 
 IS situated on a beautiful prairie, and has been long inhabited, mostly by French 
 traders and their descendants, half-breeds, fee. Cassville is some distance south 
 ot the Wisconsin river; Belmont, Mineral Point, and Dodgeville are at various 
 distances east of the Mississippi, and between it and Lake Michigan : thev are 
 situated in a rich mining district. 
 
 Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, is situated between the 3d and 4th lakes 
 ot the chain called the Four Lakes, and on a branch of the Rock river. It was 
 laid out in 1837, and contained, in 1840, about 70 houses and 376 inhabitants. 
 Ihe most important public building is the capital, a fine stone edifice built at the 
 expense of the General Government: it may be seen from a distance of 10 miles 
 
92 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 in every direction. Milwaukie, on the west side of Lake Michigan, is the most 
 important town in the territory ; it is a place of considerable trade, and has the 
 best harbour on the west side of the lake between Chicago and Green Bay. 
 Population, in 1842, 2800. 
 
 The aborigines in Wisconsin are the Chippeways, Mennomonies, and Stock- 
 bridge Indians : the latter, from New York, are settled in the vicinity of Green 
 Bay? Among these tribes, the American Board of Foreign Missions has a num- 
 ber of missionaries in different parts of the territory. 
 
 WESTERN OR INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 The Western or Indian Territory is the country assigned by the government 
 of the United States for the future residence of the Indians who have emigrated 
 from the eastern part of the Union. It is about 600 miles in extent from north to 
 south in the eastern, and in the western part about 300 ; and from east to west, 
 immediately beyond Arkansas, it is about 320; but, westward of the central and 
 northern parts of Missouri, it is full 600 miles in breadth. It contains an area of 
 about 240,000 square miles. 
 
 A belt of about 200 miles of this region, adjoining Arkansas and Missouri, is 
 favourable for settlement : the soil is generally fertile, and it is watered by nu- 
 merous rivers, none of which, however, are suitable for navigation. The chief 
 streams are the Red, Arkansas, Kansas, Platte, and Mississippi rivers. The 
 country, in its general character, is high and undulating, rather level than hilly. 
 
 The atmosphere is salubrious, and the climate precisely such as is desired; 
 being about the same as that inhabited by the Indians to the east of the Missis- 
 sippi. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore, and many saline springs, suitable 
 for manufacturing salt. The most serious defect is a want of timber; but it is 
 one which time will remedy, as has been demonstrated by the rapid growth of 
 timber in prairie countries which have been settled ; where the grazing of stock, 
 by diminishing the quantity of grass, renders the annual fires less destructive to 
 the growth of wood: the prairies are covered with grass, much of which is of 
 suitable length for the scythe. This country will produce, it is believed, all the 
 varieties of grain, vegetables, and agricultural products, which are raised in the 
 States of tlie same latitude east of the Mississippi. It is also admirably adapted 
 for the raising of domestic animals of every description. 
 
 At the close of the year 1844, the population of the "Western Territory amounted 
 to 94,527 Indians, three-fourths of whom have emigrated from the States east of 
 the Mississippi river. The remainder appertain to tribes long resident in this 
 region. The numbers belonging to each class and tribe respectively are as follows : 
 
 INDIGENOUS TRIBES. 
 
 Pawnees 12,500 
 
 Osases 4,112 
 
 Kansas 1,7(M) 
 
 Omalias 1,400 
 
 Otoes and Missouries 950 
 
 Puncahs 800 
 
 Q,iiapa\vs . . 400 
 
 EMIGRANT TRIBES. 
 
 iTotal 21,862 
 
 Cherokees 25 911 
 
 Creeks 24 594 
 
 Choctaws 12,410 
 
 Florida or Seminole Ind. 4,111 
 Chii)|iewap,Otta\vas, and 
 
 Poltawatomies 2,098 
 
 Delawares 1,059 
 
 Shawanees 887 
 
 Kickapoos 505 
 
 Senecas and Shawa- 
 nees 
 
 Weas 
 
 Peorias aud Kaskas- 
 kias 
 
 Senecas 
 
 Piankeshaws 
 
 211 
 170 
 
 150 
 125 
 
 98 
 
 Total 72,265 
 
 In addition to the above, there are 21,587 Indians, of various tribes, now east 
 of the Mississippi, under treaty stipulations to remove west of that stream: many 
 of them are making preparations for that purpose ; and the whole, no doubt, will 
 in a few years, be permanently settled in the territory assigned them. 
 
 The Choctaws, Creeks, and Cherokees, are the most advanced towards 
 civilization of any of the foregoing tribes. They have generally good houses, 
 well-fenced and well-tilled fields, and own horses and cattle to a considerable 
 extent • they have also native mechanics and merchants. They carry on 
 spinning and weaving, and have some saw and grist-mills and cotton-gins. They 
 have adopted an improved system of government : the Choctaws and Creeks 
 have a written constitution; and the former have introduced trial by jury. 
 
 mmttm 
 

 MISSOURI TERRITORY. 93 
 
 The country of th« Choctaws, or Choctawland, the most southern in this Terri- 
 tory, is situated between the Red river on the south, and the Canadian river and 
 the Arkansas north : it is 320 miles in length, and from 65 to 110 in breadth. It 
 is divided into three districts, each of which has its chief. 
 
 The Creek country is north of Choctawland, and west of the Neosho, a branch 
 of the Arkansas : it is about two-thirds the area of Choctawland, and extends to 
 the western boundary of the Territory. The government is administered by a 
 general council of the nation, in accordance with the provisions of a vs^ritten con- 
 stitution. The Cherokee country is north and east of the Creek ; the eastern 
 part extends to the river Arkansas, and also to the west boundary of the State of 
 Arkansas ; this tract is about the same in area as the Creek country. The 
 Cherokees manufacture salt from the springs on the Illinois and other streams, 
 and own a large number of horses and cattle. 
 
 The Osages are indigenous natives, and a portion of them have as yet made 
 but little improvement in the arts of civilization : some of them, however, parti- 
 cularly a band on the Neosho, have tolerable houses, own some cattle, and have 
 begun to use the plough. 
 
 Adjoining the south-west corner of Missouri, and extending to the Neosho, are 
 the Quapaws, the united band of Senecas and Shawanees, and the band of 
 Senecas and Mohawks. Farther north, on the head-waters of the Osage river, 
 are the small bands of Piankeshaws, Weas, Kaskias, and Ottawas ; all of these 
 have made some progress towards civilization. 
 
 On the south bank of the Kansas river, and adjoining the State of Missouri, 
 are the Shawanees ; they are among the most improved of the Indian tribes. On 
 the opposite side of the river are the Delawares, whose condition is similar to 
 that of the Shawanees. The Kansas, an indigenous tribe, inhabit both sides of 
 the Kansas river : they live principally by the chase. The Kickapoos reside on 
 the Missouri, north of the Delaware country. 
 
 The Otoes, between the Platte and the Little Nemahaw ; the Omahas, between 
 the Platte and the Missouri, the Puncahs, further north-west, and the Pawnees, 
 on the northern side of the Platte, further west, are indigenous tribes, who retain 
 their original barbarous liabits of life, with little or no change. 
 
 MISSOURI TERRITORY. 
 
 Missouri Territory extends from north to south about 520, and from east to west 
 600 miles, and contains an area of probably 300,000 square miles ; it is bounded 
 on the north by the British possessions, south by the Western or Indian Territory, 
 east by Iowa, and west by Oregon. 
 
 It is a vast wilderness, thinly inhabited only by different tribes of Indians, 
 many of whom appear to have no fixed residence, but follow the migrations of 
 the game from place to place. 
 
 The greater part of this region has been but partially explored. It consists of 
 vast prairies, fiinged along the lower courses of the rivers with patches of wood 
 land. A large portion of it may be likened to the great steppes of Central Asia. 
 There is, however, in the most sterile parts a thin sward of grass and herbage : 
 droves of buffalo, elk, and deer, range upon these vast prairies. They will, per- 
 haps, at some future period, be replaced by herds of domestic cattle, and flocks 
 of sheep, followed by moving bands of shepherds. 
 
 West of these plains, the Rocky Mountains rise up abruptly, presenting a steep 
 front with frowsing rocky precipices, and having their summits covered with 
 perpetual snow. The only elevation in the great plain, which stretches from 
 the Missouri river to the Rocky Mountains, is the Black Hills, a spur of the 
 former range, extending to the north-east about 400 miles, and separating the east- 
 ern tributaries of the Yellow-Stone from those that run westward into the Missouri. 
 
 The Missouri is the principal stream, which, with its tributaries, drains the 
 whole of this region. The Yellow-Stone is the largest of its upper tributaries; 
 it rises near the South Pass, and flowing generally a north-east course enters the 
 Missouri, upwards of 3000 miles froin tfie ocean. Those tributaries entering on 
 
94 UNITED STATES. 
 
 the west side of the Missouri, are the Cannonball, Weterhoo, Shienne, Running 
 Water river, and others. 
 
 Our knowledge of this country is mostly derived from the accounts of Messrs. 
 Lewis and Clark; in their journey to the Pacific Ocean, these enterprising tra- 
 vellers passed their first winter at the Mandan towns, 1600 miles above St. Louis, 
 from November, 1804, until the following April. 
 
 The Great Falls of the Missouri consist of a succession of cataracts, the whole 
 descent of which is 350 feet. In one instance the entire body of the river falls 
 in a perpendicular sheet to the depth of 87 feet. The place where the Missouri 
 passes from the mountains, called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains, displays a 
 stupendous work of nature. The river is compressed to the width of 450 feet, 
 between perpendicular rocks 1200 feet in height; for three miles there is but one 
 spot where a man can find footing between the water and the mountainous preci- 
 pices. About 100 miles below the great falls in the Missouri there are immense 
 piles of rock, 300 feet in height, presenting the appearance of an artificial wall ; 
 they are nearly perpendicular, and the beholder can discern amid the various 
 forms which they exhibit, the shapes of ruined castles and other edifices. 
 
 The principal tribes are the Pawnees and Ricarees, Black Feet, &c. ; most of 
 whom are nomadic in their habits, and roam from place to place in quest of buffalo 
 and other game. 
 
 OREGON TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory extends westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 
 Ocean, and from 42° to 54° 40' N. latitude. On the north and on the east, as far 
 south as the 49°, it is bounded by British America, and southward of the 49° on 
 the east by Missouri Territory; south by Mexico, and west by the Pacific Ocean : 
 it is in length about 880 miles, with an average breadth of 550 ; area about 450,000 
 square miles. 
 
 Much of the surface of the country is broken and mountainous ; on its eastern 
 boundary it is traversed by the Rocky Mountains, many of the peaks of which 
 are estimated at from 12,000 to 18,000 feet in height. Westward of these moun- 
 tains the country is divided into three belts or sections, separated from each 
 other by ranges of mountains running very nearly parallel with the shores of the 
 Pacific Ocean. The first range, which is about 250 miles westward of the Rocky 
 Mountains, is the Blue Mountain range. The second, which is 200 miles farther 
 west, and from 80 to 1 10 miles from the coast, is the Cascade or President Range ; 
 its highest peaks are Mount Jefferson, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helen's, Mount 
 Rainier, and Mount Baker ; some of these are from 12,000 to 14,000 feet in height 
 above the sea. 
 
 The region lying between the Rocky and the Blue mountains is rocky, broken 
 and barren ; stupendous mountainous spurs traverse it in all difections, affording 
 but little level ground, and in its most elevated parts snow lies nearly all the 
 year. It rarely rains here, and no dew falls. The second or middle section con- 
 sists, for the most part, of a light sandy soil, in the valleys a rich alluvion, and 
 barren on the hills. The third section, which lies along the coast, is well adapted 
 for agriculture ; most parts of it are well timbered with fir, pine, spruce, oak, 
 poplar, maple, &c. Near the coast the firs grow to an amazing size, trees from 
 200 to 280 feet in height, and from 20 to 40 feet in circumference, are not uncom- 
 mon; and a tree 300 feet high, 216 feet from the ground to its lowest limbs, and 
 57 feet in circumference, grew some years since near Astoria. This section of the 
 territory is also well adapted for the raising of cattle; they subsist in good condi- 
 tion on the green and dried grass, which is abundant throughout the year. 
 
 The climate on the coast of the Pacific is believed to be milder than on the 
 same parallels of latitude on the Atlantic. When Lewis and Clark left this 
 country in March, the prairies were in blossom, and the forwardness of the sea- 
 son seems to have corresponded with that of North Carolina at the same period. 
 
 The chief rivers of Oregon are the Columbia and its branches. This noble 
 
 L 
 
OREGON TERRITORY. 95 
 
 stream has its head waters near those of the Missouri, and collects its tribute for 
 a wide extent along the western dividing ridges of the Rocky Mountains ; its 
 principal tributaries are Lewis' or Saptin, Clark's or Flathead, Kootanie or Flat- 
 bow, Okonagan, John Day's, Chutes or Falls, and Willamette rivers ; the valley 
 of the last contains perhaps the best land in Oregon, and produces wheat of the 
 first quality ; it has, for some time past, attracted the notice of emigrants. The 
 Columbia is navigable from the falls where it breaks through the Cascade range 
 of mountains to the ocean, for vessels drawing 12 feet water, at its lowest stage, 
 though it is obstructed by numerous sand-bars. The river increases in width, 
 in the last twenty miles of its course, and, where it enters the ocean, is seven miles. 
 A sand-bar extends from Point Adams to Cape Disappointment, which renders 
 its entrance often dangerous. In the year 1841, the U. S. sloop of war Pea- 
 cock, belonging to the exploring expedition, was wrecked here. The salmon of 
 the Columbia and its tributaries, of which there are several varieties, are very 
 fine ; they constitute a large portion of the food of the natives. 
 
 The only other river of any note is Frazer's, or Tacoutchee Tesse, which flows 
 from the Rocky Mountains into the Gulf of Georgia. It has a course of about 
 700 miles. Its chief tributaries are Thompson's and Stuart's rivers ; on these 
 streams the Hudson's Bay Company has several trading-houses or forts. South 
 of the Columbia are the Umpqua and Klamet rivers, which flow into the Pacific 
 Ocean ; the latter has a course of about 300 miles. 
 
 Of the lakes in Oregon, those connected with the Columbia river, and its 
 branches, are the Flathead, KuUuspelm, Flatbow, and Okonagan. The prin- 
 cipal of those which unite with Frazer's river are Stuart's, Quaw, St. Francois, 
 Quesnell's, Kamloops, and Soushwap. 
 
 The principal islands are Vancouver's, and Washington, or Queen Charlotte's. 
 The former is a large island, being near 300 miles in length, and from 40 to 75 
 miles wide; it is separated, on the south, by the Strait of Juan de Fuca; and, on 
 the west, by the Gulf of Georgia. From the straits before-mentioned to the 
 northern extremity of the territory, the coast is indented with innumerable bays 
 and inlets, which form a multitude of small islands. 
 
 Many parts of Oregon are well adapted for agricultural purposes. At some 
 of the trading establishments of the Hudson's Bay Company, extensive farms 
 are in successful operation. At Forts Vancouver, Colville, and Nisqually, wheat, 
 barley, and potatoes of excellent quality are raised in abundance. The farm at 
 Vancouver is 9 miles square : there are here 3000 head of cattle, 2500 sheep, and 
 300 brood mares; 100 cows are milked daily. 
 
 The coasts of Oregon Territory were first explored by the Spaniards, who, 
 however, did not penetrate into the interior. In 1792, Captain Gray, of the ship 
 Columbia, at Boston, entered the great river of this region; and, from him, it 
 received the name of his ship. The celebrated navigator. Captain Vancouver, 
 was then at Nootka Sound, and the discovery being very frankly and fortunately 
 communicated to him, he sent one of his principal officers to examine the channel, 
 and, in his narrative, admits the fact ; thus placing the right of prior discovery in 
 the United States, beyond dispute, on British evidence. In 1805 Messrs, Lewis 
 and Clark were sent out by the United States government, for the express pur- 
 pose of exploring this country. They navigated the Missouri to its source, and 
 crossing the Rocky Mountains, descended the Columbia river to the Pacific, 
 and spent the winter on its shores ; they returned by the same river to the moun- 
 tains, and most of the exact information that we have of the country is from them. 
 
 To this region, therefore, the United States have acquired an undoubted title 
 by the discovery of the principal river, and by an interior exploration, as well as 
 by the Louisiana treaty. It is, however, contested by Great Britain, who claims, 
 not that the title is in her, but that the region is unappropriated, and open to the 
 first comer. By a convention concluded in 1818, to last 12 years, it was agreed 
 between the United States and Great Britain, that neither government should 
 take possession of it, or occupy it, to the exclusion of the other, during the pe- 
 riod of the convention, which either party might renounce upon giving twelve 
 months' notice. In 1827 this convention was renewed indefinitely, or to cease at 
 the option of the contracting parties. 
 
 20* 2E 
 
96 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Several attempts were made, by different individuals from the United States, 
 to settle in this territory. In 1808 the Missouri Fur Company established a 
 trading-house on Lewis's river, the first ever formed on any of the waters of the 
 Colunibia. In 1810 the Pacific Fur Company, under John J. Astor, of New York, 
 was formed; and in 1811 Astoria was established at the mouth of Columbia 
 river. In consequence of the exposure of this post, by the last war with Great 
 Britain, it was sold to the Hudson Bay Company; but was restored to its origi- 
 nal proprietors, by order of the British government, at the close of the war, agree- 
 ably to the first articles of the treaty of Ghent. "Within the last few years, many 
 emigrants from the United States have taken up their residence in this region. 
 
 Oregon city, a town of 200 or 300 inhabitants, chiefly Americans, is laid out 
 at the Falls of Willamette; it contains already several stores and mills, and it 
 is proposed to construct a canal around the Falls. A government and legislature 
 have been organized by the settlers in the vicinity, and suitable measures adopted 
 for a permanent settlement. 
 
 The question of settling Oregon Territory, and organizing a government for 
 the security of the inhabitants, has been more than once debated in congress. 
 Were such settlement authorized, and rendered secure by the requisite military 
 establishments, there can be no doubt that it would immediately receive large 
 accessions of settlers; and in the Sessions of 1844, '45, a bill passed the House 
 of Representatives for that purpose ; but further action in the matter was deferred, 
 until the twelve months' notice of an intention to take possession of the territory 
 is given to Great Britain, according to the terms of the treaty. 
 
 On the coast of this territory, north of Columbia river, are the countries, denomi- 
 nated by British navigators, New Georgia and New Hanover ; and immediately 
 north of the northern head-waters of the Columbia, and west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, is New Caledonia; the climate of which is severe in winter, and hot in 
 summer. The soil is poor, but the fur-bearing animals are numerous; 
 
 On Frazer's river are the Takali or Carriers, and the Atnahs or Soushwaps 
 On the Columbia, and its tributaries, are the Kootanies, Flatheads, Wallawallas, 
 Nezperces, Shoshones or Snakes, and Boonacks. Along the coast, and in its 
 li vicinity, are the Clalams, Chickelees, Nisquallis, Cowlitz, Chinnook, Calla- 
 puya, Umpqua, Klamet, and Shaste Indians. The rest of the population con- 
 sists of American emigrants, perhaps 2500 or 3000 in number ; Canadian and 
 half-breeds 800 or 1000, besides the officers and servants of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. The Indians in the territory are estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000, 
 in number. 
 
 On Frazer's river, and its tributaries, are Forts Langley, Thompson, Alexan- 
 dria, and George; and there are others in different parts of the country. At Fort 
 Vancouver, on the Columbia, there is a village of 300 or 400 inhabitants; these 
 comprise the labourers and servants attached to the fort, with their Indian wives 
 and slaves. From this place a direct trade is carried on with the Sandwich 
 Islands and Great Britain, which employs several vessels. A small steam-boat 
 plies on the river and along the coast, between the different trading posts. 
 
 The first emigration from the Atlantic States, for the purpose of occupying any 
 part of Oregon Territory, was made in 1832 ; since that period, the number of 
 annual emigrants has considerably increased. The exploration of the South Pass, 
 by Lieutenant Fremont, of the U. S. army, has rendered the business of crossing 
 the mountains comparatively safe and easy. This pass is in 40° 30' north lati- 
 tude, at the head of the Sweet Water branch of Platte river; it is of smooth and 
 easy ascent and descent, and can be travelled in wagons without any difficulty. 
 Emigrants from the United States generally unite for the sake of mutual safety 
 against the Indians, in considerable parties, with horses and light wagons; they 
 proceed from Independence, or some other town in western Missouri, in a north- 
 western direction, to the Platte or Nebraska river, ascending that stream by its 
 north branch and the Sweet Water river. They cross the mountains by the South 
 Pass, to Lewis's river; thence they proceed to Fort Wallawalla; then down the 
 banks of the Columbia to Willamette. The distance from Independence is be- 
 tween 1700 and 1800 miles, and may be accomplished, by moderate travelling, 
 in about 18 or 20 weeks. 
 
 
TEXAS. 97 
 
 STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 The late Republic of Texas formed, from the year 1836 until 1845, an inde- 
 pendent State ; but it is now annexed to the United States. Previous to the first 
 mentioned period, it comprised an integral portion of Mexico, and formed in con- 
 junction with Cohahuila, one of the States of that confederacy. 
 
 It extends north and south from the Arkansas and Red rivers to the Gulf of 
 Mexico ; and east and west from the Sabine to the Rio del Norte ; area of Texas 
 as defined by an act of her Congress, 324,018 square miles, or about seven times 
 the surface of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Texas possesses a soil of great fertility, and a geographical position highly 
 favourable to commercial intercourse with the United States, as well as with other 
 parts of the world. The sea-coast is 400 miles in length, and affords by means 
 of its numerous rivers, communication at a number of points with the Gulf of 
 Mexico. The face of the country is generally level, and a great portion of it 
 consists of immense- prairies, the soil of which is a deep black mould mixed with 
 sand ; the bottom lands on many of the rivers are of a rich red texture of great 
 depth, and well timbered with cotton-wood, walnut, cedar, &c. 
 
 The country along the coast is low, but free from swamps and composed of 
 good arable prairie, interspersed with well-wooded river bottoms, and fine pasture 
 lands. Until the late emigrations from the United States, this section was filled 
 with immense droves of mustangs, or wild horses and wild cattle ; but their 
 numbers are now considerably lessened. In the south-west the country is elevated, 
 being traversed by a range of mountains extending northward from the head waters 
 of the Nueces, and westward of the sources of the Brazos, Colorado, &,c. To 
 the west and north are vast prairies, in which immense herds of buffalo supply 
 the mounted Comanches with abundance of game. In the north-east, the country 
 is more undulating and better wooded. 
 
 The climate of Texas is mild and agreeable ; and, as the country is free from 
 swamps, and as the wooded tracts are quite open and destitute of underwood, is 
 more healthful than the corresponding sections of the United States. The seasons 
 are two; the dry, from April to September; and the wet, which prevails during 
 the rest of the year : the cold is pretty severe for a short time in December and 
 January. 
 
 The rivers are numerous, but none are of much importance for navigation, being 
 in the dry season extremely low, and during the floods a good deal impeded with 
 floating timber. The Rio del Norte, which forms the western boundary of Texas, 
 is the largest river; it has a course of from 1500 to 1800 miles; it is much im- 
 peded by rapids, and can be forded in nearly all parts of its course, except for a 
 distance of about 200 miles from its mouth. The Sabine, Neches, and Trinity 
 rivers are respectively 350, 300, and 410 miles in length; they are all navigable 
 to a certain extent during a part of the year. The river Brazos is considered the 
 best navigable stream in Texas; vessels drawing six feet water can ascend it to 
 Brazoria ; and steamboats of light draught to San Felipe de Austin, 90 miles 
 higher. The Rio Colorado rises in the high prairies east of the Puerco river ; 
 and, after a course of 500 miles, flows into Matagorda bay. About 12 miles above 
 its mouth the navigation is obstructed by a raft of a mile in extent : beyond this 
 light vessels may ascend it 200 miles. The La Baca, Guadaloupe, San Antonio, 
 and river Nueces, are more or less navigable part of the year; they are, however, 
 but imperfectly known. 
 
 The surface of Texas is in most parts covered with luxuriant native grasses, 
 affording excellent pasturage ; it has also an ample supply of timber. Live oak 
 is abundant, white, black, and post oak, ash, elm, hickory, musquite, walnut, 
 sycamore hois d'arc, so called from the Indians using it to make their bows, 
 cypress, &c., are among the common trees, and the mountainous parts in the south- 
 east abound with pine and cedar of fine quality. Among the natural curiosities 
 of the country, is the "Cross Timbers," a continuous series of forests, varying 
 in breadth from 5 to 10 miles, and extending in a direct line from the sources of 
 
 ' 38 
 
98 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 the Trinity, northward to the Arkansas river. It appears at a distance like an 
 immense wall of wood ; and from the west such is its linear regularity, that it 
 looks as if it were planted by art. It forms the great boundary of the western 
 prairies. 
 
 Texas is amply supplied with fruits and garden products. The climate of the 
 lowlands is too warm for the apple, but almost every other fruit of temperate 
 climes comes to perfection. Peaches, melons, figs, oranges, lemons, pine-apples, 
 dates, olives, &c., may be grown in different localities. Grapes are abundant, 
 and very tolerable wine has been made from some kinds ; vanilla, indigo, sarsa- 
 parilla, and a great variety of dyeing and medicinal shrubs and plants are indige- 
 nous, and on all the river bottoms is an undergrowth of cane, so thick as to be 
 almost impervious. Along the water-courses also and near the sea, the larger 
 trees are sometimes wreathed with Spanish moss, which serves both for fodder, 
 and for the manufacture of cheap bedding, &c. The flora of Texas is particularly 
 rich and copious. 
 
 Cotton is the great agricultural staple of the state, and it is affirmed to be de- 
 cidedly superior as a cotton growing country, to the best districts in other parts of 
 the Union. Some cotton growing lands yield, it is said, from 1^ to 2 bales of 
 clean cotton per acre. Its cultivation hitherto has been principally on the Brazos 
 and Colorado, Red and Trinity rivers, and Caney creek ; but it is steadily on the 
 advance. Cotton planting begins in February, and picking in June. 
 
 The grains chiefly cultivated are corn and wheat: the average crop of the former 
 on good ground, is from 50 to 60 bushels per acre : two crops may be gathered in 
 the year, the first being usually planted in February, and the second late in June. 
 Wheat has been cut in May, and the same land has yielded a good crop of corn 
 in October; rye, barley, oats, &c., are suited for the upper country, and rice near 
 the river estuaries ; but small quantities only of these grains have hitherto been 
 raised. The sugar-cane is also said to attain to greater perfection than on the 
 Mississippi, and an average of 3000 pounds to the acre has in some cases been 
 attained. Tobacco, the mulberry tree, and potatoes, both common and sweet, 
 grow well. 
 
 The raising of live stock is the principal and favourite occupation of the Texans, 
 and many of the prairies are covered with a valuable breed of oxen, which thrive 
 well with but little attention. Profitable trade in cattle is opened with New 
 Orleans, and hides, horns, and tallow, are beginning to be exported to Europe. 
 The rearing of horses and mules is also extensively pursued ; sheep thrive on 
 the upper lands, but require folding ; hogs are plentiful, and large quantities of 
 pork are raised. Vast herds of buffaloes and wild horses wander over the prairies, 
 and deer are every where abundant ; bears, cougars, panthers, peccaries, wolves, 
 foxes, raccoons, &c., are common, and many of the planters keep packs of large 
 and powerful dogs to prevent the destruction of their herds and flocks. Most of 
 the birds known in the other parts of the United States are common to Texas ; and 
 the bays, &c., abound in fish of excellent quality, beds of fine oysters, and other 
 teslacea. Alligators are sometimes met with in the rivers, particularly Red river 
 and its tributaries; turtles, &c., in the estuaries. There are several kinds of 
 venomous serpents, and as in all other warm countries, musquitoes and other 
 insect annoyances are common. 
 
 The modes of husbandry in Texas are of the most simple description. The 
 first object of the farmer after building a small and temporary log-cabin, is to 
 enclose a sufficient space of the open level adjoining, by the erection of a rail- 
 fence; he then proceeds to break up the land with a light plough, which is usually 
 drawn by oxen. The Texan farmers generally content themselves with one 
 ploughing previously to planting; manuring is seldom resorted to; the seed time 
 for some cotton and most other crops is in February and March : a few hoeings 
 to destroy weeds, to thin and earth up the young plants, is all that is required on 
 the part of the husbandman to bring them to perfection. 
 
 In many parts of the rolling prairie region, coal of a superior quality and iron 
 ore have been found, and it has been supposed that beds of these valuable mine- 
 rals extend over a great part of the country. Silver mines were wrought towards 
 
 Santa Fe in the north-west, till the works were destroyed by the Comanches. 
 
TEXAS. 99 
 
 Nitre abounds in the east, salt is obtained from numerous lakes and springs, and 
 bitumen in several places ; granite, limestone, gypsum, slate, &c., are abundant, 
 except in the low alluvial region. 
 
 The principal towns in Texas are Galveston, Houston, San Augustin, San 
 Felipe, Nacogdoches, &c. Galveston, on the island of the same name, is the 
 chief commercial town : its trade with New Orleans, New York, and other east- 
 ern ports is already considerable, as well as with Great Britain. The population 
 of Galveston is from 5000 to 7000 ; Houston is the next important town, and has 
 4500 inhabitants. San Augustine and San Antonio, or Bexar, have each a popu- 
 lation of 1500; San Felipe, or San Felipe de Austin, 1000; Nacogdoches 600; 
 Washington, Bastrop and Matagorda, each 400 ; Columbia 350. The towns of 
 La Grange, Brazoria, Cincinnati, Franklin, Liberty, Shelbyville and Jasper, 
 range in amount from 250 to 150 individuals; Santa Fe, with 6000 inhabitants, 
 is the chief town in New Mexico : though within the bounds assumed by the Re- 
 public of Texas, the latter never acquired possession of that part of the country. 
 This town has been, since 1825, the chief emporium of Northern Mexico, and 
 in it the traders of that country meet those of the United States ; the former pur- 
 chasing the manufactures brought by the latter with peltry and bullion, so that a 
 considerable amount of specie reaches the United States by this route. The 
 annual value of the trade at Santa Fe has been estimated, in its most flourishino- 
 period, from 1834 to 1841, at from 2 million to 3 million dollars since the las^t 
 named period ; the trade was suspended for a time by the Mexican authorities, 
 but is now reviving. Most of the goods for their trade are procured in Philadel- 
 phia ; they are then transported by railway and canal to Pittsburg, tbenee shipped 
 to St. Louis, and thence to a point on the Missouri river, in the vicinity of Inde- 
 pendence : from the latter town they are taken in wagons 840 miles, to their place 
 of destination. Part of the route is through a country so infested by hostile In- 
 dians, that the United States government have usually sent au escort of cavalry 
 with the larger caravans, and in 1839, 200 troops were sent for the protection of 
 one body of traders. Austin, a small town of 400 inhabitants, was some years 
 since laid out as the capital : it is on the left bank of the Colorado river, 200 
 miles from the sea; but the seat of government was for a time recently located at 
 Washington, on the Brazos. 
 
 Previous to 1821, the only places occupied by a white population were the 
 Spanish posts of San Antonio de Bexar, Bahia, or Goliad, and Nacogdoches, 
 comprising in all about 3000 inhabitants. Soon after that time, an attempt was 
 made to establish here the independent republic of Fredonia; but the Mexican 
 constitution attached the territory to the province of Cohahuila, forming one of 
 the united provinces a State, bearing the names of both. In consequence of the 
 encouragement held out to settlers, there was a great influx of emigrants into the 
 territory from the United States, many of whom carried with them their slaves. 
 In 1832, the people of Texas formed for themselves a separate State constitution, 
 and endeavoured to obtain from the Mexican Congress an admission into the con- 
 federacy as an independent State. This being refused, a state of things ensued 
 which resulted in an appeal to arms. Texas was invaded by a Mexican army, 
 headed by Santa Anna, the President, in person. At first the overwhelmino- 
 numerical superiority of the invaders gave them some advantages, which enabled 
 thern to exhibit a remarkable ferocity towards their prisoners, several hundreds 
 of whom were massacred in cold blood. But this was soon reversed ; and at the 
 battle of San Jacinto the Mexicans were utterly routed, and their President was 
 taken prisoner by the Texans. In March, 1836, the people of Texas declared 
 themselves independent, afterwards formed a constitution and government, and 
 elected a chief magistrate, together with all the requisite officials and appoint- 
 ments of a sovereign and independent power. Texas is divided into three great 
 departments, viz. Nacogdoches in the north, Brazos in the centre, and Bexar in 
 the south. Each department comprises a number of counties. The State is far- 
 ther subdivided into seven judicial districts, in each of which is a judge. The 
 judges are appointed by Congress, and hold ofhce for four years. The salary of 
 the chief justice is 5000 dollars, and of the district judges 3000 dollars each. The 
 Supreme Court sits at Austin on the second Monday in each year. The Common 
 
100 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Law of England was adopted, and with the Acts of Congress forms the law of 
 
 the land. 
 
 Texas was an integral, and not like the United States, a federal republic. The 
 President was elected for three years, and was not again eligible for a similar 
 term. In other respects the constitution generally resembled that of the United 
 States. The republic was recognized by the United States, France, England, 
 and some other nations ; but not by Mexico. The population amounts to about 
 300,000, nearly all of which consists of Americans from the United States. The 
 slaves amounted, in 1843, to 22,412. The military force was composed chiefly 
 of volunteer troops and militia ; the navy consisted of a sloop of war, two brigs, 
 and an armed steamer, several schooners, &c. The value of the imports of Texas 
 for the year ending July 3 1st, 1844, was $686,503 03. Exports for the same 
 period, $615,119 34; Net duties, $177,86185. Direct taxes levied in 1844, 
 $50,790 52; the public debt is reported (but not officially) at $8,169,000. The 
 number of votes given at the election for President in 1844 was 12,752. 
 
 The annexation of Texas to the United States, has been for some time a popular 
 measure in both countries ; it has been strongly advocated by many of the most 
 eminent men in the Union, as a desirable addition to our territory, and as affording 
 the means of extending our laws and institutions over a part of the continent that 
 would, under its former apathetic possessors, have long remained a comparative 
 wilderness, with few inhabitants except Indians. During the session of 1844, 
 '45, a bill passed both Houses of Congress of the United States, providing for 
 immediate annexation. The government of Texas was somewhat tardy on the 
 subject; but the inhabitants evinced such strong feelings in its favour, that the 
 constituted authorities were at length obliged to perfect the measure. On the 18th 
 of June, 1845, the Texan congress were then in session at Washington, on the 
 Brazos river, when both houses unanimously consented to the terms of the joint 
 resolution of the United States, providing for the admission of Texas as one of 
 the States of the American Union. A convention of delegates of the people of 
 Texas met July 6th, 1845, and ratified the act finally ceding the Republic to the 
 United States. In the United States Congress, assembled at Washington city, 
 December, 1845, a constitution for the government of Texas was submitted, and 
 adopted by a vote of 141 to 56 in the House of Representatives, and 31 to 15 in 
 the Senate. By the same resolution it was decided, that Texas should be entitled 
 to two members of the House of Representatives until the next census of the 
 United States. Of course, Texas has two Senators also in the national councils. 
 President Polk, in his annual message, thus alludes to the subject of annexation. 
 "The jurisdiction of the United Stales has been peacefully extended to the Del 
 Norte, and this in despite of the diplomatic interference of European monarchies." 
 " We may rejoice," says he further, " that the tranquil and pervading influence 
 of the American principle of self-government, was sufficient to defeat the pur- 
 poses of British and French interference, and that the almost unanimous voice of 
 the people of Texas, has given to that interference a peaceful and effectual rebuke. 
 From this example, European governments may learn how vain diplomatic arts 
 and intrigues must ever prove upon this continent, against that system of self- 
 government which seems natural to our soil, and which will ever resist foreign 
 interference." 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 California is one of the chief divisions of the Mexican Republic, and forms 
 
 the most north-westerly portion of its territory : it is an extensive region, and 
 
 stretches along the shores of the Pacific Ocean, from latitude 22° 31', to 42° north, 
 
 a distance of 1420 miles. It is divided into two provinces, Upper or New, and 
 
 i Lower or Old California : the former is the most northerly. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 101 
 
 Old or LoweIi Califorma — This district is a narrow peninsula, parallel with 
 the continent : it is bounded on the west by the Pacific ocean, and on the east by 
 the Gulf of California, or Vermillion sea. In length it is about 720 miles, with 
 an average breadth of 50 miles, area 30,000 square miles. It enjoys the most 
 beautiful sky in the world ; but the soil is sandy and arid, and only a few favoured 
 spots present a trace of vegetation. There are about 7000 Spaniards and con- 
 verted Indians, and 4000 savages ; and it is not supposed that the population can 
 ever be much greater. The missions have been mostly broken up since the revo- 
 lution. Loreto, once a place of some note, now contains about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 This part of America has been long noted for its pearl fisheries ; it is still 
 carried on along the coast, but is less important than it was formerly. Sixteen 
 or eighteen small vessels are all that are now employed, each of which, in favour- 
 able seasons, obtains pearls to the value of from 500 to 1000 dollars. Pearls, 
 tortoise shells, a few bullocks' hides, dried beef, dried fruits, cheese, soap, &c., 
 constitute all the exports of Lower California, which are sent chiefly to San Bias 
 and Matzalan, in small coasting vessels. The imports are provisions, clothing, 
 agricultural and domestic utensils, supplies for the ceremonies of the church, an°d 
 a small amount of the ordinary luxuries of life. 
 
 This country was discovered by Hernando de Grijalvo, in 1534, but no settle- 
 ment was made by the Spaniards, until the end of the succeeding century, vi-hen 
 a few Jesuits established themselves here with a view of converting the natives. 
 They founded Loreto and other small settlements as missionary stations, instructed 
 the Indians in agriculture, and persuaded many of them to adopt settled habita- 
 tions ; but this civilization has taken no real root, and the Aborigines appear to 
 be rapidly diminishing : about one-half the natives of Lower California have 
 been nominally converted to Christianity. 
 
 Upper California. — This part of Mexico was declared independent in 1845, 
 It has of late attracted much attention in the United States; a number of Ame- 
 rican citizens are already settled in it, and many others are preparing to emigrate 
 thither. It extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Anahuac mountains, and from 
 the 42° of N. lat. to the head of the Gulf of California. On the north it is 
 bounded by Oregon, on the south by Old California and the province of Sonora. 
 Its extent from north to south is about 700, and from east to west from 600 to 800 
 miles, with an area of about 420,000 square miles. 
 
 The largest river of Upper California is the Colorado or Red river, so called 
 from the colour of its waters; it has a course of about 1000 miles. The region 
 through which it flows is almost unknown, being still in possession of the native 
 tribes, and has been but little explored. Green and Grand rivers, its largest upper 
 tributaries, both rise within the United States, the first at the foot of Fremont's, 
 and the other at the western base of Long's Peak. Its lower and largest branch, 
 the Gila, is a considerable river. The country both north and south of it, for 
 some distance, is inhabited by numerous Indian tribes, of which but little is known 
 except their names. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, which flow into San 
 Francisco bay, have respectively about 400 and 300 miles of course. They water 
 the fine valley which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range Mountains, 
 Their banks are nearly uninhabited, except by some Indians, and a few American 
 families on the Sacramento, who have recently removed thither. The Tule or 
 Bulrush lakes join the head waters of the San Joaquin; and Mountain lake, dis- 
 covered by Captain Fremont, joins the Rio de los Americanos, a branch of the 
 Sacramento. The Buenaventura river flows into the sea at Monterey. The other 
 streams along the Pacific are small; they are sometimes dried up, and a want of 
 water is occasionally felt in various quarters below the coast range. Bear river 
 runs into the great Salt Lake; Sevier river, a recent discovery, rises on the west 
 side of the Wahsatch mountains, and flows most probably into the Colorado. 
 
 Of the lakes of Upper California, the great Salt Lake, near its north-eastern 
 extremity ,s the largest. It is probably not less than 280 miles in circuit, and 
 has no Known outlet ; its waters are Salter than those of the ocean. The Utah, 
 a smaller and fresh-vi-ater lake, flows into the former from the south : its name is 
 derived from the adjacent Utah Indians. These two lakes are doubtless the Tim- 
 panogos and Buenaventura lakes of the old Spanish maps, but they are now for 
 
102 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the first time correctly portrayed by Captain Fremont, on the map of his late ex- 
 ploration. Mountain, Pyramid, and Mud lakes, are recent discoveries by Captain 
 Fremont, and are all imbedded amongst the ridges of the Sierra Nevada. From 
 the surface of Pyramid lake, a remarkable rock, nearly as regular in form as the 
 famed pyramids of Egypt, rises to the height of 600 feet; it is visible many miles 
 distant, and from it the lake received its name. The Tule lakes, already men- 
 tioned, are so called from the quantities of bulrushes which grow on their banks. 
 They are two in number ; the lower lake, much the largest, is supposed to be 
 about 80 miles long, and from 12 to 15 broad. These lakes are formed by the 
 mountain streams of the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range ; when their waters 
 are abundant they flow into the San Joaquin, but at other times there is no 
 connection. 
 
 The chief mountains of Upper California on the eastern frontier are the Sierra 
 Anahuac, the Sierra los Mimbres, and the Sierra Madre. These all form a con- 
 tinuous chain, and are a part of the great Rocky Mountain range. They separate 
 the waters of the Colorado, from those of the Rio Grande del Norte. The Bear 
 river and Wahsatch mountains were recently explored by Captain Fremont ; 
 they are both of considerable elevation, and form the eastern rim of the Great 
 Interior Basin. The Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range run nearly in the direc- 
 tion of the coast; the first at a distance from the Pacific, varying from 100 to 200 
 miles, and the other at from 40 to 60 miles. The valley interposed between them 
 is the finest part of California ; it is not less than 500 miles in length, and from 
 60 to 140 wide. The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of California, is reported 
 by Captain Fremont to be of greater height than the Rocky Mountains, and to be 
 all the time covered with snow. The pass by which that intrepid officer crossed 
 the Sierra was 9,338 feet above the sea, and the mountains on either hand rose 
 several thousand feet higher. The Coast Range is of less elevation than the 
 Sierra Nevada ; some of its peaks are, however, covered with snow. San Ber- 
 nardin and Mount Shaste are tlie highest. 
 
 Nearly the whole of the central part of this region, extending from 400 to 500 
 miles from north to south, and about the same from east to west, is unexplored. 
 It is called the " Great Interior Basin of California," and is enclosed on the west 
 by the Sierra Nevada, and on the east by the Bear river and the Wahsatch moun- 
 tains. It is generally represented as a sandy desert, but it is known to contain 
 in some quarters various rivers and lakes, none of whose waters reach the ocean. 
 The mountains by which the whole is surrounded prevent their egress, and the 
 surplus is no doubt absorbed by evaporation, or lost in the sands of the more arid 
 districts. The population consists of a few wandering savages, who live chiefly 
 on insects and seeds, and on the roots which they dig out of the earth ; hence 
 their name of "Diggers." The rabbit is the largest animal known here; it sup- 
 plies a little flesh, and its skin furnishes the scanty raiment of the almost naked 
 inhabitants. The wild sage is the only wood ; it grows of large size, being often 
 a foot in diameter and from six to eight feet high. It serves for fuel, for building 
 material, for shelter to the rabbits, and for some sort of covering for the feet and 
 legs in cold weather. 
 
 The Pah-Utah Indians, whom Captain Fremont encountered on the southern 
 edge of the Great Basin, are a race of nearly naked savages, armed with long 
 bows and arrows ; the latter are barbed with a kind of stone almost as hard as 
 the diamond, and, when discharged from their powerful bows, are almost as 
 effective as a gunshot. They followed his party stealthily like a band of wolves, 
 and at length killed one of his best men and stole several of his animals. In 
 their depredations on the coast settlements, and on travellers, all the horses, mules, 
 &c., that they capture, are immediately driven oflT to their retreats in the moun- 
 tains, and slaughtered for food. 
 
 The Utah Indians, who reside in the vicinity of the Great Salt la^^e, and along 
 the head waters of the Colorado, are less savage in their habits, having had some 
 intercourse with the traders, and with the people of New Mexico. Many of them 
 are well mounted, and have good rifles ; they also commit depredations at times 
 on the whites, and especially on the annual caravan that passes along the great 
 Spanish trace from California to Santa Fe. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 103 
 
 Wild animals are in some parts of upper California very numerous. Captain 
 Fremont encountered, in his late journey through the valley of the San Joaquin, 
 large droves of elk and wild horses, also wolves and antelopes. The grizzly 
 bear is met with in the Rocky Mountains and in the Sierra Nevada. The buffalo, 
 panther or American tiger, deer, and several other species of animals are common. 
 Otters and beavers abound in many of the streams. The latter, having been much 
 sought after for their skins, are less numerous than formerly. The rabbit is re- 
 ported as the only animal to be found in the Great Basin. 
 
 The wealth of California consists of live stock. The chief articles of export 
 are hides and tallow : about 150,000 of the former, and 200,000 arrobas of the 
 latter are exported annually. About 2000 beaver, 3000 elk and deer, and 400 or 
 500 sea-otter skins, the latter worth 30 dollars a-piece, are also exported ; besides 
 which, about 12,000 bushels of wheat are shipped annually to the Russian set- 
 tlements on the Northwest Coast. 
 
 The wheat is of excellent quality ; and, except in years when drought prevails, 
 the product is very abundant. Indian corn yields well, also potatoes, beans,'peas, 
 &c. The soil is well adapted for grapes ; from 3000 to 4000 gallons of wine are 
 made, and about the same amount of brandy ; this, however, is quite insufficient 
 for the supply of the country, and large amounts of foreign wines and liquors are 
 imported. Besides cattle, sheep, horses, mules, goats, and swine abound. The 
 mutton is of fine flavour, but the wool is inferior, as no attention is paid to that 
 kind of stock. 
 
 At the missions, coarse blankets and wearing apparel for the Indians are manu- 
 factured, besides a small amount of soap and leather. There are in the country 
 only two or three water-mills for grinding wheat, which are owned by Americans. 
 
 The number of aborigines is estimated at 15,000. One-half of these are con- 
 verted Indians, the remainder reside mostly on the Sacramento river. The whites 
 are estimated at about 5000, with 2000 more of mixed blood; making the whole 
 population of Upper California about 22,000 souls. The health and robustness 
 of the white inhabitants seem remarkable, and must be attributed to the fine cli- 
 mate, as well as to their simple diet: this consists of beef roasted upon the coals, 
 a few vegetables, and the tortilla, which is a thin cake made of corn meal, and 
 baked upon a sheet of iron. Throughout the country, both with the rich and poor, 
 this is the general fare; a few luxuries have been lately introduced. The chil- 
 dren are, for the most part, left to the care of themselves, and run about naked 
 and dirty. They are generally robust, and their relative number seems to be 
 great; thus, it is by no means uncommon to see families of fourteen or fifteen 
 children. A large number die from accidental falls from horses, with which, from 
 their earliest childhood, they are accustomed to be engaged. They early become 
 expert and fearless riders, and this skill is not confined altogether to the male sex; 
 the women are almost equally expert. Families with numerous members are sel- 
 dom met with, who have not had to mourn the loss of several of their number 
 from casualties of this sort. 
 
 Although the Californians are comparatively few in number, yet they have a 
 distinctive character. Descended from the old Spaniards, they are unfortunately 
 found to have all their vices, without a proper share of their virtues ; they are 
 exceedingly fond of gambling, which is equally in favour with the male and 
 female portion of the community. Their games consist in cards, dice, &c. 
 
 Their amusements are cock-fighting, bull and bear-baiting, and dancing; these 
 are the predominant occupations of their lives, always accompanied with exces- 
 sive drinking. 
 
 The female portion of the community are ignorant, degraded, and the slaves of 
 their husbands. They are very fond of dress, and will make any sacrifice to 
 gratify it. The men have no trades, and depend for every thing upon the con- 
 verted Indians, some of whom are quite inuenious, both as carpenters and black- 
 smiths. The whites are so indolent, and withal have so much pride, as to make 
 them look upon all manual labour as degrading. In truth, they regard all those 
 who work as beneath them ; they, in consequence, can never be induced to labour. 
 
 The Indians of Upper California are indolent and pusillanimous, and destitute 
 cf the boldness and energy displayed by many of the aborigines in other quar- 
 
 21 2F 
 
104 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ters. Excepting those that have been converted at the missions, the women go 
 nearly, and the men entirely naked ; and they are all extremely filthy in their 
 habits. 
 
 The missions w^ere establishments formed by the Catholic missionaries for the 
 conversion and civilization of the Indians: some were converted by persuasive 
 means, and others by force. The men were employed in tilling the ground, or in 
 the warehouses and laboratories of the mission ; the women were engaged in 
 spinning, grinding corn, and other domestic labours. All were fed and clothed 
 by the friars, to whom they were in fact slaves, and were not allowed to leave the 
 missions. In 1831 their number was about 18,000. The missions consist of a 
 cluster of small houses, usually built in a square, with a territory of about 15 
 square miles each, free from government taxes, and each subordinate to a Fran- 
 ciscan friar, termed a prefect. 
 
 The towns of this country are all small. Monterey, the capital, has only 300 
 inhabitants ; San Diego, and Pueblo de los Angeles, the two largest towns, have 
 each a population of from 800 to 1000 ; Santa Barbara and San Francisco are the 
 next important. The latter is on the bay of the same name, and has the finest 
 harbour on the coast; it affords perfect security to ships of any burthen, with 
 plentiful supplies of fresh beef, vegetables, wood, and water. It is much visited 
 by American whalers and other vessels. The river which flows into this bay 
 waters the finest portion of Upper California, and it is to this quarter that the 
 attention of American emigrants is directed. 
 
 Nueva Helvetia is the nucleus of g»new American settlement formed in 1838-39 
 by Captain Sutter, a citizen of Missouri, who obtained a grant of land from the 
 Mexican government. It is about 50 miles above San Francisco bay, near the 
 junction of the Sacramento with the Rio de los Americanos, and consists chiefly 
 of a fort built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, mounting 12 pieces of cannon ; in 
 the interior are the dwellings and work-shops. About 30 white men and 40 In- 
 dians are employed by Captain Sutter, and are mostly engaged in agriculture. 
 Large quantities of excellent wheat are raised, much of which is shipped to the 
 North West settlements, in vessels belonging to the proprietor. Nueva Helvetia 
 is at a considerable distance from any other settlement, and much energy and 
 industry have been manifested in its establishment. Several American families 
 reside in the vicinity. 
 
 This country was in part discovered by Cabrillo, a Spanish navigator, in 1542; 
 and its northern part, called New Albion, by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578. In 
 1768 it was first colonized by the Spaniards, and, until after the revolution in 
 Mexico, formed a province of that country. In November, 1836, the people of 
 Monterey and its vicinity rose, attacked and subdued the garrison, expelled the 
 Mexican functionaries and troops, declared California independent, and established 
 a congress of deputies for its future government. It returned afterwards to Mexi- 
 can authority; but in 1845 the people again proclaimed their independence. In 
 October, 1842, Monterey was captured by an American squadron under the com- 
 mand of Commodore Jones, under the belief that war existed between Mexico 
 and the United States. After being held two or three days, the town was restored 
 to the Mexicans. 
 
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 105 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1790, 1800, 1810, 
 
 1820, 1830, AND 1840. 
 
 PROM THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Also, the increase per cent, for each ten years, and for fifty years ; and the class 
 of each state according to its present numerical strength. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire.... 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut « 
 
 Vermont 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana . ■. 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Florida territory 
 
 Wiskonsin territory 
 
 Iowa territory 
 
 On board U. S. vessels 
 
 1790. 
 
 96,540 
 141,899 
 378,717 
 
 69,110 
 238.141 
 
 85,416 
 340,120 
 184,139 
 434,373 
 
 59,096 
 319,728 
 
 748,308 
 
 393,751 
 
 249,073 
 
 82,548 
 
 73,077 
 
 35,791 
 
 1800. 
 
 151,719 
 183,7(i2 
 423,245 
 
 69,122 
 251,002 
 154,465 
 586,750 
 211,949 
 602,365 
 
 64,273 
 341,548 
 
 14,093 
 880,200 
 478,103 
 345,591 
 162,101 
 220,955 
 105,602 
 
 45,365 
 4,875 
 8,850 
 
 1810. 
 
 228,705 
 
 214,300 
 
 472,040 
 
 77,031 
 
 262,042 
 
 217,7]3 
 
 959,040 
 
 245,555 
 
 810,091 
 
 72.674 
 
 380,546 
 
 24,023 
 
 974,622 
 
 555,500 
 
 415,115 
 
 252,433 
 
 406,511 
 
 261,727 
 
 230,760 
 
 24,520 
 
 40,352 
 
 12,282 
 
 76,556 
 
 20,845 
 
 4,702 
 
 1820. 
 
 298,335 
 244,161 
 523,28' 
 
 83,059 
 
 275,202 
 
 235,764 
 
 1,372,812 
 
 277,575 
 
 1,049,458 
 
 72,749 
 407,350 
 
 33,039 
 1.065,379 
 638,829 
 502,741 
 340,987 
 504,317 
 422,813 
 581,434 
 147.178 
 
 75,448 
 
 55,211 
 153,407 
 
 66,580 
 
 127,901 
 
 8,896 
 
 14,273 
 
 3,929,827 5,305,940 7,239,814 9,638,19112,866,020 17,068,666 
 
 1830. 
 
 399,455 
 
 269,328 
 
 610,408 
 
 97,199 
 
 297,675 
 
 280,652 
 
 1,913,006 
 
 .320,823 
 
 1,348,233 
 
 76,748 
 
 447,040 
 
 39,834 
 
 1,211,405 
 
 737,987 
 
 581,185 
 
 516,823 
 
 687,917 
 
 681,904 
 
 937,903 
 
 343,031 
 
 136,621 
 
 157,445 
 
 215,529 
 
 140,455 
 
 309,527 
 
 31,639 
 
 30,388 
 
 34,730 
 
 1840. 
 
 11,130 
 
 501,793 
 
 284,574 
 
 737,699 
 
 108,830 
 
 309,978 
 
 291,948 
 
 2,428,921 
 
 373,306 
 
 1,724,033 
 
 78,085 
 
 469,232 
 
 43,712 
 
 1,239,797 
 
 753,419 
 
 594,398 
 
 691,392 
 
 779,828 
 
 829,210 
 
 1,519,467 
 
 685,866 
 
 375,651 
 
 476,183 
 
 352,411 
 
 383,702 
 
 590,756 
 
 212,267 
 
 97,574 
 
 54,477 
 
 30,945 
 
 43,112 
 
 6,100 
 
 Class. 
 
 13 
 22 
 
 8 
 24 
 20 
 21 
 
 1 
 18 
 
 2 
 26 
 15 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 23 
 25 
 21 
 30 
 29 
 
 Increase per cent, each ten years : 
 
 From 1790 to 1800 35 per cent. 
 
 From 1800 to 1810 36i per cent. 
 
 From 1810 to 1820 33 percent. 
 
 From 1820 to 1830 33i per cent. 
 
 From 1830 to 1840 32i per cent. 
 
 Average increase each 10 years for the last 50 years, 34 15- 100 per cent. ; at this rate, 
 the number of inhabitants in the United States would be : 
 
 In 1850. 22,872,268. 
 
 . In 1860 30,649,182. 
 
 In 1870 41,070,363. 
 
 aw) 
 
106 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AGGREGATE AND INCREASE OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF PERSONS IN 
 THE UNITED STATES IN 1830, AND 1840. 
 
 WHITE PERSONS. 
 
 Under 5 years of age, . 
 5 and under ]0 . 
 10 and under J5 • 
 15 and under 20 
 20 and under ."50 
 30 and under 40 
 40 and under 50 
 50 and under 60 
 60 and under 70 
 70 and under 80 
 80 and under 90 
 90 and under 100 
 100 and upwards, 
 
 1830. 
 
 Males, I Females. 
 
 972,980 
 
 782,075 
 
 669,734 
 
 573,196 
 
 956,487 
 
 592,535 
 
 367,840 
 
 229,284 
 
 135,082 
 
 57,772 
 
 15,806 
 
 2,041 
 
 301 
 
 5,355,133 
 
 Total No. of 
 Whites, 
 
 921,934 
 
 750,741 
 
 638,856 
 
 596,254 
 
 918,411 
 
 555,531 
 
 35t),046 
 
 223,504 
 
 131,307 
 
 58,336 
 
 17,434 
 
 2,523 
 
 238 
 
 1840. 
 
 Males. Females. 
 
 5,171,115 
 5,355,133 
 
 10,526,248 
 
 1,270,790 
 
 1,024,072 
 
 879,499 
 
 756,022 
 
 1,322,440 
 
 866,431 
 
 536,568 
 
 314,505 
 
 174,226 
 
 80,051 
 
 21,679 
 
 2,507 
 
 476 
 
 7,249,266 
 
 1,203,349 ' 
 
 986,921 I 
 
 836,588 
 
 792,168 
 
 1,253,395 
 
 779,097 
 
 502,143 
 
 304,810 
 
 173,299 
 
 80,562 
 
 23,964 
 
 3,231 
 
 315 
 
 6,939,842 
 7,249,266 , 
 
 14,189,108 
 
 FREE COLOURED PERSONS. 
 
 Under 10 years of age, 
 10 and under 24 
 24 and under 36 
 36 and under 55 
 55 and under 100 
 100 and upwards, 
 
 48,675 
 43,079 
 27,650 
 22,271 
 11,509 
 269 
 
 154,453 
 
 Total No. of 
 
 Free Colour'd 
 
 Persons, 
 
 47,329 
 48,138 
 32,541 
 24,327 
 13,425 
 386 
 
 166,146 
 154.453 
 
 320,599 
 
 56,323 
 52,799 
 35,308 
 
 28,258 
 13,493 
 
 286 
 
 186,467 
 
 55,069 
 56,562 
 41,673 
 30,385/ 
 15,728 
 361 
 
 199,778 
 186,467 
 
 386,245 
 
 SLAVES. 
 
 Under 10 years of age, 
 10 and under 24 
 24 and under 36 
 36 and under 55 
 55 and under 100 
 100 and upwards. 
 
 Total Number of Slaves, 
 
 352,498 
 312,567 
 
 185,585 
 
 118,880 
 
 41,545 
 
 748 
 
 1,011,823 
 996,220 
 
 2,008,043 
 
 347,665 
 308,770 
 185,786 
 111,877 
 41,436 
 676 
 
 996,220 
 
 422,599 
 391,131 
 235,373 
 145,264 
 51,288 
 753 
 
 421,470 
 390,075 
 239.787 
 139,201 
 49,692 
 580, 
 
 1,246,408 1,240,805 
 I 1,246,403 
 
 I 2,487,213 ' 
 
 RECAPITULATION, 
 
 White Persons, 
 
 Free Coloured Persons, 
 
 Slaves, 
 
 On Board Vessels of War, (White,) 
 
 Increase of White Persons, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 
 
 Increase of Free Coloured Persons, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 
 
 Increase of Slaves, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 
 
 The same ratio of increase for the ne,\;t ten years, would give 
 in 1850 : 
 
 White Persons, 
 
 Free Coloured Persons, 
 
 Slaves, 
 
 1830. ' 1840. j 
 
 10,526,248 I 14,189,108 
 
 320,599 386,245 
 
 2,008,043 2,487,213 
 
 11,130 
 
 12,866,020 
 
 6,100 
 
 17 063,666 : 
 
 34 perct. ' 
 20i pr. ct. ; 
 23 J pr. ct. I 
 
 19,015,478 
 
 463,.593 
 
 3,077,92fi 
 
 22,550.997 
 
 2B2 
 
 (>89) 
 
PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 107 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The following, compiled with great care from the Census returns, 
 embraces a complete recapitulation of the aggregate value and produce, 
 (and the number of persons employed,) in Mines, Agriculture, Com- 
 merce, Manufactures, &c., &c., exhibiting a full view of the pursuits, 
 industry, and resources of the United States and Territories. 
 
 MINES. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Cast, Number of furnaces, 804 
 
 Tons produced, 286,903 
 
 Bar, Number of bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, 795 
 
 Tons produced, 197,233 
 
 Tons of fuel consumed, 1,528,110 
 
 Number of men employed, including mining operations, . . 30,497 
 Capital invested, $20,432,131 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Number of smelting-houses, counting each fire, one, 120 
 
 Number of pounds produced, 31,239,453 
 
 Number of men employed, 1,017 
 
 Capital invested, f 1,346,756 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Number of smelting-houses, 157 
 
 Value produced, $529,605 
 
 Number of men employed, 1,046 
 
 Capital invested, $234,325 
 
 OTHER METALS. 
 
 Value produced, $370,614 
 
 Number of men employed, 728 
 
 Capital invested, $238,980 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Anthracite, Tons raised, (28 bushels each,) 863,489 
 
 Number of men employed, 3,048 
 
 Capital invested $4,355,602 
 
 Bituminous, Number of bushels raised, 27,603,191 
 
 Men employed, 3,768 
 
 Capital invested, $1,868,862 
 
 DOMESTIC SALy. 
 
 Number of bushels produced, 6,179,174 
 
 Men employed, 2,365 
 
 Capital invested, $6,998,045 
 
 51 
 
 (i9j; 
 
108 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 GRANITE, MARBLE AND OTHER STONE. 
 
 Value produced $3,695,884 
 
 Number of men employed, 7,859 
 
 Capital invested $2,540,159 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 Horses and mules, 
 
 Neat cattle, 
 
 Sheep, 
 
 Swine, 
 
 Poultry of all kinds — estimated value, 
 
 . 4,335,669 
 14,971,586 
 19,311,374 
 26,301,293 
 $9,344,410 
 
 CEREAL GRAINS. 
 
 No. of Bushels of Wheat, 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Oats, 
 
 Rye *.. 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 Indian corn, 
 
 . 84,823,272 
 . . 4,161,504 
 123,071,341 
 . 18,645,567 
 . . 7,291,743 
 377,531,875 
 
 VARIOUS CROPS. 
 
 Number of pounds of Wool, 
 Hops, 
 Wax, 
 
 Bushels of Potatoes, 
 
 Tons of Hay, 
 
 Hemp and flax, . . . , 
 
 . 35,802,114 
 . . 1,238,502 
 . . . . 628,303^ 
 108,298,060 
 . 10,248,1081 
 95,25l| 
 
 TOBACCO, COTTON, SUGAR, &C. 
 
 Pounds of Tobacco gathered, 
 
 Rice, 
 
 Cotton gathered, 
 
 Silk cocoons, 
 
 Sugar made, 
 
 Cords of Wood sold, 
 
 Value of the produce of the Dairy 
 
 Orchard, 
 
 Gallons of Wine made, 
 
 Value of home made or family goods, 
 
 HORTICULTURE. 
 
 Value of produce of Market gardeners, . . , 
 Nurseries and floristt=, 
 
 Number of men employed, 
 
 Capital invested, 
 
 219,163,319 
 
 . 80,841,422 
 790,479,275 
 
 61,5524 
 
 15.5,100,809 
 
 . . 5,088,891 
 $33,787,008 
 . $7,256,904 
 . . . . 124,734 
 $20,023,380 
 
 . $2,601,196 
 . . . $503,.534 
 
 8,553 
 
 . $2,945,774 
 
 (192) 
 
PRODUCTS OF THE-UNITED STATES. 
 
 109 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 Number of commercial houses in Foreigri trade, 1,108 
 
 Commission business, 2,881 
 
 Capital invested, $119,295,367 
 
 Retail dry goods, grocery, and other stores, 57,565 
 
 Capital invested, $250,301,799 
 
 Lumber yards and trade, 1,793 
 
 Capital invested, . . . . ; $9,848,307 
 
 Number of men employed, 35,963 
 
 Internal transportation — no. of .men employed, 17,594 
 
 Butchers, packers, &c., do. 4,808 
 
 Capital invested, $11,526,950 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 Number of quintals smoked or dried fish, 773,947 
 
 Barrels pickled fish, 472,359^ 
 
 Gallons Spermaceti oil, 4,764,708 
 
 Whale and other fish oil, 7,536,778 
 
 Value of whale-bone and other productions of fisheries, . $1,153,234 
 
 Number of men employed 36,584 
 
 Capital invested, $16,429,620 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 
 
 Value of lumber produced, $12,943,507 
 
 Barrels of tar, pitch, turpentine, rosin, 619,106 
 
 Tons of pot and pearl ashes, 15,935^ 
 
 Skins and furs — value produced, $1,065,869 
 
 Ginseng and all other productions of the forest — value, .... $526,580 
 Number of men employed, 22,042 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Machinery, Value of machinery manufactured, $10,980,581 
 
 Number of men employed, 13,001 
 
 Hardware, Cutlery, &c.. Value of manufactured, $6,4151,967 
 
 No. of men employed, 5,492 
 
 Number of cannon and small arms, 
 
 Number of Cannon cast, 274 
 
 Small arms made, 88,073 
 
 Men employed, 1,744 
 
 Precious Metals, Value manufactured, $4,734,960 
 
 Number of men employed, 1,556 
 
 Various Metals, Value manufactured, $9,779,442 
 
 Number of men employed, 6,677 
 
 Granite, Marble, &c., Value manufactured, $2,442,950 
 
 No. of men employed 3,734 
 
 Bricks and Lime, Value manufactured, $9,736,945 
 
 No. of men employed, 22,807 
 
 Capital invested in preceding manu- 
 factures, $20,620,869 
 
 - ^^ 
 
 i| 
 
110 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Wool, Number of fulling mills, 2,585 
 
 Woollen manufactories, 1,420 
 
 Value of manufactured g-oods, $20,696,999 
 
 Number of persons employed, 21,342 
 
 Capital invested, $15,765,124 
 
 Cotton, Number of cotton manufactories, 1,240 
 
 Spindles ; 2,284,631 
 
 Dyeing and printing establishments, 129 
 
 Value of manufactured articles, $46,350,453 
 
 Number of persons employed, 72,119 
 
 Capital invested, $51,102,359 
 
 Silk, Number of pounds reeled, thrown, or other silk made, . . 15,745J 
 
 Value of the same, $119,814 
 
 Number of males employed, 246 
 
 females and children, 521 
 
 Capital invested, $274,374 
 
 Flax, Value of manufactures of flax, 322,205 
 
 Number of persons employed 1,628 
 
 Capital invested, $208,087 
 
 Mixed Manufactures, Value of produce, $6,545,503 
 
 Number of persons employed, 15,905 
 
 »" Capital invested, $4,368,991 
 
 Tobacco, Value of manufactured articles, $5,819,568 
 
 Number of persons employed, 8,384 
 
 Capital invested, $3,437,191 
 
 Hats, Caps, Bonnets, &c.. Value of hats and caps manu- 
 factured, $8,704,342 
 
 Value of straw bonnets manu- 
 factured, $1,476,505 
 
 Number of persons employed, . . . 20,176 
 Capital invested $4,485,300 
 
 Leather, Tanneries, Saddleries, &c. 
 
 Number of tanneries, 8,229 
 
 Sides of sole leather tanned, 3,463,611 
 
 upper do. do 3,781,868 
 
 Number of men employed, 26,018 
 
 Capital invested, $15,650,929 
 
 All other manufactures of leather, saddleries, &c., .... 17,136 
 
 Value of manufactured articles, $33,134,403 
 
 Capital invested, $12,881,262 
 
 Soap and Candles, Number of pounds of soap, 49,820,497 
 
 Number of pounds of tallow candles,. 17,904,507 
 Number of pounds of spermaceti and 
 
 wax candles, 2,936,951 
 
 Number of men employed, 5,641 
 
 Capital invested, $2,757,273 
 
 Distilled and Fermented Liquors. 
 
 Number of distilleries, 10,306 
 
 gallons produced, 41,402,627 
 
 breweries, 406 
 
 (194) 
 
PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill 
 
 Distilled and Fermented Iiquors. 
 
 Number of gallons produced, 23,267,730 
 
 men employed, 12,223 
 
 Capital invested, f9,147,368 
 
 Powder Mills, Number of powder mills, 137 
 
 Pounds of gunpowder, 8,977,348 
 
 Number of men employed, 496 
 
 Capital invested, $875,875 
 
 Drugs, Medicines, Paints, and Dyes. 
 
 Value of medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c., $4,151,899 
 
 Value of turpentine and varnish produced, $660,827 
 
 Number of men employed, 1,848 
 
 Capital invested, $4,507,675 
 
 Glass, Earthenware, &c. 
 
 Number of glass-houses, 81 
 
 cutting establishments, 34 
 
 men employed, 3,236 
 
 Value of manufactured articles, including looking 
 
 glasses $2,890,293 
 
 Capital invested, $2,084,100 
 
 Number of potteries, 659 
 
 Value of manufactured articles, $1,104,825 
 
 Number of men employed, 1,612 
 
 Capital invested, $551,431 
 
 Sugar Refineries, Chocolate, &c. 
 
 Number of sugar refineries, 43 
 
 Value of produce, $3,250,700 
 
 chocolate manufactured, $79,900 
 
 confectionary made, $1,143,965 
 
 Number of men employed 1,355 
 
 Capital invested, $1,769,571 
 
 Paper, Number of paper manufactories, 426 
 
 Value of produce, $5,641,495 
 
 all other manufactures of paper, playing 
 
 cards, «fcc., $511,597 
 
 Number of mem employed, 4,726 
 
 Capital invested, $4,745,239 
 
 Printing and Binding, Number of printing offices, 1,552 
 
 Number of binderies, 447 
 
 Number of daily newspapers, . .^ 138 
 
 weekly newspapers, 1,141 
 
 semi and tri-weekly, 125 
 
 periodicals, 227 
 
 men employed, 11,523 
 
 Capital invested, $5,873,815 
 
 Cordage, Number of rope walks, 388 
 
 Value of produce, $4,078,306 
 
 Number of men employed, 4,464 
 
 Capital invested, $2,465,577 
 
 (195) 
 
112 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Musical iNsxRUMEtJTS, Value produced, $923,924 
 
 Number of men employed, 908 
 
 Capital invested, $734,370 
 
 Carriages and Wagons, Value produced, $10,897,887 
 
 Number of men employed, 21,994 
 
 Capilal invested, $5,551,632 
 
 Mills, Number of flouring mills, 4,364 
 
 Barrels of flour manufactured, 7,404,562 
 
 Number of grist mills, 23,661 
 
 saw do 31,650 
 
 oil do 843 
 
 Value of manufactures, $70,545,246 
 
 Number of men employed, 60,788 
 
 Capital invested, $65,858,470 
 
 Ships, Value of ships and vessels built, $7,016,094 
 
 Furniture, Value of furniture made, $7,555,405 
 
 Number of men employed, 18,003 
 
 Capital invested $6,989,971 
 
 Houses, Number of brick and stone houses built, 8,429 
 
 wooden houses, 45,684 
 
 men employed, 85,501 
 
 Value of constructing or building, $41,917,401 
 
 All other Manufactures not enumerated. 
 
 Value, $34,785,353 
 
 Capital invested $25,019,726 
 
 Total Capital invested in manufactures, $267,726,579 
 
 From the foregoing, we have formed the following table, showing, as 
 far as practicable, the amount of capital invested in various branches 
 of business, which, it appears, is $716,089,256. The capital employed 
 in agriculture is not given ; neither is it in some other branches. 
 
 In Iron business, $20,432,131 
 
 Lead do 1,346,756 
 
 Gold do 234,325 
 
 Other metals, 238,980 
 
 Coal Business. * 
 
 Anthracite 4,35.5,602 
 
 Bituminous, 1,868,862 
 
 6,224,464 
 
 Salt, 6,998,045 
 
 Granite, Marble and Stone, 2,-540.159 
 
 Nurseries, 2,94.5,774 
 
 In commercial and commission houses, 119,295,367 
 
 Retail dry goods and grocery, &c., 250,301,799 
 
 Lumber yards and trade, 9,848,307 
 
 Butchers, packers, &c., 11,526,950 
 
 Fisheries, 16,429,620 
 
 Various manufactures, 20,620,869 
 
 Woollen do 15,765,124 
 
PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 
 
 Cotton manufactures, 51,102,359 
 
 Silk do. 274,374 
 
 Flax do. 208,087 
 
 Mixed do. 4,368,991 
 
 Tobacco do. 3,437,191 
 
 Hats, caps, and bonnets, 4,485,300 
 
 Leather tanneries, 15,650,929 
 
 manufactured, and saddles, 12,881,262 
 
 Soap and candles, 2,757,273 
 
 Distilleries and breweries, 9,147,368 
 
 Powder mills, 875,875 
 
 Drugs, medicines, paints, and dves, 4,507,675 
 
 Glass, .' 2,084,100 
 
 Earthenware, &c., .551,431 
 
 Sugar refineries and chocolate, 1,769,571 
 
 Paper making, 4,745,239 
 
 Printing and binding, 5,873,815 
 
 Cordage, 2,465,577 
 
 Making musical instruments, 734,370 
 
 carriages and wagons, 5,551,632 
 
 Mills, 65,858,470 
 
 Making furniture, 6,989,971 
 
 All other manufactures, 25,019,726 
 
 Total capital invested in manufactures, 267,726,579 
 
 $716,089,256 
 
 Number of men employed in the various branches of business, accord- 
 ing to the preceding summary. 
 
 Iron and mining, 30,497 
 
 Lead 1,017 
 
 Gold, 1,046 
 
 Other rnetals, 728 
 
 Coal— Anthracite, 3,043 
 
 Bituminous, 3,768 
 
 6,811 
 
 Domestic salt, 2,365 
 
 Granite, marble, and stone, 7,859 
 
 Nurseries 8,553 
 
 Lumber yards and trade, 35,963 
 
 Internal transportation, 17,594 
 
 Butchers, packers, &c., 4,808 
 
 Fisheries, 36,584 
 
 Products of the forest, 22,042 
 
 Machinery manufacture, 13,001 
 
 Hardware and cutlery manufacture, 5,492 
 
 Cannon and small arms do. 1,744 
 
 Precious metals do. 1,556 
 
 Various metals do. 6,677 
 
 2C (isT) 
 
114 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Granite, marble, and stone manufacture, 3,734 
 
 Bricks and lime do. 22,807 
 
 Woollen manufactures, 21,342 
 
 72,119 
 
 767 
 
 1,628 
 
 15,905 
 
 8,384 
 
 Cotton 
 
 do. 
 
 Silk 
 
 do. 
 
 Flax 
 
 do. 
 
 Mixed 
 
 do. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 do. 
 
 Hats, caps and bonnets, 20,176 
 
 Leather, tanneries and saddleries 26,018 
 
 Soap and candles, 5,641 
 
 Distilleries and fermented liquors 12,223 
 
 Powder mills, 496 
 
 Drusfs and medicines, paints and dyes 1,848 
 
 Glass 3,236 
 
 Potteries 1,612 
 
 Sugar refineries and chocolate, 1,355 
 
 Paper making, ^. 4,726 
 
 Printing and binding, 11,523 
 
 Cordage, 4,464 
 
 Musical instruments, 908 
 
 Carriages and wagons, 21,994 
 
 Milling 60,788 
 
 Furniture, 18,003 
 
 House building 85,501 
 
 631,535 
 
 The foregoing embraces all the information that is given respecting 
 the number of persons employed in the particular brancheg of business 
 stated. 
 
 VALUE OF MANUFACTLHED GOODS, 
 
 As appears by the tables. 
 
 Machinery made, $10,980,581 
 
 Hardware and cutlery, 6,451,967 
 
 Precious metals, '*'^'^'*'^o 
 
 Various do 9,779,442 
 
 Granite, stone, marble, &c 2,442,950 
 
 Bricks and lime, 9,736,945 
 
 Woollen goods, 20,696,999 
 
 Cotton do *^'^-^?-f'?? 
 
 Silk do liy.814 
 
 Flaxen goods, f 4 -'^no 
 
 Mixed manufactures, d, n 2o 
 
 Tobacco do. ^'^?..'o.o 
 
 Hats and caps, ?'i2J'?S 
 
 Straw bonnets, • 'f 04 5n? 
 
 Leather and saddlery, ^^ if 1 qqq 
 
 Drugs, medicines, paints and dyes 4,151,899 
 
INDIAN TRIBES IN THE UNITED STATES. 115 
 
 Turpentine and varnish, , 660,827 
 
 Glass and looking-glasses, 2,890,293 
 
 Earthenware, 1,104,825 
 
 Sugar refined, 3,250,700 
 
 Chocolate, , 79,900 
 
 Confectionary, 1,143,965 
 
 P=»Per, 5,641,495 
 
 All other of paper, playing cards, &c 511,597 
 
 Cordage 4,078,306 
 
 Musical instruments, 923,924 
 
 Carriages and wagons, 10,897,887 
 
 Products of flouring, grist and saw mills 76,545,246 
 
 S|iips, 7,016,094 
 
 Furniture, 7,555,405 
 
 Houses, 41,917,401 
 
 All other manufactures not enumerated, 34,785,353 
 
 Total, $370,451,754 
 
 POPULATION OF THE INDIAN TRIBES IN THE 
 TERRITORY OF THE U. STATES. 
 
 Apalachicolas 
 
 Arickarees or Rickarees 
 
 Arrepahaws 
 
 Assineboines 
 
 Black Feet 
 
 Caddoes 
 
 Chayennes 
 
 Cherokees , 
 
 Chickasaws 
 
 Chippeways , 
 
 Choctaws 
 
 Comanches 
 
 Creeks 
 
 Crows 
 
 Delawares 
 
 Eutaws 
 
 Gros Ventres 
 
 loways 
 
 Kanzas 
 
 Kickapoos 
 
 Indians 
 
 600 Kioways l 500 
 
 2,500 Mennomonies 4 000 
 
 3,000 Miamies 1,000 
 
 5,000 Minnatarees 800 
 
 20,000 Omahas i 400 
 
 2,000 Osages sioOO 
 
 3,000 Otoes and Missouries 800 
 
 21,000 Ottawas 4,000 
 
 1,600 Pawnees 10,000 
 
 6,000 Poncas 800 
 
 15,000 Quapaws 450 
 
 20,000 Sacs and Foxes 5,000 
 
 22,000 Shawnees l',200 
 
 6,000 Sioux 20,000 
 
 800. Seminoles 4 000 
 
 13,000' Senecas '350 
 
 12,000j Weas, Peorias, Piankeshaws 
 
 1,200 and Kaskaskias 540 
 
 1,500 Winnebagoes 4 500 
 
 600 Wyandots gOQ 
 
 Eastward of the Rocky Mountains, 222 740 
 
 Westward " " yg^ooO 
 
 Total 300,740 
 
 The foregoing Indian tribes all reside to the eastward of the Rocky Mountain^ • of 
 the whole number about 75,000 individuals are emigrants from the east to the we"t-side 
 of the Mississippi river, and a residue, perhaps 25,000 in amount, still remain in the 
 l^^rZ T^Tn "^ "'^' stream The tribes resident between the Rocky Mounu nl 
 and the Pacific Ocean, comprising Shoshones, Flatheads, Nezperces SpokainsTc It? 
 number from 75 000 to 80,000 souls, making a total for the Indian ,Cu^ai„^'=„V^^-' 
 United Slates of about 300,000, and assuming that every fifth individual is a warrior 
 the number of warriors will be 60,000. u'viuuai is a warrior, 
 
 52 
 
 (.m) 
 
116 
 
 CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL CANALS 
 
 FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Maine. 
 Cumberland and Oxford . 
 New Hampshire. 
 Union 
 
 Amoskeag Falls 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Blackslone 
 
 Harapsliire and Hampden.. . . 
 
 Montague Falls 
 
 SoutliHadley Falls 
 
 Pavvtucket 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Farmington 
 
 Enfield Falls '.... 
 
 New York. 
 
 Erie 
 
 Champlain 
 
 Chenango 
 
 Black River 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca 
 
 Crooked Lake 
 
 Genesee Valley 
 
 Dansville Branch 
 
 Delaware and Hudson 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Branch of Chemung 
 
 Harlem 
 
 Croton Aqueduct 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Morris 
 
 Delaware and Raritan 
 
 Salem 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Central Division 
 
 Western Division 
 
 Susquehanna Division. . 
 
 >West Branch Division . . 
 
 North Branch Division . 
 
 Delaware Division 
 
 Beaver Division 
 
 Schuylkill Navigation 
 
 Union 
 
 Lehigh 
 
 Lackawaxen 
 
 Su.=quehanna 
 
 Bald Eagle 
 
 Coiiestoga 
 
 Codorus 
 
 Delavv'are. 
 Chesapeake and Delaware • ■ 
 Maryland. 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio 
 
 Virginia. 
 James River and Kanawha . 
 
 Dismal Swamp 
 
 Branches 
 
 Alexandria Canal 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Weldon Canal 
 
 From 
 
 Near Portland. 
 
 Boston 
 
 Providence, R. I.. . 
 Connecticut Line. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 New Haven . 
 
 Albany 
 
 West Troy 
 
 Utica 
 
 Rome 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Seneca Lake.. 
 
 Pennyan 
 
 Rochester . — 
 Mount Morris. 
 
 Eddyville 
 
 Seneca Lake . 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Hudson River 
 Croton River . 
 
 Jersey City . . 
 Bordentown. 
 Salem Creek 
 
 To 
 
 Long Pond . 
 
 Chelmsford . .. 
 Worcester. . . . 
 Northampton. 
 
 Massachusetts Line.. 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Whitehall.... 
 Binghamton. . 
 
 Carthage 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Cayuga Lake. 
 Seneca Lake . 
 
 Olean 
 
 Dansville.. .. . 
 Lackawaxen . 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Knoxville . .. . 
 East River . .. 
 New York . . . 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Johnstown 
 
 Duncan's Island 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Reading 
 
 Easton 
 
 Delaware River 
 
 Wrightsville 
 
 VVes\ Branch Canal.. 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 York 
 
 Delaware City. 
 
 Georgetown . .. 
 
 Richmond . . 
 Deep Creek. 
 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Weldon . 
 
 Easton, Pa 
 
 New Brunswick . 
 Delaware River . 
 
 Hollidaysburg 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 Northumberland. . . . 
 
 Farrandsville 
 
 Lackawana 
 
 Easton 
 
 Slienango River . . . . 
 
 Port Carbon 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Stoddartsville 
 
 Honesdale 
 
 Havre de Grace 
 
 Bellefonte 
 
 Safe Harbor -. 
 
 Susquehanna Rivei. 
 
 Back Creek . 
 
 Hancock . 
 
 Buchatan. .. . 
 Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Head Roanoke Falls . 
 
 Miles. 
 
 m 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 56 
 5i 
 
 363 
 76 
 97 
 85 
 33 
 23 
 7f 
 
 n9i 
 11 
 
 83 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 40J 
 
 lOlf 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 172 
 
 104i 
 39 
 73 
 
 72A 
 
 '--a 
 
 59J 
 30J 
 108 
 82 
 84i 
 25 
 45 
 25 
 18 
 11 
 
 136 
 
 175 
 23 
 11 
 
 7i 
 
 12 
 
 (200) 
 
RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 117 
 
 Name. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 9antee 
 
 Winyaw 
 
 Wateree 
 
 Saluda 
 
 Lockharts 
 
 Drehr's 
 
 Lorick 
 
 Georgia. 
 Savan., Ogeecliee, & Alatamalia 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Muscle Shoals Canal 
 
 Huntsville 
 
 LODISIANA. 
 
 Barataria 
 
 Lake Veiet 
 
 Orleans Bank 
 
 Canal Carondelet 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Miami 
 
 Mahoning 
 
 Sandy and Beaver 
 
 Warren Branch 
 
 Ohio and Erie 
 
 Columbus Branch 
 
 Lancaster Branch 
 
 Hocking 
 
 Zaneaville Branch , 
 
 Walhonding Branch 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Wabash and Erie 
 
 Whitewater 
 
 Illinois. 
 Illinois and Michigan 
 
 From 
 
 Cooper River < 
 
 Kinloch Creek 
 
 Jones's Mill 
 
 Shoals 
 
 Head Falls Br. Riv. 
 
 Saluda Falls 
 
 Broad River 
 
 To 
 
 Savannah. . 
 Alat.imaha. 
 
 San tee River. 
 Winyaw Bay. 
 
 Elliot's 
 
 Granby 
 
 To Foot 
 
 Head of Falls. 
 Head of Falls. 
 
 Alatamalia River. 
 Brunswick 
 
 Head of Falls Florence • . 
 
 Triana Huntsville. 
 
 Near New Orleans. 
 
 Lake Veret 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Akron 
 
 Bolivar 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Columbus ... 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Zanesville 
 
 Walhonding River... 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Lawrenceburg. 
 
 Chicago . 
 
 Berwick's Bay 
 
 La Fourche River . . 
 Lake Pontchartrain 
 Bayou St. John 
 
 Defiance 
 
 Beaver River. 
 Ohio River . .. 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Cleveland . . . . 
 
 Canal 
 
 Canal 
 
 Athens 
 
 Canal 
 
 Canal 
 
 Lake Erie. 
 Brookville. 
 
 Near Peru. 
 
 Miles, 
 
 22 
 VI 
 4 
 6i 
 
 n 
 1 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 35J 
 IB 
 
 85 
 8 
 4J 
 2 
 
 178 
 77 
 76 
 20 
 
 307 
 10 
 9 
 50 
 14 
 23 
 
 187 
 30 
 
 106 
 
 PRINCIPAL RAILROADS 
 
 FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Maine. 
 Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth. 
 
 Portland and Dover 
 
 Bangor and Orono 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Nashua and Lowell 
 
 Boston and Maine 
 
 Nashua and Concord 
 
 Massachcsetts. 
 
 Boston and Providence 
 
 Dedham Branch 
 
 Taunton Branch 
 
 Taunton and New Bedford 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Boston and Lowell 
 
 Boston and Portland 
 
 Boston and Worcester 
 
 Millbury Branch 
 
 Western 
 
 Norwich and Worcester 
 
 Lowell and Nashua 
 
 Quincy 
 
 From 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Portland 
 
 Bangor 
 
 Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Do. do. . 
 
 Do. do. . 
 Nashua 
 
 Boston . 
 
 Mansfield . .. 
 Taunton . . . . 
 
 Boston 
 
 Boston 
 
 Wilmington. 
 Boston 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Granite Cluarry . 
 
 2C2 
 
 To 
 
 Portland 
 
 Dover, N.H 
 
 Orono 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Nashua 
 
 Somersworth 
 
 Concord 
 
 Providence 
 
 Dedham 
 
 Taunton 
 
 New Bedford 
 
 New Hampshire Line 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 New Hampshire Line, 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Millbury 
 
 West Stockbridge. . . . 
 Connecticut Line. • . . 
 New Hampshire Line. 
 <iuincy Landing 
 
 (201) 
 
 Miles. 
 
 48 
 46 
 10 
 
 15i 
 
 3^ 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 26 
 20 
 45 
 
 3i 
 
 116 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
118 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Providence and Stonington 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New Haven and Hartford 
 
 Norwich and Worcester 
 
 Housatonic 
 
 New York. 
 
 Saratoga and Schenectady 
 
 Mohawk and Hudson 
 
 Utica and Schenectady 
 
 Syracuse and Utica 
 
 Syracuse and Auburn 
 
 Auburn and Rochester 
 
 Tonawanda 
 
 i ! Attica and Buffalo 
 
 I : Buffalo and Niagara Falls 
 
 Buffalo and Black Rock 
 
 Lockport and Niagara Falls 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Ithaca and Owego 
 
 Bath 
 
 Port Kent and Keesville 
 
 Long Island 
 
 Harlem 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire 
 
 Catskill and Canajoharie 
 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Camden and Amboy 
 
 Trenton Branch 
 
 Jobstovvn Branch 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Trenton and Brunswick 
 
 Elizabethport and Somerville . . . 
 
 Morris and Essex 
 
 Paterson and Hudson 
 
 Camden and Woodbury 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Columbia and Philadelphia 
 
 Portage 
 
 Philadelphia and Reading 
 
 Philadelphia and Wilmington.. . 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton 
 
 Philadelphia, Ger., and Norrist'n. 
 
 Germantown Branch 
 
 Valley 
 
 West Chester 
 
 Harrisburg and Lancaster 
 
 Cumberland Valley 
 
 Franklin 
 
 York and Wrightsville 
 
 Little Schuylkill 
 
 Danville and Pottsville 
 
 Little Schuyl. and Susquehanna.. 
 
 Beaver Meadow Branch 
 
 Williamsport and Elmira 
 
 Corning and Blossburg 
 
 Mount Carbon 
 
 Schuylkill Valley 
 
 Branches of Schuylkill Valley.. . 
 
 Schuylkill 
 
 Mill Creek 
 
 Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven.. 
 
 Mauch Chunk 
 
 Branches of Mauch Chunk 
 
 Room Run 
 
 Beaver Meadow 
 
 Hazelton and Lehigh 
 
 Nesquchoning 
 
 Lehigh and Susquehanna 
 
 From 
 
 Providence . 
 
 New Haven. 
 Norwich . . . . 
 Bridgeport. .. 
 
 Schenectady. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Schenectady. 
 
 Utica 
 
 Syracuse . . . . 
 
 Auburn 
 
 Rochester . .. 
 
 Attica 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Lockport. .. . 
 Rochester . . . 
 
 Ithaca 
 
 Bath 
 
 Port Kent . . . 
 Brooklyn. .. . 
 New York. .. 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Catskill 
 
 Troy 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Jobstown 
 
 Jersey City. .. 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Elizabethport. 
 
 Newark 
 
 Jersey City. . . 
 Camden 
 
 Philadelphia. ., 
 Hollidaysburg . 
 Philadelphia.. . 
 Philadelphia . . 
 Philadelphia. .. 
 Philadelphia... 
 
 Norristown 
 
 Columbia Railroad. 
 
 Harrisburg 
 
 Harritsburg 
 
 Chambersburg 
 
 York 
 
 Port Clinton 
 
 Pottsville 
 
 Tamaqua 
 
 Lindner's Gap 
 
 Williamsport 
 
 Blossburg. 
 
 Mount Carbon 
 
 Port Carbon 
 
 Schuylkill 
 
 Port Carbon 
 
 Schuylkill Haven. 
 Mauch Chunk. .. . 
 
 Mauch Chunk 
 
 Parryville 
 
 Hazelton Mine 
 
 Nesquehoning Mine . 
 White Haven 
 
 To 
 
 Stonington. 
 
 Hartford 
 
 Worcester 
 
 West Stockbridge. 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Utica 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Auburn 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Attica 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 Black Rock 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 Port Genesee 
 
 Owego 
 
 Crooked Lake • -. . 
 
 Keesville 
 
 Hicksville 
 
 Harlem 
 
 West Stockbridge. 
 
 Canajoharie 
 
 Ballston 
 
 South Amboy.. . . 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Craft's Creek • . • ■ 
 New Brunswick . 
 New Brunswick . 
 
 Somerville 
 
 Morristown 
 
 Paterson 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Columbia.. . . 
 Johnstown . . 
 Pottsville.... 
 Wilmington. 
 Morrisville . . 
 Norristown.. 
 
 Columbia Railroad. 
 
 Westchester 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Chambersburg 
 
 Williamsport 
 
 Wrightsville 
 
 Tamaqua 
 
 Sunbury 
 
 Williamsport 
 
 Beaver Mead. R. R. 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Corning 
 
 Norwegian Creek. . 
 Tuscarora 
 
 Valley 
 
 Coal Mine 
 
 Mine Hill Gap. 
 Coal Mine 
 
 Coal Mine 
 
 Coal Mine 
 
 Beaver Mead. R. R. 
 
 Lehigh River 
 
 Wilkesbarre 
 
 Miles. 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 21 i 
 
 15J 
 
 77 
 
 53 
 
 2b 
 
 80 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 20 
 
 3 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 4i 
 27 
 
 8 
 33 
 78 
 23A 
 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 25 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 81 i 
 361 
 95 
 27 
 26i 
 17 
 4 
 201 
 10 
 35i 
 50 
 30 
 13 
 23 
 44i 
 106 
 12 
 
 m 
 
 40 
 
 ■n 
 
 10 
 15 
 13 
 
 9 
 20 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 5i 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 19J 
 
 (202) 
 
RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 119 
 
 Name. 
 
 Carbondale and Honesdale 
 
 Lykens Valley 
 
 Delaware. 
 New Castle and Frenchtown 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 Washington Branch 
 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna. . . . 
 
 Reistertown Branch 
 
 Baltimore and Port Deposit 
 
 Wilminstton and Susquehanna.. 
 
 Annapolis and Elkridge 
 
 Virginia. 
 Richm., Fredericksb., & Potomac 
 
 Louisa Branch 
 
 Richmond and Petersburg 
 
 Petersburg and Roanoke 
 
 Portsmouth and Roanoke 
 
 Winchester and Potomac 
 
 Greensville 
 
 City Point 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Wilmington and Raleigh 
 
 Raleigh and Gaston 
 
 Sooth Carolina. 
 
 Sonth Carolina 
 
 Columbia Branch , 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Athens Branch 
 
 Central 
 
 Western and Atlantic 
 
 Macon and Talbotton 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Tallahassee and Port Leon 
 
 Alabama. 
 Montgomery and West Point . . 
 Tuscumbia, Courtl'd, & Decatur 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 West Feliciana 
 
 Vicksburg and Clinton 
 
 Grand Gulf. 
 
 Jackson and Brandon 
 
 LoinsiANA. 
 
 Pontchartrain 
 
 West Feliciana 
 
 Atchafalaya 
 
 Alexandria and Cheneyville . . . . 
 New Orleans and Carrolton 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 La Grange and Memphis 
 
 Somerviile Branch 
 
 Highwassee 
 
 Kentpcky. 
 
 Le.Tington and Ohio 
 
 Ohio. 
 Mad River and Sandusky City.. . 
 Ohio 
 
 MiCBIOAN. 
 
 Central 
 
 Erie and Kalamazoo 
 
 Ypsilanti and Tecumseh 
 
 Detroit and Pontiac 
 
 Indiana. 
 Madison and Indianapolis 
 
 Illinois. 
 Meredosia and Jacksonville 
 
 From 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Broad Mountain 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Patapsco River 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 6 m. from Baltimore . 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Havre de Grace 
 
 Washington Branch . 
 
 Richmond 
 
 24 in. from Richmond 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Harper's Ferry 
 
 Near Hicksford 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Coal Mines 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Branchville 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Georgia R. R 
 
 Savannah 
 
 De Kalb County . . . . . 
 
 Macon 
 
 Macon 
 
 Tallahassee 
 
 Mnntgnmery 
 
 Tuscumbia 
 
 Bayou Sara 
 
 Vicksburg 
 
 Grand Gulf 
 
 Jackson 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 St. Francisville 
 
 Point Coupee 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 La Grange 
 
 Moscow 
 
 KnozviUe 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Ypsilanti 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Madison 
 
 Meredosia 
 
 To 
 
 Honesdale 
 
 Millersburg 
 
 Frenchtown, Md 
 
 Harper's Ferry 
 
 Washington 
 
 York, Pa 
 
 Reistertown 
 
 Havre de Grace 
 
 Wilmington, Del.. . . 
 Annapolis 
 
 Potomac Creek 
 
 Gordonsville 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Weldon 
 
 Weldon, N.C 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Gaston, N.C 
 
 City Point 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Weldon 
 
 Gaston 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Columbia 
 
 De Kalb County . . . . 
 
 Athens 
 
 Macon 
 
 Tennessee River 
 
 Talbotton 
 
 Griffin 
 
 Port Leon 
 
 West Point 
 
 Decatur. 
 
 Woodville, Mp 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Port Gibson 
 
 Brandon 
 
 Lake Pontchartrain 
 
 Woodville, Mp 
 
 Opelousas 
 
 Cheneyville 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Somerviile 
 
 West.& Allan. R.R 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Sandusky City 
 
 Sandusky City 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Adrian 
 
 Tecumseh 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Miles. 
 
 m 
 
 l(Ji 
 
 19 
 
 80i 
 304 
 56 
 8 
 36 
 32 
 19| 
 
 75 
 49 
 23 
 59 
 80 
 32 
 18 
 12 
 13i 
 
 161 
 
 85 
 
 135| 
 66 
 
 165 
 
 33 
 
 193 
 
 130 
 
 70 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 87 
 44 
 
 7* 
 54 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 4i 
 20 
 30 
 30 
 
 50 
 16 
 
 92J 
 
 36 
 40 
 
 112 
 33 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 95 
 
 54 
 
 (203) 
 
120 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE U. STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 to 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45. 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 Name. 
 
 Bowdoin Brunswick, 
 
 Place. 
 
 Waterville* 
 
 Dartmouth 
 
 University of Vermont 
 
 Middlebury 
 
 Norwich University 
 
 Harvard University 
 
 Williams 
 
 Amherst 
 
 Brown University* 
 
 Yale 
 
 Washington! 
 
 Wesleyan University^ 
 
 Columbia! 
 
 Union 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hamilton Lit. and Theol.* 
 
 Geneva! 
 
 University of New York 
 
 College of New Jersey 
 
 Rutgers 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. . . 
 
 DickinaonI 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Washington 
 
 Alleghany I 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Newark 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 St. Mary's§ 
 
 Mount St. Mary's§ 
 
 Georgetown§ 
 
 Columbian* 
 
 William and Mary! 
 
 HampdenSidney 
 
 Washington 
 
 University of Virginia 
 
 Randolph-Maconf 
 
 Emory and Henry! 
 
 Rector* 
 
 University of North Carolina. . 
 
 Davidson 
 
 Wake Forest* 
 
 Charleston* Charleston, 
 
 South Carolina Columbia, 
 
 Franklin Athens, 
 
 Oglethorpe Midway, 
 
 Emory! i Oxford, 
 
 Mercer University* i Penfield, 
 
 Christ Coll. and Ep. Inst.f Montpelier, 
 
 University of Alabama ! Tuscaloosa, 
 
 La Grange! La Grange, 
 
 Spring Hill§ Spring Hill, 
 
 Centenary! Brandon Springs, Miss. 
 
 Oakland Oakland, do. 
 
 Louisiana Jackson, La. 
 
 Jefferson Bringiers, do. 
 
 St. Charles§ Grand Co tea u, do. 
 
 Waterville 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 Providence, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 New Brunswick, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 Canonsburg, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Meadville, 
 
 Gettysburg, 
 
 Easton, 
 
 Mercersburg, 
 
 Newark, 
 
 Annapolis, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 Enimetsburg, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 Prince Ed. Co., 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 Charlottesville, 
 
 Boydton, 
 
 Glade Spring, 
 
 Prunty Town, 
 
 Chapel Hill, 
 
 Mecklenburg Co., 
 
 Wake Forest, 
 
 Me. 
 do. 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Mass. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 R.I. 
 Con. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 N. Y. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 N.J. 
 
 do. 
 Penn. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Del. 
 Md. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 DC. 
 
 do. 
 
 Va. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 N.C. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ala. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 190 
 
 75 
 
 331 
 
 101 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 245 
 
 144 
 
 142 
 
 175 
 
 410 
 
 80 
 
 133 
 
 120 
 
 258 
 
 94 
 
 74 
 
 64 
 
 135 
 
 207 
 
 82 
 
 111 
 
 109 
 
 164 
 
 76 
 
 100 
 
 76 
 
 154 
 
 49 
 
 100 
 
 27 
 
 160 
 
 130 
 
 167 
 
 25 
 
 98 
 
 65 
 
 136 
 
 170 
 
 98 
 
 143 
 
 50 
 
 169 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 .50 
 
 150 
 
 116 
 
 31 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 82 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 no 
 
 160 
 
 109 
 
 122 
 
 70 
 
 Vols, in 
 
 College 
 JLibraries- 
 
 21,950 
 7,200 
 
 16,500 
 9,200 
 7,054 
 
 53,000 
 
 7,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 32,200 
 
 G,.500 
 
 10,700 
 
 14,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 4,600 
 
 5,400 
 
 14,500 
 12,000 
 5,000 
 10,600 
 4,500 
 3,300 
 8,000 
 2,270 
 1,350 
 
 3,500 
 4,000 
 
 12,000 
 3,500 
 
 22,000 
 4,200 
 5,000 
 8,000 
 2,700 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,150 
 
 4,700 
 
 3,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 6,000 
 1,200 
 4,000 
 
 1,850 
 5,500 
 
 Founded. 
 
 1794 
 1820 
 1769 
 1791 
 1800 
 1834 
 1638 
 1703 
 1821 
 1764 
 1700 
 1824 
 1831 
 1754 
 1795 
 1812 
 1819 
 1823 
 1831 
 1746 
 1770 
 1755 
 3783 
 1802 
 1800 
 1815 
 1832 
 1832 
 1836 
 1833 
 1784 
 1799 
 1830 
 1789 
 1821 
 1693 
 1783 
 1812 
 1819 
 1832 
 1839 
 1839 
 1789 
 1838 
 1838 
 1795 
 1804 
 17a5 
 1836 
 1837 
 
 1839 
 
 1828 
 
 ia3i 
 ia30 
 
 1841 
 1831 
 1825 
 1831 
 
 Remarks. 
 The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists 
 palians; thus (!) Metkodists; thus (§) Catholics. 
 
 thus (!) Episio- 
 
 (204) 
 
UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, SECTS. 
 
 121 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 7J 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 Name. 
 
 Baton Rouge Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 Franklin Opelousas, do. 
 
 Greenville Greenville, Tenn. 
 
 Washington Washington Co., do. 
 
 University of Nashville Nashville, do. 
 
 East Tennessee Knoxville, do. 
 
 Jackson Near Columbia, do. 
 
 Transylvania Lexington, Ken. 
 
 St. Joseph's^ Bardstovvn, do. 
 
 Centre Danville, do. 
 
 Jiugustal Augusta, do. 
 
 Cumberland Princeton. do. 
 
 Georgetown* Georgetown, do. 
 
 Bacon Harrodsburg, do. 
 
 St. Mary's§ Marion Co., do. 
 
 University of Ohio Athens, Ohio. 
 
 Miami University O.xford, do. 
 
 Franklin New Athens, do. 
 
 Western Reserve Ravenna, do. 
 
 Kenyonf Gambler, do. 
 
 Granville* Granville, do. 
 
 Marietta Marietta, do. 
 
 Oberlin Institute Oberlin, do. 
 
 Cincinnati Cincinnati, do. 
 
 Woodward Cincinnati, do. 
 
 St. Xavier College§ Cincinnati, do. 
 
 Indiana Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 St. Gabriel's College§ Vincennes, do. 
 
 South Hanover South Hanover, do. 
 
 Wabash Crawfordsville, do. 
 
 Ind. Asbury University J do. 
 
 Illinois Jacksonville, III. 
 
 Shurtleff* Upper Alton, do. 
 
 McKendreel Lebanon, do. 
 
 McDonough Macomb, do. 
 
 University of St. LouisJ St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Kemper College! St. Louis, do, 
 
 St. Mary'sg Barrens, do. 
 
 Marion Marion, do. 
 
 Missouri University Columbia, do. 
 
 St. CharlesI ' St. Charles, do. 
 
 Fayette i Fayette, do. 
 
 Michigan University i Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Marshall Marshall, do. 
 
 St. Philip's? I Near Detroit, do. 
 
 Phce. 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 45 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 104 
 
 6G 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 69 
 
 66 
 
 75 
 
 49 
 
 108 
 
 203 
 
 110 
 
 16G 
 
 139 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 200 
 
 59 
 
 120 
 100 
 70 
 42 
 43 
 47 
 
 160 
 104 
 
 45 
 
 B5 
 75 
 (210 
 62 
 30 
 
 Voh. in 
 College 
 Libraries. 
 
 300 
 
 3,000 
 1,000 
 9,200 
 3,307 
 1,250 
 12,242 
 7,000 
 2,000 
 2,500 
 1,050 
 1,200 
 1.200 
 4,000 
 2,500 
 4,352 
 1,900 
 4,200 
 8,720 
 3,000 
 3,500 
 
 800 
 6,000 
 1,765 
 
 2,000 
 
 2.000 
 1,000 
 
 7,900 
 6,400 
 2,500 
 
 in 5 br. 
 3,700 
 3,000 
 
 Founded. I 
 
 1838 
 1839 
 1794 
 1794 
 1806 
 1807 
 1830 
 1798 
 1819 
 1822 
 1825 
 1825 
 1829 
 1836 
 1837 
 1821 
 1809 
 1825 
 1826 
 1826 
 1832 
 1832 
 1834 
 1819 
 
 1831 
 1827 
 
 1829 
 1833 
 1839 
 1829 
 1836 
 1834 
 1837 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 1831 
 1840 
 1839 
 
 1837 
 
 1839 
 
 PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS 
 ' IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptists - - - . 
 
 " Freewill - 
 " Seventh-Day - 
 *' Six-Principle - 
 
 Methodists - . . - 
 '* Protestant - 
 
 Presbyterians - - - 
 
 " Cumberl'nd 
 
 " Associate - 
 
 " Refornied 
 
 " Asso Ret'd, 
 
 Congregationalisls - 
 
 Catholics - - - - . 
 
 Gpiscopalians - - 
 
 Minis- 
 ters. 
 
 4,239 
 
 612 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 2,764 
 
 400 
 
 2,2 -'5 
 
 450 
 
 S7 
 
 20 
 
 116 
 
 1,1. W 
 
 389 
 
 849 
 
 Chur'B 
 orCon- 
 Sreg'ns 
 
 b,319 
 
 753 
 
 42 
 
 16 
 
 2 807 
 500 
 183 
 40 
 214 
 
 1,300 
 443 
 850 
 
 Members 
 or Com- 
 municants 
 
 45^,000 ) 
 33,876 f 
 4,503 ( 
 2.117 ) 
 650,103 ) 
 50,000 
 274,0?4 ^ 
 50,000 I 
 16.000 ^ 
 3,000 .' , 
 I2OO0J I 
 ICO.OCO 1 1,400,000 
 
 I 80;),ooo 
 
 I 600,000 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 4,300,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 2,175,C0O 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Universalists- - - . 
 I.ulherans .... 
 Dutch Reformed - - 
 Christi.ins .... 
 German Reformed - - 
 Unitarians - . . . 
 " Mennonites • 
 Friends ..... 
 
 I'unkers 
 
 Jews ... ... 
 
 Moravians or Un. Brefn, 
 Mormons -.--.. 
 
 Shakers - 
 
 New Jerusalem Church ■ 
 
 Minis- 
 ters. 
 
 317 
 
 267 
 192 
 800 
 180 
 174 
 
 40 
 
 Chur's 
 
 Members 
 
 orCon- 
 
 or Com- 
 
 ercai'ns 
 
 munic'ts. 
 
 653 
 
 
 7.-;o 
 
 62,226 
 
 197 
 
 22,515 
 
 1,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 6.0 
 
 30,000 
 
 200 
 
 
 200 
 
 30,000 
 
 500 
 
 
 40 
 
 3,000 
 
 24 
 
 5,745 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 15 
 
 6.000 
 
 27 
 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 a 10,000 
 
 540,000 
 
 450 000 
 
 300,000 
 
 250,009 
 
 180.000' 
 
 120,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 5,008 
 
 .i7''15'"'k-%''*^'"™'' of the number of churches, ministers, and members of the several denominations, have been ! 
 derived chiefly from recent official documents published by the different denominations : but the last column conUins 
 rather a va?ue estimate, which has appeared in various publications, of the total number of people « ho are attache* , [ 
 to, or ihoiv a preference for, the several different religious persuasions. 
 
 (205) 
 
122 
 
 THEOLOGICAL AND LAW SCHOOLS. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 
 
 Name. 
 
 Bangor Theol. Seminary . . 
 
 Thomaston Theol. Inst 
 
 Gilmanton Theol. Sem. . . . 
 
 Theolngical Seminary 
 
 Divinity School, Harv. Univ. 
 
 Theological Institution 
 
 Theol. Dep. Yale Collefje 
 
 Theol. Inst, of Connecticut. . 
 
 Theol. Inst. Epis. Church 
 
 Union Theol. Seminary 
 
 Theol. Sem. of Auhurn 
 
 Hamilton Lit. and Th. Inst.. 
 
 Hartwick Seminary 
 
 Theol. Sera. As. Ref. Ch 
 
 Th. Sem. Dutch Ref Ch 
 
 Theol. Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S 
 
 Sem. Luth. Ch. U. States 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 West. Theol. Seminary 
 
 Theological School 
 
 Theological Seminary 
 
 Epis. Theol. School of Va. . . 
 
 Union Theol. Seminary 
 
 Virginia Baptist Seminary. . 
 Southern Theol. Seminary.. . 
 
 Theological Seminary 
 
 Furman Theol. Seminary . . . 
 Lit. and Theol. Seminary .. . 
 
 j South West Theol. Sem 
 
 Lane Seminary 
 
 iTheol. Dep. Ken. College — 
 |Theol. Dep. Wes. Res. Col.. . 
 
 iTheological School 
 
 iGranville Theol. Dep 
 
 Oberlin Theol. Dep 
 
 Indiana Theol. Seminary.. . . 
 
 Alton Theol. Seminary 
 
 Carlinville Theol. Sera 
 
 Theol. Dep. Marion Col 
 
 Place. 
 
 Denomina- 
 tion. 
 
 Bangor, Me 
 
 Thomaston, do 
 Gilmanton, N.H 
 Andover, Mass. 
 Cambridge, do 
 Newton, do. 
 
 N. Haven, Ct 
 E. Windsor, do 
 N. York, N. Y. 
 
 do. 
 Auburn, 
 Hamilton, 
 Hartwick, 
 Newburgh, 
 IV. Br'wick, 
 Princeton, 
 Gettysburg 
 York, 
 Allegheny T. do. 
 Canonsburg, do. 
 Pittsburg, do. 
 Fairfax€o. 
 Pr. Ed. Co. 
 Richmond, 
 Columbia, 
 Lexington, 
 High Hills, 
 Eaton, 
 Maryville, 
 
 Cong 
 
 Baptist .... 
 
 Cong 
 
 Cong 
 
 Cong. Unit. 
 Baptist 
 
 Com. 
 
 opera 
 tion. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do 
 do. 
 N.J. 
 do. 
 Pa. 
 do. 
 
 Va 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 S.C. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ga. 
 Ten. 
 
 'Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Gambler, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Columbus, 
 
 Granville, 
 
 Oberlin, 
 
 S. Hanover, 
 
 Upper Alton 
 
 Carlinville 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 In, 
 II 
 do 
 
 N. Palmyra, Mo 
 
 Cong, 
 
 Cong 
 
 Prot. Epis.. . 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Lutheran . ., 
 Ass, Ref Ch 
 Dutch Ref. 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Evan?. L.. . , 
 G. Ref Ch.. 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Asso. Ch — 
 Asso. Ref. ., 
 Prot. Epis. . 
 Presbyt. ... 
 Baptist .... 
 Presbyt. ... 
 Lutheran . . 
 Baptist .... 
 Baptist . .. . 
 Presbyt. .. . 
 Presbyt. . . . 
 Prot. Epis.. 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Lutheran . . 
 Baptist . . . . 
 Presbyt- . . . 
 Presbyt. .. . 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Presbyt 
 
 Presbyt. .. 
 
 1816 
 1837 
 1835 
 1808 
 1816 
 18i") 
 1822 
 1834 
 1817 
 1836 
 1821 
 1820 
 1816 
 1836 
 178-1 
 1812 
 1826 
 1825 
 1828 
 
 1828 
 1822 
 1824 
 J 832 
 1831 
 1835 
 
 1834 
 
 1821 
 1829 
 
 1828 
 
 1832 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 1838 
 
 3 "^ 
 ZOO 
 
 43 
 
 23 
 26 
 
 129 
 20 
 33 
 61 
 29 
 74 
 
 105 
 71 
 37 
 3 
 II 
 36 
 
 no 
 
 26 
 20 
 20 
 22 
 J9 
 43 
 20 
 67 
 16 
 10 
 30 
 10 
 24 
 61 
 10 
 14 
 
 8 
 58 
 10 
 
 139 
 
 21 
 785 
 194 
 137 
 366 
 
 37 
 186 
 
 344 
 
 124 
 
 179 
 753 
 130 
 
 182 
 47 
 
 126 
 175 
 
 82 
 20 
 30 
 
 90 
 43 
 
 Vols, in 
 Library, 
 
 7,000 
 
 500 
 
 2,200 
 
 17,500 
 1,800 
 4,000 
 200 
 4,000 
 7,260 
 
 12,000 
 5,000 
 3,250 
 1,000 
 4,000 
 
 7,000 
 7,000 
 
 6,000 
 1,600 
 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 1,000 
 4,000 
 1,800 
 1,000 
 
 6,000 
 10,300 
 
 500 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 LAW SCHOOLS. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass... 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 New York City. . . . 
 
 Carlisle, Pa 
 
 Williamsburg, Va.. 
 Charlottesville, Va. 
 
 Raleigh, N.C 
 
 Mockville, N. C 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. .. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Harvard University 
 
 Yale College 
 
 Law Department, N. Y. Univ. 
 
 Dicki nson College 
 
 William and Mary College- ... 
 University of Virginia 
 
 Prof. 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 : 1 
 
 Transylvania University ! 3 
 
 Cincinnati College I 3 
 
 115 
 31 
 
 19 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 R 
 
 7 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 Students. 
 
 Schools for the study of law are much less frequented than schools for the study of the 
 other professions. The first institution of this nature, of much note, that was established 
 Ijn the United States, was the Law School at Litchfield, in Connecticut, which had from 
 'l798 to 1827, 730 students; but it is now discontinued. 
 
 '" . (206) 
 
MEDICAL SCHOOLS, &c. 
 
 123 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Maine Medical School.. . 
 N. H. Medical Scliool. .. . 
 Vt. Acad, of Medicine. . . 
 
 Vt. Medical Scliool 
 
 Med. School Harv. Univ. 
 Berkshire !VIed. School.. . 
 Med. Institut. Yale Coll.. 
 Coll. l'hy.s. & Surg. N. Y. 
 Med. Instil. Geneva Coll. 
 Med. Faculty Univ N.Y. 
 Alhany Medical College.. 
 Med. Dep. Univ. Penii.. . 
 JefTtTsoii Med. College.. . 
 Med. Dep. Penn. Coll. .. . 
 Med. School Univ. Md... 
 Washington Med. Coll.. . 
 Med. School Colum. Coll. 
 Med. School Univ. Va . . . 
 Med. Dep. Ham. Sid. Col. 
 Med. Coll. State of S.C 
 
 Med. Coll. of Georgia 
 
 Med. Coll. of Louisiana.. 
 Med. Dep. Traiisyl. Univ. 
 Louisville Med. Instit. . . 
 Medical College of Ohio. 
 Med. Dep. of Kemp. Col.. 
 Med. Col. St. Louis Univ. 
 Willoughby Med. Coll... 
 
 Place. 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Castleton 
 
 Woodstock . . 
 Cambridge.. .. 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 New Haven . . 
 Nevi' York. ... 
 
 Geneva 
 
 New York 
 
 Albany 
 
 Philadelphia.. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Baltimore 
 
 Do. 
 Washington . .. 
 Charlottesvfile 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Augusta 
 
 New Orleans.. 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Louisville .... 
 Cincinnati.. . . 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Do. 
 Willoughby.. . 
 
 Foun- 
 ded. 
 
 Prof. 
 
 Stu. 
 
 Grad- 
 uates. 
 
 If 20 
 
 4 
 
 GO 
 
 404 
 
 1797 
 
 6 
 
 8U 
 
 577 
 
 1818 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 514 
 
 1835 
 
 5 
 
 7G 
 
 IGG 
 
 1782 
 
 G 
 
 8G 
 
 547 
 
 1823 
 
 5 
 
 103 
 
 473 
 
 1810 
 
 G 
 
 47 
 
 782 
 
 1807 
 
 7 
 
 lOS) 
 
 71i9 
 
 1835 
 
 6 
 
 150 
 
 53 
 
 1837 
 
 6 
 
 239 
 
 
 1839 
 
 8 
 
 101 
 
 13 
 
 17t)5 
 
 7 
 
 3G3 
 
 3,320* 
 
 1824 
 
 7 
 
 20!) 
 
 7U4 
 
 1839 
 
 6 
 
 GO 
 
 
 1807 
 
 6 
 
 G5 
 
 1109 
 
 1827 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 
 1825 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 81 
 
 1825 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 
 1838 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 1833 
 
 8 
 
 158 
 
 
 1830 
 
 7 
 
 115 
 
 124 
 
 1835 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 
 1818 
 
 7 
 
 271 
 
 1,112 
 
 1837 
 
 6 
 
 2G2 
 
 53 
 
 1819 
 
 8 
 
 130 
 
 331 
 
 1841 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1836 
 
 5 
 
 200 
 
 
 1834 
 
 5 
 
 
 57 
 
 Lectures commence. ' 
 
 February 15th. ' . 
 
 1st or 2d Thurs. Aug. | 
 2d Thurs. in March. ' 
 2d Thurs. in March. 1 
 1st Wed. in Nov. 
 1st Thurs. in Sept, I 
 6 weeks 3d Wed Aug. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Tuesday in Oct. 
 last Monday in Oct. , 
 1st Tuesday in Oct. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 October 31st. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Oct. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 2d Monday in Nov. 
 2d Monday in Nov. 
 3d Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 1st Monday in Nov, 
 1st Monday in Nov. 
 last Monday in Oct. 
 
 * From 1791 to 1838, inclusive. 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 Synopsis of the Law passed by Congress, 1845, regulating the 
 Postage of Letters, Pamphlets, Newspapers, ^c. 
 
 POSTAGE. 
 
 On and after July 1, 184.5, on a letter note.xceeding half an ounce in wreight, sent an/ distance 
 not exceeding three hundred miles, five cents. 
 When sent any distance over three hundred miles, ten cents. 
 
 For every additiunal weight of h^df an ounce or any fraclional excess of less than half an ounce, 
 there shall be charsed an additional postage of live or ten cents, according to the distance. 
 On letters dropped in the post-office for delivery in the same place, two cents each. 
 On letiers advertised as remaining on hand there shall be charged, when delivered out, besides 
 the regular postage, the cost of advertising, which will be on each letter two cents, or four cents 
 if advertised in two papers. . , 
 
 What is subject to letter p<istagn is di-finc<l to be lellers in manuscript or paper of any kind 
 conveyed in the mail by or upon whii-h information shall be asked for or communicated in wilting, 
 or by marks or signs. 
 
 On nil circulars, handbills, or adverlisements, which are printed or lithographed on quarlo-post 
 or single cap-pap^r, or paper not larger than single cap, and which are folded and directed, but 
 left unsealed, two cents on each .-lioit for any distance. When sealed, these are to be rated ;\9 
 letters. 
 
 " Quarto-post" is the size usually called letter-paper, say about ten to eight inches to the page ; 
 "single cap" is the size commimly railed Writing-I'aper, say thirteen by eight inches to the pas?. 
 Where the circular is on a sheet larger than single cap. it is to be rated as a pamphlet. As the 
 postage on these articles is chargeaiile on each dipt/, postmasters will carefully examine all pack- 
 ets, and rate the postage accordingly. . r 1 
 
 On all pamphlets, magazines, periodicals, and every other kind and description of printed or 
 olhar matter (except newspapers, and except, also, circulars, handbills and advertisements, as 
 aforesaid), which shall he unconnected with any manuscript communication whatever, two and 
 a half cents for every cypy of no greater weight llian one ounce, for any distance. 1 or evry 
 
 53 
 
 (2.>-' 
 
124 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 additional ounce, one cent ; any fractional excess exceeding half an ounce, to be charged as an 
 ounce ; but any excess less than half an ounce is not to be regarded. 
 
 A pamphlet is a small, unbound, printed book. A magazine is a pamphlet published periodi- 
 cally, in numbers, conlaiuing articles on science, literature, politics, news, &c. 
 
 Newspapers go free for any distance not exceeding thirty miles from the place where printed, 
 when sent by the editors or publishers thereof; if they do not exceed nineteen hundred superficial 
 inches in extent. For any distance beyond thirty miles, within the State where published, one 
 cent postage. For any distance exceeding one hundred miles out of the State where published, 
 one iind a half cents postage. 
 
 When a newspaper exceeds nineteen hundred superficial inches, it is to be rated with pamphlet 
 postage. ' 
 
 When the article to be mailed is a circular, pamphlet or newspaper, it should be so enveloped 
 or folded that it can he distinctly seen at the office to be such, and also that it contain no writing, 
 marks, or signs to serve the purpose of written communications. If not done up so as to open at 
 the end, it is to be charged as a letter, by weight. 
 
 FREE PAPERS. 
 
 The Governors of States may send, free of postage, all laws and reports, whether bound or un- 
 bound ; and all records and documents of their respective Stales which may be directed by the 
 Legislature of theaeveral States to be transmitted to the Executive of other States, the Governor 
 writine his name thereon, with the designation of his oflice and the kind of books or documcnis 
 enclosed ; the package to be addressed to the Governor of the State to which it is to be sent. 
 
 The three Assistant Postmasters-General are authorized to send, free of postage, any letters, 
 packages, or other matters relating exclusivelu to their nfficial duties, or the business of the 
 rost-office Department, to be duly franked by them as on " official business." 
 
 Deputy postmasters throughout the United States are also authorized to send all letters and 
 packages which it may be their duty, or they may have occasion to transmit to any person or 
 place, which shall relate exclusively to the business of their respective offices or to the busiHess of 
 the Host-office Department. But in every such case the postmaster shall endorse thereon, over 
 his own signature, the words " Post-office business." 
 
 Exchange newspapers between publishers of newspapers may be sont free. 
 
 MONEY FOR PUBLISHERS. 
 
 The authority heretofore given to postmasters to send money free of postage to publishers of 
 newspapers in payment of subscriptions being withdrawn, the following resrulation is substituted : 
 
 Money may he left with a postmaster, in no instance e.TCeeding ten dollars, for the purpose of 
 being paid to distant publishers, if said publishers shall so desire, for any newspaper or pamphlet 
 deliverable from his office. The postmaster may retain one per cent, and give his receipt for the 
 balance. He is immediately to report the payment, with the names of the parlies, to the post- 
 master through whom said amount is to be paid to the publisher, anri to charge himself upon his 
 " general account with the United Slates," with the amount received, deduciing the one per cent, 
 under the head of "moneys received for subscriptions," stating the name of the payer, the name 
 of the payee, office where payable, amount, and time when received ; and shall make a full and 
 faithful return to the General Pi!St-office of all such cases at the end of each quarter. When 
 presented, the postmaster af the office where paj'able is to pay the amount in said receipt, de- 
 ducting one per cent.; which receipt, afier being endorsed by the publisher, he will forward as 
 his voucher of payment. He will enter said amount to his credit on his "general account with 
 the United Stales." under the head of " moneys paid for stiliscripliiins," giving the prirliculars 
 above stated, and tender to the General Fost-officc a full and faithful account of the same at the 
 end of each month. 
 
 WHAT MAY BE MAILED. 
 
 No packet shall weigh more than three pounds. Bound books of any size are not inclnded in 
 the term " mailable matter," except books sent by Governors of Slates as aforesaid. 
 
 ADVERTISED LETTERS. 
 
 Letters uncalled for are to he advertised in the paper of the town where the office adveriising 
 may be situated having the largest circulation, providing it c;in be done at a cost not e.vceeding 
 two cents on each letter. Letters are not to be advertised in more than one paper, unless spe- 
 cially directed by the Postmaster-General. 
 
 PRIVATE EXPRESSES. 
 
 The establishment of private expresses for the conveyance of any letters, packets or vnrkneei, 
 of letters, or other matter Iransmitable in the United States mail, (newspapers, pamphlets, iiraiia- 
 zines, and periodicals excepted,) from one city, town, or other place, to any other ciiy, town or 
 place in the United States, between, and from and lo which the United States mail is regularly 
 transported under authority of the Post-office Department, is pmhibited. So is the causing to bo 
 conveyed, or the providing for the conveyance or Iransportalion, by regular trips or at stated 
 periods or intervals, as aforesaid, any letters or other matters transmitable by mail as aforesaid, 
 newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals only excepted. 
 
 Every person offending against this provision, or aiding or assisting therein, or acting as such 
 private express, shall forfeit and pay $150 for e;ich time .my letter or letters, packet or packages, 
 or other matter properly iransmitable by mail, (except newspaper.?, &;c.) shall or may be by him, 
 her, or them, or through his, her, or their means or instrumentality, in whole or in part, conveyed'. 
 
 This is not to prohibit the conveyance of letters, packets or packages or other matter hy pri.- 
 vate hands, no compensation being tendered or received therefor in any way, or by special mes- 
 senger employed only for the single particular occasion. 
 
 (208) 
 
125 
 POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 
 
 IN THE DIFFERENT 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1840. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 'Aroostook 
 Cumberland 
 Fraoklio - 
 Hancock - 
 Kennebec 
 Lincota - 
 Oxford - 
 Penobscot 
 Piscataquis 
 Somerset- 
 Waldo - 
 Washington 
 York - 
 
 13 Countiea 
 
 9,413 
 
 66,65S 
 20,g01 
 28,605 
 65,823 
 63,517 
 38,351 
 45,705 
 13,138 
 33,912 
 41,609 
 28,327 
 54,034 
 
 501,793 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Cheshire - - 
 Coos - . - 
 Grafton - - 
 Hillsborough 
 Merrimack - 
 Rockingham 
 Strafford - • 
 Sullivan - - 
 
 8 Counties 
 
 - 20,340 
 
 - 9,849 
 
 • 42,311 
 
 - 26,429 
 
 • 36,253 
 
 • 45,771 
 
 - 61,127 
 
 • 20,340 
 
 ■ 284,574 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Addison • 
 Bennington 
 Caledonia 
 Chittenden 
 Essex - • 
 Franklin - 
 Grand Isle 
 Lamoile • 
 Orange - 
 Orleans - 
 Rutland - 
 Washington 
 Windham 
 Windsor - 
 
 14 Counties 
 
 23,583 
 
 16,872 
 21,801 
 22,977 
 
 4,226 
 24,531 
 
 3,883 
 10,475 
 27,873 
 13,634 
 30,699 
 23,506 
 27,442 
 40,356 
 
 • 291,948 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Barnstable - - 
 
 32.548 
 
 Berkshire - . 
 
 41,745 
 
 Bristol - - . 
 
 • 60,164 
 
 Dukes- - - . 
 
 - 3,958 
 
 Essex - - . - 
 
 - 04,987 
 
 Franklin- - - 
 
 28,812 
 
 Hampden - - 
 
 37,366 
 
 Hampshire - - 
 
 30,897 
 
 Middlesex - - 
 
 106,611 
 
 Nantucket - - 
 
 9,012 
 
 Norfolk - - . 
 
 63,140 
 
 Plymouth - - 
 
 47,373 
 
 Suffolk - - . 
 
 95,773 
 
 Worcester - - 
 
 95,313 
 
 14 Counties 
 
 Providence - 
 Washington 
 
 5 Counties 
 
 58,073 
 14,324 
 
 108,830 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 737,699 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Bnstol . 
 Kent 
 Newport - 
 
 6,476 
 I3,0tt3 
 16,874 
 
 Fairfield- - 
 Hartford - - 
 Litchfield - 
 Middlesex • 
 New Haven 
 New London 
 Tolland - ■ 
 Windham - 
 
 S Counties 
 
 49,917 
 55,629 
 40,448 
 24.879 
 4S'«i9 
 44;463 
 17,955 
 28,080 
 
 309,978 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Albany - 
 Alleghany 
 Broome - 
 Cattaraugus 
 Cayuga - 
 Chatauque 
 Chemung 
 Chenango 
 Clinton • 
 Columbia 
 Cortland - 
 Delaware 
 Dutchess - 
 Erie - - 
 Essex 
 Franklin - 
 Fulton . 
 Genesee • 
 Green© • 
 Hamilton 
 Herkimer 
 Jefferson 
 Kings - • 
 Lewis- - 
 Livingston 
 Madison • 
 Monroe - 
 Montgomery 
 New York 
 Niagara - 
 Oneida 
 Onondaga 
 Ontario - 
 Orange • 
 Orleans - 
 Oswego - 
 Otsego 
 Putnam - 
 Queens - 
 Rensselaer 
 Richmond 
 Rockland 
 Saratoga - 
 Schenectady 
 Schotjarie 
 Seneca - 
 St. Lawrence 
 Steuben - 
 Suffolk - 
 Sullivan - 
 Tioga - - 
 Tompkins 
 Ulster - - 
 
 68,593 
 40,975 
 22,338 
 28,872 
 60,338 
 47,975 
 20,732 
 40,785 
 28,167 
 43,252 
 24,607 
 35,396 
 52 398 
 62,465 
 23,634 
 16,518 
 18,049 
 59,587 
 30,446 
 1,907 
 37,477 
 60 9S4 
 47,613 
 17,830 
 35,140 
 40,008 
 64,902 
 35,818 
 312,701 
 31,l.'i2 
 8.5,310 
 67.911 
 43,501 
 50,739 
 25,127 
 43,619 
 49,628 
 12,825 
 30,324 
 60,259 
 10,965 
 11,975 
 40,553 
 17,387 
 32,358 
 24,874 
 66,7C6 
 45.138 
 32469 
 15,620 
 20,.'i27 
 37,94R 
 45,822 i 
 
 Warren - - 
 Washington 
 Wayne • . 
 Westchester 
 Yates - - . 
 
 - 13,422 
 • 41,080 
 
 - 42,057 
 
 - 48,686 
 
 - 20,444 
 
 58 Counties - 2,428,920 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Atlantic • 
 Bergen - 
 Burlington 
 Cape May 
 Cumberland 
 Essex ■ - 
 Gloucester 
 Hudson • 
 Hunterdon 
 Mercer • 
 Middlesex 
 Monmouth 
 Morris - 
 Passaic - 
 Salem - - 
 Somerset - 
 Sussex 
 Warren • 
 
 IS Counliei - - 373,306 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Adams - - 
 Alleghany - 
 Armstrong - 
 Beaver - • 
 Bedford - - 
 Berks - • - 
 Bradford - - 
 Bucks- - - 
 Butler- - - 
 Cambria - - 
 Centre - - 
 Chester - . 
 Clearfield - 
 Clinton - • 
 Columbia - 
 Crawford 
 Cumterland 
 Dauphin - - 
 Delaware 
 Erie - - - 
 Fayette - - 
 Franklin - - 
 Greene - • 
 Huntingdon - 
 Indiana - - 
 Jefferson - - 
 Juniata - - 
 Lancaster - 
 Lebanon - - 
 Lehigh - - 
 Luzerne - - 
 Lycnming - 
 M'Kean - - 
 Mercer - - 
 Mifiiiu - . 
 Monroe - - 
 Moiitgontery 
 Northunibf-rlarid 
 Noilhamptoii - 
 
 23,044 
 81,235 
 28365 
 29,368 
 29.335 
 64,569 
 32,769 
 48,107 
 22,378 
 11,256 
 20,492 
 57,516 
 7.834 
 8,323 
 24,267 
 31,724 
 30,953 
 30,118 
 19,791 
 31,344 
 33,574 
 37 793 
 19.147 
 35,484 
 20,782 
 7,253 
 11,080 
 84,203 
 21,872 
 25,787 
 44 006 
 22,649 
 2,975 
 32.873 
 13.092 
 9,879 
 47,241 
 20,027 
 40,996 
 
 Perry 17,096 
 
 Philadelphia - • 258,037 
 
 Potter 3,371 
 
 Pike 3,832 
 
 Schuylkill - - - 29,053 
 
 Somerset - - - 19,660 
 
 Susquehanna - - 21,195 
 
 Tioga 15,498 
 
 Union 22,787 
 
 Venango - - - 17,900 
 
 Warren - . . - 9,278 
 
 Washington - - 41,279 
 
 Wayne ... - 11,848 
 
 Westmoreland- - 42,699 
 
 York 47,010 
 
 54 Counties - 1,724,033 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Kent 19,872 
 
 Newcastle- - - 33,120 
 
 Sussex .... 25,093 
 
 3 Counties - - 78,085 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Alleghany - . 
 
 Anne Arundel - 
 
 Baltimore - - 
 
 Calvert - . . 
 
 Caroline - . - 
 
 Carroll - . . 
 
 Charles - . . 
 
 Cecil - - . . 
 
 Dorchester - - 
 
 Frederick . . 
 
 Harford - . . 
 
 Kent - . . . 
 
 Montgomery . 
 Prince George's 
 
 Queen Anne's - 
 
 Somerset - . . 
 
 St. Mary's • - 
 
 Talbot . . . 
 
 Worcester • - 
 
 Washington - • 
 
 20 Countiea - 
 
 15,690 
 
 29,532 
 134,379 
 9,229 
 7,806 
 17,ill 
 16,023 
 17,232 
 18,843 
 36,405 
 17,120 
 10,842 
 15,456 
 19,539 
 12,633 
 19,608 
 13,224 
 12,090 
 18,377 
 28,850 
 
 469,232 
 
 DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Alexandria - - . 9 967 
 
 Washington . . 33,745 
 
 2 Counties - - 43,712 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Accomack - 
 
 Albemarle - 
 
 Alleghany . 
 
 Amelia - - 
 
 Amherst - - 
 
 Augusta - - 
 
 Bath - . - 
 
 Bedford - . 
 
 Berkeley - - 
 Botetourt 
 Braxton - 
 Brooke 
 
 Brunswick • 
 Buckingham 
 
 17,096 
 22,924 
 
 2,749 
 10,320 
 12,576 
 19.628 
 
 4,300 
 20,203 
 10,972 
 11,679 
 
 2,675 
 
 7,948 
 14,346 
 18,786 
 
1 • 1 
 
 126 POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 
 
 Cabell - - . 
 
 . 8,163 
 
 Spoltsylvinia • - 15,161 ' Charleston - . 
 
 82,661 
 
 Muscogee . . . 11.699 1 
 
 Camiibell - - 
 
 ■ 21,030 
 
 SiafTord • 
 
 
 
 • 8,454 
 
 Chester - - - 
 
 17,747 
 
 Newton . . 
 
 
 
 11,628 
 
 CaruIiDe ■ ■ . 
 
 17,813 
 
 Surry - - 
 
 
 
 • 6,460 
 
 Cliesterfield - - 
 
 8,574 
 
 Oglethorpe 
 
 
 
 10,868 
 
 Clarie - • . 
 
 6,353 
 
 Su-sex . 
 
 
 
 • 11,229 
 
 Colleton - - - 
 
 25.548 
 
 Paulding . 
 
 
 
 2,556 
 
 Charles City - 
 
 4,794 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 
 
 - 6290 
 
 Darlington - - 
 
 14,822 
 
 Pike - - 
 
 
 
 9,176 
 
 5,389 
 
 Charlolle ■ - 
 
 14,893 
 
 Tyler - . 
 
 
 
 • 6,934 
 
 Edgefield - - 
 
 32,852 
 
 Pulaski - 
 
 
 
 Cheslei field - • 
 
 ■ 17,148 
 
 W»nen - 
 
 
 
 • 6,627 
 
 Fairfield - - - 
 
 20,165 
 
 Putnam - - 
 
 
 
 10,260 
 1,912 
 
 Culpeper - • 
 
 ■ 11,393 
 
 Warwick 
 
 
 
 1,456 
 
 Georgetown- . 
 
 18,274 
 
 Rabun - 
 
 
 
 Cunibeilaad 
 
 10,399 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 ■ 13,001 
 
 Greenville . - 
 
 17,839 
 
 Randolph 
 
 
 
 8,276 
 11,932 
 
 Dinwiddle • - 
 
 22,558 
 
 Westmoreland 
 
 
 8,019 
 
 Horry .... 
 
 6,765 
 
 Richmond ■ 
 
 
 
 Elizabeth City • 
 
 ■ .?'ISS 
 
 Wood- - - 
 
 
 • 7,923 
 
 Kershaw .... 
 
 12,281 
 
 Scriven - - 
 
 
 
 4,794 
 
 Ebseii • - . 
 
 ■ 11,309 
 
 Wyihe . . 
 
 
 9,375 
 
 Lancaster . - 
 
 9,907 
 
 Stewart - 
 
 
 
 12,933 
 
 Fairfai . - . 
 
 9,370 
 
 York . . - 
 
 
 4,720 
 
 Laurens - . * 
 
 21,584 
 
 Sumter - 
 
 
 
 6,789 
 
 Fauquier • - 
 Fayelle - - - 
 
 21.897 
 3,924 
 
 119 Counties ■ 1,239,797 
 
 Lexington . - 
 Marion - - - 
 
 . 12,111 
 13,932 
 
 Talbot - 
 Taliaferro 
 
 
 
 16,627 
 6,190 
 
 Floyd - - - 
 Fluvanua • - 
 Franklin . - - 
 
 4,453 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Marlborough - 
 
 8,408 
 
 Tatnall - 
 
 
 
 2,724 
 
 8,812 
 - 15,832 
 
 Anson 
 Ashe . . 
 Beaufort ■ 
 Bertie - 
 Baden . 
 Brunswick 
 Bunconibe 
 Burke- . 
 Cabarra? - 
 Camden - 
 Carteret . 
 Caswell . 
 Chalham - 
 Cherokee 
 
 
 
 15,077 
 
 Newberry - - 
 Orangeburg - - 
 
 18,350 
 18,319 
 
 Telfair - 
 Thomas - 
 
 
 
 2,763 
 6,766 
 
 Frederick - - 
 Giles - . . . 
 Gloucester - • 
 Goochlaud • - 
 GraysoD - - - 
 Greene - - • 
 Greenbrier - • 
 Greensville • • 
 Halifax - . - 
 Hampshire ■ - 
 Hauover . . - 
 Hardy - - - 
 Harrison - - • 
 
 ■ 14,242 
 
 5.307 
 
 10,716 
 
 9,760 
 
 9,087 
 
 • 4,232 
 
 8,693 
 
 6,366 
 
 25,936 
 
 22,295 
 
 14,968 
 
 7,622 
 
 17.669 
 
 
 
 7,467 
 
 ■ 12,225 
 
 ■ 12,175 
 
 8,022 
 5,265 
 10,084 
 15,799 
 9,259 
 5,663 
 
 ■ 6,59! 
 14,693 
 16,212 
 
 3,427 
 
 Pickens . . . . 
 Richland- - . 
 Spartanburg- - 
 Snmter - . . 
 Union .... 
 Williamsburg . . 
 York . . . . . 
 
 29 Districts • . 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 Appling . . . 
 Baker- - - . 
 
 14,356 
 16,397 
 23,669 
 27,892 
 18,936 
 10,327 
 18,383 
 
 Troup . 
 Twiggs - 
 Upson . - 
 Union . - 
 Walker . 
 Walton - 
 Ware- . 
 Warren - 
 Washiog'on 
 Wayne . 
 Wilkes . 
 Wilkinson 
 
 
 
 15,733 
 8,422 
 9,408 
 3,152 
 6,572 
 
 10,209 
 2,323 
 9,789 
 
 10,565 
 ■ 1,258 
 
 10,148 
 6,842 
 
 694,393 
 
 • 
 
 2,052 
 4,226 
 
 Heurico - • • 
 
 33,076 
 
 Chowan - 
 
 
 
 f'P 
 
 Baldwin . . . 
 
 7,250 
 
 93 Counties 
 
 
 - 691,392 
 
 Heury - - - 
 
 7,333 
 
 Columbus 
 
 
 
 3,941 
 
 Bibb .... 
 
 9,802 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 
 Isle of Wight - 
 
 9,972 
 
 Craven - 
 
 
 
 13,438 
 
 Bryan .... 
 
 3,182 
 
 
 
 Jackson . - - 
 
 4,890 
 37,791 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 
 
 15,284 
 
 Bulloch - . . 
 
 • 3,102 
 ■ 13,176 
 
 Alachua - 
 
 
 
 2,282 
 
 James City - • 
 
 Currituck 
 
 
 
 6,703 
 
 Burke .... 
 
 Calhoun - 
 
 
 
 1,142 
 
 Jefferson . - - 
 
 14,082 
 
 Davidson 
 
 
 
 14.606 
 
 Buts • . . . 
 
 • 5,308 
 
 Columbia 
 
 
 
 2,102 
 
 Kanawha • - 
 
 13,567 
 
 Davie - - 
 
 
 
 7,574 
 
 Camden ... 
 
 • 6,073 
 
 Dade - - 
 
 
 
 446 
 
 King George - 
 
 5,927 
 
 Duplin - 
 
 
 
 11,182 
 
 Campbell . . 
 
 5.370 
 
 Duval - . 
 
 
 
 4,156 
 
 King William ■ . 
 
 9,258 
 
 Edgecombe 
 
 
 
 • 15,708 
 
 Carroll - - . 
 
 5,262 
 9,390 
 
 Escambia 
 
 
 
 3,998 I 
 
 King & Queen - 
 
 10,862 
 
 Franklin 
 
 
 
 . 10,708 
 
 Cas 
 
 Franklin - 
 
 
 
 1,030 ' 
 
 Lancaster - - 
 
 4,628 
 
 Gates - -■ 
 
 
 
 . 8,161 
 
 Chatham - - - 
 
 18,801 
 
 Gadsden - 
 
 
 
 6,992 
 
 Lee 
 
 8,441 
 
 Granville 
 
 
 
 18,817 
 
 Chattooga - . 
 
 3,438 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 
 
 1,464 
 
 Lewis - - - . 
 
 8,151 
 
 Greene ■ 
 
 
 
 . 6,595 
 
 Cherokee - . 
 
 5,695 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 
 
 452 
 
 Logan .... 
 
 4,309 
 
 Guilford . 
 
 
 
 • 19,175 
 
 Clarke . - • 
 
 • 10,522 
 
 Jackson - 
 
 
 
 4,681 
 
 Loudon .... 
 
 20,431 
 
 Halifax • 
 
 
 
 • 16,863 
 
 Cobb .... 
 
 7,539 
 11,356 
 
 Jefferson - 
 
 
 
 6,713 
 
 Louisa .... 
 
 15,433 
 
 Haywood 
 
 
 
 4,975 
 
 Columbia . . 
 
 Leon . . 
 
 
 
 10,713 
 
 Lunenburg . . . 
 
 11,055 
 
 Henderson 
 
 
 
 ■ S.129 
 
 Coweta . . . 
 
 10,364 
 
 M.idison - 
 
 
 
 2,644 
 
 Madison - . . - 
 
 8,107 
 
 Herlford 
 
 
 
 
 • 7,484 
 
 Crawford . . 
 
 7,981 
 
 Monroe . 
 
 
 
 688 
 
 Marshall • - ■ 
 
 6,937 
 
 Hyde - - 
 
 
 
 
 6,458 
 
 Dade .... 
 
 • 1,364 
 
 Mosquito 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 Mason .... 
 
 6,777 
 
 Iredell 
 
 
 
 
 15,685 
 
 Decatur . . . 
 
 ■ 5.872 
 
 Nassau - 
 
 
 
 1,892 
 
 Matthews . . - 
 
 7,4-12 
 
 Johnson - 
 
 
 
 
 10,599 
 
 DeKalb - . . 
 
 - 10,467 
 
 St. Johns - 
 
 
 
 2,694 
 
 Mecklenburg • - 
 
 20,724 
 
 Jones . 
 
 
 
 
 4,945 
 
 Do.dy- - - - 
 
 4,427 
 
 Wallou - - 
 
 
 1,461 
 
 Mercer - - - . 
 
 2,233 
 
 Lenoir 
 
 
 
 
 • 7.605 
 
 Early- - - . 
 
 6,444 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 859 
 
 Middlesex - • - 
 
 4,392 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 
 
 
 25,160 
 
 Effingham - - . 
 
 3,075 
 
 20 Counties 
 
 
 54,477 
 
 Monongalia • < 
 
 17,368 
 
 Macon 
 
 
 
 
 4,869 
 
 Elbert - - . 
 
 11,125 
 
 
 Monroe • - . 
 
 8,422 
 
 Martin - 
 
 
 
 7,637 
 
 Emanuel ... 
 
 3,129 
 
 ALABAMi 
 
 \.. 
 
 Montgomery - - 
 
 7.405 
 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 
 18,273 
 
 Fajetle . - - 
 
 6,191 
 
 Autauga - 
 
 
 14,342 
 
 Morgan . - . . 
 
 4,253 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 
 10,780 
 
 Floyd 
 
 4,441 
 
 Baldwin . 
 
 
 
 2,951 
 
 Nansemond • • • 
 
 10,798 
 
 Moore • . 
 
 
 7,988 
 
 Forsyth - • - 
 
 5,619 
 
 Barbour - 
 
 
 
 12,024 
 
 Nelson - - - 
 
 12,287 
 
 Nash .... 
 
 
 9,047 
 
 Fr.inklin - - - 
 
 9,886 
 
 Benton . 
 
 
 
 14,260 
 
 Neiv Kent .- - 
 
 6,230 
 
 New Hanover 
 
 
 13,312 
 
 Gl.\nn- - . . 
 
 6,392 
 
 Bibb - . 
 
 
 
 8,284 
 
 Micholas - - • 
 
 2,515 
 
 Northampton 
 
 
 13,369 
 
 Greeue - - . 
 
 11,690 
 
 Blount - 
 
 
 
 5,570 
 
 Norlolk - • • 
 
 21,092 
 
 Onslow . 
 
 
 
 7,527 
 
 Gwinnett. . . 
 
 10.!^04 
 
 Butler. . 
 
 
 
 8,685 
 
 NiTthamplon - 
 
 7,715 
 
 Orange - 
 
 
 
 24,336 
 
 Gilmer ... 
 
 2.,336 
 
 Chambers 
 
 
 
 17.338 
 
 Northuniberland 
 
 7,924 
 
 Pasquotank 
 
 
 
 8,514 
 
 Habersham . . 
 
 7,961 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 
 
 8,773 
 
 Nottoway • - 
 
 9,719 
 
 Perquimans 
 
 
 
 7,346 
 
 Hall .... 
 
 7 875 
 
 Clarke . 
 
 
 
 8,640 
 
 Ohio ■ 
 
 13,357 
 
 Person - 
 
 
 
 9,790 
 
 Hancock . . . 
 
 9,659 
 
 Conecuh - 
 
 
 
 8,197 
 
 Orange - • • 
 
 9,125 
 
 Pitt - - 
 
 
 
 11,806 
 
 Harris . - - , 
 
 13.933 
 
 Coosa - - 
 
 
 
 6 993 
 
 Page .... 
 
 6,194 
 
 R.indnlph 
 
 
 
 12,875 
 
 Heard- - - - 
 
 6,329 
 
 Covington 
 
 
 
 2,435 
 
 Patrick - . - 
 
 8,032 
 
 Richmond 
 
 
 
 8,909 
 
 Henry- - - - 
 
 11,756 
 
 Dale - - 
 
 
 
 7,397 
 
 Pendleton - • 
 
 6,940 
 
 Robeson - 
 
 
 
 10,370 
 
 Houston . . . . 
 
 9.711 
 
 Dallas . ■ 
 
 
 
 25,199 
 
 Pittsylvania - . 
 
 26,398 
 
 Rockingham 
 
 
 
 13,442 
 
 Irwin .... 
 
 2,038 
 
 De Kalb . 
 
 
 
 5929 
 
 Pocitionlas • . 
 
 2,922 
 
 Rowan - - 
 
 
 
 12,109 
 
 Jackson . . . 
 
 ■ 8,522 
 
 Fayette - 
 
 
 
 6 942 
 
 Powhatan - - 
 
 7,924 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 
 
 19,202 
 
 Jasper .... 
 
 . ILlll 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 
 
 14,270 
 
 Preston - - - 
 
 6,SC6 
 
 Sampson - 
 
 
 
 • 12,167 
 
 Jefferson ... 
 
 7,231 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 
 
 24 024 
 
 I'rince Edward 
 
 14,069 
 
 Stokes 
 
 
 
 16 265 
 
 Jones .... 
 
 10,005 
 
 Henry - • 
 
 
 
 6,787 
 
 Prihce George . 
 
 7,175 
 
 Surry - - 
 
 
 
 16,079 
 
 Laurens . - - 
 
 5,685 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 
 
 15,715 
 
 Prince William 
 
 8,144 
 
 Tyrrell . 
 
 
 
 4,657 
 
 Lee 
 
 4,620 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 
 
 7,131 
 
 Princess Anne . • 
 
 7,285 
 
 Wake . . 
 
 
 
 21,118 
 
 Liberty . - . - 
 
 7,241 
 
 Lauderdale 
 
 
 
 14,485 
 
 Pulaski - - 
 
 3,739 
 
 Warren . . 
 
 
 
 12,919 
 
 Lincoln . . - 
 
 5,895 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 
 
 13,313 
 
 Randolph • . 
 
 6,208 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 4,525 
 
 Lowndes- - - - 
 
 6,574 
 
 Limestone 
 
 
 
 14.374 
 
 Rappahannoci; - 
 
 9,257 
 
 Wayne . 
 
 
 
 10.891 
 
 Lumpkin - • - 
 
 6,671 
 
 Lowndes • 
 
 
 
 19,539 
 
 Richmond - . 
 
 5,965 
 
 Wilkes . 
 
 
 
 12,577 
 
 Madison . . - - 
 
 4,510 
 
 Macon . 
 
 
 
 11,247 
 
 Roanoke • • - 
 Rockb'idge - . 
 
 6,499 
 14,284 
 
 Vancey . 
 68 Counties . 
 
 
 5,962 
 
 Mackintosh - - - 
 Macon . . . . 
 
 6,380 
 6,015 
 
 Madison . 
 Marengo - 
 
 
 
 25,706 
 17,264 
 
 753.419 
 
 Rockingham . 
 
 17,344 
 
 
 Marion . . . - 
 
 4,812 
 
 Marion - ■ 
 
 
 
 5,847 
 
 Russell . . . 
 
 7,878 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Meiriwether - - 
 
 14.132 
 
 Marshall. . 
 
 
 
 7.553 
 
 Scott .... 
 
 7 303 
 
 Abbeville . . . 29,351 
 
 Monroe . . . . 
 
 16,275 
 
 Mobile . . 
 
 
 
 18,741 
 
 Shenandoah . . 
 
 11,618 
 
 Anderson . . - 18,493 
 
 •Montgomery - ■ 
 
 1,616 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 
 
 24,574 
 
 Smythe • . . 
 
 6,322 
 
 Barnwell - . - 21,471 
 
 Morgan - . . 
 
 9,121 
 
 Monrce - . 
 
 
 
 10.680 
 
 SoulbamptoB . 
 
 14,525 
 
 Beaufort .... 35,794 
 
 Murray . . . • 
 
 4,696 ' Morgan .... 9,841 1 
 
 (iO 
 
IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 127 
 
 - 19,0S6 
 
 - 17,118 
 
 - 10,108 
 
 - 4,973 
 . 1<J,513 
 . 29,937 
 . 5,638 
 
 • 6,112 
 
 - 12,587 
 
 • 6,444 
 
 - 16,583 
 
 - 4,033 
 . 6,300 
 . 15,278 
 
 Perry - - - 
 Pickens - - 
 Pike • • ■ 
 Raadolpb - 
 Russell - - 
 Sumter - - 
 St. Clair - • 
 Shelby . . 
 Tall.idega - 
 Tallapoosa - 
 Tuscaloosa • 
 Walker - . 
 Washington - 
 Wilcox - - 
 
 49 Counties • • 690,756 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Adams . - . - 19,434 
 
 Amite 9,511 
 
 Allala 4,303 
 
 Bolivar .... 1,356 
 
 CarrU .... 10,481 
 
 Chickasaw - - . 2,955 
 
 Choctaw .... 6,010 
 
 Claibi.roe - • . 13,078 
 
 Clarke .... 2,986 
 
 Copiah .... 8,954 
 
 Covington . . . 2,717 
 
 De Soto .... 7,002 
 
 Franklin. . . . 4,775 
 
 Greene .... 1,636 
 
 Hancock .... 3,367 
 
 Hinds 19,098 
 
 Holmes .... 9,452 
 
 liavvamba . . - 5,375 
 
 Jackson .... 1,965 
 
 Jasper 3,958 
 
 JeBerson .... J 1,650 
 
 Jones 1,258 
 
 Kemper .... 7,663 
 
 Koahoma • . 1,290 
 
 Lafayette ■ . . 6,531 
 
 Lauderdale - - . 6,358 
 
 Lawrence ... 5,920 
 
 Leake .... 2,162 
 
 Lowndes- • . . 14,513 
 
 Madison .... 16,530 
 
 Marion - . . . 3,830 
 
 Marshall- - . . I7,K6 
 
 Monroe - . . . 9,250 
 
 Nashoba . - . . 2,437 
 
 Newton .... 2,627 
 
 Noiabee .... 9,975 
 
 Oktibbeha - ■ - 4,276 
 
 Perry 1,899 
 
 Pike 6,151 
 
 Ponola .... 4,657 
 
 Pontotoc .... 4,491 
 
 Rankin .... 4,631 
 
 Scott 1,653 
 
 Simpson .... 3,380 
 
 Smith ..... 1,961 
 
 Tallahatchie . - 2,985 
 
 Tippah .... 9,441 
 
 Tishomingo . - 6,661 
 
 Tunica .... 821 
 
 Warren .... 15,820 
 
 Washington. . . 7,287 
 
 Wayne .... 2,120 
 
 Wilkinson - . . 14,193 
 
 Wioslon .... 4,650 
 
 Talabusba . . . 12,248 
 
 Yazoo 10,480 
 
 SeCounlies . . 375,651 
 LOUISIANA- 
 Ascension . . . 6,951 
 
 Assumption ... 7,141 
 
 Avoyelles . . . 6 616 
 
 Baton Rouge . . 2,269 
 
 Caddo 5,282 
 
 Calcasiu ' 
 
 Caldwell- . . . 
 
 Carroll - . - - 
 
 Catahoola • . . 
 
 Claiborne . . . 
 
 Concordia . . . 
 Eaai Baton Rouge . 
 
 East Feliciana . . 
 
 Iberville . . . . 
 
 Jefferson . . . . 
 
 Lafourche Int'r. . 
 
 2,057 
 2,017 
 4,237 
 4,955 
 6,185 
 9,414 
 8,138 
 
 I l,S93 
 4,495 
 
 10,470 
 7,303 
 
 Lafayette . . . 
 
 Livingston . . . 
 Madison - . . . 
 Natchitoches - ■ 
 New Orle.ins - ■ 
 Plaquemines 
 Point Coupee - 
 Rapides ... 
 St. Bernard - . 
 St Charle# . . 
 St. Helena - . 
 St. John Baptist 
 St. James - . - 
 St. Landry • • 
 St. Martin's - - 
 St. Mary's - - 
 St. Tammany . 
 Terre Bonne . 
 Union .... 
 Washita . . . 
 Washington - . 
 W. Baton Rouge 
 W. Feliciana . 
 39 Parishes . 
 OHIO. 
 Adams . - . 
 Allen .... 
 Ashtabula . - 
 Athens ... 
 Belmont ... 
 Brown ... 
 Butler- - - - 
 Carroll - • - 
 Champaign . • 
 Clark .... 
 Clermont - . 
 Clinton ... 
 Columbiana* . 
 Coshocton . . 
 
 Crawford • - 
 
 Cuyahoga - . 
 Darke. . - . 
 
 Delaware . . 
 
 Erie .... 
 
 Fairfield • - ■ 
 
 Fayette - . ■ 
 
 Franklin - - - 
 Gallia. - . . 
 
 Geauga • - . 
 
 Greene . . - 
 
 Guernsey - . 
 
 Hamilton . . 
 
 Hancock • . . 
 
 Hardin . . . 
 
 Harrison . . . 
 
 Henry- - • - 
 
 Highland- - . 
 
 Hocking - - . 
 
 Holmes - . . 
 
 Huron- - . . 
 
 Jackson - - * 
 
 Jefferson ... 
 
 Knox . - . . 
 
 Lake .... 
 
 Lawrence - - 
 
 Licking . - . 
 
 Lorain - - - 
 
 Logan. - . - 
 
 Luca^ . . . - 
 
 Madison - - . 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 Medina . . - 
 
 Meigs . . . • 
 
 Mercer . - - 
 
 Miami . . . 
 
 Monroe - . . 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 Morgan . . . 
 
 Muskingum . . 
 
 Ottawa . . . 
 
 Paulding- . . 
 
 Perry . . - - 
 
 Pickaway . - 
 
 Pike . . . . 
 
 Portage . . . 
 
 Preble. . . . 
 
 Putnam . . - 
 
 Richland. . . 
 
 Ross . . . . 
 
 Sandusky . . 
 
 Scioto . . . . 
 
 7,841 
 2,315 
 5,142 
 4,350 
 102.192 
 5,062 
 7,890 
 14,138 
 
 • 3,237 
 
 • 4,700 
 
 ■ 3,525 
 
 • 5,776 
 . 8,548 
 
 ■ 16,233 
 
 8,676 
 
 • 8,950 
 . 4,593 
 
 4,410 
 . 1,838 
 . 4.660 
 . 2,669 
 . 4,638 
 . 10,910 
 
 . 352;4ri 
 
 13,183 
 9,079 
 23,724 
 19,109 
 30,901 
 22,715 
 2S,173 
 18,10s 
 16,721 
 16,862 
 23,106 
 16,719 
 40,378 
 21,590 
 13,152 
 26,!i06 
 13,282 
 22,060 
 12,599 
 31,924 
 10,984 
 25,049 
 13,444 
 16,297 
 17,528 
 27,748 
 80,148 
 9,986 
 4,598 
 20,099 
 2,503 
 22,269 
 9,741 
 
 ■ I8,0f<8 
 23,933 
 
 • 9,744 
 25,030 
 
 ■ 29,579 
 ' 13,719 
 
 9,738 
 
 35,096 
 
 18,467 
 
 14.015 
 
 ' 9,382 
 
 ■ 9,025 
 
 ■ 14,765 
 
 • 18,352 
 . 11,452 
 
 ■ 8,277 
 
 ■ 19,688 
 . 18,521 
 . 31,938 
 . 20,N52 
 
 ■ 38,749 
 
 2,M8 
 1,034 
 19,344 
 
 • 19,725 
 
 • 7,626 
 
 ■ 22,965 
 
 • 19,482 
 
 5,189 
 
 • 44,532 
 . 27,462 
 
 ■ 10,182 
 ' 11,192 
 
 Seneca . - 
 
 Shelby . . 
 
 Stark . . . 
 
 Sumnnt - .. 
 
 Trumbull - 
 
 Tuscarawas - 
 
 Union - - . 
 
 Van Wert . 
 
 Warren . . 
 Washington. 
 
 Wayne . . 
 Williams 
 
 Wood- . . 
 
 18,128 
 
 12,154 
 
 34 603 
 
 22,560 
 
 38,107 
 
 25,631 
 
 8,422 
 
 1,577 
 
 23,141 
 
 20,823 
 
 35,S0S 
 
 4,465 
 
 5,357 
 
 79 Counliei 
 
 1,519,467 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Rockcastle 
 
 Russell . 
 Spencer . 
 Scott . . 
 Shelby . 
 Simpson 
 
 3,400 
 4,238 
 6,688 
 13,688 
 17,768 
 6,537 
 
 Todd 9,991 
 
 Trigg 7,716 
 
 Trimble . - 
 
 Union . . 
 
 Warren - - 
 
 Washington • 
 
 Wayne - - 
 
 Whitley - - 
 
 Woodford - 
 
 Adair - . . - 
 Allen . . . . 
 Anderson . . 
 Barren . . ■ 
 Bath . . . . 
 Boone . . . . 
 Bourbon - - ■ 
 Bracken - . . 
 Brtalhitt - - . 
 Breckenridge - 
 Bullitt - . . 
 Bmler . - . 
 Caldwell. . ■ 
 Callaway . • 
 Campbell . 
 Carroll . . 
 Carter . . 
 Casey . . - 
 Christian- - 
 Clarke - . 
 Clay ... 
 Clinton . . 
 Cumberland . 
 Daviess . . 
 Edmonson . 
 Esiill . . . 
 Fayette . - 
 Fleming . - 
 Floyd . - . 
 Franklin . . 
 Gallatin . . 
 Garrard . . 
 Gant- - . 
 Grajson - - 
 Graves . - 
 Greene - . 
 Greenup . . 
 Hancock . . 
 Hardin . . 
 Harlan . . 
 Harrison . . 
 Hart . . . 
 Hendenon . 
 Henry ... 
 Hickman* . 
 Hopkins . . 
 JeHerson . . 
 Jessamine 
 Kenton . . 
 Knox * * . 
 Laurel * • 
 Lawrence * 
 Lewis. . . 
 Lincoln • • 
 Livingston • 
 Logan - . 
 M;icracken - 
 Madison - . 
 Marion . . 
 Mason . . 
 Meade . . 
 Morgan - . 
 Mercer . • 
 Monroe • . 
 Montgomery 
 Muhlenburgh 
 Nelson * * 
 Nicholas • - 
 Ohio . . - 
 Oldham - - 
 Owen - - - 
 Pendleton 
 Perry . . - 
 Pike . . . 
 Pulaski . . 
 
 * 8,466 
 
 * 7,3.;9 
 
 * 6,452 
 
 * 17.288 
 
 - 9,763 
 . 10,034 
 . 14,478 
 . 7,053 
 . 2.195 
 
 - 8,944 
 
 * 6,344 
 . 3,898 
 
 * 10,365 
 
 - 9,794 
 
 * 6,214 
 
 * 3,966 
 
 * 2,905 
 
 - 4,939 
 
 * 15,587 
 . 10,802 
 
 - 4,607 
 
 * 3,863 
 
 * 6,090 
 
 * 8,331 
 
 - 2,914 
 
 * 6,535 
 
 * 22,194 
 
 * 13268 
 
 * 6,302 
 
 * 9,420 
 
 * 4,003 
 
 - 10,480 
 
 * 4,192 
 
 - 4,461 
 
 - 7,465 
 . 14,212 
 . 6,297 
 . 2,581 
 . 16,357 
 . 3,115 
 . 12,472 
 . 7,031 
 . 9,548 
 
 - 10,115 
 
 * 8,968 
 *. 9,170 
 . '36.346 
 . 9,391 
 
 * 7,816 
 . 6,722 
 
 * 3,079 
 
 * 4,730 
 
 - 6,306 
 
 * 10,187 
 . 9,0ii 
 . 13,615 
 . 4,745 
 . 16 385 
 . 11,032 
 . 15,719 
 . 6,786 
 
 - 4.603 
 . 18,720 
 
 * 6,526 
 
 * 9,332 
 
 - 6.964 
 
 * 13,637 
 
 - 8,745 
 
 - 6,592 
 
 - 7,380 
 
 * 8,232 
 . 4,455 
 . 3.0S0 
 
 * 3.567 
 
 * 9,620 
 
 4,480 
 0,673 
 15,446 
 10,596 
 7,399 
 4,673 
 11,740 
 
 90 Counties 
 
 - -779,628 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Anderson - * 
 
 - - 6,688 
 
 Bedford - . 
 
 - - 20,546 
 
 Benton . . 
 
 - * 4,772 
 
 Bledsoe . . 
 
 * - 5,676 
 
 Blount . ■ 
 
 . * 11,745 
 
 Bradley . * 
 
 . . 7,385 
 
 Campbell - 
 
 . . 6,149 
 
 Cannon * - 
 
 * * 7,193 
 
 Carroll - - 
 
 * * 12,362 
 
 Carter - - 
 
 * * 6,372 
 
 Claihorne - 
 
 • . 9,474 
 
 Cocke * - 
 
 . . 6,992 
 
 Coffee - - 
 
 - - 8,184 
 
 Davidson- - 
 
 - - 30,609 
 
 DeKalb * . 
 
 - . 6,868 
 
 Dickson . - 
 
 * • 7,074 
 
 Dyer - - . 
 
 * * 4,484 
 
 Fayette . . 
 
 * . 21,601 
 
 Fentress . . 
 
 • . 3,650 
 
 Franklin - . 
 
 . . 12,033 
 
 Gibson . . 
 
 . . 13,689 
 
 Giles . . . 
 
 . - 21,494 
 
 Grainger . . 
 
 - - 10,572 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 . . 16,076 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 . . 8,175 
 
 Hardiman . 
 
 - . 14.563 
 
 Hardin . - 
 
 . - 8,245 
 
 Hawkins . . 
 
 . . 16,038 
 
 Haywood . - 
 
 . . 13,870 
 
 Henderson . 
 
 . . 11,875 
 
 Henry . - 
 
 * * 14,906 
 
 HicKman 
 
 . . 8,618 
 
 Humphreys - 
 
 - - 6.195 
 
 Jackson - . 
 
 - . 12,872 
 
 Jetferson . . 
 
 . . 12,076 
 
 Johnson . . 
 
 . . 2,668 
 
 Knox - . . 
 
 . . 16,485 
 
 Lauderdale - 
 
 . . 3,435 
 
 Lawrence . 
 
 . . 7,121 
 
 Lincoln . . 
 
 . . 21,493 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 . . 16,530 
 
 McMinn . . 
 
 . - 12,719 
 
 McNairy . - 
 
 . . 9,385 
 
 Marlon . * 
 
 . . 6,070 
 
 Marshall * . 
 
 . . 14,555 
 
 Maury . . 
 
 . . 28,186 
 
 Meigs . . . 
 
 . . 4,794 
 
 Monroe - . 
 
 - - 12,056 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 - - 16,927 
 
 Morgan . 
 
 . 2.660 
 
 Obion . . 
 
 . . 4,814 
 
 Overton . . 
 
 . - 9,279 
 
 Perry . . . 
 
 • ■ 7,419 
 
 Polk . . . 
 
 - . 3,570 
 
 Rhea . . . 
 
 . . 3,965 
 
 Roane - . . 
 
 . . 10,948 
 
 Robertson . 
 
 . . 13,601 
 
 Rutherford . 
 
 - - 24,280 
 
 Sevier. . - 
 
 . . 6,442 
 
 Shelby - • 
 
 . - 14,721 
 
 Smith- . . 
 
 . . 21,179 
 
 Stewart . . 
 
 • * 8,587 
 
 Sullivan . . 
 
 * * 10,736 
 
 Sumner . . 
 
 - * 22,445 
 
 Tipton . . 
 
 - . 6,800 
 
 Warren . 
 
 . - 10,803 
 
 Washington . 
 
 - - 11.751 
 
 Wayne . . 
 
 . 7 705 
 
 We.ikley- - 
 
 . 9,870 
 
 White . . 
 
 . 10,747 
 
 Williamson - 
 
 - - 27,006 
 
 White - * 
 
 . . 24,460 
 
 72 Counties . - 829,210 
 
 W) 
 
128 
 
 POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 Allegan • ■ - 
 Barry . . - . 
 Berrien - • - 
 Branch - - - 
 Calhoun - - - 
 Cass .... 
 Chippewa . - 
 Clinton - . . 
 Ealon- • • . 
 Genesee ... 
 Hillsdale. - . 
 Ingham - . . 
 Ionia .... 
 Jacl^son ... 
 Kalamazoo • . 
 Kent .... 
 Lapeer ... 
 Lenawee ... 
 Livingston - . 
 Macomb ... 
 Mackiuaw . . 
 Monroe . . . 
 Oaklaud ... 
 Oceana ... 
 Ottawa . • . 
 Saginaw . - - 
 Shiawassee • • 
 St. Clair . . . 
 SL Joseph . . 
 Van Buren - . 
 Washtenaw . . 
 Wayne ... 
 32 Counties • 
 
 1,783 
 
 1,078 
 
 5,011 
 
 5,715 
 
 10,599 
 
 5,710 
 
 534 
 
 1,614 
 
 2,379 
 
 4,268 
 
 7,240 
 
 2,498 
 
 1,923 
 
 13,130 
 
 7,380 
 
 2,5S7 
 
 4,265 
 
 17,889 
 
 7,430 
 
 9,716 
 
 923 
 
 9,922 
 
 23,646 
 
 496 
 
 208 
 
 8M 
 
 2,103 
 
 4,606 
 
 7,088 
 
 1,910 
 
 23,571 
 
 24,173 
 
 212,267 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 AuAlBS • • • • 
 
 Allen 
 
 Bartholomew . . 
 
 Blackford - . . 
 
 Boone . - - - 
 
 Brown . . . - 
 
 Carroll - . • . 
 
 Cass 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton . - . - 
 
 Crawford . - - 
 
 Daviess . . . - 
 
 Dearborn - - . 
 
 Decatur . . . . 
 
 De Kalb . . . . 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 Dubois . . - . 
 
 Elkhart . . - - 
 
 Fayette . - - . 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Fountain . - - - 
 
 Franklin . . - - 
 Fulton - - - - 
 Gibson . - . - 
 
 Grant 
 
 Greene - - . . 
 Hamilton. - - • 
 Hancock . . . . 
 Harrison . - . ■ 
 Hendricks • - ' 
 Henry ... 
 Huntingdon - - 
 Jackson . - - 
 Jasper. ... 
 Jay .... 
 Jefiferson . - - 
 Jennings . - - . 
 Johnson . - . ■ 
 Knox .... 
 Kosciusko . ■ 
 Lake - - - . 
 Laporte . . - 
 Lagrange- • . 
 Lawrence • - 
 Madison - - - 
 Marinn . • - 
 Marshall • • • 
 Martin . • - 
 Miami - • - 
 Monroe • . * 
 Montgomery • 
 Morgan . • - 
 Noble 
 
 Oranga - - 
 Oneo 
 
 Parke - . - 
 Perry . . - . - 
 
 Pike 
 
 Posey ..... 
 Porter. .... 
 Pulaski - - . . 
 Putnam .... 
 Randolph - • • 
 Ripley . - - • 
 Rush 
 
 Scrtt 
 
 Shelby . • . . 
 Spencer . . . - 
 St. Joseph ... 
 
 Siark 
 
 Steuben . . . . 
 Sullivan . • . - 
 Switzerland . . 
 Tippecanoe ... 
 Union . . . - - 
 Vanderburg ... 
 Vermillion . - . 
 
 Vigo 
 
 Wabash - - . - 
 Warren . . - - 
 Warrick . . . . 
 Washington - - - 
 Wayne . . . . 
 
 Wells 
 
 Whitley . . - . 
 White . . . . 
 
 87 Counties - 
 
 ILLINOIS, 
 
 Adams - . . • 
 
 Alexander - . . 
 
 Bond 
 
 Boone . . . - - 
 Brown . - - . 
 Bureau . . . . 
 Calhoun . . . . 
 Carroll - . . . 
 
 Cass 
 
 Champaign - . • 
 Christian - . . 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton . . - - 
 
 Coles 
 
 Cooke* . . . - 
 Crawford . . - 
 De Kalb - . . . 
 Dewitt . - . . 
 Dupage . . . . 
 Edgar- . . - • 
 Edwards - - . i 
 Effingham . - - 
 Fayette ... 
 Franklin - - - 
 Fulton - - - 
 Gallatin - - - 
 Greene - - - . 
 Hamilton - - ■ 
 Hancotk- - . ■ 
 Hardin . . - 
 Henry_ ... 
 Iroquois - - • 
 Jackson - - - 
 Jasper - - - - 
 Jefferson - - - 
 Jersey - - - - 
 Jo Daviess - - 
 Johnson . . - 
 Kane • - - . 
 Knox - - - - 
 Lake - - . - 
 I.asalle - - - 
 Lawrence • - 
 Lee - - . - 
 Livingston - - 
 Logan . . - • 
 Macon - - - 
 Madison - . - 
 Macoupin - • 
 Marion - - - 
 Marshall- - - 
 McDonough 
 McHenry - - 
 McLean ... 
 Menard - - - 
 
 13,499 1 
 
 4,655 
 
 4,769 
 
 9,683 
 
 2,362 
 
 561 
 
 16,843 
 
 10,684 
 
 10,392 
 
 16,456 
 
 4,242 
 
 12,005 
 
 6,303 
 
 6,425 
 
 149 
 
 2,578 
 
 8,315 
 
 9,920 
 
 13,724 
 
 8,117 
 
 6,250 
 
 8,274 
 
 12,076 
 
 2,756 
 
 6,656 
 
 6,321 
 
 • 15,269 
 
 23,290 
 
 ■ 1,822 
 
 1,237 
 
 1,832 
 
 686,866 
 
 2,204 
 
 6,942 
 10,042 
 
 1,226 
 
 8,121 
 
 1,364 
 
 7,819 
 
 5,480 
 14,595 
 
 5,567 
 
 7,508 
 
 6,232 
 
 6,720 
 19,327 
 12,171 
 
 1,96S 
 
 8,8.13 
 
 3,632 
 
 6,660 
 
 9,837 
 
 9,454 
 11,218 
 13,349 
 
 1,993 
 
 8,977 
 
 4,875 
 
 8,321 
 . 9,855 
 
 7,635 
 
 • 12,459 
 ' 11.264 
 . 16,128 
 
 1,579 
 
 ■ 8,961 
 
 ■ 1,267 
 . 3,863 
 . 16,614 
 
 8,829 
 
 ■ 9,352 
 
 • 10,657 
 
 • 4,170 
 
 ■ 1,468 
 
 ■ 8,184 
 
 - 3,664 
 . 11,782 
 
 - 8,874 
 
 - 16,080 
 
 - 1,651 
 
 - 3,875 
 
 - 3,048 
 
 - 10,143 
 
 - 14,438 
 
 • 10,741 
 
 • 2,702 
 
 • 9,602 I Mercer 
 
 8,359 I Monroe - 
 
 14,476 
 3,318 
 5,060 
 1,705 
 4,183 
 3,067 
 1,741 
 1,023 
 2,981 
 1,475 
 1,878 
 7,453 
 3,228 
 3,718 
 9,616 
 10,201 
 4,422 
 1,697 
 3,247 
 3,535 
 8,225 
 3,070 
 1,675 
 6,328 
 3,682 
 13,U2 
 10,760 
 11,951 
 3.945 
 9,946 
 1,378 
 1,260 
 1,695 
 3,566 
 1,472 
 6,762 
 4,535 
 6,180 
 3,626 
 6,501 
 7,060 
 2,634 
 9,348 
 7,092 
 2,03'i 
 759 
 2,333 
 3.039 
 14,433 
 . 7,826 
 ■ 4,742 
 1,849 
 5,308 
 2,57S 
 6,565 
 4,431 
 2,352 
 4,481 
 
 Montgomery - 
 Morgan - - 
 Ogle ... - 
 Peoria- - - ■ 
 Perry . - - ■ 
 Pike . . . ■ 
 Pope .... 
 Puinani . . ■ 
 Randolph • - 
 Rock Island • ■ 
 Sangamon . 
 Schuyler . . 
 Scott - - - 
 Shelby - - 
 Stark - • - 
 St. Clair - - 
 S'ephenson • 
 Tazewell 
 Union - - - 
 Vermillion - 
 
 Wabash - . 
 
 Warren . . 
 
 Washington - 
 
 Wayne - - 
 
 White- - - 
 
 Whiteside - 
 
 Will - 
 
 Williamson - 
 
 Winnebago - 
 
 87 Counties 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 Audrian - - - - 
 Barry - . - - - 
 Benton - - - . 
 Boone - - - * - 
 Buchanalt - - . 
 Caldwell . • . - 
 Callaway ... 
 Cape Girardeau . 
 Carrnll . . - - 
 Chariton - - - - 
 Clarke - - - - 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton - . - - 
 Cole - . . . - 
 Cooper - - . - 
 Crav\ford - - - 
 Daviess .... 
 Franklin . - - . 
 Gasconade ... 
 Greene - . - . 
 Howard - . . - 
 Jackson - - - - 
 Jefferson .... 
 Johnson - . - - 
 Lafayette . - . - 
 Lewis . . . - - 
 Lincoln . . • - 
 
 Linn 
 
 Livingston - - - 
 Macon . . . . 
 Madison . . . - 
 Marion . . - . 
 Miller . . . . 
 Monroe . - - - 
 Montgomery . - 
 Morgan - - - • 
 Neiv Madrid - - 
 Newton - . - - 
 Perry - - . . . 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Pike 
 
 Platte 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski - - - - 
 Randolph . . - 
 
 Balls 
 
 Riy 
 
 Ripley - - - . 
 
 Rives 
 
 Saline . . - - ■ 
 
 Scot 
 
 Shelby - - . . 
 St. Charles • • ■ 
 St. Francois . . • 
 St. Genevieve - ■ 
 St. Louis - . - . 
 Stodd.iid - - - • 
 
 Taney 
 
 Van Buren - -' ■ 
 Warren . - - ■ 
 
 4,490 
 19,547 
 3,479 
 6,153 
 3,222 
 11,728 
 4,094 
 2,131 
 6,914 
 2,610 
 14,716 
 6,972 
 6,215 
 6,659 
 1,573 
 13,631 
 2,800 
 7,221 
 5,528 
 9,303 
 4,246 
 6,739 
 4,810 
 . 5,133 
 . 6,919 
 2,514 
 10,167 
 4,157 
 4,609 
 
 Washington - - - 7,213 
 
 Wayne .... 3,403 
 
 62 Counties - . J83,7Ce 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas- * . . 1,346 
 
 Benton .... 2228 
 
 Carroll .... 2,844 
 
 Chicot .... 3^806 
 
 Conway . . - . 2,892 
 
 Clarke . - - - 2,309 
 
 Crawford . . . 4,266 
 
 Crittenden - - . 1,561 
 
 Desha 1,598 
 
 " ' '■ 2,665 
 
 476,183 
 
 1,949 
 4,795 
 4,205 
 
 13,501 
 6,237 
 1,458 
 
 11,765 
 9,359 
 2,423 
 4,746 
 2,846 
 8,282 
 2,724 
 9,286 
 
 10,484 
 3,561 
 2,736 
 7,515 
 6,330 
 6,372 
 
 13,108 
 7,612 
 4,296 
 4,491 
 6,815 
 6,040 
 7,448 
 2,245 
 4,325 
 6,034 
 3,395 
 9,623 
 2,282 
 9,505 
 4,371 
 4,407 
 
 4 5)4 
 3,790 
 5,760 
 2,936 
 
 10,646 
 8,913 
 8,449 
 6,529 
 ■ 7,198 
 6,670 
 6,583 
 2,856 
 4.726 
 
 5 258 
 5,974 
 3 0.i6 
 7,911 
 3,211 
 3,148 
 
 35,979 
 3,153 
 3,264 
 ■1,693 
 4,253 
 
 Franklin • 
 Greene . - . 
 Hempstead - . 
 Hot Spiings . - 
 Independence - 
 Izaid - - - . 
 Jackson ... 
 Jefferson - . . 
 Johnson ... 
 Lafayette. . . 
 
 Lawrence . - 
 Madison ... 
 Marion . . . 
 
 Mississippi . . 
 
 Monroe ... 
 
 Phillips • . 
 
 Pike . . . . 
 
 Poinsett . . . 
 
 Pope - - . - 
 
 Pulaski - - . 
 
 Randolph 
 
 1,586 
 4,921 
 1,907 
 3,669 
 2,240 
 1,540 
 2,566 
 3,433 
 2,200 
 2,835 
 2,775 
 1,325 
 1,410 
 936 
 3,547 
 969 
 1,320 
 2,660 
 6,350 
 2,196 
 
 Saline 2,061 
 
 Searcy 
 
 Scoti - . . 
 
 Sevier . . . 
 
 Si. Francis - 
 
 Union - - - 
 
 Van Buren . 
 
 Washington - 
 
 White. . - 
 
 936 
 1,694 
 2,810 
 2,499 
 2,889 
 1,518 
 7,148 
 
 929 
 
 39 Counties - . 97,574 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Brown .... 2,107 
 
 Calumet - . . 275 
 
 Crawford . . . 1,502 
 
 Dane 314 
 
 Drdge .... 67 
 
 Grant 3,926 
 
 Green 933 
 
 Fond du Lac . . 139 
 
 Iowa 3,978 
 
 Jefferson .... - 914 
 
 Manitowoc ... 235 
 
 Marquette ... 18 
 
 Milwaukee ... 5,605 
 
 Portage .... 1,K3 
 
 Raciue . - . - 3,475 
 
 Rock 1,701 
 
 Sai,k 102 
 
 Sheboygan - - - 133 
 
 SI. Croiis- ... 809 
 
 Walworth • • • 2,611 
 
 Washinfflon . - - 343 
 
 Winnebago - - - 136 
 
 22 Cr.unlies - - 30,945 
 IOWA. 
 
 Ced.ir 1,253 
 
 Ciiytun . - - - 1,101 
 
 Clin'on . . - - ^1 
 
 Delaware - - - 168 
 
 Desnioines - - - 5,577 
 
 Dubuque . . - - 3,059 
 
 Henry '^''^]t 
 
 Jackson .... *''„,: 
 
 Jefferson • - . - 2,773 
 
 Johns-on .... 1.491 
 
 Jones „'*71 
 
 Lee B,093 
 
 Li°» \il^ 
 
 Louisa . - - • ^^^^' 
 
 Muscaliue - - - 'i^"*? 
 
 Scott ... • 2,140 
 
 Van Buren - - . <>,I4B 
 
 Washington - - - 1.594 
 
 18 Counties . . 43,113 
 
 (iv) 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS