• YOUTH'S HlSiOPtl OF THE y-/f UNITED STATES DESIGNED FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. ^^'UNT VKWiUN. BY JAMES MONTEITH, AUTHOR OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES, WALL MAPS, EASY LESSONS IN POPULAR SCIENCE, AS9 POPULAR SCIENCE READER. A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. PLAN OF THE WORK. irE following are the principal features of this work, viz.: 1st. It is ari-awged in the catechetical form, and contains all the important facts of American History, systematized in such a manner that the pnpil advances with profit and pleasure. 2d. Maps, with special reference to the matter, are introduced, with geographical exercises, affording* the learner a knowledge of the localities of battle-grounds, forts, &c., mentioned in history. 3d. The Review of each year, or period, will be found very serviceable in rendering more impressive the parts over which the learner has just passed. A valuable feature here is, that the questions in the Review are not only varied in form, but the questions and answers of the preceding exercises are reversed in the Review : — thus, in the exer- cises — "In what year was America discovered? Ans. 1492." The Review Question would be, — •■' For what is the year 1492 memorable ?" 4tli. As beginners are so often perplexed and discouraged in their eiforts to commit to memory the dates, these are inclosed in parentheses ; so that they may be omitted until the learner has acquired a thorough knowledge of the events. 5th. The book contains Biographical Sketches of all persons who have been promi- nently identified with the history of our country. The importance of this addition tc a history is very apparent. Throughout the preparation of this work, the most reliable and popular authoritiei have been considted. [Copyright Secured.] '•i CONTENTS PACE. EaRI.T DWOOVERIK-S c 9 Virginia 13 New York 15 Massachusetts 17 New Haufshibs, Oohjteotiout, Rhodb Ibland, and M^JtYUAxn 18 New Jersey, Delawabe, Pennbtlvaota, and North Cajbouna 19 South Oarouna, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, Tennessee, and Kextuckt 20 Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illtnois, Alabama, Mistjoriu, Abkansab, and MiciOGAN 21 Florida, Texas, Iowa. WtsooKsra, Oai.ifoenia, Minnesota, Obewon. and Washinoton. 22 Eansas, Nebbabka, Daootah, and Abizona 88 The Frencu and Imhan- War 23 The Revolution — 1 775 28 " " 1776 32 " « 1777 85 ** " 1778 38 •* •* 1779 o 40 « « 1780 43 «t •* 1781 46 " " 1782AND 1783 47 Constitution formed ^ CONTENTS, PAGE. Wak with Great Bkitain — 1812 49 " " 1813 52 1814 54 1815 5G WAii WITH Algieks 57 The Mexican War — 1846 58 1847 GO Recent Expeditions and Explorations. Magnetic Telegraph 63 The Civil War — 1861 to 1865 64 The French in Mexico: Death of MAxinnjAN: Pacific Railroads, The Panic OF 1873 70 Centennial Exhibition, Indian Troubles, Death of Custer, President Garfield Assassinated 71 List of Presidents of the United States : First Thirteen States 71 The Declaration of Independence. . ; 73 The Constitution op the United States with Amendments 75 Biographical Sketches 83 IM ^ F S. No. 1. Discoveries op Early Navigators 11 " 2. Grants made in the Seventeemth Century 12 " 3. French and Indian War 25 " 4. The Revolution — New York, New Jersey, Boston, Charleston, and Lake George 33 " 5. The Revolution — The Southern States 41 " 6. Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain, St. Lawrence River, Niagara River, Chesapeake Bay, Alabama, and New Orleans 50 " 7. The Wak with Mexico 58 HISTORY OF Til l^\'ITED STATES. LESSON I. Quedion. When, nndbywhom was Amtiica discoverdl ■ Ansioer.ln the year 1492, by Christopher Cohunbus. Q. Where was Columbus born ? A. In Genoa, in the north- western part of Italy. Q. From what country did he sail ? A. From Spain. Q. Where did he intend to go ? A. To India, in Asia. Q. In what direction did Europeans go to India? A. Easterly. Q. In wliat direction did Columbus sail upon this ^•casion ? A. Westward, on tlie Athmtic Ocean. Q. Why did Columbus think to arrive at India by a westerly course on the Atlantic ? A. lie knew the Earth was a gh>be, and th(iught the Atlantic extended from Enrope westward to Asia. Q. What land stopped him on his way to Asia ? A. America and its islands. Q. Where did he su[ipose he had ajiived ? A. He thonght he had reached Asia. Q. How far had he really gone ? A. Abont one third the distance from Enrope westward to Asia. Q. Wiiere did Columbus first land ? A. On one of the Bahamas, named Saii Salvador, or Guanahaiii. 10 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, LESSON II. Q. What did Columbus name the land and the in- habi tants ? A. Thinking he had reached India, he named the land "West Indies, and the in- habitants Indians Q. When did he leave Spain ? A. August 3d, 1492. Q When did he reach San Salvador? A. October 12th, 1492. Q How many times did Columbus visit America? A. Four times. Q. When did he discover the Continent ? A. In the year 1498, — on his third voy- age. Q. What part of the Continent was first discov- ered by Columbus ? A. At the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South America. Q. Did Columbus ever learn that he had discov- ered a new world ? A. He did not. Q. Where and when did Columbus die ? A. In Spain, fourteen years after the discovery of America. Q. Where were his remains finally buried ? A. In Havana, the capital of Cuba. Q. After whom was America named ? A. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, who visited America in the year 1499. Q Why was this continent named after Amerigo ? A. His description of the country being the first published, many believed him to be the first discoverer. LESSON III. Q. Did Columbus ever visit North Americ? ? A. He did not. Q. Who first explored the coast of North America ? A. John Cabot and his son Sebastian, who sailed from England. Q. What part of North America did they explore ? A. The coast of Labrador, [in the year 1497.] Q. What voyage did Sebastian Cabot make in 1438 ? A. He explored the coast from Laora- dor to Yirginia. Q What did England claim in consequenci of the discoveries of the Cabots ^ A. Tlie greater part of North America. Q What discoveries were made in 1506 1512, and 1513? A. Yucatan was discovered m 1506. Florida in 1512, and the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Q. By whom was Florida discovered ? A. By Ponce de Leon, who went in search of a fountain, said to possess the property of imparting youth to all who drank of its waters. Q. What was the fate of De Leon ? A. He was mortally wounded, on his second voyage, by the Lidians. Q Who first discovered the Pacific Ocean ? A. Nunez de Balboa, from the Andes Mountains, in the Isthmus of Danen. Q Who explored the coast of Mexico ? A. Cordova, [in 1517.] DISCOVEllIES. 11 LESSON IV. Q. Who first conquered Jlt^xico ? A. Cortez, a Spaniard, [in 1521.] Q. Wlio was first sent to America from France, for the purpose of ex- ploring ? A . John Yerrazzani. Avlio ex- plored tlie coast from ]S^orih Carolina to Kewfonndland ; [1524.] Q. Who first engaged in the fisheries of Newfoundland ? A. Tlie French, [as early as 1504.] Q. What voyages were made by James Cartier ? A. James Cartier, under the French government, made three voyages to the St. Law- rence Kiver, [which he Urst discovered in 1534.] Q. Were Cartier's efforts to form a colony successful ? A. They were not. Q, How was Cartier treated by the natives ? A. Dui'ing his first and sec- ond vis^its he was treated very kindly; but on ll»c tliird, tlie Indians were ho;^tilc. Q. Who attempted to form a colony near the St. Lawrence, in 1542. A. Roherval, a French nohlo- man, whose efforts to form a colony failed. To he nnmoered from the Map. Where and when was the Continent first discovered .' — By whom ? What voyage was made in 1492?— In 1497?— In 1498?— In 1612?- In 1524?— In 1534?— In 1639? Where is Guanahani or Sfm Salvador situated ? 12 MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON V. Q. "Who invaded Florida in 1539 ? A. De Soto, a Spanisli noLlo- nian, wlio expected to find Flor- ida rich with gold. Q. What large river did he discover ? (See Map No. 1.) Q. Ttova. what did De Soto's troops suffer ? A Famine, sickness, and at- tacks by the natives. Q. "What became of De Soto ? A. He died, and was buried in the Mississippi Kiver, by his tew surviving companions ; [1542. J Q Who first established a colony in South Carolina ? A. The Huguenots, or Frencli Protestants, in 1562 ; but it was soon after abandoned. Q. "Wher^ e''se did the H ig lenots at- tempt to plant a colony ? A. Id. Florida; lut it was de- stroyed by the Spaniards. Q. Where was the first settlement formed in the Western Hemisphor", ? A. At Hayti, by the Span- iards under Columbus^ Q. Where was the first colcny formed on the continent of America ? A. On the Isthmus of Darien, by the Spaniards, [in 1510.] To he answered from the Iftq). What voyage was made in 1607 ?— In 1620 ? "What discovery was made in 1609 ? What bay was explored in 1608 ? By whom ? "V\'^hat grants were made to the London and Plymouth Companies ? VIRGINIA, 13 Q. What IS the oldest city in America ? A. Mexico, taken by the Spaniards, [in 1521.] Q. What is the oldest city in America, north of the Gulf of Mexico ? A. St. Augustine ; founded by the Span- iards in 1565. Q. Who first attempted to form English colonics in America ? A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Wal- ter Raleigh. Q. How many expeditions did Sir Walter Raleigh send ont from England ? A. Three; in 1584, 1585, and 1587. Q. Did these colonies prosper ? A. They did not. Q. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? A. By Bartholomew Gosnold, who was the first Englishman that entered New England; [1602.] REVIEW LESSON VI. For what is the year 1492 memorable ? For what part of the earth did Columbus sail ? Did he expect to find a new world ? Who informed the Europeans of the discovery of a new world ? What length of time was Columbus in coming from Spain to San Salvador ? When was South America first discovered ? Wiiat discoveries were made by the Cabots ? What discovery did De Leon make ? What discovery did Balboa make ? What discovery did Cordova make ? What conquest did Cortez make f What country sent out the first discoverers ? What country, next after Spain, sent out explorers to the New World ? What government was third in point cf time ? Who was the first Spanish discoverer? Who was the first English explorer ? Who was the first French explorer ? What was the extent of the explorations of each of these ? Who first made voyages to the St. Lawrence River ? What French nobleman followed Cartier ? For what purpose did Cartier and Koberval visit America ? Were their efforts successful ? What can you say of De Soto ? In what two States did the Huguenots attempt to colonize? Were they successful ? For what is Hayti remarkable ? Where was the first colony on the Continent ? Which is the oldest city in America ? Which is the oldest city in the United States ? What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh— Bartholo- mew Gosnold ? LESSON VII. VIRGINIA.— Where did tlie English first settle in the United States ? A. At Jamestown, in 1607. Q. By whom were the settlers of Jamestown sent ? A. By the London Company. Q. Of whom was the London Company composed ? A. Of noblemen, gentlemen, and mer- chants of London. Q. Who granted to the London Company the right to settle in America ? A. James I., king of England. Q. What territory was granted to the Company ? A. That between Cape Fear and the southern limit of Maryland. i'4 MONTEITirS IIlSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. CAPTAIN smith's UPE 8AVBD BY POCAHONTAS. Q. What was the number of the first settlers of Jamt'stown .' A. One luiiidred and five ; most of whom were worthless and idle, there being only twelve laborers and but few mechanics. Q. How many vessels conveyed them across the Atlantic ? A. Three ; the largest not exceeding one hundred tons burden. Q. For what place did they sail ? A. Yirginia. Q. Who was the commander of the expedition ? A. Captain Christouher Newport. Q. What was the course of his voyage from England ? A. By way of the Canary Islands and the West Indies. Q. Where did he enter Virginia? A. At the mouth of the ChesajDeake Bay, after a voyage of a little over four months. Q. What river was then entered ? A. James Eiver, so named in honor ot the King of England. LESSON VIII. Q. Wlien was the settlement of Jamestown com- menced ? A. In May, 1607. Q. Wlio was the first President of the colony ? A. Edward Wingfield. Q. When did Newport sail for England ? A. In the middle of June ; leaving the party in a very pitiable condition. Q. What troubles did the settlers experience ? A. Tlie hostility of the natives and sick- ness : frequently, three or four died in a night ; and, in a few months, one half of the colony perished. Q. What ended Wingfield's connection with the colony ? A. He was deposed, on account of dis- honesty. Q. Who was the second President ? A. Ratcliife ; who was so inefficient that he was soon succeeded by Smith. Q. How did Smith conduct the affairs of the colony ? A. With great energy and success. Q. On what occasion was Smith captured by the Indians ? A. On a voyage up the Chickahominy, a branch of the James River. Q What sentence did the Indian king, Powhatan, pronounce upon Smith ? A. That he should be put to death. Q. What saved his life ? A. Tlie entreaties of Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan. NEW YORK. 15 Q Where was Sinitli soon after permitted to go? A. To liis companions at Jamestown, whom 1)0 foinid discontented, and anxious to abandon the colony. ■j Q What effect did Smith's return produce ? A. Order was restored to the colony. Q. How many men did Smith find on his return to Jamestown ? [ A. Forty ; who were soon after joined by new arrivals from England. Q. What accident befell Smith ? A. He was disabled by an explosion of gunpowder, which compelled him to retm*n to England. LESSON IXo Q. What was the condition of the colony soon after Smith's departure ? A. In six months, indolence, vice, and famine reduced its number from four hun- dred and ninety to sixty. Q. How was that period designated ? A. As the starving time. Q. Who preserved the colony from ruin at that time ? A. Lord Delaware, who fortunately ar- rived with emigrants and supplies. Q. In what year was the starving time? A. 1610, — three years after the first set- tlement of Jamestown. Q. When and where was the culture of tobacco commenced ? A. At Jamestown, in 1616. Q. When was negro slavery introduced into the United States ? A. In the year 1620, by the Dutch. Q. Give an account of the first Indian massacre A. In 1622, the Indians surprised the colonists, and in one hour massacred three hundred and forty-seven men, women, and children. Q. When did the second Indian massacre occur ? A. hi 1644, when three hundred whites were killed. Q. What did the colonists do in consequence ? A. Tliey reduced the Indians to submis- sion. LESSON X. NEW YORK. -What part of New York State was first discovered ? A. Staten Island, by Henry Hudson. Q. By whom was the Hudson River discovered ? A. By Henry Hudson, [in 1609]. Q. How far up the Hudson did he sail ? A. One hundred and sixteen miles from its mouth ; M'here the city of Hudson now stands. Q. Why did Hudson enter the river which now bears his name ? A. He thought it would lead him to the Pacific Ocean. Q. When did Hudson discover the strait and bay which bear his name ? A. In 1610, M'hen he was placed in an open boat and cruelly abandoned by his companions. He was never heard of after- ward. Q What part of New York was first settled ? A. The southern part of Manhattan Island. Q. What is Manhattan Island now ? A. Xew York City. Q. Who gave it the name of Manhattan * A. The Indians. 16 MONTE ITU'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED Sl'ATES. LESSON XI. Q. By whom was the first settlement formed on Manhattan Island ? A. By the Dutch, [in 1614.] Q. What induced the Dutch to settle there ? A. Trade with the natives ; the Dutch giving European manufactures in exchange for furs. Q. What was the settlement called ? A. New Amsterdam. Q. What did New Netherlands at first comprise ? A. The region extending from Delaware Bay to Cape Cod. Q. Mention the governors of New Netherlands. A. Minuits, Van Twiller, Kieft, and Stuyvesant. Q. What troubles did the settlers of New Nether- lands have ? A. Attacks by the Indians, and disputes concerning boundaries. Q. By what authority did the Dutch occupy New Netherlands ? A. Tlie discovery by Hudson. Q. What other nation claimed that country ? A. The English, from the discovery by Cabot. Q. To whom did the King of England grant the Dutch province ? A. To the Duke of York, who sent out a squadron to take possession of the prov- ince. Q. Who was the governor at that time ? A. Peter Stuyvesant. Q. Did the English succeed in taking the province ? A. They did ; the Dutch, after a sliglit resistance, surrendered to them; [1664.] Q. Who were the first English governors ? A. Nicholls, Lovelace, Andros, and Don- gan. Q. What village in New York was attacked in 1690? A. Schenectady, by the French and In- dians, who killed sixty persons. H E VI EA^^. LESSON XII. When, and by whom, was Jamestown settled ? What land was granted to the Loudon Company ? What was the character of the s(jttlers ? What President preceded Smith? What was the condition of the colony under each o< the Presidents ? Give an account of Smith's captuie by the Indians. Why did Smith leave the colony ? What can you say of the starving time ? What assistance did Lord Delaware bring to the colonists ? Describe the two Indian massacres. What can you say of Henry Hudson ? What part of New York was first discovered? What part was first settled ? By whom ? WTiat was the region extending from Delaware Bay to Cape Cod called ? Were the settlers of New Netherlands annoyed by the Indians ? By what two governments was New Netherlands claimed ? By what authority did each claim it ? While the Dutch held the territory, what did the King of England do to obtain possession ? How long did the Dutch have possession of New Netherlands ? Mention the Dutch governors. Mention the English governors. M A si=; A c:t rs^y ii LANDING OF THE I'll.GKIMS. LESSOiN Xlll. MASSACHUSETTS— By whom settled ? A. By people tVoiii England, ealled Puri- tans, also Pilgrims; [1620.] Q. Why did the Purilans leave their homes and come to America ? A. To enjoy religions freedom. Q. What vessel conveyed them across the Atlantic ? A. The Mayflower, after a voyage of sixty-five days. Q. Where did the Puritans intend to settle? A. Near the Hudson River. Q. Where did they land ? A. At Plymouth, [December 22d, 1620.] Q. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? A. One hundred ; forty-one being men. Q. Who was the first governor ? A. John Carver. Q. From what did they suficr greatly ? A. Sickness, want, and exposure. Q. Ht)w many died during the first four months ? A. Within four months nearly one half of their number died. At one time but seven were able to render assistance. Gov- ernor Carver, his wife, and son, were among the dead. Q. How was the colony saved from famishing? A. -By the benevolence of fishermen ofi the coast. Q. How lontr did their sufferings continue? A. Three years. Q. How did they finally provide themselves food ? A. Each family planted for itself; which plan brought contentment and plenty. Q. What settlements were soon after formed in Massachusetts ? A. Salem and Boston ; most of the set- tlers being Puritans. Q. Who was banished from Massachusetts? A. Booker Williams, on account of his religious opinions. 16 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XIV. Q. now were the Quakers treated by the Puritans t A. Tlie Quakers were banislied from the colony ; many were imprisoned, and four l)ut to death. Q. Were they finally allowed to remain in the col- i ony ? A. They were. Q. What war broke out in 1675 ? A. King Philip's war, between the En- ^ glish and Indians. Q. Who was King Philip ? A. The chief of a tribe of Indians. Q. What injuries were done to the English? A. The Indians burned several villasres, and killed many of the people. Q. What put an end to the war ? A. Philip was killed, and the Indians completely routed ; [1676.J Q. What European wars disturbed the colonics in America ? CONNECTICUT.— By whom settled ? A. By people from Massachusetts; [1633. J Q. What Indians made war against them ? A. The Pequods, [in 1636.] Q. What was the result of the war ? A. Tlie Pequods were entirely defeated. A. King William's, Queen Anne'ri, and '> King George's; [1689, 1702, and 174k] \ Q. Who were the parties in the Eurojwan wars ? A. Tlie English against the French. Q. Whom did the Indians assist in America? A. The French. NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Where settled ? A. At Little Harbor and Dover ; [1623.] Q. What did New Hampshire suffer ' A. Farms were laid waste, and many of the settlers cruelly i)ut to death by the In- dians. LESSON XV. RHODE ISLAND.— By whom settled ? A. By Roger Williams and a few of his followers, [in 1636.] Q. Where was the first settlement formed ? A. At a place which Williams named Providence Q. By what tribe of Indians was Rhode Island in- habited ? A. The Narragansetts. MARYLAND.— By whom settled? A. By emigrants from England ; [1634 J Q. Of whom were the settlers of Maryland mostly composed ? A. Iloman Catholics, who sought for re- ligious freedom. Q. To whom was Maryland granted ? A. To Cecil Calvert, whose title was Lord Baltimore. Q. Wliat was secured to the colonists of Maryland? A. Equality in civil and religious rigiits. Q. How did these people treat with the Indians ? A . Tliey paid them for the land. Q Fr(jm whom did Maryland receive its name ? A. llunrietta Maria, (|necn of England NEW JERSEY. DELAWARE, PENNSYLVANIA. 19 pknn's HODSE, phila. WX. PKNN AND INDIANS COAL REGIONS or PENNSYLVANIA. LESSON XVI. NEW JERSEY.— By whom settled ? g^ ^. By the Dutch, at Bergen ; [1620.] * Q. To whom was the territory of New Jersey granted ? A. To Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret; [1664.] Q. Why was New Jersey so named ? A. In honor of Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jersey. Q. How was New Jersey afterward divided? A. Into East Jersey, belonging to Car- teret ; and West Jersey, belonging to Wil- liam Penn and two other Quakers. Q. To whom was East Jersey sold soon after ? A. To Penn and eleven other Quakers. Q. Wlien was New Jersey united to New York ? A. In 1702, and continued so 36 years. DELAWARE.— By whom settled ? A. By tlie Swedes and Finns, [in 1638.] Q To whom was Delaware granted ? A. William Penn, [in 16S2.] PENNSYLVANIA. -By whom settled? A. By the Swedes, [in 1643.] Q. By whom was the first English settlcnifiit formed ? A. By Quakers, [in 1682.] Q. To whom did the Kuig of England grant the land? A. William Penn, wlio paid the Indiana for all the land occupied by liis ]^eo])1e. Q. What did the Inilians think of the fair di%alini» of the Quakers ? A. They held them in great respect for many years after. Q. What does the word Penrutylvania mean f A. Penn's woods. LESSON XVII. NORTH CAROLINA.— By whom settled? A. By emigrants from Yirginia, [about 1650.] 20 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTH CAROLINA— By whom settled? A. By the English, [in 1670.] Q. By whom were the settlers greatly disturbed f A. By the Indians. Q. When was South Carolina separated from North Carolina ? A. In 1693. GEORGIA.— Which of the original thirteen States was the last settled ? A. Georgia. Q. Mention the original thirteen States. A. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Mary- hmd, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, and Georgia. Q. By whom was the first settlement formed ? A. By James Oglethorpe, [in 1733.] Q. At what place ? A. Where Savannah now stands. MAINE.— By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from New Hampshire, [in 1630.] Q. From what did the settlers of Maine suffer ? A. From the incursions of the French and Indians. Q. When did Maine become a State? A. In 1820. VERMONT.— By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from Massachusetts [in 1724.] Q. By what States was Vermont long claimed ? A. New York and New Hampshire. Q. How was the dispute settled ? A. By its admission into the Union as a separate State, [in 1791.] \ TENNESSEE.— By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from Noi-th Carolina; [in 17o7.1 Q. When was Tennessee n.hnittc.i into the Union? A. In 1796. LO DISTILLS, KT. — OHIO KITlUi. LESSON XVIII. KENTUCKY.— By whom explored ? A. Daniel Boone, a daring hunter, [In 1770.] Q. Of what State did Kentucky form a part pre- vious to its admission into the Union ? A. Virginia. Q. By whom were the settlers of Kentucky greatly annoyed ? A. By the Indians. Q. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ' A. In 1792. OHIO, LOUISIANA, INDIANA, MISSISSIPPI, &c. 21 OHIO. -By whom settled ? A. By a company from New En^ "in 1788.] Q. By whom were the settlers of Ohio annoyed ? A. By the Indians, who defeated Gen- erals Ilariner and St. Clair with o:i-eat slaiigliter. Q. ViV whom were the Indians afterw;iid snlidncd? A. By Gen. Wayne, [in K!>i.] Q. When did Ohio hecorae a State? A. In 1802 LOUISIANA.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1699.] Q. To what government did it belong? A. To France. Q. How did the United States obtain possession of Louisiana? A. By pnrchase, [in 1803.] Q. Into what States and Territories has Lousiana been since divided ? A. Louisiana, Avith all the States and Ter- ritories between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains ; thus securing the control of that river to the United States. Q. When was tlie State of Louisiana formed? A. In 1812. Q. From whom did it receive its name? A. L 'uis XIY., king of France. LESSON XIX. INDIANA.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1690.J Q. Who was sent against the Indians in 1811 ? A. General Harrison, who completely routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe. Q. When did Indiana become a State ? A. In 1816. MISSISSIPPI.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1716.] Q. Wliat Europeans first visited Mississippi? A. De Soto and his followers, [in 1541.] Q. From what did the settlers suffer greatly ? A. Contests with the savages. Q. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union T A. In 1817. ILLINOIS.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1683.] Q. When did it bec<>me ii State ? A. In 1818. ALABAMA.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1702.] Q. When did Alabama become a State f A. In 1819. MISSOURI.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1755.] Q. When did Missouri become a State ? A. In 1821. ARKANSAS.— By whom settled? A. By the French, [in 1685.] Q. When did it become a State ? A. in 1836. MICHIGAN.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1670.] Q. When did the English obtain possession of it? A. In 1763. Q. Who defeated the savages in 1813? A. General Harrison. Q. When did Michigan beoome a State? A. In 1837. 22 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XX. FLORIDA.— By whom settled ? A. By the Spaniards, at St. Augustine, Tin 1565.] Q. Who visited Florida prexnous to the settlement at St. Augustine ? A. Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, and De Soto ; all of whom perished in their expe- ditions. Q. By whom was Florida purchased f A. By the United States, from Spain, fin 1820.] Q. When did Florida become a State f A. In 1845. TEXAS.— Of what country did Texas form a part, previous to its independence ? A. Mexico. Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico f A. In 1836. Q. When was it admitted into the Union f A. In 1845. Q. What war soon followed its admission f A. The war between the United States and Mexico. Q. What was the chief cause of the war f A. Tlie annexation of Texas. Q. What did Mexico recognize as the western boundary of Texas ? A. The Nueces River. Q. What boundary was recognized by the United States ? A. Tlie Rio Grande ; which was finally ; settled upon. [ LESSON XXI. IOWA.— By whom settled ? A. By people from the United States, : [about 1833.] Q. When did Iowa become a State f A. In 1846. WISCONSIN.— By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1669.] Q. Whan did Wisconsin become a State f A. In 1848. CALIFORNIA.— By whom settled ? A. By the Spaniards, [in 1768.] Q. Of what country was California a province f A. Of Mexico. Q. When did it become a part of the United States ? A. In 1848 ; and became a State in 1850. MINNESOTA.— When was Minnesota first visited by white men ? A. In 1654. Q. When was it organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1849 ; and, as a State, in 1858. OREGON.— When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1848; and. as a State, in 1859. WASHINGTON.— From what formed ? A. The northern part of Oregon. Q. When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1853. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 2S KANSAS.— When organized ? ) A. As a Territory in 1854 ; and as a ^ State in 1801. Q. What States have since been organized ? A. A\' est Virginia, in 1863; Nevada, in 186-1; Nebraska, in 1867; and Colorado, ^ in 1876. R E A^ I E AV . LESSON XXII. When did the Puritans land at Plj'mouth ? What position did John Carver hold ? Describe the sufferings of the Puritans. What can you say about Roger Williams ? When did King Philip's war break out ? What other wars disturbed the colonists in America? What colony first secured entire equality in civil and religious righte to the people ? WLat can you say of William Penn ? What three States were owned by Penn and other Quakers ? How many States were settled by the English ? How many by the French ? By the Spaniards ? What great annoyance did nearly all the colonies experience ? What State was last admitted ? THE FRENCH A^D I\DIA\ WAR. LESSON XXIIL 1753.— Q Who were the parties engaged in this A-ar? A. Tlie French and Indians, against the Gritish. Q. What was the cause of the war? A. Disputed territory. Q. Where had the French built forts ? A. Along the Ohio and Mississippi riv- ers, and the lakes. Q. Who was sent by the Governor of Virgini.'' July 3, 1754. ( Washington, J r C Dieskau over Wil- \ < liains and Hen-^ ' dricks, ' Near Foit Du Quesne, French & Indians) , , ^ , , , ^ July 9, 1755. r Braddock,) Near Fort Ed •ward. Sept. 8, 1755. OsTwego, Ft W^m. Henry, j J Montcalm over ) .. \ Aug. 12, 1756. Mercer, ) Montcalm over ) \ Aug. 9. 1757 „ , S MontiMlm uver i Ticouderoga. < , . v July 8, 1758 f AliiTcromhie. ^ R E VI EAV. LESSON XXIX. What was the cause of the French and Indiaa war ? For what purpose was Washington sent to the French commander ? What can you say of his journey ? What was the determination of the French com- mander ? What was the result of the first action ? What was the result of the second action ? What British general was sent against the French ? Against what fort did he march? What was the fate of Braddock ? What city was built upon the site of Fort Du Quesne ? What can you say of Washington in connection with this attack ? By whom were the French and Indians defeated at Lake George, in 1755 ? What was the fate of Dieskau ? What position did Montcalm hold in the French and Indian war ? Who was commander-in-chief of the British fores ? Who succeeded Loudon ? By whom was Oswego taken, and when ? By whom was Fort William Henry taken, in 1757 f What three victories had the Britisli in 1758 ? What loss did the British meet with in the same year ? What three generals commanded the British, in 1759 ? What was the fate of Prideaux ? By whom were Ticouderoga and Crown Point taken ? Which is the most strongly fortified «iiy in America? What can you say of the battle of Quebec ? Who commanded the English at this battle ? What was the fate of General Wolfe ? Who commanded the F ench at Quebec? What was the fate of Montcalm ? What were the dying words of Wolfe? What surrender was made in 1760? Where was peace concluded ? What French possessions were ceded to GreaJ Britain? 28 MONTElTirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. FANEUIL HALL. BUNKEK HILL MONUMENT. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. LESSON XXX. Q. What can joii say of the United States ? A. It is tlie most populous and powerful country in America. Q. What political division is the United States? A. A republic. Q. How long has this country been a republic ? A. About eighty years. Q. To what government was it subject before its independence ? A. Great Britain. Q. What was the number of the colonies ? A Tliirteen. Q. What were the chief causes of the American Revolution ? A. The colonists were unjustly taxed, and were denied the privilege of sending representatives to Parliament. Q. For what purpose was this unjust tax lai.l ? A. To defray the expenses incurred ly the British government in the French and Indian war. Q. Upon what article was the tax first imposed ? A. Upon paper used for bonds, deeds, pamphlets, &c. Q. How was such paper to be distinguished from other f A. It was stamped. Q. How was this law designated ? A. The Stamp Act. Q. When, and by whom, was the Stamp Act passed? A. In 1765, by the British parliament, at London. Q. Who was then king of Ergland f A. George III. Q. How did the American? eceive the passage ot the Stamp Act ? A. They were indignant, and refused to { submit to it. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. LESSON XXXI. Q. Who distinguished himself by his opposition to the Stamp Act, in Virginia ? A. Patrick Henry, with boldness and eloquence. Q. What meeting was called by Massachusetts to consider the affairs of the colonies ? A. The tirst Congress, composed of dele- gates from nearly all the colonies. Q. Where did the first Congress meet ? A. At New York, [October, 1765.] Q. What was done by Congress ? A. Congress agreed on a Declaration OF Rights, and sent petitions to the king and parliament. Q. When did the Stamp Act take effect ? A. November, 1765. Q. What was the result of the opposition to the Stamp Act ? A. It was repealed ; [March, 1766.] Q. What was the second attempt to tax America ? A. Duty was laid [in 1767] on all tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, which should be imported into the colonies. Q. Did the Americans submit to this law ? A. Tliey did not, but openly resisted. Q. What change did the opposition effect ? A. The duty was removed, except three pence a pound on tea. Q. Did the Americans pay the duty on tea? A. The}^ did not ; they either destroyed it, or prevented its sale. Q. What was done with the tea at the port of Boston ? A. Several Americans, disguised as In- dians, seized nearly 350 chests of tea, and emptied the contents into the harbor. Q. Wliat was the effect of the opposition of the Americans ? A. British troops were ordered to rediu,e them to submission. Q. What measures did the Americans adopt for de fense ? A. They raised armies. Q. Did all the Americans favor the Bevolutiou f A. They did not. Q. What were those Americans called who favoicd the king, and opposed the patriots ? A. Tories. Q. By what British general was the war com- menced ? A. General Gage, in Massachusetts. LESSON XXXll. 1775.— §• Where was the first battle fought 1 A. At Lexington, in Massachusetts; [April 19th, 1775.] Q. How many were killed ? A. Eight Americans. Q. Where did the British go, immediately after the battle of Lexington? A. To Concord and Boston. Q. How were the British annoyed when retreating to Boston ? A. They were pursued, and tired upon by the Americans. Q. What was the loss on buth sides? A. 90 Americans, antl 2S0 British. Q. What two forts were aiptured by the Ameri- cans, in May, 1775 ? -.1. Ticonderoga and Crown Point, by volunteers under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. 30 xMOXlElTirS IIlSTOliY OF THE UNITED STATES V. THE BATTLE OF BDNKEK HILU LESSON XXXIII, Q. What town near Boston was burned by tlie British ? 1775.— §■ What increase was made to tlie British ) ji. CluirlestOWn ' } Q- Who was ajjpointed commander-in-chief of the A. Generals Howe, Clinton, and Bur- ( American forces ? goyne, arrived with reinforcements from A. George Washington ; [June ISth.J England, J q ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ j^^. appointed ? Q. What great battle was fought near Boston? j^ 3^ ^l,^ American Congress, assem- A. The battle of Bunker Hill, [June bled at Philadelphia. ' -• ( Q Wliat otlier American generals were then ap Q U'liat was the size of each army in that battle ? > pointed ? A The Americans, 1500 ; the British, < A. Generals Ward, Lee, Schuyler. But 3000 c nam, and Gates. Q What was the loss in killed and wounded ? S ^ Of what age was Washington when appointed ? A The Americans. 450 ; the British, ) A. Forty -three years. ^^^^- ( Q. Where did Washington take command of the Q. What American general was killed at the battle ) army ? of Bunker Hill? ^ ^^ Cambridge, near B.>ston ; [July A. General Warren. ) g^ 1 Q Who were the commanders in this battle ? q ^ri^^t was the size of the Ameiiam army at that A. Colonel Prescott of the Americans, s time ? and General Howe of the British. ) A. fourteen thousand men. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 8] LESSON XXXIV 1775. — Q' What American general entered Canada ? A. General Montgomery. Q. What towns surrendered to Montgomery ? A. St. John's and Montreal ; [Nov.] Q. What city did Montgomery then attack ? A. Quebec. Q. Who joined Montgomery at Quebec ? A. General Arnold, at the head of an American force, [December Ist.] Q. How many Americans, under Montgomery and Arnold, attempted the capture of Quebec? A. About 900. Q. By whom was Quebec defended f A. By 1500 British, under Governor O.irleton. Q. What wad the fate of Montgomery ? A. He was killed by the discharge of a cannon, while ascending the heights. Q. What happened to Arnold ? A. He received a wound and was re- moved from the fieM. T^ Grovers Cliff Pt.Shirley • m'frnoft I. v\ fZ/mg I. : .rcfieslcr S. " fj ^ 'NantaskeJ QL'EBKO — HEIGHTS uH ABKAIIAM — sT. LAWlitNOK Ki fEK. Q. Were the Anu-ricans successful at Quebec f A. Tliev were not. LESSON XXXV. BATTLES A\D fAPTrRES n \ 775. AMERICAN TICTORIES, Ticonderoga, Allen and Arnold ) over De la Place, ) May la Crovyn Point. Warner, May 12. Fort Chambly, Montgomery, Oct. i:}. St. John's, Montgomery over Preston, i Nov. 3. Montreal, Montgomery over ) Carleton, S Nov. 13. BRITISH VICTORIES. Lexington, April 19. Bunker Hill, Howe over Prescott, June 17. h /OTON A. Ml ITa ilCIMTY. Quebec, t Carleton over Mont- ) j^ ., . Comery. 32 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. RE^^IE^V OF 177 5. LESSON XXXVI. state the cause of the American Revolution ? What articles were first taxed ? "What was the " Stamp Act?" Where and by whom was the Stamp Act passed ? How did the Americans act in relation to the law ? What can you say of Patrick Henry ? Wha,t meeting was held in New York in 1765 ? What did Congress agree on ? Did the Stamp Act continue in force ? What unjust law was passed by Great Britain soon after the repeal of the Stamp Act ? How did the Americans act concerning it ? What was the result of their opposition ? Where and when was the first battle fought ? What posts were captured by the Americans, in May, i775 ? By whom ? What British generals arrived from England ? For what is June 17, 1775, memorable ? What can you say of the battle of Bunker Hill ? Who were the commanders ? What was the fate of General Warren ? What was done to Cliarlestown ? When was Washington appointed commander-in- chief ? Where and when did he take command ? Upon what expedition did Gen. Montgomery proceed' What towns in Canada surrendered to Montgomery ? Who attempted the capture of Quebec ? By whom was Montgomery joined at Quebec ( What was the fate of Montgomery ? LESSON XXXVII. 1776. — Q- Where was the British army at the com- mencement of this year ? A. In Boston and its vicinity. Q. Who succeeded General Gage in the command of the British ? A. General Howe. Q. Who occupied Dorchester Heights, near Boston ? A. The American army, under AVasli- ington. Q. What were the British obliged to do in conse- quence ? A. They left Boston in possession of the Americans, and sailed for Halifax. Q. Where did Washington and his army then go ? A. To New York. Q. What city in the South was attacked during this year f A. Charleston ; [June 28th.] Q. Who commanded the British vessels that made the attack ? A. Sir Peter Parker. Q. Who commanded the fort which defended Charleston ? A. Colonel Moultrie. Q Wlio were successful ? A. The Americans. Q. What was the loss on both sides ^ A. The Americans had 10 killed and 22 wounded : the British lost 200. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 33 LESSOR XXX VIII. Q. When was the Declaration of Independence agreed to ? A. On the 4tJi of July, 1776, by tlie American Congress. Q Where was Congress then assem bJed ? A. At Pliiladelpliia. Q By whom was the Declaratioa of Independence drawn up ? A. By Tliomas Jefferson, who afterward became Presi- dent of tlie United Srates. Q. What did Congress declare ? A. Tliat the American colo- nies were " Free and Inde- pendent States." Q. What did the signers of the Dec- laration pledge in its support ? A. " Their lives, their for- tunes, and their sacred hoiwr.''' Where situated ? On or near waat water ? Breed's Hill? Roxbury ? Dorchester ? Dorchester Heights ? Boston ? Charlestowa ? Cambridge ? Bunker Hill ? New York ? Brooklyn ? Jdmaicji ? Gravesend ? N3W Utrecht ? Westchester ? Eiust Chester ? New Eochelle ? White Plains ? Fort Washington / Harlem Heights ? Fort Lee .' Paulus Hook ? Newark ? New Brunswick f Princeton ? Trenton f Philadelphia ? Germantown ? Red Bank, or Ft. Mercer ? Fort Mifflin ? Valley Forge ? Monmouth ? Charleston ? Crown Point? Ticonderoga ? Fort Mcultrie f Fort Johnson ? Fort Edward ? Saratoga ? Morristown ? Stillwater f 34 MONTErnrs history of the united stxVtes. LESSON XXXIX. Q. la July, 1776, where weie the two armies, chiefly 1 A. The Americans occupied New York and Brooklyn ; the British, Staten Island. Q. By whom was General Howe joined at Staten Island ? A. By his brother, Lord Howe. Q. What was the size of the armies ? A. The Americans, 17,000; the British, 35,000. Q. Who commanded the Americans at Brooklyn ? A, General Putnam. Q. When were the Americans attacked at Brooklyn ? A. August 27th, by the British, who crossed over from Staten Island. Q. What British generals were engaged in this battle ? A. Clinton, Percy, Cornwallis, Grant, and De Heister. Q. What was the loss on each side ? A. The Americans lost over 1000 ; the British, 400. Q. How were the other Americans at Brooklyn saved ? A. Tliey were withdrawn to New York during the niglit, by AVashiugton. Q. What was Washington then obliged to do ? A. To retreat ; being closely pursued by the British, under Howe. Q. In what direction did Washington go ^ A. North, by way of Harlem, Wliite Plams, and North Castle ; then southwest, through New Jersey to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware Piver Q. What battle was fought during this retreat ? A. Tlie battle of White Plains, [Octo- ber 28th.] Q. What two forts on the Hudson were taken by the British. A. Forts "Washington and Lee. Q. Which fort was bravely defended by the Ameri- cans ? A. Fort Washington, where over 1000 British were killed ; [November 16th.] Q. By whom was Fort Washington defended ? A. Colonel Magaw, at the head of 2700 Americans, who, after a severe engage- ment, were forced to surrender to General Howe. Q. What capture was made by Washington, at Trenton ? A. He surprised and made prisoners 1000 Hessians, [December 26th.] LESSOl^ XL. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1776. AMERICAN VICTORIES. ( Washington over ) , , , „ Boston. \ Howe j ''^^- '^' — _, -^ , J Moultrie over ) ^ -„ Port Moultrie, } ij„_i,„ ( '^^^^ 28. Trenton, ( Parker < Washington over i Eahl i Dec. 26 BRITISH VICTORIES. Long Island, Howe over Putnam, Aug. 27. ( Howe over ) White Plains, < ,,r , • x > Oct. 28. ( v\ ashington, i Fort Washington, Howe over Magaw, Nov. 16. Port Lee, Cornwallis, Nov. 18 THE AMERICAN T HEV^IEAV OF 1776. REVOLUTION, 35 LESSON XL I. Who occupied Boston in the beginning of 1776 ? Who took command of the British ? Where were the Americans at that time f Did the British maintain possession of Boston ? Where did tlie Britisli go after leaving Boston ? Wheio did Wasliington then go ? What attack was made in the South ? Who were the commanders ? Wliat was the result of the attack on Fort Moultrie ? Why is the Fourth of July celebrated by the Ameri- cans ? What can you say of Thomas Jefferson ? Where were the two armies in July of tliis year ? What was the size of each army ? What and when was the second battle in 1776 ? Who were successful ? State the loss on eacli side. Wliere did the Americans go after the battle of Long Island ? What occurred at White Plains ? — At Fort Washing- ton ? What important success had Washington in Decem- ber? LESSOxX XL II. 1777. — Q- What victory goon followed that at Trenton ? A. The battle of Princeton ; [January 3d.] Q. Who commanded the Americans at Princeton ? A. "Washington. Q. What American general was among the killed ? A. General Mercer. Q. By whom was Washington pursued, after the battle of Princeton ? A. By Cornwallls, who obliged him to retreat. Q. Where did Washington pass the winter, in the beginning of 1777 ? A. At Morristown, New Jersey. Q. Where were the winter quarters of the British 1 A, At Kew York. Q Where was the battle of Brandywine fought ? A. At Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek, in the sontheastern part of Penn- sylvania ; [September 11th.] Q. Who were the commanders in this battle t A. Washington and Howe. Q. Who were successful ? A. The British. Q. What was the loss on each side ? A. The Americans lost 1300; the Brit- ish, 500. Q. What two distinguished foreigners assisted the Americans in the battle of Brandywine ? A. Lafayette, of France; and Pulaski, of Poland. Q. To what city did Washington retreat, after the battle of Brandywine ? A. Philadelphia. Q. Did Washington hold Philadelphia ? A, He relinquished the city to General Howe, who entered it, [September 26th.] Q. To what city had Congress adjourned ? A. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Q. Where did Washington attack the British, soon after his retreat from Philadelphia ? A. At Germantown, now a part of Phil- adelphia ; [October 4th.J Q. What was the result of the attack at German- town ? A. Tlie Americans were defeated, hav- ing lost 1200 ; the British, 500. 36 MONTEITirS IIISTOitY OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH ENCAMPMENT. THE AMERICANS AT VAT.LET FOROE. LESSON XLIIl. Q. What two forts on the Delaware were held by the Americans ? A. Forts Mercer and Mifflin. Q. What was the result of the attack on Fort Mer- cer ? A. The Hessians, under Colonel Donop, were repulsed with a loss of 40( ) men ; the Americans lost about 30 ; [October 22d.] Q. Did the British finally capture these two forts 1 A. They did. Q. Where did the Americans pass the winter, at the close of 1777 ? A. At Yalley Forge, twenty miles west of Philadelphia, whei'e they suffered great- ly from cold, hunger, and sickness. Q. What can you say of the British army ? A. It consisted of regularly trained sol- diers, whose wants were well provided for. Q. Of whom was the American army mostly com- posed ? A. Of men who went from their farms and workshops, never having been trained as soldiers. Q Vv''ere the Americans as well supplied with clothes, ammunition, &c., as the British ? A. Tliey were not ; many in mid-winter marched through deep snow, without coats, shoes, or stockings. Q. Who invaded the United States from Canada ? A. General Burgoyne, at the head of 10,000 British and Indians. Q. What was the route of Burgoyne ? A. By way of Lake Champlain and the Hudson River ? Q. What fort on Lake Champlain did Burgoyne take? A. Ticonderoga, which was suddenly abandoned by General St. Clair and 3000 Americans. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 37 Q. Did the British pursue the AmericanR A. They did, and llie Americans lost 1000 ivieii. Q. WliJit was the loss on both sides? A. Tlie British, 900 ; the Americans, 400 LESSON XLIV. Q. What did Colonel Baum attempt ? A. He was sent by Burgoyne to seize the American stores at Bennington, Vermont. Q. What was the result of his attempt ? A. He was met by General Stark and a body of militia ; — Colonel Baum was killed and his party defeated ; [August 16th.] Q. What other action occurred on the same day, and at the same place ? A. A British reinforcement, under Col- onel Breyman, was defeated by Colonel Warner and the Green Mountain Boys. Q. What was the loss in the two engagements ? A. Tlie British, 700; the Americans, 100. Q. Who commanded the northern division of the American army ? A. General Gates, who succeeded Gen- eral Schuyler. Q. Who commanded the northern division of the British army ? A. General Burgoyne. Q. What two battles were fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? A. The battles of Stillwater, 22 miles north of Albany, [September 19th and October 7th.] Q. Who were successful ? A. Tlie Americans. LESSON XLV. Q. What was Burgoyne obliged to do at Saratoga? A. Burgoyne, with nearly 0000 British, surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga ; [October 17th.] Q. What agreement was made ? A. Tliat the British, under Burgoyne, should give up their arms and ammunition to the Americans, return to England, and eno-aore no more in the war. c o Q. What Polish hero seived as chief engineer in the army of Gates ? A. Kosciusko. Q. Who had started from New York to assist Bur- goyne ? A. General Clinton, with 3000 men. Q. How far had Clinton proceeded when Burgoyne surrendered ? A. Up the Hudson, as far as the village of Esopus, now Kingston, which he burned ; [October 15th.] Q. What forts on the Hudson did he capture from the Americans? A. Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; [October 6tli.] Q. Wlicre did Clinton go, upon hearing of Bur- goyne' s defeat ? A. He returned to ]S"ew York. Q. Did the Briti( For what is Valley Forge noted ? From what direction did Burgoyne enter the United States ? What losses were sustained by the Americans ? Describe the battle of Bennington ? Who succeeded Schuyler in command of the northern army of the Americans ? Where and when were battles fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? What successes attended the Americans ? What were the terms of Burgoyne' s surrender f To whom did he surrender ? What station did Kosciusko fill in the army of Gates ? For what purpose did Clinton leave New York, just before Burgoyne' s defeat ? What direction did Clinton take ? What did he accomplish at that time '' Brandywine, Germantown, Fort Mifflin, Fort Mercei; BRITISH "VICTORIES. i Howe over I Washington, < Howe over [ Sept. 11. LESSON XLVill. 1778. — Q- What government assisted the Americans in the Revolution ? A. France. Q. Where was the treaty of alliance formed ? Americans, ^ Nov. 18. j A. At Paris, [February 6tli, 1778.] J Oct. 4. ( Washington, \ Abandoned by the ) Nov. 16. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 39 Q. By whom was the treaty signed, on behalf of the Americans ? A. Bcnjainiii Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. Q. When was the treaty ratified by Congress? A. May 4tli, 1778. Q. Wliat attempt to effect a settlement was made by the British government ? A. England sent commissioners to Amer- ica for that purpose Q. Were their offers received by Congress ? A. They were promptly rejected. Q. What assistance was sent by France ? A. A French fleet, under Count D'Es- taing. Q. Who succeeded General Howe in command of the British f A. General Clinton. Q. Where did Clinton conc( ntrate his forces, in June, 1778 ? A. At New York. Q. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? A. June 18th, 1778 ; having held it for about nine months. Q. Where did Congress meet while the British held Philadelphia? A. At Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania. Q What was the first battle in 1778 ? A. Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, [June 2Sth.] Q. Describe the battle of Monmouth. A. Tlie battle was commenced by Gen- eral Lee, who was soon forced to retreat ; but "Washington and tlie main body of liis army coming up, the Britisli left tlic field. LESSON XLIX. Q. After the battle of Monmouth, where did the two armies go ? A. Tlie Americans, to White Plains ; the British, to New York. Q. What victory was gained in Rhode Island, by the Americans ? A. The victory of General Sullivan over General Pigot, [August 29t]i,] Q. What massacre occurred in July, 1778 ? A. Tlie massacre of Wyoming, in Penn- sylvania, by 1600 Tories and Indians led by Colonel John Butler, who was noted for his cruelty ; [July 3d.] Q. What cruelties were perpetrated at Wyoming ? A. The patriots' houses were burned, and their families barbarously murdered. Q. Where were similar cruelties committed in No- vember ? A. At Cherry Yalley, New York Q. What city in Georgia was taken by the British ? A. Savannah, by 2000 British under Colonel Campbell ; [December 29th.J Q. By what American officer was Savannah defended ' A. General Robert Howe. Q. Who preceded Clinton in command of the Erit ish? A. General Sir William Howe. Q. Who commanded the British squadron off the American coast? A. Lord Howe, brother of General Sir William Howe. Q. Where did Washington retire to winter quarters, in the autumn of 1778? A. To Middlebrook, New Jersey. 40 MONTEITirS IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STx\TES, LESSO^^ L. BATTLES DlRIAft 1778. AMERICAN VICTORIES. ( Washington ovi'T , , ■< > June 28. Rhode Island, Sullivan over Pigot, Aug. 29. Monmouth, j ■•"""•"&-"" -^^ ^' t i Clinton, S BRITISH VICTORIES. -„ . ( John Butler over ) ^ , Wyoming, I ZebulonButicT.f ^^'^ '• Savannah, Campbell over Howe, Dec. 29. CHARLESTON AND VICINITY. HEVIE^^ OF 1778. LESSOK LIl. LESSON LI. What treaty was formed in February, 1778 ? What step did England take to put an end to the war ? Who took command of the British ? Who preceded Clinton ? What forces were concentrated at New York in June of this year ? What city did the British then evacuate ? When was the battle of Monmouth fought ? Describe the battle of Monmouth. What victory was won by the Americans, August 29th ? When and by whom was the massacre of Wyoming committed ? By whom was Savannah taken ? What city did General Robert Howe defend, in the Revolution ? What command had General Sir William Howe ? What command had Lord Howe ? In what year did Washington pass the winter at Middlebrook ? 1779. — Q- Who took command of the troops in the South ? ^-i. General Lincoln of the Americans, and General Prevost of the British. Q. Where were Washington and Clinton ? A. In the Northern States ? Q. What success did the Americans meet with !u February ? A. Colonel Pickens, at the head of a party of South Carolina militia, totally de- feated a Land of tories under Colonel Boyd, near Augusta; [February 14th.] Q. Whom did General Lincoln send to take a posi- tion on Brier Creek, in Georgia ? A, General Ash, with 2000 Americans. Q. What was the fate of the Americans under Ash ? A. They were surprised and defeated by the British, under General Pi-evost, [March 3d.] Tlie Americans lost 1600. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 41 Q. Against what city did Pievost march, after the battle of Brier Creek ? A. Charleston ; but, as lie was preparing an attack, Lin- coln appeared, and the British withdrew; [May lltli.] Q. What battle was fought near Charleston ? A.. The battle of Stono Fer- ry, in which the Americans, under Lincoln, were defeated ; [June 20th.] Q. What cruelties were perpetrated by Governor Tryou ? A. Governor Trjon, with a body of British, plundered and burned the villages of East Haven, Fairfield, and ISTor- walk, in Connecticut ; [July.] Q. What two posts on the Hudson were surrendered by the Americans, during 1779 ? A. Stony Point and Yer- planck's Point, to Clinton ; [June.] Q. By whom was Stony Point re- gained for the Americans ? A. By General Wayne, after a severe contest at midnight ; [July 15th.] Q. What success did the Americans meet with at Paulus Hook ? A. Major Lee captured the British garrison, taking 160 prisoners; [July lUth.] HI Ijoneitiide West 79 frcpin (ireenwich "7 • j,^^ . •• Longitude It est Q ion?.E. af/ .1 A S S<)£ A C H U S fcT T S ^■t .f/Litchtirld VJS ''V% ) i Woo Macedonian, Oct. 25. ( the ) (captured ( the (captured ) \ the f Java, Dec. 29. In these four naval battles the British lost over 450 men ; the Americans but 70. On the ocean, the Amer- icans took 3000 prisoners during 1812. BRITISH VICTORIES, Fort Mackinavr First battle of BroTvnsto'wrn Detroit, Queens tovvn, ( Surrendered by ) ^ , ( the Americans, ) ( British and Indians ) , ( over Van Home, j ( Hull surrendered ) 1 to Brock, ) 17, and Indians rer Van Hov Hull surrendered to Brock, ( Brock over ) ( Van Rensselaer, ) Aug. IG. Oct. 13. LESSON LXXI I. What declaration of war was made in 1812 ? State the chief cause of the war. Who was President during the second war with Great Britain ? What position did Henry Dearborn hold in the American army ? What was the first surrender in 1812 ? Where were the first two battles fought ? Who were successful at the first battle of Browns- town ? — At the second battle of Brownstown ? What can you say of General Hull ? What invasion was attempted by Van Rensselaer ? What action took place in October ? Who commanded the British ? What was the fate of General Brock ? Who were most successful on land ? What victories had the British ? What victory had the Americans on land ? Who were successful on the ocean ? In what naval battles were the Americans successful ? What losses did the British sustain in the naval bat- tles this year ? What American vessel gained two battles this year ? 52 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NIAGARA RIVER, LOOKING TOWA.KD LAKE ONTARIO OENERAL BROOKS MONUirENT ■** *- LESSON LXXIII. 1813. — Q- How was the American army divided in 1813? A. Into three divisions, — the Western, under General Harrison ; the Central, un- der General Dearborn ; the Northern, un- der General Hampton. Q. Where were these armies located ? A. Harrison, on the west shore of Lake Erie ; Dearborn, between Lakes Erie and Ontario ; Hampton, on' the shore of Lake Champlain. Q. What was the first engagement in 1813 ? A. General Winchester and a body of Americans were surprised at Frenchtown, by the British and Indians under General Proctor ; [January 22d.] Q. What was the result of the engagement ? A. Tlie Americans surrendered ; but many were murdered by the Indians. Q. What city in Canada was taken by the Ameri- cans ? A. York, now Toronto, after a severe engagement, was taken by General Pike ; [April 27th.] Pike was mortally wounded. Q What fort was besieged by Proctor on the first of May ? A. Fort Meigs, held by General Harri- son, who was aided by General Clay and a body of Kentuckians. Q. Who were successful at Fort Meigs ? A. The Americans. Q. What fort in Canada was talien by the Ameri- cans ? A. Fort George, by General Dearborn ; [May 27th.] Q. By whom was Sackett' s Harbor attacked in May ? A. By the British, under Prevost, but they were repulsed by the Americans un- der General Brown ; [May 29th.] WAR WITH GRP:aT B R IT A I N — 1 8 1 3. LESSON LXXIV. Q. What assault was made by Proctor, in August ? A. Proctor, with 1000 British and Iii- diiuis, attacked the fort at Lower Sandusky, l)ut was repidsed by ^fajor Ci-oglian, at the head of 150 men ; [August 2d.] Q. What was the loss in this atUick ? A. The British h>st 150; the Americans but 1 killed, and 7 wounded. Q. Who commanded the Indians that assisted Proctor ? A. The Indian chief, Tecumseh. Q. Where, and by whom, were Proctor and Tecum- seh defeated ? A. At the battle of the Tliames, by the AmericaJis under General Harrison ; Proc- tor fled, and Tecumseh was slain, [October 5th.] Q. Who succeeded General Dearborn in command ? A. General Wilkinson. Q. What defeat did the Americans sustain at Wil- liamsburg, Canada ? A. General Boyd, with a body of Amer- icans, was defeated at Williamsburg by the British ; [November 11th.] Q. Wh.it Indian tioubles broke out in Alabama, in 1813? A. The war witli tlie Creek Indians, who massacred nearly 300 men, women, and children, assembled at Fort Mims. Q. Who were sent against them ? A. Tlie Americans under Generals Jack- son, Coffee, and Floyd ; who, after severe conflicts, completely defeated the Indians. Q Where was Commt)d()re Perry's victory gained ? A. On Lake Erie, off Fort Maiden; [September 10th.] Q. Of what did the squadrons consist ? A. The Americans had 9 vessels, carry- ing 54 guns ; the British 6 vessels, with 63 guns. Q. What notice of the victory did Perry send to General Harris*^ ? A. " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Q What American commanded the Hornet, at the capture of the Peacock A. Captain Lawrence, who afterward took command of the American frigate Chesapeake. Q. By what vessel was the Chesapeake captured ? A. By the British ship Shannon. Q. What wa8 the fate of Captain Lawrence ' A. He fell, during the action, mortally wounded. 54 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, LESSON LXXV. Apr. 27. j Harrison and Clay | \ over Proctor, ) BATTLES AND f APTIRES DURING 1813. AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. Siege of York, Pike over Sheaffe, Fort Meigs, < Dearborn over Fort George, | ^.,^^^,^^ Sackett's Harbor, Brown over Prevost, Lower Sandusky, Croghan over Proctor, Aug. 2. rison over roctor & Tecumseh, The Thames, j Harrisi ( Procto: J ] May 27. May 29. Oct. 5. NAVAL VICTORIES. American Vessel.s. British Vessels. (captured) .„ , t-. i r.j Hornet i ,, f Peacock, Feb. 24. ( the ) Enterprise ] th \ ^°^®''' ^*^P*- ^• Perry's fleet captured Barclay's, Sept. 10. Frenchtown, I BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. Proctor over Jan. 22. i Ja Winchester, ) Williamsburg, Morrison over Boyd, Nov. 11. NAVAL VICTORIES. Briiish Vessels. American Vessels. { captured | ^^ , _ , Shannon 1 >, i Chesapeake, June 1. Pelican \ ^ ""^ > Argus, Aug. 14. IlEVIE^V^^ OF 1813. LESSON LXXVI. Who were the commanders of the three divisions of the American army ? Who succeeded General Dearborn ? What was the first engagement in 181-3 ? What was the result? Where was the first battle fought by General Harri- son this year ? Who assisted Harrison at Fort Meigs? What was the result of the battle ? Who commanded the British in this siege ? By whom was York taken ? What fort in Canada was taken by General Dear- born ? Who w re the commanders at the attack on Sackett's Harbor ? What was the result of the attack ? Describe the attack on Lower Sandusky. Describe the battle of the Thames. Where did the war break out with the Creek Indians? By whom were the Creeks defeated ? How many naval victories had the Americans during 1813 ?— The British ? How many victories on land had the Americans ? — The British ? What victory was gained by Captain Lawrence ? In what engagement was he mortally wounded ? LESSON LXXVII. 1814. — Q What fort in Canada was surrendered by the British ? A. Fort Erie was surrendered to Gen- erals Scott and Ripley, [July 3d.] Q. What was the first battle in 1814 ? A. The battle of Chippewa, in whicli the British were defeated with a loss of 500 men. The Americans lost 330 ; [July 5th.] Q. Who were the commanders ? A. General Riall of the British, and General Brown of the Americans. Q. By whom was General Brown assisted ? A. Generals Scott and Ripley. Q. What battle followed the victory at Chippewa ? A. The battle of Lundy's Lane, the severest contest during the year; [July 25th.] WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN— 1 8 1 4. 55 Q. Who were the commanders at the battle of Lundy's Lane ? A. General Brown of the Americans, and General Drunimond of the British. Q. What was the result of the battle of Lundy's Lane ? A. Tlie Americans were victorious. The loss on each side was ov^er 800. Q. What American generals were wounded ? A. Brown and Scott. Q. Where did the Americans retire after the battle ? A. To Fort Erie, where they were for seven weeks besieged by the British under Drummond. The British were finally re- pulsed with a loss of 1000 men ; [Septem- ber 17th.] Q. Who successively commanded the Americans during the siege of Fort Erie ? A. Generals Ripley, Gaines, and Brown. LESSON LXXVIII. Q. What town on Lake Champlain was attacked by the British ? A. Plattsburg, held by the Americans under General Macomb ; [September 11th.] Q. What was the plan of attack ? A. Tlie British, under General Prevost, attacked Plattsburg, w^hile tlie British fleet, under Commodore Downie, engaged the American fleet, under Commodore McDonough, in the harbor. Q. Who were successful at Plattsburg ? A. The Americans were successful; Prevost being repulsed, and Downie en- tirely defeated. Q. By whom was the city of Washington taken 'f A. By a British force under General Ross ; [August 24th.] Q. What damage was done to the city by the Brit- ish ? A. They burned the Capitol, the Presi- dent's house, and many other buildings; immediately after which they retreated to their fleet. Q. At what place were the British opposed before entering the city ? A. At Bladensburg ; but the Americans were defeated ; [August 2-l:th.] Q. What city near Washington was also taken by the enemy ? A. Alexandria; [August 29th.] Q. What city did the British next attempt to enter ? A. Baltimore. Q. What battle was fought on their approach to Baltimore ? A. At North Point, where they were opposed by General Strieker. The Amer- icans w^ere forced to retreat, [September 12th.] Ross, the British officer, was killed. Q. What fort commanded the entrance to Balti- A. Fort Mc- ^ fM Henry, wliich ^E P^ was bombarded ^| m'' ' by tlie British, >m1 Eh ml'' [SeptemberlS,] aH wf\ W but being un- ^ffl Ij r\ successful, they ^| pL p*^ withdrew on the ^M following day. ^ \§ ^^? 56 MOXTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. LESSON LXXIX. 1815.— Epervier, Apr. 29. "Wasp -s ' > Reindeer, June 28. ( the ) ) , j Downie's / ^, ^ , , fcaptu,o,l| ^^^J Sept. 11. Macdonough's I fleet BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. Bladeusburg, Ross over Winder, Aug. 24. North Point, Brooke over Strieker, Sept. 12. British Ships. American Ships. Phebe and ( captured < „ , , ^„ _^ ^ i , ?• Esses. Mar. 28. Cherub < the J Orpheus { captmed I i the \ Frolic, Apr. 21. Describe the battle of Plattsburg. What was done by the British in Washington, Au- gust 24th, 1814? Wliat success had the British at Alexandria? At Baltimore ? At Fort McHenry ? When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? Who were the commanders in the battle of New Orleans ? Describe the battle. What two naval battles were fought after the battle of New Oi leans ? How many land victories had the British during 1814 and 1815? How many land victories had the Americans ? How many naval victories had the British ? How many naval victories had the Americans ? BATTLES DIHIVG 1815. AMERICAN VICTORIES. New Orleans, ATnerican Ships. Constitution Hornet \ .Jackson over ) ( Packenham, ) British Ships. captured I Cyane and) int, f the Levant Jan. 8. Feb. 20. Tur^l Penguin, Mar. 23. REVIE^^^ OF 1814-15. LESSON LXXXI. What was the first capture in 1814 ? What two battles occurred in July, 1814 ? Who were the commanders ? What siege followed the battle of Lundy's Lane ? Descril>e the siege of Fort Erie. By whom was Plattsburg attacked in September, 1814? Who commanded the Americans in the town ? Who commanded the American squadron in the harbor ? LESSON LXJXII. Q. How many years elapsed between the close of tho second war with England and the Mexican war ? A. Thirty-one years. Q. During this period, in what wars was this coun- try engaged ? A. AVar with Algiers in 1815 ; the Sem- inole war in 1817 ; and the Florida war iu 1835. Q. What was the cause of the war with Algiers ? A. Piracies were committed by that gov ernment upon American vessels. Q. Who was sent from the United States against Algiers ? A. Commodore Decatur, who forced Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to terms of peace. Q. Who was sent against the Seminoles in 1817 ? A. General Jackson, who defeated the Indians, and hung two men for inciting the Indians against the Americans. 58 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LXXXIII. THE MEXICABf WAR. Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico ? A. In 1836. Q. What form of government did Texas adopt ? A. Texas became a re- public. Q. When was Texas annexed to the United States ? A. In 1845. Q. What caused the Mexican war ? A. Tlie annexation of Texas, and the claim of a certain tract of land by both the United States and Mexico. Q. Where is that tract of land situated ? A. In Texas, between the Neuces Kiver and the Eio Grande. Q. Who was President of tlie United States during the Mexican war ? A. James K. Polk. 1846.— (?• Who was sent by the President to the Rio Grande ? A. General Zachary Tay- lor, who erected Ft. Brown opposite Matamoras. Q. Who took command of the Mexican forces ? A. General Arista. -51 — 37 Taken Tjy permilssioni .frcmv ^^ Distamel&Jilup oflLsxico VaZLai '■oUd^\^''^^^ ) , ^ ^^!MEXIp Fopoc 24 Icmjgitii3_e Chzerucarcao m 22 WesT ±pojU- ^20 IWastmi^QJi J^ Where sitnated? On or near lohat water J Corpus Christi ? Matamoras ? San Luis Potosi ? Jalapa ? Point Isabel ? Camargo ? Tampico ? Ferote ? Palo Alto ? Monterey ? Vera Cruz ? La Puebla ? Resaca de la Palma ? Buena Vista ? Cerro Gordo ? Mexico 1 WAR WITU MEXICO, 59 A fflKW OF THE CITY OF M£XJ«X>. LESSON LXXXIV. Q. What was the commencement of hostilities .' A. Captain Thornton's party was at- tacked on tlie east bank of tlie Rio Grande by a superior body of Mexicans, and sev- eral Americans were killed ; [April 2-lth.] Q. What was the first battle in the Mexican war ? A. The battle of Palo Alto, in wliich General Taylor, with 2300 Americans, de- feated 6000 Mexicans nnder General Arista ; [May 8th.] Q. What was the loss on both sides ? A. Tlie Mexicans lost about 400 killed and wounded ; the Americans but 40. Among the killed was Major Ringgold. Q. What battle was fought by the same armies, the following 'lay ? A. The battle of Resaca de la Pahus, when the Mexicans were defeated, and f.ed to Matamoras ; [May 9th.] Q. What was the loss in this battle ? A. The Mexicans 500 ; the Americans 5<>. Q. What American colonel distinguished himself in tliis battle ? A. Colonel May ; who took General La Vega prisoner as he was applying the match to one of his own guns. Q. After the battle of Ilesaca de la Palma, where did General Taylor go ? A. To Fort Brown, tlience across the Rio Grande to Matamoras, of which he took possession, [May 18th.] Q. By whom was California taken ? A. By Captain Fremont, and Commo- dores Sloat and Stockton. 60 MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ii-fi!; LESSON LXXXV. A VJEW OF UONTERUy. / |>(issessi()u of Cliilniiiliua, after two succcss- Q. What city did Taylor attack after taking pos- session of Matainoras ? A. Monterey, wliicli he captured after a severe eiigageiiieut of three days ; [Sep- tember 24th.] Q. Wlio were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? A. General Taylor of the Americans, and General Ampudia of the Mexicans. Q. What was the size of the armies at the battle of Monterey ? A. Ten thousand Mexicans, and 6000 Americans. Q. Who were sent against Santa Fe and Chihua- hua ? A. General Kearney, who took ISTew Mexico, and Colonel Doniphan, who took ful l>attles dni'ing his niarcli. Q. Wliat battles wcic won by Ccjloiu^l Donijjhan ? A. The battle of Bracito, on the east baidv of the Rio Grande, [Decend)er 22d, 1846,] and of Sacramento, near tlie Rio Grande, [February 2Sth, 1S4T.] 1847. — 9- Who took command of the Mexican forces in 1847 ? A. General Santa Anfia, the President of Mexico. Q. Where did Taylor meet Santa Anna? A. At Buena Yista, where Taylor, with 5000 Americans, defeated Santa Anna at the head of 20,000 Mexicans ; [Feb. 23d.] Q. What was the loss in the battle of Buena Vista? A. The Americans lost 700 ; the Mexi- cans 2000. WAR WITU MEXICO. 61 BUMBAKDilENT OF VEKA CKUZ ANU CASTLK. LESSON LXXXVI. Q. Who took command of the American army in 1847? A. General AYiutield Scott. Q. What city did Scott first attack ? A. Yera Cruz, wliich was defended bj tlie castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. Q. How long did the siege continue ? A. Fifteen days, wlien the city and cas- tle surrendered to General Scott ; [March 27th.] Q. After the capture of Vera Cruz, what city did Scott marcli against ? A. Mexico, the capital. Q. At what places were the Americans opposed ? A. Cerro Gordo, [April ISrh;] Contre- ras and Cherubusco, [August 20th ;] M(»- lino del Rey and Casa Mata, [September 8th ;] Chapultepec, [Septendjer 13tli.] Q. Who were victorious in these liattles ' A. The Americans o-aiiu'd Qwvvy battle. Q. Which army was the larger in all of these battles ? A. Tlie Mexican army. Q. When did General Scott and his army enter the city of Mexico ? A. September 1-ith, 18-17. Q. When was peace concluded ? A. February 2d, 1S18. 63 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. OF THE MEXICAN WAR. .^^^ OENEBAIi ZACHAKT TAYLOR. LESSO R L X XX VI I, BATTLES I)IIIlI\t 1846. AMERICAN VICTORIES. Palo Alto, Taylor over Arista. Resaca de la ) ... , _ , > laylor over Arista, Palma, ) Monterey, Taylor over Ampudia, Bracito, Doniiilian, May May Sept. Dec. BATTLES MRL\G 1847. Buena Vista, < ' " liphan over ) ( Hereedia, ) la, ) aylor over Santa Anna j Doniphan over Hereedia Scott ./ver Landero, ( Scott over ( Santa Anna Scott over Valencia, ( Scott over ) ( Santa Anna, ) Molino del Rey j Scott over ) and Casa Mata, ( Santa Anna. ) Chapultepeo, V ^f^ i ( Santa Anna, ) Sacramento, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo Contreras, Cherubusco, Feb. 23 Feb. 28 Mar. 27 April Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. 13 LESSON LXXXVIII. state the cause of the war. When was Texas annexed to the United States ? During whose administration was this war carried on ? Who commanded the two armies at the commence- ment of the war ? What action commenced the war ? What the first battler Who were the commanders in the battle of Palo Alto ? What was the size of each army ? What was the loss in this battle ? What was the fate of Major Ringgold ? Give an account of the second battle ? When did the first two battles take place ? What can you say of Colonel Blay ? When did General Taylor enter Matamoras ? What conquest was made by Fremont, Sloat, and Stockton ? Wliat battle followed that of Resaca do la Pal ma ? Who were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? State the size of the armies in this battle ? How long did the engagement last ? Who took possession of New Mexico ? What two battles were won by Colonel Doniphan ? What battle was fought in February, 1847 ? Who were the commanders at Buena Vista ? What was the size of the armies ? Who were successful in this battle ? State the loss on each side. Who took command of the Americans in 1847 ? What city did Scott first besiege ? What was the result of the siege ? What battles followed the surrender of Vera Cruz ? Which two were fought August 20th ? Which two were fouglit September 8th ? When were the battles of Cerro Gordo and Chapul- tepec fought ? What occurred on the 14th of September, 1847 T What occurred on the 2d of February, 1848 ? IMPORTANT EXPEDITIONS. 6S DK. KANE IN WINTER QUARTERS ARCTIC FOXES AND OWLS. — WHITE BEARS. LESSON LXXXIX. Q. What exploring expedition left Great Britiiin in 1845? A. Sir John Franklin, with two vessels and about two luuidred and forty men, in search of a northwest passage to the Indies. Q. Did Frau'klin or his i)arty ever return ? A. They did not. Q. What American sent \ es.sels in search of P'ranklin ? A. Henry GrinnoU, who sent two ves- sels, in 1850, under Lieutenant De Haven, accompanied by Dr. Kane. The vessels returned the following year without tidings of the missing party. Q. What other expedition was sent from the United States in search of them ? A. Henry Gi-iimell, in conjunction with the U. S. government, sent out the ship Advance, commanded by Dr. Kane, 1853. Q. What was accomplished by Dr. Kane ? A. He reached a point on tlie coast of Greenland further north than any heretofore seen, passed two winters in the Arctic Re- gions, and returned, unsuccessful, in 1855. Q. From what experinnnts did the idea of estab- lishing the teL'grapli originate ? A. Benjamin I^ranklin's experiments with an electric wire across the Schuyl- kill River, in 17-18. Q. By whom was the magnetic telegraph in- ventei ? A. By Professor Morse, in 1832. Q. Where did he construct the first telecraph ? ^•1. Between Baltimore and Washington. Q, When was the first Atlantic cahle laid? A. In 1858, between Ireland and New- foundland. Q What celebrated voyages have since been made in the frozen regions of North America ? A. Those by Hayes, Hall, and Sehwatka. Skeletons of some of Franklin's crew, be- sides pieces of their boats, spoons, etc., were found. Q. What Araericm explor/r went more recently on a voyage of discovery and exploration in the Arctic ■? A. Captain De Long, in the ship Jean- nette. His ship was crushed in the ice north of Siberia and he returned after much suffering. 04 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XCI. 1861. — Q When did civil war break out in the United States ? A. In the 3^ear 1861. Q. Who became President of the United States la this year ? A. Abraham Lincoln ; [inaugurated March 4th, 1861.] Q. What was the cause of the war ? A. The authorities of the Southern (States sought to withdraw those States irom the Union, claiming they had a right so to do ; the United States Government denying the right of any State to secede, raised armies to enforce its authority. Q. What State first declared itself out of the Union ? A. South Carolina ; [December 20th, 1863.] Q. What States snon followed the example of South Carolina ? A. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Geor- gia, Louisiana, [January, 1861] and Texas, [February 1st.] Q. What government was formed by these States ? A. A government similar to that of the United Stateis, styled the " Confederate States of America ; [February 4th, 1861.] Q. Who was elected President of the Confed- eracy ? A. Jeiferson Davis ; [inaugurated Feb- ruary 18tli, 1861.] Q. Wliat other States joined the Confederacy? A. Virginia [April 17th], North Caro- lina [M'ly 20th], Arkansas [May GtJ.l, and T^nneshiec [June 8th]. LESSON XCII. 1861.— (?• VVhat was the first battle of the war ? A. The storming of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. Q. Who were the commanders in this engage- ment ■? A. Major Anderson, of the United States troops, and General Beauregard of the Con- federates. Q. What was the result ? A. After a furious bombardment of thirty-four hours. Fort Sumter was sur- rendered ; [April 13th.] Q. Where was the first blood shed in this war '? A. In Baltimore, where a Massachu- setts regiment, on its way to Washington, was attacked by Southern sym])athizers ; [April 19 th.] Q. What battle was fought in Virginia, near Fortress Monroe ? A. The battle of Big Bethel, in which General Butler made the attack and was repulsed ; [June lOth.] Q. What great battle was fought in Northern Virginia ? A. The battle of Bull Run, in which General McDowell made the attack and was defeated, after a severe contest ; [July 21st.] Q. Wlio superseded McDowell ? A. General McClellan, who had been successful in West Virginia. Q. Who commanded the Confederates in this hatt'c '? A. General Beauregard. CIVIL WAR 65 LESSON XCIIl. 1861. — Q- What reverses bad the Union forces in Missouri ? A. The defeat and death of Gen. Lyon n3ar Si)ringficld [Aug. 10th], and the sur- render of Colonel Mulligan at Lexington ; [September 21.st,] Q. In what other battle in Northern Virginia were the Confederates successful in 1861 ? A. In the battle of Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, in which Colonel Baker, the Union commander, was killed ; [October 21st.] Q. What success had the Union forces on the coast of North Carolina 'i A. The forts at Hatteras Inlet were taken by Commodore Stringham; [August 29th.] Q. What success had the Union forces on the coast of South Carolina ? A. The capture of the forts at Port Royal Harbor, by Commodore Dupont ; [November 7th.] Q. What two Southern commissioners were seized on their way to Europe? A. James M. Mason and John Slidell : but as they were taken from a neutral vessel — the British steamer Trent — they were soon after released. 1882. — Q- V>'hat ssuccesses had the Union arms in the be^nning of 18G2 ? A. The battle of Mill Spring, in Ken- tucky, won by General Thomas, and the capture of Forts Plenry and Donelson in northern T' nnessee, by Commodore Foote and General Grant. LESSON XCIV. 1862, — Q- What battle was fought soon after i^i Southern Tennessee ? A. The battle of Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, which lasted two days : Gcuerui Grant was defeated on the first day, but receiving reinforcements under General Buell, the following day, he attacked and defeated the Confederates under Beaure- gard ; [April 7th.] Q. What Confederate General was killed? A. General A. S3^dney Johnston. Q. What success had the Union forces in North Carolina ? A. General Burnside captured Roanoke Island [February 8th], and Newbern and Beaufort were taken soon after. Q. What was accomplished by the Confederate iron-clad ram " Virginia " ? A. It sunk the United States war ver- sels Cumberland and Congress, near Fort- ress Monroe ; [^larch 8th.] Q. What victory had the Union forces in Ar- kansas, the same day ? A. General Curtis gained a victory over General Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, after a struggle which lasted three days. Q. What was the " Virginia " formerly ? A. The United States frigate Merrimac. Q. What was the fate of the " Virginia," or Mer- rimac? A. After a hard fight on the following day, it was disabled by the iron-clad "Mon- itor." It returned to Norfolk, where it was afterward blown up by the Confed- erates, 66 MONTEITIl'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XCV. s LESSON XCVI. 1862. — Q- What fort near Savannah was cap- ( 1862. — Q- What did Lee then undertake to do ? tured by the Union forces? ;, ^^ To caj^ture Washington and to enter A. Fort Pulaski, by General Gilmore ; J Maryland and Pennsylvania. [April llth.j Q. Who opposed his progress? Q What island in the Mississippi Eiver was ; A. General Pope, who was Compelled captured by the Union forces? ^ ^ to fall back to Washington, after fighting A. Island Number Ten, situated be- ^ several battles tween K^^ntucky and Missouri, by Com- > ^ ,,.1 ^ tt • 1 1 -n ^ . .^ , . r "^ ' "^ _ ) y- What Union generals were killed at the bat raodore Foote and General Pope ; [April ] tie of Chantilly ? 7th.] > A. Generals Stevens and Kearny ; [Sep- Q. WTiat other and more important capture was s tcmber Ist.T S -• made on the Mississippi? S ,, .. , ,.,^ '.(J. In what did Lee succeed ? A. The capture of New Orleans, by Ad- .< rr „ , i ti .17 1 ^ ^ ■^ ) A. tie captured Harper s h erry and miral Farragut and Commodore Porter ; J ^^^^^.^^ Maryland. [Aprd 25th.] ^ q ^Y^^^^^ ^^^.^^ battles were then fought in Mary Q By what route did McClellan approach Rich- (, land ? ™ond^ \ ^. The battles of South Mountain [Sep- A. By way of the James River and the j tember 14th], and Antietam [September peninsula north of it. \ 17th] Q What success did McClellan have at first? ) r, \^lr^ ^ xi ^J. r .-, -l. ..-, i, . 1 Q. What was the result of the battle of An- A. He compelled the Confederates to \ tietam? retire from Yorktown and Williamsburg. | ^. Lee was defeated, and withdrew his Q. What battle was fought near Richmond ? < ^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^j^g PotomaC to Virginia. A. General Joseph E. Johnston at- \ . ^ Q. Who commanded the Union forces in this tacked McClellan at Fair Oaks, and com- ■> , .,, ., ' s battle : pelled him to retire to the James River. \ j^ General McClellan. Q. Who succeeded Johnston in command ? ? Q. Bj whom was McClellan afterward super- A General Johnston bcino; wounded, he ^ seded? was succeeded by General Lee. \ ^- By General Burnsidc ; [November.] Q. What occurred while McClellan was chang- ? Q. By what route did Burnside march against ing his bas3 ? ^ Richmond ? A. He was attacked by the Confed- \ -^. By way of Fredericksburg, where a erates, and desperate fighting continued \ great battle was fought, in which he was through seven days ; [June 25 Lh to July ] defeated, with great loss ; [December 1st.] ; 13th ] CIVIL WAR 67 LESSON XCVII. 1862. — Q ^^'hat two victories were gained by the Confederates in Kentucky ? A. At Ricliraond [August 30tli], and MumforJsville [September 14tii]. Q. Wliat victory Lad the Union forces in Ken- tucky ? A. At the battle of PeriyvillCj of Buell over Bragg ; [October 8th.] Q. What two victories had the Union forces in Mississippi ? A. General Rosecrans defeated General Price at luka [September 19th], and Gen- erals Van Dorn and Price at Corinth [Oc- tober 4th]. Q. Who Guperseded General Buell ? A. General Rosecrans. 1863. — Q- What important battle was fought by the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg, in Tennessee ? A. The battle of Murfreesboro', in which the Union army was successful, after three days hard fighting ; [ending January 2d.] Q. What great battle was fought in Georgia by the forces under Rosecrans and Bragg ? A. The battle of Chickamauga, near Chattanooga, in which Rosecrans was forced to retreat ; [September 19th and 20th.] Q. By whom was Rosecrans' army saved ? A. By General Thomas, and the arrival of Grant and Hooker with reinforcements and supplies. Q. What other battle was fought near Chatta- nooga ? A. The battle of Lookout Mountain [Nov. 24th], after which Bragg withdrew. LESSON XCYIII. 1863. — Q- What celebrated proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on New-Years' Day of 18G.3 ? A. The abolition of slavery in all the States or parts of States in rebellion against the United States. Q. What city in Texas was taken by the Con- federates ? A. Galveston ; [January 1st.] Q. By whom was General Burnside superseded, after the battle of Fredericksburg ? A. By General Hooker, Q. Was Hooker more successful ? A, He attacked Lee at Chancellorsville, near Fredericksburg, and after two days hard fighting was also defeated with heavy losses ; [May 2d and 3d.] Q. Wliat Confederate General was mortally wounded in the battle of Chancellorsville ? A. General T. J. Jackson, known as " Stonewall Jackson." Q, What did Lee then do? A. He again crossed the Potomac, passed through Maryland, and entered Pennsylvania. Q. How far in Per.ncylvunia l.ad the Confeder- ates advanced ? A. Within four miles of Harrisburg, the capital of the State. Q. By what battle was liis progress arrested? A. The battle of Gettysburg, which lasted three days, and was won by Gen- eral Meade, who had superseded Hooker ; [July 1st, 2d, and 3d.] MONTEITIl'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON C. 1864. — Q- What fort near Mempliis was taken by the Confederates ? A. Fort Pillow, by General Forrest. Q. Who was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Union forces ? A. General Grant ; [March 3d.] Q. What two great Union armies were put in motion in May, 1864 1 A. One under Grant against Richmond, and the other under Sherman against At- lanta, Georgia. Q. Who commanded the Confederate forces against Grant A. General Lee. Q. Where were severe battles fought by Grant and Lee ? A. In the Wilderness, thirteen miles west of Fredericksburg for three days, and at Spottsylvania for six days, after which Lee withdrew to Richmond. ] Q. Whore did Grant then go ? ) A. lie besieged Petersburg, eighteen ^ miles south of Richmond. ; Q. Who were Grant's principal officers ? ■ A. Generals Meade, Hancock, Warren, ) Sedgwick, Burnside and Sheridan. '} Q- Who were Lee's principal officers ? ^ A. Lieutenant-Gencrals Longslreet, A. ' P. Hill, and Ewell. Q. What officers were among the killed in the battles of the Wilderness 1 pedition up the Red River, Louisiana? ') ^- Oenerals Hayes, Wadsworth, and A. He was defeated, wnth considerable J Webb, of Grant's array, and Generals loss, by the Confederates under General l Jones, Pegram, and Pickett, of Lee's Taylor*; [April 8th] J army. LESSON XCIX. \ 1863. — Q- Where did General Lee go after the S battle of Gettysburg? ^ A. He withdrew to Virginia. ) Q. What important surrender was made on the <^ •4:hcf July, 1863? ^ A. Th3 surrender of Vicksburg with ^ 3 ),Odd prisoners, to General Grant. '■ Q What surrender soon followed that of Vicks- i burg ? S A. Port Hudson, on the Mississippi, to I Ganaral Banks ; [July 8th.] ( Q. What battle was fought in East Tennessee ? I A. General Longs treet with a Confed- ^ erate army attacked General Burnside, ^ n3ir Knoxville, but was repulsed ; [No- \ vemb3r 29th.] \ Q. Who made an unsuccessful attempt to cap- I ture Fort Sumter ? A. Admiral Dupont ; [April 7th.] Q By whom was Fort Sumter afterward attacked? A. General Gilmore with a land force assisted by the iron-clads under Admiral D ihlgren ; [July and August.] Q. In what did Gilmore succeed ? A. In taking Fort Wagner and Battery ; Gragg, in battering down a part of Fort • S imber, and in bombarding Charleston. ■ 1881. — Q- What repulse did the Union forces f mssi with in Florida 1 ^ A. General Seymour was defeated near s Olustee ; [February 18. n.] \ Q. What was the result of General Banks' ex- ') CIVIL WAR. 6S LESSON CI. 1864. — Q- What success had General Sherman in Georgia ? A. He defeated General Johnston in several battles ; [May and June.] Q. By whom was Jc^hnston superseded ? A. By General Hood, who was also de- feated by Sherman. Q. What city was evacuated by Hood ? A. Atlanta; [Soptemb^r 2d.] Q. What other defeat did Ho ad meet with ? A . He was defeated by General Thomas near Nashville ; [November 30th.] Q. What famous march was made by Sherman's army ? A. Across Georgia, from Atlanta to Savannah ; [December.] Q. What expedition did Lee send into Maryland while Grant was before Petersburg ? A. A large force under General Early moved through the Shenandoah Valley, entered Maryland, threatened Washing- ton and Baltimore, defeated the Union forces under Wallace, and then returned to Virginia ; [July.] Q. What other expedition did Early make in the same month ? A. Into Pennsylvania, when his troops set fire to Chambersburgh. Q. What did the Confederates secure by these expeditions ? A. Five thousand horses, a vast amount of stores, and the withdrawal of a part of Grant's army from before Petersburg. LESSON CII. 1864. — Q- What Union General waa then sent to hold the Shenandoali Valley ? A. General Sheridan, who superseded Sigel and Hunter. Q. What successes had Sheridan ? A. He won the battles of Winches- ter and Fisher's Hill ; [in September.] Q. What reverse had Sheridan's forces soon after? A. General Early attacked the Union forces at Cedar Creek and drove them in confusion several miles ; but Sheridan arriving, soon turned the defeat into a victory ; [October 19th.] Q. What naval battle was fought in Mobile Bay ? A. Admiral Farragut, with a fleet of war vessels, ran the fire of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and captured a Confederate fleet ; [August Sih.] Q. What battle was fouglit in the English Chan- nel, off the coast of France ? A. Between the Union war steamer Kearsarge, commanded by Captain Wins- low, and the Confederate war steamer Ala- bama, Captain Semmes ; [June 15th.] Q. What was the result of the battle ? A. The Alabama was sunk. Q. What unsuccessful attempt was made to cap- ture Fort Fisher, which commanded the entrance to Wilmington, North Carolina? A By General Butler, with aland force, and Admiral Porter, with a fleet ; [De- cember 24th, 18G4.] Q. By whom was Fort Fisher captured soon after? A. By General TeiTv and Admiral Por- ter, after a severe contest ; [Jan. 15tb, 1865.] 70 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. LESSON cm. ; 1865. Q- What successes liad the Union forces ; in South Carolina in the beginning of 1865 ? ; A. General Sherman advanced from Sa- vannah, captm-ed Columbia [Feb. 17th] ; and Charleston smTendered [Feb. 18 ih.] Q. How long had the bombardment of Charleston continued ? A. About eighteen months. Q. When were Petersburg and Richmond evac- uated by the Confederate army ? A. April 3d, 1865, after several days hard fighting. Q. When did Lee and Johnston surrender '? A. Lee surrendered to Grant, iu Vir- ginia, near Lynchburg, April 9th, and Johnston surrendered to Sherman, in North Carolina, April 26th. Q. How long did the war last ? A. Four years. Q, What assassination just before the close of the war caused great excitement ? A. That of President Lincoln, who was shot in Washington, by J. Wilkes Booth, April 14th. He died the following day. Q. Who then became President ? A. Vice-President Andrew Johnson. Q. What became of Jefferson Davis ? A. He was captured in Georgia [May 10th] , and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, but afterward released. Q. How was slavery abolished in the United States ? A. By an act of Congress, ratified by three-fourths of the States ; [Dec. 18th.] Q. At the close of the civil war in 1865, how many soldiers did the two armies contain ? A. About one million and a half, who returned quietly to their homes and occupations. Q. What change was made in the government of Mjxico during our civil war? A. Napoleon III. sent a French army to Mexico, and forcibly changed it from a Republic to an Empire. Q. What occurred there after peace was re-estab- lished in the United States ? A. The Americans demanded the de- parture of the French troops from Mexico. Q,. What was the fate of Maximilian, the emperor sent there by Napoleon HI. A. He was defeated and shot by the Mexican 3, who restored their republican form of government. 1867. — Q- What large Territory was purchased from Russia in this year "i A. Alaska, for $7,200,000 in gold. 186S. — Q- Who became President at the expira- tion of Aiidrew Johnson's term ? A. General Ulysses S. Grant, who served two terms, or eight years. 1869,—^- What highly important railroad was completed in 1869 V A. The Pacific Railroad, which with other lines previously built, connected the Atlantic with the Pacific coast. Q. What panic occurred in 1873 ? A. A financial crisis in which great losses were sustained by nearly all the inhabitants. PRESIDENTS GRANT, HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 71 1875- — Q- What other Pacific Railroads have '' beeu built since? / A. The Southern Pacific by way of I Texas and Arizona, and the Northern Pacific by way of Montana and Washing- ton Territories. 1876.— Q- What celebrated exhibition was held in Philadelphia in 1876 Y A. The Centennial Exhibition, to com- memorate the signing of the Declaration of Independence, just 100 years before. In this exhibition, or World's Fair, which lasted six months, nearly every country in the world was represented. 1877. — Q- What Indian war occurred in Montana in 1877 ? A. That in which the Sioux {soo) In- dians under their chief " Sitting Bull " surrounded and killed General Custer and all his men in a desperate battle. The Indians were afterwards defeated and scattered. Q. What Indian massacre occurred the following year? A. That of Major Thornburgh by the Ute Indians in Colorado. Q. Wbo succeeded President Grant ? A. Rutlierford B. Hayes, during whose administration specie payments were re- sumed throughout the country (1879), and for the first time in 17 years, a paper dol- lar was equal in value to a gold dollar. Q. What further aided the return of prosperity ? A. Great increase in immigration and the abundance and value of our crops and exports. 1881 — Q- Who succeeded President Hayes? A . General James A. Garfield, who was shot by an assassin, July 2d, 1881. He died from the efiects of the pistol ball, Sept. 19th, lamented by the whole popula- tion — north, south, east and west — and by ever}' civilized nation in the world. Q. Who then became President ? A. General Chester A. Arthur, who had been elected Yice-President. PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. Inaugu- rated. Years served. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson 1789 1797 1801 1809 1817 ls2r) 1829 1837 1841 1841 1845 1849 1850 1853 1857 1801 1865 1809 1S77 1881 1881 1885 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 4 3i-i 4 f 4 41 3| 8 4 i 3i James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Bxtren William H. Harrison *J0HN Tyler James K Polk Zachary Taylor *Millard Fii-lmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln *Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant RlTTHERFORD B. HaYES James A. Garfield "Chester A. Arthur Grovek Cleveland * Elected Vice-President and became President on the death of predecessor. THE FIRST THIRTEEN STATES. New Hampshire, DELA^VARE, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 72 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Note.— Teachers and Pupils may Jiere mark recent and important events. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, July 4, 1776. The Unanimoua Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident ; — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the con- sent of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all ex- perience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer wliilc evils are sufferable, than to right them- Belves by abolisliing the forms to which they are accus- tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- ment, and to provide new guards for their future se- ourity. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- strains them to alter their former systems of govern- ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im- mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation, till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and for- midable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, imcomfortable, and distant from the reposi- tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such disso- lutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- turned to the people at large, for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that ])mpose obstructing the laws for nat- uralization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the con- ditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary power.s. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offlces and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 74 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and supeiior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to sul)ject us to a juris- diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- ment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us witliout onr consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pre- tended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- der it at once an example and tit instrument for intro- ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : For suspending our own legislatiu'es, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring ns out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaiies to complete the works of death, desola- tion, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by thoir hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an imdistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have peti- tioned for redress in the most humble terras : our re- peated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit tc be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our Bvit- ish brethren. We have warned them, fiom time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un- warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our migration and settle- ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpa- tions, which would inevitHbly interrupt our connec- tions and coriespondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. WE, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, ap- pealing to file Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, tliiit these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are al>solved fi'om all allegiance to the Brit- ish crown, €and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. John Hancock, Josiali Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbrids;e G-erry, Stoph'!ii Hopkins, William EUery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, ■William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, William Fkoyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, J.imes Wilson, George Ross, Ciesar Rodney, George Read. Thomas M'Kean, S''mnel Chase, AVilliiim Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Car- roll ton, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jelferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, William Hooper, Jostph Hewes, .lohn Penn, Edward Kntledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., 'J'homas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. -•.^o->^»- "We the People of the United States, in order to form a ; 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic I a"/ State, tlie Executive Authority thereof shall issue tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the > ^^'"'ts of election to till such vacancies, general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ^- ^ ^^ '^'''^' """f of Representatives shall choose their , ' . , , . •> . ui- u .I,- ' 'Speaker and other officers : and shall have the sole power ourselves and our posterity, do ordam and establish this ;> ^j. inineachmeut. CoxSTiTUiiON for the United States of America, ( I SECTION 3. ARTICLE I. 5 ^ 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed SECTION 1. ? of two Senators from each Slate, chosen by the Legisia' ^ ture thereof, fur six years; and each Senator shall have SECTION 2. All legislative powers herein granted sh.ill be vested in <; / one vote a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a ' .t i r * i n .i i n u n j • ° , ., . „ , . p -■ Immediately after they shall be assenabled in conse-- Senate and House of Representatives. , c.i « » i .• .i i n i. j- j , ^ ( quence ot the tirst election, they siiall be divided as equally <, as may be into three clashes. The seats of i he senators )> of the first class shall bo vacated at the expiration of the 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of ^ second year, of the seeond class at the expiration of the members chosen every second year by the people of the > fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the several States, and the electors in each State shall iiavo ;' sixth year; so that one third may be chosen every second the quLilificatioiis requisite for electors of the moat nuuier- ' year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- ous branch of the State Legislature. ; wise, during the recess ot tiie Legislature of any State, 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not ? the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments have attained to the age of twenty-live years, and been \ until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall / fill such vacancies. not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State iu which \ 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have he shall be chosen. > attained to the age of thirty j'eari?, and been nine j^ears a 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned S citizen of the LTnited States, and who shall not, when among the several States which may be included within ' elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall this Union, according to their respective numbers which \ be chosen. shall be determined by adding to the whole uumber of ^ 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be free persons, including those bound to service for a terra \ President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, th-ec fifths of ( they be equally divided. all other persons. Tiie actual enumeration shall be made \ 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also within three years after ihe first meeting of the Congress ? a president 2^^^ tempore, in the absence of the Vice- of the United States, and wichin every subsequent term ^ President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. S of the United States. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for c 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all Im- every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least ^ peachmcnts. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be one representative ; and until sncli enumeration shall be / on oath or uEfirmation. Wlien the President of the United made, the State of New riampshire siiall be entitled to ^ States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no choose three, Massachusetts I'iglit, Rhode Island and Prov- <.' person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two idence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eiglit. Delaware one, Marv- land six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to iemov:il from office, and disqualification to five, and Georgia three. ^ hold and enjoy any oflico of honor, trust, or profit under 76 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tho United States; but the party convicted shall never- theless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. SECTION 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 2. The Congress sliall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION 5. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, re- turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a ma- jority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 3. Eacli House shall keep a journal ol its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without tlie cotisent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses sliall be sitting. SECTION 6. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of tlie peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the .same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any otiier place. 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, v/liioh shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ■■ and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. SECTION 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of tho United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- sideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to tho other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concur- rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, ac- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION 8. The Congress shall have power : 1 . To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im- posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States; 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and meas- ures; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 " < 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the c 4. No capitation, or other direct tax, shall bo laid, un- aecurities and current coin of the United States ; ) less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein be- 7. To establish post offices and post roads ; <' fore directed to be taken. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, ^- 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on ail ides exported by securing for limited times to autliors and inventors the r from any State. exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; S 6. No preference shall be given by any rc;;ulation of 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; ' commerce or revenue to tlie pons of one Slate over those 10. Todeliueand punish piracies and felonies committed V of another; nor shall vessels bo md to, or from, one State, on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; , b-j obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, '. 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in and make rules concerning captures on land and water; > consequence of appropriations made by law; and a rcgu- 12. To raise and support armie-s, but no appropriation ' lar statement and account of the receipts and oxpendituris of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two ^ of all public money shall be publisiied from time to time, years ; \ No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 13. To provide and maintain a navy; / States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of <^ under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, the land and naval forces; ; accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any i5. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute s kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel ) invasions; ^ SECTION 10. 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining S 1. No State shall enter into any treat}', alliance, or con- the militia, and for governing such part of them as may < federation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin be employed in the service of the United States, reserving ; money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, < silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of and the authority of training the militia according to the ^ attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- discipline prescribed by Congress; ^ tion of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in pll cases what- S 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) r lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance > what may be absolutely necessary fiir executing Us inspee- of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the (\ tion laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, United States, and to exercise like authority over all places ' laid by any Slate on imports or exports, shall be for the purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State i use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, ' laws shall be subject to tho revision and control of the magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- c Congress. ings; and s 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and ■; any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, > of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with an- and all other powers vested by this Constitution in tho ' other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war. Government of the United States, or in any department . unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger aa or officer thereof. c, will not admit of delay. SECTION 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any ^ of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ ofhabeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 5 ARTICLE II. SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold hia office during tlie term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, aa follows : 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to MONTEITH S IIISTOnY OF THE UNITED STATES, •which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no ''., officers of the United States, whose appointments are not Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of b herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed c lished by law : but the Congress may by law vest the an Elector. ) appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing c, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the the Electors, and the day on winch they shall give their S heads of departments. votes- which day shall be the same throughout the United c 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies ytates. } that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by 4. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen ^ granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this > next session. Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; r neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall ^ SECTION 3. not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been <^ He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- fburteeu years a resident within the United States. ;. mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, ? consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the ^ and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- ) vene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of dis- volve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by ^ agreement between them, with respect to the time of law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or ^ adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declar- ^ shall think proper; he shall recceive ambassadors and other in"' what officer shall then act as President, and such officer /public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be shall act accordingl}', until the disability be removed, or a ^ faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers President shall be elected. ^ of the United Stales. 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his ^ SECTION 4 services a compensation, which shall neither be increased ? _, ^^ . . ^ ,,. t^ . , , j „ • •, «. r ... , , J ■ ^> ■ 1 <• 1-11 1 11 I „ „ ) The President, v ice-President, and all civil officers of nor dnniinshed during the period for which he shall have S „,.,.,,„ / , „ i a c ax , , , „ ' . -n ■ ,1 4- -^j < the United States, shall be removed from office on im- been elected, and he shall not receive within that period / ' •.•<■* i -i .i ' . (. ,, TT •* 1 cf * „ ^.. „„„ ^p ? peachment for, and conviction of, treason, briber\', or other anv other emolument from the United States, or any of ^ f . , . , . , , •' < high crimes and misdemeanors, them. } ^ 7. Befere he enter on the execution of his office, he c shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: S ARTICLE III. " I do solemnly svi'ear (or affirm) that I will faithfully ( execute the office of President of the United States, and S SECTION 1. will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend i The judicial power of the United States shall be vested the Constitution of the United States." S in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the s Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The SECTION 2. ^ judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 1 The President shall be commander-in-chief of the J^ their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of S times, receive for their services a compensation, which the several States, when called into the actual service of 3 sliall not be diminished during their continuance in office, the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, i SECTION '> of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- P ments, upon any suVijcct relating to the duties of their ( 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law respective offices, and he shall have power to grant re- / and equitj^, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the prieves and pardons for offences against the United States, '[ United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, except in cases of Impeachment. *" under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and ( other public ministers and consuls ;— to all cases of ad- consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two [ miralty and maritime jurisdiction ;— to controversies to thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nom- i which the United States vShall be a party;— to contro- inate, and by and with the advice and consent of the | versies between two or more States; — between a State Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers <- and citizens of another State ; — between citizens of dif- and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other [ ferent States, — between citizens of the same State claira« CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Jng lands under grants of different States, and between a < SECTION" 3. State, or tl.e citizens thereof; and foreign states, citizens or ^ ]_ j^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ be admitted by tbe Congress into subjects. \ this Union; but no new State shall bo formed or erected 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min- ^ ^^^.i^ u^g jurisdiction of any other Slate; nor any State isters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be , y,Q ^^^^^^ ^y t,,g junction of two or more States, or parts party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. ■ of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court c; states concerned as well as of the Congress. shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, ^ 2. The Congress shall have power" to dispose of and with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the ( make all needful mles and regulations respecting the ter- Congress shall make. ^ ritory or otlier property belonguig to the United States; 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeach- < and nothing in this Constitution shall bo so construed as ment, shall be by jury: and such trial shall be held in tho ^ to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any State v,-herc the said crimes shall have been committed ; (^ particular State. but when not committed within any State, tho trial shall S be at such place or places as the Congress may by law ? SECTIOX 4. have directed. S xho United States shall guarantee to every State in this SECTION" 3. < Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 1. Trerison against the United States shall consist only ,' eacn of them against invasion ; and on application of the in levyiug war against them, or in adhering to their \ Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall * not be convened), against domestic violence. be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two '^ witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open > A R T I- C L E V . court. ■^ o rri o 1 11 u . J 1 .1 ( The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shcfll 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the pun- ,' . ° , ,, ., . r . ui .*•] f* 1111/ deem it necessar^^ shall propose amendments to this Con- ishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work <.. , ,,.,t P , , •, r r -^ 4. A ■ .\ I-.- r (. stitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the li(e of ; . , ' ' , "^ , ,, ,, . ^ ^, .^ ■ . A S thirds oi the several btales, shall call a convention for pro- the person attainted. c . ... 1 n u r ARTICLE IV posing ameudments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the SFCTTO"V 1 / several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, / as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the Jpos^d by the Congress, provided that no amendment public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every < ^^^-^^^ „,^^^ ^^ ^^^^ p^j^^ ^^ ^,^o y^..^. ^^^ thousand eight other State. And the Congress may by general laws pre- ? i,u„ared and eight shall in anv manner affect the first and scribo the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- ^ ^^^^1^ ^^.^^^^^ -^^ ^^^^ „in^,^ g^J^i^^ ^f the first Article; and ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. < ^,^3^ ^^ State, without its couseut, shall bo deprived of its SECTIO"V 2 ) equal suQrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI 1. The citizens of each State shall bo entitled to all 5 privileges and immunities of citizen.^ in the several States. ? 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, p 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found ( before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid in another State, shall on demand of the Executive Au- i against the United States under this Constitution, as under thority of tho Stale from which he fled, be delivered up, '•» the Confederation. to be removed to the State having jurisdiciion of the < 2. This Constitution, and tho laws of the L'nited States crime. '} whicli shall bo made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties 3. Xo person held to service or labor in one State, under y made, or which shall be made, under the authority of tho the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in conse- ^ United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged >^ the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any- from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on ) thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to tho con- claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be \ trary notwithstanding. due. ^ 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, 80 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all execuiive and judic'Ial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be it quired as a qualiticatiou to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution be- tween the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of tne United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia, John Langdon, New Hampshire. Nicholas Oilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufua King. Connecticut. Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roj,er Siierman. New York. Alexander Hamilton. Wil: Livingston, "Wm. Paterson, B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Tho. Fitzsunons, James Wilson, Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco: Broom, James McHenry, Danl. Carroll, John Blair, New Jersey. David Brearley, Jona. Daj'lon. Pennsylvania. Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Inn-ersoll, Gouv. Morris. Delaware. Gnnninp: Bedford, Juii'r., Richard Bussett. Maryland. Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer. "Virginia. James Madison, Jr. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, North Carolina. Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, William Few, Attest : Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. Abr. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Stcretary. ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OP THE SEVERAL STATP:S, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTff ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or tho right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, bo quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persona, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searcliea and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported b)' oath or affirmation, and particularly describin;j: tlie place to be searched, and f c persons or things to be seized. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 ~-^y ^-^'^/•, ARTICLE V. < ARTICLE XII. No person shall bo held to answer for a capital, or other- ^ i. Tho Electors sliall meet in their respective States, wise iutiunous crime, unless ou a presentment or indict- ^ and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land ', of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in [■ State with thcmsLlves; they shall name in their ballots the time of war or public danger; nor shall any person bo f person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the subject for tho same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of ^ jjerson voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case < distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of to bo a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, ) all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the num- liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall q ber of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, private property be taken for public use without just com- ^ and transmit sealed to tho seat of the Government of the pensation. ( United States, directed to the President of the Senate. ARTICLE VI. ^ '^^° President of tho Senate shall, in presence of the s Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certiti- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tho <, ^.^tes, and the votes shall then bo counted. The person right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of > j^^^j^^ ^he greatest number of votes for President shall be the State and district wherein the crime shall have been < ^j^^ president, if such nuniber be a majority of the whole committed, winch district shall have been previously ascer- ^ number of Electors appointed; and if no person havpsuch ta.n.d by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause C ..lajority, then from tho persons having the highest num- of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses > ^^^^ ^^^^ exceeding three on the list of those voted for as against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining ^ President, the House of Representatives shall choose irarae- witnesses in liis favor, and to have the assistance of coun- ^^ ^-^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^„^^^ ^j^^ President. But in choosing the eel for his defense. _, i>i.esidont, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- AT^Tir'T'R'VTT I ^^^'^'-'O" ^™"i *^^*'"1^ Stato having one vote ; a quorum for S this purpose sliall consist of a member or members from In suits at common law, where the value in controversy ^ two-thirds of tho States, and a majority of all tlie States shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall ( shall be necessary to a choice. And if tho House of be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise ] Representatives shall not choose a President whenever reexamined in any court of the United States, than accord- > tlie right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the ing to the rules of tho common law. i fourth day of March next following, then tho Vice-Presi- ' d ent shall act as President, as in the case of the death or ARTICLE VIII. > other constitutional disability of the President. Excessive bail shall not lie required, nor excessive fines ^ 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. > Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number > lie a majority of the whole number of Klectors appointed ; ARTICLE IX. ^ and if no person have a majority, then from tho two high- The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, ] ^^ ""'"'^^''^ ^-^ '•'« ^'""^ ^^"^ ^^^"'"« ^'''''1' '^''^o^'^ ^'''^ ^'i^^- shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained > ^'^^^^^^^'^ '^ 'I'Jorum for the purpose shall consist of two- bv the Deoule < '•'^'■'^^ ^^ ^■^"^ whole number of Senators, and a majority ^ of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. A R T I C L E X . ? ^- ^^^ "° person constitutionally ineligible to the office '* of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of The powers not delegated to the United States by the -^ ,t T'nitod '^tites Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re--; ATjrpxrtTT? "VTTT served to the States respectively, or to the people ^ Alllll^JjH, A. 111. \ 1. Neither slaverj' nor involuntary servitude, ex- A K 1 1 C L E X 1. ' cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the party The judicial power of the United States shall not bo j shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- ) the United States, or any place subject to their inenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by ( jurisdiction. citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any ; 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Arti- foreign state. < p]g jjy appropriate legislation. 82 MONTEITU'S HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE XIV. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subjecb to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the Unite! States and of the State where- in they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immuni- ties of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisiiction the equal protection of the laws. 2. Repres3ntatives shall be appomted among the several Siatjs according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Ju- dicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State (being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States), or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reJuc3d in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said State. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- gress, or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military under the United States, or under any State, who, haviug previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an orticer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States. shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion aj,'aiiist the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Con- gress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United State-, au- thorized by law, including deb*^s iucurred for payment of pen- sions and bounties, for services in suppressmic insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obli^ra- tion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion againsi the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave. But a'il such debts, obligations, and claims, shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this Article. ARTICLE XV. 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of ser- vitude. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article Ijy ap- propriate legislation. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A.DAMS, Samuel, one of the earliest and most distinguished of American patriots, was bt)rn at Boston, Mass., in 1722. He was among the fore- most to resist the oppression of Great Britain, and was proscribed by that government for the promi- nent part which he took in opposing its measures. He w^as chosen a member of the first Congress, un- der the confederation, in 1774; signed the Declara- ration of Independence in 1776 ; and was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1794. He died Octo- ber 3, 1803, universally esteemed as having, by liis powerful efforts in behalf of liberty, been one of those to whom we owe its possession. ADAMS, John, the second President of the Uni- ted States, was born at Braintree, Mass., in 1735. He studied law, at the same time teaching Latin and Greek to enable him to prosbcute his studies. He took a prominent part against the British encroach- ments ; was elected to the first Congress, and, in 1776, was appointed to tlie committee which report- ed the Declaration. He was chosen Commissioner to the Court of Versailles in 1777, and, after his return, was sent to Great Britain for tlie purpose of negh language, by means of a grammar of his own con- struction. He was chosen a ruling elder in the cliurch at Leyden, and came, with its members, to New England in 1620. He frequently officiated there as minister, and died, at an advanced age, in 1644. BROCK, Isaac, m^'or-general in the British army. He captured General Hull and his whole army at Detroit, in 1812, and afterward jiroceeded to the Niagara frontier, where he was killed at the battle of Qiieenstown, October 13th of the same year. Diu-ing his fimeral the guns of the American fort Were tired, as a token of respect for his bravery and generosity. BROWN, Jacob, major-general in the Atuerican army, Avas a member of the sect of Quakers. In 1799 he Avent to the frontiers, and began to fell the forest with his own hand; and, having thus made the beginning ot a settlement, he purchased more land, and was made agent for a wealthy Frenchman who owned a large tract in that region. He was successful in obtaining settlers; and, having obtain- ed a sufficient number, organized a body of militia, of which, notwithstanding his Quaker prejudices, he took command. He soon found his numbers increased to a regiment; and, at the comtnence- ment of the war in 1812, was made major-general of militia. He soon after accepted a i)rofler from government of a high command in the army, and, at the close of the war, found himself at its head, having moved on, from one position to another, until he reached the highest. He died at Wash- ington in 1828. BREWSTER, William, one of the first settlers { BURGOYNE, John, an officer in the English army, of Plymoutli colony, was horn in England in 1560. J was chiefly noted for the capture of Ticonderoga, He discovered much corruption in the forms and ' during the American war, but finally surrendered usages of the Estal)lished Church, and separated ; to General Gates, at Saratoga. He was elected to from it, forming, with a few others, a separate { Parliament in England, and, refusing to return to 86 MOXTEITII'S JIIGTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. America, was dismissed the service. He published some pamphlets in defense of his conduct, besides several dramas, and died in 1792. BUCHANAN, James, see Appendix. BURR, Aakon, third Vice-president of the Uni- ted States, was born at Newark, N. J., in 1756. He joined the American army iu 1775, under Wash- ington, at Cambridge, went with Arnold, as a pri- vate soldier, on his expedition to Quebec, and, after arriving there, was aid-de-camp to General Mont- gomery. On his return, General Washington in- vited him to join his family at head-(juarters, but some unexplained circumstance soon transpired by which Burr lost the confidence of Wat^hington ; and from that time his hostility to the commander- in-chief was strong and ojyen. After distinguishing himself in the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was obliged to retire from military life, on account of his ill health. He then devoted himself to the study of law, was appointed attorney-general of the State of New York in 1789, was afterward a sen- ator in Congress, and was prominent as a leader of the republican party. At the election of President for the fourth presidential term, Thomas Jefferson and Aanm Burr had each 73 votes, and, on the 36th ballot. Congress decided in favor of Jefferson for President, and Burr for Vice-Pre3i lent. In July, 1804, occurred the duel between Burr and Alexan- der Hamilton, his political opponent and rival, in which Hamilton was mortally wounded. Soon after. Burr conceived his wild project of invading Mexico, and establishing a separate government in the Southwestern States. He was apprehended, and brought to Richmond in 1807, on a charge of treason, of which, after a long trial, he was acquit- ted. He returned to New York, and passed the remainder of his life in comparative obscurity. He died on Staten Island, in 1836. BUTLER, John, Colonel, was born in Connecti- cut, but removed to the valley of Wyoming. Dur- ing the Revolution, he was the leader of a band of Tories who co-operated with a party of Indians imder their chieftain, Brandt. It was by his insti- gation that the horrid cruelties of the massacre of Wyoming, in 1778, were enacted by some 1600 Tories and Indians. In conjunction with Brandt, he committed similar atrocities in the valley of the ]\[ohawk. Treating alike the defenseless , and the strong, withcmt regard to age or sex, he and his Tories perpetrated deeds of inhumanity and horror wliich even the savage Indian shuddered to wit- ness. During the same year he sent his son, Walter Butler, with a party of Tories, to join Brandt and his Indians, who, together, fell suddenly upon the settlement of Cherry Yalley, murdering many of the inhabitants, and carrying off others into cap- tivity. After the war, Butler settled in Canada, where he was granted 5000 acres of land, and an annual income of £500, by the British government. BUTLER, Zebulon, Colonel, was a native of Con- necticut, but removed to Wyoming, where, in 1778, at the head of a small party of patriots, he attempted the defense of the place, but was overpowered by su- perior numbers, — Tories and Indians, under Colonel John Butler. Zebulon Butler was one of the few who, by flight, escaped sliaring the fate of the un- fortunate victims of tiie massacre of Wyoming. CABOT, Sebastian, son of John Cabot, a Vene- tian pilot, was born at Bristt)l, England, in 1467. He studied mathematics and cosmography, and became skilled iu navigation at an early age. In 1497 he, together with his father, was engaged by Henry VII. to discover a northwest passage to India; and, on one of tlieir voyages discovered Newfoundland, and, on another, saw the mainland of America, being the fii'st Europeans Avho had done so. He was employed by the King of Spain to sail to the Moluccas, by way of the Straits of Magellan, but the mutinous spirit of his crew pre- vented the accomplishment of his olyect, and he landed at Paraguay, wliere he remained live years. Returning to Spain, he exhibited proofs of the great resources of the countries he had visited, but was treated coldly, as he failed to realize the ava- ricious hopes of the Spaniards. He then returned to England, where his merits and nautical skill gained him the notice of Edward VI., who settled a handsome pension on him. In 1552 he planned an exploring voyage to the northern regions of the world ; and to him England owes her first mercan- tile connection with Russia, by the establishment of the Russia Company, of which Cabot was ap- pointed governor. He published a map of the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, world, and an iiocount of his southern voyages. He died in 1557. Restoration, at which time C/e(;il Calvert recovered his ri^ht. Leonard died in 1(376. CALVERT, George, first Lord Bt> timore, was an English statesman, and Secretary of State to James I., but was obliged to resign his office. lie still remained in favor with tiie king, and, having been constituted proprietor of part of Newfound- ) land, wiiile Secretary of State, he visited it twice, and spent a large sum upon it. He was so annoyed by the French, however, that he at length relin- quished tlie idea of a settlement there, and finally settled on tlie territory northward of tiie Potomac. Returning to England, he obtained a grant of it from Charles I., but, before the patent was com- pleted, he died, in 1632. After his death, the patent was obtained in the name of his son Cecil. The country was called Maryland, in l.'onor of Hen- rietta Maria, the queen-consort of Charles the First. CALVERT, Leonard, first governor of Maryland, was the brother of Cecil Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America, as the head of the colony, in 1633. He arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, in 1634. He afterward sailed up tlie Chesapeake, and entered the Potomac, up which he sailed until he reached an island, which he named St. Clement's. Here he formally took possession of tlie country; and, having obtained an audience of the prince, he con- vinced the natives that his designs were honorable; and then, wishing a more suitable -station for his settlement, he visited an Indian village, about four leagues from the inouth of the Potomac. Here, by means of presents to the prince and his chiefs, he succeeded in conciliating them, and obtained per- mission to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when it was stipulated that the In- dians should leave the place entirely. Having thus acquired peaceable possession of Maryland, he named the town St. Mary's, and the creek on which it Avas situated, St. George. The princi[)les of the colony were religious toleration and security of property, and thus the Roman Catholic colony became a refuge for those who fled from the intol- erance of the Puritans. Leonard Calvert acted as governor until the civil war in England, when Parliament appointed a new governor until the CALHOUN', JoriN C, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born in South Carolina in 1782. In 1811 he was elected to Congres.s, where he soon distinguished himself as an orator and debater. In 1817 he was made Secretary of War, under President Monroe; in 1825 he was elected Vice-president; and in 1831, a senator. In 1843 he was made Secretary of State, and again became senator in 1845. He died March 31st, 1850, having remained at Washington nearly the whole time since 1821 His speeches gained hiiu an undying reputation for eloquence. His charac- ter was noted for its nobleness and integrity. CARLETON", GtJT, Lord Dorchester, a distin- gnisiied British officer, signalized himself at tlie siege of Quebec, in 1758. In 1772 he was made gov- ernor of Quebec, and appointed major-general ; and, by his great exertions, saved Canada when its capi- tal was besieged by Generals Arnold and Mont- gomery. For this he was knighted, and made lieu- tenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton as commander-in-chief in America, and, at the end of the war, was created a peer, and made governor of Quebec, Xova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Ho died in 1808. CARROLL, Charles, of Carrollton, was born in 1737, was of Irish descent, and inherited a lar ;e estate in Maryland. He was known as a strong advocate for liberty, and able political writer. In 1776 he was a delegate to Congress, and subscribed his name to the Declaration, of which he was the last surviving signer. After devoting himself to the councils of his native State, and serving as sen- ator in Congress, he retired to private life in 1810, and jiassed his remaining days in illustrious repose- He died in 1832. CARTIER, James, a French navigator, wliomade important discoveries in Canada. Francis L, of France, sent Cartier out in 1534, to establish a col- ony in Newfoundland. In this royage he visited the greater part of the coast around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and took possestion of the country it 88 MOXTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, the name of the king. The next year he was again sent out; and, proceeding up the St. Lawrence, formed a settlement upon an island which he called Mont Real, now Montreal. Here, by means of the two natives whom Cartier, on his first visit, had induced to accompany him, he established friendly feelings with the Indian chiefs. Cartier and his followers were entertained with hospitality and kindness; in return for which the chief was kid- napped and taken to France, where he died. Tlien commenced, and justly so, tlie liostilities of the natives. Consequently, Cartier, on his return in 1541, was opposed by force on the jjart of the in- dignant and outraged natives, and compelled to built a fort for his defense near the present site of Quebec. Determining to return home, he stopped on his way at St. John's, in Newfoundland, where he was ordered to return to Canada; but, not choosing to obey, he sailed away at niglit. He published mem- oirs of Canada on his return from his second voyage. CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth col- ony, was a native of England, and one of Mr. Rob- inson's congregation in Ley den. He came to Amer- ica in the Mayflower, in 1620; was elected the first governor of the colony, in which capacity he acted with great prudence and satisfaction. He died suddenly, April, 1621. In six weeks his wife fol- lowed him in death. CLAY, Henry, was born in Virginia, in 1777. His father dying when Henry was very young, left his family in poverty. His mother, a woman of high toned morals and excellent judgment, always pointed her young family to the paths of honesty and virtue; but, from her straitened circumstances, was able to afford the youth no education except that of a log-cabin school-house; he, meanwhile, engaged in the toils of a plow-boy, shoeless and coatless, until he reached the age of fourteen, when he was placed in a store in Richmond, and in a year exchanged his situation for one in the oflSce of the clerk of the High Court of Chancery. He soon commenced the study of law, and, almost immediately upon entering his profession, he acquired friends, and speedily rose to distinction. After serving as senator for a short time, he- became S[)eaker of tlie lower House, and. in the winter of 1813-14, when Congress sent min- isters to Ghent to treat with Great Britain, Mr. Clay was one of the number. On his return, he was elected to Congress, and served as Speaker for many years. In 1825 he was Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. In 1832 he was a can- didate for the Presidency, in opposition to General Jackson, but was defeated. In 1842 he resigned his seat in the Senate, and retired to private life. In 1844 he was the whig candidate for the Presi- dency, in opposition to James K. Polk, the demo- cratic nominee, by whom he was defeated. In 1848 he was again a candidate for the Presidential nomination, hut General Taylor was the clioice of the whigs, and was elected. In 1849 Mr. Clay was sent for the last tirne to the Senate, and his public duties occupied him until his death, in 1852. He was noted for his zeal and eloquence, and great talents as a lawyer and statesman. CLINTON", Hexrt, a general in the American war. He distinguished himself at Bunker Hill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charles- ton in 1780, for which he was thanked by the House of Commons. He was made governor of Gibraltar in 1795, afterward member of Parliament, and died soon after. CLINTON, De Witt, governor of New York, was born in 1769. He was elected to the Sen- ate of New York in 1799; in 1802 was made a United States Senator; in 1803 was chosen Mayor of the city of New York, and re-elected for several years. Under his auspices the City Hall and Or- phan Asylum were founded, and the city fortified. He was afterward elected governor, and did much for education and internal improvement. In 1824 the Legislature, without any assigned reason, re- moved him from his office as president of the Board of Canal Commissioners, which act of injustice aroused the indignation of the people, who elected him governor by an overwhelming majority. Dur- ing his administration the Erie Canal, which we owe to his perseverance, was finished, and its com- pletion celebrated throughout the State. He died at Albany in 1828. CODDINGTON, William, one of the founders BIOORAPIITCAL SKETCHES, 89 of Rhode Island, was a native of Eiiii^laiid, and caine to America in 1630. In 1638 he removed to Rliode Ishmd, and, by his inflnence, something hke a regu- lar ])lan of government was adopted, and lie was chosen governor until the ciiarter was obtained, and tiie island incorporated with the Providence plantations. In 1647 he assisted in forming tiie code of laws which has been the basis of tiie gov- ernment of Rliode I.--laiiper Canada, and Fort George at the mouth of the Niagara. He was min- ister to Portugal in 1822, but was recalled at his own request. He died in 1829. DECATUR, Stephen, Connnodore, was born in Maryland, in 1779. He entered the American navy at the age of nineteen, sailed three times to the Med- iterranean, under Commodores Dale, Morris, and Pi-eble, and arrived there the third time soon after tlie frigate Philadelphia had fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. He formed the daring idea of recap- turing or destroying her, and succeeded in boarding her, overpowering her crew and setting tire to her, when he returned to his vessel, and, favored by the wind, was soon out of reach of the enemy's guns. For this exploit he was made post-captain. In another attack on Tripoli, he, by his invincible bravery, captured two of the enemy's gun-boats, and carried them off as prizes. On his return to the United States, he was ordered to supersede Commodore Barron in command of the Chesai)eake. Afterward, with the frigate United States, lie cap- tured the British ship Macedonian, one of the finest frigates in the British navy, after an action of an hour and a half. Being appointed to the frigate President, he attempted to get to sea, but his vessel was captured by three others. After the conclusion of the war with England, he was again sent to the Mediterranean, and at length compelled the Al- gerine government to sign a treaty most humiliating to themselves, and honorable to the United States. He also obtained redress from Tunis and Tripoli. He was killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, March 22<1, 1820. DOUGLAS, Stephen A., see Appendix. FRANKLIN, Benjamin, an eminent philosopher, politician, and statesman, was born at Boston, in 1706. His father was a tallow-chandler, and Ben- jamin was apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer and publisher of a Boston newspa])er. Here his natural love for reading was indulged, and the newspaper afforded an opportunity for the gratifi- cation of his literary inclinations. His brotiier be- ing imprisoned, and the paper sto()pe(l on n<'count of some offensive political articles, young Benjamin was made the ostensible editor, and his indentures canceled; and, after the release of his brother, he took advantage of this act to escape from what he considered too rigorous treatment. He therefore embarked seoretly for New York, and, finding no employment there, proceeded to Philadelphia, where he arrived on foot, with a penny roll in his hand and one dollar in his purse. Here he became a compositor, and, having attracted the notice of Sir William Keith, governor of Pennsylvania, he was induced by him to visit England, for the purpose of l)urchasing types to establish himself in business. Upon his arrival in London, he found himself de- ceived in his ])romised letters of recommendation from Governor Keith, and was again obliged to go to work as a compositor. Here he became a convert to deistical opinions. In 1726 he returned to Phil- adelphia, where he soon commenced business as a printer. In 1728 he e.stablished a newspaper, and in 1732 |)ublislied "Poor Richard's Almanac," noted i'ov its wise maxims of industry and economy. He was afterward made postmaster of Philadelphia. Some time afterward he commenced his electrical exi)eriments, and discovered tlie identity of the ^ electric fire and lightning, and applied his knowl- } edge to the invention of iron conductors, to protect ) buildings from its evil effects. In 1747 he was ^ chosen a member of the General Assembly, and, ) through his influence, a militia bill was passed, and \ Franklin was appointed colonel of the Philadelphia ^ regiment. In 1757 he was sent to England as agent for Pennsylvania, and was honored by being chosen Fellow of the Royal Society, and by the de- gree of LL. D. from the universities of St. An- drew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He returned to America, and, two years later, again visited Eng- land in the same capacity of agent, and was there examined by the House of Commons concerning the Stamp Act. In 1775 he returned home, and was chosen a delegate to Congress. He took a promi- BIOGRAnilCAL SKETCHES. 91 iieiit part in the Revolution, ami was sent to Fraiiee to negt)tiate a treaty, wliicli caused a war between that country and England. In 1783 he signed t!ie treaty of peace, returned to xVnierica in 1785, was chosen president of the Supreme Council of Penn- sylvania, and, in 1787, was a delegate to the conven- tion which formed the Constitution of the United States. He died in 1790, leaving numerous scien- tific, philosoidiical, and political works. P'ULTON, Robert, a celebrated American engi- neer, and a native of Pennsylvania. He went to England, and studied painting under his distin- guished countryman. West, and made ])ainting his chief emplcyment for some time. He afterward adopted the profession of a civil engineer. In 17D6 he published a treatise on " Inland Navigation," went to Paris in 1797, and remained there for seven years, closely applying himself to study. There, in 1800, he projected the first panorama ever ex- hibited, and matured tlie plan for his submarine boat, or tor[)edo. Returning to America in 1806, he in 1807, in conjunction with Mr. Livingston, built the first steamboat, which navigated the Hud- son at the rate of five miles an hour. He after- ward built two steam ferry-boats for crossing the Hudson, and obtained a patent for a submarine battery. In 1814 tlie United States government api)ropriated $320,000 for constructing a steam ves- sel of war, and appointed him the engineer. In about four months it was launched, and christened "Fulton the First.'' He was employed in improv- ing his submarine boat, when he died suddeidy in 1815. He was the first who applied water-wheels to the purpose of steam navigation; but, though he claimed the invention, he certaiidy was not the real inventor, that credit being due to Jolm Fitch. GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Massachu- setts appointed V)y England, first came to America a.s a lieutenant under Braddock, and was present when that general received his mortal wound. He was governor of Montreal in 1760. and in 1763 suc- ceeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in America. In 1774 he became governor of Massachusetts, and soon commenced that series of oppi-essive and unjust acts which ha-stened the Revolution. It was by his order that the detachment was .sent to Ctmcord, for the pur- pose of seizing the military stores, which encoun- tered the Americans at Lexington, and thus com- menced the Revolutionary war. In 1775 the i)ro- vincial Congress declared him an enemy to the colony, and, returning to England soon after, he died there in 1787. GAINES, Ei)mt;ni) P., a general of the Araericnn army, was born in Virginia in 1777, joined the army in 1799, and for twelve years was engaged in frontier duty ; and, in the performance of his func- tions, was instrumental in the arrest of Colonel Burr. He was active in the war of 1812, and was promoted from one degree to another until he reached the rank of major-general. The govern- ment honored him with a vote of thanks, and authorized the President to present him Avith a gold medal, while the States of New York, Vir- ginia, and Tennessee each awai'ded him resolutions of thanks, together with a gold-hilted sword. He was afterward engaged in the Creek war, under Jackson, and for a time in the Seminole war. At the commencement of the Mexican war he called out a large number of the southern militia, without awaiting orders from "Washington, for which he was tried by a court-martial, but not censured. He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849. GATES, Horatio, a major-general during the Revolution, Avas born in England, served in the British army during the old French war, and at its conclusion i)urchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided until the connnencement of the Revolu- tion, when Congress a])[)ointed him .adjutant-gen- eral. He captured I?urgoyne at Saratoga, for wliicli signal service he was tendered a vote of thanks, besides receiving a gold medal from tne President. He was, however, unfortunate in his southern cam- paign, being defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. He was superseded by General Greene, but was afterward restored to his connnand. He died in 1806. GILBERT, Sir IIi;MrnRET, an .able navigator, was a native of England; followed tlie military profes- sion, and was knighted for his services. He took possession of Newfoundland, in the name of Queen MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Elizabeth, but was unable to form a colony. On his return from Newfoundland, in 1584, his ship foundered, and every soul on board perished. GOSNOLD, Baktiiolomew, a daring English mariner, sailed from Falmouth for America in 1002. He was the first Englishman who came directly across the ocean, without taking the West Indies in liis course. He discovered a cape, which, from the great number yf C(jd lie caught there, he named Cape Cod. He soon afterward saw and named the island called Martha's Vineyard, now supposed to be the smaller island called No Man's Land. He' resided three weeks on the most western of the Elizabeth islands, where he built a fort and store- liouse. His provisions not being sutRcieiit, he aban- doned the idea of making a settlenK-nt, and re- turned home. The cellar of his storehouse was discovered by Dr. Belknap, in 1797. After his return to England, lie embarked for Virginia, where he was a member of the council, and died in 1607. GPt ASSE, Fraxqois Joseph Patjl, Corxr de, was ^born in 1723, and, in the war between England and America, was tlie ally of the Americans. His great abilities and zeal in our behalf gained hhn universal contidence, and the co-operative measures concerted between Generals Washington, Rocham- beau, and himself, resulted in the defeat of Corn- wallis, and virtually concluded the war. Congress rendered him a vote of thanks for his great services, and also presented him with four pieces of cannon, taken from the British at Yorktown, "in testimony of the inestinuible services rendered by him on that day." He died in 1788. GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general during the Revolution. His parents were Quakers, and he obeyed the tenets of their religion until the battle of Lexington, when he joined the army, witii the title of brigadier-general. He was appointed major- general in 1776, and oi)tained great di>tinction at Trenton and Princeton. In 1780 he was appointed to the command of the soutliern department, where, although he won the battle of Cowpens, he met with a succession of misfortnner;. After several defeats, he was obliged to retreat to the extremity of the State, but he was still firmly resolved tcv recover South Carolina; and, waiting his opportu- nity, finally won the highest distinction at the bat- tle of Eutaw Springs ; for which service he was presented with a gold medal, and a British stand- ard. He struggled with great difficulties, on ac- count of the want of supplies for his troops, and his firmness and decision alone prevented a nmtiny among them. He died in 1786. HAMILTON, Alexander, first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, was born in 1757. He entered the American army at an early age, and, by the time he was twenty, Washington had made him his aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. From this time he was the insejja- rable companion of Washington, and was always consulted by him on important matters. After the war he became a lawyer, was elected to Congress, and in 1789 was appointed Secretary of the Treas- ury ; and, during his continuance in office, raised the public credit from the lowest depths of depres- sion to an unprecedented height. On the death of Washington he succeeded to the chief command of the army, and, when it was disbanded, returned to the study of law, continually increasing in reituta- tion, until 1804, when he was challenged by Colonel Burr, and fell mortally wounded at the first fire. His name has always been held in the greatest esteem, while that of Burr is justly execrated. HANCOCK, John, was born in 1737, and was distinguished for his zeal in the cause of America. In 1774 he was president of the Provincial Congress t)f Massachusetts, and took so prominent a part against the injustice of Great Britain that General Gage, in his proclamation oftering pardon to all rebels who would return to their allegiance, except- ed John Hancock and Samuel Adams ; considering their otfences so great as to merit capital punish- ment. He was then ]>resident of the Continental Congress, and, in that capacity, was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. He was afterward governor of Massachusetts, and died in 1793, noted, not only for his intlexible patriotism, but for his generous munificence and hospitality. HARRISON, William IIenut, the ninth Presi- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. o;3 ident of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 1773, and abandoned tlie medical profession to ji)iu the army in its contests with tlie Indians on the northwestern frontier. In 1811 he gained the celebrated victory of Tippecanoe ; and, during the war with Great Britain, was appointed commander of the nortiiwestern army of tlie United States. He was afterward a member of Congress, and min- ister to the republic of Columbia. On his return, he quietly retired to liis residence near Cincinnati, where he lived until 1840, when he was elected President. His death occurred but one month after his inauguration, and caused a profound sensation of regret throughout the country. HARVARD, John, was a Nonconformist divine, who came from England to America, and died at Charleston in lfi38, soon after his arrival. He is deserving of commemoration as the founder of Harvard College. HEXRY, Pathick, governor of Virginia, was born in 1736, and took a most decided stand against the tyranny of Great Britain. When a member of the Assembly of Virginia, he was the first to commence an opposition to the measures of the English gov- ernment. He distinguished himself, when a dele- gate to the Congress of 1774, by his boldness and elo(iuence. In 1776 he was appointed first governor of Virginia; and in 1778, while a member of the convention which met in Virginia to consider the Constitution of the United States, he strenuously opposed its adoption. He afterward declined the office of Secretary of State, and died in 1799. His name will always be esteemed as that of one of the greatest orators and most distinguished patriots of our country. HOWE, Lord Richakd, a celebrated English admiral, born in 1725. During the Revolutionary war he had the command of vessels on the Ameri- can coast, and acteil in opposition to the French admiral D'Estaing. In 1782 he eftected the relief of Gibraltar, in spite of the combined fleets of Fi-ance and Spain. He was afterward made first lord of the admiralty, and, in 1794, obtained a most decisive and im|i()rf;iiit victory over the French fleet. He died in 1799. HOWE, SiK William, General, brother of the preceding, and the successor of General Gage in command of the British forces in America, arrived in 1775, accomi)anied by Burgoyne. He command- ed at Bunker Hill, evacuated Boston in the follow- ing spring, and took possession of New York in September, 1776, having defeated the Americans on Long Island. He entered Philadeli)hia in 1777, and defeated the Americans at Germantown soon afterward. In 1778 he was succeeded by Clinton, and died in 1814. HOWE, RoBEKT, major-general in the American Revolutionary war, was born in North Carolina about 1732. AUhougii connected with the noble family of Howe in England, whom he visited in early life, his attachment to his country was una- bated, and, at the commencement of the Revolution, he joined the Americans with great zeal. He was commander of the southern department, but labored under many and severe disadvantages, which ren- dered nearly all liis efforts unsuccessful. He was succeeded in conunand by General Lincoln, but was afterward intrusted by Washington with various important offices, and won distinction in several actions. He died in 1785. HUDSON, Henky, an eminent navigator, who, after making three vtn'ages to find a nortlieast or northwest passage to China, in the second of which he discovered the noble river Hudson, saileloit of destroying the frigate Philadelpliia, and remained several years in the Mediterranean. In 1813, wiiile cruising off the capes of the Dela- ware in the Hornet, he encountered the British brig Peacock, and captured it in fifteen minutes. He was afterward raised to the rank of post-caj)- tain, and intrusted with the command of the frigate Chesapeake. While in Boston Roads, nearly ready for sea, the British frigate Siianiion appeared off the harbor, making signals expressive of a chal- lenge. Captain Lawrence accejjted it, and put to sea, the Sliannoii bearing away until the Chesapeake hauled up and fired a gun. Soon after the action commenced Captain Lawrence was wounded ir. tlie leg, and soon received a mortal wound. Being carried below, he cried out to his men, "Don't give up tlie ship." After an actidu of eleven minutes, the Chesai)eake was captured. Captain Lawrence died shortly of his wounds, and was honorably buried at Halifax. The result of the action was what might have been anticipated, for the crew of tlie Chesa[>eake were almost in a state of mutiny, and Captain Lawrence took counsel of his courage, rather lliaii his prudence. LEE, Charles, a major-general in the American Revolutionary army, was a native of England, and entered tlie military profession at an early age. In 1775 he received a commission from Congress, with the rank of major-genei"al, and in 1776 received tiie connnand of New York, and afterward that of the soutliern department, where he obtained merited distinction. In December, 1776, he was taken prisoner by the British, and retained until the sur- render of Burgoyne. Tlie battle of Monmouth ter- minated his military career, having acted during the engagement in a very disobedient and disre- spectful manner toward the connnander-in-cliief, tV)r which Washington reprimanded him severely. Enraged at the indignity which he imagined himself to have received, lie wrote to Washington, ciial- lenging him to a duel. For this, as well as disobe- dience to orders, and misbehavior before tiie enemy, he was cited before a court-martial, and suspended from holding any conunis.-.ion in the United States army for the space of one year. He retired to a hovel in Virginia, where he lived in entire seclu- sion, suri'ounded by his books and dogs. He died at Pliiladelphia, in 1782. LEE, IIexky, governor of Virginia, and a distin- guished orticer in the Revolution, was born in 1756. At the battle of Gerniantown, Lee, with his com- pany, formed Washington's body-guard. He was afterward sent to the South, where he remained, under General Greene, until the close of the war, distinguisliing himself at the battles of Guilford and Eutaw Springs. lie was afterward a member of Congress, andgovernor of Virginia. Hediediu 1818. 96 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. LEE, Richard Henry, an eminent American patriot, was born in 1732. He had the lienor of originating the first resistance to Britisli o|)[)res- sion, at tlie enaction of tlie Stamp Act, in 1765; was a member of the lirst Congress, in 1774; and in June, 1776, he introduced tiie resoUition declar- ing the colonies free and independent States, and supported it by a most brilliant si)eecli. The second eloquent address to the [)eop]e of Great Britain was drawn up by him as ciiairman of the comnnttee. He was afterward president of Congress, a member of the Virginia Assembly, and of the convention which adopted the present Constitution ; and one of the first senators under it. He retired to private life, and died in 1794. LINCOLN, Abraham, see Appendix. LINCOLN, Benjamin, an eminent American Revolutionary general, was born in Massaciiusetts, and in 1775 was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. At General Washington's recommendation, he was appointed major-general in the continental army. In 1777 Lincoln was dispatched to the northern army, under Gates, to assist in opposing Burgoyne. Having been seriously wounded in the leg, he was conveyed to his residence at Hingham, but soon after was appointed by Congress to conduct the war in the South. The British general, Prevost, having fortified himself in Savannah, an expedition was planned against tiiat city, in conjunction witii the fleet under Count D'Estuing. Tiie attack was bold but unfortunate, and General Lincoln returned to Charleston, where he importuned Congress in vain for proper means of defen^e; and was obliged, after enduring a constant cannonade of a moutli, to capitulate to Sir Henry Clinton, whose foi'ces were far superior to his own. This unfortunate atfair did not, however, affect his reputation among his countrymen. In 1781, Lincoln performed a vei-y efficient part at Yorktown, and to him was allotted the duty of receiving the submission, and directing the distribution of the conquered troops. He was afterward made Secretary of War, Lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, and collector of the port of Boston. He died in 1810. LIVINGSTON, Philip, a signer of the Declara- tion, and eminent patriot. He was eminent among the merchants of New York, and, by his superior abilities and education, was soon at their head. In the Legislature, at Albanj-, he directed attention to the great interests of commerce, New York then being behind Philadelphia in her exports and im- ports. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and not only signed, but strenuou>ly advocated the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the Senate of New York, and was elected to Congress under tlie new State constitution. He died in 1778. LIVINGSTON, Robert R., chancellor of the State of New York, studied law, and was ajjpoiiited recorder of the city, whicii office he resigned at the commencement of the Revolution. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and was on tiie com- mittee to draw up tlie Declaration. He was a]i- [lointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1781, and matters at home were also partly submitted to him. On his resignation, in 1783, he received the thanks of Congress. He was afterward minister-plenipo- tentiary to France, and, assisted by Mr. Monroe, purcliased Louisiana for $15,000,000. He resigned his office, and traveled through Europe, returning to America in 1805. He was instrumental in the introduction of >team-navigation into the United States, tlirough his intimacy with Robert Fulton, whom he assisted by his advice and money. He also introduced the merino sheep, and the use of gypsum. He died in 1813. LIVINGSTON, Edward, amosteminent lawyer, liorn in 1764. lie removed to Louisiana, shortly after the i)urciia>e of that State, and was there ap- pointed to revise the whole system of jurisprudence. Tills he did in such a manner as gained him an exalted reputation, not only in America, but in Eui'ope. He was afterward Secretary of State and minister to France. He died in 1836. MACDONOLGH, Thomas, Commodore, was a native of Delaware, and served as a midshipman in tlie American fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In 1814 he obtained a splendid victory over the British, on Lake Ciiamplain, for which service the State of Xew York gave him 1000 acres of land on the bay in whicli the battle was fought. He died in 1825. B I c; li .\ r 1 1 1 A L S K e t c ii e s . 97 MACOMB, Alexander, a inaJDr-goneral in the United States army, was born in 1782. During the war of 1812 lie was appointed colonel, and distin- guished himself at Niagara and Fort George. He was made brigadier-general in 1814, and command- ed at the battle of Plattsbiirg, where he obta'ned a signal victory, in connection with Macdonough. Tliis great service won him tlie title of major- general, and the universal applause of the country. In 1835 he succeeded to the office of commander- in-chief of the army, which he retained until his death, in 1841. MADISON, .James, fourth President of the Uni- ted States, was born in Virginia, in 1751, and studied law in his native State. In 1776 he was a member of the convention which framed the con- stitution of Virginia; was a delegate to the Con- tinental Congress in 1780; and afterward to the convention which formed the Constitution of the United States, in which lie took an important part. He remained in Congress until the close of Wash- ington's administration, and, on Jefferson's acces- sion to the Presidency, was a|)pointed Secretary of State, which office he held eight years, when he was elected President. The declaration of war against Great Britain, in 1812, was the most im- portant measure of his administration. After serv- ing two terms, he retired to his residence at Mont- pelier, and died in 1836. MARION, FiJAXcis, a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary war, was a native of South Carolina. At the commencement of the war between the colonies and England, he commanded a company in his native State. In 1776 he co-oi)erated bravely at the siege of Fort Moultrie, and acted as lieuten- ant-colonel commandant of a regiment at the siege of Charleston. lie was afterward brigadier-general of the militia of South Caroliiui, and was an inde- fatigable partisan. Many characteristic anecdotes are related of his exploits in this capacity ; and, be- sides his distinction in partisan warfare, he acquired great reputation in besieging the cajjtured posts held by the enemy. At Georgetown, Fort Watson, Fort Mosto, Granby, Parker's Ferry, and Eiitaw, he highly distinguishe I O G 11 AT II I C AL S K E TC II E S. 99 delphia. His principles were those of religious toleration, justice, and kindness, especially toward tlie Indians, who regarded him witli reverent affec- tion, lie returned to England in 1684, but visited his province again in 1699, remaining there until 1701. He died in 1718. His character was most exemplary ; and he was regarded, both by the col- onists and natives, in the liglit of a kind and judi- cious parent. PERRY, Oliver Hazard, an eminent American naval officer, was born in Rhode Island, in 1785. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, and served in the Mediterranean during the war with Tripoli ; and was only prevented by his extreme youth from even then acquiring renown. In the war of 1812 he achieved a splendid victory over a superior British force on Lake Erie, which exploit has secured his name a permanent place in the liistory of his country. For this great service he was raised to the rank of captain. He commanded the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean, under Commodore Decatur. He afterward sailed to the West Indies, where he died of yellow fever, in 1820. PHILIP, the sachem of Pokanoket, known as King Philip, conceived a terrible plan for the utter extermination of the whites in 1675. The Indians throughout the whole colonies were prepared to take sudden and complete vengeance on the usurp- ers of their rights, but the whites fortunately re- ceived intimation of the intended attack. The war, however, began, and the colonists suffered much from the ferocity of the savages until 1676, when Philip was killed by a party commanded by Cap- tain Church. PITT, William, Earl of Chatham, a celebrated English statesman, whose fame is unsurpassed in the annals of eloquence. He strenuously opposed tlie oppressive measures of Great Britain toward her American colonies, and some of his finest speeches were made in our behalf. On one of these occasions, after the Duke of Richmond had replied to his arguments in favor of conciliation, he rose to answer his opponent, but his strength was inad- equate to the attempt, and he fell in a fit, in the arms of those around him. He died shortly after- ward, in May, 1778. PIZARRO, Francis, the conqueror of Peru, Avas born at Truxillo, in 1475. In 1524, in conjunction with Almagro, he discovered Peru, and obtained the government of the new country from Ciiarles V. He achieved tlie conquest of Peru by force and fraud, using means, and perpetrating atrocities, worse than barbarous. A contest having arisen between Pizarro and Almagro, the latter was de- feated and executed; but his death was revenged by his son and friends, who assassinated Pizarro in his palace at Lima, in 1541. POCAHONTAS, daughter of tlie Indian cliief, Powhatan. She is greatly celebrated in tlie early history of Virginia as having saved the life of Cap- tain John Smith, when about to be put to death, at the risk of her own. She rendered the whites great service, by disclosing the plots of the savages, and protecting them from the effects of her father's animosity. She afterward married John Rolfe, an Englishman, who took her with him to England, where her society was sought after by those of the highest rank. She died at Gravesend, when about to return to Virginia, at the early age of 22, leav- ing one son, many of whose descendants stili reside in Virginia. POLK, James Knox, eleventh President of the United States, was born in North Carolina, in 1795. He was a member of the bar in Tennessee, and soon took a high rank among his colleagues. In 1825 he was chosen to Congress; was afterward governor of Tennessee; and in 1844 was elected President. During his administration Texas was annexed, and the war with Mexico successfully terminated. He died soon after tha close of the Presidential term, in 1849. POWHATAN, a famous Indian sachem of Vir- ginia, noted for his artful policy. He was averse to the English until the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe, after which lie remained faithful to them. He died in 1618. PREBLE, Edward, a distinguished American 100 MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. naval officer, was born in 1761, and entered tlie navy as inidsliipraan in 1779. During the Revo- lution lie captured a British vessel at Peiioliscot. In 1803 he commanded a fleet sent against the Barbary powers, and settled the difficulties witli them on the most favorable terms. He died in 1807. PULASKI, Count, a celebrated soldier, was a native of Poland, and made brave, though fruitless, efforts to restore his country to independence. He came to the United States during tlie Revolution, was appointed brigadier-general, and was mortally wounded at the attack on Savannah, in 1779. Con- gress voted to erect a monument to his memory. PUTNAM, Israel, an officer in the American Revolution, was born in Massachusetts, in 1718. He was a farmer in Connecticut, and afterward engaged in tlie French war, in which lie was taken prisoner, and suft'ered terrible tortures. At the commencement of the Revolution he joined the army, was appointed major-general, and distin- guished himself at Bunker Hill. He held an im- portant command during the whole war, and was noted for his great firmness and indnmitabie will. His last military service was that of superintending the erection of the works at West Point, by the direction of Washington. He was afflicted with a paralytic stroke in 1779, which destroyed his activ- ity, and compelled him to pass the remainder of his life in retirement. He died in 1790. RALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustrious English navigator and historian, was born in Devonsliire, in 1552. He discovered Virginia, which he named for his virgin queen, Elizabeth. He defeated the S[)anish Armada, and lived in prosperity until the death of the queen, when he was cruelly trt-ated by King James, unjustly accused of higii treason, tried, and condemnecT to die. Being reprieved, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and, duiing a long term of years, solaced himself by writing; and, among other works, composed liis " History of the World." He afterward received a commis- sion from the king to exidore the gold mines in Guiana, but the expedition was a failui'e, being defeated by the Spaniards. Raleigh returned to England, was received coldly, and, as no blame could be attached to his conduct in Guiana, he was arrested, and his execution ordered, on his former attainder; and he was finally beheaded in 1618. His wliole life was one of service to his country, and his treatment by the king was most grossly unjust and cruel. ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Donatien i>e ViMECR, Count de, marshal of France, was born at Vendoine, in 1725, and entered the army in 1741. In 1780 he was sent, with 6000 men, to the assist- ance of the Americans. Having disembarked in Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washing- ton, first against Clinton in New York, and then against Cornwallis, rendering important services at Yorktown, which were rewarded by his promotion to the rank of marshal. During Robespierre's reign of terror, he was arrested, and narrowly escaped death. He was afterward presented to Bonaparte, who granted him a pension and the cross of grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He died in 1807. SCHUYLER, Philip, major-general in the Amer- ican army, was appointed to that office in 1775, and sent to the fortifications in northern New York to ]ire[)are for the invasion of Canada. He afterward fell under some unjust suspicion, and was super- seded in the chief command by General Gates. He was a member of Congress, and afterward twice a senator. He died in 1804. "*^ SCOTT, WiNFiELD, see Appendix. SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the Declaration, was born in Massachusetts in 1721, received a com- mon-school education, and was apprenticed to a shoemaker. His love for learning would not allow him to rest content with his lowly station, and he applied himself to the study of law. He became Judge of the Superior Court, which office he held for twenty-three years. He was a member of the Congress of 1774, and remained in that body for nineteen years. He was a member of the conven- tion which formed, the Constitution of the United States, and was elected senator in 1791. He died in 1793. SMITH, John, one of the early settlers of Vir- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 101 ginia, was born in Lincolnsliire, in 1579. After passing tlirougli a variety of wonderfnl adventures, he resolved to visit North America, and came to Virginia in 1607. Here ids life was saved by Po- cahontas, and lie afterward contributed greatly to the prosperity of the colony. He died in 1631 STANDISn, Miles, the first military command- er at Plymouth, New England, accompanied Mr. Robinson's congregation to Plymontli in 1620. He was there chosen captain, and rendered most im- portant services in the conflicts with the Indians. His exploits were noted for tlieir daring, and his escapes were frequently almost miraculous. He died in 1656. STARK, John, a general in the American Revo- lution, was born in New Hampshire in 1728. He fought in the French war, and, immediately on tlie outbreak of the Revohition, joined tlie army at Cambridge. He was at tiie battles of Bunker Hill and Trenton, and achieved a splendid victory at Bennington. He rose to the rank of brigadier-gen- eral, and was distinguished for his enterprise and courage. He died in 1822. SULLIVAN, John, an officer in the American Revolution, was born in Maine. In 1775 he was made brigadier-general. The next year he was sent to Canada, and, on the death of General Thomas, tlie command of the army devolved on him. lie was promoted to the rank of major- general, and was soon after captured by the British, in the battle on Long Island. He commanded a division of the army at the battles of Trenton, Brandy wine, and Germantown ; and was the sole commander of an expedition to the island of New- port, which failed from want of co-operation from the French fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe- dition against the Indians; was afterward a mem- ber of Congress, and for three years President of New Hampshire. At his death, in 1795, he was Judge of the District Court. TAYLOR, Zachary, twelfth President of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1784. He served in the war of 1812, and, for his bravery, was raised to the rank of major. He was after- ward engaged in the Indian war, both in Florida and Arkansas, and rose to the rank of general. During the war with Mexico lie was distinguished for his valor, as well as his ability, and gained the brilliant victories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista. After the war he re- turned to liis residence at Baton Rouge ; was elect- ed President in 1848, and died suddenly, of cholera, in 1850. TECUMSEH, a renowned Indian warrior, born in Ohio about 1770. He was hostile to the whites, and, in 1806, matured a project of a confederacy of all the western Indians against the whites. The battle of Ti])pecanoe, in which General Harrison defeated the brother of Tecumseh, completely crushed the liopes of the brothers. During the last war with England, Tecumseh was an ally of the king, and held the rank of brigadier-general, com- manding about 2000 Indians. He was present at several engagements, and was eventually killed by Colonel Johnson, at the battle of Moravian Towns, October 5th, 1813. WARREN, Joseph, a major-general in the Amer- ican Revolution, was born in Roxbury, in 1740, and pursued the study of medicine. His ardent love of his country would not allow him to remaia quiet w'hile Great Britain was daily beccmiing more and more tyrannical, and he exerted himself greatly in the cause of liberty. He was made major-gen- eral four days before tlie battle of Bunker Hill, and was killed just at the commencement of the retreat. The glory of Bunker Hill is closely connected with the name of General Warren. WASHINGTON, Geohge, the founder of Amer- ican independence, was born in Virginia, where his father was possessed of great landed property, in 1732. Great attention was paid to his education, especially in the .studies of mathematics and engi- neering. He was first employed by Governor Din- widdle, in 1753, to remonstrate with the French commander on the Ohio, for the infraction of the treaty between the two nations. He subsequently received the thanks of the British government for his honorable services in negotiating a treaty of amity with the Indians in the back settlements. In 102 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the unfortunate expedition under General Brad- dock, he served as aid-de-camp ; anc, after the defeat of the army, sliowed great militr.ry talent in conducting its retreat. He retired froca the service with the rank of colonel, and, while engaged in the peaceful pursuits of his liome at Mo';xl; Vernon, was elected senator in the national council for Frederick county, and afterward for Fairfax. At the commencement of the Revolution, he was selected to take the chief command of the provin- cial troops ; and, from the moment of entering upon this important office, he directed his whole energies to the accomplishment of one object, — the independence of his country. Tlie record of his services is the history of the whole war. He joined the army at Cambridge, in July, 1775. On the evacuation of Boston, in Marcli, 1776, he proceeded to Kew York. The battle of Long Island was fought August 27th, and that of White Plains, Oc- tober 28th. He crossed the Delaware December 25th, and soon gained the victories of Trenton and Princeton. The battles of Brandywine, German- town, and Momiiouth, followed in 1777 and 1778; and in 1779 and 1780 he continued .n the vicinity of New York, and closed the miliLaiy operations of the vpar by the capture of Cornwallis, at York- town, in 1781. When the treaty of peace was signed, Washington resigned his office, and retired into private life, followed by the unbounded a])- plause of his country. His liigh character and services naturally entitled him to tlie noblest gift in the bestowal of the people ; and, on the organiza- tion of the government, he was chosen the first President of the country, wiiich owed its liberty to his exertions. It was a period of great difficulty and danger. The French envoy. Genet, had, by his intrigues, incited a spirit of rebellion among the factious, who were eager to join the French in their revolutionary struggles. Wasliington, by his pru- dence and firmness, subdued insurrection, and si- lenced discontent, until those who had been most eager in their wild enthusiasm, were convinced of their own imprudence, and their President's wis- dom. In 1795, Washington completed tlie business of his office by signing a commercial treaty with Great Britain, and then voluntarily resigned his office, at a moment when the whole country was united to again bestow the supreme executive power upon him. He again devoted himself to agricultu- ral pursuits, at his beloved Mount Vernon ; and, though he accepted the command of the army, in 1798, it was merely to unite the affections of his fellow-citizens to the general good, and was one more sacrifice to his high sense of duty. He died, after a short illness, December 14th, 1799, and was followed to his grave by the filial sorrow and ven- eration of his country. History has no parallel to the character of Washington. Every virtue seemed to unite in forming his character, nnd never were l)atience, forbearance, and firmness, more called into exercise, or more gloriously disj)layed. He ex- hibits a rare example of a })olitician whose motives Avere always sincere, always what they seemed. Never has the world seen one whose inerits were so unanimously acknowledged by his countrymen, or who so united the power of goverung with mingled firmness and affection. His name stands alone, among all tlie great men of his age, hallowed by the well-earned title of the Father of his Coun- try. WAYNE, Anthony, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1746. He entered tlie army as colonel in 1775, served under Gates at Ticonderoga,, and was pro- moted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was engaged in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and in 1779 captured the fortress at Stony Point. In 1781 he Avas ordered to join Lafayette in Virginia, Avith the Pennsylvania forces ; and, having received information that Cornwallis had crossed the James River, with the main body of his army, he pressed forward with 800 men to attack his rear-guard, but, to his great astonishment, found the enemy, to the amount of 4000, drawn up to meet him. A retreat was impossible, and he resolved to make a violent attack, and, by some coup Ue main^ extricate himself from his perilous situation. Tlie ruse succeeded, and Cornwallis, supposing that Wayne's subseijuent retreat was in- tended tt) draw him into an ambuscade formed by Lafayette, did not follow in pursuit. He was after- Avard very successful in the Southern States. In 1792 he succeeded St. Clair in command of the western army, and gained a complete victory over the Indians, at the Miamies, in 1794. He died in 1796. BI O G R AT IT T C' A L S \' ETC TIES. 103 WEBSTER, Daxikl, LL. D., one of the eiuincnt statesmen of liis time, was born in New Hampshire in 1782. lie received a classical edncation at Dart- moutli College, and taught school during the inter- vals of study, to defray his college ex[)onses. lie afterward comraenced the study of law, and was ad- mitted to the bai" in 1805. In 1812 he was elected to Congress, and soon displayed those remarkable powers as an orator and statesman for which he became so distinguished. After being frequently re-elected to .Congress, and gaining a world-wide fame by his speeches and talents as a lawyer, he was ap[)ointed Secretary of State under General Harrison, in 1S40. He negotiated the Ashburton treaty in 1842, which settled the question of the northeastern boundary, and put an end to a long and threatening dispute with Great Britain. He soon after resigned his office, and was appointed senator from Massachusetts. On the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency, he was again made Secretary of State, and retained that office until his death. His orations are among the very brightest gems of modern elo(iuence, and his talents as a law- yer were second to none. He died at his residence at Marshfield, in 1852. "WILLIAMS, RoGEE, the founder of the Provi- dence Plantations, was born in Wales, in 1599. Being a dissenter, he came to America, hoping to enjoy religious freedom, in 1631, and preached un- til 1636 at Salem and Plymouth. At that time he was banished, on account of his religious opinions, and removed, with several others, to Rhode Island, where he laid the foundation of Providence, after honestly purchasing the ground from the Indians, whom he always treated with the greatest kindness. There he established the first society which enjoyed perfect liberty of conscience. For several years he was president of the colony. He died in 1683. WOLFE, James, an English general, born in Westerhaui, Kent, in the year 172C, was a sou of General Edward Wolfe. He was highly eminent for his bravery, coolness, and judgment, as well as for his success in disciplining his men, who reposed unbounded confidence in their able commander. In conjunction Avith General Amherst, he distin- guished himself in the siege and capture of Louis- burg, in 1758. In 1759, Pitt conferred upon him tlie command of the expedition to attack Quebec. Wolfe reached the Isle of Orleans, in the St. Law- rence, on the 26th of June, with a force of 80(M) troops, and a fleet of twenty-two ships of the line, under Admiral Saunders. Early on the morning of September 13th, W^olfe, with 5000 troojjs, ascended tlie heigiits, and was met by Montcalm, on the field of battle, just before noon. The battle was severe ; Wolfe was wounded in the wrist, soon after was struck by a second ball, and while still leading on his troops was struck by a third ball, in the breast, when he was carried to the rear of his array, and expired on the field. WORTH, William J., a major-general in the American army, was born in 1794. He served in the last war with Great Britain, and was in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. After the peace, he was for some time superintendent of the academy at West Point. He subsequently served in the Florida war, and afterward obtained great distinction in the war with Mexico. He fought at Monterey, Molino del Rev, Cerro Gordo, Cherubus- co, and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. In courage he had no superior, and was, next to Scott and Taylor, tlie most popular general in the war. He died in Texas, in 1849. A splendid monument has been erected to his memory in the city of New York. YALE, ELinr, a native of New Haven, who ac- quired a large fortune in the East Indies, and made such munificent donations to the college of his na- tive town, as entitled him to the honor of having it called Yale College. He died in 1721. appe:n"dix* Buchanan, James, fifteenth President of the Uni- ted States, was born in Pennsylvania in 1791, grad- uated at Dickinson College at the age of eighteen, and was admitted to the bar when only twenty-one. In 1814 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legis- lature, and afterwards served five terms in Congress. In 1831 he was sent as minister to Eussia, where he remained but two years. Upon his return he was elected U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, which office he held for twelve years, when he became Secretary of State under President Polk. He re- mained in private life from the close of Mr. Polk's administration until the accession of Mr. Pierce, who sent him as minister to England, a post which he filled with dignity and credit. Eesigning his position in 1856, he returned home, and, in the en- suing November, was elected President. His term of office expired in 1861, when he returned to Wheatland, his country-home, near Lancaster, Pa., anl lived there quietly until his death, June 1, 1868. Douglas, Stephen Arnold, one of our most dis- tinguished American statesmen, was born in Ver- mont, in 1813. Finding himself unable .to obtain a ollege education, he learned the trade of cabinet- making, but his health became so impaired that he was obliged to quit his occupation. Turning to more congenial pursuits, he entered the Brandon Academy, and, while there, also studied law, which he had determined to adopt as his profession. De- ciding upon the West as the best place in which to make a fresh start, he went to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was so successful that he was elected At- torney-General of the State when scarcely twenty- two. He resigned this office to become a member of the Legislature, in 1835, and, two years later, was appointed register of the land office at Springfield. In 1840, he was appointed Secretary of State for Illi- nois, and, in the following year, was elected Judge of the Supreme Court. In 1843 he was sent to Con- gress, where he remained until he was chosen Sena- tor in 1847, which position he held until his death. During the whole of his Congressional term, he was a firm advocate of a railroad across the continent to the Pacific. He was an unsuccessful candidate lor the Presidential nomination in 1852, and again in 1856, but he received the nomination in 1860, when his opponents were Lincoln, Bell, and Breckinridge. The election was unfavorable to him, but he still dis- played the warmest interest in the affairs of the na- tion, whose prospects were, at that time, so gloomy- His death occurreJ in June, 1861, and almost his last words showed that his mind was even then oc- cupied with the troubles of his country. Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Kentucky in 1809. His parents were too poor to afford him an education, but his mother taught him to read and write, and inspired him with a love of knowledge. In his eighth year, his father removed to Indiana, where the family lived in a log-cabin in the forest. At the age of nineteen he made a trip d )wn the Mississippi to New Orleans in a fiat-boat, and, two years later, removed with liis father to Illinois, where he la- bored hard, working on the farm and helping to build a rail-fence around it. In 1832 the Black Hawk war broke out, and Lincoln at once enlisted and was made captain. After the close of the war, having managed to obtain a knowledge of survey- ing, he became a government surveyor, and, in 1834, was elected a member of the Illinois Legisla- ture. Determining to adopt the law as his profes- sion, he studied vsdth great energy, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1836. The following year he removed to Springfield, and there began to practice, soon winning for himself a good reputation, which continued steadily to increase. He was twice re- elected to the Legislature, and in 1846 was chosen as Whig Representative to Congress. He took a deep interest in politics, and was a warm supporter of Henry Clay, and, in 1848, was a member of the National Convention which nominated General Tay- lor for the Presidency. In 1849 he was defeated as a candidate for the United States Senate, and, in 1854, when the Whig party in Illinois was divided APPENDIX. 105 in its choice for Senator betAveen himself and Judge J Trumbull, lie generously withdrew from the can- ? vass, and, by his etlbrts, helped greatly to secure ,i Trumbull's eleccion. In 1856 he was a candidate , for the Vice-Presidency before the first Republican (, National Convention, but was unsuccessful, al- ^ tliough he received a number of votes. In 1858 ^ occurred the celebrated contest between himself and \ Judo-e Douglas, who was the Democratic candidate \ Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, the famous " Stone- for the United States Senatorship. Judge Douglas' ^ wall " Jackson of the Confederate army, was born in term of office had expired, and he had been re-uomi- ^ Virginia in 1824. He was brought up as a farmer nated, in opposition to Mr. Lincoln as the Republi- S until his eighteenth year, when he was appointed can candidate. Each aspirant canvassed the State \ cadet at West Pomt. He displayed no particular in liis own favor, and, finally, Mr. Lincoln challenged \ brilliancy in his studies, and was noted for his grave Judge Douglas to publicly debate with him on their '? and taciturn disposition. After graduating, in 1846, respective principles The challenge was accepted, ^ he was sent to Mexico, where he served under Gen- and the contest was spirited and equal, resulting, S erals Scott and Taylor, and, for bravery in action, however, in the re-election of Judge Douglas. In <, received the brevet rank of major. He resigned his 1860, the Republican National Convention assem- '?^ commission in 1852, on account of his impaired bled at Chicago, and, for a time, the choice for the ; health, and became Professor of Mathematics in the Presidency wavered between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. S Military University of Virginia, which position he Seward. The former, however, was soon chosen, \ still occupied at the outbreak of the civil war. The and had for his opponents Breckinridge, Douglas, '; cause of secession was adopted by him with the en- and Bell, the two former being the candidates of the Jj thusiasm which was a part of his nature when called divided Democratic party, and the latter of the con- S upon to defend his peculiar ideas of right. He was servatives. The election resulted in Mr. Lincoln's < at first commissioned colonel, but soon afterwards favor, and he was inaugurated March 4, 1861. On ? received the rank of Brigadier-General, then Major- his way to Washington, he received information > General, and ultimately that of Lieutcnant-General. that a plot existed to assassinate him at Baltimore, S In the first battle of Bull Rim, he fought with such but he frustrated it by changing the time of his de- S tenacious energy that he was said to "stand like a I)arture from Harrisburg. In April, the war which c stone-wall," whence originated the familiar title by had been so long threatening, broke out openly in \ which he has since been known. He afterwards the attack on Fort Sumter, and continued during ^ took up his position at Winchester, where he re- the whole of Mr. Lincoln's first term of office. In S mained until the approach of General Banks, whose 1865 he entered upon his second term, ha%ing been '^ forces he fiercely assailed on more than one occa'^ion, re-elected, and, the war having ceased, he antici- <; and finally forced the troops under Banks and Fre- pated with good reason a period of comparative } mont to withdraw entirely from Virginia in May, Richmond, where he joined General Lee. On the 9th field. John Wilkes Booth, wlio committed this > of August he met Banks at Cedar Mountain, and a act, died from a shot received while his pursuers \ ^"sk engagement ensued, both sides falling back ,..,,. ) upon their supports. In the movement of Lee s were endeavonng to arrest him. ; ^ , , , ., j , • ..i i *., <• a S army northward, which ended in the battle oi An- S tietam, Jackson was in the advance, and captured 106 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Harper's Ferry, with 11,000 troops and a large amount of war material, on the loth of September. Subsequently, in the battles of Autielam and P'red- ericksburg, the bravery of his troops was conspic- uous His last battle was that of Coanccllorsville Lee ordered Jackson to make a fiank mr -ement on the right of the Army of the Potomac, then under the command of Hooker. The attack was made at six o'clock on the evening of the 2d of May, and so sudden and irresistible was the charge that, for a time, the Unioa right wing was completely routed, until the main body came to its support. The bat- tle raged fariously ; and, at nine o'clock in the even- ing, as Jackson and his stai" were returning from the front, they were mistaken in the dark for Un'on cavalry, and fired iuio by a South Carolina regi- ment. Several staff officers were instantly Killed, and Jackson himself wounded in both arms, one of which was amputated that niglit. Pneumonia soon set in, and on the lOtli of May, 1863, he died. His character was remarkable for its stern rigidity and religious enthusiasm, which he tried to communi- cate to his troops, holding religious services fre- quently, and regarding the cause of secession with pious fervor. Scott, Winfield, Brevet Lieutenant-Gene al of the U. S. Army, was born in Virginia in 1786. He studied law, with the intention of making it, his profession, but was diverted from his purpose by the threatening aspect of affairs with England, and, the army being enlarged to meet the emergency, Scott obtained a commission as cajjtain of light ar- tillery, and was stationed ai:. Baton Eouge. under General Wilkinson. His commander being super- seded. Captain Scott expressed the opinion that he had been concerned in Burr's conspiracy, for which he was court-martialed, and suspended for one year from rank and pay. In 1812, when tlie war with Great Britain broke out, he was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel, and was taken prisoner, Avith his com- mand, at the battle of Queenstown Heights, which he would have won, but for the refusal of the troops at Lewiston to co-operate with him. At the capture of Port George, Scott, having been made colonel, displayed great bravery in scaling the heights, and leading- on his men in the very face of the enemy. The British, having abandoned the fort, set fire to the magazines, and by the explosion of one of them, (blonel Scott was badly injured. He, nevertheless, hauled down tiie British flag, while two of his brave officei'S snatched away the matches from the other magazines. In 1814 he was made a Brigadier-Gen- eral, and was noted as a fine disciplinarian. The victories of Fort Erie, Chippewa, and Lundy's Lane, wliere he was twice severely wounded, were gained by him, and, as a reward for his gallantry, he was breveted major-general, received a gold medal from Congress, and was offered the pos on of Secretary of War, which he declined. Shortly after the ces- sation of hostilities, the Government sent him to Europe in an official capacity. When the Black Hawk war broke out, in 1832, he commanded the army, and was also prominent in the Creek war. In 1810 he declined the Whig nomination for the Presidency, in favor of General Harrison, and in 1841, on the death of General Macomb, he was made general-in-chief, with the full rank of Major-General. Soon after the commencement of the war with Mex- ico, General Scott was sent thither, and, after gain ing the victories of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and Cha- pultepec, he entered the city of Mexico in triumph, after its evacua^'ion by General Santa Anna, and thus ended the war. After his return home, he was summoned before a court of inquiry, but was entirely acquitted, and received a vote of thanks from Con- gress. In 1848, General Scott was an unsuccessful candidate for the Whig nomination to the Presi- dency, but in 1852 he received the nomination in opposition to General Pierce, who was elected. In 1855, he was breveted lieutenant-general, dating from 1847, in lionor of his Mexican services. He successfully adjusted the differences which arose in 1859, between the United States ana England, in regard to the boundary 'ine of Britisli America. When the civil war broke out, his whole energies were given to the cause of the Government, hut his advanced age, with its consequent infirmities, ren- dered him unfit to cope with such a gigantic under- taking, and he accordingly retired from o2ice. Con- gress passing a special act which entitled him to retain his rank and pay. He made a visit to Europe, for the benefit of his health, in 1861, but soon re- turned, preferring to remain at home while his coim- try was in trouble. He lived to see the end of the war, and was mourned at his death, in 1866, as a soldier and patriot whose long life hi.d been nobiy spent in the service of his country. A r P E X D 1 X . 107 Grakt, Ulysses S., the eighteenth President of the United States, was born in Ohio, April 27, 1822. At the age of seventeen years, he entered the West Point Military Academy, from which he graduated in 184:5. He served in the army during the war between tlie United States and Mexico (1846 and 1847), in which he displayed courage and skill. In 1852, he acconipanied his regiment to California and Oregon, where he was commis- sioned as captain ; but soon after he resigned, and removed to St. Louis, where he became a farmer and real estate agent. In 1859, he was employed l)y his father in the leather trade in Galena, III. When the civil war broke out he was appointed captain of a company of Illinois Volunteers; then colonel of a regiment, and soon after brigadier- general (1861). He seized Paducah and Smith- land, in Kentucky, and fought the battle of Bel- mont, in which his liorse was shot xinder him. Early in 1863, he started with 15,000 men, aided by Commodore Foote with a fleet of gunboats, for the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson which commanded the Tennessee and Cumber- laud Rivers, in the northern part of Tennessee. He was successful. It was here his celebrated answer was returned to the Confederate com- mander of Fort Donelson, "No terms other than an unconditional surrender." Grant was then made major-general and given the command of a large army at Pittsburg Lauding in South Tennessee, where the Confederates with great dash and vigor attacked and routed the Union forces with heavy loss. The latter, however, re- ceiving reinforcements the following morning, turned the tide of battle against the wearied Con- federates, firiving them from the field. In the first of these engagements, the Confederate Gen- eral Sidney A. Johnston was killed. He was suc- ceeded by General Beauregard. Some time after this a most important movement was made by Grant to capture Vicksburg, which surrendered (July 4, 1863) after a long and terrible siege. It was found that the inhal)itants had excavated caves in which to shelter themselves and families from the bursting shells which reached every part of the city. In the autumn following, one of the most brilliant victories of the war was achieved by Grunt at Chattanooga, in southeastera Tennessee. Here Generals Thomas, Sherman, and Hooker also distinguished themselves. After his appointment as lieutenant-general, Grant started for Richmond, which was defended by Gen. Robt. E, Lee. Proceeding south, he fought several bat- tles in which the Union troops suffered fearful slaughter; but he pushed on and laid siege to the city, and finally compelled Lee to leave it. Rich- mond was entered by the Union forces in April, 1865, and in a few days afterward General Lee surreuilered the Army of Virginia; the war was then ended. Grant, after the war, was either Gen- eral of the Army or Secretary of War, until his election as President in 1868. He was re-elected in 1872. At the close of his administration, he made a tour around the world, and on his return took up his residence in New York. Lee, Robert E., born in Virginia, .June 19, 1807, died October 12, 1870. He was graduated from West Point, second in his class, in 1829. He never, during his four years' course, received a single mark of demerit. He then served for several years under the Government, as an engineer in the improvement of rivers and harbors and the construction of forts ; and also, with great dis- tinction, under General Scott in the Mexican war. He was superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point from 1852 to 1855. At the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, he resigned the com- mission which he held in the United States Army. In June, 1862, he was given the command of the Confederate army at Richmond. Without delay he began the vigorous operations called the seven days' battles against General McClellan, who with a large Union army was moving on Richmond by way of the j)eninsula between the James and York Rivers. In these movements Lee was suc- cessful, for he forced McClellan to raise the siege of Richmond and retreat. Lee then pushed rap- idly north and threatened Washington. Defeat- ing General Pope with great loss in Union troops, he led the Confederate forces, now flushed with success, onward across the Potomac, as far as Antietam, in Maryland, where with 40.000 men 108 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES he met McClellan with twice that nuQiber. A territic battle ensued, and Lee was. compelled to retreat across the Potomac. Three months after this, Lee was attacked at Fredericksburg by Gen- eral Bumside, who succeeded McClellan in com- mand, but who was there defeated with fearful losses. Again encouraged, Lee started with a splendid army (1863) on his second invasion of the North, intent on reaching Philadelphia, and per- haps New York. Crossing Maryland, he entered Pennsylvania, to the great terror of the North, and having peneti'ated sixty miles north of Wash- ington, and less than forty miles from Harrisburg, he was met by the Union army under General Meade, and the celebrated battle of Gettysburg was fought. For three days in hot July this bat- tle lasted. It was in favor of the Confederates until the last day when, after the most heroic fight- ing on both sides, the Union forces triumphed, but with the loss of 23,000 men. Lee a^iain withdrew his army and entered Virginia. The following spring (1864), General Lee with 60,000 men en- deavored to keep back General Grant, who had just determined to cut his way on a straight line from t'.ie Potomac to Richmond with 140,000 men. The two armies fought a series of des- perate battles, in the first of which, known as the Battle of the Wilderness, the loss of the Union forces in killed and wounded was frightful. Lee was compelled to witlidraw his army from Rich- mond, and finally to surrender. Soon after the close of tlie war, General Lee accepted the presi- dency of Washington College at Lexington, Va. His death was caused by paralysis. Garfield, James A., the twentieth President of the United States, was born in Ohio, Novem- ber 19, 1831. During his boyhood he contributed to the supiJort of his family by working on the farm, and at fourteen years of age, learned the carpenter's trade. In his seventeenth year he acted for a few months as a driver and helmsman on the Ohio Canal. In the spring of 1849, he entered Geauga Seminary at Chester, Ohio, and in the fall became teacher of a district school. He continued his studies at the Eclectic Institute of Hiram, paying his expenses by performing the double duties of student and janitor, and later, of student and teacher. He was graduated from Williams Col- lege. On his return to Ohio he became professor of literature and ancient languages in Hiram Col- lege, and at the age of twenty-six was made its president. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859. Having studied law while president of Hiram College, he was admitted to the bar in Columbus during his second winter in the Ohio Senate, and in 1866 was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. After the first battle of Bull Run, he was of- fered a lieutenant-colonel's commission, and was mustered into the service August 16, 1861. He was soon after detailed to recruit the forty-sec- ond regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and was given his commission as its colonel in September. In December, 1861, he was placed in command of the eighteenth Ohio brigade in eastern Kentucky, where he conducted a winter's campaign against the Confede' .tcs in that section. In recognition of his services, President Lincoln then promoted him to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was assigned to the command of the twentieth brigade, which reached Shiloh on the second day of the battle, and the next day he moved with General Sherman to the front. In 1863, he was made chief of staff" to General Rosecrans, who was in command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Garfield's military career closed with the battle of Chickamauga. He was ijromoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers, in recognition of his services at that battle. On resigning his commission in the army, he took his seat in Congress, and he served in the House until his elevation to the Senate, in 1880, in which year he was elected President. On July 2d, 1881, he was shot by an assassin in a railroad depot in Washington, and after a painful illness died at Elberon, New Jersey, Sep- tember 19. His death was mourned by the whole civilized world. Library of Congress Rrnnrh Rinderv. lOO^