a'^ o " " * '^O <^. ■*^ bv V -^^0^ - C , ^Q J^^-^^. t^-S' o O " O , 'Q o ^* ^^-'^^ o . .0 . ^■^ /^if^i^^^ \ 'x>« '^ o_ i «■ » o - ^» V .0^ .0 x^-V ^^'; ^ «5 '=:< -/; ^"^ -V- o^ •V ,0' \' «*. ^^ * " - " ' \'^ C^ • . , , 'b v^ <> .\^ •^•\ .Sv/> ^v^ ^^. * ,0 '^ T^ C^ ^ ^•^x- 0^ °; ,^ o^ *<> .'N .V rr, •' .0 ^^r^ o o 't' ^. . . rO a » o v :'y^7/jlJfi o o .0- V ^">lKi, ^^ ^'' -^ ^-}^'^^^)^* ^^^ ,o^_. ^. '-M\v^i=^ ' _r •o*' PART FIRST. OF Washington County, Vt. 1783-1889. EDITED BY WILLIAM ADAMS. COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY HAMILTON CHILD, I AUTHOR OF WAYNE, ONTARIO, SENECA, CAYUGA, TOMPKINS, ONONDAGA, MADI- SON, CORTLAND, CHEMUNG, SCHUYLER, STEUBEN, ORLEANS, HERKIMER, CHENANGO, NIAGARA, ONEIDA, MONROE, GENESEE, SARATOGA, MONTGOM- ERY AND FULTON, ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY, RENSSELAER, WASH- INGTON, WYOMING. LEWIS, COLUMBIA, SULLIVAN, SCHOHARIE, OTSEGO, ULSTER, CHAUTAUQUA, ST. LAWRENCE, BROOME AND TIOGA, CATTARA(;US, ALLEGANY, AND OTHER COUNTY DI- RECTORIES IN NEW YORK STATE, AND ERIE AND CRAW- FORD COUNTIES, THE BRADFORD OIL DISTRICT IN PENNSYLVANIA, BENNINGTON, RUTLAND, ADDI- SON, CHITTENDEN, FRANKLIN AND GRAND ISLE, LAMOILLE AND ORLEANS,WINDSOR, WINDHAM, CALEDONIA AND ESSEX, AND ORANGE COUNTIES IN VERMONT, BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASS., AND CHESHIRE AND GRAFTON COUN- TIES, X. H. PERMANENT OFFICE, SYRACUSE, N. Y. ESTABLISHED 1866. " He that hath much to do, will do something wrong, and of that wrong must suffer the consequences ; and if it were possible that he should always act rightly, yet when such num- bers are to judge of his conduct, the bad will censure and obstruct him by malevolence, and the good sometimes by mistake!" — Samuel Johnson. SYRACUSE, N. Y.: THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. April, 1889. -SI M/3 C5 Almanac or Calendar for 20 Years. D 1874 C 1875 B A I G 1876 I 1877 F 1878 E D C B A 1879 I 1880 i i88t 1882 1883 F E D C I B 1886 I 1887 A G D j C B I A 1891 I 1892 I 1893 1 8 152229 Sun. Sat. Sun. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. 2 9 10 16,2330 Mon. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. Tues. 3 17 24131 Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Sun. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. 4 ' ' 1 11:1825..! Wed. I ' • j 12 T926 . . Thurs. Tues. Mon. Sat. Frid'y. Thui^. 5 Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Frid'y. 6 132027 . . Frid'y. 1 ' i Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. 7J14 21 28 . . Sat. Frid'y. B Thurs. C Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Jan. and Oct. A D E F G May. B ■ C D E F G A August. C D E F G A B Feb., March, Nov. ^ E F G A B C June. E F G A B C D Sept. and : -p Dec. 1 ^ G A B C c D E April and ; p, July. 1 ^ A B D E F Explanation. — Find the Year and observe the Letter above it; then look for ths Month, and in aline with It find the Letter of the Year; above the Letter find the Day and the figures on the left, in the same line, are the days of the same name in the month. Leap Years have two letters; the first is used till the end of F'ebruary, the second during the remainder of the year. INTRODUCTION In presenting to the public the " Gazetteer and Business Directory of Washington County," we desire to return our sincere thanks to all who have kindly aided in obtaining the information it contains, and thus rendered it possible to present it in the brief space of time in which it is essential such work should be completed. Especially are our thanks due to the editors and managers of the local papers for the uniform kindness they have evinced in calling public attention to our efforts, and for essential aid in furnishing material for the work. We have also found valuable aid in the writings of the various authors in Miss Hemen way's " Historical Magazine"; "Thompson's Vermont"; " Deming's Vermont Officers"; Hall's "Early History of Vermont "; the " Documentary History of New York "; in the reports of the Adjutant-General and State School Superintendent; F. W. Beers & Go's " Atlas of Washington County "; and also the geological reports of Hitchcock & Hagar. Our thanks are also due to the clergy throughout the county, and to Hon. E. P. Walton, Charles H. Heath, Esq., C. De T. Bancroft, and Hon. William A. Huse, of Montpelier ; Mr. J. K. Egerton, of Northfield ; Hon. William Chapin, of Middlesex, and to many others throughout the county, who have rendered valuable aid. That errors have occurred in so great a number of names, dates, and statements, is probable, and that names have been omitted which should have been inserted, is quite certain. VVe can only say that we have exer- cised more than ordinary diligence and care in this difficult and complicated feature of book-making. Of such as feel aggrieved in consequence of errors or omissions, we beg pardon, and ask the indulgence of the reader in noting such as have been observed in the subsequent reading of the proofs, and which are found corrected in the Errata at the close of this volume. INTRODUCTION. It was designed to give a brief account of all the churches and other societies in the county, but owing in some cases to the negligence of those who were able to give the necessary information, and in others to the ina- bility of any one to do so, we have been obliged to omit special notices of a few. We would suggest that our patrons observe and become familiar with the explanations at the commencement of the directory, on page 3, part 2d. The names it embraces, and the information connected therewith, were obtained by actual canvass, and are as correct and reliable as the judgment of those from whom they were solicited renders possible. Each agent is furnished with a map of the town he is expected to canvass, and he is required to pass over every road and call at every dwelling and place of business in the town in order to obtain the facts from the individuals concerned whenever possible. The margins have been left broad to enable any one to note changes opposite the names. The map inside the back cover will be found, in connection with the direc- tory, very valuable. As the whole county is in north latitude, and longitude is reckoned east from Washington, the words north and east are omitted when giving the lat- itude and longitude of the various towns. We take this occasion to express the hope that the information found in the book will not prove devoid of interest and value, though we are fully conscious that the brief description of the county the scope of the work enables us to give, is by no means an exhaustive one, and can only hope that it may prove an aid to future historians, who will be better able to do full justice to the subject. While thanking our patrons and friends generally, for the cordiality with which our efforts have been seconded, we leave the work to secure that favor which earnest endeavor ever wins from a discriminating public, hoping they will bear in mind, should errors be noted, that " he who expects a perfect work to see, expects what ne'er was, is, nor yet shall be." HAMILTON CHILD. GAZETTEER OF prn Uiuli U V r^ KJ NTY, VT. TrTE beginning of the fifteenth century was an era of great changes in all Europe. It was the end of the darkness of the middle ages, the re- vival of learning and science, and the birth of many useful arts, pre- eminent among which was that of printing. The invention of the mariner's compass in the preceding century had enabled sailors to go out of sight of land with impunity, and a thirst for exploring unknown seas was awakened ; long voyages were undertaken and important discoveries made. It was during this age of mental activity and growing knowledge that Christopher Columbus undertook the most memorable enterprise that human genius ever planned, and which renders his name immortal. On the third of August, 1492, a little before sunrise, he set sail from Spain for the dis- covery of the western world. A little before midnight, on the thirteenth of October, he descried a light on the island of San Salvador. From this mo- ment properly dites the history of America. From this time forward its progress bears date from a definite period, and is not shrouded in darkness nor the mists of tradition. Two years after the discoveries of Columbus became known in England, Henry VII. engaged John Cabot, a Venetian merchant, to sail in quest of discoveries in the West, and this navigator, in 1497, reached the coast of Lab- rador, which he named Prima- Vista, thus making, probably, the first visit to the coast by Europeans since the day of the Norsemen. This voyage was succeeded by others under Sebastian Cabot, son of John, in 1498, and by Caspar Cortreal, from Portugal, to whom the discovery of the St. Lawrence some authorities claim is due. This adventurer returned to Lisbon in Oc- tober of that year, laden with timber and slaves, seized from among the na- tives of the coasts he had visited. On a second voyage he perished at sea. WASHINGTON COUNTY. In 1504 the French first attempted a voyage to the New World ; and in that year some Basque and Breton fishermen began to ply their calling on the banks of Newfoundland and along its adjacent coasts. From these the island of Cape Breton derived its name. In 1525 Stefano Gomez sailed from Spain and is supposed to have entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to have traded upon its shores. A Castilian tradition relates that, finding neither gold nor silver upon the coasts, nor anything that conveyed to these sordid adventurers an idea of wealth of any kind, they frequently exclaimed " aca- nada," signifying ''here is nothing," and that the natives caught up the sound, which was repeated by them when other Europeans arrived, and thus gave origin to the designation of Canada. In 1534 Francis I,, king of France, listening to the urgent advice of Philip Chabot, admiral of France, who partrayed to him in glowing colors the riches and growing power of Spain, derived from her trans-Atlantic colo- nies, dispatched Jacques Cartier, an able navigator of St. Malo, who sailed April 20, 1534, with two ships of only sixty tons each and one hundred and twenty men, reaching Newfoundland in May. After coasting along for some- time, without knowing it was an island, he at length passed the straits of Bell- isle and traversed the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Having spent part of the sum- mer on these coasts, he sailed on the 25th of July, highly pleased with the hospitable reception he had received from the natives, with whom he traded for furs and provisions. His report induced the French king to attempt a colony in the newly-discovered regions; and in May, 1535, Cartier sailed with three small ships, with a numerous company of adventurers, and arrived on the coast of Newfoundland much scattered and weakened by a disastrous storm of July 26th. Here they took in wood and water, and proceeded to ex- plore the gulf, but were overtaken, August ist, by a storm which obliged them to seek a port, difficult of access, but with a safe anchorage, near the mouth of the " Great River." They left this harbor on the 7th, and on the loth came to a "gulf filled with numerous islands." Cartier gave to this gulf the name of St. Lawrence, having discovered it on that saint's festival day. Proceeding on this voyage he explored both shores of the St. Lawrence. Pleased with the friendly disposition of the natives, and the comfortable prospects of a winter's sojourn, Cartier moved his vessels where a little river flowed into a "goodly and pleasant sound," which stream he named St. Croix, near the Indian village of Stacona, the site of the present city of Quebec. Subse- quently, October 2d, he ascended the river to a populous Indian village called Hochelaga, on the site of which the city of Montreal now stands. Here Donnacona, an Algonquin chief, conducted Cartier to the summit of a mount- ain about two miles from the village, and to which he gave the name of Mount Royal, or Montreal, and showed him, " in that bright October sun," the country for many miles south and east, and told him of great rivers and inland seas, and of smaller rivers and lakes penetrating a beautiful country belonging to the war-like Iroquois. This beautiful country, which the chief EARLY EXPLORATIONS. called Iroquoisia, included the present state of Vermont. Thus, to Jacques Cartier, a French navigator and explorer, is due the honor of having been the first European to gaze upon the Green Mountains of Vermont. In May Cartier returned to France, taking with him the Indian chief Donnacona, and two other prominent natives of the village, as prisoners; and they, who had treated the Frenchmen with such uniform kindness, died in a strange land, exiled from their homes and friends. During each succeeding year, for sometime after, expeditions were sent out to the newly-discovered river; but misfortunes attended them all, and no efficient attempt at colonizing the country was made until 1608, when De Monts, a Calvinist, who had obtained from the king the freedom of religious faith for himself and followers in America, though under the engagement that the Catholic worship should be established among the natives, after several perilous voyages and much opposition, dispatched Champlain and Pontgrave, two experienced adventurers, to establish the fur trade and begin a settlement. Samuel Champlain reached Quebec, where Cartier had spent the winter nearly three-quarters of a century before, on the third of July. On the i8th of the following April, 1609, in company with two other Frenchmen and a number of the natives, he started up the St. Lawrence, and, after a time, "turned southward up a tributary " and soon entered upon the lake which perpetuates his «ame. Thus came the first European upon the territory now- included within the limits of Vermont. The early explorations and discoveries we have mentioned led to much litigation and controversy on the part of the several European countries under whose auspices they had been conducted. The English, on the grounds of the discoveries of the Cabots, claimed all the country from Labrador to Florida, to which they gave the name Virginia ; but their explorations were confined principally to the coast between Maine and Albemarle Sound. The French confined their explorations principally to the country bordering on the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, which they named New France; while the Dutch, by the discoveries of Henry Hudson, afterwards laid claim to the country between Cape Cod and the Delaware river, which they called New Netherlands. Attempts at colonization were made by England during the reign of Eliza- beth, but they proved abortive, and it was not until the Tudor dynasty had passed away and several years of the reign of James I., the first of the Stuarts, had elapsed, before the Anglo-Saxon gained any permanent foothold. Stimulated by the spirit of rivalry with France, England pushed her explora- tions and discoveries, while France, from her first colony on the St. Lawrence, explored the vast region from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and established among the savages missions and trading posts, spreading from Canada through the West, and finally through New York and Vermont. The rivalries and jealousies that had made France and England so long enemies in the Old World were transplanted to the New Continent. The S WASHINGTON COUNTY. French made allies of the savages and waged war against the English, and years of bloodshed followed. The first of these hostilities, which are now known as the old French and Indian wars, began with William's accession to the throne of England, in 1690, and was terminated in the peace of Ryswic, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so-called, came next, commencing in 1702, and terminating in the peace of Utrecht, in 17 13. The third controversy was declared by George II., in 1744. and continued until the preliminaries of •peace were signed at Aux-la-Chapelle, in 1748. The final great conflict was declared by Great Britain, in 1756, and terminated in the capture of Montreal, in September, 1760, when the whole of New France, or Canada, was sur- rendered to Great Britain. During the progress of these wars the territory of Vermont was often crossed and recrossed by portions of both armies, and a few military settle- ments sprang up. The first of these, however, was even before the wars, in 1665, on Isle La Motte, where a fort was erected by Captain De La Motte, under command of M. De Tracy, governor of New France. In 1690 Capt. Jacobus De Narm, with a party from Albany, N. Y., established an outpost in the present town of Addison, at Chimney Point, where he erected a small stone fort. The first permanent settlement, however, and the first of any Icind by Anglo-Saxons, was begun within the limits of Windham county, in the town of Brattleboro, in 1724, when Fort Dummer was built. For six or seven years the garrison of this fort were the only white inhabitants. In 1730 the French built a fort at Chimney Point, and a considerable popula- tion settled in the vicinity. In 1739 ^ f*^^ persons settled in Westmmster, and about the same time a small French settlement was begun at Alburgh, on what is now called Windmill Point, but was soon abandoned. The colony at Westminster increased but slowly, and in 1754 the whole population, alarmed by the Indian attack upon Charlestown, N. H., deserted their homes. Forts were erected and small settlements were commenced in several other places, but fear of the Indians prevented any large emigration till after the last French war, when, the Province of Canada being then ceded to Great Brit- ain, the fear of hostile incursions subsided and the population rapidly in- creased. During these wars, also, grants of land lying within the present limits of the state had been made by the Dutch at Albany, by the French, and by the colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York, and each claimed jurisdiction over them. All of these claims, except that of New York, how- ever, were relinquished without much controversy, of which more will be said on another page. But at the close of hostilities the lands were sought so eagerly by adventurers, speculators, and settlers, that in a single year, sub- sequent to 1760, Gov. Wentworth, of New Hampshire, granted in the name of King George III. not less than sixty townships of six miles square, and two years later the number of such grants amounted to 138. The territory now began to be known by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, and INDEPENDENCE OF VERMONT. the number of actual settlers soon became quite large. The affairs of these settlers were managed by committees in the several towns, who met in general convention, when occasion required, to provide for their common defense and welfare. The decrees of these conventions were regarded as law, and violations of them were punished with extreme severity. While the Revolutionary war was in progress the land title controversy was in a degree suspended ; but soon after the war broke out it became apparent that the settlers of the grants needed some better organization than was possible by means of committees and conventions. Accordingly, in 1776, a convention was held at Dorset, and an address to Congress prepared, declaring the un- willingness of the settlers to be regarded as subjects of New York. This was not favorably received by Congress, whereupon the more resolute of the people determined to assume the powers of an independent state, " and risk the consequences." Another convention was held at Dorset, in June, and met again by adjournment in September, when such measures were taken that, at a convention held in Westminster, it was decided, on the i6th of January, 1777, that the following declaration should be adopted: — "This convention, whose members are duly chosen by the free voice of their constituents, in the several towns on the New Hampshire Grants, in public meeting assembled, in our names, and in behalf of our constituents, do hereby proclaim and publicly declare, that the district of territory compre- hending and usually known by the name and description of the New Hamp- shire Grants, of right ought to be, and is hereby declared forever hereafter tu be considered as a free and independent jurisdiction or State, by the name and forever hereafter to be called, known and distinguished by the name of New Connecticut, alias Vermont ; and that the inhabitants that at present are or may hereafter become residents, by procreation or emigration, within said territory, shall be entitled to the same privileges, immunities and enfran- chisements as are allowed ; and on such conditions, and in the same manner, as the present inhabitants, in future, shall or may enjoy; which are and for- ever shall be, such privileges and nnmunities to the free citizens and denizens as are, or, at any time hereafter, may be allowed, to any such inhabitants, or any of the free and independent States of America; and that such privileges and immunities shall be regulated in a bill of rights and by a form of govern- ment, to be established at the next adjourned session of this convention." On the 4th of June the committee met at Windsor, there being present seventy-two members, representing fifty towns. A committee was appointed to prepare a draft of a constitution for the new state, and recommended to the town to choose delegates on the 23d of June, to meet at Windsor, July 2d, to discuss and adopt said constitution. The newly-elected convention met July 2d, and continued in session six days. It received from the committee appointed for that purpose a copy of a constitution very similar to that of Pennsylvania, which was read and discussed. Before it was wholly adopted, however, alarming news of the British army in the western part of the state was received. It was proposed at first to adjourn and leave the work in hand unfinished ; but this was providentially prevented by the sudden occur- rence of a thunder-storm. Some who were less agitated by the news from ^ WASHINGTON COUNTY. the west side of the state suggested the great importance of finishing the work in hand. This advice was followed, the constitution adopted, an elec- tion ordered, and a Council of Safety appointed to manage the affairs of the state until the government should go into operation under the constitu- tion. This independence Vermont pursued, asking no favors, enjoying no bene- fits of the Union, and sharing none of its burdens, until March 4, 1791, when she was admitted as one of the Federal states, with the full rights and immunities belonging thereto. Thus Vermont exists to-day — so may she always exist I The constitution has remained without very material alterations, the chief being the substitution of a Senate of thirty members, appointed to the sev- eral counties, according to population, and chosen by a plurality of the free- men of the several counties, in lieu of a council of twelve members chosen by a plurality of the voters of the state at large ; and in 1870 a change from annual to biennial state elections and meetings of the legislature. The frame of government now provides for, ist, The executive, the chief officers of which are the governor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer, all of whom are elected biennially, by the freemen of the state. 2d, A Senate of thirty members elected as before mentioned. 3d, A House of Representatives, consisting of one member from each organized town, elected by the freemen thereof. 4th, A judiciary, the officers of which are elective, the judges of the Supreme Court (who are also chancellors) by the Senate and the House of Representatives, in joint assembly, the assistant judges of county courts (a judge of the Supreme Court presides in each County Court), judges of the probate courts, sheriffs, state's attorneys, and high bailiffs by the freemen of the respective counties ; and justices of the peace by the freemen of the sev- eral towns. The state election is held in September, biennially, and a ma- jority of all the votes cast is required to elect every officer, except senators and other county officers, including in the latter justices of the peace elected by the several towns ; but in March the freemen of each town meet for the transaction of public business of the town, and the election of town officers. Every term of town office is limited to one year, or until others are elected, and all town elections are therefore annual. The governor's power of ap- pointment is very limited, embracing, ordinarily, his secretary and military staff only ; but he has power to fill any office created by law, where the ap- pointment is not fixed by the constitution or statute, a case which has rarely occurred ; and also to fill any vacancy occurring by deatli, or otherwise, un- til the office can be filled in the manner required by constitution or laws. By recent statutes the governor may nominate, subject to approval by the Senate, various officers. The heads of the various state bureaus (except treasurer) and generals of divisions and brigades are elected by the Senate and House in joint assembly, — the former officers biennially and generals when vacancies occur. The General Assembly meets in the even years, on TOPOGRAPHY. the first Wednesday of October. The first ofiicials elected, in 1788, were as follows : Thomas Chittenden, governor ; Joseph Marsh, lieutenant-gov- ernor ; Ira Allen, treasurer ; T. Chandler, secretary of state ; Nathan Clarke, speaker ; and Benjamin Baldwin, clerk. The division of the state into counties, and the formation of Washington county, is described in the " Bench and Bar," following the roster of offi- cers in the civil war. TOPOGRAPHY. The surface of Washington county is varied by high mountains^ gentle hill slopes, and charming picturesque valleys. Camel's Hump lies on the western border, and rears its rocky crest more than 4,000 feet above the sea — the highest except Mt. Mansfield in the state. It is the best defined and most conspicuous peak of the Green Mountains. It is conspicuous from most parts of the county and the whole valley of Lake Champlain. It is accessible from Huntington, but is usually ascended from Duxbury. The views obtained at the summit in extent and "scenic beauty " are unsurpassed, and amply re- ward the tourist for his labor in making the ascension. Other heights from which magnificent views are obtained are Mt. Hun- ger, 3,648 feet above " Old Ocean," on the line between Middlesex and Worcester, and Bald Mountain in Northfield, 2,636 feet high. The Wi- nooski, or Onion, river and its numerous branches contribute their utility and beauty to the territory, and the eastern part of the county is adorned with numerous gems of lakes and ponds. The town of Woodbury alone has twenty- three. The Winooski, the longest river in the state, rises in Cabot, receives an important tributary in Marshfield, flows in a southwesterly direction to Montpelier, and thence nearly northwest, which course it continues until it discharges its waters into Lake Champlain about five miles north of Burling- ton, and drains an area of about one thousand square miles. Its principal tributaries in Washington county are Kingsbury Branch, Stevens Branch, Dog river, Worcester or North Branch, Mad river, and Waterbury river. There is indubitable evidence that the valley of the Winooski, from Mont- pelier to Bolton falls, was once the bed of a lake all along this valley between the places named. The rapid mountain streams would deposite a sediment in the still waters of this lake, which would settle and form terraces, as at Waterbury village. Mr. C. N. Arms informed the writer that in digging his well in that village he encountered a birch tree about twenty inches-in diame- ter and well preserved, nineteen feet below the surface of the ground. The question is, how came it there? The region of Bolton falls "is an excava- tion through the back-bone of the Green Mountains," says Professor Hagar. In Zadoc Thompson's Gazetteer of Vermont, Part III., page 197, is the fol- lowing description : " The channels which have been worn in the rocks by this river are a great curiosity. One of these between Middlesex and More- WASHINGTON COUNTV. town is about eighty rods in length, sixty feet in width, and thirty feet deep ; the rock appearing Uke a wall on each side. Another of these channels is be- tween Waterbury and Duxbury, four miles below Waterbury village. Its depth is about one hundred feet, and the rocks on the south side are perpen- dicular. The rocks have here fallen into the chasm and form a natural bridge, which is crossed by footmen at low water. Among the rocks here are also several curious caverns. Holes also of cylindrical form are here worn into the solid rocks several feet in depth. There is abundant evidence existing that above this place a large pond formerly existed, whose waters were drained off by the wearing down of the channel." GEOLOGICAL. The science of geology is ever an interesting study, and as related to this county it is exceedingly so ; for here the record of the changes, or " foot- prints," that time has left in the succeeding ages since the earth was created, are numerous and well developed. Before mentioning the several rocks that enter into the formation of the territory, however, it may not be considered superfluous to briefly note the fundemental principles of the science. Among men of science it has become the common, if not prevailing, opin- ion that in the beginning all the elements with which we meet were in an ethereal or gaseous state — that they slowly condensed, existing for ages as a heated fluid, by degrees becoming more consistent — that the whole earth was once an immense ball of fiery matter — that, in the course of time, it was ren- dered very compact, and at last became crusted over, as the process of cool- ing gradually advanced, and that its interior is still in a molten condition". Thus, if the view suggested be correct, the entire planet in its earlier phases, as well as the larger part now beneath and within its solid crust, was a mass of molten fire, and is known to geologists as elementary or 77iolien. Following this came another age, in which the molten mass began to cool and a crust \.o{ox\x\^ cs}\tdi\hQ igneous period. Contemporaneous with the beginning of the igneous period came another epoch. The crust thus formed would natur- ally become surrounded by an atmosphere heavily charged with minerals in a gaseous or vaporous condition. As the cooling advanced this etherealized matter would condense and seek a lower level, thus coating the earth with an- other rock. This is named the vaporous period. At last, however, another age was ushered in, one altogether different from those that had preceded it. The moist vapor which must of necessity have pervaded the atmosphere began to condense and settle, gathering into the hollows and crevices of the rocks, until nearly the whole surface of the earth was covered with water. This is called the aqueous period. As these waters began to recede and the "firmament to appear," the long winter that intervened, while the sun was obscured by the heavy clouds, would cover the earth with mighty ice-floes and glaciers, forming a drift or glacial period. CLIMATE, SOIL, AND STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. A great difference also exists in the consolidation and structure of the rocks thus formed. The very newest consist of unconsolidated gravel, sand, and clay, forming alluvium. A little farther down we come to the tertiary strata, where are some hardened rocks and others more or less soft. Next below the tertiary is found thick deposits, mostly consolidated, but showing a mechanical structure along with the crystalline arrangements of the ingredi- ents. These are called secondary and transition. Lowest of all are found rocks having a decidedly crystalline structure, looking as if the different min- erals of which they are composed crowded hard upon one another. These rocks are called 7netamorphic, /lypozoic, and azoic. The principal portion of the rocks of this territory is azoic, and known as talcose schist and calciferous mica schist, though there are several beds and veins of other formations. Talcose schist proper consists of quartz and talc, though it has associated with it, as integral parts of its formation, clay slate., gneiss, quartz rock, sandstones, and conglomerates, limestones and dolomites. Talcose schist nndexWts a large portion of the towns of Worcester, Middlesex, Montpelier, Duxbury, Waterbury. Moretown, Fayston, VVaitsfield, Northfield, Roxbury, Warren, and the west part of Berlin, Barre, and East Montpelier. Calciferous mica schist underlies a large part of the eastern portion of the county. Granite abounds in Berlin, Barre, Plainfield, Marshfield, Cabot, and Woodbury. A broad belt o( clay slate extends through Roxbury, Northfield, Berhn, Montpelier, East Montpelier, Calais, and Woodbury. Be^ilsoi serpen- tine and steatite exist in Roxbury. Warren, Waitsfield, Moretown, North- field, Duxbury, and Waterbury, also beds of copper and iron pyrites in Waterbury. CLIMATE, SOIL, AND STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. Washington county is fortunate in having a clear and bracing atmosphere, and is classed as one of the healthiest locations in the state. But like other northern locations, it is subject to extremes of heat and cold. Snow suffi- cient for sleighing frequently falls in November and remains until April. We append from information furnished by Mr. B. I. Wheeler, of East Montpelier, who has made accurate measurement of the snow-fall for more than forty years, the following reliable statistics. The first record is for the winter of 1846, when the snow fall was nine feet. \x\ the winter of 1887 it was twelve feet two inches. The least depth of any year was in 1877, when it was five feet eight inches. The greatest depth was in 1873, twelve feet seven inches. We also have Mr. Wheeler's report of the temperature at East Montpelier for thirty-seven years. The warmest weather was August 2t, 1884, when the thermometer registered 10 1" above zero. The coldest weather was Decem- ber 25, 1872, January 6, 1884, and January 19, 1887, wlien it registered 40" below zero. The soil differs materially in different parts of the county, but in general 14 WASHINGTON COUNTY. it is Strong and fertile. The intervales along the streams are the best lands in the county. An idea of the resources of the county is obtained from the following s:atistics shown by the census report of 1880. The county then had 3,229 farms, valued at $9,048,622, while its total debt, bonded and floating, was $261,030. These farms contained live stock valued at $1,320,- 474, and produced farm products valued at $[,819,724. A very good show- ing for a small county containing a population of only 25,404 souls. MANUFACTURES. Washington county is not what may be called a manufacturing district ; yet, while it has many fine water-powers that are utilized, it has many more that await the hand of enterprise. As sketches of the resources and history of manufactories are generally given in the towns wherein they are located, we will dismiss the subject at this point with the following statistics from the census report of 1880. There were then 271 manufacturing establishments in the county, representing an invested capital of $1,245,997, and giving employment to 865 hands, to whom was paid $271,217 in wages. The total value of the material used was $1,243,992, and the total amount of manufactured goods was $3,920,210. THE POOR. Those who from age, infirmity, or otherwise become unable to support themselves, and are so unfortunate as to be obliged to rely upon public char- ity for support, are cared for, in conformity with the laws of the state, by the inhabitants of the town wherein they reside. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Just as far back as we have any history, or tradition, the VVinooski river was an Indian highway, from Lake Champlain to Montpelier, over which these "Lords of the forests" traveled to meet at their feasts, sent their ministers plenipotentiary to the august assemblies of their Confederation, or perhaps sent their braves to chastise some recreant tribe. From Montpelier there were, as there is to-day, two routes to the Connecticut river : one by way of Dog river, dver the height of land at Roxbury. and down the White river to the Connecticut at White River Junction ; the other led the way by the head waters of the Winooski, and down Wells river, to its confluence with the Connecticut at the village of the same name. Their pale faced brothers, with all their boasted knowledge of the " fine art " of topographical engineering, have been compelled to imitate the " untutored savage " by locating their thoroughfares on precisely these old routes. The Winooski turnpike, chartered November 7, 1805, and the Paine turn- pike were among the first enterprises of public interest in Washington INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 15 county. These, in connection with others, formed a stage line and mail route extending from Boston by way of Burlington to Montreal. Later Mr. Ira Day, of Barre, made an improvement of the route by building a turnpike bv way of the celebrated '• Gulf route." This line was traversed by Cottrill and Day's famous stage lines, with their elegant coaches drawn by six and eight superb horses. At one time they carried the British mail to Montreal, which then came by way of Boston. A British soldier accompanied each mail, armed with a musket. These lines flourished until the advent of the railroads. The Vermont Central Railroad Company, subsequently changed to the Central Vermont Railroad Company, was incorporated November i, 18.^3, for the purpose, and with the right, of building a railroad " from some point on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, up the valley of Onion river and extending to a point on Connecticut river most convenient to meet a railroad either from Concord, N. H., or Fitchburgh, Mass." The route decided upon was up the Connecticut river from Windsor to the mouth of White river, thence up that stream to the source of its third branch, passing through the towns of Randolph and Braintree, in Orange county, thence reaching the summit in Roxbury, and passing doAm the valley of Dog river, it enters the Winooski valley near Montp^lier, and thence, continuing in the Winooski valley, its terminus is reached at Burlington, a distance of 1 17 miles. Charles Paine was chosen president of the company, and ground was broken at Windsor, December 15, 1845, ^"^ ^^'^^ farm formerly occupied by Judge Elijah Paine, father of Charles Paine, where the latter was born, the first ground broken for a railroad in Vermont. Regular passenger trains first passed over the road from White River Junction to Bethel, a distance of twenty-seven miles, the first train, and the first regular passenger train in Vermont, run- ning over the route Monday, June 26, 1848. June 20, 1849, the road was opened through for business. The company also operate a branch from Montpelier to Williamstown, in Orange county, which it is expected will eventually connect with the main road in Royalton. The following are the present officers of the Central Vermont Company, with their offices at St. Al- bans : Hon. J. G. Smith, president ; J. W. Hobart, general manager; J. M. Foss, general superintendent ; I. B. Futvoi, superintendent Northern divis- ion ; Jesse Burdett, superintendent Rutland division ; E. A. Chittenden, superintendent of local freight traffic ; S. W. Cummings, general passenger agent. Granite Railroad Company was chartered April 9, 1888. It is proposed to extend from Barre village to the granite quarries, and is to be operated by the Central Vermont Railroad Company. In 1849 a charter was obtained for a railroad from Montpelier to Con- necticut river, in the town of Newbury, under the name of the " Montpelier & Connecticut River R. R. Co." Prominent names in the act of incorpora- tion were R. R. Keith, J. A. Wing, I. N. Hall, Joseph Potts, Daniel Baldwin, O. H. Smith, Jacob Kent, Jr., and others. A preliminary survey, called 1 6 WASHINGTON COUNTY. the " Kennedy survey," was made in 1850, with the maxioiunn grade not to exceed sixty-five feet to the mile. To follow this grade would have ruined all the incorporators and their friends, and the charter failed by default. In 1S67 another charter was obtained under the natne of the " Montpelier & Wells River Railroad Co." Prominent men named in this act of incorpora- tion were Roderick Richardson, J. R. Langdon, E. P. Walton, David Bald- win, of Montpelier, I. N. Hall and J. R. Darling, of Groton, and including names from the towns of East Montpelier, Plainfield, Marshfield, Cabot, Rye- gate, and Newbury. The incorporators met and partially organized in 1868, completing the organization in 1869 and 1870. The organization when com- pleted was as follows : Directors, Roderick Richardson, I. N. Hall, C. H. Heath, George B Fesenden, J. G. French, Jacob Smith, Joel Foster, Jr., George Wooster, and I. W. Brown. Roderick Richardson was elected presi- dent. In 1872 I. N. Hall was elected president, and a change in four of the directors was made. N. C. Munson built the road by contract. The first through mail train passed over the line November 30, 1873. The company became embarrassed, and January i, 1877, the stockholders surrendered the road and the franchise to the bondholders with the conditions that they (the bondholders) pay the debts of the company, and it was so arranged. The bondholders, organizing as the " Montpelier & Wells River railroad," elected for their first directors D. R. Sortwell, of Cambridge, Mass.; S. S. Thompson, Lyndonville, Vt.; W. H. H. Bingham, Stowe. Vt.; E. C. Sher- man, Boston; and Joel Foster, Montpelier, Vt. Daniel R. Sortwell was elected president, and Joel Foster, treasurer and clerk. The present officers of the company are D. R. Sortwell, president ; S. S. Thompson, vice-pres- ident ; Joel Foster, secretary and treasurer ; W. A. Stowell, general superin- tendent ; F. W. Morse, cashier and general freight and passenger agent. The Birre Railroad Company was chartered .^pril 9, 1888. The road extends from Barre village to the granite quarries. It is already nearly com- pleted and is hauling granite down the mountain. It connects at Barre with the Barre Branch railroad. The Barre Branch railroad, chartered July 6, 1888, extends from the track of the Montpelier & Wells River railroad near " The Coffee House " to the Barre railroad at Barre, and is operated by the " Montpelier & Wells River railroad." NEWSPAPERS. The following sketch of the newspaper enterprises that have been estab- lished in the county are arranged by towns, in alphabetical order, the names of live papers being in small capitals. Barre. — The first newspaper printed in Barre was The Barre limes, a spicy monthly, literary in character, published during tie year 1871, by Still- man Wood, Esq. NEWSPAPERS. 17 The Barre Herald had a short existence of about nine months, in 1879. E. N. Hyzer, pubhsher. The Barre Enterprise was first issued December 11, 1880, by Lewis P. Thayer, of Randolph, who was its editor until W. F. Scott came into pos- session of it in the spring of 1881. Mr. Scott issued his first number of the paper April 16, 1881, and still continues its pubhcation every week. It is a bright, newsy, eight-page, six column paper, has a liberal patronage, and looks well after the interests of the thriving village of Barre and vicinity. Montpelier. — The Vermont Watchman. — The Vermont Precursor, \.\\e: first newspaper published in Montpelier, was commenced in 1806, by Rev„ Clark Brown, a Unitarian minister. Mr. Brown was not fortunate in Mont- pelier, either as a preacher or publisher, and sometime in 1807 he sold his paper to Samuel Goss, who was then publishing the Green Mountain Tree- man, at Peacham, Vt. Mr. Goss removed to Montpelier and the two papers were the germ of the Watchman. Mr. Goss issued his first number of the Precursor in March, 1S07. About December i, 1807, he changed the name to The Watchman, and increased the size of the pages to twelve inches Vv-ide by eighteen inches long. He continued in charge as editor until October, 1810, when he transferred it to Ezekiel P. Walton and his brother, Mark Goss. This company continued its publication until 18 16, when it became the sole property of Mr. Walton. In June, 1826, Mr. Walton gave it the new name of The Vermont Watchman and State Gazette. In 1836 an Anti- Mason paper. The State Journal, established in 183 1, was absorbed by the Vermont Watchman and State Gazette, and the paper received its fourth christening — The Vermont Watchman and State Journal. Mr. Walton con- tinued its publication until 1830. From that time to 1853 he was assisted by his brother, Joseph S. Walton, for awhile, and by his son, Hon. Eliakim P. Walton. From that time until 1868 the last named gentleman was its editor and proprietor. Then Mr. Walton transferred it to Joseph and J. Monroe Poland, and in 1880 Joseph Poland owned it alone. April i, 1882, Mr. Poland sold the paper to W. W. Prescott, who engaged Mr. Arthur Ropes as editor. The paper was then in folio form, pages twenty-one by thirty inches. It was then changed to quarto form, pages pasted and trimmed, and paper folded by special machinery. Mr. Prescott sold to D. W. Dixon, July 22, 1885, who continued its publication until July 5, 1888. The Watchman Publishing Compiny, organized for the purpose of buying The Watchman and the Rural V\'rmonter, newspapers and printing establishments; com- pleted the purchase and consolidated the two papers, and retain the old name of The Watchman. Both were journals of high character, and each had a large circulation. The Watchman now prints 4,000 copies, and the number of its subscribers is steadily growing. Mr. Ropes's connection with the Watchman began in January, 1880, during the proprietorship of Joseph Poland. The connection then contemplated related to business 2* i8 WASHINGTON COUNTY. affairs and was of a temporary character, but Mr. Ropes soon began to assist in work on the newspaper, and, besides keeping the accounts and making the collections, did a large part of the editorial writing and the general work on the Watchman. When Mr. Prescott bought the Watchman property, in April, 1882, Mr. Ropes was made editor. His connection with the paper ended upon its purchase by Mr. Dixon in July, 1885. In May, 1886, he began the publication oi Xht Rural Vermotiter at Montpelier. In the summer of 1888 Mr. Dixon made a proposition to the Vermon/er company to sell the Watchman, and nego- tiations finally ended in the formation of the Watchman Publishing Company, composed of a number of the leading men of Montpe- lier, and the consolidation in July, under that title, of the Veruumter and the Watchman establishments. The paper retained the name of The Watchman. Mr. Ropes was made editor of the united journals and manager of the publishing company. Col. Fred E. Smith is president, and T. J. Deavitt is treasurer of the company. Dr. Hoskins, of Newport, Vt., a practical farmer, and one of the most eminent writers on agricultural and economic subjects in New England, is editor of the agricultural department of the paper. From A this office are also published the Vermont Chronicle and the New Hampshire Jour- Watchman Building. is'AL, the organs of the Congregational churches of Vermont and New Hampshire. The Free mail s Press, Derick Sibley, or Wright & Sibley, was commenced •about 1813. This was the organ of the Jeffersonian Republicans as the Watchman was of the Federalists. The paper was discontinued about 1816 or 181 7. Mr. Sibley, an estimable gentleman, emigrated to Rochester, N. Y. Vermont Patriot and State Gazette was first issued by George Washington Hill & Co., January 17, 1826, Jacksonian Democrat in politics. The Ver- mont Patriot was published some years by its founders. From 1834 to 1854 successively it was owned by William Clark, Jeremiah T. Marston, and East- man & Danforth. and then was conducted by C. G. Eastman until his death in September, i860. Mr. Marston was an able editor, and Mr. Eastman was both an able editor and the favorite of his party. In his hands the Patriot had a powerful influence. In 1863 Mr. Hiram Atkins, then editor and pro- prietor of the Argus, which he had established at Bellows Falls in 1853, NEWSPAPERS. 19 "bought the Patriot and removed to Montpelier, consolidated the two papers, .and gave it the name it now bears, Argus and Patriot. The Argus and Patriot, as were its predecessors, the Patriot of Mont- pelier and Argus of Belluws Falls, is unmistakably Democratic in politics. The character of the paper is so aggressive that its editor, Mr. Atkins, is denominated the " War Horse " of his party, and his power as a leader is not only felt and acknowledged by his own party, but by his opponents as well. This printing establishment is one of the largest in New England out- rside the large cities, and besides printing the Argus and Patriot Mr. Atkins does a large amount of job work. The subscription list numbers more than 6,000 names. To be assured that the Argus and Patriot has present success one need only to make a tour through its own large three-story building, which is furnished with improved presses, an automatic paper folder, \r a 1 w building and other accessories for successfully conducting the printing business Mr Atkins also deals largely in paper, pens, pencils, envelopes, blank books, legal blanks, wrapping paper, etc. The State Journal, published by Knapp & Jevvett, was first issued Novem- ber I, 1 83 I. This was an Anti- Masonic organ, and continued until Decem- ber, 1836, when it was merged in the Watchman. The Voice of Freedom, regarded as the organ of the Anti-Slavery society of the state, was really an individual enterprise, commenced January i, 1839, by Emery Allen and Joseph Poland (firm name Allen & Poland), Hon. Chauncey L. Knapp, editor. At the beginning of the second volume the State Anti-Slavery society became its owner and Mr. Knapp remained its editor. In a few months the paper passed into the hands of Jedediah Holcomb, of Brandon, who removed it to that place, and later it was discontinued. The Harrisonian, a campaign paper issued in 1840 from the Watchman office, was edited by E. P. Walton, Jr. The Green Mountain Freeman was established by Joseph Poland, in Jan- uary, 1844, with Rev. J. C. Aspinwall, a Methodist preacher, as editor. This was the organ of the Liberty party. Mr. Aspinwall retired from the edito- rial chair the ensuing fall. A few months later Rev. C. C. Briggs, a Congre- gational preacher and anti-slavery lecturer, became joint editor and publisher. In May, 1846, Mr. Briggs retired. Mr. Poland, on account of ill health, sold the paper to Hon. Jacob Scott, of Barre, in 1849, and during that year Hon. Daniel P. Thompson associated with Mr. Scott, and at the beginning of the next volume he was sole editor and proprietor. In 1856 the paper was pur- WASHINGTON COUNTY. chased by S. S. Boyce. In 1861 the paper was sold to Hon. Charles Wil- lard, who was its editor the ensuing twelve years, and its proprietor until 1869, when he sold a half-interest to J. W. Wheelock, and the other half in 1873. Mr. Wheelock remained sole editor and proprietor until his death, in 1876, when he was succeeded by his son, Mr. Herbert R. Wheelock, and Hon. H.'A. Huse had charge of its editorial work. It is proper to remark that after the organization of the Republican party thenceforward the Green Mountain Freeman was out and out Republican in politics. In March, 1884, Mr. Wheelock sold it to W. W. Prescott, then editor aid proprietor of the Watchman, to be merged in the latter, when it ceased to exist. The Vermont Christian Messenger, the organ of the M. E. church in Ver- mont, as near as can be ascertained from material now at hand, was first pub- lished in Newbury in 1846. Walton's Register for 1848 reports it published in Montpelier in 1847. In 1854 it was removed to Northfield, and in 1859 again returned to Montpelier. Daring its existence it has been published by Rev. Elisha J. Scott, R. M. Manly, Rev. Alonzo Webster, C. W. Willard (commencing in 1861), J. W. Wheelock, from 1869 to 1874, and then by his son, H. R. Wheelock, until he sold it to Rev. J. R. Bartlett in the spring of 1884, who took it to Northfield. In September, 1885, Mr. Bartlett sold it to C. C. Morse, who removed it to Swanton, Vt., and it was finally merged in Zion's Herald oi Boston. The Universalist Watchman, first published at Woodstock and then proba- bly at Lebanon, N. H , was removed to Montpelier in about the year 1836, and there published by Rev. Rii Billou, who after some years changed its name to the Christian Repository. The Green Mountain Emporium, a literary and religious monthly magazine, was commenced in Montpelier about 1838, by John Milton Stearns, published about one year, and removed to Middlebury. The Temperance Star was commenced m Montpelier in 1841, under the auspices of the State Temjjerance society and the editorial care of George B. Manser. It was published about two years, and gave place to another tem- perance and moral reform paper, entitled The Reformed Drunkard, and pub- lished by F. A. McDjvvell. This also, after taking the name of Reformer.^ was in a year or two discontinued. The Vermont Chronicle is the organ of the " General Convention of Con- gregational Ministers and Churches of Vermont." It was removed from Windsor, Vt., to Montpelier, in 1875, by Mr. Poland, and published by him and his successors. It is now owned and published by the Watchman Pub- lishing Company, and issued every week in quarto form. Rev. Charles S. Smith, editor. The New Hampshire Journal, established by Joseph Poland, January i, 1 88 1, is the organ of the Congregational churches of New Hampshire, has been published since it was started, at the Watchman office, and is owned; ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. and continued by the Watch.nan Publishing Company, This weekly is also issued in neat quarto form. The Rural Vermonier was estabh'shed by Arthur Ropes, May 21, 18S6. It was Republican in politics, devoted to the general interests of the state, and to agriculture. This was a journal of fine appearance and high character, edited by Mr. Ropes until July 5, 1888, when it was merged in The Ver- mont Watchman. NORTHFIELD. — The Vermont Christian Messenger was removed from Mont- pelier and published in Nortlifield from 1854 to 1857, by R. M. Manly, who sold it to Rev. Alonzo Webster, who continued it here several years, when it was returned to Montpelier. (See Montpelier.) The Northfield Star was founded by Wilbur Woodworth and issued from the Messenger office a short time betvveen the years 1854 and 1857. The Vermont Far?nerwdiS removed to Northfield from Montpelier in 1881. It was published by George H. Richmond until 1885, when it was sold to L. P. Thayer and removed to Randolph. The Northfield News was established in November, 1879, by George H. Richmond. It was then an eight-column folio, and continued to be published by him until March 12, 1885, when Fred N. Whitney took possession. The News then had a very small list, but under the efficient management of Mr. Whitney it increased largely. In August, 1885, the paper was enlarged to a six-column quarto. It was purchased by E. Gerry & Co., in November, 1888, with Rev. E. Gerry as editor, and Frank W. Sault as business manager, by whom it is now conducted. The subscription list is increasing rapidly — a just reward of enterprising eftort. The Reveille, established several years ago by students of Lewis College, is published monthly by the students of Norwich University, and its editors, who are chosen from the corps of cadets, hold their offices during one col- lege year. The object of The Reveille is to give the students experience in journalism, and to furnish the Alumni a means of knowing the condition of their Alma Mater. F. E. Lamb is now business manager. Waterbury. — The Waterbury News made its appearance Dec. 13,1888, issued by C. C. Clough, editor and proprietor. It is independent Republi- can in politics, and is especially devoted to the rights of farmers. It is an eight-page quarto and is issued every Thursday. This is the first paper issued in Waterbury paying particular attention to local interests. ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. Jacques Cartier, a distinguished French explorer and navigator, in the ser- vice of France, in 1535 entered the great gulf of Canada, to which he gave the name of Sr. Lawrence, sailed through it and up the river of the same name which he called the " River of Hochelaga," and explored the country as far as the city of Montreal, ascended Mt. Royal, from which he was the WASHINGTON COUNTY. first white roan to gaze upon the magnificient prospect which continues to delight the tourist, and was the first to behold in the panorama stretched be- fore him a part of the territory of the Green Mountain state. In 1540 Cartier again visited Canada and made an abortive attempt to found a colony. No further attempt was made to establish a settlement for more than half a century. In 1608 Samuel Champlain, a French nobleman, with others, founded a colony at Quebec. Champlain, restless for adventures, and equally anxious to make further discoveries in the new world, waited only for spring, and an opportunity, to enter upon a long cherished plan of explorations with the high hope of finding a way to China. The French had made friends with the native tribes of Indians that dwelt along the St. Lawrence, and in the adjacent country, and had astonished them with the deadly execution of fire-arms, and were regarded by them as a superior order of beings. In the last part of the autumn he was visited by an ambitious young chief from the vicinity of Ottawa (then unknown), who prevailed upon Champlain to join him in the spring in an expedition against his enemies, the Iroquois, "The Five Nations," composed of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas,. Cayugas, and Senecas, who were their deadly enemies, and of whom all the other Indian tribes stood in mortal fear. Impatient of waiting for his west- ern allies, he set out a little past the middle of May with only a band of the tribe of the Montagnais, but as he moved up the St. Lawrence he was joined by his more powerful allies, the Hurons and Algonquins, with a chief from each nation. Few of them had ever seen a white man, and they viewed the steel-clad strangers in speechless wonder. After the ceremony of smoking, feasting, and speech making Champlain was obliged to return with them to Quebec, as they were determined to see the wonders of their architecture, the fame of which had penetrated the whole region. On the 28th day of May the expedition set off, Champlain in a small shallop carrying himself and ten others, armed with guns similar to modern carbines. They passed up the St. Lawrence, entered the mouth of the " River of the Iroquois," so-named by Cartier sixty years before, now the Richelieu. Here his ease-loving warriors encamped for two days, hunted, fished, and again feasted, and regaled their French allies with fresh venison and wild fowl — and quarreled, too. About three-fourths took to their canoes and paddled towards home. Champlain and the remnant of the party pushed on until they reached impassable rapids. Here he learned the value of an Indian's word. He had been promised that his shallop would pass without obstruction. But nothing daunted he sent back the shallop, and all but two of his men, who volunteered to go with him, and proceeded with the Indians, who lifted the canoes to their shoulders and carried them to the smooth stream above. Their forces consisted of sixty warriors with twenty canoes. ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. 23: The Indians observed something of military system ; some were in front as a van-guard of the main body, and as they were proceeding up the river a party was in the forest hunting for the subsistence of the whole, so as to husband their supply of parched corn, until they were in the vicinity of their enemies, when hunting would be impracticable. Thus they proceeded; camped on the shore at night, until they passed the islands composing Grand Isle county, when they became sensible that they had entered the enemy's country and were on dangerous ground. They now moved only in the night, and lay all day concealed in the thick forest. If they did not fall in with their enemy on the lake to which Champlain gave his name, then known as the lake of the Iroquois, their destination was by way of Lake George and across the country to some Indian settlement on the Hudson river. But they were spared so long a journey. The night of June 29th they embarked at twilight from the west shore of the lake, near the site of Crown Point ; they descried a flotilla of Iroquois canoes about ten o'clock in the evening. Each recognized his mortal enemy, and their mingled war- whoops made " night hideous." By common consent the battle was deferred until daylight, when the allies, confident of their success, marched with steadiness to the conflict. They opened their ranks, and Champlain and his two friends passed to the fronts with their carbines. The astonished Iroquois stared at the unwonted sight in amazement. The guns were leveled and discharged; two of the chiefs fell dead. The brave Iroquois stood firm, and filled the air with their arrows ; but the fire-arms continued their deadly work ; their terrific reports quailed their stout hearts; they broke and ran, and the victory was won. Thus the French foolishly rushed into war with the mightiest and most powerful In- dian confederacy the world ever beheld, and engendered a hatred on the part of the Iroquois that descended to generations then unborn, and event- ually led to the annihilation of many of the Canadian tribes, and the weak- ening and dissolution of the Iroquois as the great confederation of the Six Nations. This deplorable expedition was the first exploration and discovery by white men of the Iroquois country and their lake of the same name, now the beautiful Champlain. In their passage up the Champlain lake the Indians, representing the Hu- ron and Algonquin nations, informed Champlain that not only the lake but the country both sides of it belonged to their enemy, the powerful and dreaded Iroquois, and especially pointed out the country at the east as hav- ing rich valleys where the Indians raised good corn. There is indubitable evidence that the Iroquois lived here, besides the testimony of their enemies,, and their often-repeated claims for compensation for their domain, urged upon the legislature of Vermont. The resources of this "goodly heritage," Western Vermont, which these Indians claim was "given to their forefathers by the Supreme Spirit forever," were such as to make it desirable. The moose and deer abounded, the mountains' rocky caverns were the homes of 24 WASHINGTON COUNTY. numberless bears, and the lakes and ponds were the honnes of the otter and beaver. The shimmering lakes, sinuous rivers, and sparkling mountain streams swarmed with the speckled trout; and the mountains stood like giant sentinels to protect their winter homes in the thick wooded .valleys from the fierce piercing wind. It is admitted by the local historians who have mentioned the subject that at that time all of that part of Vermort west of the eastern range of the Green Mountains was in the possession of the Iroquois, but not perma- nently inhabited by them. Yet we find that they were so permanent that they built villages and cultivated its rich valleys; and we conclude they were as permanent as their Indian habits ever make them. Temporarily, and for short periods only, they may have moved across the country if on a thoroughfare, to escape the devastation incidental to a war of hostile tribes; but were back again as soon as the cause was removed. The further evidences that they were here at as late a date as 1735 o^ 174° are the facts that the location of their villages, corn fields, and other signs were the undeniable testimonials that they left behind them. To be sure this was an outpost on their territory, and in all probability not so densely populated as the more central portion of the nation. The same occurs with the whole of the civilized world. There was an Indian village in East Montpelier, on the Winooski, oppo- site the mouth of Kingsbury Branch, that contained as many as twelve fire- places, which were distinctly marked. These consisted of pavements made of small stones driven into the ground, and from one to two yards in diam- eter. Above, on Kingsbury Branch, about half a mile, was a corn field of an acre. Near this corn field an iron axe was found, of prehistoric manufac- ture, so far as we know. This curious relic is deposited in the state cabi- net of antiquities. This field in the primeval forest was found when Mont- pelier was first settled, overgrown with poplar trees about thirty or forty feet high, that were estimated to have been growing from thirty to thirty-five years. Down the Winooski at the confluence of a small brook that flows through the " Norcross " far.n was another Indian village, butonly the sites of very few lodges could be distinguished, but relics were found. The village was on the east side of the Winooski. Opposite there was an Indian corn field of about three-quarters of an acre, with unmistakable signs that it had been culti- vated at no remote period. I'his ground was also covered with such a growth of poplar as before described, and surrounded by primeval forest. Down the Winooski, about half a mile, at a location known as " Light- ning Ridge," was a " Kitchen Midden," (the Dutch name for a location for a clam-bake,) which contained a cart-load of clam shells. And by the way, Winooski river abounds in large pearl-bearing, edible clams. The above place was clearly a feasting place of the Indians. Still down the Winooski about seventy-five rods, on its northerly bank, ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. 25 is a sandy hillock about twenty feet high, surroundeJ by swamp, and contains an area of one-third of an acre, which shows signs of having been a fortification. On this were found Indian relics, and boiling-stones which were heated by the squaws and alternately thrown into their wooden vessels to boil the succotash, meat, etc. Between this hillock and Lightning Ridge an earthen urn was found, which was preserved by Arthur Daggett, but is lost. Its counterpart may be seen in the state cabinet. And forty rods below, at the confluence of Corliss brook, on the north side of the river and west side of the brook, is a little promontory, the site of another "Kitchen Midden," with a pile of clam shells as large as a hay-cock. On the farm of Hon. S. S. Kelton, on the river, were other Indian relics, (boiling- stones, etc.) A mile further down, near a venerable old elm tree, which bears the mark, nearly overgrown, of the old canal survey, is another " Kitchen Midden." Just in the edge of Middlesex, on the Winooski, are still evidences of another Indian village, corn field, and burial-place, where Indian weapons were found. In Woodbury numerous Indian relics have been found, and the site of their present cemetery is the location of an Indian corn field. This town contains over twenty natural pands, and consequently was famous hunting- ground. This was the home of the beaver and otter. That " Prince of the Red Men," Captain Joe, and his wife, Molly, frequented these lakes. On the farm of Willard Cutler, late of East Montpelier, in the near vicinity of a pure spring, in a sheltered nook, several Indian hatchets, and a small cannon ball, of three or four pounds weight, were found. The ball and one of the hatchets are in the state cabinet for preservation. On the farm now occupied by Mr. Parker, in East Montpelier, a neighbor of George Davis, was a well defined Indian clearing, near the brook, and beaver meadow. On the brook just named v/as the scene of an unwitnessed tragedy, probably about 1790. The pioneer and hunter of Berlin, Jacob Fowler, had a line of traps on this brook, and on visiting them on several occasions he found that some one had plundered his fur. At his next visit an Indian was on the ground just in advance of him, and Fowler discovered him in the act of robbery. They discovered each other simultaneously, and each took shelter behind a huge pine tree ; the situation resolved into a case of the death of one of the parties. Suffice it to say, Fowler was the victor. From what is conceded, (that the Indians owned the territory known as Western Vermont,) and the facts herein presented, we conclude that the Indians not only owned the territory, but that it was also their home.* * This conclusion is strengtiiened, incur opinion, by the researches of Mr. Charles H. Heath, of Montpelier, who has devoted considerable time and attention to the study of the Indian occupancy of this region. 26 WASHINGTON COUNTY. LAND TITLE CONTROVERSY. For a period of sixteen years there was a controversy between the authori- ties of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, relative to tl>e boundary Hne between the provinces, and a contest kept up in regard to the control of the territory in the vicinity of Fort Dumraer and that on the opposite side of the river in Hinsdale. Finally, on the 5th of March, 1740, George IL de- creed that the line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts should be surveyed in accordance with certain special instructions, and in 1741 the line was run by Richard Hazen, and found to leave Hinsdale and Fort Dummer to the north ; whereupon the king recommended the Assembly of New Hampshire to care for and protect the settlers about Fort Dummer. PVom this royal recommend Gov. Wentworth, of New Hampshire, naturally sup- posed that the king recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire as ex- tending to the same point west as Massachusetts, namely, a point twenty miles east of the Hudson river ; and accordingly, on the application of William Williams and sixty-one others, January 3, 1749, he chartered a town- ship six miles square, in what he conceived to be the southwestern corner of New Hampshire. This town was named Bennington, after Gov. Benning Wentworth, the first town in Vermont to receive a royal charter. As early as 1763 Gov. Wentworth had granted as many as 138 townships of six miles square, lying west of the Connecticut, and the population in the territory, which had now come to be known as the New Hampshire Grants, had become quite large. This prosperity and growing power New York could not quietly brook. So, during that year, Lieut-Gov. Tryon, of that province, laid claim to the territory, by virtue of a grant made by Charles IL to the Duke of York, in 1664, which included "all the land from the west side of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay." Finally, on application of the government of New York, it was decided by George III.,, in council of July 10, 1764, that the "western bank of the Connecticut river should thereafter be regarded as the boundary Hne between the Province of New York and Province of New Hampshire." The colonists were sur- prised and displeased at this decision, but peaceably submitted to it, sup- posing that it merely effected a change of the jurisdiction to which they were subject ; and the government of New Hampshire, which at first remonstrated, soon acquiesced in the decision. Bat on the loth of April, 1765, Gov. Col- den issued a proclamation, giving a copy of the order of the king, changing the boundary of the territory, and notifying " His Majesty's subjects to gov- ern themselves accordingly." He also at once proceeded to grant the lands to others than the New Hampshire claimants, and when the latter applied to the New York government for a confirmation of the grants they already held, such enormous patent fees were demanded as to make it impossible for thenv to comply. It was well known in New York that these lands had long beer^ REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 27- granted by New Hampshire, that they were actually occupied under such grants, and that the new patents were procured in utter disregard of the rights and claims of the settlers. It was also well known by them that the king, in commissioning Benning Wentworth governor of New Hampshire, had de- scribed his province as reaching westward " until it met his other government," thus bounding it westerly by New York ; and that the eastern boundary of New York was a line twenty miles easterly from Hudson river, extending from Lake Cham plain south to the western line of Massachusetts, was proven by statements in the charter of the Duke of York, upon his accession to the throne of England, in 1685. But notwithstanding all this. New York insisted that not only was the jurisdiction changed thenceforward, but also that the grants made were vacated, and the titles acquired under them were made void. The settlers were required to repurchase their lands, which some of them did, though the majority of them peremptorily refused. The lands of such were granted to others, who brought actions of ejectment in the New York courts, where they invariably obtained judgments against the original proprietors. It was found, however, that it was easier to obtain judgments than it was to enforce them. The officers who attempted to serve the writs of possession were forcibly resisted, and sometimes roughly handled. In 1769 the king prohibited the governor of New York from issuing any more grants "until His Majesty's further pleasure should be made known." Meanwhile civil disturbances and open defiance to the New York authorities continued to such an extent that, in 1774, a law was passed by that province, ordering the surrender of all offenders, under the penalty of death. In reply, the people of the grants returned a public letter, threatening death to any who should aid in arresting any of her citizens. About this time a plan was made for the formation of a royal province, but the Revolutionary war soon joined the two provinces in a common cause, so that their personal quarrel gradually raged less furiously. In 1789 New York acknowledged the inde- pendence of Vermont, and endeavored to adjust all matters of dispute, having previously made grants to those who had suffered by adhering to her alle- giance, while Vermont, in turn, paid into the treasury of New York thirty thousand dollars. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. With Vermont the Revolutionary contest possessed a double interest, and while she lent her aid to redress national grievances, she also maintained a spirited contest on her own account, resolving to secure her independence from New York. The territory treated of in this work, however, has none of the romantic stories and traditions of this period that grace the annals of localities earlier settled. The people of the New Hampshire Grants, as may well be suppossed, entered with an especially hearty zeal into this contest. Their schooling had been such as to render them an exceedingly undesirable foe to meet, as a large portion of the settlers had served in the French and 2 8 WASHINGTON COUNT V. Indian war, and during the twelve or fifteen years that had intervened had been almost continuously at strife with New York, and entertained a feeling of deadly hatred against King George and the British Parliament. It is not strange, then, that the " Green Mountain Boys " were soon both feared and respected by their adversaries. Washington county took no part in this struggle, as the war ended about t?ie time the first settlement was made within its territory.* The names of the Revolutionary soldiers and the pirt each took in the common cause, who resided here afterward, we have mentioned, so far as known to us, in their re- spective town sketches. The surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktovvn, October 17, 1781, virtually put an end to all these troubles, and the " Green Mountain Boys" were soon again enjoying the privileges of peace. WAR OF 18 1 2. The yoke of the motlier country having been thrown off, the American colonies rapidly advanced in material prosperity and wealth. Vermont ex- panded into a free and independent state, and was finally received into the sisterhood of the Union, March 4, 1791. In the meantime the French nation, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, had arrived at the zenith of miUtary glory, and was giving England great cause for fear and trembling. England, in turn, seeming to forget that her American offspring had arrived at maturity and was able to protect its own institutions, continued her acts of tyranny. Looking upon herself as mistress of the ocean, during her wars with Napoleon, she utterly disregarded the rights of the United States as a neutral nation. Her cruisers would stop and search American vessels, and seize such able- bodied seamen as were needed, on the pretext that they were British subjects. An American frigate, not in a condition to resist, having been subjected to this indignity, almost within sight of an American port, after receiving several broadsides for denying the right of such search, the President issued a proc- lamation ordering all British ships of war to quit the waters of the United States. Congress also laid an embargo on American vessels, detaining them at home, but afterwards substituted a non-intercourse act, prohibiting trade with Great Britain. All intercourse between this state and the people of Canada was prohibited, without a permit from the governor, under a penalty of $1,000 fine and imprisonment at hard labor in the state penitentiary for a term of seven years. Notwithstanding all this, England persisted in her offensive course. All hopes of obtaining concessions on the impressment question from her were at length abandoned. George III., who was still on the throne, had become *The first settler in the territory now included in Washington county was Thomas Mead, from Massachusetts, in the spring of 17S3. WAR FOR THE UNION. 29- insane, and the men who had managed affairs were as short siglited a.s his advisors had been forty years before, whose folly had provoked the Revolu- tion. Longer submission to their arrogant claims was deeaied unworthy of a free nation, and war was therefore formally declared by the United States, June 18, 1812. Vermont, thinking that the difficulties of the times required its sentiments to be known by the other states, adopted the following resolution : " We therefore pledge ourselves to each other to our government, that with our individual exertions, our examples and influence, we will support our govern- ment and country in the present contest, and rely on the Great Arbiter of events for a favorable result." This resolution Washington county sustained to the letter. Suffice it to say, two years the storm of war raged, after which the victorious soldiers again returned to their quiet and peaceable avoca- tions. WAR FOR THE UNION. For nearly half a century after the War of 18 r 2 peaci brooded over the green hills and fertile valleys of Vermont. Youths had grown to manhood and old age; the gray-haired grandsire, as he trotted the children upon his knee, rehearsed to them the tales they best loved to hear — ^tales of the deeds of the brave McDonough and " Oltl Ethan." Prosperity asserted itself in the hum of busy machinery, telling of the increase of manufacturing inter- ests in the silver threads that were branching in all directions, proclaim- ing the route of the ''iron horse " as it CDnveyed to prosperous marts the harvest surplus. The sun rose each morn on a prosperous, happy, contented people ; but alas 1 as its rays gilded the Green Mountain summits on the morning of April 21, 1861, it awakened n) answering smile in the hearts of the people. The first shot upon Sumter had frightened away the angel Peace, and grim War reigned in her stead. The hearts of the "Green Mountain Boys " were again touched with the old fire of patriotism and burned with martial ard.ir ; the dreams of peace were forgotten ; naught was remembered but their insulted flag — the flag purchased with the blood of their fathers — to which they owed their liberties, hofues, and the plenty that surrounded them. Side by side with her sister states Vermont endured the weary marches and bore the brunt of battles, and side by side their sons sleep the long sleep — some 'neath the sun-kissed plains of the willful South, and some rocked in the bosom of the broad Atlantic, "held in the hollow of His hand." Others have been borne to rest among their kindred by sympathizing friends, who, year by year, to muffled drum-beat, wend their way to their consecrated tombs to deck their graves with beautiful spring flowers — a national tribute to the gallant dead, 5,128 of whom Vermont sacrificed as her share towards the preservation of the nation's unity, freed from the curse of slavery, so- long a foul blot upon her fair fame. Vermont promptly filled every quota,. .3° WASHINGTON COUNTY. and every dollar needed was furnished with alacrity. Of her treasure, $9,087,352.40 was expended in furnishing the 34,238 loyal sons and repre- sentatives who went out to fight the battles of their country, 5,022 of whom were discharged from the service with shattered constitutions, or maimed in body, to renew the peaceful avocations of life as circumstances would per- mit. The following complete roster of men who went from Washington county as commissioned officers, and of those who, enlisting in the ranks, were subsequently promoted to a commission, is compiled from the State Adjutant and Inspector-General's report of 1866, and from other sources. For convenience the names are arranged in alphabetical order, the dates referring to commissions, the date of muster being omitted ; — TERMS OF ENLISTMENT. First Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service May 2, 1861, and mus- tered out August 15, 1861. Second Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service June 20, 186 r. Origi- nal members, not veterans, mustered out June 29, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19. 1865. Remaining officers and men mustered out of service July 15, 1865. Third Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July 16, 1861. Orig- inal members, not veterans mustered out July 27, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated into six companies July 25, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 16, 1865. Remainder of regiment mustered out July I T, 1865. Fourth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September 21, 186 r. Original members, not veterans, mustered out September 30, 1864. First, Second, and Third Companies of Sharp Shooters transferred to Fourth Reg- iment, February 25, 1865. Veterans, recruits, and men transferred from Sharp Shooters, consolidated into eight companies, February 25, 1865. Re- cruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of regiment mustered ont July 13, 1865. Fifth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September 16, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out September 15, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of regiment mus- tered out June 19, 1865. Sixth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 15, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service October 28, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated into six companies October t6, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previ- WAR FOR THE UNION. 3 I ous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of regi- ment mustered out June 26, 1865. Seventh Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 12, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out August 3, 1864. Regiment mustered out March 14, 1866. Eighth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 18, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out June 22, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Octo- ber I, 1865, mustered out July 21, 1865. Remainder of regiment mustered out of service June 28, 1865. Ninth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July g, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Octo- ber I, 1865, mustered out June 13, 1865. Remaining officers and men con- soUdated into battalion of four companies. Battalion mustered out Decem- ber I, 1865. Tenth Regimeni-, Infantry, mustered into service September i, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 22, 1865. Remainder of regiment mustered out June 29, 1865. Eleventh Regiment, Infantry, (First Regiment Heavy Artillery, from December 10, 1863,) mustered into service September i, 1862. Original members, recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would ex- pire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out of service June 24, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of four companies, June 24, 1865. Battalion mustered out August 25, 1865. Twelfth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 4, 1862. Mustered out July 14, 1863. Thirteenth Regiment, (nine months,) mustered into service October 10, 1862. Mustered out of service July 21, 1863, Fifteenth Regiment, (nine months,) mustered into service October 22, 1862. Mustered out of service August 5, 1863. Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service by companies, in 1864. Mustered out July 14, 1865. First Battery Light Artillery, mustered into service February 18, 1862. Original members mustered out of service August 10, 1864. Recruits transferred to Second Vermont Battery Light Artillery August 10, 1864. Second Battery Light Artillery, mustered into service December 16 and 24, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service Sep- tember 20, 1864. Excess of recruits organized as First Company Heavy Ar- tillery, Vermont Volunteers, March i, 1865. Battery mustered out of service July 31, 1865. Third Battery Light Artillery, mustered into service January i, 1864. Mustered out of service June 15, 1865. 32 WASHINGTON COUNTY. First Regiment Cavalry, mustered into service November 19, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service November 18, 1864, Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out of service June 21, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of six companies. Battalion mustered out of service August 9, 1865. Frontier Cavalry, (one year,) mustered into service January 10, 1865. Mustered out of service June 27, 1865. roster of field, staff, and company officers. Abbott Lemuel A., of Birre, age 21, private Co. B, loth Regt., July 28, '62; ist Sergt., Sept. i, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. D, Jan. 26, '63 ; ist Lieut. Co. E, June 17, '64; wounded severely Sept. 19. '64; Capt. Co. G, Dec. 19, '64; mustered out of service June 22, '65. Ainsworth Luther, of Waitsfield, age 31, 2d Lieut. Co. H, 6th Regt., Oct. 4, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. H, Feb. 18, '62; Capt. Co. H, Sept. 20, '62; killed in action at Bank's Ford, Va., May 4, '63. Aldrich Leonard F., of Barre, age 38, Qaartermaster, 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62 ; resigned Dec. 4, '62. Anson Charles H., of Montpelier, age 21, Qr.-M. -Sergt., nth Regt, Sept. I, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. E, Aug. 1 1, '63 ; ist Lieut. Co. E, Dec. 28, '63 ; Brevet Capt., April 2, '65, for gallantry in the assault on Petersburg, Va. ; mustered out of service June 24, '65. Ayers Jerome, of Waterbury, age t8, private Co. B, loth Regt., July 14, '62; Corp., March 27, '64; Sergt., July 5, '64; wounded June 1, '64, July 9, '64, and Sept. 19, '64; ist Sergt., May 20, '65 ; ist Lieut., June 15, '65 ; mustered out of service as 1st Sergt., June 22, 1865. Bancroft Charles E., of Waterbury, age 32, Capt. Co. I, 13th Regt , Sept. 23, '62 ; resigned Jan. 8, '63. Barber David P., of Northfield, age 34, Capt. Co. K, 7th Regt., Feb. i, '62 ; mustered out of service Aug. 30, '64. Bardett John D , of Montpelier, age 31, Capt. Co. C, ist Regt., Oct. 14, '61 ; Maj -)r, Nov. 18, '61 ; resigned April 25, '62. Bass John T., of Moretown, age 20, private Co. D, 2d Regt., May 7, '61 ; Sergt., June 20, '61; rst Sergt., Jan. 28, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. D, Aug. 9, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. D, Nov. 3, '63; Capt. Co. H, June 20, '64; honorably discharged May 15, '65, for disability; re-appointed Capt. Co. H, June 7, '65, but not mustered into service. Benson Charles S, of Worcester, age 22. private Co. I, nth Regt., July 14, '62; Regt. -Qr.-M. -Sergt., Jan. 17, '64; Sergt. -Major, Sept. f,'64; 2d Lieut. Co. L June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as Sergt.-Major, June 24/65. Blake .Miranda R., of Woodbury, age 25, pri.vate 2d Battery Light Artillery, Nov. 12, '61 ; Corp., Nov. i, '62 ; Sergt., Feb. i, '63 ; Sergt. Major, Oct. I, '63 ; 2d Lieut., June 20, '64; re enlisted Jan. i, '64; resigned March 3- "65- BHss Sidney, of Northfield, age 19, private Co. I, nth Regt., Aug. 5, '62; Corp., Dec. 26, '63; Sergt., Sept. 27, '64; wounded Oct. 19, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. I, Dec. i, '64; ist Lieut. Co. K, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut. Co. I, June 24, '65. WAR FOR THE UNION. 35 Bradford Philander D., of Northfield, Surgeon, 5th Regt., Dec. 3, '62 ; re- signed March i, '63. Boynton William H., of Northfield, age 19, Capt. Co. F, ist Regt., April 23, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61. Brown Andrew C, of iVTontpelier, age 34, Lieut. -Col., 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62; resigned May 5, '63. Brown Edward M., of Montpelier, age 40, Adjutant, 5th Regt., Aug. 24, '6r ; Lieut-Col., 8th Regt., Jan. 9, '62; resigned Dec. 23, '62. Burbank William B., of Montpelier, age 24, 2d Lieut. Co. E, x7th Regt., April 9. '64; I St Lieut. Co. E, Aug. 22, '64; mustered out of service July 14, '65. Burnham Denison S., of Northfield, age 32, private Co.C, 15th Regt., Sept. II, '62; ist Sergt., Oct. 22, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. H, Nov. 18, '62; trans- ferred to Co. C, Jan. 9, '63 ; mustered out of service Aug. 5, '63. Burnham William T., of Montpelier, age 43, Capt. Co. H, 2d Regt., May 23, '61; resigned Oct. 25, '61. Bushnell Henry N., of Waitsfield, age 23, private Co. H, 6th Regt., Aug. 14, '61 ; Sergt., Oct 15, '61 ; ist Sergt., Feb. 19, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. H, May 4, '63; ist Lieut. Co. C, May 15, '64; Capt. Co. H, Oct. 19, '64; mus- tered out of service June 26, '65. Campbell Oliver C, of Waitsfield, age 29, 2d Lieut. Co. I, 9th Regt., June 30, '62 ; resigned Dec. 24, '62. Canning Charles C, of Northfield, age 32, private Co. D, 2d Regt., May 7, '6r ; ist Sergt, June 20, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. I, Jan. 28, '62 ; resigned Feb. 8, '63. Carlton Alfred S., of Montpelier, age ,33, Qr-M., nth Regt., Aug. 14, '62 ; 2d Lieut., Aug 14, '62 ; transferred to Co. C, as 2d Lieut., Dec. 12, '62 ; promoted Capt. and Com. of Subsistence, U. S. Vols., March 11, '63. Carpenter Cornelius N., of Northfield, age 36, Capt. Co. C, 15th Regt., Sept. II, '62 ; resigned Jan. 15, '63. Carpenter George N., of Northfield, age 22, Sergt. -Maj., 8th Regt., Feb. 18, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. C, June i, '62 ; Capt. Co. C, Aug. 15, '63 ; resigned July 2, '64, to accept appointment as Capt. and A. C. S. U. S. Vols. Carter Justin, of Waterbury, age 23, private Co. B, loth Regt., July 12, '62 ; Sergt., Sept. i, '62 ; 2d Lieut., Jan. 19, '63 ; resigned Feb. 24, '64. Chamberlin Russell T., of Montpelier, age 19, private Co. G, 4th Regt., Aug. 27, '61; Corp., March r, 63; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63; Sergt., June 10, '64; Regt. -Com. -Sergt., Jan. i, '65 ; 2d Lieut. Co. A, Feb. 22, '65 ; ist Lieut., June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service July 13, '65. Chandler Charles M., of Montpelier, age 34, Assistant Surgeon 6th Regt., Oct. 10, '61 ; Surgeon, Oct. 29, '61 ; resigned Oct. 7, '63. Clark Albert, of Montpelier, age 22, private Co. I, 13th Regt., Aug 25, '62 ; ist Sergt., Oct. 10, '62; ist Lieut. Co. G, Jan. 22, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Clark Amon, of Barre, age 21, Assistant Surgeon, loth Regt., Aug. 11, '62; Surgeon, ist Vt. Cavalry, March 6, '65 ; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65- 3* 34 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Clark Charles W., of Montpelier, age 24, Com.-Sergt., i ith Regt., Sept. r, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. G, March 29, '63 ; ist Lieut. Co. G, Nov. 2, '63 ; mus- tered out of service June 34, '65. Clark Dayton P., of Montpelier, age 21, private Co. F, 2d Regt., May 7, '61 ; Sergt., June 20, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. B, Jan. 29, '62 ; Capt. Co. F, Nov. 3, '63 ; mustered out of service June 29, '64. Clark John W., of Montpelier, age ^;i, Quartermaster, 6th Regt., Sept. 28, '61 ; promoted Capt. and A.-Qr.-M. U. S. Vols., April 7, '64. Clark Stephen A., of Northfield, age 22, private Co. F, ist Cavalry, Sept. 15, '61 ; ist Sergt., Nov. 19/61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. F, Oct. 4, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. F, April 14, '65 ; Capt. Co. M, June 4, '65 ; not mustered as Capt.; transferred to Co. D, as 1st Lieut., June 21, '65, by reason of consolida- tion of regiment ; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65. Coburn Lewis L., of East Montpelier, age 28, Capt. Co. C, 13th Rept., Aug. 29, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Collins Hartwell L., of Cabot, age 26, private Co. G, 3d Regt, June i, '61 ; ist Sergt., July 16, '61 ; re-enlisted Jan. 22, '64; 2d Lieut., Aug. 4, '64; wounded Sept. 19, '64; honorably discharged Dec. 28, '64, for wounds. Cooper Aaron K., of Worcester, age 20, private Co. A, 8th Regt., Sept. 26, '61 ; Corp., Feb. 18, '62 ; Sergt.; 2d Lieut., Dec. 24, '62 ; killed in action at Cedar Creek, Va , Oct. 19, '64. Crandall John B , of Berlin, age 23, Hospital Steward, 6th Regt., Oct. 15, '61; Assistant Surgeon, Oct. 2, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Crandall Richard B., of Berlin, age 24, Adjutant, 6th Regt., Oct. 10, '61 ; Capt. Co. K, Nov. i, '62; Major, March 18, '63; killed in action near Cold Harbor, Va., June 7, '64. Grossman Horace F., of Montpelier, age 24, 2d Lieut. Co. F, 2d Regt., May 20, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. F, June 24, '62 ; Capt. Co. F, Oct. i, '62; hon- orably discharged Oct. 30, '63, for wounds received in action May 3, '63- Davenport David B., of Roxbury, age 39, Capt. Co. H, 6th Regt., Oct. 4, '61 ; wounded April 16, '62 ; died Sept. 20, '62, at Alexandria, Va., of disease. Dewey Edward, of Montpelier, age 34, Quartermaster, 8th Regt., Jan. 12, '64 ; promoted Capt. and A.-Qr.-M. U. S. Vols., Feb. 11, '65. Dillingham Charles, of Waterbury, age 24, Capt. Co. D, 2d Regt., May 22, '61 ; Major, 8th Regt., Jan. 19, '62 ; Lieut.-Col., Dec. 24, '62 ; resigned Dec. 12, '63. Dillingham Edwin, of Waterbury, age 23, Capt. Co. B., loth Regt., Aug. 4, '62; Major, June 17, '64; killed at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, '63. Ditty Eri L., of Roxbury, age 22, private Co. H, 6th Regt., Aug. 14, '61 ; Corp., Nov. I, '61 ; Sergt.; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63; Sergt. -Maj., June 6, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. H, Nov. 12, '64; ist Lieut. Co. H, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service June 26, '65. Drennar John S , of Woodbury, age 22, private Co. I, nth Regt., Aug. 11, '62 ; Corp., Sept. i, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. L, July 11, '63 ; wounded June I, '64; paroled prisoner: honorably discharged May 15, '65. Dudley Andrew J., of Calais, age 22, private Co. I, nth Regt., July 15, '62; Corp.. Aug. 5, '63; Sergt., Aug. 11, '63; ist Sergt., Jan, i, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. I, Sept. 2, '64; ist Lieut., Dec. 2, '64; honorably discharged May 15, '65, for disability. WAR FOR THE UNION. 35 Edson John H., of Montpelier, age 32, Lieut.-Col., loth Regt., Aug. 27, '62 ; resigned Oct. 16, '62. Eldridge James E., of Warren, age 21, private Co. F, 3d Regt., May 10, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. H., nth Regt., Aug. 13, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. H., Sept. 5, '62; Capt. Co. H., Aug. II, '63; wounded June i, '64, and Sept 19, '64 ; Brevet Maj., Sept. 19, '64, for gallantry at the battle of Winches- ter, Va.; honorably discharged Jan. 10, '65, for wounds. Ferry Amasa W., of Roxbury, age 25, private Co. F., 2d Regt., May 7, '6r ; Corp., June 20, '61 ; Sergt., Feb. i, '62 ; ist Sergt.; re-enlisted Jan. 23, '64; ist Lieut. Co. F, Sept. 15, '64; wounded May 5, '64, and Oct. 19, '64; honorably discharged Jan. 4, '65, for wounds. Fisher Charles G., of Northfield, age 26, private Co. K, 4th Regt., Aug. 26, '61 ; Sergt., Sept. 21, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. F, Dec. 14, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. I, April 19, '64; Capt. Co. I, June 12, '64; wounded June 23, '64; transferred to Co. F, by reason of consolidation of regiment, Feb. 25, '65 ; mustered out of service July 13, '65. Foster Edward L., of Calais, age 22, private Co. I, nth Regt., Aug. 2, '62 ; Regt.-Coin. -Sergt., May 16, '63; 2d Lieut. Co. I, Dec. 28, '63; ist Lieut. Co. I, Sept. 2, '64; mustered out of service June 2, '65. Foster Daniel, of Waitsfield, private Co. B, loth Regt., July 14, '62 ; Sergt., Sept. I, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. B, June 6, '64; wounded Sept. 19, '64; ist Lieut. Co. B, Dec. 19, '64; Capt. Co. B, March 22, '65 ; mustered out of service June 29, '65. F'oster Henry E., of Waitsfield, age 23, Capt. Co. C, 8th Regt., Dec. 23, '61 ; wounded May 27, '63 ; resigned Aug. 15, '63. Foster Sidney H., of Calais, age 34, private Co. I, nth Regt., July 22, '62 ; ist Sergt., Sept. 1, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. I, July 11, '63 ; ist Lieut. Co. I, Dec. 28, '63 ; honorably discharged Nov. 22, '64, for disability. French Charles G., of Barre, age 22, Capt. Co. D, 15th Regt., Sept. 15, '62 ; musteied out of service Aug. 5, '63. Goodwin David M., of Cabot, age 27, Assistant Surgeon, 3d Regt., June 20, '61 ; Surgeon, April 29, '63; mustered out of service July 27, '64. Gove Francis B., of Northfield, age 29, 2d Lieut. Co. F, ist Regt., April 23, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61. Green Charles B.,of Berlin, age 22, private Co. K, 7th Regt., Dec. 15, '61 ; Sergt., Feb. 12, '62 ; ist Sergt, March i, '63 ; re-enlisted Feb. 15, '64 ; Sergt. -Major, May r, '64; ist Lieut. Co. K, July 13, '65; mustered out of service as Sergt. -Major. March 14, '66. Gregg Charles C, of Waterbury, age 29, 2d Lieut. Co. D, 2d Regt., May 22, '62 ; dismissed the service July 22, '62. Hall Edward, of Worcester, age 43, Capt. Co. E, 8th Regt.. fan. i, '62 ; wounded June 14. '63 ; died Oct. 28, '64, of wounds received in action at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, '64. Hall William H. H., of Warren, age 38, Capt. Co. G, 6th Regt., Oct. 9, '61 ; resigned April 18, '62. Hammond Elon O., of Montpelier, age 45, Capt. Co. K, 3d Regt., July 11, '61 ; discharged Aug. 16, '61, for disability. 36 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Hatch Jerome B., of Cabot, age 24, private Co. C, ist Cavalry, Oct. 26, '61 ; Co.-Qr.-M.-Sergt., Dec. 25, '62; re-enlisted Feb. 24, '64; Regt.-Qr.-M.- Sergt., Nov. 19, '64; ist Lieut. Co. C, April 14, '65 ; transferred to Co. B, June 21, '65, by reason of consolidation of regiments; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65. Henry J. Edwin, of VVaterbury, age 19, ist Lieut. Co. K, 17th Regt., Sept- 22, '64; killed in action before Petersburg, Va., April 2, '65. Henry Wilbur E., of Berlin, age 20, private Co. K, 17th Regt., July 15, '64: ist Sergt., Aug. 22, '64; ist Lieut. Co. K, July 10, '65; mustered out of service as ist Sergt. Co. K, July 14, '65. Henry William W., of Waterbury, age 30, ist Lieut. Co. D, 2d Regt., May 22, '61 ; resigned Nov. 5, '6i ; Major loth Regt., Aug. 26, '62 ; Lieut.- Col., Oct. 17, '62; Col., April 26, '64; wounded May, '64; resigned Dec. 17, '64; Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 7, '65. Hill Henry H , of East Montpelier, age 21, ist Lieut. Co. G, 4th Regt., Sept. 1 1, '61; died May 19/62, in general hospital, Washington, D. C... of disease. Holden Eli, of Barre, age 26, private Co. C, ist Cavalry, Sept. 17, '61 ; ist Sergt., Nov. 18, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. C, Nov. 18, '61 ; 1st Lieut. Co. C,. Oct. 30, '61 ; taken prisoner Sept. 26, '63 ; paroled ; mustered out of service March 15, '65. Hopkins William C, of Northfield, age 28, Chaplain, 7th Regt., Sept. 25, '62 ;. resigned Oct. 19, '65. Howard George D., of Montpelier, age 22, 1st Lieut, ist Co. Frontier Cav- alry, Jan. 10, '65 ; resigned March 16, '65. Howes Wesley C, of Northfield, age 21, private Co. K, 7th Regt., Dec. 6,. '61 ; ist Sergt., Feb. 12, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. E, March i, '63 ; 1st Lieut. Co. E, Feb. 28, '65 ; Capt. Co. D, March i,'66 ; mustered as ist Lieut. Co. E, March 14, '66. Hutchinson Lemuel M., of Worcester, age 22, private Co. A, 8th Regt., Oct. I, '61; ist Sergt., Feb. 18, '62; 2d Lieut. Co. A, July 23, '62; ist Lieut. Co. A, Dec. 24, '62; Capt. Co. E, Nov. 24, '64; mustered out of service June 28, '65. Janes Henry, of Waterbury, age 29, Surgeon, 3d Regt., June 24, '61; promoted' Surgeon U. S. Vols., May 9, '63. Jones Nathaniel, Jr., of Moretown, age 39, ist Lieut. Co. B, 13th Regt., Aug. 25, '62; died Oct. 30, '62, of disease. Joyce Charles H., of Northfield, aged 30, Major, 2d Regt., June 6, '61; Lieut. -Col., May 21, '62 ; resigned Jan. 6, '63. Joyce William C, of Northfield, age 21, private Co. F, ist Cavalry, Sept. 15, '61; re-enlisted Dec. 30, '63 ; Co. -Qr.-M. -Sergt., Nov. 19, '64 ; 2d Lieut. Co. F, June 4, '65; transferred to Non. Com. staff as Regt. -Qr.-M. - Sergt., June 21, '65 ; mustered out of service as Regt. -Qr.-M. -Sergt., Aug. 9, '65. Kellogg Truman C, of Worcester, age 38, ist Lieut. Co. E, 8th Regt., Jan. 1, '62; died July 23, '62, of disease, at Algiers, La. King Lorentio H., of Northfield, age 25, private Co. C, ist Cavalry, Sept. 17, '61; Co. -Qr.-M. -Sergt., Nov. 19, '61; Regt. -Com. -Sergt., Dec. 6,. '62, and July 7, '64; died March 11, '65, at Northfield, of disease. WAR FOR THE UNION. 37 Lamb James C, of Montpelier, age 27, private Co. E, 17th Regt., Dec. 23, '63; Qr.-M.-Sergt., Oct. 17, '64; ist Lieut. Co. B, July 10, '65; mus- tered out of service as Qr.-M.-Sergt., July 14, '65. Leonard Joseph VV., of Calais, age 33, ist Lieut. Co. I, nth Regt., Aug. 13, '62 ; resigned Nov. 11, '62. Lessor Alphonso, of Marshfield, age 23, private Co. D, 2d Regt., May 7, '61; Corp., June 20, '6 r; Sergt., Jan. 8, '63; re-enlisted Jan. i, '64; ist Sergt., Nov. r, '64; wounded July 21, '61, May 5, '64, and Sept. 19, '64; ist Lieut., Dec. 24, '64; mustered out of service July 15, '65. Lewis Charles J., of Middlesex, age 25, 2d Lieut., Co. D, nth Regt., Aug. 12, '62; ist Lieut. Co. D, July 11, '63; Capt. Co. D, June 28, '64; honorably discharged May 15, '65, for disability. Lewis Edwin C, of Northfield, age 20, 2d Lieut. Co. G, 6th Regt., Oct. g, '61 ; resigned June 4, '62. Livingston Josiah O., of Marshfield, age 24, ist Lieut. Co. I, 9th Regt., June 30, '62 ; Adjutant, 9th Regt., June 4, '63 ; promoted Capt. Co. G, Oct. 19, '64; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Lord Nathan, Jr., of Montpelier, age 30, Lieut. -Col., 5th Regt., Sept. 16, '61; Col., 6th Regt., Sept. 16, '61; resigned Dec. 18, '62. Martin William E., of Marshfield, age 21, 2d Lieut. Co. C, 13th Regt., Aug. 29, '62; ist Lieut. Co. C, Feb. 23, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. McElroy Clesson R., of Middlesex, age 35, 2d Lieut. Co. B, 13th Regt., Aug. 25, '62 ; ist Lieut., Nov. 4, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Morrill Abel, of Cabot, aged 21, private Co. E, 3d Regt., June i, '61; Corp., July 16, '61; 2d Lieut. Co. K, Sept. 22, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. K, Jan. 15, '63; Adjutant, April 18, '64; killed in action at Wilderness, May 6, '64. Moseley John L., of Northfield, age 22, ist Lieut. Co. K, 7th Regt., Feb. i, '62; Capt., Nov. 23, '63; mustered out of service March 14, '66. Moore Winslov/ S., of Warren, age 33, private Co. H, 6th Regt., Aug. 14, '61 ; Corp.; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63 ; Sergt., June 5, '64; wounded Sept. 19, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. H, June 4, '6=5; mustered out of service Tune 26, '65. Mower Albion J., of Calais, age ^^, Capt. Co. I, 9th Regt., June 30, '62 ; resigned July 8, '63. Murphy Patrick H., of Roxbury, age 23, private Co. H, 6th Regt., Aug. 14, '61; Corp., Oct. 15, '61; Regt. -Com. -Sergt., Dec. i, '62 ; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63; ist Lieut. Co. E, Aug. 8, '64; transferred to Co. A, Oct. 16, '64, by reason of consolidation of regiment; Capt. Co. G, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Lieut. Co. A, June 26, 1865. Nevins Alfred M., of Moretown, age 39, ist Lieut. Co. G, 6th Regt., Oct. 19, '61 ; died April 29, '62, of wounds received in action at Lee's Mills, Va., April 16, '62. Newton Charles H., of Cabot, age 22, private Co, G, 4th Regt., Aug. 27, '61 ; Corp., Dec. i, '61; Sergt., July 5, '62; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63; wounded May 5, '64; ist Lieut. Co. E, Oct. i, '64 ; mustered out of service July 13, '65. 38 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Nichols George, of Northfield, age 35, Surgeon, 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Paige Henry M., of Cabot, age 25, 2d Lieut. Co. C, ist Cav., Oct. 14, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. C, Nov. 18, '6r ; Capt. Co. C, Oct. 30, '62; wounded July 3, '63 ; Major, July 7, '64; mustered out of service as Capt. Co. C, Nov, 18, '64. Parker Brainard M., of Northfield, age 23, private Co. C, ist Cav., Sept. 23, '61 ; Corp., Nov. 19, '61 ; Sergt. -Major, March x, '63; 3d Lieut. Co. C, July 7, '64; mustered out of service Nov. 18, '64. Pearce Alonzo E., of Calais, age 23, 2d Lieut. Co. K, 3d Regt., July 11, '61 ; ist Lieut. Co. A, Sept. 22, '62 ; Capt. Co. A, Mty 8, '63 ; honorably dis- charged Dec. 14, '63, for disability. Peck James S., of Montpelier, age 23, 2d Lieut. Co. L 13th, Regt., Sept. 23, '62 ; Adjutant, Jan. 22, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Peck William V., of Calais, age 28, Capt. Co. H., Sept. 23, '62 ; resigned Jan. 2, '63. Perkins Hiram, of Cabot, age 40, 2d Lieut. Co. H, 13th Regt., Sept. 23, '63 ; ist Lieut. Co. H, June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Perrin William B., of Berlin, age 24, private, 3d Battery Light Artillery, Oct. 30, '63; Corp., Jan. 1, '64; Sergt., Jan. 31, '64; 2d Lieut., Jan. 2, '65 ; ist Lieut., Tune 13, '61;; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut., June 15, '65. Phillips Walter A., of Calais, age 20, private Co. H, 13th Regt., Aug. 19, '62 ; ist Sergt., Oct. 10, '62; 2d Lieut. Co. H, June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63; 2d Lieut., 3d Battery Light Artillery, Dec. 12, '63; ist Lieut., Jan. 2, '64; honorably discharged Feb. 3, '65, for disability. Pitkin Parley P., of Montpelier, age 35, Qr.-M., 2d Regt., June 6, '61; pro- moted Capt. and A.-Qr.-M. U. S. Vols., April 3, '62. Poland Joseph M., of Montpelier, age 21, Adjutant, 15th Regt., Oct. 2, '62 ; mustered out of service Aug. 5, '63. Prentiss Samuel E., of Montpelier, age 20, private Co. I, 13th Regt., Aug. 25, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. I, Feb. 23, '6^ ; mustered out of service July 2 1, '63. Putnam Isaac A., of East Montpelier, age 24, private Co. G, 4th Regt., Aug. 24, '61 : ist Sergt., Sept. 21, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. H, Jan. 19, '62; ist Lieut. Co. C, Oct. 20, '6^; killed in action at Wilderness, Va., May Randall Charles W., of Montpelier, age 18, Sergt. -Maj., T3th Regt., Oct. 10, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. G, Jan. 22, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Randall Francis V., of Montpelier, age 37, Capt. Co. F, 2d Regt., May 20, '61 ; Col., 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62; mustered out of service July 21, '63 ; Col., 17th Regt., Feb. 10, '64; mustered out of service July 14, '65. Rice James, of Montpelier, age 32, Capt. Co. F, nth Regt., Aug. 12, '62 ; honorably discharged April 28, '65, for disability. Riker James B., of Montpelier, age 19, private 1st Bat. Lt. Art., Dec. 31, '61 ; Qr.-M. -Sergt., Sept. 20, '62; Sergt. -Major, Sept. i, '63 ; 2d Lieut., Feb. 14, '64; mustered out of service Aug. 10, '64. Robinson George S., of Barre, age 32, Capt. Co. E, 17th Regt., April 12. '64; wounded April 2, '65 ; mustered out of service July 14, '65. WAR FOR THE UNION. 39 Shaw Henry C, of Waitsfield, Assistant Surgeon, 5th Regt., Aug. 15. '6t ; died Sept. 7, '62, of disease, at Alexandria, Va. Scott Luther B., of Cabot, age 26, private Co. G, 4th Regt., Sept. 4, '61 ; Sergt., Sept. 21, '61 ; ist Sergt.; 2d Lieut. Co. E, Aug. i, '62 ; wounded May 5, '64; killed in action at Charlestown, Va., Aug. 21, '64. Smith Amasa T., of Calais, age 20, ist Lieut. Co. K, 3d Regt., July 11, '61 ; Capt. Co. K, Jan, 15, '63; resigned Feb. 13, '63. Smith Coridon D., of Calais, age 23, ist Lieut., zd Bat. Lt. Art., Dec. 13, '61 ; dismissed the service July 30, '62. Spaulding Allen, of Roxbury, age 45, 2d Lieut. Co. K, 7th Regt., Feb. t, '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. K, Nov. 3, '63 ; resigned July 13, '64. Spaulding Charles C, of Montpelier, age 36, Sergt.- Major, 5th Regt., Sept. 16, '6r ; ist Lieut. Co. D, Nov. 5, '61 ; discharged Oct. to, '62, for disability. Stetson Ezra, of Montpelier, age 37, ist Lieut. Co. B, loth Regt., Aug. 4, '62; killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June i, '64. Stickney Edward J., of Montpelier, age 19, private Co. B, loth Regt., July 30, '62; Corp., Sept. I, '62 ; Sergt., March 27, '64; 1st Sergt., Sept. i, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. B, Dec. 19, '64 ; ist Lieut., March 22, '65; mus- tered out of service June 29, '65. Stone Edward P., of Berlin, age 31, Chaplain, 6th Regt., Oct. 10, '61 ; re- signed Aug. 23, '63. Stone Levi H., of Northfield, Chaplain, ist Regt., April 26, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61. Taplin Eben, of Montpelier, age 25, private 3d Bat. Lt. Art., Dec. 16, '63; Corp., Jan. (, '64; wounded Aug. 8, '64; Qr.-M. -Sergt., Au'j;. 23, '64; 2d Lieut., Feb. 28, '65 ; mustered out of service as Qr.-M. -Sergt., June 15- '65- Taylor Nelson A., of Montpelier, age 30, Qr.-M.-Sergt., 13th Regt., Oct. 10, '62; Qr.-M., Nov. 28, '62; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Templeton Robinson, of Worcester, age 31, ist Lieut. Co. H, 6th Regt., Oct. 4, '61; resigned Feb. 17, '62. Thacher John M., of Barre, age 26, Capt. Co. I, r3th Regt., Sept. 23, '62; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Thompson Lucian D., of VVaterbury, age 31, 2d Lieut. Co. B, loth Regt., Aug. 4. '62 ; ist Lieut. Co. G, Dec. 27, '62 ; Capt. Co. D, June 17, '64 ; killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, '64. Thompson Ozias H., of Barre, age 27, private Co. K, 3d Regt., June 20, '61 ; ist Sergt., July 16, '61 ; re-enlisted Dec. 21, '63 ; 2d Lieut. Co. K, Aug. 4, '64; ist Lieut., June 4, '65; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut., July 1 1, '65. Tilden Eldon A., of Barre, age 22, private Co. D, 2d Regt., May 7, '61 ; Sergt., May 20, '61 ; ist Sergt.; 2d Lieut, Co. D, Nov. 20, '63; mus- tered out of service June 29, '64. Thomas Darius, of Northfield, age 35, Cipt. Co, F, 12th, Regt., Sept. ii, '62 ; mustered out of service July 14, '63. Trask Frank A., of Warren, age 27, private Co. G, 6th Regt., Sept 12, '61 ; Corp.; ist Sergt., June 1, '64 ; re-enlisted Sept. 14, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. G, Nov. 12, '64; ist Lieut. Co. G, March 10, '65 ; mustered out of service June 26, '65. 40 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Tucker Silas B., of Northfield, age 28, 2d Lieut. Co. I, nth Regt., Aug. 13, '62; ist Lieut. Co. C, July 11, '63; wounded Sept. 19, '64; Capt. Co. C, Dec. 2, '64; mustered out of service July 24, '65. Turner Orlando T., of Moretown, age 21, private Co. D, 2d Regt., March 7, '6r ; Corp., Oct. i, '6r ; re-enlisted Jan. 31, '64; Sergt., July 19, '64 : ist Sergt, Feb. 7, '65 ; 2d Lieut. Co. D, June 7, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt., July 15, '65. Vaughan Alvan P., of Woodbury, age 23, private Co. I, 9th Regt., June 18, '62; ist Sergt., July 9, '62; 2d Lieut. Co. I, Jan. 6, '63; ist Lieut., June 4, '63; resigned May 2, '65. Vincent Walter S., of Plainfield, age 25, appointed Assistant Surgeon, 9th Regt., April 20, '63; Surgeon, Nov. 15, '64; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Webb Charles A., of Northfield, age 22, ist Lieut. Co. F, rst Regt., April 22, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61. Wells Ransom A., of Northfield, age 21, private Co. I, nth Regt., July 15, '62; Corp., Sept. I, '62; Sergt., Dec. 26, '63; ist Sergt., Jan. i, '65 ; 2d Lieut. Co. M., May 23, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt. Co. I, June 24, '65. Wells William, of Waterbury, age 31, ist Lieut. Co. C, ist Cav., Oct. 14, '61 ; Capt. Co. C, Nov. 18, '61 ; Maj., Oct. 3, '62 ; wounded July 6 and Sept. 13, '63 ; Col., June 4, '64 ; Brevet Brig. -Gen., Feb. 22, '65 ; promoted Brig. -Gen. U. S. Vols., May 19, '65. Whitney Elijah, of Middlesex, age 31, ist Lieut. Co. F, 6th Regt., Oct. 8, '61 ; resigned June 19, '62. WiUiams Carlos D., of Northfield, age 19, private Co. F, 12th Regt., Aug. 191 '62 ; ist Sergt., Oct. 4, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. F, Dec. 4, '62 ; ist Lieut- Co. F, March lo, '63; mustered out of service July 14, '63. Wilder Orcas C, of Waitsfield, age 34, Capt. Co. B, 13th Regt., Aug. 25, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Worcester Almond, Jr., of Warren, age 21, private Co. F, 2d Regt., May 20, '61 ; ist Sergt., June 20, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. F, Aug. 4, '62; ist Lieut., Oct. I, '62; wounded May 12, '64; mustered out of service June 24, '64. WASHINGTON COUNTY BENCH AND BAR. By Hon. Hiram A. Huse. COUNTY LIMITS. The Indians exercised practical jurisdiction overall the lands now included in Washington county till 1781 or 1782, when Thomas Mead made the first permanent white settlement in Middlesex, a mile or more below Montpeiier. White men had, however, before that taken to themselves paper or parch- ment title — what Col. Orange Fifield would call " a paper front " if describ- ing their invasion — to a good many acres. The following charters had been granted by New Hampshire : Berlin, BENCH AND BAR. 41 June 7, 1763. to Chauncey Grayham and others : Duxbury, June 7, 1763, to Isaac Brown and others; Middlesex, June 8, 1763; Moretown, June 7, 1763, to Jonah Foster and others; Waterbury, June 7, 1763, to John Stiles and others; and WorcestCi", June 8, 1763, to Joshua Mason and others. Grants of other towns had been given by Vermont : In 1780, Barre (under name of Wildersburgh, changed to Barre in 1793), Cabot, Calais, Montpelier, Northfield, Roxbury, Warren, and Woodbury (name changed to Monroe in 1838 and back to Woodbury in 1843); and in 1782 Vermont granted Fays- ton, Marshfield, and Waitsfield, and in 1788 Plainfield (called St. Andrews Gore till 1797). New York had also granted, under the name of Kilby, a township of land including a part of Montpelier, Berlin, and Barre. No attention seems to have been paid to this grant except that knowledge of it angered still more the Aliens and others who were resisting the New York claims. New Hampshire began granting towns in 1749, and in 1764 had granted 138 towns in what is now Vermont territory. In 1764 an order of the King in Council made the western bank of the Connecticut river the boundary between New Hampshire and New York, and New York began granting not only lands not before granted by New Hampshire, but also regranting such granted lands on which settlements had been made. This granting by New York was forbidden by the king in 1767, but the New York authorities con- strued the order to apply only to lands already granted by New Hampshire. The jurisdiction of New Hampshire courts may at some time have been exercised over Vermont lands or persons, but where and when does not clearly appear. In fact, till about 1769 or 1771, New Hampshire was not divided into counties, and between 1749 and 1764 her courts appear to have been held wholly at Portsmouth. So the grantees of the six Washington county towns chartered by New Hampshire in 1763 would have had to repair to the shores of the Atlantic to find legal adjudication in respect of their Vermont property. The order of the king in 1764 put Vermont territory under con- trol of New York, although it may have left the New Hampshire charters valid, and then all Vermont was (on paper) in Albany county, and her inhab- itants would (on paper again) have to " 'tend court " at Albany on the banks of the Hudson instead of at Portsmouth. As a matter of fact they settled land titles and administered justice nearer home with the " beech seal." New York soon took measures for the administration of her laws in the territory thus declared within her jurisdiction, and beginning in 1766 took measures to establish the county of Cumberland, and effected this finally by a charter of March 17 or 19, 1768, — the boundaries were the west bank of the Connecticut, thence twenty-six miles to the southeast corner of Stamford, thence north fifty-six miles to the northeast corner of Socialborough (Clar- endon), thence north fifty-three degrees east thirty miles to the south corner of Tunbridge, thence by the south line of Tunbridge, Strafford, and Thetford to the Connecticut. The county seat was first Chester, then Westminster. 42 WASHINGTON COUNTY. By a New York ordinance of March i6, 1770, Gloucester county was established out of that part of Albany county lying north of Cumberland county and east of the Green Mountains, and May 29 of that year, at Kings- land (or Kingsborough), now Washington, the first court for Gloucester county was held. A full account of this may be found in Child's Gazetteer of Orange County. The next winter the judges and sheriff going to hold this court found themselves "far in the woods," and court ''opened on the spot," and court, " if one," was adjourned till May. Some courts were after- ward held for Gloucester county at Newbury, and Washington county was in- cluded in Gloucester's territory, but it had no white inhabitants. Charlotte county was established. west of the Green Mountains, March 12, 1772, but its doings do not concern the east side. In fact, the New York jurisdiction was so hated by a large portion of the inhabitants that it had a hard time of it generally. When Vermont came into her own, and, as one old niapmaker has it, her inhabitants held their lands " by the triple title of honest purchase, of in- dustry in settling, and now lately that of conquest," she organized the new- state into two counties, on the 17th day of March, 1778, and called them Bennington and Unity. The name of Unity was changed to that of Cum- berland, March 21, 1778. Cumberland included the territory east of the Green Mountains, and was divided into two shires by '"the ancient county line." The "shire of Newbury" had, by act of March 24, 1778, for its judges : Gen. Jacob Bailey, ist judge; Mr. Jacob Burton, 2d; Mr. William Heaton,3d; Mr. Reuben Foster, 4th; and Capt. John French, 5th; — so these were the first Vermont judges over territory that is now Washington county, and the reader is referred to the Gazetteer above named for some account of them. But as yet Washington county had no white folks within, its borders, and it was indeed more than two years after this that the Indians,, returning from the burning of Royalton, camped with their prisoners near Dog river in Berlin. The Westminster shire was sometimes called the Cumberland shire, and the Newbury shire sometimes called the Gloucester shire. February 11, 1779, Bennington county and Cumberland county had their dividing line rearranged, Bennington county gaining some territory by the new bounds. Some of what is now Washington county fell to Bennington county, and some remained in Cumberland county, as the line between the counties ran in the northerly half of the state from " fifty miles east of Lake Champlain's center channel south to the northeast corner of Worcester and along the easterly lines of Worcester, Middlesex, and Berlin, to the southwest corner of Berlin and then to the northwest corner of Tunbridge." Not an easily traceable line, but there was nobody within the present limits of Washington county to quarrel about it. It may be here observed that the present Washington county is not the first Washington county that Vermont has had. When the new state was BENCH AND BAR. 43 annexing parts of New Hampshire and New York at its April session of 1 781, the Vermont legislature established a county by the name of Washing- ton from the towns it had annexed east of the Connecticut river : that Wash- ington county had for its northerly towns Claremont, Newport, (N. H.,) Unity, and Wendal ; but when the forty-five New Hampshire towns were re- stored, February 21, 1782, to their own state, of course the earlier Washington county ceased to exist, but its even temporary establishment was a very timely compliment to Gen. Washington. At the February session, 1781, Bennington county was divided into two counties — Bennington substantially as now existing, and Rutland embracing the territory to the north that was formerly in Bennington county; and Cum- berland county was divided into three counties — Windham and Windsor substantially as now existing, and Orange comprising all territory to the north of Windsor and east of Rutland counties to the Canada line. Thet- ford and Newbury were constituted "half shires " for the county of Orange, and that county, by the way, till 1787, had for one of its towns Kingston, now Granville. October 18, 1785, the county of Addison was established, and the western part of Washington county was included therein. This lasted till the act of October 22, 1787, establishing Chittenden county, went into effect, after which the western towns of Washington county were part in Addi- son and part in Chittenden county. November 5, 1792, the counties of Frank- lin, Caledonia, Orleans, and Essex were established, but all the original terri- tory belonging to Orange county was to " continue to be annexed " to Orange county till October i, 1796. After Caledonia county was in running order its courts were held at Danville till after the organization of Washington county under the name of Jefferson, in iSri. So from the organization of Chittenden county to December i, 1796, (when Caledonia county became a working entity,) Washington county towns were divided between three coun- ties, and from December i, 1796, to December i, 181 1, our present territory was in four counties ; the towns of Barre, Berlin, Northfield, and Roxbury being in Orange county — Cabot, Calais, Marshfield, Montpelier, Plainfield (till 1797 called St. Andrews), and Woodbury being in Caledonia county — Duxbury, Fayston, Middlesex, Moretown, Waitsfield, Waterbury, and Wood- bury being in Chittenden county, and Warren in Addison county. November i, 18 10, — a couple of years after Montpelier had become the capital of the state, — Jefferson county was incorporated after ineffectual attempts to amend the bill and to refer it to the next session, which last pro- posal was defeated by a vote of 90 yeas to loi nays. John Peck, Gershom Palmer, and Nicholas Baylies were appointed a committee to designate the place of building a jail and court-house, and to procure subscriptions and build. The new county was set going by acts of the session of 181 1. One, passed October 16, of that year, fixed the place of holding courts at Mont- pelier ; the term of the Supreme Court to be held on the 5th Tuesday after the 4th Tuesday of August, and the terms of the County Court to be on the 44 WASHINGTON COUNTY. first Mondays of December and June. By an act of October 30, 181 1, Ezra Butler, justice of the peace, was authorized to issue a venire, directed to the sheriff of Chittenden county, to summon fifteen jurymen, being freeholders, from Waterbury, Moretown, Duxbury, Stowe, and Middlesex, to serve as petit jurors for the first term of court beginning the first Monday of Decem- ber, 181 1. The territory embraced in the county of Jefferson was nearly that of the present county of Washington. The territorial changes since made are as -follows: Stowe remained in this county till 1836, when it was set to the new county of Lamoille; Elmore was annexed to this county in 1821, and re- mained a part of it till 1836, when Lamoille county was established; Rox- bury was annexed (from Orange county) in 1820; Warren (from Addison county) in 1829 ; and Woodbury (in 1835) and Cabot (in 1855) from Cale- donia county. Montpelier's division into Montpelier and East Montpelier, in 1849, gave the county another town without increase of territory. Goshen Gore by Plainfield (annexed to Plainfield in 1874) and Harris Gore were annexed (from Caledonia county) August i, 1863. November 8, 18 14, an act was passed changing the name of Jefferson county to Washington county, and on the ist day of December following this act took effect. CoURT-HoUSES. A lawyer's successes are written on the shifting sands of tradition. The place where they are won soon knows them no more; and is often itself speedily forgotten. But as long as the tradition lasts the setting of the legal drama has an interest. The dramatic possibilities of a trial receive full recognition by playwrights and actors in their frequent attempts to reach what seems curiously unattain- able — a realistic court scene. How they succeed in getting up so many variations of failure is a mystery — but they do it all the same, and all the time. I have seen, when Edwin Booth was on the stage, one of the "attendants with "torches " actively open the scene by setting Othello's plume on fire, and have heard, when Joseph Jefferson was " Rip " in the Catskill Mountains, the stage thunder get out of repair to that degree that better could have been made on an average sap pan — but never anything so unreal with stranger, new forms, " both horrible and awfu', " of unreality as a stage trial. The school-house in the shadow of Camel's Hump, where George F. Fld- munds and Matt Carpenter had their night contest, when they were students, before a justice jury, was a sample " temple of justice," in the like of which many of the best lawyers say they got their best training. These justice jury trials are pretty much gone by — and the habit of having them was better for the training of lawyers than for the business progress of the communities ; •but all is not lost, for the justice courts — and the Supreme Court for that BENCH AND BAR. 4s; matter — are still "on wheels," and shed more or less benignant judgments here and there as the convenience of the plaintiff's lawyer and the supposed convenience of the parties and witnesses dictate. There are compensations in other directions, too, in the changes that time has made. When Judge Poland, who was in the legislature ten years ago,, had procured the passage of a law providing for the appointment of " masters to find and report the facts" in chancery cases, Judge Peck gave him a Scotch blessing for having " destroyed the Court of Chancery — the growth of and the product of the wisdom of hundreds of years." Judge Poland's law seems to work well, however, as his new pauper law may if the Supreme Court's period of incubation over its interpretation is ever determined — and besides we have efforts toward an assumption of chancery powers in unexpected quarters — the late equitable judgment of a Washington county justice of the peace for the plaintiff to ''recover eighty-five dollars and a gigg " having been within a few days equalled if not excelled bya Rutland County Court jury, which m a tiowage case added to their ver- dict for damages an order that the defendant should remove from his dam " within ten days " the boards causing the flowage. But this hardly describes our Montpelier court-houses ; and indeed, were it not for one of our profession whose memory goes back to its days, I could hardly describe the first one at all. The committee at first appointed to build a court-house do not seem to have made progress, for November 9, 181 2, the use of the hall of the State House was granted for the holding of courts for the year ensuing. And upon such grants, or without them, the courts for this county were held, till the latter part of 1818, in the old State House which, first occupied in 1808, was upon the completion of the second State House, about 1837, moved away and its timbers were bought by A. A. Sweet,. and many of them used by him in the construction of the house sometime known as the E. M. Brown house, now the property of the estate of Capt. A. A. Mead. November 6, 1 8 1 7 , Chapin Keith, George Worthington,and John Peck were appointed a committee to build a court-house, and on the 18th of that month they contracted with Salvin Collins and David Herrington for its erection. The contractors were to build and did build " near the northwest corner of the State House common." That common at that time did not extend as far west as now, so that the old courthouse was nearly in front of the present State House. At that time the turnpike to Burlington ran along pretty near where the State House now is, and State street, at least below the Pavilion, did not exist. The court-house was thirty-four '"eet wide and forty eight feet long, and there were by the contract to be " three door steps twelve feet long and hewed of the Barre ledge stones." Our Barre neighbors — they of the booming town of Vermont — can see that even then their product was prized, but think of calling the now famous " Barre granite " just " the Barre ledge stones !" 46 WASHINGTON COUNTY. The court-room was 33 by 34 feet, "arched above," and "21 feet between joints." There were four "jury-rooms '" in the front of the building, two on the first and two on the second floor; back of these was the court-room reaching to the roof. There were in the court-room " nine windows of forty lights each," and in other parts of the house "seventeen windows of twenty- four lights each" — all the lights to be of "good 8 by 10 glass." The building was to be completed September i, 18 18, and was occupied the fall of that year, though the contractors and the committee had a falling out about the amount due, as it was claimed and so decided that in some points they had failed to build according to the contract, though in others they had builded better than required by its terms. This court-house remained where erected till about 1837, when it was moved to where it now stands. It continued to be used as a court-house till the fall of 1843, after which it was for a time used by the Catholics as a church, and of late years has been the residence of the priest in charge of St. Augustine's church. The first trial for a capital crime ever had in this county was in the days of this old wooden court-house, but was not held in it, but in the hall of the old State House. This trial began April 21, 1836, and was that of Michael Moricey (or Morrisey) for the murder of John Corrigan, at Montplier, April 2, 1836. The crime was committed at Moricey's house near the lower end of Barre street, and was by hitting Corrigan with a club so that he died in a few hours from the efi^ects of the blow. The trial was concluded the day after it began, and the accused was found guilty of manslaughter and sen- tenced to ten years imprisonment. Paul Dillingham was state's attorney, and Miller and Upham were counsel for the respondent. In 1843 a new brick court-house was erected, at a cost of about $3,500, on Elm street and partly on the site of the present court-house. At the first term of court held in the new building it caught fire and was burned about 3 o'clock in the morning of Tuesday, November 28, 1843. The files in pending cases were burned and one volume of old records. Court was con- tinued in Masonic hall, and nobody seemed to regret the,loss of the house, as it was very unsatisfactory in both location and construction. The property on the corner of State and Elm streets was procured by sub- scription, and when a new court-house was erected it was made to front State street, and proved a very satisfactory building. The judge's desk was in the west part of the court-room and had a very resonant top which Judge Peck now and then used to strike with vigor. That desk top was, as Judge Peck used to say some old lawyer told him the statement of a legal proposi- tion ought to be, "as hard and dry as a pine knot. " It was this he struck when he commanded Col. Randall to "stop !" — and the same that resounded to his blow when he roared out at the witness Rockwell, " answer his questions or I '11 commit you to jail," and Rockwell shrunk down in his chair saying, " Lord, have mercy!" The jury box was in the northwest corner, BENCH AND BAR. 47 the jury facing the south and so unable to see the " Goddess on the State House " that caught the eye of the excited advocate who was painting the heartlessness of the persecutor of his client ; waving his hand toward the window from which he but not the jury could see the statue, the climax came, " heartless as the brozen image that now stands before you." In 1878 an addition to this court-house was authorized, and in 1879 i* was built and the old part of the house remodeled at a cost of $10,000. The courtroom then obtained was never surpassed in acoustic properties. May 25, 1880, the court-house was burned, but the walls left standing. The same year it was rebuilt in its present shape, the building now being twenty- two feet longer than before the addition made in 1879. The Supreme Court has, beginning with May, 1887, held its term for Washington county and its General Term in the court-room of the library annex to the State House, which was built in 1885-86. There is now building just west of the county court-house a large and elegant postoffice and court-house for the United States government — a structure that will be largely a monument to the untiring industry of Senator Morrill, and to the great esteem in which he is held by his fellow legislators in the national capital. The Early Courts. From the organization of the county till the third Tuesday of October, 1825, the Supreme Court consisted of one chief judge and two assistant judges, chosen by the legislature each year. This court had only appellate jurisdiction in civil cases (except where the state was a party) ; in criminal cases it had both appellate and original jurisdiction, the latter in the graver crimes, such as treason, murder, arson, rape, burglary, robbery, perjury, adul- tery, forgery, horse stealing, counterfeiting, &c., &c. The judges of this court did not, till 1825, preside in County Court. The county courts, up to October, 1825, consisted of one chief judge and two assistants, chosen yearly by the legislature — from 1825 the present law, by which a judge of the Supreme Court presides in County Court, has been in force, except during the Circuit Court experiment, which lasted from 1850 to 1857. The Circuit Court was helped out of existence, or into it, I have been told, by Stephen Herrick, of Middlesex, who had a lawsuit about a railroad contract and was persistent in litigation as in all other things. The County Court, as it existed at the organization of the county, had cognizance of such criminal and civil matters as was not given to the Supreme Court or justices of the peace. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace was limited in criminal cases to those where the fine did not exceed seven dollars, and where the corporal punishment did not exceed ten stripes, and in civil cases (except for slander, replevin, trespass on the freehold, and some others) where the matter was less than thirty- three dollars, and in some cases (on 48 WASHINGTON COUNTY. note, settled account, etc.) up to fifty-three dollars. The pillory and whip- ping were, it is true, not used as late as 181 1, but they were on the statute book, if not as usable punishments, yet as jurisdictional lines. They went out of use by the act of November 9, 1808, which enacted that whenever a con- viction should be had for a crime in which part of the punishment was pillory or whipping, the courts " may in their discretion dispense with the pillory and whipping, and in case of crimes hereafter committed against the statute last aforesaid, said court shall omit the pillory and whipping." The county courts were entirely distinct from the supreme courts. When the county was organized John Marshall was chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Joseph Story was a member of that court, and Elijah Paine was United States district judge for the district of Ver- mont. Royal Tyler, who had written a novel and a drama, was chief judge of the Vermont Supreme Court, and his assistants were Tlieophilus Harring- ton (who would not hold one man could own another without the " produc- tion of a bill of sale from Almighty God "), and David Fay, who was the youngest son of Stephen Fay, and a brother of Jonas and Joseph Fay, and who himself, when fifteen years old, served as a fifer in Capt. Robinson's company at the battle of Bennington. Nathaniel Chipman, Asa Aldis, Rich- ard Skinner, Dudley Chase, C. P. Van Ness, and Richard Skinner again followed in pretty quick succession as chief judges before the court was in- creased to four judges in 1825, and to five judges in 1828. Within twenty years after the organization of this county three members of its bar had been upon the Supreme Court bench — James Fisk, of Bxrre, and Samuel Prentiss and Nicholas Baylies, of Montpelier, The Firs'J" Term. Monday, December 2, 181 1, the first term of County Court for Washington county was convened. Ezra Butler, of Waterbury, afterwards governor, was chief judge, and his assistants were Salvin Collins and Bradford Kinne. Clark Stevens, the good Quaker of Montpelier, had been elected judge by the legislature of 1811, but he did not wish to be a judge, and Mr. Collins was elected upon his declining to accept the office. With Judge Butler, hovvever, it was not a case of '• nolo episcopari," for he was a Baptist clergyman, and was willing to overlook and judge things both temporal and eternal. The jurors summoned were Richard Kneeland, Chester Marshall, and Joseph Darling, of VVaterbury ; John L. Kenedy, Adonijah Atherton, and fason Crossett, of Duxbury ; Nathan Benton, Jr., Ebenezer Mayo, and Elia- kim Hawkes, of Moretown ; Samuel Mann, Samuel Montague, and Lovel Warren, of Middlesex; and Joseph Churchill, Simeon Burke, and Reuben Wells, of Stowe. The first jury trial was on the second day of the term, and was in the case of Jonathan F. Gibson vs. Charles Huntoon, and the jury was composed of the above named jurors, with the exception of Kenedy, who BENCH AND BAR. 49 was absent, and Burke and Wells, who were excused. Timothy Merrill was for the plaintifif, and Prentiss & Vail for the defendant. The jury did not agree and the " papers were taken back," and the case continued. The number of cases on the "old docket " was 138, and the new entries were 140. The old docket was made up of cases sent from Orange, Caledo- nia, and Chittenden counties. There were eight cases on the old docket and five cases of the new entries tried by jury. There were agreements in all the other cases tried by jury; these were on the old docket : No. 8, Prentiss & Vail and Dudley Chase for plaintiff, and Merrill and Cyrus Ware for de- fendant, verdict for plaintiff $41.37 and costs ($40); No. 20, Denison Smitb for plaintiff, and Dudley Chase for defendant, verdict for defendant to recover his costs ($35.39); No. 65. Nicliolas Baylies for plaintiff, and Bulkeley & Loomis for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $198.17 and costs ($41.95); No. 70^ Prentiss & Vail for plaintiff, and Dudley Chase for defendent. verdict for plaintiff for $139 00 and costs ($42.62) ; No. 74, Prentiss & Viil for plaintiff,, and Bulkeley & Loomis for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $76.58 and costs ($30.87); No. 87, Dan Carpenter for plaintiff, and Bulkeley & Loomis for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $12.50 and costs ($10.33); ^^- 57» Bulkeley & Loomis for plaintiff, and Prentiss & Vail for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $2,573,42 and costs ($30.42). The new entry cases tried by jury were No. 17, Prentiss & Vail for plaintiff, and Cyrus Ware for defendant, verdict for defendant to recover his costs ($15.90); No. 28, Cyrus Ware for plaintiff, and Prentiss & Vail for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $ro 65 and costs ($29.90); No. 71, Bulkeley & Loomis for plaintiff, and Prentiss & Vail for defendant, verdict for plaintiff for $56.00 damages and defendant- appealed ; No. 80, Bulkeley & Loomis for plaintiff, and Cyrus Ware for de- fendant, verdict for plaintiff for $40.00 damages and defendant appealed ; and No. 86, Bulkeley & Loomis for plaintiff, and Prentiss & Vail for defend- ant, verdict for $47.37 and costs ($20.60). Of the 138 cases on the old docket there appear, by the docket on the plaintiffs' side, to have been entered forty-nine by Dan Carpenter, of Waterbury ; one by Dan Carpenter and G. Robinson ; (I find the name of no such lawyer as G. Robinson in any county in 181 1 — per- haps he was "empowered" by the plaintiff under the 23d section of the judiciary act of 1797, and had "filed his power with the clerk,"" in which case he could appear for a party, doubtless " without the bar," a» will be seen in Judge Kinne's case hereafter.) twenty by Denison Smith, of Barre ; three by Denison Smith and Bulkeley & Loomis ; twenty-six by Bulke- ley & Loomis ; eleven by Prentiss & Vail ; five by T. Merrill ; one by S, Prentiss, Jr.; three by Nicholas Baylies ; three by Cyrus Ware ; and other scattering names from other counties including Dudley Chase, of Randolph, Horace Everett, of Windsor, Roger G. Bulkeley, of Williamstown, Moses Chase, of Bradford, Keyes, Foot, and Adams, of Burlington, and some others. The principal entries for defendants were Bulkeley & Loomis in twenty-eight 4 * '50 WASHINGTON COUNTY. •cases, Prentiss & Vail in twenty one cases, Din Carpenter in seven cases, T. Merrill in eiglit cases, Denison S nith in five cases, C. Adams in four cases, Dudley Chase in four cases, and C. P. Van Ness in two cases. Of the 140 cases on the ne^r docket —or the "new entries" — Dan Car- penter entered twenty- )ne, Bu keley & L )Oinis fifty-one, Prentiss & Vail fif- teen, D^nison S:Tiith sixteen, Merrill nine, N Baylies thirteen, Cyrus Ware two, and other scattering entries. Prent'ss & Vail appeared for the defense in forty-seven cases, Merrill in sixteen cises, Balkeley & Loomis in ten cases, Cyrus Ware in nine case-^, Denison Smith in five cases, and Dan Carpenter in one case, with other scattering entries of other attorneys. The jury this term were paid $160.58, and talesmen received $4.50. Tudge Butler received for his libors for the term $10490, Judge Collins and Judge Kinne $83.93 each. The state received cash for entries $65.25, cash for jury fees $93.00. cash for revieArs and appeals $33.50, and cash for licenses $72 50. The June term, 181 2, was not as costly, the jury receiv- ing then $ 105.90, Judge Butler $101.93, and Judges Collins and Kinne $81 54 each. The first term had about two weeks' work in it, the court sitting on the 2d, 3d, and 4th of December, then adj )uriiing to the i6th and sitting till the 28th. Imprisonment for debt continued till 1839, and at the first term the entry of "defendant committed" is found on the docket in seven cases. The first year's licenses " to keep a tavern " were to Ziba Hall, Lovel Kelton, Thomas Davis, Obadiah Eaton, Sally Hutchins, Jonathan Snow, and Michael Hammett, at Montpelier ; to William F. Meeds, John Farrar, and Ludowick Luce, at Moretown ; to Samuel Jones and Mehitabel Woodbury, •at Berlin ; to Joshua Hill, Lib'^eus Shermin, and Stiles Sherman, at Water- bury ; Silas Williams, at Plainfietd ; and Gideon Wheelock, at his house in Calais. Licenses "to sell foreign and distilled spirits " were granted to va- tIous parties in Montpelier and Barre, also to sell wines and to " retail for- -eign and distilled spirits and wines" The licensing of peddlers does not appear at this early day, however, nor do the county clerk's records of that time show as now, under the beneficent provisions of No. 104 of the laws ■of 1888, the pedigrees of stallions. Truly the law is a growth. The Early F 1 eld. The field of operations of the earlier lawyers is worth a moment's atten- tion. The towns that went to make up the county had, in 1800, a popula- tion of 5,651, and in 1810 of 10.524. Birre increased in those ten years from 919 to 1,669 ; Berlin, 685 to 1,067; Calais, 443 to 841 ; Daxbury, 15310326; Faystoi, 18 to 149; Marshfteld, 172 to 513; Middlesex, 262 to 401 ; Montpelier, 890 to 1,877 J Moretown, 191 to 405 ; Northfield, 204 to 426; Pliinfield, 256 to 543; Stowe, 316 to 650; Waitsfield, 473 to 647; Waterbury, 644 to 966; and Worcester, 25 to 41. Cabot, BENCH AND BAR. 5 1 then in Caledonia county, increased in the same time from 349 to 886 ; Woodbury, also in Caledonia county, from 23 to 258 ; Roxbury, then in Orange county, from 113 to 361; and Warren, then in Ad lison county, from 58 to 229. The comparative wealth of the counties is shown by their grand lists for 181 r, when the grand list of Washington, then Jefferson, county was about one fourth that of Wmds:)r county, oie-third that of Wi id- ham county, two-fifths that of Orange county and of Addison county, and one-half that of Bennington county and of Chittenden county. Law-breakers were "loungin' rou id and sufferin' " in those days after pretty much the same fashion as now. In the first two or three years we find respondents ansvering to charges of theft, blasphemy, perjury, not pro- curing standard weights and measures, passing counterfeit mo.iey, breaking jail, riot, and "keeping a nuisance." A great source of income to lawyers in those days was from collection suits that came from the general custom of the people of buying on credit and paying when sued. Sheriff Keith used to go out with his saddle-bag full of writs about every year — justice writs that were principilly in mere collection suits. And the County Court docket was also amizingly full, containing, as we have seen at the first term, 138 old cases and 140 new ones. June term, 1812, it had 138 old cases and 169 new entries; December term, 18 [3, 108 old cases and 1 90 new entries. But as the '* War of 1 8 1 2 " went on, law and possibly the lawyers became somewhat silent amid arms. June term, 1814, there were eighty old cases and 103 new entries; December term, 1814, showed fifty-four cases on the old docket and ninety five new entries ; and June term, 1815, there were but fifty-three old cases, while 124 new ones ap- peared, business starting up after the war was over. And soon after it started up with a vengeance, for the March term, 18 17, showed 131 old cases and 274 new entries. It is very likely that the hard times following the war were intensified by the fearful weather of the summer of 1816. That summer was so severe that it drove the inhabitants out of Worcester, but one or two fam- ilies remaining, and for two or three years broke up the work of settlement there. The writing in an old almanac before me shows the reasons why the farmers "got left " in i8i6. The minutes were evidently made by Divid M. Camp, who afterwards became lieutenant-governor. They are : "May 14, snow; May 29, snow ; May 30, very cold; May 31, hard frost; June 5, warm, sultry, thunder, etc.; June 6, snow and hail in the morning, continued snowing all day ; June 7, frost, snow all day, water froze an inch thick ; June 8, snow all day; June 9, more moderate; June 10, cold in the morning, ground considerably frozen ; very dry season ; August 22, frost seen in some places ; August 24, frost somewhat harder." Mr. Camp's old almanacs also show that in September, 1815, a "frost killed everything," and that in 1817 there was "snow, 16 June ; hard frost, 17 June." It must have been rather a cold June term, that of 1816. Up to 1817 county courts began the first Mondays of June and December; in 18 17 the time was changed to the 52 WASHINGTON COUNTY. second Mondays of March and September, and there have since been various changes, till now the second Tuesdays of March and September are for a long time settled upon. Many years the terms began in April and November. When the county was organized the old Vermont Register and Almanac for i8[2 gives eight practicing attorneys and four clergymen as the number in its borders. Two attorneys and two clergymen were omitted in that enu- meration, however. There were then ten lawyers in Washington county and 179 in the state ; there were six clergymen in this county and 131 in the state. Of the 131 clergymen two were Presbyterians, two Episcopalians, forty-three were Baptists, and eighty-four were Congregationalists, and one of the latter was the Rev. Publius V. Booge. The six Washington county clergymen were Judge Butler, of Waterbury, and Rev. Mr. Perry, of Barre, Baptists ; and Aaron Palmer, of Birre, James Hobart, of Berlin, Chester Wright, of Mont- pelier, and Amariah Jh in Her, of Waitsfield, Congregationalists. James Fisk, of Barre, then in Congress, had preached universal salvation, but had got into politics and out of the practice of law if not of gospel. Spotted fever, typhus fever, and politics were contagious and flagrant in the early history of the county. The first named disease was very fatal in other parts of the county in the winter of i8(o-ii, but found but three victims in Montpelier, the physicians of the town being very successful in treating their many patients. The second was very fatal at the county seat, seventy-eight per- sons dying in Montpelier in 18 13, one of them being the wifeofCapt. Jeduthun Loomis, a leading lawyer. Tne funeral sermon preached on the occasion of her death, by Rev. Chester Wright, is extant, as well as one on the death of Sibyl Brown, a little girl who suddenly died of the spotted fever. While Mr. Wright was " improving " these occasions to call the minds of the people from things temporal to things eternal, the minds aforesaid pretty lar^^ely " stuck in the bark " of the war. And Mr. Wright got himself prayed for by Elder Ziba Woodworth, who had served in the Revolution, and who was called on to pray at a war meeting which Mr. Wright had not seen his way clear to pray at when invited. " Uncle Ziba " prayed temporal damnation on the heads of opponents of the war as heartily as the other good parson preached eternal woe to the unregenerate. Curiously enough Mr. Wright's grandson has for years been pastor of the Unitarian church in Montpelier, a good man, liberal as his good grandfather was orthodox, while just now his grandfather's old church has called to its still orthodox pulpit an eloquent clergyman who was a few years ago a Unitarian preacher. The uncertainties of the law are still subject-matter of discourse, however. In February, 181 2, there was a meeting, described in Thompsons History of Montpelier, of interest to lawyers. It was a mass meeting to consider the poUcy of the government then aiming at war. The Democrats first obtained control and chose Ezra Butler, the preacher and the judge, to preside ; the Federalists came in soon in strength and reorganized and put Charles Bulke- ley, a lawyer, in the chair. The Democrats rallied and finally controlled the BENCH AND BAR. 53 meeting, their cause being championed by James Fisk, and the Federalist side by Nicholas Biylies, both afterwards judjjes of the Saprems Court. Jeduthun Loomis, another lawyer, was captain of the Montpelier Light In- fantry, and although a Federalist was earnest that the company shouUl do good service when war was once declared. J. Y. Vail, another lawyer, was an earnest Democrat. Two students in his office appear on the master roll of the company that went from the village at the time of the bittle of Platts- burgh, Alanson Allen and Henry F. Janes. On the roll of the same com- pany is the name of George Rich, the first clerk of the court, and of Cyrus Ware, then a lawyer of mature years, and of Thomas Reed, Jr., who was then a boy who had not even begun the study of law. Joseph Howes, soon after a judge of the County Court, was second lieutenant ; Rich was a sergeant ; Allen, the law student, was a corporal ; Janes, the other law stu- dent who was afterwards a member of Congress, was among the privates, as were Judge Ware and young Reed. Tho nas Brooks, grandfather of Gen- W. H. H. Brooks, of the war of the Rebellion, was also a private in this com- pany. The old muster roll throws an illuminating side-light on the men of that day, and it rather suits the mind's eye to see Judge Ware and young Reed plodding together toward the lake and the sound of battle. Another coming Montpelier lawyer was on the same journey in the Randolph com pany — J. P. Miller, who also served in the Greek revolution. Lest Mr. Camp's old diary of the cold June of 1816 should discourage im- migration, and cause a dearth of laborers in the granite harvest time, it is well to note that he lived "clean up in the north part of the state, e'enamost to the Canada line." It was n't in this neighborhood at all — but even if it had been, what then ? " Why, there 't is !" as Charles Davis used to say to the Supreme Court. Every time and clime has its own worries and its compen- sations. If we haven't iron mines or marble we have granite quarries, and if, for one year, the " perfect day in June " was not found in its perfection in Vermont, it has since taken up its regular abode here and is only surpassed by one of our October days with its mountain forests dyed from the paint pot of the Gods. Horace Greeley's " go west, young man " has been acted on — long before he said it, too — by many of our county people and in high degree by our lawyers. There they flourish and after a time return in glory, and the consolation of those that remain is that those who go are good fellows and deserve their success, together with a sense of safety from cyclones and fire blizzards. The Vermonter disgusted with the West forty years ago may have been a Washington county emigrant. " Great Western waste of bottom land ! Flat as a pancake, rich as grease, Where gnats are full as big 's your hand And ' skeeters ' are as big as geese ! I 'd rather live on Camel's Hump And be a Yankee Doodle beggar, Than never see a tree or stump And shake to death with ' fever 'n' agur.' " 54 WASHINGTON COUNTY. But pretty quick after those lugubrious lines appeared Matt Carpenter struck out from the very shadow of the Hump and got along rather well out West— though he had to get rid of some of the impediments of his name to make the race. The Early Judges. None of the lawyers who occupied the bench will be described under this- head, but only some laymen who from their good sense were chosen to ad- minister the law. The system appears to have worked well, and indeed being a county judge appears to have become quite a profession by itself. Now and then a lawyer was elected, but ordinarily in this county the lawyers kept within the bar. Ezra Butler, of Waterbury, was the first chief judge of the County Court- He was born in Lancaster, Mass., September 24, 1763. At six years of age his father moved to West Windsor, Vt., where Mrs. Butler, whose maiden name was McAllister, soon died. Ezra remained in West Windsor till he was fourteen, most of the time living with an older brother, Joel. Then he went to Claremont, N. H., where he lived with Dr. Stearns for seven years and had the management of the Doctor's farm. He served six months in the army when he was seventeen. In 1784 he went to Weathersfield for a few months, and in the spring of 1785, with his next older brother, Asaph, came to Waterbury. They came as far as Judge Paine's in Williamstown with an ox- team, and the rest of the way (some over twenty miles) they traveled on snow-shoes drawing their effects on a hand sled. They went to the house of the only settler who had preceded them, James Marsh. No other settler came to that town for a year and a half after Butler's arrival. The Butlers " made their pitch," cleared a little land, planted some corn, and returned to Weathersfield, where, in June, Ezra married Tryphena Diggins. They soon, went to Waterbury, where Ezra changed his pitch and built a log house on what has lately been known as the Reform School farm, just below the village, and into this residence the young couple moved in September, 1786. The pair " moved " from Weathersfield on horseback. Ezra was the first town clerk (1790); was town representative, 1794 to 1805 (except in 1798); was a member of the council from 1807 to 1825, inclusive, except when in Congress in 1813, 1814. He was elected to Congress in 1812 and served one term. He was a member of the Council of Censors in 1806, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1822. In 1826 and J 827 he was elected governor of the state, and in 1828 declined a reelection. He was no novice at the judge business when this county was organized. He had been assistant judge of Chittenden County Court by three elections, in 1803, 1804, and 1805 ; and had been chief judge of that court from 1806 till his town was set off to the new county. He was chief judge of this county from its organization till the old system of county courts went out of existence in 1825, except from December i, 1813, to December i, 1815, the BENCH AND BAR. gr Federalists controlling the legisUtures of 1813 and 1814, and Judge Butler be- ing also at that time a member of Congress. He was, when he went to Waterbiiry, a vigorous and somewhat profane early settler ; in a few years he wis converted and becancie a member of the Baptist church, and from about 1800 to within a few years of his death was the pastor of that church in W iitrbiry. His early hardships gave him a somewhat stooping form, his complexion wis dark and sallow, and his eyes black. His character and mind deserved the honors given him, and he gave good service in all the positions to which he was called. A more extended sketch of Gov. Butler may be found in Hemenway's Vermont Historical Gazetteer, vol. 4 p. 816 Po^re's Co'n^ressional Direc- tory says he was " born in C )nn.," (he wis n't) ; " in i 762," (he was n't) ; " re- ceived a good English education," (he went to school only six months — self- educated in manhood he clearly was) ; "stu lied law. " (he did n't, except as he helped make it and administer it); "was admitted to the bar," (he never was); "and commenced practice in VViterburv, Vermont, in. 1786," (he never commenced practice and there was but one other family in VVaterbury in 1786) ; " he died July 19, 1838," (he did die, but before that day). This historical item from Poore strikes me as a mighty poor historical item. Gov. Butler died at VVaterbury, July i3, 1838. Clark Stevens, of Montpelier, who was the first assistant judge of this county ever elected, declined to serve, and indeed declined all other offices ex- cept that he was persuaded to be town clerk one year. He was born in Roch- ester, Mass., November 15, 1764. and after coming to Montpelier in 1790 married Huldah Foster, of Rochester, December 13, 1792, and brought her to his log house here. Soon after that he built a log meeting house, and that was the first church edifice in the county. He was a Quaker and a minister of the gospel. He was full six feet tall, and of noble form and like character- Thompson says of him, " he was a prince in appearance, but a child in humil- ity " He died December 20, 1853. Salvin Collins, the first first assistant judge of the County Court, was born in Southboro, Mass., March 6, 1768, and about 1791 came to Berlin, where he lived till he removed to Montpelier in i8ri. He was rpelected assistant judge in 18 12, and was judge of probate Irom 1815, five years. After that he was for many years a trial justice of the peace. His first wife (Rebecca) died in 1816, and March 6, 1817, he married Mrs. Lucy Clark. In Thomp- sons History of Montpelier (p. 225) is an appreciative sketch of Judge Col- lins. He died November 9, 1831. Bradford Klmne, of Plainfield, was second assistant judge of the county for its first two years. He was born in Preston, Conn., about 1764, and moved to Plainfield from Royalton, Vt., in 1795. Judge Kinne went about at times to preach — Judge CoUins being the only judge of the first County Court who did n't have that habit upon hnn, and he was a zealous member of the Con- gregational church. Judge Kinne also practiced law, but not having beerk 56 WASHINGTON COUNTY. "admitted to the bar" he had to address the court and the jury from without the bar. Goshen Gore by Plainfield in his day belonged to Caledonia county, and ■was separated from the rest of the county by ten miles of impassable forest, being a gore no constable had jurisdiction, and a sheriff, to get there, had to tnake a long detour. One Games, who lived in the Gore, was poor and fell into trouble, and a sheriff finally went to get him on some suit, whereupon Carnes knocked him about with an axe helve. Indeed Games confessed when sued for the assault that he " did hit the gentleman a wee bit of a tap on the sconce with the hoosel of his axe, but had no thought of hurting him at all at all." In fact Carnes's plea was about the same as some of the irrever- ent of our present bar allege a living lawyer to have made — that his client ^'struck the plaintiff in good faith." Judge Kinne defended Games, and in some way got the whole Games family over to Danville — the wife and six chil- dren like the husband clean and poor. Kinne stood without the bar and besought the jury to give a verdict for the defendant — "Now, gentlemen of the jury, every cent you take from the defendant will be a morsel out of the mouths of babes and sucklings " — and Kinne wept aloud — and Games wept aloud — and his wife wept alout — and the six " babes and sucklings " lifted up their voices and wept — and the jury was moved by the waters upon their faces, and Games and his family returned to the Gore unharmed — all having gone according to Kinne's programme ; pretty much as the justice of a later day, who "was a kind of a plaintiff's justice," once remarked to a famous lawyer with whom he rode to the place of trial over in Duxbury, " I suppose the cost should be figured as we talked coming over." Judge Kinne was not prepossessing in appearance ; he had along nose and a long chin, and, being withal somewhat toothless, the two made near acquaint- ance as he talked. In the days of his practice imprisonment for debt was the rule, and the "liberties of the yard " extended only a mile from jail. Judge Kinne defended in a suit brought for an escape, but all the other side was able to show towards the escape was that the prisoner lived in Plainfield, and that about daylight one morning he was discovered about one rod inside the jail limits running down Glay hill towards the jail as for dear life. It looked very much as the truth was that he had made a visit home and had not got back under cover of darkness. Judge Kinne, from without the bar, addressed the jury — " Gentlemen of the jury, the plaintiff in this case has taken every method to prove my client within the limits of the jail-yard, and I shall take no manner of means to prove him out." And tradition is that the law was more severe than the administration of it, and that juries considered "all intendments in favor of liberty." At any rate that jury was all right. Judge Kinne died in Plainfield in 1828. Charles Bulkeley, of Berlin, who was chief judge from December i, 1813, to December i, 18 14, was a lawyer, and an account of him will be given among the sketches of the lawyers. BENCH AND BAR. 57 Denison Smith, of Barre, was chief judge from December i, 1814, to De- cember I, 1815, and was a lawyer, and will be sketched among members of the bar. Both the above named gentlemen I take it were Federalists ; Bulkeley certainly was. But it is not certain how much politics had to do with the choice of county judges, for we find Stephen Pitkin elected in years when opposing parties had control of the legislature. Seth Putnam, of Middlesex, succeeded Salvin Collins as assistant judge, and served from December r, 1813, to December t, 1814. Judge Putnam came with several brothers to Middlesex at a very early day, and was town clerk and a colonel ; he was an uncle of C. C. Putnam, of Putnam's Mills. There is what purports to be a sketch of the Judge in Hemenv/ay's Gazetteer, but on examination it consists so far as-facts are concerned in the statement that he had three sons, Holden, Roswell, and George. So it proves to be very much like the introduction that made Judge Alfred Conkling so indig- nant. After Roscoe had become popular, his father, the Judge, from whom the son honestly came by both his brains and haughty bearing, was invited to speak at some large meeting. When the time had come the usual com- mitteeman introduced to the audience " Judge Conkling, the father of Ros- coe Conkling "; whereupon the irate Judge bade the astounded committee- man "good evening, sir !" and left, saying he would be ■ if he would address a crowd to whose attention his only title was that he was the father of somebody. Stephen Pitkin, of Marshfield, succeeded Judge Putnam and was assistant judge from December i, 1814, to December i, 1820. He represented his town thirteen years in the legislature. Removed into Marshfield March i, 1795, and died there May 22, 1834, aged sixty-two years. Judge Pitkin was a man of commanding presence and influence in his town. In the cold sea- son of 1 816 and 181 7, when almost no provision was raised, he was of great help to his neighbors in procuring food to tide over the evil days — fish it was that helped out the hungry people. Gen. P. Pitkin, of Montpelier, is a grandson of Judge Pitkin. Stephen Pierce, of Waitsfield, succeeded Judge Kinne, December r, 18 14, and served one year. I am unable to give account of him further than this, and that he was a justice of the peace in Waitsfield. Warren Ellis, of Barre, became assistant judge December i, 1815, and served the next three years, and again for awhile after the system was ■changed in 1825. He came to Barre from Claremont, N. H., about 1803 ; he was born in Claremont, May 24, 1777. Judge Ellis was a saddler by trade, and withal a good musician. He represented Barre seven years. His son Warren H. went to Waukegan, III., and a daughter married D. H. Sherman, and went West. Judge Ellis died in' Barre, June 10, 1842. Joseph Howes, of Montpelier, was assistant judge from December i, 18 18, to December i, 1825, and at times thereafter. He was born March 28, 58 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1783, in Lebanon, Conn., and came to Montpelier in 1808. In the War of 1812 he served two years as adjutant. He was second lieutenant of the company that started for Plattsburgh. Judge Howes was prominent in all town affairs and a justly respected citizen. He died April 26, 1863. JosiAH B. Strong, of Northfield, was assistant judge from December i, 1820, to December i, 1825, but I have found no other account of him, except that he was sometime justice of the peace. This closes the list of the judges of the old County Court. December i, 1825, substantially the same system as now exists came into being. The Early Bar. The Vermont Register for 1812 gives the names of eight " practicing attor- neys " in Jefferson county. To these should be added two names to com- plete the list of lawyers in the county at that date, James Fisk and Cyrus Ware. Mr. Fisk was in Congress and out of practice, and Mr. Ware was a judge of Caledonia County Court when the new county was established, and he had at once cases on the docket, so his name should have appeared in the list. In the space allowed and the time at command it is impossible to give in- dividual members of the bar such sketches as they deserve. And it will be found that many of the most prominent lawyers of the county have little space given them — in many cases for the reason that quite full accounts of them are elsewhere extant, and that it has been thought better to use these pages for material that is for the most part not already in print. Reference will be made to Hemenway's Gazetteer of Vermont as Hemenway, to IViomp- sons History of Montpelier diS Thompson, to Mr. Baldwin's very praiseworthy History of the Orleans County Bar as Baldwin, and to Gov. Farnham's very useful work in Child's Gazetteer of Orange County. Charles Bulkeley, of Montpelier and Berlin, was the first lawyer to settle in Washington county. He lived in Montpelier at least as early as April 8, 1797, as he is described in a deed of that date as of Montpelier ; and he had not moved into Berlin as late as December 10, 1798, but probably did so soon after, and he there remained till his death, April 25, 1836, at the age of seventy-two. He was a native of Colchester, Conn. He was state's attorney (Berlin then being in Orange county) in 1800, 1801, and 1802 ; and was chief judge of Jefferson county from December i, 1813, to December i, 181 4, as heretofore stated. He was one of the trus- tees of the Montpelier Academy when it was incorporated, November 7, 1800, and I take it that Sally Bulkeley, who attended that school when J. Y. Vail taught it in the winter of 1807-08, was his daughter, and from the place her name occurs in the list that she was then quite a girl. Judge Bulkeley ceased the practice of the law the last ten years of his life. When living in Montpelier he occupied the Frye house, the third built in town, on the west side of Main BENCH AND BAR. 59 Street, near the arch bridge, and his house in Berlin was about a dozen rods above that bridge. He was a respected citizen, and at his death gave Hber- ally of his considerable property for public purposes. Very likely Sally was dead before that tireie. Mr. and Mrs. Bulkeleyleft an unfortunate son named Frank, who was a well-known character for years in all this region. Frank was harmless and used to go upon the run — his main pursuit being pushing over decayed " stubs " in the woods. He sometimes varied the exercises, though, and was once discovered setting adrift a Bible on a board in the Winooski. Inquired of as to what he was doing, he explained: "'Spect, s'pose, pretty likely, sendin' the word o' God, t' the heathen down to Burling- ton, on a shingle." James Fisk, of Barre, came into that town about 1796, according to some accounts, but probably not till 1798. He was not then a lawyer, and Cyrus Ware and Samuel Prentiss were in Montpelier before Fisk was admitted to the bar. Mr. Fisk was born in Greenwich, Mass., October 4, 1763. He served in the Revolution three years, married Priscilla West, who died August 19, 1840, served a term in the Massachusetts legislature, and soon began to preach as a Universalist minister. He moved to Birre, probably in 1798, and began clearing a farm, preaching occasionally. He was, in 1802, elected assistant judge of Orange County Court, and admitted to the bar of that county June 21, 1803. He represented Barre several years, be- ginning in 1800, and was a member of Congress from March 4, 1805, to March 4, 1809, and again from March 4, 18 (i, to March 4, 1815. He was chief judge of Orange County Court in 1809, and again represented that town in 1809, 1810, and 1815. He was nominated by President Madison in 1812 as judge of Indiana Territory, and was confirmed, but declined to serve. In 18 1 5 and 18 16 he was a judge of the Supreme Court, and in 1817 and 1818 was United States Senator, but resigned to accept the collectorship of Vermont, which he held from 1818 to 1826. He was a personal friend of President Monroe, and deUvered an address of welcome to him at Montpe- lier, July 24, 1817. In January, 1819, he moved from Barre to Swanton? where he lived till his death, November 17, 1844. He is said to have been kind and genial, and not to have sought the posi- tions of trust which he held. Thompson describes him as " small sized, keen- eyed, ready-witted, and really talented," when he saw him at the Montpe- lier meeting of February, 18 12, to attend which Mr. Fisk had come from Washington "to act as the champion speaker of the Democrats." Cyrus Ware, of Montpelier, was the second lawyer to settle in the county, for though Mr. Fisk had moved in a year or more before him it was as a farmer and preacher that he came. Mr. Ware was born in Wrentham. Mass., May 8, 1769. His father died when Cyrus was three years old, and when he was fourteen he came to Hartford, Vt., and learned blacksmithing. After he was twenty-one he studied law with Charles Marsh, of Woodstock, and Jacob •60 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Smith, of Royalton, was admitted in 1799 to the Windsor County bar, and •came at once to Montpelier. He represented the town from 1805 to 1809, and it was through his influence and that of David Wing, Jr., then secretary of state^ that the act of 1805, making Monlpeher the state capital, was passed. He was chief judge of Caledonia county from December i, 1808, to Decem- ber I, 18 1 1. He was a man of good ability, and might have risen to higher places had it not been for his social disposition and the customs of the time. He was in his later life the trial justice of the town, and it was he who held Morricey, in 1S36, for trial for the murder of Corrigan. Thompson says he was a philosopher and the most perfectly original character of MontpeUer in thought, words, and ways, and that his shrewd observations, and quaint and witty sayings, were more quoted than those of any other man in this sec- tion. He denied that he was poor, for he put a round valuation on his chil- dren and thanked Heaven he had them on hand. He died February 17, 1849. He married Patty Wheeler, of Barre, May 26, 1803, and of their six ■children Mary, the youngest, is now living in Montpelier, the wife of Joel Foster. Samuel Prentiss, of Montpelier, when he came to Montpelier, and for many years after, was Samuel Prentiss, Jr., his father, Dr. Samuel Prentiss, being in the practice of medicine in Northfield, Mass. Young Samuel was iborn in Stonington, Conn., March 31, 1782; the next year his father wentto Worcester, Mass., and about 1786 to Northfield, Mass., where Samuel went to school, and where he studied the classics with Rev. Samuel C. Allen. At nineteen he entered the law office of Samuel Vose, and soon left there and went into the office of John W. Blake, of Brattleboro, and was, in December, 1802, admitted to Windham County bar. He came to Montpelier and opened an office in May, 1803. He married Lucretia Houghton, daughter of Edward Houghton, of Northfield, Mass., October 3, 1804. She was born March 6, 1786, and died June 15, 1855, nineteen months before her husband, who died January 15, 1857. They had twelve children, of whom two died in infancy (Augustus, their tenth child, born February 16, 1822, and died May 19, 1822; and Lucretia, their eleventh child, born June 13, 1823, and died July 23, 1823). Of the ten sons who reached manhood, nine were lawyers. The remaining son (their third child, Edward Houghton, born December 28, 1808) was a drug- gist, but May 21, 1842, was appointed clerk of the District Court for Ver- mont, and held the position till September 20, 1859. Edward H. married Laura H. Doane, April 10, 1831. He moved to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1866. Of the seven children of Edward H., two, Charles C. and Samuel F. (who will be remembered by the members of the 2d Vermont Brigade as an aide on the staffs of Gens. Stoughton and Stannard), are now law partners in New York city. As several of the nine sons of Judge Prentiss, who became lawyers, were mot admitted in Washington county, I have thought best to give notices of BENCH AND BAR. 6li this '' Montpelier nine " here, and not in the order of their admission. More full accounts of them will be found in Binney's Genealogy of the Prentiss Family, and of Charles W., John H., and Henry F. in Baldwin s Orleans County Bar. The children of Judge Samuel Prentiss and Lucretia Hough- ton Prentiss were : — 1. George Houghton Prentiss, born June 25, 1805, educated at West Point from 1822 to 1827, in which last year he graduated; was second lieutenant U. S. Infantry till 1828, when he resigned because of poor health; studied law and was admitted at the May term, 1830, of Washington County Court. He practiced law in Hyde Park for a couple of years till ill health forbade, and died September 3, 1833. 2. Samuel Blake Prentiss, born January 23, 1807, studied for a time at the University of Vermont, then studied law with his father, was admitted, June term, 1829, in Montpelier, and there practiced law till 1840, v/hen he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and practiced in company with his brother Frederick James. He was, from 1867 to 1882, judge of the Common Pleas and district courts of the 4th Judicial District of Ohio. He married Jane Atwood Russell, April 14, 185 1, and they had two children, one dying in infancy, and the other now the wife or J. D. Cox, Jr., a son of Gen. and Gov. Cox, of Ohio. Con- gressman Burton, of Cleveland, informed me about March 20, 1889, that Judge S. B. Prentiss was still living in Cleveland, respected by all, but in failing health. 3. Edward Houghton Prentiss, not a lawyer, but briefly noticed above. 4. John Holmes Pre?itiss, born February 10, 181 1, went to Boston, and was- in business pursuits seven years, returned to Montpelier and studied law, and was admitted, November term, 1835. He practiced here till 1839, when he went to Irasburgh, where his brother Charles W. was. He practiced while his health permitted, but in 1869 removed to Winona, Minn., where he went into the banking business, and died September 28, 1876. 5. Charles William Prentiss, born October 18, 18 12, was one year in the \University of Vermont, then went to Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1832. He studied law first with his father, and afterwards with I. F. Red- field, at Derby, from whose office he was admitted to Orleans County bar,. June 24, 1835. He practiced law in Irasburgh until 1843, when he came to- Montpelier and practiced until 1853, when he went to New York city, and about 1867 went to Cleveland, Ohio, and practiced until 1882, when he re- tired. He married Caroline Kellogg, of Peacham, October 2, 1838, and they had seven children. 6. Henry Francis Prentiss, born November 27, 1814, studied law first with- his father, and then with I. F. Redfield, of Derby, and was admitted to Orleans County bar, June term, 1837. He practiced in Derby and Iras- burgh until the fall of 1855, when he moved to Milwaukee. In Derby he was- a partner of Stoddard B. Colby, and in 1847 and '48 was state's attorney. In i860, having been appointed register in bankruptcy, he practically with- ^2 WASHINGTON COUNTY, drew from practicing law. He died December 2, 1872. He married Ruth Colby, and they had three children. 7. Frederick James Prentiss, born October 18, 1816, studied law, and in 1839 settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where he began practicing law, and where, in 1840, he was joined by his brother Samuel B. They were in partnership until Febraary, i86r. In i860, his health not being equal to further prac- tice, he accepted an election as clerk of the Common Pleas and district courts for three years and was ree'ected in 1863. In 1877 he removed to New York city, where, and at Greenport, Long Island, he has since resided. It is owing to him that the Vermont Historical society has a most excellent portrait painted by Thomas VV. Wood of Judge Samuel Prentiss. F. J. mar- ried Delia Adeliza Hurd, of Middle Ha '37> '3^> and '39; was state senator from this county in 1841, '42, and '61 ; was state's attorney in 1835, '36, and '37 ; was a member of Congress from March 4, 1843, to March 4, 1847 ; was elected lieutenant-governor in 1862, 1863, and 76 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1864, and governor in 1865 and 1866 ; and for more than fifty years drew •tears and verdicts from juries. The jury was to him an instrument " easier to be played on than a pipe." Of noble presence and melodious voice, his were " words that weep and tears that speak." And bench, bar, and court-room audience, as the jury, like an old violin, vibrated to the sound he gave it, were ''of one consent ; congreeing in a full and natural close." I remember Judge Barrett once told me of a famous case at Rutland (perhaps the Strickland will case), where people packed the court-room as Dillingham, whom they had heard of but had not heard, was to close against E. J. Phelps, whose delightful oratory they well knew. Phelps adroitly painted what was coming by such praise of his brother Dillingham's eloquence as would have broken most men up and made them fail to meet expectation by performance. Judge Barrett said that when Dillingham rose the whole audience eagerly bent forward to hear, but that under his slow and hesitating manner for the first ten minutes, as he stumbled along over some preliminary matter, they lost all interest in him and sank back against the seats with sighs of relaxation, merely wondering how such a halting speaker could have gained such a reputation. But in five minutes from that time, the Judge said, Dillingham had put out from shore with bench, bar, audience, and jury all aboard, and with all sails set and filled with favoring breeze, ship and cargo all his own, was on his way on the open sea to tlie port of destination. It was a problem to Judge Barrett whether the halting start was accidental or designed. The first time I ever heard Gov. Dillingham before a jury was nearly twenty years ago in the Gregory-Atkins case, in which he had the logic, humor, and sarcasm of Timothy P. Redfield to contend against. I had heard Dillingham greatly praised as a jury advocate, and had heard him criti- cized by certain bright college students as a man who maltreated the King's English, and whose nouns and verbs did not well agree. So I thought I would be an impartial critic and watch and find whether he was stronger weak, and in what his strength or weakness lay. I carried out my plan for a few minutes, long enough to find that he let the parts of speech get along among themselves pretty much as best they could ; and about an hour after, as his last words fell on the hushed court-room, the fact dawned on me that I had for an hour forgotten all about criticism or the study of oratory and had be- come convinced his client was entitled to a verdict — and to be honest about it he got to talking about one thing that started the tears in my eyes, and I remember what it was and that it justified tears, but what particular connection it had with that case is a little difficult to see now, though it was plain enough when he was talking. Mr. Dillingham first married Sarah P. Carpenter, eldest daughter of Dan ; she died September 20, 183 1. September 5, 1832, he married her sister Julia, and they had seven children. Of their three daughters, ;E. Jane, Ellen S., and CaroUne, the second married J. F. Lamson, of Bos- BENCH AND BAR. 77- ton, and died in 1875, and the youngest, Caroline, in 1855, married Matt H. Carpenter, of Wisconsin. Tiie four sons were Charles, who was lieuten- ant-colonel of the Eighth Vermont, and has since the war lived in Louisana and is now in Texas; Edwin ; William P.; and Frank. In the Biographical Encyclopedia of Verviont is a sketch of ex- Governor Dillingham, and in Hemenway, vol. 4, p. 861, is an appreciative notice by Hon. B. F. Fifield, whose concluding words, as true now as when written seven years ago, I quote : — "With nothing to regret in his past, and a Christian's hope of the future, his present condition exhibits a restfulness and placidity which fittingly crown a life of labor not spent in vain." Edwin Dillingham, of Waterbury, second son of Paul and Julia, was born. May 13, 1839. ^^ began the study of law with his brother-in-law. Matt Carpenter, in Milwaukee, in 1858, went from there to a law school and graduated in 1859, came home and read with his father, and at September term, i860, was admitted to this bar, after which he became his father's partner and practiced in Waterbury till July, 1862, when he recruited Co. B, of the loth Vermont, and was made its captain. He was taken prisoner when an aide on the staff of Gen. Morris, at Locust Grove, November 27, 1863, and was in Libby prison four months. He was made major of the Tenth in June, 1864,. and was, September 4, 1864, at the battle of Winchester, struck on the thigh by a twenty-pound shot and, borne bleeding to the rear, died in two hours. One of the members of his regiment wrote of him from the battlefield : " While the fight was still roaring up over the hill he died, and this was the end of a beautiful, harmonious life, young, handsome, brilliant, brave amid trials, cheerful amid discouragements, upright, and with that kindness of heart which ever characterized the true gentleman, blended with firmness and energy as a commander, he was ever respected by all of his command and. loved by all of his companions. ' A fairer and a lovelier gentleman The spacious world cannot again afford.' We shall long mourn him in our camp." William Paul Dillingham, of Waterbury, now governor of Vermont, is the third son of Paul and Julia, and was born December 12, 1843. He read law with his brother-in-law, Matt H. Carpenter, in Milwaukee, from^i864 to 1866, two years ; he also read with his father and was admitted to Washing- ton County bar, September term, 1867. He was state's attorney from 1872 to 1876, and established his reputation as a skillful lawyer in his conduct of the bitterly fought liquor cases during the long jury term of 1873, and later in the Barre bank burglary case, and the trial of Asa Magoon, who was convicted of the murder of Streeter and hung at Windsor. This reputation he has main- tained in his conduct of civil cases. Mr. Dillingham represented Waterbury in 1876 and 1884, and was a senator from this county in 1878 and 1880. He was commissioner of taxes. 7 8 WASHINGTON COUNTY. from 1882 to 1888. In 18S8 he was nominated for governor, stumped the state for Harrison and Morton, and was elected governor by the largest majority ever given a candidate. His speeches during the campaign were, like his arguments before juries, logical, persuasive, and effective. Gov. Dillingham married Mary E. Shipman, December 24, 1874, and they have one child, Paul Shipman Dillingham, born October 27, 1878. RoswELL N. Knapp, of Montpelier, was admitted at September term, 1823, and practiced in Montpelier about two years. He was born in Berlin. His name is given in the Registers as Roswell H., but I have followed the record of his admission. He moved to Ohio, practiced, and died there. Nahum Peck, of Montpelier, was admitted at the September term, 1823. He was an elder brother of Asahel Peck (see next notice), and settled in Hinesburgh and practiced there for many years. He survived his brother Asahel. Cicero G. Peck is his son. Asahel Peck, of Montpelier, the son of Squire and EHzabeth (Goddard) Peck, was born in Royalston, Mass., in September, 1803. His folks came to Montpelier in 1806, and he received his early education in the district schools of the town and in the Washington County Grammar School. He has told me how he studied arithmetic lying on the floor and ciphering by the light of pine knots in the fire-place. He was for a time in the Univer- sity of Vermont, left and went to Canada, where he studied French, returned and read law with his brother Nahum, and with Bailey and Marsh, and was admitted to the Chittenden County bar, March 29, 1832. He was circu't judge from 1851 to 1857, and Supreme Court judge from December i, i860, to August 31, 1874, when he resigned. He made his home in B.irlington till after his election as judge of the Supreme Court, but soon after presided in Washington and Orange counties and made his home in Montpelier till he made it on his farm in Jericho in 1872. He was elected governor in 1874; and after his term expired resumed practice until his death, May 18, 1879. Judge Rowell's admirable sketch of him is printed in the Vermojit Bar Association's Report for 1884, and to that I refer the reader. Stories of his great and peculiar personality would crowd so on each other that none can be admitted. I much doubt whether he did not know more law than any other man. Horace Steele, of Montpelier, practiced here from 1824 to 1827. I am told he went to Chelsea to be cashier of the Bank of Orange, and was there soon succeeded by Jason Steele and then went to Windsor. I think he was an uncle or other relative of Judge B. H. Steele. Oramel Hopkins Smith, of Montpelier, was admitted March term, 1825. He was born in Thetford, October 16, 1798, and read with Judge Prentiss. He was state's attorney from 1841 to 1844, and his professional life was long and honorable. In 1830 he married Mary Warner, daughter of Samuel Goss, who survives him — a most charming lady of the older days. They BENCH AND BAR. 79 had four children, one dying in infancy ; Ch\rles F. ; Ellen J., wife of C. J. Gleason ; and Lucy A., wife of Charles A. Reed. Mr. Smith died in Mont- pelier, January 23, 18S1. Reference is maile to Hemenway, vol. 4, p. 471, for more extended notice. Charles Franklin Smith, son of O. H., was born in Montpelier in 1833, graduated at Dartmouth in 1854, read law with his father and was admitted here, November term, 1856. He went west and for a time practiced in Chicago, but moved to Hancock, Mich., about 186 1. He died at Han- cock, April 23, T 864. Daniel Pierce Thompson, Vermont's novelist, was the son of Daniel and Rebeckah Tnompson, and was born in Charlestown, Mass., October i, 1795. He was a relative of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. His foiks came to Berlin in 1800. He graduated at Middlebury in 1820, went to Vir- ginia, taught and studied law, and was admitted to \Vashingt(jn County bar, March term, 1S25. He was clerk of the House, judge of probate, clerk of the court, secretary of state, and an editor. May Martin and the Green Monnt- ain Boys, and all the rest rush to muid. He married Eunice Knight Rob- inson, of (Concord ?), Vt., who survives him, and is living with Mr, Burroughs in Madison, Wis. Their children were Charles, who died in infancy ; George R.; Frances, died aged sixteen ; William, died at Madison some fifteen years ago; Alma, married Hon. George B. Burroughs, of Madison, and died in 18S2; and Daniel G. I attempt no notice of Mr. Th )mpson, but refer to 4 Hemenway 69; his own History of Montpelier a.nd his novels should be familiar to all, as they are to most Vermonters. I scrapeT^, for more full account. Col. Randall's life durmg the war was so full of incident that it is utterly useless here to attempt details. Luther Henry, of Waterbury, son of Sylvester and Sibyl (Proctor) Henry, was born August 14, 1826, read law with P. Dillingham, and was admitted in May, 1849. He began practice in Waterbury, and there continued to live WASHINGTON COUNTY. till his death, January i, 1867. His first wife was Flora Taplin ; his second^ Katherine E. Royce. Oscar F. Silver, of Montpelier, was a student in the U. V. M. in 1842. He read law, and was practicing in Montpelier in 1849, and April term, 1850, was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. He is now living in Berlin, Wis. David B. Fay, of Calais, appears as a practicing attorney of that place in 1849, and so remained ten years except one year (1853) when he was given as of Plainfield. Mr. Fay still lives in Calais, and having a good Vermont farm has cultivated that instead of the law. Milan H. Sessions, of Waitsfield, born in Randolph, December 4, 182 1, admitted at Chelsea, June 17, 1846, practiced in Waitsfield from January, 1S50, to May, 1855. and was state's attorney in 1851 and 1852. "Long Sessions " his brethren called him. He moved to Waupaca, Wis., served as captain in the 21st Wis. Vols., moved to Nebraska in 1871, and was speaker of the House fifteen years ago. In 1884 he moved to Minneapolis, where he now resides. He married, November 3, 1847, Caroline C, daughter of William B. Chandler. John Gile Sherburne, of Waterbury, son of John Sherburne, was born at Northwood, N. H., December 20, 1820, graduated at Dartmouth in 1842, came to Vermont as assistant in the surveys for the Central railroad, read law and was admitted November term, 1850, and practiced at Waterbury till' he went West with one of the Demmons about 1856. He married Thirza Flagg, daughter of Jesse Bridgrnan, of Hanover, N. H., in 1843. Alpha Child May, of Northfield,. son of Elisha and Elethea (Woodward) May, was born at West Fairlee, May 16, 1825, graduated at Dartmouth 1847, read law with O. H. Smith and F. F. Merrill, and was admitted No- vember term, 1850. He began practice in Northfield, in December, 1850, and moved to Milwaukee, Wis., November to, 1852, where he still resides. He married Eliza S. Reed (twin sister of Mrs. Charles W. Willard), of Montpelier, March 22, 1853. William A. Dodge, of Birre, son of Nathaniel Dodge, was educated at the U. V. M., read law, and was admitted November term, 1850. He practiced in Barre till 1854, when he moved away. Luther Leland Durant, son of Luther and Susan (Leland) Durant, was born in Springfield, May 30, 1827, crept into the fire when a child and crippled his right hand, read law with B. H. Adams, was admitted November term, 1850, and was with C. W. Upton at Barre for a time, I think both be- fore and after admission. He began practice in Waitsfield, in June, 1852, and in November, 1855, went to Waterbury and became a partner of Paul Dillingham. In 1867 he moved to Montpelier and became a member of the firm of Randall «& Durant ; they did a very great business for some years succeeding the war. Mr. Durant suffered partial paralysis, but continued to- practice after the firm dissolved. BENCH AND BAR. loi He married Julia M. Tenney, daughter of John and Sophia (Wentworth) Tenney, of Dalton, N. H., who survives him. She is a sister of Hon. Asa Wentworth Tenney, of Biooklyn, N. Y. (Thompson, writing in i860, gives the name of A. W. Tenney in his Hst of lawyers who had practiced in Mont- pelier; I find trace of no other Tenney here; but Asa W. graduated at Dartmouth as late as 1S59, and read with Benton & Ray, of Lancaster, from September, 1859, to 1862 : maybe coming lawyers sometimes like "coming events cast their shadows before.") Their daughter, Lettie Estella Durant, was born in VVaitsfield, June 26, 1854. I appointed her assistant in the state library durmg the session of 1874; she attended the U. V. M., one of its earliest girl students; she was appointed assistant in the Fletcher library in 1876; returned to the state library during the session of 1876, and in 1877 or 1878 married Augustus Torrey, of Burlington. She died June 20, 1879, leaving an infant child. She was a lovely girl and an accomplished woman. Her brother, Paul Dilling- ham Durant, was born February 2, 1874, and was page in the executive department last session. Mr. Durant died in Montpelier, February 17, 1888. The words I some years since heard Judge Powers quote from one of Joaquin Miller's poems recur to mind : — " In men whom men condemn as ill I find so much of goodness still, In men whom men pronounce divine I find so much of sin and blot, I hesitate to draw the line Between the two where God has not." N'orinan Durant, older brother of Luther L., may have been admitted here during Churchill's administration of the records ; he practiced at Tun- bridge from 1844 to 1850, went to California, and was not heard of more. Langdon C. Wheelock, of Barre, was admitted November term, 1850, and practiced at Barre some twenty-five years, and died there. He was a thrifty practitioner. George Washington Cottrill, son of Mahlon and Catharine Smith (Couch) Cottrill, was born in Montpelier. May 18, 1828, graduated at the U. V. M. in 1847, and was admitted November term, 1851. He went West and afterwards was a lawyer in New York city. Jedd Philo Clark Cottrill, son of Mahlon, was born in Montpelier, April 15, 1832, graduated at U. V. M. in 1852, and was admitted September term, 1854. He went to Milwaukee and became a prominent lawyer. He was one of the revisers of the Wisconsin statutes in 1878. He died in Milwaukee, in February, 1889. Milton Brown, of Worcester, was admitted March term, 1852. He was at one time superintendent of the state prison, and did not practice. Charles Herbert Joyce, son of Charles and Martha Eliza (Grist) Joyce, was born near Andover, England, January 30, 1830. The family settled in WASHINGTON COUNTY. Waitsfield in 1836, Charles read with J. L. Buck, F. V. Randall, and F. F, Merrill, and was admitted September term, 1852, and at once began practice in Northfield. He was state librarian in 1853 and 1854, and state's attorney in 1856 and 1857. He was made major of the 2d Vt. Vols., June 7, i86r, and was in the battles of that famous fighting regiment till September, 1862^ when he was taken sick, and not regaining his health resigned, in January, 1863, the lieutenant-colonel's commission which he had held after June 7, 1862. Col. Joyce moved to Rutland in 1863, and representing Rutland was speaker of the House in 1870. He was a member of Congress from March 4, 1875, to March 4, 1883. He now resides in Rutland. Col. Joyce is an impassioned speaker, and attained great popularity especially among the old soldiers, whose regard he justified by earnest and laborious work for them while in Congress. He married, February 21, 1853, Col. Randall's sister, Rouene M. Their children, a son and daughter, are living, the latter the wife of T. C. Crawford^ the well-known newspaper correspondent. Harold Sprague, of Montpelier, son of Wooster Sprague (who died Janu- ary 15, 1883) and Nancy Stickney (Young) Sprague (who still lives in Mont- pelier and is a sister of Ammi Burnham Young, the architect), was born in Montpelier, October 1, 1831, and was admitted September term, 1852. He did not practice, but went to Chicago and engaged in the commission busi- ness. He married Sarah Wilson, of Montpelier, and died in Chicago, March IS, 1885. Charles Wesley Willard, of Montpelier, son of Josiah and Abigail (Carpenter) Willard, was born at Lyndon, June 18, 1827, graduated at Dart- mouth 1 85 I, read with Peck & Colby, and was admitted March term, 1853. He practiced law till 1861, the first years as a partner of F. F. Merrill; was secretary of state from 1855 to 1857, declining a reelection ; was state sena- tor in i860 and 1861, and in 1861 became editor and proprietor of the Freemati, and so continued till 1873. He was a member of Congress from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1875; and then, though in delicate health, re- sumed the practice of law. In 1878 Gov. Proctor (who was his classmate at Dartmouth) appointed Mr. Willard and Col. Veazey commissioners to revise the statutes. This work he engaged in till his death, the burden of it falling upon him as Col. Veazey was called to the bench. His old instructor, L. B. Peck, was one of the revisers of 1839, ^"^l the work of Mr. Willard, forty years later than that of Mr. Peck, again put our statute law in concise and coherent shape. He was an able, upright man, a good lawyer, and a statesman ; a reformer and in advance of his time, he was less popular than he might have been among the politicians and materialists who haunted Washington in his day, but that is to his credit, and he had the high and deserved respect of the citizens of his state. He married, August 24, 1855, Emily Doane, daughter of H. H. Reed, of BENCH AND BAR. 103 Montpelier, who survived him nearly six years. Their children are Mary, Ashton R., Eliza M., and Charles W. He died June 8, 1880, at Montpelier. Ashton Rollins JVillard, son of C. W., was born in Montpelier, April 14, 1858, graduated at Dartmouth in 1879, read with his father, in 1881 and 1882 attended Harvard Law School, and was admitted in this county, March term, 1S82. He practiced in Montpelier, part of the time of the firm of Heath & Willard, till July, 1887, when he moved to Boston, where he has since been in practice. He was one of the commissioners to edit the Revised Laws of 1880. Mr. Willard's thorough study and knowledge of the law had already given him excellent standing at our bar when he followed the example of so many other Vermonlers who " seek a country." He married, Septem- ber 19, 1888, Agnes, daughter of Gov. Horace and Mary E. (Taylor) Fair- banks, of St. Johnsbury. Luther Neivcomb, the intimate personal friend of C. W. Willard and so long an excellent clerk of our courts, though never admitted to the bar, should here be noticed. He was the son of Dr. Luther and Lucretia (Martin) New- comb, of Derby, and was there born, April 10, 1826. His father dying when Luther was five, the boy staid with his mother till he was eleven, when he came to Montpelier and was " brought up " by Judge L F. Redfield, with whom he read law. He was clerk of the court from 1857 to his death, and had been Mr. Wheeler's deputy from 1849. He was a model officer, and a man whose friendship I am very glad to believe I had. He married, June 25, 1857, Amanda, the only daughter of Gen. Stephen Thomas, who with their three children survives him. He died of Bright's disease, January 2, 1876. David Nelson Burnham, of Northfield, son of Luther S. and Lucy (Nel- son) Burnham, and a brother of Mrs. James N. Johnson, was born in Orange in 1825. He read with F. V. Randall, and was admitted September term, 1853. He went at once to Chicago and died there in September, 1855. Nathan Lord, Jr., brother of Rev. W. H. Lord, D. D., was born at Hanover, July 17, 1831. He read law with Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and with F. F. Merrill, and was admitted September term, 1854. He practiced at Cincin- nati and went into the railroad business. He was colonel of the 6th Vt. Vols, from 1861 to February, 1863, when he returned to Ohio and died there a few years ago. Henry Ashley Partridge, son of Oramel and Lucy (Capron) Partridge, was born in Randolph, November 27, 1827. He was admitted September term, 1854, as of Waterbury. He practiced a short time in West Randolph, went to Minneapolis, went to the war, and back to Minneapolis, where he died some years after the war. He was a brilliant young man, but fell into unsteady habits. William Penn Briggs, an uncle of Senator Edmunds, was born in Adams, Mass., in 1793, settled in Richmond in 1826, continued there as lawyer, far- mer, and business man, except four years in Tyler's time, when he was collec- tor of customs, till 1854, when he moved to Montpelier, where he died I04 WASHINGTON COUNTY. September 20, i86r. He was a man of acute mind, a skillful lawyer, and of sarcastic, pithy speech. James N. Johnson, of Northfield, son of James W. and Lydia (Harvey) Johnson, was born at Northfield, September 4, 1833. He was educated at Northfield and at South Woodstock, read law with F. V. Randall, and was admitted September term, 1854. He began practice in 1856 in Chicago, where he remained three or four years and then returned to Northfield, where he has been in active practice since. He is entitled to a patent on his method of statement, but has never taken one out because no other living man could work it successfully. I shall always remember his getting away with me in the Supreme Court on a question of "contingent remainder." He has gone along steadily, getting his share of business and taking good care of it. He says : '" I am a Democrat the whole length of my backbone." His back- bone will never bend. He married, April 3, 1858, Eloisa, daughter of Luther S. and Lucy (Nelson) Burnham, of Northfield. His son Luther B. was born in 1869. George M. Fisk, of Northfield, son of David and Sarah (Reed) Fisk, was born in VVolcott, June 7, 1830, read law with H. Carpenter and at the Poughkeepsie Law School, and was admitted to Washington County bar in 1854. He always practiced in Northfield, represented the town in 1863, was a prominent Democrat, and a delegate to St. Louis in 1876. He had by nature a strong legal mind. He was president for some time of the North- field Savings bank. He married Jane E., daughter of James and Annis A. Nichols, in 1856. He died in 1888. Ira Y. Burnham was a practicing attorney in Northfield in 1855 and 1856. George Tucker, son of Samuel and Alma (Rice) Tucker, was born at Claremont, N. H., June 16, 1825. His folks mqved to Northfield, he at- tended Norwich University, read law at Montpelier, was admitted, is given as being an attorney in Northfield in 1856 ; went to Barton and became a part- ner of W. W. Grout for a year before the war, when he went South as cap- tain of Co. D, 4th Vt., resigned, lived in Alexandria, Va., and Washington City till he went to Colorado in 1880, where he died in Canon City, May 22, 1885. See Baldwin for a longer sketch. Columbus Floyd Clough, of Waterbury, son of Thaddeus and Clarissa (Morse) Clough, was born in Stowe, June 28, 1833, read law with Paul Dil- lingham, and was admitted March term, 1856. He practiced at Waterbury till June, 186 1, then in Waitsfield till October, 1867, when he returned to Waterbury, where he has since practiced. Mr. Clough, though engaged in other business than the law, has always kept his share of practice and fre- quently appears in jury trials. He married, July 29, 186 1, Persis L., -daughter of Charles S. and Nancy Allen, of Waterbury Center. George N. Dale was born at Fairfax, February 19, 1834, and the family moved to Waitsfield that year. Hard work and poverty were the lot of his BENCH AND BAR. 105 youth, but at thirty-six he was lieutenant-governor of the state. He read law with Dillingham &: Durant and was admitted March term. 1856. He began practice at Waitsfield, but in December, 1856, went to Guildhall, and in June, 1 86 1, to Island Pond, where he has lived, except two or three years when his family lived for a time in Montpelier. He lived here in 1884. He has held a number of official positions, but none of them as large as the man himself. He is a born orator and withal a good lawyer. He was president of the Vermont Bar Association in 1885-86. The Governor is fortunate and happy in his family. His son Porter H. went West after attending school in Montpelier. D. S. Morse was admitted March term, 1856. William H. Baldwin, of Montpelier, was admitted September term, 1856. Eden Sprout read law with J. A. Wing in Plainfield and was admitted March term, 1857. Joel C. C. Winch was born in Northfield, was admitted from there March term, 1S57, and before, or soon after, beginning practice went to Texas, where he died within the last ten years. Nelson A. Taylor, admitted in Orange county, June term, 1857, opened an office that year in Waitsfield and went to Barre in 1859, where he re- mained somewhat more than a year, and then came into the firm of Wing, Lund &: Taylor in Montpelier. He was quartermaster of the 13th Vermont Regiment, and before many years went to Council Bhift's, Iowa, and went into trade. H. F. Adams was an attorney in Waterbury in 1857 if the Register is cor- rect. Benjamin Franklin Fifield, of Montpelier, son of Orange and Melissa (Nelson) Fifield, was born in Orange, November 18, 1832. He graduated at the U. V. M. in 1835, read law with Peck & Colby, and was admitted March term, 1858. When Mr. Colby, in 1864, became register of the treas- ury, Mr. Fifield became Mr. Peck's partner. On the death of Mr. Peck, in 1866, Mr. Fifield succeeded to the business of the firm which included the general conduct of the Vermont Central Railroad's legal affairs. The com- plications consequent on the adversities of the various investors in the securities of the Central and lines controlled by it were so great for the six- teen years succeeding Mr. Peck's death, that Mr. Fifield's civil practice be- came mainly centered in the Central litigation. In this litigation he main- tained himself as an acute and inventive corporation lawyer. Mr. Fifield was appointed U. S. district attorney in 1869, and held the office until elected representative of Montpelier in 1880. As district attorney he had charge of the legal machinery preventive of further prosecution of the Fenian invasion of Canada, and of many important criminal prosecutions growing out of the defalcations in the customs department. Important cases for false imprison- ment and the like were still on the docket against U. S. officers, who had, during the war, carried out the orders of the government as best they could. Io6 WASHINGTON COUNTY. The United States had to defend these cases and Mr. Fifield had charge of the defense. Mr. Fifield's papers and arguments, while he was district at- torney, of themselves would have placed him among the leaders of the bar. He was president of the Vermont Bar Association in 1883-84. He married^ January 4, 1865, Lucy, daughter of Erastus Hubbard, of Montpelier. They have three daughters. George C. Moore was admitted March term, 1858, and practiced in Barre about a year. A Rev. George C. Moore, Jr., is described in Hemen- way, vol. 4, p. 64, as a son of Dea. Moore, of Berlin, and as going to Texas and dying at Victoria, Tex., in September, 1867. I have not as yet traced the lawyer from Barre, but it is a little curious that two George C. Moores of about the same age should start out from the same locality. It may be an- other " James Cook Richmond " case where the parson of that name found the Austrian police excited because they couldn't find James Cook, of Richmond. Carlisle J. Gleason, of MontpeHer, son of Huzzial and Emily Henry (Richardson) Gleason, was born in Warren, October 23, 183 r, graduated at Dartmouth in 1856, read law with T. P. Redfield, and was admitted Septem- ber term, 1858. He became a member of the firm of Redfield & Gleason till Mr. Redfield was made judge in 1870 ; after that practiced alone a year or two, when the firm of Gleason & Field was formed. Mr. Gleason retired from the law when Mr. Field went West in 1881, and has for some years spent most of his time in Boston, where he is treasurer of the American In- vestment Company. He married, December 12, i860, Ellen Jeannette, daughter of O. H. Smith, of Montpelier. George W. Bailey, Jr., of Montpelier, son of George W. Bailey, was born in Elmore about 183 1, read law and was admitted to the bar, September term, 1858. He was a brother of J. Warren, Charles W., and Theron O. Bailey. He was elected secretary of state in 1861, and held that office at the time of his death. He married Georgianna, daughter of Col. Thomas Reed, who is now Mrs. E. H. Powell, of Richford. He died July 17, 1865, Samuel Wells, of Montpelier, son of William Wells, of Milton, was born in Milton, September 23, 1822. He read law with A. G. Whittemore, of Milton, was admitted in Chittenden county in 1847, and began practice in Bakersfield, and in 1849 procured a charter for the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of which he became treasurer. He moved to Mont- pelier and lived here the remainder of his life. He began agitating the question of a water supply very early, and would have rejoiced could he have lived to see the Berlin supply obtained as he, years before his death, maintained it should be. He died January 31, 1878. He married, in Sep- tember, 1854, Mary P. Leslie, of Newbury, who with two daughters survived him. Charles Henry Heath, of Montpelier, son of Elias and Ruth (Blanch- ard) Heath, was born in Woodbury, November 4, 1829. Elias was born in BENCH AND BAR. 107 Newport, N. H., January 14, 1801, and was brought by his father to Mont- pelier in 1802 and to Woodbury in 1806, to the farm where he lived till his death, in August, 1878. Elias Heath was also the name of the grandfather of Charles, and the older Elias was the son of Richard Heath who died of small-pox at Cambridgeport, Mass., a soldier in the Continental army at Washington's siege of Boston. Ruth, the mother of Charles, was the daughter of Deacon Joseph and Phcebe Abbott Blanchard, who was de- scended from George Abbott who emigrated from England in 1640 and set- tled in Andover, Mass., in 1643. Charles's brother, Lester Eugene Heath, now of Watertown, N. Y., was born in Woodbury, May 14, 1845 ; his sister Elvira Blanchard Heath was born August 14, 1832, at Woodbury, and died there; his sister Irene Abbott Heath was born at Woodbury, August 16,^ 1834, married Sidney O. Wells and died at Woodbury, in December, 1870 ; his sister Sophia Cutler Heath was born October 31, 1836, at Woodbury, and is the wife of Almon Chester Guernsey, of Calais. Mr. Heath went to the "district school" in Woodbury, and in 1847 to 1849 attended Washington County Grammar School; was then for a year under the tutorship of Rev. Horace Herrick at Woodbury, and in 1850 was at the People's Academy in Morrisville, then under the preceptorship cf Mel- vin Dwinell. Mr. Heath was then four years in the University of Vermont, and took his degree of A. B. in 1854 and A. M. in 1857. He was from 1854 to 1S58 principal of the People's Academy at Morrisville, which became during that time from small beginnings the best school of its class in the state, and among his pupils he had Shurtleff, Lamson, and Livingston now of this bar. He read law in 1856, 1857, and 1858 in the office of Thomas Gleed, of Morrisville, and was admitted in Lamoille County Court, December term, 1858, Asa O. Aldis, presiding judge. Mr. Heath began practice January 16, 1859, at Plainfield, and there continued till December 20, 1872, when he moved to Montpelier, and since that time has practiced at and from Mont- pelier, mainly in the counties of Washington and Orange. He was state's attorney from December, 1862, to December, 1864; state senator from this county in 1868, 1869, and 1870, at the session of 1869 being chairman of the senate judiciary committee and in that of 1870 president pro tempore ; and a trustee of the state library since 1873. He was president of the Ver- mont Bar Association, 1886-87. Mr. Heath is blessed with a strong physique as well as an untiring mind re- tentive of all facts that have ever come to his knowledge. He is apparently re- freshed by along jury trial. I think that as a student and teacher he must have taken great delight in the natural sciences, for he knows more facts than any other man at the bar about material things : immaterial things, too, for that matter — and what is provoking about it, when you are on the other side, is that he gets some of them into the box right before your eyes and gets them counted, too. Everybody respects a good fighter, and Mr. Heath stands lo8 WASHINGTON COUNTY. boldly for the rights of his client against all comers ; he has a just sense of the dignity of the profession, and considers court, jury, and bar each as having its own duties in the administration of the law, and that each should perform its own and none other. Mr. Heath has tried more jury cases for the last thirty years than any other member of the bar, and believes in them and enjoys them. When you are with him you will find him a very present help ; when against him, prepare for war. He keeps alive to interests outside his practice — historical, educational, and business. And in all his under- takings, professional or otherwise, he is a hearty, vigorous man who stands by his friends and strikes his antagonists. Mr. Heath married, February 9, 1859, Sarah Elizabeth Putnam, of Mor- risville. She is the daughter of David Wing and Rebecca (Coldwell) Put- nam. David Wing Putnam was born in what is now East Montpelier, and was the son of Captain Isaac and Sally (Wing) Putnam. George S. Dana was admitted March term, 1859. George H. Carpenter, of Waterbury^ son of William Carpenter who was a son of Dan Carpenter the first lawyer of Waterbury, was admitted March term, 1859. He did not enter upon the practice of law in this county and is not now pursuing it. He is a book-keeper in Griswoldville, Mass. Alvin W. Barry, of Warren, was admitted to the County Court, March term, i860, and practiced for a time in Braintree, of which town he was a native. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court here, August term, 1866. Gov. Farnham says, in Child's Orange County Gazetteer, he re- moved to Pithole, Penn., and afterwards settled in New York and now re- sides there. Joseph Philbrook Lamson, of Cabot, son of David and Phila (McClin- tock) Lamson, was born m Elmore, February 9, 1840, studied at the Peo- ple's Academy at Morrisville, and one year at the U. V. M., read law with Thomas Gleed at Morrisville, and was admitted in Lamoille county, April term, i860. He began practice August i, 1S60, at Cabot, and has there continued. He was assistant secretary of the senate three sessions, and was state's attorney, 1866 to 1868. Mr. Lamson has taken much interest in educational matters, and, acting as town superintendent, has for the last year or two brought the district schools of Cabot to a high standard. He is eminently a practical man, and in his profession exhibits such acuteness and skill in the trial of questions of fact as excite the admiration of his brethren of the bar not engaged on the other side of the case. He married, Febru- ary 9, 1870, Abbie A. Knights, daughter of Roswell and Sarah Knights, of Franconia, N. H. They have one child, Arthur David. Rodney Lund, of Montpelier, son of Thomas and Anna Lund, was born in Corinth, April 28, 1830, admitted in Orange county, January term, 1852, practiced in Corinth, White River Junction, and in West Lebanon, N. H., till i860, when he came to Montpelier and remained till 1867, part of that time being of the firm of Wing, Lund & Taylor. Since 1867 he has been in BENCH AND BAR. ^9'. active practice in Boston. He married, September 13, 1854, Elmyra Jane Chubb, of Wolcott, daughter of Joseph and Sally Davis Chubb. Charles I. Vail, son of Samuel K. and Mary D. Vail, was born in Chester, N. Y., November 11, 1837, graduated at Union College in 1859, read with T. P. Redfield, and was admitted September term, i860. He be- gan practice at Newport, removed to Irasburgh in the spring of 1862, prac- ticed there till he moved, in April, 187 i, to Blairstown, Iowa, where he has practiced since. He married, December 9, 186 1, Abbie F., daughter of Henry E. Barnes, of Stowe. Albert Clarke, born in Granville, October 13, 1840, was admitted March term, t86i, and began practice in Montpelier. He enlisted the next year in the 13th Vermont and became ist lieutenant of Co. G. Col. Clarke married, after the war, and lived at St. Albans with his family. He left the law and edited the St. Albans Alessenger. In 1874 he was state senator from Franklin county. He went to Boston and was on the editorial staff of the Advertiser for some time, returned to Rutland and was editor of the Rut- land Herald until a recent change in its management. Col. Clarke is a. forcible and polished writer and speaker. Charles Daley Swazey, of Montpelier, graduated at the U. V. M. in 1859, was admitted at the September term, i86r, began practice in Mont- pelier, and in 1862 became a member of Co. I, of the 13th Vt. He went to Minneapolis and died there, June i, 1865, aged thirty-two years. Americus Vespucius Spaulding, of Waitsfield, practiced there from 1861 about two years, then went to Bristol, and is now practicing in Burlington. He married Mary, daughter of Ziba Rice, of Waitsfield. George Washlvgton Kennedy, of Waterbury, son of Samuel Barnet and Hannah Mosely (Morse) Kennedy, was born in Bolton, July 4, 1S34, was admitted in Chittenden county, September term, i860, and began practice in 1862 in Waterbury, where he has since continued. He married Marie H., daughter of Orange V. and Cornelia J. Hill, of Burlington, April 21,. 1863. They have had four children, one of whom, Dion Wylie, is now living ; the three others died in 1881. Lee H. Bliss, of Calais, was admitted March term, 1863, and was in practice in Calais from 1863 to 1866. Stephen Currier Shurtlefk, of Montpelier, son of Abial and Rebecca (Currier) Shurtleff, was born in VValden, January 13, 1838. He, after "go- ing to district school," attended the academies at Newbury, Glover, and Morrisville. He read law with C. H. Heath, was admitted March term, 1863,. began practice at East Hardwick in May, moved to Plainfield in October, 1863, and there remained till September, 1876, when he came to Montpelier,. where he now resides. Mr. Shurtleff represented Plainfield in 1874, and was the Democratic can- didate for governor in 1886 and 1888. He has always had a large general practice, and has been for some years counsel for the Montpelier & Wells. WASHINGTON COUNTY. River R. R., and in other railroad interests. He has also been engaged more than any other member of our bar in patent litigation. When Judge Red- field left the bench, in 1884, Mr. Shurtleff received in the legislature a very substantial support as his successor on the bench. Mr. Shurtleff is a strong lawyer, going straight to the vital things in issue in the trial, and is forcible and direct in his management and argument. His attack is strong and sus- tained; crede experfo — for I remember, when opposed (and beaten) by him and Mr. Carleton in an election case, his sudden disclosure in argument of the bearing and deadly effect of a bit of testimony quietly elicited from a witness in sympathy with our side ; and what made it the more aggravating was that Carleton, with his Congregational countenance, sat by consenting and holding the garments of Stephen while he stoned us. Stephen was a mighty hunter till somebody stole his hundred dollar shot- gun. He married, April 21, 1868, Elizabeth M., daughter of John Augustine and Arminda Pratt, of Marshfield, and they have two children, Harry C. and Maud L. Charles D. Harvey was admitted September term, 1863, and began practice in Montpelier, and was here one year. Cyrus Brown, of Worcester, was admitted at the September term, 1863. He has lived in Worcester and at one time had an office in Montpelier. The old gentleman has tried a great many justice cases, and I do not suppose that the time has yet come to say of him : " The books are about to be closed — -and the books are closed." Edwin Franklin Palmer, of Waterbury, son of Aaron and Sarah (Thayer) Palmer, was born in Waitsfield, January 22, 1836; graduated at Dartmouth in 1862, was 2d lieutenant of Co. B, 13th Vt., read law with Paul Dillingham, and was admitted September term, 1864. He began practice in Waterbury in 1865 and has there continued; represented Waterbury in 1880 and 1888; was reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court, 1880 to 1888; and was elected to and now holds the office of state superintendent of education. Mr. Palmer is a scholarly and studious lawyer, and the important positions to which he has been chosen show what estimate his fellow citizens have of his abilities and high character. He married, in 1865, Addie D., daughter of William Hartshorn, of Guild- hall. They have seven children. William Palmer, of Waitsfield, brother of Edwin F., was admitted March term, 1870. He resides in Waitsfield, but is not in practice. Rising Nichols, of Warren, son of Lorenzo Nichols, was admitted March term, 1865. He did not practice in this county, but went to Pithole, Penn., near which place he died in 1887. It may here be said that George W. Tyler, of Warren, son of William P. Tyler, went to Boston, read law with Rufus Choate, went to California, where BENCH AND BAR. he has been a prominent lawyer, and where he was not long ago one of the counsel engaged in the celebrated divorce case of Sharon z's. Sharon. Chauncey Warriner Town, of Montpelier, son of Ira and Frances Miretta (Witherell) Town, was born at Montpelier, July 4, 1840; graduated at Dartmouth in 1862; was assistant in the state library; read law with Heaton & Reed, and was admitted September term, 1865. He went to New York city, where he has since been in successful practice. Hiram Carleton, of Montpelier, son of David and Mary (Wheeler) Carle- ton, was born at Barre, August 28, 1838. He attended the Barre Academy and graduated at the U. V. M.; read law with E. E, French and was ad- mitted September term, 1865. He began practice in Waitsfield in May, 1866, and remained there nearly ten years, when he came to Montpelier and was a partner in the firm of Heath & Carleton, until 1883, when he became judge of probate. While in Waitsfield he represented the town and was state's at- torney two years. Judge Carleton while in practice became known as a sound lawyer and safe counsel. He mastered his cases, was careful in his pleadings, never proclaimed himself certain of victory till final judgment in his favor, but left no stone unturned to obtain such judgment. " Brag is a gopd dog, but Holdfast is a better." He married, October 26, 1865, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Lathrop and Mary Ball Pope, of Keeseville, N. Y. They have two children, Frederick Pope and Mary Ball. Henry N. Deavitt, of Waterbury. son of Samuel and Adaline (Preston) Deavitt, was born in Richmond, in February, 1842, read with Luther Henry and with Redfield & Gleason, was admitted March term, 1866, and practiced in Waterbury two years. He then went to Underbill Center, then to Rich- mond, and for about three years has been in practice in Winooski. He has been twice married. Thomas Jefferson Deavitt, son of Willliam and Chestina (Preston) Deavitt, was born at Richmond, February 17, 1840 ; read law with Paul Dil- lingham and was admitted March term, 1866. He began practice at More- town in May, 1866, and in May. 1872, moved to Montpelier. Mr. Deavitt, while not giving up entirely general practice, has devoted himself especially to the prosecution of claims for patents and pensions, and for some years his prac- tice in pension cases has been larger than that of any other attorney in New England. He married, January 19, 1870, Carrie E., daughter of Luther and Caroline Harrington, of Royalston, Mass. The have four sons and one daughter. yb/m J, Deavitt, born May 14, 1808, near Troy, N. Y., a member of Franklin County bar, was with his nephew, Thomas j., in Montpelier, in the winters of 1886-87 and 1887-88. Melville Earl Smilie, of Montpelier, son of Earl Smilie (who was a son of Nathan Smilie of " Sm.ilie and Bank reform " times) and Matilda Bolton WASHINGTON COUNTY. (Thurston) Smilie, was born in Cambridge, August 21, 1844. He attended the U. V. M. two years, came to Montpelier in 1864, read law with Heaton & Reed and in Luther Nevvcomb's office, was admitted March term, 1866, and was ileputy clerk till October, 1866, when he began practice in Water- bury. He was elected state's attorney in 1868 and 1869, and established himself in the estimation of the community, and of such critical judges as- Charles Reed, as a good lawyer and advocate. About r87c he left the law and went into what proved to be an unsuccessful business enterprise, and in June, 1873, he went to Detroit and began practice; but Mr. Newcomb falling sick he returned m 1875 and took charge of Mr. Newcomb's office as his deputy. On Mr. Nevvcomb's death he succeeded him as clerk of the court, an office which he has filled as worthily as did his predecessor. Whether the love of fishing is an inheritance of the county clerk's office, I don't know. But I do know that Mr. Newcomb, in his day, and Mr. Smilie, in his, have both delighted in it; but I never heard that Mr. Newcomb was chased by a bear in the wilds of Granville. Mr. Smilie married, May 26, 1870, Ellen Pinneo, and they had two chil- dren, of whom one, Melville Earl, born April 27, 1878, is living. They have resided in Montpelier since 1876. James Stevens Peck, of Montpelier, son of W. Nelson and Julia A. (Clark) Peck, was born at Montpelier, December 8, 1838. He graduated at the U. V. M. in i860, began reading law, was a lieutenant in and adjutant of the 13th Vt., and adjutant and major of the 17th Vt. He was admitted to the bar, September term, 1866, and continued in Mr. Fifield's office for many years. He was assistant district attorney under Mr. Fifield, and had charge of making the office reports to Washington where they were complimented as being the best received by the department. He was adjutant-general of the state from 1872 to 1881, when he was appointed postmaster of Montpelier. Gen. Peck never engaged in active practice of the law. His tastes were liter- ary rather than forensic, and while he excelled in expressing himself on paper, in public speech he had the diffidence of a girl. He was a steadfast friend, an outspoken opponent, a brave soldier, and a noble gentleman. He mar- ried, March 4, 1869, Mary Blake, who survives him. David B. Lyman was admitted September term, 1866. Arthur Culver, of Montpelier, studied in the county clerk's office with Mr. Newcomb. He was admitted March term, 1868. In 1869 he was secre- tary of the Council of Censors. He went to Royalton and died there August 21, 1871, aged twenty-six years. Robert E. De Forrest was admitted September term, 1868. Joel Hayward Lucia, son of Charles Theophilus and Paulina (Macier) Lucia, was born in Bridport, March 17, 1842. He attended Barre Academy, 1858 to 1861, and was in Middlebury College, 1861 to 1862. He served in Co. D, 14th Vt.; and as ist sergeant and ist lieutenant of Co. H, 17th Vt., until discharged July 14, 1S65. He lost his left arm at the battle of BENCH AND BAR. 113 Poplar Spring Church, September 30, 1864. Gen. Lucia was register of probate several years in Addison county, and was mayor of Vergennes in 1 88 1, '82, and '83. He was admitted in Addison county, in June, 1868^ practiced at Vergennes till his removal in November, 1883, to Montpelier^ and was state's attorney of Addison county, 1872 to 1874. He married, June 27, 187 1, Elizabeth Burnap, daughter of Charles and Emily EHza (Baldwin) Reed, of Montpeher, who died January 5, 1881, leav- ing three children. Frank Plumley, of Northfield, was born in Eden, December 17, 1844, read with Powers & Gleed and attended Michigan University Law Depart- ment, was admitted in Lamoille county, May term, 1869, and went to Northfield in June. He was six years of the firm of Carpenter & Plumley, and has practiced there continuously. He was state's attorney from 1876 to 1880, among his important cases being the Carr and Meaker murder trials. He has just been appointed United States' district attorney for Vermont. He has a good civil practice. He has been at the head of the Good Temp- lars of the state, is an earnest temperance man, and is a powerful and effec- tive stump speaker. He represented Northfield in 1882. He has stumped in Michigan for several campaigns as well as speaking in Vermont. He likes. it and so do his audiences. He married, August 9, 187 1, Lavinia L., daughter of Hiram C. and Mary (Smith) Fletcher, of Eden. They have two cliildren. William Anderson Bovce, of Barre, son of Richard T. and Joanna (Ban- field) Boyce, was born in Newbury, December 3, 1839, came to Barre in 1858, read law with L. C. Wheelock and was admitted September term,. 1869, and has practiced in Barre since. He represented Barre in 1872. Osman Baker Boyce, of Barre, brother of W. A., was born in Newbury, November 24, 1841, read with his brother and graduated at Albany Law School, 1 87 1. He settled at Guildhall in May, 187 1, was admitted in Essex county, and was state's attorney in 1872 and 1873. I" 1874 he went to Barre and has since practiced there. He married, in June, 1871, Amelia A. French, of Northumberland, N. H., who died in September, 1877, leaving one child, Edith A. He married, in January, 1881, Louise L., daughter of Oramel Dodge, of Barre. Ephraim Albert Heath, of Moretown, son of Almon D. and Cordelia Heath, was born at Lincoln, June 15, 1846, was admitted September term, 1869 ; remained in Montpelier for a time and began practice in April, 1873, in Moretown, where he has since continued. He married, March 2, 1872, Lizzie J. Wilkins, of Moretown; they have one child, Maud Mary, aged eleven. Hiram Blaisdell read with C. H. Heath and was admitted March term, 1870. He is now in Boston. He invented the use of a search warrant signed by two justices to get possession of a child in a divorce case, and made 8 * XI 4 WASHINGTON COUNTY. it work. For full sketch of him see Child's Orange Coutity Gazetteer, p. 148. E. J. McWain, born in Ripton, August 17, 1840; lieutenant in nth Vt., admitted in VVindsor county in 1867, practiced in Northfield, 1868 to 1870 ; is now in Nebraska. See C/ii/d's Orange Coimty Gazetteer, p. 146, for full account. Henry Kellogg Field, son of Charles Kellogg and Julia (Kellogg) Field, was born in Newfane, June 8, 1848^ graduated at Amherst in 1869, was ad- mitted in Windham county in 187 1 or 1872, came at once to Montpelier and was partner in the firm of Gleason & Field till September, 1881, when he went to San Francisco as general agent of the New England Mutual Life Insurance Company. He has succeeded finely in business there. He mar- ried, November 26, 1872, Catharine Daniels, of Hartford, Conn. They have five sons. William D. Gould was admitted March term, 187 1. JosiAH Osgood Livingston, of Montpelier, born in Walden, February 3, 7837, was admitted in Lamoille county, May term, 1871. He went into the 9th Vt and became its adjutant, and also captain of Co. G. He practiced in Topsham three years and was one year in Calais, and came in 1871 to Montpelier, where he has since practiced or resided. Captain Livingston married Alice Kent, daughter of Ezekiel Kent, of Montpelier, and now resides on his farm in such comfort as the results of his service in the war permit him to enjoy. Orman L. Hoyt, of Plainfield, was admitted March term, 1872, and has since practiced in Plainfield. He is at present in Fort Payne, Ala., but I presume intends to return. His family has in his house, by inheritance, a quaint old desk that Israel Putnam once possessed. Eugene C. Hoyt, of Plainfield, son of O. L., was admitted March term, 1882, and he practiced with his father till last winter, when he went to Fort Payne and is now there in such ill health as to call his father there. Clarence Horatio Pitkin, of Berlin (oftice in Montpelier), son of Gen. Perley P. and Caroline Matilda (Templeton) Pitkin, was born in East Mont- pelier, August 26, 1849, read law with B. F. Fifield, and was admitted March term, 1872. He has practiced in Montpeher since that time, part of the time alone, part as member of the firm of Fifield, Pitkin & Porter, and for the last six years has been the senior lawyer of the firm of Pitkin & Huse. He was in 1881 one of the commissioners to edit the Revised Laws, state's attorney, 1880 to 1882, and United States' district attorney for Vermont from June, 1887, till his resignation took effect, March 5, 1889. He mar- ried Catharine Lamora, and they have one son, Harold. Carroll Perley Pitkin, of Montpelier, brother of Clarence H., was born in East Montpelier, December 15, 1851. He read law with B. F. Fi- field and was admitted March terra, 1873. He has not been in practice and has been for years secretary and treasurer of the Lane Manufacturing BENCH AND BAR. 115 Company. He is the present town representative from Montpelier. He married Ella C. Dewey ; and after her death married Mary Devine. Hiram Augustus Husk, of Montpelier, son of Hiram S. and Emily M. (Blodgett) Huse, was born in Randolph, January 17, 1843. His parents- moved to Wisconsin in 1845 ^"^ there remained till 1868. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1865 and at Albany Law School in 1867. In December, 1872, he moved to Montpelier; was town representative in 1878; one of the commissioners to edit the Revised Laws in 1881 ; state's attorney, 1882 to 1884; and has been state librarian since 1873. He married, January 30, 1872, Harriet Olivia, daughter of Melzar and Eunice Harriet (Smith) Woodbury, of Randolph. They have two children, Harriet Emily and Ray Woodbury. Charles D. Joslyn, of Northfield, read law with Gov. Dillingham, was admitted March term, 1873, practiced in Northfield one year, and went to Detroit, Mich., where he died. He married Miss • Atherton, of Water- bury. Frank M. Page was admitted September term, 1873, ^^^ went into prac- tice at Groton. Charles Walcott Porter, of Montpelier, son of John and Jane F. Por- ter, was born in Hartford, July 11, 1849. He read law with B. F. Fifield^ was admitted March term, 1874, and has practiced in Montpelier since, for a time as a member of the firm of Fifield, Pitkin & Porter, and lately alone. He was deputy secretary of state from 1872 to 1884, and has been secre- tary of state since 1884. He married, July 16. 1885, Florence B., daughter of Charles W. and Olive E. Bailey. Albert R. Savage, of Northfield, was a graduate of Dartmouth College and principal of the graded school in Northfield, read law with F. Plumley, was admitted March term, 1874, practiced in Northfield till 1875, and then went to Auburn, Me., where he is now judge of probate with his office at Lewiston. Henry Oviatt, of Montpelier, was a native of Boston, came here as court reporter about 1870, was a first rate news and editorial writer, read law, and was admitted March term, 1875. He did not practice law, but continued reporting here till 1885. About three years ago he went to New York city, where he is on the editorial and law reporting staff" of the Times. He married Laura Field, of Montpelier, and they have two children, Har- ry and the charming Miss Sally. Harry G. Dewing, of Montpelier, son of John A. and Mary Gratton Dewing, was born at Lisbon, N. H., November 16, 1852, read law, and was admitted September term, 1875. He practiced for a time in Montpelier, left the law for journalism, and has been since 1880, with the exception of a few months spent in Boston, an efficient member of the news and editorial staff of the Argus and Patriot. Il6 . WASHINGTON COUNTY. He married, December 19, 1878, Mae Tanner, of Montpelier, and they have one child, Bertha Mae, born March 7, 1882. George Lewis Stow, born October 10, 1851, in Grafton, Mass., now of Chelsea, practiced in Barre from October 15, 1875, to January, 1880. In 1884 he married Mrs. Laura A. Davis, of Chelsea. See Child's Orange County Gazetteer, p. 104, for full sketch. William Adams Lord, of Montpelier, son of Rev. William Hayes Lord, D. D., and Harriet Adams (Aiken) Lord, was born in Montpelier, August 28, 1849, graduated at Dartmouth College, of which his grandfather was for a third of a century president, in 1869, read law in Cincinnati and with C. H. Heath, was admitted March term, 1876, and has since practiced in Montpe- lier. He married, June 29, 1883, Mrs. Lucy A. (Reynolds) Young. Walter P. Wheeler was born in Calais, September 25, 1854, was ad- mitted September term, 1876, began practice in Montpelier, soon went to Brandon and practiced there some years. He married and has lately gone to work for a publishing house. Truman Robert Gordon, of Montpelier, was admitted September term, 1877, and has since practiced in Montpelier. Of late he has, besides his practice of law, " in an itinerant way in connection therewith and sometimes Independent thereof," kept a livery stable. He promised me his autobi- ography, but has not sent it. Since I wrote the above he has filed the document, and, as he apparently delayed in good faith, I add that he is a son of William and Mary (Thurber) Gordon, of Bolton, and was born at Vershire, August 3, 1850. He married Ellen L. Hatch, November 27, 1875, at Jericho; she died some years ago, leaving one child, Ellen L.; he married, December 25, 1888, Hattie M. Norris. Cyrus M. Johnston, of Northfield, son of Moses Johnson, was born at Northfield, graduated at Norwich Universit)% was admitted September term, 1877, practiced in Northfield two years with Mr. Plumley, one year alone, and went in 1880 to Detroit, Minn., where he is now practicing. John W. Gregory, of Waitsfield, son of Rev. Joseph D. and Laura L. (Cutting) Gregory, was born at Northfield, July 13, 1854, graduated at Ann Arbor in 1879, was admitted in this county, September 21, 1878, and has practiced in Waitsfield since September, 1879. He married Lucy F., daughter of Jonathan H. and Ellen M. Hastings, of Waitsfield, September 20, 1880. Rush P. Barrett, of Montpelier, son of Judge James Barrett, was born at Woodstock, graduated at Dartmouth, was admitted, came here about 1879, was in Mr. Shurtleff's office, was admitted to the Supreme Court, gen- eral term, i88t, went to Rutland, practiced, and married there. The death of his wife was a terrible blow to him, and after regaining his health he went to New York city and went into business. I was glad to meet him in Rut- land last month (March, 1889). BENCH AND BAR. 117 OsMAN Dewey Clark, of Montpelier, son of John VV. and Ann B. (Dewey) "Clark, was born in Montpelier, November 26, 1855, graduated at Amherst in 1876, was admitted March term, 1879, began practice, but devoted himself largely to insurance business, and has, since 1884, been assistant secretary of the National Life Insurance Co., of Montpelier. He married, November 29, 1882, Elizabeth De Witt Atkins, daughter of Hiram Atkins, of Montpelier. They have one child, De Witt Atkins, born July 10, 1886; another, Philip D., died December 22, 1888, in infancy. John Henry Senter, son of Dearborn Bean and Susan Chase (Lyford) Senter, was born in Cabot, November 11, 1848, spent his boyhood and youth in East Montpelier, Montpelier, and Concord, N. H.; taught district school in Maine, came back to Montpelier. broke his leg, and went to Warren. He taught school forty-three terms. He read law under C. H. Pitkin's direction, was admitted March term, 1879, practiced in Warren nearly six years, when he moved to Montpelier, formed the partnership of Senter & Kemp, and has been in active practice here since. Senter & Kemp also do a large insur- ance business, and are^ respectively, secretary and treasurer of the Union Mutual Fire Insurance Co., of Montpelier. Mr. Senter is United States bank examiner for Vermont. He married. November i, 1875, Addie G. Martin, of Warren, and they have three children, Frank Ginevra, Clarence Hiram, and Mabel. John E. Harris, of Montpelier, was admitted September term, 1879, be- gan practice in Montpelier, went to Burlington, married, went into journal- ism there and at St. Johnsbury, and is now again in Burlington. His news- paper work is always pungent and forcible. Edward Wyatt Bisbee, of Barre, son of Elijah Wyatt and Lydia Dewey (Brown) Bisbee, was born in Waitsfield, February 27, 1856, was admitted September term, 1879, began practice at Barre in November, 1879, and has there continued. He has been state's attorney since December i, 1886. He married, January 20, 1886, Julia B., daughter of John and Maria Snow. Levi Bishop Smith, born in Strafford, September 2, 1856, read with Heath & Carleton, was admitted September term, 1879, began practice in Strafford and died there of consumption, April 9, 1880. For full sketch see Child's Orange County Gazetteer, p. 154. Zed Silloway Stanton, of Roxbury, son of George B. and Lucretia Stanton, was born at Roxbury, May i, 1848, was admitted March term, 1880, and has practiced in Roxbury since. He represented Roxbury in 1884 and 18S6, and was assistant judge of Washington County Court from 1884 to 1888. He received a good vote for speaker in the session of r886. He married, May 31, 1880, Mrs. Jennie S. (Smith) Walbridge, daughter of Israel and Maria Smith. They have one child, Jessie L. Frank R. Bates, of Northfield, son of Orrin Bates, was born in Northfield, graduated at Norwich University, was admitted March term, 18S0, and prac- ticed in Northfield until his death from consumption in the fall of 1883. Il8 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Burleigh F. Spalding, of Montpelier, read with Gleason & Field, was admitted March term, 1880, went at once to Fargo, Dakota, where he has become a very prominent and successful lawyer. He is married. George Barnard Clifford, of Montpelier, son of Benjamin B. and Ruth N. (George) Clifford, was born in Concord, N. H., March 10, 1858, was admitted September term, 1880, began practice May 15, 1881, at Grand Forks, Dakota, and has there continued. He is secretary and one of the managers of the Dakota Investment Co. He married, May 23, 1888, Minnie E. Cooley, of Grand Forks. Charles Fremont Templeton, of Montpelier, son of Horatio Templeton, was born in Worcester, June 21, 1856, graduated at Dartmouth in 1878, was admitted September term, 1880, went to Fargo, Dakota, in March, 1881, and became a partner of Mr. Spalding. He was appointed attorney-general of Dakota Territory in January, 1887, and so remained till November 10, 1888, when he became chief justice of the Eighth Judicial District'of the Territory. He married, February 26, 1881, Edna C. Carleton, of VVilliamstown, and they have three children. Charles B. Goodrich was born at Hartland, February 16, 1853, read with Heath & Carleton, was admitted September term, 1880, began practice at West Randolph, and in April, 1881, went to Syracuse, where he now prac- tices. He married, May 27, i88o, Elizabeth C. Vanderburgh, of Vineland, N. J.; they have one daughter. Harlan Wesley Kemp, son of Phineas Allen and Betsey Kemp, was born at Worcester, April 5, 1858, read with S. C. Shurtleff, was admitted September term, 1880, began practice in Montpelier and has here continued, and for the last four years has been of the firm of Senter & Kemp. He married, December 13, 1881, Sarah Adaline, daughter of Christopher Columbus and Elizabeth Putnam; they have two children, Margie Belle and Bessie Eliza. George Walter Morse, of Waterbury, son of Truman and Mary (Strick- land) Morse, was born in Essex, March 23, 1847, admitted September term, 1880, and has practiced since in Waterbury, where he has been postmaster from 1885. He married, January 3, 1882, Ella F., daughter of Francis and Sylindia Joslyn. She died last fall of quick consumption, leaving one daughter, Flor- ence Frances. George T. Swasey, of Montpelier, was admitted September term, 1880. He went to Wahpeton, Dakota, practiced there, was in Massachusetts for some time, and is now gone, on the line of the Northern Pacific R. R., to Montana. " Westward the star of Empire." Jonathan Kendrick Kinney, of Montpelier and Berlin, son of Luther Skin- ner and Ednah Maria (Walker) Kinney, and great-grandson of Jonathan Kin- ney the first Congregational preacher in Vermont, was born in Royalton, Oc- BENCH AND BAR. I 19 tober 26, 1843 j served in the i6th Vt., and says: " was present at battle of Gettysburg, badly scared, always remembered that ; wished then that I was somewhere else; since been glad I was there." He was admitted in Or- ange county in 1875, practiced at West Randolph, and about 1880 for a short time in Montpelier. Left practice for legal authorship and is author of Kinney's Digest, and other books, and says " more in preparation and contem- plation which I hope may be better." The others are good. He married, October 16, 1866, Mary Lucetta Babbitt, of Randolph, a grandniece of Joel Barlow. Their son Hugh S., a boy of great promise, died at fifteen ; their daughter, Mary Kendrick Kinney, assists her father in his work. They live a couple of miles out of Montpelier, " down the river on the Berlin side." See Child's Orange County Gazetteer for full sketch. Frank William Tuttle, of Montpelier, son of John L. and Amanda Jane Tuttle, was born at Newbury, February 6, i860, was admitted March term, 1881, went the next year to Grand Forks, Dak., returned to Vermont, and in 1886 located at Vergennes, where he is now in practice. Willis F. Baker, of Northfield, came from Greensboro to Norwich Uni- versity, read with C, W. Porter and with F. Plumley, was admitted March term, 1882, and practiced in Northfield until he went South for health in 1884. He returned and died in Northfield in 1885. He married Abbie, daughter of C. P. Kimball, of Northfield. Frank E. H. Garev, of Montpelier, son of Ephraim Garey, was admitted September term, 1882. He practiced here in the firm of Gordon & Garey, and about three years ago went to Boston to pursue his profession. Almer B. Thomas, son of Oscar and Julia A. Thomas, was born in Wood- bury, August 2, 1862, read law in Montpelier, was admitted March term, 1883, and went to Redfield, Dak., where he practiced nearly three years. He returned to Vermont and has practiced at West Randolph, and is interested in new granite quarries in Woodbury and Hardwick. He married Cora M, Shipman, of Hardwick, in October, 1885. Alland Gardner Fay, of Montpelier, son of Gardner and Matilda Catha- rine (Sancry) Fay, was born in Brookfield, December 4, 1856, and was admitted at the general term of the Supreme Court in 1884^ being the first student from this county to be admitted under the new rules, in force from 1884, requiring all students applying for admission to the bar in this state to undergo examination at the general term. He began practice in December, 1884, at Plainfield, and in August, 1887, came to Montpelier and is since of the law firm of Heath & Fay. He married, December 15, 1886, Carrie Bradley, daughter of Luther and Mary Page (Bradley) Cree, of Montpelier. Charles M. Bennett, of Montpelier, son of Daniel K. and Caroline L. (Mann) Bennett, was born in Montpelier, March 5, 1861, read with C. H. Pit- kin and Pitkin & Huse, was admitted at the general term, 1885, and has since practiced in Montpelier. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Walter A. Dutton read law with M. E. Smilie in the county clerk's office, was admitted at the general term, 1885, and has practiced in Hard- wick and vicinity. He is married. John V. Sprague, of Barre. son of John H. and Elizabeth J. (Bacon) Sprague, was born at Chelsea, December 22, i860, was admitted at the gen- eral term, 1886, and has since practiced at Barre. He married, July 3, 1887, Ida E., daughter of Jefferson and Lurinda (Wal bridge) Bruce, of MontpeUer. Charles D. Edgerton, of Northfield, son of Orvis D. and Roxana S. (Taylor) Edgerton, was born at Brasher Falls. N. Y., August 25, 1856, gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1879, ^^^ admitted at the general term, 1886, and has since practiced in Northfield. Leonard S. Thompson, born in Richmor.Jl,' August 26, 1842, was admitted in Orleans county. He came from Stowe to Montpelier in 1886, and prac- ticed in Barre, residing in Montpelier, for a tiinc. His wife died in Montpelier in 1888, leaving a son and daughter. Mr. Ti bmpson is now in Boston, but not in the practice of law I am informed. Walter Eugene Barney, of Barre, son of'\lvah W. and Samantha S. (Way) Barney, was born in Acworth, N. H., read with S. C. Shurtleff and M. E. Smilie, was admitted at the general term, 1887, and has since prac- ticed in Barre. He married, February 17, 1886, Hattie M., daughter of George B. and M. Jane Newcomb, of Warren. Rome Green Brown, of Montpelier, son of Andrew Chandler and Lucia (Green) Brown, was born at Montpelier, June 15, 1862, graduated at Har- vard University in 1884, read with B. F. Fifield, was admitted at the general term, 1887, and went, in November, 1887, to Minneapolis into the office of Benton & Roberts, where he now is. He married. May 24, 1888, Mary Lee Hollister, of Plainfield. Howard Haseltine, of Waterbury, son of Eben and Lydia (Marshall) Haseltine, was born in Moretown, August 28, 1859, read with W. P. Dilling- ham, was addmitted at the general term, 1887, and has since practiced in Waterbury. Fred Leslie Laird, of Montpelier, son of Henry S. and Lora (Dwinell) Laird, was born in Plainfield, September 26, i860, graduated at Dartmouth in 1884, read law in Montpelier, was admitted at general term, 1887, and has since practiced in Montpelier. He married, November 15, 1888, Nellie Cox, daughter of Capt. B. A. and Victoria Louise Cox, of Randolph, Me. A Few Additions and Corrections. Charles Robinson, of Barre, noted as practicing there from 18 14 to 1833, was a descendant of the famous Rev. John Robinson who died at Leyden before the Mayflower ^'i^^Q^. He was born at Tolland, Conn., January 25^ 1787, and married Nancy R. Wheeler, and died in 1834. Their son Charles was a lawyer. See Baldwin, p. 190. BENCH AND BAR. Stephen S. Jones, noted as admitted in November, 1835, was of Barre, practiced a time at Hyde Park, married Lavinia M., daughter of Philo G. Camp, of Hyde Park, we^tto St. Charles, 111.^ went into Spiritualism, estab- lished a " Religio-Philosophical Journal" at Chicago, and about ten years ago was shot in his office. He had several children. Newell Kinsman, of Barre, noted as admitted in 1822, died in MontpeUer, December 28, 1858. His son Edward Center, born in August, 1831, gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1852, read with Peck & Colby, and practiced in Cleveland, O. Guy C. Samson, admitted in the forties, was probably a son of Rev. Guy Samson who was at Waitsfielf m 1831. Anson Sargent, noted as admitted in April, 1834, was born in East Ran- dolph, and a son of Benjamin and Orpha Belknap Sargent, and his name was Jonathan Anson Sarger le practiced in Orange county and left the law and became book-keepe. for T. A. S. White at Northfield, and after that worked for the Central R. R. See Child's Orange County Gazetteer, p. 134. Ira Young Burnham, noted as practicing in Northfield about 1855 and 1856, was admitted in Orange county, January 25, 1854, from Randolph. Frank Richard Bates, of Northfield, noted as admitted March term, 1879, was born in Berlin, November 26, 1855, and the exact date of his death was September 26, 1883. It seems to me that Arthur H, Hazen, who read with Durant and after- wards with Wing, was admitted here, — about 1880, — but I do not find any record of it. He was from Grand Isle county and has since been in Fargo in successful business. I have not attempted to make note of the many students who have read here — the older ones like Perkins Bass and George B. Damon or the later, like Donahue who is booming at Fort Payne ; nor of the many boys of the county who have studied elsewhere and practiced without the state, like William B. Perrin now of Nashua, Iowa, and his brothers of Berlin, C. A. Braley, of Northfield, now in Kansas City, and Fred W. Gregg, of North- field, now of San Bernardino, Cal. Nor of the assistant judges under the system of the last sixty years, nor of the lawyers admitted here at the general term from 1884 to the present time from other counties, nor of the Supreme Court judges who, not residents of the county, have presided here. The line as given did seem as though it would " stretch out to the crack of doom." I have not read the 'proof of this article, and presume the type-setters will add some of their blunders to mine ; but as a rule it will be just to shoot at me as the one guilty of sins of omission and commission. And I shall for answer have a precedent in the four words my good, old friend Gen. Thomas used to the rebels when lie rode into the ravine the morning of the battle of Cedar Creek. I have attempted no estimate of the lawyership of members of our bar ad- 122 WASHINGTON COUNTY. mitted since the sixties closed. As to what I have said of the others, " right or wrong, regular or irregular, that 's the way it 's been done." Judge Harvey Tilden.* — The Tilden family is one of the oldest in New England. Joseph Tilden was one of the London merchants who assisted in fitting out the Mayflower, and one of the family, Thomas Tilden, came to Plymouth, Mass., in the ship Anti in 1623. In 1637 Nathaniel Tilden v/as appointed one of four commissioners to determine the boundaries of Scituate, and was one of the first settlers of the town. '' Nathaniel Tilden, the ruling elder of the first church, is said to have come from Tenterden, County Kent, England. He has been followed in the old town, upon whose settlement and history he early exerted so large an influence, by a race worthy of their an- cestor." The late Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, was of this family. Every generation has produced its men of mark, and, wherever located, its members have done honor to the name. Harvey Tilden, of the Connecticut branch, sixth child of Leonard and Phoebe (Royce) Tilden, was born July 29, 1812, in Williamstown, Vt., whither his parents had removed, from Windham, Conn., as early settlers. The environments of a pioneer farm-life were not favorable to educational facilities, and, as his health was feeble, he was compelled to forego many ad- vantages possessed by those of stronger physique. He was a diligent student, had a remarkably retentive memory, and began to teach school when sixteen. In this he was successful; he was a strict disciplinarian, and at the same time interested and imparted instruction to his pupils. He taught several seasons in Barre and surrounding towns. After some years he attended one term at Chelsea Academy, and this closed his school education. His lungs becoming aff'ected, he traveled as a merchant, and in this way visited the New England, Middle, and Western states. He also brought horses from the West to Boston markets. He became manager of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Cooperative store at Northfieid, and conducted it until 1847. Here he not only gained many strong friends, but held various positions of pubHc trust, and manifested a keen shrewdness and ability in commercial dealings. He married, September 25, 1849, Mariah, daughter of Rev. Doane and Polly (Twing) Cook. Their children were Willie Cook, born April 27, 1852, died December 27, 1852; Stella Cleora (Mrs. A. C. Averill), born Decem- ber 15, 1855; Alice Maud, born April 11, 1859, died June 10, 1859; and Blanche Jane, born October 13, 1861, now residing in Barre with her mother. They commenced housekeeping where Dennis Tilden now lives. He also this year (1849) represented Barre in the legislature, and secured the charter of Barre Academy. Mr. Tilden had been settling the affairs of L. W. Tilden & Co. (with whom he had been connected) for two years prior * Contributed by a friend. ^\J> ^:$:^^^, />y BENCH AND BAR. 123 to his marriage. He now associated himself with Dennis Tilden in the manufacture of door-latches, handles, trunk-nails, etc., thus continuing the line of the old firm at Factory Village. He had previously invented the old style door-handle with a thumb-latch, and large numbers were manufactured at the present Moorcraft stand. New Jersey competition, however, caused the business to become unprofitable, and it was finally abandoned. He -was then engaged for some time in obtaining pensions and land warrants for old soldiers. In 1856 he purchased the homestead of his wife's father (now owned by J. R. Langdon), removed thither, and this was his home until he pur- chased the place in i860 where he lived until his death, and which he im- proved and beautified. Mr. Tilden had often been chosen executor, administrator, etc., and to settle estates, and thus became thoroughly versed in probate law, and in 1856 he was elected judge of probate for the district of Washington and held the office two years. In 1862 he was appointed assessor of U. S. inter- nal revenue, his jurisdiction extending over eight towns of the county. In 1870, after nearly nine years of unintermitting and faithful service, he resigned this office, and again assumed the duties of probate judge, for which the people deemed him preeminently well qualified. To this office he was again and again elected. He impartially administered justice, holding that a public servant should not be influenced by personal preferences. After the Probate Court became a Court of Insolvency many conflicting opinions were held as to the construction of the law, but the one given by Judge Tilden was uni- versally accepted. His reputation for judicial erudition increased each year, but his faihng health caused him to resign this office in April, 1883, to take effect June i. He did not enjoy here freedom from official cares, for May 19, 1883, death called him from earth. Judge Tilden was of a sanguine, nervous, and positive temperament, tak- ing hold with energy of everything he undertook. He was in accord with the highest principles of humanity, and was the determined opponent of every form of oppression and wrong. He was an Abolitionist when popular clamor denounced all holding the belief. During the anti-slavery period he invited Vice-President Henry Wilson to Barre to speak in a political meeting, and paid for lecture and lecturer's expenses himself. He was one of the founders of the Republican party, and gave the great weight of his nature to the cause of freedom untiringly, and was ever a prominent factor in all things tending to the betterment of morals, enlightenment, and education. Much of his time for four years was passed in securing the location of the seminary in Barre, and in strenuous exertions for erecting its buildings. Not only his time, but his money and entire credit were devoted to this work, and his name was on its paper for the full value of his property. It is not too much to say that the successful establishment of this school is due to him above all others. At his suggestion the present name, Goddard Seminary, was adopted, and for several years he was its honored secretary and treasurer. 124-128 WASHINGTON COUNTY. A firm believer in Universalism, he took an active part in all church work, and was ever ready with his sympathy and help for those in need. Wise in counsels, most energetic in labors, of a generous and loving nature, Judge Harvey Tilden left an abiding memory in the hearts of his townsmen and a record worthy of the historic family from which he sprung. GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. BARRE lies in the southeast part of the county, in latitude 44" ri' and longitude 4° 31', and contains 19,900 acres. It is bounded north by- East Montpelier and Plainfield, east by Orange, Orange county, south by VVilliamstown, Orange county, and west by Berlin. This town was chartered by the name of Wildersburgh, and granted to Will- iam Williams and his associates November 6, 1780. The surface is uneven and hilly, but there are no great elevations, Cobble and Millstone hills being the highest, and composed of an almost solid mass of granite. Mainly the town has a good soil, and Barre ranks with the good farming and dairying towns of the state. Large quantities of maple sugar are also produced and exported annually. The town is abundantly watered by its numerous springs and running brooks. The principal streams are Stevens Branch and Jail Branch. Stevens Branch has its source in Williamstown, Orange county, flows in a northerly direction, crosses the south line of Barre, continues a north course until it reaches Barre village, then takes a northwest course, and crosses the north- west corner of Berlin and unites with the Winooski river. In the early his- tory of this location a hunter by the name of Stevens had a camp near the mouth of this stream, and was fouad dead in his hut on a bed of beaver skins. From this circumstance the branch received its name. Jail Branch rises in Washington, runs northerly into Orange, thence westerly into Barre, and unites with Stevens Branch near the center of the town, a little south of the lower village. Gunners Brook is also a considerable stream. The only natural pond in town is Peck's pond, situated in the northwest corner, and is ([uite small in size. There is a mineral spring near Jail Branch, and about two miles southeast of Barre village. The first settlement was made in Barre in 1788 by Samuel Rogers and John Goldsbury, and their families, and from 1790 the town was rapidly set- tled by an enterprising and industrious class of pioneers who came from Mas- sachusetts and Rhode Island, and hewed out of the wilderness homes which are in many instances now occupied by their descendants. 9 * 130 TOWN OF BARRE The town was organized, with the charter name, " Wildersburgh," March 11, 1793. The officers then elected were: Joseph Dwight, town clerk; Joseph Sherman, Joseph Dvvight, Nathan Harrington, selectmen; John Nichols, treasurer ; Job Adams, constable ; Isaac S. Thompson, Apollos Hale, Elias Cheney, listers. The long name of the town (very justly, too,) soon became unpopular with the inhabitants, and a town meeting was called and held at the house of Cal- vin Smith, September 3, 1793, for the purpose of selecting some other name to present to the legislature for their approval. The town records of Barre show that the transactions of this important meeting are as follows : — "Voted, that the man that will give the most towards building a meeting- house in said town shall name the town, and the town will petition the Legis- lature for that name. The name of the town vendued and bid off by Ezekiel Dodge Wheeler, for 62 ^ lawful money, he being the highest bidder, and said Wheeler named the town Barre." Thompson, in his History of Vermont, part third, page 9, gives the follow- ing version of the origin of the name of Barre : — "The meeting being opened, freedom was given for anyone to present the name he chose, and the choice among the number presented was to be de- ■cided by vote of the town. Several names were proposed, such as Paris, Newburn, t&c. Two of the voters present, Capt. Joseph Thompson and Mr. Jonathan Sherman, the first from Holden, the other from Barre, Mass., each in their turn strenuously contended for the name of the town from which he came ; and as the matter seemed to lie chiefly between these two, it was pro- posed that it should be decided between them by boxing, lo'^Yxxoh they readily agreed. The terms were that they should fight across a pole ; but if one should knock the other down, they might then choose their own mode of war- fare. The meeting then adjourned to a new barn-shed, erected by said Smith, over which a floor of rough hemlock plank had just been laid, and on this the issue was to be decided. Agreeably to this arrangement, the com- batants advanced upon each other, and soon Thompson, by a well-directed blow, brought his antagonist to the floor, and springing upon him at full length, began to aim his heavy blows at his head and face ; but Sherman, being more supple, avoided them, and they generally fell harmless on the floor, ex- cept feelmg his own knuckles. During this process, Sherman was dexterously plying his ribs from beneath, when Thompson was soon heard to groan, and his blows became palsied and without effect. Sherman then rolled him off, and springing upon his feet, exultingly exclaimed — ' There, the name is Barre, by God r Accordingly, a petition for the name Barre was presented and sanctioned by the legislature the same year." The foregoing is the current tradition of the people of Barre. The writer has no doubt that, in the heat of the contest for the name, the belligerents, Thompson and Sherman, did resort to fisticuffs on their own account, and in the manner described; and that the supple Sherman overcame his stronger but less active antagonist ; but thinks that the honor of naming the town justly belonged to Mr. Wheeler, as shown by the town records. In 1880 Barre had a population of 2,700 and is estimated to have 5,000 now. In 1886 the town had fourteen school districts and fourteen schools, TOWN OF BARRE. 131 taught by six male and twenty-two female teachers, at an average weekly sal- ary, including board, of $12 for males and $7 for females. There were 678 different scholars, and forty-six attended private schools. The whole amount of revenue for school purposes was $4,943.86, and the whole amount ex- pended for all school purposes was $5,063.98. The rapid and almost unprecedented increase of the population of Barre village has made it necessary for that district to adopt the graded school sys- tem, and provide adequate accommodations for all their children. The district has recently bought the buildings and ample grounds of Barre Academy, and appointed a committee to draft a plan for a fine new structure capable of seat- ing and accommodating 500 scholars. Barre village is located in a beautiful valley on Stevens Branch, a tribu- tary of the Winooski, which here furnishes a fine water-power, and lies about six miles east of Montpelier on the Central Vermont, Barre branch, and Barre railroads. It is the busiest and most flourishing town of its size in the state. In i88o the entire population of Barre was but 2,700; now the village alone, as estimated, has a population of 3,500, and including the township 5,000. This unprecedented and phenomenal growth is explained and by two words, Barre gratiife. The village was incorporated November 24, 1886. Mail matter is sent from the postofiice here to adjacent towns by several star mail routes. Barre has four churches. Congregational, Universalist, Methodist, and Roman Catholic. The Union graded school and Goddard Seminary afford superior educational advantages, and offer the acquisition of a good academic educa- tion to all her sons and daughters. There are several flourishing manufac- tories, besides about forty granite firms, and several fine business blocks occupied by numerous and enterprising wholesale and retail merchants lawyers, doctors, and business men. The village also boasts of its fine opera house, and "The Village " and "Currier" parks. The latter was donated to the village by Hon. S. C. Chubb. Factory Village, Thwingville, and Gospel Village are now included in the corporation of Barre. South Barre is a post village located on Stevens Branch, about two miles south of Barre village. In the early history of Barre this was the important village, and here was located the postofiice for the town, which received its mail from a postman on horseback, and later by the old stage coach drawn by six horses. Here also was Ira Day's tavern, where he entertained General LaFayette. And here flourished the leading merchants, a foundry, two saw-mills, a tannery, and cab-shop. Now it contains a large granite polishing- mill, a sash and blind factory, general store, blacksmith shop, livery stable, and about forty dwelling houses. East Barre (p. o.) lies in the southeastern part of the township. Jail Branch passes through this village, and furnishes its water-power. The village con- tains a granite and blacksmith shop, one store, and about twenty dwellings. 132 TOWN OF 15ARRE. GoDDARD Seminary. Goddard Seminary is the child of the UniversaHst denomination, and has ever received the fostering care of the members of that fellowship. The institution, in common with many others of the Universalist church owes its being to a great interest in educational matters that began to be manifest in the denomination about the middle of the present century. The early fruit was the founding of Tufts College, which in ten years drew to itself funds to the amount of nearly $800,000. Later came the foundation of St. Lawrence University, New York, and Dean Academy, Massachusetts, and large gifts to these and older scliools. The tide of interest reached Vermont and its people became keenly alive to all educational interests. Li the state there were already two schools under the patronage of the Universalists, the Orleans Liberal Institute at Glover, founded in 1852, and the Green Moun- tain Institute at Sauth Woodstock, founded in 1848, one of the oldest acade- mies in the state. For some years the school at Glover had kept within its income by having but two terms in a school year, while that at South Wood- stock had kept its doors open for the full school year only by a constant drain on the means of its friends to supply the inevitable deficiency. Both these schools had done excellent work, and had been loyally supported, but without endowment it was not possible to maintain a school of the highest academic grade that should be able to prepare for the best colleges. The growing educational sentiment inspired the denomination with the thought that their growth as a church and true Christian zeal demanded of them more careful attention to the education of their youth. The sentiment crystallized at a meetmg of the State Convention of Universalists held at Montpelier in August, 1863, when a committee, consisting of Rev. J. S. Lee, William R. Shipman, and Hon. Heraan Carpenter, reported a resolution, '' that it is expedient for our denomination to establish and endow a scien- tific and classical school of the grade of an academy." This resolution received a unanimous vote, but to pass a set of resolutions never yet accom- plished anything, and many feared that the movement would not outlast the enthusiasm and glo»v of the convention. But those who wished well, but prophesied failure, were to be happily disappointed. At the session of the General Assembly in the fall of 1863 a charter was granted to Eli Ballou, of Montpelier, Harvey Tilden, Barre, Heman Carpenter, Northfteld, L. H. Tabor, Concord, Isaiah Buckman, W. R. Shipman, Woodstock, R. B. Fay, Williston, G. W. Chaplin, Rutland, J. S. Moore, Royalton, Riverius Camp, Jr., St. Albans, William B. Dennison, Irasburgh, W. T. Stowe, Brattleboro, James T. Parish, Stowe, Martin Barnham, Williamstown, Kittredge Haven, Shoreham, and T. R. Spencer, St. Johnsbury, as trustees of a school to be called the Green Mountain Central Institute. Rev. Eli Ballou was chosen first president of the board, and Hon. Harvey Tilden, secretary and treasurer. TOWN OF BARRE. U3 W. R. Shipman, late principal of the school at South Woodstock, was chosen financial agent to canvass the state for subscriptions. It was not deemed expedient to locate the school until $30,000 should be pledged. At the first broaching of the subject of a school in Vermont, Thomas A. Goddard, of Boston, interested in the institution both for itself and as a fitting school for Tufts College, of which he was a devoted friend, had offered to give one-tenth of any amount raised up to $50,000. He was already pay- ing the interest of $5,000 toward the expenses of the school at South Wood- stock, and recognized the necessity of endowment to any school that was to be properly sustained. With the promise of this sum as an incentive the agent entered upon his work. The first town canvassed was Woodstock, which, despite the fact that it had the interests of its own school at heart, came loy- ally to the support of the new institution with a subscription of more than $3,000, Major Gaius Perkins heading the list with $1,000. Mr. Shipman canvassed a small part of the state and raised about $10,000, when he relinquished this work in the summer of 1864 to accept a professor- ship in Tufts College. His retirement seemed to block the wheels for a time. After a futile effort to advance the work by constituting all the ministers of the state agents, it remained for a conference of churches at South Wood- stock, in February, 1865, called for the ordination of Prof. Shipman to the ministry, to give a new impetus to the work, fifty persons pledging them- selves to be responsible for the salary of an agent for one year. Soon after J. J. Lewis, who had also been principal of the South Woodstock school, took the field and the outlook again brightened. Subscriptions were not large but quite general. When the work began to flxg it was thought advisable to authorize the issue of scholarships to those subscribing $100 or more, and with this impetus the work went on until, at a state convention held at East Mont- pelier, in August, 1865, amid much enthusiasm, $6,000 was pledged, complet- ing the $30,000 that was to be raised before locating the school. The locating committee, as provided by the charter, consisted of Rev. A. A. Miner, D. D., of Boston, Ex-Gov. Eliphalet Trask, of Springfield, Mass., and Rev. G. W. Bailey, of Lebanon, N. H. In November this committee visited each of the competing towns, Springfield, South Woodstock, Bethel, Northfield, Barre, and East Montpelier, and made a thorough inspection of the towns themselves and of the sites suggested. At the close of this visita- tion representatives of each town appeared before the committee at the court- house at Montpelier and presented the claims of their towns. The towns, in addition to a general subscription, made certain pledges of money, free sites, and building material. The competition was an earnest yet friendly one. The task of the committee was difficult; not only financial aid, but locality the community, church advantages, and various other considerations must have weight. Each town had advantages peculiarly its own; the committee in reporting bore witness to the generosity of each, and the fraternal spirit of the contest, but fixed upon the town of Barre, as, on the whole, meeting the 134 TOWN OF BARRE. greatest number of requirements. Barre, beside a general subscription of nearly $3,000, had about $12,000 already pledged as a local subscription and offered a suitably graded site free of charge. Five towns were, of course, disappointed, but they remained to an unexpected degree loyal to the school. The institution was now an assured fact, and strenuous exertions were put forth to increase the subscription, the more sanguine working with a hope destined to be unfulfilled, that the sum already pledged by general subscrip- tion might be held as an endowment fund. Mr. Lewis continued as an agent for a time, and later G. H. Harmon and others assisted in the work. The site chosen was on a plateau a little north of the village. " The prospect commands a fine view of the valley spread out along the river. To the south and west, over a wide reach of green hills, fertile farms stretch away before the eye, while down the valley towards Montpelier, and over the hills beyond, the dark blue form and sharp outline of the most sublime of Ver- mont's mountains, Camel's Hump, rises in silent majesty against the sky." The plan of the building was prepared by T. W. Silloway, of Boston, and the building committee consisted of L. F, Aldrich and Charles Templeton, of Barre, and Heman Carpenter, of Northfield. Early in the spring of 1867 the people of Barre, according to agreement, began to grade preparatory to build- ing, and in the summer of the same year, by which time the funds at the disposal of the trustees had increased to nearly $50,000, work was begun and prosecuted vigorously. The work throughout was under the constant care of the building com- mittee, the Barre members, Messrs. Aldrich and Templeton, giving nearly their entire time for three years without remuneration. In digging for the foundation a fine bed of clay was found and from this all the bricks were made. This was a great saving, but the high prices of labor and all materials, which were still at war rates, made the original estimate of the cost far too low. It was also deemed best to heat the buildmg by steam, the first so heated in the state, and this made an additional expense. At this time the school had no agents, subscriptions had ceased to come in, and in the summer of 1868 it was feared that the work would have to stop before completion. An appeal to the pubhc brought a speedy answer from Mary T. Goddard, widow of the early benefactor, T. A. Goddard, who had recently died. She offered an additional $5,000, on condition that a like sum should be raised by others. At the time of the receipt of this communication, members of the board of trustees were gathered at the home of Judge Tilden, anxiously and despondently discussing the question of ways and means. An enthusiastic shout greeted the reading of the letter and new life was put into the work. The executive committee being in pressing need of funds, Mrs. Goddard did not wait for the complete fulfillment of her condition, but in a letter to the board sent a check for the amount with these words : " I wish you to accept this as a gift from Mr. Goddard, in memory of him whose interest in your institution would not, I am sure, have TOWN OF I5ARRE. 135 abated had his Ufe been spared, and who would joyfully have witnessed a successful result of your labors. " The gift of $x,ooo antedating this by a few months, from Mrs. Philena Hayes (now Davis), then a resident of Chi- cago, deserves to be noted also as coming in a time of need. The constantly increasing prices, however, rapidly consumed the funds at command, and it was amid renewed discouragement that the friends of the institution continued the work. Great credit is due to the building com- mittee and their energetic treasurer for the sacrifices and zeal which characterized the work until its completion in 1870. Of the building itself but little need be said. It is sightly, commodious, and substantial. From a central portion fifty-three feet square two wings extend to the north and south, each fifty-three and one-half feet long. It is four stories in height above the basement, and is built of brick with granite trimmings. The school opened February 23, 1870, with eighty-eight students in attendance. L. L. Burrington, now at the ^head of Dean Academy in Massachusetts, was the first principal ; Miss Mary Bryant, preceptress. Soon after the opening the ladies of Barre held a " Bell Festival " to procure a bell for the school building, a festival famous in the vicinity as a great success. The net proceeds were about $525. The first class graduated at the close of the summer term, and consisted of four young men, three of whom had been with the principal at another school. In November of the same year, by vote of the trustees and act of the legislature, the name of the institution was changed to Goddard Seminary, in honor of Thomas A. Goddard. Mr. Goddard took a life-long interest in the educational work of the Universalist church, his name being forever connected with Tufts, Dean, and Westbrook by gift of buildings or endow- ment of professorships ; a proposition of his to give $5,000 was the nucleus about which the original fund was gathered ; his gifts supplemented by those of his wife made the school possible. For these reasons it seems preeni- nently fitting that the school should bear his name. He was a man of large views, great charity, and just discrimination. His wide charities were distrib- uted with generous hand. Always the friend of the young, his constant aim was to help provide for the Christian education of the youth of the church to which he gave so liberally of his means and time. By his works he showed the greatness of his faith. Though the school had seen dark days during its building, darker times were ahead. Instead of $40,000 the building, with the heavy cost of equip- ment for school use, hid cost nearly $75,000, a part of which was unpaid. The only subscriptions during this time were gifts of fifty dollars by a large number of individuals or societies to furnish rooms. While for the first two years the number of students was large and school expenses amply provided by its income, the "hard times" rapidly came on, and it was a fight for life for many years. The trustees knew not which way to turn to obtain money for the pressing obligations of the school. Members of the board had risked U36 TOWN OF BARRE. much for the sake of the school, many being on notes of the institution for more than the value of their property. At one of these dark periods Judge Tilden made a trip to Boston to ask aid of friends in that neighborhood. He found other interests pressing and those whom he consulted discouraged him. Disappointed and disheartened he started on his return home. Stop- ping at Concord, N. H., he received a little encouragement and help. The prospect of returning nearly empty handed was too painful to be thought of, and he turned back to Boston. Again Mrs. Goddard responded with a gift of $2^000, and soon, by the efficient aid of Dr. A. A. Miner, about $7,000 was secured, which tided ever the most pressing difficulties. In 1872 Mr. Burrington resigned his position and was succeeded by Mr. F. M. Hawes. In the fall of the same year the school received its first bequest by will, $r,ooo from the estate of Lucyna H. Ross, of Chesterfield, Mich., a resident of Barre in her younger days, who by her gift marked her memory of her native town and her appreciation of school advantages which she had desired, but had never been able to obtain. Later a bequest of the same amount was received from Amasa Watkins, of Reading, Vt. During all its early years the school struggled under a heavy weight of debt. At many times it seemed as if the fight for its existence would have to be abandoned. The financial crisis of '73, and the hard times that followed, were severely felt by its constituency. It seemed folly to attempt to raise money at such a time, but it had to be done. In 1874 $11,000 was raised by the efforts of earnest friends, $7,000 being raised in Massachusetts and vicinity by Prof. Shipman, at this time president of the board of trustees, and the remainder in Vermont. The amount was completed at a conven- tion in Bethel in response to a fervent appeal of Mrs. Caroline A. Soule, and a beginning was also made on an endowment fund. This sum did not prove sufficient, and the next year another effort had to be made to conquer the spectre, debt. It was a gloomy prospect ; but the ever faithful friends responded loyally, and about $4,000 more was raised. At the next meeting of the board of trustees, in June, 1876, there was found to be a slight remainder of the old debt, and, as if to mock the efforts of years, a deficiency of nearly $3,000 in the running expenses of by far the most disastrous year in the history of the school stared them in the face. This was near to being the last straw, but after long debate, eleven members of the board assumed the entire debt till such time as the school could pay it, a result not accom- plished till 1883, and then largely by the giving up of notes by those who, assuming the debts, had taken the notes of the institution, secured by the only mortgage that had ever been placed on the building through all these years of hardship and discouragement. This was the last of the financial struggles of the school. It had been long and trying. Only by the cooperation of all under the leadership of the energetic and self-sacrificing president of the board of trustees, and by most persistent effort, was the result accomplished and the school put in a TOWN OF BAR RE. 137 condition where it might hope for brighter things. It might literally be said of each one of several workers of the period, " without the help of this one it would have been impossible to save the school." From 1876, when the remainder of the debt was, as stated, assumed by certain trustees, to i88o, the raising of an endowment fund of $10,000 was prosecuted with more or less energy. Under the stimulus of an offer by Mr. Ira C. Calef to pay the last thousand of the sum, a thorough canvass of the state was made by Mr. H. V. French, $2,500 was raised in Massachusetts, and the full amount was made up by a memorable contribution in the great hali of the seminary at the close of the graduating exercises in June, 1880. During these years of financial struggle the school itself was steadily gaining ground in the confidence of the people and in the ability to provide a thorough education, under the efficient principal, Mr. Henry Priest, who had succeeded Mr. Hawes in 1874. By his efforts facilities in the laboratory were increased, the cabinets received many additions, and the library was constantly growing. The class of students has been excellent to a remark- able degree from the beginning to the present, a fact of no small importance towards making a successful school. A well marked system of government has been followed from the first that, avoiding so far as possible minute rules, should cultivate habits of honor and order. Since the establishment of the permanent fund other gifts have come, until the school has now the mcome of $20,000. Of this sum Stevens Calef, of Providence, R. I., bequeathed $[,000, the late Jonas Barber, of Richmond, $7,000. Besides this the institution holds a gift of $3,200 from Mr. J. M. Haynes, of St. Albans, subject to his life interest, and Mrs. Alinira Smith, of Barre, a devoted friend of the school, willed to it her entire personal estate, subject to the life interest of her parents. In 1884 a tract of land south of the building was purchased to prevent the encroachment of the growing village. It w^as, in part, paid for by gifts of the Alumni. This addition renders it possible to make the grounds a great ornament, and the work of putting them in proper order, which pressing necessities have heretofore forbidden, will be undertaken in the near future. The graduates of the school number 228 — 104 ladies and 124 gentlemen. It is worthy of note that more than one-half of the young gentlemen who have graduated, in all sixty-eight, became college studerits, of whom fifty- three entered at Tufts, the remainder at Dartmouth, Burlington, Harvard, Cornell, Boston University, Smith, and Antioch. The following gives the names of its successive teachers and their terms of service : — Principals: — L. L. Burrington, 1870-73; F. M. Hawes, 1873-74; Henry Priest, 1874-83; Alston W. Dana, 1883-87; D. L. Maulsby, 1887. Precep- tresses: — Mary A. Bryant, 1870-72 ; Adelma A. Ballou, 1872-74; Hattie E. Wood, 1874-76 ; Bessie A. Weeks, 1876-78; Flora C. Eaton, 1878-82 ; Alma G. Watson, 1882-83; Linda H. Brigham, 1883-86; Mrs. M. B. Aitcheson, 138 TOWN OF HARRE. 1886. First Assistants: — C. W. P.armenter, 1870-71; Ad el ma A. Ballou^ 1870-72; G. A. Adams, 1871-72 ; F. M. Hawes, 1872-73; Fannie Wolcott, 1872-73; Leslie A. Lee, 1873-74; Eva D. Heaton, 1873-74; Charles M. Knight, Bradford Spirrovv, 1874-75; Lois L Witherbee, 1874-76; Seth L. Larrabee, 1875-76; D. M. Woodbury, 1876-78; P. A. Thompson, 1876; Charles C. Bates, 1878-82; Arthur W. Peirce, 1882. Second Assistants : — G. A. Adams, 1870 ; J. N. Mallory, 1871-73 ; Persis A. Thompson, 1872-76 Dora A. White, 1876-77; Alma G. Watson, Mrs. A. C. Averill, 1880 Philip G. Wright, 1883 ; F. L. Bigelow, 1883-86; H. W. Whittemore, 1886 Grace B. Aitcheson, 1886. Instrumental music: — H. S. Eddy, 1870-71 W. A. Briggs, 1871-76 ; W. A. Wheaton, 1876-82 ; Miss J. B. Snow, 1882-84 Miss L. M. Kendall, 1884. Vocal music :— K J. Philips, 1870-73 ; F. E Grant, 1873-74; Charles Dudley, 1874-76; Mrs. F. J. Hopkins, 1880-81 Mrs. B, W. Bradley, 1881-84; George W. Foster, 1884. Fainting and draiving : — C. Mirion Ware, 1870-72; Louise Watson, 1873-74; Hattie E. Wood, 1874-76; J. O. Gilman, 1876-78; Mrs. James Vmcent, 1878-79; Lettie Davis, 1879-80; Fannie A. West, 1880-85 ; Eva M. Hall, 1885-87 ; Martha E. Calef, 1887. Fe?imanship : — B. L. Dwinell, 1870-72; Uriel H. Squires, 1872-74; H. N. Pearce, 1874-76; H. H. HoUister, 1876-79 ; J. M. Kent, 1879. The present condition of the school is the best in its history. The num- ber of pupils in the fall and winter terms of 1887 and 1888 has never been exceeded. The musical department, which was made a prominent part of the school work in 1884, has been successful from the first, both in number of pupils and character of the instruction. Nine scholarships have been recently endowed by gifts of friends, which are given, under prescribed condi- tions, to those needing aid. Of these one was founded by Hon. Parley Starr, of Brattleboro, one by the sons of Capt. Stephen Foster, of East Montpelier, one by Mrs. Harriet Mason Christie, of Woodstock, and the others by friends in Massachusetts and elsewhere. The future of the school never was so encouraging as at present, a result due mainly to the devotion to it of scholars, teachers, and friends. To them it owes its life, after a struggle for existence that would discourage the bravest. From the beginning a very large number have responded to every call for funds. Often when the husband has died, the wife has taken his place as a benefactor; the son has supplemented the gifts of the father. New friends have risen to aid and strengthen the old, and its supporters were never so numerous as at the present. All things seem to prophecy for Goddard the fulfillment of the prayer of one of its earliest and latest friends, that " Its prosperity may ever endure, and it may long continue to be a power for good in all the state, sending forth faithful children and obedient disciples of Christ our Teacher and Saviour, and God our loving Father." Barre Academy was incorporated by act of the legislature of Vermont, passed November 13, 1849. Ari organization was completed under this act. TOWN OF BARRE. 1 39 and Newel Kinsman was chosen president and Leonard Keith, secretary. The academy building was completed in 1852, and in the autumn of that year the school was opened, with J. S. Spaulding, A. M., principal. Mr. Spaulding, before he came to Barre, had earned a high reputation as an able educator, by his successful management of the academy of Bakersfield, Vt.; and during the twenty-eight years that he was at the head of Barre Academy this high reputation was more than sustained. President Buckham, of the University of Vermont, at the funeral of Dr. Spaulding, uttered not mere words of eulogy when he alluded to Barre Academy as the Rugby of Ver- mont, and compared Dr. Spaulding with Dr. Arnold. Many of Dr. Spauld- ing's pupils may say of him, as one has said of Carlisle, " He benefitted me not so much by what he taught as he did by evoking an energy of purpose and will." This energy was impressed upon all who were so fortunate as to receive the instructions of Dr. Spaulding. Dr. Spaulding was succeeded by A. H. Wheelock, A. M., a graduate of the academy and of the University of Vermont, who remained in charge of the school a little more than two years. Mr. Wheelock then accepted a position in the Institute of Technology at Boston, Mass. The school was con- tinued only three years longer. J. R. Slocum, A. B., succeeded Prof. Wheel- ock, and remained but one year. It continued its existence the ensuing two years, under the management of E. H. Dutcher, A. B., when, because the institution was without funds and in debt, the trustees found it impossible to continue it longer, and Barre Academy ceased to exist. In the fall of 1887 the grounds and buildings were conveyed to the village school district (No. 8, of Barre). The district, by vote, had decided to adopt a system of graded schools so that, phenix-like, the old institution will be perpetuated by the new, in a manner more in accord with the spirit of the age, and perhaps will better subserve the needs of the entire community. The curriculum of studies prescribed by the academy and mastered by its students thoroughly prepared them to enter any and all of the New England colleges, and fitted them also to enter into active business, or the learned professions. Over three hundred pupils, including both sexes, have gradu- ated from this institution, and those who have been enroled as students num- ber thousands. The honorable career of many of these affords surest testi- mony of the high character of Barre Academy. The National Bank of Barre stands in the front rank of financial institu- tions in the Green Mountain state, and is the only National bank in Barre. It began business July i, 1873, and its interests have been allied to the prog- ress and prosperity of the community, its policy being such as to promote the general welfare of the village. Its officers are : L. F. Aldrich, president ; B. W. Braley, vice-president; F. G. Howland, cashier; F. F. Cave, teller. The directors are : L. F. Aldrich, B. W. Braley, J. M. Perry, Charles Tem- pleton, and John Lynde. At this writing the loans and discounts of the in- stition are $218,000; its deposits, $145,000; its capital, $100,000 ; and its 140 'J'OWN OF BARRE. surplus and undivided profits, $31,500. The business of the National Bank of Barre covers a wide range of territory, and its depositors are from all towns surrounding this village, while many live at remote distances. The bank buys and sells government bonds, and sells New England state, county, and town bonds, and western state, territory, and school bonds. This institution pays interest on certificates of deposit at the rate of three per cent, per annum for periods of less than six months; and four per cent, interest on deposits remaining six months or longer. Interest deposits draw interest from the date of deposit, and no notice is required in the event of withdrawal. This bank has a guarantee fund of $200,000. Since its organization the National Bank of Barre has paid to its stockholders $164,000. In the night of July 5, 1875, an attempt was made by four burglars to rob the Bank of Barre. They entered the residence of Cashier Charles A. Black, and compelled him, with a rope around his neck, to repair to the bank, and ■commanded him to open the safe ; but were there convinced of the fact that it was secured by a chronometer lock, as Mr. Black had informed them at his house. They then returned Mr. Black to his residence, where they had left a guard with his family, securely gagged and bound them all, Mr. Black with his hands handcuffed behind him. Mr. Black, in time, released himself and gave the alarm by informing the officers of the bank, who promptly in- stituted a pursuit of the robbers. A telegraph dispatch was sent to the Wells River bank next morning, announcing the fact of the burglary, and handed to Sheriff John Bailey, of Wells River, who started in pursuit and bravely capt- ured Peter Curley before night in a wood lot near Rumney, N. H. By the indomitable perseverance of Mr. Bailey, with the aid of other detectives, two more of the gang were arrested in the city of New York, in August following. One of them, an escaped convict from Smg Sing prison, was handed over to the authorities there to serve out his unexpired term. The other, George Miles, with several aliases, was tried at Montpelier, convicted, and sentenced to serve a term of fifteen years in the state's prison. Peter Curley, the first ■captured, gave "state's evidence," and was discharged. Granite Savings Bank and Trnsi Co. — This bank began business April 13, 1885, and has already attained a position in the front rank among the monetary institutions of the Green Mountain state. The bank has a capital of $50,000, and conducts a commercial business in addition to its savings bank department. At this writing the institution has $225,000 on deposit, $185,000 being interest deposits, and $40,000 business deposits. Its deposi- tors number 825 persons. The loans and discounts approximate $250,000. The company pays interest on deposits at the rate of three per cent, per an- num ; and on deposits remaining six months or longer interest at the rate of four per cent, per annum, credited or compounded semi-annually, is allowed. The company receives business accounts subject to check, and makes collections throughout all parts of the United States and Canada, furnishes Boston and New York exchange, buys and sells United States bonds, and bonds of any of TOWN OF HARRE. i4r the states, counties or towns in New England ; also furnishes drafts on Ireland, Scotland, England, and other European points. The officers of the Granite Savings Bank and Trust Co. are : John Trow, president ; H. O. Worthen, vice- president ; H. W. Blodgett, treasurer ; C. N. Field, teller. The board of directors consists of the following gentlemen : John Trow, II. O. Worthen A. D. Morse, C. L. Currier, W. E. Whitcomb, A. E. Field. The business of the company is steadily increasing, as will be seen by the periodical state- ments. 77ie Barre Water Company was chartered in the autumn of 1886. The res- ervoir is formed by damming Jail Branch about three miles above Hotel Barre. A sixteen inch water-main connects with the service pipes at the village. The head is equal to 260 feet. About si.x miles of service pipe have been laid, and there are fifty hydrants. The plant is owned by a private company, with the following officers; Dr. J. Henry Jackson, president ; William Birney, treasurer; E. W. Bisbee, secretary. Directors: William Birney, Thomas N. Birney, C. L. Goodhue, Dr. J. Henry Jackson, and L. F. Aldrich. Staffoi-d ts^ Holdeii Mfg. Co. — This industry dates its history to 1861. In 1864 it became Stafford, Holden & Co. In 1876 the concern was incor- porated under its present title, with a capital of $40,000. The officers of the Stafford & Holden Mfg. Co. are : E. B. Wood, president ; Clark Holden, secretary and treasurer. Directors : L. F. Aldrich, Horace Fifield, I. L. Gale, and J. R. George. The company give employment to sixty hands, and their works are fully equipped with every modern facility and appliance for the work in hand. The machinery is driven by water-power, with steam as auxiliary. The works are in a substantial brick building 200 feet m length, with several accessory buildings of wood. The company manufacture annually 24,000 dozens forks, rakes, and potato hooks, which find a market in all the civilized countries on the globe, large shipments being made to Europe and South America. The company is in possession of a prosperous business, and its product is held in great favor by the trade. William Moorcroft' s 7voolen factory. — Mr. William Moorcroft is proprietor of the Moorcroft woolen -mill, located about three-fourths of a mile from the postoffice. This mill has been in existence many years, and has been under control of Mr. Moorcroft for about thirteen years. Mr. Moorcroft. however, had been engaged in business in Montpelier for many years before, and has an experience of forty years in this industry. The Moorcroft woolen-mill gives employment to twenty hands in the manufacture of all- wool white flannel. The capacity of the mill is from 150,000 to 200,000 yards per annum, and it consumes 75,000 pounds of wool per year. The product of the mill is sold through Faulkner, Page & Co., Boston and New York. Smith, Whitcomb 6^ Cook are the proprietors of the Barre iron works, a merchant and custom grist-mill, and a saw-mill. The iron foundry was established by Joshua Thwing about 181 8, who, it is said, melted the first iron 142 TOWN OF BARRE. in the state. Mr. Thwing's business so increased that he enlarged the works in 1833. He conducted the business at this old stand about half a century. In 1868 the present firm (J. M. Smith, W. E. Whitcomb, and B. B. Cook) purchased the property. This firm does a general business as iron founders and machinists, and also manufacture several specialties, among them gears, shafting, hoisting machines and derricks, and a new superior stone polishing machine. They manufacture the North American plow, the improved Barre turbine water-wheel, and do millwright work. At the grist-mill they grind and retail more than one hundred car loads of corn meal annually. J. S. Robinson's sash and blhid factory is located on Stevens Branch, off road 48. He manufactures doors, sash, blinds, moldings, and house finish- ings, and deals in hard and soft wood lumber. Mr. Robinson came from Lowell, Mass., in 1857, and commenced business in the building now occupied by the firm of J. H. Batchelder & Co. In 1866 he converted a starch factory to his use, and in 1872 removed it to its present site and enlarged and improved it to meet the wants of his increasing business. He now contemplates erecting another addition of 70x40 feet. J. Walter Phelps s saju, planins^, and matching-mills are situated on Jail brook, on road 46. Mr. Phelps has been in possession of these mills since 1873. He manufactures dimension and house finishing lumber, does plan- ing and matching and general custom work, and turns out of manufactured goods in his line from 250,000 to 300,000 feet annually. The National Granite Co. was organized August 23, 1886, with a cash capital of $10,000, and was the first granite stock company formed in Barre. The officers are : William H. Morse, president; James Haley, vice-presi- dent; W. A. Strong, secretary; and C. B. Martin, treasurer. The board of directors are William H. Morse, H. N. Parkhurst, R. B. Vaughan, John McGlynn, and James Haley. At the end of the first year of success the company increased the capital stock to $50,000, and elected its present board of officers. It is a leading company in the business, and has a pleasant office and shops on the bank of the river. A convenient side track to the works, and a steam derrick, give them convenient facilities for loading their finished goods for shipping. This company turns out monumental, cemetery, fine statuary, and building granite, and employs a force of forty men. Sumner Kimball's granite shops are located opposite the National Granite Co. Mr. Kimball removed his granite works from Montpelier in August, 1886. He also quarries and manufactures, for the wholesale and retail trade, a full line of monumental, cemetery, and building work, and employs from thirty to forty men. The Barre granite 7vorks have an office and shops opposite the Central Vermont railroad station. Messrs. H. A. Duffy and W. S. George are the proprietors. The firm owns quarries of dark and light granite, employs from fifty to sixty men, manufactures every description of monumental, cemetery, TOWN OF BARRE, 143 and statuary work, and deals in both rough and finished granite. Mr. Duffy is a practical granite and marble cutter. He came to Barre from Syracuse, N. Y., where he had nineteen years' experience in the business, and, with Daniel J. Francis, was the firm of the "Syracuse Marble and Granite Co." The energy and push of this company has made it one of the leading firms in Barre. The firm of IV. C. Quinlen and T. J. Murphy has granite shops located on S. Main street. They are practical granite cutters. They com- menced business January i. 1887, and moved to their present location May I, 1887. Mr. Quinlen was earlier in the business with J. S. Young, now of Montpelier. They manufacture and deal in cemetery and monu- mental work, in dark and light granite, wholesale and retail, and employ from ten to twelve men. Jones Brothers. — The firm of Jones Brothers have been for many years the largest dealers in monumental work in Boston, their place of business being on Kilby street. They were, likewise, the largest dealers in Barre gran- ite in the market, and often had the majority of the stonecutters in Barre working on their orders. Desiring to possess quarries and shops of their own in Barre, Jones Brothers, in August, 1886, purchased the business of Messrs. Mackie & Simpson. Since acquiring the property Jones Brothers have largely increased the force at both shops and quarries, and now give employment to seventy-five stonecutters and from twenty-five to thirty quarrymen, in addition to teamsters, etc. The firm's shops are on the bank of the river, spur tracks running thereto. Jones Brothers' quarries are eight acres in extent, and the firm deals in both finished and rough stone. They manufacture every class of cemetery and architectural work, and their business in Barre is managed by competent persons. Jones Brothers are in possession of unex- celled facilities for the rapid and economical execution of all orders. They employ skilled draughtsmen and designers, and present much originality in their work. Wells, Lamson &• Co. — This well-known firm, which is particularly well qualified to make contracts for the construction of any class of monumental work, and furnish original designs on short notice, was established in March, 1880, by Smith & Wells, the organization of the present firm dating January, 1882. The members of the firm are S. O. Wells, George Lamson, and J. K. Pirie. The location of the firm's shops is near the depot, the office being the nearest to the station of any of the granite firms. Two quarries are oper- ated by Wells, Lamson &: Co., one embracing fifteen and one half acres of dark granite, and the other nine and one-half acres, medium in color. Half a hundred men are employed by the firm. The leading business of Wells, Lamson & Co. is in dark granite, which is very popular, for the reason that the contrast between the polished and the hammered surfaces is very great, enabling inscriptions to be distinguished at considerable distances. Every 144 TOWN OF BARRE. class of monumental work is executed by this firm, but the leading specialty is heavy work, for which their stone is perfectly adapted, and in much favor. Marr &> Gordon. — On arriving in Barre by train the first granite working establishment to attract attention is that of Marr & Gordon, on the right hand side of the railroad track, at the end of the village. Two lines of sheds stand with gables to the railroad, about forty feet apart. Between these sheds is a novelty in the way of a hoisting machine, made in Aberdeen, Scotland. A track runs above each building, and spanning the space between is a bridge-like structure that can be moved along the tracks. Upon the bridge is the hoisting machinery, movable, also, so that blocks of granite can be carried from one shed across the court to the other, or from one end of the yard to the other. The apparatus extends over the railroad track, and by it cars are loaded quickly and easily. The apparatus is capable of lifting and carrying twelve tons. Marr & Gordon have been in business in Barre about four years. The individual members of the firm are Charles Marr and Alex- ander Gordon, both sturdy Scotchmen, who are practical stonecutters, sculp- tors, and designers. The firm manufacture for the trade exclusively. At their shops Marr & Gordon give employment to fifty men. The firm owns a quarry five acres in extent where they employ fifteen men. Marr & Gordon turn out all classes of granite monumental and architectural work, and do a large business in stone in the rough. The Vermont Granite Co. is one of the largest granite working firms in Barre. The location of the works is on the opposite side of the railroad track from the depot building, and the plant has an area of four acres. The Vermont Granite Company was organized April i, 1887, succeeding the well-known firm of White Brothers, which began business in March, 1882. The company has a capital ot $60,000, and its officers are : S. C. White, presi- ident; A. E. Bruce, vice-president; H. K. Bush, secretary. The directory consists of S. C. White, George F. White, H, K. Bush, and A. E. Bruce. The Messrs. White, named in the directory, were the original proprietors of the industry, and both are practical sculptors and stonecutters of over forty years' experience. Mr. H. K. Bush has been for many years in hotel business at Saratoga Springs and Troy, N. Y., and is a thorough business man, who brings rare discernment and executive ability to the company. The Messrs. Bruce formerly composed the firm of Bruce Brothers, who con- ducted stonecutting works in Barre. The Vermont Granite Co. owns iro acres of quarry property, in dilferent parcels, and their wide range covers every variety of granite found in Barre. The company gives employment to over 100 hands in the various departments of the industry — stonecutting, quarrying, polishing, hauling, etc. Every facility here exists for the rapid and economical conduct of the business, and the company is able to dress granite at the least possible expense. The leading business of the com.pany is in furnishing granite monuments at wholesale, and in dealing in rough granite, shipped in blocks. The company also sells granite quarries. TOWN OF BARRE. 145 Forsyth e^ Ingram's granite works are located off Granite street, west of the railroad. The members of the firm, S. H. Forsyth and James Ingram, are granite cutters of twenty years' experience. They engaged in business in Barre in 1882, and now occupy the shops formerly occupied by E. L. Smith & Co. They have every desirable facility for successfully carrying on their large business, including a derrick operated by steam. They quarry, manu- facture, and deal in monumental, fine carved, and statuary work in light and dark Barre granite. The firm has established a branch agency at 1,313 Washington avenue, St. Louis, Mo. They employ forty men. Ja77ies Cordiners granite shops are located opposite Central Vermont railroad station. Mr. Cordiner is a practical granite cutter and commenced business in Barre in 1887, and manufactures for wholesale and retail all kinds of monumental and cemetery work. He gives employment to twelve or fif- teen hands. E. A. Wilkinson s granite works are located on South Main street, where he manufactures a full line of monumental and cemetery work, for the wholesale and retail trade, and gives employment to from ten to fifteen men. Mr. Wilkinson was in business one year with G. W. Mann, previous to 1882. They were the first to use steam-power for polishing granite. In 1882 he formed a partnership in the business with S. B. Huse. At the end of six months he bought Mr. Huse's interest and took as a partner William P. Day. The firm of Wilkinson & Day closed in July, 1886. Since then Mr. Wilkin- son has continued alone. Smith &> Hopkins (E. F. Smith, late of E. L, Smith & Co., and F. H. Hopkins) have granite shops north of Marr & Gordon's. This firm com- menced busmess May 1, 1887. They turn out monumental, statuary, and cemetery work, for wholesale and retail trade, and employ from twelve to fifteen men. EmsUe Q^ Cobitrri s gra?iite 7vorks are located opposite the Central Ver- mont railroad station. The firm, William Emslie and Alexander Coburn, practical granite cutters, commenced business in the spring of 1886. They turn out monumental and statuary work and all kinds of Barre granite, are wholesale and retail dealers, and employ sixteen men. W. M. Warleys granite shops are located on Summer street. Mr. Warley started the business in Barre in the spring of 1879, when the granite industry- was just being developed and only a {^^^ men were engaged in the business. Mr. Warley was then of the firm of Batchelder, Warley & Co., and succes- sively since of the firms of Warley Bros, and Warley & Williams. Since January i, 1887, he has conducted the business alone. He deals in both rough and finished granite, and employs sixteen men. A. H. Gatnble s granite works 2ixe on South Main street in Barre. Mr. Gamble commenced the business with Charles Young, in the winter of 1882 and '83. In May, 1887, he sold his interest to his partner, intending to remove to New York. Circumstances prevented his removal and he re- 10 * 146 TOWN OF BARRE. entered the granite business in Barre. He manufactures monumental and cemetery work for the wholesale trade, and employs from ten to fifteen men. Carncs &= Kane's granite cutting and polishing shops are located at East Barre village. Mr. Carnes commenced business in 1879, and then employed but one man. In 1885 he built the shops, 50 by 20 feet, now occupied by the firm, and put in two polishing machines. Mr. Kane became his partner in 1886. The firm owns two quarries and turns out a general line of monu- mental and statuary, rough and polished, granite work, and gives employment to twenty men. P. O. Wheaton's granite quarry, the first opened in Barre, produces a quality adapted to building purposes, of which Mr. Wheaton makes a specialty. His shops are located near Cobble hill. Mr. Wheaton employs in summer twenty men and in winter from six to eight. Mann Brothers granite shops (George W. and Ambrose) are located east of the railroad and north of Marr & Gordon. This firm quarrys and manu- factures at wholesale and retail, cemetery and monumental granite, and employs about twenty-five men. Mr. George W. Mann is one of Barre's pioneers in the granite business. Fraser 6^ Cassie (James Fraser and George Cassie), both practical granite cutters, have shops located just north of Marr & Gordon. They commenced business in June, 1887. This firm also manufactures, for the wholesale and retail trade, Barre granite, for monumental and cemetery purposes, and em- ploys from fifteen to twenty men. Littlejohn &= Barclay (S. L. Littlejohn and William Barclay), practical granite cutters of fifteen years' experience, have shops on the bank of the river, north of Jones Bros. The firm commenced business in April, 1887. They manufacture from Barre granite, cemetery, monumental and statuary work, for wholesale and retail trade, and employ sixteen men. Milne 6^ Connan (Alexander Milne and John Connan), manufacturers of Barre granite, have shops just north of Jones Bros. Mr. Milne commenced business in Barre in 1886. In May, 1887, Mr. Connan became his partner. They are doing a wholesale and retail business in monumental and statuary work, and employ about twenty men. Milne 6^ IVyllie (George B. Milne and William S. Wyllie) have granite shops opposite Lane & Moore's planing-mills. They are young men and practical workmen, and natives of Scotland. They began business in Barre in April, 1886, and are manufacturing monuments and fine statuary, for wholesale and retail trade, and employ twenty men. Herlihy 6^ Williatns (M. C. Herlihy and Thomas Williams) formed this copartnership January i, 1887. Their shops are opposite the National Granite Co. They employ about thirty men in the manufacture of all kinds of granite work for building and monumental purposes, and do a wholesale and retail business. TOWN OF BARRE. 147 Edgar Norto7is granite shops are just north of Jones Bros., on the river bank. Mr. Norton commenced business in Barre January i, 1886, is a prac- tical granite cutter, and is acquainted with every detail of the business. He employs fifteen men in manufacturing, for the wholesale and retail trade, all kinds of cemetery and statuary work. J. E. Sullivafi has a granite shop just west of the National Granite Co. Mr. Sullivan has had over twenty years' experience as a practical workman in the business. He commenced business in Barre in the winter of 1884 and 1885. He turns out a general line of manufactured goods for the wholesale and retail trade, and employs from ten to fifteen men. Alexander Grant <>> Co. are sculptors and designers, and make a speci- alty of fine carved statuary work. Mr. Grant, the senior member of this firm, was born in Parish Alvah, Banffshire, Scotland. He came to America in 1872, and learned his trade in Hallowell, Maine. He has the honor of carving the first figure in granite in Vermont, and has since executed some of the most celebrated pieces of statuary in this country. Mr. A. J. Dingle, the junior member of the firm, was born in Cornwall, England, and came to this country in 188 r. He has also executed some very fine statuary work. Jatnes Ahem, manufacturer of all kinds of quarrymen's and stonecutters' tools, came from Rhode Island, and commenced his manufacturing business November i, 1886. His shop is located at the foot of Granite street, and is furnished with an eight -horse power upright steam engine. Mr. Ahern employs four men. E. C. French, manufacturer of granite, commenced business in 1883, where E. A. Wilkinson is now engiged. In 1885 he moved to his present location, on South Main street. He executes monumental and cemetery work of all kinds, for wholesale and retail trade, and employs ten men. Charles Young' s granite works are located on South Main street. Mr. Young commenced business in the spring of 1883, with A. H. Gamble as his partner, where H. A. Duffy now has a shop. In the ensuing fall they moved to his present quarters. In the fall of 1887 Mr. Gamble retired from the firm and Mr. Young continues alone. He turns out all kinds of monumental and cemetery work, and employs from fifteen to twenty men. L. W. Whitcottib (Sv Son' s granite polishing shops are located on Stevens Branch, Factory Village, and are run by a thirty-horse power steam engine. Their works contam thirteen polishing machines and employ fifteen men. They do all kinds of work in their line. John McDonald and Alexander Buchan, natives of Scotland, are both prac- tical stonecutters, and commenced business in June, 1884, under the firm name of McDonald & Buchan. They then employed one man. Their business has increased constantly, and they now employ thirty men in the manufac- ture of all kinds of granite, but make a specialty of carved and drapery work. TOWN OF BARRE. Staffords 6^ Batchelder manufacture all kinds of polished granite columns and pilasters, for buildings. This enterprise is the only one of its kind in Barre. The industry was instituted in December, 1886, by the firm of Stafford & Ladd. In April, 1887, Mrs. J. H. Batchelder purchased the interest of Ladd, and since then the business has been conducted under the present firm name. They now also turn out urns, vases, and round work in either large or small pieces, rough or polished. The shops are at the foot of Granite street. The firm employs five men. Hohbs ^ McDonald manufacture, deal in and repair all kinds of stone- cutters' and quarrymen's tools. Their shops are located near Forsyth & Ingram's granite shops, off the foot of Granite street, and are run by a twelve- horse power upright steam engine. They employ four men. Mr. Hobbs commenced business January i, 1887, and Mr. McDonald became his partner April 15 of the same year. Lane cy Moore (\N . A. Lane and A. D. Moore) are proprietors of a steam planing-mill, located at the foot of Granite street. They are young men and thorough mechanics. They commenced business in September, 1885. They are dealers in rough and dressed hard and soft wood lumber, moldings, sheathing, and house finishing lumber, and are jobbers in general wood work. Do naid McLeod cd^me to Barre from Aberdeen, Scotland, and is a practi- cal granite cutter. After working at his trade in Barre four years, he estab- lished his present business in April, 1886, at the foot of Granite street. Mr. McLeod turns out a general line of monumental and cemetery work, in gran- ite, for the wholesale and retail trade. He employs fourteen men. E. L. Smith d>' Co. (E. L., John E., and Donald Smith), quarrymen, are wholesale and retail dealers in ruugh and finished, light and dark, Barre gran- ite, monumental, cemetery, and statuary work. This firm gives employment to about forty men. Mr. E. L. Smith began business on Cobble hill, in the spring of 1868, and has continued in the granite business from that time to the present (1888). He has been associated as partner in several firms, and has been in this special business a longer time than any other man in Barre. In the long time he has been in the business he has furnished granite for the construction of the Methodist seminary and postoffice buildings vn Mont- pelier, the Reform school at Waterbury, and an incalculable amount for nu- merous other buildings. Mr. Smith was the first in Barre to quarry granite in wmter ; first to place on his quarry a permanent derrick ; first to adopt the steam drill ; and the first to use the electric battery in blasting. John Goldsbury, as seen by the record in the old family Bible, published in 1759, and now possessed by his grandson, John A. Goldsbury, was mar- ried to Rebecca Hastings, and settled on West hill, in the town of Wilders- burgh, now Barre, about 1788. His was the second family in town, having been preceded only a short time by Samuel Rogers. Soon after several other families came in. They then had to go twenty miles or more to the nearest grist-mill, in^ Randolph. Mr. and Mrs. Goldsbury reared a family of nine TOWN OF BARRE. 149 children. John Goldsbury, Jr., was their third child. His marriage with Clarrissa Roundly was blessed with one son, Loren, born in Barre, in Decem- ber, 1807. Loren married Sally Heath, and they had two children, John A. and Emily C. (Mrs. Oel Town), of Barre. John A. resides on the farm set- tled by his grandfather, and in the house which he built. He was born May 17, 1834, and united in marriage, February 5, 1858, with Louise Preston, who bore him six children, viz.: Albert C, Leonard A. (deceased), Clara B. (Mrs. W. M. Emerson), of Barre, Willie A., Fred E., and Helen R. John A. Golds- bury is a successful farmer and milkman. John Sherman, brother of Capt. Joseph Sherman who contested for the honor of naming the town of Barre, with Jonathan Sherman, came from Hol- den, Mass., and settled in the northeast part of the town, on the farm now owned by P. P. Larabee, and where he resided until his death, March 28, 1848, aged seventy-eight years. He married, first, Orpha Glidden, who was the mother of five children. His second wife, Mrs. Sally (Freeman) Larabee, was the mother of his daughter Sadie F., who married Elbridge G. Rosebrook, and resides in Guildhall, Vt. Isaac S. Thompson and his wife came from Holden, Mass., in the spring of 1790, in company with Mr. and Mrs. Major Nathan Harrington. Mr. Thompson lived in Harrington's house the first season, and then located on the farm now owned by his son Phineas. They made the journey from Massachusetts with an ox-team. At that time they had to go to Newbury to mill. There were then only four or five families in town, viz.: Capt. Rogers, Capt. Hale, Mr. Goldsbury, and Mr. D^vight. Mr. Thompson was constable for some years, and went to Plattsburgh, N. Y., with his company, from Barre. He died in 1827, aged sixty-three years. The Carleton family in America is of English extraction. Jeremiah Carle- ton, son of Jeremiah, was born in Newburyport, Mass., and when a child accompanied his parents to Lyndeboro, N. H. In 1794, when about twenty years of age, he came to B.irre and located on the farm in the northeasterly part of the town, which has ever since remained in the possession of the family. He felled the first tree in 1795, and, it is said, cut nine acres of heavy timber in seventeen days. December 6, 1798, he married Deborah Edwards, of Montpelier. , Their children were Jeremiah, Silas, Noah, Deborah, Elliott, David, Hiram, Betsey, and Guy. David Carleton resided on the homestead where he was born until his decease, which occurred April II, 1888. He married Mary Wheeler, daughter of the late^ Benjamin I. Wheeler, of East Montpelier, January 31, 1837. Their children were Hiram, now judge of probate for the district of Washington; Mrs. Mary Hazen, deceased; Mrs. Ellen Osgood; Edwin, who now occupies the old farm; and Mrs. Fanny D. Dike. Mr. and Mrs. David Carleton celebrated their golden wedding January 31, 1887. John and Asa Dodge, sons of Nathaniel Brown Dodge, Sr., were among the early settlers of Barre. They came from Winchester, N. H., and settled 150 TOWN OF BARRE. in the northwest part of the town. Their ancestor, William Dodge, came to- America from Lancashire, Eng., in the ship Lion's Whelp, in 1629, and settled in Salem, Mass. Later he returned to England, married and brought his wife and brothers Richard and John with him. Asa Dodge, before mentioned, was born February 13, 1770, and married Abigail Blodgett, who was the mother of his twelve children. His son, N. Brown Dodge, married Elva Smith, and they were parents of seven children. He is still living, and resides with his daughter, Mrs. Ira Benjamin, in Berlin. Wesley Dodge, son of Asa, was born July 13, 1803, married Irena Bullock and settled in Barre. He died March 4, 1879, and his wife died April 17, 1879. They had one child, Abba P., born October 20, 1825, who married Horace W. Soule, and lives in Barre. They have three children, all living. John Wheaton came with his wife and six children from Leicester, Mass., and settled in the eastern part of Barre, about 1793. His first habitation was a log cabin in the woods, and he at once set to work clearing his land and making a home. All his children lived and married. His four sons settled on farms in his school district. His children were Phebe, Pliny, Joseph, Benjamin, Sarah, and John. Phebe married Peter Taft and emigrated to the West. Pliny married, first, Martha Wheeler, and their union was blessed with seven children. His second wife was Mary Catlin, who was the mother of one child. Four of his children are now living, Maria (Mrs. Nathan Trow), Lorinda (Mrs. C. C. Phelps), John, a successful farmer, who married, first, Emeline Perrin and had children Porter Perrin and Eliza E. His second wife, Rhoda Reed, was also the mother of three children, two of whom, Sarah A. and Eva M., are living, and Charles, who married Harriet Eastman and has two children. Oren Wheaton, son of Pliny and grandson of John, was born in Barre, January i, 1812. He was a practical granite cutter, and with his father owned the quarry from which the granite was procured to build the State House at Montpelier. He was both farmer and quarryman. He united in marriage with Eliza, daughter of Daniel and Rebecca (Parker) Thompson, and sister of Hon. D. P. Thompson, lawyer, historian, and novelist. Mr. Wheaton died December 6, 1861. Their three children are all living. Pliny O. married Hattie Barnes, of Chelsea, and resides on the home farm. Daniel T. emigrated to Morris, Minn., married, and settled there. Mary (Mrs. Malcolm Crockett) resides in Ohio. Mrs. Wheaton still survives and resides with her son Pliny O. Erastus Wheaton, son of Benjamin and grandson of John, was born Octo- ber 17, 18 1 2. He united in marriage with Nancy C. Clark, January 3, 1839, and settled on the homestead of his grandfather where he was born, and where he has always lived. Mrs. Wheaton is also living. They are parents of five children, three of whom are living and reside in Barre. George E. C, who is his only son, is m company with his father on the homestead. He married Alice M. Kinney and has one child. Emily married William Clark, TOWN OF BARRE. 15' and resides in Barre village. Alfaratta married Albert C. Reed, has two children, and lives on road 38. Benjamin Wood was born in Mendon, Mass., September 30, 1778. At the age of twenty-five years he came to Barre from his native town on foot, with several others, and brought his axe on his shoulder. He married, first, Hannah Clapp, and settled on East hill in Barre. Later he moved to Gospel hill, and manufactured woolen and linen spmning wheels, and spin- dles for woolen factories. The children of his first marriage were Angeline, Lucy, Solomon, and Hiram. His second wife was Jennie C, daughter of Richard and Jennie C. Town. Their eight children were Hannah, Orrilla, Allen T., Mary T., Benjamin O., Jane M., Elijah B., and Harriet O. The latter married William E. Whitcorab. They have one son. Will A., and reside in Barre village. James Thwing came from Wilbraham, Mass., about 1793, to Willaims- town, where he resided two years, and then settled in Barre. His first wife, Hannah Carpenter, was the mother of sixteen children. He married, second, Mrs. Nancy Carpenter, the mother of his seventeenth child. John Thwing, son of James, was nine years old when his father settled in Barre. He was a prominent man in his town, and was adjutant of the 3d Regt., 2d Brigade, 4th Division, Vt. militia, in 1818 and 18 19. He was selectman of the town of Barre fifteen years, and a member of the state legislature two years. John Thwing married Sarah Smith, and they had seven children, of whom James,, the only one now living, is seventy years old, and resides in Barre. He mar- ried Eliza C. Peck, and they had three sons and three daughters. All but one of the daughters are now living. Joshua Thwing, brother of John, was eleven years of age when his father settled in Barre. He was a millwright. At the time he commenced his apprenticeship, he and his brother had but one hat between them. He started from home bareheaded, met his brother, who was returning home from an errand, and took the hat from his head and continued his journey. In 1818 he built an iron foundry, and grist and saw- mill, which, enlarged and improved, is now the Barre iron works. Mr. Thwing married Judith French. Three of their six children are now living, viz.: Mary A., Roxana (Mrs. Noah Dodge), and Auraina (Mrs. H. S. Loomis) resides in Montpelier. Joseph Browning, with his wife and four children, came from Hubbardston, Mass., to Barre, in 1793, and settled on the farm now occupied by his son Alfred. His wife was the sister of Mr. Sherman, who fought and vanquished Mr. Thompson, at the time of the excitement and rivalry for the honor of naming the town of Barre. Mr. and Mrs. Browning had a family of twelve children, but two of them are now living, Alfred, before mentioned, and Emily, who also resides in Barre. Timothy Patterson came to Barre about 1794, and settled near John Goldsbury, on West hill. Mr. Patterson's parents and four brothers and sis- ters came with him. Their bill of fare for the first year was not very exten- I 5 2 TOWN OF BARRE. sive, and was often bread and water sweetened with maple sugar. For a change in diet Mr. Patterson occasionally received three pounds of pork for a hard day's work chopping for Judge Paine, in Williamstown ; and this, with fresh trout caught from the brook, would give an agreeable change from the monotony of "bread and water." Mr. Patterson married Content Cook, whose parents were pioneer settlers. They had twelve children. Those now living are P. C. and Merrill Patterson, residing in Barre. Samuel Doane Cook came from Greenfield, Mass., with quite a large family, in 1794, and settled on the farm now owned by C. R. Allen, on road ;^;^. His children were Content, who married Timothy Patterson ; Samuel, who married Mercy Thompson ; Rebecca (Mrs. Carroll Smith) and Doane, who settled in Barre ; Phineas, a Methodist minister; Noah and Phebe, who emigrated to New York ; and Seth, who settled in Plainfield, and later removed to Danville, where he died. Rev. Doane Cook married Miss Polly Thwing, and settled in Barre. He entered the ministry of the Methodist church, and besides cultivating his farm he preached in Barre and surround- ing towns. He was one of the noble and devoted band of workers in the Master's vineyard, whose zeal was to preach the gospel, without fee or re- ward unless voluntarily contributed. The children of Rev. and Mrs. Cook were Mina, Alpheus, William, Truman, John L., Maria, and Benjamin B., three of whom are living, viz.: John L. in Haverhill, N. H.; Benjamin B., a member of the firm of Smith, VVhitcomb & Cook, of Barre ; and Maria, widow of the late Harvey Tilden. Ebenezer Fitch Willard was born in Barre in 1795. He married Lovisa Clark, and settled on the fine farm in the northwest corner of Barre, where his son, Ebenezer Fitch Willard, now lives. [See a more extended sketch in East Montpelier, in this work.] His daughter Sophia married Gilbert L. Dix. Her children are Addie L., John L., Clara L., and M. Willard. Mrs. Dix resides on the homestead of her father in Barre. Ebenezer F. Willard married Ruth Page, and resides on the old homestead, as before mentioned. He has two sons, C. Fred and George C. William Goldsbury, brother of John, the second settler of Barre, was also one of the pioneers of the town. January 28, 1794, he married Bathsheba Walker, and at once settled on the farm now owned by his grandson, Joel W. Goldsbury, on road 7. His first residence was a log cabin. A few years later the frame house now occupied by Joel W. was erected. The first glass window in their neighborhood was one of the adornments of this house, and is still sound and doing service. It was brought by Mrs. Goldsbury on horse- back from Brookfield, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Goldsbury were parents of four sons, — William, Joel, John, and Oliver. William died at the age of twenty- four years. Oliver was killed and entombed at once, and in an instant, when he was but five years old. He had accompanied his father to the woods. The father was busy cutting off the trunk of a prostrate tree, which had been turned out of the ground by the roots. The earth from a deep TOWN OF BARRE. 153 cavity in the ground adhered to the roots of the tree, and the ill-fated little child had stepped into this cavity. As soon as the unwitting father had severed the trunk of the tree from the stump, by its own great weight, as sudden as the spring of a trap, it sprung back into its original place, crushed, and buried the child. John was a merchant at Montpelier, and died at the age of thirty-two years, supposed to have been poisoned. December 9, 1819, Joel married Charlotte CoUyer. Their children were Maria, Bathsheba, Mandama, Orlantha, Julia, Charlotte, Annette, Joel W., John N., Ellen V., and William A., six of whom are now living. Asaph Sherman married a Miss Norton, of Suffield, Mass., and was an early, influential, and prominent settler of Barre. He represented the town in the General Assembly in 1794, '95, and '96. He reared five sons and three daughters. A granddaughter was the wife of General Stannard. His sons all became eminent physicians. His son, Dr. Socrates N. Sherman, was medical director of the department of Virginia in the late war, and was a member of Congress one term. He settled in Ogdensburg and was the postmaster of that city at the time of his death, in 1873. Dr. Mason Sher- man settled in Michigan City, Ind., where he still resides. Drs. Minot and Bradley Sherman emigrated to Williamsburg, Canada. Minot is dead, and Bradley still resides there. Dr. B. Franklin Sherman also located in Ogdens- burg, has amassed a fortune, and still resides there John Gale came from Walpole, N. H., and settled in Barre, as near as can be ascertained, about 1795. He located on the farm where his son Lewis now lives, and where he continued to reside until his death, in March, 1842. Lewis Gale, son of John and his second wife, Phebe (Bancroft) Gale, resides, as before mentioned, on the old homestead. He married Lucinda Pettingill, and their children are Clarence A., who married Ellen Woodbury and resides in Big Rapids, Mich.; Cortland A., who is now in Chicago; Martin P., who married Kate E. Griswold and also resides in Big Rapids; Elgin J., who married Clara A. Hatch and resides in Montpelier; Burton L., who lives in Port Leyden, N. Y.; and Lillian (Mrs. Fred L. Eaton), who resides in Mont- pelier. Lewis Gale owns and cultivates a large farm, and is an extensive dairyman. Israel Wood came to Barre, from Worcester county, Mass., about 1795, and settled in the wilderness on the farm now owned by William Mears, on road 16. He was quite successful, and extended his domain until it included three other adjoining farms. Such was his benevolence that he gave one-half of all he then possessed to build the old church on Gospel hill. His wife v/as Abigail Wheeler, and their children were Israel, Abraham, Huldah, Josiah, Lewis, Leonard, and Abel, all deceased. Lewis married Ruby Bancroft, and settled on the farm now owned by his son Israel. Their children were Eme- line (Mrs. Hosea Jacobs), who resides in Cabot; Elizabeth (Mrs. Martin Freeman), who died July 4, 1874; Israel, as before mentioned, who resides on the homestead, married Emma Willey, of Topsham, Vt.; Ezekiel, who 154 TOWN OF BARRE. resides in Iowa, married, first, Mary Collins, and second, Mary Degroot ; and Albert, who went West and married. Calvin Smith came from Wildersburgh, Mass., and made one of the first claims, or pitches, in Wildersburgh, now Barre, and assisted in the survey of the town soon after. He also performed a journey of thirty miles on foot to Royalton, and returned carrying a bushel of corn in an iron kettle. Mr. Smith continued to reside on the farm where he first settled until his death. John Kelley now owns the farm. The memorable battle at fisticuffs for the honor of naming Barre was fought in Mr. Smith's barn. His first wife, Miss Sherman, was the mother of seven children, and his second wife, Mrs. West, bore him two more. His third wife was Mrs. Wright. Calvin S. Smith, son of his first wife, settled in Elmore, but returned to Barre and the old home, and cared for his father till his decease. Calvin S. has been mar- ried twice, first to Betsey Thompson, and second to Mrs. Mary Sanborn. Five of his children survive him, viz. : James, Whitcomb, Cook, Joseph, and Maria (Mrs. Wesley Hill), of East MontpeHer. Thomas Mower, of Jaffrey, N. H., removed to BerUn about 1797, remained one year, and then settled in Birre on the farm now owned by E. T. Mower. This farm has been in the Mower family since the settlement of Thomas Mower in 1798, and the homestead has sheltered the fifth generation. Thomas married a Miss Raymond, and they were parents of three daughters and one son. Ezra, the son, was born, lived, and died on the homestead. His wife, Sally Webster, was the mother of eight children, four of whom are now Hving, viz.: David W., Ezra, Jeanette (Mrs. H. S. Martin) in Barre^ and Ann (Mrs Holly Gale) in Williamstown. Jacob Worthen and his wife, Betsey, were early pioneers of Barre. They came from Cornish, N. H., and settled near the line of the town of Orange. Eventually they moved into Orange, where Mr. Worthen died. Their only child, Samuel, was born April 28, 1797. His wife was Susan Owen, and their children were Eliza, born July 26, 1818, deceased; Andrew, born February 16, 1821, deceased; Jacob, born September 7, 1823, who resides in Newbury, Vt.; Silas, born March 27, 1826, who lives in Ora-nge ; Linus L.., born February 11, 1829, who lives in Barre; Sarah O. (Mrs. Nye), of Barre> who was born July 13, 1832 ; George L., born June 23, 1835, who resides in East Montpelier ; Hiram O., born August 16, 1838, who is a physician in Barre ; and David O., born January 9, 1842, deceased. Ezekiel Wood came from Westminster, Mass., to Barre about 1797, on horseback, bringing the proverbial axe with which to carve out a home in the new country. He located where Perrin Bancroft now lives, made a clearing, and put up a house. The next year he married Judith Baker, of Westminster, and returned to Barre. and lived on the farm of his choice until 1800, when he moved to what is known as the "Chubb place." In 1805 he moved to " Gospel Village," which then contained but three houses. His farm is now occupied by a portion of the village, and his residence was on TOWN OF BARRE. 155 the site of the cemetery. When the first church was built he gave hberally, even denying himself to assist in the project. April 27, 1800, he was elected deacon of the Congregational church, which position he held until his death in 181 2. He was an industrious, hard working man, cultivated his farm in summer, and in winter made woodenware, for which there was quite a demand. At his death he left his widow with five small children, and an adopted son. Mrs. Wood was equal to the task thus imposed upon her. She remained on the farm, and brought up her family, all of whom married and settled within one mile of home. Judith, the eldest, married Cheney Keith. She died in 1886, aged eighty-five years. Drusilla married David Leach, and had seven children, three of whom grew to maturity. Her sons settled in Iowa. After her husband's death she went to Iowa, and died there. One of her sons, Ezekiel E., is now living in California. Ezekiel Wood, the eldest son, mar- ried Emily Foss and settled on the homestead. They had eleven children, six of whom are living, three, Mrs. Henry P. Gale, Mrs. William Mears, and Mrs. H. N. Bailey, in Barre. H. N. Bailey lives on West hill and has two children. The other daughter married I. K. Bancroft, and lives in West Randolph, Vt. Of the sons J. Orville lives in Las Vegas, New Mexico, and J. B. in Pine Valley, Oregon. Martha, youngest daughter of Deacon Eze- kiel Wood, married Artemas Miller, and settled in " Thwingville," and had two children, one of whom, Mrs. J. W. Payne, is living in Barre. Francis Keith was born in Barre, as near as can be ascertained, in 1797, and was thrice married. His first wife, Persis Bigelow, bore him six children, viz.: Mary, Charles, Erastus, Lewis, Ellen, and Almira. His second wife was the mother of his three children, Clinton, Flora, and Agnes, two of whom are living. His third wife, Persis Cock, had no children. Mary Keith first mar- ried Henry Taft, of East Montpelier. Her second husband is Dennison Batchelder, of Barre, and their only child is Persis (Mrs. William Batchelder), Charles Keith married Silence D. Vincent He died in 1858, from injuries received while quarrying granite to repiir the State House. Erastus Keith married Laura M. Bradford. Their three children are Alm.a, Nellie, and Bert M. Lewis Keith married Morancy S. Wilson, and they had one child, Mary M., who married Richard A. Hoar. Ellen Keith married J. W. Rollins, has four children, anil resides in Elgin, Minn. Almira Keith married Ira Trow, has one child, and resides in Weston, Mass. Clinton Keith resides in Hardwick, Vt. Ira Day and his wife, Martha (Clark), came to Barre from Royalton, Vt., about 1797. He located at South Barre, and was for many years the leading merchant in Barre. He also bought large droves of beef cattle, which he drove to Boston market, and which afforded him an extensive and lucrative business. He also, with Mr. Cottrell, of Montpelier, owned the first stage and mail route between Boston and Burlington, Vt., and at the time General Lafayette made a tour of New England he was the guest of Mr. Day, who furnished a splendid coach and six beautiful white horses for the transporta- 156 TOWN OF BARRE. tion of the General and his suite. His son, Clark Day, born February 5, 181 r, received his early training for business in his father's store, and with whom he was a partner ten or twelve years. In consequence of failing health he gave up mercantile business and engaged in farming, cultivating and living on the same farm forty-four years. Mr. Day married Emily, •daughter of Alvin and Betsey Clark, June 2, 1841. He died March 25, 1886. Mrs. Day still survives. They had five children, viz.: Gertrude R. (Mrs. Henry H. Wetmore), who resides in Chicago; Alvin C, who married Stella Brown ; Martha P., who married Emory L. Smith; William P., who married Sadie V. Clark. All reside in Birre. Mary died at the age of five years. David Sherburne was born in Goshen, N. H., February 28, 1778, and came to Vermont in i8or. He settled in Orange, and bought his farm soon after reaching there, but did not take a deed of it until 1806. The farm is the one now occupied by Chester Beckley. It was then an entire forest, which he cleared and lived upon for more than half a century. He married Wealthy, daughter of Rev. Jonathan Kinney, of Plainfield, in 1803, by whom he had ten children, four of whom died before reaching adult years. Lydia, the eldest, married Andrew F. Waterman and died at Barre in i860. Joel married Polly Perkins, of Plainfield, and they have lived on the same farm in Plainfield for more than fifty years. They are the parents of the Rev. J. O. Sherburne, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at Montpelier. Jona- than married Eliza Seavy, who died early, leaving one daughter (Mrs. Samuel Cutts, of Barre). He died in 1841. Laura married David B. Merrill and died in Marshfield, at the age of seventy-one years, leaving three sons. Joseph A. was born November 22, 1821, in Orange, Vt. He married Miranda Barrows, of Jamaica, Vt., by whom he had one daughter and four sons, viz.: Ada J., born August 27, 1850, at Weathersfield, Vt.; Leslie A., born March 30, 1853, at Athens, Vt.; Herman K., born July 12, 1855, at Wilmington, Vt.; Frank A., born January 11, 1858, at Corinth, Vt.; and Fred W., born March 13, i860, at Pittsfield, Vt. She died at Barre in 1884. He subsequently married Mrs. Hattie L. Dickey, of Barre. He is pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at Chelsea. George N. married Orlesca A. Dodge, of Barre, and is now a successful farmer in Dakota, where he has three sons settled near him. David Sherburne died in 1863. His wife, Wealthy, died in 1857. When a call was made for men to go to the battle of Plattsburgh, N. Y., David Sherburne was one who took his gun and started with a company from Barre. When they reached the battlefield it was too late to take any part in the engagement. As a reward for services in the war the government gave him a land warrent for 160 acres, which he subsequently sold for $100. Enos Towne came to Barre from Hillsboro, N. H., about 1798, and brought his wife and a family of small children with him, and settled on the farm where Mr. J. P. Ladd now lives, on road 52. His first crop was corn, planted in Indian style, after burning off the brush among the logs and TOWN OK BARRE. 157 Stumps. His son Thomas M., the eldest of a family of eight children, mar- ried Jerusha Dix and settled on the farm where his son Jude now lives, and where he spent most of his long life. He died at South Barre, May 7, 1867, aged eighty-two years. Mr. and Mrs. Towne were parents of ten children, two of whom died in infancy and six are now living, viz.: Loantha (Mrs. William Bancroft) at South Barre ; Osman, who has been twice married, and lives in Brookfield ; Edna (Mrs. L. P. Wood), who lives on road 31 ; Jude, before mentioned, occupies the homestead, and has been twice married, first to Miss Clarissa Gale, who was the mother of five children, of whom those living are George J., of the firm of G. J. Towne & Co., Merton L., and Clarissa (Mrs. John Dix), all in Barre. Luke Towne's second wife was Lottie Walter. Calista, daughter of Thomas M. Towne, married John Colby, of Williamstown, and Hosea Towne resides in Waitsfield. Gardner Wheeler and his brother Dodge wended their way from Grafton, Mass., with an ox-team, which brought their families and household goods to the forests of Barre at a very early date. Their route lay through the woods, and a part of the way they were guided by " blazed " trees. Their first night in Barre was spent at the hospitable mansion of Maj. C. T. Bond, which was a log cabin of but one room. Gardner Wheeler settled on the " Wheeler farm, " now owned by Mr. Sumner Kimball, of Montpelier, and Dodge located where Albert Paine now lives, and was the father of five children, only one of whom is now living. Gardner Wheeler was for many years a prominent man in Barre, and conducted very much of the town's business. He lived to the ripe age of eighty years. His daughter Mary Ann, aged seventy-seven years, is his only surviving child. Only two of his eifht children were married, viz.: Patty, who was the wife of Judge Cyrus Ware of Montpelier, one of whose daughters, Mrs. Joel Foster, now resides in that town; and Elijah, who married Lydia Herrick, who was mother of his ten children, three of whom are now living, viz.: Adaline in Barre ; Artemas in Wheaton, 111; and Martha (Mrs. Harrison Johnson) in Springfield, Mass. William Bradford came from Mt. Vernon, N. H., and settled on the farm where L. L. Worthen now lives, on road 43, about 1800. His first residence was a log cabin. After living about thirty years on this place he removed to the farm now owned by A. S. Parkhurst, on road 44, where he resided until his death, March 3, 1866, aged eighty-six years. He, too, was a pioneer in hauling freight, and for some ten or fifteen years drove an eight-horse team between Montpelier and Boston. The herculean enterprise of his life was in fulfilling his contract with the state of Vermont to supply the granite for constructing the State House at Montpelier, which was commenced in 1833 and completed in 1838, and which he executed with integrity, but with heavy loss. The granite was obtained at the quarries of P. & O. Wheaton, on Cobble hill. The state afterwards made a small appropriation in his favor, which partly reimbursed the loss he had sustained. Mr. Bradford married Miss Mary Green, and their children were Rodney, Jefferson, Ambrose, 158 TOWN OF BARRE. William, Alvira, and Mary. The only one now living is Alvira. Rodney was twice married, first to Mary Farrington, who bore him three children, and second to Maria Bullock, who bore him one child. Jefferson Bradford mar- ried Thankful Vincent, and their children are Laura, George, Wilbur, Satira, Milinda, and Oscar. Ambrose married Harriet Batchelder, and their child- ren are Lucy, Leonora, Charles, Alice, and William A. William was twice married, first to Rosalind Smith, the mother of his children Frank and Rossie, and second to Lucina Carpenter. Alvira and Mary did not marr)'. Jonathan G. Claflin, son of Ephraim, was reared in the family of John Gale. Ephraim was twice married, and was the father of fifteen children, fourteen of whom lived to maturity, Jonathan G. married Lucy A. Gale, and settled in the southwestern corner of the town, where he lived thirty-four years. He then removed to a farm on road 56, where he resided until his death, March 11, 1880, aged eighty-three years. Mrs. Claflin died in 1863. Their children were Augustus, Elbartus T., Byron J., and Lucy C. Augus- tus Claflin was born in Barre, October 17, 1822. March 11, 1847, he married Rocina, daughter of Jesse and Betsey (Blanchard) Scott, who was born No- vember 17, 1824. Mr. Claflin has disposed of his old farm on road 56, where he resided the past twenty-nine years, and has erected a pleasant residence at South Barre, to which he retires. He has been selectman twelve years, and has held other town offices. He has been indrustrious, honest, and worthy, and has the confidence and esteem of all who know him. Judge Chapin Keith was born in Uxbridge, Mass., May 17, 177 1. He came to Barre from his native town in September, i8or, with his family, the youngest being only three months old. Judge Chapin Keith was judge of the Probate Court many years, and afterwards was sheriff of Washington county several years. While he was sheriff it became his duty to proclaim from the balcony of the State House thegoverner-elect, after the votes had been counted Although he could perform the general duties of his office well, and was at home in business transactions, he was not able to speak in public without great embarrassment. He intended to finish his proclamation of the election of the governor by saying, as was the practice then, " God save the people," but instead he cried out " God save the King T' He often said that the mis- take cost him several gallons of wine. With the fees that accrued to him as sheriff one year, he built his tavern on Gospel hill. When he first arrived in Barre he was duly warned out of town lest he should become a charge on the tax-payers. Fortunately for him and his family he was always able to take care of himself. His great energy and perseverance generally won success in all enterprises that he undertook. He was very successful as a tavern-keeper, and his wife was truly his helpmeet, and excelled as a landlady. Judge Keith was married to Elizabeth Taft, June 24, 1790. They had five sons, viz.: Hon. Roswell Keith, who was the late Judge Keith, of Montpelier, where he died October 25, 1874, and at his death was in the eighty-fourth year of his age; Erasmus, who was born July 23, 1792, and died February 12, 1813. TOWN OF BARRE. 159 Hon. Leonard Keith, who was born in Daxbury, July 15, 1795, was a lead- ing man in Barre, where he resided until his death, January 21, 1868, and was many years justice of the peace, represented his town in the state legislature and his senatorial district in the Senate. In early life he engaged in the man- ufacture of woolen flannels, and in cloth-dressing and wool-carding. He also built the first starch factory in town, where all the farmers round about found a ready market for thousands of bushels of potatoes, and the product of starch yielded a large income to this enterprising manufacturer. In religion he affiliated with the Methodist church, and gave liberally for its sup- port, was a constant attendant, and the efficient superintendent of its Sab- bath-school. In 1824 he married Nancy B. Choate, who died in 1853. She was the mother of Orvis C, William H., and Elizabeth, none of whom are living. In 1858 he united in marriage with Susan S. Cook, who survives him. Cheney Keith, fourth son of Chapin, was born in January, 1798. He married Judith Wood, and was a leading man, and active and influential in the affairs of his town. He was well educated, industrious, and fairly successful in busi. ness. He died August 8, 1864. Calvin J. Keith, youngest son of Chapin, was born April 9, 1800. He commenced fitting for college at Randolph Academy in the spring of 1816, and in 1818 entered Union college, at Schenectady, N. Y., where he gradu- ated with honor in 1822. He was a private tutor in the family of a wealthy planter in Virginia a year or two. He returned to Montpelier and took up the study of law with Hon. W^illiam Upham, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and practiced his profession with Mr. Upham three or four years succeeding 1830. He was secretary of the Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Company a year or two, and successfully settled a large estate in St. Louis for a deceased brother of C. W. Storrs, of Montpelier, and a much larger one in New Orleans for one of the Elkins brothers, of Peacham, Vt. In 1852 he made the tour of Europe, returning to Montpelier in 1853, where he was attacked with brain fever, and died September 23. Rev. William Farwell, a missionary, organized the Universalist church in Barre, October 27, 1796. He came from Charlestown, N. H.,in 1803, settled in the southeast part of the town, and. was the first resident Universalist minister in Barre. He gave the church there much of his labor, and was a prominent factor in its growth ; but took long tours in missionary work in Vermont and other states. Mr. Farwell was a man of sterling worth, fervent piety, and was greatly loved, not only in his society, but by all who knew him. He died at the residence of his son, near his old home. His son Lemuel came to Barre with his father in 1803, married Patience Walker, and settled where his grandson, William Farwell, now lives. Their children were William, Enos W., Lemuel, Cynthia, Nancy, Patience, and Caroline. Will- iam married Rebecca, daughter of Jacob, Jr., and Katie (Taplin) Davis, who were the first couple married m Montpelier. Mr. Farwell was a very success- ful teacher, a man of talents and promising usefulness. He died of a malig- l6o TOWN OF BARRE. nant abscess at the age of twenty-nine years. Only one of his three children lived to mature years, viz.: William, who was born in Barre, February 26, 1829, and was thrice married. His first wife, Martha G. More, was the mother of his son George G., now in Oregon. His second wife was Orrilla White, of Calais, and the third was Janette Chamberlin, of East Montpelier. In 1862 he bought the old homestead, on which he now lives. Mr. Farwell has always been an energetic and industrious farmer. Zebedee Beckley and his wife, Elizabeth (Dix), emigrated to Weathersneld, Vt., from Weathersfield, Conn., about 1785, and settled at the foot of Ascut- ney Mountain. In 1803 they removed to Barre and located on the northeast lot of the town, which was then a wilderness. Here he made a home and spent the remainder of his life. Their children were Horace, Oramel, Samuel, Oran, and Luther. Horace settled near his father, on road i, where he re- mained until i860, when he removed to the place now owned by his son George I., and where he resided until his decease, in 1877, aged eighty-five years. He was thrice married. His first wife, and the mother of all his children, was Abigail Wellington. Their children are H. Wilson, Solomon W., Adaline, Matilda, D. Warren, Abba A., and George I. George I. mar- ried Helen E. Wolcott, and their children were Emory, George VV. (de- ceased), Georgia A., and one who died in infancy. Oramel, son of Zebedee, first settled in Barre, but later removed to Michigan, where he died. Samuel also married three times, raised a family, and died in Illinois. Oran married twice, had a family of six children, and always resided in Barre. Luther married Lovila Goodell, who was the mother of six children, five of whom are living, viz.: Viena (Mrs. David Boles), of Berlin; John li., who mar- ried Emma C. Batchelder, and has two children; Lizzie (Mrs. L. M. Averill) has one child ; Frank and Fred D. reside on the homestead. The latter married Ida Hooker, and has three children. Zebedee Beckley was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and his son Horace served in the War of 18 12. Mrs. Lucy (Whitney) Wood, the centenarian of Barre, was born at Jaffrey, N. H., January 16, 1786, being one of a family of eleven children of Elias and Lucy (Barnes) Whitney. When she was an infant her parents moved to Sterling, Mass., and after nine years went to the adjoining town of Milford. There at the age of seventeen she married John Wood, a native of Milford, who died thirty years ago. In 1805 they moved to Barre, where she has since resided. She has been the mother of ten children, — six sons and four daughters, — of whom there are living three sons, and one daughter, Miss Sophia Wood, aged about seventy years, who resides with her mother. She has thirty two grandchildren, as many great-grandchildren, and several great- great-grandchildren, so that now she is the head of a family of five living generations. When she and her husband settled in Barre it was almost a wilderness. Mr. Wood and his wife had a horror of living in a log house, and with great difficulty procured sawed timber for their first home. One side of their abode was open, and as the old lady facetiously observed, afforded a TOWN OF BARRE. i6j splendid opportunity for ventilation and the escape of smoke which the rude chimney failed to carry off. Mr. Wood erected a stone oven outside the house, and in this the cooking for the family was done. Mrs. Wood proudly declared that she did as good cooking in that oven as she had ever done subsequently in the most improved stoves and ranges. Mr. Wood, during the War of 1812, drove a team for the government between Wells River and Burlington, and on Mrs. Wood, therefore, in a great measure, devolved the care of the farm and family. Their house was twice burned, the last time during the absence of Mr. Wood on one of his trips ; and in saving an infant child from the burning structure, Mrs. Wood was severely burned on her hands and arms, the scars remaining to this day as reminders of her maternal devotion. Her hair was all burned from her head, so closely was she wrapped in the fiery embrace of the flames. This daughter died only a short time ago, aged seventy-three years. Mrs. Wood has been a hard-working woman all her life, and has never had a fever or other illness, except such as are inci- dent to the mother of a large family, and her health is now nearly perfect. She has had many thrilling incidents in her long life, especially during the early years of her residence in Barre. The country then abounded in game, and it was by no means an uncommon thing for her to have to cope with bears and other wild beasts, in the protection of her home and the stock on the farm. Her nerve never failed, and she invariably came out best in all such encounters. Though her life extends so far beyond the number of years allotted to mortals, she has not outlived her usefulness. She can thread fine needles without the aid of glasses, and has, since she was ninety, pieced up two bedquilts, the last one containing nearly 7,000 pieces. This she finished on her looth birthday. She still manages her household affairs, attends to buying the supplies, and handles the finances herself. Of this privilege she is very tenacious, and in her dealings she shows that her business acumen is not dulled by years. Her religious views are in accordance with the Metho- dist Episcopal church, of which she has been a staunch member ever since she settled in Barre. George Bradford Nichols, M. D., only child of Joel C. and Clarissa (Barnes) Nichols, was born in Montpelier (now East Montpelier), December 23, 1839. Until George B. was twenty years of age he remained at home, acquiring his early education at a private school in his native town. He attended Barre Academy until he graduated ; entered Dartmouth College in the summer of i860, and graduated in 1864. He graduated from Eastman Business Col- lege in 1865, and while there taught mathematics. In 1881 he entered Rush Medical College in Chicago, and graduated in the spring of 1883. In the summer following he came to Vermont, and in March, 1884, he moved to Barre, where he has built up an extensive practice. Dartmouth College, in 1882, conferred on him the degree of A. M. November 19, 1866, he mar- ried Emma A., youngest daughter of Junius B. and Sarah (Holbrook) Davis, of East Montpelier. They have had three children, Myrtie E., who died in 11 * 1 62 TOWN OF BARRE. childhood, Mortimer G. and Madine C, who are students at Goddard Seminary. Josiah Gale came to Barre from Warwick, Mass., in 1800, and moved into a log cabin on the farm where his grandson, Josiah Gale, now lives. His children were nearly full grown, and John, his only son, settled on the farm with his father. John Gale was twice married. December 9, 1802, he mar- ried Rebecca Boutwell. Their children were Betsey, Polly, Lyman, John, Hiram, Rebecca, Sullivan B., and Harriet, three of whom are now living (1888). September 12, 1820, he married Sally Taft, who was the mother of four children, two of whom are now living. Josiah, before mentioned, resides on the homestead. He married, first. Miss Ruth Wilson, who was the mother of John W. Gale, and, second, Ellen A. Hancock, who is the mother of one child, Nellie R. Ira L. Gale, son of John, resides in Barre village. He mar- ried Lydia M. Burrell, and they have an only child, Ida M. John and Dolly (Jones) Trow came to Barre in 1807, and settled where his son Dexter now lives. They came in early spring, and commenced house- keeping in a rough board cabin, which they repaired and occupied the en- suing ten years. They reared four sons, viz.: Nathan, Dexter, Luke, and Levi. Nathan married Maria Wheaton, who bore him five children, of whom John is the only one now living. Luke married Judith French, and Levi married Adaline Richardson. They had no issue. Dexter Trow, son of John and Dolly (Jones) Trow, was born on the farm where he now lives, in Barre, July 10, 1810. His house was built in 1818, and, as near as can now be ascertained, was the first house built of brick in Barre. Like other farmers' boys of that period, he had more days at hard labor than days at school. When he was allowed the luxury of attending the common school of his district at Gospel Village, as his father was an exten- sive farmer, he assisted in the care of their numerous live stock morning and evening, and made the journey of a mile and a half on foot to and from school. He remained on the farm and was a hard laborer with his father un- til he was thirty-two years of age, when, April 8, 1842, he united in marriage with Mary D., daughter of John and Sally (Doton) Chandler, who were early settlers in Barre. Mr. Chandler was a native of Kingston, Mass., and a mill- wright. Mrs. Chandler was a native of Pomfret, Vt., where they were mar- ried. After Dexter Trow was married his father justly rewarded him for his years of hard labor by deeding him the homestead and giving him the live stock. By his early acquired and continued habits of industry, economy, and sterling integrity, and also by his good judgment in making judicious invest- ments of his accumulations from time to time, he now ranks with the wealthy men of Barre. Mr. Trow has always been systematic in his labor and busi- ness, and " everything in order, and a place for everything, and everything in its place " is his motto. He has been a director of the Stafford Sz Holden Manufacturing Company most of the time since the erection of the new buildings after the fire of March 30, 1876, and now owns quite an amount of ^ TOWN OF BARRE. 163 its Stock. He also owns stock in the National Bank of Barre, and quite an amount of western bank stock, and has owned stock in several other Ver- mont banks. Mr. and Mrs. Trow are a genial and hospitable couple, and ■cherish a love for the old home which has sheltered them almost half a cen- tury, and where they expect to pass the remainder of their days. Mr. Trow has never been so ill as to prevent him from attending to business, and now, at the age of seventy-seven years, is so well preserved that he retains much of the vigor of early manhood. He has been governed by correct principles in all his business transactions, and has built up an enviable reputation. He commands the respect of a large circle of acquaintance. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Trow are Adela (Mrs. John W. Averill), who resides in Barre is and the mother of seven children ; Emma S. (Mrs. James W. Averill), who resides in Michigan and is the mother of seven children ; Rosalind (Mrs. Byron W. Phelps), who resides in Barre ; and Edgar M., who married Miss Clara Richardson, of Orange, has one child, and also resides in Barre. Luther Taft and his wife, Deborah (Keith), with their children Amanda, Charles and Maria, came from Mendon, Mass., and settled on a lot of wild land in the eastern part of Barre, in 1807. The daughters are now living (1888). Charles married Cynthia Albee. His children are Emily M., born May 23, 1842, married Miles Morrison, and has two children; Joseph M., born August 20, 1844, married Ada E. Patterson; and Lyman A., born August I, 1848, married Eva Huntington. Maria married Merrill Albee, and has two children, Myra and Abbie. Myra married Clark Holden, and Abbie married Fred Marcy and lives near Beloit, Wis. Stillman Wood, son of Ezekiel and Judith (Baker) Wood, was born in Barre, December 6, 1808. His father died when Stillman was a small boy, leaving five children, only one of whom is now living. His minority was spent in assisting his mother on their farm (on which now is the cemetery), and in attendance at the district school, and later in teaching. Soon after attaining his majority he married Miss Harriet Clark and settled on a farm, which is now included in Clark Averill's. About 1840 he removed to Barre village, which then contained scarcely a score of dwellings, and engaged in tanning with his brother-in-law, Charles Clark. In 1857, in the evening of Freemen's day meetmg, his tannery and the hotel standing on the site of the residence of the late E. E. French, Esq., were destroyed by fire. In 1859, in company with N. A. Morse, he contracted with the town for the erection of the town hall. In 1864 he succeeded G. B. Putnam in the office of postmaster, and sale of drugs and notions, which he continued until 1877, when, conscious of the approaching infirmities of age, he resigned the office, and retired from business. In 1844 he was elected justice of the peace, and for about twenty years was the prominent trial justice of Barre. He also gave attention to military affairs and held commissions as lieutenant and captain. During the year 187 1 he published the Barre News, a monthly sheet, and the first paper published in the town. Mr. Wood was an earnest advocate of education, (a 164 TOWN OF BARRE. trustee of the academy,) religion, Sabbath-schools, and the cause of temper- ance. He possessed a mind of intense activity, did not fear to investigate for himself, put on no man's opinions without, and, in short, he had a mind of his own. Mr. Wood married his second wife, Sarah Pinks, in 1875. A son, Henry Wood, Esq., of Boston, and a daughter, Mrs. R. B. Fowler, of Worcester, Mass.. are now living. Cyrus Barber and his wife came to Barre from Warwick, Mass., as near as can now be ascertained, in 18 10 or 1812, and settled on the farm with only three acres cleared, where his son Cyrus W., and grandson, Charles N. Barber, now live. In i860 he left this farm and moved to the village of Barre, where he resided until he died, in 1867, aged eighty-three years. Mr. Barber was twice married. His first wife, Caroline Bibcock, was the mother of eight children, only two of whom are living : Cyrus W. and Patience (Mrs. James Holden), in LeOrange, Wis. His second wife was Nancy Cook, of Greens- boro, Vt. His son Cyrus W. was born June 19, 1823, and has since resided in Barre with the exception of four years spent in Calais. Mr. Barber married Elvira Willey. Their children are Charles N., Edwin C, and Ella L., all of whom reside in Barre. David Weston Averill, son of Daniel and Polly (Weston) Averill, was born in Mt. Vernon, N. H. He married Submit French, and in 1810 came to Barre and located on a farm in the eastern part of the town. He cleared a patch of ground, built a log cabin, roofed it with bark, and returned to New Hampshire. Early the next spring he returned with his wife and one child. Mrs. Averill was composed of the right material for pioneer life, and worked with willing hands and hopeful heart with her industrious husband in making a home. Mr. Averill was one of the military company that started from Barre for Plattsburgh, N. Y., when it was invaded in the War of 181 2, and got only as far as Burlington. Of his large family of eleven children, only three are now living, viz.: Lovinia (Mrs. William Paine), of Manitowoc, Wis.; Sophronia (Mrs. Stratton Matoon) of Sheboygan, Mich.; and Ambrose B., who married Elizabeth, daughter of Orrin and Lucretia (Ball) Meaker, Sep- tember 10, 1850. Mr. Averill is a successful farmer, and has always been a resident of Barre. In 188 1 he moved to Barre village, where he has dealt in real estate, and built and sold about a dozen houses. He now owns several farms. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Ambrose B. Averill were Ella, who died in early childhood; Arthur C, born January 19, 1854, who married Stella C. Tilden, March 30, 188 r, resides in Barre, and their children are Alice, Nora, and Harvey E,; Charles W., born February 6, 1859, married Rose J. Carpenter, April 19, 1882, and has three children, Ivis M., Eula E., and an infant; Linly A., born May 13, 1861, married Frankie M. Bigelow, July 15, 1885, and has one child, Annie B.; Nora E., born August 21, 1866, died November 28, 1878 ; and Sarah P., born March 11, 1873, resides with her parents. Weston Averill, son of David W., was born in Barre, was a farmer, and spent his whole Ufe in his native town. He married Mercy Wil- TOWN OF BARRE. 165 son. Of his seven children only John W. resides in Barre. John W. mar- ried Adela Trow, is a farmer, and the father of seven children. His brother David was killed in the war for the Union. Amaziah Peck came to VVildersburgh, now Barre, from Rhode Island, when there were only four or five families in the town. He had made a pitch on West hill, near the line of Berlin, the summer before, cleared a plot of ground and built a log cabin. In the latter part of the winter he left Rhode Island, or Rehoboth, Mass., with his wife, four children, and house furniture loaded on a stout sled, and drawn by a pair of steers and one horse, Mr. Peck was forty years of age when he came to Barre, and died at the age of sixty-six. He was an active and vigorous man, with a strong constitution, and applied himself closely to business. He met his death by inhaling poisonous gas. He had sent a lad to the bottom of his well to clean it, and from whom he received no answer from repeated calls. Mr. Peck descended mto the well to look after the boy, and met his fate as had the lad before. His estate set- tled for $13,000. His children were Hannah, Jonathan, Carpenter, Levi, Otis, Orinda, Lewis, and Charlotte. Otis always resided in Barre. He mar- ried Miss Sally Bailey, and their children are Austin, unmarried, who resides on the old homestead ; Jason, who married twice, first, Miss Martha Fuller, whe bore him one child, Martha F., and second, Selina Perkins, who was the mother of three children; Eliza (Mrs. James Thwing) was the mother of seven children ; Zebitha, unmarried, resides with her brother Austin, on the homestead ; Lutheria, who married Daniel E. Bassett ; Lacyra, who married A. J. Morse, and had six children ; Heman A., who married Keziah Nye, and has four children ; and Oregin O., who married, first, Susan E. Doty, and had one child, Heman E., and second, Minerva Morton, of Washoe, Nev. Oregin O. Peck has been a miner thirty years in California, Nevada, Washington Territory, and Idaho, and owns mines and real estate in Idaho, and at his home in Spokane Falls, W. T. Enos T. Fuller, son of Emory and Hannah (Towne) Fuller, was born in Barre, October 2, 1816. He was the third child in a family of twelve children. His parents were early settlers of Barre. His father was a team- ster, and drove a team of eight horses, without reins to guide them, and carried freight from Montpelier and Barre to Boston, and loaded with mer- chandise on the return trip. He also fitted horses for market. Enos T. commenced the trade of iron molder when twenty years of age, which has been principally the occupation of his life, and now at a little more than threescore and ten he is still engaged at his trade and has held his present situation seventeen years. Like his father before him he has always been an admirer of ^fine horses, always takes pride in owning a good one, and occasionally fits one for market. Mr. Fuller married Maryette Walker, and three of their six children are now living, viz.: Martha E. (Mrs. A. Patter- son), of South Barre; Aurora S. (Mrs. N. S. Robinson); and Edward E., a molder residing in Montpelier. 1 66 TOWN OF BARRE. Francis Clark, with his wife, Mehitable (Gould), and two children, came ta Barre and located in the northeast part of the town at any early day. Eight children were afterwards born to them, two of whom are now living, viz.: Charles L. in Enfield, N. H., and William, now at the head of an educational institution in Florence, Italy. Francis, Jr., fifth child, married Nancy, daugh- ter of Capt. John Dodge, who bore him five children: Edward, Mary M., William, Elizabeth P., and George F., two of whom are living, viz.: Edward, who resides in Brattleboro, and is general agent for the Estey Organ Co.; and William, who enlisted, in July, 1862, in Co. B, toth Vt. Vols., and served three years. With the exception of the time spent in the army he has always resided in Barre. On account of chronic trouble resulting from his army life, he was obliged to retire from farming. In 1882 he reluctantly disposed of the old homestead, moved to Barre village, and engaged in floriculture and mar- ket gardening, at Fairview greenhouse on Clark avenue, corner of Prospect street. Mr. Clark married Emma H. Wheaton. Nathaniel Lawson came to Barre from New Salem, Mass., starting from there January i, 1800, with his wife, Deborah Clark, and two young children, making the entire trip with an ox- team. He located where his grandson, George W. Lawson, now lives. He rolled up a log cabin and roofed it with bark. There were two acres of timber felled on the lot at the time he set- tled here. His nearest neighbor was Stephen Everett, one and one-half miles distant. Mr. Lawson's wife bore him seven children, four of whom lived to maturity, viz.: Elisha C. and Deborah, born in Salem, Mass., and Nathaniel and Polly, born in this town. Mr, Lawson always resided where he located until his death, in February, 1845, aged seventy-seven years. Mrs. Lawson died in May, 1843, aged seventy-three years. D^^borah married Samuel Baker, and they had five children, four of whom are living, namely, Polly, who maried WiUiam Sherburne, and had two children ; Nathaniel, who married Abigail Howland, had no children, and is now living with George W., at the age of eighty-eight years; Elisha, who married Lucy T. Freeman, and had two children, viz.: George W., born June 18, 1831, who married Eva, daughter of John and Rhoda(Reed) Wheaton, March 28, 1887, and is an ex- tensive dairyman and breeder of registered and grade Jersey cattle, Morgan horses, and Yorkshire swine. He has always lived where he was born, on the farm settled by his grandfather, now called " Evergreen Square." Olive A., born October 26, 1826, resides with her brother George W. Leonard F. Aldrich. — The name Aldrich was originally spelled Aldridge ; and, according to " Burke's Landed Gentry," " The Aldridge family was from Uxbridge, Middlesex county, England, and inherited the estate of St. Leon- ard's Forest about 1750. This was originally royal property, is held under a grant from the Crown since the reign of Charles the First. John Aldridge was M. P. for Queensborough, from 1784 until 1790, and for Shoreham, from 1790 to 1792, and was Storekeeper of the Ordnance. Arms : Vert, on a fess, between three garbs, or, a crown having two leaves issuant there TOWN OF BARRE. 167 between two birds of the first, all within a bordure of the second, charged with eight pellets, and as many acorns alternately, ppr. Crest — an arm couped below the elbow, vested, or, charged with a bezant, the hand holding a quill, argent. Motto — Dirigo. Seat. St. Leonard's, Horsham, Sussex." Among the early families of Barre, that of Aldrich is a prominent one, their characteristics of independent thought, honesty, and industry making them important factors in the growth of the newly-settled town. This particular family, of which Leonard Frost Aldrich is a representative, emigrated from Smithfield, R. I., in 1765, to Richmond, N. H. They were of strong phy- sique and large stature. Levi, of Richmond, married into the Ballou family, of which the Rev. Hosea Ballou, the beloved Universalist clergyman, was a member. Sylvanus, son of Levi, was born in Richmond, N. H., October 6, 1779. He learned the blacksmiths' trade, married Sarah Wheeler, and, in February, 1800, with his wife and two children, came to Barre, and located in the northeast corner of the town on the Jerry Batchelder place. Mr- Aldrich was accompanied by the father of the noted Daniel P. Thompson* Mr. Aldrich was a fine workman and mechanic. He manufactured mill-irons, scythes, plows, hoes, axes, cutlery, etc. His shop was the first which con- tained a trip-hannmer, and it is said that here he worked the first cast-steel wrought in Vermont. He excelled in his workmanship, and had the reputation of furnishing the best goods in his line in the country, and continued in active business up to the time of his death, March 29, 1850. Mr. Aldrich was a man of progressive thought and action, strong convictions and decided opinions ; an anti-slavery man, and a practical temperance reformer — inas- much as for over forty years he would not have a man in his employ who used tobacco or ardent spirits. In politics he was an old-time Whig; in religion an Universalist. In his family relations he was kind and affectionate ; with his neighbors and friends social and hospitable, enjoying much the "old-fashioned visitings and the old people's stories.'' Mrs. Aldrich was born in Holden, Mass., June 13, 1784, and died September 13, 1856. She was an energetic woman, a good disciplinarian of their large family, but quiet in demeanor, and of a deeply religious character, conforming to the Methodist faith, and a believer in the religion of love rather than of fea,r. Nine of Mr. Aldrich's children attained maturity. Stephen, born in 1798, moved to New Orleans, became an engineer, and was captain on a river steamer for many years, and afterwards was a member of the celebrated manufacturing firm, " Long, Aldrich & Smith" ; Levi, born in 1800, died aged seventeen ; Sylvanus, born in 1801, was a resident of Mexico for thirty years, acquired wealth, but returned to Barre, where he died in 1865 ; Sarah, born in 1804, died in 1828 ; Lydia, born in 1808, died in 1828; J. Wheeler, born in 1810, died in New Orleans at the age of thirty-three ; Freelove, born in 181 2 ; Lucy and Lewis B., born in 1814. Lucy died in infancy; Lewis in 1856, in New Orleans. Leonard Frost Aldrich, youngest child of Sylvanus and Sarah (Wheeler) rich, was born in Barre, June 9, 1823. He was educated at the district 1 68 TOWN OF BARRE. and select schools, and the academy at Newbury. He also was educated in the school of labor, his father's shop offering him an opportunity to strengthen his muscles and develope his working powers. At the age of twenty-one he had a clerkship in the store of Orvis French. [This store was the building now the National bank, and was across the street from his father's shop, which occupied the site where the Aldrich block now stands.] Here he worked for Mr. French ten years, his indefatigable industry gaining for him a good name among business men. The succeeding ten years he was manager of the " Union (cooperative) store " in the same building, and under his skillful management this enterprise paid a premium to the stockholders (the only store of that character in the state which did). The shares at the beginning were $3 each; when it was closed the stockholders were paid $66. In i860 he made a Journey to Mexico, remaining about eight months. On his return in 1862 the excitement relative to the great Rebellion was moving the hearts of loyal, patriotic men, and Mr. Aldrich, by his own personal exer- tions, raised $725 when the Tenth Regiment was organized, for the twenty- seven men enlisted in the town, and in September of this year he enlisted in the Thirteenth Regiment, received the commission of quartermaster, and accompanied his regiment to Washington where they were placed in the de- fences of that city. After five months' service he was taken ill, discharged, and returned home, where he regained his health in the vigorous northern climate. For the next two years he was in the store of J. M. & G. C. French & Co. Mr. Aldrich has always been interested in educational work, and was one of the first donors and incorporators of the Barre Academy ; was long on its executive committte and generous in his support of that institution. At the time when the question of securing a seminary at Barre was agitated, he with others was instrumental in getting it located, and for two years devoted him- self to the supervising and construction of the seminary building, which is now such an attractive feature of the town. He went into the woods and selected the trees for the entire finishing, had them cut, drawn, and seasoned; (75,000 feet of ash and 30,000 feet of butternut were used). He also super- intended the making and burning of the brick, which were made on the place. He supervised the putting in the steam heating apparatus, which was the first introduced into this part of the state. During the time of building there was no public house in Barre, and Mr. Aldrich's house was the hotel for the builders and contractors. His home was that of his sister, Freelove, who was its valued mistress, and their work was a labor of love. They provided and made the entire furnishing for the seventy-five rooms. [A icw words in rela- tion to this worthy woman are in place here. Miss Freelove Aldrich is most remarkable for her industry, neatness, and order; and although at the present writing in her seventy-fifth year, the amount of fine sewing, embroidery, and other kinds of needle-work she accomplishes far exceeds that of much younger women, and she " worketh willingly with her hands."] The Aldrich j^w* ^ USHarii Sons Nei*^^" TOWN OF BARRE. 1 69 household comprises the brother and sister and a niece, and is a most com- fortable and pleasant home. In the public welfare of Barre Mr. Aldrich has done his part faithfully. When the Orange County bank was removed from Chelsea, and establised at Barre, in 1873, he was on the first board of directors, and is now the only one remaining of the original board. In i88o he was made its president, and from its organization he has devoted his time to its interests. Republican in his politics, he represented Birre in 1859-60 ; has served as justice of the peace and other town offices. He has been from the age of ten years identi- fied with the temperance cause, and has done much to advance and promul- gate its principles. He served as temperance county commissioner for 187 1- 72. He is like his father, — strong and positive in his convictions, temperate in all things, never using tobacco, and never drank a drop of liquor, or any- thmg sold over a bar; his personal habits are excellent, and his robust physique and clear, healthful complexion are the result. Universalist in his religious belief, he has been treasurer of the society of that faith, and trustee of Goddard Seminary, and its treasurer for the last nine years. Mr. Aldrich has been successful financially, owns much real estate, and his prosperity is the reward of well-directed efforts. Trained in the school of experience and labor, his judgment of men is practical and seldom misleads him. Self-reliant, systematic, tenacious of his rights, a marked individuality are among his prominent characteristics. The example of such men should be recorded as an incentive to young men to follow, who would gain esteem, confidence, and a high place in the community. William Bassett, originally from Massachusetts, came to Barre from Pomfret, Windsor county, about i8ir. In his early life he was a sailor on a mer- chant trader plying between Boston and the West Indies. He first settled in the eastern part of the town, and later removed to Gospel Village, where his grandson, C. H. Bassett, now lives, and where he died. He married Lucy Russell, who purchased her wedding trousseau with funds she had earned at housework at fifty cents per week. Their children were William, Jr., Lucy, Ira, George W., and Merrill. Ira is a natural mechanic and musi- cian, and resides in Chicago. Without mstruction he has made three pipe organs. One of them is still in use in the Congregational church and another in the Methodist church of Barre. George W. read law in the office of L. B. Wheelock, Esq., and has practiced in the courts of the state, but is not a member of the bar. Merrill married Mary Keene, of Penobscot, Me., and now resides in Augusta, Me. Their children are C. H. Bassett, before men- tioned, who married Mary Beckley ; Gerald, who was killed by the acci- dental discharge of a gun in the hands of a companion ; Calvij^ who married Mary J. Prescott, and is a farmer on road 41 ; and Amanda (Mrs. Chester H. Beckley), who resides in Orange, Orange county. Justus Ketchum, son of Roger W., was born in Athol, Mass., and came to Barre with his grandfather, Justus, in 1815. His father, Roger'W., had pre- 170 TOWN OF BARRE. ceded him in town five or six years. His grandfather purchased the farm where Mr. Ketchum now lives, and with who n he lived until the decease of the former. Mr. Ketchum then settled the claims of the other heirs and retained the homestead, where he has lived seventy-three consecutive years. He is now eighty-nine years of age, and the oldest man in Barre. January 6, 1820, he married Miss Lydia Dod^e, who died December 4, 1874, aged seventy-five years. Four of their five children grew to maturity and married, viz.: Caroline (Mrs. Charles Q. Reed), who is the mother of three children, and resides in Birre; Loren (deceased), who married Martha Cook, and was the father of five children ; Justus N., who married Leonora Bradford, and has three children ; and Henry C, who married Lucilla French, and was the father of four children. Stephen Morrison was born in Windham, N. H., in 1788 or 1789. He left home at the age of eighteen years, and resided the ensuing seven years in Salem and Danvers, Mass. In 18 12 he married Eurydice Earle, of this town. About 1 8 16 Mr. Morrison bought the farm of Oliver Earle, his wife's father, and removed to it from Concord, Essex county, and here he resided the ensuing forty-three years. He then went to Chicago and resided with his daughter, Mrs. L. B. Walker, several years, but eventually had a home with his son Stephen, in Saugatuck, Mich., where he died in November, 1884, aged ninety-seven years. Mrs. Morrison died October 27, 1867. Their chil- dren were Stephen A., a prominent business man of Saugatuck, Mich.- Samuel, who died in Topeka, Kan.; Cyrus, who died in childhood ; Miles, who resides on the old homestead; Martha, who died, aged twenty-three years; and Myra (Mrs. L. B. Walker), of Chicago. Miles Morrison is a successful farmer, and has accumulated a fine estate in rearing live stock and dairying. He now has a fine flock of more than 300 sheep. Mr. Morrison is a staunch Democrat in a strong Republican town, but such is his popularity and ability that he has been selectman, lister, and justice of the peace many terms. He married, first. Miss Sabrina Gale, who was the mother of M. Eugene, now employed in the office of the C, R. I. & P. R. R. Co., in Chicago, and John Gale, of the firm of Rawson & Morrison, manufacturers of portable and stationary steam engines and machinery, and dealers in boilers, etc. He is also of the firms of Morrison & Fitts, dry goods, and G. J. Towne & Co., grocers, of Barre. His second wife, Mary Taft, is the mother of his children Maud M. and Merle M. Webber Tilden, son of Leonard and Phebe Tilden, was born in Williams- town, Orange county, January 6, 1804. At the age of twenty years his father gave him his time. He worked at brickmaking the ensuing two seasons, at Springfield. For several years he was engaged in the manufacture of stoves and tinware at South Barre, with his brothers Lester and Harvey. Their buildings were burned, Lester retired from the firm, and Dennis became a member. A few years later Webber and Dennis purchased Harvey's interest and have continued in company since, but neither of them are in active TOWN OF BARRE. 171 business at present. Now at the age of eighty-three years he is reraarkably well preserved. Webber Tilden married, first, Nancy Patterson, of Barre, who was the mother of three children, only one of whom, Calista (Mrs. C. W. Hall), is living. His second wife, Abbie W. Cushman, of Randolph, was the mother of his children Ella C, Phebe C, and Frank W., all of whom are living. Dennis Tiiden, the twelfth child of Leonard and Phebe Tilden, who were early settlers in Williamstown, was born October 12, 182 1. ^ In 1829 his father moved to Ba.rre, where he died in November, 1848. Dennis Tilden, when sixteen years of age, commenced an apprenticeship with a tin- smith, and continued it five years. He then learned iron molding and con- ducted a foundry at South Barre several years, until his works were destroyed by fire. He was associated in business with his brothers Webber and the late Judge Harvey. Soon after the fire he purchased the foundry at Factory Village and made extensive repairs and additions, and continued in the busi- ness eighteen or twenty years. He also carried on wool-carding with his brother Webber from 1855 until 1885. He has now retired from business. January 17, 1849, he married Mary A. Walker. Their only child, Carrie A. (Mrs. Frank H. Carleton), of Boston, died February 8, 1885, and left three little daughters. A. M, Jackman was born in Corinth, Orange county, and came to Barre in 1830, at the age of seventeen years, and learned the trade of wool-carding and cloth-dressing. In 1836 he bought the mills of his employer, and con- ducted the business alone, until his mills were destroyed by fire in 1853, and were never rebuilt. With the exception of the minister, lawyer, and doctor, all the people then wore " homespun " clothing, spun, woven, and made "to fit" by the deft hands of the industrious housewives and their daughters. Mr. Jackman has seen an entire change in the population of Barre since he came in 1830. He and one other are all that now remain. At that time the South village was the location of the postoffice and the center of business. He has taken an active interest in town and county affairs, and has had a long and busy official career. He has been deputy sheriff twenty years, and is now acting in that capacity (1888). He was sheriff of Washington county a term of two years, and was also justice of the peace and constable. Mr. Jackman has been interested in the welfare of Barre, and has been one of its reliable citizens nearly threescore years. Over fifty years ago, April 11, 1837, he was united in marriage with Miss Christina French, of Barre, and they now reside at their pleasant home on North Main street. Their five children were Eva J., Orvis F., deceased, John M., George W., and Charlie E., who died at an early age. Capt. Albert F. Dodge was born in Barre, September 23, 1833. At the age of twenty-three years he enlisted as a private in Co. B, loth Regt. Vt. Vols., and left the state a corporal. He was sergeant February 19, 1863, and for meritorious conduct was promoted to the oflfice of captain in the 39th 172 TOWN OF BARRE. Regl. U. S. Colored Troops. He remained in command of his company until disbanded at Wilmington, N. C, December 4, 1865. He returned from the war, married Miss Laura Bacon, and settled in Barre^ where he now lives. They have two sons, Frank E. and Oramel J. Mr. Dodge is a carpenter and joiner. Ozias H. Thompson, son of Hiram and Lovinia Thompson, was born in Plainfield, March 21, 1833. Mr. Thompson married Diana S. Lamson, February 25, 1855, ^'^'-^ resided in Plainfield until 1861, when, in July, he enlisted in the array for the Union and served his country the next four years, and was engaged in twenty-four battles and several skirmishes. Mr. Thompson had charge of the line when private William Scott was detailed for sentinel duty and found sleeping at his post, court-martialed, and sentenced to be shot. Mr. Thompson prevailed upon the chaplain to visit the Presi- dent, and he was successful in gaining a reprieve for poor Scott. Scott was afterwards shot while crossing the river at Yorktown ; and Mr. Thompson, on seeing him fall, sprang into the river and caught him in his arms, and succeeded in bringing his lifeless comrade to the shore, although the shower of the enemy's bullets made the water boil like a kettle. Mr. Thompson escaped unhurt with a number of bullet-holes in his clothes. Eli Holden was born in Barre, December 21, 1834. His father, Ira, was a substantial farmer, honored by his fellow-citizens by election to various town ofifices, and chosen as their representative in the state legislature. His mother's maiden name was Abigail Wates. His early years were passed in laboring on the farm with his father during the summer, and his education, with the exception of a few terms at the academy, was acquired at the district school. After attaining his majority he went West, there remained several years, then returned to Vermont, and engaged as a laborer in the woolen factory at Gouldsville, where he was employed when the war broke out in 1861. He was one of the first to respond to the call for volunteers, and after serving three months in the ist Vt. Regt., raised under the Presi- dent's call, he reenlisted in Co. C, ist Vt. Cavalry, and served as drill- master of the company until mustered into service. He was, on the organi- zation of the company, elected ist sergeant, and on the organization of the regiment his captain was chosen major, and he was elected 2d lieutenant and afterwards promoted to ist lieutenant. September 25, 1863, while engaged with a party of Moosby's command, he was taken prisoner and sent to Libby prison ; afterwards transferred to Danville, Macon, and Columbia. While at Columbia he and a party of others bribed a guard, by the payment of fifteen dollars each in Confederate money, to allow them to escape ; but after wan- dering for a week in the country they were recaptured, and he remained a prisoner until the spring of 1865, when he was parolled, and the 15th of March was mustered out of service, and returned to Barre. He purchased the farm on which his father had resided, and which had been settled by his grand- father, and where he now resides. He has been chosen by his townsmen TOWN OF BARRE. 173^ to various positions of responsibility and trust, and represented them in the state legislature. Lieutenant Holden was the only Barre boy who enlisted under Lincoln's first call for troops. He united in marriage with Miss Lucy Howard, of Barre. Warren C. Nye, son of Flavel and Aurelia Nye, was born in Orange, Orange county, June 2, 1838. His parents moved to Barre when he was four years old. By his course of honest dealing, and for his sound judgment, he has been appointed executor or administrator of about fifty estates ; and although he is quite an extensive farmer, he gives a large share of his time to the settlement of estates and official business. He has served the town as selectman, lister, grand juror, overseer of the poor fourteen years, and justice of the peace about ten years. Mr. Nye has been twice married. His first wife, Nancy (Abbott) Wheaton, was the mother of his children Arthur W., May W., and George S. He married, second, Mrs. Lydia Smith, of Northfield. Amos E. Bigelow, M. D., son of Asa and Annie (Payne) Bigelow, was born in Brookfield, Orange county, February 23, 1819. Dr. Bigelow acquired his preparatory education in the district schools of his native town, at Thetford Academy, and at Randolph Center. He was a student of Dr. Horace Smith, of Brookfield ; attended Dartmouth Medical school at Hanover. N. H.; and graduated from the Vermont Medical school at Woodstock, in June, 1845. In the following August he came to Barre, where he has since been in con- tinual practice. August 25, 1863, he married Nancy M. Richardson, of Barre, who died December 15, 1871, aged thirty-six years. They had but one child, Frankie M., who married Linly A. Averill, who has one child and lives in Barre. Col. Samuel Fifield was a native of Hopkinton, N. H., and early in his life went to Norwich, Vt., where he remained a few years. Such was his in- dustry and economy that he walked twice daily two miles and returned to ring the church bell, receiving therefor the sum of $12 per year. March 2, 1797, he united in marriage with Sarah Davis, of Norwich, and immediately settled in Orange, Orange county. His employer. Major Murdock, and others, contributed an outfit of a horse, sled, and a few house goods that en- abled them to " keep house " in their home in the woods, to which they wended their way thus equipped, guided by "blazed" trees. They were among the first pioneers of Orange, and at once commenced a successful ca- reer. Mr. Fifield gave his attention to trading and land speculations, and amassed a large fortune for his day. He gave some attention to military affairs, and rose to the rank of colonel ; hence his title. His brother, Col. Edward Fifield, of Wheelock, presented him a fine saddle-horse which he delighted to ride on all occasions of military parade, and which he rode at the battle of Plattsburgh, N. Y. A revengeful neighbor sought to deprive him of the use of his favorite charger, at an annual muster and parade, by cutting off one-half of one ear of the horse. Col. Fifield made matters even by cutting off the remaining ear to match, and rode him on that occasion and. 174 TOWN OF BARRE. at subsequent parades. Thus the " war horse " gained the sobriquet of "Crop Ear." Col. Fifield, at his death, left an estate valued at about $20,000, consisting of a well-stocked store and a large land property. His real estate of 140 acres, in Barre, is now covered by that part of the village lying north of Main and between Church street and the residence of Mrs. Anette Wheel- ock. The only building then on the property is the one now occupied by the National bank, which has since been so much enlarged and remodeled that it exhibits but little of its original style. Col. Fifield never mingled in poHtics, but chose rather to give his attention and energies to his large busi- ness. He certainly possessed a very comprehensive business mind, and ac- complished much in his quite short business career. The great wonder is that with such a beginning he succeeded so well and accomplished so much. He died May 31, 1824, aged fifty-six years. Of his large family only two sons and a daughter are now living, viz.: Col. Orange Fifield, of Montpelier, Hon. Horace Fifield, of Barre, and Mrs. Randall Gale, of Orange. Hon. Horace Fifield was born in Orange, Orange county, February i, 1807. His boyhood was not unlike that of other boys of that period, and was spent at home until he was fifteen years of age. Having heard from his neighbors' sons who had visited Boston, some interesting accounts of that city, he con- ceived the idea that he would visit the " Hub," and communicated his inten- tions to his mother, but not to his father, fearing his opposition to the plan. His mother gave him her aid in the matter, and just before his preparations for the journey were completed, the project was laid before his father, who gave him permission to go. In Boston he at once secured the position of coach-boy in the employ of a brother of Dr. Parkman, who was murdered by Prof. Webster. He saved his earnings, and returned to his home in the fall, the proud possessor of $72 in silver tied up securely in his pocket handker- chief. His father's death, which occurred when he was but seventeen years of age. and the force of circumstances in which he and the family were then placed, changed his predetermined plans for a thorough school course. He had even packed his trunk and engaged passage to Montpelier, where he mtended to enter school. His brother Orange, m the meantime, saw the driver of the old stage coach, and informed him that Horace would not go, and he was left at home. Thus, by this little circumstance, his plans for a life time were all changed. Before the close of that day he had purchased the interst of all the other heirs to the homestead, and incurred the further obligation to give a home to his mother and four sisters, which duty he faith- fully performed. His mother died in 1844. Besides giving his attention to his farm, he was an extensive dealer in live stock, which he drove to Brighton market. He also had a contract to furnish beef and mutton for several regi- ments of soldiers in Montreal, and for twenty-eight consecutive winters he fattened and slaughtered large numbers of beef cattle and sheep, and sent them, frozen, to Montreal and Boston. In this extensive trade some seasons he slaughtered 4,000 sheep, and large numbers of beef cattle. ■^lo'i inj EB.JMi Sons.^''^'^ ^AZ-^^^iL^ ^^Vi^-^^i^C^ TOWN OF BARRE, 175 In 1868 Mr. Fifield sold the old homestead in Orange and removed to Barre, and thus severed his connections with the town — the first sixty-one yearsof his active, industrious, and enterprising life. Mr. Fifield went to Barre, as he says, "to take life easy." But his active mind and industrious habits would not allow him to rest or rust, and the following season found him again in an extensive business, dealing in agricultural implements, grass seed, wool, and buying and shipping large amounts of maple sugar. And now, at the great age of eighty-one years, he has the vitality and force of a man of but sixty, and is still actively engaged in dealing with his numerous old customers, the farmers, and others. Mr. Fifield has a considerable interest in the bank of Barre, and is the chairman of the board of directors of the Stafford & Holden Manufacturing Co., and was its president several years. Mr. Fifield is a staunch old-school Jacksonian Democrat, but has given his attention to the good of the town rather than to the party. In 1841 and 1842 he represented his native town in the popular branch of the state legislature, and was senator of his district in 1845 and 1846. Among his associate sen- ators were Judge Vilas, Judge Kidder, and Judge Blodgett. When Mr. Fifield became a citizen of Barre he became thoroughly identified with all its interests. He advocated the building of the Barre railroad from the first inception to the final completion of this important enterprise. He was a co-worker with that eminent educator, Dr. Spaulding, in the interests of Barre Academy, and after his death the chairman of the board of trustees. He has always been a zealous advocate of temperance, and gives his time, influence, and money to all the genuine reforms and the building up of the educational and moral interests of Barre. December 3, 1835, M^- Fifield united in marriage with Hester A., daughter of Rev. Zadoc and Abigail Hubbard, of Barre, and their union has been blessed with three sons and five daughters, viz.: (i) Jennie S., born October 17, 1836, married, October 29. 1881, S. E. Howe, Esq., who is station agent for the Central Vermont railroad at Montpelier ; (2) Helen M., born July 17, 1838, married William M. Hurlburt, of Winona, Minn., January 16, 1866, and died August 20, 1885, and left one child, Abbie E.; (3) Abbie I., born March 14, 1840, married Henny Safford, of Springfield, Vt., December 27, 1865, died April i, 1870, leaving one child, Helen T.; (4) a son, born October 20, 1842, died at birth; (5) Hester, born December 10, 1843, mar- ried Victor Richardson, of Corinth, Vt., June 10, 1869, and has one son, Horace A., now a clerk in Barre postoffice ; (6) Ella M., born May 7, 1846, mar- ried, April 9, 1879, J. W. Hosmer, of Chicago, 111.; (7) George H., born May 28, 1849, married, January i, 1872, Emma Wheeler, of Winona, Minn. Their children are Frank H., Ella, and Edna. George H. Fifield owns an ex- tensive stock farm and is a large dealer in milk. He resides three miles from Winona city. (8) DeWitt Clinton, born October 13, 1852, died in Winona, unmarried, October 7, 1878. 176 TOWN OF BARRE. Richard Sawyer Currier, the subject of this sketch, was born in Orange, Orange county, June 22, 1803. His father, Rev. Ezekiel Currier, was born June 19, 1773, and immigrated from Hampstead, N. H., and purchased a tract of land near East Orange, of John Porter, one of the original grantees of the township, and gave the horse with which he had made the journey together with the saddle and saddle-bags in payment. On this place he established a home where all but two of his eleven children were born. Rev. Ezekiel Currier was a circuit preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in the itineracy traveled over much of Eastern Vermont. He died September 27, 1851. His wife, Hannah (Sawyer) Currier, died many years earlier. Their children were John, Hannah, Betsey, Nancy, Richard S., Lurinda, Sabin, Susan, Newel S., Filura, and James M. When Richard S. Currier was but eleven years of age he had the great misfortune to lose his mother, and he was called to assist in the management and rearing of this large family. This care matured him early, and developed his judgment far in advance of his years, but contributed greatly to his suc- cess in after life. He generously devoted his time and energies, until he was nearly thirty years of age, to the aid of his father and younger brothers and sisters, and taught district schools in the winters. January 31, 1833, he united in marriage with Miss Fanny B. Pratt, a lady several years his junior, and of rare personal beauty, whose unusual business capacity and persever- ing industry contributed largely to Mr. Currier's success through life. After the next four years spent on his father's farm he removed to Wash- ington, but in the near neighborhood of the old home, where he spent six- teen years in successful farming and dealing in real estate, quite extensively in live stock, farm produce, and lumber, and also operated a mill. In 1853 he disposed of his real estate in Washington and removed to Barre, for the purpose of giving his children all the educational advantages afforded by Barre Academy. His purchase in Barre was the '• Ripley farm," now Currier park, where he resided the remainder of his life. In politics Mr. Currier was a Republican, but not an office seeker. He was active in all the real inter- ests for the good of the public, and his good common sense, sound judgment, and honesty made him a safe advisor, and an essential advantage to his town- He despised pomp and show and hated shams. His analytical mind traced causes to their legitimate effects, and enabled him to forecast events likely to follow. Mr. Currier was thorough in all things, and a champion for right and when he had decided on a course of action he was not easily turned aside. Waste of time, talents, or property he abhorred, and he desired to turn everything to the best possible advantage of his community and the whole world. And consequently his benefits, not few nor small, were be- stowed in a way to help men to help themselves. He was bold and self- reliant in his own business, but reluctant in assumming responsibilities for others. Mr. Currier was a devoted husband and an indulgent father, but insisted on receiving the loving obedience of his children, and considered it a TOWN OF BARRE. 177 most important duty to so instruct his children in early life as to insure to them a fair prospect of success and happiness. This is the testimony of one of them : "We were taught that an untruth was never to be excused or palliated, hardly to be forgiven." Mr. Currier served as the efficient treas- urer of Barre Academy, and gave to its financial interests the same faithful attention that he did to his own affairs. He foresaw that Barre's granite would make the town rich, and often said his farm would ultimately be cov- ered with d.vellings. He died in Barre, June 9, 1875. ^^s- Currier still survives. Their children are (i) Caroline Fidelia, born December 23, 1833^ married Stedman C. Chubb, August 14, 1856, (a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work). (2) Charles L., born August 25, 1836, married Ce- linda Dickey, March 30, 1858, and settled in Hardwick, Caledonia county,, where he remained until 1874, when he returned to Barre. Their childreni are Richard S., born May 15, 1859, was educated at Barre Academy and Dartmouth College, graduated in the class of 1885, is a merchant in Barre, married Miss Julia A. McCarty, November 27, 1886, and has a son, George R. ; Fannie E., born March 3, 1862, graduated at Barre Academy in 1881, married John W. Connell, December 26, 1885, and has one child, John V. ; Laura E., born June i6, 1866, graduated at Barre Academy in 1885; and Charles S., born December 16, 1867, graduated at Barre Academy and is now a student at Dartniouth College, class of 1890. (3) Fannie E., born October 3, 1847, married George F. Commings, October 12, 1874, and has six chil- dren, Mary, Alice, Ellen, Benjamin, Fannie, and George, and lives in St. Joseph, Mich. (4) Ella V., born October 2, 1851, married Gilbert Hutchin- son, July 22, 1870, has two children, Arthur and Chattie Fidelia, and also lives in St. Joseph, Mich. Charles Templeton was born in East Montpelier, October 10, 1822, where he resided, with the exception of three years, until 1867. He was three years in Wisconsin dealing in wheat and flour. He has since dealt extensively in real estate, and superintended the sinking of an oil well, for a company of which he was a member, in Petrolia, Canada West, and which was a success. He came to look after his landed property in Barre village, where he now lives. His tract in Barre was the lands now occupied by nearly all the granite cut- ting firms, besides thirty house lots. At the time Goddard Seminary was built, besides contributing liberally, he served on the executive committee, gave most of his time for three years to its completion, and still is interested in the success of the institution, and is yet one of its executive committee. He is vice-president of the Ansable Granite Co., of Keeseville, N. Y., a director of the National Bank of Barre, and owns quite an amount of real estate in farms. Mr. Templeton has been married twice. His first wife, Lucy L. Bassett, of East Montpelier, died in 1848. His second wife, Mary J. Copeland, was the daughter of Rev. E. Copeland, and the mother of his daughters Jennie L. and Mary E., who reside with their father at 160 North Main street. Mrs. Templeton died June 25, 1882. 12 * 178 TOWN OF BARRE. John Henry Jackson, the subject of this sketch, is a descendant of James Jackson, an EngHshman and a tory who came to this country in early h^e and died in Petersham, Mass., in 18 10, at the age of eighty years. He was the father of ten children — two sons and eight daughters. John Jackson, the younger of the two sons, was born July 16, 1771; graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1792 ; was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Gill, Mass., January 10, 1798; and, February 27th, of the same year, married Rebecca Rodgers, of New Ipswich, Mass., a descendant of John Rodgers the martyr. In 181 2 he removed from Gill to Stukely, " Lower Canada," and in 18 r 5 settled in Brome of the same province, where he died March 18, 1844, For nearly thirty years he was an active missionary in that region, at the same time performing the duties of a justice of the peace. To this day his memory is revered in scores of homes in Brome and vicinity for his devotion and sacrifices to estabUsh the Redeemer's kingdom. When the Congregational church was organized in Brome, after years of toil and sacrifices for this object, he is reported to have said, as one of old, " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace." Of his five sons and three daughters but one son is living, the father of Dr. Jackson. Horatio Nelson Jackson was born March 5, 1810. He married Eliza Maria HoUister, July 15, 1833, and lived in Brome for the next thirty-seven years. Mr. Jackson was made a justice of the peace soon after his father's death, and held the office till his removal to Montreal, in 1870, where he still resides. Mrs. Jackson's life was a beautiful one, showing all the fullness and fervor of a strong Christian character combined with the strength and ability of a cultivated scholar. She sweetly " fell asleep " April 14, 1881. Three sons were left to rejoice in the memory of so blessed a mother. The eldest, Joseph Addison Jackson, M. D., a graduate of McGill College, has been a successful physician and surgeon in Lawrenceville, N. Y., and in Manchester, N. H. The second son, Rev. Samuel Nelson Jackson, M. D., is pastor of the First Congregational church in Kingston, Ontario, and lec- turer in the Congregational College of British North America, Montreal. Previous to his present charge he held pulpits in Montreal and Toronto. In addition to pulpit and parish work he was for years editor of the Canadian Independent and of the Cafiadian Year Book. He was secretary of the missionary society of the denomination for four years and now holds the posi- tion of treasurer. John Henry Jackson, M. D., the youngest son, subject of this sketch, was born in Brome, Province of Quebec, April 19, 1844. He, as his brothers, received an academic education under Dr. Spaulding, graduating from Barre Academy in 1862 and from the Medical department of the University of Ver- mont in 1865, also receiving the honorary degree of Master of Arts from the latter institution in 1882. He began his professional career in Stock- holm, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1865. June 24, 1867, he married Anna Dutton Wells, of Brasher Falls, N. Y., who died November 29, 1868. In ^■^-'iy ffBHa?!i S Mary A. died in Calais in 1874; and Albion J. resides in Calais. He en- Hsted, in May, 1862, in Co. I, 9th Regt. Vt. Vols., and went out as captain,, served about a year, and was captured by the enemy at the battle at Harper's Ferry. After he was exchanged he served as a recruiting officer for the 3d,. 6th^ and 9th Regiments, and was in the state service one year. Mr. Mower married Relief W. Smith, of Cabot, and they have five children. His sword has turned to a plowshare and he is a peaceable tiller of the soil. Either the military spirit is rife in this family, or their patriotism is beyond and above a doubt or question. John Mower served our country in the war that gained our independence. His son Jabez was a sergeant in the War of 1H12. His^ grandson, Albion J. Mower, was a captain, and gave his service to preserve the Union which his grandfather fought to establish. And now his great- grandson is learning the art of war at Norwich University. Thomas Fair, a native of Scotland and a tailor, was taken from a shop in London and impressed into the British army, served under Gen. John Bur- goyne, and was a prisoner of war at Saratoga. About 1791 he married Rhoda Mallard, in Warwick, Mass. He settled in Barre in 1801, and re- moved to Woodbury in 1810. He died at Black Rock, N. Y., in 1838. Mr. Fair was the father of eight children. His son David was born in Warwick in 1793, and removed to Woodbury with his father. In 181 7 he married Hannah Blake, and settled in -. He returned to Woodbury in 1837, where he resided until his death in 1872. He was the father of nine children. Three of his sons were volunteer soldiers in the late war, viz.: Mar- tial in Co. I, nth Vt. Regt.; Simon C. in the 2d Vt. Battery; and Shubael B., who was born in Calais, October 6, 1834, followed the occupation of shoe- making until he enlisted, July 21, 1862, in Co. I, nth Vt. Regt., and served to the close of the war, in 1865. He then returned to Calais, and most of the time since has been in mercantile business. He has served as justice of the peace several years, and postmaster of North Calais since the office was estabUshed in 1879. May 23, 1857, he married Matilda A. McKnight, and they are parents of one daughter, Edith L., born November 5, 1859, who married C. F. Beard, October 31, 1881. George W. Foster was born in Vershire, Orange county, in 1795. At the age of twelve years he went to Calais, and in 1822 he married Polly Kelton,. of that town, and they were the parents of eleven children, nine of whon> lived and raised families. Sydney H. Foster, son of George W., married Miss Louise R. Dudley, and engaged in farming. July 22, 1862, Mr. Foster responded to his country's call for volunteers and enlisted, a private, in Co. I» 232 TOWN OF CALAIS. nth Vt. Regt., was first promoted to the office of sergeant, and next was made second lieutenant. At the close of the war, in 1865, he bought the in- terest of his brother, Alonzo M., lu the farm where he now lives, and which they owned jointly. Mr. Foster is a practical, energetic, and successful farmer, and one of the most extensive maple sugar makers in Vermont. He is deservedly popular with his townsmen, and represented them in the legisla- ture of 1866 and '67, and has held other town offices. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Foster are Herbert S. and Nervie L. The former married Laura A. Kent, of Calais, graduated at West Point Military Academy, is first lieu- tenant in the regular army, and is stationed in Montana. He had before served as messenger in the House of Representatives three terms. Miss Nervie L. Foster resides with her parents. Israel Dwinell was born in Croydon, N. H., Octobers, 1785. He married Phila Oilman, of Marshfield, April i, 1813, and on their wedding day settled on a farm on East hill, in Calais, where he resided until his death, February 20, 1874. Mrs. Dwinell was born in Hartford, Conn., September 17, 1793, and died June i, 1864. Their ten children were all born in the house where they moved the day they were married. They endured the hardships common to early settlers, but found means and gave educational advantages to their children, above most others, and two of their sons were given a college course. Albert Dwinell, the subject of this sketch, was born in East Calais, Jan- uary 15, 1823, the fifth son of Dea. Israel and Phila (Oillman) Dwinell. He was one of a family of nine brothers and one sister, all born on the old home farm at East Calais, now in the possession of L. O. Dwinell, the seventh son of the family. Israel, the father, was born in Corydon, N. H., October 8, 1785, and died February 20, 1874, aged eighty-eight years. Phila Gillman, the mother, was born in Hartford, Conn., September 17, 1793, and died June I, 1863, at the age of sixty-nine years. They were married April i, 1813, and unitedly began life's work on the farm which they occupied till the time of their death. Albert, the fifth son, served his early years, and up to the time of his majority, on his father's farm, attending the common and select schools, with one term at Peacham Academy, and spending the winter months for five seasons in teaching district schools. In April, 1845, at the age of twenty-two, he was married to Irene Davis Rich, daughter of Capt. Samuel Rich and Dolly Davis, his wife, into whose service he enlisted, taking charge of the saw-mill and grist-mill at East Calais. In the year 1850 the estate, together with the mills belonging to Samuel Rich, came into his possession by purchase. During this ownership of the mills lumbering was made a specialty. In 1856, having disposed of his mill property, he gave more attention to general farming; and in i860, in connection with farming, he engaged in mercantile and produce business in his country village, at which business he continued for twenty years. Mr. Dwinell was chosen to represent his town in the General Assembly in i860 and 1861. In July, 1862, he enlisted in the service of his country, TOWN OF CALAIS. 233 under General P. P. Pitkin, in the quartermaster's department, and reported for duty at Harrison's Landing when General McClellan was in command of the Army of the Potomac. He served in this capacity until obliged by sickness to leave the service. He was elected state senator in 1878, and reelected in 1880. In the latter year he was chairman of the Grand List committee, and was one of the special commission appointed to formulate and introduce a bill to equalize taxation, resulting in the bill reported by that commission, and the establishing of the present tax law, to regulate taxation, known as the tax law of 1880. In January, i88r, Mr. Dwinell was commis- sioned by Gov. Farnham one of three state appraisers to appraise railroad beds, trestles, and bridges, so that they be set in the Grand Lists of their respective towns for the purpose of taxation. In January, 1882, he was reappointed on the same state board of railroad appraisers. Mr. Dwinell and wife now (i 888) reside on the same homestead they occupied at the time of their marriage. They have three children, Franklin Albert, Clarence Rich, and Dell Burton. Franklin A., born May 23, 1847, resides at Plain- field, and is interested in, and at present is president of, the Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., of Fargo, Dak. He was married to Harriet A. Hammett, December 15, 1869, She died at Plainfield, November 15, 1884, leaving him two boys, Elbert Hammett, born April 6, 1874, and Melvin Raymond, born April 10, 1878. Clarence R. Dwinell, the second son of Albert Dwinell, born May i, 1850, is now in mercantile business at East Calais, occupying the same stores and continuing the same business formerly conducted by his father. He was married, March 27, 1878, to Ella H. Hammond. Dell Burton, the youngest, born April 10, 1867, is at present with his father, at the old home, assisting in the farming and saw-mill now connected with the place. The two older boys, Frank A. and Clarence R., were graduated from Barre Academy, under Prof. Spaulding. The youngest, Dell B., graduated at the Methodist Seminary at Montpelier, under Prof. Bishop. James Morse and Lucy Bliss, his wife, came from Marshfield to Calais in 1814. Mr. Morse died September 30, 1840. Mrs. Morse died June 26, 1830. Their soh Ira A. was born in 1813. In 1841 he married Elsie M., daughter of Jonas and Sarah (Holbrook) Davis, of Plainfield. Their chil- dren were Paul H., who died in infancy, and Ada L. (Mrs. Henry W. Town), who resides on the Morse homestead. Mrs. Morse died February 14, 1859, aged thirty-one years. In 1867 Mr. Morse married Mrs. Sophia E. Gould, of Cabot, who survives her husband. Mr. Morse died May 7, 1883. He was prominent in military, political, and society affairs. He was captain of a company of cavalry, held many of the town offices, and represented Calais in the legislature of 1868-69. He loved his home which he beautified, and de- lighted in rearing and owning fine horses. John Taylor Gilman, M. D., son of Jonathan, was born in Gilmanton, 234 TOWN OF CALAIS. N. H., July 24, 1 791. He graduated in the medical profession at Dartntiouth College in 1814, and began practice in East Calais in 1815. Dr. Oilman was the pioneer physician of Calais, and had a wide field for practice quite to himself, until 1823, when Dr. Charles Clark settled in Calais and became a formidable rival by putting down the price of professional visits to the pit- tance of twenty-five cents. Dr. Oilman matched his competitor by reducing rates to the same price. He was successful, and for the times left a fair property. He died, a martyr to the profession, at the age of thirty-four years. He married Ruth, daughter of Col. Caleb Curtis, in May, 181 9. Their children were Marcus Davis and John Melvin. William and James Hersey emigrated to America from Scotland about the beginning of the seventeenth century, t'or we find that Ej^jah, son of William, was born in Hingham, Mass., May 18, 17 13. His son, Elijah Hersey, Jr., was born February 3, 1752, settled in Leicester, Mass., and was father often children. His son, Nathaniel Stone Hersey, born September 29, 1788, came to Calais when a young man. About 18 17 he married Asenath, daughter of Jesse and Betsey (BuckUn) Slayton, who was born May 14, 1799. They were blessed with a family of seven sons and six daughters, eleven of whom are living. Mr. Hersey settled on wild land, which he cleared, and was a citizen of Calais over fifty years. He died November 13, 1866, aged seventy- eight years. Asenath, his wife, died April 10, 1862, aged nearly sixty-three years. Their daughter Laura A. (Mrs. Grin Davis), born September 10, 1827, and their son Nathaniel Stone Hersey, Jr., born March 7, 1829, are all of this large family that now (August, 1888) reside in Calais. Isaac Davis, born January 20, 1782, married Esther Kendall, who was born December 22, 1785, and settled in Calais at an early date. He held the offices of justice of the peace and lister, and died September 8, 1832. Mrs. Davis died December 7, 1851. They were parents of four children, viz.: Kendall T., born December 15, 1805 ; Grin, born August 22, 1808 ; Zilpha, born December 2, 1814; and Miranda, born September 6, 1824. Rev. Grin Davis married Roxana P. Ware, May 4, 1835, who died September 19, 1844. Their only child, Malvina, born October 27, 1835, died May 28, 1858. December 19, 1850, Mr. Davis married Laura A., daughter of Nathaniel S. and Asenath Hersey. Rev. Grin Davis was an early member of the Christian church of Calais, and did much for its prosperity. He was ordained a min- ister of that denomination in 1850; and since i860 he has been the pastor of the church in Calais. Arc P. Slayton, son of Bucklin and Sally (Willis) Slayton, was born in Calais, September 16, 1818. His great-grandfather was a soldier in the French and Indian war; his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war ; his father was a soldier in the War of 181 2 ; and he aided in recruit- ing Co. H, of the 13th Vt. Regt., in 1862. He went to the front as first lieutenant of his company, was promoted a captain, and came home without a wound or scratch, but with ruined health. In 1846 he married Lucy B., TOWN OF CALAIS. 235 daughter of John White, Jr. In i860 Mr. Slay ton moved to Elmore, built a saw-mill, and did an extensive lumber business, was also a successful bridge builder, and has erected a great number of railroad bridges. He represented Elmore in the legislature of 186S. In 1885 he removed to Calais onto the farm where he now lives, and is giving his attention to its cultivation. His children are Mark L., a lumberman in Elmore; Herman A. and William T., bridge builders in Blackstone, Mass.; Clara (Mrs. Herbert Baker), of Chippe- way Falls, Wis.; Calvin A., a lumberman in Cambridge, Vt.; Florence (Mrs. William Howieson), also of Chippeway Falls ; Kate (Mrs. Augustus A. Bliss), who died in March, 1885 ; and Lucy, a teacher, and Orin L., who reside at home with their parents. Stephen Hall was born in Barrington, N. H., January 20, 1764. He mar- ried Anna Lougee, of Exeter, N. H., and settled, when a young man, in Starksboru, where he cleared a farm from the first, and accumulated a com- petency. In 181 1 he removed to Marshfield, and in 18 19 came to Calais and settled on a small farm, where he died August 30, 1856. His children were Edmund, born July 3, 1803, died in Chelsea in 1859 ; Henry T., born June 25, 1810, died in i88r ; Stephen N., born December 21, 1812, died in Reading, Mass., in 1888; and Polly, born March 24, i8o8, married Henry W. Sumner, who was born in Boston, December 7, i8or. Mr. Sumner was a shoemaker, came to Plainfield in 1829, and was in the employ of Harvey Bancroft when he was married. Two years afterward he settled in Calais, where he continued to reside until his death, October 26, i88r. The chil- dren of Mr. and Mrs. Sumner are all living. Their oldest son is in business in Boston, the other in Pennsylvania, one daughter, Mrs. George Bamis, resides in Marshfield, and the other is the widow of George Lovell, and resides on the homestead and makes a home for her aged mother. Gilbert Leonard, an early settler of Calais, married, first. Miss Eliza Sales, of Massachusetts, who died about 1820. About 1822 he married Elfrida, daughter of Abijah Wheelock, one of the colony of first settlers in the town. Mr. Leonard settled on the farm where George Pierce no lives, and twenty years after he removed to the farm where his son Joseph W. now resides. His second wife bore him ten children. Joseph W., before mentioned, resides on the homestead. He married Dolly A., daughter of S imuel and Dolly (Davis) Rich. This union has been blessed with four children, viz.; Alma Davis, born June 26, 1854; Florence Rich and Howard Ray, twins, born January 27, 1856; and Warren Irving, born July 22, 1861. Mr. Leonard gave faith- ful service under " the old flag," as first lieutenant in the Union army. He represented Calais in 1880-81, and has honorably discharged the duties of several town offices. He is an upright, reliable citizen, and a substantial farmer. Lewis O. Leonard, son of Gilbert and Elfrida (Wheelock) Leonard, was born in Calais, January 19, 1S40. He married Hortense Cole, and settled in Woodbury. Mrs. Leonard died October 9, 1864, at the age of twenty-two •236 TOWN OF CALAIS. years, and left one daughter. Mr. Leonard's second wife (Lucia J. Stoddard, of Calais) bore him two sons, one of whom is now living. The other died March 7, 1887. Mrs. Leonard, the mother of his sons, died March 18, 1887, and his only daughter died July 27, 1888. Thomas McKnight, son of Thomas, was born in Montpeher, June 6, 1806. In 182 1 his father moved to Calais. He has been a noted joiner. At the age of twenty-two he married Adaline McKnight, of Montpelier, and five of their eight children Uved to adult age, viz.: Harriet (Mrs. Charles R. White), of Calais; Clarinda P. (Mrs. Roderic Holton), also of Calais; Annette (Mrs. V. B. Ainsworth), of Craftsbury; Laura A. (Mrs. S. K. Cameron), of Wood- bury ; and Charles E., 3d sergeant of Co. H, 13th Regt. Vt. Vols., who died in Camp Cornish, Va., March 23, 1863. Mr. McKnight died September i, 1888, aged eighty-two years. For the last thirty-three years he resided with his daughter, Mrs. White. Zephaniah G., son of Noah and Ruth Pierce, was born in Calais, December ■16, 1822, and died May 27, 1880. He was a farmer in his native town until he was thirty years of age, when he went West and engaged in the hard- ware trade. He returned to Calais in 1855, and continued in mercantile business till his death. April 22, 1845, he married Eliza S. Leonard. Their only child is Walter L. Pierce, born October 20, 1855, married Miss Annie F. Tabor, of East Montpeher, in November, 1875, and has two children, Maud L. and Charlie T. Mr. Pierce is of the firm of White &)Pierce, general merchants, of East Calais. John and Lucy (Blanchard) White, of New Boston, Mass., were parents of fourteen children and grandparents of eighty-one grandchildren. Their son Henry was father of twenty-one children. Jacob White, another son of John and Lucy, was born March 22, 1806, and came to Calais in 1826, where he has since resided. In February, 1826, he married Clariss Porter, who died March 23, 1858, and left five children. In 1861 Mr. White married Widow Elvira Goodell, who died May 6, 1880, on her seventy-sixth birthday. Ben- jamin P. White, son of Jacob, is of the firm of White & Pierce, merchants, of East Calais, is an influential citizen, and holds the positions of town agent and postmaster. He served as constable ten years, and has represented Calais in the legislature. He married Christina Wheelock, and three children were born to them. After her death Mr. White married Amelia Pierce, of Cabot, who is the mother of one child. Dr. Asa Worthley George, son of Asa and Sally (Worthley) George, was born in Washington, Vt., September 24, 1797, and at the age of nineteen years married Miss Betsey E. Brayman, of his native town. He began life as a wheelwright, but commenced the study of medicine while at work at his bench. He commenced to practice with Dr. Sargent, of Sandwich, N. H., and took a yearly course of lectures at Hanover, until he graduated, in 1824. In February, 1825, he settled in Calais, as the successor of Dr. Gilman, where he had a very extensive practice up to the close of his long and useful life. TOWN OF CALAIS. 237 In 1849 he received a second diploma, and afterwards gave instructions to numerous students, whom he gave a fine set off in the profession. The Doc- tor was industrious and indefatigable in his attendance on his patients. Neither bad roads, storms, or dark nights kept him from their bedside. He was constant in attention to the poor as well as the rich. Indeed, the poor he never oppressed. He was brusque in manners, but warm, kind, and sym- pathetic, and had a wide reputation as a physician. Dr. George cast the only Republican vote in Calais several years, when he was joined by Dea. George Foster. Dr. George prophesied from the first that he would live to see Calais represented in the legislature by a Republican, and he had that honor in 1854 and '55. He also held all the important offices in his town. He died Au- gust 23, 18S0, aged eighty-three years. His wife, Betsey E., died October 2, 1872. In October, 1873, he married Maria P. Braman, of Washington, who died in March, 1879. -^'^ first marriage was blessed with three daughters, namely, Achsah W., Henrietta B., and Helen M. Achsah VV. married George L. Dutton, of Walden, Vt., in 1841. Their children are Asa George Dut- ton, who married Mary J. Davis, of Little Valley, N. Y., and owns and resides on the farm recently owned by his grandfather. Dr. George ; William H. Dutton, who married Mary E. Boyce, of Hyde Park ; and the sister, who married Albert George, of Calais. In 1849 Henrietta B., daughter of Dr. George, married James R. George, of Berlin. Helen M., in 1846, married Dr. Hiram C. Orcutt. Hon. Alonzo D. Pearce, a native of CalaiS; and son of Alonzo and Thirza (Dkvinell) Pearce, and grandson of Asahel and Clarissa (Peck) Pearce, who was one of the pioneers of Calais, was born September 17, 1825, and has been a prominent man. He was constable and collector a long time, post- master ten years, sheriff of Washington county in 1870-71, and represented his town in the legislature of 1886. Mr. Pearce was of the firm of Pearce & Pitkin, merchants, which firm was discontinued at the death of Mr. Pitkin, and since then Mr. Pearce has not engaged extensively in business. Hon. Alonzo D. Pearce is one who is held in high esteem in Calais. In 1856 he united in marriage with Dulcena Nelson. Their children are Harley N., born May 24, 1855, graduated at Tufts College, class of 1880, and is now a teacher in the State Normal school at Morehead, Minn.; and Inez M., born June 27, 1857, is a dressmaker, and resides with her parents. She is also librarian of the circulating library. John A. Chapin, born in Belchertown, Mass., in 1790, married Diadama Merrill, who was born in 1801, emigrated to Calais in 1832, and settled on the James Lebarron farm, where his grandson, Henry A. Chapin, now lives. They were parents of ten children. Mr. Chapin died in Westfield, Mass., in 1879. ^''S- Chapin died in Calais in 1872. His son Alvin M. was born in Stanstead, Canada, June 18, 1822, In 1843 he married Diana Goodell, of Calais, and settled on the homestead. Their children now living are John. 2-. 8 TOWN OF CALAIS. E., who resides in Montpelier ; Henry A. in Calais as before mentioned; Alvin in Massachusetts; and Ida V. and Albertin Calais. WilUam H. Chapin, son of John A., was born September 20, 1840. He enlisted as a private in the Springfield Heavy Artillery in 1863. He was then engaged at Springfield, Mass., as a machinist. He left the shops and went to the front with his battery, and served until July, 1865, when he was dis- charged. He returned to Calais, and May 18, i86g, married Ellen J. Carnes, of Barre. Their children were Jennie M., born April 21, 1870, and Georgie W., born February 6, 1872, who died at the age of two years. Mrs. Chapin died September 25, 1874, aged- twenty-eight years. February 29, 1876, he married Mrs. Martha (VVhitehill) Edwards, widow of Rowland Edwards. Mr. Chapin is now living on road 76, and is engaged in farming. Matthew Jack, son of Matthew, was born in Marshfield, September 14, 18 15. At the age of twenty-one years he moved to the central part of Calais. In 1847 h^ married T. Celinda, daughter of Charles Wheeler, of Woodbury. In 1867 he purchased the farm of James Hammond where his widow now lives. Mr. Jack was honest and upright in dealing with his neighbors, and gave his attention to his own business. He died September 13, 1881. Mr. and Mrs. Jack were parents of an only son, Lewis L., who died September 13, 1871. Lewis L. Jack was a youth of amiable, filial, and scholarly qualities, and was admired and respected by his entire circle of acquaintances. Charles S. Bennett, son of Ira and Huldah (Hersey) Bennett, was born in Caliis, September 17, 1825. Mr. Bennett is a skillful and popular carpen- ter, joiner, and builder. He married Caroline Lebarron, of Calais. Eight of their ten children are living, viz. : Ellen C, wife of Fred Snow; Elia A. (Mrs. Frank J. Parker) ; Ella H. (Mrs. E. Templeton) ; Etta C. (Mrs. George H. Clark), all of whom reside in East Montpelier; Carrie E. (Mrs. Leander Coburn), of Minnesota ; Cassius C, of Dakota ; and Ina B. and Van F., who resides with their parents. Isaac Gray was born in East Montpelier, married Martha Billings, and set- tled in the little hamlet of Pekin, in Calais. Their children are Ira B., a busi- ness man in Boston; Martha (Mrs. Stephen Bates), of Harkwick, Vt.; John, a carpenter, who resides in Oregon; and George S., who resides on road 80, in Calais, and is engaged in farming. He married Sarah Bugbee, of this town, daughter of Chester and Amanda (Daggett) Bugbee, and granddaughter of Lyman Daggett, who came to Calais with his uncle, Peter Wheelock, in 1789, when only twelve years old, and who lived to the great age of ninety-four years. Mr. and Mrs. Gray were married December 10, 1866. Luther Converse was born in Elmore, and came to Calais when a young man. His father, Ira, died in February, 1887, aged eighty years. His mother, of the Lamberton family of Marshfield, still survives (1888), aged nearly eighty-one years. Luther Converse married Asenath W. Shortt, of Calais. Four of their six children are living, viz.: Jesse O., Elmer P., Albert J., and Homer L. Jesse O. married Miss E. Pray, of East Montpelier. TOWN OF CALAIS. 239 Capt. William V. Peck, son of William and Hannah (Hackett) Peck, was born in Wolcott, Vt., February 8, 1834. His parents removed to Calais in 1841. February 6, 1858, Mr. Peck married Helen M. Dudley, of Calais. He served as captain of Co. H. 13th Regt. Vt. Vols., four months, under the command of Col. F. V. Randall, and returned in broken health. Mr. Peck is a practical farmer, on road 45, and is the inventor of the noted odorless fertilizer, and is of the firm of Peck & Dudley, of Montpelier. Oilman Guernsey was born in Haverhill. N. H., came to Calais when a boy, and learned the joiners' trade of Salera Goodenough. About 1837 he mar- ried Clotina Southwick, and continued to reside in Calais to the close of his life. Their children are Mahala, who married Abram J. Wallace, a contractor and builder, of Waterloo, P. Q.; George H., the celebrated architect and builder, of Montpelier; and Oscar W., born January 22, 1847, who is a farmer in Calais. February 15, 1873, he married Sarah J. Leach, and they have three children, Myrtie M., Alice M., and George H. Charles S. Guernsey settled as a farmer in Calais, on the farm where his son A. C. now lives, about 1843. He married Cynthia Hanks, of Duxbury, a descendant of the Sprague family of that town. They had born to them the son before mentioned, and a daughter, who married Carlos Wheelock in 1848. Her home is in Boston, Mass. Mrs. Wheelock is the guardian of an orphan child, Hope Clement, who owns a residence on road 45, where Mrs. Wheelock makes a summer resort. Austin H. Sanders was born in East Montpelier, January 4, 1839, where he resided until 1867, when he bought a farm on road 45, in Calais, which has been his home since that date. Mr. Sanders, in June, 1863, married Mary, daughter of H.-D. Sinclair, of East Montpelier, who served as a soldier in the late war, under Gen. Thomas, and in the military printing office at New Orleans. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are Arthur L., born August 16, 1865, and George E., born January 28, 1868, both of whom reside with their parents. Mr. Sanders is honest, upright, and highly respected. His parents were Peter and Hannah (Pike) Sanders. J. K. Toby, son of R. W. Toby, was born in Calais, June 17, 1845, and received his education in the common schools and at the Union school of Montpelier. He engaged in land surveying and school teaching, and was a teacher in New Jersey from 1865 to 1870. He married Miss Sherill Rob- inson, and settled on a farm at Maple Corners, where in the last years of his life he engaged in raising seeds for the firm of B. K. Bliss & Son, of New York. Mr. Toby was entrusted with many of the offices of his town, and interested in educational affairs. Sargent F. Bailey was born in Danville, in 1814. His parents removed to Woodbury when he was two years old, and where he resided until he was twenty. He then went to Barre and learned the trade of mason. He trav- eled in thirteen states, and labored at his trade in each. In December, 1847, he married Carohne Edson, of Cabot, and has had born to him five children, 240 TOWN OF CALAIS. only two of whom are living, viz.: Sarah C, who married Chauncey C. Haskell, in May, 1877, and is the mother of a daughter, Helen S., born in October, 1878; the other married O. S. Joslyn, of Waitsfield, in January, 1878, and is the mother of four children. Mr. Bailey settled on the farm where he now lives, in Calais, in 1882, and since then he has been a farmer. He was a resident of West Woodbury forty years, and one of the highly respected citizens of that neighborhood. Erasmus L. Burnap, son of Ebenezer and Ruth (Tucker) Burnap, was born in Auburn, Mass., in 1813. He removed to Cabot in 1837, where he resided until 1859, when he settled in Calais, which has since been his home. December 17, 1834, he married Susan Hawes, of Wrentham, Mass. Five of their seven children are now hving, viz.: Charles H., born in December, 1839, learned the joiners' and carriagemikers' trade when twenty years of age, and went to reside in California, but found the climate uncongenial and returned to Calais. July 17, 1862, he enlisted in Co. I, nth Vt. Regt., served to the close of the war, and was discharged June 24, 1865. He mar- ried Sarah W. Leonard, of Calais, and is father of one daughter. He is a farmer with his father on road 56. Isabel F. is the wife of O. H. Leonard. Harvey E. married Mira L. Jacobs. Anna E. resides at the old home. Mary H., the eldest, married Levi W. Pitkin, and resides in Marshfield. The others all reside in Calais. Mrs. Susan Burnap died August 2, 1862. April 17, 1867, Mr. Burnap married Elsie A. Shortt. He has been promi- nent in town affairs, and represented Calais in the legislature of 1876-77. George C. Slayton, son of Joseph A. and Lucinda (Hackett) Slayton, was born November 14, i860. He acquired his education at the graded school at Maple Corners, where he prepared himself to teach, and has taught in Calais and adjacent towns. November 14, t88i, he united in marriage with Lovinia A. Goodell, and both taught the ensuing four years. He then bought the farm on road 48, where they now reside, and are engaged in securing a comfortable home. Joseph A. Slayton, son of Orin and Dulcena (Andrus) Slayton, and grand- son of Bucklin Slayton, the carpenter, and an early settler of Calais, was born in East Montpelier, December 6, 1833. In 1859 ^e married Lucinda Hack- ett, of Calais. In i860 they settled in the western part of this town. In 1867 they removed to the farm where they now live, on road 10. Mr. Slayton is a thorough farmer and stock grower. His marriage has been blessed by the birth of two sons, viz.: George C, a farmer on road 48; and Mahlon A., who lives with his parents. E. D. Haskell, son of Daniel and Betsey (Spaulding) Haskell, was born in St. Johnsbury, July 16, 1833, where his mother was born about 1803. At the age of twenty-one he married Lorinda P. Hoyt, and the same year com- menced the manufacture of doors, sash, and blinds at Woodbury, which he continued six years, when he sold to Alonzo A. Clark, and bought the farm where Harley Rickard now lives. He conducted the farm three years, sold TOWN OF CALAIS. 24I it, and entered the mercantile business at North Calais, in March, 1863, and is a merchant at the precent time (1888). Mr. Haskell was also a manufac- turer of woolen goods three years. He bought the mills of George White, pat in machinery, employed from eight to ten hands, but after three years it passed into the hands of G. Ormsbee. Mrs. Haskell died January 9, 1885. Their only child, Charlie E., was born June 8, 1856, and is now of the firm! of E. D. Haskell & Son, merchants, doing business at Wolcott, Vt. Both father and son are energetic business men. Albert George, son of Rufus, was born in Chelsea. This George family i.s of unmistakable English origin and of noble blood. Mr. George has in his possession the family coat of arms. At the age of twenty-five years, after a sojourn in Boston, he came to Calais, and June 3, 1866, united in mar- riage with Miss Lucretia Button. This marriage is blessed with one son. Mr. and Mrs. George have a beautiful home and good farm, one mile from East Calais, where they dispense a generous hospitality. Mr. George is genial, kind, a good neighbor, and reliable citizen. He defended the " old flag," in the late war, and at the expense of two severe gun-shot wounds — one in his thigh and the other in his right shoulder. He now receives a pension from his country which he so heroically defended. Curtis O. Eastman was born in Compton, P. Q His parents removed to Walden, Vt., when he was but two years old, and from there to Woodbury. At the age of fifteen he left home, and married Sarah Thompson, of Glover, when he was twenty-three years of age, and two children were born to them. In 1862 he enlisted in the nth Vt. Regt., and served the ensuingthree years. While he was in the service of his country his wife and children died. In 1865 he married Emma S., daughter of Elias Smith, who was a son of one of the earliest settlers of Marshfield. Elias Smith settled in Calais in 1830, on the farm where he spent the remainder of his life. He died in November, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Eastman, with their family of si.x children, have, since his death, occupied the homestead. The soldiers in the Revolutionary war who were afterwards citizens of Calais were John Beattis, who deserted from the British, Seth Doan, Jonas Comins, Backus Gary, Ebenezer Goodenough, Stephen Hall, Moses Haskell, Francis Lebarron, Job Macomber, John Martin, ShubaelShortt, Jesse Slayton, Samuel White, Edmund Willis, Duncan Young, who also deserted from the British, David Fuller, Asa Wheelock, and Joshua Bliss. The soldiers in the War of 1812, who went from Calais, were Danforth Ainsworth, Welcome Ainsworth, Benjamin Bancroft, John Goodell. David Green, Isaac Hawkins, Enoch Kelton, Ansel Lebarron, Shubael Lewis, Azael Lyon, Jason Marsh, Perry Marsh, Dwight Marsh, John Martin, Jr., Jabez Mower, Ephraim Pray, Isaac Robinson, Joel Tucker, Josiah White, and Daniel Young. In the late civil war Calais did her duty promptly and well. Ninety-six sol- diers enlisted for three years, twenty-three for one year, and twenty-seven for 16* 242 TOWN OF DUXBURY. tiine months. Of the thirty drafted men, six entered the service and twenty- four paid commutation. Thus the town furnished three in excess of the