Qass. Book. -7 A" 1 ^^' / AN ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY FOB MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. BY WM. B. FOWLE AND ASA FITZ. BOSTON: FOWLE AND CAPEN, No. 13Si Washington Street. /f-^S- p6 o C1^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1845, By William B. Fowle and Asa Fitz, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 8TEBB0TTFED BT S. K. DICKINSON & CO.... BOSTON. PKEFACE. Many Geographies have been prepared for Primary Schools, but still it is believed that in several points, both of matter and manner, there is great room for improvement. In regard to the matter of Common School geographies, it has not ! only been the custom to introduce much that is not geography, but ! to devote the larger part of the book to remote countries, with which children have little or no sympathy. The mischief is, that authors are so anxious to make books that may be used every where, that they are nearly unfitted to be used any where ; and it is a striking fact, that, with the exception of the Common School Geography, one eighth of which is devoted to Massachusetts, the popular text books despatch our State in two or three pages, and these contain all that our children are taught at school of their native town, county, and State ! This little work proposes to make them acquainted with Home, at the risk of not being used out of Massachusetts. PREFACE. In regard to manner, it may be said, that this is a practical book, neither intended to be learned by rote, nor to amuse children, except so far as the acquisition of distinct ideas may give them pleasure ; the object being not to give a few unconnected notions, but a regular series of lessons, that will serve as a sure foundation for future progress. The book is intended, in fact, to be an introduction to the Common School Geography, and, like that, contains little or nothing that will not be as true as it is now, when the child has left school and gone forth to use what he has acquired. The time will prob- ably never come, to the present generation at least, when the newest edition of either book cannot be used in the same class with the oldest edition, — a consideration of some importance in the selection of a school book. Large Outline Maps, similar to those in the book, will soon be prepared by the authors, at a low price ; and, as the plan is different from that of other geographies, all the directions necessary for its use are given as fast as they are needed. WM. B. FOWLE, ASA FITZ. Boston, April, 1845. ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. PART FIRST. LESSON I. THE EABTH OR GLOBE. NO. 1. i WEST. EAST. The teacher should first give the child some idea of the world on which he lives ; and, if he has not an artificial globe, or even if he has one, he may take a wooden ball, or any other round body through which a hole can be made, and then, in familiar conversation, he may proceed somewhat in the following manner. We live on the surface or outside of the Earth, which is a large ball as round as an orange. 6 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY On the cover of this book is a picture of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon. The Earth moves round the Sun, and the Moon moves round the Earth. Men hve on the outside of the Earth, and they do not fall off, because the great Earth draws every- thing towards itself Show the first picture, page 5. If the teacher can procure a small magnet^ he can illustrate the attraction of the Earth, by attracting smaller bodies. If he can borrow a magnet, he can make another from it in a few minutes, as follows: Take a small bar of steel, (not iron,) — a very coarse knitting-needle will do, — hold it by the middle, and draw one end of the magnet from the middle to one end of the steel, about twenty or thirty times ; then draw the other end of the magnet from the middle to the other end of the steel, as many more times. The new magnet will then draw needles or small pieces of iron towards it, and w^ill retain the power a long time. Besides moving round the sun once a year, the Earth turns itself round once every day. Show them, by rolling a ball on the table, how the Earth rolls round also as it goes forward. Let the teacher now put a wire or stick through the ball or apple, and spin it from his left hand to his right. If it be evening, he may place the lamp on the right of the ball, and show the pupil that day and night are caused by this spinning of the earth, and the line of day and night, or of light and darkness, is constantly travelling over the globe, making morning and evening as it goes. QUESTIONS TO LESSON I. 1. On what do we live ? 2. What is the shape of the Earth? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN 3. What does the Earth move round ? 4. What moves round the Earth ? 5. On what part of the Earth do men live ? 6. What keeps us from faUing off this great ball when it turns round ? 7. How often does the Earth go round the Sun ? 8. How often does the Earth turn itself round ? 9. Why is half of the world always light, and half always dark? 10. What is the meaning of day and night? LESSON II. The Earth always turns in the same direction; and, of course, two spots on opposite sides must be almost still, while the rest of the Earth moves round them, as the ball moves round the wire or stick. The teacher may stick pins into the ball, and let the child see how much faster those half way between the two turning points move, than those do near the turning points, and yet they are just as long in going entirely round. The two points on which the Earth turns are called the Poles. The child may be told that Grod made the world and turned it round at first, and still keeps it turning on nothing, in one and the same direction, just as invariably as if it turned upon a pole or stick. JJIimiMJlg^KDE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY One of the points on which the Earth turns is called the North Pole, and the other the South Pole. When we face the North Pole, all things on our right hand are East of us, and all things on our left hand are West of us. The Earth always turns from west to east, but the sun does not move, as it appears to do. Here let the teacher tell the child which way is north from where he stands, and then ask him which way is south, which way east, and which west. Then let the child face south, east, and west, and tell the direction of all the other points, while facing in each direction. As all pictures of the Earth, or maps, as they are called, place the north part of the country at the top, the other parts may easily be found. To find the real north, the child has only to face the rising or setting sun. If he faces the rising sun, the north is at his left hand ; if he faces the setting sun, the north is at his right hand. If the teacher has not a magnetic needle, he may lay a small sewing needle care- fully on the surface of a cup of water, and it will generally point north and south when it stops moving. The floating of the needle will interest the children, whether it points north or not. QUESTIONS TO LESSON H. 1. What are the points on which the Earth turns called? 2. When we face the North Pole, which way is South? East? West? 3. When we face the South Pole, which way is North? East? West? L.MM»l11 «»til]l< FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 9 4. Face the North; the East; the South; the West. 5. Which way do you face when you face the rising sun? ' 6. When you face the North, on which hand will the sun rise ? On which will it set ? 7. Which way is your house from the school-house ? 8. Before noon which way do shadows fall ? 9. Which way do shadows lean in the afternoon ? 10. What part of the Earth, or of a ball, turns the fastest ? 11. W^hat two points almost stand still? 12. In what direction does the Earth turn? LESSON III A line drawn round the Earth, as far from one pole as from the other, is called the Equator. The teacher may let the pupil hold a pencil or piece of chalk mid- way between the poles of the wooden ball, and murk an equator while the ball is turned round. Tell the child, also, that the equator is drawn there to measure from, if you go north or south of it; and to measure on, if you go east or west. A very pretty exercise consists in drawing a circle and marking the equator and poles. This may be correctly done on slate or paper, without any instrument but the fingers and pencil. Hold the pencil between the thumb and the end joint of the fore finger, — the handle of the pencil being under the fingers, and pointing towards the little finger. Then press the fore finger nail hard on the slate 10 ELEMENTARY GEOaRAPHY or paper. If paper is under, turn it round with your left hand. If a slate is used, lay the slate on the spread fingers of your left hand, press hard on it with your fore finger nail as before, twist the slate to the right, and the pencil (without marking) to the left, as far as you can, and then begin to mark as you twist them back again, After the circle is made, dot a centre ; dot the poles ; draw the equator between them ; draw a line from pole to pole. To draw parallels of latitude, keep the equator over the line you wish to draw. To draw meridians, hold the poles horizontally, and draw from left to right, resting the hand on the wrist. Distance measured north from any part of the equator, is called North Latitude; and distance measured south from any part of the equator, is called South Latitude. The teacher, with a globe, or map of the world, may point at a few places north and south of the equator, and ask whether they are in north or south latitude. Distance or measurement lengthwise of the equator, from west to east, or from east to west, is called Longitude. The teacher may, with a globe or a map of the world, show how latitude and longitude are reckoned, and even explain the figures at the meridians on the equator, or at the parallels on the meridians. He must, however, be guided by the age of the child. A Map is a drawing of the round Earth, or a part of it, on a fiat surface, Uke paper. To draw the whole Earth, it is necessary to cut it in halves, as in the following picture. J^ » MMi3m.mim BmaBaimBaamm»mg!Bxaa FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 11 £10.2. t/TIlVpoLl^' Let the teacher cut an apple in halves and lay it upon paper, to show how Map No. 4, on page 16, is drawn. It is better, however, to have his wooden ball sawed in two, and secured by a hook or pin on one side of the equator, so that it can be opened on a hinge at the opposite side. If the ball is painted white, an outline of the continents may be drawn on it with pencil or ink. Half of the Earth is called a Hemisphere. The eastern half is called the Eastern Hemisphere^ and the western half the Western Hemisphere. QUESTIONS TO LESSON TU. 1. Where is the Equator drawn on the Earth ? 2. What is distance north of the Equator called ? 3. What is distance south of the Equator called ? 4. What is Longitude ? 12 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 5. What is the difference between a Map and a Globe? 6. What is half a globe or ball called ? 7. What is the eastern half of the globe called ? 8. What is the western half called ? LESSON IV. NO. 3. The surface of the Earth consists of Land and Water, and there is much more water than land. ^ FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 13 The teacher must explain the preceding map, from the book, or by a drawing on the black-board. He must teach the child how to distinguish water from land ; and, after he is familial* with this map, the maps of an atlas, or a large outline map, should be shown to him, and he should be required to point out the continents, islands, oceans, lakes, &c. — not the names, but the things. DIVISIONS OF LAND. The largest connected portions of land are called Continents. Land entirely surrounded by water is called an Island. Land ahnost surrounded by water is called a Peninsula. The strip of land that prevents a peninsula from being an island, is called an Isthmus. Points of land running into the water are called Capes. Very high Hills are called Mountains. A burning mountain is called a Volcano. DIVISIONS OF WATER. Large bodies of water between the continents are called Oceans. Large bodies of water surrounded by land are called Lakes. Small lakes are called Ponds. 14 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Large bodies of water nearly surrounded by land are called Seas. The narrow passage that prevents a sea from being surrounded by land is called a Strait. Water running far into the land, with a wide mouth, is called a Bay or Gulf. A stream of water running through the land is called a River if it be large, and a Brook if it be small. Two or more streams that unite to form a large river are called its Sources; but all that afterwards run into the river are called branches. Divisions of Land. Divisi-ons of Water. Continents, Oceans, Islands, Lakes and Ponds, Peninsulas, Seas, Isthmuses, Straits, Capes, Bays or Gulfs. Mountains or Hills. Rivers or Brooks. The teacher may impress the divisions of land and water upon the pupil's mind, by showing him that continents are to land what oceans are to water. So islands correspond to lakes ; peninsulas to seas ; isthmuses to straits, and capes to gulfs or bays. Be sure to teach children that rivers run from high land down hill into the sea. Let them find mountains on maps, and follow to their mouths such rivers as run from them. Ask them if they ever saw an island, a cape, a pond, a river, &c. The author has found many advanced children, who had never, as •mmnmnscmmfBi FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 15 they supposed, seen a peninsula, although they had always lived in Boston or Charlestown, both of which are peninsulas. QUESTIONS TO LESSON IV. 1. ^^at is a Continent? 2. An Island? 3. A Peninsula? 4. An Isthmus? 5. A Cape? 6. A Mountain ? 7. What is a burning mountain called ? 8. What is an Ocean? 9. A Lake? 10. What are small lakes called? 11. What is a Sea? 12. A Strait? 13. A Bay or Gulf? 14. A River? 15. What is a small river called? LESSON V. If the school is supplied, as it ought to be, with large Outline Maps, the teacher will find them excellent aids in this lesson. The six grand divisions of land are called North America, Europe, Africa, South America, Asia, Australasia. North and South America form the Western Con- tinent. Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia form the Eastern Continent. The Pacific Ocean separates America from Asia and Australasia. ■luiMfim aMMg^B p»i«T m.n. i 'HI I m i l I iKL i > » im» s^ FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 17 The Atlantic Ocean separates America from Eu- rope and Africa. The Indian Ocean separates Africa from Austral- asia. The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole, and separates Europe and Asia from America. The Antarctic Ocean surrounds the South Pole. The manner in which oceans separate continents or surround the poles can only be shown on a globe or marked ball. All maps, unless thoroughly compared with a globe, will mislead the child. QUESTIONS TO LESSON V. 1. What are the six Grand Divisions of the Earth? 2. Which Grand Divisions are on the Western Continent ? 3. Which Grand Divisions are on the Eastern Continent ? 4. What Ocean separates America from Asia ? 5. What Ocean separates America from Europe ? 6. What Grand Divisions is the Indian Ocean between ? 7. What Ocean surrounds the North Pole ? 8. What Ocean surrounds the South Pole ? 18 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY LESSON VI. The hottest part of the Earth is at the Equator, and it grows colder and colder the farther you go from the Equator towards either Pole. North and South America are both peninsulas, connected by one isthmus. Africa is a peninsula, connected with Asia by an isthmus. Asia and Europe form one peninsula, and are united to Africa. Australasia and Polynesia consist of islands ; and Austraha, the largest in the world, is one of them. The Arctic and Antarctic Oceans are generally frozen over. QUESTIONS TO LESSON VI. 1. What part of the Earth is the hottest? 2. What parts of the Earth are the coldest ? 3. To what division of land does North America belong ? 4. What unites it to South America? 5. To what division does South America be- long? 6. To what division does Africa belong? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 19 7. To what division is it connected by the isthmus? 8. Which Grand Division consists of Islands? 9. What two Grand Divisions form one peninsula? 10. Which Oceans are usually frozen over? 11. In which Ocean are the islands of Polynesia? LESSON VII. The teacher may tell the pupil that Massachusetts is situated where the black spot is on North America, and the whole State is not much larger, compared with the whole world, than that spot is compared with the whole map. Teach the child by the little diagram at the bottom of the map, that the point half way between North and East is Northeast ; that half way between South and East is Southeast ; that half way be- tween North and West is Northwest; and that half way between South and West is Southwest, QUESTIONS TO LESSON VH. TO BE ANSWERED BY THE PUPIL WITH THE MAP BEFORE HIM. 1. Which way does Europe lie from Massachu- setts? 2. On which side of North America is Massachu- setts? 3. Which way from Massachusetts is the Equator ? 4. Which way from Massachusetts is the Pacific ? The Atlantic ? 20 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 5. Which way from Massachusetts are Europe and Asia? 6. Which way from Massachusetts are Africa and Australasia ? 7. Which way from Massachusetts hes the Ant- arctic Ocean? 8. Which way hes the Arctic Ocean? 9. Which way is Massachusetts from Europe? 10. Which way from Australasia? 11. Which way from Polynesia? 12. AVhich way from the Arctic Ocean? LESSON VIII. Is North America north or south of the Equator? WTiich way does it lie from South America ? Which way does South America he from North ? Which way from Africa ? Which way does Europe lie from North America ? Which way from Asia ? Which way from Africa ? Which way does Australasia lie from Asia? On which side of the Pacific Ocean is America ? On which side of America is the Atlantic Ocean ? On which side of the Atlantic are Europe and Africa? On which side of the Pacific Ocean is Asia? Ft)R MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 21 On which side of the Indian Ocean is Africa? Wliich way does the Arctic Ocean he from Europe, Asia," and Nortli America? In what direction do the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans lie from the Antarctic Ocean ? Which Ocean is the largest ? Which the smallest? Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? LESSON IX. Having given the child a general idea of the globe, the teacher may now give hun a general idea of the State of Massachusetts. NO. 5 Neuu Hamjishire, ' pa '^ r" HAMmEN.''" WORCESTER. SUrFOLK, O Connectlcat. Mode Island, ) ^^v-^'H i-r\< \PLYIVIOUTHA "PJ f. DUKES And first let him familiarly call the attention of the child to the shape of Massachusetts, which is not unlike that of a shoe. Amuse naiMutM 22 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY him by asking what State is at the heel? what under the heel? what under the centre ? what two States over the shoe ? what part of the shoe is in the water ? what on the strap ? &c. Now explain to the child the meaning of a County. To do this, make him use the knowledge he possesses. Ask him what town he lives in ? what village or parish he lives in ? how many villages or parishes are in the town ? Then call his attention to the scattered houses. Tell him that the town has been measured all round, and touches other towns on every side. Tell him that all other towns do the same, and several such towns united form a County, and several counties form the State. Let him draw, as well as he can, an outline of the State of Massa- chusetts, without marking the counties. When he can do this pretty correctly, let him try to mark off the counties, or make them one at a time, beginning at Berkshire. In the mean time, show him the map of the county to which his own town belongs, and ask him, and, if necessary, show him, what counties touch it on the north, east, south; and west. This map is at the end of the book. Massachusetts contains 307 towns and 14 counties, which, according to their population, are as follows. 1. Middlesex, 2. Suffolk, 3. Worcester, 4. Essex, 5. Bristol, 6. Norfolk, 7. Plymouth, 8. Berkshire, 9. Hampden, 10. Barnstable, 11. Hampshire, 12. Franklin, 13. Nantucket. 14. Dukes. . QUESTIONS TO LESSON IX. 1. What does the State of Massachusetts resemble in shape? 2. What are united to form a town ? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 23 3. What do several towns united form ? 4. How many counties are in Massachusetts? 5. What county do you Hve in ? 6. What bounds it on the North? East? South? West? 7. Name the counties according to the number of their inhabitants. 8. How many towns are in the whole State? 9. What county hes the farthest east ? 10. Which county hes west of all the rest? 11. What three counties touch Berkshire? 12. What county has the largest surface? 13. Which county touches Barnstable? 14. Which touches Plymouth? 15. What county lies north of Bristol? 16. What north of Norfolk? 17. What east of Middlesex? 18. What county has the smallest surface? 19. What two counties are islands? Such questions may and ought to be asked until the child is per- fectly familiar with the situation of every county. LESSON X. The largest river in Massachusetts is the Con- necticut, which crosses the State, dividing the three 24 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden nearly in their centres, and runs south into Con- necticut. The next river in size is the Merrimack, which enters Middlesex, crosses Essex, and runs east into the Atlantic Ocean. The third river is the Housatonic, which rises in Berkshire and runs south. The teacher should show the child that the Housatonic rises in Massachusetts, but the Connecticut and Merrimack do not. The sources of the Housatonic, and not its mouth, are visible. The mouth of the Merrimack is in Massachusetts, but the source is not. Neither source nor mouth of the Connecticut is in the State. The chief capes are Cape Cod, at the end of Barnstable county, and Cape Ann, at the east end of Essex county. The chief islands are Nantucket, which is also a county, and Martha's Vineyard, which is the largest island of Dukes county. The chief peninsula is that which includes the whole of Barnstable county. The chief bays are Massachusetts, which includes all the water between Cape Cod and Cape Ann, and Buzzard's Bay, which runs up between Plymouth and Barnstable counties. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 25 QUESTIONS TO LESSON X. 1. What is the largest river in Massachusetts? 2. What counties does it cross ? 3. In what direction does it run ? 4. What river runs through Middlesex and Essex? 5. From what State does it come into Massa- chusetts ? 6. What river is in Berkshire ? 7. In what direction does it run ? 8. Which of the three great rivers rises in Mas- sachusetts ? 9. Which has its mouth in this State ? 10. What are the two chief capes? 11. In what counties are they? 12. What bay Ues between them ? 13. What island is also a county? 14. What large island in Dukes county? 15. Which way does it lie from Nantucket? 16. Where is the chief peninsula of Massachusetts ? 17. Where is Buzzard's Bay? SPECIAL DIRECTION. If the teacher now thinks it best to make the pupil acquainted with the towns of Massachusetts, before he acquires a little more general knowledge of the World, he can turn to Part Second, where particular information in regard to every town may be r^n»»n»n».i.~.-jj-i— ,^— ^ 26 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY UNITED STATES. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 27 found. The authors preferred to place the towns at the end, because, 1st, they were in doubt as to the best place for them ; 2dly, they can be used noiv, if desirable, though not placed here ; and, 3dly, should this plan be approved in other States, these towns can more easily be omitted, and their place supplied by similar notices of the towns of any other State. THE UNITED STATES. Having acquired a general idea of the World, and a particular acquaintance with the State where he resides, the pupil may now take the Map of the United States, and learn how Massachusetts is connected with the other States of which the Union is composed. The United States are bounded North by Canada, marked C ; East by New Brunswick, marked B, and the Atlantic Ocean, marked A ; South by the Gulf of Mexico, marked M ; and West by Texas, marked T, and the Indian Territory, marked d. After explaining the above, ask the following questions. QUESTIONS ON THE STATES. What country do the United States lie south of? What ocean are they west of? What gulf are they north of? What are they east of? What large bodies of water he between the United States and Canada? sanman 28 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Direction First. Let the child learn the names of the States, by being told the name when the State is pointed at. The teacher must be careful that the child does not merely learn the list of States according to their numbers, by rote^ without regard to the shape or situation of each State. The teacher should chalk a map of the United States, like that in the book, and then he can place it before the whole class, point to the numbers, and tell the names, until the children can call the name when he points to the number. Then the numbers should be rubbed out, and the State only pointed at. Second. After the names and numbers are thus learned, the child may be required to tell how each State is bounded ; first, while looking on the black-board, and afterwards from memory. A very capital exercise is, to let one child chalk one State, say Maine ; let another add to it New Hampshire ; a third, Vermont ; a fourth, Massachusetts ; and so on, till all are chalked. Do not require any thing but the outline of each State at first, and do not expect the first attempts to be very perfect. Third. When the pupils are familiar with the States, let the teacher add the rivers to the map, pointing to each according to the numbers, and naming it, according to the list given in this book. Then take the lakes, bays, capes, and other divisions of land and water. Fourth. Wlien the natural features of the United States, and the boundaries, are thus made familiar, the teacher may mark the towns, one at a time, making a square for the capitals, and a dot for the others. It is believed that this method will make both teacher and pupils better acquainted with the country than if the names were inserted. If the map is not chalked on the black-board, let each pupil have his map, but do not let him refer to the key-lists while he is reciting. He may do this as much as he pleases at other times. 'nrriTinram' ru n i "ii'i«iiiiii ■ ■ n iiii i i ini ^iiiiiinmMiii i n iimi mi ii m iw FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 29 TABLE. In the following Table, which is a Key to the Map, the States are arranged according to their population. The largest town is printed in italic type. Sometimes the capital is also the largest town. States. 1. New York, 2. Pennsylvania, 3. Ohio, 4. Virginia, 5. Tennessee, 6. Kentucky, 7. North CaroHna, 8. Massachusetts, 9. Georgia, 10. Indiana, 11. South Carohna, 12. Alabama, 13. Maine, 14. lUinois, 15. Maryland, Capitals. Albany, Harrisburg, Columbus, Richrnond, Nashville. Frankfort, Raleigh, Boston, Augusta, Indianapolis. Columbia, Tuscaloosa, Augusta, Springfield, Annapolis, Liargest Towns. New York, Rochester, Buffiilo. {Philadelphia, Pittsburg. Cincinnati. Wheehng. Louisville. Newhern. ( Lowell, ( Salem. Savannah. Charleston. Mobile. Portland. Chicago. Baltimore. 30 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY States. Capitals. Largest Toums. 16. Missouri, Jefferson, St. Louis. 17. Mississippi, Jackson, Natchez. 18. New Jersey, Trenton. 19. Louisiana, New Orleans. 20. Connecticut, Hartford, New Haven. 21. Vermont, Montpcliei- Burlington. 22. New Hampshire, Concord, Ports^nouth. 23. Michigan, Detroit. 24. Rhode Island, Providence, Newport. 25. Arkansas, Little Rock. 26. Delaware, Dover. 27. Florida, Tallahassee, Pensacola. 28. Iowa, Burlington. Territories. Capitals. a Columbia, Washington. b Wisconsin, Madison. c Indian, --..-- No large towns. QUESTIONS ON THE STATES. What States are north of Massachusetts? South of it? What State hes west of it? What Ocean is east of it ? What State is north of Florida ? North of Georgia? North of Tennessee ? North of Kentucky ? North of Ohio and Indiana? North of Illinois? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 31 What State is north of Louisiana ? North of Ar- kansas ? North of Missouri ? What State Ues east of Illinois ? East of Indiana ? East of Ohio ? East of Pennsylvania ? What State lies west of South Carolina? West of Georg^ia? West of Mississippi? What hes west of Louisiana? What State lies north of South CaroUna ? North of North Carohna? North of Virginia? North of Maryland? North of Pennsylvania? What State lies south of Wisconsin? South of IlUnois? South of Kentucky? What States south of Tennessee? What State south of Georgia and Alabama ? The teacher will perceive that these or similar questions may be asked from the map, or from memory, till the child is perfectly familiar with the location of the States. In fact, all such questions may be asked while the pupils are learning the map, according to the Four Directions before given. The following are the names of the rivers, which are numbered according to their length, 1. Mississippi, 7. Tennessee, 13. Wabash, 2. Missouri, 8. Cumberland, 14. James, 3. St. Lawrence, 9. Alabama, 15. Savannah, 4. Arkansas, 10. Susquehaima, 16. St. Johns, 5. Red, 11. Potomac, 17. Connecticut, 6. Ohio, 12. Illinois, 18. Santee, wwaTyjna^i'iiit i 32 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 19. Delaware, 23. Pearl, 27. Scioto, 20. Altamaha, 24. Neuse, 28. Genessee, 21. Penobscot, 25. St. Johns, Fl. 29. Sabine. 22. Hudson, 26. Merrimack, See Direction Third., for teaching the rivers, and then practise further, as follows ; on the map first, if necessary, and then from memory. 1. In what direction does the Mississippi run? Into what gulf does it empty ? What States lie on its western bank ? What States on its eastern bank ? 2. In what direction does the Missouri run ? What river does it run into ? In what State is its mouth ? 3. In what direction does the St. Lawrence run? From what lake does it come ? 4. In what direction does the Arkansas run ? Into what does it empty its waters ? Through what State does it run ? 5. In what direction does Red River run? In what State is its outlet or mouth ? Into what river does it empty ? 6. In what direction does the Ohio run ? In v/hat State do its sources unite to form it? Into what river does it run? Between what States is its mouth? Opposite what State is its mouth? What States he north of the Ohio ? What States lie south of it? 7. In what direction does Tennessee river run? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 33 In what mountains does it rise ? What States does it touch ? In which is its mouth ? Into what river does it fall or empty ? 8. In what direction does the Cumberland run ? In what State does it rise? In what State is its mouth ? Does it touch any other State ? Into what river does it fall ? 9. In what State is Alabama river ? In what di- rection does it run? Into what gulf does it empty? On which side is its largest branch, the Tomhighee ? 10. In what direction does the Susquehanna run? In what State does it rise ? What two States does it divide ? Into what bay does it empty ? 1 1. In what direction does the Potomac run? What States does it separate? Into what bay does it fall? 12. In what State is the Illinois? In what direc tion does it run ? Into what river does it empty ? 13. In what State does the Wabash rise ? In what direction does it run ? What States does it partly separate ? Into what river does it fall ? 14. In what State is James river? Which way does it run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 15. What States does the Savannah separate? In what direction does it run ? Into what does it fall ? 16. In what State does the St. Johns rise? In what British territory is its mouth? What is its direction into the Bay of Fundy? junmMSKaazxa 34 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 17. What two States does the Connecticut separate ? What other two does it divide ? What is its course ? Into what Sound does it empty? Ans. Long Island. 18. In what State does tlie Santee rise? What other State does it divide ? What is its course ? Into what does it empty ? 19. In what State does the Delaware rise? What States does it separate ? In what direction does it run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 20. In what State is the Altamaha ? In what di- rection does it run ? Into what does it fall ? 21. In what State is the Penobscot? What is its course ? Into what bay does it fall ? 22. In what State is the Hudson? What is its course ? Into what ocean does it run ? 23. In what State is the Pearl? Which way does it run? What two States does it partly separate? Into an arm of what gulf does it fall ? 24. In what State is the Neuse? What is its course? Into what Sound does it fall ? Ans. Pamlico. 25. In what State is the St Johns? In what di- rection does it run ? Into what ocean does it fall ? 26. In what State does the Merrimack rise? In what State is its mouth? In what directions does it run? 27. In what State is the Scioto? What is its course ? Into what river does it fall ? MmM—IM — M FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 35 28. In what State is the Genessee? What is its course ? Into what does it empty ? 29. What State and country does the Sabine sep- arate ? What is its general course ? Into what does it empty? LAKEo. 3. Michigan. 4. Erie. 1. Superior. 2. Huron. 5. Ontario. 6. Champlain. BAYS. 1. Chesapeake. 3. Massachusetts. 5. Narraganset. 2. Delaware. 4. Penobscot. CAPES. 1. Cod. 2. May. 3, Henlopen. 4. Charles. 5. Henry. 6. Sable. ISLANDS. 1. Long Island. 3. Key West. 2. Nantucket and Martha's Vmeyard. As the Lakes, Bays, Capes, and Islands have Jilready been pointed out to the pupils, according to Direction lliird, page 28, it will be only necessary to ask a few questions like the following. Which is the largest and most northern of the great lakes? What lake is south of Lake Superior? What !ake is southeast of if^ What lake at the south of Huron ? What lake is northeast of Erie ? What State between Superior, Huron, and Michigan? 36 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY What States does Erie touch? What State is south of Ontario? What States does Champlain partly- separate ? With what great river is it connected by a small one? What States does the Chesapeake divide ? What States separate it from Delaware Bay? Between what States is Delaware Bay? Of what ocean are Chesapeake and Delaware bays a portion ? What bay is enclosed by Capes Cod and Ann ? What bay divides the seacoast of Maine ? What State does the Narraganset nearly divide ? In what State is Cape Cod ? Cape May ? Cape Henlopen ? Capes Charles and Henry ? Cape Hatteras? Cape Sable? What bay enters the land between Capes Charles and Henry? What bay between Capes May and Henlopen? In what State is Nantucket? South of what State is Long Island? Where is Martha's Vine- yard? What small island is near Cape Sable, in Florida? Through what States do the Alleghany Moun- tains chiefly run? CITIES AOT) TOWNS. Tell the child that a city only differs from a town in its form of government ; the city having one man at the head, called the Mayor, and the town having several men, called Selectmen, If the child FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 37 has not been thoroughly exercised according to Direction Fourth, page 28, the teacher should go back and practise, before asking the following questions. 1. In what State are Albany, New York, Roch- ester, and Buffalo ? At the mouth of what river is New York city? In what part of the State is it? On what river is Alhcmy? Which way is it from New York city ? At the mouth of what river is Rochester? On what lake is Buffcilo? Which city is the capital? Which is the largest city? 2. In what State are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburg ? On what river is Harrisburg ? On what river is Philadelphia^ east of Harrisburg? At the head of what river is Pittsburg? Which is the largest city ? Which is the capital ? 3. In what State are Columbus and Cincinnati? On what river is Columbus ? On what is Cincinnati ? Which is the capital ? Which is the largest ? 4. In what State are Richmond and Wheeling? On what river is Richmond? On what is Wheeling? Which is the capital and largest city ? 5. On what river is Nashville ? Of what State is it the capital ? 6. In what State are Louisville and Frankfort? On what river is Louisville? Which way from Louisville is Frankfort? Which is the capital? Which is the largest ? l UM.HM .i ij i i m ij M i ini i. i . i i M i mi. ^ }-m .--^-^-- ■imr»Ttjjjjiji.Fiii-F— 1^ .J » i i u i f i--j;r»'; j i ii im iJr>n»»»i 38 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 7. In what State are Newbern and Raleigh ? On what river are Newhern and Raleigh ? Which is the largest ? Which the capital ? 8. In what State is Boston ? On what bay is it situated ? 9. In what State are Augusta and Savannah ? On what river are they ? Which is the capital ? Which the largest ? Which is highest up the river ? 10. Of what State is Indianapolis the capital? In what part of the State is it situated ? 11. In what State are Charleston and Columbia? Which is the capital ? Which nearest the Atlantic ? On what river is Columbia ? 12. In what State are Tuscaloosa and Mobile? On what river is the capital? Which is the largest? Which is on a bay near the gulf? 13. In what State are Portland and Augusta? Which is on Casco Bay, near the Atlantic ? Which is on the Kennebec River ? Which is the capital ? 14. In what State are Springfield and Chicago? Which is on Lake Michigan ? Which is the capital ? 15. In what State are Baltimore and Annapolis? Which is the capital? Which is the largest? What bay are they near ? 16. In what State are Jefferson and St. Louis ? On what river is St. Louis ? On what river is Jefferson ? Which is the largest ? Which is the capital? FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 39 17. In what State are Natchez dindi Jackson? Which is on Pearl River? On what river is the other? Which is the capital ? 18. Of what State is Trenton the capital? On what river is it ? In what part of the State is it ? 19. Of what State is Neio Orleans the capital? On what river is it? Is it on the right or left bank of the river ? The right bank is that which is on the right hand of a person descending the river. 20. Of what State are Hartford and New Haven by turns the capital? Which is on Long Island Sound ? Which on Connecticut River ? Which is the largest? 21. In what State are Burlington and Montpelier? Which is the capital? Which is on Lake Cham- plain? Which is the largest? 22. In what State are Concord and Portsmovth? Which is on the Atlantic? On what river is the other ? Which is the largest ? Which the capital ? 23. Of what State is Detroit the capital? In what part of the State is it ? 24. Of what State are Providence and Newport by turns the capital? On what bay are they? Which is the largest? 2^. Of what State is Little Rock the capital? On what river is it ? ■ 40 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 26. Of what State is Dover the capital ? 27. In what State are Tallahassee and Pensacola"^. Which is the capital ? Which is a seaport ? Which is the most easterly ? 28. Of what western State is Burlington the capital ? Of what Territory is Madison the capital ? What is the capital of the United States? In what District is it? On what river? Between what States is the District? The teacher may enlarge upon the following statement of events which led to the present geographical limits of the United States. At the Revolution, there were but thirteen colonies, and these were all on the seacoast. Vermont joined the Union after the war of Independence com- menced. Maine was a part of Massachusetts till 1820. Oldo^ Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin were made out of what was called the Northwestern Territory. Kentucky was cut from Vir- ginia ; Tennessee from North Carolina ; and Alabama and Mississippi from Georgia. In 1804, the United States bought Louisiana Territory/, which included the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and all the country now belonging to the United States, westward, to the Pacific Ocean. In 1821, the United States bought Florida ; and when this book was printing, she was bargaining for Texas. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 41 NORTH AMERICA. Having learned that Massachusetts is one of the United States, the pupil may now be taught that the United States is but one country of North America. The teacher will chalk North America on the black-board, and point out the different countries to the pupil, according to the following table. Countries. I. The United States, II. Mexico, III. Canada, IV. Nova Scotia, V. New Brunswick, VI. Central America, VII. Texas,* VIII. British America, IX. Russian America, X. Greenland. Capitals. Washington, Mexico, Montreal, Halifax. Frederickstown. Guatimala. Austin. No towns. No towns. No towns. Large Towns. Boston. Vera Cruz. Quebec. If the country is chalked on the black-board, it will be unneces- sary to furnish any questions here, for the teacher can ask them to suit himself But, if no enlarged map is held up before the whole class, and the child only uses the small map in his book, he may be questioned as follows. * If Texas should become one of the United States, the teacher is requested to inform the pupil that it was not one when this book was published, and the authors dared not assume the fact. |..^.-^..^.-»-»«-.l— .^T.^.^! FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 43 What country is numbered 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? What is north? east? south? west of the United States? Ask the same questions in regard to Mexico and Central America. What is north of New Brunswick ? What south- east of it? Which country is separated from the continent by water ? W liich forms a small peninsula ? Let the pupil find and describe the place of the following. A. Atlantic Ocean. D. Caribbean Sea. B. Pacific Ocean. E. Part of Asia. C. Arctic Ocean. F. Part of South America. Point at the letter, and ask what ocean or country it is. Then ask how they are situated in regard to North America, &c. &c. BAYS AND GULES. 1. Batfin's Bay. 5. Bay of Honduras. 2. Hudson's Bay. 6. Gulf of Mexico. 3. James's Bay. 7. Gulf of St. Lawrence. 4. Bay of Campeachy. 8. Gulf of California. After carefully pointing out these, the teacher may ask where they are. In what direction from each other or from certain countries. LAKES. 1. Lake Superior. 3. Lake Michigan, 2. Lake Huron. 4, Lake Erie. CTaBWPw^Mw»w>i Ba»J4.v*tMv'WJ»L^^ 44 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 5. Lake Ontario. 8. Slave Lake. 6. Lake Winnipeg. 9. Great Bear Lake. 7. Lake Athapescow. Question as in regard to the Bays, &c. STRAITS. 1. Davis's Strait. 3. Barrow's Strait. 2. Bhering's Strait. 4. Belle Isle. Ask what waters these connect ; what lands they separate. ISLiVNDS. 1. Cuba. 5. Porto Bico. 2. Hayti. 6. Nootka. 3. Jamaica. 7. The Bermudas. 4. Newfoundland. Point and ask the names, after having previously pointed them out, or required the child to look them out by the map and book. Then, without any map, name the island and ask where it is. PENmSULAS. 1. Nova Scotia. 4. California. 2. Florida. 5. Greenland. 3. Yucatan. 6. Alaska. Point them out as was done in regard to the Islands. Then ask, to what are they joined ? VHiat water nearly surrounds them ? What country are they in ? -:aDggK«MHiui^iWit^iHi mw Fjit.j{VJ'.VJiMW FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 45 CAPES. 1. Cape Farewell. 4. Cape Hatteras. 2. Cape Sable, K S. 5. Cape Sable, F. 3. Cape Cod. 6. Cape St. Lucas. After having shown them, question particularly as to where the Capes are ? from what country they project ? &c. &c. MOUNTAINS. 1. Rocky Mountains. 3. Mount St. Elias, 2. Alleghany Mts. a volcano. Where are they? In what direction do they run? &c. RIVERS. 1. Mississippi. 8. Churchill. 2. Missouri. 9. Nelson. 3. St. Lawrence. 10. Severn. 4. Arkansas. 11. Albany. 5. Columbia. 12. Mackenzie. 6. Red River. 13. Colorado. 7. Ohio. Make the child familiar with the rise, course, and outlet of each river, by showing it and chalking it, and then ask questions like the following. 1. In what country is the Mississippi ? Near what lakes does it rise ? Which way does it run ? Into whai does it empty ? mti^nrntm^iiiLm^sj^fiL-^ 46 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 2. In what mountains does the Missouri rise ? Of what is it the largest source? In what direction does it run? 3. Of what great bodies of water is the St. Law- rence the outlet ? In what course does it run ? Into what gulf does it flow ? 4. Where does the Arkansas rise ? how flow ? into what fall? 5. In what mountains do the sources of the Co- lumbia rise ? Which way does it run ? Into what I does it fall? 6. How does Med River rise? How run? Into what does it fall ? 7. Of what is the Ohio a branch? What is its course ? 8. Which way does the Churchill run ? Into what does it fall ? 9. 10. Of what lake are Nelson and Severn rivers the outlets ? What is their course ? Into what do they fall? 11. Which way does the Albany run? Into what does it fall ? 12. Of what great lakes is Mackenzie's river the outlet ? In what direction does it run ? Into what does it empty ? 13. Where does the Colorado rise? How run? Into what does it fall ? iatis.gaKr;3!aa«att»»jciangagt:T»»3g3pg ij ii] i6M ij j.LiMBjui FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 47 CITIES AND TOWNS. Of what country is Washington the capital ? Of what is Mexico the capital ? Montreal ? HaH- fax ? Frederickstown ? Guatimala ? Austin ? In what country is Boston ? Vera Cruz ? Quebec ? What is the capital of Mexico? Nova Scotia? Central America? The United States? Canada? New Brunswick? Texas? Which way is Washington from Boston ? Which way is Boston from Washington? Which way is Mexico from Boston? Which way is Boston from Mexico ? Ask a similar question of every other city and town. It is to be hoped that the teacher, as he goes over the lessons, will spare no pains to tell the child such facts as will impress the lessons upon the mind. One class of facts only can be glanced at here. North America, though full of inhabitants, was claimed by which- soever of the civilized nations of Europe first discovered it. By this rule, Spain claimed what is now Florida, Mexico, Central America, and all that part of the United States west of the Missis- sippi river. Mexico and Central America declared themselves in- dependent of Spain, and are so now. France claimed all that part which lies north of what now belongs to the United States, excepting Greenland, which was claimed by Denmark, and the northwestern portion, claimed by Russia. England conquered all that belonged to the French, and this still belongs to England. The original English Colonies, now the United States, purchased Florida of Spain ; and all our territory west of the Mississippi was bought of France, which had obtained it from Spain. teassaasisss ans .-. ■ ^k u xj h 48 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY SOUTH AMERICA. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 49 SOUTH AMERICA. The teacher must, as before directed, make the pupils acquainted with the countries, bj chalking an enlarged map on the black-board, if he has no large outline map to hang before them. I. II. in. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X XL XIL Countries. Brazil, Venezuela, New Grenada, Peru, United Provinces, Chili, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Banda Oriental, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Patagonia, Capitals. Rio Janeiro, Caraccas, » Santa Fe, Lima, Buenos Ayres. St. Jago, Quito. La Plata. Assumption. Monte Video. Georgetown. Parimaribo. Cayenne. No towns. Large Tovms. Bahia. Laguayra. Panama. Callao. Valparaiso. South America is one great peninsula, united by the Isthmus of Darien to North America. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and south of the Caribbean Sea. The Andes mountains extend through its whole length on the western coast. 50 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY In what part of South America is New Grenada? Venezuela? Brazil? The Guianas? Ecuador? Peru ? Patagonia ? Chili ? United Provinces ? Banda Oriental? Bohvia? Paraguay? Then ask how each country is bounded ? that is, what is north, east, south, and west of it ? Repeat the questions a thousand times, if necessary. Where is the Atlantic Ocean ? A. Where is the Pacific ? B. Where does the Equator cross South America? D. Where is the Caribbean Sea ? C. What mountains along the whole western coast? What part of South America is a peninsula? What is the isthmus called ? CAPES. 1. Cape La Vela. 3. Cape Horn. 2. Cape St. Roque. 4. Cape Blanco. Ask in what country each cape is. Which is most northerly, southerly, easterly, and westerly? ISLAJimS. 1. Terra del Fuego. 4. Juan Fernandez, or Bob- 2. The Falkland Isles. inson Crusoe's Island. 3. Chiloe. 5. Joannes. Ask, where are they ? What coast are they nearest to ? Which appears to have the most land ? &c. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 51 DIVISIONS OF WATER. 1. Bay of Panama. 4. Lake Maracaybo. 2. Gulf of Venezuela. 5. Lake Titicaca, 3. Gulf of Guayaquil. 6. The Strait of Magellan. Ask, ip what country are they ? In what part of the country ? What do they unite or separate ? &c. . RIVERS. 1. Amazon. 2. La Plata. 3. Madeira. 4. Orinoco. 5. Xingn. 6. Francisco. 7. Tocantins. 8. Negro. 9. Topayos. 10. Uraguay. 11, Magdalena. Point out the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, and make the child so familiar with them that he can answer such questions as the following from memory. In what mountains is the source of the Amazon ? Li what direction does it run? Lito what does it empty ? In what direction does the La Plata run ? In what country are its sources ? In what is its mouth ? What is the course of the Orinoco ? Into what does it empty ? In what country is the St. Francisco? What is its course ? Into what does it fall ? dEBsB 52 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY EUROPE. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 5JJ In what direction do the Madeira, Xingu, and Topayos run? Of what are they branches? Are they on the right or left side of the Amazon ? '^ Where is the Negro ? How does it run ? Into what does it fall? In what country is the Tocantins ? How does it run ? Into what does it fall ? What is the course of the Magdalena? Into what sea does it fall? EUROPE. Europe is a great peninsula, connected on the east with Asia. It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the Arctic Ocean (B.) on the north ; the Mediterranean Sea (D.) at the south; and Asia (C.) on the east If stood upon the eastern side, its form is not unlike that of a woman. Spain and Portugal are the head ; France the neck and shoulders; Great Britain and Italy the arms; and the rest of Europe the dress. Such imaginations have great weight with children. * To answer this question, suppose you are sailing down the river. 54 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The countries, according to their population and importance, are as follows. Countries. Capitals. Large Towns. I. Russia, Petersburg, ( Moscow, ( Warsaw. II. Austria, Vienna, Venice. III. France, Paris, Bordeaux. C Liverpool, IV. Great Britain, London, < Dubhn, ( Edinburgh. I Naples, V. Italy, Rome, < Leghorn, ( Genoa. VI. Turkey, Constantinople. VII. Germany, Frankfort, Hamburg. VIII. Spain, Madrid, Cadiz. IX. Prussia, Berlin. ' Y ^Belgium, ^•| Holland, Brussels. ,: Amsterdam. XL Portugal, Lisbon. XII. Sweden, Stockholm, Gottenburg XIII. Denmark, Copenhagen. XIV. Switzerland, Berne, &c.* Geneva. XV Norway, Christiania, Bergen. XVI. Greece, Athens. XVII. Lapland, No towns. * Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne are each the capital two years at a time. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 55 The teacher will now point out the generkl features of Europe, and will, as before, cause a large map to be chalked on the black- board, or he will use an outline map, till he has pointed out every country, and made the pupils familiar with the situation and bound- aries of each. The pupil may be shown how much Italy resembles a hoot in form. One of the author's pupils once said, that France seemed to her like the body of a giant, whose neck was England, and whose head cut off was Iceland. One leg was Italy, and the other leg was in a basket, represented by Spain. A more interesting association for Spain, and Portugal which was once a part of Spain, may be made with a Spanish dollar or other coin with pillars. The shield is shaped like the country. The pillars are the Rock of Gibraltar and Ceuta, two hills that were once called the Pillars of Hercules. The castle on the coat of arms represents the kingdom of Castile, and the lion the kingdom of Leon ; which two kingdoms were united to form the kingdom of Spain. The motto, Ne plus ultra, which is on the older coins, and which means There is nothing beyond, refers to the notion of the ancients, that there was no country west of Spain, for America was not then discovered. It is difficult for children to draw Europe well and preserve its proportions, and the teacher must be patient. The best way is to begin with Spain, and draw the southern coast to the Caspian Sea. Then build the others upon this basis. But, for a general rule, when chalk is used, it is better to begin at the top or north of the map. When the pupils are made familiar with the countries, by drawing them or seeing them repeatedly, the teacher may proceed to point out the natural divisions of land and water, as on former maps. CAPES. 1. North Cape. 4. Finisterre. 2. Landsend. 5. St. Vincent. 3. Clear. 56 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Finisterre means the same as Landsend. Ask, in what country the Capes are ? What water they project into ? &c. 1. ISLANDS. ^ Great Britain, or 7. Candia, / England and Scotland. 8. Corsica. 2. Iceland. 9. Zealand. 3. Ireland. 10. Majorca. 4. Sicily. 11. Malta. 5. Sardinia. 12. Ionian Isles. 6. Cyprus. The teacher must ask where each Island is ? What water sur- rounds it ? What country is it nearest to ? &c., as in former lessons. It may be time now to give the child an idea of the relative size of these islands, and of the different parts of the world. This must be done on some map of the World, for there only are all the coun- tries drawn on the same scale. It will appear that Great Britain is about as large as Cuba. Iceland and Ireland compare with Newfoundland, Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus will match Jamaica. Candia and Corsica will go with Porto Rico. Zealand and Majorca will match Long Island. Corfu, the largest of the Ionian Isles, and Malta are not much larger than Martha^ s Vineyard. This habit of comparing different countries, and the different divisions of land and water, besides exercising the judgment of the child, will make a lasting impression on his memory. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 57 PENINSULAS. 1. Spain. 4. The Morea. 2. Sweden and Norway. 5. Crimea. 3. Denmark. Let the pupil point them out, and then tell him the name. Ask to what country the isthmus connects them, &c. MOUNTAINS. 1. The Alps. 4. The Ural. 2. The Apennines. 5. The Dofrafield. 3. The Carpathian. 6. The Pyrenees. VOLCANOES. 1. Hecla. 2. Etna. 3. Vesuvius. Ask where each of these ranges or volcanoes is. In what country ? Between what countries ? &c. SEAS AND THEIR STRAITS. D. The Mediterranean, . . Strait of Gibraltar. 1. Black Sea, Constantinople. 2. The Baltic, The Sound. 3. North Sea, Dover. 4. Archipelago, ..... Dardanelles. 5. White Sea, .... 6. Irish Sea, St. George's Channel. 7. Sea of Azoph, .... Kaffa. Ask in what countries or between what countries the Seas are, and what bodies of water the Straits connect ? What lands they separate? &c. 58 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY GULFS, BAY, &c. 1. Gulf of Venice. 2. Gulf of Bothnia. 3. Gulf of Finland. Ask where they are ? What countries border on them ? &c. 4. Bay of Biscay. 5. English Channel. 1. Volga. 2. Danube. 3. Don. 4. Dnieper. 5. Rhine. RIVERS. 6. Elbe. 7. Vistula. 8. Tagus. 9. Dniester. 10. Loire. 11. Ural. 12. Rhone. 13. Seine. 14. Thames. The teacher must point out the rise, course, outlet, &c. of each river, on the large map, if possible. Then he may let the pupils look on their small map and answer his questions ; and, finally, he must require answers without the aid of maps. Let the pupil be ready to answer the following questions, at least. Where does the river rise ? Which way does it run ? Into what does it empty ? Does it separate any country ? The longest river of the above list, the Volga, is less than our Arkansas ; and the shortest, the Thames, is less than the Merrimack. CITIES AOT) TOWNS. Of what country is Petersburg the capital? In what part of the country is it ? Where is Moscow ? On what river is it ? Where is Warsaw ? On what river ? FOR MASSACHtrSETTS CHILDREN. 59 Of what country is Vienna the capital ? On what river is it ? On what gulf is Venice ? Of what is Paris the capital ? On what river is it ? On what river is Bordeaux ? Of what is London the capital ? On what river is it ? Which way is Liverpool from London ? Where is Dublin ? Where is Edinhurorh ? Where is Rome? Which way is Naples from Rome? In what part of Italy are Leghorn and Genoa ? Of what is Constantinople the capital ? Near what sea is it ? Where is Frankfort ? It is situated on a branch of what river ? On what river is Hamburg ? Of what is Madrid the capital ? On a branch of what river is it situated ? Near what strait is Cadiz ? Which way is it from Madrid ? Of what is Berlin the capital ? On what river is it ? Of what is Brussels the capital? Of what is Am- sterdam the capital ? Of what is Lisbon the capital ? On what river is it ? Of what is Stockholm the capital? Which way is Gottenburg from it ? Of what is Copenhagen the ca|)ital? On what island is it ? In what country are Berne and Geneva? On a branch of what river is Berne? On what lake is Geneva ? 60 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ASIA. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 61 In what country are Christiania and Bergen? Which is the present capital ? Of what is Athens the capital ? To vary this exercise, the teacher may name the country, and ask what is its capital ? its large towns ? It is taken for granted, that the teacher will see that the child knows where the country and where the city is by actual inspection of the maps. ASIA. Asia is an irregular country, joined to Europe at the northwest, and to Africa at the southwest. It has the Arctic Ocean (A.) on the north; the Pacific Ocean (B.) on the east; the Indian Ocean (C.) on the south ; America (D.) at the northeast ; Europe (E.) at the northwest; Africa (F.) at the southwest. G. marks the Equator ; H. the Chinese wall. It may amuse the pupil who is acquainted with Europe, to call his attention to some points of resemblance between Europe and Asia. Thus, Arabia resembles Spain, in being a peninsula at the southwest. Turkey and Persia resemble France. Hindostan resembles Italy ; and Thibet, north of it, resembles Switzerland. China and the countries south of it resemble Turkey and Greece. So the western coast of Europe somewhat resembles the eastern coast of China ; for, the peninsula of Sweden and Norway has Kamt- schatka ; the Baltic Sea has the Sea of Okotsk ; the British Isles irjsisssssaaasaBBaa 62 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHy have the Japan Isles ; and the North Sea the Sea of Japan. These correspondences may be fanciful, but they will help the memory and give interest to the lesson. The following Table of the principal countries of Asia must be carefully gone over on the map and on the black-board, until the pupil is familiar with the location of the countries. The towns will better be taught when the child knows the rivers, &c. Countries. Capitals. Large Towns. I. China, Pekin, Canton. II. Hindostan, Calcutta. III. Japan, Jeddo. IV. Persia, Teheran. V. Anam, Kesho. VI. Turkey, ( Constantinople, / in Europe, ( Jerusalem. ( Smyrna. VII. Thibet, Lassa. VIII. Arabia, Mecca. IX. Independent Tartary, > Bukharia. X. Siam, Bankok. XI. Siberia, Tobolsk. XII. Afghanistan, Cabul. XIII. Burmah, Ava. XIV. Chinese Tartary, No important town. XV. Beloochistan, Kelat. When the pupil is familiar with the location of the countries, the teacher may proceed to point out the natural divisions of land and water, as on former maps. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 63 CAPES. 1. Taymour. 3. Lopatka. 2. East Cape. 4. Comorin. When the child finds them, ask what country each projects from ? into what water it projects ? &c. ISLANDS. CLUSTERS. 1. Japan Isles, which form an Empire. 2. Philippine Isles, which belong to Spain. 3. Sunda Isles, claimed by the English and Dutch. SINGLE ISLANDS, ACCORDING TO SIZE. 1. Borneo. 6. Nova Zembla. 11. Ceylon. 2. New Guinea. 7. Luzon. 12. Mindanao. 3. Sumatra. 8. Saghalien. 13. Kiusiu. 4. Niphon. 9. Jesso. 14. Formosa. 5. Celebes. 10. Java. 15. Hainan. Borneo and Neiv Guinea are each larger than all the West India Islands together. Sumatra^ Niphon, Celebes, Nova Zembhy Luzon^ Saghalien, Jesso, and Java class with Cuba, which is the largest American Island. Ceylon, Mindanao, and Kiusiu match Newfoundland. Formosa and Hainan rank with Jamaica. 64 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY | PENINSULAS. 1 1. 2. Arabia. Kamtschatka. 3. 4. Corea. Malaya. Ask with what country these are connected. MOUNTAINS. 1. 2. 3. Himmaleh. Altaian. Ural. 4. 5. 6. Gaut. Caucasian. Belur Tag. Ask where these are ? direction they run? What they separate or are in ? In what SEAS. * 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chinese. Mediterranean. Okotsk. Japan. Blue. 6. 7. 8. 9. LAKES. Yellow. Black. Caspian. Red. 1. 2. Aral. Aral is Baikal. Baikal less than Lake Huron, is less than Michigan. BAYS AND GULFS. | 1. 2. 3. Arabian GuE Bay of Bengal Persian Gulf. 4. 5. Gulf of Siam. Gulf of Tonkin. Ask what countries these are in or between. 1 FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 65 STRAITS. 1. Bhering's. 3. Babelmandel. 2. Sunda. 4. Dardanelles. Ask what countries they separate. What waters they connect. RR^RS. 1. YangtseKiangorBlue. 8. Irawaddy. 2. Lena. 9. Ganges. 3. Obi. 10. Burrampooter. 4. Hoangho. 11. Yenisei. 5. Amour. 12. Euphrates. 6. Cambodia. 13. Meinam. 7. Indus. 14. Jihon. The teacher must ask the rise, course, and outlet of all the above rivers, as in former lessons ; the pupil having previously been shown every particular on the maps. These Asiatic rivers compare with American rivers nearly as follows : Yangtse Kiang with the Missouri. Lena, Obi, Hoangho, Amovr, and Carnbodia with the aS'^^. Laivrence or Arkansas. The Indus, Irawaddy, Ganges, Burrampooter, Ye- nisei, and Euphrates compare with the Ohio and Columbia. The Meinam and Jihon range between the Cum- berland and Tennessee. 66 mTrrmm^K^nr-xwwmrrr.i:^ ^-u^y-r- g—-warOTi><«t<»» « a t-M.-wg-.' ^fx*-i^^ mmjti f ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY APRICA. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 67 CITIES Am) TOWNS. Take the map, and after showing the towns, and telling in what country or on what river they are situated, name the country and ask its capital, or name the capital and ask its country. Pekin is probably the most populous city in the world. Pekin, Canton, Calcutta, Jeddo, Bankok, are larger than Neio York. Smyrna is, in size, between New York and Boston, The others are, smaller than Boston, AFRICA. Africa is one great peninsula, of which but little is known. It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the Indian Ocean (B.) on the east; the Mediterranean (C.) on the north; and Asia (D.) on the northeast. E. is the Equator. Countries. Capitals I. Morocco, Morocco. II. Egypt, Cairo. III. Senegambiaj None, W. Upper Guinea, Coomassie. V. Lower Guinea, Loanda. VI. Abyssinia, Gondar. 68 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Countries. VII Tunis, VIII. Algeria, IX. Tripoli^, X. Sahara, XL Barca. XII. The Cape Colony, XIII. Liberia, XIV. Sierra Leone, XV. Fezzan, XVL Cimbebas, XVIL Hottentots, XVIIL Caffraria, XIX. Mozambique, XX. Zanguebar XXL Magadoxa, XXIL Ajan, XXIIL Adel. a. Bambarra, b. Howssa, c. Bornoo, d. Bergoo, e. Darfoor, f. Kordofan, g. Biafra, h. Fellatas, i. Donga, i. ShiUooks, Capitals. Tunis. Algiers. Tripoli.. None, '^ ., ' . ,J f Derne. ^ Cape Town. Monrovia! Freetown. Unimportant divisions, but little known, and having no large towns or definite bound- aries. The teacher had better omit them, or only glance at them very shghtly. Countries of which too little is known to render them an object of interest to the young. The teacher may pass over them with this very general remark. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 69 CAPES. 1. Serrat and Bon. 5. Verd. 2. Guardafui. 6. Blanco. 3. Good Hope, 7. Negro. 4. Palmas. Ask in what country they are. Into what sea or ocean they project. MOUNTAINS. 1. Atlas. 3. Moon. 2. Kong. 4. Snow. ISLANDS. 1. Madagascar. 5. Cape Verds. In the At- 2. Socotra. lantic, opposite Cape Verd. 3. Bourbon & Mauritius. 6. Canaries. 4. St. Helena. 7. Madeiras. ISTHMUS. 1. The Isthmus of Suez. SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, &c. C. Mediterranean. 4. Strait of Babelmandel. 1. Eed Sea. 5. Strait of Gibraltar. 2. Gulf of Guinea. 6. Lake Tchad. 3. Mozambique Channel. The teacher must ask all needful questions about these divisions, of which there are too few to form distinct classes. 70 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. RIVERS. 1. Nile. 5. Zaire. 2. Niger. 6. Zambeze. 3. Senegal. 7. Gambia. 4. Orange. Ask the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, as in former lessons. TOWNS The teacher may exercise the pupil upon the towns by naming a town and requiring the country, and then by naming the country and requiring the capital. END OF PART FIRST. ELEMENTAEY GEOGRAPHY. PART SECOND In regard to the best method of teaching this part, teachers will probably differ. No method, however, will fail, if it so unite the history and description with the topography, that they shall be inseparably associated in the child's mind. A simple method is to place suitable maps before the class, and then read the outline sketch of Massachusetts history, pointing out every place or boundary mentioned, explaining every word, and en- larging upon every article, as the teacher's knowledge of the subject may enable him to do. After several such readings, ask the pupils such questions as are suggested by the words in italic type, as, for instance, Why was the State named Massachusetts ? What were the first settlers called ? Why ? Why did they leave England ? Whither did they flee ? Where did they settle ? Who was their minister? When was this? When did they sail for America ? How many came in the first vessel ? What was her name ? &c. &c. •■rriT-nminT*''^'™'"'''*'""^'^'-*''''""''"''"'-'*'^^ 72 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. The State of Massachusetts derives its name from an Indian tribe which hved upon the shores of Mas- sachusetts Bay, when the country was first visited by Europeans. The Jirst settlers from England were called Puri- tans, because of their efforts to restore purity in divine worship. Being persecuted in England, a congregation of them with their minister, John Robinson, fled to Holland, and settled at Ley den, in 1609. In 1620, a hundred and one of them sailed in a small vessel called the May Flower, and arrived at Cape Cod on the 9th of November. After examining the shore, they concluded to settle at Plymouth, Dec. 21, 1620; and this was the first permanent settlement of any colony in New England. Before landing, they prudently signed a sort of constitution of government, and chose John Carver for their first Governor. The most distinguished of this first company were John Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, who, in turn, were governors ; Miles Standish, who . ^1 ... ■ »■ I -.«.«■..■.»■. .r-i IT 3 FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 73 was the military commander; and Wm. Brewster, who was the ruling elder of the church. During the first winter, 46 of the 101 died in con- sequence of hardships and exposure^ for which they were unprepared, not having intended to settle so far north as Cape Cod. They made a treaty of peace with Massasoi% the nearest and most powerful Indian prince, early in the spring, and both parties kept it faithfully more than fifty years. The colony of Plymouth, which for sixty-two years had a separate government, was united to Mas- sachusetts in 1692. Fly mouth colony included what are now the coun- ties of Plymouth, Barnstable, Nantucket, Dukes, and Bristol. The second permanent settlement was made by John Endicott and a small company at Naumkeag, now Salem, in 1628. In 1630, Gov, Winthrop came over with seventeen vessels containing more than 1500 passengers, who settled at Charlestown, Boston, Dorchester, Cam- bridge, and Roxbury. *M«i^naT?gnP»^-»ti*.?--»Yr»^g«*.i--L^Tf''TVrr --^^-y'-rrPT^ffBi-^"**^^ ^ ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY In 1637, the first Indian war commenced with the Pequots^ a tribe within the hmits of what is now called Connecticut. The tribe was ahnost entirely destroyed. In 1640, it is supposed that about twenty-one thou- sand immigrants had come over, and very few came afterwards. In 1 652, the State coined silver shillings^ sixpences, and threepences. The king of England forbade their coining any more, but they continued to coin for thirty years, and concealed the crime by never alter- ing the date of 1652. Tlie following is an exact copy of both sides of a shilling. It is not known that the tree was intended for a pine, but from its resem- blance to one, the money is generally called the Pine-tree money. The inscription reads, Masathvsets in New England, An. (for Anno,) Do. (for Domini,) 1652. XII. (pence.) But, probably, no shilling can now be found so perfect as this engraved shilling, some of the letters being generally worn off. The engraving gives a per- fect idea of the rough state in which these ancient coins are found, and in which they appear originally to have been made. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 75 In 1652, the inhabitants of Maine submitted to Massachusetts and were taken under its protection. In 1675, Philip^ the grandson of Massasoit, whose home was at Mount Hope^ in Rhode Island, seeing that the natives were dwindUng before the whites, united several tribes of Indians in one general attack upon the settlements. In this dreadful war, about six hundred of the colonists were killed, twelve or thirteen towns were destroyed, and six hundred dwelling houses burned. In the second year of the war, PhiUp was killed, peace was restored, and the Indians of New England were never afterwards formidable to the colonists. In 1690, Massachusetts and the other colonies of New England united with New York in an attempt to conquer Canada from the French, but the expedi- tion failed. A second unsuccessful attempt was made in 1711. In 1691, Maine was formally incorporated with Massachusetts, by a charter from the king of England. In 1692, Plymouth colony, which had been dis- tinct from that of Massachusetts, was united with it under the same governor, and has continued so ever since. In 1692, the Salem Witchcraft raged, and about twenty supposed witches were put to death. The 76 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY same thing, however, was done in the most enlight- ened countries of Europe, and is no proof that the people of Massachusetts were less enlightened than others. In 1744, Massachusetts planned and took the lead in a succeshful attack upon Louishurg^ a French fortress on the island of Cape Breton. In 1755, an army, chiefly from Massachusetts, con- quered Nova Scotia, laid waste the country, and cruelly scattered the Acadiam among the English colonies. In 1759, Canada and all the French Possessions in North America were surrendered to Great Britain, but General Wolfe, the English commander, was slain. In 1763, the British Parliament began to tax the colonies without their consent, and continued to do so till the Revolution, which commenced in 1775, by the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill The British troops kept possession of Boston till May 17, 1776, when they left it and went to New York. With the exception of Nantucket and some smaller islands, Massachusetts was not afterwards troubled by any invasion. In 1776, Independence was declared, and after a war of eight years, it was acknowledged by Great FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 77 Britain, and the colonies became a free nation, under the name of the United States of America. In 1780, the Constitution of Massachusetts was formed by a convention of the citizens. It was amended in 1821, and is now in force. In 1786, a rebelHon, headed hy Daniel Shays, and called Shays's Insurrection, threatened the peace of Massachusetts, but it was happily subdued without bloodshed. In 1788, the Federal Constitution, by which the whole Union is governed, was adopted by Massa- chusetts, and by the other States. In 1820, the District of Maine, which had belonged to Massachusetts, was made a State and received into the Union. After this general sketch of the Historical Geography of the State, let the pupil begin upon the counties as they are here ar- ranged, or let him first take that in which he lives, and then those adjoining it. Chalk the county on the black-board, and divide it into townships, or take a single town and add the others to it. The author once had a game, in which one pupil drew a town, and the others in turn added the next town on any side, until the whole county was drawn from memory. For a general rule, the teacher should read the description of each town in the county, and make the children familiar with its 78 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY number and place and every thing suggested by the map or the de- scription, by exercises on the black-board or outline maps ; and the cliild should use the book and slate when studying by himself. It would occupy too much room to insert questions upon every county and town. The words in italic type will suggest some ques- tions, but there are many common to every county and every town, such as, How is it bounded on every side ? What divisions of water does it contain ? What divisions of land ? How far is it from Boston ? How far from the county town ? When settled or incorporated ? How many inhabitants ? &c. &c. By all means connect the history and description with the topog- raphy, and ask questions so that the child will not be satisfied with learning the book by rote. It may not be amiss again to state, that A Toion is a collection of houses or villages, whose officers are chosen and whose business is transacted by the citizens assembled in one toivn meeting. A City is the same as a town, excepting that the officers are chosen in divisions of the city, called wards, and the public business is done by representa- tives chosen by the citizens, and not by the whole body of citizens themselves. A Township means all the land belonging to any town. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 79 A County Toivn is one where county business is transacted, county courts held, and county records kept. A Capital Toivn is one where the business of the State is transacted, the Legislature convened, and the State records kept. The largest town is that which contains the most inhabitants, and not that which contains the most land. When the largest town is conveniently situated, it is often made the capital or the county town also, as is the case with Boston, Worcester, &c. SUFFOLK COUNTY. Suffolk County was incorporated in 1643, and then included Nor- folk County as well as Suffolk. It now contains only the city of Boston, the town of Chelsea, and the Islands in Boston Harbor. BOSTON. The Indian name of Boston was Shawmut, which is said to mean a spring of water. The first name given to it by the English was Tri-mountain or Tremont^ which means three hills ; but whether it was named from Beacon, Copps, and Fort hills, which are seen from the harbor, or from the three eminences of Beacon Hill, which were seen from amekojwuiiii.jin i FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. ' 81 Charlestown, is uncertain. All the hills, and particularly the emi- nences of Beacon Hill, have been partly levelled to make new land. The name of Boston was adopted as a compliment to the first min- ister, Mr. Cotton, who came from Boston, in Lincolnshire, England. The first permanent settlement was made July 6, 1630, by Gov- ernor Winthrop and a large company, including persons of wealth and distinction from England. The old town was a peninsula, surrounded by water, except where it was attached to Roxbury by a narrow strip of land, just wide enough for a road, and called The Neck. South Boston and East Boston were afterwards added. OLD BOSTON. Old Boston (numbered 1 on the map) is about three miles long and one mile in breadth. It is now joined to Roxbury by the Neck ; to Brookline by a mill-dam, called the Western Avenue ; to Cam- bridge by two bridges ; to Charlestown by two bridges, and to South Boston by two more. The chief Railroads that centre in Boston are, The Worcester and Western, from Boston to Albany. The Providence, to Providence in Rhode Island, and Stonington in Connecticut. The Lowell, to Lowell in Massachusetts, and Concord in New Hampshire. The Eastern, and the Boston and Maine, to Portland in Maine. The Fitchhurg, to Fitchburg in Worcester County, and thence to Brattleboro' in Vermont. The Old Colony Railroad, to Plymouth. To these railroads there are numerous branches. Boston Harbor is included between Point Alderton or Nantasket, 82 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY on which is the small town of Hull, and Point Shirley^ the south- eastern point of Chelsea, named after Governor Shirley. The chief islands are Noddle's^ No. 3, now called East Boston ; Long Island, No. 7 ; Deer Island, No. 6 ; Governor's Island, No. 5 ; Fort Independence, No. 8 ; George^s Island, No. 9 ; and Lighthouse Island, No. 10. Of these. Governor's, George's, and Fort Inde- pendence are strongly fortified. Noddle's alone is, to any extent, inhabited. The Rivers that empty into Boston Harbor, are The Charles, which forms a bay called the Bach Bay, west of the city, and then passes between Boston and Charlestown. The Neponset, which enters the harbor between Quincy and Dor- chester. The Mystic, which separates Charlestown from Chelsea. The Maniquot, in Braintree. SOUTH BOSTON. South Boston (numbered 2) was a part of Dorchester until 1804. In form it is a peninsula, and it contains those memorable heights, the occupation of which by General Washington, in 1776, obliged the British to quit Boston. EAST BOSTON. East Boston (numbered 3) was called Noddle's Island until 1832, when it was purchased by a company of gentlemen, who laid it out in building lots, since which time its increase has been almost un- exampled. The first newspaper in America, called the News Letter, was published at Boston, in 1704. Among the great men of America, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams were born in Boston. •'t mj i mMMiaiu m Mii. \ mnii \i\ i m^mMi^uaa.iift. ' ja-waii FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 83 Faneuil Hall, though not the largest or most magnificent structure in the city, is perhaps the most celebrated building in the United States. Its connection with the authors and deeds of the Revolution, has long given it the name of ^The Cradle of Liberty.' Incorporated, 1738.] CHELSEA. \_Population, 2,390. Chelsea (numbered 4) was formerly a part of Boston, and was called Romney's Marsh. Its Indian name was Winnesimet. The inhabitants were chiefly gathered around the first church, on the road to Lynn, until the increase of Boston, and the establishment of steam ferry-boats, induced many from Boston to settle around the ferry, where is now the largest village. The only public buildings, except churches and schoolhouses, are the United States Hospitals ; and the chief business, next to farming, is brickmaking. The southern extremity of Chelsea, ending in Point Shirley, (so called from one of the colonial governors of Massachusetts,) forms one of the defences of Boston Harbor ao-ainst the ocean. ESSEX COUNTY. Essex County was incorporated in 1643, and is more densely settled than any tract of its size in the United States. Its extensive seacoast has numerous bays, inlets, and harbors, and its commercial enterprise and industry have long been celebrated. Much of the shore is rocky, and the surface is hilly, but without mountains. The chief rivers are the Merrimack (A) and Ipswich (B). County courts are held by turns at Salem, Newburyport, and Ipswich, which are called Shire or County towns. 84 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The four towns north of the Merrimack, once formed part of a county called Norfolk ; but they were united to Essex when a part of Suffolk County was separated and called Norfolk. I. SALEM. [Pop, 15,082. Inc. 1628.] The Indian name of Salem was Naumheag, The first colony arrived under the guidance of Capt. John Endi- cott, in September, 1628; but Roger Conant and others, from Plymouth Colony, had removed hither two or three years earlier. A second company of several hundreds joined them in 1629, of whom about one hundred went and settled Charlestown. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 85 Salem originally included the towns of Lynn, Wenhara, Man- chester, Marblehead, Topsfield, Beverly, Middleton, and Dan vers. Salem is the largest place in the county, and was made a city in 1836. Perhaps no event has given Salem so much notoriety as the sup- posed prevalence of witchcraft in Salem Village, now the town of Dan vers, in 1692. The belief in witchcraft was as general in Europe as in New England, but the delusion passed away much sooner here than elsewhere. Salem proper is a peninsula^ its harbor is safe and capacious, and it has always been distinguished for the enterprise of its merchants. Among the many distinguished citizens of Salem, may be named Timothy Pickering, one of the cabinet of General Washington ; Dr. Bowditch, the great mathematician ; and the Rev. Wm. Bentley, in his day remarkable for his acquaintance with languages, American history, and general literature. Distance from Boston, 14 miles. Inc, 1637.] 2. LYNN. \_Pop, 9,369. Lynn, called Saugus by the Indians, was named after a town of the same name in England. The eastern part of Lynn still retains its original name of Swampscot. Lynn is the oldest town in Essex County, except Salem ; and it is still the second in size, although Saugus and Lynnfield, of Essex County, and Reading and South Reading, of Middlesex County, have been separated from it. Nahant, a small rocky peninsula, connected to Lynn at the south by a beautiful beach, has, for twenty or thirty years, been the most fashionable watering-place in the vicinity of Boston. The first settlers kept their sheep and swine on it, because a slight fence across the beach or isthmus easily protected them from the wolves. i. irfr-^n'rrjraKC^,.TrMtfiit"r>*fjM; 86 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY No town in the United States is so celebrated for the manufacture of boots and shoes. Distance from Salem, 5 miles ; from Boston, 9. Inc. 1764.] 3. NEWBURYPORT. [Pop, 7,161. This town was the port of Newbury until it was separated by the act of incorporation. It is compactly built, and is remarkable for containing less land than any other town in the State, not even excepting Hull. Its situation on the bank of the Merrimack, gradually rising from the water, renders it one of the most beautiful towns in the State. A series of misfortunes, among which was the disastrous Jire of 1811, which consumed about 250 buildings in the centre of the town, for several years checked the commercial activity of New- buryport. It is fast recovering, however ; and the establishment of several large factories^ and the great attention paid to education, give indi- cations of reviving prosperity. Among the great men of Newburyport, were Chief Justice The- ophilus Parsons, surnamed the Giant of the Law, and Jacob Perkins, the inventor of the nail machine, the bank-note plate, and many other curious and useful things. Newburyport contains the tomb of the celebrated preacher, George Whitefeld, who died and was buried here, in 1770. Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 38. Inc. 1642.] 4. GLOUCESTER. [Pop. 6,350. Gloucester was named after Gloucester in England, from which some of the first settlers came. It was settled by persons from Plymouth Colony several years before it was incorporated. .jimmuw aMn FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 87 The eastern portion of old Gloucester is a peninsula, and was named Cape Ann by King Charles, out of respect to his mother ; but the Cape only has retained the name, and the larger part of the peninsula forms the town of Rockport. The isthmus was early cut through by a canal, but this is little used by coasting vessels, for whose accommodation it was intended. There are two villages, The Harbor, south of the isthmus, and Squam, north of it. The inhabitants of Gloucester are very largely concerned in the Jisheries, and their quarries of granite employ many workmen. Distance from Salem, 1 6 miles ; from Boston, 29. Inc. 1649.] 5. MARBLEHEAD. [Pop. 5,575. Marblehead was originally a part of Salem, and it is a rocky cape or ^ .adland, as its name denotes. Its situation and its harbor are peculiarly adapted to commerce ; and perhaps no place in the United States is, and always has been, so completely commercial. The patriotism of Marblehead, by sea and land, has never been excelled. Her fisheries have supplied our fleets with seamen ; and, in the struggle for independence, this little town furnished an entire regiment of soldiers. General John Glover, a brave officer of the Revolution, and El- bridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, were natives of Marblehead. Besides its immense share in the fisheries, its manufactures of boots and shoes are very considerable. Distance from Salem, 4 miles; from Boston, 16. 88 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY /wc. 1646.] 6. ANDOVER. [Pop. 5,207. The Indian name was Cochichewick, and that of Andover was given in remembrance of Andover in England, from which some of the first settlers came. Andover suffered considerably from the Indians just before and after Philip's war. Great Pond, in the east, sends a stream into the Merrimack ; and Shawshin river divides the town, and furnishes valuable mill seats. Andover is hounded by the Merrimack on the north, and is the most extensive township in the county. The Theological Institution, in the South Parish, is the best en- dowed of any in the country ; and Phillips Academy has long been distinguished. The chief manufactures are woollen cloths, and boots and shoes. Distance from Salem, 16 miles ; from Boston, 20. Inc. 1757.11 7. DAISTVERS. [Pop. 5,020. Danvers was settled hy Governor Endicott and his associates, and was called Salem Village till its incorporation. The name is sup- posed to be taken from that of Earl B'Anvers, Anvers being the French for Antwerp ; but why it should have this name is unknown. The famous General Israel Putnam was a native of Danvers, as were several other valuable officers of the revolutionary army. In 1692, the delusion usually called the Sahm Witchcraft com- menced in this town, while it was a part of Salem, in the family of Mr. Parris, the minister. Those who suffered were executed on a hill in the westerly part of the town, still called Gallows Hill. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 89 The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. Strange as it may seem, in the revolutionary war, four 20 gun ships were built in Danvers. Distance from Salem, 2 miles ; from Boston, 14. /wc. 1668.] 8. BEVERLY. [Pojo. 4,689. Beverly is separated from Salem, of which it was originally a part, by an arm of the sea called Bass River, over which is a bridge. Beverly is quite an agricultural town, although extensively en- gaged in the fisheries, and in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Captain Lathrop, who, with his men, was killed by the Indians at Bloody Brook, Deerfield, in 1675, was a native of Beverly, as was Nathan Dane, the distinguished statesman, to whom we owe the Act of Congress that prohibited slavery in the Western States. Distance from Salem, 3 miles ; from Boston, 17. Inc. 1645.] 9. HAVERHILL. [Pop. 4,336. The Indian name of this place was Pentucket, This town was probably named in compliment to the first minister, Mr. Ward, who came from Haverhill in England. Before the settlement oithe boundary line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, in 1737, Haverhill included a part of Methuen, as well as a part of Salem, Atkinson, and Plaistow, three towns of New Hampshire. Haverhill was often attacked by the Indians, and few instances of heroism exceed that of Mrs. Dustin, who, in 1697, was captured, but killed nearly all her foes and escaped. In 1708, the French and Indians attacked the town and killed about forty of the in- habitants. I l l i llll l l i lll III! L II I T'""™™— !"""' "■ — ' ^■^g»"-iij»j.ii»>ui«j«.i!iHin»«..iiM » ',»'i.ju-»i.j' I .im i] « njui-i iM^ «wei^»i «jm[«i.a ■ «»i»— ^— 90 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Haverhill is pleasantly situated on the north bank of the Merri- mack, which river is navigable only up to this place. A fine bridge connects the town with Bradford. Tlie chief manufactures are boots and shoes, hats, leather, and woollen goodvS. Distance from Salem, 31 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1635.] 10. NEWBURY. \_Pop, 3,789. The Indian name of Newbury was Quafcacanquen. It was ori- ginally a large town, and the settlement began on the banks of Parker's river. Newbury included Newburyport and West Newbury, and the greater part of Plum Island, which is a mere sand bank, belongs to Newbury. Dummer Academy^ supposed to be the oldest in the State, is in Byfield Parish. The chief em'ployment of the inhabitants is in ship building and the fisheries. Distance from Salem, 17 miles ; from Boston, 31. Inc. 1634.] 11. IPSWICH. [Pop. 3,000. The Indian name of Ipswich was Agawam, and the first minister, Mr. Ward, wrote a witty satire, entitled The Simple Cobbler of Agawam. Essex and Hamilton were formerly a part of Ipswich. The second minister was a descendant of the maHyr, John Rogers. Another minister, Mr. Hubbard, is distinguished for his History of the Indian Wars. The principal village is huiU on Ipswich river, over which is a substantial Stone Bridge. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 91 Ipswich was once celebrated for the manufacture of lace, but its chief manufactures now are shoes, and cotton goods. Distance from Salem, 12 miles ; from Boston, 27. lac. 1640.] 12. SALISBURY. [Pop. 2,739. This town, which once included Amesbury, was named from Salisbury in England, whence the first minister came. It is the most northeasterly town in the State, and lies on the north bank of the Merrimack, over which is an excellent bridge con- necting it with Newburyport. Its chief manufactures are shoes, and cotton and woollen goods. Ship building is also attended to, and the Fiigate Alliance was built here during the war of Independence. Distance from Salem, 24 miles ; from Boston, 35. Inc. 1840.] 13. ROCKPORT. [Pop. 2,650. Rockport was originally the eastern portion of Gloucester, contain- ing the village of Sandy Bay. In this town is Gape Ann, one of the points that inclose Massa- chusetts Bay. The inhabitants, like those of Gloucester, are extensively engaged in the Fisheries, and in Commerce. Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 34. Inc. 1668.] 14. AMESBURY. \_Pop. 2,471. Amesbury was named after a town in England, and was originally a part of Sjilisbury. Mills Village, a manufacturing place on both sides of Powow River, is partly in Amesbury and partly in Salisbury. The chief manufactures are of woollen goods. 92 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Josiah Bartlettj one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- dence, and afterwards Governor of New Hampshire, was born in this town. Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 40. Inc. 1725. 15. METHUEN. \_Pop. 2,251. The eastern part of Methuen was once a part of Haverhill. The Merrimack forms the southern boundary of the town, but its industry depends much upon a little stream, called the Spicket, which runs through Methuen, and affords excellent sites for factories. The chief manufactures are cotton goods, shoes, hats, and paper. Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 25. Inc. 1673.] 16. BRADFORD. [Pop. 2,222. This place was sdjirst called Merrimack, then Rowley Village, and after its separation from Rowley, in 1673, it was called Bradford after the second governor of Plymouth colony. It lies on the south bank of the Merrimack, opposite Haverhill, with which it is connected by an excellent bridge. Shoes are the chief article of manufacture. Distance from Salem, 18 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1819.] 17. WEST NEWBURY. ^Pop. 1,560. This town was a part of Old Newbury, and formed the second parish of it. It lies on the south bank of the Merrimack, opposite Amesbury, with which it is connected by a bridge. West Newbury is chiefly an agricultural town. Distance from Salem, 16 miles; from Boston, 34. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 93 Inc. 1838.] 18. GEORGETOWN. \Pop. 1,540. This thriving town was formerly the western part of Rowley, and called New Rowley. It is watered by a branch of Parker's River, and may be called a manufacturing town. The highest land in the county, called Bald Pate, is in this town. Boots, shoes, and leather are manufactured to a great amount. Distance from Salem, 15 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1819.] 19. ESSEX. \_Pop. 1,450. Essex, formerly called Ghehacco, was a parish of Ipswich until 1819. The chief business, is ship-building, fishing, and agriculture. Distance from Salem, 10 miles ; from Boston 25. Inc. 1645.] 20. MANCHESTER. [Pop. 1,355. Manchester, when a part of Salem, was called Jeffrey^s Creek. The Magnolia, a beautiful flowering tree, is found in this town, and no where else in New England, in a native state. The inhabitants are more or less connected with navigation. Distance from Salem, 8 miles ; from Boston, 26. Inc. 1639.] 21. ROWLEY. [Pop. 1,203. Rowley was named in honor of its first minister, who had pre- viously been settled at Rowley in England, and who afterwards left a considerable legacy to the town. Rowley once included Bradford, Boxford, and Georgetown. 94 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY This town has the credit of having manufactured the first cloth made in North America. Boots, shoes, and leather are the chief manufactures* Distance from Salem, 1 6 miles : from Boston, 28. Inc. 1815.] 22. SAUGUS. ^Pop. 1,098. Saugus was once the Indian name of all Lynn, of which this town was the west parish. Saugus River divides the town, and agreeably diversifies the landscape. Sangus, like its parent, Lynn, is celeh-ated for its manufacture of shoes. Saugus, Nantucket, Pawtucket, Seekonk, and Natick are probably the only towns in the State that retain their Indian names. Inc. 1650.] 23. TOPSFIELD. \_Pop. 1,059. Topsfield, before its incorporation, was apart q/* Salem, and called New Meadows. The soil is hilly, although the chief village is pleasantly situated on a plain. Boots and shoes are the chief manufacture. Distance from Salem, 9 miles ; from Boston, 21. Inc. 1685.] 24. BOXFORD. [Pop. 942. Boxford was originally a part of Rowley. Although the soil is not generally good, the chief dependence of the inhabitants is upon agriculture. timmumj aar FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 95 The retired situation of this pleasant town has prevented it from increasing as it would do, if more accessible. Distance from Salem, 10 miles; from Boston, 24. Tnc, 1793.] 25. HAMILTON. [Pop. 818. Hamilton, formerly a part of Ipswich, was named after Alexander Hamilton, a distinguished statesman, and friend of Washington. Agriculture is the cfiief resource of the inhabitants. Chehacco River, the outlet of Chebacco Pond, divides the town ; and Ipswich River separates it from Ipswich and Topsfield. Distance from Salem, 8 miles ; from Boston, 26. Inc. 1814.] 26. LYNNFIELD. \_Pop. 707. This town, formerly a part of Lynn, and with Lynn a part of Salem, is a farming town, although not favored by nature with a good soil. Its seclusion from the great thoroughfares has probably prevented its increase. Distance from Salem, 10 miles ; from Boston, 12. Inc. 1643.] 27. WENHAM. [Pop. 689. While a part of Salem, Wenham was called Enon. [John 3 : 23.] The inhabita7its are mostly farmers, and the soil is generally good. Wenham Pond, on the edge of Beverly, is a beautiful sheet of water. Distance from Salem, 6 miles ; from Boston, 21. ■ ..»n.iiiM . ii]iin»« 96 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1728.] 28. MIDDLETON. [Pop. 657. Part of Middleton once helonged to Salem, and it may have been named because it was formed from the corners of several towns, of which it was a sort of centre. The inhabitants chiefly get their support from the soil^ which is by no means productive. Distance from Salem, 7 miles ; from Boston, 20. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. This county was incorporated in 1643, and named after that in England, which includes the city of London. The surface of this large county is uneven, but none of the hills rise more than a few hundred feet. The principal rivers are — The Merrimack, which enters at the north and runs east into Essex county : The Concord, which rises at the south of the county, and runs into the Merrimack : The Nashua, which rises in Worcester county, crosses the north part of Middlesex, and passes through a part of New Hampshire into the Merrimack : The Charles, which comes from Norfolk County, in the south part of Middlesex, and falls into Boston Bay. Cambridge and Concord are the county towns. Middlesex canal, probably the oldest canal in the country, is entirely in this county ; and the manufactures, especially of cotton, excel in amount those of any three other counties in the State. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 97 ^-{"L^trlsSG: l.I^OWELL. ^1^-^^^;^'} 20,796. Lowell, originally an Indian settlement called Wamesit, was an- nexed to Chelmsford in 1726. With a part of Chelmsford it was named Lowell, in 1822, in honor of the Hon. John Lowell of Rox- bury ; and, finally, it was made a city, in 1836. A village of Tewkesbury, called Belvidere, has recently been annexed to Lowell. 7 ) I I mi III IN 98 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY This city owes its greatness to a few Boston merchants, who established cotton manufactories here in 1820. It is huilt on the bank of the Merrimack, but the great water power is obtained by carrying a wide and deep canal around the falls of the river, which have a descent of about 32 feet at this place, into Concord River. A large portion of this rapidly increasing city depends upon the numerous factories ; but for good order, means of education, and reli- gion, Lowell is equal to any manufacturing place in the world. The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, but carpet- ing, powder, and many other things are also manufactured to an immense amount. Distance from Concord, 14 miles; from Boston, 25. Settled U2^.'] 2. CHARLESTOWN. [Pop. 11,484. Charlestown, the oldest town in the county, and called Mishawum by the Indians, was named after King Charles the First, by Winthrop, the first Governor, who resided here before he crossed over to Boston. Charlestown was first settled by some of the Salem people. The present town is a peninsula, nearly all beyond the isthmus having been, from time to time, set oft* into the towns of Maiden, Woburn, and Somerville. It is connected to Boston by two free bridges, and to East Cam- bridge, Maiden, and Chelsea, by toll bridges of great length. Charlestown has the peculiar honor of containing Bunker Hill, where the first regular battle of the Revolution was fought,* June 17, 1775. *The battle was actually fought on Breed's Hlll^ a small eminence between Bunker's Hill and Boston, but it is too late now to correct the popular error. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 99 The State Prison and United States Navy Yard are in Charles- town. Charles River separates this town from Boston, as the Mystic does from Chelsea. The Middlesex Canal also has its outlet in Charles- town. The commerce is considerable, and the manufactures of Charles- town are very various, and to a great amount. Distance from Concord, 16 miles. Inc. 1631.] 3. CAMBRIDGE. ^ [Pop. 8,409. Cambridge, originally called The New Town^ was settled by the first Governor, and intended for the seat of government. It was named Cambridge, after that famous seat of learning in England. The^rsi college in the country, founded here, in 1636, by a dona- tion of the Rev. John Harvard of Charlestown, is now the best en- dowed university in the country. The jirst Printing Press in New England was connected with this college. Cambridge, besides having parted with Newton, Brighton, and West Cambridge, still contains three distinct and populous settle- ments, called Old Cambridge, East Cambridge, and Cambridge Port. This town is connected to Boston by two toll bridges of great length, and by the Viaduct or railroad bridge to Lowell. Mount Auburn, a most beautiful cemetery, is in this town. The chief manufactories are at East Cambridge, and the chief articles are glass, soap, bricks, &c. Charles River flows by Cambridge, separating it from Boston, and Fresh Pond is celebrated for its beauty, and the ice that it furnishes for exportation to warmer climates. Distance from Concord 12 miles. 100 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1691.] . 4. NEWTON. \_Pop. 3,351. Newton is a corruption of New Town, by which name this part of Cambridge was called after it was dropped by the older part of the town. Previously it had been called Gambridge Village. The Indian name was Nonantum, and the hill on which the apostle Eliot collected the first congregation of Indians, still is called by its Indian name. The first minister of Newton was a son of the apostle. Newton is nearly surrounded by Charles River, the falls of which furnish excellent sites for mills and factories. The town has also a large pond, near which, on a beautiful hill, is the Baptist Theological Institution. Besides the agricultural or East part of the town, there are four or five large and distinct villages, in one of which, called West Newton, is one of the State Normal Schools. The chief manufactures are paper, cotton and woollen cloth, and nails. Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston, 7. Inc. 1700.] 5. FRAMINGHAM. [Fop. 3,030. Framingham, when only a plantation, had the same name it now bears, and it once included a part of Sudbury, northeast of it, called the Farms. A branch of Concord River, called Sudbury Fiver, runs through the town, and Saxonville, a thriving manufacturing village, is built upon it. The Fonds are large and pleasant. The chief articles of manufacture, are woollen goods, shoes, and straw bonnets. Distance from Concord, 13 miles ; from Boston, 20. aaoKKmsTTasju FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 101 Inc, 1612.] 6. WOBURN. [Fop. 2,993. Woburn, when a part of Charlestown, was called Charlestoivn Village. Horn Pond, a beautiful resort for parties of pleasure, is on a quite elevated ground, so that the Middlesex Canal, which passes along its banks, has six locks within a few rods of each other. The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 10. Inc. 1649.] 7. MALDEN. [Fop. 2,514. Maiden lies on Mystic Kiver, and was originallj a part of Charles- town. Its chief manufactures are shoes, boots, and leather. Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston 4. Inc. 1757-8.] 8. WALTHAM. [Fop. 2,504. Waltham was formerly the western part of "Watertown. This town is built on Charles River, which furnishes water power for several important cotton factories. Its manufactures are various and valuable. The main village is built on a plain, although the Waltham Hills are considerable elevations. Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 10. Inc. 1630.] 9. MEDFORD. [Fop. 2,478. Medford, before it was settled by the English, bore the Indian name of the River Mystic, on which it is situated. It was originally spelled Meadford. 102 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The Mystic^ which is here wide enough to admit of ship building on its banks, becomes a very narrow stream above the main village. After the capture of General Burgoyne's army, at Saratoga, they were stationed at Winter Hill on the borders of this town. John Brooks, an active officer of the Revolution, and a Grovernor of Massachusetts, lived and died here. Medford has always been celebrated for the excellence of its ship building. The other chief manufactures are hats and bricks. Distance from Concord, 14 miles ; from Boston, 5. I7ic. 1715.] 10. HOPKINTON. [Pop. 2,245. The Indian name of this town was Quansigomog. The greater part of the town was purchased of the Indians with a fund left to Harvard College by Edward Hopkins, in honor of whom the town was named. From Ponds in this town one or more sources of Concord, Charles, and Blackstone rivers all rise, though they run in such different directions. The chief factories are in the village of Unionville. A mineral spring, near White Hall Pond, has some celebrity as a place of fashionable resort in the warm season. Boots, shoes, and cotton goods are the chief manufactures. Distance from Concord, 24 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1769.] 11. READING. [^Pop. 2,193. Reading was set off from Lynn in Essex county, and was once joined to South Reading, which latter is really the older settlement. The chief manufactures are boots and shoes. Distance from Concord, 17 miles ; from Boston, 13. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 103 Inc. 1701.] 12. DRACUT. \_Po^. 2,188. This is chiefly an agricultural town, situated on the north bank of the Merrimack, opposite Lowell, where it finds a market for its produce. Two excellent bridges connect Dracut with Lowell and Chelms- ford, that over Pawtucket Falls being quite picturesque. Distance from Concord, 1 6 miles ; from Boston, 27. Settled U^^.l 13. GROTON. [Po^. 2,139. The name of Groton was given to part of the Indian district of Petapaway, in honor of a town in England from which Governor Winthrop's family came. This town, and several others in its vicinity, were included in a grant, eight miles square, made by the General Court to Dean Winthrop, a son of the governor. Groton suffered so mncli from the Indians in Philip's War, that the settlement was entirely abandoned for two years. The houndary line of Groton is very irregular, and little or none of it remains as it was originally drawn. This is a farming town, and some attention has been paid to the cultivation of hofs. Distance from Concord, 17 miles ; from Boston, 34. Inc. 1660.] 14. MARLBOROUGH. {Pop. 2,101. Marlborough was probably first settled by the people of Sudbury, to which town it belonged before it was incorporated. The Indian name was Okommakamesit, and the young settlement suffered so severely, that, during Philip's War, the inhabitants abandoned the town altogether. 104 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Marlborough was originally a very large township, and included Northborough, Westborough, and Southborough, now in Worcester County. It depends chiefly on agriculture. Distance from Concord, 14 miles ; from Boston, 25. Inc. 1732.] 15. TOWNSEND. [Pop. 1,892. Townsend is situated at the northwestern extremity of the county, and were it not for Ashhy, it would be the end of the towns, as its name implies. Several small streams unite in this town and form the Squanicooh, which is a branch of the Nashua. A considerable village in the eastern part of the town, is called Townsend Harbor. The chief manufactures are palm-leaf hats, and leather, but the chief dependence is upon agriculture. Distance from Concord, 22 miles ; from Boston 38. Inc. 1630.] 16. WATERTOWN. {Pop. 1,810. The Indian name was Pigsguesset. When the first settlers of Charlestown scattered in search of water, some removed to Boston, and others to Water-iovfn, and hence the name is probably derived. This ancient town originally included Waltham, Weston, and part of Lincoln. The Territory is small, but the manufactures are con- siderable, and the land well cultivated. Watertown is chiefly situated on the north bank of the Charles, which is navigable for small vessels only to the U. S. Arsenal, about a mile below the village. During the siege of Boston, the Provincial Congress, of which Warren, Hancock, and Samuel Adams were members, held two sessions in Watertown ; and one object of the expedition to Lexing- FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 105 ton and Concord, was probably to surprise and capture some of these patriots. Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 7. Inc. 1635.] 17. CONCORD. \_Pop. 1,784. The Indian tract called Mushetaquid was peacefully purchased of the Indians, and, from this circumstance, called Concord. Concord originally included the towns of Acton, Carlisle, and part of Bedford. The county courts meeting alternately at Concord and Cambridge, these are generally called Half-Shire-Towns. Assabeth and Sudbury rivers unite in this town, and form Concord River, which flows northwardly into the Merrimack. As the British forces and the Royal Governor were stationed at Boston, just before the Revolution, the Provincial Congress, as the Representatives of the people were called, sometimes held its sessions in Concord, and the public military stores and provisions were de- posited here. To destroy the stores the British went in boats from Boston to Cambridge, and thence marched through Lexington to Concord, April 19, 1775 ; but their object was in a great measure defeated. A monument is erected on the spot where the first Britons in the war of the Revolution were killed on that memorable day. The first Americans had been killed in Lexington, a few hours before. Distance from Boston, 17 miles. Inc. 1724.] 18. HOLLISTON, ^Pop. 1,782, Holliston, which belonged to Sherburne until it was incorporated, was named in honor of Thomas Hollis, of London, an early patron of Harvard College. ,106 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY One source of Charles River is in this town, and affords a good water power. The chief manufactures are shoes, boots, and straw bonnets. Distance from Concord, 21 miles; from Boston, 21. Inc. 1655.] 19. CHELMSFORD. ^Pop. 1,697. This town was named from Chelmsford in England, and originally included the town of Westford, and the settlement of the Pawtucket tribe of Indians called Wamcsit, now the city of Lowell. The Middlesex Canal joins Merrimack River in this town ; but its business has been much diminished by the railroad from Boston to Lowell. Chelmsford has long had a manufactory of gla^Sj and its granite is extensively used for building. Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 25. I7ic. 1712.] 20. LEXINGTON. [Pop. 1,642. Lexington is famed for being the spot where the first American blood was shed, at the commencement of the war of Independence. The British troops, on their way to destroy the military stores at Concord, fired upon the citizens and killed eight of them. A monument is erected on the spot where they fell. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers, but they pay some attention to manufactures, especially articles of fur. Distance from Concord, 7 miles ; from Boston, 10. Settled 1653.] 21. BILLERICA. IPop. 1,632. The Indian name of this town was Shawshine or Shawskeen, the same as that of a branch of the Merrimack, that runs through it. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 107 Billerica is probably a corruption of Villa-rica, though it may have been named after Billericay in England, a still worse corruption. It was originally granted to Cambridge, and settled by families from that town, and from England. The inhabitants are chiefly /armers, but some woollens, boots, and shoes are manufactured here. Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 18. Inc. 1753.] 22. PEPPERELL. \^Pop. 1,571. This town was named after Sir William Pepperell, who com- inanded the expedition which New England sent in 1745 against Louishurg, in the Island of Cape Breton, then a French fortress of great strength. Pepperell was originally a part of Dunstable. Nisitissit River runs through the town into the Nashua, which forms the eastern boundary, both rivers affording valuable sites for mills. The ohmi manufactures are paper, shoes, and palm-leaf hats. Colonel Prescott, who commanded the Americans at the battle of Bunker Hill, was a citizen of this town. Distance from Concord, 17 miles; from Boston, 33. ^Rfliu' I ^^' SOUTH READING. [Pop. 1,517. This town was once a part of Lynn, in Essex county, and was called Lynn Village. It is a much older settlement than Reading, although but lately set oif and incorporated. A very large number of the inhabitants are engaged in the manu- facture of shoes. Distance from Concord, 18 miles ; from Boston, 10. 108 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1840.] 24. SOMERVILLE. {Pop. 1,500. This new town, lately set off from Charlestown, was the agricul- tv/ral part of the township. Somerville lies on the western bank of Mystic River ; and Pros- pect Hill, and part of Winter Hill, to which the Americans retreated after the noble struggle at Bunker Hill, are in Somerville. The McLean Asylum for the Insane, a noble monument of philan- thropy and munificence, is in this town. Distance from Concord, 14 miles; from Boston, 2. Inc. 1729.] 25. WESTFORD. {Pop. 1,436. Westford was so called probably from its having been the western precinct or parish of Chelmsford. This town furnishes a large quantity of what is called Chelmsford Granite for building, but agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants. Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 25. Inc. 1807.] 26. BRIGHTON. {Pop. 1,425. Brighton was a part of Cambridge, and was called Little Cam- bridge, until it was incorporated and named after the town which contains a royal palace in England. This town is chiefly celebrated for the great Cattle Fair, which is held here every Monday ; immense numbers of cattle, sheep, pigs, &c. being slaughtered here and in the vicinity for the supply of Boston market, and for exportation. Distance from Concord, 16 miles ; from Boston, 5. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 109 lac. 1639.] 27. SUDBURY. [Pop. 1,422. Sudbury once included Marlborough and Wayland, which is sepa- rated from it by Sudbury River, a source of the Concord. This town was once a frontier settlement, and suffered greatly in Philip's War. It contains a modest monument to the memory of Capt. Wadsworth, and about fifty gallant soldiers, who left Boston to relieve Marlborough, but were drawn into an ambush and all killed while pursuing the enemy to Sudbury. Its manufactures are chiefly of boots, shoes, and paper. Distance from Concord, 8 miles ; from Boston, 19. Inc. 1807.] 28. WEST CAMBRIDGE. ^Pop. 1,363. Before its incorporation, this town was part of Old Cambridge, and retained its Indian name, Menotomy. The ponds of "West Cambridge, though small, are beautiful ; and Sucker Brook, though small, is a very useful stream. The town is well cultivated, and it has valuable manufactories of shoes, saws, drugs, and calicoes. Amos Whittimore, the ingenious inventor of a machine for making Wool Cards, was a native of this town. Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston, 6. Inc. 1781.] 29. NATICK. ^Pop. 1,285. Natick is one of the few towns of Massachusetts that retain their original Indian names. The word Natick is said to mean < The HiU Country.' Natick is well watered hy Charles River and several ponds, of which Long Pond is the largest, and which will probably be selected to supply Boston with fresh water. i5aE3Bsg3 Mirr.AW.Jiir.. li mir,' 110 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The first regular church of converted Indians, was formed here by the apostle Eliot, in 1660, after an unsuccessful attempt at Non- antum Hill, in Newton. It was into the language of the Natick Indians, that the venerable Eliot translated the whole Bible, which was printed at the college press at Cambridge, in 1663 ; but not an Indian is left to read the work that cost so much labor, nor to speak a word of what has be- come a dead language. Shoes, to a large amount, are manufactured here. Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 16 Inc. 1767.] 30. ASHBY. [Pop. 1,246. Ashby is situated at the northwest corner of the county. The soil is very fertile, though the land is elevated ; and the chief employment of the inhabitants is agriculture. The only manufacture, of any importance, is that oi palm-leaf hats. Distance from Concord, 25 miles ; from Boston, 42. /wc. 1683.] 31. STOW. [Pop. 1,230. Stow was called by the Indians, Pompsiticut, and Shahbukin, which were the names of two of its hills. It had but two male settlers at the breaking out of Philip's War, and one of these was killed, and the other, with both families, for a time fled to other settlements. Until the incorporation, the plantation, as these unincorporated settlements were generally called, was governed by a committee of the inhabitants. "Woollen goods, shoes, and boots, are manufactured here to a con- siderable amount. Distance from Concord, 8 miles ; from Boston, 24. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. Ill Inc. 1735.] 32. ACTON. \_Pop. 1,121. Acton, from its settlement in 1656, till its incorporation, was 2ipart of Concord. Tlie soil is uneven and not fertile, yet the chief resource of the in- habitants is agriculture. Barrels are the only article manufactured to any considerable amount. Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 21. Inc. 1712.] 33. WESTON. ^Pop. 1,092. Previously to its incorporation, "Weston was the West precinct of Watertown, whence probably came its name. A portion of the town is considerably elevated. Boots and shoes are the chief articles manufactured, but these not to any large amount. The inhabitants Sive farmers. Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 14. lie. 1725. 34. STONEHAM. [Pop. 1,017. Stoneham is said to have been named from its rocki/ soil. In the south part of the town is a beautiful pond, called Spot Pond, from which the city of Boston once thought of building an aqueduct. The principal occupation of the inhabitants is the manufacture of shoes. Distance from Concord, 15 miles; from Boston, 10. Inc. 1780.] 35. WAYLAND. [Pop. 998. The name of East Sudbury was changed to "Wayland in 1835, BiiLH iLiiyii II I iiiMn— T»^iMi ■■iiinrriTTnni 112 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY probably in honor of Francis Wayland, President of Brown Univer- sity. This town is separated from Sudbury by Sudbury River, a slug- gish branch or source of the Concord, which annually overflows its banks, enriching the lowlands, and producing large crops of hay. Boots and shoes are manufactured here, but not to a very large amount. Distance from Concord, 7 miles; from Boston, 16. Inc. 1674.] 36. SHERBURNE. [Pop. 995. Sherburne originally included Holliston within its limits. It lies on the western bank of Charles River, is somewhat elevated, and has a good soil. Shoes, and straw bonnets, next to agriculture, employ the in- habitants. Distance from Concord, 15 miles ; from Boston, 18. Inc. 1753.] 37. SHIRLEY. \_Pop. 957. Shirley was named in honor of William Shirley, Governor of the State, who was bom in England, but died at Roxbury, Norfolk county, in 1771. A society of Shakers, in the southern part of the town, have ac- quired some reputation for raising and preparing herbs and garden seeds. The chief manufactures are cotton and wooUen goods, paper, and palm-leaf hats. The town is well watered by the Nashua and its branches. Distance from Concord, 16 miles ; from Boston, 32. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 113 Inc. 1729.] 38. BEDFORD. {Pop. 925. This town belonged in part to Concord. The Shawshine has one of its sources in Bedford, and the Concord bounds it on the west. Agriculture is the chief employment, but shoes are extensively manufactured here. Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 15. Inc. 1715.] 39. LITTLETON. \_Pop. 927. This town, which had previously been an Lidian settlement, called Nashoha, was named in honor of Lord Lyttleton, an EngUsh states- man, who is said to have sent the town a Bell, which it never re- ceived, in consequence of being misdirected to Lzttleton instead of Lj/ttleton. Littleton is an agricultural town, and contains several fine ponds. Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 27. Inc. 1734.] 40. TEWKSBURY. \Pop. 906. The Indian name of this town was Wamesit, and it was probably called Tewkshury after a town of this name in England. A thriving village, called Belvidere, has lately been separated from Tewksbury, and annexed to Lowell. The soil is not very fertile, though large quantities of hops have been raised here, and the inhabitants depend upon agriculture. Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 19. Inc. 1809.] 41. TYNGSBOROUGH. \_Pop. 870. Tyngsborough was a part of Dunstable, till its incorporation. It 8 114 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY" was named in honor of the family of Tyng, from a member of which it received a ministerial and school Fund. This is the only town in the State that is situated on both sides of the Merrimack, which is here a beautiful stream. Large quantities of Granite have been sent to Boston by the Middlesex Canal. The soil is light and sandy, and the river affords no aid to manu- factures. Distance from Concord, 16 miles; from Boston, 29. Inc. 1730.] 42. WILMINGTON. [Pop. 859. This town was composed of the adjacent corners of several towns ; and, though incorporated more than a century ago, it has yet no central village. A chief source of Ipswich River rises here ; Wilmington borders on the ShawshinCy a branch of the Merrimack, and the Middlesex Canal runs through it ; and all contribute to give it a pleasant appearance. A large quantity of hops is raised here, and the inhabitants are generally y«rmers, though the soil does not well reward them. Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 14. Inc. 1754.] 43. LINCOLN. [Pop. 686. This town was originally a part of Concord, and it was named after a town in England, and not, as many suppose, in honor of General Lincoln, of the revolutionary army. It is watered by Sudbury River, a source of the Concord, and by Sandy Pond, valuable for its fish. One part of the town is very elevated, and the surface is rough and uneven, though in some places fertile. Distance from Concord, 3 miles ; from Boston, 16. m,v, i Jt i i" ' innnvMi iii m il t m'"'" •'••'•'•' FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 115 Inc. 1663.] 44. DUNSTABLE. [Fop. 603. Dunstable, though now a small town, 07ice comprehended Pepperell, Tyngsborough, and much land that is now in New Hampshire. This toAvn was the home of Captain Lovewell, the celebrated leader in that bloody fight with the Indians on the borders of what is called Lovell's Pond, in Fryeburgh, Maine. Both leaders and nearly all their followers were slain, but the whites were victorious. Distance from Concord, 18 miles ; from Boston, 37. Inc. 1805.] 45. CARLISLE. ^Pop. 556. Carlisle was originally a part of Concord. The soil is unfavorable to agriculture, and yet this is the principal dependence of the inhabitants. Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 18. Inc. 1799.] 46. BURLINGTON. \_Pop. 510. This little town is watered by Vine Brook, a branch of the Shaw- shine, which runs into the Merrimack, through Andover. Its soil is not rich, and its manufactures not extensive. Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 13. Inc. 1783.] 47. BOXBOROUGH. {Pop. 426. The land is hilly, but there are no important streams, and very little fertile land. Hops are raised, and good limestone found in the town. Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 25. 116 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY NORFOLK COUNTY. The present County of Norfolk, was a part of Suffolk County until 1793, when it was separated. Previously to that date the towns north of the Merrimack, with a portion of what is now New Hamp- shire, were called Norfolk County. The surface of the country is uneven, and the Blue Hilk are the highest in the eastern part of the State. That part of the county nearest to Boston is highly cultivated. .mm ni.jMiu'jvvT'iiH ji.ittm*«»ja« FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 117 The chief streams are the Charles, which waters several towns ; the Neponset, which is entirely in Norfolk, and the Maniquot, all of which rivers run into Boston Harbor. The largest branch of manufactures, is that of boots and shoes, but the greater numher of inhabitants depend on agriculture. Inc. 1630.] 1. ROXBURY. [^Pop. 9,089. Roxbury, the largest town in Norfolk County, is the only town naturally united to Boston by land. On a level tract, called Jamaica Plain, is a beautiful pond, about four miles from Boston centre, from which many families in Boston are supplied with fresh water, by means of an aqueduct of logs and iron pipes under ground. The first minister of Roxbury was John Eliot, so distinguished as a missionary among the neighboring Indians that he was called the Apostle. General Joseph Warren, who was killed at Bunker Hill, was born here in 1740, and his mansion is still standing in Warren Street. William Heath, also a General in the Army of the Revolution, was a citizen of Roxbury. Roxbury was the birth-place of Governors Thomas Dudley, Joseph Dudley, and Increase Sumner, and the residence of Gover- nors Shirley, and Eustis. Its vicinity to the metropolis causes it to be highly cultivated, and rapidly to increase in population. Distance from Dedham, 7 miles ; from Boston, 3. Inc. 1630.] 2. DORCHESTER. [Pop. 4,875. Dorchester was named after Dorchester in England, from which some of the first settlers came. The Indian name was Matapan. 118 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Dorcliester originally included what are now the towns of Milton, Stoughton, Sharon, Foxborough, and Canton. The Burial Ground contains some of the oldest and most curious memorials to be found in the State. Lieutenant-Governor William Stoughton was a citizen of Dorches- ter ; and Richard Mather, one of its earliest ministers, was the father of Increase Mather, and the grandfather of the learned Cotton Mather, of Boston. Dorchester is celebrated for its country-seats, and the delightful prospect from its hills. The place was selected by the settlers, be- cause that peninsula of it, which is now South Boston, was * a safe place for keeping sheep.' Distance from Dedham, 7 miles ; from Boston, 4. Inc. 1622.] 3. WEYMOUTH. [Pop. 3,738. Weymouth was named from Weymouth in England, from which some of the second company of settlers came. The Indian name was Wessagusset. Next to Plymouth, it is the oldest town in the State. The first settlers under Mr. Weston were disorderly, and would all have been destroyed by the Indians, had not Massasoit revealed the plot. Part of the town was burned by the Indians, in Philip'' s War. The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. Weymouth Village includes a part of Braintree, and is a thriving settlement. Distance from Dedham, 14 miles ; from Boston, 11. Inc. 1722.'] 4. QUINCY. [Pop. 3,486. This town was originally settled in 1625, and was the Jirst parish of Braintree. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 119 It was called Mount Wollaston, after Captain Wollaston, tlie chief settler ; then Merry Mount, by some licentious persons led by one Morton ; and, finally, Quincy, from the distinguished family of that name. Quincy has had the rare fortune to give birth to two Presidejits of the United States, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams, his son. The hills of Quincy furnished the stone of which Bunker Hill Monument, and many other splendid structures, are built ; and the railroad, that conveys the stone to the landing, was the first in the United States. Next to stone the most valuable manufacture is boots and shoes. Distance from Dedham, 10 miles; from Boston, 7. Inc. 1635.] 5. DEDHAM. [Pop. 3,290. For some time the first settlers called this town Contentment. Its name was changed to Dedham in honor of the martyr, John Rogers, who preached at Dedham in England, and was probably known to some of the first settlers here. From Dedham have at various times been formed the towns of Medfield and Medway, Wrentham and Franklin, Needham, Belling- ham, Walpole, and Dover. Dedham is watered by the Neponset and Charles ; and, as early as 1639, the citizens dug the^r*^ canal in the State, now called Mother Brook, to connect Charles and Neponset rivers, and furnish suitable sites for mills. The chief manufactures are cotton, woollen, and silk goods, pa2:)er, shoes, bonnets, and cards. The Ancient Oah, older than the town, is a curiosity, as is also the pedestal of William Pittas Pillar, at the corner of Court House Square. Fisher Ames, an accomplished orator and profound statesman, was born in Dedham. 120 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Dedham is the county town, where the courts are held and the records kept. Distance from Boston, 10 miles. Inc. 1793.] 6. KANDOLPH. [Pop. 3,213. Randolph, originally a part of Braintree, was probably named after Peyton Randolph, the President of the first American Congress, in 1774. This town is distinguished for its extensive manufacture of boots and shoes. Punhepog Pond, between Randolph and Canton, is a pleasant resort of fishing parties and sportsmen. Distance from Dedham, 12 miles ; from Boston 14. Inc. 1673.] 7. WRENTHAM. [Pop. 2,915. Before its incorporation, Wrentham was part of Dedham. It was named from Wrentham, in England, whence some of the first settlers came. During Philip's War the settlement was burned by the Indians, and deserted by the inhabitants. The chief manufactures are cotton, bonnets, shoes, and boots. Distance from Dedham, 15 miles ; from Boston, 27. Z2C.1640.] 8, BRAINTREE. [Pop. 2,168. Braintree formerly included Quincy and Randolph. The town of Quincy contains the oldest settlement. The Maniquot river passes through the town, and unites with Weymouth Fore river, at Braintree Landing. The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, nails, and paper. Distance from Dedham, 12 miles ; from Boston, 10. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 121 //ic. 1726.] 9. STOUGHTON. [Pop. 2,142. Stoughton was named after Lieutenant-Governor Stoughton, of Dorchester, of which town it was originally a part. It was once called Punhapoag, and contained a village of Praying Indians, as the converts used to be called. Its chief manufacture is boots and shoes. Distance from Dedham, 10 miles ; from Boston, 20. Inc. 1713.] 10. MEDWAY. [Pop. 2,043. Medwaj, originally a part of Medfield, and, with that, of Dedham, is situated upon Charles River, The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen cloth, boots, shoes, and bonnets. Distance from Dedham, 12 miles; from Boston, 22. Inc. 1797.] 11. CANTON. [Pop. 1,995. Canton was formerly the south parish of Dorchester, and was called Dorchester Village. It is situated upon Neponset River, and is extensively engaged in the manufacture of woollen and cotton cloth, and copper. The granite viaduct, or structure on which the Providence rail- road crosses a deep valley, is an object of curiosity. Distance from Dedham, 5 miles ; from Boston, 15. Inc. 1662.] 12. MILTON. [Pop. 1,822. Milton, called by the Indians, Uricataquisset, was originally a part of Dorchester, and probably not named in honor of John Milton, the Great Author of Paradise Lost, but Mill-ion, from its Mills. 122 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The Blue Hills in this town and Canton, are the highest land in the county, being 710 feet above the level of the sea. The first paper-mill in the United States was established here, on the Neponset, by some Boston merchants, in 1728. A house, still standing on what is called Milton Hill, was the residence of Thomas Hutchinson, who wrote a valuable History of Massachusetts, and governed the State just before the Revolution, when he went to England, and died in 1780. Distance from Dedham, 6 miles ; from Boston, 7. Inc. 1778.] 13. FRANKLIN. [Pop. 1,717. Before its incorporation, Franklin was a part of Wrentham. It was named after Dr. Franklin, who acknowledged the honor by a present of books. He had been advised to give them a Bell, but he said, * He hoped they preferred sense to sound.' Dr. Nathaniel Emraons, a venerable theologian, spent a long life and a long ministry here. The chief manufactures are straw bonnets and cotton cloth. Distance from Dedham, 17 miles ; from Boston, 27. Inc, 1724.] 14. WALPOLE. IPop. 1,491. Walpole was originally a part of Dedham. Three considerable sources of the Neponset unite in this town, on which are several cotton, woollen, and paper mills. Distance from Dedham, 10 miles ; from Boston, 20. Inc. 1711.] 15. NEEDHAM. [^Pop. 1,488. Needham was originally a part of Dedham. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 123 Charles River forms the greater part of its houndary, and enables it to have factories of paper, and woollen and cotton cloth. Distance from Dedham, 4 miles ; from Boston, 12. Inc. 1770.] 16. COHASSET. [Pop. 1,471. Cohasset was originally a part of Hingham, which belongs to Plymouth County. Its seashore is girt with dangerous rocks, and distinguished for numerous distressing shipwrecks. Shipbuilding and the fisheries give employment to many of the inhabitants. Of late, Cohasset has become a pleasant summer retreat for the citizens of the metropolis. The little town of Hull, though joined to Cohasset, belongs to Plymouth County. Distance from Dedham, 20 miles ; from Boston, by water, 16. Inc. 1705.] 17. BROOKLINE. [Pop. 1,365. Brookline^ so called, it is supposed, because separated from Cam- bridge and Roxbury by Brooks, was once a part of Boston, and called Muddy River. In 1821, it was connected with Boston by the Mill Dam, or Western Avenue, on which is one of the best roads in the country. Brookline is distinguished for its beautiful country-seats, and its high state of cultivation. Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, an eminent Physician, who introduced Inoculation for the Small Pox into America, was a native of Brook- line ; and his name was given to a town in Worcester County. Distance from Dedham, 6 miles ; from Boston, 4. J 124 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1778.] 18. FOXBOROUGH. ^Pop. 1,298. Foxborough was originally a part of Stoughton, and, with that, a part of Dorchester. Its chief manufactures consist of straw bonnets, cotton and woollen goods, and iron. Distance from Dedham, 15 miles ; from Boston, 24. /wc. 1765.] 19. SHARON. [Pop. 1,076. Sharon was once a part of Stoughton, and, with it, a part of Dorchester. The Indians called it Mashapoag, and from a pond of the same name issues one of the chief sources of Neponset River. It manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, and straw bonnets. Distance from Dedham, 8 miles ; from Boston, 18. Inc, 1719.] 20. BELLINGHAM. {Pop. 1,055. Bellingham, originally a part of Dedham, was named after Richard Bellingham, one of the early Governors of Massachusetts. The chief stream is a branch of the Charles. Its manufactures are boots and shoes, and some cotton and woollen goods. Distance from Dedham, 18 miles; from Boston, 28. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 125 Inc. 1650.] 21. MEDFIELD. ^Pop. 883. Medfield was originally a part of Dedham, and is supposed to have been named from rich meadows on the banks of the Charles and its branches. The greater part of the town was burnt by the Indians under King Philip, in 1776. One of the houses that escaped is still standing, and considered a curiosity. Agriculture is the principal business, but many straw bonnets are made here. Distance from Dedham, 8 miles ; from Boston, 17. Inc. 1784.] 22. DOVER. [Pop. 520. Dover was originally a part of Dedham. It is situated on the Charles, and its chief manufactures are of iron. The land is well wooded and uneven ; one elevation, called Fine Hill, rising 400 feet above Charles River. instance from Dedham, 5 miles ; from Boston, 14. 126 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY PLYMOUTH COUNTY. " " " * ■ ■ -—'»——»— ———T—TT— HI Mil H 'MM ' FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 127 PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Plymouth Colony was not divided into Counties until 1685, when, under Governor- General Andross, it was divided into the present Counties of Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol. In 1692, the colony was permanerdly united to Massachusetts by the new charter of William and Mary. The chief streams are Taunton River, (A.) which flows southwest into Bristol County, and North River, (B.) which flows westwardly into Massachusetts Bay. The soil is generally level, and, at the south especially, it is sandy. Those not engaged in agriculture are generally engaged in the fisheries^ or in ship-building. Inc, 1620.] 1. PLYMOUTH. [Pop. 5,281. Plymouth, the oldest town in the State, was called Patuxet by the Indians, and Plymouth by the Puritans, in rememhrance of Plymouth in England, where the Plymouth Company was formed, and whence the May Flower sailed to bring over the first settlers of this colony. Plymouth is still one of the largest townships in the State, although Marshfield, Plympton, Kingston, and Wareham have been taken from it. Plymouth Harhor is formed by what is called Plymouth Beach, in front of the village, and by a long strip of land, called the Gurnet, which proceeds from Marshfield and Duxbury. The harbor is capa- cious, but not deep enough for large vessels. ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The first settlement was in or near Leyden Street. Those who died the first winter were buried on a small square at the foot of Middle Street, called GoWs Hill. A large pond west of the village is called Billington's Sea, because Billington, who first saw it from the top of a tree, thought it was an arm of the sea. At the south is a tract of woodland many miles square, in which wild deer are still frequently killed. On Burying Hill, the outline of the Fort, built in Philip's War, may still be traced. Many curious relics of the Puritan Fathers are preserved by the Pilgrim Society in their Hall, in front of which is a part of Fore- father's Roch, transported thither from the wharf in which the rest has been irreverently buried. Plymouth is the County Toivn, as well as the largest. Its chief manufactures are nails and cotton cloth. It is also extensively en- gaged in the fisheries. Distance from Boston, 35 miles. *? /tzc. 1660.] 2. MIDDLEBOROUGH. [Pojt?. 5,085. Marlborough was called Namashet by the Indians. The town^-hip is one of the largest in the State, and the chief village is called Four Corners. It contains many ponds, of which Assawamset and Long Pond are the largest, and empty into Taunton River. Cotton goods, shovels, nails, straw bonnets, and tacks, are the principal manufactures. Rev. Isaac Backus, who wrote a valuable history of the Baptists, was settled in Middleborough in 1748. Distance from Plymouth, 14 miles ; from Boston, 34. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 129 Inc. 1637.] 3. SCITUATE. [Pop. 3,886. Scituate is supposed to be a corruption of the Indian word Satuit, meaning Gold Brooh. Nineteen houses in this town were burned in Philip's War. One of the oldest houses in New England, supposed to have been a Garrison House, is still standing. Its harbor is small, and the soil i§ fertile, but it is extensively engaged in the fisheries^ and in ship-building. Distance from Plymouth, 20 miles ; from Boston, 17. Inc. 1686.] 4. ROCHESTER. ^Pop. 3,864. This is a very large township, originally called by the Indians Sippican, and named Rochester, after Rochester in England, from which some of its first settlers came to Scituate, and thence hither. The chief village, called Mattapoiset, has a good harbor on an arm of Buzzard's Bay, and is largely concerned in the whale fishery. Ship-building is extensively carried on in this town, and at Sippi- can Village much salt is manufactured. Distance from Plymouth, 16 miles; from Boston, 48. Inc. 1635.] 5. HINGHAM. IPop. 3,564. Hingham was named from Hingham in England, whence the first minister, and some of the first inhabitants came. Before the settle- ment it was called Bear Cove, In Philip's War, some houses were burned, and some persons killed in the town. The Church of the first parish, said to be the oldest in the State, was built in 1680. Benjamin Lincoln, a Major General in the army of the Revolu- '»asyyr,: ««»KlJBa^'it* g3 nPMC!.s.;. :----j* ^ - ."j -' • -me; — rr:^ Tiwvrw^ ^rxWA 130 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY tion, and Commander of the forces afterwards raised to suppress the Shays' Insurrection in Massachusetts, was a native of Hingham. Hingham has long been celebrated for the manufacture of wooden ware, but its industry is not confined to that branch. It is also largely concerned in the fisheries. Distance from Plymouth, 24 miles ; from Boston, 14. Settled Um.'] 6. ABINGTON. [Pojt?. 3,214. The Indian name of Abington was Manamooskeagin^ which means Many Beavers^ a name which has no appUcation now but to the industrious inhabitants who have displaced the animals. Boots and shoes are 'manufactured to a very large amount. Abington is said to be the best grazing town in the county. Distance from Plymouth, 22 miles ; from Boston, 19. /nc.l637.] 7. DUXBURT. [Po;>. 2,798. Its Indian name was Mattakeeset. Duxbury is supposed to be de- rived from Dux, which means Leader, and Borough or Bury ; Miles Standish, the prompt and fearless military Leader, or Dux, of the Puritans, having been one of the earliest settlers of this town. Captain's Bill, so called, was part of his farm. The first settlement was at the southerly part, near Plymouth. A strip of land, called the Gurnet, shelters the harbor of Duxbury, as well as that of Plymouth from the ocean. Duxbury is largely engaged in ship-building, in the fisheries, and in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Distance from Plymouth, 6 miles : from Boston, 29. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 131 Inc. 1821.] 8. NORTH BRIDGEWATER. [Po^. 2,616. This town was a "part of Bridgewater, until it was incorporated in 1821. It is watered by several small branches of Taunton River. It is a large and flourishing place, and its chief business is the manufacture of boots and shoes. Distance from Plymouth, 24 miles ; from Boston, 20. I7ic, 1656. 9. BRIDGEWATER. [^Pop. 2,131. The Indian name was Saughtuchet, and the Ancient Town, which included North, East, and West Bridgewater, was purchased by Captain Miles Standish of Massasoit, and for several years formed a part of Duxbury. It was called Bridgewater, after the English Duke of that name. To show how much towns cost in that day, it may be stated that the Four Bridgewaters cost 7 coats, 9 hatchets, 8 hoes, 20 knives, 4 moose skins, and 10 and a half yards of cotton. This town, before the separation, was called South Bridgewater. Its soil is good, and well watered by Taunton River. Its chief manufactures are boots and shoes, machinery, nails, anchors, &c. One of the State Normal Schools is established here. Distance from Plymouth, 20 miles ; from Boston, 27. Inc. 1739.] 10. WAREHAM. [Pop. 2,002. Wareham was called Agawam by the Indians, which name seems to have been common to several places, and meant ' A place of resort for migratory fish.' 132 ELEMENTARY GEO GRAPH Y Its first permanent settlers came from Hingham. It belonged to Plymouth until it was incorporated. Wareham has a good harbor at the head of Buzzard's Bay, and the British attempted to burn the village in 1814. Its commerce is considerable, its water privileges good, and its chief manufactures are nails, and other articles of iron. Distance from Plymouth, 16 miles; from Boston, 50. Inc. 1823.] 11. EAST BRIDGEWATER. [Pop. 1,950. This town was a part of the ancient Bridge water. It manufactures many boots and shoes, and on a branch of Taunton River are several factories of cotton, nails, &c. The cannon cast here during the war of the Revolution were of great service to the continental army. Distance from Plymouth, 17 miles ; from Boston, 24. Inc. 1640.] 12. MARSHFIELD. [Pop. 1,761. Marshfield belonged to Plymouth till 1640, and was called Rexham. It is pleasantly situated on North and South Rivers, and does something in ship-building, navigation, and manufactures. It is chiefly distinguished as the burial-place of Peregrine White, the first child born after the arrival of the Pilgrims ; and as the residence of Daniel Webster, usually called ^ The Defender of the Constitution,' and, in a higher sense, the first son of New England. Distance from Plymouth, 15 miles ; from Boston, 25. Inc. 1121.1 13. HANOVER. [Pop. 1,488. Hanover was probably named in compliment to the Duke of Hanover, who had lately been called to the English throne, under the title of George the First. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 133 The principal village is called ' The Four Corners^ Some business is done in ship-building, and in the manufacture of shoes, and bar iron. Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles; from Boston, 23. Inc. 1726.] 14. KINGSTON. [^Pop. 1,440. Kingston, while a part of Plymouth, was called Jones River Parish, after Captain Jones of the May Flower, the vessel that brought over the first settlers. This village was the residence of John Thomas, a Major-General in the revolutionary army, who succeeded to the command of the troops before Quebec, after the death of Montgomery, and died soon after of the small pox. Kingston pays some attention to ship-building, the fisheries, and to manufactures in iron. Distance from Plymouth, 4 miles ; from Boston, 31. Inc. 1711.] 15. PEMBROKE. \_Pop. 1,258. Pembroke, originally a part of Duxbury, was itself the parent of Hanson and Halifax. Two principal sources of North River issue from ponds in this town. Excellent ships are built here, and the streams aflford sites for a few factories. Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles; from Boston, 27. Inc. 1822.] 16. WEST BRIDGEWATER. {Pop. 1,201. This town was the oldest settleiyient of Ancient Bridgewater, and the first interior settlement in the colony of Plymouth. A branch of Taunton River gives it some valuable mill sites. 134 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The inhabitants valiantly defended the town in Philip's War, and suffered less than many that were less exposed. It has manufactures of shoes and iron. Distance from Plymouth, 19 miles ; from Boston, 25. Inc. 1820.] 17. HANSON. \_Pop. 1,040. This town was separated from Pembroke. It is watered by a branch of North River, and several ponds. Shoes and nails are the principal manufactures, and iron ore abounds in the vicinity. Distance from Plymouth, 15 miles ; from Boston, 24. Inc. 1790.] 18. CARVER. {Pop. 995. Carver, once a part of Plympton, was named after John Carver, the Governor of Plymouth Colony, who was chosen on board the May Flower, and died in a few months after the settlement was begun at Plymouth. Carver contains more land than Plympton, from which it was separated, but it is much less valuable. Manufactories of cast-iron were early established here. Distance from Plymouth, 8 miles ; from Boston, 38. Inc. 1707.] 19. PLYMPTON. \_Pop. 834. Plympton was originally the northwestern parish of Plymouth, and contained what is now the town of Carver, and the southern portion of Halifax. The town has a few manufactories of wood and iron ; and a branch of Taunton River gives it some rich meadow land. Distance from Plymouth, 8 miles ; from Boston, 32. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 135 Inc. 1734.] 20. HALIFAX. {Pop, 734. Halifax was composed of the north part of Pljmpton, the north- east of Middleborough, and the south of Pembroke, which then in- cluded Hanson. It was probably named in compliment to the Earl of Halifax, an able minister of Queen Anne. Lumber, shoes, cotton and woollen goods, are the chief sources of industry. Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles ; from Boston, 28. Inc. 1644. 21. HULL. [Pop. 231. Hull is a little township at the extremity of Nantasket Beach^ by which it is joined to Cohasset, a town of Norfolk County. It consists oi five small hills, which, at high tides, are almost islands. It has no meeting-house, is far from every other town, and often difficult of access. It forms one of the capes or points that enclose the harbor of Boston, called Point Alderton, after one of the Pilgrims who came in the May Flower. Distance from Boston, by water, 9 miles, by land, 22. 136 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY BARNSTABLE COUNTY. Barnstable County was once a part of Plymouth Colony, and was j made a separate county, when Plymouth Colony was united to that of Massachusetts, in 1685. The whole county is a peninsula^ joined to Plymouth County by an isthmus only five miles across. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 137 The whole county is a mass of sand, covered at best by a very thin coat of soil, which does not produce enough for the consumption of the inhabitants. The inhabitants in a great measure depend upon commerce and fishing, and are a hardy race, frugal and moral, and not unworthy of their Pilgrim ancestors. There are few streams in the county, and the chief manufacture is salt. Inc. 1639.] 1. BAENSTABLE. ^Pop. 4,301. The Indian name was Mattacheeset, which nearly resembles the name of the State. Barnstable is the County Toiun. This town extends across the peninsula, being from five to nine miles wide, and it contains several ponds, of which the largest is called Great Pond. Sandy Neck, a strip of land extending from Sandwich in front of Barnstable, forms the harbor of Barnstable, which is capacious, but does not admit large vessels in consequence of a sand hank at its entrance. Besides the main village there is Hyannis, a good harbor at the south ; Osterville at the southeast ; and Gotuit at the west. James Otis, a distinguished patriot just before the Revolution, was born here. He was killed by lightning when there was no appear- ance of a cloud in the sky. The inhabitants are engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and the manufacture of salt. Distance from Boston, by land, G5 miles. Inc. 1637.] 2. SANDWICH. \_Pop. 3,719. Sandwich was settled by persons from Saugus, then a part of Lynn. 138 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The soil is better than that of other towns in the county, v/hich grows more sandy and barren as it goes east, where there is hardly any verdure. Glass, nails, salt, and the fisheries, employ the inhabitants. The ponds and brooks furnish abundance of fish and game. A sJiip canal across the isthmus was once seriously contemplated, the distance being only five miles. Distance from Barnstable, 12 miles ; from Boston, by land, 53. Inc. 1793.] 3. DENNIS. \_Pop. 2,942. Dennis was named after its first minister ; and was formerly the eastern part of Yarmouth. The town extends across the peninsula. North and South Dennis being on the opposite sides. Most of the inhabitants are concerned in navigation, the fisheries, or the manufacture of salt, which last important business is said to have been first attempted in Dennis. The soil is sandy, and the highest hill in the county is in this town. Distance from Barnstable, 8 miles ; from Boston, by water, 60. Inc. 1803.] 4. HARWICH. [Pop. 2,930. Harwich once included Brewster, which was the oldest settle- ment of the two. Long Pond has an outlet, called Herring River, of which some use is made for mills. The soil is sandy, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in the fisheries, or business connected with them. Distance from Barnstable, 13 miles ; from Boston, by water, 75. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 139 Inc. 1686.] 5. FALMOUTH. [Po^. 2,589. Falmouth is the southwest point of the peninsula, of which the Elizabeth Islands, now part of Dukes County, seem to have been a continuation. The town contains a great number of ponds, and at the southwest point, on a small peninsula, is a good harbor, called Wood's Hole. The inhabitants are somewhat extensively engaged in the whale and other Jisheries, and in the manufacture of salt. Distance from Barnstable, 22 miles ; from Boston, by land, 71. Inc. 1639.] 6. YARMOUTH. ^Pop. 2,554. Yarmouth extends across the peninsula, and has a harbor on each shore, they being about 4 miles apart. The soil is light and sandy, and much of the land begins to look desert, being unfenced. The people are extensively engaged in the manufacture of salt, and in the fisheries. There are several ponds from which a small stream called Bass River issues, and runs south. Distance from Barnstable, 4 miles ; from Boston, by water, 60. Inc. 1763.] 7. WELLFLEET. \_Pop. 2,377. Wellfleet was formerly the north part of Eastham, and extends across the peninsula. From this town to the extremity of Cape Cod, is a range of Hills, all composed of sand except one, which is of solid clay, and on the seashore. The town has many ponds among its sands, and the harbor is a good one for small vessels. 140 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The fisheries, and the manufacture of salt, employ most of the inhabitants. Distance from Barnstable, 33 miles, from Boston, by water, 60. Lie. 1712.] 8. CHATHAM. [Pop. 2,334. Chatham was called, by the Indians, Monamoy. Between the sand-hills are numerous ponds, and one hill, called Great Hill, is a prominent object from the ocean. A spit of land, proceeding from Orleans, forms a considerable bay north of Chatham, and defends both Orleans and Chatham from the ocean. This spit is evidently extending southwardly, and the sand has gradually been filling up the harbor of Chatham. Though the soil is mere sand, the town is thrifty, the people being largely engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and the nmnufacture of salt, from sea-water, as usual, by evaporation in the open air. Distance from Barnstable, 22 miles ; from Boston, by land, 77. Inc. 1727.] 9. PROVINCETOWN. [Pop. 2,122. Provincetown was originally a part of Truro. It lies at the very extremity of the peninsula, forming a sort of claw, to an arm, which the county is said to resemble in form. The town is composed of sand-hills, but the harbor is large, deep, safe, and of so great importance to mariners, that the Government of the United States has expended large sums in its improvement. The May Flower, that brought the first freight of pilgrims to New England, put in here before proceeding to Plymouth ; and here the pilgrims signed a form of government, and chose a governor. Some years after its settlement the town was almost abandoned by its inhabitants, but, after the Revolutionary War, it revived. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 141 The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the fisheries, and in the manufacture of salt. Distance^ in a straight line from Barnstable, 30 miles; from Boston, by water, 50, and by land, 116 Inc. 1797.] 10. ORLEANS. \_Pop, 1,974. Orleans was formerly the south p^^rt of Eastham. The town is very irregularly shaped, has a small harbor on Massachusetts Bay, and an agreeable arm of the sea, called Pleasant Bay, at the southeast. The soil is sandy and barren, and the inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries, and the manufacture of salt. Chatham Beach, a long spit of land, extends south about 12 miles, and its annual increase, by the action of the Atlantic Ocean, has been calculated. Distance from Barnstable, 20 miles ; from Boston, by land, 85. Inc. 1709.] 11. TRURO. \_Pop. 1,920. The Indian name of Truro was Pamet. It is situated at the northern part of the peninsula, and is so sandy that little or no verdure is ever seen. Near the light-house is a singular hill of clay, called the Clay Pounds, because, it is said, many vessels have been pounded to pieces against it. The inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries, and in the manufac- ture of salt. Distance from Barnstable, 42 miles ; from Boston, by land, 109. Inc. 1803.] 12. BREWSTER. [Pojo. 1,522. Brewster, formerly the north parish of Har^vich, was named after 142 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY William Brewster, the venerable elder, who acted as minister to the Plymouth Pilgrims. Notwithstanding the sandy soil, Brewster has a water power, supplied by several ponds, sufficient to turn several mills. The town does somewhat in the manufacture of salt, and in fishing, but many of the citizens sail from other ports. Distance from Barnstable, 16 miles ; from Boston, by water, 69. Lie. 1646.] 13. EASTHAM. {^Pop, 955. The Indian name of Eastham was Nauset, and the sea beach still retains the name. Eastham originally was owned by Plymouth, and included Well- fleet and Orleans. The ravages of the ocean on the coast are distinctly seen, and the sand-hills are constantly increasing in height. The manufacture of salt, and the fisheries, give employment to the inhabitants. Distance from Barnstable, 23 miles ; from Boston, in a straight line, 68. (M.) MARSHPEE. Besides the towns in Barnstable County, there is a tract still belonging to the Indians, and called Marshpee. This tract is situated between Barnstable, Sandwich, and Fal- mouth, is full of ponds, and a pleasant residence for the few descend- ants of the natives, who once swarmed in that vicinity. The Indians, in part, govern themselves, and are under the special care of the Legislature of the State. Distance from Barnstable, 12 miles ; from Boston, 65. r FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 143 DUKE'S COUNTY. duke's county. NANTUCKET COUNTY. Duke's County, which at first included Nantucket also, was so named in honor of the Duke of York, to whom the king had granted New York, and who claimed these islands as under his jurisdiction. Thomas Mayhew, the first proprietor, and an early settler, was the GoTernor from 1641 till 1644, from which time, till 1664, the islands were dependent upon Massachusetts. In 1664, they were restored to New York, and continued so until 1692, when they were permanently annexed to Massachusetts. Duke's County now consists of the Island of Martha's Vineyard (V) ; Chappaquiddick (4) ; No-Man's Land (5) ; and the Eliza- beth Isles (6, 7, 8, and 9). '"^■"nrf ^ B wiw fB ^SMi 144 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Marihds Vineyard^ the principal island, contains three towns, being about 19 miles long, and, on an average, 5 miles broad. It Avas so named by Gosnold, its discoverer, but v\^hat IVIartha it was named for does not appear. The Indian name was Capawoch, or, as some think. Nope. Chappaquiddick (4) belongs to Edgartown. No-Man's Land (5) feeds a few sheep and belongs to Chilmark. The Elizabeth Islands ^ 16 in number, were named by Captain Gosnold, after Queen Elizabeth. The chief of them are : — Nashawn (6). Nashawenna (7). Pasque (8). Cuttahunh (9). The other islands are very small, and the largest only contains a few families, and affords pasture to a few sheep. When first settled by the English, Martha's Vineyard was well peopled with Indians, who all became so far Christians as to remain quiet during Philip's War, in which the Indians of the main land generally took a hostile part. Inc. 1671.] 1. EDGARTOWN. IPop. 1,736. Edgartown, being the oldest settlement on Martha's Vineyard, has also been called Old-town. It hes at the west end. It was settled in 1641, but not incorporated tiU 1671, while belong- ing to New York. The strait which separates the town from Chappaquiddick Island, forms one of the best harbors in the United States. The inhabitants pay some attention to whaling, and to the manu- facture of salt, and many articles of wool. Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 80 miles. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 145 Inc. 1671.] 2. TISBURY. [Pop. 1,520. Tisbury occupies the middle part of Martha's Vineyard. In an inlet of the sea, at the north, is an excellent harbor called Holmes's Hole. The inhabitants raise many sheep, and manufacture some salt, shoes, hats, &c. Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 75 miles. Inc. 1714.] 3. CHILMARK. [Pop. 702. Chilmark occupies the west end of Martha's Vineyard, and includes the isle of No-man's Land and the Elizabeth Isles. The highest land on the island is in this town, and terminates in a cliff, called Gay Head, because of the gay appearance given to it by the stripes of variegated clay and sand of which it is composed. The land around Gay Head still belongs to the remnant of Indians settled on it, and the cliff is extremely inte7'esting to Geologists, from the fossil remains of whales, sharks, crocodiles, and other animals, belonging- to ' the world before the flood,' that are found in it. Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 75 miles. NANTUCKET COUNTY. The County of Nantucket is composed of Five Islands, only one of which (N) is of any importance. The main island is about 15 miles long, and, on an average, about 4 miles wide, the soil being low and very sandy. B Mmmi i wuMMi'j* na orrn n iji i ii' 1 MB .■■ i Bjan.ti'jii.' rijLi g ta-m a !LB.aijMaL'VMtMy.vUiHi.jiB« g ■uaaa 146 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Nantucket Island has a somewhat triangular or three-sided /orm, the northeastern angle being called Sandy Point ; the southeastern, Sancoty Head ; and the western, Smithes Point, opposite ^vhich is Tuckanuck Island, with the other small ones belons-incr to the county. Inc. 1687.] NANTUCKET TOWN. » [^Pop. 9,012. The town of Nantucket (marked n) is situated at the west end of a sort of bay, on the north side of the island, and there are few other houses, except at the small village of Siasconset (S) at the eastern end of the Island. The harbor is capacious and safe, but a bar of sand before its mouth prevents the entrance of large vessels, unless they are -buoyed up or unloaded. The great business of Nantucket is the whale fishery, which was first introduced in 1690, by a whaleman from Cape Cod, and was long carried on in boats near the shore. As the whales gradually retired from the coast, the enterprising islanders pursued them to the most distant seas. Thomas Mayhew obtained the Jirst grant of this island in 1641, and Thomas Macy was the first settler, in 1659. In 1695, after Duke's County, in which Nantucket was included, was taken from New York and given to Massachusetts, Nantucket was made a sepa- rate county. The town, under the name of Sherburne, was incorporated in 1 687, but after 1795, the Indian name, Nantucket, was given to the County, Island, and Town. Distance, in a straight line from Boston, about 90 miles ; and by the way of New Bedford, about 107. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 147 BRISTOL COUNTY. This county was a jiart of the old colony of Plymouth, until the union with Massachusetts, in 1685. The surface of the county is quite even and sandy. It has good harbors, and many of the inhabitants are engaged in navigation. -r »«rj»Kj^; :jg.j^.^iii.»fn rrr".»t.i. 149 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Taunton River (A) and Pawtucket or Blackstone River (B), with their branches, water the county, and afford excellent water power for manufacturing purposes. Iron ore is found here, and extensively manufactured. The county or shire towns are New Bedford and Taunton. Inc. 1787.] 1. NEW BEDFORD. ^Pop, 12,087. This town, called by the Indians Acushnet, was once a part of Dartmouth. The first settlers are supposed to have belonged to the Society of Friends or Quakers, one of whom named it after the Duke of Bed- ford; the word Mew being afterwards added to distinguish it from Bedford in Middlesex County. The town is situated on an arm of Buzzard's Bay, into which the small river Acushnet falls, by which it is separated from Fairhaven, and across which is a long bridge uniting the two towns. The great business of New Bedford is the whale fishery, in which it has no rival but Nantucket. A considerable portion of the town, then Dartmouth, was burned by the British, because it afforded shelter to American privateers during the revolutionary war. Distance from Taunton, 24 miles ; from Boston, 52. Inc. 1639.] 2. TAUNTON. [Pop. 7,645. The Indian name of this ancient town was Cohannet. It included within its limits, Berkeley, Raynham, Dighton, Norton, Easton, and Mansfield, about one third of the whole county. It was named by Miss Elizabeth Poole, who came from Taunton in England, and was the principal owner and founder of the settle- ment. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 149 Taunton is situated on both sides of Taunton River, the Tetiquet of the Indians ; and small vessels can go up the river as far as Taunton. Canoe and Rumford Rivers, two branches of the Great Taunton, give excellent water power to the town. Among the numerous manufactures are cotton cloth, nails and other articles of iron, straw bonnets, bricks, &c. Taunton River is celebrated for the great number of alewives that annually visit it, and for the numerous laws that have been passed by the legislature, to regulate the fishery among the several towns on its banks. Distance from New Bedford, 24 miles ; from Boston, 32. Tnc. 1803.] 3. FALL RIVER. \_Pop. 6,738. Fall River, once a part of Freetown, was called Troy, till 1834, when it was named after the outlet of a large pond, on which its numerous manufactories are situated. The harbor is excellent, and its location, for both commerce and manufactures, almost unequalled. A skeleton found here, with some brazen ornaments, unlike any known to our Indians, have led to some wild conjectures in regard to the original inhabitants of this spot. A Rock once in Dighton but now in Berkeley, with figures rudely carved on it, has also led to similar conjectures. The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, and nails, and other articles of iron. Several whaling vessels belong to Fall River. Distance from Taunton, 17 miles; 14 from New Bedford; and 49 from Boston. 150 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1664.] 4. DARTMOUTH. {Pop, 4,155. Dartmouth once included the great towns of New Bedford, Fairhaven, and Westport, and still its dimensions and population are considerable. Some of its vessels are engaged in the whale fishery^ but the inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the cod fishery, in farming, and in the manufacture of salt. Distance from New Bedford, 3 miles ; from Taunton, 21 ; and from Boston, 56 Inc. 1812.] 5. FAIRHAVEN. ^Pop. 3,951. Fairhaven was a part of New Bedford once, and, with New Bed- ford, was a part of Dartmouth. It was named Fairhaven from the beauty of its situation. Its chief business is the whale fishery ; but the Acushnef, that sepa- rates it from New Bedford, furnishes water-power for a few mills. Distance from Taunton, 25 miles ; from Boston, 53. Settled 16M.'] 6. ATTLEBOROUGH. [Pop. 3,585. Attleborough, once a part of the ancient town of Rehoboth, is watered by a considerable branch of Blackstone River, and by other small streams, which are used for manufacturing purposes. Being Si frontier town, Attleborough suffered much during the war with King Philip, of Mount Hope. The colonists kept a strong garrison here. The principal manufactures are cotton cloth, metal buttons, jewel- ry, boots and shoes. Distance from Taunton, 11 miles; from Boston, 21. ^»«»—M.i——.^— —»«■»— ie.»»T^—-« ^nji. i i [i.u i «j«i« ii-ij I I , ■ »nj ' . i . TW».-i «.«.»j» ■ —.I...L. ^ — ■■■ - 11 !■! ■III! I III II " n n FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 151 Inc. 1787.] » 7. WESTPORT. \Pop. 2,820. Westport, the western part of the county, lies on an arm of the sea, at the mouth of Buzzard's Bay. It was formerly a 'part of the town of Dartmouth. Some attention is paid to the Whale Fishery, and to the manufac- ture of cotton cloth and yarn. Distance from New Bedford, 8 miles ; from Taunton, 25 ; and from Boston, 60. Inc. 1828.] 8. PAWTUCKET. [Pop. 2,184. What should be the town of Pawtucket is diinded by Pawtucket River, so that half falls into the town of North Providence, in Rhode Island. This town is one of the few that retains its Indian name. It was originally a part of Seekonk. Pawtucket river is navigable to the village, and above the village it takes the name of Blackstone river. Pawtucket is a manufacturing town, and sends forth large quanti- ties of cotton goods and iron. Distance from Taunton, 16 miles; from Boston, 36. Settled IU6.'] 9. REHOBOTH. [Po;?. 2,169. This ancient town, called Saconet^ by the Indians, originally included the towns of Seekonk, Pawtucket, Attleborougli, part of Swansey, and much more land that is now a part of Rhode Island. The first white settler was probably the Rev. Wm. Blackstone, who first settled on the peninsula now called Boston, .ind advised Gov. Winthrop and his company to cross thither from Charlestown. mL^ifc -ig-f ftrrmTaii.rm Min,'iiMjg^Tn3gT.-=:-CT.r-a.-,T^j,T.,i.--..r.,»;»..— n-.r.,«, ■■? n-T-fT i-~ aria BSBxaai > 152 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY In 1634 lie sold liis lands in Boston, and removed the next year to Rehoboth. Blackstone River was named in honor of this worthy- minister. His house and grave fell on the Rhode Island side of the boundary line. The first settlers came from Weymouth, in Norfolk county, in 1644. A large rock in Rehoboth is celebrated as the spot near which the colonists, under the famous Capt. Church, captured Annawon, the principal chief that remained after the death of Philip, in 1676. Farming is the chief employment, though there are various manu- factures to a small amount. Distance from Taunton, 10 miles ; from Boston, 40. Inc. 1725.] 10. EASTON. ^Pop. 2,074. Easton, formerly a part of Norton, and, of course, of Taunton, is the north-eastern town of the county. Its chief manufactures are of iron, but boots, shoes, cotton goods, and straw bonnets, are manufactured to a considerable amount. Distance from Taunton, 10 miles ; from Boston, 22. Inc. 1812.] 11. SEEKONK. \_Pop. 1,996. Seekonk is one of the few towns that retain their Indian name. Seekonk is said to mean ' a wild goose.* This town was the most ancient part of Rehoboth, and was reduced to ashes in Philip's War. Captain Pierce, of Scituate, and his com- pany of sixty-three men, had been surprised and slain in the vicinity two days before. The chief article of manufacture is cotton, but to no great amount. Distance from Taunton, 14 miles; from Boston, 41. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 153 Inc. 1683.] 12. FREETOWN. [Pop. 1,772. This town lies on an arm of Taunton River, and is somewhat irregularly shaped. It was the motlier of Troy or Fall River. The soil is light, but good for grazing. Something is done in various manufactures of iron, and a few vessels are built here. Distance from Taunton, 1 2 miles ; from Boston, 40. Inc. 1711.] 13. NORTON. \_Pop. 1,545. Norton was probably named after the Rev. John Norton, who came to Plymouth with Gov. Winslow, in 1635, and was settled over the first church in Boston for many years. This town once included Easton and Mansfield, and with them was originally a part of Taunton. The chief manufactures are of copper, iron, and cotton. The soil requires industrious men to make it profitable. Distance from Taunton, 8 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1667.] 14. SWANSEY. {^Pop. 1,484. The name of this town came from Swansea, in Wales. Part of it once belonged to Rehoboth, and part of it fell within the bounds of Rhode Island. Somerset was taken from it in 1790. It was originally settled by Baptists, who seceded from the church in Rehoboth, and were obliged to retire hither. The nearness of Swansey to Mount Hope, the residence of the Indian king Philip, caused it to be attacked early in Philip's War, and the first blood was shed in this town. Something is done- in navigation and shipbuilding, and there are a rrrz■.'^f ^.k■■l^Slv^us 7T3Bs■rrxx^mBeK ,UJKM:lVA\^ \ ^r^^^ tu n .lajMuuju c! 154 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ! - few factories on Palmer's river, which crosses the town before it enters iihode Island. ^ Distance from Taunton, 14 miles ; from Boston, 46. Inc. 1770.] 15. MANSFIELD. [Pop. 1,382. jMansfield was named after Earl Mansfield., then lord chief-justice of Great Britain. It was formerly a part of Norton, and with that town a part of Taunton. Mansfield is watered by three branches of Taunton river, the Rumford, Cocasset, and Canoe, on which are cotton-mills, nail- factories, &c. Straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats and baskets are also manufactured here. Indications of extensive beds of anthracite coal have been found in this town. Distance from Taunton, 12 miles; from Boston, 23. Inc. 1712.] 16. DIGHTON. [Pop. 1,378. This town was originally a part of Taunton, and included the town of Berkley, from which it is separated by Taunton River. The Dighton Hock, remarkable for its mysterious hieroglyphics, is now in Berkley. Dighton has some navigation, and some factories of cotton and woollen goods, nails, &c. Distance from Taunton, 7 miles ; from Boston, 43. Inc. 1731.] 17. RAYNHAM. \_Pop. 1,329. Raynham is situated upon Taunton River, above Taunton, of which it was once a part. The outlets of certain ponds give a water-power that is used for manufacture of nails, and other articles of iron. I ■ " I— "T Ti T ^- n r' """ '^■■* "-*"— ■ "■■■ ' T*^ n " -~— T^TTTT Ti riiiii I -un' i ' ii r i ' r nm ¥Tr [ - Biii i n rrminnnriiiriiii r un lui p jiu j^i FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 155 King PJdlijj is said to have had a summer residence in this town, and, during the war in which he fell, this town was several times molested. Distance from Taunton, 3 miles ; from Boston, 30. Inc. 1790.] 18. SOMERSET. {Pop. 1,005. Somerset, before its incorporation, was a jKirt of Swansey, known as the Sltawamet Purchase. It is pleasantly situated on the bank of Taunton River, v.'hich is navigable to tliis place for considerably large vessels. The inhabitants pay some attention to shipbuilding, and the manu- facture of stone and earthenware. JD-istance from Taunton, 13 miles; from Boston, 45. Inc. 1735. 19. BERKELEY.* \_Pop. 886. This town was probably named in honor of George Berheley, an Irish bishop, of great learning and philanthropy, who had visited this country a few years before for the purpose of benefiting the Indians. Berkeley was once a part of Dighton and of Taunton, and contains the curious Dighton Pock, on which are many rude hieroglyphics, supposed to have been made by a people who existed before the Indian tribes that the Pilgrim Fathers found here. The meaning of the characters is as much a mystery as their origin. The rock is on the bank of Taunton River, and is almost covered at high tide. Some have supposed that it was related to certain skeletons found at Fall River, a few miles below Berkeley. Distance from Taunton, 5 miles ; from Boston, 37. * This name is often improperly spelled Bcrldey. 3aM«ME» wa««RMJM > »iJ* ' wua-J BTg3gBB»^:taag 156 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHy WORCESTER COUNTY. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 157 WORCESTER COUNTY. Worcester County was incorporated in 1731. It is the largest county in the State in extent of tenitory, and number of towns, but in population it only ranks the third. Being an inland county, of course it has no navigation, but its excellent soil, and its numerous streams give it a high rank in agri- culture and manufactures. Though not remarkably hilly, Wachusett, in Princeton, is the highest nwuntain east of the Connecticut. The principal rivers in the county are : A. The BlacJcstone, which runs southeasterly into Rhode Island, there taking the name of Pawtucket. B. Ware River ; E. Swift River ; F. Quaboag River, which are all sources of the Chickopee, a branch of the Connecticut. C. Miller's River, a branch of the Connecticut. D. The Nashua, a branch of the Merrimack. G. The Quinehaug ; H. French River, two sources of the Thames, a river of Connecticut. Inc. 1684.] 1. WORCESTER. [Pop. 7,497. Worcester was called Quinsigamond by the Indians, who joined with PliiHp against the colonists in the bloody war of 1675. In 1701, Worcester was deserted by the inhabitants, through fear of the Indians. In 1786, Worcester was disturbed by the insurrection of Daniel Shays, to suppress which the State was obliged to raise an army. Besides the ordinary buildings of a county town, Worcester con- 158 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY tains the State Lunatic Hospital, a splendid monument of philan- thropy, and the Hall of the Antiquarian Society, whose cabinet and library are very curious and valuable. The sources of the Blackstone meet in Worcester, and furnish valuable privileges. The Blachstone Canal extends from Worcester to Providence, in Rhode Island, but the subsequent constiiiction of rail-roads has ren- dered the canal unprofitable. The chief manufactures are woollen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, hats and bonnets, paper, and iron ware. Distance from Boston, 40 miles. Inc. 1735.] 2. GRAFTON. \_Pop. 2,943. Grafton was a tract four miles square, reserved for the Indians, until it was incorporated. In 1671, an Indian church was established here by the apostle Eliot and others, but in 1825, not one unmixed descendmit of those Indians was known to be living. The Blackstone river and one of its branches flows through the town, aftbrding good sites for factories of woollen and cotton goods. The manufacture of boots ajid shoes is very extensively carried on. Distance hova. Worcester, 8 miles; from Boston, 36. Inc. 1774.] 3. BARRE. [Pop. 2,751. Barre, (pronounced Barry), was a par^t of Rutland, and called Hutchinson from 1774 to 1777, when its name was changed to Barre, in honor of Colonel Barre, a member of the British parliament, who defended the cause of the American colonies when Gov. Hutchinson was betraying it. The soil is excellent, and the produce considerable. The most important manufactories are situated on Ware river and its branches. "T^i'f TM i iii II aa n— nmn wnimm iriiTmnTii i iiiiii n ii i mT-TTTn' f ' I 'l" ' T~T rT "" r" " i" FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 159 and the chief articles made ai-e cotton and woollen goods, gunpowder, and palm-leaf hats. Distance from Worcester, 21 miles ; from Boston, CO. Inc, 17G1.] 4. FITCHBURG. \_Pop. 2,604. |l Fitchburg, onyma% a part of Lunenburg, and including a partjj of Ashby, was probably named after John Fitch, one of its own • | 11 citizens at the time of its incorporation. \\ This and the whole of Lunenburg were nt first called Turkey Hills, li in consequence of tlie great number of ivild turkeys that resorted \ hither. Dr. Franklin is said to have proposed the wild turkey as ' the emblem of this country, instead of the eagle. i The soil is good, though hilly. A branch of the Nashua furnishes ' | loater-power for the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, paper, 1 1 and scythes. ' Distance from Worcester, 21 miles ; from Boston, 47. Inc, 1845.] 5. BLACKSTONE. \_Pop. in 1840, 2,517. !| Blackstone, was the south parish of Mendon, until its incorporation i as a separate town. It v/as nam'ed in honor of the Rev. Mr. Blaxton | or Blackstone, who was the first settler of Boston, and who removed ' I into this vicinity in 1634. This new town is tvaiered by Mill and Blackstone rivers, and is extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, and boots and shoes. Distance from Vv^orcester, 20 miles ; from Boston, 34. Inc. 1673.] 6. BROOKFIELD. [_Pop. 2,472. Brookfield was originally granted to persons from Ipswich, injj Essex county, and it was long a connecting link between the eastern j' towns and those on the Connecticut. ^ i rym-nm-TiBiM.wiraiag'M-.ii i^ iiiii»ir'miit-f!MHfumwii«ii-iii»i-B^,-i»ij 'u'aimju. i^iUjttBiga FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 209 The town is well watered by the Housatonic and one of its branches. Alum Hill and Monument Mountain are interesting to lovers of Jine scenery. The chief manufactures are of cotton, wool, and iron. Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1777.] 4. LEE. [Pop. 2,428. Part of Lee was taken from Washington, part from Great Bar- rington, and the rest was made up of tracts that had been granted by the General Court. The town was named Lee in honor of Charles Lee, a Major- General in the army of the Revolution at the time of its incorporation. Lee is situated on the Housatonic, which with its branches supplies it with abundant water-power. The surface is hilly, if not moun- tainous, and iron ore and good marble are found here. The chief article manufactured is paper, but there are also factories of cotton, wool, and iron. Distance from Lenox, 5 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1733.] 5. SHEFFIELD. [Pop. 2,322. Sheffield was originally the lowest of certain tracts called the Housatonic townships, and originally included the southern part of Great Barrington. For many years it was claimed by New York. The Housatonic divides the town from north to south, and often widely overflowing its banks, enriches the soil, and makes the town essentially agricultural. Sheffield is mountainous, and Taconic or Mount Washington, on the western border, is very elevated. Iron ore and an excellent white marble are yb?mc? here. Distance from Lenox, 20 miles; from Boston, 125. 14 210 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1765.] 6. WILLIAJNISTOWN. IFop, 2,153. This town, once called West Hoosick, was named after Colonel Ephraim Williams, a native of Newton, in Middlesex county, who bequeathed a sum of money, which led to the foundation of Williams' College, in 1793. The town is situated on the Hoosick, and on Green River, one of its branches. The surface is elevated, and the Taconic range separates the town from New York. The land is generally good for grazing or tillage. Some cotton and woollen goods are made, but agriculture is the main business of this beautiful town. Distance from Lenox, 25 miles; from Boston, 135. Inc. 1739.] 7. STOCKBRIDGE. [Pop. 1,992. Stockbridge was originally set apart for the Housatonic or Mohe- gan tribe of Indians, and it was a missionary station from 1735 to 1788, when the last of the tribe removed to western New York, from whence, in 1822, they removed to Green Bay, in Michigan. After the town was incorporated, the tribe were generally known as the Stockbridge tribe. These Indians were quite civilized under the ministry of John Ser- geant, Jonathan Edwards, and other missionaries, and they rendered essential se7V)ice to their white neighbors during the French wars, and to the States during the war of Independence. Stockbridge is on the Hoosick, north of Monument Mountain, which was so called from a small mound of stones raised at its foot over the grave of some Indian. The scenery of the town is much admired. The chief manufactures are of cotton, wool, and iron. Distance from Lenox, 6 miles ; from Boston, 130. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 211 Inc. 1759.] 8. NEW MARLBOROUGH. {Pop. 1,682. New Marlborough was caUed Housatonic Township, No. 2, until its incorporation. It was named by the first settlers, who chiefly came from Marl- borough, in Middlesex county. The surface is hilly, and in some places stony. Here are some fine ponds whose outlets water the town, and run into the Housatonic. A cavern in the west part of the town, and a rocking-stone near the centre, are great natural curiosities. Distance from Lenox, 20 miles ; from Boston, 130. Inc. 1762.] 9. TYRINGHAM. \_Pop. 1,477. Tyringham was named after a town in England. It is hilly, and watered by ponds and their outlets, which run into the Housatonic. Hop-Brook Valley is a beautiful spot, and near it is a considerable village of Shakers. The manufactures^ on a small scale, are various, but the chief business is agriculture. Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1762.] 10. SANDISFIELD. {Pop. 1,464. Sandisfield was greatly enlarged in 1819, by the annexation of a district at the south, containing eleven thousand acres. It is separated from Tolland, in Hampden county, by Farmington River, on the bank of which Hanging Mountain presents an almost perpendicular front, four hundred and fifty feet high. iB iHn i m iiip inn i ii ii ill irTWnrirmrTr- M i i i ii ■ ■ ■ m il i ■iiii nw i m i i ii« ii iiim umiiiw liMii i niMii i i ranBOEEmaa 212 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The land is hilly, and good for grazing. Some wool is raised, and much leather tanned. Distance from Lenox, 20 miles ; from Boston, 116. Inc, 1774.] 11. WEST STOCKBRIDGE. ^Pop. 1,448. This town was tahen from Stockbridge, and before its incorporation was called Queensborough. It belonged to the Stockbridge tribe of Indians. Stockbridge Mountain separates West Stockbridge from the old town, and Williams River, a branch of the Housatonic, aflfords mill- sites for the sawing of marble, of which the town furnishes many beautiful varieties. Distance from Lenox, 5 miles ; from Boston, 135. Inc. 1765.] 12. BECKET. [Pop. 1,342. Part of a district, called Bethlehem, was annexed to Becket in 1810. Becket is on the Green or Hoosack range, and a healthful region^ though cold and not very fertile. Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1767.] 13. LENOX. Pop. 1,313. Lenox was the family name of the Duke of Richmond, in honor of whom, Richmond, to which Lenox once belonged, was named. The Indian name was Yohun. Lenox is the county or shire town of Berkshire county. The town is situated on the Housatonic ; the mountain-scenery is picturesque, and the village beautiful. Iron ore and marble abound, and are extensively manufactured. Distance from Boston, 130 miles. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 213 Inc. 1784.] 14. DALTON. \_Pop. 1,255. This town was named after the Hon. Tristram Dalton, then Speaker of the House of Representatives. It is situated on the eastern branch of the Housatonic, and tlie land is generally productive. Paper and woollen goods are the chief manufactures. Distance from Lenox, 10 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1773.] 15. OTIS. [Pop. 1,177. This town was called Loudon till 1810, when it was named Otis, in honor of Harrison Gray Otis, a distinguished citizen of Boston, then Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1809, part of a district, called Bethlehem, was annexed to this town. Otis lies among the Green Mountains, and is watered by sources of Westfield and Farmington River. The ground is rough, and so rocky, as to render cultivation difficult. Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1765.] 16. LANESBOROUGH. \_Pop. 1,140. Lanesborough was first granted to some citizens of Framingham, in Middlesex county, and it once included a part of Cheshire. The first settlers were somewhat trouhled during the French and Indian wars, but did not suffer seriously. The town is situated on a source of the Housatonic, which runs through a large and beautiful pond. A source of the Hoosick also rises in Lanesborough. 214 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The land is good, and agriculture is the main employment. Many valuable sheep graze upon the hills, and iron ore and excellent marble abound beneath them. Distance from Lenox, 11 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1765.] 17. RICHMOND. ^Pop. 1,097. Richmond once included Lenox, and was named after the Duke of Richmond. Several branches of the Housatonic issue from Richmond. The land is fertile, and the scenery delightful. The raising of sheep and the manufacture of iron, next to agricul- ture, are the chief concern. Distance from Lenox centre, 5 miles ; from Boston, 135. Inc. 1760.] 18. EGREMONT. \_Pop. 1,038. The soil is generally good, though somewhat mountainous, and the inhabitants are farmers. Some small streams, that finally reach the Housatonic, water the town. Many of the people of Egremont engaged in the rebellion of Shays, and this long destroyed the harmony of the town. Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 130. Inc. 1777.] 19. WASHINGTON. [Pop. 991. This town is one of the many hundreds that show the veneration with which the name of the Father of his Countrt is every where regarded by this grateful nation ; but this town, in point of time, is behind few or none of them. riaiyiwMiiJiniiim FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 215 The whole township is mountainous, and watered by sources of the Housatonic and Westfield River, and the soil is well adapted for grazing. Distance from Lenox, 8 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1793.] 20. CHESHIRE. [Pop. 985. This town was formed from parts of Lanesborough, New Asbford, Adams, and Windsor. The town rises from the centre into hills well adapted for grazing ; and the products of the dairy, rivalling those of Cheshire in England, probably suggested the jiame. The greatest event in the history of this town was the manufacture of a cheese, weighing over twelve hundred pounds, which was sent to the President of the United States, in the year 1801. The Hoosic River passes northwardly through Cheshire. Distance from Lenox, 16 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1804] 21. HINSDALE. \_Pop. 955. Hinsdale is composed of portions of Dalton and Peru, and was named after its first minister. A source of the Housatonic waters the town, whose elevated soil is adapted to grazing. A considerable quantity of wool is raised and manufactured here. Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 124. Inc. 1776.] 22. HANCOCK. ^Pop. 922. Before its incorporation, this long strip of land was called Jericho, because walled in by mountains ; but its preserd name was given in honor of the patriot, John Hancock, then President of the Provincial Congress, and afterwards Governor of Massachusetts. ' laJurmnKJiMUi ■•"'—••■"■**— 216 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY The township is sixteen miles long, and about two broad, but it was not so narrow until the running of the boundary line gave part of it to New York. The Shakers have a flourishing village at the south part of Han- cock, and the citizens generally live by farming. Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 129. Inc. 1797.] 23. SAVOY. [Pop. 915. This township was originally granted to the heirs of soldiers who were in the Canada expedition of 1690, and it was probably named Savoy, because, like Savoy in Sardinia, it is a mountainous region. Branches of Deerfield and Westfield Rivers rise in this town. The inhabitants are mostly farmers, who raise cattle and keep large dairies. Distance from Lenox, 25 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1771.] 24. WINDSOR. \_Pop. 897. This town was atjirst called Gageborough, in honor of the last British Governor of the Province ; but, just after the Revolution commenced, the name was changed to Windsor. Windsor originally contained a part of Cheshire. Branches of the Housatonic and Westfield River rise within a few rods of each other. On the Housatonic, is a beautiful fall of water. The soil is various, but is best adapted to grazing. Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 120. Inc. 1771.] 25. PERU. [Pop. 576. Peru included the greater part of Hinsdale, and was called Par- tridgefield, after one of its two owners, until 1806. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. The surface is mountainous, and gives rise to several sources of the Hoiisatonic and Westfield River, which run in opposite directions. The soil is cold and often sterile, but not unfit for grazing. Ex- cellent lime is found in the town. Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 111. Inc. 1773.] 26. ALFORD. [Pop. 481. This small, irregularly shaped town was composed of land pur- chased of the Stockbridge tribe of Indians, and of a part of Great Barrington. The western part of the town is mountainous, but the soil in the valleys is good, and the inhabitants are chiefly farmers. Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 136. Inc. 1805.] 27. FLORIDA. \_Pop. 441. This mountainous town has an irregular surface, and a severe climate. It is composed of several grants. Deerfield River forms the eastern boundary. The inhabitants depend upon the produce of their dairies, and the raising of cattle. Distance from Lenox, 27 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1779.] 28. MOUNT WASHINGTON. \_Pop. 438. This town was formerly called Taconic Mountain ; and it was claimed by New York, as part of the Livingston Manor. The whole town is very elevated, rocky, and barren. The inhabitants keep some sheep, make some charcoal, and make up in health and contentment for many things that their climate and soil deny them. Distance from Lenox, 22 miles ; from Boston, 135. 218 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Inc. 1798.] 29. CLARKSBURG. {Po'p, 370. This town was named after the family of Clark, which is numerous in the settlement. The mountain land is cold and rocky. A branch of the Hoosick waters the central part, but the principal resource of the inhabitants is lumber. Distance from Lenox, 27 miles ; from Boston, 125. Inc. 1801.] 30. NEW ASHFORD. Pop. 227. New Ashford, the smallest town in the State, lies between Saddle Mountain and the Taconic range. Branches of the Housatonic and Hoosick issue in opposite directions from the town. After long wringing a living from the unwilling soil, the inhabi- tants have lately found employment in their valuable quarries of marble. Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 130. FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 219 RAILROADS. [The lesson on Railroads may be made a useful exercise. The little pupils may be invited to travel, and to name the several towns, with their distances from Boston. These distances are from depot to depot, and not from the centre of towns, as distances are computed in the previous lessons on the towns. The author, at first, did not intend to notice the railroads, or their tracks would have been marked on the county maps ; but, if the teacher tliinks it necessary, the pupils can dot the track with a pen, after the teacher has dotted one book according to the State map, or some other correct one.] At present (1845) six principal Railroads start from Boston, and run in different directions, some of them sending off branches almost as important as themselves. The figures opposite the names show that there is a depot in that town, and give its distance from Boston. 1. THE WORCESTER AND WESTERN RAILROAD. This road starts from Boston, and ru7is almost a westerly course, to Albany, in the State of New York. The towns of Massachusetts through which it passes, are as follows : Suffolk Co. Boston, Norfolk Co. Roxbury. Brookline. Middlesex Co. Brighton, 5 Newton, 9 Weston, Norfolk Co. Needham, 13 Middlesex Co. Natick, Framinirham, • • • 17 21 Hopkinton, • ■ • • 24 Worcester Co. Southborough, • • 28 Westborough, • • • 33 Graflon, 38 Millbury, iifi iii mil III! iiii iiiiiiiiMi III i m iiiii I I I i m iiii Mil iiiiiiniiiiTHiiiii i iiii i I ii ii|T ii iiii i ii i< iir m iiiiiiiiiii> > i iiiiii m ii i mi mi i im im m ni 220 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY Worcester Co. Worcester,. • • 44 Auburn, Leicester, • 63 Oxford, Charlton, 67 Spencer, 62 Brookfield, 69 Warren, 73 Hampden Co. Palmer, 83 Monson, Wilbraham, 89 Springfield, • • 98 West Springfield,! 00 Westtield, 108 116 Hampden Co. Russell, Montgomery, • • • Norwich, Chester, 119 Middlefield, .... Berkshire Co. Becket, 135 Washington, 138 Hinsdale, 143 Dalton, 146 Pittsfield, 151 Richmond, • • • • -159 W. Stockbridge, 162 Albany, State of New York. • • • 200 The Worcester and Norwich Branch Railroad runs from Worcester to Norwich in Connecticut, and joasses in a southerly direction through Worcester, Auburn, Oxford and Webster, into Connecticut. The Berkshire and Housatonic Railroad enters Berkshire county from Connecticut, and, after passing through Sheffield and Great Barrington, unites with the Western Railroad in West Stockbridge. A Branch passes through Springfield, south, to Hartford and New Haven, in Connecticut, and another Branch goes north to Northamp- ton and Deerfield, in Hampshire and Franklin counties. 2. THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAILROAD. This railroad, the second in point of age, starts from Boston, and passes in a direction a little west of south, through the following towns, to Providence in Rhode Island. Norfolk Co. Roxbury, 5 Bristol Co Dorchester, Dedhara, 9 Canton, 14 Sharon, 17 Foxborough, • • • • 21 Mansfield, 24 Attleborough, 30 Pawtucket, 35 Seekonk, 38 Providence, R. I. 42 ,Uy^^ ^«.»».».i»«...-Y-p-T-».1-T»JT»1>. IU«l«IMil^ ii i 'i'fiBu aaBWBnaBZEnnznBPPBanaB— aatMBii i iiHii i B iiiiMii FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 221 This railroad is continued beyond Providence, to Stonington, in Connecticut. The Taunton and New Bedford Branch Railroaas start from Mans- field, and pass, in a southeasterly direction, through the following towns, all of which are in Bristol county. Mansfield, Middleborough, Norton, Freetown, Taunton, New Bedford, • • Berkeley, Total from Boston, bb miles. A branch of this Branch goes from Taunton to Fall River, in | Bristol county. \ 3. THE LOWELL AND NASHUA RAILROAD. This third principal railroad starts from Boston, in a northwesterly direction, and passes through the following towns in Middlesex coun- ty, into New Hampshire. Cambridge, ^ Blllerica, 19 Somerville,- • . • • Tewksbury, 22 Medford, 5 Lowell, 26 Woburn, 8 Chelmsford, 31 Wilmington, 15 Tyngsborough, • • • 34 4. THE EASTERN RAILROAD. This fourth principal railroad starts from East Boston, in a direc- tion a little east of north, and passes through the following towns of Essex county into New Hampshire, and thence to Portland, in Maine. Chelsea, Hamilton, Saugus, Ipswich, 25 Lynn, 9 Rowley, 29 Salem, 14 Newbury, Beverly, 16 Newburyport, • • • 34 Wenham, 20 Sahsbury, 36 aajmsuiil ujiu um B . ' jfi i f. 222 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 5. THE MAINE EXTENSION RAILROAD. This fifth principal railroad, like the fourth, goes to Portland, in Maine, but its course is north of the other, with which, however, it unites at South Berwick, in Maine. It starts from Boston, and be- fore it reaches New Hampshire, passes through the following towns : Middlesex Co. Charlestown, • • • • Somerville, Maiden, 5 South Reading, • -10 Reading, 12 Middlesex Co. Wilmington,- • • • • 15 Essex Co. Andover, 23 Bradford, 31 Haverhill, 32 into New Hampshire. 6. THE FITCHBURG RAILROAD. This sixth principal railroad starts from Charlestown, opposite Boston, and passes, in a direction somewhat north of west, through the following towns : Middlesex Co. Acton, 27 Boxborough, • • • • Littleton, 31 Groton, 35 Shirley, 40 Worcester Co. Lunenburg, Leominster, 46 Fitchburg, 48 Middlesex Co. Charlestown, • • • • Somerville, Cambridge, AVest Cambridge, • 6 Watertown, "VValtham, 10 Weston, 13 Lincoln, 17 Concord, 20 A seventh railroad is nearly finished from Boston to Plymouth. Its course is southeasterly, and it will probably pass through the fol- lowing towns : Norfolk Co. Dorchester, • Quincy, Braintree, • • • Weymouth, • Plymouth Co. Abington, • • • • • 3 Plymouth Co. Hanson, 24 . • 8 Halifax, 28 . -11 Plympton, 29 • -14 Kingston, 32 ••18 Plymouth, 37 All the above railroads have important branches, and will probably be extended as far as possible. r«». II.J1.M..IU-....— FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 223 PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES. [No names are introduced that are not in tliis Geography, and of these only such as have something peculiar in their pronunciation.] Spelled. Af ghan is tan, Al ta ma ha, A mour, Ar kan sas, Ba lii a, Bher ing, Bor deaux, Bor nou, Bour bon, Bue nos Ay res, Ca bill, Cas tile, Cay enne, Cel e bes, j Cham plain, Chi ca go, Chi li, Con nect i cut, Crim e a. Pronounced. Af-gan-i-stan.' Al-ta-ma-haw'. A-moor'. Ar-kan-saw'. Bah'-e-ah. Ber'ring. Bor-do'. Bor-noo''. Boor'bon. Boo-a'nos A'-rez. Ca'bul. Cas-teel'. Ca-yen'. Cel'e-bees. Sham-plane. Chi-caw'go. Che'le. Con-net'-e-cut. Crim-e'ah. Spelled. Dnie per, Dnies ier, E cua dor, Falk land, Fez zan, Fin is terre. Gen o a, Guar da fui, Gui a na, Guay a quil, Hamp den, Hin dos tan, Hou sa ton ic, II li nois, I o wa, Jo an nes, Ja va, Kamts chat ka, Leff horn. Pronounced. Nee '-per. Nees'-ter. Ec-wa-dor'. Fawk-land. Fez-zan'. Fin-is-tare'. Gen'o-ah. Gar-daf-we'. Guee-an'-ah. Gooa-ya-keel'. Ham'den. Hin-doo-stan". How-sa-ton-ic. H'le-noy. I-o-waw'. Jo-an'nez. Jah-vah. Kamts-chat'-kah. Le-gorn'. fc?_- ■F— w aHJtiw. » ^>»-jL '; u jjta ' jua t m.v/ ! n^vt asai^ac meszzoDEsatBs 224 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. Spelled. Pronounced. Spelled. Pronounced. Leices ter, Les'-ter. Ra leigh, Raw 'ley. Leom in ster, Lem'in-ster. Read ing, Red'ding. Ley den, Ly-dn. Rio Ja nei ro. Ree'o Ja-ne'-ro. Loire, Loo-ah'. Sal is bury. Sawlz'-bu-ry. Ma dei ra, Mah-da'-rah. Sen e gal. Sen'e-gall. Ma drid. Ma-drid'. Su ma tra, Su-mah'-trah. Ma gel Ian, Ma-jel'lan. Tay mour, Tay '-moor. Mei nam, IVIi'nam. Tchad, Chad. Mich e gan, IMish'-e-gan. Te he ran, Te-he-ran'. Mis sou ri, Miz-zoo'-re. Ten e riffe, Ten-e-reef. Mo bile. Mo-beel'. Ter ra del I Ter'rah del ) Foo-a'go. Mon te Vi de o , Mon-te Ve'-da-o. Fu e go. Mon tre al, Mon-tre-all'. Thames, Tern/. Mo zam bique, Mo-zam-beek'. Thi bet. Te-bet'. M ag a ra, (. ag-a-rah U ra guay, Ural, Oo-rah-gway'. Oo'-ral. Or le ans. Or'le-ans. Wa bash. Waw'bosh. Pan a ma, Pan-a-mah'. Wo burn, Woo 'burn. Par a guay. Par-a-gooay'. Wor ces ter, Woos'ter. Par i mar i bo, Par-e-mar'-e-bo. Xingu, Zin'goo. Qui to. Kee'to. Yen i sei, Yen'e-see. [The pupil who has mastered this Geography may pursue his studies in the Common School Geography, by the same author, who gives notice that he intends immediately to prepare Large Outline Maps adapted to this work, and, as soon as may be, to pursue the same plan in regard to other States.] END. LBJa-21 Z'StPiom