MISSOURI AND MISSOURIANS SHOEMAKER Class JE^i^e. Book .F^^r Copyright ]^° CQEUUGHT DKPOSm MONUMl'.NT ERKcriED IN FKANCli BV TllK STATE OF MISSOURI IN MEMORY OF THE SONS OF THE STATE A History of Missouri and Missourians A Text Book for "Class A" Elementary Grade, Freshman High School, and Junior High School Those states stand highest in general renown which have stood highest in popularizing their true history. BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, A.B, A.M. Secretary, "State Historical Society of Missouri ;" Editor, "The Missouri Historical Review;" Author, "Missouri's Struggle for Statehood," "Missouri's Hall of Fame." Published by THE WALTER RIDGWAY PUBLISHING COMPANY Columbia, Missouri 1922 Copyright, 1922, BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER. ©CI.AG00058 OCT 26 JU22 -it«? / ■S57 PREFACE No state offers a richer history than Missouri. Covering over two centuries of recorded annals, the story of her people is a resume of the important political, social, and economic developments of our nation. In exploration Missouri was opened to Spaniard and Frenchman, in settlement to Frenchman and American, and in government she was ruled by each. Her lead deposits, fur-bearing animals, salt springs, and fertile soil attracted her first settlers. Her central geo- graphical position made her the crossroads of trade and travel from east to west, gave her possession of the fur trade and the Santa Fe trade, and peopled her land with homeseeking settlers from south, east, and north. An American state with ninety- five per cent of her people native born, Missouri offers to her citizens advantages possessed by few. Missouri history is rich in interest, instruction, and profit. It is more than romance, it is a study offering high reward to its followers. It is one of the bases for appreciating the value of sound patriotism. It is the greatest develoi>er of man's chief asset — the critical faculty. It furnishes a fund of information from which knowledge grows and wisdom develops. And, finally, it profits the State itself in retaining its citizens and attracting new ones. Missourians are just awakening to the importance of this last. The "History of Missouri and Missourians" was written in such manner as to make possible the attainment of these re- wards. History largely fails when it is presented in purely chronological manner. Such history is little more than annals, and annals become tedious over a period of decades. History also fails in both interest and instruction when it is founded on any one phase of a people's development. The development of Missouri agriculture, education, mining, and transportation, is at least as important as a history of Missouri politics. The (5) 6 Preface founding and development of Missouri cities is certainly as important. An appreciation of these facts explains the reason for the present treatment of Missouri history in this book. It is a history of Missouri and Missourians. Therefore, it is topical first and chronological second. The main emphasis is on the people's social and economic development. The political phase is not slighted but it is given only its proper proportion. The same is true of wars. Missouri's geographical position, her re- sources, and the character of her population, are fully dealt with in order to appreciate the activities of the people. The advantages of the topical treatment, especially since 1820, are many. It enables the reader to get a perspective of one hundred years on any subject. Instead of a piecemeal pre- sentation of a subject, distributed in a dozen places, the reader gets a summary review of that subject in one or two chapters. This makes possible an intelligent understanding of that sub- ject. This method of presentation lends itself to the teacher, making Missouri history, as it should be, both readable and instructive. The "History of Missouri and Missourians" also marks a departure in ignoring the insignificant and the notorious how- ever spectacular. Neither is worthy of treatment in a school textbook or a supplementary reader. The truly important events in Missouri history are many. There is no need to pan- der to so-called interest by including minor happenings. The purpose of this history is to tell the true story of Mis- souri's development and to recount her contributions to civili- zation. If this story is well told a new State pride should re- sult. Such a pride, founded on facts, will enable Missourians to meet with confidence the contentions of strangers. It also will enable them to take counsel from the wisdom of their fore- fathers. And, it will instill in each the spirit of communion with home-land and home-folks — Missouri and Missourians. Floyd C. Shoemaker Columbia, Missouri. CONTENTS Part I MISSOURI AND MLSSOURIANS Page Chapter I. Missouri, The Center State 9 Ciiapter II. Missourians 19 Part II MISSOURI A FOREIGN POSSESSION, 1541-1804 The Day of the Frenchman Chapter I. Early Spanish and French Explorers, 1541-1804 27 Chapter II. First Century of Settlement, 1700-1804. . . 38 Chapter III. Mis.souri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804. . 47 Part III MISSOURI AN AMERICAN TERRITORY, 1804-1820 To share the duties and privileges of the greatest republic is the priceless inheritance of every American citizen Chapter I. The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 58 Chapter II. Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 62 Chapter III. Life of the People, 1804-1821 77 Chapter IV. Missourians, The Trail-makers and Traders of the West, 1804-1843 94 PART IV A CENTURY OF MISSOURI POLITICS, 1821-1921 Missouri is a grand old state, and deserves to be grandly governed Chapter 1. The Rule of the Fathers, 1820-1844 112 (7) 8 Contents Chapter II. Democratic Rule and Political Unrest, 1844-1860 126 Chapter III. Civil War Politics and Radical Repub- lican Rule, 1861-1870 147 Chapter IV. The Liberal Republicans and the Demo- cratic Return to Power, 1870-1904 175 Chapter V. The Period of Independent Voting and Political Uncertainty, 1904-1921 196 Part V. A CENTURY OF MILITARY MISSOURI Chapter I. Early Wars — Black Hawk, Seminole, Honey, Mormon, Mexican, and Kansas Border Wars 208 Chapter II. The Civil War 219 Chapter III. The Spanish-American and Mexican Border Wars 233 Chapter IV. The World War 237 Part VI A CENTURY OF MISSOURI'S VICTORIES OF PEACE The test of a civilization is its ability to co-operate Chapter 1. A Century of Population 249 Chapter II. Missouri "Mother of the West" and "Founder of States" 266 Chapter III. A Century of Missouri Agriculture ....272 Chapter IV. A Century of Missouri Mining 283 Chapter V. A Century of Transportation 294 Chapter VI. A Century of City Building 303 Chapter VII. A Century of Journalism and Literature315 Chapter VIII A Century of Education 326 Appendix 337 Index 338 PART I MISSOURI AND MISSOURIANS Chapter I MISSOURI, THE CENTER STATE The Mississippi Valley Lying between the Alleghany and the Rocky mountains on the east and the west, the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico on the north and the south, is the Mississippi valley. This valley is the largest in the United States and one of the largest in the world. It is also the best fitted for man because of the soil, climate, and rainfall. The valley takes its nanie from the river. The Mississippi river rises in Minnesota and is 2,500 miles long. The Missouri river is the main tributary. In fact, the Missouri is the main river of the valley. It rises in Montana in the Rocky mountains and from its source to its mouth at the Gulf is 4,200 miles long. Not only is the Missouri river longer than the Miss- issippi river, but it drains three times as much land before it joins the Mississippi as the Mississippi does before it joins the Missouri. The Missouri drains nearly one-half (42%) of the entire Mississippi valley. The total area of the Mississippi valley is 1,250,000 square miles, or eighteen times as large as the State of Missouri. Since the area of our country exclu- sive of Alaska and Hawaii is 3,026,789 square miles, the Mississippi valley embraces 41 % of the United States. Important as this valley is in size, it is even more im- portant in producing food, clothing, shelter, fuel, and metals. It is nature's storehouse. Blessed by nature with rich soil. valuable metals, broad forests, healthful climate, and abundant (9) lo History of Missouri and Missourians rainfall, the Mississippi valley ranks first in the world in use- fulness and products. Location of Missouri In the center of the Mississippi valley lies Missouri with an area of 69,420 square miles. It is about 500 miles from WHEAT CENTER OAT CENTER \ CATTLE CENTER HOG CENTER CORN _ CENTER r'^i A! ^?r ^ ^C^-^^ ~\ fT/ s/^^y^ \_ / — j • ^\ i vv V ^~ ^ y\) ^ -io r-'-f- ( f .-..^:^ \ L-j L/T^^ -^'. J P POPUUATIOf* / -^rilllttv^ CENTER i 1 \ -. ... . -l.... .Vy^ ^ ^s. ) \^^ 7^ 'V'i \ \/ HORSE a MULE Y CENTER , __^._..j / 1 \i ._.5 ^ \ GEOGPAPHICAL CENTER LEAD a ZINC CENTER y CENTER PRODU L CT FARM ION COTTON CENTER MISSOURI, THE CENTER STATE St. Louis east to the Appalachian mountains and it is nearly the same distance from Kansas City west to the Rocky moun- tains. From south Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico the dis- tance is also 500 miles and from north Missouri to Canada it is about 600 miles. This central location is important. It makes Missouri the natural meeting place of the people of the Mississippi valley. It makes Missouri the central cross roads of trade. Missouri is also the center state of the Mississippi valley in another sense. It has a central climate which gives it cold Missouri, The Center Staie 1 1 winters in the north and mild winters in the south, hot sum- mers in the north and cool summers in the mountains of the south and southwest. Even more important is the fact that Missouri is the cen- ter state in natural wealth. This wealth consists principally of all the different kinds of soil found in the Mississipi valley, most of the metals and minerals, and nearly all of the useful kinds of timber. Missouri has prairies, bottom land, and mountains. Few states have all of these to such an extent as Missouri. Finally, Missouri is in one respect the center state of the United States. Five states lie to the east of her and five to the west. Two states lie to the north of her and two to the south. Missouri is not, however, the geographical center of the United States. It is nearly twice as far from Missouri to the Pacific (1,500 miles) as from Missouri to the Atlantic (800 miles). Nature's Gateway to the West Missouri is not only the geographical and the natural re- source center of the Mississippi valley, but Missouri is also the river center. Like the threads of an immense web, the rivers stretch over the valley. The center of this web is Missouri. Along her eastern border lies the Mississippi, with its import- ant eastern tributaries, the Wisconsin, Illinois, and Ohio rivers. These rivers tap or connect with the vast country to the north, northeast, east, and in part the southeast, and all of them flow toward Missouri. This made it easier for the people from those parts and especially from the east to come here in pioneer days. It also made it easier to bring eastern goods here. Until the coming of the railroads in the middle of the 19th century, the waterways of the Mississippi valley were the main means of travel. Missouri as the river center stood at the crossroads of trade. 12 ■ History of Missouri and Missourians Cutting the State into two parts and forming her north- west boundary is the Missouri river, with its many tributaries, the Yellowstone, Platte, Kansas, and Osage rivers. These tap the even larger country to the northwest and the west, and all flow toward Missouri. This made it natural for Missourians to explore those parts and made it easier for them to bring back the furs trapped on plains and mountains. Another fact is important. By following the Missouri river and its tributaries, whether by water or land, the Mis- souri explorer, trader, or trapper came within a few miles of other rivers. If he followed the Missouri river up-stream, he approached clo.se to the Columbia. If he followed the Yellow- stone, he could easily reach the Snake. If he followed the Platte, he soon found the Green and the Grand, which form the Colorado, and the Arkansas. The Arkansas was close to the Rio Grande. In short, the Missouri river was the path to the West, and Missouri became the Gateway to the West. Many Missourians entered the West by boat and many, perhaps more, went by land. In either case, the river course was followed. It was because the river was the guide and because Missouri was the starting point, that Missourians opened the trails and the trade, and later largely settled the country to the northwest, west, and southwest. Missouri be- came the Gateway to the West. Natural Wealth Missouri is a favored child of nature. Many states were given rich soil, some rich minerals, and others vast forests, but few were given all of these. Missouri is one of the favored few. She also was given broad rivers, healing springs, a healthful climate, sufficient rainfall, and beautiful scenery. This great natural wealth was given man to develop, not waste, for his own needs and for the needs of his fellowmen. Missouri's greatest resource is her soil, of which there are many kinds. The most important Missouri soils are hot- Missouri, The Center State 1 3 torn, brown loess, prairie, fertile Ozark, and highland Ozark. The bottom soil is very rich and deep. It borders the rivers and creeks and broadens out in southeast Missouri to include seven counties. The brown loess soil is equally fertile and is perhaps more valuable. Beginning in Boone county in centred Missouri it borders both sides of the Missouri up-stream, get- ting much wider, and in northwest Missouri it broadens out to include six counties. About half of St. Louis county has brown loess, and several counties in southeast Missouri have some. Like the bottom soil, it wull produce in abundance, and it is especially fine for corn and apples. The prairie soil in- cludes all the State north of the Missouri except the narrow ribbons of bottom and the bands of brown loess. It also covers three counties and about half of three more lying south and southeast of Kansas City. It is fertile and produces most of the grains, hay, and pasture. The Mississippi valley is com- posed largely of this prairie soil, and it makes the valley the granary of the world. The fertile Ozark soil borders the base of the Ozark mountains. In area it is extensive, but not so large as the prairie. In quality, most of it is good while some of it is very productive. The highland Ozark is thin and stony. It is not a good soil for grain raising or general fann- ing, although there are some fertile patches. In area, it is ex- tensive, covering nearly half of the State lying south of the Missouri. This soil is belter for grass farming, such as cattle raising and dairying, and some of it is adapted for fruit. The Ozarks are the oldest part of the continent. Missouri's mineral resources rank second only to her soil. These mineral resources are extensive and important. Some are found in nearly all parts of the State. They include such useful minerals as coal and iron, lead and zinc, pottery and building clays, marble and stone, sand and gravel, cement rock, and mineral springs. Coal is the most important of these. Rich veins underlie many parts of Missouri. Missouri's coal beds underlie nearly one-third of the state (22,000 square 14 History of Missouri and Missourians miles), including nearly all the country north of the Missouri and ten counties of western Missouri south of the river. These beds contain enough coal to furnish fviel for the people for centuries. Only the thick veins are now worked. Missouri leads the world in the production of lead and zinc. Most of the lead co'.nes from St. Francois and neighboring counties in DA.M ACROSS WHITE RIVKR AT l''.i\Vi:RSITE, MO., FORMING LAKK TANEYCOMO the southeast and from around Jasper county in the southwest. The southwest part also produces all of the zinc. Pottery and building clays, from which are made tile and brick, are found in various parts of Missouri, as are sand and gravel and building stone. Marble and cement rock ( from which tement is made) are found in quantity and quality in only a few places. Mineral springs are rather widely scattered. Some of these have healing qualities of much value to man, as are those at Excelsior Springs and Eldorado Springs. From other springs the early settlers made salt by boiling the water. In fact, it was land and lead, salt and furs, that attracted Mis- Missouri, 'I'hf. Center State 15 souri's first settlers. Of iron Missouri has extensive deposits and years ago the iron industry here was important. ■^.lissouri was once a great lumber state rmd even today she has much valuable timber. Her yellow pine in the south is l>eing cut rapidly hut she still has much oak and walnut timber. mc; OZAKK SPRING, NORTH OF ALTON. MISSOURI Reported to be the Largest Cold Water Spring in the World. Flows 486,000,000 Gallons Every Twenty-four Hours. Another source of natural wealth in Missouri is her beau- tiful scenery. Some states, as Colorado and California, have widely advertised their scenery and made it a source of wealth. In the Missouri Ozarks is scenery full of beauty and interest. Rugged cliffs, clear streams, big natural caves, some of the largest springs in the world, and a mild delightful climate, make this part of the State one of the most fascinating natural playgrounds in America. The views around such places as Ha Ha Tonka in Camden county, Galena in Stone county, and l6 History of Missouri and Missourians Branson in Taney county equal the best in America. In fact, the entire Ozark section of Missouri is noted for its scenery and natural wonders. In Oregon county is the largest cold water spring in the world — Big Ozark or Greer Springs. It discharges 486,000,000 gallons of water daily. The swift flowing streams of the Ozarks are also becom- ing a source of wealth to Missouri. By building dams across grand falls near joplin One of the Most Beautiful Natural Waterfalls in the Country them and putting in machinery, the water is made to work for man. In pioneer days they furnished power to turn the big water-wheels of grain mills. To-day they furnish power from which electricity is made. This electricity is carried by wires to towns and cities miles away where it is used to light homes, run street cars, and operate factories. Water power is some- times called "white coal." Geography Nearly two hundred and fifty years ago, the name "Mis- souri" was first given to a tribe of Indians who lived near the mouth of the Missouri river. The river itself was first called "Pek-i-ta-nou", meaning "muddy water." The name of the In- Missouri, The Center State 17 dian tribe was later given to the river, and "Pek-i-ta-nou" be- came "Missouri." The meaning of "Missouri" is uncertain. It is usually thought to mean either "muddy water" or "great muddy." When tihe country around the river became a territory, the name of the river was given to the territory. When the territory became a state, cut into two parts by this stream, it was given the same name. So the State of Missouri re- ceived its najne "Missouri" from the territory; the territory from the river; and the river from the Indians. The Territory of Missouri, organized in 1812, included all of the Louisiana Purchase except the State of Louisiana. All of the white people lived in what is now Missouri and Arkan- sas. In 1819 the Territory of Arkansas was set off and in 1820 the State of Missouri was formed. The shape of Mis- souri in 1820 was the same as it is to-day with one important exception. Instead of the Missouri river north of Kansas City being the western boundary, a line was run directly north. This excluded from Missouri what are to-day the counties of Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Platte, and Buchanan. This tract of rich land was held by the Sac, Fox, and lov^^ Indians. It was called the Platte country. The United States government purchased this from the Indians in 1836 and gave it to Missouri. This was called the Platte Purchase, and by it, Missouri's boundary was completed. Missouri is an easy state to bound. On the north is one state, Iowa, and on the south is one state, Arkansas; on the east are three states, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; and on the west are three states, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Missouri is a large state compared to the states east of the Mississippi, but is rather small compared to many of the big states in the west. Her area is a little over 69,000 square miles. From east to west her greatest width is 348 miles and her average width is 235 miles. Her average length from north to south is 242 miles. Although the shape of Missouri 1 8 History of Missouri and Missourians is not square, still her average width and her average length are nearly the sajne. Suggestive Questions 1. State the geographical position of Missouri in the Mississippi valley. 2. Name the three ways in which Missouri may be con.sidered the center state. 3. The fact that Missouri is a center state has influenced her his- tory in what way? 4. What can you say of the importance of Missouri's natural wealth? 5. What is the origin of the name, "Missouri?" 6. When was the original Territory of Missouri organized and what did it include? Chapter II MISSOURIANS The First Inhabitant — The Indian When the first white man came to Missouri he found Indian tribes. South of the Missouri river were the Osages, the tallest race of men in North America. North of the Mis- souri river were the Missouris, Otoes, and lowas. These three tribes were gradually pushed westward by the Sacs and Foxes, who later took their place in north Missouri. The Kansas tribe of Indians lived near the mouth of the Kaw river. The Delawares and the Shawnees came later. They were invited to settle in southeast Missouri to help protect the white settle- ments against the warlike Osages. A few Miamis were in cen- tral Missouri. The Osages, Missouris, Otoes, Kansas, and lowas, were related to each other. They spoke different dialects of the same language. All of them had once lived near the mouth of the Missouri river. The Osages left first and went west and southwest. The Missouris left last, being forced out by the Sacs and Foxes. These latter came from Wisconsin. They were not braver tlian the other Indians but they were better armed with guns instead of with bow and arrow. The Sacs and Foxes were two tribes but they fought as one. They were treacherous and they were able. They easily defeated other Indian tribes and they gave the white settlers in Missouri much trouble. The Missouris were no match for the Sacs and Foxes and later they disbanded. Some went with the Osages but the majority joined the Otoes. The Delawares and Shaw- nees came by invitation from Ohio. They were the white man's friends and acted as a barrier between the whites and the Osages. The Kansas and the lowas did not play an im- portant part in our history. (19) 20 History of Missouri and Missourians Just as the Sacs and Foxes forced the Missouris, Otoes, and lowas westward, so did the white man by treaty, arms, and presents, force the Sacs and Foxes and tihe other Indian tribes westward. Finally, by 1833 all Missouri was clear of Indian title except the Platte country. The Platte country was also cleared by the Indian treaties of 1836. The Osages were the most representative Indians of Mis- souri, and well might any state be proud oi having produced such perfect men. They were the tallest race in North America. Few Osage braves were under six feet, many were six feet and six inclies, and some were seven feet. They were well formed and good looking. They were quick and graceful. In war and the chase they equalled any. They thought nothing of running sixty miles in one day and they shot an arrow with such force as to go entirely through a grown buffalo. The Osages shaved the head and decorated and painted it with great care. They cut and slit the ears and profusely orna- mented them. Unlike other Indians they did not drink whiskey and they had contempt for any one who was drunk. Like most Indians they raised corn, beans, and pimipkins ;• gathered nuts and berries ; and cured the meat killed in the chase. They planted in the spring, hunted in the summer, hid their food in the fall, hunted in early winter, and returned home until spring. Although the Indians in peace and war played an import- ant part in nearly all American settlements, few states were so fortunate as Missouri. This was due to our French settlers knowing how to deal peaceably and justly with the red man. The American rarely got along so well with the Indian as did the Frenchman. Again, Missouri was fortunate in having a small Indian population. The Indians in Missouri probably never exceeded 15,000 in number. Finally, Missouri was fortunate in having a remarkable man in charge of Indian af- fairs. This was William Clark, Missouri's last territorial governor. The Indians called Clark, "Red Head" from his red hair. They all honored and feared him. MiSSOURIANS 21 The Indians were once the only Missourians. None of ihf orij^inal Indians of Missouri Hve in the State to-day. They are scattered over reservations or are found in Oklahoma. Missouri's first inhabitants have gone. They have left little to remember them by except the name of a stream or county, and some flint arrov^ heads scattered here and there. Other races were to people the State. INDIAN VILLAGE SCENE The First White Man — The Frenchman The first white man to make his home in Missouri was the Frenchman. Probably the first white man to see Missouri was the Spaniard, De Soto, but he did not stay. The French were the first explorers, the first traders, and tlie iivst set- tlers. The French were the first Missourians if we except the Indians. They founded the first settlements along the Mississippi; traded for or trapped the first furs along the 22 History of Missouri and Missourians MlSSOURIANS 23 Missouri; planted and gathered the first crops; boiled the first salt; and mined the first lead. They named some of the streams and cities as, Little Bonne Feinme (little good woman) and St. Louis, and thousands of their sons and daughters are living in Missouri to-day. The French began coming to Mis- souri about 1700. They continued to come here for a century. The first settlers came from what is now Illinois, just east of Missouri. Most of the French in Illinois had come from Canada and some from lower Louisiana around New Orleans. So the first white Missourians, the Frenchmen, came from the north and the south. Missouri was to be a center state even from the viewpoint of population. The Spaniard, 1770-1804 x\lthough the French came first, they were soon to lose their motlier country-, France. In 1762 France by a secret treaty ceded to Spain all the Louisiana cotmtry, i. e., all the land that she owned lying west of the Mississippi, but it was not tmtil 1770 that Spain sent a governor to St. Louis to govern the upper Louisiana country. From 1770 to 1804 a Spanish governor and a few Spanish soldiers lived in St. Louis. They mixed with the French people, intermarried, and had friendly social relations. There were very few Spaniards who came to Missouri but they contributed their share to the history of the State. One of the greatest explorers and fur traders Missouri produced was a Spaniard, named Lisa, of St. Louis. The Early Americans, 1780-1804 Within a decade after the coming of the Spaniard in 1770, the American retiched Missouri. Only a few came at first, but between 1780 and 1804 they came in hundreds. Many were from Illinois and Indiana but more were from Kentucky. Nearly all were of southern birth, i. e., Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. 24 History of Missouri and Missourians Later Americans, 1804-1860 The flood of Americans that had started before the pur- chase of Louisiana by the United States in 1803, grew even larger after 1804. At first most of these came from the South, Virginia, Kentucky, and the two CaroHnas, Maryland, and Tennessee, but a few came from the Middle States, Pennsylvania, and New York. Later more of the Americans began coming from these Middle States and from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, although the immigrants from the South- ern States still were in the majority. From this it is seen that the Missourian was at first a full-blood Frenchman witlh a slight Spanish dressing. Later he became half -French and half-American. Then he was fairly swamped in the flow of new American immigrants. These Americans came from the South and easily out-numbered all otliers, then later other im- migrants began coming from eastern states. Missouri was again proving to be a center state. The German, 1830-1860 Beginning about 1830 a new people appeared in Missouri. These were the Germans. Some persons of German blood had settled in Missouri before this but they had come either from Ohio or Pennsylvania. In 1824 an educated German doctor named Duden came here and lived two years in Warren county. On returning to Germany he wrote a book which pictured Missouri as a wonderful land of opportunity. At that time Germany was governed by many petty kings and life was very hard for the people. So Duden's book became popu- lar and thousands of Germans sold their property and came to, Missouri. This took place between 1830 and 1850. In 1848 the German people in Germany rebelled against their kings. The people were defeated and thousands left Germany. Many of these came to Missouri. Some of our counties are to-day peopled by the sons and daughters of these early German pioneers, who loved freedom even more than Missouri AN s 25 their old home-land. Many settled in the country and became farmers, while others settled in the city. The Irish, 1850-1860 Just as the Germans left Germany through hope of oppor- tunity and love of freedom, so did the Irish leave Ireland. The Irish were struggling with the English for freedom and independence. The Irish were overcome and their condition was desperate. They lacked both freedom and food. They began to come to America. The potato crop, the main food crop of Ireland, failed. Tens of thousands now left their old homes to seek new ones here. Some came to Missouri between 1850 and 1860. They settled mainly in our cities. Recent Americans, 1865-1920 After the Civil War a new American immigration poured into Missouri. These new settlers came mainly from the east, especially from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. As the former Americans in Missouri had come largely from the south and the majority were Democrats, so the ones from the east and northeast were usually Republicans. (The Irish were usually Democrats and the Germans, Republicans.) Many of the Union (or northern) soldiers who had passed through Mis- souri during the war, on their return home decided to settle here. They also told their neighbors. Moreover, land was cheaper here than to the eastward. This eastern and northern immigration to Missouri kept up for a number of yeaTS. About 1870 another American immigration set in. This was from Iowa and Illinois. Land in these states had become very high. Hence a number of people from these states crossed over and settled in Missouri. They also were largely Republi- can in politics. This new immigration is still going on. 26 History of Missouri and Missourians Foreigners In recent years Missouri has received a number of foreigners. Some of the principal peoples of this class are Swedes, Bohemians, Poles, Swiss, and Italians. The number of foreign born in Missouri is vei*y small, there being only five per cent of Missouri's people born on foreign soil. The Negro The first negroes on Missouri soil were slaves brought here from the West Indies to work the lead mines. This was before any permanent settlement had been made in Missouri. Prior to the Civil War, the negro population brought from the South by the American settler kept increasing. Most of these were slaves. Since the war, the negro has been free. Conclusion So "Missourians" means more than most people think. In the first place, the Missourian in ninety-five cases out of one hundred is native born. Missourians include the French, Ger- man and Irish races grafted on and absorbed by the American stock both northern and southern. Missourians are really a center people, just as their state is a center state. To under- stand this is to appreciate more easily many things in Missottri history, Missouri politics, and Missouri thinking even today. Suggestive Questions 1. Locate the nine Indian tribes in Missouri. 2. Which tribes were the most peaceable and which the most war- like? 3. Describe the most representative tribe of Missouri. 4. How do you explain the friendly relations existing between the Indians and the first white inhabitants? 5. What nationalities predominated in the immigration to Mis- souri during the period from 1700 to 1804? How does this compare with the period from 1830 to 1920? 6. What percentage of Missourians are native born? PART II MISSOURI A FOREIGN POSSESSION 1541-1804 The Day of the Frenchman Chapter I EARLY SPANISH AND FRENCH EXPLORERS, 1541-1804 Missouri a Center State of Exploration Missouri was visited in early days by both the Spanish and the French and later was owned by both. The Spaniard came first, arriving here only half a century after Columbus discovered America. The Spaniard did not stay. Others came every thirty or forty years on exploring trips. This continued from 1541 to about 1720, a period of nearly two hundred years. The Spanish came first from the southeast or Florida, later from the southwest or New Mexico. They did not aid in set- tling Missouri because they did not have that object in view. The Spanish explorer in Missouri sought gold and silver, later he came to oppose the French. He failed in both. He never stayed long enough to do anything lasting for himself although he influenced Missouri histoiy in a way that he least expected. He laid open t-he path to his own country in New Mexico, and later along that path developed a great trade — The Santa Fe trade. The Frenchman came much later. He first appeared in, or near, Missouri about 1659. Others came from the north- east or Canada and later from the east or Illinois. In half a century otlier French explorers came from the south or Loui- siana. This exploring of Missouri by the French continued (27) 28 History of Missouri and Missouriaks for about a century and a half (1659-1804). During this time settlements were made. The Frenchman wanted to discover a water route to the western ocean and build an empire for France. Like the Spaniard, he sought gold and silver but when he failed to find either in Missouri, he turned to other objects as salt, lead, furs, and trade. The main work of the Frenchman in Missouri was to explore and settle and in this he succeeded. It was because the French not only explored but also settled the Mississippi valley that they claimed and maintained their possession of it. The Spanish first explored it but did not settle it. As a result of European wars, Missouri became a Span- ish possession in 1762. Although in 1800 Spain gave back the Louisiana country, i. e., the land west of the Mississippi river to France, and France sold it to the United States in 1803, a Spanish governor continued to rule here imtil the United States took actual possession in 1804. So Missouri although French in population, remained a Spanish possession for nearly forty years. This might be called the Spanish-French period of exploration but since it differed so little, if any, from the period before, it is well to think of it merely as a continuation of the French period. The rulers were Span- ish, the people were French. Missouri was more widely ex- plored, especially for lead, salt, and trade. The next half century of Missouri exploration (1804- 1850) is the American period, although during the first twenty years of this period the Missouri-French were very active and prominent. During these years the exploration of Missouri was completed. The exploration was largely for good land. Then Missourians in turn became explorers of the states lying to the west. Missouri by the latter work became the "Mother of States" both by right of exploration and by right of settle- ment. These western explorations of Missouri were largely for the purpose of trading. Early Spanish and French Explorers 29 The Spaniard Sought Gold and Silver In April 1541, less than half a century after CalumtHis discovered America, De Soto a Spaniard, exploring north- westward from Florida, discovered the Mississippi river. He and his men crossed and traveled over mucli of Ark.insas. They probably even entered southeastern Missouri. Although looking for gold and silver, they found neither. A year later De Soto died and was buried in the river he had discovered. His expedition failed and only a few survivors ever reached civilization. It is remarkable that during the same year, 1541, another Spanish expedition was traveling toward, and possibly also en- tering, Missouri. This one came from the southwest. It was led by Coronado. It also was seeking gold and silver. Coro- nado, like De Soto, found no precious metals and he soon left for the Spanish settlements in Mexico. Coronado came close to Missouri and it is passible that he entered the western parts of the State. All later Spanish explorers, who came near or entered Missouri, started from the Spanish settlements around Santa Fe, New Mexico. During the century following De Soto and Q)ronado, there w^ere at least three of these exploring parties. The routes taken by these are not known with exactness be- cause they were over the broad plains of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It is probably that some of these explorers en- tered Missouri along the west and several may have gone quite a distance toward the Mississippi. These explorers all speak of Missouri as a beautiful land of tall trees, rich grass, and many kinds of luscious fruit — as pkims and berries. The Spaniards were not, however, looking for these. They still sought gold, silver, and precious stones. Not finding these, they returned to Santa Fe. The last Spanish expedition from New Mexico to Mis- souri was in 1720. Its purpose was to trade with the Indians, ^o History of Missouri and Missourians perhaps get the Indians to join in a treaty against the French, and to explore the country along the Missouri. This party was badly defeated by the Indians. Only one person survived. Some Frenchmen may have helped the Missouri Indians in the defeat. Almost exactly one hundred years after this Spanish trading expyedition left Santa Fe, a Missouri expedition entered Santa Fe to trade with the people of New Mexico. One story told of this expedition of 1720 is that the Span- ish came to form an alliance with tihe Osages against the Mis- souris and the French. By chance the Spanish met first the Missouris and mistook them for the Osages. They told the Missouris their plans. The Missouris pretended to agree but they soon ambushed the Spanish and destroyed tihem. So ended the Spanish exploration period of history. Its object had been too narrow. The Spanish in their search for gold and silver overlooked the greater wealth Missouri had in furs, lead, and rich soil. To Spain belongs the honor of discovering the Mississippi river; to France is the greater honor of redis- covering it and of exploring and settling the great Mississippi valley and Missouri. The French Sought Trade and Commerce — Furs, Lead, AND Salt Between the coming of De Soto and Coronado in 1541 and the appearance of the French nearly a century passed. During this time the Spanish had settled in Florida, New Mex- ico, South America, and the West Indies; the English had founded a fringe of settlements along the Atlantic; and the French held a narrow strip along the St. Lawrence and had explored westward on the Great Lakes. In 1634 a young Frenchman named Nicollet reached the upper Mississippi river. His object was to find a water route to the western ocean, which would give a short passage to India. French traders, soldiers, and missionaries then began tra- versing the country lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi. Early Spanish and French Explorers ^I In 1659, two of their traders, Radisson and Groseilliers, went as far west as the Mississippi and not only re-discovered the river but may have even discovered the Missouri. If so, they were the first whi'te men to see both rivers. Like the early Spanish explorers, it is not certain where these men traveled, i. e., how far south and west they went. These remarkable men later served England and founded the great Hudson Bay Company. The next explorer to leave Canada for the central Mississippi valley was Joliet, a native bom Canadian. He was accompanied by a missionary named Marquette and five Frenchmen. Traveling down the Mississippi river in two light canoes, loaded with smoked meat, corn, and presents for the Indians, he entered the Mississippi. This was in 1673. Along the way he made peace with the Indian tribes, gave presents, and smoked the calumet, or the pipe of peace. This expedition wanted to learn where the Mississippi emptied and was hoping that the Mississippi led to the western ocean. Joliet passed the mouth of the Missouri and noticed its muddy water. The expedition may have camped on Missouri soil since a vein of iron ore was noticed here. After traveling south, Joliet came to where the Arkansas Indians lived. There he camped. The Indians gave a feast to the party. The feast consisted of buffalo meat, bear's oil, and white plums. Learning from the Indians that the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, the expedition returned to Canada. Father Marquette later died in the wilds of Alichigan and Joliet died in Canada. This expedition did much to interest the French in the Mississippi valley. The leading spirit of western French exploration was the patriotic French soldier and explorer La Salle, who in 1671 had discovered the Ohio river. In 1682 he left Canada for the west and to him is the honor of being the first white man to navigate the Mississippi from its upper course to the Gulf. On April 9, 1682, he reached the mouth of the Mississippi. 32 History of Missouri and Missourians There he planted a column bearing the arms of France, and, in the name of his king, took possession of the Mississippi valley in the name of France. La Salle had vision. He plan- ned to build here a colonial empire for France. He went to France and interested the king. With a fleet and settlers he sailed for Ihe mouth of the Mississippi. He landed in Texas. Here famine, Indians, and treachery finally overcame his expedition. La Salle was murdered and only a few of his settlers survived. Some of these traveled north and may have passed through Missouri on their way to Canada. From this time French exploration increased in the Mississippi valley and in Missouri. Permanent settlements were .made in Illinois just opposite the Missouri side and tem- porary settlements were made in Missouri. Hunters, ex- plorers, traders, and miners traveled over Missouri. Four things impressed these early visitors in Missouri — soil, salt, lead, and furs. Even before 1700 there were one or two tem- porary settlements in Missouri. One was located in what is now south St. Louis, and another in Ste. Genevieve county. Not much is known about these early settlements as they were later abandoned. Much more is known about what was being done in Missouri by the French. As eaily as 1688 a Frenchman named La Hontan came down the Mississippi and up the Missouri to the mouth of the Osage. Here he built several huts. He was the first white explorer to go up the Missouri as far as the Osage. He was also the first white visitor who hunted in Missouri. He had a shot gun and when he discharged it near some Missouri Indians, they all rushed from their huts and begged for mercy. As early as 1700 the rich lead mines of Missouri were well known and were being worked by the Canadian-French living in Illinois. The salt springs of Ste. Genevieve county were known and their waters were boiled to obtain the salt. It was lead and salt that brought Missouri her settlers. The profitable fur trade with the Indians in Missouri brought hunters and traders and later brought settlers. Early Spanish and French Explorers 33 Even the French government in France knew of Mis- souri's rich lead mines and was interested. In 1717 the Company of Che West was founded in Paris. It was given exclusive control over Louisiana for twenty-five years. This company began working the lead mines in Missouri and lead was sent to Illinois, Indiana, Canada, New Orleans, and even to France. The company gave a Frenchman named Renault a mineral grant and in 1723 he left France with full equipment to mine lead in Missouri. At San Domingo his ship picked up 500 negro slaves to work the mines. These were the first slaves in Missouri. Renault stayed until 1732 and he mined large quantities of lead. While scores of Frenchmen were working Missouri's lead mines, other Frenchmen, usually the Canadian-French, were hunting, trading, and exploring in Missouri. The profitable fur trade drew many. These traversed not only the Mississippi but went up the Missouri and some of its large tributaries. Others came here to explore. The old idea of Nicollet and Joliet to find a water route to the western ocean had not been dropped although the course of the Mississippi was now known. The Indians and even some of the French hunters told stories of the Missouri river rising far to the westward in high mountains. They said that only a short distance from this river source was the beginning of another river which flowed into the western ocean. A century later tliese stories were found to be true, as tfwo- Americans, Lewis and Clark, later proved. It is not surprising to find these early French- men exploring the Missouri river even though they did not reach its source. The French government also heard of these stories and as early as 1708 ordered an exploration of the Missouri river but this was abandoned. Ten years later a French-Canadian named Du Tisne came here. He should be remembered because he was the first to make a real exploration of Missouri. He went up the Missouri as far as the Osage and the Gasconade, but the Missouri Indi- 34 History of Missouri and Missourians ans were hostile and he was forced to return. He then started from Kaskaskia, in IlHnois, and crossed the Mississippi to what is now Ste. Genevieve county. From here he traveled westward across the Ozarks until he finally came to the source of the Osage. Somewhere in western Missouri he, like La Salle, erected the standard of France and took possession of the country. During this land expedition (1718-20), Du Tisne learned much about Missouri. He found lead, met Indi- ans, observed that the Indians had horses, and noted the beautiful streams and prairies. He had many interesting ex- periences. One time when he and his men were with some Indians, he learned that the Indians were planning to scalp him. Du Tisne wore a wig and had just shaved his head. Taking off his wig and throwing it on the ground, he said, "You will have my scalp? Take it up if you dare." The Indi- ans were afraid to hurt a man who could, as they thought, take off his own scalp. At another time he feared the Indians would massacre his party. He told them that if they became hostile he would burn the waters in their rivers and fire their forests. Taking some brandy, he poured it out and set fire to it. The Indians had never before seen liquor bum and they were startled. Du Tisne then took a sun-glass from his pocket and held it so that it concentrated the sun's rays on some dry leaves and again the Indians thought Du Tisne had great power. Du Tisne's exploration was important. He opened the way across the Ozarks into western Missouri and he made friends with the Indians. Three years after Du Tisne returned from his exploration, a Frenchman named De Bourgmont was ordered by the French government to found a fort on the Missouri river and to explore the country to the west. This was in 1723. Bourgmont with twenty soldiers went up the Missouri river and somewhere between what is to-day Brunswick and Malta Bend, erected a fort. He called it Fort Orleans. This was the first European settlement in Missouri, if the temporary Early Spanish and French Explorers 35 settlements already mentioned are excepted. De Bourginont soon set out with an expedition toward the west. He wanted to make treaties with the Indians, get near the Spanish, and if possible, open trade with both. He came to the mouth of the Kaw, where Kansas City now is, and then went south. He made several trips to western and southwestern Missouri. In 1724 he persuaded twelve Indians to go with him to France. These Indians were entertained royally. One of the Indian maidens married a lieutenant of De Bourgmont. After some time in France, the Indians returned to their home in Missouri loaded with presents and full of stories of what they had seen. In 1726 Fort Orleans was abandoned. Other Frenchmen besides these mentioned explored Mis- souri but these were the most important. The effect of the explorations was to make known the extent and the resources of this land. All of southeast Missouri as far north as the Missouri river was fairly well explored and its rich lead de- posits and its salt springs were discovered and used. The shores of the Mississippi were explored from the Des Moines south. Parts of the Ozarks were known as were the prairies of western Missouri south of the river. The Missouri river had been explored as far west as Kansas City and had been traversed as far north as the Dakotas. During these years there persisted the old idea of finding a water route to the Pacific. This idea was not given up until Lewis and Clark made their famous expedition in 1804-1806. Another plan developing at this time was to trade with the Spaniards in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1703 twenty French- Canadians left Illinois for Santa Fe to trade. Nothing more is known about them. Again, when De Bourgmont started west- ward from Fort Orleans in 1723, one of the purposes was to get in touch with the Spaniards if possible. The French were anxious to trade with Santa Fe but for years the powerful Sac and Fox Indians at the mouth of the Missouri prevented them from making progress. In 1734 a French expedition went up ^6 History of Missouri and Missourians the Missouri river as far as North Dakota. Two years later the Mallet brothers went up the Missouri, then up the Platte river across Nebraska into Colorado. They traveled south in Colorado and New Mexico and actually reached Santa Fe> From that time a trade sprang up between the French in Mis- souri and the Spanish in Santa Fe. Finally, in 1792 the governor of New Mexico sent a man by the name of Vial to make a trail from Santia Fe to St. Louis. This early trade be- tween Missouri and Santa Fe is important. Later, when Missouri became a state, the Santa Fe trade grew larger and larger. The pioneer French settler of Missouri laid the foun- dation of that trade. The coming of Spanish officials and soldiers to Missouri, after France gave the Louisiana country to Spain in 1762, marked no change in the methods and plans of exploration. More settlements were made along the Mississippi and a few miles up the Missouri river Americans began to pour in, taking up land in the back country. French and American hun- ters, trappers, and traders went here and tliere by land savi water over Missouri plying 'their trades. The interior of Mis- souri vra.s penetrated and became better known. The Missouri river was now navigated farther and farther up-stream. Some traders even crossed the plains and tried to trade with the Spaniards and natives in New Mexico. When the American officials came in 1804, the French in Missouri had accomplished these important results : they had explored a large part of the country by land and water; had observed the lay of the land and the flow of the rivers; had located the lead deposits and salt springs ; had made both war and peace with the Indians ; had attempted to open a trade with Santa Fe ; had developed a profitable fur trade ; and most im- portant, they had founded well established, permanent settle- inents. The story of the period of American exploration by Missourians began in 1804. Early Spanish and French Explorers 37 Suggestive Questions 1. Contrast the first Spanish explorers in Missouri with the first French explorers. 2. Who was the leading spirit of western French exploration? De- scribe his exploration and state his plan. 3. Explain how some of the natural resources of Missouri in- fluenced the early French exploration. 4. Describe the first real exploration of Missouri. 5. In what way did the pioneer French settler lay the foundation for the Santa Fc trade?* 6. Summarize the important results of French exploration from 1659 to 1804 Chapter II THE FIRST CENTURY OF SETTLEMENT, 1700-1804 Missouri's fur, lead, salt, and soil brought Frenchmen and Americans to our land. The Explorer Brings the Settler Not long after Joliet and La Salle floated down the Mississippi, came Canadian-French missionaries, himters, trappers, traders, and lead miners to Missouri. Several tem- porary settlements were made. One in what is now south St. Louis on the River des Peres is said to have been the first white settlement on the Mississippi river. This was before 1700. The first permanent settlements appeared on the easi bank of the Mississippi in the Illinois country'. These were at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. From these Illinois settlements, made by the Canadian-French, men came to Missouri to ex- plore and trade, and finally to settle. Around the lead mines in eastern Missouri temporary settlements sprang up and some of these may have had a continuous life. The establishment of Fort Orleans in 1723 was partly for military purposes and partly for trade and exploration. The explorer was soon fol- lowed by the temporary settler, and the temporary settler by the permanent settler. The Illinois-French explorers and set- tlers also came to Missouri to get salt. Opposite Kaskaskia, on the Missouri side of the Mississippi, in what is today Ste. Genevieve county, were salt springs. Salt was as necessary as lead to the pioneer. It cured his meat and flavored his food. Soon some of the Illinois-French built temporary huts near the salt springs. The land near these was rich and fertile. A natural path led from the salt springs to the lead mines. Naturally a settlement appeared and grew. It was called Ste. Genevieve. This was the first permanent settlement in Mis- (38) The First Century of Settlement, 1700-1804 39 souri. The date of its founding is not known. It is usually placed in 1 732 or 1735, but Ste. Genevieve probably had inhabi- tants long before either year. It is also probable that no cer- tain year can be set, since traders, miners, and salt makers lived in Ste. Genevieve at first for a short time, then for a longer time, and finally some made it their permanent home. Just as the explorer brought or became tlie trader and tem- porary settler, so the latter became the permanent settler. The Founding of St. Louis The founding of St. Louis differed from the founding of Ste. Genevieve. The salt springs, the rich bottom land, and its location opposite Kaskaskia on the path to the lead mines, made Ste. Genevieve. No one man v^as the foimder of Ste. Genevieve, and probably no one year can be set as the date of its founding. St. Louis, Missouri's second permanent settle- ment, was founded by Laclede in the year 1764, for the pur- pose of a fur trading post and settlement. The story of St. Louis is one of the most interesting in the history of American cities. Its location was a monument to the foresight of Laclede, its growth a monument to the energy of its citizens and to the resources of Missouri and the West. St. Louis be- gan as a fur trading post; to-day it is the raw fur center of the world. Living in New Orleans in 1762 were two friends, — a rich merchant named Maxent and an active young Frenchman named Laclede. Maxent obtained from the French governor permission to trade with the Indians on the Missouri. He and Laclede formed a company, "The Louisiana Fur Company." Maxent furnished the money, Laclede was to be the leader and do the work. A year later, after making preparations, Laclede with a party of workmen, hunters, and trappers, sailed up the Mississippi. In some respects, this was the most important expedition in Missouri history. After three months of slow sailing, Laclede reached the Illinois-Missouri 40 History of Missouri and Missourians country in November 1763. His party winter- ed at Fort Chartres, on the Illinois side. Laclede at once began looking for a suitable trading post location. He and a thirteen year old boy, Auguste Chouteau, ex- plored on foot the Mis- souri side along the Mississippi. A few miles below the mouth of the Missouri river Laclede found an ideal spot. It had a good harbor, a fine site free from ordi- nary floods, big forest trees for building and fuel, rich soil for crops, springs for drinking water, and an excellent location for trading on both the Missouri and the Mississippi. Laclede was delighted. He cut notches in some of the trees to mark the place, and told his young com- panion that when the river was free from ice he would send him here with workmen to start building a settlement. Both returned to Fort Chartres. Laclede is reported to have said : "I have found a situation where I intend establishing a settle- ment which in the future, shall become one of the most beauti- ful cities of the world." Young Chouteau with thirty men crossed the Mississippi in February 1764. They landed on the 14th, and on the 15th STATUE OF LACLEDE The First Ckntury of Settli:mi:nt, 1700-1804 AUGUSTE CHOUTEAU the building of St. Louis began. Laclede came over in the spring. Ry fall all of his party and many Canadian-French in Illinois had made St. Louis their home. The young man Auguste Chouteau, whom Laclede had witli him, was one of a remarkable family. His mother, Madame Chouteau, and her children were among the early settlers in St. Louis. Madame Chouteau is called "The Mother of St. Louis." She was a good business woman and a progres- sive citizen. She was interested in the fur trade. It is said that she brought the first hive of honey bees to Missouri and 42 History of Missouri and Missourians that from them started the many swarms of wild bees for which Missouri became known. Two of her sons Auguste and Pierre were great fur traders and did much to develop that business. The growth of St. Louis was aided by the fact, now known by all, that France by the treaty of 1763 had ceded all her land east o^ the Mississippi to England. The French set- tlers in Illinois knew that this meant English governors, English soldiers, and English laws. These they hated. Many crossed over to the Missouri side. Some settled in St. Louis, which now grew rapidly. These people did not know that France in 1762 had ceded to Spain the country west of the Mississippi. When they learned of this, they were disap- pointed, but even then they preferred Spain to England. The First Immigration of the Illinois-French, 1764-1780 The effect of the English-French treaty of 1763 was im- portant in the settlement of Missouri. Htuidreds of the Illinois-French left their old homes to come to Missouri. Many tore down their houses and carried them across the Mississippi. Some Illinois villages were deserted. Both Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis increased in population and in five years they together had nearly 1000 persons. Some of these Illinois- French also settled in the country and aroimd the lead mines. Around these isolated farms and mining camps, settlements were later to grow. Among the most important which had their beginning during this period were Carondelet and Potosi. The Second Immigration of the Illinois-French and the First American Immigration, 1780-1795 Just as the treaty of 1763 and the coming of the English gave Missouri her first big increase in population, so did the American Revolutionary- War and the peace treaty of 1783 give Missouri her second increase. During the Revolutionary The First Century of Settlement, 1700-1804 43 War Virginfa sent General George Rogers Clark with soldiers to conquer the Illinois country and drive out the British. This was in 1778. The Illinois-French who had not moved to Missouri helped Clark in every way and he soon drove the British from Illinois and Indiana. The French settlers soon regretted the coming of the Americans. After Clark left, his soldiers took property from the French. The government set up by the Americans was oppressive and inefficient. The American money was at that time of little or no value and the Illinois-French were also defrauded by land speculators. This awful condition of affairs lasted from 1778 to 1790. It re- sulted in the second immigration of the Ilhnois-French to Missouri. New settlements were made. Among these were St. Charles 1780, Florissant, near St. Louis, 1785, and New Bourbon, near Ste. Genevieve, 1793. During these years, between 1780 and 1795, American set- tlers also began coming to Missouri. Good land and rich lead brought them. The first American probably came in 1770 but not until ten years later did any considerable number arrive. The cause of this first American immigration to Missouri was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This ordinance proh.ibited slaveiy north of the Ohio and south of the Great Lakes, Many of the settlers living in that section owned slaves. Some of these settlers began moving westward to Missouri where slavery was permitted by Spain. After the passage of the Northwest Ordinance many settlers from slave-holding states, as Virginia and Maryland, who had intended settUng in the Northwest country, passed on down the Ohio. Most of these settled in Missouri. They helped found Cape Girardeau, 1795, New Madrid, 1789, and Little Prairie, 1790, and many settled in the country along the creeks. The Second American Immigration, 1795-1804 Although some Americans came to Missouri before 1795, they were few compared to the hundreds of families who came A A History of Missouri and Missourians between 1795 and 1804. About 1795 the Spanish governor general at New Orleans began to fear that the Enghsh, who owned Canada, would attempt to occupy the Louisiana country, i. e., the country west of the Mississippi. If such an attempt were made, the English would come from Canada and first strike upper Louisiana, of which Missouri was the center and St. Louis the capital. He knew that Missouri did not have a large population, perhaps not over 5,000 persons, so he determined to invite more Americans to settle here. In case of war, the Spanish governor general knew that the Americans would protect their new homes and he also knew that they were good fighters. He sent orders to the Spanish lieutenant governor at St. Louis to attract new settlers. Land was offered very cheap. A fine Missouri farm of 800 acres could be bought from the Spanish govemment for only $41 and the cost of surveying. Americans began pouring into Missouri by the hundreds. They had heard of the rich soil here and of the valuable lead deposits. Most of these came from Kentucky and Tennessee, and some from Virginia and the Carolinas. They were a hardy people and liked the coimtry. The great majority of them settled on bottom farms along the small streams, and some settled around the lead mines. The French liked to live in towns, they were our first city builders. The Americans liked to live in the country, they were our first country fanners. The French had already founded a chain of settlements along the Mississippi from southeast Missouri to St. Charles; the Americans now began to settle along the streams inland from these French settlements. Led by the famous Boone family of Kentucky, of which Daniel Boone was the head, they settled in the St. Charles country to the north and west. Others settled west of St. Louis along the streams. Back of Ste. Genevieve another famous family, the Austins, of which Moses Austin was the head, settled around Potosi to mine lead; and the Murphy family from Tennessee with many followers formed Murphy's The First Century of Settlement, 1700-1804 45 Settlement, now Farmington. South of Murphy's Settlement was St. Michael's Settlement, Fredericktown, but St. Michael's was founded by the French. The Cape Girardeau and New Madrid country districts were also settled bv Americans. emigration of DANIEL BOUNE. BV BINGHAM Missouri was growing rapidly in population. By 1804 her five districts (the Spanish government divided Missouri into dis- tricts instead of counties), St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste Gene- vieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid, had 10,350 pei'sons, of which 1.500 were slaves. So from a population of 1,000 in 1769, Missouri grew to 5,000 in 1795, and to 10,350 in 1804. Of these 10,350 persons, more than half were Americans, the others being French. Although ruled by the Spanish, Missouri was peopled by French and Americans. She had towns and famis, mines and forests, salt springs and fur-bearing animals. 46 History of Missouri and Missourians Missouri by 1804 had both the people and the resources to be- gin the building of a great American territory and state. Just as Laclede and the Chouteaus stand out as French- men in early Missouri history, so do the Boone and Austin families as Americans. Daniel Boone was a true western American pioneer. He was a hunter, scout, Indian fighter^ and settler. Boone was bom in Pennsylvania. He settled early in North Carolina. Later he was one of the first white men to explore Kentucky where he and his family settled. He was defrauded of his Kentucky land and came to Missouri where he died in 1820. Boone county was named in his honor. His sons were fine men. Moses Austin was the Missouri head of the Austin family. He also came early to Missouri where he engaged in lead mining. He was very progressive. Years later he went to Texas to found an American colony. His son Stephen Austin carried on his work in Texas where he died highly honored. Suggestive Questions 1. How do you explain that the first permanent settlement in Mis- souri was made at Ste. Genevieve? 2. Compare the founding of St. Louis with the founding of Ste. Grenevieve. 3. Why was the French treaty of 1763 important in the settlement of Missouri? 4. What event in American history gave Missouri her second in- crease in population? Explain why this occurred. 5. What were the causes which led to the great American immi- gration into Missouri from 1795 to 1804? 6. Compare the population of Missouri in 1769, 1895 and 1804. Chapter III MISSOURI UNDER SPANISH RULE, 1770-1804 Spain gave Missouri good government. The people grew and prospered. The Government x\lthough the Louisiana country was given to Spain by the secret treaty of 1762, she did not send a lieutenant governor to upper Louisiana until 1770. From that year to 1804 a Spanish lieutenant governor ruled Missouri. In 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana to France but no French lieutenant governor came to Missouri. In 1803 France sold Louisiana to the United States but formal transfer of upper Louisiana did not take place until 1804. So from 1770 to 1804 a Spanish lieutenant governor ruled Missouri. Under Spanish rule the Louisiana country was divided into lower and upper Louisiana. Missouri was part of upper Louisiana and in population it was the most important part. The capita' of upper Louisiana was St. Louis. Here lived the lieutenant governor. The lieutenant governor had an assistant, called a commandant, in each of the five districts; and each commandant had an assistant, called a syndic, in each of the local settlements. These were the only government officials except a few surveyors, clerks, and soldiers. There was no legislature, town council, tax collector, lawyer, or jury in Mis- souri. The lieutenant governor made a few simple laws, which he enforced. He and his commandants and syndics applied these laws when someone did a wrong or got into a dispute. The lieutenant governor was military commander, governor, judge, and legislature all combined; his assistants had similar powers only in a smaller degree. (47) . 4.8 History of Missouri and Missourians The settlers both French and American liked this kind of government, although they had no voice in it as we have to-day^ They liked it because it was cheap, efficient, and quick. In- stead of a lawsuit costing much money and time, disputes were settled in a few hours without cost. There were no lawyers tO' pay. The commandant or syndic heard the parties in dispute, and gave his judgment. The case could be appealed to the lieutenant governor and from him to the governor general at New Orleans, but this was seldom done. There was little crime in those days but when a crime was committed, or some one gossiped ill of his neighbor, or slandered his neighbor, or stole a horse, or talked against the government, then the guilty man or woman was quickly judged and pimished, usually whipped. People knew this, and they were careful. It made them respect each other and honor their government. Missouri had eight lieutenant governors during the Span- ish period. All of these, except perhaps one, were esleemed by the people. The last one was a Frenchman called DeLassus. Some of his descendants are living in Missouri to-day. The Spanish governors of Missouri had no trouble with the set- tlers. They had some trouble with the Indians, especially the Sacs and Foxes in north Missouri and the Osages in the Ozarks. By means of presents they managed to keep on fairly peaceable terms. The English they never liked and with them had open conflict. British Attack on St. Louis, 1780 Hardly had a decade passed after the founding of St. Louis when the news came that the American colonists were in revolt against England. In 1778 Virginia sent General George Rogers Clark with his Kentucky riflemen to take from the British all north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi. General Clark succeeded. The Spanish in Missouri sympa- thized with Clark and the Americans. The British decided to attack St. Louis, retake Illinois, and march in victory to New Missouri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804 49 CO History of Missouri and Missourians Orleans. A force of Indians and a few Canadian-French un- der British leaders gathered in the north. Word was fortu- nately brought to St. Louis, but many of the French settlers were in the field plowing. The attack, which lasted only one day, was made on May 26, 1780. The French lost many, both in killed and wounded, but the British and Indians failed. Not only was St. Louis saved but also the other Missouri settle- ments. The British withdrew. The next year, war having opened between Spain and England, a Spanish and French force was sent tc attack the British at St. Joseph, Michigan. They succeeded and then returned to St. Louis. How THE Settlers Lived , ■ / Just as the government during the Spanish rule was sim- ple so was the life of the people. Their houses, furniture, dress, amusements, towns, farms, business, and transportation were much simpler than today. The French lived in towns. They liked to meet their neighbors, observe holidays, play games, dress up, dance, and go to church. They were more sociable, cultured, and polite than the Americans. The French were also noted for their happy disposition, their honesty, and their peacefulness. The Americans lived on farms. They were honest and hospitable, but they were not so sociable or polite. Their games were those showing out-of-door strength or skill, like wrestling and rifle shooting; the French liked in- door games of skill, like billiards, or games of chance, like cards. The Americans had a serious disposition. Some of them were more inclined to fight and make trouble. They were fearless and dared any danger. They were more enter- prising than the French but they did not get the Frenchman's enjoyment out of life. This was true among the American women, who reared large families on isolated farms. The French and Americans were different in other ways. The main source of living was farming but both did not regard farming in the same way. The Frenchman farmed in order Missouri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804 51 to .make a living so that he could enjoy life. He was not am- bitious to own much land or become wealthy. He lived in town and had one or two long, narrow thirty- five or forty acre lots, about two hundred feet wide and one and a half miles long, back of his garden. This lot was part of a large field next to each French settlement. The field was called the "common field." Each Frenchman owned his own farm lot in the "common field." This field was fenced by all the lot owners, each having to do his share. Besides the "common field", the French set aside another large tract of ground near the village for pasture for their stock and for firewood. It also was fenced by all. This was called^ the "commons" and was owned by all and not by individuals as was the "common field." By this kind of farming the French obtained two re- sults — they were able to earn a living from the soil and still live in town, and by co-operating in building one fence for a large tract of ground they saved themselves much labor. Since they lived close to each other they were enabled to help in lending tools and labor. It must have been a beautiful sight to have seen a hundred men out in the long, narrow fields work- ing side by side, throwing jokes, singing songs, and making the hills echo with their laughter. Certainly the Frenchman made farming a pleasure. The American farmer was quite different. He wanted to make a living but he was equally interested in becc^ning wealthy. He laughed at the little forty acre lots of the French. He wanted hundreds of acres, sometimes he wanted thousands. The American knew that some day land in Missouri would grow in value (in money) just as it had in the east and as it was growing in Kentucky. But to own large farms and make a living on them, meant isolation in those days. Therefore, the American farmer settled farther back in the country. He liked such a life. By nature he was independent and he wanted to live far enough away that he could not hear the bark of his neighbor's dog. He wanted to be next to the 52 IIlSTORV OK MiSSOUiil AND MiSSOURIANS Missouri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804 ^^ forest abounding in wild game that could be killed with his rifle or caught b} his traps. The American farmer was not un- sociable and he was always hospitable but he lived so far from others that sociability was not so easy as with the French. The Americans also co-operated as in building houses, "house- raising" as they called it, and sharing fresh meat. However, distance with roads frequently impassable, prevented them from aiding each other as did the French. Even in building houses the French and the Americans differed. Both made their homes out of hewed logs. The French placed the logs on end, like a picket fence only as closely together as possible. The spaces between were filled with mortar or clay and then whitewashed. The Americans placed the logs lengthwise, one on another. Both styles were rarely over one-story high. The first two-story rock house in Mis- souri was built by Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone. It is still standing three miles north of Marthasville. The French also built some stone houses but generally they built of logs. Both the French and the American house had only two rooms. One room served as a kitchen, the other as a living room, din- ing room, and bedroom combined. Sometimes this combination room had one or two small rooms partitioned off for sleeping quarters, and sometimes the children slept in the loft or attic, which was reached by a ladder. The French two-room house was a single building, wider than it was deep. It had windows with small glass panes. Since there were no stoves one or two big chimneys of rock or clay with fireplaces were used for cooking and heating. Porches ran along the entire front and rear, the roof over the porches being a continuation of the house root. The American two-room house was a double building, also wider than it was deep, with an open place be- tween the two buildings or cabins. One roof covered botli buildings and the open place. The roof was made of clap- boards hewed from sections of logs and were about three- fourths of an inch thick, four or five inches wide, and three to ^4 History of Missouri and Missourians five feet long. The clapboards were laid like shingles and were held in place with logs placed over them. Nails were handmade and were scarce and costly. The floors were made of logs hewed on one side and then joined together. Sometimes both the French and the Americans had a kitchen built at the back of the house. If the family owned slaves, cabins weie built for them back of the home. The French built their houses along the town's main street and had little or no front yard. Back of the house they had beautiful flower gardens, orchards, and vegetable gardens. Both ihe French and the Americans engaged in the same pursuits to make a living. The principal occupation was farm- ing. Prices were fairly good but it was hard to market what one had to sell. The Americans raised corn, some wheat, hogs, and cattle. Very little grain was sold owing to poor transpor- tation, but hams and salt pork were sent by boat to New Orleans. The rivers were the only means of getting produce to market, unless one lived near a town. That is one reason why all the early settlers lived close to streams. Other reasons were water, rich soil, and timber. The roads were little more than paths, impassable in the spring and overgrown with bushes and high grass in the summer. But the early settlers, both French and American, did other things besides farming. They hunted for wild game as deer, bear, prairie chicken, turkey, ducks, and geese. They also hunted and trapped wild animals for their furs, which could always be sold. Some be- came traders with the Indians, and grew wealthy. Others mined lead and sold the lead to the town merchants. Missouri lead was used in America and in Europe. Thousands of pounds of lead were mined in Missouri in what is to-day Jef- ferson, St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Madison, and Washing- ton counties. The lead belt lay back from the Mississippi be- tween the Meramac and Apple Creek, and was about 45 miles wide and 70 miles long. The first lead mined was taken to Fort Chartres, on the Illinois side, and later to Ste. Genevieve. Missouri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804 55 The lead was moulded in the shape of a collar and was hung across the neck of a horse. Later it was moved in two-wheeled French carts, the wheels being of solid wood sawed from a big log. They had no iron tires, so the Americans called them barefooted carts. The oldest wagon road in Missouri was from Ste. Genevieve to these lead mines. As other towns were founded they received part of the lead for shipment. Most of the furs, however, went to St. Louis. The towns were at that time as they are to-day the centers of trade. Here were the merchants and traders. The French towns were all very much alike. Each consisted of one long street parallel with the river. On this street were built the houses. There were no separate buildings for stores. A merchant or trader kept his goods for sale in his home. These were packed in chests or boxes to be brought out and displayed to the buyer. However, there were warehouses for keeping furs, but only the big merchants had them. In the town were also mechanics, carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, gunsmiths, and furniture makers. All of these served an important place in the life of the early pioneer. Most of the furniture was homemade and was simple, consisting of a table, beds, and a few chairs. In most homes were a spinning wheel and a loom for nearly all cloth was made at home. The gunsmith and the blacksmith were both necessary. The pioneer depended on his gun to protect him from beast and Indian, and to provide him with much of his meat and part of his furs. The gunsmith knew how to repair the pioneer's rifle. He was a busy man. The blacksmith made the few tools used by the farmer and the mechanic. These tools were heavy and crude. The principal farm tools were the hoe, spade, sickle, mattock, rake, and plow. In religion all of the French were Catholics and so were some of the Americans. The majority of the Americans were Protestants, but the government did not permit them to have Protestant churches or ministers, or to hold service. There ^6 History of Missouri and Missourians were no public schools, but in the villages the Catholic churches gave elementary instruction. The mass of the people were un- educated. The dress of the first settlers was simple. The French dress differed from the American. For everyday wear the Frenchman wore a coarse cloth coat with a cape, which could be used to cover the head. Both men and women wore blue handkerchiefs over the head and moccasins to protect the feet. The French woman was more tasty in her dress and followed the fashions of Paris. On holidays and Sundays the men also wore more stylish clothes. Both men and women loved colors in their dress. The American settler wore a long hunting shirt or coat, which came to the knees. This was made of buckskin or coarse cloth. His breeches were also of this material. He wore either shoes or moccasins, but preferred shoes. Frequently he went barefooted in the summer, especially if he were poor. The American liked a hat and always wore one. It was made either of skin or of cloth. The coonskin hat was popular with hunters. The American woman tried to dress like her people "back East." She also wore a hat when she wanted to appear well dressed. This hat, which was very pretty and attractive, was in the general shape of a bonnet. Conclusion Missouri under Spanish rule was well governed. The peo- ple were happy and contented. There was little crime and life and property were protected. The settlers were of French or American blood. They lived together in peace and harmony. The population increased rapidly from 1795 to 1804. The early settlers were French ; they built our first cities. The later settlers were American ; they were our first real country farmers. The Frenchman worked in order to enjoy life; the American worked to make a living, to own much property, and to beccxme wealthy. The American was more ambitious and Missouri Under Spanish Rule, 1770-1804 57 energetic. It was his energy and independence in pushing farther and farther into the wilderness that laid the founda- tions of our State. All were law abiding and honored their government. Suggestive Questions 1. Describe the political form of government in the Louisiana country under the Spanish rule. 2. Give an account of the attack by the British on St. Louis in 1780. 3. Contrast the French method of farming with the American method. 4. Describe the American and the French pioneer house. 5. Tell of the chief occupations of the American and Frenchman. 6. Of what importance was the city in pioneer days? 7. Describe the dress of the Frenchman. Describe the drtss of the American. 8. What was the religion of the people during this period? 9. Give your impression of the Spanish period. PART III MISSOURI AN AMERICAN TERRI- TORY, 1804-1820 To share the duties and privileges of the greatest republic is the priceless inheritance of every American citizen. Chapter I THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE "The most important event in Missouri history and one of the most important in American history, is the Louisiana Purchase." The Purchase The history of a state is not made entirely by the people of that state, much of it is made by others. The early Mis- souri-French had no part in the secret treaty of 1762 by which France gave the Louisiana country, including Missouri, to Spain. Missouri's settlers had no part in the treaty of 1800 by which Spain gave back to France this same Louisiana country. Finally in 1803, when the United States purchased from France the Louisiana country, all Missouri became American soil although Missouri's people had nothing to do with this most important event. The Louisiana Purchase was a matter of business and policy between President Jefferson and his agents acting for the United States, and Napoleon and his agents acting for France. The price was $15,000,000. Two reasons caused Napoleon to sell. He needed the money, and he feared that England in the next war would possess Louisi- ana. He may also have thought that by making the United States stronger, he was making England less powerful. (58) The Louisiana Purchase 59 The Transfer of Upper Louisiana, 1804 Althoug-h in 1800 Spain gave back to France all of Louisiana, and although the United States purchased it from France in 1803, a Spanish Heutenant governor ruled Missouri until March 9, 1804. On that day took place in St. Louis the GOVERNMENT BUILDING IN ST. LOUIS. WHERE FORMAL TRANSFER OF UPPER LOUISIANA WAS MADE (From Houck's Hist, of Mo.) formal transfer of upper Louisiana. Captain Amos Stoddard, of the United States Army, appeared with some American soldiers. He was to serve as the representative of two coim- tries, France and the United States. The Spanish lieutenant governor, De Lassus, with his Spanish soldiers stood beneath the flag of Spain. He formally transferred possession of upper Louisiana to France. Stoddard acting as the represen- tative of France accepted possession. The Spanish flag was hauled down and the French flag was raised. This was on March 9, 1804. How the French inhabitants of St. Louis and 5o History of Missouri and Missouri an s the French visitors of other towns must have rejoiced in see- ing again the flag of their mother country ! It is said that they asked Capt. Stoddard to let the French flag stand for twenty-four hours. He consented. On the next day, the French flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes was raised. A shout went up and Charles Gratiot, a Frenchman, called for three cheers for the American occupation. It was given in allegiance to the United States. But there were many present who did not rejoice and there were some who wept. Although they were French, they honored the mild rule of Spain. They did not dislike the United States but they and even some of the American settlers feared the change. They knew it meant taxes and service in the militia, and these they disliked. They did not rebel or protest and as best they could showed their good intentions. The majority of American settlers rejoiced. So ended the day, March 10, 1804. Missouri had become American soil. The formal part of the Louisiana Purchase had closed, but the effects will last as long as America ex- ists and Missouri is a state. The purchase of Louisiana is one of the greatest events in American history. It added to this country a domain from which have been formed, in whole or in part, thirteen states. To-day it is the geographical center of our nation. Its value is beyond accurate estimate. Its people are largely native bom Americans, industrious, religious, and loyal. In extent it stretched from Canada on the north to Texas and the Gulf on the south, and from the Mississippi on the east to the Rockies on the west. It has been called the largest real estate trans- action in history. In Missouri history the purchase of Louisiana stands out as a land-mark. It brought about changes of the greatest im- portance. Missouri's government changed from Spanish to American ; her schools changed from village church classes to The Louisiana Purchase 6i both private and public schools; her religion changed from an established state faith, the Catholic, to freedom of worship open alike to Catliolics and Protestants; her social life changed from French to American; and her methods of doing business became American. Other changes also appeared. The Ameri- can immigration begun under the latter Spanish rule now in- creased. American courts were established and lawyers and lawsuits became common. The American land speculator promptly put in his appearance and land booms and depres- sions became part of our business life. The American editor came and soon a weekly newspaper appeared. With the American system of popular self-government came elections whereby the people chose their officers and lawmakers. Other changes were soon noticed which were not good. With the thousands of new American settlers came some undesirable, citizens. These lived by their wits and their fists. Crimes became more common. Fights and even murders now occured. Drinking and gambling were prevalent in the towns. The duel also appeared. The peaceful life of the old French vil- lage had passed. Rush and hurry to develop the country, to found new towns, to make money and became wealthy now became the goal of the people. These are only some of the important changes, others will later be noticed. Most of these were improvements and they enabled Missouri to become the great state she is today. Suggestive Questions 1. Explain the transfer of the Louisiana Purchase. 2. Wliat was the attitude of the inhabitants when the formal transfer was made? 3. VVIiat is the importance of the Louisiana Purchase in American history? 4. Wliat is the importance of the Louisiana Purchase in Missouri history? Chapter II MISSOURI'S STRUGGLE FOR STATEHOOD The Gk)VERNMENT OF MISSOURI 1804-1821 Americans dislike laws lianded down from a higher source ; they will petition, demand and fight for self-government. General Survey of the Territorial Period The seventeen years of Missouri history following the Louisiana Purchase were marked by several outstanding fea- tures in the field of government. These features are important and, if remembered, they are a key to this period. In the first place. Congress by five different laws provided in general terms what Missouri's territorial government should be, and finally by two more laws Congress permitted Missourians to provide what Missouri's state government should be. These seven laws passed by Congress gradually gave Missourians more and more control over their own government until finally Missouri became a state in the Union. In the second place, as Missouri's population increased during these years and as new Missouri counties were formed, Missourians wanted less Con- gress-government and more self-government in Missouri. They petitioned time after time for this privilege of governing them- selves and finally only statehood itself would satisfy them. This second feature may be called Missouri's struggle for statehood. It was successful only after a long and bitter fight in Congress. The third feature was closely related to the second. It was slavery. Missourians had slaves during the Spanish rule and many more slaves were brought here by the American set- (62) Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 63 tiers who came during this territorial period. When Missouri petitioned for statehood, the question arose in Congress whether Missouri should be admitted as a slave or as a free state and whether the rest of the Louisiana country should be slave or free. Only after several years of debating in Con- gress was this question settled. It was this slavery question which delayed Missouri in becoming a state and in entering the Union. The last feature was the framing of a state constitu- tion and the forming of a state government by Missourians. These four features — the laws of Congress, the struggle for statehood, slavery, and Missouri's statehood — are the key to the period of government in Missouri from 1804 to 1821. The Laws of Congress Shortly after the purchase of the Louisiana country. Con- gress provided by law for its temporary government. This law was passed on October 31, 1803. It made little change in the old Spanish system of government except to place American officials in control. The old divisions of lower and upper Louisiana with their capitals at New Orleans and St. Louis were not changed. All power was given the President of the United States. He appointed Captain Amos Stoddard, of the United States Army, commandant of upper Louisiana. Cap- tain Stoddard had all civil and military authority, subject to the President's direction. This law of 1803 went into effect in Missouri when Captain Stoddard took possession of upper Louisiana on March 10, 1804. From that day to October 1, 1804, Missouri really had a military government of occupation. This military government as was intended was only temporary. It lasted less than seven months. After Congress had passed this temporary government law, it began considering a more permanent form of govern- ment for the Louisiana country. On March 26, 1804^ a new 64. History of Missouia and Missouri an s law was passed, which went into effect on October 1, 1804. This law of 1804 divided the Louisiana Purchase country into two parts as had the Spanish, but these two parts were now made separate and independent of each other. The boundary line between them was what is to-day the southern boundary of Arkansas. The south part was called the Territory of Orleans, and its capital was New Orleans. The north part was called the District of Louisiana. Missouri was of course part of the District of Louisiana. This District was placed under the government of the Territory of Indiana. So Missouri now was governed by the governor and judges of the Territory of Indiana, who lived in Indiana 165 miles away. It looked like Missouri was getting poor treatment from the United States. She had no voice in her own government and even those who governed her did not live here. The people of Missouri at once protested. The law of 1804 was so unpopular that the people in the five old Spanish districts of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girar- deau, and New Madrid, elected delegates to meet in conven- tion in St. Louis. Here a petition of protest was drafted against the act of 1804 and against the part of that act which declared that all Spanish grants of land made after 1800 were null and void. A request was then made for a separate terri- torial government in Missouri. It requested a governor ap- pointed by the President and a legislative council composed of the governor and two representatives elected by the people from each of the five districts, or counties. It requested the right to have a delegate in Congress. Copies of this petition were sent to the President and Congress. Another law (un- usually called "act") was passed by Congress. This was the act of 1805. It gave Missouri a separate territorial govern- ment, but of the lowest rank. It provided for a governor and three judges all appointed by the President. These four men Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 65 wert to make the laws. The governor was to have a secretary, who was to be the acting governor when the office was vacant. This act of 1805 also changed the name of the District to the Territory cf Louisiana. It is clear that Missouri received little except a separate government and a change of name. No delegate to Congress, no self-goveniment, no elected officers, no repeal of the law against the Spanish land grants made after 1800, were mentioned. Still, Missourians were very well pleased with the law of 1805. It was a step forward over ihe laws of 1803 and 1804. Excepting the judges and the sec- retary, however, it provided a government somewhat similar to the old Spanish government, and that was well liked by the people. This act of 1805 was in force seven years. Under it Missouri, as the Territory of Louisiana, had three governors. The first was General James Wilkinson. The people disliked him and the President removed him after serving trwo years. Captain Meriwether Lewis, a very popular man, was appointed governor. He also served only two years owing to his death in 1809. The last governor of the Territory of Louisiana was General Benjajnin Howard. During these seven years another man was the acting governor much of this time, although he was only the secretary to the governor. This man was the young Virginian, Frederick Bates. He was able and popular. He later became Missouri's second state governor. The population of Missouri increased rapidly during these seven years. In 1804 Missouri had 10,350 persons, of whom 1,500 were slaves. In 1810 Missouri had a population of 20,845. This was an increase of 100%. Missourians now sent petition on petition to Congress requesting more self-govern- ment. Early in 1812 the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana. The upper Louisiana country was still called the Territory of Louisiana. There was, therefore, both a state and a territory with the same name. This was confus- ing and combined with the Missouri petitions for more self- 66 History of Missouri and Missourians government, gave Congress good cause for passing a new law for Missouri, This was the act of 1812. By it, the name "Territory of Missouri" was given to tlie Territory of Louisiana. No change was made in boundaries. But a change more important than name was made by the act of 1812. This was in government, by which Missouri was raised to a territory^ of the second rank. This change was in the law-making body. A legislature of two houses was created. The upper house, called the legis- lative council, was appointed by the President ; the lower house, called the house of representatives, was elected from counties by the people. The people were to have a delegate in Congress, who was also to be elected. By this act of 1812 Missoviri had gained much but not all. Her rank had been ad- vanced and her people were to elect one of the lav/-making houses and a delegate to represent them in Congress. Missouri had also finally received her name. In the act of 1812 the name "counties" was mentioned for the first time. Down to this time the five old Spanish districts had not been changed. Now they became counties. So Missouri's first five counties were St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. As population increased other counties were formed until to-day Missouri has 114 counties and the city of St. Louis. Missouri had only two governors under the act of 1812. The first was Benjamin Howard, who was also the last governor of the Territory of Louisiana. He resigned in 1813 and was succeeded by General William Clark. Governor Clark and Captain Lewis had been the leaders of the famous Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804 to the Pacific ocean. Each be- came our governor. Clark was an able man, especially in handling the Indians. They called him "Red Head," and they feared and respected him. The act of 1812 was in force eight years, or until 1820. During these eight years Missouri had three delegates in Con- Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 67 gress. The first was Edward Hempstead, the second Rufus Eastin, and the last John Scott. All were lawyers and repre- sented Missouri well in Congress. Scott later became Missouri's first congressman when Missouri became a state. The War of 1812 brought Missouri trouble from the Indi- ans. It also decreased immigration to Missouri, although it did not entirely stop new settlers coming here. When the war closed and peace was made in 1815, Missouri's population again increased by thousands. Missouri now wanted more self-government and Congress passed another law. This was the act of 1816. By this act the legislative council was made elective. This gave Missourians control of their territorial legislature in both houses. The governor and judges were still appointed by the President. Missouri had now risen to the third or highest grade of territorial government. Only statehood itself would give her complete self-government. This she now sought. Missouri's Struggle for Statehood Although Missourians began asking Congress for self- government as early as 1804, they did not begin forcing to the front the question of absolute self-government, or statehood, until 1817. In this year they circulated petitions to be sent to Congress in which was requested permission for Missouri to become a state. These petitions were presented in Congress in 1818 by Missouri's territorial delegate, John Scott. A bill per- mitting Missouri to form a constitution and a state government was introduced in Congress, but it did not became a law. In the fall of 1818 the Missouri Territorial Legislature petitioned Congress for statehood. Congress again took up the matter. This time a new subject was considered. It was slavery. Some of the congressmen from the northern states wanted to restrict slavery in Missouri. A few of the northern congressmen and all of the southern congressmen opposed placing any slavery restriction on Missouri. All of them knew that slavery had 68 History of Missouri and Missourians always existed in Missouri but the northern congressmen wanted to see it gradually abolished before they would vote for Missouri's statehood. The southern congressmen thought that such a restriction on Missouri was unfair and illegal. They said that Missourians and not congressmen had the right to decide the question of slavery in the proposed new state. All during the winter of 1818-19 Congress debated the Missouri question back and forth. Feeling ran high over the nation. In Alissouri the people were indignant and angry at the interference of Congress in attempting to impose restrictions on slavery. Public meetings were held throughout the Territory. Speeches were made. Resolutions of protest against the pro- posed action of Congress wei-e adopted. The people of Miss- ouri felt that they and they alone had the right to decide on slavery. They also felt that Congress should not delay longer in permitting Missourians to form a state constitution and a state government. Some even went so far as to threaten forming a state government in the near future if Congress did not give them permission. When Congress met again in December 1819, the Missouri statehood bill was taken up for final settlement. The debates were just as bitter as before. Finally a compromise was agreed upon. This is known in history as the Missouri Com- promise. A law was adopted on March 6, 1820, which gave Missouri permission to form a state constitution and a state government without any restriction on slavery. This is called the Missouri Enabling Act, The act of 1820 had other pro- visions in it. It set forth the boundaries of Missouri as they are to-day, excepting the Platte Purchase country, which was added in 1836. It gave the new state. United States public lands for public schools, a state university, and a seat of government. This act also provided, and this is the important part of the Missouri Compromise, that slavery was prohibit- ed in all of the Louisiana Purchase country north of 36° 30' (the southern boundary of Missouri) excepting the proposed State of Missouri. llissouRi's Stru(;(:;le for Statehood 69 a'MMKY OV MISSOURI AS FIRST sui;c;i:sTicD'iN 1817 I ■• 111 M>..nk'. l/,.t „j Mn . I i. U)L'M)Ak\(j| MISSOURI AS SUGGIiSTbiD UYTHli tl;i\RVUI- MISSOURI AS ADoni.n HY a)\(;RK8S I\ iHio. I-ruin lloiick's fTiu. 0/ Mo., I. 6. H()UNDAR\ (M'- MISSOURI WITH Till-. I'l.AITI- purchasl; addkd From Houck's //iu. oj Mo., I. 12 BOUNDARIES OF MISSOURI *jO History of Missouri and Missourians The News Reaches Missouri The Missouri Enabling Act was passed on March 6, 1820. On March 21st a special messenger from Washington reached Jackson, Missouri, and four days later he entered St. Louis. Missouri was now to become a state. Self-government had finally won. The day and night were given over to celebration. Candles were lighted and placed in the front windows. St. Louis was celebrating in true pioneer style. Over the territory the news spread. It was a joyous time in old Missouri. The St. Louis Enquirer, the second newspaper in Missouri, issued an extra. The.First State Constitution, 1820 An election was called in May to elect delegates to a con- stitutional convention. Forty-one of Missouri's most eminent men were selected. These have been called "The Fathers of the State." They met in St. Louis on Jime 12, 1820, and adjourned on July 19th. In the dining room of the old Man- sion House Hotel in St. Louis a constitution was framed and adopted. Thus, Missouri, the State, was born in a tavern. The constitution was similar to the constitutions of Kentucky and Illinois. It was never submitted to the people. It served Missouri for forty-five years. Missouri's first constitution was a strong one. It was brief, containing only about nine thousand words. Missouri's present constitution has about thirty thousand words. The former laid down only general principles of government and did not go into details. The government it provided for Missouri was similar to our present state government except that the judges and a number of officials were to be appointed instead of elected and that the legislature had more powers. The total cost of this constitution, including pay of the dele- gates, was only $8,000. These forty-one "Fathers of the State" did their work well. Missouri's Struggle for Statehood n\ DAVID BARTON 72 History of Missouri and Missourians Some of these forty-one delegates were truly reniaknble men. Among them were men who became United States senators, governors, and state supreme court judges. The president of the convention was David Barton, an able lawyer and orator. He was one of Missouri's first United States senators. Other men who became well known and who did mos't to frame the constitution were John Rice Jones, Duff Green, Edward Bates, Henry Dodge, John D. Cook, Jonathan S. Findlay, Alexander McNair, and John Scott. The First State Election, August 1820 After the constitution was adopted, an election was ordered for electing a congressman, governor, lieutenant governor, state senators, and representatives. This elec- tion was held in August. The campaign was spirited. The newspapers carried campaign articles and the men running for office made speeches. Alexander McNair, of St. Louis, was elected governor; William H. Ashley, lieutenant governor; and John Scott, congressman. There were no opposing political parties. Each voted for the man he liked best. Political parties came later in Missouri. The First State Government, 1820 In September the General Assembly of Missouri (the leg- islature) met in St. Louis in the Missouri Hotel. Governor McNair and Lieutenant Governor Ashley took the oath of office. One of the most important things to do was to elect Missouri's two United States senators. In those days the Legislature did this. David Barton and Thomas H. Beaton were elected. Barton was popular and he was easily elected. He worked hard for Benton. Although Benton became Missouri's greatest senator and statesman, his first election was close. One of his supporters in the Legislature was Daniel Ralls, who was sick in his room. When the votes were being •cast four stout negroes carried Ralls on his bed into the legis- Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 73 MISSOURI'S CAPITOLS 74 History of Missouri and Missourians lative hall. Ralls cast his vcbe for Benton and died shortly after. In his honor Ralls county was named. At this session of the Legislature a number of laws were made among which was one regarding the seat of government, or the capital of Missouri. St. Charles was made the tempor- ary capital until 1826. The permanent capital was to be located by a commission and was to be somewhere within forty miles of the mouth of the Osage river. What is to-day Jeffer- son City was finally selected. State officers and judges were appointed by Governor McNair and were approved by the Senate, taxes were provided for, and laws relating to different matters were passed. Early in December 1820 the Legislature adjourned. The old territorial government had passed away and. the new state government was in operation. Missouri with her 66,000 people was a state in all respects except one — she had not yet been admitted by Congress into the Union. This was not done until August 10, 1821, a year and twenty- two days after Missouri had adopted her first State Constitu- tion. Admission Into the Union, August 10, 1821 When John Scott, David Barton and Thomas Benton, Missouri's congressman and two United States senators, ar- rived in Washington, they expected to take their seats as rep- resentatives of the State of Missouri. They were told Uiat the old Missouri question was again smouldering and for them to wait until it was settled. This time Congress, or rather part of Congress, found fault with Missouri's constitution. It con- tained a clause commanding the Legislature to pass laws pre- venting free negroes from coming into Missouri. This clause- was denounced by some congressmen as contrary to the Con- stitution of the United States. y\gain there was bitter debat- ing. Finally, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, effected a compro- mise. Congress passed a law in 1821 on the matter. This law provided that when the Missouri Legislature by a solemn pub- Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 75 lie act stated that it would not enforce this clause in the con- stitution so as to deprive United States citizens of their rights and would send a copy of this solemn public act to the Presi- dent, then the President could admit Missouri into the Union by proclamation. The Missouri Legislature met in special session in Jime 1821 in St. Charles. It passed the solemn public act and sent a copy to the President of the United States, James Monroe. On August 10, 1821, President Monroe issued a proclamation admitting Missouri into the Union as the twenty-fourth state. Missouri's struggle for statehood had ended. Before this, how- ever, Scott, Barton, and Benton had already taken their seats in Congress and all three drew their pay from the beginning of that session of Congress. The solemn public act of the Missouri Legislature was not legally binding, since no legisla- ture can say what another legislature may or may not do. The constitution of Missouri governs the legislature. Suggestive Questions 1. What were the four outstanding features in Missouri history- following the Louisiana Purchase? 2. Compare the temporary military government in 1804 with the new law which was passed in 1804. 3. What did the people ask in their protest? 4. To what extent did Congress meet their demands? 5. Who were the three governors of the Territory of Louisiana? 6. State the increase of population during these seven years? 7. What do you understand by the "Territory of Missouri?" 8. Trace the steps in self government in the Missouri territory from 1805 to 1816. 9. When the Territory of Missouri petitioned Congress for state- hood what great issue arose? 10. What were the provisions of the Missouri Enabling Act? 11. After the passage of the Missouri Enabling Act what was Mis- souri's first need? 12. How did the adoption of the constitution of 1820 differ from the adoption of a present constitution? 76 History of Missouri and Missourians 13. Briefly compare the constitution of 1820 with our present con- stitution. 14. Describe the personnel of the first constitutional convention. 15. Contrast the election of 1820 with a present day election. 16. How did the election of Missouri's first United States sena- tors differ from the election of her senators to-day? 17. Explain the selection of Missouri's permanent capital. 18. What was the solemn public act? Chapter III LIFE OF THE PEOPLE, 18(M-1821 Population and Settlements The territorial period of Missouri's history brought changes more important than those in government. Some of these changes had their beginning when the Americans came during the latter Spanish period. The territorial period simply gave opportunity for their more rapid growth. Such, for ex- ample, were the increase in population and the development of settlements. Other changes, however, were new. Among these, for example, were changes in education, religion, journalism, and transportation. Although this period may seem at first like an overturning of evei^thing that had existed before, such was not the case. Missouri history is like a story. No part can be well understood without knowing the part be- fore. Every chapter is connected with the whole. So during this territorial period when the foundations of our state were laid, it is seen that all present actions were related to those of the past. This is especially clear regarding population and settle- ments. In 1804 Missouri's population was about 10,000 of which 1,500 were slaves. In 1820 Missouri had increased to 66,000 of which 10,000 were slaves. It was this large increase which gave reason to Missouri's request for statehood. Where did these thousands of new settlers come from? They came principally from Kentucky, Virginia, Maiyland, the two Carolinas, and Tennessee. Some came from southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio ; some from Pennsylvania ; and a few from New York and the New England states. The l;irge majority, however, came from the southern states mentioned, and they brought with them their slaves. While in 1804 Missouri's white population was about half P'rench and half American, in 78 History of Missouri and Missourians 1820 there were seven or eight Americans to every Frenchman. Although this shows a remarkable American immigration to- Missouri, the real beginning of this dates from 1795. What brought these thousands of American settlers to Missouri?' It was that which brought the first Americans — cheap land. As population increased old settlements grew and new set- tlements were made. The latter took most of the new immi- grants. Being Americans they pushed farther and farther into the interior, where good land in large tracts could be easily obtained. Over half of them settled along the Missouri river from St. Charles to . the western border and along the Mississippi from St. Louis to the northern border. The Boone's Lick country in central Missouri around what is to-day Howard county, attracted many. Here new settlements of size appeared, the most important being Franklin, opposite Boonville. Franklin was founded in 1817 and in 1820 had a population of 1,000. It was the second largest town in Missouri. Within ten years the Missouri river washed it away. The Salt river country, north of St. Charles, attracted many. Settlements also thrived back of the Mississippi river counties south of St. Louis. Even in soutliwest Missouri settlers ap- peared, especially around Springfield. Many of the new immi- grants settled in the older settlements so that all except the New Madrid district increased in population. St. Louis grew fast. Its population of 1,000 in 1804 increased to 5,000 by 1820. It was Missouri's largest and most important city. The few old Spanish districts of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid became counties in 1812. By 1821 there were twenty-five Missouri counties. All of them were along the Missouri or the Mississippi except three. These three were Washington, Madison, and Wayne, which were just back and west of the Mississippi river counties lying south of St. Louis. Although Missouri was growing fast, she was still a pioneer district with pioneer conditions. Her settlements were Life of the People, 1804-1821 yn nearly all along the rivers. Her prairie sections had not been settled. In 1820 there was only one person to every square mile. The New Madrid Earthquake, 1811-1812 The only district which decreased in population during the territorial period was the New Madrid country. This decrease was due to an earthquake which began in December 1811 and continued in severity for several months. Before this time, however, the district had not been growing fast. Much of the land was too swampy for farming. The trade with the Indians had declined when the Indians moved away. So when the earthquake came, many of tlie settlers were glad to leave. The earthquake itself was the most violent and destructive natural disturbance which ever came to Missouri. Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri were effected, but the cen- ter of the shocks was in southeast Missouri. Here the earth shook violently. Some land was raised so that river beds stood above the water. Other land was lowered so that new river beds and lakes were formed. In parts of the country cracks in the earth were made seven hundred feet long and thirty feet wide. Trees were torn up and houses were wrecked. Well did the poor settler call it "The Big Shake". Many homes were ruined and much land made useless for farming. Certainly, the people had reason for their terror and fright. Many decided to seek new homes. Some had little left and their condition was desperate. Relief came but too late to help most of the real sufferers. Congress in 1816 passed a law permitting those having dam- aged New Madrid land to exchange it for an equal amount of public land elsewhere. All that was necessary was to make claim and show title to damaged land. Congress had been liberal but it had been too slow. Many had already sold their damaged land for almost nothing. Even after the law w^as passed, speculators got most of its benefit by buying the claims 8o History of Missouri and Missourians from ignorant holders. Many of the New Madrid people set- tled on public land in the Boone's Lick country and around St. Louis. The New Madrid district was long retarded in growth by the effects of this earthquake. To-day great im- provement is being made by draining the land. Most of the soil is very fertile, and grows large yields of cotton, corn, or wheat. Indian Troubles and the War of 1812 Although Missouri never had big wars with the Indians, she suffered much from Indian attacks. As late as 1812 Missouri's settlers feared to make homes very far from the older settlements because of attacks and thefts by roving bands of Indians. A few settlers had gone as far north as what is to-day Hannibal and as far west, up the Missouri river, as the Boone's Lick country. Two sons of Daniel Boone had boiled salt in Howard county and on their return had told of the fine country in central Missouri. Benjamin Cooper led a few settlers to the new district and by 1812 there were several hundred. Then came the War of 1812 between England and the United States. England tried to arouse the Indians, giving them presents, guns, and ammunition. She did this both east and west of the Mississippi. The Indians on the east side went on the war-path, but, fortunately for Missouri, only a few of the Indians on the west side waged war. These were the Sacs and Foxes, Missouris, and Miamis (a small tribe) in north Missouri. Even these were not organized under one leader but fought in separate bands. The old Missouri settlements were in no danger, but the frontier settlers widely scattered up the Mississippi and the Missouri were in daily peril. They built small two-story forts of heavy logs and made loop-holes for their rifles. Sometimes they built a heavy log fence, called a stockade, around the fort and several cabins. The settlers continued to farm but they carried their rifles with them. On news of Indians, they hur- Life of the People, 1804-1821 8 1 ried to the fort. Some settlers were killed, however, and many homes were destroyed and much property stolen. Conditions were so dangerous that immigration stopped to these frontier settlements. The Missouri militia was called out. General Henry Dodge of Ste. Genevieve led part of the militia to cen- SURRENDER OF THE MIAMIS TO GEN. DODGE tral Missouri and forced the Miamis to surrender. The Dela- wares and the Shawnees in southeast Missouri, unlike the other Indians, helped the whites. When the war closed in 1814, the Indian attacks ended. This Indian warfare against the whites was caused not only by English persuasion but more largely by the Indian's hatred of the white settler taking up land. The Indian fre- quently owned this land and had never given it to the whites by treaty. To settle this matter, a big meeting was held near St. Charles in June, 1815, between Governor William Clark 82 History of Missouri and Missourians and the Indians. The Sacs and Foxes, who had given the most trouble, gave up part of their Missouri land, and the Osages gave up nearly all of their Missouri land. Other treaties were made later until in 1833 the Indian title was ex- tinguished in Missouri except in the Platte country, which was ceded in 1836. The Economic Life of the People, 1804-1821 Men make a living in different ways. Some produce food, they are called fanners. Some produce metals, they are called miners. Others make things to use, they are called artisans or skilled workman like the carpenter, shoemaker, or blacksmith. Others buy and sell things or trade one thing for another, they are called merchants or traders. Bankers are men who trade only in credit and money. Then there are men who make a living by giving you advice and instruction, as the doctor, lawyer, preacher, and teacher. Such men are called profes- sional men. These ways of making a living relate to the economic life of a people. Man could not exist without the things which concern his economic life. To know the history of Missourians it is necessary to know their economic life. During the French and Spanish periods of Missouri histoiy, the economic life of our people was simple although just as important as it was later. It was simple in relating to very few things. Men farmed, mined lead, boiled salt, hunted and trapped wild animals for food and furs, and traded with the Indians for furs. This was their economic life. Each part of this life was simple. Man farmed to produce food for his family and not to sell to others. Men mined lead by dig- ging shallow holes and melting the ore by an open wood fire. Wild animals close at home were trapped for furs, for Missouri was a wilderness. Indians brought their furs down stream to the Mississippi river settlements and there traded them for the things they needed or wanted. Everything was simple. As population increased, this simple economic life be- Life of the People, 1804-1821 85 gan to change. Some of these changes were seen during the territorial period. F'arming which was the main industry grew fast. The majority of the new settlers were farmers. Being Americans they had large farms, from which it was easy to raise more grain and live stock than was needed. Each farmer needed such articles as tools, harness, and certain household necessi- ties. He traded his farm products for these. The slaves in Missouri in 1804 numbered 1,500; in 1820 they numbered over 10,000. This meant more workers. Their owners were farmers who lived better than the small farmers. They also produced more on the farm than they needed and so they bought more for their homes. The success of the farmers meant success for the people in town as the merchant, artisan, and professional man. The farmer's main trouble was trans- portation. He still depended on the streams and used the flat boat and other kinds of boats for getting to and from market. When the steamboat came, it was a great improvement. Even before this, however, roads were being built. Gradually the farmer was getting in closer touch with the outside world. The settling of the country and the success of the farmer, meant the growth of old towns and the founding of new towns. Here were the stores and shops, the merchants and the traders. The merchants increased in number. Some of them were wealthy. In St. Louis the French, although out-numbered by the Americans, were still the leaders in business. They were also the wealthiest class. The American ways of doing busi- ness were being adopted. Both French and English were spoken on the streets of St. Louis. In the interior towns like Franklin, the merchants were all Americans and spoke only English. The stores carried a variety of goods including hard- ware, dry goods, drugs, and groceries. The main articles sold were guns, shot, and powder ; traps, and tools ; calicoes and thin cloth for dresses; quinine, calomel, and patent medicines; salt, sugar, coffee, tea, and spices. The main things bought $4 History of Missouri and Missourians from the famier and trapper were beeswax and honey; cured meats and salt pork; butter and lard; hides and tallow; wheat and some vegetables. Prices were high for goods but were never more than fair for what the farmer sold. In times of boom and prosperity, the farmer received much more for his produce than in times of depressions and panic. This was also true of farm land and town property. Beginning in 1804 Missouri had about 14 years of pros- perity. These were boom times. Land near the old settle- ments rose in value to $8 an acre before the War of 1812. During the war, there was no immigration and land prices stood still. After peace was declared, immigration again set in and from 1815 to 1818 Missouri had a boom that sent land as high as $10 an acre. Then came the depression and hard times in 1819. Land prices went down over 50% and land sold lower than it had ten years before. There was still plenty of land to be purchased at $1.25 an acre but this land lay at some distance beyond or back from the settlements. As it be- came settled it rose in price according to location and soil. There were land speculators in those days. They helped to make the boom and they also helped to make hard times. Many bought land cheap and sold at high prices. They be- came wealthy. Others thinking that land prices would go higher, paid too much and lost everything. There was little metal money in those days and people did not need much. Furs were used as money at the trading posts, a beaver or a deer skin being used in place of money. Lead and tobacco were also used. Nearly all business was done by barter or exchange. A farmer would sell a dozen cured hams to a merchant and take it out in sugar or other merchandise. Business was carried on this way. Taxes and land had to be paid for in money, but taxes were low and government land was cheap. There were some Spanish silver dollars in circulation and these were cut in halves, quarters, and eighths. An eighth part, or 12^ cents, was called a "hit." Life of the People, 1804-1821 85 85 IlisioKY Oh Missouri and Missoukians A quarter, or 25 cents, was called "two bits." Although the people usually did not need much money, in hard times they felt the need badly. Later when business grew and the State became more widely settled, the need for more money was greater. There were no banks until the latter half of the territorial period. Two were organized in St. Louis, the center of Missouri's trade and business. Both of these failed, the last in 1822. Missouri did not have another bank of her own until 1837 when the State itself established one. Both of the early St. Louis banks were formed during the post-war boom times when prices were high and people were speculating. These banks issued paper money which they promised to pay in coin. They also loaned money. When the panic of 1819 came the banks could not get their borrowers to pay back these loans and the banks could not, therefore, get coin to pay for its own paper money. Everybody needed money to pay debts and taxes, but nobody could get money for the things he sold. Many people lost their property. The two banks failed be- cause they were caught in the decline of prices. Not only did farmers and merchants increase during these years, and bankers appear, but Missouri also saw professional men settling here. Among these were lawyers, doctors, sur- veyors, preachers, and teachers. Before this Missouri had a few professional men including priests but no Protestant preachers, and perhaps only one or two lawyers and teachers. Many of these now appeared. An American lawyer could be found in any town and in St. Louis by 1821 there were over a score. Most of these were able men who knew the law. There were many lawsuits and these gave employment to the lawyers. They also became politicians and soon controlled the public offices. There were not yet .many doctors or teachers, but surveyors and preachers increased. Both preachers and teach- ers were poorly paid, and most of the preachers received little LiFi. OF THE People, 1804-1821 87 more than their hving. All of these professional men did great service. Their life was hard and few of them were slackers. The Americans brought the hotel to Missouri. These hotels were called taverns. They were found in every town and served both bed and board and old time hospitality at a reasonable price. The tavern keeper was a man of wide acquaintance and experience. Many are the stories told of these old taverns. Some of these taverns became noted over Missouri and one at Arrow Rock in Saline county has Been preser\'ed to this day because of its interesting history. Another industry that grew rapidly at this time was lead mining. The old mines were better worked and new ones were opened. Hundreds of thousands of pounds of lead were mined. The Americans adopted new methods for melting the lead and built more modern furnaces. Some of the lead used by the United States in the War of 1812 was mined here and the famous battle of New Orleans was won with Missouri lead. It has been said that even in the Revolutionary War Missouri lead was used. With the American lawyer and preacher came the journal- ist, or newspaper editor. The first Missouri newspaper was The Missouri Gazette, established in St. Louis in 1808. Its founder was Joseph Charles, a native of Ireland who had be- come an American. In 1817 The St. Louis Enquirer was established. The third paper was The Missouri Intelligencer and Boone's Lick Advertiser at Franklin, Missouri, founded in 1819. In 1820 two more newspapers were established in Missouri, one in St. Charles and one in Jackson. The Mis- souri editor played an important part in Missouri history, especially in politics and education. A free press is necessary to a free state. Excepting farming, the greatest growth and development was in the fur business. The fur trade and the Santa Fe trade are so important and are so closely related to Missouri's explorations of the West that they will form a large part of the next chapter. 88 History of Missouri and Missourians Transportation also developed and improved in Missouri during these years. The government established post roads for the mail. There were laid out to connect all the settle- ments. They were improvements over the old forest trails. The greatest improvement, however, was on water. This was the coming of the steamboat in 1817. Before this, river trans- portation had been by canoe, mackinaw or flatboat, bull boat, and keel boat. The canoe was usually hollowed out of a Cottonwood log. The bull boat was larger than the canoe and was made of buffalo bull hides sewed and stretched over a willow frame, the seams being filled with tallow. Being light and large it was the best boat for shallow streams and could be propelled either by oars or poles. The flat boat was made of timber. Its ends were not pointed and its bottom was flat. Oars and poles were used with it. For down-stream transpor- tation it was good but not for up-stream. The mackinaw was similar to the flat boat but it had pointed ends. The keel boat was the largest boat and carried large cargoes. Oars and poles were used widi it and in addition sails and cordelle. The cor- delle was a long rope. One end was tied to the top of a mast on the boat. Men on shore took the other end and pulled the boat up-stream. It moved fast down-stream but up-stream it averaged only fifteen miles a day. Down-stream the cordelle was not used. The keel boat was used even after the steam- boat came. The keel boats were usually .made in Pittsburg and cost between $2,000 and $3,000. The steamboat was to the river what the railroad was to the land. It provided cheaper and quicker transportation. The first steamboat reached St. Louis in 1817. It was called the Zebulon M. Pike, after the famous explorer. Two years later the steamboat, Independence, went up the Missouri river as far as Franklin. Steamboat traffic on both rivers had now begim. It made travel easier and quicker. It helped greatly to develop the country' along the rivers. It also carried to market the trapper's furs, the farmer's cattle and grain, and Life of the People, 1804-1821 89 90 History of Missouri and Missourians the meixhant's goods. For fifty years the steamboat on water and the wagon on land were the two great means of transpor- tation in Missouri. FinST BOAT BUILT ON THE WESTERN WATERS, 1812, Social, Educational and Religious Life of the People, 1804-1821 The social life of the people changed during this period. Some of the changes were bad and some were good. This was partly because criminals and rough men came to Missouri as well as settlers. The easy life in the old French villages passed. During the Spanish rule strict order had been main- tained. Now order was relaxed. The sale of liquor was allowed without restriction in tavern and store. Gambling was comjTion and open. Profanity was also common. Sunday was little observed. It was the best trading day of the week. It also was a day of amusement. Nearly every man went Life ok the Feoi-le, 1804-1821 gj armed with either pistol or knife. Fighting was common among the lower classes and duels among the professional classes. The Indians were frequently mistreated and they in WKRSmi' IN THE WOODS turn took revenge on the whites. Speculation prevailed among all classes. This was the bad side of the picture. Changes for the better were also present. Educated and cultured men and women were also among the new settlers, and the majority were peaceable, honest, and industrious. The professional classes increased and added their influence and service toward improving conditions. The preachers and teachers devoted their lives to their work. Private schools 92 History of Missouri and Missourians and a college were established. St. Louis College (laier St. Louis University) was founded by the Catholics in 1819. This was the first college in Missouri. Many more came later in the '30s and '40s. Provision had also been made for a public school system in St. Louis. Religious denominations firmly established themselves here ; the Catholics already had a strong position. Among the Protestants the Baptists, Congrega- tionalists, Episcopalians, Methodists, and Presbyterians were the first in Missouri to build churches and hold services. Even a public library was founded in St. Louis, and some citizens who had private libraries were kind enough to lend books. The helpful influence of the newspapers was impor- tant. The people received education from these as well as political news. Another improvement was the postal or mail service. Post-routes were laid out over the state and post- offices were opened. Deliveries of mail were made once a week, sometimes only once in two weeks. During the Spanish period the people did not have a public mail service. Now they could receive letters and papers from other settlements and also from the eastern states. This was a great step forward. All of the good changes had their effect in helping Missouri. They increased in influence, while many of the bad changes gradually lost in influence. A progressive state of educated and peaceful people could not be made in a day. At first it looked as if the bad elements and the bad habits would overpower the good, but as time went on the honest and in- dustrious citizens got control. This was what happened in Mis- souri. Just as our people progressed in their economic life, conquering the wilderness, settling the State, and increasing in wealth, so did they progress in their social life in establishing churches and schools. Life of the People, 1804-1821 93 Suggestive Questions 1. State the increase in Missouri's population from 1804 to 1820. 2. What change in location of settlements came with the great American immigration? 3. Trace the growth of counties to 1821. 4. What was the effect of the New Madrid earthquake? 5. What was the effect of the Indian troubles in the War of 1812 upon the pioneer settlements? 6. Show how Indian titles were gradually extinguished in Mis- souri. 7. Show how and why with the growth of the farming industry in Missouri came an increase in the number of towns. 8. Explain the financial boom following the War of 1812. 9. What was the principal medium of exchange at this time? 10. Give an account of the first banks in Missouri. 11. Trace the progress that has been made in transportation. Chapter IV MISSOURIANS THE TRAIL MAKERS AND TRADERS OF THE WEST, 1804-1843 "Missouri was the Pathfinder of the West." What the Missouri-French Did Before 1804 During the French and Spanish periods of Missouri history three purposes relating to western trade and commerce outside of Missouri had been more or less kept in view. The first purpose was the old idea of finding a water route to the Pacific ocean. This was not a foolish idea. If such a route could be found, it meant a short cut for trading with China and India as well as with the Spanish settlements in California. This short cut vrould be profitable. After it was learned that the Mississippi was not such a route, many thought the Mis- souri might prove to be. French expeditions went farther and farther up the Missouri until as early as 1734 explorers had reached the country of the Dakotas. No further progress was made, although the Indians said that only a short distance be- yond the source of the Missouri was another river which flowed westward to the ocean. The story of the Indians was remembered but no one down to 1804 tried to prove it. In the meantime the tributaries of the Missouri, especially in Mis- souri to the south, were well known and by 1804 all had been traversed. The second purpose was also an old one but not so old as the first. This was the plan of trading with the people of Santa Fe. These people were Spaniards and Indians, to-day called Mexicans. They had furs, mules, and silver to trade. As early as 1703 twenty Canadian-French left Illinois for Santa Fe. Later De Bourgmont, founder of Fort Orleans, on his expedition to where Kansas City now stands hoped to get (94) MissouRiANs Open the West g^ in touch with the Spaniards. In 1839 the Mallet brothers reached Santa Fe by way of the Platte. The Santa Fe trade had begun The routes were by way of the Platte through Nebraska, then south, then by way of the Arkansas, and then south. The hostile Indians made this trade dangerous. Although the trade was small compared to its great size after Missouri became a state, still it marked a beginning and should be remembered. Both Missouri and New Mexico were at this time under Spanish officials. Efforts were made both at Santa Fe and St. Louis to establish trading relations. In 1792 the Spanish governor at Santa Fe sent a man, named Vial, to open a direct route to St. Louis. Vial did this and his route was practically the same as the Santa Fe Trail followed in 1821. The third purpose, relating to western trade outside IMissouri before 1804, developed last. This plan was to extend the fur trade. The reason it developed last was because Mis- souri for years furnished plenty of furs for traders and trap- pears. Missouri was rich in fur-bearing animals. Gradually the best fur animals in Missouri began to get scarce. If the fur trade was to continue profitable, it was necessary to open nev- fur territory. The Arkansas field was entered. The in- dividual trader or trapper could not with safety go into new lands peopled with dangerous savages. So, in 1794 the Span- ish lieutenant governor of Missouri, Trudeau, and others formed The Missouri' Trading Company. This company was not a success. The Osages in western Missouri and eastern Kansas had a good fur territory but were giving trouble. The Spanish lieutenant governor gave Auguste Chouteau permission to build a fort on the Osage river. As a result Fort Carondelet in Vernon county, Missouri, was erected. Soon a big fur trade developed. Another man, a Spaniard named Manuel Lisa, was also given permission to trade with the Osages. This was in 1802. gS History of Missouri and Missourians Lisa was a rival of Chouteau, so Chouteau persuaded some of the Osages to .move to Arkansas where he also had permission to trade. Lisa was an able and shrewd man, and although he had failures he never gave up. The question witli him now was where to find a new fur countiy. When Lewis and Clark returned from the West in 1806, Lisa at once saw that they had solved his problem. The upper Missouri country was the new fur land. The United States Government Points the Way, 1804-1819 The Lewis and Clark expedition was the first of four im- portant explorations parties which the United States govern- ment directed to learn more about this western country. Each started from St. Louis and each had Missourians in the party. The Lewis and Clark expedition was to explore the upper Missouri, cross the Rocky mountains, and reach the Pacific. It was to record all important things regarding the new country as rivers, Indians, animals, and climate. The leaders were Meriwether Lewis, of Virginia, and William Clark, of Ken- tucky, Both later became territorial governors of Missouri. The expedition left St. Louis in the spring of 1804. It fol- lowed the Missouri to its upper waters in Alontana, crossed the mountains, and followed the Columbia river to the Pacific. The results of this expedition were many. It opened up the northwest to the trader and trapper. It gave the United States a claim to this northwest country lying beyond the Louisiana Purchase. It settled the question of the water route to the Pacific. The people now had some idea of the vast country lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific. One of the first results, however, was to open up a new fur country to Missourians. The upper Missouri country in the Dakotas and Montana and even beyond were soon to see the Missouri fur trader and trapper. AIissouRiANS Open the West 97 PRESIDENT JEFFERSON CONGRATULATES LEWIS AND CLARK ^8 History of Missouri and Missourians In 1805 the Government sent another expedition from St. Louis to explore the upper Mississippi. Its commander was Zebulon M. Pike. It went up the Mississippi to what is now Minnesota and explored carefully the source of that river. Like the Lewis and Clark expedition, a careful record was kept of everything. So well had Pike performed his work that the Govern- ment sent him with another expedition in 1806. Pike's second expedition was directly west across the plains to the Rocky mountains. He was instructed to explore the western and southwestern part of the Louisiana Purchase. He went up the Missouri and the Osage, then by land westward along the Arkansas to the Rocky mountains. In Colorado, Pike dis- covered the famous peak which bears his name. He traveled south into New Mexico and was captured by the Spaniards in 1807. He was taken a prisoner to Santa Fe and then to old Mexico. Finally, he was released. On his return he told of the great plains and mountains and rivers he had seen, of the fur bearing country to the west, and of the fine opportunity for trade with the Spaniards and Mexicans. He said that the route from Missouri to Santa Fe could be traveled. Alissouri traders were soon to pour into the country which Pike had ex- plored. Another fur region had been opened. In his account of his trip, he called the country lying west of Missouri "The Great American Desert". From that time down to 1850 all the geographies of the United States called the land west of Missouri by that name. The last expedition of this period left St. Louis in 1819. Its leader was Stephen H. Long. Unlike the others, it w^ent up the Missouri in a steamboat. This steamboat, called the "Western Emigrant", was the second on the Missouri. At one end of the boat was a painted wooden serpent. Through the serpent's mouth was run the steam exhaust. This greatly frightened the Indians who thought it was a demon. On reaching Nebraska, Long followed the South Platte river to MissouRiANS Open the West qq the mountains. He explored new country and discovered Long's Peak. He then reached the Arkansas and returned. "The Great American Desert" idea did much to delay the settling of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. People read that the country had a bad climate, sterile soil, little or no water, buffalo, and hostile Indians. Long said that it would ahvays be a desert unfit for white people. Lewis and Clark and Pike had also said this, so nobody thought of making this country his home. For years everybody thought that Missoun would be the most western state. As a result many settled here who might have gone farther west had they known of the fertile land beyond. The good which came from these explorers is clear. They not only explored a new country but Ihey did it in an accurate way. Their records showed the Missouri fur trader and trap- per that a rich field awaited him. From now on the fur trade and the Santa Fe trade grew by leaps and bounds until Mis- sourians were found in every part of the West, Northwest, and Southwest. The Missouri, Columbia, Colorado, Arkansas, Red, and Mississippi rivers were now open to trade. The Fur Trade, 1804-1860 For the next half century the fur trade of Missourians grew larger and larger. Therefore, it did much to make St. Louis and to develop Missouri. Together with lead mining it ranked next to agriculture in importance. It was largely be- cause of the money Missourians received fro,m furs, lead, and the Santa Fe trade, that our people did not suffer like others during panics. The fur trade during these years differed in two respects from the fur trade during the Spanish period The trade was now largely carried on by organized companies, although there still were many individual traders. These companies could do things that the small trader could not do. A bad trip or two ruined an individual, but a company of wealthy men could stand such a loss. The second difference lOO History of Missouri and Missourians was the great extent of country covered. Not only Missouri and Arkansas but all to the west, northwest and southwest, even to the Pacific, became trapping ground. Thousands of while men as well as the Indians were now gathering furs over an area half as large as the entire United States. Part of the trade went to the big English fur companies, especially in the Northwest, but Missouri received the bulk and St. Louis be- came the raw fur center of the world. It is not too much to say that St. Louis was founded on furs. The first fur company in Missouri was the Missouri Trading Company founded about 1794 during the Spanish period. It was not a success either on the upper Mississippi or the upper Missouri. It built only temporaiy forts or sta- tions in the fur country and tlie Indians could easily destroy them. Again, it sold its goods too high. As a result, the Indi- ans traded with the English, who had cheaper goods. When Louisiana became part of the United States the trader himself could get his goods cheaper and hence he could sell cheaper. During the period from 1804 to 1860, there were four large fur companies operating from Missouri. When Lewis and Clark in 1806 described the country they had explored, the Spanish fur trader Manual Lisa at once saw an opportunity to develop a rich fur trade on the upper Missouri. In 1807 he made his first expedition there. Instead of building temporary forts, he built permanent forts, which he kept open for trading. On his return to St. Louis he organized the Missiouri Fur Company. This was in 1808, the same year that Joseph Char- less founded Missouri's first newspaper. The Missouri Gacctte. Both the company and the newspaper did much for Missouri. Although Charless was an Irishman and Lisa was a Spaniard, they were much alike in one thing — both were fighters and neither admitted defeat. The Missouri Fur Company had bad luck at first. The Blackfeet Indians of Montana fought it bitterly and success- fully. In 1812 the Company was re-organized, and Lisa be- MissouRiANS Open the West lol came the principal member. It became more prosperous after the war but declined again on the death of Lisa in 1820. Ten years later the company disbanded. It did a great work on the upper Missouri and for two decades was the most important fur coanpany in St. Louis. Lisa was its soul. So active was this man that in thirteen years he made at least twelve trips up the Missouri, and no trip was less than 670 miles. Two years after the death of Lisa, the second great Mis- souri fur company was founded in St. Louis. This was the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Its leader was William Henry Ashley, who became one of the most successful fur traders in our history. Around him were such noted traders and trap- pers as Andrew Henry, Jedediah S. Smith, William L. Sublett, and Jim Bridger. This company lived only twelve years, from l822 to 1834, but during this time it accomplished much. The first two expeditions, which went to the upper Mis- souri in the Yellowstone country, were failures because of In- dian attacks. It now gave up the Missouri river trade. In 1824 a band of Ashley's men went up the Platte to the Rockies, then through the South Pass in Wyoming into the great Utah Basin around Great Salt Lake. Here was a new territory, rich in furs and never before touched by a fur company. Ash- ley decided to abandon Lisa's idea of permanent trading posts because of the expense and danger. He adopted the new idea of having all the trappers meet him once a year at a set place, or rendezvous. Here he collected the furs and shipped them to St. Louis. Ashley did another new thing. Since he did not have rivers all the way to carry his furs and since die Platte river was loo shallow for boats, Ashley adopted the horse and mule pack trains. From now on the Rocky Mountain Fur Company was successful and Ashley became w^ealthy. In 1825 he opened a shorter route to the Utah Basin, called the Platte river trail. About 1830 he sold out to Jedediah Smith and two of his former partners. I02 History of Missouri and Missoukians MissouRiANs Open the West 103 Ashley had lived in Missouri since 1802. He was a native of Virginia. During the territorial period he took an active part in various businesses. In 1820 he was elected Missouri's first lieutenant governor and in 1822 was head of the Missouri militia. After retiring wealthy from the fur business, he went into politics, where he did great service. Although he was a W hig and most Missourians were Democrats, Ashley was our congressman from 1831 to 1836. He died in 1839 and his grave is in Cooper county. Jedediah Smith, who was prominent in The Rocky Moun- tain Fur Company, also did much for the West. He determ- ined to find a new overland route to the Pacific. In 1826 he found a southwest route over the Rockies, down Virgin river and across the Mojave Desert to San Diego, in southern Cali- fornia. He returned by way of Nevada. Two years later he led another party to California and then traveled by land north to the Columbia river. There is little wonder that a company of such daring men succeeded. This company was remarkable in other ways than the methods it used to gather and transport furs. It explored the Rock)' Mountains from Colorado west, northwest, and south- west to the Pacific. It discovered Great Salt Lake and the South Pass over the Rockies. It opened the Platte river trail to Great Salt Lake, the trail from Great Salt Lake to San Diego, and several other western routes. It was the first to cross the Sierras, the deserts of Utah and Nevada, and to travel by land from California to the Columbia. It trained scores of men who later became valuable as scouts and guides to the exploring parties and armies sent out by the United States government. By its activity it opened the richest fur district in America. This was done in the short time of twelve years. The third fur company in Missouri was a branch of the great American Fur Company, owned by John Jacob Astor, This was a New York company and operated all over the lOA History of Missouri and Missourians United States. Its St. Louis branch was established in 1822. It was opposed by all Missouri fur traders. Astor decided to crush as many of his rivals as possible and to buy out the others. Astor already controlled the fur trcide to the north- east and determined to control the trade of the west and north- west. He gradually crushed or bought out his rivals and gain- ed control of the upper Missouri and tlie Utah Basin business. He was always hated by the trappers since he had a monopoly on the trade. In 1834 Astor died and the great western estab- lishment at St. Louis was sold. The buyers were a group of St. Louis merchants and traders, called Pratte, Chouteau and Company. Other companies were still in the field but from tliis time on the firm of Pratte, Chouteau and Company controlled the fur trade un- til 1860. It did a large business and brought much wealth to Missouri. Its directors were keen business men of experience and wealth. They were largely French. After 1860 the fur trade declined but in recent years it has become important and St. Louis is again the raw fur center of the world. The Missouri-Santa Fe Trade, 1812-1870 The Missouri-Santa Fe Trade is closely related to the western fur trade. Both were controlled by Missourians. Both reached their most prosperous years about the same time and both declined about the same time. Both had their beginning in St. Louis, although the first successful trading trips to Santa Fe were made by men from central and western Mis- souri at Franklin, Lexington, Independence and Westport Landing, now Kansas City. However, during later years the St. Louis merchant traders had large interests in tlie Santa Fe trade. Both had small and unsuccessful beginnings, both started with the individual trader, and both ended with the large trader or company in control. The Santa Fe trade was at first a branch of the fur trade and of the three Santa Fe products brought back to Missouri the furs of the beaver and MissouRiANS Open the West 105 otter were important. The other two products were livestock (horses and mules) and silver. During- the Spanish and French periods of Missouri histor}^ attempts were made to establish trade between New Mexico and Missouri by tlie Spanish officials in St. Louis and the Spanish in Santa Fe. Some of these attempts succeeded and a small trade was begun. Toward the close a route was made by the Spaniard Vial and this route later became the Santa Fe Trail, \\lien the United States took possession of the Louisiana countr}', the Spanish officials in Santa Fe changed their policy and tried in every way to prevent ]\Iis- sourians from coming to New Mexico. Still some Missourians attempted to trade with the Mexicans but they usually failed. In 1812 a party of men went to Santa Fe and were arrested. Three years later a party of St. Louisians tried to trade with the Mexicans and they also were arrested and their goods were confiscated. On their return they trapped for fur animals. The year of Missouri's admission into the Union, 1821, also marked tlie independence of the Mexicans from Spain. Missourians thought that now it would be possible to begin a trade with Santa Fe and the other towns of New Mexico without being arrested and thrown into prison. In the fall of 1821 William Becknell and a party of men started from Franklin, Howard county, with goods for Santa Fe. The ex- pedition was successful and made a profit. The next year Becknell made his second trip. It was even more profitable, making a profit of 200 per cent. From that time down to the '70s, when railroads appeared, the Santa Fe Trade flourished. Becknell is called "The Founder of the Santa Fe Trade and the Father of the Santa Fe Trail". He was the first man to make a really profitable trip. He was also the first man to use wagons instead of pack animals. He used wagons on his second trip in 1822. The Missouri starting point of the trade and trail was at Franklin and the earlv traders all lived in central Missouri. io6 History of Missouri and Missourians As the trade grew and as the steamboat appeared, Independ- ence in Jackson county was the starting place after 1827-30. A few years later, about 1833, the starting point was Westport Landing, a few miles farther up the Missouri. From West- port Landing grew Kansas City. OVERLAND TRAIN FROM MISSOURI The Santa Fe Trail from Independence southwest to Santa Fe was 750 miles long. Most of it lay in a country of hostile Indians. To protect themselves and their animals and goods, the traders organized in large caravans.. Each outfitted him- self with goods, men, animals, and wagons at Independence and then they all met 150 miles west in Kansas at a place called Council Groves. Here they organized the caravan with offi- cers and guards. The wagons had large deep beds and were covered with canvas. They held between one and three tons of goods. They were called "prairie schooners". The animals used were eight to twelve mules or oxen to a wagon. From Council Groves the trail led southwest to the Arkansas river, MissouRiANS Open the West 1 07 then up that river westward for 100 miles. Here the trail divided. One branch led on up the Arkansas to Bent's Fort in Colorado, and then south across the mountains, coming into Santa Fe from the north. The other branch led southwest across the plains to Santa Fe. The principal goods taken to the Mexicans were cotton and woolen goods, cutleiy, and looking-glasses. These were traded or sold for horses and mules, beaver and other furs, and silver. From 1821 to 1830 the traders bought and trapped furs as much as they traded goods for livestock and silver. After 1830 the Mexican fur trade declined and the trade in merchandise increased. The profits differed from year to year. Sometimes there was a loss, and at other times the prof- its were 300 per cent. The average was between 20 and 100 per cent. St. Louis was deeply interested in the trade since the goods were purchased here and then taken up the Missouri river to Independence Landing and Westport Landing by steamboat. Some of the St. Louis merchants were directly connected with the trade and helped finance it. At first the expeditions or caravans were made up of many individual traders, each taking his own goods, and a few employees hired to drive, guard, and work. Gradually the number of traders decreased and the number of employees increased. The trade fell into the hands of a few men who had ability and money. Like in the fur trade, the small trader could not compete with the big company. The greatest Santa Fe trader was Josiah Gregg. His first trip was in 1831. He made a total of eight trips. Later he wrote a book on the trade. It is called "The Commerce of the Prairies." No novel is more interesting and exciting than Gregg's story of his fight with Indians; his privations from heat, thirst and storms on the prairies; and his experiences with traders and Mexicans in Santa Fe. Io8 History of Missouri and Missourians The importance of the trade was great. For the first twenty years, over $3,000,000 worth of goods was sent from Missouri, and the amount was even more after the Mexican War. In return for the goods, Missouri received thousands of head of horses and mules, great numbers of furs, and for a long time $150,000 a year in silver. Missouri probably owes her prominence as a mule state to this early trade. The silver supplied her with money which enabled her to weather panics, enjoy prosperity, and have a sound currency. Along this trail Missourians later traveled to go to New Mexico and some fol- lowed it to Arizona and southern California. Finally the Santa Fe railroad largely followed it. Both the Boone's Lick Trail from St. Louis to Franklin and the Santa Fe Trail from Franklin and Boonville to Kansas City have been marked with granite markers by the Missouri Daughters of the American Revolution. Missouri could well afford to honor this historic highway. The Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail like the Santa Fe Trail was closely related to the fur trade. Both had their beginnings as routes for fur traders. They were alike in other ways. Both started near the mouth of the Kansas river and were the same for 40 miles west ; both served first as trade routes and later as routes for emigrants going west to settle ; both were through a hostile Indian country ; both were opened by Missourians ; and both brought wealth to Missouri and later took settlers from Mis- souri. But these two great trails also differed from each other. The Santa Fe Trail, which was 750 miles long across the plains, led in a southwest direction along the Arkansas river, and was surveyed and marked by the United States government The Oregon trail was 2000 miles long across plains, mountains, and deserts. It led in a west and northwest direction along the Platte river, through South Pass in Wyo- ming and across the Rockies, over the rough land and deserts Missouri AN s Open the West 1 09 of Montana and Idaho, and down the Snake and Columbia rivers to the Pacific. It was never marked or surveyed by the government. Ahhough American traders operated success- fully in both the Santa Fe and the Oregon country about the same time, the Oregon Trail was not well established until twenty years later, 1842. The great American Fur Company was the first to carry on an overland fur trade with the Oregon country in the far Northwest. This trade began about 1812. Changes were gradually made in the route to shorten it and to make travel easier. The .most important change came in 1822-23 when Ashley and Smith of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company dis- covered South Pass in Wyoming through the Rockies. South Pass gave an easy, gently sloping way over the mountains. Through South Pass the trail led to Snake river, along Snake to the Columbia, and down the Columbia to the Pacific. A short distance from South Pass was another trail to the south- west. This was the Great Salt Lake Trail to the Utah Basin. From Great Salt Lake were two trails: one led west and slightly southwest to Sacramento and San Francisco, this was the California Trail; another led southwest to southern Cali- fornia, this was the Mormon Trail. About one-third of the way down the Mormon Trail another branched off to Santa Fe, this was the Spanish Trail. So the Far West was gradually covered with trails for trade and travel. Later there were other starting points of the Oregon Trail. These were along the Missouri river from the mouth of the Platte to the mouth of the Kansas. All of these small routes came* together about 150 miles up the Platte. The Platte was then followed up-stream into Wyoming. About 1832 a new element appeared on the Oregon Trail. In that year a party of settlers left Independence for Oregon. Two years later another party left. These were largely Mis- sourians. The big emigration began after the panic of 1837. From 1842 regular organized parties began leaving for the no History of Missouri and Missourians Far West. In 1845 over 3000 left Independence for Oregon. By 1843 the Oregon Trail was well marked and wagons could make the trip. So many Missourians settled in Oregon that one part, the Willamette Valley, was settled almost entirely by people from Missouri. Of course there were thousands from other states but Missouri did much to settle the Northwest. At this time the Northwest was claimed both by the United States and by England. The one to settle it first had the best chance of keeping it. Missouri's two United States senators, Thomas H. Benton and Lewis F. Linn, did more to keep the Oregon country for the United .States than did any others. It had been opened and was being settled by Mis- sourians. These two fought successfully in Congress for the protection of their people by the United States government. Benton's son-in-law was General John C. Fremont. He also was a great explorer. In 1842 he led a party through South Pass and again in 1843. He explored the Rockies, the Utah Basin, and reached both California and Oregon. After gold was discovered in California, Missourians again flocked to the West. These went along the old trails already marked by the early Missouri fur traders, trappers, and explorers. Conclusion Missourians through exploring parties and trading expe- ditions opened the trails of the West. Along these trails the early settlers of the West were to travel and later the railroads were to follow. They discovered many of the lofty peaks and the easy passes and traced the rivers. They discovered such natural wonders as Great Salt Lake and Yellowstone National Park. Through the fur trade hundreds of men were trained who later helped the government in its explorations and in sub- duing the Indians. The fur trade and the .Santa Fe trade for half a century brought to Missouri a commerce of nearly one- half million dollars a year. This would be equal to-day to a sum many times larger since money in those days was high. MissouRiANs Open the West IH It is not too much to say that Missouri's part in western trade from 1820 to 1860 was very important in giving prosperity to the State and people. It was also very important in exploring and later in settling the West. Suggestive Questions 1. What three causes led the people to be interested in western trade and commerce outside of Missouri? 2. State the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition? What was the result? 3. Of what importance was the expedition of Pike? 4. How did these pioneer expeditions retard the settlement of the west? 5. What was the beneficial result of these expeditions? 6. Of what importance was the early fur trade in Missouri? 7. Which fur company do you consider the most important? 8. What was the origin of the Santa Fe trade? 9. What was the route of the Santa Fe trail? 10. Why was the Santa Fe trade important in Missouri? 11. Compare the Santa Fe trail with the Oregon trail. 12. How did the Oregon trail affect emigration? 13. Give your conclusions as to the importance of the Missouri exploring parties and trading expeditions. PART IV A CENTURY OF MISSOURI POLITICS 1821-1921 Missouri is a grand old state, and deserves to be grandly governed. Chapter I THE RULE OF THE FATHERS, 1820-1844 Missouri celebrated her centennial in 1921. Since 1821, a period of one hundred years, she had been a state in the Union, and since 1820 she had had a state government. During this century of statehood, many clianges took place, great progress was made, and important events occurred. All these affected every phase of life in the state. Politics and government changed, wars were fought, education developed, and the eco- nomic life of the people expanded. The history of these one hundred years is full of interest. Each subject is filled with the life efforts of men and women, slowly but surely striving to better themselves and their fellowmen. Not every year of this century marked progress ; some years saw Missouri barely holding her own. But progress was clear during any long period of years. This is true in politics as it is in business and social life. Each phase of this progress is united to otlier phases and all reveal a study people working and fighting for what they think is best and right. The first phase considered is politics and government during this century of statehood. Relation of State and National Politics When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Missouri was affected. When the United States declared war (112) Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 113 against Great Britain in 1812, Missouri Avas again affected. The same close relationship between state and nation exists in politics and political parties as in treaties and wars. National politics had a great influence on Missouri politics during the century of statehood. The great political parties have been and are national political parties. This was true of the old Democratic party of Andrew Jackson and the old Whig party of Henry Clay ; it is true today of the Democratic party and of the Republican party. They are national political parties. But, these same parties are found in every state, and governors and members of the legislature as well as congressmen and United States senators are elected as Democrats or as Republi- cans. Even city and town officials are so elected. It is easy to see, therefore, why national politics influence state politics. Besides, the congressmen and the United States senators elected by each state help make the national laws. Again, the people elect the president. Since all of these officials whether governor, congressman, or president, are elected as candidates of one of the two political parties in state and nation, it is clear that national political parties have exerted a great influence on Missouri politics. No political party could live long in Mis- souri or in any state that was not part of a national political party. On the other hand when there were no national politi- cal parties, Missouri also had no state political parties. The state party is merely part of the national party, just as the state is part of the nation. General Features of Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 During the first quarter centrury of Missouri politics the important offices were held by those leaders who had settled in Missouri in the territorial days. The State was ruled by "The Fathers", i. e., by the men who had helped lay the foun- dations of Missouri. Nearly all of these men had been born in southern states, principally in Kentucky and Virginia. The influence of these men was powerful with the voters. The IIA History of Missouri and Missourians greatest of these leaders was Thomas H. Benton, one of Missouri's first two United States senators. Benton was Missouri's United States senator for thirty years, five full terms. During the first four terms, from 1820 to 1844, Benton became niore and more powerful until he virtually controlled Missouri politically. The rule of "The Fathers", of whom Benton became the leader, is one feature of this period. This period might be called the Benton period of Missouri politics. Another feature is the growth of politicals parties. From 1820 to about 1830 there were no well defined national political parties, hence Missouri had none. This was a decade of per- sonal politics. The man rather than his party was what the voters considered. The old Federalist party of Hamilton had died and all belonged to the party founded by Jefferson. The beginning of a new party came with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. The foUow^ers of Jackson, of whom Benton was a leader, called themselves Democrats. They were against the United States Bank and a protective tariff. By 1830 the Democrats were fairly well organized. Missouri was Democratic down to the Civil War in 1861. The opponents of the Democrats organized at the same time. They were called Whigs. The Whigs followed Henry Clay and favored the United States Bank and a protective tariff. Mis- souri was never a Whig state but some of her ablest public men were Whigs. Williams H. Ashley, the great fur trader, Edward Bates, the great lawyer, and James S. Rollins, the orator and statesman, were Whigs. In Missouri the Whigs were strongest among the merchants and bankers of St. Louis and among the big slave owners in the river slave counties. Boone county was the banner Whig county in Missouri. The day of personal politics in Missouri passed in 1830. From that time party politics prevailed. The Whigs were never suc- cessful in a general presidential election in Missouri alhough one of their leaders, Ashley, was elected three times to Con- gress and served five years. Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 115 THOMAS II. RENTON Il6 History of Missouri and Missourians A third feature of this period in Missouri was the absence of great issues between the state parties except on money and banking. The Missouri Democrats luider Benton's influence stood for hard or metal money and sound banking. Benton was called "Old Bullion" arid Missouri was called "The Bullion State". Other states had paper money and wildcat banks, but Missouri did not. However, even some of the Missouri Demo- crats wanted cheap money and banks. The Benton Democrats were called the "Hards" ; the cheap money Democrats, the "Softs". The Whigs were also in favor of paper money and banks. Although on the money question the Democrats dif- fered among themselves, they did not split the party. A State Bank was established along veiy conservative lines and the Democratic party remained one. No other big issue is found between the parties in Missouri during this period. Missouri's Governors and the Missouri State Govern- ment, 1820-1844 During these first twenty-four years of statehood Mis- souri elected six governors. These men were : Alexander Mc- Nair of St. Louis county, 1820-1824; Frederick Bates of St. Louis county, 1824-1825 ; John Miller of Cooper county, 1825- 1828, and 1828-1832; Daniel Dunklin of Washington county, 1832-1836; Lilbum W. Boggs of Jackson county, 1836-1840; and Thomas Reynolds of Howard county, 1840-1844. All of these except McNair were born in southern states — two in Virginia, two in Kentucky, and one in South Carolina. Mc- Nair was born in Pennsylvania. All of these except Reynolds had settled in Missouri before 1820. Only three of these men finished his regular four year term — McNair, Miller, and Boggs. Bates died in 1825. The lieutenant governor had pre- viously resigned, so according to the state constitution, the president pro tempore of the Senate became acting governor. This man was Abraham J. Williams of Boone county. He called a special election and John Miller was elected governor to serve out Bates' term. Miller served from 1825 to 1828. Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 117 He was re-elected in 1828 and served to 1832. Miller was governor seven years the longest of any Missouri governor. Dunklin resigned in 1836 about a month before his term ex- pired. The lieutenant governor, Boggs, became acting governor. Boggs then served a full four year teiTti by right of election. Reynolds committed suicide early in 1844. The lieutenant governor, M. M. Marmaduke, of Saline county, served out the remainder of the temi. All of these six elected governoi^s w^ere experienced men and each had held some im- portant public office. McNair had helped frame Missouri's first constitution. Bates had been secretary of Missouri Territoiy and acting territorial governor. Miller had been an office holder and soldier and later was congressman. Dunklin and Boggs had both been lieutenant governor of Missouri. Reynolds had been a supreme court judge in Illinois. Mis- souri's first six governors were men of ability. I Between 1820 and 1844 the State government was busy solving many questions. Missouri was a young state. The first thing necessary was to get her government in good work- ing order. The beginning of this was made during McNair's administration. Laws were made and enforced to protect property and punish crime. A home for the government was provided and in 1821 the permanent capital of Mis- souri was located, after 1826, at Jefferson City. The capitol build- ing was begun in 1823 and was completed in 1826. It burned in 1837 and a new one was built in 1838. This one was greatly enlarged in 1887. It burned in 1911. Mis- souri's present capitol building was finished in 1918 and cost $4,000,000. It is one of the finest in the nation. alex.\nder McNair II History of Missouri and Missourians During McNair's term the Missouri State Seal was adopted. The twenty-three smaller stars represent the twenty-three states admitted before Missouri ; the large star represents Missouri as the twenty- fourth state. The Latin motto of the State, "Salus populi suprema lex esto" means, "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." During Governor Mc- Nair's term the State government made its first venture in finance. This was the Loan Office Law of 1821. The effect of the panic of 1819 was still felt. Times were hard, money was scarce, and interest rates were high. The State issued $185,000. of Loan Office certificates to help her people, and promised to redeem these in money. These certificates, like money, were of different amounts ranging from 12^^ cents to $10. The State accepted them in payment of taxes and soon they circulated like money. Farmers could borrow these cer- tificates up to $1,000 by giving a note or mortgage on their property. All went went until some of the borrowers refused to pay their notes. The State tried to collect but the United States Supreme Court held that the certificates were uncon« stitutional and the notes could not legally be collected. The borrowers did not have to pay although morally they shoul have paid. The State could als have refused to redeem the certifi cates, but Missouri did not. She redeemed the certificates dollar for dollar. Missouri has never refused to pay her debts or keep her obli- gations. During Bates' term the princi- pal law passed was to organize the militia to protect the State against Indians. All men between the ages of eighteen and forty- five years were required to be i-RKDERiCK HATES enrolled in the militia. In April I Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 119 of eacli year "Muster Day" was held in each township. All the militiamen organized into com- panies. In May and October all the companies in a county met and drilled. During Miller's Administration the State was veiy prosperous. The government performed two things of importance. The peni- tentiary was located and built in Jefferson City. The Black Hawk Indian war broke out in Illinois and Wisconsin, and Missouri fear- John miller ed the Indians might cross the Missisippi and give trouble here. Troops were sent to northeast Missouri but no hostile Indians were met. The term of Governor Dunklin from 1832 to 1836 marked one im- portant government act. This was the Platte Purchase. The Platte Country was in northwest Missouri. It embraced what are today the six counties of Atchison, Holt, Noda- way, i\ndrew, Buchanan, and Platte. The Sac and Fox Indians occupied it but already some white settlers had settled there. The United States Government in 1836 gave the Indians $7,500 and a tract of land in Kansas a,nd the Indians in return gave up claim to the Platte country. The principal demand for this country had come from the people in Clay county. General William Clark, "Red Head", arranged the treaty. Missouri's United States DANIEL DUNKLIN I20 History of Missouri and Missourians senator, L.cwis F. Linn, was the real author of the Platte Purchase as it was he who persuaded Congress to give this land to Missouri. In 1837 the State of Missouri took posses- sion. During Governor DunkUn's administration Missouri was even more prosperous than before. Speculation again prevailed but in 1837 hard times set in and continued several years. By 1836 the people wanted better transportation so in that year a railroad convention was held in St. Louis. Everybody was enthusiastic and the Legislature chartered a number of railroad lines. Nothing further was done, how- ever, and it was fifteen years before railroad building began in Missouri. Governor Bogg's administration was most important and exciting. It was filled with seven historic events. In 1837 the Legislature founded a ?tate Bank. Later branches of this bank were established over Missouri. All were sound and rendered the people sei"vice. In the same year the famous panic of 1837 took place. Missouri suffered but not so much as did other states. This was because she had no wildcat banks and wildcat paper money, because she had received silver through the Santa Fe Trade, and also because she had not speculated so much. It was in 1837 that the United States Government called on Missouri for troops to fight the Seminole Indians in Florida. Colonel Richard Gentry, of Columbia, raised a regi- ment. The men .suffered severely and Col. Gentry was killed in battle. It was during Governor Bogg's temi that trouble arose with the Mormons, which finally resulted in war and their ex- LILP.URN W. BOGGS Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 121 pulsion from the State. The miUtia was called out and the Mormons surrendered in 1839. They left Missouri in 1839. The story of the Mormon War will be told later. The next important acts during- these four years were the founding of Missouri's public school system in 1839 and the establishment of the University of Missouri at Columbia the same year. The last event was trouble with Iowa over the northern boundary line. This has been called the "Honey War" and will also be considered under "A Century of Military Missouri". Governor Reynolds is best known in Missouri history for being- the author of the law abolishing im- prisonment for debt. It was a very short law but it was also very im- portant. It read: "Imprisonment for debt is hereby forever abolish- ed." THOMAS REYNOLDS Missouri's Congressmen and United States Senators, 1820-1844 During these twenty-four years Missouri had four United States Senators and fourteen Representatives in Congress. Of the fourteen Congressmen only five are well known: John Scott of Ste. Genevieve county, 1820-26; Edward Bates of St. Louis county, 1826-1828; William H. Ashley of St. Louis county, 1831-1836; John Miller of Howard county, 1836-1842; and John C. Edwards of Cole county, 1840-1842. Of these five men, four were natives of Virginia and had settled in Missouri before 1820. Edwards was born in Kentucky and came to Missouri in 1828. They were able men and each had held public office in Missouri. 122 History of Missouri and Missourians John Scott was Missouri's last territorial delegate and her first congressman. He had received a fine education and was a noted lawyer. His most important service to Missouri was in aiding her to secure statehood. He was a delegate to the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820 and was the author of the provision relating to education. In 1824 he cast his vote in Congress for Adams, instead of for Jackson. This lost him the friendship of Benton and in 1826 the poli- tical support of Missourians. Edward Bates was a brother of Frederick Bates, Mis- souri's second State governor. He was a successful lawyer and an able statesman. He had served in the cenvention of 1820, and although he was only twenty-seven years old, he was one of the leaders. He was Missouri's first attorne)' general in 1820 and in 1826 was elected to Congress. He became a Whig and was one of the leaders in Alissouri of the W'hig party. In 1860 he became a Republican and in 1861 was ap- pointed to President Lincoln's cabinet, being the first man west of the Mississippi to hold a cabinet position. He was one of the most eminent men Missouri has produced. William H. Ashley was one of Missoin-i's most successful and wealthy fur traders. He was Missouri's first lieutenant governor in 1820 and served four years. He devoted his later life to politics. He was a Whig, and although Missouri was a Democratic State, Ashley served five years in Congress. His ability was employed in Congress in aiding Missouri and the West in developing the Santa Fe Trade and in securing protec- tion against the Indians. John Miller was the first Congressman from central ]\Iis- souri. He had been an editor and a soldier before settling in Missouri. A man of force and abilit}" he soon attracted atten- tion. Before his election to Congress, ht had served as governor for seven years. His record as a public official was good. Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 1 23 John C. Edwards came to Missouri in 1828. He had served Missouri as secretary of state for seven years before his election to Congress. He was later elected governor in 1844 and served four years. He was a lawyer. The four United States senators from Missouri during this period were David Barton of St. Louis county, 1820-1830; Thomas H. Benton of St. Louis county, 1820-1850; Alexander Buckner of Cape Girardeau, 1830-1833; and Lewis F. Linn of Ste. Genevieve county, 1833-1844. Barton and Benton were natives of North Carolina; Buckner and Linn were natives of Kentucky. All had settled in Missouri before 1820. Linn was a doctor, the other three were lawyers. All were very able men and made fine public officials. David Barton was the most popular man in Missouri in 1820. He had served as judge and was elected president of the convention of 1820. He greatly influenced the drafting of IVIissouri's first constitution. When Missouri became a state. Barton was easily elected to the United States Senate and was reelected in 1824. Like Bates, he favored Adams for presi- dent in 1824 and his popularity decreased. In 1830 he was defeated for reelection. He was an exceptional man and made an able and honest public official. Alexander Buckner was elected in 1830 to succeed Barton. He was a prominent lawyer and was highly respected. He died of the cholera in 1833. Lewis F. Linn was appointed to succeed Buckner in 1833. He was elected in 1834, and reelected in 1836 and 1843. He was a doctor, the only one ever elected from Missouri to the United States Senate. Although he had never sought public office and was not a politician, he was one of the two greatest Missouri statesmen prior to the Civil War. He was an advo- cate of cheap land to the settlers, the purchase of the Platte Country, and the acquisition of the Oregon Country. So widespread was his popularity and services that he was 124 History of Missouri and Missouriaxs claimed by the people of Iowa and Oregon as their senator al- though he represented Missouri. He was called "The IModel Sen- ator from Missouri". He and his colleague, Benton, were close friends and worked together. To Linn Missouri is indebted for the Platte Country and he did more than any other public official to obtain the great Ore- gon Country for the United States. LEWIS F. LINN Thomas H. Benton served as Missouri's United States senator from 1820 to 1850 — a period of thirty years. During this period he was easily reelected in 1826, 1832, and 1838. His control of Missouri became stronger and stronger until it seemed that none could defeat or hurt him. He was very able, a deep student, a convincing speaker, and honest. He did everything he could in Congress to help Jackson abolish the United States Bank, and develop ]\Iissouri and the West by means of cheap public land, protection of trade and frontier against Indians, and exploration of the West. Suggestive Questions 1. Explain the relation between state and national political parties. 2. What do you understand by the term, "The Rule of the Fathers?" 3. Contrast politics of 1820-1830 with the political situation in Missouri today. 4. Explain the rise of political parties in 1830. Name the leaders of each party. 5. What were the state issues between the political parties? Missouri Politics, 1820-1844 1 25 6. To whom was the term, "Old lUillion", applied? Why was Missouri called,, "The Bullion State?" 7. Characterize the first six governors of Missouri. 8. Describe the state seal of Missouri. 9. What event occurred following 1821 which pioved the integrity of Missouri? 10. What was Muster Day? 11. What was the important event during Governor Dunklin's ad- ministration? 12. What w'ere the most important historic events during Governor Bogg's administration? 13. What important law was established during Governor Reynolds' administration? 14. Xame and characterize the first four United States senators from Missouri. 15. Compare the senators with the congressmen of the same period. Chapter II DEMOCRATIC RULE AND POLITICAL UNREST, 1844-1860 This period of Missouri politics from 1844 to 1860 is quite different from the preceding period. The Democratic party, it is true, ruled Missouri but it became more and more divided. The differences between the two periods are many. In this period elections were decided by politics rather than by the character of the men. Politics reigned supreme. Another difference was the appearance and rise to power of new poli- tical leaders. "The Rule of the Fathers" was at an end and new men, younger men, took their place. In the Democratic party the new leaders were called the "Central Clique". They lived in Central Missouri. At first they supported Benton but later they worked against him, and finally they defeated him. This period also marked the appearance of big issues or prob- lems in Missouri politics. These problems related to money, more democracy in government (i. e., more elective officials and shorter terms), the annexation of Texas, State aid to rail- roads, extension of slavery^ in the territories, and the fight against Benton. Of these problems or issues the two most im- portant were Benton and slavery. The Benton problem was practically settled in 1851 when he was defeated for reelection to the United States Senate, but the slavery issue was not set- tled until the Civil War ended in 1865. The slaver}^ issue and the Benton issue (i. e., the determin- ation of the new leaders to defeat Benton) were closely related. In fact, nearly all of these issues, except that relating to the railroads, were closely related to the fight on Benton. It was the great issue of slavery in the territories which finally broke up the Whig party, caused the rise of the Republican party, and eventually ruined the old Democratic party. (126) Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 1 27 This period of Missouri politics is like a drama. It re- veals great actors playing parts full of lofty ideals and human interests. The first act closes in 1851 when tlie new leaders rise to power and the great Benton is defeated. The next ten years are marked with the death of Benton, the border war with Kansas, the gradual fall of the old parties, the rise of a new party, and always the problem of slavery, growing larger and larger in the territories. This act closes with the Demo- cratic party of the new leaders (now older, of course) in seeming unlimited control of Missouri. The Nation is in con- trol of the Republican party and we hear the distant rumblings of civil war. The next period from 1861 to 1870 is but a con- tinuation of this drama, which is the most tragic in our history. Bearing in mind that the two main issues are first the desire of the new leaders to defeat Benton, and second, the growing problem of slavery extension in the territories, it will not be hard to understand this interesting and instructive period in Missouri state politics. It should also be stated that during this period Missouri was always Democratic in both national and state elections and that the new leaders who dis- placed Benton were generally of southern birth and southern sympathy, and were pronounced advocates of slaver}^ and slavery extension in the territories. Despite Missouri being a Democratic state during these years, a new class of people were settling here, who differed from the proslavery leaders of the Democratic party. These people came from the free states lying to the east of Missouri, especially from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. During the forties and fifties a large German immigration flowed ito Missouri, settl- ing in St. Louis and the neighboring counties. This German class of settlers like the freestate settlers from the east, also opposed the proslavery leaders of the Democratic party. Many of the eastern and German settlers at first voted the Demo- cratic ticket, but later helped split that party and some, includ- ing all of the Germans, eventually went into the new Republi- 128 History of Missouri and Missourians can party. The main point to remember, however, is that this new immigration was pro-Union in sympathy and was not pro- slavery or prosouthem. The Irish immigration also began pouring into Missouri in the fifties. The Irish became Demo- crats. So it is seen that instead of Missouri having a popula- tion of the same stock and the same general ideas in politics as she had before when her people came largely from southern states, she now had a mixed population holding conflicting ideas in politics. The Nation was dividing along sectional lines and Missouri was also dividing on the big question of slavery extension in the territories. The Election of 1844 and the First Statewide Attack ON Benton The election of 1844 is important. The issues in Missouri in 1844 were "Hard" or "Soft" money, the annexation of Texas, the election of two United States Senators, five con- gressmen, and a governor, and a new State constitution. Most important of all, however, is the fact that this election marks the beginning of two great movements — the fall of Benton and the division inside the Democratic party. Both are closely related to each other. Each of the issues of this election will now be considered as well as its relation to Benton and the Democratic party. The "Hard" and "Soft" money issue began shortly after the panic of 1837, in which year was established The Bank of Missouri controlled by the Missouri State Government. This bank and its branches were conservatively managed and Mis- souri's money was on a sound, metal basis. Benton was a hard, or metal, money man. He believed in gold and silver. Many Missourians in both parties believed in easier or cheaper money. The easy money Democrats were called "Softs". They opposed Benton. By 1840 the "Softs" and tlie Whigs in St. Louis voted together and by 1844 the split in the Demo- cratic party had become statewide. Benton was the leader of Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 1 29. the "Hards" and was supported by all hard money men and by a group of younger politicians in Central Missouri, who were called the "Central Clique". Although the Whigs had put out state candidates in 1840, they voted with the "Soft Demo- crats in 1844. The immediate annexation of Texas was also an issue in Missouri and the Nation in 1844. Many Missourians had set- tled in Texas and had fought for Texas independence against Mexico. Texas now desired to become a state. Benton was opposed to annexing Texas, without first having an agreement with Mexico, since Mexico had not yet recognized the inde- pendence of Texas. He said that it would hurt Missouri in her profitable trade with Santa Fe, since Mexico would take offence and stop her province of New Mexico trading with the United States. He also thought annexation would lead to war with Mexico, and in this he was right. Missourians, how- ever, wanted Texas. Benton realized this. Besides, the national slogan of the Democratic party in 1844 was "Amiexa- tion of Texas and Occupation of Oregon". This slogan helped the Democratic party in Missouri and really in part helped Benton, since he had always stood for the occupation of the Oregon country. The third great issue was the actual election of officials, especially of members of the Legislature and of governor. The new Legislature was to elect two United States senators, one for six years to succeed Benton and one for four years to fill out the term of Linn, who had died in 1843 and in whose place David R. Atchison had been temporarily appointed. There were also five Congressmen to be elected. The Benton or "Hard" candidate for governor was John C. Edwards. His opponent was the "Soft" candidate Charles H. Allen, who was supported by the Whigs. The last issue in 1844 was the question of calling a consti- tutional convention to frame a new constitution for Missouri, Many objected to the old constitution of 1820. Some disliked .I30 History of Missouri and Missourians its provisions regarding all judges being appointed and holding office during good behavior instead of being elected for a term of years. They also thought the Legislature had too much power and that it should be limited on some subjects. Others thought that the system of county representation in the Legislature was unfair to the populous counties since they had little more representation than the sparsely settled counties. Benton and the "Hard" Democrats won. John C. Ed- wards was elected governor. The Legislature was closely divided and Benton was re-elected by a majority of only eight votes. Atchison, one of the new leaders, w^as elected senator. Among the congressmen elected were two able men who later became governors of Missouri, Sterling Price and John S. Phelps. The leader of the Missouri House of Representatives was Claiborne F. Jackson, another man who later became governor. In a few years these new leaders turned against Benton and finally defeated him. The people voted in favor of a constitutional convention. Senator David R. Atchison was a native of Kentucky. He was a lawyer of ability and had served both in the Legislature and on the bench. He came from Platte county. He was one of the younger leaders and after 1848 opposed Benton's views on slavery. He was a strong States'" right man and favored the slave states. He was re-elected in 1848 but was defeated in 1854. Governor John C. Edwards, of Cole county, was also a Kentuckian. He was a lawyer and had served Missouri as secretaiy of state and as congressman. His administra- tion was a success and Missouri grew in wealth and population. It JOHN c. EDWARDS was marked by several important Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 13 1 events. One of the first was trouble between Iowa and Missouri over the northern boundary line. This is called the "Honey War" and will be considered under "A Century if Military Missouri". The boundary line was finally determined by the United States Supreme Court in 1848. In 1845 the constitu- tional convention met and framed a new constitution. It was submitted to the people, who rejected it in 1846. It was a good constitution but, somehow, it did not satisfy the people. The most important event was the outbreak of war between the United States and Mexico. The national government called for volunteers and Missourians enlisted by the hundreds. They were led by such men as Alexander W. Doniphan and Sterling Price. The Missouri troops made a wonderful record in conquering New Mexico and several large provinces in Old Mexico. This was in 1846 and 1847. On their return they received a great welcome. The story of Doniphan's Expedi- tion will be told under "A Century of Military Missouri". During Governor Edward's administration the third State institution was established, the first being the State peniten- tiary at Jefferson City and the second the University of Mis- souri at Columbia. This was the establishment of a State hospital for the insane at Fulton in 1847. Since then three more State hospitals have been established at St. Joseph, Nevada, and Farmington. Excluding the Mexican War, the most important event during these years was the gathering opposition to Benton. The Fight Against Benton and His Defeat The money issue had hardly been settled in Missouri in favor of the "Hards" and the Texas question had hardly been disposed of by immediate annexation in 1845, when the fight on Benton was renewed. The new Democratic leaders of Missouri were determined to defeat the great statesman. He had held his high office since 1820. Some though that this was long enough and that some other person should have a 1^2 History of Missouri and Missourians chance. The politicians gave expression to this view. Benton had not built up a real political machine. He had not dis- tributed political offices as he might have done. This weak- ened him with the politicians. His position on hard money and the Texas question had weakened him with the people. Moreover, he had been very independent and frequently had been rude even to those who had helped him. He was a great man and the people admired him for his ability, renown, in- dustry, and honesty. He was never, however, a popular hero having the love of his voters. Gradually the young politicians began secretly, and later openly, criticising and attacking him. Benton was losing in Missouri and He was now losing in Washington. During President Andrew Jackson's rise and rule to power, Benton had been powerful in the national councils of the Democratic party. He and Jackson became close friends, and Jackson was always the real hero of Missourians. After the national election of 1840 the Democratic party in Congress became more and more southern in sympathy and ideals and passed under the control of southern leaders. Benton was first' of all a believer in the Union. He loved it and fought for it, in and out of politics. He opposed everything and every measure which he thought might hurt the Union. The south- ern leaders were believers in the doctrine of States' right and in the right of extending slavery in the new territories. Ben- ton had no faith in these southern leaders. He thought that they were tiying to destroy the Union. They in turn hated him. The new prosouthern leaders in Missouri knew this con- dition and took advantage of it. Benton had lost influence in Congress; now he was to lose influence in Missouri. The Missouri election of 1848 was purely a struggle be- tween the Democrats and Whigs. The fight against Benton did not enter into it, at least not openly. The Democratic can- didate for governor was Austin A. King, of Ray county; the Whig candidate was James S. Rollins, of Boone county. Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 133 Governor King was easily elected and the State went Demo- cratic as usual. Three rising young men, out of the five elected to Congress, were later to achieve prominence in pub- lic office, — John S. Phelps (already mentioned and first elected in 1844), Willard P. Hall (who had been first elected to Congress in 1846 and who later became acting governor), and James S. Green (who later became United States Sena- tor). All three were very able men. When the Legislature met, Senator Atchison was easily reelected to the United States Senate. Governor King was a native of Tennessee. He was a lawyer of ability and had practiced both in Boone and Ray county. He had serve' S. Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 135 136 History of Missouri and Missourians Geyer of St. Louis. Benton had finally been defeated after serving Missouri thirty years in the United States Senate. His successor Senator Geyer, was a native of Maryland. He was an able lawyer and one of the Whig leaders of Missouri. But Benton did not know, or he refused to acknowledge defeat. He had been a fearless fighter all his life and he was determined to continue the fight. He felt that he was right and he felt that the Union was rapidly approaching destruc- tion and war unless a change came soon. Benton decided to do his part until the end. In 1852 he ran for representative in Congress from St. Louis and was elected. The "Jackson Resolutions" and the question of slavery extension were still the issues. In 1854 when Senator Atchison was up for re- election to the United States Senate, Benton worked hard against him, as Atchison was one of the prosouthern leaders. Again he stumped the State and again the Legislature split into three parties. So bitter was feeling that even the Legisla- ture could not agree and actually failed to elect a successor to Atchison. So Missouri for two years, 1855-1857, was repre- sented in the United States Senate by only one man, Henr}^ S. Geyer. Benton, himself defeated, had succeeded in defeating one of his strongest opponents and political enemies. Senator Atchison. In 1855 Benton ran for governor. He was now over seventy years old but he again waged a vigorous cam- paign. He was hopelessly defeated, and he retired to his home and library in Washington. Here he died in 1858, the greatest statesman Missouri has produced and "The Greatest States- man of the West". Three years to the month after his death the Nation was engaged in a civil war which lasted until 1865. Administration of Governor Price, 1852-1856, and the Struggle for Kansas, 1854-1857 The election of 1852 was the last in which the Whig party had a candidate for governor in Missouri and a candidate for Missouri Politics, 1844-1860 137 president of the United States. After this election the W hig party rapidly went to pieces. Two new pirties appeared, the American party, which lasted only through the one general state and national election of 1856, and the Republican party, which did not appear in a Missouri general election until 1860 although it had put out a national ticket in 1856. By 1860 uhe Democratic party had split into two parts. The Republican had grown rapidly in strength over the North, and a Union party had appeared. It is clearly seen thajt there was deep political unrest in the fifties. This led to the break-up of parties. The chief cause of this unrest and of this break-up was the question of slavery extension in the territories. This ques- tion first rose to prominence in 1820 when the Missouri Com- promise bill was passed. Despite this settlement in 1820, it again rose to prominence after the Mexicon A\'ar in connection with slavery in the new territory acquired. Again it was set- tled by the Compromise of 1850, but again it rose to promi- nence when the Kansas-Nebraska bill was passed in 1854. It was settled once more in 1857 when Kansas became a free soil territory but peace between Kansas and Missouri did not come. Finally, in 1860 the national victory of the Republican party and the closely following secession from the Union of some of the Southern states brought matters to a crisis and war broke out. Missouri as a state in the Union was affected by these currents of national life from 1850 to 1860. and as a state bordering on the new Territory of Kansas she was vitally con- cerned. It was during Governor Price's administration that the Kansas troubles began. Sterling Price was elected governor of Missouri in 1852. He served a full, four-year term. Governor Price was a native of Virginia. After coming to Missouri he settled in Chariton county where he was a merchant and later a 138 History of Missouri and Missourians STLKLlNt. rUlCE farmer. He had served in the Mis- souri Legislature and in Congress. During the IMexican War he suc- cessfully led a regiment of Missouri troops. He was a vei-y popular man, being perhaps the only one trusted both by the Btnton and the anti-Benton men. He made a good governor, and later at the outbreak of the Civil War he was perhaps the most beloved man in the State. During his administration the Benton fight continued over the "Jackson Resolutions". More state financial aid was given the rail- roads, the public school system was reorganized, and the struggle for Kansas began. The new public school law, passed in 1853, was important in providing for a separate state super- intendent of schools and a county school commissioner in each county. The public schools immediately improved and public education advanced rapidly down to the Civil W^ar, which practically stopped instruction over a large part of Missouri. However, the greatest event of political importance was the Kansas trouble. The settlement of Iowa and western Missouri brought a demand that the Kansas and Nebraska countr>' be opened for settlers. The reason was cheap land. The new country was at that time a great Indian reservation. The people in northwest Missouri were especially interested in having Kansas opened. Besides the Indian title there was another problem to solve. The Missouri Compromise had made all north of 36° SCX free soil, excepting Missouri. Kansas and Nebraska lay north of that line. But Missourians wanted to make Kansas a slave territoi-y and later a slave state. Senator Atchison was one of the leaders in pressing the question on Congress. In 1854 Missouri Politics, 184-l-ly whom was the new Democratic party formed? 3. How docs the election of 1860 prove that Missouri stood for compromise and conservatism? 4. What was the issue for calling a State Convention in 1861? 5. Give the three important resolutions wiiich were adopted by the Convention? 174 History of Missouri and Missourians 6. In what way did the Convention reflect the public opinion of Missouri? 7. What preparation to keep Missouri in the Union was made by the Unconditional Union men under Blair? 8. What was the effect in Missouri of the capture of Camp Jack- son? 9. What were the events which led to the establishment of a pro- visional government in Missouri? 10. Show how the people were divided in the election of 1862 on the issue of emancipation. 11. Why do you think that slaves were not so profitable in Mis- souri as in some of the southern states? 12. Why did President Lincoln disapprove General Fremont's emancipation proclamation? 13. Explain the Ironclad Oath; the Ousting Ordinance; and the Registry Acts. 14. Discuss the progress of public welfare during the Rule of the Radicals. 15. Discuss the insurgent movement in the Radical party which gave rise to the Liberal Republican party. Chapter IV THE LIBERAL REPUBLICANS AND THE DEMO- CRATIC RETURN TO POWER, 1870-1904 The Three Features of This Period The period of Missouri politics from 1870 to 1904 had three important features. If these features are remembered it will not be difficult to understand these thirty-four years. In the first place this period marked the growing power of the individual voter. The voter rather than the politician or the statesman said plainly what he wanted. The growing political power of the voters, or the people, made itself felt in several ways. It was reflected in the rise of third parties, that is, new parties other than the Democratic or Republican parties. Including the Liberal Republican party, not less than four "third" parties came into existence during this period. These four new parties were the Liberal Republi- can party of 1870 and 1872, the Grange (a Farmers' party) or People's party of 1874, the Greenback party of 1880, and the Populist party of 1892. There was also a Prohibition party but it never became strong. Each of the four new parties had a considerable following. Of course, the follow- ers of these new parties had once been followers of one of the old parties. These followers were simply attempting to exercise their political power as voters to obtain something they wanted from or through the government. The growing political power of the voters was also reflected in the fusing or absorbing of these four parties with one or the other of the two old parties or in the latter changing their policies so as to attract the new party. For example, the Democratic party absorbed many of the Liberal Republicans in 1872; the Republican party and the Grangers voted together in 1874; the Democratic party absorbed many of the Green- (175) 176 History of Missouri axd Missourians backers after 1880; and the Democratic party absorbed the PopuHsts in 1896. In each case the old party had to give something, that is, make a concession. In several cases the old party simply adopted the principle of the new party and the latter went to pieces. However the point to remember is that some of the voters broke away from their old party, organized a new one, and were usually induced to come back by concessions. In case only of the Liberal Republican was a new party successful on election day, but one new party was successful in 1896 in strongly influencing .the Demo- cratic party. Finally, the growing power of the voters was seen in the position taken by the people as compared to the position taken by their party leaders. The party leaders now followed or interpreted the people's wishes instead of the people following or interpreting the leaders actions. The old Democracy of Jackson and Benton, and the old Republi- canism of Lincoln, were passing. These three men, and there were others, had told the people what the people and the government should do. The people now told their party what was the problem and expected their leaders to solve it. In short, the people, or the voters, were now inclined to dic- tate and direct, while the leaders were kept busy trying to interpret the people's wishes and solve, or attempt to solve, their problems. It should not be understood that the voter was supreme and the political leader was a mere servant. The party machinery, which was controlled by the leaders, was still powerful in both parties. Again, the tics of party loyalty were strong with the majority of the voters in both parties. The memory of the rule of the Radicals in the sixties and the achievement of the Confederates helped to keep alive the political allegiance of Democrats, and the victory of the Northern armies under a Republican president and the gratitude of the negro population aided in cementing the ties of lo}alty to the Republican party. Party loyalty was still the rule but both inside and outside of the two Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 177 parties was the growing power of the voter in directing the leaders. The second feature of this period from 1870 to 1904 is the growing inclination of the people to ask and expect the government to solve their problems. They not only demanded that the government increase its field of service in aiding education, taking care of the insane, and providing for the health and safety of the citizens, but the people wanted it to aid them in solving their economic problems. For example, when in the latter seventies money was high, prices declining, and debts becoming difficult to pay, the people wanted the government to issue more money. Some wanted "green- backs" or paper money printed by the government and others wanted more silver money coined. Again, when similar con- ditions came in the nineties, the people demanded more money. Since this was a matter for the national government to decide, it resulted in national politics greatly influencing state politics. However, the people did demand that the state government solve economic problems as the regulation of railroad rates, lowering of taxes, and greater economy in government. Strangely enough although the people wanted their government to do more things and regulate more things, they gave the government less power to do things. The con- stitution of 1875 contained more restrictions on the govern- ment than either the one of 1820 or the one of 1865. Dur- ing this period the character of most legislation was restrictive and regulative. The former was due to the experiences of the fifties and sixties when both the State and the counties went deeply in debt, which caused high taxes. The regulative legislation was due to the growth of corporations against which the individual unaided could not compete. The third feature of this period is the dominance of the Democratic party and the growing strength of the Republi- can party. The Liberal Republican and Democratic partiee were successful in 1870 and 1872. From 1872 to 1900 the 178 History of Missouri and Missourians Democrats carried the State at all elections except the one in 1894, which was not a general four-year election. However, the Republicans were increasing in strength due to the immi- gration from Republican states as Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio, where land was higher than in Missouri, and to the emigra- tion of many Missouri Democrats to Texas, Oklahoma, Mon- tana, and the West, where land was cheaper than in Mis- souri. The following table of votes for governor makes clear the relative strength of the two parties during these years : Vote Cast for Governor in Missouri, 1870-1921 (All figures n present thousands except in the per cent colunms. In the "Third" parties column the figures represent the total of all "Third" parties, the party whose name is in parenthesis cast tlie largest vote of this total.) Year Total % Incr. Dem. Repub. "Third" Parties IMaJ. Plur. % Plural- ity to To- tal Vote 1870 167 16 104* 63 41 41 25 1872 278 66 157* 121 36 36 13 1874 262 —6 150 112** 38 38 14 1876 348 33 200 148 52 52 15 1880 39S 14 208 154 36 9 54 14 1884 437 10 219 208 (Greenback) 10 H 11 3 1888 519 19 256 243 (Prohibition) 20 13 2y2 1892 541 4 265 235 41 30 6 1896 664 23 351 308 (Populist) 5 19 43 6/2 1900 684 3 350 318 16 8 32 5 1904 645 —6 327 297 21 5 30 5 1908 716 11 340 356 20 16 2 1912 69) —2 337 218 144 119 17 1916 785 12 382 380 (Progressive) 23 2 'A 1920 1.331 70 .581 722 28 57 141 11 •Democrats and Liberal Republicans. •"Repub. and Grangers (People's Party) From this table it is seen that from 1870 to 1900 inclu- ,sive there were held ten elections for governor. The first Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 1 79 five elections were from 1870 to 1880 inclusive and the Democratic, including the Liberal Republican, candidate re- ceived both a majority and a plurality of the votes. The per cent of this plurality vote to the total vote cast was large, varying from thirteen to twenty- five percent. The last five elections were from 1884 to 1900 inclusive and in only two, 1896 and 1900, did the Democratic candidate receive a worthwhile majority and in all five the percent of his plu- rality vote to the total vote cast was small, varying from two and one-half to six and one-half percent. The reason for this relative decline in the plurality of the Democrats after 1880 was due to the increase in the Republican vote. This increase in turn was due in part to the fact that the Demo- cratic parly after 1880 ceased to reward the old Union Democrats and Whigs and turned more and more to the old Confederate Democrats and new Democratic leaders. From 1870 to 1880 the successful candidate for governor either Democrat or Liberal Republican had a Union war record or had not opposed the Union. Three of the five governors had served in the Union army. These naturally obtained the votes of many Union soldiers. W hen in 1884 the Demo- cratic party candidate was a Confederate general, many of the Union soldiers who either had supported the Democratic Union candidate in 1880 or had not voted, now voted the Republican ticket. They were reinforced by the new Repub- lican settlers from Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio. In short, the strength of the Democrats between 1870 and 1880 lay in their fusion with the Liberal Republicans and in their Union Democratic candidates. After 1880 the strength of the Re- publican lay in immigrants from Republican states and in the Union soldier voters. i8o History of Missouri and Missourians Fusion ov the Liberal Republicans and Democrats, 1870-1874 The victory of the Liberal RepubHcans who were sup- ported by the Democrats gave Missouri a strong man for governor in 1870. B. Gratz Brown was a man of courage, conviction, fairness, and education. He was a native of Kentucky and was a cousin of Frank P. Blair and Joseph Shelby. He had practiced law in St. Louis but soon became an editor. lie had been a Benton Democrat, a Republican, an un- conditional Union man, and a leader in keeping Missouri in the Union. He was one of the found- ers of the Liberal Republican party. The 'Ironclad Oath" had been abolished by the voters at the 1870 election. On the recommen- dation of Governor Brown the Legislature amended the registra- tion laws. All Missourians now could vote. During Brown's ad- ministration, a state hospital was established in St. Joseph and Frank P. Blair was appointed United States senator to serve out the term of Senator Drake, who had resigned. In the election of 1872 the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats again voted together. The state officers were di- vided, the Democrats getting the larger share including the office of governor. The Democratic candidate selected was Silas Woodson of St. Joseph, who was a lawyer of ability. He was a native of Kentucky, where he had been a Whig. On coming to Missouri he became a Democrat. During the GRATZ BR(^WN ]\IissouRi Politics, 1870-1904 i8i Sli.AS WOODSON war he retired from public life and took no part in the struggle. This made him a good compromise can- didate without enemies on either side. After the war he had helped organize the new Democratic party. He received about 50% more votes than Brown had received but his Republican opponent re- ceived nearly 100% more votes than his Republican predecessor had in 1870. So it is clear that although Woodson was a good compromise candidate he was not a strong candidate since the per- centage of his plurality vote to the total vote cast was only 13%, or about half of the percent obtained by Brown. The Republicans although defeated had added greatly to their strength. Of course the total vote cast in 1872 was very large owing to every man being now permitted to vote. During Woodson's administration the ^tate debt was re- funded and the third state normal school, now the state teachers college, was established at Cape Girardeau. The first two state normal schools had been established in 1870 at Kirksville and Warrensburg. In 1873 the problem of electing a United States senator to succeed Frank P. Blair arose. Blair could not be reelected owing to his strong con- victions and his courageous political record. He had been a Benton Democrat, a Republican, an unconditional Union man, and later one of the leaders in reorganizing the new Democratic party. In all of his political work he had been fearless and, of course, had made enemies. The Legislature elected a Democrat, Louis V. Bogy, of St. Louis, a man who had taken no part in the war. I82 History of Missouri and Missourians • The eiection of 1872 marked the last appearance of the Liberal Republican party both in Missouri and in the nation. This party began in Missouri. Its founder was Carl Schurz. It stood for reconciliation between the North and the South, removal of the political restrictions on voting, lower tariffs, and civil service reform. Its success in Missouri in 1870 in combination with the Democrats led to a national organiza- tion in 1872. Its candidate for president in 1872 should have been someone like Brown or Schurz. It nominated Brown for vice-president and Horace Greeley of New York for president. The national convention of the Democrats also nominated both and adopted the Liberal Republican plat- form. The mistake macTe was in the presidential candidate, who did not have a strong record and was not popular. Greeley and Brown were defeated in the nation but they car- ried Missouri. After this the Liberal Republican party dis- appeared. Some became Democrats and others became Re- publicans. Fusion of the Union and Confederate Democrats, 1874-1888 By 1874 the Democratic party was composed of men who differed widely from each other in their former political views. They were held together by mutual concessions and by their Democratic loyalty. The two main groups were the Union Democrats, who had stood by and had frequently fought for the Union during the war, and the Confederate Democrats, who had fought in the Confederate army or had sympathized with the Confederate cause. The former group was given the office of governor and many of the appointive offices down to 1880 and the latter group controlled the Leg- islature and the United States senatorship. These two groups held together well and made a strong combination so long as mutual concessions were given. However, the Con- federate group gradually became stronger in the party and Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 183 after 1880 control passed to them and to new leaders, who had taken no part in the war. The election returns seem to indicate that when this took place, that is, the ascendency of the Confederate Democrats, some of the former Union men swung over into the Republican party. The Democrats nominated Charles H. Hardin of Audrain county for governor in 1874. Hardin was another compromise candidate but his rec- ord during the war had been stronger than that of Woodson. He had been a Whig in Kentucky, where he had been born, and on coming to Missouri he had re- mained a Whig. During the war he had been a Union man and had opposed secession but had taken no active part. After the war he became one of the leaders of the Democratic party. He was a lawyer and a strong supporter of education. The opposition can- didate was WilHam Gentry of Pettis county, a farmer. He was nominated by the People's party, which was supported by the Grangers and the Repub- licans. So the opposition party was again a fusion party. The Granger party, or the Farmers' Alliance party, was a farmer's organization which made its first and only import- ant political appearance in 1874. The times were hard, farmers were deeply in debt, money was scarce, prices had been declining since the war except for temporary advances in 1868 and 1872, and a nation-wide panic had occurred in 1873. The year 1874 was one of depression and failure in business. The Grangers or rather the People's party believed that the causes of these bad conditions were the high rail- road rates, the money system, the eastern corporations, and CHARLES H. HARDIN 1 84 History of Missouri and Missourians a^H j government expenses. They demanded regulation of rates, more money, and lower taxes. However the Democrats were successful. At this election the people by the small majority vote of 283 endorsed a resolution in favor of calling a con- stitutional convention. Under Governor Hardin's administration five features are worthy of mention. The depression in business and prices continued. The unalterable laws of economics were now making the people pay for the high cost and waste of the war, for the extravagance and speculation in 1866-1870, and for the ill-advised voting of state and county bonds to build railroads. Moreover, Europe had just been engaged in several wars, which in turn brought depression there, economy on the part of the people, and reduced buying by them of American products. The next feature was the fine progress made in Missouri in bringing about better feeling between the Union and Confederate soldiers and sympa- thizers. Governor Hardin did much to aid this growth of good fellowship. The third feature was the election of Francis M. Cockrell of Johnson county to the United States Senate in 1875. This was a victory for the Confederate Democrats as Cockrell had fought Ijravely for the South in the war. He was a native Missourian and was a man respected and loved by thousands. He served Missouri as United States senator from 1875 to 1905, a period of thirty years, being the first and only Missourian who equalled the senatorial record FRANCIS M. COCKRELL of the great Benton. The fourth feature was the creation by the Legislature of a state rail- road and warehouse commissioner. This new officer was to II Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 1 85 collect data regarding the railroads in Missouri with a view of aiding in their regulation. It was a step toward meeting one of the demands of the People's party for rate regulation. The most important event was the framing and adoption of the present constitution of Missouri of 1875. The con- stitution, of 1865 had been unpopular owing to its authors and its "Ironclad Oath". The last was removed by the voters in 1870 and opposition to the constitution was dying. It was an excellent document in many ways and the people gradually came to appreciate it. This is show'n by the very small ma- jority of only 283 votes cast in 1874 in favor of a new con- stitutional convention. The new convention met in 1875 with sixty-eight delegates, — sixty Democrats, six Republicans, and two Liber.ds. To understand the constitution they framed, it is necessary to understand Missouri history especially since 1850, to know the kind of men the delegates were, and to appreciate the business depression which had existed since 1873. The first has already been presented and it may be summed up as regards its worst features in these words, — freedom of the legislature to bond the State, go in debt, issue special charters, and enact special laws ; high taxes ; and almost unrestricted power of local bodies and of the voters to issue bonds. The delegates were men who had gone through troublesome times including war, high prices, high taxes, speculation, low prices, and depression. Some had lost much of their property, others had suffered through an un- limited government in the sixties, and many, if not all, had felt the pressure of high taxes and scarce money. As a re- sult the delegates were very conservative men. They had more concern for the people and for property than they had for government. They themselves were men of property. They were educated men and hence they were concerned about forwarding education. Finally, the business depression Avhich became acute in 1873 and continued for years was felt by all. Men of education and property became conservative 1 86 History of Missouri and Missourians in depressions. In fact most people do unless they fear loss of everything, then they are inclined to be radical in politics. So from these brief statements, there was only one kind of a constitution that could have been framed in 1875 — a con- servative constitution with restrictions on the government's powers and on the people's powers as voters for bonds and taxes, with protections for the individual against the govern- ment and against other individuals, and with provisions for education. This was the kind of constitution actually framed in 1875 and adopted that year by the people by the large majority of 76,688 votes. The constitution of 1875 will not be examined. It was very long, containing 25,000 words. It was adequately fitted for the times and it has served Missouri well for nearly half a century. Its restrictions on the government and on the voters, as regards taxes and bonds, have been both beneficial and harmful. It has prevented undue expense and extrava- gance in government, but it has frequently prevented progress. It has given the individual many safeguards but frequently the courts could not therefore easily or quickly give justice. Some of these defects have been remedied by amendments and in 1922 a new constitutional convention was elected which drafted for adoption of the people further revisions. One clause in the constitution of 1875 changed the governor's term to four years and another provided that at least one- fourth of the state revenue be set aside for the public schools. In 1876 the Democrats nominated for governor their able Civil War veteran candidate, General John S. Phelps, a Union Democrat of Springfield. Phelps was a native of Connecticut. He had been a consistent Democrat before, during, and after the war. During the war he had com- manded a Union regiment. He was a lawyer of ability. He was one of Missouri's strong governors and received the largest majority vote cast for a Missouri governor from Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 187 1840 to 1920. The most marked features during Governor Phelp's administration were the rapid re- covery of the country to pros- perity, demand for currency re- form, financial support of the schools, strikes, and the election of George G. Vest to the United States Senate. The depression which had begun in 1873 con- tinued for five years, but by 1879 prosperity again began to appear and continued five years. Business became better. However, the john s. phelps price of corn was low until 1881, being around fifty cents a bushel, and the people were still in debt. This brought about a demand for more money and a reform in the currency system. In 1878 the Democratic party ad- vocated the issue of greebacks and the unlimited coinage of silver to give the country more money. One of Missouri's congressmen, Richard P. Bland, of Laclede county, was the leader in Congress on this reform. He became head of the free silver branch of the Democratic party from 1873 until 1896. In that year, 1896, the Democratic party adopted as part ^ of its platform this principle of silver coinage but did not nomi- ! nate Bland for president. Bland was congressman from 1873 to - ^ 1900 excepting one term. He was ^^'^^^•^'^■^^bland''^^"'''''' ''• a remakable man, able, honest, and i88 History of Missouri and Missgl'rians couragt.'ous. Of course the money question was a national problem but it had great influence on state politics. Greater financial support was given the public schools and the state educational institutions during these years. Railroad con- struction greatly increased in Missouri, 867 miles being built. Strikes increased in Missouri, but fortunatel\- no deaths resulted and order was soon re- stored. The Democrats in 1879 again elected to the United States Senate a Confederate veteran, George G. Vest, of Sedalia. Sena- tor Vest served until 1903. He had served under General Price and had represented Missouri in the Confederate Senate. He was an able lawyer and an orator of ■' >^^^_^ -T ^^^» first rank. Senator Cockrell and ^^H , j ^^^Bnr he were close friends and repre- ^^8i\j m^^ sented Missouri well in the United ^^^S^ ^. .^^. States Senate. In 1879 the State created a board of immigration to attract settlers to Missouri and a bureau of labor statistics to gather data on labor and industry in Missouri. The Democrats put forward as their candidate for governor in 1880 another Civil War veteran who had fought for the Union, Thomas T. Crittenden of Warrensburg. He was elected b}- only a fair majority vote but he received the largest plurality vote given a Missouri governor down to 1912. This was the last election until 1896 in which a Demo- cratic candidate for governor received a majority vote worth mentioning and it was the last time down to 1912 that any man's percent of plurality vote to the total vote ran over ten per cent. This shows that the two parties were getting more and more equal in followers, although the State went Democratic for a quarter of a century longer. The "third" Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 189 THOMAS T. CRITTENDEN political party at this election was the Greenback party, which cast a considerable vote. It soon went to pieces as the Democrats had already taken a stand for more money. Governor Crittenden, who was a lawyer and a partner of Cockrell, was a native of Kentucky. During the war he had fought for the Union, and after the war, like Blair and Phelps, he had become a strong Democrat. Under his ad- ministration Missouri enjoyed great prosperity. The thrift and saving of the people during the hard times of the seventies now began to bear fruit. Fortunately the State government, instead of using this prosperity to incur debt, pro- ceeded to reduce the old debt. Railroad building increased, bringing capital to Missouri, work for her people, and better transportation for country and city. The State created a bureau of mines and mine inspec- tion in 1881 which indicates that Missouri was rapidly advancing in the mining industry. In the 1884 election the Demo- crats for the last time had a Civil War veteran as iheir candidate for governor, John S. Marmaduke, son of Governor M. M. Marma- duke. But this time the can- didate and the majority of the .State officers were ex-Confeder- ates, while Governor Phelps was JOHN s. MARMADUKE an cx-Union man and so were the I^o History of Missouri and Missourians majority of the State officers. Governor Marmaduke was elected by only 11,000 plurality, and his majority was less than a thousand. It is significant that the Democrat vote showed an increase of only 5% over 1880 while the Republi- can vote increased 35%. The "third" party in this election was the Prohibition party but its vote was small. However, the effect of prohibition sentiment was seen in the Legislature when it passed a "local option law" in 1887 under which a large part of Missouri eventually went dry. Governor Marmaduke was a native of Missouri, having been born in Saline county. He had received a fine educa- tion and was a man of business ability. Before his election he had lived in St. Louis. He died while in office in 1887 and Lieutenant Governor Albert P. Moorehouse, of Nodaway county, served the remainder of the term. The first two years of this admin- istration were years of depression but prosperity came again in 1887 and continued for several years. The Legislature passed a number of important acts during these four years, in addition to the local option law. A law was passed regulating the railroads to prevent their pooling to keep up the rates and to forbid their charging more ALBERT p. MOREHOUSE for short hauls than for long hauls. A new railroad and warehouse commission was created. The State capitol was remodelled at a cost of $220,000. The agricultural experiment station was established as part of the college of agriculture. The training school for boys was established at Boonville, the industrial school for girls was established at Chillicothe, and a state hospital was established at Nevada. Missouri was advancing in taking care of the Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 191 governor in was public needs of her citizens. Much of this appreciation of Missouri's needs was due to Governor Marmaduke, who was a fearless and able worker for the people. The New Democratic Leaders, 1888-1904 and Fusion of the Democrats and the Populists, 1896 The year 1888 marked the rise to power of a new group of leaders in control of the Democratic party in Missouri state politics. Many of the Civil War veterans had passed away and many more had retired or were retired from active public life. Senators Cockrell and Vest remained in the United States Senate but these alone represented the old veterans of the war. The Democratic candidate for David R. Francis of St. Louis. He was a native of Kentucky and had received his higher education in Missouri. He had been a suc- cessful man, both in business and politics. Although St. Louis was Republican and Francis was a Democrat he had been elected mayor in 1885. He carried the State in 1888 by a plurality of 13,000 but he did not receive a majority of the votes cast. During his administration the Australian ballot law for voting was adopted, the governor's mansion was re- paired, and a state school text book commission was created providing for uniform text books. The farmers began to feel the effects of hard times and low prices during the latter part of this term and they again organized. By the next general election they had become powerful as a "third" party. DAVID R. FRANCIS 192 History of Missouri and Missourians ■ Governor Francis later held many important public positions, serving in the cabinet, as president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904, and as ambassador to Rus- sia in 1915. The campaign of 1892 was fought on the tariff issue. This was the issue in Missouri although the State could do nothing to solve it since it was a national problem. The Democratic candidate for governor was William Joel Stone of Vernon county and the Republican candi- date was William Warner of Kan- sas City. Both had served in Con- gress and both later became United States senators from Missouri. A strong "third" party came out un- der the name of the Populist or People's party, and it cast 37,000 votes. It was for cheap money. Governor Stone was elected by a plurality of 30,000 but he did not receive a majority. It is note- worthy that in this election the Republicans' vote decreased by 8,000 for the first time since 1874. Governor Stone was a native of Kentucky. He had re- ceived a liberal education and he became an able lawyer. He was one of the most successful leaders of the Democratic party in Missouri. He later served as United States senator from 1903 until his death in 1918. During his administration the silver question became more and more pressing. From 1893 to 1896 the country had the worst depression since the seventies. This may have influenced the off-election of 1894 when Missouri was carried in a landslide by the Republicans. The Democratic party advocated the free coinage of silver as a remedy. This had long been advocated by America's WILLIAM J. STONE Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 193 greatest free silver authority, Missouri's congressman, Rich- ard P. Bland. This also met the approval of the Populists, who in 1896 joined the Democrats. The important State measures passed during these four years was the creation of a new state banking department, provision for building and loan supervision, and increased support of the educational institutions. The campaign of 1896 was waged entirely on the money issue. The Democratic party adopted the principle and work of Bland but nominated W. J. Bryan of Nebraska for presi- dent. x\s in 1872 Missouri had furnished the issue but was denied the candidate. The Populists went over to the Demo- crats, who on the issue of more silver money carried Mis- souri for governor by a majority of 19,000 and by a pluraUty of 43,000. The nation went Republican. In Missouri the Republican vote increased 31% and the Democr;itic vote in- creased 32%. The "third" party vote was practically elimi- nated. The new executive was Governor Lon V. Stephens, of Boonville, Missouri. He was born and reared in Missouri, and had made a suc- cess as a banker and as state treasurer. During his administra- tion the Federal soldiers home at St. James and the Confederate soldiers home at Higginsville were made state institutions, the state board of charities and corrections was organized, the state hospital at Farmington was established, the Missouri colony for the feeble- minded w^as founded at Marshall, the fruit experiment station was established at Mountain Grove, the first Missouri state fair was held at Sedalia, the LON V. STEVENS 194 History of Missouri and Missourians state historical society of Missouri was established at Colum- bia, and an appropriation for a World's Fair at St. Louis was authorized by the people. The Spanish-American war was fought at this time and Missouri met with loyalty the call of the Government for volunteers. The account of that war will be related under a "A Century of Military Mis- souri". The campaign of 1900 was again waged on national issues. These issues grew out of the Spanish-American war» over which the State had no control. Missouri went Demo- cratic and elected Alexander M. Dockery, of Daviess county, gov- ernor both by a majority and a plurality vote. Governor Dockery was a native Missourian. He had practiced medicine and later had become a successful banker. He was a successful business man and politician. From 1883 to 1899 he had served as congressman and had made a reputation for fair- ness, integrity, and ability. The State and the country were now prosperous. During this four year term the State created a factory and industry inspection department, a board of mediation and arbitration, and provided for a high school inspector. These show that factory, labor, and educational matters were assuming more importance. The Louisiana Purchase Expo- sition, or World's Fair, was held in St. Louis in 1904 and did much to advertise Missouri and to broaden and deepen the pride of Missourians. A. M. dockery Missouri Politics, 1870-1904 Iq5 Suggestive Questions 1. How did the growing power of the individual voter manifest itself in politics from 1870 to 1904? 2. With the growing political power of the voter what did the people demand from the government? 3. What is the third characteristic feature of this period? 4. What party which had its origin in Missouri afterwards be- came a national party? 5. Emphasise the five important features under Governor Hardin's administration. 6. What events had transpired in Missouri history to make the people feel the need of a new constitution in 1875? 7. Discuss some of the merits and some of the demerits of the constitution of 1875. 8. From the explanation in this text what do you consider one of the most important clauses in the constitution of 1875? ■9. What conditions brought about a demand for more money and reform in the currency system during Governor Phelps' ad- ministration? 10. While Democratic governors were being elected in Missouri, yet thf plurality by which they were elected leads you to what conclusion? 11. Beginning in 1888 you note what change in the Democratic party leaders? 12. Note what you consider as some of the most important legisla- tion enacted under the new Democratic leaders from 1888 to 1896. Chapter V THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENT VOTING AND POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY, 1904-1922 The two important features of this period from 1904 to 1922 are the independence of the individual voter and the doubtful political character of Missouri. These two features are closely related since independent voting causes political uncertainty During this period Missouri elected five gov- ernors, three of whom were Democrats and two RepubHcans. Missouri voted for five presidents, and three times she cast her vote for a Republican and two times for a Democrat. This indicates a doubtful state politically. Again, Missouri in 1904 elected " a Democratic governor, and a Republican lieutenant-governor, legislature, and State officers; in 1908, a Republican governor, lieutenant-governor, and House of Representatives, and a Democratic Senate and State Officers; in 1912, and in 1916, a Democratic governor. State officers, and legislature, except a Republican state auditor in 1916; in 1920, a Republican governor, state officers, and legisla- ture; in 1906 and 1914, a Democratic state superintendent of schools, and in 1910 and 1918, a Republican state superin- tendent of schools. These facts indicate independent voting. The campaign of 1904 found the Democratic party di- vided both in Missouri and in the nation. A conservative Eastern men, Alton B. Parker of New York, was the Demo- cratic presidential candidate, and a new man, Joseph W. Folk of St. Louis, was the candidate for governor. For the first time since 1868 Missouri went Republican for president and for ail state officers except that of governor. However, Governor Folk was elected by a majority of 5,000 and a plu- rality of 30,000. The Legislature elected a Republican United States senator, Major William Warner of Kansas City, to succeed Senator Cockrell. Senator Warner was a (196) Missouri Politics, 1904-1922 197 Union veteran from Wisconsin. He was a forceful man, an able lawyer, a public servant of integrity, and an excellent speaker. He was greatly beloved by the old Union veterans. Governor Folk, who was a lawyer, was a native of Tennessee. He had received a fine education. On coming to Missouri, he settled in St. Louis, where he took an active part in Democratic politics. He was elected city attorney in 1900 on a reform platform. He vigorously prosecuted all bribe- takers in the city government, and soon made for himself a state and national reputation. He was elected governor on the record he had made. During Governor Folk's admin- istration two state normals, now teachers' colleges, were established, one at Springfield and one at Maryville ; a state sanatorium was established at Mt. Vernon; a state dair}' commissioner, board of horticulture, and library commission, were created; and boards of examiners were provided for law}ers, dentists, and osteopaths. By a vote of the people the constitution was amended providing for the initiative and referendum now in force, and permitting a special road and bridge tax to be levied. In 1907 a primary law was passed under which candidates for office were selected at a primeary election. The campaign of 1908 was one vigorously waged be- tween the two old parties. The Republican candidate was Herbert S. Hadley of Kansas City. He had been elected attorney-general of Missouri in 1904. While holding this office he had made a state and national reputation in his prosecution of trusts, especially the Standard Oil Company. His record elected him governor by a plurality of 16,000, but JOSEPH W. FOLK 198 History of Missouri and Missourians HERBERT S. HADLEY he did not receive a majority. Governor Hadley was a native of Kansas. He had received a fine education and was a lawyer of abihty. He returned to the law office after his term expired but continued to wield a strong in- fluence in Republican politics until his removal to Colorado. The Re- publican candidate for lieutenant governor was finally declared elected by a very small plurality, and the Republican presidential candidate, William H. Taft, carried Missouri over WilHam J. Bryan by 629 votes. The state officers elected were Democrats, the Senate was Democratic, but the House of Representatives was Republican. This bi-partisan character of the State government made it difficult to obtain important legislation. Much of the legislation was regulative or inspectional in character. These departments, commissions, and boards were created : a game and fish department, a food and drug commissioner, a department for inspection of petroleum oils, a board of public accountancy, a board of examination of nurses, a hotel inspection deparment, and a board of pharm- acy. A court of appeals, the third in the state, was estab- lished at Springfield; a state industrial home for negro girls was provided for by law : a state poultry experiment station was established at Mountain Grove : a birth and death regi- stration law was passed; and a state capitol commission was created. The State capitol burned in 1911 and the people authorized the issuance of $3,500,000.00 in bonds to build and furnish a new capitol. Missouri Politics, 1904-1922 igg During Governor Hadley's administration Senator Stone was re-elected by the Legislature in 1909 and another Demo- crat, James A. Reed of Kansas City, was elected by the Legislature to the United States Senate in 1911. Senator Reed was a native of Ohio. He had been reared and edu- cated in Iowa where be became a lawyer. On moving to Kansas City he became influential in politics and served two terms as mayor. He was an able lawyer and a fine public speaker. He was re-elected by popular vote in 1916. Toward the latter part of these four yeaj"s an insurgent movement began in the national Republican party. The main issue was over the rules governing the national House of Representatives. Both the House and the Senate, as well as the presidency, were Republican. In the off-election of 1910 this issue and the tariff issue were before the country. The new House was Democratic and elected as speaker one of Missouri's congressmen, Champ Clark of Pike county. Champ Clark was a native of Kentucky. He was a lawyer, legislator, pubUc speaker, and statesman. He had served long in Congress and was one of the most beloved men in our pubHc life. He narrowly missed nomination to the presidency in 1912. He continued as speaker until 1919 when the house had again become Republican. He died in 1921, aftei a service of twenty-six years in Congress. In 1912 the Republican party split. The old organi- zation renominated President Taft. The new party, which took the name "Progressive Party", nominated former pres- ident Theodore Roosevelt. In Missouri the Republicans nomi- nated J. C. McKinley for governor, the Progressives, Albert D. Nortoni, and the Democrats, Elliott W. Major. The Democrat'C candidate was elected by a plurality of 119,000, which was the next to the largest plurality ever received by a Missouri governor. He did not receive a majority. The total vote was 2 per cent less than in 1908, just as the total vote in 1904 when the Democrats were not strogly united 200 History of Missouri and Missourians i 'U'a^^i U- Missouri Politics, 1904-1922 2()I ELLIOTT \V. MAJOR showed a decrease of 6 per cent. Governor Major had been elected attorney-general of Missouri in 1908 and, like Governor Hadley he was advanced to the office of governor. Governor Major was a native Misourian, having been born in Lincoln county. He had studied law under Champ Clark. He made his home in Bowlin;j^ Green. He had a Democratic Leg- islature in both houses. The important laws passed dur- ing his term were, first, those pro- viding State aid to small high schools and weak common schools, and second, an act creat- ing the state public service commission to control rates and service of telephone, railroad, street railway, light, and gas companies. A state board of pardon and paroles, a state highway department, a land reclamation department, a com- mission for the blind, and a children's code commission, were established. In 1913 the Seventeenth amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted providing for the election of United States senators by direct vote of the peo- ple. The State began to take a new interest in better high- ways at this time. In 1916 the national government became involved in the Mexican Border War and the Missouri National Guard was the first to give service. The story of this will be told under "A Century of Military Missouri". The campaign of 1916 found each party united. A general European War had been in progress for two years. The main issues of the campaign related to the attitude of the United States toward the European belligerants and to the Mexican border troubles. The Democratic candidate for governor was Frederick D. Gardner of St. Louis. The Re- 202 TIrsTORY OF Missouri and Misscurians publican candidate was Judge Henry Lamm of Sedalia. The Democrats carried the State and the nation. Senator Reed was re-elected to the United States Senate and all except one of the state officers were Democrats. The Legislature was also Democratic. The total vote was large, being 12% over the 1912 election. The election itself was close. Governor Gardner received a plurality of 2,000. Governor Gardner was a native of Kentucky. He settled in St. Louis and made a sucess in business. He became interested in the high interest rates charged farmers for money they borrowed and proposed a state farmer's land bank. This proposal combined with a well conducted campaign on the basis of a business man for governor, secured for Governor Gardner both his nomination and his election. He had never held FREDERICK D. GARDNER ... , . ,^,^ any state office before 1916. The first two years of Governor Gardner's administra- tion were largely filled with war activities throughout the State. The remarkable record made by Missouri and Mis- sourians in support of their country in the World War will be related under "A Century of Military Missouri". Legis- lative acts aside from war legislation provided for the creation of a state tax commission, a state prison board, abolition of the contract system in the penitentiary, a state- wide mother's pension law, and a local tax levy for county hospitals. X. P. Wilfley, of St. Louis, was appointed United States Senator in 1918 to fill temporarily the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Stone, who died on April 14, 1918. In the November election of that year Judge Selden P. Missouri Politics. 1904-1922 203 Spt'ncer of St. Louis was elected to complete Senator Stone's ;em. Senator Spencer, who was a Republican, was a native of Pennsylvania. He had received a fine education and after coming to Misouri had held public office. He was re-elect- ed to the United States Senate in 1920. The 1918 election gave the Republicans control of the House of Representa- tives in Missouri. They also elected the state superintendent of public schools. During the latter part of Governor Gardner's term the Missouri presidential suffrage bill, giving Missouri women the right to vote, became a law on April 5, 1919. A few months later, the Federal suffrage amendment was approved by the Missouri Legislature. This ended a campaign for woman suffrage which had begun in Missouri fifty years before. Another important law which went into effect was the prohibition act. A national prohibition amendment to the United States constitution was adopted. Other state legis- lation creaied a department of beverage inspection, a soldiers' and sailors' compensation commission, enlarged the functions of the stale board of healtli, and authorized counties to erect memorials to soldiers and sailors. A number of centennial celebrations were held in 1920 in commemoration of Mis- souri's century of statehood. The campaign of 1920 was waged on the issues growing out of the world war. Some of these were poUtical as the League of Nations, others were economic as the high prices, which reached the highest level since 1864. The war closed in November 1918 and a post war boom began in 1919 and continued until the fall of 1920. The people became extrav- agant, went heavily in debt, speculated, and all classes, except the salaried and income classes, shared in the high profits and incomes received. Land and property doubled in value. Fortunes were made in a few months only to be reinvested at a figure as high or higher than that received. Money was easy to make but instead of the people saving their profits, 204 History of Missouri and Missourians .1. .I...l...».,l 1 : > 1 i i m^^VS^is 1 '^■'-.1 .4 Missoura Politics, 1904-1922 205 mail) of them spent freely or. tried to nialve more money. In fact it was the biggest boom the United States had ever had and it ended in being one of the most disastrous. Instead of these years being years of real prosperity, which can only be built on the sound foundations of tiirift and work and saving, they were really }ears of discontent. The people complained of the high prices they paid, the high rents, high labor costs, and high clothing and food bills. By the fall of 1920 everything was getting ready for a great change. The banks were loaned to the limit, the interest rates were getting higher and higher, and wise men were beginning to fear a panic. The people did not realize these things, but they cHd realize that things were not well adjusted. If they had known what had taken place in Missouri and in the nation one hundred years before, they might have been more careful. The election of 1920 resulted in a victory for the Repub- licans never equalled in the nation or in the State. Both houses of Congress and the presidency went Republican, and Missouri for the first time in fifty years elected a Rep- publican Legislature in both houses. All the state offices were Republican and Governor Hyde of Trenton, the Repub- lican candidate, was elected by a majority of 57,000 and a plurality of 141,000. Both were the largest ever cast in Missouri. The total vote was very large owing to the woman vote. At this election a number of amendments to the consti- tution were adopted. One permitted Kansas City to frame a new charter, one permitted road districts to vote increased taxes for roads, and another authorized the state to issue $60,000,000 of road bonds. An amendment was adopted authorizing pensions for the blind, and another authorized a bond issue of $1,000,000 for creating a soldiers settlement fund. A "bone dry" enforcement prohibition act passed by the 1919 Legislature was approved on a referendum vote and 2o6 History of Missouri and Missourians an initiative measure providing for a vote on holding a State constitutional convention carried. Governor Arthur M. Hyde was born in Mercer county, Missouri. He received a fine education and became a lawyer. He also engag- ed in business. He had never held a state elective office. During the first two years of his admini- stration three sessions of the Leg- islature were held (one regular and two special), a state constitutional convention convened, and Missouri celebrated her centennial of ad- mission into the Union. A county ARTHUR M. HYDE Unit cducation law was passed, a number of acts relating to the children's code, a state finance consolidation law, a state budget law, a state agricultural consolidat'on department law, a county library law, and a Missouri road law providing for the expenditure of the $60,- 000,000 road bonds. Some of these were held up by refer- endum petitions. In August 1921 the people at a special election authorized a convention to revise and amend the constitution, amended the constitution so as to enable women to hold any office in the State, amended the constitution so as to authorize the $60,000,000 road bond issue to be paid from motor vehicle liscense fees, and authorized the Legis- lature to incur not exceeding $15,000,000 indebtedness for bonuses to Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines. The first special session of the Legislature in June and July, 1921 dealt with road legislation, the second special session in Nov- ember, 1921 enacted a soldiers' and sailors' bonus law and provided for the issuance of the road bonds. The election of delegates to the new constitutional convention was held on Jan. 31, 1922 and the convention convened on May 25, 1922, Missouri Politics, 1904-1922 207 During August 1921 a statewide centennial celebration was held in Sedalia, in connection with the State Fair, under the direction of the Missouri Centennial Commission, which had been created by the Legislature. Many celebrations were held over the State, notably in Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Charles, and Springfield. These did much to instruct the people in the history of Missouri and to develop State pride. It is fitting that "A Century of Missouri Politics" and, in fact, "A Century of Missouri's Statehood" should so close. The founders of Missouri built well and their descendants have proven worthy of their work. Suggestive Questions 1. What facts lead you to the conclusion that there has been in- dependent voting in Missouri since 1904? 2. What do you understand when it is stated that Governor Folk was elected by a majority of 5,000 and a plurality of 30,000? 3. What national amendments affecting Missouri were passed during Major's administration and Gardner's administration? 4. Discuss the recent amendments to the constitution. PART V A CENTURY OF MILITARY MISSOURI Chapter I Early Wars — Black Hawk, Seminole, Mormon, Honey, Mexican, and Kansas Border Wars Durinp- her century of statehood Missouri has played an important part in each of the four great wars and the Mexi- can Border Trouble waged by the national government. These were the Mexican War, 1846-1848, the Civil War or the war between the states, 1861-1865, the Spanish-American War, 1898, the Mexican Border Trouble, 1915-1917, and the World War, 1917-1918. Besides these wars, Mis- souri has taken part in other military operations as the Black Hawk War, Seminole War, Mormon War, Honey War, Mormon War, Kansas Border Wars, and Philippine In- surrection War. The Black Hawk War, 1832 The Black Hawk war began and ended in 1832. It was a war between the Sac, Fox, and Winnebago Indians on one side, and the militia of Illinois and Wisconsin and the United States government troops on the other side. By treat}' with the United States these Indians had given up claim to their land in Illinois and the Sacs and Foxes had settled west of the Mississippi. The Winnebagoes need not concern us. However, under Black Hawk and the Prophet, their leaders, the Sacs and Foxes gave the white settlers in Illinois much trouble. They crossed to the east side of the Mississippi in 1831 and began plundering and killing. Missouri furnished (208) Military Missouri 209 some of the United States soldiers who were sent from St. Louis to subdue them. One of her sons, Henry Dodge, who had moved to Wisconsin, was one of the miUtary leaders. Although the fighting was in Illinois and Wisconsin, Mis- souri prepared to resist any possible Indian invasion by Black Hawk. General Richard Gentry was ordered by Governor Miller to raise 1,000 volunteers. Five companies were raised in Boone county and othe/s in Callaway, Clay, Lincoln, Marion, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Ralls, Ray, and St. Charles. Under General Gentry the Missouri troops marched to what is now Clark county. Other troops covered the Grand river and the Chariton river country, Missouri wai prepared to protect her citizens. However, the Indians were soon defeated in Illinois and Wisconsin, and Black Hawk was captured. This ended the war. Black Hawk died near the Des Moines river, in Iowa, in 1838. The Seminole or Florida War, 1837 The Seminole or Florida war grew out of the refusal of the Seminole Indians in Florida to move west of the Mis- sissippi. They had an able leader in their chief Osceola, who, beginning in 1835, successfully defied the United States government and army. In the fall of 1837 President Van Buren asked Senator Benton whether Missourians would go to the swamps of Florida to help defeat the Seminoles. Senator Benton answered, "The Missourians will go wherever their services are needed." On September 8, 1837, the sec- retary of war wrote Colonel Richard Gentry of Columbia to raise 600 volunteers. On October 6, 1837, just twenty-eight days later. Colonel Gentry's regiment left Columbia to do battle on the field of war hundreds of miles away. His force was composed of men from the counties of Boone, Callaway, Chariton, Howard, Jackson, Marion, and Ray. Other companies were raised, of which two were composed of Delaware and Osage Indians to serve as scouts and spies. 2IO History of Missouri and Missourians After a river and ocean voyage the men disenmarked in Florida on November 15th. They received orders to march to Lake Okee-cho-bee, one hundred and thirty- five miles inland. On Christmas day the battle with the Indians began. The Missourians were forced to wade knee- deep in the swamps to approach the foe. Col. Gentry was mortally wounded and died that night. After the loss of their leader, the Mis- sourians bravely con- tinued the fight until the Indians were defeat- ed. The loss in killed and wounded was one hundred and thirty-eight, most of whom were Missourians. "The Missourians will go wherever their services are needed." The survivors of Colonel Gen- try's troops were returned to their homes early in 1838. Missouri had written a page of honor and glory in the history of the State and nation. The Mormon War, 1838-1839 Between 1823 and 1830 a new religious denomination arose in western New York. Its founder was called Joseph Smith and its followers were called Mormons. They grew rapidly and in 1831 began settling in Jackson county. Here they purchased land and a city was founded twelve miles west of Independence. Within two years the Mormons in Jackson county numbered 1,200, about one-third of the total population. Hostility between them and the other settlers general RICHARD GENTRY Military Missouri 2II soon appeared. The pioneer settlers disliked the Mormons on account of their religion, their attitude against slavery, and their claims to ultimately possess the country. Hostility of feeling was followed by open hostility. The Mormons were molested, much of their property was destroyed, and finally in 1833 they were forced to leave Jackson county. They suffered much and they lost much. The inhabitants of Clay county hospitably gave them temporary shelter and work. But the same causes which drove them from Jackson county forced them to leave Clay county in 1836. The older settlers feared them and their rapid growth in numbers. The Legislature created Caldwell county in 1836 and it was understood that the new county was to be the home of the Mormons. They emigrated there in 1836. New arrivals came from, the eastern states and their population reached 15,000. As they increased, they expanded into Carroll and Daviess county. Clashes involving loss of life and property took place in these counties between the Mormons and the older settlers. The militia was called out, and State troops opposed the Mormon troops. Both sides were now determ- ined. Finally in 1838 Governor Boggs issued an order to General Clark in which he stated that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or drizen from the State if necessar\' for the public peace." State troops under General Lucas now began pouring into Caldwell county to capture Far West, the Mormons' principal city. The Mormons agreecl to surr&nder their leaders and to leave the State. It was now winter. The sufferings and losses of the Mormons were heavy, but by April 23, 1839, all had left Caldwell county. They emigrated to Illinois and in about ten years they moved to Utah. The leaders who were sur- rendered either escaped or were freed. A division later occurred among the Mormons. The Reorgan-zcd Church of Latter Dav Saints left Utah and today has its church head- quarters in Independence, where it has a large number of adherents. 212 History of Missouri axd Missourians The Honey War or The Iowa-Missouri Boundary Dispute, 1839-1840 The Iowa-Missouri Boundary dispute of 1840 has been popularly called "The Honey War", It was not an armed conflict but it involved military operations both by Iowa and Missouri. The dispute arose over a narrow strip of land claimed by each. A Missouri farmer in Clark county cut down three bee trees, filled with honey, on this strip. He escaped, but when the sheriff of Clark county tried to col- lect taxes on this strip from an lowan, the sheriff was arrested, taken to Burlington, Iowa, where he was later re- leased. The Missourians in Clark, Lewis, and Marion coun- ties were aroused, and so were the people of Iowa. Governor Boggs sent 200 militiamen to Clark county and about 600 Missourians gathered on Fox river near Waterloo. The snow was deep, the weather cold, and the men had only a few blankets. On the Iowa side was camped the Iowa militia with 300 men. Governor Lucas of Iowa was with them. Before open conflict arose, better judgment prevailed and a movement started to have a commission appointed by Mis- souri and Iowa to make peaceable settlement. So ended "The Honey War", but the boundary dispute was not settled until the United States Supreme Court had decided on the legal boundary line and in 1851 had stone posts erected every ten miles. The Mexican War, 1846-1848 Th part taken by Missourians in the Mexican War was one of glory, honor, and lasting value to their State and country. Like all western people, they wanted to see the United States expand, and as Missourians they were especially interested in New Mexico where was located Santa Fe, the western end of the Santa Fe trade and trail. They responded quickly to the nation's call for men and 7,C00 saw Military Missouri 213 service. They endured hardships bravely and they battled victoriously against a foe superior in numbers. They crossed deserts and mountains, invaded a hostile country and fought Mexicans and Indians. By their victories they added New Mexico to the United States and also conquered two pro- vinces in old Mexico. They gave New Mexico her first American military commander, her first American governor, and her first American code of laws. The outbreak of war between Mexico and the United States in 1846 found Missourians ready to enlist in the pro- posed military expedition to Santa Fe. Governor Edwards called for volunteers in May and within a month 1358 Mis- sourians had gathered at Fort Leavenworth. They repre- sented the counties of Callaway, Clay, Cole, Franklin, How- ard, Jackson, Lafayette, Platte, Saline, and St. Louis. The mounted volunteers numbering 856 elected Alexander W. Doniphan, of Clay county, as their colonel. The entire force including 300 United States dragoons was under the com- mand of another citizen of Missouri, Colonel Stephen W. Kearney of the United States Army. The expedition follow- ed the Santa Fe trail and after traveling 900 miles reached Santa Fe in August. A force of 7,000 Mexicans had plan- ned to attack them in a mountain pass, but at the approach of the Americans the Mexicans fled. After taking peaceable possession of Santa Fe, General Kearney by proclamation annexed New Mexico to the United States. He appointed Colonel Doniphan and Willard P. Hall, who were adopted Missourians, to draft a constitution and code of laws for the territory, and he appointed Charles Bent, another Missourian, as governor. General Kearney then departed with his 300 dragoons to San Diego in southern California, where he successfully aided the United States forces. Shortly after General Kearney's departure. Colonel Sterling Price, another Missourian, arrived from Fort 214 History of Missouri and Missouriaxs Leavenworth with 1,200 Missouri volunteers from the coun- ties of Boone, Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, Livingston, Monroe, Randolph, Ste. Genevieve, and St. Louis. Colonel Doniphan now marched against the Navajos, a warlike tribe ^^^5 COLONEL ALEXANDER \V. DONIPHAN of Indians who were giving trouble. Despite the mountain- ous country and the cold weather, the Missourians reached the Indian strongholds and a treaty of peace was made. After returning to Santa Fe, Colonel Doniphan with about 1,000 Missourians marched south toward Chihuahua, located south of the Rio Grande in old Mexico. The plan was to join the United States army here. The march was through deserts. The suffering of the men and their animals from thirst and cold was terrible. After crossing the Rio Grande, supplies were found. At Brazito, in old Mexico, a battle was fought on Christmas day, 1846, and the Mexicans were badly de- Military Missouri 215 featcd. From Rrazito Doniphan's expedition went to El Paso, Texas, where it was well received. From here the march was resumed to Chihuahua, 200 miles farther. Fifteen miles from Chihuahua a force of 4,000 Mexicans, well armed and supported by artillery, attacked the Missourians in the moun- tain i):i<^ of Sacramento. Here the battle of Sacramento was BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO. BY CARPENTER fought and the Missourians again were victorious. The Mexicans had prepared strings and handcuffs for the Mis- sourians. The Mexicans lost 200 killed and 300 wounded, the Missourians lost one killed and eleven wounded. After reaching Chihuahua the march was resumed southeastward to Saltillo, 470 miles away. The city was captured and the ex- pedition continued to the mouth of the Rio Grande river. Here the men took ship and reached their homes during the summer of 1847. Their land marches had extended 3,000 miles. They had successfully fought two pitched battles with the Mexicans, had defeated the Navajos, had conquered three large provinces, and had entered a score of towns and cities. 2i6 History of Missouri and Missourians And all this they accomplished in the midst of a hostile population of hundreds of thousands of people, against a foe vastly larger in numbers, and with the loss of less than 50 men. It is interesting to note that seventy years later another Missourian, General John J. Pershing, led another expedition into old Mexico. After Colonel Doniphan left Santa Fe, Colonel Price became the military commander. An insurrection arose among the natives and Governor Bent and many Missourians were killed. More reinforcements arrived from Missouri and the insurrection was suppressed. However, the total loss was large, 400 men dying in battle or from disease. In 1848 the war ended, and Mexico ceded New Mexico and Cali- fornia to the United States. The United States armies had obtained successes everywhere and not the least of these were the capture of New Mexico and Doniphan's Expedition, to which Missouri had contributed 7,000 men. The Kansas Border Troubles, 1855-1860 The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act in 1854 found Missouri determined to make Kansas a slave territory and New England determined to make Kansas a free territor}'. Missourians organized in Blue Lodges and the New Eng- landers in Northern Emigrant Aid Societies. Both sent set- tlers and both sent merely voters. The proslavery Missouri- ans settled or voted in such proslavery towns as Atchison, Kickapoo, Lecompton, and Leavenworth in northeastern Kan- sas ; the free soil men settled or voted in Hampden, Lawrence, Manhattan, Ossawotamie, Topeka, and Wabaunsee lying west of Kansas City. Although threats were made by both sides, conditions were generally peaceable until after the proslavery was the legal government, and the free soil people in the same year had formed an antislavery government in oppo- sition. The proslavery government called to Missourians to come to its aid. From 1855 to 1857 Missourians responded. Military Missouri 217 Under General Atchison of Missouri 1,000 Missourians set out to attack Lawrence in 1855. By agreement with the governor of Kansas the attack was not made. In May 1856 the Missourians returned and destroyed much property in Lawrence. Three men were killed. John Brown of Ossa- wotamie retaliated by murdering five unarmed proslavery settlers in Kansas. This aroused both Kansas and Missouri. In August 1856 the Missourians invaded Kansas and destroy- ed Ossawotamie. The antislavery Kansans now planned to destroy Lecompton. About 3,000 Missourians met on the border and considered a destructive invasion of Kansas. This was prevented by the intervention of the United States troops. In 1857 Kansas elected an antislavery government. This ended the invasion of Kansas by Missourians. Under the leadership of John Brown and others, the Kansans began to invade Missouri in 1857 and continued to destroy, rob, and murder until 1860. Their worst deeds were committed in Cass, Bates, \'ernon, and Barton counties. The invaders were called "Jayhawkers". People soon feared for their lives and property. Some left the country. Slaves were stolen and houses were burned. The people organized to resist the bands but conditions became so bad that Gover- nor Stewart called out the militia in 1858. The governor of Kansas aided and temporary peace was restored. Trouble soon broke out again and in 1859 the Missouri Legislature voted $30,000 to enable Governor Stewart to protect the border. Things quieted down until November, 1860, when James Montgomery invaded Missouri. Again Governor Stewart sent troops and order was restored. Suggestive Questions 1. Name the wars in which Missouri has taken a part. 2. Give the main facts in the Black Hawk war. 3. Discuss the Seminole war as to cause, the leaders, and the results. 2ll History of Missouri and Missouri an s 4. Describe the immigration of the Mormons into Missouri. 5. What was the objection urged against the Mormons? 6. State the cause of the Honey war. 7. Why was Missouri interested in the Mexican war? 8. What was Missouri's response to the national call for sol- diers? 9. Describe Doniphan's expedition. 10. What was the cause of the Kansas Border troubles? Chapter II THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865 The Military Struggle for Missouri The Civil \Var in Missouri can be easily understood if four main points are kept in mind. In the first place the possession of Missouri by the North was almost necessary if the Federal Government hoped to defeat the Confederacy. Missouri's central geographical position made her the con- necting trade and transportation route between the East and the West and between free soil Illinois and free soil Kansas. \\ ith both Missouri was joined by the Missouri river and by the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. Missouri could also furnish wealth and men, for she was one of the leading states in both. In St. Louis she possessed the largest city in the Mississippi valley and one of the strongest in pro-Union sen- timent, especially among the Germans. On the other hand, the possession of Missouri was not essential to the Confed- eracy, and the Confederacy did not make serious and determ- ined effort to possess or retain Missouri. In fact even after the Missouri State Government had seceded and sent repre- sentatives to Richmond, Va., the Confederate Government did not know what to do with Missouri. The efforts in Missouri for the Confederacy were made by Missourians. In the second place, Missouri was geographically tied to the North. On three sides she was surrounded by free soil. This made it easier for the Union forces to possess and re- tain her. This made it harder for the Confederate forces to battle for her. The North could and did pour in troops from Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas ; the South could come in only from Arkansas and to reach the rich counties in Central Missouri must travel on foot or horse 200 miles. The Union forces could travel east or west by railroad from Hannibal to (219) 220 History of Missouri and Missourians St. Joseph or by river from St. Louis to Kansas City. Both the railroad and the river v^ere soon in Union hands. Mis- souri as a state was geographically tied to the North and northern Missouri was geographically part of the North. In the third place, the United States Government had practically every advantage in Missouri over the old State Government and the Confederacy. It had a pro-Union State Convention and government with adequate protection and with adequate powers. It had at least 50%, perhaps more, of the people supporting it. It had better organization, posi- tion, and transportation. It had more soldiers, better trained, better equipped, and better fed. It had its territory con- solidated instead of being divided. By holding both banks of the Missouri river it kept the Confederates in north and south Missouri from combining. And, of highest importance, it had vastly greater resources in wealth and in money. Finally, Missourians themselves were divided. When peace failed in the spring of 1861 some joined with the South and others with the North. This division was not only by sections and by counties, but even by communities and families. This resulted in the worst kind of warfare — neigh- bor against neighbor. This led to injustice, murder, plunder, bushwhacking, and general guerilla fighting. The Military Struggle for Missouri June 12, 1861-March 8, 1862 The open military fight for Missouri began with the break between General Lyon and Governor Jackson at the Plan- ters Hotel conference in St. Louis on June 12, 1861. The seisure of the United States arsenal at Liberty, the capture of Camp Jackson, and the passage of the State military bill, had preceded this, but formal and open-warfare was not accepted until June 12th. From that day both Lyon and the Federal Government, and Jackson, Price, and the State Government, waged active warfare. This military struggle lasted nine 3 Military Missouri 221 months and had two periods. The first period ended on August 10, 1861, when the Confederate and Missouri troops were victorious at the battle of Wilson's Creek. The second GENERAL LYON AND GENERAL BLAIR STARTING FOR CAMP JACKSON. BY BINGHAM period ended on March 8, 1862, when the Union troops were victorious at the battle of Pea Ridge. The last battle set- tled the military fate of Missouri. The State was to remain in the Union both from a political and from a military stand- point. 222 History of Missouri and Missourians General Lyon's military plan was sound and simple, and if he had been supported by his superiors in command, the military struggle for Missouri would have ended on August 10, 1861. This plan was to send trained Union troops to southwest Missouri to cut off General Price and the State troops in their retreat before Lyon's army. General Lyon was to take his army up the Missouri river to central Mis- souri, get possession of the Missouri river, keep the pro- southern men in north Missouri from enlisting in Price's army, and defeat General Price before he had time to raise and train his soldiers. The Union troops in southwest Mis- souri were to cut off Price's army as it retreated toward Arkansas. General Price's and Governor Jackson's military plan was first to get men and second to get time to train and equip them. They also hoped to keep possession of a point or two along the Missouri river, at which recruits from north Missouri could pass over This plan was successful in ob- taining men, but owing to Lyon's activity with his trained soldiers the last part of the plan could not be carried out. Governor Jackson left St. Louis on June 12th. He caused the bridges to be destroyed along the way. On reach- ing Jefferson City he issued a call for 50,000 men. General Price was the commander-in-chief of the State troops. Lyon with 1,500 men followed at once. The State Government left for Boonville where the State troops were gathered under Colonel Marmaduke. Here the battle of Boonville was fought on June 17th. Lyon with his larger force was suc- cessful. The State troops were scattered and Governor Jack- son with a small body of men retreated to Warsaw, Benton county. The defeat of the State troops at Boonville was im- portant. It greatly discouraged the prosouthern men. Again, it gave the Union troops possession of all north Missouri and of the Missouri river itself. Finally, it forced Governor Jack- son and the State Government to flee, and together with ad- Military Missouri 223 GENERAL STERLING PRICE 224 History of Missouri and Missourians vancing Union troops from the west it made General Price and his army at Lexington retreat immediately. Lyon could not follow at once owing to securing wagons and supplies, and later he was delayed by high water. In the meantime Governor Jackson and his troops had moved to Lamar, Barton county, where they were joined by General Rains with more State troops. Part of the Union troops at Springfield, which had been sent there by Lyon, were now ordered under Sigel to Carthage to cut off Price. But Price had already passed and gone to join General McCulloch with his Arkansas Confederates. Sigel now tried to hold Jackson until Lyon could arrive. The battle of Carthage ensued on July 5th between 1,000 Union troops and 4,000 State troops. Jackson was victorious and Sigel and his men barely escaped back to Springfield. Price now trained his men at Cowskin Prairie in south- west Missouri and gathered supplies and equipment. Lyon arrived in Springfield on July 13th. He had 6,000 men un- der him but the term of enlistment of 3,000 would expire in August. Lyon telegraphed for more men so as to attack Price immediately. No reinforcements arrived. Price was now growing stronger in every way. Lyon determined to risk battle rather than see lost all that he had gained. On August 10th, the opposing armies met in the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek, ten miles southwest of Springfield. Lyon had 5,400 men and Price and McCulloch 11,000 armed and 2,000 unarmed men. McCulloch was in command of the the joint Missouri and Arkansas troops. General Lyon was killed and twenty-four per cent of the men under him were killed. Of the State troops and Confederates, 1,242 were killed, wounded, or missing. McCulloch and Price were vic- torious. If McCulloch had followed the advice and entreaty of Price in pursuing the Union troops, the latter might have been captured together with their vast stores of equipment and ammunition which were badly needed by the Confeder- Military Missouri 225 ates. But McCulloch declined, stating that he was to protect Arkansas and that Missouri had not joined the Confederacy. The Union troops retreated to Rolla, leaving Price in control of all southwest Missouri. However, a greater loss to the Union was the death of General Lyon. He had arrived in BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. BY WYETII St. Louis on February 6, 1S61, and he died at Wilson's Creek on August 10, 186L During these six months and four days he had worked fast and hard, had planned carefully and dar- ingly, and had fought bravely and courageously. He together with Blair did more to keep Missouri in the Unio than any other two men. Colonel Sneed, Price's chief of staff at Wilson's Creek, said this of Lyon : "Lyon had not fought and died in vain. By wisely planning, by boldly doing, and by bravely dying, he had won the fight for Missouri." Price now marched to Lexington where he found Colonel Mulligan with 3,000 Union men. Price's army grew 226 History of Missouri and Missourians larger and increased to 15,000 men, of whom one-half were armed. He beseiged Mulligan and, from September 18th to the 21st, the battle of Lexington was fought. The Union troops fought behind entrenchments and Price's men attacked behind hemp bales, which were moved forward. Mulligan was forced to surrender. The losses were slight on both sides. If Price could have kept Lexington, the effect of this battle would have been important. Men now began enlisting under him in large numbers. They came from north and south of the Missouri river. But, Union troops were also advancing from the north, the east, and the west, and 20,000 had been sent to Springfield. On September 30th, Price was again marching for southwest Missouri. There he was safe from possible capture and he was also able to protect the secession State Legislature, which met at Neosho on October 21st. General Fremont, who was now in charge of the Union troops in Missouri, collected 40,000 men at Springfield. He planned to defeat Price, overrun Arkansas, and capture New Orleans. This was the same General Fremont who had failed to send Lyon a man at Wilson's Creek and had failed to help Mulligan at Lexington. Before he had time to begin his campaign, Fremont was removed. His successor. General Hunter, ordered the Union troops to withdraw to Rolla and Sedalia on November 2nd. Southwest Missouri was again in control of Price and remained so for three months. The old State Government, or rather what was left of it, had now joined the Confederacy. But this meant little if Missouri was controlled by Union armies. Price had to defeat these armies to make secession effective. His army had greatly in- creased by recent enlistments and was in good condition. The Federal authorities also must wage battle to defeat Price. This condition made battle necessary for both sides. By the middle of February, 1862, General Curtis with his Union troops moved on to Springfield. Price retreated Military Missouri 227 into northwestern Arkansas. He joined forces with McCul- loch and Van Horn. General Van Morn took command. He had under him 25,000 men, of whom 5,000 were Indians. Curtis had 10,500. At Pea Ridge, Arkansas, just below the south Missouri boundary line, the two armies met in a three days battle. Curtis was victorious and the Confederates were forced to retreat. The Union loss was 1,351 men, the Con- federate loss was probably greater and included the death of General McCulloch. The military struggle for Missouri had ended in a Union victory. Missouri now was clear of regu- lar Confederate armies. Price and 5,000 of his men were transferred east of the Mississippi to aid the Confederacy. The hope of the Confederates in keeping Missouri was now abandoned and not until 1864 was a Confederate army of size again in the State. The battle of Pea Ridge determined the military fate of Missouri. Federal Military Orders and Confederate Recruiting, 1861-1862 After the battle of Pea Ridge about 5,000 of Price's men followed him east of the Mississippi to aid the large Confederate armies. This number soon increased to 8,000. They were organized as the First and Second Missouri Bri- gades. They fought throughout the war and at its close there were only 800 left. Such was the record made by Missourians. Many of the old soldiers under Price returned to Mis- souri after the battle of Pea Ridge. They came back to re- cruit men for the Confederate armies. They found many of the citizens discontented and willing to enlist. The causes of this discontent were the Federal, or Union, military orders. In October, 1861, the State Convention had adopted a mili- tary bill which established a Missouri State Militia. This was composed of the pro-Union supporters, and companies were in nearly every county. In the spring of 1862 this 228 History of Missouri and Missourians Missouri State Militia passed under the control of the Union commander of Missouri, General Schofield. The Southern sympathizers in Missouri were harassed by their Union neighbors and they thought that soon they might be drafted to fight for the Union against the South. So when the re- turning Confederate soldiers of Price began to recruit in 1862, man}- Missourians joined them. The Union troops de- termined to break up these recruiting bands and to prevent them from going south. The Confederate recruiting leader in northeast Missouri was Colonel Joseph C. Porter, of Lewis county Most of his men were unarmed and his camp in Lewis county was broken up in July, 1862. Followed by the Union troops he and 2,000 of his men, of whom only 500 were armed, were overtaken at Kirksville by Colonel John H. McNeil. Here the battle of Kirksville was fought on August 6, 1862, and Porter was badly defeated. This practically ended Confed- erate recruiting in northeast Missouri, although Confederate recruits continued to slip through the Federal line on the Missouri river. Confederate recruiting had also begun in central and western Missouri south of the river. A force of these re- cruits under Colonel Upton Hayes gathered at Lee's Summit, in Jackson county, and they were reinforced by Chnton county recruits, under Colonel Hughes, and by the guerillas under Quantrell. They attacked the Federal force under Colonel James T, Buel at Independence on August 11, 1862, and captured it. Five days later they attacked Major Foster and his Union troops at Lone Jack. The battle of Lone Jack was bitterly fought and neither side was entirely victorious. However, owing to approaching Union troops the Confeder- ates were forced to retreat and were soon out of the state. Although the organized and open recruiting of the Confed- erates was a failure due to the Union troops, small bands were able to get through the lines and reach the Confederate armies. Military Missouri 229 Border Warfare. 1861-1863 The opening of the war in Missouri in 1861 was imme- diately followed by renewal of war on the Kansas-Missouri border. "Jim" Lane and his Kansas Freebooters soon in- vaded Missouri. When General Frice marched north to Lex- ington in 1861, he had chased Lane out of the State, but while he was at Lexington, Lane and his men returned and on September 23, 1861, they looted and burned Osceola, Missouri, and killed a score of people. Later they plundered Butler in Bates county and Parkville in Flatte county. Soon the Kansas "Red Legs", so called from their red morocco leggins, under such leaders as Lane and Jennison became a terror to all western Missouri. No man's life or property was safe. In retaliation for these outrages, Quantrell, the most dar- ing of Missouri guerrillas, on August 21, 1863, led a force of 250 men from Jackson county to Lawrence, Kansas, the home of Lane. The town was burned, the stores and banks were looted, and 183 persons were killed. Lane managed to escape. But the sacking of Lawrence brought revenge. Four days later General Thomas Ewing of the Kansas troops issued from Kansas City his notorious "Order No. 11". It commanded all persons in Jackson, Cass, Bates, and a part of Vernon county, except those living in or near the principal towns, to leave their homes within fifteen days. Loyal persons were permitted to move to military stations or to Kansas. The order was severely executed. Hundreds were forced from their homes, property was destroyed and plundered, and in Cass county only 600 of the 10,000 inhabi- tants were permitted to remain. Bands of robbers, bush- whackers, and soldiers roamed over the blighted district until the war closed and when the people came back in 1866 they frequently found nothing except their land. 230 History of Missouri and Missourians General Ewing was strongly denounced for this cruel order. On his staff was Colonel Bingham, a Missourian. Bingham was an artist of ability. He painted a picture, "Order No. 11", which depicted the sufferings of the people. This painting is known throughout Missouri. ORDER NUMBER ELEVEN. BY BINGHAM Other retaliations were practiced. Among these was the Palmyra Massacre on August 18, 1862, by the Union troops and the (Jentralia Massacre of September 27, 1864 by Bill Anderson and his men. The war in Missouri had become one of cruel practices and bitter hatreds. Price's Raid, 1864 During 1863 the Missouri Confederate military leaders made a number of small raids in Missouri. Such men as Marmaduke, Shelby, Poindexter, and Jeff Thompson led Military Missouri 231 these raids. The principal object was to obtain recruits. The most famous raid was that of General Price in 1864. General Price had been transferred to Arkansas and had successfully equipped a force of 12,000 men. He planned to enter Missouri when most of the Union troops were in the South, capture St. Louis if possible and at least Jefferson City, set up the old State Government, have recruits flock to his army, and perhaps wage a successful struggle for Mis- souri. He entered southeast Missouri on September 20, 1864. Half v.ay to St. Louis he was opposed by Union troops un- tler General H. S. Ewing. Although victorious, Price march- ed to Franklin county and then to Jefferson City. Federal troops were now pouring into Jefferson City from all parts of Missouri. Price passed around the city on October .8th. On his route westward he destroyed much railroad p'"operty. In this he was aided by Ouantrell, Anderson, and other guerrillas. A small force was sent across the Missouri river and captured Glasgow. But Price continued westward. \o\- unteers did not enlist in large numbers. At Independence Price found himself pursued by one L^nion army under Gen- eral Pleasanton and opposed by another under General Cur- tis. Along Big Blue river and Brush Creek, l\ing midway between Independence and Kansas City, the three days battle of W'estport was fought. It was one of the most bitterly fought battles of the war, and in proportion to the number of men engaged it was one of the most fatal. Price was forced to retreat to Arkansas. The raid had been a failure. Instead of 23,000 recruits, which he had expected, only 6,000 were enrolled. His losses equalled this number. The war was over in Missouri, but bushwhacking con- tinued until 1865. Missouri contributed 110,000 men to the Union service and perhaps 30,000 to 40,000 men to the Con- federate service, out of a possible 236,00 men of military age. In short, 65 per cent of Missourians of military age in 1860 had entered military service. This is a very high record. 232 History of Missouri and Missourians Although no battles of first rank were fought in Missouri, there were 1,162 battles, engagements, and skirmishes in Mis- souri from 1861 to 1865. This is 11 per cent of the total combats of the Civil war and more than occurred in any state excepting Virginia and Tennessee. Although Missouri ranked only eight in population in 1860, still in the number of men she furnished the Union army alone she ranked seventh. In addition she supplied between 30,000 and 40,000 men to the Confederate cause. Certainly Missouri bore her share, and more, in the war between the states. Suggestive Questions 1. State the four reasons why the possession of Missouri by the North was necessary if the Federal government hoped to defeat the Confederacy. 2. When was the open military fight for Missouri begun? 3. State General Lyon's military plan. State General Price's and Governor Jackson's military plan. 4. Describe the important battle in which these opposing armies met. 5. Discuss the battle of Lexington. 6. Why was the battle of Pea Ridge a decisive factor in the military fate of Missouri? 7. What was the great incentive for Confederate recruiting in Missouri? 8. What were the events which led up to the issue of "Order No. 11?" What was "Order No. 11?" 9. What was the purpose of Price's raid' in 1864? 10. What is Missouri's record in her contribution of service men in the Civil war? 11. How does Missouri rank in number of battles and engage- ments fought in the State? Chapter III THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1898, AND THE MEXICAN BORDER TROUBLE 1915-1917 The opening of war with Spain on April 21, 1898, was followed two days later by President McKinley's call for 125,000 volunteers. Missouri's quota was one light battery and five regiments of infantry. The National Guard of Alis- souri at once responded and assembled at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, to be mustered into service. Light Battery A, recruited in St. Louis under Captain Frank M. Rumbold, was the first to be mustered in on May 1st and after two months of training at Chickamauga landed in Porto Rico. It served here one month and after the close of the war was mustered out in November. The five regiments of Missouri volunteer infantry were all mustered in during May and were trained at various camps over the United States. Owing to the early close of the war, none of these saw service in Cuba or Porto Rico but all were waiting opportunity to serve their country. These five infantry regiments represented every part of Missouri. The First Regiment of Missouri Volun- teer Infantry, under Colonel Edwin Batdorf, was recruited in St. Louis. The second, under Colonel William E. Caffee, was recruited in Butler, Clinton, Jefferson City, Joplin, La- mar, Nevada, Peirce City, Sedalia, and Springfield. The third, under Colonel George P. Gross, was recruited in Kan- sas City and Independence. The fourth, under Colonel Joseph A. Corby, was recruited in St. Joseph, Bethany, Car- roUton, Chillicothe, Fulton, Hannibal, Jefferson Barracks, Mar^-ville, Mound City, and Warrensburg. The fifth, under Colonel Millon Moore, was recruited in Kansas City, Carth- age, Colimibia, Excelsior Springs, Harrisonville, Higginsville, Jefferson Barracks, and Alexico. When the President made his second call for 75,000 vol- unteers on May 25, 1898, Missouri immediately responded (233) 234 History of Missouri and oMissoukians and raised the Sixth Regiment Missouri Volunteer Infantry. This was the last regiment mustered into service but it saw more service than any other. The sixth, under Colonel Fletcher Hardeman, was recruited in Bloomfield, Brookfield, California, Carondelet, De Soto, Doniphan, Kennett, Lutes- ville, St. Louis, and Willow Springs. It became part of Gen- eral Lee's army, went to Cuba, and took part in the occupa- tion of Havana. It was highly trained and was called the best regiment in Lee's army. Part of the Third Regiment of United States Volunteer Engineers was also composed of Missourians which saw service in Cuba. The man who was first to plant the American flag on Cuban soil during the war was a Missourian, Arthur Lee Willard of Kirksville. Missouri furnished a total of 8,109 soldiers in this war and in no instance was any of the men or officers of Mis- .souri troops reported for infraction of military discipline. Missouri can take pride in her quick response to the Nation's call for men, in the record made by her men, and in the sup- port given by her citizens. Missouri's greatest gain from the war, aside from the objects for which it was waged, was the cementing of the ties of friendship and loyalty between her citizens of Northern and Southern sympathy. The sons of Union soldiers and the sons of Confederate soldiers alike en- listed and marched shoulder to shoulder in support of their country. Following the close of the Spanish-American war, the United States forces in the newly acquired Philippine Islands were faced with an organized insurrection of the natives in 1899. The insurrection was put down in 1900 but fighting between the United States troops and some of the savage natives, like the Moros, continued for years. There were Missourians in the United States army who took an active part in these struggles, and both privates and officers cast credit on their state. One of the privates, Ferdinando Keith- ley, of Barry county, while on picket duty saved an entire Military Missouri 235 camp from massacre by bravely repelling an attacking party of twenty Moros one night. He received eleven spear wounds in his body but he held off the Moros and then crawled one mile to camp to warn his comrades. He died the next morning. One of the Missouri oficers was Lieuten- ant John J. Pershing, of Linn county. He had fought Indi- ans on the plains and Spaniards in Cuba. He served in the Philippines almost continuously from 1899 to 1914. He made a remarkable record, conquered the Moros, and gave the natives a just administration. It was due to this record that he was later called upon to serve his country in the Mexican Border Trouble of 1915 and 1917, and later in the World War of 1917 and 1918. The Mexican Border Trouble, 1915-1917 When the raids of Mexican bandits and the destruction of American lives and property early in 1915 made it nec- essary for the United States Government to act, General Pershing was placed in command of the El Paso, Texas, dis- trict. Here he patrolled the boundary line until March, 1916, when he was ordered to lead an expedition of 10,000 men into Mexico in pursuit of Villa, the Mexican bandit leader. With his 10,000 United States cavalrymen he dashed across the line and for eleven months lived in a foreign countrw He was 400 miles from his base of supplies, surrounded by deserts and mountains, bandits and hostile people. He did not make war on Mexico for strangely enough that country was neither at peace nor at war with the United States. General Pershing did not capture Villa but he did conduct liis expedition, called the Punitive Expedition, in a way that reflected credit to America. However, Missouri did more than furnish the com- mander. She furnished men, 5,030 in number, in the Mexi- can Border Trouble. On June 3, 1916, the National Defen.se Act was passed by Congress which federalized the National 236 History of Missouri and Missourians Guards of all the states. Missouri was the first state to comply with that act. On June 18, 1916, the call of the President for the Missouri National Guard was issued. Two days later the Missouri soldiers began assembling at the State Rifle Range at Nevada. They were the first to mobilize. On July 1st they began leaving for Laredo, Texas, and soon all reached the Border. The number furnished by Missouri was 5,030 officers and men. For six months they patrolled 145 miles of the border. Due to the care taken of the men, there was little sickness and no camp diseases. The men were under the general command of Brigadier-General Harvey C. Qark, of Nevada. Most of the force was mustered out on December 30, 1916, but some were in service until shortly before war was declared against Germany. Suggestive Questions 1. What was Missouri's quota in the Spanish-American war? 2. State the facts concerning the regiment which saw the most service. 3. Describe the services of Ferdinando Keithley. 4. In what waj- did Missouri contribute to the Mexican Border trouble? Chapter IV THE WORLD WAR, 1917-1918 The history of America's participation in the World War against the German Empire and its alHes from April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918, is one of highest credit to the pat- riotism of our citizens and to the courage of our soldiers. The entire United States was placed on a war basis in pro- ducing and conserving food, in making war supplies, and in selecting soldiers. In all of these activities Missouri and Missourians did their .share and in several instances they did more than was required or was expected of them. This war record of Missouri falls into four divisions : first, the military record of Missouri soldiers; second, the war record of the army of citizens at home; third, the record of native Missourians who were prominent leaders in the nation during the war; and fourth, the gratitude of the State of Missouri, as expressed after the war, for the Missouri soldiers who were inducted into service. The individual records of Mis- souri soldiers in training camp and on battle field would fill volumes. Their bearing of hardships and privations, their exhibition of bravery and courage, proved that they were worthy sons of their patriotic ancestors. Military Record of Missouri Soldiers Missouri furnished a total of 156,232 officers and men in the World war. Of this total, 14,756 were Missouri national guardsmen, 92,843 were Missouri selective service men, 30,780 were volunteers in the regular army, 14,132 were enlisted men in the navy, and 3,721 were enlisted men in the marine corps. In short, acording to the report of the adju- tant general of Missouri, our State contributed 138,379 men to thg army, 14,132 men to the navy, and 3,721 to the marine (237) 238 History of Missouri and Missourians corps, — a total of 156,232. It will be impossible to consider here the large number of volunteer enlistments from Missouri in the different branches of the United States military and naval service, since they were widely scattered among vari- our organizations over the nation. Mention should be made of the 12th Engineers of St. Louis, composed of railway em- ployees, which was sent to France on July 28, 1917, was the first regiment in France to receive the six months service stripes, and performed a great service in aiding in the con- struction of army transportation routes in France for the American Expeditionary Force and for later arrivals. Ex- cepting the 12th Engineers and the various volunteers, am- bulance and medical organizations, the first large division of Missouri soldiers to be inducted into service was the Missouri national guard. The Missouri national guard has always made a fine record for its training and patriotism. In the Spanish Ameri- can war it quickly and patriotically offered its service. In the Mexican Border trouble it gave excellent service to the government. When war was declared against the German Empire on April 6, 1917, its full war strength of 14,656 officers and men were inducted into national service. After training at Camp Clark, Nevada, Mo., it was sent to Camp Doniphan, Okla., on Sept. 28, 1917. The 1st Missouri Field Signal Battalion, of Kansas City, under Major Ruby D. Gar- rett, was detached and sent to France as part of the famous 42nd (Rainbow) Division, which was composed of national guard units of twenty-six states. In France this division saw early service and the Missouri battalion made an enviable record. The rest of the Missouri national guard was consolidated with the Kansas national guard to form the 35th Division. Missouri furnished two-thirds and Kansas one-third of the men. The 35th Division began leaving for France in April 1918. It saw active service in the Vosges mountains, the St. Military Missouri 239 Mihiel sector, and the great Meuse-Argonne offensive. It made a remarkable record for bravery and effective fighting. It was given one of the most dangerous and important parts of the battle line and it successfully performed its work. Its casualties were very heavy, including 1,530 killed and 6,389 wounded. Its members were awarded two Congressional Medals of Honor and 85 Distinguished Service Crosses. It was discharged from service during the spring of 1919. Speaking of this division in its remarkable fighting record along the Meuse-Argonne front, Frederick Palmer, the official war correspondent, said: "In an advance of over seven miles the 35th had suffered 7909 casualties. Nearly half of its infantry was dead on the field or in the hospital. The other half was in a coma from fatigue. Every rod gained had been won by fighting against fire as baffling as it was powerful. To say that the 35th fought five days as a division is hardly doing it justice. A division may be said to be fighting when only one brigade is in line while the other is resting. All the men of the 35th were fighting. There were soldiers who did not have five hours sleep in that period of unbroken battle strain in the midst of the dead and dying. Only the powerful physique of the men, with their store of re- serve energy which they drew on to the last fraction, enabled them to bear it as long as they did. Their courage and endur- ance and dash performed a mighty service in a most critical sector." The first Missouri selective service men were sent to Camp Funston, Kansas. Here they were organized as part of the 89th Division in September, 1917, and were trained under General Leonard Wood. After eight months of train- ing the division was sent to France. It was in active service in the St. Mihiel advance and in the Meuse-Argonne offen- sive. No division made a finer record. Its casualties were 1,760 killed and 5,838 wounded. Its members received nine Congressional Medals of Honor and 138 Distinguished Ser- vice Crosses. It was discharged in May 1919, after having 240 History of Missouri and Missourians served as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany. The 89th Division has been called the "Fighting 89th". It and the "Brave 35th" show^ed the nation that the men of the Middle West are brave, fearless, and efficient. The loss of Missourians in the World war, including- casualties in camps at home, and on the battlefields of France, v^as 3,644 killed and 6,944 wounded- — a total of 10,588, according to the report of the adjutant general of Missouri. Missouri troops bore over 3% of the total battle deaths and wounded of the American forces. Of battle deaths, excluding wounded, the Missouri bo}s suffered 3.4% of America's sacrifice on the battlefield. Five of the seventy- eight Congressional Medals of Honor were awarded Mis- sourians and one hundred sixty- five Distinguished Service Crosses were also awarded Missourians. The first American to give his life in his country's service in France was a Kan- sas City volunteer, Dr. William T. Fitzsimmons. The first recruiting station for seamen for the United States navy to fill its quota in 1917 was Kansas City, Missouri. In 1917 Missouri furnished more marines than any other district. The second ambulance corps to land in France was" from St. Louis. In fact, Missouri did her part, and more, in every way in furnishing able, loyal, and patriotic soldiers and sea- men. The Army of Missourians at Home Just as Missouri bo}s in camp and on battlefield upheld the high traditions of their State, so did the army of citizens at home do their part in organizing their forces to produce food, make war materials, economize in consumption, buy liberty bonds, contribute to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., K. of C, and Camp Library movements, and in a hundred ways show their ability, thrift, and patriotism. This army of Mis- sourians at home made sacrifices and showed courage that did much to make possible the victory of American arms. Military Missouri 241 War means men first, but it also means food, clothing, trans- portation, supplies, money, and a thousand things in order to be successful. Missouri supplied her share of men; she also furnished her share of money and materials. Missouri's war governor was Frederick D, Gardner. He was awake to the situation which confronted the State and Nation when war was declared on April 6, 1917. Three days later he issued the first state war proclamation calling a statewide food conference in St. Louis, the first of its kind in the United States. On April 24th the Missouri Council of Defence was organized under the direction of F. B. Mum- ford, dean of the agricultural college of the University of Missouri. This council was in existence twenty-one months and during this time it was, in the words of Governor Gard- ner, "The supreme authority of the Commonwealth in rela- tion to the State's duty to the Nation during the entire period of the war." It performed a great work. Its 12,000 mem- bers reached every hamlet in Missouri. Missouri's rise from rank fourteen in the value of food crops in 1916 to rank five in 1917, was largely due to Missouri's Council of Defense. It spent its funds wisely and economically. Out of $100,000 available, it spent only $76,086.47. Still it was rated as a class "A" council. Only eight other state councils won that distinction, and not one of these had an appropriation under $1,000,000. Dean Mumford was also State Food Adminis- trator and as such performed equally significant work in be- half of Missouri. Missourians not only co-operated in organized bodies to- produce food and obtain efficient service in support of the war, but they also acted as one body in their individual sup- port of the war. In each of the Liberty Loan drives they subscribed more than their quotas. Even children did their part in purchasing war savings stamps. In November 1917, over 700,000 Missouri women signed the Hoover Food Pledge, placing Missouri first in the nation in proportion to 242 History of Missouri and Missourians pfjpulalion and second even in actual numbers. Her Boy Scouts organized and greatly increased the garden food sup- ply. Her universities and colleges offered the services of their experts and of many of their students. Her citizens co- operated with Lieutenant Governor Wallace Crossley, who as State Fuel Director issued and enforced helpful regulations regarding the fuel supply of the State. A delegation of Mis- sourians was among the first to go to Washington, D. C, to list Missouri's lead and zinc mines among the national as- sets for prosecuting the war. The Alissouri farmers increas- ed their yield of crops from 50% to 100% to supply food for the armies. The St. Louis chemical industry increased its output and the packing house centers of Kansas City and St. Joseph increased their volumes. Everywhere in Missouri, as in the nation, conservation, economy, and production in- creased. Truly Missouri and Missourians supported with sacrifice and patriotism the boys at the front. MissouRtANS Among the Nation's Leaders In no period of American history have Missourians oc- cupied so many important positions in national and interna- tional affairs as they did during the years 1917 and 1918. They were among the leaders in statecraft, diplomacy, mili- tary and naval affairs, and in the many high offices con- nected with the prosecution of the war. Of the scores of Missourians serving, only a few of the foremost can here be mentioned. The commander of the American army in France was the great Missourian from Linn county, General John J. Pershing. The fine morale of the American soldiers and their wonderful success on the field of battle were exhibited under General Pershing. He was the only leading com- mander of a nation's army who in this war held his position with satisfaction to his country from the opening to the close Military Missouri 243 (;km:kai. \: nw 1. I'l ;^sii 1 \g 144 History of Missouri and Missourians of hostilities. He had executive ability and political astute- ness. He did not fail once, he never spoke the wrong word, he always left the right impression, and he seems to have committed not one important error either at home or abroad. Somehow, he met every test. He served his country with ability, honor, and success. He was the great Missourian of the war. -■* Standing second only to Pershing, was another Mis- sourian, General Enoch H. Crowder, of Grundy coun- ty. As judge advocate general of the American army he had for years given splendid service in the thousands of military cases and problems which came up for his decision. When the Selective Service Act became a law. General Crowder was entrusted with its operation. No man had a more diffi- cult task than General Crowder and no man could ENOCH H. CROWDER have performed it better. The young men of America were listed and without political favoritism 4,000,000 men were inducted into service. The name of General Crowder and his monumental work will live. Missourians were seemingly everywhere performing ser- vice for their country. Commander Joseph H. Taussig, of St. Louis, directed the first American flotilla of destroyers in active American service. Rear Admiral Leigh C. Palmer, of St. Louis, became chief of the bureau of navigation and MAJOR GENKK.VL Military Missouri 245 as such he had charge of raising 250,000 men for the navy. He was the "Crowder of the Navy." Brigadier General Edgar Russell, of Breckenridge but a native of Pleasant Hill, became chief signal officer of the American forces in France. Rear Admiral Robert E. Coontz, of Hannibal, was placed in charge of the Puget Sound navy yards. And there were scores of other Missourians occupying high positions both in the army and navy. Missourians also furnished many inventions of value to their country. A. A. Kellogg, of Clinton, invented an instan- taneous explosion mechanism for shells, which worked havoc on the battlefront of the enemy. Captain T. S. M. Smith, of St. Louis, solved the problem of crossing the Meuse river by forming a temporary footbridge of canvas floats. Lieu- tenant Julien A. Gehrung, of St. Louis, discovered a treat- ment for poison gas, adopted by the French army, which saved thousands of lives and gave sight and hearing to many more. Gregory C. Davison, a native of Jefferson City, was the inventor of a depth bomb to destroy German submarines. As in the field of invention and war, so in the field of execution in America were Missourians among the leaders. The United States secretary of agriculture, who was director of food production, was Hon. David E. Houston, of St. Louis. Hon. Carl Vrooman, a native of Macon county, was assistant secretary of agriculture and the leader in the speak- ing publicity campaign for food production and food conser- vation. George Creel, of Lafayette county, was chairman of the national committee on information and publicity. Hon. David R. Francis, of St. Louis, performed an invaluable service as ambassador to Russia. Hon. Breckenridge Long, of St. Louis, was assistant secretary of state. Hon. A. M. Dockery, of Gallatin, was assistant postmaster general. Ed- ward R. Stettinius, of St. Louis, was general purchasing agent in America both for Great Britain and France. Robert S. Brookings, of St. Louis, was a member of the United 246 History of Missouri and Missourians States central purchasing 5oard. J. Lionberger Davis, of St. Louis, was managing director in the office of the national custodian of enemy property. Henry Miller, of Hannibal, was a member of the American commission of railroad ex- perts to assist Russia. John Hunter, of St. Louis, rendered great service in the construction of the American marine fleet. Bainbridge Colby, of St. Louis, was a member of the United States shipping commission. Oscar T. Crosby, of St. Louis, was assistant secretary of the United States treasury. Ford F. Harvey, of Kansas City, was a member of the national Red Cross war finance committee. Miss Julia Stin- son, of St. Louis, became chief nurse of the American Expedi- tionary Force. James F. Holden and J. A. Middleton, of Kan- sas City, and H. M. Adams, of St. Louis, were appointed on the board of traffic managers of the director general of railroads. Hale Holden, of Kansas City, was appointed su- perintendent-in-chief of all the railroads of the United States under Director General McAdoo. These were men called from the private walks of life who at the sacrifice of their business interests gave their services to the country. Mis- sourians in Congress were equally loyal and patriotic. Both in State and Nation, in camp and on field, at home and abroad, Missourians served well and faithfully their country." Gratitude of a Grateful People When the 50th General Assembly of Missouri met in 1919 a number of acts were introduced in the interests of the Missouri soldiers who had served from this state. This legislation, expressive of the gratitude of a grateful people, was passed practically by a unanimous vote. It provided for the creation of a Missouri soldiers' and sailors' employment commission. During the first two years of its existence the commission received applications for assistance and secured positions for 19,874 Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines. An act was passed providing for the publication by tin- adju- Military Missouri 247 tant general of a history of Missouri military units in the war and of a biographical sketch of every Missourian in service. This work, which will embrace six volumes, will be distributed to all libraries and public schools in the State. The General Assembly dedicated the east corridor of the new capitol to the purposes of a Missouri soldiers' and sail- ors' memorial hall. Here are displayed the battle flags and war trophies of Missouri units in all the wars in which the State has taken part. This legislation authorized counties and cities to erect memorials in honor of its citizens who served in the World War and provided that any sum between $250. and $1,000. raised for this purpose would be duplicated by the State. Provision was also made directing the adjutant general to procure and present an appropriate medal to each Missouri soldier, sailor, and marine who had served in the World War. An appropriation was made to carry out these provisions and to erect a monument on the battlefield of France in memory of the Missourians W'ho gave their lives there. A large appropriation was also made for reorganizing the Missouri national guard. At a special election held in August 1921 the people gave further evidence of their gratitude. The Legislature was authorized to incur not exceeding $15,003,000. indebtedness for bonuses to Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines. At a special session of the Legislature in November 1921 a sol- diers' and sailors' bonus law was passed and pa}ment of the bonus began in 1922. So did Missouri show gratitude in every way to her defenders. It is fitting that "A Century of Military Missouri" should so close. Suggestive Questions 1. In what four divisions docs the war record of Missouri fall? 2. How many men and officers did Missouri furnish in the World War? 248 History of Missouri and Missourians 3. The Missouri National Guard was placed largely in what military division? The Missouri Selective Service men were in what division? 4. What can you say of the record of the 35th and the 89th division? 5. How did the army of citizens at home contribute to the suc- cess of the war? 6. What was Governor Gardner's first official war proclama- tion? 7. Discuss the record of the Missouri Council of Defense. 8. Who was the most renowned Missourian during the war? 9. Name ten Missourians and tell the service each performed for his country during the World War. 10. In what ways have the people of Missouri expressed their gratitude? PART VI A CENTURY OF MISSOURI'S VIC- TORIES OF PEACE 1821-1921 The test of civilisation is the ability to co-operate Chapter I A CENTURY OF POPULATION This chapter on population treats of Missourians as a whole. All Alissourians are greater and more important than any one Missourian. So important is the study of population that it is necessary to a true understanding of our history. If one knows the facts regarding Missouri's population during her century of statehood, he will possess information which will help explain many things relating to politics, war, education, city building, and industry. The study of Missouri's population is interesting. The population figures alone may mean little, but when in- terpreted they tell a fascinating story. This story relates how Missouri grew rapidly in population during her first half century, how she later held her own for thirty years, and how as compared with other states she has been losing rank in population during the last twenty years even though her population continued to grow. This story explains why Missouri was once Democratic by a large majority, then by a fair majority, and later by a small plurality. This story describes how Missouri was once a southern state in popula- tion, then a western state, and to-day is a conservative central state. This story tells how the foreign born living in Missouri did much to keep the State in the Union and bring success to Union arms during the Civil War, and how later the for- (249) 2SO History of Missouri and Missourians eign born helped increase- the population of Missouri's cities. It also relates how Missouri was once a rural state with few city dwellers, and how to-day half of her people live in cities and her country- districts are losing population. And, finally, it illustrates how Missonrians have been settling the West until now more Missourians leave Missouri than Mis- souri receives from other states. Before telling this story, it should be remembered that a mere decrease or a mere in- crease in population may mean nothing as regards being good or bad in itself. For example, if Missouri's cities were to double in population and Missouri's country districts were to remain the same in population, instead of hurting the country districts this condition in one respect might aid them in furnishing them with a larger market for their produce close at home. This would mean either higher prices or lower costs, especially freight costs, and would result in more profitable farming, mining, and lumbering. This would mean better homes, schools, churches, and roads in the country. So, it is well to remember that there is a silver lining to the so-called dark cloud. This subject of Missouri's population will be considered from four points of view. First, a general survey of Mis- souri's population from 1820 to 1920 will be made, including population by decades, per cent of increase, density per square mile, rank of Missouri, date of organization of coun- ties (which indicates the gradual settling up of the State), and urban, i. e., city, and rural population. Second, the white and the negro population will be set forth. Third, the native and the foreign population will be considered. And, fourth, the native American population in Missouri will be described in regard to the states from which it came. The growth of individual cities will be told under "A Cen- tury of City Building," and the emigration of Missourians to other states will be related under "Missouri, the 'Mother of the West' and 'Founder of States.' " A Century of Population 251 General Survey From 1820 to 1870 Missouri rose from rank 23 to rank 5 in population. From 1870 to 1900 she held this rank. Since 1900 Missouri's rank has decreased and to-day it is 9th. During the first fifty years of statehood, from 1820 to 1870, Missouri's population increased 2,500%, or from 66,586 to 1,721,295. Her per cent of increase each decade (every ten years) was very large, the h'ghest being 173% between 1830 and 1840, and her lowest being 47% between 1860 and 1870. From 1870 to 1920 Missouri's total popula- tion doubled, but the largest part of this increase was from 1870 to 1900. From 1820 to 1870 Missouri grew from two to seven times as fast in per cent of increase as did the United States but since 1870 the per cent of increase has been less than that of the United States. Corresponding with Missouri's increase in population has been the increase in density of her population, i. e., the average number of persons to the square mile. In 1820 this density was only .9, or less than one person to the square mile, and in 1920 it was 49.5, or nearly 50 persons to the square mile. The average density for the United States in 1920 was 35.5, so Missouri has 40% more persons to the square mile than the average for the United States. Mis- souri to-day ranks 9th in population, 18th in area, and 19th in persons per square mile. From this table other interest- ing facts may be brought out: 252 History of Missouri and Missourians Population of Missouri : 1810 to 1920 Year Bank Total Population Number In- crease over previous census % Increase over precvd- lii^ census % Increase for U. S. Total Den- Blty ptr sq. mile In Mo. 1810 22 19,783 .3 1820 23 66,586 46,803 236.6 33.1 .9 1830 21 140,455 73,869 110.9 33.5 2.0 1840 16 383,702 243,247 173.2 32.7 5.6 1850 13 682,044 298,342 77.8 35.9 9.9 1860 8 1,182,012 499,968 72,.Z 35.6 17.2 1870 5 1,721,295 539.283 45.6 22.6 25. 1880 5 2,168,380 447,085 26.0 30.1 31.5 1890 5 2,679,185 510,805 23.6 25.5 39. 1900 5 3,106,665 427,480 16.0 20.7 45. 1910 7 3,293,335 186,670 6.0 21.0 48. 1920 9 3,404,055 110,720 34 14.9 49.5 The per cent of increase since 1870 has steadily fallen until between 1910 and 1920 it was only 3.4%. In 1880 Missouri for the first time had a smaller per cent of increase than the United States, and to-day it is less than one-fourth as much. Missouri's population in 1920 was 3,404,055. The first reason for Missouri's rapid growth from 1820 to 1870 was because she received many more people from other states than she sent to other states. This is called in- terstate migration. From 1820 to 1870 Missouri gained through interstate migration. The second reason was because Missouri gained by receiving a large number of foreign born people. Of course, Missouri also gained and still gains through natural increase, i. e., through more births than deaths. From 1870 to 1900 Missouri continued to gain by interstate migration and from 1870 to 1890 Missouri also profited largely from immigration of the foreign born, but since her population had become large both of these gains were in per cent smaller as compared to the years when the total population was much less. In short, down to 1900 A Century of Population 253 Missouri, owing especially to her cheap land in the first place and to her profitable manufactures in the second place, attracted people in large numbers. Since 1890, however, the foreign born immigration to Missouri has decreased, and since 1900 Missouri has lost through interstate migration. Cheaper land in the West has attracted more Missourians during the last twenty years than Missouri land has attracted citizens of other states. As Missouri's population grew what parts of the State were settled? This is answered by looking at a map of Mis- souri's counties and by checking from the table which shows the years of their organization. A county was not organized until it had settlers, so the gradual settUng of Missouri is seen from the counties organized. Table of Missouri Counties (The figures in parenthesis indicate the number of counties organized that year.) YEAR COUNTIES ORGANIZED 1812 (5) — Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve. 1813 (1)— Washington. 1816 (1)— Howard. 1818 (8) — Cooper, Franklin, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Mont- gomery, Pike, Wayne. 1820 (10) — Boone, Callawaj^, Cliariton, Cole, Gasconade, Lillard (now Lafayette), Perry, Ralls, Ray, Saline. 1821 (2)— St. Francois, Scott. 1822 (1)— Clay. 1826 (2) — Jackson, Marion. 1829 (2)— Crawford, Randolph. 1831 (D— Monroe. 1833 (9)— Carroll, Clinton, Greene, Lewis, Morgan, Pettis, Pulaski, Ripley, Warren. 1834 (2) — Henry, Johnson. 1835 (6)— Barry, Benton. Cass, Polk, Shelby, Stoddard. 1836 (4) — Audrain, Caldwell, Clark, Daviess. 254 History ok Missouri and Missourians 1837 (5) — Linn, Livingston, Macon, Miller, Taney. 1838 (3) — Buchanan, Newton, Platte. 1841 (15)— Adair, Andrew, Bates, Camden, Dade, Gentry, Grnnd\, Holt, Ja.sper, Osage, Ozark, St. Clair, Scotland, Shannon. Wright. 1844 (1)— Dallas. 1845 (18)— Atchison, Cedar, De Kalb, Dunklin, Harrison, Hickory. Knox, Lawrence, Mercer, Mississippi, Moniteau, Noda- way, Oregon, Putnam, Reynolds, Schuyler, Sullivan, Texas 184<) (3)— Butler, Laclede, McDonald. 1851 (5) — Bollinger, Dent, Pemiscot, Stone, \'crnon. 1855 (3)— Barton, Maries, Webster. 1857 (4)— Douglass, Howell, Iron, Phelps. 1859 (1)— Carter. 1860 (D— Christian. 1861 (1)— Worth. 1876 — The City of St. Louis was separated from St. Louis County. In 1820 Missouri had 25 counties, all of which were along the Missouri or the Mississippi river except three. Of these 25 counties, 15 were south and 10 were north of the Missouri river. By 1830 seven more counties had been formed, of which only four were along the two big rivers. This shows that the settlers were beginning to push back into the interior. By 1840 the large number of 30 new counties had been formed, showing that Missouri was gain- ing fast in new immigrants. By looking again at the table of population it will be seen that between 1830 and 1840 Missouri increased 173.2%. Of these 30 counties, only 6 were along the two rivers. The north prairie section and the south prairie and fertile Ozark section were now be- ginning to receive settlers. Between 1841 and 1850 Missouri added 37 counties. The large majority of these were the prairie counties, north and south, and the rich bottom coun- ties in southeast Missouri, but one-fourth were highland Ozark counties. By 1850 all the counties except one north of the Missom^i river had been organized. From 1851 to A Century of Population 255 IcSol the last 15 counties were added, of which 10 were high- land Ozark counties. Next in importance to an increase or a decline in total population, is the distribution of the population in the city and the country. This is referred to as urban population and rural population. Urban population, according to the United States census, includes all inhabitants living in cities of 2,500 or more persons. When the rural population of a state increases fast it usually indicates some of these facts, — good land at cheap prices, good land at lower prices than most states, profitable farming, a per man yearly in- come nearly equal to or higher than that of a city laborer, and perhaps foreign emigration. When the rural population of a state declines fast it usually indicates some of these facts, — good land at lower prices in other states, unprofitable farming, a per man yearly income less than that of a city laborer, the growth of cities, and perhaps a smaller foreign immigration. It should be remembered that the entire United States has been steadily increasing both in urban and in rural population, but the per cent of urban increase has been much higher than the per cent of rural increase. Missouri has been affected by the national tendency in population just as she has been affected by national politics and national wars. In some decades Missouri has gone contrary to the national tendency in population but over a period of years she has gradually followed the general trend. The century of Missouri's population from the view- point of urban and rural divides itself into three periods. The first period from 1820 to 1860 saw her rural population growing at a very rapid rate. Missouri's cheap land attracted native Americans and foreign bom citizens by the hundreds of thousands. The period Avas one of rural growth. There were, of course, many towns, some of fair size and of greal trading importance, but there was only one large city, St. Louis, with a population over 10,000. St. Louis had 160,000 256 History of Missouri and Missourians and had be€n growing at an exceedingly rapid rate since 1840. The second period from 1860 to 1900 saw Missouri's rural population continue to grow fast but at a much slower rate than her urban. Between 1860 and 1870 St. Louis was joined by St. Joseph and Kansas City in the class of big cities; The first two gained 100% and the last 600% in population during these ten years. Moreover, their combined inci^ease was one-third of the total increase of Missouri in actual numbers. Still, in 1870 less than 25% of Missouri's population lived in towns of size. Between 1870 and 1880 the per cent of increase of the three large cities was actually less than the rest of the state, being only 21% compared "with 27^%. Of course, in numbers the rural population growth was several times the urban growth. Only 23% or less than one-fourth of Missouri's population lived in cities over 4,000 in 1880. Missouri was still a rural state with a '■ fast growing rural population. Between 1880 and 1890 '■ conditions of growth were reversed. Now the three citie.-? forged ahead again with an increase of 298,000 or nearly three-fifths of Missouri's total increase. Missouri now had 29 cities of 4,000 and over and by 1890 these 29 cities had 30% of Missouri's total population. Further, Missouri's ur- ban population in cities of over 2,500 (the census reports be- fore 1890 do not classify the cities of 2,500) was 32% of the total. But Missouri was still rural by a big majority. Between 1890 and 1900 this urban tendency was repeated, the cities grew faster than the country both in per cent and in numbers. The urban increase was 32% and the rural in- •crease was 8^%. Twenty-one Missouri counties lost popu- lation. By 1900 Missouri had 50 cities of over 2,500 and 36% of Missouri's total population lived in these cities and ^64% ^lived in the smaller towns and in the country. Even the three large cities now had 27% of the population. But, if all Missouri towns in 1900 are included regardless of size A Century of Population 257 I Ob o n 3 if ^^r VT^ J. j14 !. „ --W,,_- sill I? if It! ik Ki.J!iMir1:JH^n?ii-ir[!^ 1^1 258 illSTOKV OF AllSSOUKI AND AllSSOUklANS 46% of Missouri's population lived there, and only 54% lived in the country. Missouri had almost reached an equilibrium between city and country population. Conditions in Missouri in 1900 were ready for a tremen- dous growth in urban population, especially in the large cities, and for a decline or at least a standstill in country and rural population. (Rural population includes all towns under 2,500.) These were the conditions: rising land prices in Missouri, rising labor wages, slow rise in farm product prices, cheap land to the west, northwest, and southwest, easy transportation to these lands, profitable manufacturing and big railroad centers tending to build up the cities, and decline in foreign immigration to Alissouri. And this was the re- sult. Between 1900 and 1910, 62 Missouri cities over 2,500 had a gain of 24% which was 147% of Missouri's total gain! This meant that rural Missouri had lost 33/-% for the first time in her history, and 71 counties showed decreases. Urban Missouri now had 42)^% of Missouri's population and rural Missouri had 57^^%. But if all towns are added to urban Alissouri, there was 53.4% of Missouri's population in towns and 46.6% in the country. Between 1910 and 1920 the same tendency was seen. Urban Missouri had a gain of 14% which was 171% of Missouri's total gain. Rural Mis- souri had lost 4% in population and 89 counties showed de- creases. Urban Missouri by 1920 had 46.6% of Missouri's population and rural Missouri had 53.4%. If all towns were added to urban Missouri, there was 58% in towns and 42% in the country. Briefly, between 1900 and 1920 urban Mis- souri had increased 40% and rural Missouri (including towns under 2,500) had lost 8%. Since 1890, a period of 30 years, urban Missouri has nearly doubled (83%), and rural Mis- souri has been at a standstill in population (actual loss was about 5,000). Since 1890 Missouri has lost in fore'gn born and since 19C0 she has lost in interstate migration, i. e., more American citizens have left Missouri than have come to Mis- souri. A CiiNTURY OF Population 259 White and Colored Missouri has never had a large colored population com- pared with the white population. This colored population is a negro population since Missouri even in 1920 hrd less than one thousand persons of color other than negroes. From 1820 to 1860 nearly all negroes in Missouri were slaves, the number of free negroes never being more than 3.3% of the total negro population. After the Civil War all negroes were free. The negro population has never increased so fast in numbers as the white, and only twice (1820-1830 and 1910- 1920) has it had a larger per cent of increase. Moreover the negro population has twice (1860-1870 and 1900-1910) had an actual decrease in numbers. The largest increase in negro population was from 1820 to 1860, during the years of slavery, when it increased 108,000 or 1,000/G. During the same period the whites increased over one million or 1.800%. From 1860 to 1920 the negro increased only ■60,000 or 50%. During the same period the whites increased 2,161,000 or 200%. This table summarizes the facts: Missouri's White and Negro Population Year White % White Negro <"- No; ro Increase Increase 1810 17,227 3,618 1820 55,988 225 10,569 164 1830 114,795 105 25,6C0 143 1840 323,888 182 59,814 133 1850 592,004 83 50,040 70 1860 1,063,489 80 118,503 32 1870 l,e03,146 51 118071 (decrease) 1880 2,022,826 26 145,350 23 1890 2,528,458 25 150,184 3/2 1900 2,944,843 16 161,234 • 7 1910 3,134,932 6 157,452 (decrease) 1920 3,225,044 3 178,241 13 26o History of Missouri and Missourians Native American Born and Foreign Born Missouri has alvva}s been a state of native born citizens^ that is citizens born in the United States. To-day 94>^% of Missouri's population is native born and only 5>^% is foreign born. However, in decades past the foreign born percentage has been much higher. Missouri had some foreign born before 1850, principally Germans, but not a large number. Between 1850 and 1860 Missouri had her largest increase both in number and in per cent of foreign born. In 18(30 about 14% of Missouri's population was foreign born. The increase was also very large between 1860 and 1870, but since 1870 the increase has been getting smaller and smaller and during 30 years of the last 50 years Mis- souri's foreign born has actually decreased in number. To- day Missouri's foreign born is smaller in number than in any census year since 1860. This table will show the trend of Missouri's foreign born population since 1850. Missouri's Foreign Born, 1850-1920 Year Foreign Increase % Increase % Total Boru Foreign Born Foreign Born Population 1850 76,570 11 1860 160,541 83,949 110 14 1870 222,267 61,726 38 13 1880 211,576 —10,689 (decrease) —5 (decrease) 10 1890 234,348 23,291 11 9 1900 216,378 —18,490 (decrease) -8 (decrease) 7 1910 229,779 13,400 6 7 1920 186,026 -^3,753 (decrease) —19 (decrease) 5.5 This foreign born population has also changed in charac- ter since 1850. In 1850 three-fifths had come from Germany, one-fifth from Ireland, and the other one-fifth largely from A Century of Population 261 Canada and the British Isles. In 1860 the proportion was about the same except that now one-fourth had come from Ireland and only a little over one-half from Germany. Twenty years later, 1880, the proportion still remained the same but some Swiss had appeared. By 1900 the German born still made up one-half of the foreign born but the Irish born had fallen to one-seventh. The decline in Irish born was largely filled with foreign born from Russia, Italy, Austria, and Sweden. In 1920 the German born was only 30%, the Irish 8%, and the Canadian-English 9%, but the foreign born from Russia had risen to 10%, from Italy to 8%, from Austria and Hungary 9%, and from Czecho-Slo- vakia and Poland to 7%. Briefly, almost one-half of Mis- souri's foreign born in 1920 came from countries which had sent practically no people here in 1860. Where do Missouri's foreign born live, in the country or the cities? In 1900, 70% lived in Missouri cities, in 1910, 76% lived in Missouri cities, and in 1920, nearly 80%. Mis- souri's foreign born population is an urban population. Nativity Sources of Missouri's Native American Population Missouri is a state of native born Americans. This has been true for the last one hundred years. In 1920 nine out of every ten persons in Missouri had been born in the United States, the actual proportion being 94.5%, and seven out of every ten persons had been born in Missouri. Down to 1850 the native free population of Missouri had been born either in Missouri or in the southern states lying to the east. The northern states had contributed some settlers but only a small per cent of the total population. The five great southern states, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland (especially the first three) had been the homes of Missourians. Missouri was settled largely by southerners. 262 History of Missouri and Missourians Between 1850 and 1860 five northern states began pouring in settlers, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New.' York. But even in 1860 there were nearly twice as many native free born in Missouri from the southern states as from the northern states. By 1870 the northern native born whites exceeded the southern native born whites, although, of course, owing to the great increase of persons bom in Missouri, the State was still largely southern in .stock. By 1880 the northern immigrants were 40% larger than the southern, and Iowa and Kansas had joined the other north- ern states in sending Missouri settlers, while Maryland had practically dropped out of consideration. In 1880 the Mis- souri settlers of southern birth reached their highest number. Since that year the southern states have gradually sent fewer and fewer settlers. In 1900 the northern born settlers were over twice as large as the southern born and in 1910 they were two and one-half times as large. The principal cause of this change has been the fact that Missouri land down to 1860 was cheaper than southern land. The Civil War pros- trated the southern states, reduced the growth of their adult white population, and, owing to various causes, resulted in making land very cheap in those states after the war. This land remained cheap for decades. On the other hand, although Missouri land was cheap, it was rising faster than southern land. But, the land in northern states was rising even faster. So, the cheaper Missouri land attracted settlers from the northern states. This also partly explains why Missouri has become a close state politically, since before 1870 her settlers had come largel\' from Democratic states and after 1870 her settlers had come largely from Republican states. Missouri, since 1870, received more northern settlers than southern. This table makes clear these and other interesting facts. A Century of Population 263 Missouri's Nativi-: American Population Siiowinc Num- ber Born in Missouri, and Number Born in tiii-: North- ern and the Southern States Wmcii Contributed Most to Missouri's Popui.aiion : Year Total Native Free Born tn Missouri Born 111 Ky., Born In 111., 0., Tenn., Va., I'a., N. \ .. N. C, Md., Iowa, and and Ark. Kan. 1850 520,826 277,604 176,653 49,737 1860 906,540 Total native white 475,246 253,639 138,486 1870 1,380,972 Total native population 788,491 238,656' 288,335" 1880 1.956,802 1,268,641 258,988= 355,537' 1900 2,8';0,286 2,035,251 224,719 501,845 1910 3,063,556 2,222,925 191,489' 495,610 1920 4,225,430 2,382,282 Born in all other states 821,375' 'Arkansas included for first time. -Iowa included for first time. 'Maryland not included, — too small. 'Kansas included for first time. "North Carolina not included, — too small. "The 1920 census figures by states are not available at this time. Interstate Migration l3ovvn to 19(X) Missouri attracted a larger and larger number of settlers from other states, but beginning in 1860 Missouri lost a larger and larger number of those born in Missouri who went to other states. However, down to 1900 Missouri gained more than she lost through this interstate migration, i. e., native born Americans coming to Missouri and native born Missourians leaving Missouri. In 1850 only one native free born Missourian in eight to nine lived out of Missouri, in 1860 one in six to seven, in 1870 one in six, and in 1880 one in five to six. But in 1900 one in four to five native born Missourians lived out of Missouri, in 1910 264 History of Missouri and Missourians one in three to four, and in 1920 one in three. The reasons for this emigration of Missourians born in Missouri to other states will be set forth in the "Missouri, 'Mother of the West' and 'Founder of States,' " Of course, it was largely due to cheaper land in the West. The result of this growing emigration of Missourians was to show an actual net loss for Missouri through interstate migration in 1910. By 1920 this loss was 315,235. Another result was to lessen the natural growth of the Democratic vote since part of rural Missouri, which was at first largely of southern Democratic stock, sold its land at higher prices than it had paid and many moved westward and southwestward to buy cheaper land. It should be remembered that Republican rural Mis- souri counties have also lost population but the Democratic rural counties, being the first settled, were among the first to lose and, therefore, have lost more. This table will make clear other facts: Interstate Migration To and From Missouri Born in Mo. Born in Mo. Born in Other Net Gain or Loss by Year and Living and Living in States and Liv- Interstate Migration in Missouri Other States Ing in Missouri 1850^ 277,604 37,824 243,222 205,398 Gain 1860» 475,246 87,043 428,222 339,179 » 1870= 788,491 148,073 592,481 444,408 " 1880' 1,268,641 285,577 688,161 402,584 " 1890^ 1,662,134 782,181 1909 2,035,251 618,248 855,035 236,787 " 1910 2,222,925 918,958 822,738 92,220 Loss 1920 2,382,282 1,136,610 821,377 315,235 " 'Applies only to native bom free. ^Applies to native bom whites. •Applies to total native born from 1880 to 1920. ^Figures are approximate. A Century of Population 265 Suggestive Questions 1. Why is a study of population essential to the understanding of Missouri history? 2. If we interpret population figures what transitions and events in Missouri history may be explained? 3. What rank in population has Missouri held since 1820? 4. With increase of population what was the change in the loca- tion of the newly organized counties? 5. Define the terms, rural population, urban population, and density of population. 6. Missouri's population is considered from what four points of view? 7. What factors will influence the increase or decrease of rural population? 8. How do you explain the rapid growth of the rural popula- tion from 1820 to 1860? From 1860 to 1900 Missouri's rural population continued to grow fast but at a much slower rate than her urban. Why? Beginning in 1900 why was there such a rapid growth in urban population? What per cent of Missouri's population is native born and what per cent foreign born? Is the foreign born population an urban or a rural popula- tion? Down to 1850 what states sent the most settlers to Mis- souri? Beginning in 1860 what great change took place in the im- migrant population to Missouri? Why did northern settlers so outnumber the southern set- tlers after 1860? If northern settlers predominate over southern settlers what will be the effect on the state politically? What other factor in population has tended to decrease the Democratic vote and increase the Republican vote? Why have rural Democratic counties lost more through in- terstate migration than rural Republican counties? Chapter II MISSOURI "FOUNDER OF STATES" AND "MOTHER OF THE WEST" Virginia is "the Mother of Presidents," Kentucky "the Mother of Governors," and Missouri "the Mother of the West and Founder of States." This means that Virg'nia has been prominent in giving birth to presidents, Kentucky in producing governors for herself and other commonwealths, and Missouri in opening and settling the West and in sup- plying settlers who aided in founding western states. Mis- souri deserves this title through her explorers, traders, sol- diers, statesmen, and settlers. Under the Austins of Potosi, Missouri, Missourians fought for Texas' independence and later made homes in the "Lone Star State" by the thousands. Missourians led in the settling and founding of Oregon. They were prominent in the settling of California. Under Doniphan and his army of Missourians they added the Southwest to the Nation. Later they rushed in large numbers to help settle Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Oklahoma, and Washington. They gave Colorado, California, New Mexico, and Wisconsin, their first governors ; and they later gave governors to Arizona, Idaho, and Utah. In addition, they have furnished to western states, statesmen, senators, and representatives in Congress. Missouri's central geographical location and her early settlement were the main causes for the prominent part play- ed by her in the West. This part began in trade and ex- ploration and has been told under "Missourians the Trail- makers and Traders of the West." It is not necessary to retell the story of the great exploring expeditions of Lewis and Clark, Pike, Long, and Fremont. All started from Mis- souri and were composed largely of Missourians. Missouri was the pathfinder of the West. It is also not necessary to (266) Missouri "Mother ok tiik W kst" 267 retell the story of Missouri's fur trade to the west and north- west and of her great Santa F"e trade to the southwest. Through this western trade Missouri became the commercial center of the West and along these trade routes, Missourians later traveled to settle the West. Missouri also deserves credit for the important services rendered the West through two of her great statesmen, Sen- ator Thomas H. Benton and Senator Lewis F. Linn. These two men worked harder and more successfully to obtain and retain the great Oregon Country, i. e., Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, than any others in the United States. To them this nation and these three states owe a great debt. In fact, although Linn was Missouri's senator and died on Missouri soil, he was called "The Father of Oregon." He was also called the "low'a Senator" because he did so much for the early settlers in that territory. Senator Benton was the West's greatest advocate and friend in the United State? Senate. His life was largely devoted to the West. He advo- cated cheap government land to enable settlers to buy, and he urged government protection against the Indians to en- able settlers to stay. MissouRL\xs Settle Many Western States Down to 1850 and even later Missouri was largely a pioneer state in population. Her population was small and her land was cheap. Therefore, there was no great incentive for any larger number of her people to emigrate westward. Only states west of the Mississippi river will be considered here since the states east of the Mississippi have sent Mis- souri more people than Missouri has sent to them. Tliis latter was true of Iowa after 1870. By 1850 only 37,824 Missouri-born lived outside of Missouri. These had gone principally to California, Arkansas, Texas, and Oregon, in the order named. .-Xlthough Missouri had sent twice as many to each of the first three as she had to Orci/on, still. 268 History of Missouri and Missourians in proportion to the native born of other states, Missouri ranked higher in Oregon than in any state. In fact, in Ore- gon there were twice as many Missourians as there were citizens from any other state. Missourians ranked first in number in Oregon down to 1900, a period of fifty years. Missourians largely settled Oregon. In 1910 there were 25,456 native born Missourians in Oregon and they ranked third in number. Missourians ranked high in California in 1850 and held next to the highest rank in number for forty years. Since 1900 Missourians have ranked third in Cali- fornia. In 1910 there were 67,786 Missourians in California. Although many Missourians have gone to Texas, they have not ranked high in number compared with the emigrant.s from southern states. In 1910 there were 59,061 Missourians in Texas and they ranked fifth. The same general condition applies to Arkansas as to Texas. In 1910 there were 54,046 Missourians in Arkansas and they ranked third. By 1870 Missourians were settling other states besides California, Arkansas, Texas, and Oregon. Thousands were now flocking to Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, and Washington,^ — ^especially to the first three. There were more Missourians in Kansas in 1870 than there were in any othei state except Missouri. They numbered 23,829 but compared to the natives of other states they ranked only fourth. In 1900 they had risen to second rank and in 1910 to first rank. From 1870 to 1900 more Missourians went to Kansas than to any other state, and by 1910 there were 139,803 Missouri- ans living there. In 1870 the Missourians in Colorado numbered 1,595 and they ranked fourth. In 1880 they numbered 12,435 and ranked third. In 1900 they numbered 31,188 and ranked second. And in 1910 they had risen to 50,729 and ranked first. In 1870 the Missourians in Montana numbered 1,252 and they ranked second. In 1880 they numbered 2,493 and Missouri "Mother of the West" 269 they ranked first. In 1900 they numbered 10,562 and still ranked first, but in 1910 they ranked third although the> numbered 15,703. In 1870 there were only 533 Missourians in Idaho but so small was the population of the territory that they ranked third. In 1880 there were 1,393 and they ranked second. They held this rank until 1900. In 1910 they numbered 15,289 and ranked third. In 1870 Washington had 936 Missourians and the> ranked fourth. By 1880 they had risen to second rank and numbered 3,160. In 1900 they had fallen to seventh rank and numbered 16,757; but by 1910 they had risen to fifth rank and numbered 38,665. By 1880 Missourians had begun going to Wyoming where they numbered 1,163 and ranked fourth. In 1900 they had increased to 4,412 and in 1910 to 7,295, but they have never ranked higher than fourth. By 1900 Missourians had appeared in varying numbers in Indian and Oklahoma territories, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. Excepting only Kansas, there were more Missourians in 1900 in what later became Oklahoma than in any other state outside Missouri. They numbered 80,304 and ranked second. By 1910 Oklahoma ranked first in native born Missourians and Missourians ranked second in Oklahoma. They numbered 162,266. In 1900 Nebraska claimed 26,588 Missourians and in 1910 they had increased to 32,929. Compared to other states, Missourians have not ranked high in number in Nebraska. In 1900 there were 3,458 Missourians in New Mexico and they ranked second. In 1910 they had increased to 11,605 and had the same rank. In 1900 there were 3,187 Missourians in Arizona and they ranked fourth. In 1910 they had increased to 5,206 and had advanced to third rank. Missourians have settled 270 History of Missouki and Missourians in other western states as Nevada and Utah but not in large numbers. From this brief survey it is clear that Missourians have played a prominent part in settling the West. Other states have also contributed largely in this w^ork but the very fact that Missourians have at some time ranked first or second in number in eleven states, shows the remarkable position occupied by them. These eleven states are Oregon, Cali- fornia, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Arizona. The three principal causes for this emigration of native born Missourians were cheap land, mineral wealth, and cli- mate. Of these three causes, cheap land was easily the main incentive. The older states to the east have also gone through this experience. In fact, it is the East which settles the West. As the western land reaches an equality with the land in Missouri then emigration westward will slacken un- less new areas of land are reclaimed and opened to the pub- lic. Again, it is not improbable that Missouri migration westward may show a smaller net loss in the future owing to the economic attraction of Missouri's large cities. For example, in 1900 Illinois had sent Missouri 179,342 and Mis- souri had sent Illinois 69,211, — a net loss to Illinois of 110,000. In 1910 Illinois had sent Missouri 186,691 but Mis- souri had sent Illinois 85,161, — a net loss to Illinois of only 101,000. This may not indicate anything but it may indicate a new tendency, i. e., a slight trend eastward on account of cities to offset the trend westward on account of cheap land. It may also indicate that at least some western land has reached an equality in income with good land lying east of it. What applies to Illinois and Missouri may later apply to Missouri and Kansas. Of course the attraction of climate and scenery will always remain with some states, but these attractions are limited so far as drawing a large em'gration from any one state. To attract new residents in large num- MissoiTRi "Mother of the West" 271 bers, a state must possess some great economic asset or ad- vantage. Missouri's central location, her natural resources, her strategically situated cities, her crossroads of trade and transportation, and her potential water transportation and water power, not considering the possibilities of her Ozark climate and scenery when properly exploited, will some day take from her the present honor of b:.Mng a founder of states and that honor will pass into the history of the past. Su(;gestive Questions 1. Give an example of how Missouri has earned the title "The Mother of the West and the Founder of States" through (1) explorers, (2) traders, (3) soldiers, (4) statesmen, (5) set- tlers. 3. What were the three principal reasons for the emigration to the West of native born Missourians? 3. Why was there no incentive for westward emigration from Missouri before 1850? 4. What states were the first to be settled by Missourians? 5. -What states were settled by Missourians in great numbers after 1870? 6. What fact proves that Missouri contributed largely to the settling of the West? 7. Do you think the great western migration will continue? Chapter III A CENTURY OF MISSOURI AGRICULTURE Agriculture is Missouri's most important industry. It employs more people and produces more wealth than any other. Missouri is a great agricultural state. It ranks from fifth to eighth in the annual value of all crops and normally stands fourth in the number and value of live stock. Mis- souri ranks sixth in the number of farms and in the number of acres in farms, and seventh in the value of farm land and farm buildings. In 1920 Missouri had 263,004 farms,, embracing 34^ million acres. The total value of these farms, including land and buildings, live stock and machin- ery, w^as over Zyi billion dollars. These figures give some idea of the supremacy held by agriculture in Missouri. The present status of agriculture in Missouri is the re- sult of a century of work and progress. During part of this time the growth was rapid and the farmer prospered, but during other years the growth was slow and sometimes the farmer suffered severely through crop failures, animal diseases, and low prices for his products. The two greatest aids to Missouri agriculture were the introduction of agri- cultural machinery and the improvement of transportation through the steamboat and the railroad. The former directh increased production; the latter made farming a profitable business. To-day Missouri agriculture has greater opportunity for future development than ever before. Primitive Period to 1840 Down to 1840 Missouri agriculture was in the primitive stage. The farm homestead was largely independent of the rest of the world. It was an economic unit which produced the food, clothing, shelter, and most of the manufactured articles used on the farm. Under this system the farm was primarily cultivated to provide the necessities of the family (272) A Century of Agriculture 273 and the home and not primarily for the purpose of making money or accumulating wealth. Of course men made money by buying and selling farms but men farmed primarily to make a living and not to make money. The acreage of cultivated land was small and there was practically no machinery. The tools, which were handmade, were few in number and were crude. Corn, the main crop, was usually poorly cultivated, owing to poor plows; wheat was not raised in large quantities owing to the laborious methods used in cutting by sickle or scythe, threshing it by stamping or pounding, and separating it from the chaff and straw by hand or a hand-driven machine. As late as 1839 the annual production of corn in Missouri was only 17 million bushels and the production of wheat was only one million bushels. Even had there been a great surplus of grains, the diffi- culties of transportation were too great to warrant extensive development of agriculture. The river steamboat was just entering its great phase of usefulness, the dirt road was im- passable half of the year, and the railroad had not arrived in Missouri. Land was cheap, great areas of good government land being still obtainable at $1.25 an acre. The land was rich and produced in abundance. The principal garden vege- tables, except tomatoes, were grown. Living was cheap and no one was in need of meat owing to wild game and forest- fed hogs. The price of board and lodging was $1.00 a week and a 15 pound turkey sold for 12>4 cents in the '20s. Small orchards were plentiful and both wild and tame fruits were abundant. The pioneer farm folks were very sociable. They helped each other in every way possible. However, they had few conveniences, very few schools, poor roads, little medical attention, much sickness and a high death rate among women and children. The forests were full of wild animals, some harmful to both man and beast; poisonous snakes were common; fevers and chills were fre- 274 History of Missouri and Missourians quent in the home; and prairie and forest fires sometimes devasted whole areas of land. Aside from lack of transpor- tation, the pioneer fanner's greatest hardship was clearing land. As early as 1825 it cost in labor at 62J/2 cents a day about $6.00 to clear an acre of land. A very few acres of cleared land were sufficient to raise the family food. In short, during this primitive period, it was easy to obtain land and make a living, but it was difficult and it was unneces- sary to make money by farming. , Period of Transition, 1840-1860 During this period the farm changed to a money making business. Under the new plan the farm was cultivated pri- marily for the purpose of making money and secondarily for the purpose of providing food and clothing for the family. Of course, the change from the old system was gradual and progressed at different rates in different sections. In some parts of Missouri the old self-sufficing homestead still ex- isted at the end of this period while in other parts it had passed away before 1840. However, there was a gen- eral change during these twenty years between 1840 and 186C toward making the farm a money making business. Land was now becoming more valuable and much of the best land had been taken up by settlers. In parts of the State farm machinery was being introduced, combined with better tools and implements. The reaper, the iron plow, the thresher, and other labor saving machinery had appeared. This made possible greater production of grains. By 1849 the annual production of corn in Missouri had increased to 36 million bushels and of wheat to nearly three million bushels, — an increase in ten years in corn of over 100% and in wheat of nearly 200%. By 1859 corn had again doubled to nearly 73 million bushels and wheat had increased to over four million bushels. Corn has always been Missouri's main crop but in those days it was much more important compared with A Century of Agriculture 275 276 History of Missouri and Missourians wheat than it is to-day. For example, in 1859 Missouri pro- duced 17 bushels of corn to one bushel of wheat, but in 1920 Missouri produced only six bushels of corn to one bushel of wheat. Another factor which was making farming a money making business was the development of transporta- tion. The roads were being improved, the steamboat traffic was flourishing, and the railroad had appeared. St. Louis and other markets were growing fast. All of these combined with a remarkable increase in population and the introduction of improved live stock, brought about a new era in agricul- ture in Missouri. The farmer was prosperous and making money, his land was increasing in value, his production was increasing, and population was growing. Missouri was now an agricultural state with great possibilities. Period of Rapid Growth, 1860-1890 The period from 1860 to 1890 marked another era of rapid growth and expansion. Missouri increased greatly in population, most of which was rural, and large areas of new land were brought under cultivation. Following the Civil War a land boom appeared. Agricultural produce prices were high, the acreage yield was high, and the farmer made money. His land advanced rapidly • and an after- war prosperity was present. This gave place to a severe depres- sion in the '70s. Land fell in value and corn averaged only 32 cents a bushel compared to 43 cents in the latter '60s. Wheat fell from $1.08 to 93 cents a bushel but this decline was not so severe as in the case of corn. This difference in decline between corn and wheat combined with the use of agricultural machinery greatly stimulated the production of wheat. Corn increased from an annual average of 66 million bushels to 103 million bushels, an increase of 56% ; wheat increased from Sy2 million bushels to nearly 17 million bushels, an increase of 200%. The value of the wheat crop was now equal to one-half the value of the corn crop whereas A Century of Agriculture 277 in the latter 'bOs its value had been only one-fifth of the corn crop. In the 'SOs the price of corn rose to an average of 353^ cents a bushel and the production rose to an average of 170 million bushels, an increase of 65%. Wheat fell in price to 79 cents and, although agriculture was rapidly expanding and transportation was improving, the average production of wheat rose to only 21% million bushels, an increase of only 36%. Moreover, the total annual value of the corn crop rose to 57 million dollars but the value of the wheat crop was only 17 million dollars. By 1890 Missouri was nearing her full acreage both in wheat and in corn. During the next thirty years the corn acreage increased only 10% and the wheat acreage about 20%. The production of oats was increased even more rapidly than wheat during this period from 1860 to 1890, rising from an average of 5 million bushels in the latter '60s to 31 mil lion bushels in the '80s, an increase of 500%. The produc- tion of tame hay also increased greatly. Corresponding with, the great growth in grain farming was the expinsion of the live stock industn.^ This industry also improved through the introduction of better breeds. Milk cows more than doubled in number and in value. Other cattle increased nearly 200% in number and about 150% in value. Hogs increased 150% in number and in value. Sheep alone show- ed little improvement in number, price per head, or value. Horses more than doubled in number and nearly tripled in value. But it was in mules that Missouri advanced fastest. From an average of only a little over 70,000 head in the latter '60s, Missouri mules had increased to 230,000 head by 18C0 and their value had risen from 4^ million dollars to 15 million dollars. Farm wages showed only small in- creases. This period from 1860 to 1890, excepting the four years of war and the depression of the '70s, was on the whole one of great agricultural expansion. 278 History of Missouri and Missourians Period of Depression, 1891-1900 The period of Missouri agriculture from 1891 to 1900 was as a whole the worst ever experienced. The depression was nation-wide and prices dropped to low levels. The average price of com was only 29^ cents and, although the average production was slightly higher than in the '80s, the average value was one-seventh less. Wheat dropped to an average of 62 cents a bushel and the total average value de- creased one-third. Agricultural organizations sprang into new life and attempted to obtain relief through political action. The entire country was prostrate for several years from a business standpoint but conditions began to materially improve toward the close of the period. It seems that how- ever severe is a depression in Missouri and in the United States, of one thing the people may be certain— improvement and prosperity will again appear. Period of Prosperity and Rising Prices, 1001-1920 This period from 1901 to 1920 has five characteristics, — great agricultural prosperity, rising land and produce prices, better farming as a result of agricultural education and higher priced land, increased production, and decreasing rural population. The last has been considered. Never in the history of Missouri was there such widespread pros- perity. This prosperity, the result of such causes as higher prices and greater production, found expression in better homes and schools, improved farms, higher standards of living, finer live stock, better machinery, good roads, auto- mobiles, and easier working conditions. The World War and the after-war boom marked the climax to this general prosperity. The rising land and produce prices were equally marked. Between 1900 and 1910 land doubled in value. During the war and post-war boom much of the land again doubled and A Century of Agriculture 279 nearly all land increased over 50^. The prices for grain and live stock showed steady advances, reaching very high figures during the war and post-war period. Between 1901 and 1910 the average price of corn rose to 46 cents, between 1911 and 1920 to 85 cents, and during 1917, 1918, and 1919 it averaged $1.32. Wheat averaged 81 cents between 1901 and 1910, $1.39 between 1911 and 1920, and $1.87 between 1916 and 1920. Milk cows doubled in price and for three years averaged over $70. a head compared witii $25. in the '90s. Other cattle increased in price but not to such an extent. Hogs rose from $4.25 a head in the '90s to over $6.00 between 1901 and 1910, .to $13.00 between 1911 and 1920, and to $18.50 in 1918 and 1919. Horses and mules more than doubled in value during these twenty years, and sheep showed even greater gain in total value. The most marked increases in all live stock were during the last ten years. To offset part of the profits from the rising prices, farm labor also doubled in price and fertilizer costs increased. However, the farmer was now working on a rising market which meant a larger income. The Missouri farmer not only became more prosperous and received higher prices for his products during this period but he also became a. better farmer. Through the agricultural college of the University of Missouri, he and his children received instruction in scientific farming, in in- creasing the yield of crops, in improving the breeds of stock, and in building up the fertility of the soil. The state board of agriculture through its bulletins, reports, and lecturers, was another educational force of great service. Various agri- cultural organizations, including the farm bureaus and the county agents, carried this better farming campaign to every door. County and state fairs were held. The big agricul- tural papers and magazines now reached every rural commu- nity and were read by tens of thousands of Missouri farm- ers. Even the large city dailies issued a weekly edition de- 28o History of Missouri and Missouri an s voted largely to agricultural news. Agriculture was included in the course of study in grade and high schools, and in the state teachers' colleges. Everywhere and by every means the Missouri farmer received aid, encouragement, and in- struction in better farming. The rising value of land also made better farming necessary. A poor farmer may make a living and even a profit on good land at $50. an acre al- though he owes 50% of its value, but it is necessary for one to be a good farmer to make a profit on $100. to $200. an acre land if he owes 50% of its value. Since about one-half of the farms were mortgaged, i. e., the owners owed part of the value, this was an important item in the cost of farming. As a result of better farming and of higher prices for agricultural products, production increased. The corn crop rose from an average of 171 million bushels in the '90s to 200 million bushels between 1901 and 1910. l-^'om 1911 to 1920 it averaged 177 million bushels, and for five of these twenty years the crop rose to over 240 million bushels. Wheat showed even greater gain. Between 1901 and 1910 the wheat crop averaged 30 million bushels compared with 18 million in the '90s, and between 1911 and 1920 it rose to nearly 37 million bushels. For the two years 1918 and 1919 the wheat crop actually averaged 56^ million bushels. Oats also showed a great increase during the last ten years of this period. From this table other interesting facts are made clear. Corn (yearly averagks) Acreage (000 omitted) Bushel yield per acre Bushel production (000 omitted) Price per bushel Value on Farm ,000 omitted) 1866-70 2,208 30 66,762 $0,432 $28,875 1871-80 3,482 29.9 103,899 .321 ' 31,185 1881-90 6,260 27.1 170,089 .355 56,900 1891-00 6,168 27.6 171,502 .297 49,868 A Century of Agriculture 28 1 1901-10 6,841 29.1 200,043 $0.46 88,059 1911-20 6,837 26. 177,441 .854 146.358 Wheat 1866-70 409 14 5,662 $1.08 $ 5,615 1871-80 1,375 12.2 1 7,079 .92 7/10 15,492 1881-90 1,903 11.5 21,703 .79 1/10 16,955 1891-00 1,563 11.5 18,275 .61 9/10 11,267 1901-10 2,239 13.5 30,373 .80 9/10 23,845 1911-20 2,574 14.1 36,814 1.39 53,250 Summary The progrcs.s of Missouri agriculture during the last century has been remarkable. Down to 1840 farming was of the primitive, self-sustaining type. In fact, even down to 1850 farming in Missouri was still in its infancy and had just begun to grow. In 1850 there were 54,458 farms in Missouri, containing 9^ million acres, and of this only Ys was improved land. In 1920 there were 263,004 farms, containing 34^ million acres, and of this nearly }i was im- proved land. In 1850 the value of all farm property in Mis- souri, including land, buildings, machinery, and livestock, was 87 million dollars and this property averaged only $8.95 to the acre. In 1920 this had increased to over 3^ billion dollars and averaged $103.27 to the acre. Although the average Missouri farm in 1920 was only 132.2 acres compared with the average farm of 178.7 acres in 1850, the former was valued at $13,654. and the latter was valued at $1,599. In 1850 there was $75. worth of machinery and implements on the farm compared with $526. worth in 1920. The land and buildings on the average Missouri farm in 1850 were valued at $1,161. compared with $11,645. in 1920. Considered from every viewpoint, Missouri agriculture has made progress which is truly remarkable. The Missouri 282 History of Missouri and Missourian^ farmer in 1920 was worth more, lived better, farmed better, and produced more, than at any previous time in the State's history. The standard corps of corn and wheat will doubt- less continue to be the foundation of Missouri agriculture but these will be supplemented in value with the development of the State's great possibilities in the fields of dairying and fruit raising. Missouri already stands first in poultry and is an important fruit state. Great as has been the progress of Missouri agriculture during these one hundred years, a pro- gress even greater awaits Missouri agriculture in the future. Suggestive Questions 1. Why is agriculture an important industry in Missouri? 2. What have been the two greatest aids to Missouri agri- culture? 3. What was the economic position of the farm prior to 1S40? 4. What were the obstacles in pioneer days to the extensive development of agriculture? 5. Describe the transition period between 1840 and 1860. 6. How do you explain the rapid growth in agriculture from 1860 to 1890? 7. When was the greatest agriculture depression? 8. What were the characteristics of the period of great pros- perity from 1901 to 1920? ^. What educational agencies have improved farming in Mis- souri? 10. What have been some of the results of better farming? n. Contrast farming in Missouri in 18.S0 with farming in 1920, as to the value of all farm property; the size of the average farm; the value of machinery on the farm; and the value of the land and buildings on the average farm. Chapter IV A CENTURY OF MINING IN MISSOURI Lead Missouri's first industry was mining. Lead has been mined in Missouri for 200 years, coal and iron for 100 years, and zinc for over 50 years. These four minerals are only a part of Missouri's vast mineral products, v^hich include such a wide field as clay and sand, rock and marble, nickel and copper, cobalt and barytes, and even silver. Missouri is a mineral state of first rank and has few rivals in the diversity of her mineral products. Missouri's mineral wealth was known to some extent a century ago, and in fact Missouri's lead was being mined even two centuries ago. The early explorers noted the southeast Missouri lead fields and these fields soon attracted Missouri's first settlers. Around the lead mines settlements grew and commerce developed. Lead played an important part in the settlement and development of Missouri. Later other Missouri minerals contributed their share, until to-day mining ranks as one of the great indus- tries of the commonwealth. The history of the lead industry in Missouri covers more than two centuries. The first important mines were opened about 1725 by two Frenchmen, Renault and La Motte, who came to find silver and staged to mine lead. The early mines were in what are to-day Madison, St. Francois, and Washington counties. These counties combined with Frank- lin, Howell, Jefferson, and Crawford, still produce nearly 75% of Missouri's lead. This is called the southeast Mis- souri lead field. It lies south and west of St. Louis and is 80 miles wide and 85 miles long. It is one of the greatest lead fields in the world. There were settlements in this dis- trict over a quarter of a century before St. Louis was found- (283) 284 History of Missouri and Missourians ed in 1764. Lead mining soon became an important industry in Missouri after Renault and La Motte opened the south- east field. Lead became an article of commerce, could be readily sold, and was used to pay debts. In fact it took the OLD TIME METHOD OF MINING LEAD AND ZINC ORE WITH A HORSE HOISTER place of money just as furs did. Lead was mined by miners, farmers, and even Indians. It was as necessary as powder to the pioneer, trapper, and soldier. Missouri lead was used throughout the Mississippi valley, it was shipped to New Orleans, and it was used even in Europe. Missouri lead was used in the Revolutionary War and Missouri lead helped win the battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812. It added wealth to Missouri, helped develop such cities as Ste. Gene- vieve, St. Louis, and Potosi, and aided in bringing settlers to the pioneer Territory and State. The early methods of lead mining and smelting were crude. However, the industry was profitable since the ore A Century of Mining 285 was close to the surface, was very rich, and was easily re- duced, or smelted. Improvements began with the coming of the Americans. IMoses Austin, one of the early American settlers and mine owners, introduced a new type of furnace, the first of its kind in America, which greatly increased the profits of lead mining. He also sunk the first regular min- ing shaft in Missouri, This was in 1789. From that year lead mining became more and more important. By 1804 ten important lead mine districts had been opened in the south- east Missouri field and the annual production was ^ million pounds (375 tons) valued at $40,000. Other lead fields were later opened. In fact, lead has been found in nearly every county in central and southern Missouri. The central Missouri lead field, lying south and west of Jefferson City, was added. This field is 75 by 85 miles in size. The southwest Missouri lead field in the southwestern corner of the States, which was opened about 1850, has an area of 125 by 75 miles. However, the large bulk of IMissouri's lead still comes from the old southeast district. Although the pioneer lead mining was important, it was very small in volume compared with the product of to-day. The commercial production of lead in large quantities began about 1870. This year marked the beginning of the modern period of Missouri lead mining. From 1870 to 1889 th.* annual production was 29,000 tons. From 1889 to 1903 it rose to 72,0C0 tons, and in 1917, due to the demand and high prices of the World War, it increased to 345,000 tons, which had a value, before smelting, of $34,000,000. More lead ore was produced in Missouri during 1916, 1917, and 1918 than was produced in the first 169 years of lead min'ng in Mis- souri (1720-1889), and its value during the three years was one-third more than its total value during the 169 years. The total value down to 1889 was $60,000,000. and down to 1903 it was $111,000,000. The normal annual production is 286 History of Missouri and Missourians about 250,000 ions, valued at about $10,000,000. The south- east and central districts produce nearly 90% of the lead mined in Missouri. The total investment of capital in the lead industry in Missouri is very large. The methods of mining and smelting are as different from those of pioneer days as is the total production. One of the Missouri lead companies, at Flat River and P.onne Terre in St. Francois county, is said to be the largest lead-ore producing company in the world. Millions of dollars are now invested in deep sunken shafts, modern equipment and machinery, huge smelters and railroads. Missouri to-day, as she has for years, stands first in lead, producing nearly one-third of the lead ore mined in the United States. Zinc Of Missouri's three most important metals — lead, zinc, and iron — zinc was the last to be produced. Although lead was the first ore mined in Missouri and still ranks first in value, zinc to-day is a good second. The ores of lead and zinc are usually found together but the southeast Missouri lead field does not produce zinc in commercial quantities. The great zinc district of the United States is the famous Joplin zinc belt which includes a number of counties in southwest Missouri, southeast Kansas, and northeast Okla- homa. The richest part of this district is in Missouri, espe- cially in Jasper, Newton, and Lawrence counties. Twenty years ago Missouri alone furnished 80% of the zinc pro- duced in the United States, but owing to the opening of new fields in other states, Missouri now produces from 20% to 25%. However, Missouri still ranks first in zinc. The story of zinc mining in Missouri is as interesting as the story of gold mining in California. The first zinc smel- ter was erected at Potosi in 1867 but it was not until the "discovery" of zinc in southwest Missouri about 1870 that Missouri zinc became important and drew thousands of per- A Century of Mining 287 sons from over the nation. The strange part of tlie story of Missouri zinc Hes in the fact that for years zinc ore had been mined in the lead mines of southwest Missouri and had been thrown awa}-. The miners, who had mined lead there since 1850, called the zinc ore "jack" and "black jack." It greatly bothered them in separating the lead. Around these lead mines large piles of this "black jack" were heaped, nobody dreaming that more wealth lay in the cast-off heaps than in the lead ore which had been obtained. About 1866 a mining expert for one of the lead companies became in- terested in this "black jack." After several years of work and experimenting he succeeded in properly smelting or sep- arating it and obtained zinc. The news of the rich zinc field in Missouri was soon known and a "zinc rush" began pouring in that resembled a western "gold rush." The worthless "black jack" now became immensely valuable and besides there remained the almost inexhaustible zinc fields w^hich had not been touched. By 1873, the output of Mis- souri zinc ore was 960 tons valued at $8,640. Both the output and the value rose steadily. In 1916, owing to the demands of war and high prices, Missouri produced 304,070 tons of zinc ore, which had a value of $24,228,596. The normal production is about 250,030 tons and the normal an- nual value is about $10,000,000. Just as lead has influenced the history of Missourians in southeast Missouri, so has zin*- in southwest Missouri. It has peopled counties, built cities. stimulated commerce, and greatly increased Missouri's wealth. Missouri is indeed fortunate in possessing what is perhaps the richest zinc field in the world. Iron Missouri was the first state west of Ohio to produce and smelt iron ore. Missouri is rich in iron ores, and the discovery of iron deposits by the pioneers over a century ago was an important factor in the development of the 288 History of Missouri and Missourians southern part of the State. There is scarcely a county in the Ozark region which does not contain iron ore. Nearly half of the counties of the State have important iron ore deposits. Much of this ore is of excellent quality and com- pares favorably with that used in other states. Iron was the second metal mined in Missouri. In 1815 the first iron furnace was erected in the State near Ironton. Here the ore near Pilot Knob was used. The Pilot Knob ore, which is of fine quality, was first mined in 1825. The great iron deposits of Iron Mountain were mined in 1844 and for the next third of a century produced nearly 200,000 tons of pig iron. Down to 1887 the iron production of Missouri gradually increased until in that year Missouri produced 430,0C0 tons of iron ore. From 1887 to 1900 the production decreased, but in 1900 the iron industry again revived. Since 1900 the iron industry has grown as new de- posits were found and as prices rose, and has fallen as old deposits proved unprofitable and as prices fell. Down to 1903, which covers the period of greatest growth and de- velopment, Missouri had produced between eight and nine million tons of ore, valued at $35,000,000. Missouri's largest output was previous to the decline in production at the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob mines. In 1918 the iron produc- tion of Missouri was 71,968 long tons with a mine worth of $270,337, but the iron ore smelted in Missouri in 1918 was valued at $3,082,136. Although compared with the great iron year of 1887 the present production of iron is small, this does not indicate that the iron industry in Missouri will con- tinue to decline. In fact, it is not improbable that Missouri will again regain her position as an important producer of iron ore and it is almost certain that she will become an im- portant iron smelting state. Missouri has vast iron deposits which some day will be worked. Missouri has vast coal deposits and lies next to the Illinois coal beds. Moreover, if the Mississippi river is ever utilized, as it could be with A Century of Mining 289 proper channel development, to bring the rich iron ores from Minnesota, Missouri will become one of the centers of the iron industry of the United States. The day may be not far distant when Missouri will claim high rank as an iron state just as she does as a lead and zinc state. Barytes, Copper, Nickel, and Silver Alissouri produces a large variety of metals, all of which are important but many of which are not widely kfiown to the public. The deposits of nickel, which is one of the iron group of metals, in Missouri are the largest in the United States. These deposits are principally in Madison county. Production of Missouri nickel began about 1850 and by 1898 had risen to 2,000 tons a year. Mine La Motte, near Fred- ericktown, has produced more nickel and cobalt than all the other states in the United States. No nickel ore has been mined in Missouri in recent years, yet in 1915 Missouri pro- duced 822 tons of nickel as a by-product in refining copper. Copper is also produced in Missouri. The richest field is in Madison county. In 1918 Missouri produced 577,665 pounds of copper, valued at $142,683. Silver is produced in Missouri as a by-product of lead mining. In 1916 Missouri produced 129,450 ounces of silver valued at $85,178. Down to 1915 Missouri ranked first in the production of barytes, and now ranks second. Barytes are used in the manufacture of paints. The baryte production of Missouri has increased rapidly. In 1914 Missouri produced three-fifths of the barytes in the United States. In 1917 the production rose to 59,046 tons valued at $391,363. The principal field is in W^ashington county. Missouri also ranks high in the pro- duction of tripoli, a mineral found in southwest Missouri which is used as a polishing power. Many other minerals and metals might be mentioned but these are sufficient to indicate the remarkable wealth of Missouri in this field. 290 History of Missouri and Missourians Coal Missouri is one of the greatest coal states in the country. Her coal fields underlie 24,000 square miles or over one- third of the State. Half of Missouri's counties have coal. Missouri's coal supply, still unmined, is nearly 84 billion tons,, or enough to last 17,000 years at the present rate of produc- tion. . Even if Missouri produced all the coal it uses, in- stead of. only 40% as at present, Missouri has enough coal to last 5,£00 years. However, it is probable that Missouri will not only produce all the coal used in the State but eventually will supply coal in large quantities to other states,, unless some cheaper fuel or source of heat and energy is dis- covered. Certainly Missouri's coal is one of her greatest naiural assets and will continue to become more and more important as a source of wealth. Although the presence of coal in Missouri was known as early as 1804, possibly earlier, there was little develop- ment for decades. Even as late as 1840 Missouri produced annually only about 10,000 tons. By 1850 this had increased to 100,000 tons and in 1876 to 1,008,000 tons. In 1885 the production reached 3,080,000 tons and in 1903 it rose to 4,238,586. During the World War production was again stimulated, owing to demand and prices, and during each of the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, the production passed the 5 million ton mark. From 1840 to 1919 Missouri pro- duced a total of 148,000,000 tons, valued wholesale at $272,000,000. The average annual production is between 4 and 5 million tons and the average value is about $10,000,000. Missouri produces bituminous and cannel coal. The bitumi- nous coal, which is the more important, lies in six large pro- ducing fields: (1) the Bevier field occupying part of Boone, Chariton, Howard, Macon, and Randolph; (2) the Lexington field in Clay, Lafayette, and Ray; (3) the Southwestern field in Barton, Bates, Henry, and adjacent counties; (4) A Century of Mining 291 the Novinger field in Adair; (5) the Marcehne field in Linn; and (6) the Mendota field in northwestern Adair, Putnam, and Schuyler. The cannel coal, which is deposited in pockets of limited area, is found in thirty- five counties. The principal cannel coal counties lie to the south and west of the main coal fields. These counties are Bates, Cole, Cooper, Henry, Miller, and Morgan. The cannel coal beds are remarkable for their depth or thickness, ranging from 10 to 75 feet. One cannel coal deposit in Missouri is 90 feet thick. In 1919 the six largest coal producing counties were, in the order named, Lafayette, Barton, Adair, Macon, Randolph, and Ray. Other producing counties of size were Henry, Linn, Vernon, and Bates. The first six counties pro- duced from 80% to 90% of Missouri's total coal production. - Stone and Clay Products Although the value of the annual production of Missouri lead, zinc, and coal is high, averaging about $10,000,000. for €ach, still the value of Missouri's stone and clay products €ach year is higher than any one. of these three in normal peace years. Missouri is again fortunate in her almost un- limited wealth of stone and clays, as well as gravel and sand. The value of Missouri's gravel and sand alone in 1916 was nearly one million dollars and her stone production that year was worth over one and a quarter milion dollars. In 1914 the value of Missouri's building stone, lime (made from lime rock), clay products, and Portland cement (made from limestone and shales), was $13,541,182. Of this amount the clay products, as clay fire brick, common brick, and sev/er pipe, totaled over six million dollars, and the Portland cement totaled four and one-half million dollars. So, the importance of Missouri's stone and clay products is evident. Missouri has almost every kind of building stone, rang- ing from common limestone rock and sandstone to granite and finest marble. This natural wealth has been a great 292 History of Missouri and Missourians benefit to the State in furnishing building material for her own citizens and for the citizens of other states. Missouri ranks second in the Union in the production of limestone for building. Missouri's present state capitol building i.-> built of Carthage stone, which is one of the most beautiful of fine building materials. Missouri also ranks high as a producer of lime, which is made from lime rock. Most sections of the State abound in lime rock. The value of Missouri's lime production in 1917 was nearly one and a half million dollars. In the pro- duction of Portland cement, now so widely used in the erec- tion of buildings, Missouri is one of the foremost states. Missouri has five large cement plants located in St. Louis, Jackson, Ralls, and Cape Girardeau counties. In 1916 the value of Missouri's Portland cement was over seven million dollars. In valuable clays Missouri is equally fortunate. From her many kinds of clays are made such a variety of products as fire brick, common brick, sewer pipe, tile, and pottery. Large clay product factories are located in Audrain, Buch- anan, St. Louis, Jackson, Henry, and other counties. The importance of this industry is growing faster than almost any other of the mineral industries of the State excepting perhaps that of manufacturing cement. In 1916 Missouri's clay products had a value of nearly seven and three-fourths million dollars. In the production of plate-glass Missouri i.KTAl lON OS THE AiliiULlU KiVii-R souri river from St. Louis to Franklin and Chariton and made the round trip in twenty-one days. Flat boats were still used after this for carrying grain, ores, and bulky arti- cles, but the steamboat gradually displaced the other river crafts. The steamboat had a wonderful influence on the de- velopment of Missouri. The river towns and counties in- creased rapidly in wealth and population. The Mississippi and the Missouri river became great arteries of commerce. From 1830 to 1860 the traffic grew larger and larger. The climax of this traffic was reached between 1850 and 1860 owing to the large emigration westward. By 1850 the steam- boat annual arrivals at St. Louis totaled 2,899. Regulai schedules were observed by the steamboats. The coming of 296 History of Missouri and Missourians • the railroads in the '50s and '60s brought competition which gradually ruined the river traffic. In the '70s it had ceased to be very important and in the '80fe it had practically ceased to exist as a transportation factor. However, it managed to survive and in 1912 a revival of interest in river transportation began in Kansas City and St. Louis. Public spirited citizens in these cities gave time and money to arouse the co-operation of the public. Con- gress was appealed to and the national government promised to spend money to improve the channel of the Mississippi and the Missouri. If the channels are made permanent, and they can be if adequate improvements are made, Missouri will again have the benefits of the low freight rates obtain- able through river transportation. Already barge lines are operating at a profit to owners and customers between St. Louis and New Orleans, and some headway has been made in this direction between Kansas City and St. Louis. River traffic has a very important place in Missouri's freight trans- portation system to-day ii only our people will awaken to its advantages. Missouri has two great rivers which, if prop- erly controlled, can be made to serve man. Although river transportation performed a great service to Missouri, it had many defects. It could serve only d limited area of the State. Again, it was operative only dur- ing the open seasons when the rivers were clear of ice. Finally, it was very hazardous both for the owners and th*; patrons. The history of the steamboat traffic on the Mis- souri is one filled with wrecks due to snags, sandbars, and explosions. The loss in life and property was great. Some of these defects are inherent, but others, such as snags, sand- bars, and changing channels, can be removed. The Railroad Although the steamboat for years solved the problem of water transportation, it was soon recognized that little A Century of Transportation 297 progress was being made in solving the problem of land transportation. The forest and prairie trails gave place to interior roads and by 1819 Missouri had fifteen mail routes. The American brought the post-roads and a regular mail service. But these roads were never satisfactory and in cer- tain seasons were almost impassable. This condition was a hardship to the pioneer settler and a restriction on the de- velopment of the State. During the thirties and forties hundreds of railroads were chartered over the Nation. The states gave them credit and financial aid. Most of them failed and left the states to pay very large debts. Missouri needed and wanted rail- roads, but she was conservative and at first refused to offer her credit and money to have them built. In 1836 a rail- road convention was held in St. Louis. Several lines or routes were endorsed. A number of railroads were granted charters by the Legislature but no money was given. None of these railroads was built. Ten years passed and the peo- ple kept demanding railroads. Another railroad convention, a larger and more important one than before, was held in St. Louis in 1849. The purpose was to decide on a route or routes to the Pacific. Of course, Missouri hoped that such a line would cross Missouri. Senator Benton had hereto- fore opposed government aid for railroads, and no transcon- tinental road could be built without such aid. However, at this convention Benton made a great speech in favor of such a i^oad in which, pointing to the west, he said : "There lies the East, there lies the road to India". This is the most quoted speech of Benton's. Two years before (1847) Missouri had chartered the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. In 1849 the Pacific rail- road and in 1851 the North Missouri, now the Wabash, were chartered. Others followed fast for the people were demand- ing railroads. In 1849 the State was out of debt and pros- perous. In 1851 the State granted financial aid to help build 298 History of Missouri and Missourians railroads and the National Government gave them land. Once begun there was no stopping. The roads were finally built, although slowly. When settlement was made in the '60s it was found that the State of Missouri had lost nearly $25,000,000. through financial aid or credit. The first railroad actualh- bec^un was the Pacific, later the Mis- FJRST LO( THE PAC RUN W •". RIVER, ON ; RSON CITY souri raoific. ^ as the Hannibal and St. Josepl: The first locomotive west of the Mississippi was run on the Pacific railroad out of St. Louis in 1852. At that time Missouri had only five miles of railroad. Progress in railroad building was slow since the cost of construction proved to be much higher than had been estimated. The State lent her credit in large amounts. Congress made liberal grants of public land to the roads. Despite these aids Missouri had only 817 miles of railroad by 1860. The Pacific and the Hannibal and St. Joseph road had made great progress, the latter being the first to cross the State. By 1860 all the roads except the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad had defaulted payment on their bonds. The Civil War made matters worse. Construction practically A Century of Transportation 299 stopped and property, equipment, and bridges were destroyed along many lines. However, by 1865 trains were running from Kansas City to St. Louis over the Pacific and from St. Joseph to Hannibal over the Hannibal and St. Joseph. Between 1866 and 1868 the State foreclosed her mortgages and sold the roads. Construction now began in earnest and by 1870 Missouri had 2,000 miles of railroad. St. Louis had become an important railroad center with rail connection with the north, east, south, and west. In 1869 the Burlington bridge across the Missouri river, the first to span that riv^r, was completed at Kansas City, in 1871 the Wabash bridge at St. Charles was completed, and in 1874 the famous Eads bridge across the Mississippi river at St. Louis was finished. Kansas City now became an important rail center. From 1870 to 1880 the rail mileage nearly doubled and it continued to increase rapidly down to 1900. To-day Mis- souri has over 8,500 miles of railroad and ranks eighth in this respect in the United States. In 1918 every Missouri county except three had at least one railroad. The following table shows the railroad mileage in Missouri for different periods : 18.S2 5 miles 1880 3,965 1854 38 " 1890 6,142 1855 139 " 1900 6.887 1860 817 " 1904 7,000 1870 2,000 " 1914 8,138 1918 8,529 The two greatest rail centers in Missouri are St. Louis and Kansas City. Each has a fine union station. Twenty- six railroads enter the union station in St. Louis and over one-half as many enter the Kansas City union station. The remarkable transportation facilities afforded these two cities have been the principal cause of their commanding position in commerce and population. This is also true of the other large cities in Missouri. In fact, although Missouri lost ^oo History of Missouri and Missourians much money by lending her credit in the building of rail- roads, she was more than repaid in the development of the State through the final construction of these roads. Not so fortunate, however, were the many counties in Missouri which issued bonds in the '60s and 70s for constructing railroads, many of which were never built. The story of the railroads would not be complete with- out a statement regarding their regulation by the State. In the early days of the railroads they adopted practices which helped some shippers and ruined others. They did this by means of different rates and by rebates. Regulation by law was begun in Missouri in the '80s to stop these practices. Since the railroads had been in the wrong in the past, the people after correcting the abuses went farther and in 1905 they lowered the rates to a point which prevented many of the roads from earning an income and some from paying ex- penses. The result was that a number of important roads were forced into bankruptcy, their equipment was impaired, and their service became less efficient. Other states also did this and the railroad facilities of the nation were impaired. Missouri realized this and was one of the few states to grant an increase in rates. The increase did not come in time, however, to save some of the roads from bankruptcy. In 1913 the Public Service Commission law of Missoui-i was passed, which placed the railroads largely un- der the general regulation of an expert public service com- mission appointed by the governor of Missouri. Despite this change, which was for the better compared with the old sys- tem, the railroads continued to deteriorate largely through lack of adequate rates. After the United States entered the World War the National Government took control of the railroads in 1917. After the return to private ownership the powers of the National Government continued to increase as regards regulation. To-day the rates for freight and pas- A Century of Transportation 301 senger traffic are practically set by the Interstate Coniiiierce Commission both as regards interstate and intrastate business. Street and Road Transportation The street railway was introducetl in Kansas City and St. Louis by 1875 and later in other Missouri cities. It was at first another form of evolution of the old stage coach. The first cars were built with stage coach bodies, mounted on flanged wheels, running on flat iron rails, with horses as motive power. In the latter '70s the horses were discarded and the cars were pulled by a cable. About 1895 this gave place to electricity. Accompanying this progress were improvements in the cars until to-day one may ride with convenience in all seasons from his suburban home to his place of work in the city. Another form of rail transportation similar to the street railway is the interurban line, also run by electricity. Mis- souri has a number of these lines close to the large citiej> and in southwest Missouri, but the great development in this field over the State at large is still in the future. As Mis- souri increases in population interurban lines will become necessary unless the automobile traffic develops so as to be dependable in all seasons. During the last ten years much progress has been made in arousing interest in public good road building. However, Missouri has not until recently begun to make the progress necessary to furnish good roads to her people throughout the year. In 1920 the people voted to issue $60,000,000 of road bonds. In 1921 the Legislature passed a large number of laws relating to the expenditure of this money for the build- ing of good roads. A state highway commision of four men was created which body has general supervision over the construction of roads built with State money. The Federal Government is also making road approj^riations to supple- ment the State monev. Missouri in 1920-1921 took the first 302 History of Missouri and Missourians step forward in planning the construction of durable public roads. Perhaps one of the most important causes of the awakened interest in good roads is the automobile. The automobile traffic in Missouri for pleasure and business is tremendous. This traffic to be efficient demands good roads. The number of licensed cars in Missouri is increas- ing each year. The new $60,000,000 road bond issued will probably be paid largely, perhaps entirely, from the license fees paid by automobile owners. The next step in trans- portation is to improve the facilities already provided by man and nature. The aeroplane will also develop as a swift means of locomotion, but the main reliance of Missouri and Missourians for at least the immediate future is to build on the firm foundations of the past. Suggestive Questions 1. What influence had the steamboat on the development of Missouri? 2. What caused river traffic to decline? 3. What is necessary to revive river traffic and why is water transportation important? 4. Name the first two cross-state railroads in Missouri. 5. How did the State encourage the building of railroads? 6. Since what date has there been the greatest increase in rail- road mileage? 7. What has been the attitude of the State in railroad regula- tion? 8. What was the recent legislation in regard to good road building? Chapter VI A CENTURY OF CITY BUILDING During the last fifty years tiiere has been in all countries a remarkable growth in the number and in the population of cities. The main causes of this growth have been greater transportation facilities by land and water and the buiUlng of modern factories. The transportation facilities have made the cities great trading centers, and those places whicli were located on the important trade routes grew fastest. The modern factories emplo}ing thousands of men and producing millions of dollars worth of manufactured goods added popu- lation and wealth to the cities, and those places again grew fastest which had the best transportation means to distribute their goods, and which were close to the areas producing the raw materials used in the factories. So, fundamentally, large cities are founded on trade, transportation, and factories, i. •e., on economic factors. This is true of four of Missouri's five largest cities, St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Springfield — each having a population over 25,000; the fifth city, Joplin, has been founded largely on the mining industry, but this is not an exception, since modern min'ng is not un- like modern manufacturing. Economic factors have been very important in building nearly all of Missouri's 63 cities having a population over 2,500. The exceptions are those cities which have no factories but which have good railroads and cities with colleges and state institutions. A Cf^llege town is an educational- factory center and must have trans- portation facilities. As a conclusion, it is clear that those cities will grow fastest which are on trade routes, which have the best transportation facilities, or which through their loca- tion are best adapted to manufacture goods or produce mineral products at the lowest cost. (303) 304 History of Missouri and Missouri ans Missouri Cities Alissouri has 63 cities, each of 2,500 inhabitants or more. These 63 cities have a population of 1,586,903, or 46.6% of Missouri's total population. This shows that cities are becoming important in Missouri. But most of these cities are small and there are only five which have over 25,000 inhabitants. Still, these five cities — St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, and Joplin — have 79% of the population in all 63 cities. Moreover, there are only eight cities in Missouri having a population between 10,000 and 25,000 — Cape Girardeau, Carthage, Columbia, Hannibal, Independence, Jefferson City, Moberly, and Sedalia. This shows that although Missouri has a large urban population nearly equal to its rural population, four-fifths of this city population is in five cities and 85% is in thirteen cities. With very few exceptions it is the large cities which have grown fastest. This has been true in Missouri since 1840, although some of the 63 cities existed in 1840 and nearly all of them were in existence by 1870, fifty years ago. In other words nearly all of the 63 cities have had time to grow, but to-day only five have become big cities and only thirteen have a population over 10,000. St. Louis has been Missouri's largest cit}- for over a century. From 1820 to 1830 it grew very slowly, increasing from 4,598 to 5,852. It was not incorporated until 1823. By 1840 it had grown to 16,469. It was still not a large city but its position, its trade, and above all its increasing steamboat traffic promised to make it a great city. By 1850 St. Louis had increased to 77,860 and now ranked eighth among American cities. Its rapid growth continued and by 1860 it had a population of 160,773. Much of this growth was due to the foreign immigration of the Germans and the Irish. Despite the Civil War it increased to 310,864, by 1870. The steamboat transportation had now declined A Ckntuky of City Huiloing 305 and although St. Louis had obtained the first railroads the new transportation did not at first offset the loss of the old. By 1880 St. Louis had increased to only 350,518, but in 1890 it had again grown fast and had a population of 451,770. It had now become a great railroad center. Since that time the increase has been slow but steady. To-day St. Louis has a population of 772,897 and ranks sixth in the United States. The first great business which St. Louis developed was the fur trade. Only five years after it had been founded St. Louis's fur trade was $80,000. a year. In 1820 it was $2,500,000. a year. Finally, it passed the billion-dollar mark. The second great asset of St. Louis was the steamboat, which brought trade from all directions. When the railroad displaced the steamboat, St. Louis soon became a great rail- road center with lines extending everywhere. The third im- portant asset was the coming of the factory. This developed an industrial district which is one of the largest in area in the United States. The fourth economic asset of St. Louis has been her great financial resources. St. Louis is wealthy and its great banking houses not only finance St. Louis business but the business of other cities and states. St. Louis is the only city in the United States with a Federal Reserve bank and a Federal Farm Loan bank. Of course, none of these could have made a great city had it not been for the remarkable geographical location of St. Louis, its nearness to raw materials, its wonderfully rich trade territory extend- ing in all directions, and its enterprising citizens. St. Louis has lived up to its position and opportunity as a great city. Its schools, churches, streets, parks, mod- ern conveniences, homes, business houses, museums, botani- cal gardens, theatres, hotels, and public buildings are equal to those of other modern progressive cities. St. Louis is known over the United States for being a city of homes, for having one of the largest union railroad stations. 3o6 History of Missouri and Missourians for having one of the finest botanical gardens in the world, for having large and beautiful parks, and for having suc- cessfully given the largest and best World's Fair, the Louisi- ana Purchase Exposition of 1904, ever held. It is also known for the his?h standard and excellence of its schools. THE GREAT FIRE, ST. LOUIS, MAY 17, 1849 (Courtesy Mo. Hist. Society^ St. Louis is al.so a music center. But among those things which have cast great credit on this city has been the com- parative absence of the sordid slums usually found in large cities. St. Louis is known not as a city of slums but as z city of homes, churches, and schools. Since 1870 Kansas City has been the second largest city in Missouri and to-day ranks 19th in the United States. It entered the small city class in 1860 with a population of 4,418. In 1920 it had grown to 324,410. These sixty years of great growth are very similar to the sixty years of growth of St. Louis from 1820 to 18S0. In 1820 St. Louis entered the small city class with a population of 4,598 and in 1880 it had 350,519. Another similarity between St. Louis and Kansas City lies in both getting their start as trading centers. A Cr.NTURY OF City Building -jo? then as steamboat ports, and later as railroad and factory centers. Kach city is located almost on the boundary line of Missouri, and hence each city derives much of its trade from other states. Kach has a neighboring city of nearly the same name in another state. St. Louis, Mo., has East St. Louis, in Illinois; Kansas City, Mo., has Kansas City, Kansas. Each has a Federal Reserve Bank. Both Mis- souri cities have lived up to their opportunities and both have successfully met and solved many of their great prob- lems. St. Louis has met a great fire (1849), a cyclone, loss of steamboat transportation in the '70s, and the rise of a rival in Chicago. Kansas City has met the problem of get- ting railroads in the '60s, of getting back its population after the Civil War, of successfully out distancing its early rival, Leavenworth, Kansas, of making beautiful streets, boulevards, and parks out of steep hills and muddy gulleys, and of bravely going through and of finally conquering one of the worst real estate depressions (1887-1891) a city could possibly have. Kansas City is truly either a city of miracles or a city of remarkable courage and faith. Unlike the founding of St. Louis, the early beginning of Kansas City did not show the careful planning of any man or the steady growth following the founding. Although ex- plorers early visited the present site of Kansas City and although one or two French traders had settled at the mouth of the Kaw, or Kansas river, about 1800, the beginning of Kansas City is found in 1821 when Francois Chouteau, a Frenchman, established a trading post on the south bank of the Missouri river. The little post of 31 persons did a con- siderable business. Later it became known as Westport Landing. Westport itself was an inland town three miles south, and is now part of Kansas City. From Westport Landing and Westport grew Kansas City. Westport was laid off in 1833 by J. C. McCoy. Kansas City was first called "the town of Kansas" in 1847, in 1854 "the City of 3o8 History of Missouri and Missourians Kansas", and in 1889 "Kansas City". The first agency to build up the town was the Santa Fe trade. The first large cargo from New Mexico reached Kansas City in 1845. By 1850 Kansas City was the exclusive eastern terminus of the freighting business and 600 wagons left annually for Santa Fe. Being the closest Missouri river point to Santa Fe, Kansas City soon crowded out rivals for the great trade of the Southwest. By 1860 the freight shipped from Kansas City was 16,500,000 pounds, employing 7,084 men, 6,147 mules, 27,920 yoke of oxen, and 3,033 wagons. As early as 1853 Missouri's great statesman, Thomas H. Benton, on a visit to Kansas City predicted that it would become a great commercial and manufacturing city. It grew rapidly in the latter '50s owing to the great steamboat traffic, the western freighting business, and the immigration of settlers to Kan- sas territory. Its small population of 478 in 1855 increased to 4,418 by 1860. During the war its population declined to 3,500 and its Santa Fe trade went to Leavenworth. In the latter '60s it obtained several important railroads, notably the Missouri Pacific running eastward and the Union Pacific westward, and by securing a bridge across the Missouri river, the first ever built, it obtained access to the north Mis- souri country through the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. Its destiny was now secure. By 1870 it had seven railroads and a population of 32,360. Leavenworth was no longer a real rival. Since then its remarkable growth is seen in these figures: 1880, 55,785; 1890, 132,716; 1900, 163,752; 1910, 248,381 ; 1920, 324,410. To-day Kansas City is a modern city in every sense of that term. It is a great railroad and factory center. Its stockyards and packing houses in Kansas City, Kansas, are known over the nation. It has beautified its environment with parks and boulevards. Kansas City is known as one of the most beautiful park cities in the United States. It has no slums. It has one of the best and most beautiful A Century of City Building 309 3IO History of Missouri and Missouri ans residence districts in the country. Its schools and churches are unsurpassed. Out of its high hills and cliffs it has made a fairy playground of unsurpassed scenic beauty for its citizens. Its union station, recently built, is widely known and its memorial building now under construction will be a monument both to Kansas City's heroes and to Kansas City's progressive citizens. It has well lived up to its motto: "Make Kansas City a good place to live in." The building of St. Joseph, Missouri's third largest city, was similar to the founding of Kansas City. Both began as trading posts, founded by Frenchmen. Both became freight- ing centers and outfitting centers for the trade westward. Both were the eastern termini of western trades and trails. Both became great river ports and later railroad centers. Both obtained great factories and packing houses. Both became progressive cities. Although St. Joseph was younger it grew faster at first, but after 1870 Kansas City took the lead. Like Kansas City and St. Louis, the city of St. Joseph is located close to the Missouri boundary line. On a trip up the Missouri river a St. Louis Frenchman noticed a river crossing at a place which the Indians called Blacksnake Hills. Here Joseph Robidoux established a trad- ing house in 1827, from which grew the city of St. Joseph. It was ideally located geographically, being on a natural route east to west and being a good river port. Its trade at first was in furs and peltries. Soon settlers came and in 1843 the foundation of the city was laid. In 1851 it was in- corporated. The town grew fast. The steamboats brought it supplies for the north Missouri country and the great trains of freighters and emigrants going west. It became the outfitting point for the West and Northwest. Caravans, stage coaches, and the pony express, brought it trade and news. With the coming of the railroad in 1859 it became the west- ern terminus of the Hannibal and St. Joseph route. By 1860 it had a population of 8.932 and in 1870 this had increased A Century Of' City RuiiniNo 311 312 History of Missouri and Missouri an s to 19,505. Although the early transcontinental railroads passed either to the north or to the south, St. Joseph grew on account of its rich trading territory in Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas. By 1880 it had grown to 32,431 and by 1890 to 52,324. It was now a railroad center. Most Mis- souri cities, excepting Joplin which had opened new mines, did not grow fast between 1890 and 1900. Those were years of hard times and business depressions, and factories do not expand and cities rarely grow fast during business depressions. By 1910 St. Joseph had a population of 77,403 and its population in 1920 was 77,939. St. Joseph is the great city of northwest Missouri. It is built on the most substantial bases of a rich trading terri- tory, fine railroad transportation, and great factories. It is a wholesale and packing center. Considering its size it is one of the wealthiest cities in the country. Showing its pro- gressiveness, it has built on these economic successes a fine system of schools, parks, and modern city improvements. The fourth city of size in Missouri is Springfield, "The Queen of the Ozarks." Located at an altitude of 1,500 feet, on the Ozark plateau, Springfield is favored by nature in climate, water, resources, and scenery. It is an inland city but like the other Missouri cities it draws part of its trade from other states. Also like other Missouri cities it is located on trade routes and these have been developed through the railroads, Springfield is a railroad center and a factory center. It serves southwest Missouri. Springfield was founded in 1833 by John P. Campbell, who had come from Tennessee. It grew slowly and by 1858 had a population of only 1,200. It was a strategic military point during the. Civil War and this served to depress busi- ness. After 1865 business revived quickly. By 1870 it had a population of 5,555 and in 1890 it had 21,850. By 1910 it had increased to 35,201 and by 1920 to 39,631. Its slowest growth was between 1890 and 1900, the decade of depres- A Century of City Building -513 sion. The development of the fruit, poultry, and mining in- dustries in the Ozarks and in southwest Missouri, combined with the factories and railroads in Springfield have furnished the economic bases of the city. The rick Ozark soil of the prairies has built up a prosperous farming class which to-day gives Springfield an economic position as strategic as wa-^ its military position in the early '60s. The fifth city of size in Missouri is Joplin, the great center of the richest zinc mining field in the world. This field extends from southwest Missouri to Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Joplin is the acknowledged indus- trial and financial center of this region. Its railroad trans- portation is adequate. The business of Joplin was built on lead and zinc. Joplin grew from mining camps. The town was platted in 1871 and chartered in 1873. In 1880 it had a population of 7,038 and in 1890 it had 9,943. By 1900 it liad increased to 26,023 and in 1920 its population was 29,902. Since its principal business is based on the lead and zinc industry, it grows tremendously when that industry flourishes, i. e., when the price of lead and zinc is so high as to profitably work the mines. The recent development of the southwest Missouri fruit industry is also becoming an important asset to Joplin. Conclusion Each Missouri city and town, large and small, has an interesting history, which is well worth studying. The citi- zens of each will be well repaid in learning that history. What has made the town, what has built it, what has it failed to do, what does it lack,— in short, what are its advan- tages and its limitations from an economic, educational, and convenience point of view? It is the quality of the town, not the size, and it is the progressive character of the citi- zens, not the figures on population, which make the city jl4 History of Missouri and Missouri ans worth while. The size depends largely on economic factors as transportation, factories, and trade territory^ the character depends entirely on human factors as faith, courage, and progressiveness. Suggestive Questions 1. What factors in general contribute to city building? 2. What are some of the advantages the city affords? 3. Why are cities important in the history of Missouri? 4. Trace the growth of St. Louis from 1820. 5. What four great advantages aided in the growth of St. Louis? 6. What are some of the things for which St. Louis is known? 7. In what way does the founding and growth of Kansas City resemble St. Louis? How does it differ? 8. What was the greatest agency in the early building of Kan- sas City? 9. How has Kansas City lived up to the motto, "Make Kansas City a good place to live in?" 10. How did the geographic location of St. Joseph contribute to its growth? 11. What economic factors have entered into the building of Springfield? 12. How does a great industry contribute to the prosperity of Joplin? CriAPTER VII A CENTURY OF JOURNALISM AND LITERATURE Missouri ranks high in journalism and in literature. In each the State has made important contributions. Some of the Nation's great editors and authors were either born in Missouri or accomplished much of their work in Missouri. Among the eminent Missouri editors and reporters are such widely known men as Nathaniel Paschal, George Knapp, William Hyde, Carl Schurz, Joseph Pulitzer, Joseph B. Mc- Cullagh, William R. Nelson, John N. Edwards, Walter B. Stevens, William Marion Reedy, and Walter Williams. Among the eminent Missouri authors are such noted writers as Mark Twain, Eugene Field, Winston Churchill, Augustus Thomas, Sara Teasdale, and Fannie Hurst. Some of these are known to every well-informed Missourian and others have a reputation which is more than nation wide. Missouri has reason to be proud of her journalists and authors. Journalism in Missouri Journalism in Missouri is more than a century old. The first newspaper was established in St. Louis in 1808. This was the Missouri Gazette. Its founder and editor was a native born Irishman, Joseph Charless. For seven years this little four-page sheet was the only newspaper west of the Mississippi river. It became the Missouri Republican and later the St. Louis Republic. It suspended in 1919, after a long and valuable career of 111 years. St. Louis was also the home of Missouri's second newspaper, the Western Journal, founded in 1815. This paper finally became the St. Louis Enquirer and for several years was largely con- trolled and edited by Missouri's great statesman, Thomas H. Benton. The third Missouri newspaper was the Missouri (315) 3l5 History of Missouri and Missourians Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser, founded in 1819 by Nathaniel Patten and Benjamin Holliday at old Franklin, Howard county. Although this paper did not dif- fer in size or character from the two St. Louis papers of that day, it is usually referred to as the first country news- paper in Missouri. Other pioneer newspapers established abotit this time were the Missouri Herald at Jackson in 1819, the Missourian at St. Charles in 1820, the Corre- spondent and Record at Ste. Genevieve in 1821, the Mis- souri Gazette at St. Charles in 1823, and the Jeffersonian at Jefferson City in 1825. The number of newspapers in Missouri kept increasing until by 1850 each section of Mis- souri except the Ozark counties had several newspapers. The first newspaper in the Ozark region was the Ozark Stand- ard, established at Springfield in 1838. Naturally the early newspapers followed the trend of settlement. The first ones were on or near the Mississippi or the Missouri river. Later as population spread into the interior, the pioneer editor followed with his small wagon- load of equipment of type and press. By 1897 Missouri had 894 newspapers, not including trade journals, but in 1921 the number had fallen to 721. The latter included 73 dailies and 648 weeklies and semi-weeklies, and they were published in 424 places. The first daily newspaper in Missouri was the St. Louis Herald, which was published in 1834 but which was soon discontinued. The next daily, which con- tinued publication, was the Missouri Republican of St. Louis. In many ways the Missouri Republican (first call- ed the Missouri Gazette and later the St. Louis Republic) was one of the greatest newspapers Missouri has produced. It was the first weekly, the first metropolitan newspaper, the first permanent daily, the first in adopting modern print- ing machinery, the first to use extensively the telegraph for news, and it had the longest life. St. Louis and Missouri owe much to the old Missouri Republican. A Centuky of Journalism and Literature jiy Missouri journalism is divided into three periods. The first was the period of pioneer journalism and extended from 1808 to 1850. This period was characterized in general by two features, little mechanical equipment for printing newspapers and emphasis on ideas rather than on news in the newspaper itself. The early newspapers were small in size and contained only four pages (two sheets) to an issue. The early Missouri Gazette measured only twelve inches by eight inches. Gradually the size increased until in the '40s and '50s some of the Missouri newspapers measured thirty-one inches long by twenty-five inches wide. They were called "blanket-sheets." Roth the type setting and the press work were done by hand. With the invention of modem printing machinery the size decreased and the num- ber of pages increased. The pioneer Missouri newspaper contained little news. It was an idea or a fact-paper rather than a "news" paper in the modern sense. It contained articles from other news- papers and magazines, chapters and poems from books, let- ters from subscribers (usually signed with a pen name), unattractive advertising in large quantity, and usually very interesting and instructive editorials. Foreign and national news was given as much, if not more, attention and space as state and local news. Owing to difficulty in obtaining paper and to dela)'" of the mails, the pioneer Missouri newspaper was frequently irregular in its time of publication. The newspapers in St. Louis were naturally of a different type as the city grew in size. Here the news feature was first introduced, the first telegraph reports, the best machinery, and the first reporters. But even down to 1850 the Mis- souri newspaper differed greatly in many important features, especially in the news feature, from the newspaper of today. Still, it was (luring this pioneer period that the Missouri edi- tor performed a great service to his community and his state. In the countr}' he labored under great disadvantages, the 3i8 History of Missouri and Missourians greatest of which was his small income. This frequently forced him to engage in some other occupation in order to make a living. The second period of Missouri journalism was from 1850 to 1880. This period marked the awakening of Mis- souri journalism and the transition from the old to the new journalism. The first fifteen years of this period saw the wider use of the telegraph, a deeper interest in political ques- tions, the development of news stories (especially during the Civil War), the continued use of the "blanket-sheet," and to- ward the close the suspension of a number of country papers owing to the war. The last fifteen years of this period witnessed the rise of real "news" papers, the great growth of the metropolitan press in St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and other towns, the decrease in size and the increase in pages of the newspaper, the introduction of modern machinery in the city newspaper plants, and the de- velopment of the country press through the facilities of the mail, railroad, and telegraph. In 1867 the Missouri Press Association was organized in St. Louis. This event marked the beginning of co-operation among Missouri editors, which has done much to elevate the profession of journalism in Missouri. The third period of Missouri journalism is the mcxkrn period, from 1880 to date. The same tendencies noticed in the last fifteen years of the second period now strengthened and broadened. Better machinery, the application of chem- istry to such practical problems as "cut" or illustration work, and more adequate transportation facilities, made possible the modern city and country newspaper. As the newspaper improved, its circulation increased. The income of the edi- tor rose, but more important was the development of the Missouri editor into a practical business man running his paper on a business basis. This latter alone did much to elevate journalism in Missouri. The old practice of paying A CeNTUKV ok JOL'KNALISM AND L,1TKRATUKK 319 subscriptions (frequently in arrears) in produce, as corn, wood, or potatoes, has long since been abandoned. This period also marked the growth of the small city daily and the tendency to issue evening rather than morning dailies. In 1859 there were four morning daily papers in Missouri to one evening daily paper. In 1921 there were four evening dailies to one morning daily. The last important feature of this period was the estab- lishment of the school of journalism of the University of Missouri in 1907. Its founder was a native born Missouri editor, Walter Williams. This was the first school of journalism in the world. It opened in 1908 and has trained many men and women in preparation for a journalistic career. Instruction in journalism has since been introduced in other Missouri educational institutions. The Missouri editor has performed a service to his state which is invaluable. This is true of the pioneer editor and the modern editor, of the country journalist and the city journalist. He has been a builder and a teacher. The great progress of St. Louis would not have been possible without such a paper as the old Missouri Republican. To-day each Missouri city has from two to five daily newspapers, and every Missouri community is served by at least one local newspaper. It is true that we do not hear to-day of such outstanding Missouri editors as Joseph B. McCullagh, Joseph Pulitzer, or William R. Nelson, or of such remark- able reporters as John N. Edwards or Walter B. Stevens, but as a whole Missouri journalism to-day is higher, Missouri newspapers are better, and Missouri journalists are more adequately equipped for their work. LlTKRATURE IN MISSOURI Literature in Missouri, like journalism, is more than a century old. The first Missouri poem was written in 1780 by a St. Louis schoolmaster, John B. Trudeau. It was called 320 History of Missouri and Missourians "Ballad of the Year of the Surprise," referring to the attack- on St. Louis by the British and Indians. In 1821 the first book of Missouri poems appeared. Its author was Angus Umphraville and it was called "Missouri Lays." Since the ap- pearance of Umphraville's "Missouri Lays" in the year of Missouri's admission into the Union, the State has done much to give her rank in the field of letters. She has produced humorists and poets, novelists and historians, story writers and dramatists, and in each class were men and women who attained distinction over the nation and in several instances even over the world. Literature in Missouri divides itself into three periods. The first period from about 1820 to 1860, sometimes called the "settler period," was characterized by several features. In the first place, the authors were all Missourians by adop- tion. In the second place, these authors made their Missouri home in St. Louis. Again, the literature produced, although it included some fiction and plays, was largely in the fields of description and travel, biography and history. And finally, all of the writers followed literature as an avocation, that is as something aside from their principal work or busi- ness in life. There were few books published during these years and there were few men interested in authorship. However, the quality of the literature was good, since nearly all the authors were men of education and ability. Most of these authors are now not widely known but their works are still highly regarded and are read by historians and scholars. The two most widely known authors of this period were Henry M. Brackenridge and Thomas Hart Benton. Brackenridge was a lawyer. He traveled over much of the Mississippi valley and one of his authoritative books is "Recollections of Persons and Places in the West." Benton, Missouri's greatest statesman, compiled a number of authori- tative books, among which was his great two volume work. A Century of Journalism and Literature 321 ''Thirty Years' View ; or, a History of the Working of the A.merican Government for Thirty Years from 1820 to 1850." The second period of htcrature in Missouri extended from 1860 to 1900. This was in some respects the "Golden Age" of Alissouri litera- ture. It was the age of Samuel Langhorn Clemens (Mark Twain), America's greatest hu- morist, and Eugene Field, Missouri's great- est children's poet. ll was also the age of eminent Missouri writ- ers in the fields of fic- tion and philosophy, ethics and education, religion and science. As a whole it was a period of serious scholarship. The serious side of life, rather than the lighter and fanciful, was stressed. More than half of the better works of this period were on such serious subjects as history, philosophy, religion, and science. Only about one-fourth of the writers dealt in fiction, still the worth of the fiction produced was high. Missouri has never had finer or more scholarly authors than during these years but she later produced writers of finer and more polished style, especially in the field of fiction and poetry. During this period the authors were largely Missourians by adoption, only about thirty per cent having been born in the State. The authors also largely engaged in literature as a side occupation but now about thirty per cent followed literature as a profession in itself. As in the "settler period" most of the writers made their homes in St. Louis, which was the literarv center of Mis- SA^UJiL. L. CLEALENS, "MAltK TWAIN" 322 History of Missouri and Missourians souri, but about twenty-five per cent were now claimed by other cities and towns. Another characteristic of this period was the appearance of women as authors although men were still in the majority. Among the many writers of this period some of the most successful and most eminent were Mark Twain, Eugene Field, John N. Edwards, Adolph Ernest Kroeger, W. T. Harris, B. J. Snider, James W. Buel, Nathan C. Kouns, Frederick L. Billon, Mrs. Kate Chopin, and . William Vin- cent Byars. The first two are known to every school boy and girl. Both were Missouri born and Missouri reared. Mark Twain — his real name was Samuel Langhorn Clemens — was born in Florida, Missouri, and was reared in Hanni- bal. He was Missouri's greatest man of letters and America's greatest humorist. He was more than a mere fun-maker and a writer of fiction, however, and was perhaps more deepl> interested in the philosophy of life. Eugene Field was a native of St. Louis, where he also was reared. He was a journalist and worked in St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph. Den- ver, and Chicago. He was a poet of rank and his "Little Bo\- Blue" breathed a deep sympa- thy for child life. He ranks as Missouri's greatest children's poet. John N. Edwards was a journalist and did most of his work in KUGKNK ..iKLn ^^'^"^''^ ^''^y. Hc was a remarkably able re- porter and writer. His field was semi-historical on subjects '"^V| i \ t^^ ui^^^H IM A Century of Journalism and Literatukk ■^23 relating to the Civil War. Adolph Ernest Kroeger was a native of the Duchy of Schleswig in Europe. He made his home in St. Louis where he achieved distinction as a scholar and writer on philosophy. \V. T. Harris was also a St. Louisan i)y adoption. His writings an education and his great work for public education gave him a national reputa- tion. He was one of the most learned scholars in the United States. P>enton Jacques Snider, another St. Louisan by adoption, also had a national reputation in the field of phil- osophy and classic scholarship. James W. Buel was the most prolific author who ever lived in Missouri. Most of his works related to description and travel, biography and his- tory. Nathan C. Kouns was a native of Fulton, Missouri, and later made his home in Kansas City and Jefferson City. He was a novelist of rank. Frederick L. Billon, another St. Louisan by adoption, was a historian whose works promise to live. Mrs. Kate Chopin, a native of St. Louis, was a painstaking author of rare ability. Her stories were among the finest produced in America on the subject of Creole life in the South. The third, and present, period of literature in Missouri extends from 1900 to date. It is characterized by several features. In the first place, the authors are largel}^ native born Missourians. Although St. Louis still maintains her lit- erary ascendancy, other cities and towns are now producing more writers of ability than ever before. In the second place, the novel, the short story, and the poem predominate. This is largely a period of light literature where the imagina- tion and the polished style of the author are in the ascendancy. Again, women divide honors with men as authors. On the whole, it is a period of greater literary activity than any previous period and it is well maintaining Missouri's rank as established by Missouri's greatest writers. Among some of the foremost literary characters of this period are Winston Churchill. Augustus Thomas. Rupen 324 History of Missouri and Missourians Hughes, Walter B. Stevens, Louis Houck, Fannie Hurst. Sara Teasdale, Homer Croy, J. Breckenridge Ellis, Louis Dodge, William Marion Reedy, Harris Merton Lyon, and Mary Alicia Owen. Winston Churchill is a native of St. Louis. He is Missouri's greatest historical novelist. Augustus Thomas is also a native of St. Louis and is Missouri's great- est dramatist. Rupert Hughes is a native of Lancaster, Mis- souri, and is one of Missouri's eminent short story writers, novelists, and dramatists. Walter B. Stevens, a St. Louisan by adoption, is Missouri's most popular and prolific historical writer. He is also one of Missouri's two greatest reporters. Louis Houck, of Cape Girardeau, is Missouri's most eminent historian of the early period down to 182L Fannie Hurst, a native of St. Louis, is widely known for her short stories. Sara Teasdale, of St. Louis, shares with Eugene Field the honor of Missouri's foremost poet. Homer Croy, a native of Maryville, Missouri, is well known for his humorous writ- ings and works of fiction. J- Breckenridge Ellis, of Platts- burg, Missouri, is one of Missouri's most widely known novelists. Louis Dodge, of St. Louis, is also a novelist of rank. William Marion Reedy, of St. Louis, did more through his magazine, the St. Louis Mirror, to develop a new school of . Missouri and Mid- West writers than any other person. His essays and editorial comments on varied subjects are classic in style and beauty. Harris Merton Lyon, of Kansas City, is perhaps Missouri's greatest short-story writer. Mary Alicia Owen, of St. Joseph, is Missouri's greatest authority and writer on folk-lore. Missouri has every reason to be proud of her century of literature. To-day the State stands high even in comparison with the best and the oldest of America's literary centers. A Century of Journalism and Literature 325 Suggestive Questions 1. What was the name of the first Missouri newspaper? When was it established? By what name was this paper known later? 2. Name two other early newspapers and the editor of each. 3. What characterized the first period of Missouri journalism? 4. What progress in journalism was made from 1850 to 1880? 5. What facilities have added to the rapid growth of the modern city and the country newspaper? 6. What was the first book of Missouri poems? 7. What characterized the first period of Missouri literature? Name two authors of this period. 8. In what sense was the period of Missouri literature from 1860 to 1900 the "Golden Age" of Missouri letters? Name four authors of this period, each prominent in a different phase of literature. 9. What features characterize Missouri literature from 1900 to date? Name five authors of this period, each prominent in a different field of literature. Chapter VIII A CENTURY OF EDUCATION Education in Missouri, like journalism, is more than a century old. Its beginnings may be traced back into the Spanish-French period. Since that period in the 18th cen- tury to the modern period in the 20th century man}- changes have taken place, many educational problems have been solved, and many obstacles have been overcome. The private school, the church school, and the public school appeared and each made its contribution and performed its service to the people. The original idea of the settlers that the parents should educate their children still remains in Missouri, but in addition has been adopted the broader idea that the State should educate the children of to-day in order that it may have the progressive, enlightened citizens of to-morrow. Edu- cation is now free to all, and undoubtedly the greatest of Missouri's assets, greater even than her natural resources, is her schools, colleges, and universities. Elementary Education The first schools in Missouri were private schools. They appeared during the Spanish-French period and were conducted by the village priest and by the private school- master. These schools were confined to the towns. From an early date St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, and St. Louis had schools under the village priest, where elementary instruc- tion was given and later instruction in the Latin, French, and Spanish languages. The first private boys' school in St. Louis was opened by John B. Trudeau (Jean Baptiste Trudeau). Trudeau was Missouri's first schoolmaster; he was also Missouri's first poet. He taught from 1774 to 1827, a period of over half a century. The first private (326) A Century of Education 327 school for girls west of the Mississippi was established about 1790 by Mme. Rigauche. This also was a French school and was located in St. Louis. Here the elementary branches were taught as well as music, languages, and the "graces." In the private French schools tuition was charged. The coming of the Americans after 1804 added other types of schools. The village priest schools and the private town schools of the French period continued, but now the Protestant ministers and the private American schoolmasters began giving elementary instruction in the towns and the in- terior settlements. Another addition, the most important, was the appearance of the district subscription school in the pioneer settlements. The families in a community employed the teacher and paid him according to the number of children sent by each family. Sometimes the community built a log schoolhouse and sometimes the children were taught at the home of the teacher. The first English district school in Missouri was opened by Benjamin Johnson on Sandy Creek, in what is now Jefferson county, in 1806. The district subscription school gradually spread over Missouri as the American settlers pushed into the interior. It was frequently founded even before the newspaper and the court house. Later it became the basis of the elementary public school and it continued for many years even after the free public school had appeared. Previous to -the coming of the public school another type of school appeared in Missouri in which ele- mentar}' instruction was frequently given as well as second- ary education. This was the academy and the ladies' semi- nary. Since these latter were primarily secondary schools, i. e., similar to high schools, they will be considered under secondary education. To-day elementary education in Missouri is given almost entirely in the public schools, i. e., tax-supported schools free to all persons between six and twenty years of age. The first movement in Missouri to establish a system of pub- 328 History of Missouri and Missourians lie schools was made in St. Louis in 1817 but the first public school in St. Louis was not opened until 1838. The story of the public school system in the State is filled with inter- esting and instructive lessons. The development was slow, owing to several causes. In the first place, the private school, the academy, and the district subscription school, at least partially served the needs of elementary education, but of course this service was confined to those who were able to pay. Naturally, in those early days, many opposed school taxation for the benefit of educating the children of other citizens. Besides, some persons had no children and they also objected. In other words, although the people in gen- eral believed in education, they did not regard it as the duty of the State to undertake this expensive work, but they thought that it was the duty of the parents. In the second place, the public school in Missouri was at first frequently regarded as a school for the poor children and the orphans. For example, in Missouri's first state constitution (1820) was an excellent article on education in which was stated "One school or more shall be established in each township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis." As a result of this attitude, many persons preferred to send their children to private schools. Natur- ally, these persons, who were influential leaders, were not so interested in the development of -a public school system. To- day, the public school is open to the poorest child and is good enough for the richest child. In the third place, much of the public school land donated to Missouri by the United States was sold early and therefore did not bring a good price. Moreover, the money received from this land was in vested in stock of the State Bank and for years the income on the money was very small. Since this income was one of the main sources of support for the public schools, this resulted in delaying the growth of a public school system. Finally, the Civil War practically closed the public schools of A Century of Education ^29 Missouri. As a result of these and other factors, the pub- lic school system in Missouri developed slowly and only after overcoming many obstacles. The first general law^ for a public school system in Mis- souri was passed in 1835. The most important early law was the Geyer Act of 1839. The Geyer Act was the foun- dation of Missouri's present school system. It provided for the various state, county, and township school funds ; a state superintendent of schools; the ages of the white school children (eight to sixteen years), — no provision was made for the education of negro children until the constitution of 1865 ; and a state university. The Geyer Act was a complete "paper system" of public education. It was virtually an adoption of Thomas Jefferson's famous and worthy plan for free public education for all the people from the elementary grades to the university. Unfortunately, the Geyer Act, as such, was never fully put into operation. In 1843 organized common schools were supported in forty-two of the seventy- seven counties. In 1854 out of 233,327 children of school age in the State, only 86,505 were in the public schools, the remainder being in private schools or not attending any school. Duripg the '50s much progress was made but even in 1859 only one-half of the children attended the public school. The average teacher's salary for the year was $121. The equipment was also poor, for in 1859 the total amount raised to build and repair public school houses was only $192,423. After the Civil War the people awakened to the need of better education. From that time the State advanced rap- idly. Both the constitution of 1865 and that of 1875 empha- sized public education for both white and negro children. For decades the State has appropriated one-third of the general revenue for the public schools in addition to the in- come from the state school fund. The school districts in town and country have voted larger and larger taxes for 330 History of Missouri and Missourians schools. City schools, unsurpassed, appeared and great pro- gress has lately been made in the rural schools by way of greater support and consolidation. This table taken from the report of the state superintendent of schools for 1921 will make clear the remarkable progress that has taken place in the public school system of Missouri during the last fifty years. 1867 1920 Total value of schoolhouses $1,480,729 $65,605,240 Total value of school equipment 58,075 6,120,465 Number of public schoolhouses (St. Louis excluded) 4,135 9,486 Number of log schoolhouses 2,274 Very few Total amount paid for teachers' wage.... 641,974 16,831,753 Number of teachers — public schools .... 6,262 21,126 Number of children — public schools 169,270 672,483 Average salary of teachers (male) $38.60 $95 Average salary of teachers (female) $29.81 $65 Average number of months taught per year 4.6 7 to 8 Number of school libraries in Missouri.. 12 8,996 Equally instructive of Missouri's progress in education is the difference in the character of the course of study of- fered fifty years ago and of that offered to-day. The elemen- tary education of that day was confined to a few subjects, as writing, reading, arithmetic, geography, history, and Eng- lish grammar. To-day not only are these subjects taught more thoroughly but many other subjects of cultural and practical value have been added. The State has not only improved the school system by giving it more adequate financial support but also by passing and enforcing laws regulating and raising the elementary public schools. The qualifications of teachers were raised through examinations, teachers' institutes, and better training in teachers' colleges. The attendance of pupils was increased by the compulsory attendance law of 1905. Special state aid was provided for weak districts. County supervision was A Century of Education 331 finally made effective by the law of 1909, which required each county to select a county superintendent and which also provided a state subsidy of $400 to help his salary. The great need of teachers in elementary schools was also parti- ally met by a law (1913) providing teacher-training in high schools. In 1913 the free textbook law and the state board convention law were passed. In 1921 a county unit law, making the county the unit of school administration for schools below a certain rank, was passed. This law was held up by the referendum. One of the greatest forces in pro- moting better schools and welding all the teachers together in an enthusiastic, progressive body, is the State Teachers' Association, which is the second largest in the United States. The State has also maintained for years special schools. These schools are supported by the State and have perform- ed a great service. The school for the deaf and dumb children is located at Fulton ; the school for the blind, at St. Louis; the home for the feeble minded and the epileptic, at Marshall ; and the school for the incorrigible boys, white girls, and negro girls, respectively, at Boonville, Chillicothe, and Tipton. Secondary Education The early secondary schools in Missouri were the aca- demies and the ladies' seminaries. Both were tuition schools. The academy idea of education was found in nearly all parts of the country. The female seminary idea originated in the South. Some of the early academies chartered in Missouri were: Jackson, 1820, in Cape Girardeau county; St. Charles and Franklin, 1820; Louisiana, 1822; St. Marys, 1822; Potosi, 1824; Ste. Genevieve, 1824; Boonville. 1825; and Fayette, 1825. The academy spread rapidly over Mis- souri and by 1850 there were 204 academies in the State, in which were enrolled 8,000 students. A few of these academies became military schools. To-day the academies 332 History of Missouri and Missourians have nearly passed away. Of the miHtary academies three have survived; Kemper, at Boonville, Missouri MiHtary, at Mexico, and Wentworth, at Lexington. The female seminaries also had their beginning at the time of the academy. Many were church schools. The Sacred Heart academy at St. Louis was founded by the Catholics as early as 1818. Among the early seminaries were Elizabeth Aull, at Lexington, 1820; Lindenwood, at St. Charles, 1830; and Howard Payne, at Fayette, 1834. The female seminary idea also spread rapidly over Missouri. A number of them are now junior colleges of the State, i. e., half-way schools between the high school and the college and university. Some of the cities also have established junior colleges but these are a part of the public school system. In 1921 Missouri still had forty- four fully accredited academies and eighteen junior colleges. The secondary schools in Missouri to-day are the high schools. They are all the development of the last fifty years of Missouri's public school system, excepting three high schools in St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City. The first high school in Missouri was opened in St. Louis in 1853 with 70 pupils. In 1921 St. Louis had six first class high schools with 12,268 pupils. The second high school in Missouri was opened in St. Joseph in 1866 and the third in Kansas City in 1867. Owing to various causes the growth of the high school idea in Missouri was slow. Perhaps the two main reasons were first the fact that the high schools had no legal status in any Missouri constitution and second the strength of the private schools, especially the academies, giving secondary instruction. Even as late as 1899 Missouri had only 27 four-year, 38 three-year, and 60 two-year high schools, — a total of 125 high schools of which one-half gave only two years work. In 1921 Missouri had 396 first class, 94 second class, 166 third class, and 64 unclassified high schools, — a total of 720 high schools of which over one-half A Century of Education 333 were first class high schools. In these 720 schools were en- rolled 74,248 pupils, of which 68,011 were in first class high schools. Much of this progress was due to the law of 1903, which gave the high school a firm legal basis by providing for state inspection of high schools by the state superintend- ent of schools. This inspection has accomplished much in developing the high school spirit and in raising the standards. Moreover, the people now appreciate the great work being accomplished in their high schools The cities and towns are continuously advancing and lately the progressive rural dis- tricts have solved the problem of secondary education by consolidations with town high schools or with other country districts. The future of the Missouri high school was never brighter than it is to-day. Equally as important as the progress of the high school in numbers and enrollment, has been the improvement in its course of study. Prof. C. A. Phillips, of the Warrens- burg state teachers college, has described this in these words: *'The early academies and high schools were for such stu- dents only as expected to attend college. At the present time, however, the modern high school curriculum in the State makes provision for practically all sorts of people — teacher-training classes for those who would begin teaching, vocational agriculture, vocational home economics, the trades, all the sciences, histories, languages, and technical subjects. Indeed, a modern high school curriculum is the equivalent of the ordinary college curriculum of thirty or forty years ago, except for the languages demands made by those col- leges." Higher Education Higher education in Missouri, or "the college and uni- versity era," had its beginnings in church schools. The first college was organized by the Catholics in St. Louis in 1819 and became St. Louis University in 1832. The Uni- ^^4 History of Missouri and Missourians versit}- of Missouri, the head of the pubUc school system of Missouri, was estabUshed at Columbia in 1839. Other insti- tutions of college rank founded in Missouri were: Centra) College at Fayette, founded by the Methodists, 1844; William Jewell College at Liberty, founded by the Baptists, 1849; Westminister College at Fulton, Presbyterian, 1853 ; Wash- ington University, St. Louis, founded in 1854 by a St. Louis merchant, Wayman Crow ; Drury College at Springfield,. Congregational, 1873 ; Park College at Parkville, Presbyte- rian, 1875; Tarkio College at Tarkio, 1883; and Missouri Valley College at Marshall, Presbyterian, 1888. These col- leges, with the Central Wesleyan of Warrenton and the Mis- souri Wesleyan of Cameron, constitute the "College Union." The state normal schools, now called teachers colleges, were organized in 1870. The first two were established at Kirks- ville and Warrensburg. In 1873 a third school was founded at Cape Girardeau, and in 1905 two more were established — one at Springfield and one at Maryville. These five state teachers colleges are also part of the public school system. They were established primarily to train teachers. They now give a full four year college course and their enrollment is rapidly increasing. Down to 1920 these schools had en- rolled more than 145,000 students. Education for the ne- groes of the State was first provided for with the establish- ment of Lincoln Institute at Jefferson City in 1866. In 1879 this institute was taken over by the State and in 1921 the Legislature changed its name to Lincoln University. The two leading universities in Missouri are Washington University at St. Louis and the University of Missouri. The former was founded in 1854 by Wayman Crow, a St. Louis merchant. Through the public spirit of leading citizens of St. Louis this institution received large gifts in money and property until to-day it has an endowment fund running into the millions of dollars. Washington University is supported by the income from this fund and from tuition charged stu- A Century of Education 335 dents. It maintains a number of complete schools or col- leges in which higher instruction is given in the arts and sciences, engineering, medicine, law, dentistry, business and commerce. It is one of the leading universities in the Mid- dle West. The University of Missouri at Columbia, the capstone of Missouri's public educational system, was founded by the State in 1839. The United States also gave Missouri public land for the establishment of such an institution. Although the first state university established west of the Mississippi river, the growth of the University of Missouri was slow. Not until 1867 did it receive from the State an appropriation for support. As Missouri awakened to the need of such an institution adequately equipped, the State began to sup- port it more liberally. The University of Missouri is to-day one of the greatest universities of its kind in the United States. Its separate colleges provide professional education in agriculture, arts and sci^ence, law, education, engineering, journalism, commerce, and medicine. Another college of the University of Missouri is the school of mines and metallurgy located at Rolla, Missouri. The entrollment of the Uni- versity of Missouri for 1921 was over 6,000 students. Suggestive Questions 1. Who was Missouri's first schoolmaster? 2. What beginnings were made in elementary education during the Spanish-French period? 3. What changes in education took place with the coining of the Americans? 4. How did the district subscription school differ from the pub- lic school? 5. Why was the development of the public school system slow in Missouri? 6. Illustrate Missouri's progress in public (duration. 336 History of Missouri and Missourians 7. In what kind of schools did secondary education have its be- ginning in Missouri? 8. Indicate the progress made by the high school in Missouri during the last fifty years. 9. Describe the general progress of higher education in Mis- souri. appi:ndix Reference Books Desirable for a Small Working Library on Missouri History (All of these works, excepting complete sets of back volumes of the publications of the State Historical Society of Missouri and of the Missouri Historical Society, can be secured for about $25.00.) Carr, Lucien, Missouri, A Bunt of Contention. 1899. Houghton Mifflin Co. A brief ,i;cncral work on the history of Missouri. It is largely political in treatment and is not down to date. HoucK, Louis, History of Missouri from Earliest Explorations and Settlements until the Admission of the State into the Union. 3 vols., 1908. Donnelley and Sons, Cliicago. The best work pub- lished on Missouri history down to 1821. McElrov, John, Struggle for Missouri. 1909. National Publishing Co. A presentation of the Civil War in Missouri. Meigs, William, Thomas Hart Benton. Lippincott Missouri Historical Review. State Historical Society of Mis- souri, Columbia. A (juarlLrly magazine of over one hundred pages to the number. Subscription price $1.00 a year. Complete set of 16 vols., bound, $60.00. Contains valuable articles on every phase of Missouri history. Missouri Historical Society Collections. Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Contains valuable studies on Missouri history. Shoemaker, Floyd C, Missouri's Hall of Fame. Missouri Book Company, Columbia. Devoted to the lives of eminent Missourians. Shokmaker, Floyd C, Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 1804- 1821. Floyd C. Shoemaker, Columbia. An intensive study of Mis- souri government from 1804 to 1821. Thwaites, Reuisen G., Daniel Boone. Appletons. ViOLETTE, E. M., History of Missouri. 1918. D. C. Heath & Co. An excellent treatment of those topics in Missouri history that have significance in the history of the nation. Williams, Walter, The State of Missouri, An Autobiography. May be obtained from The Slate Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, at $1.00. Contains valuable information on Missouri. (337) INDEX Academies, 331-332 Acts of Congress. See Congress Adams. H. M., 246 Admission of Alissouri into the Union, 74-75 Agriculture in Missouri, during Span- ish period, 50-53; 1820-1921, 272- 282 Amendments to constitution. See Con- stitution American Fur Co., 103-104, 109 American immigration to Missouri, 43- 46, 77-82 American settlements in Missouri, 43- 46, 77-82 Americans in Missouri, 23-27, 60 Anderson, Bill, 230231 Ashley, William H., 72, 101-103, 114, 122 Astor, John Jacob, 103-104 Atchison, David R., 129-130, 133, 136, 138-140, 217 AuU, Elizabeth, Seminary, 332 Austin, Moses and Stephen, 45-46, 285 Automobiles in Missouri, 302 Arsenal, at Liberty, 153; at St. Louis, 154 Bank of the State of Missouri, 120 Banks in pioneer Missouri, 86 Baptists in Missouri, 92 Barton, David, 72, 74-75, 123 Barytes. See Mining Batdorf, Edwin, 233 Bates, Edward. 72, 114, 122 Bates, Frederick 65 116-119 Battle of New Orleans, 87; Brazito, 214; Sacramento, 215; Boonville, 222; Carthage, 55; Wilson's Creek, 224; Lexington, 225; Pea Ridge, 227; Kirksville, 228; Independence, 228; Lone Jack, 228; Westport, 231 Becknell, William, 105 Bent, Governor, 216 Benton, Thomas Hart, 72, 74 75, 110, 114, 116. 128136, 315, 320 Big Ozark spring, 15 "Big Shake." The, 79 Billon, Frederick L., 322-323 Bingham, G. C, 230 Black Hawk War, 119, 209 Blair, Frank P., 149-156, 169-170, 180- 181 Bland, Richard P., 187-188, 193 Boats. Sec Steamboat Boggs, Lilburn W., 116, 120-121 Bogy, Louis V.. 181 Bonds. See Transportation, Soldiers Bonus, Pension for Blind, Roads Booms, 84, 203-204. See also Agricul- ture Boone, Daniel, 45-46 Boone's Lick country, 78 Boone's Lick Trail, 108 Boonville, battle of, 222 "Border Ruffians," 140 Border Troubles before Civil War, 138-14U, 142 Border Warfare, 1861-1863, 229-230 I'oundaries of Missouri, 68-69 Brackcnridge, Henry M., 320 Brazito, battle of, 214 , Breckenridge Democrats, 144-145 Bridger, Jim, 101 British attack on St. Louis, 48-50 Brookings, Robert S., 245 Brown, B. Gratz, 160-161, 171, 180, 182 I'rowii, John, 217 Bryan, W. J., 193, 198 Buckner, Alexander, 123 Bucl, James T., 228 Buel, James W., 322 323 Byars, W. V., 322 323 Caffee, W. E., 233 Cahokia, settlement at, 38 California Trail, 109 Camp Jackson, 154 Campbell, John P., 312 Cape Girardeau, 44, 66 Capitals of Missouri, 63, 74 Capitols of Missouri, 117-118 Carondclet, 42 Carthage, battle of, 224 Carts, early French, 55 Catholics in pioneer Missouri, 55 56 Cement. See Mining (338) Index 339 Centennial celebrations in Mo., 207 "Central Clique," 126 Central College, Fayette, 334 Centralia Massacre, 230 Central Weslcyan College, Warrenton, 334 Charless, Joseph, S7, 315 Chopin, Mrs. Kate, 322-323 Chouteau, Auguste, 40-41, 95 Chouteau, Franeois, 307 Chi)>iteau, Madame, 41-42 ( hurchill, Winston, 315, 323-324 Cities in Missouii, 303-314 Civil War, 219-232 Civil War politics, 147 164 Clark, Champ, 199 Clark, George Rogers, 143 Clark, Harvey C, 236 Clark, John B., Jr., 156 Clark, William, 20, 66, 8182, 119 120 Clay, Henry, 74 Clay products. Sec Alining Clemens, Samuel L., 321-322 Clothes of pioneer Fretich and Ameri- cans, 56 Coal. See Mining Cockrell, Francis M., 184 Coins in pioneer Missouri, 84-85 Colby, Bainbridge, 246 Colleges, 332, 334 "College Union," 334 Colony for feeble minded, 193 Common field and commons, 51 Compromise, Missouri, 68 Confederates in Missouri, 219 232 Confederate Soldiers home, 193 Congress, act of, 1803, 63; 1804, 63- 64; 1805, 64-65; 1812, 6667; 1816, 67; 1820, 68; 1821, 70, 74-75 Conservative Union party, 169-170 Constitution of 1820, 70-72; 1845, 129 131; 1865, 164168; 1875, 185-186 Constitutional convention, 1861, 150- 152, 156-160; 1922, 206. See also Constitution Constitutional Union party, 143-145 Conventions. See Constitution, Rail- roads, Politics Cook, John D., 72 Coontz, Robert E., 245 Cooper, Benjamin, 80 Copper. See Mining Colby, Joseph A., 233 Corn. See Agriculture Coronado, 29 COKKESPONDENT ANU RECORD^ 316 Council of Defence, 24 Counties, 66, 253-254 Creel, George, 245 Crittenden, Thomas T., 188-189 Crosby, Oscar T., 246 Crossley, Wallace, 242 Crow, Waymau, 334 Crowder, E. 11., 244 Croy, Homer, 324 Curtis, General, 226, 231 Davis, J. Lionbcrger, 246 Davison, G. C, 245 De Bourgmont, 34-35 De Lassus, 59 Delawares, 19, 81 Delegates to Missouri's const, conv., 1820, 72 Democratic party. Sec Politics Depression of 1819, 84; 1837, 120; '70s, 183-184; '90s, 191; 1920-1921, 205 De Soto, 29 District of Louisiana, 64 Dockery, A. M., 194, 245 Dodge, Henry, 72, 81, 209 Dodge, Louis, 324 Doniphan, A. W., 131, 213-216 Doniphan's Expedition, 212-216 Douglass Democrats, 144145 Drake, Charles D., 166, 180 Dress in pioneer days, 56 Drury College, Springfield, 334 Duden's book, 24 Dunklin, Daniel, 116, 119120 Du Tisne, 33-34 Earthquake of 1811, 79-80 Eastin, Rufus, 67 Education, in pioneer Missouri, 56, 90-92; a century of, 326-336 Edwards, John C, 123, 129-131 Edwards, John N., 315, 319, 322 Eighty-ninth Division, 239-240 Election, first State, 1820, 72. See also Politics. Ellis, J. Breckenridge, 324 Emancipation, 160-164, 166 Emigrant Aid Societies, 216-217 Enabling Act of 1820. 68 340 History of Missouri and Missourians Ewing, H. S., 231 Ewing, Thomas, 229-230 Exploration of the West, 35-36, 94- 111 Explorers, 27-36 Farmer, Early Aimricaii and French, 51-54 . Farniington, 45 Farm machinery and farms. See Ag- riculture Farmers' Alliance party, 183-184 "Fathers of the State," 70-72 Federal Farm Loan bank, 305 Federal Reserve banks, 305 Federals in Missouri, 231-232 Federal soldiers home, 193 Field, Kugene, 315, 321-322 Findlay, Jonathan S., 72 First settlements in Missouri, 32, 34, 38-46' Fitzsimmons, W. T., 240 Flatboats, 88 Fletcher, Thomas C, 164-170 Florissant, 43 Florida War, 209-210 Folk, Joseph W., 196-197 Foreign born in Missouri, 26, 260- 263 Forts, Chartres, 40; Carondelet, 95; Orlieans, 34, 38 Foxes, . 19-20. See also Sacs and Foxes Francis, David R., 191-192, 245 Franklin, town of, 78, 104 Frederjcktown, 45 Fre» negroes, 74 Free silver campaign, 187, 193 Fremont, John C, 110, 162, 226 French explorers, 21-23, 27-36 French settlements, 38-46 Fruit experiment station, 193 Fur trade attracted French, 28; extent of. 95, 99-104; of St. Louis, 305 Gamble, Hamilton R., 151, 157-161 Gambling in pioneer days, 61, 90 Gardner, Frederick D., 201-203, 241 Garrett, Ruby D., 238 Gehrung, Julien A., 245 General Assembly, first state, 72-74. See also Politics Gentry, Richard, 120, 209-210 Gentry, William, 183 Geography of Missouri, 16-18 Geological survey, 293 Germans in Missouri 24, 127-128, 150- 152. Sec also Population (ieyer Act of 1839, 329 Geyer, Henry S., 136 Glasgow, captured, 231 Government in Missouri, under Span- ish, 47-57; 1804 1821, 62-75. See also Politics Governors of Missouri. Sec Govern- ment in Missouri Grange or People's party, 175, 183 Gratiot, Charles, 60 Great American Desert, 98 Great Salt Lake Trail, 109 (ireeley, Horace, 182 Green, Duff, 72 Green, James S., 133, 141, 152 Greenback party, 175 Gregg, Josiah, 107 Gross, G. P., 233 Hadley, Herbert S., 197-198 Hall, Willard P., 133, 157, 161, 213 Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. See Transportation Hardeman, Fletcher, 234 Hardin, Charles H., 183-186 "Hards," 116, 128 Harris, W. T., 322-323 Harvey, Ford T., 246 Hayes, Upton, 228 Hempstead, Edward, 67 Henderson, John B., 151, 160-161 Henry, Andrew, 101 Holden, Hale, 246 Holden, James F., 246 . Holliday, Benjamin, 316 Home for feeble minded, 331 Home Guards. See "Wide- Awakes" Honey War, 212 Hoover food pledge, 241-242 Horses. Sec Agriculture Houck, Louis, 324 Houses, American and French, 53-54 Houston, David E., 245 Howard, Benjamin, 65 Howard county, 78 Howard Payne seminary, 332 Hughes, Colonel, 228 Hughes, Rupert, 324 Hurst, Fannie, 315, 324 Index 341 Hunter, General, 226 Hunter, John, 246 Hunting in pioneer Missouri, 54 Hyde, Arthur M., 205-207 llydc, William. 315 Illinois country, 38, 42-44 HlinoisFrench, 38, 42 44 Immigration to Missouri. See French, Americans, Germans, etc., and Pop- ulation Independence, and Santa Fc trade, 104, 106; Oregon Trail, 109; bat- tle of, 228 Indiana territory, 64 Indians in Missouri, 19-21; troubles in 1812, 80-82 Industrial school for girls, 190; for negro girls, 198 Initiative and referendum, 197 Interstate migration, 263-264 Iowa-Missouri boundary dispute, 131; 212 lowas, 19 Irish in Missouri, 25, 128. Sec Popu lation Iron. See Mining "Ironclad" oath, 166-168, 180 Jackson, Claiborne F., 134, 144, 149- 156, 220-224 Jackson, Hancock, 141 ■'Jackson Resolutions," 134 •'Jawhawkers," 142, 217 Jefferson City, 117 Jeffersonian, 316 Johnson, Benjamin, 327 Johnson, Waldo P., 152, 158 Joliet, 31 Jones, John Rice, 72 Joplin, 313 Journalism in Missouri, 315-319 Kansas Border troubles, 138 140, 142, 216-217 Kansas City, 35, 104, 106, 306-310 Kansas Indians, 19 Kansas-Nebraska bill, 137 Kaskaskia, 38 Kearney, Stephen W., 213 Keel boats, 88 Keithley, Ferdinando, 234 Kellogg, A. A., 245 Kemper academy, 332 King, Austin A., 132-133 Kirksville, battle of, 228 Knapp, George, 315 Kouns, Nathan C, 322-323 Krckcl, Arnold, 166 Krocgcr, Adolph Ernest, 322-323 Laclede, founder of St. Louis, 39-40 La Hontan, 32 Lamm, Henry, 202 La Motte, 283 Land, prices of, etc., 43-44, 84. See also Agriculture Land office law, 1821, 118 Lane, Jim, 229 La Salle, 31-32 Lawrence, Kan., 229 Lawyers in pioneer Missouri, 86 Lead, attracted French, 28, 32-33; early mines, 32-33, 54-55; bring settlers, 38, 43. See also Mining Legislature, first state, 1820, 72-74. Sea also Politics Lewis, Mcriweather, 65 Lewis and Clark expedition, 33, 96 Lexington, and Santa Fe trade, 104; battle of, 225-226 Liberal Republicans, 171-172, 174-182 Liberty, arsenal at, 153 Liberty Loans, 241 Life of the people, 1770-1804, 50-56; 1804-1821, 77-93 Lincoln, Abraham, 143, 153, 162 Lincoln Institute (now University), 173, 334 Lindenwood seminary, 332 Linn, Lewis F., 110, 123-124 Lisa, Manuel, 23, 95-96, 100-101 Literature, 319-325 Little Prairie, 44 Lone Jack, battle of, 228 Long, Breckenridgc, 245 Long, Stephen H., 98 Louisiana country, 36, 46 Louisiana Fur Company, 39 Louisiana Purchase, 58 61 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 192, 194, 306 Lumber, 15 Lyon, Harris Merton, 324 Lyon, Nathaniel, 153-155, 220-225 McClurg, Joseph W., 170-171 McCoy, J. C, 307 McCullagh, Joseph B., 315, 319 342 History of Missouri and Missourians McCulloch, General. 224-225 McKiiiley, J. C, 199 McNair, Alexander, 72, 116 118 McNeil, John H., 228 Major, Elliott \V., 199-200 Mallet brothers, 36 Mansion house hotel, 70 Marmadukc, John S., 189-190, 230 Marmaduke, M. M., 117 Marquette, 31 Maxent, 39 Merchants in pioneer Mo., 55 Methodists in pioneer Mo., 92 Mexican Border Trouble, 235-236 Mexican War, 212 216 Miamis in War of 1812, 80 81 Middleton, J. A., 246 Migration. See Population Mileage of railroads. See Transpor- tation Militia law, 118 Military orders of Federals, 227-228 Miller, Henry, 246 Miller, John, 116 119, 122 Military Missouri, 208 247 Mineral wealth of Missouri, 13-14 Mining in Missouri, 283-293 Mississippi river, 9. See also Trans- portation Mississippi valley, 9-12 Missouri, the center state, 9 18; loca- tion of, 10-11; gateway to the West, 11-12; natural wealth of, 12-16; name, 17; people of, 19-26; Indi- ans in, 19-21; French in, 2123; Spanish in, 23; Americans in, 23- 26; Germans in, 25; foreigners in, 26; negroes in, 26; explorers of, 27- 36; early trade in, 30-36; early lead mining in, 32-33; first century of settlement in, 1700 1804, 3846; government of Spanish in. 47-57; population of, 1795-1810, 44-45; capitals of, 63; boundaries of, 68; first five districts 'of, 64, 66; strug- gle for statehood of, 62 75; first state constitution of, 70-72; first state election in, 72; state govern- ment in, 1820, 72-74; boundaries of, 6869; population of, 1820, 74; ad mission of, 75; government in, 1804- "321, 62-75; special legislature of. 1821, 75; counties of, 1812-1821, 78; forts in. War of 1812, 80-81; pi- oneer life in, 1804-1821, 82-92; poli- tics in, 1820 1844, 112125; the '"Bullion State." 116; governors of, 1820-1844, 116-121; land office law of, 1821, 118; state bank of, 120; troubles with Mormons, 120 121; politics in, 1844-1860, 126-145; im- migration to, 1844-1860, 127-128; constitution of, 1845, i29, 131; boundary dispute of, with Iowa, 131; in War with Mexico, 131; at- titude on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 139- 140; for compromise, 1860, 149-150; public opinion in, 1860 1861, 149- 152; state convention in, 186., 150- 152, 156-160; provisional govern- ment of, 156-161; constitutional con- vention of, 1865, 164-168; emancipa- tion of slaves by, 166; state debt of, 173; constitution of, 1875, 185- 186; constitutional convention of, 1922, 206; population of, 249-265; counties of, 253 254; agriculture in, 272-282; mining in, 283 293; trans- portation in, 294-302; cities in, 303- 314; journalism and literature in, 315-325; education in, 326-336 Missouri Compromise, first, 68; sec ond, 74-75 Missouri Council of Defence, 241 Missouri Enabling Act, 68 70 Missouri Fur Company, 100101 Missouri Gazette, 87, 315-317 MissouHi Herald, 316 Missouiu Intelligencer, 87, 315-316 Missouri Military history, 247 Missouri Military academy, 332 Missouri Press Association, 318 Missouri Republican, 315-316, 319 Missouri river, 12, 17, 33-36 Missouri School of Journalism, 319 Missouri State Guard, 156 Missouri State Militia, 227-228 Missouri Trading Company, 95, 100 Missouri Valley College, Marshall, 334 Missouri Wesleyan College, Cameron, 334 Missouri and the Oregon Trail, 108 110 Index 343 Missouri and the Santa Fe trade, 104-108 Missouri and the West, 26o 271 MissouiuAN, The, at St. Charles, 316 Missourians, 19-26; the trail-makers of the West, 94-111; in the World War, 237 246 Missouris, 1617, 19, 30 Money, 18041820, 84; effect of San- ta Fe trade on, 108 Monroe, James, 75 Montgomery, James, 217 Moore, Milton, 233 Moorehouse, Albert P., 190 Mormons, trouble with, 120-121; War with, 210211 Mormon Trail, 109 Mules, effect of Santa Fe trade on, 107. Sec also Agriculture Mulligan, Col., 225-226 Mumford, F. B., 241 Murphy's Settlement, 45 Muster Day, 118-119 Native population of Missouri, 260- 263 Natural resources of Missouri, 32-33 Negroes in Missouri, 26, 33, 259 Nelson, William R., 315, 319 Neosho legislature, 155-156 New Bourbon, 43 New England and Kansas, 139-140 New Madrid, founding of, 44 New Madrid claims, 79 New Madrid county, 66, 78 SO New Mexico, trade with, 95, 104-108 Newspapers in pioneer Mo., 87. See also Journalism Nickel. .S"f^ Mining Nicollet, 30 Normal schools, 173, 181, 197 Northwest Ordinance, 43 Nortoni, Albert D., 199 Oaths of loyalty, etc., 158, 159. 167 Oats. See Agriculture "Old Bullion." See Benton Order Number Eleven, 229 230 Oregon, emigration to, 108-110; work of Linn for, 123-124; occupation of, 129 Oregon Trail, 108 110 Orr, Sample, 144 Osages, 19-20, 48 Osceola, burning of, 229 Otoes, 19-20 "Ousting Ordinance," 168 Owen, Mary Alicia, 324 Ozark Standard, 316 Pacific railroad. See Transportation Palmer, L. C, 244 Palmyra Massacre, 230 Panic. Sec Depressions Park College, Parkville, 334 Parker, Alton B., 196 Paschal, Nathaniel, 315 Patten, Nathaniel, 316 Pea Ridge, battle of, 227 Pension for the blind, 205 People's party, 183184, 193 Pershing, John J., 235, 242 244 Petition for statehood, 1817, 67; 1818, 67 Peyton, R. L. Y., 156 Phelps, John S.. 133. 186-187 Pike, Zebulon M., 98 Pioneer life in Missouri, 50-56, 82-92 Planters hotel conference, 155 Platte Purchase, 17. 20, 68, 119 120, 123-124 Pleasanton, General, 231 Poindcxter, Col., 230 Politics in Missouri, 1820-1922, 112- 207 Polk, Trusten, 141, 158 Population of Missouri, 44, 45, 65, 74, 77-78, 249-265 Populist party, 175 Porter, Joseph C, 228 Potosi, 42 Poultry experiment station, 198 Powersite, dam at, 14 Pratte, Chouteau and Co., 104 Presbyterians in early Missouri, 92 Price, Sterling, 137-140, 151, 155-156, 213-214, 220-231 Price's raid, 1864, 230 231 Prices of farm products, etc. See Agriculture Progressive party, 199 Prohibition, 203. 205 Protestants in pioneer Missouri, 55-56 Provisional government of Missouri. 1861-1864, 156161 Public opinion in Missouri, 1860-1861, 144-145, 149-156 344 History of Missouri and Missourians Public School System. 1839, 126. See also Education Public service commission, 201, 300 Pulitzer, Joseph, 315, 319 Quantrell, 229, 231 Queen of the Ozarks, 312-313 Radical Republican party, 164-173 Radisson and Groseilliers, 31 Railroads, 120, 133, 296-301 Rains, General, 224 Ralls county, 74 Ralls, Daniel, 72 "Red Legs," 229 Reed, James A., 199 Reedy, William Marion, 315, 324 Registry acts, 169-170 Religion in early days, 55-56, 90-92 Renault, brings first slaves, 33, 283 Republican party, 178, 137, 143-145. See also Liberal Republicans Revolutionary War, 43 Reynolds, Thomas, 116, 121 Reynolds, T. C, 151, 156 Rigauche, Mme., 327 Rivers, 11-12 Roads, 206, 301-302. See also Trans- portation Robidoux, Joseph, 310 Rocky Mountain Fur Co., 101-103, 109 Rolla, School of Mines at, 293 Rollins, James S., 114, 132, 142 Roosevelt, Theodore, 199 Rule of the Radicals, 164-173 Rumbold, Frank M., 233 Rural Missouri. See Population Russell, Edgar, 245 Sacramento, battle of, 215 . Sacred Heart Academy, 332 Sacs and Foxes, 19-20, 35, 48, 80, 82, 119-120, 208-209 St. Charles, 43, 74 St. Charles county, 66 Ste. Genevieve, i2, 38-39, 42, 55 Ste. Genevieve county, 66 St. Joseph, Michigan, 50 St. Joseph, Missouri, 310-312 St. Louis, 32, 38-42, 48-50, 104, 107, 153-154, 304-306, 315-317, 328 St. Louis college, 92 St. Louis county, 66 St. Louis Enquirer, 70, 87, 315 St. Louis Herald, 316 St. Louis Republic, 315 St. Louis University, 333 St. Michael's settlement, 45 Salt, 28, 32, 38 Salt river country, 78 Santa Fe Trail and trade, 27, 35-36, 94-95, 104-108, 308 Scenery, 15-16 Schofield, General, 228 School for blind, 133, 331 Schools for incorrigible boys and girls, 331 School for deaf, 133, 331 School of mines, 293, 335 Schools. See Education Schurz, Carl, 171, 182, 315 Scott, John. 67, 72, 74-75, 122 Secession legislature, 1861, 155-156 Seminaries, 331-332 Seminole Indian War, 120, 209-210 Settlements in pioneer Missouri, 33, 38-46, 78-79 -Settlers of Missouri, 23-26, 77-78 Shawnees, 19 Shelby, Joseph. 161, 230 Sigel, General, 224 Silver. Sec Money Slavery, extension of, 126-127, 137; in Missouri, 33, 83. 161-164 Smith. Jedediah S.. 101, 103 Smith, T. S. M., 245 Snider, B. J., 322-323 Social life in pioneer Missouri, 90-92 •'Softs," 116. 128 Soil, 13 Soldiers bonus, 206, 247 Soldiers' and sailors' employment agency, 246 Soldiers' and sailors' memorial hall, 247 Soldiers' settlement amindnirnf, 205 Solemn public act, 1821, 75 Southwest Missouri, early settlement of, 78 Spanish explorers, 23, 27-36 Spanish land grants, 64 .Spanish Louisiana, 44-57 Spanish settlements in New Mexico, 29-30 Spanish-American War, 233-235 Spanish-French period, 47-48, 50-56 Spanish Trail. 109 Index 345 Speculation. See Booms Spencer, Selden P., 203 Springfield, Mo., 78, 312-313 State aid to railroads. See Railroads State bank, 116, 120 State fair. 193 State food administrator, 241 State guard, 156 State historical society, 194 State hospitals, 180, 190 State militia, bill of 1861, 154 State sanatorium, 197 State seal, 118 State Teachers' Association, 331 State teachers' colleges, 173, 181, 197, 334 Steamboat, 88, 294-296 Stephens, Lon V., 193-194 Stettinius, Edward R., 245 Stevens, Walter B., 315, 319, 334 Stewart, Robert M., 142 Stinson, Julia, 246 Stoddard, Amos, 59, 63 Stone, Wm. J., 192-193, 199, 202 Stone. See Mining Street and road transportation, 301- 302 Sublett, William L., 101 Taft, William H., 198 199 Tarkio College, Tarkio, 334 Taussig, J. H., 244 Taverns, 87 Teasdale, Sara, 315, 324 Territory of Louisiana, 65 66 Territory of Missouri, 66 Territory of Orleans, 64-65 Test oath, 159 Texas, 129 Thirty-fifth division, 238 239 Thomas, Augustus, 315, 323-324 Thompson, Jeff, 230 Tools on pioneer farm, 55 Towns, first in Missouri, 55 Trade in pioneer days, 30-36 Trails, 104-110 Training school for boys, 190 Transfer of upper Louisiana, 59-60 Transportation, 88, 294-302 Trudeau, John B., 319, 326 Twain, Mark, 315, 321-322 Umphraville, Angus, 320 Union army, 219-232 University of Missouri, 121, 334-33S Upper Louisiana, 59-60, 63 L^rban Missouri. See Population Van Horn, General, 227 Vest, George G., 187-188 Vial, 36 Vote cast for governors, 1870-1920, 178 Vroonian, Carl, 245 Wagon road, first in Missouri, 55 Warner, William, 192, 196-197 War of 1812, 80 82 Wars of Missouri, 208-247 Washington University, 334-335 Waterpower in Missouri, 16 Wcntworth academy, 332 Western Journal, 315 Westminster College, Fulton, 334 Westport, 307; battle of, 231 Westport Landing, 104, 106, 307 Wheat. See Agriculture Whig party. See Politics White persons. See Population "Wide-Awakes," 153, 155 Wilfley, X. P., 202 Wilkinson, James, 65 Willard, Arthur Lee, 234 William Jewell College, Liberty, 334 Williams, Abraham J., 116 Williams, Walter, 315 Wilson, Robert, 157 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 224-225 Woman Suffrage, 203 Woodson, Silas, 180-181 World War, 201-203, 237-248 /inc. Srr Mining LIBRARY OF CONGRESS