6 m 
 
 TEACHERS' AND STUDENTS' 
 
 EXAMINA TIONS 
 
 Kentucky State, County and 
 Common School Questions 
 with Answers 
 
 1915 EDITION 
 
 Copyrighted December, 1914 
 
 CRASON BOOK CO. 
 
 Cynthiana, Kentucky 
 
 y 
 
TEACHERS' and STUDENTS' 
 EXAMINATIONS 
 
 mCLUDlNG 
 
 State, County and Common School 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 
 
 With Answers 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 WALTER CRADY 
 
 AND OTHERS 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 CRASON BOOK COMPANY 
 
 CYNTHIANA, KY. 
 
 1915 
 
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION 
 
 The hearty reception which was accorded the first two editions of 
 "Teachers' and Students' Examinations" by Walter Crady has seemed ta 
 demand this third edition. 
 
 An index has been added and the v/ork lias been revised and so 
 systematized as to make it more useful than ever before. There have been 
 added new sets of questions and a summary of school laws and regulations 
 concerning examinations, teachers' certificates, etc., giving much desir- 
 able information. 
 
 Part I embraces a wide variety of questions, with answers, se- 
 lected from past state and county examinations, in Kentucky, so chosea 
 as not to cover the same ground covered by the new questions in Part II,. 
 and affording a wide range for study by those preparing for examina- 
 tions. 
 
 Part II contains questions used in 1913 and 1914 county and state^ 
 examinations, with complete solutions and answers; also the questions 
 and answers for the 1914 examinations for Common School 'diploma, a 
 feature which will be very helpful to those preparing for similar examina- 
 tions. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS 
 
 ©GI.A388754 
 
 DEC 10 \m ' 
 
EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS OF LAW 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. — The Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction shall appoint two professional educators, who together with 
 himself, shall constitute a State Board of Examiners, who shall examine 
 all applicants, personally applying to them for certificates of qualification 
 as county superintendents, or for State Diplomas or State Certificates. 
 The said Board of Examiners shall prepare the series of questions for the 
 examination of candidates for county superintendent ?Jid also the differ- 
 ent series of questions for the examination of teachers, and before forward- 
 ing to the county superintendents shall submit all of the said series to the 
 State Board of Education for their approval. (Ky. Stat., Sec. 4386.) 
 
 COUNTY BOARD OF EXAMINERS. — The county superintendent 
 shall appoint two strictly moral and well-educated persons, holding county 
 certificates of the first class. State Certificates, State diplomas or diplomas 
 from some literary institution of high learning, who, together with him- 
 self, shall constitute a board of examiners for the county. No person shall 
 be eligible as examiner on said county board who at the time or for six 
 months previous thereto, has been conducting or teaching in any school, 
 college or university where teachers or those preparing to teach are mak- 
 ing preparation to be examined for certificates to teach in the common 
 schools of this State. Before they shall be authorized to act in any capacity 
 as &uch board, or grant certificates, said examiners shall take and sub- 
 scribe to an oath that they will faithfully dischai'ge their duties as re- 
 quired by the common school law, and the said affidavit shall be filed in 
 the office of the clerk of the county court. (Ky. Stat., Sec. 4422.) 
 
 CLASSES OF CERTIFICATES. — There shall be three grades of certi- 
 ficates issued to teachers of common schools: First, a State teacher's di- 
 ploma; second, a State teacher's certificate; and third, a County certificate 
 which may be a first class or second class. Before any person shall be 
 qualified to teach any common school, such person shall obtain one of 
 these certificates. (Ky. Stat., sec. 4501.) 
 
 OATH OF APPLICANT. — All applicants for teachers' County ol 
 State certificates or State diplomas in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, 
 immediately before entering upon examination shall subscribe to the fol- 
 lowing oath, which shall be presented to them by any Board of Examiners, 
 viz: 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have not had access, directly 
 or indirectly, to the State board or other questions to be used in this ex- 
 amination, and that I have no personal knowledge of any unlawful usage 
 of the aforesaid questions by any other person or persons, which knowl- 
 edge I have not communicated to the grand jury, county attorney or coun- 
 ty superintendent of schools of the county in which the aforesaid person 
 or persons did unlawfully use, or attempt to use, said questions." 
 
4 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall furnish each county 
 superintendent in the Commonwealth with a sufficient number of copi^ 
 of the oath prescribed in this act, printed on sheets with blank space below 
 for names and addresses of applicants. Each copy, after being subscrib- 
 ed to by applicants as provided in this act, shall be dated and signed 
 officially by the Board of Examiners and preserved in the office of the Su- 
 perintendent of Public Instruction or county superintendent of common 
 schools as a public record. 
 
 Any Superintendent of Public Instruction or County Superintendent 
 of common schools or Board of Examiners for teachers' county or State cer- 
 tificates or State diplomas failing to comply with the provisions of the act 
 shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof shall be- 
 fined in a sum not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars for 
 each offense. (Ky. Stats., sec. 4425.) 
 
 RULES AND REGULATIONS 
 
 All subjects in the examination must be taken in the order specified 
 by law. There must in no case be a deviation from this rule. 
 
 A new subject should in no case be opened until the manuscripts of 
 all applicants on the previous subject have been given to the examiners. 
 
 No applicant should be permitted to begin the examination until the 
 examiners are thoroughly satisfied that the applicant is of the age pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 No county certificate can in any case be transferred from one county 
 to another. 
 
 All applicants must be required to take and subscribe to an oath be- 
 fore taking the examination, that they have not had access in any way 
 to the questions to be used in the examination. This oath shall be filed 
 in the office of the county clerk. 
 
 Each applicant should be present at the beginning of the examina- 
 tion, and before entering upon the work must pay the fee to the County 
 Superintendent. 
 
 All applicants should begin each subject at the same time, and until 
 a subject is finished no applicant should be permitted to have a text book 
 in his or her possession, nor should any applicant leave the room to com- 
 municate with any other person without being accompanied by some mem- 
 ber of the Board. 
 
 No member of the Board of Examiners should communicate to any 
 person the standing or grades of an applicant on any subject until the 
 standings are completed. 
 
 Examiners should not discuss the questions with the applicant. All 
 questions are presumably intelligible, and any reasonable construction 
 of the language, will be accepted. 
 
 Certificates or diplomas from private schools and colleges, or from 
 other states and territories, are not valid in any school of the State, nor 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 5 
 
 can they be renewed or recognized by any school official. 
 
 Neither the Superintendent of Public Instruction nor the County Su- 
 perintendent of Schools has authority to grant a "Permit" to teach or to 
 hold a "special examination." 
 
 The examiners in all cases shall inspect the questions at the begin- 
 ning of the examination and in the presence of the applicants, and shall 
 Immediately thereafter certify under oath to the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction that he has personally inspected the said package of questions 
 and whether or not he found it intact. 
 
 No one except the examiners and the applicants shall be allowed in 
 the room during the examination. 
 
 No certificate shall be issued upon the days of the examination. 
 
 No answer to any question upon any examination shall be passed 
 upon in the presence of any applicant. 
 
 All questions should remain sealed and be securely locked by the 
 County Superintendent until the hour of the examination. 
 
 All applicants, when not well known to the Board of Examiners, 
 should present satisfactory evidence of good moral character, and examin- 
 ing boards should be careful to issue no certificate until they are very cer- 
 tain that the character of the applicant is above reproach. 
 
 All applicants for certificate should carefully read all the books rec- 
 ommended for the State Teachers' Reading Circle before taking the ex- 
 amination. The questions in all examinations on Theory and Practice of 
 Teaching will be taken largely, though not wholly, from these books. 
 
 No special text book should be used as a standard in grading papers. 
 Any standard text should be recognized. 
 
 County certificates of the first class can only be renewed by the 
 county superintendent when the teacher has taught for eight consecutive 
 years in the same county. 
 
 State certificates become Invalid in all schools of the State if the 
 holder fails for two successive years to be engaged in active school work. 
 
 All applicants for a State certicate must be above the age of twenty, 
 one years, and must have had at least two years' experience as a teacher. 
 
 The recommendation for the renewal of a State certificate must be 
 made by the County Board of Examiners of the county, at the place of 
 residence of the applicant, instead of the county where the certificate was 
 granted. 
 
 Applicants for State diploma shall be at least twenty-four years old, 
 and shall have taught in the State at least two years. 
 
 A State diploma is invalid by operation of law if the holder fails for 
 two successive years to be engaged in active school work. 
 
 STATE DIPLOMAS 
 
 State diplomas may be issued by the State Board of Examiners after 
 a personal examination held at the State Capital on the last Wednesday 
 
6 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 of June and August of eachi year, upon the subjects embraced in the com- 
 mon school course of study, and also upon the science and art of teaching, 
 Psychology, English Literature, Algebra Higher Arithmetic, Geometry, 
 Physics and Elementary Latin. In order to be entitled to a State Teach- 
 er's diploma, the applicant, in addition to attaining on the required ex- 
 amination an average grade of not less than ninety per cent., the lowest 
 grade on any subject being not less than seventy per cent., shall be at 
 least twenty-four years old, and shall have taught in the State at least 
 two years, and shall present satisfactory evidence of unexceptionable 
 moral character. A State diploma shall be good in all schools throughout 
 the State, maintained wholly or partly by the State, until revoked by the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, or the holder shall fail for two suc- 
 cessive years to be engaged in active school work. It shall qualify the 
 holder for eligibility as candidate for the office of county superintendent 
 of common schools, and may, for cause, be revoked by any county superin- 
 tendent, subject to the approval of the State Board of Education, as far 
 as it applies to his county of which immediate information shall be given 
 the Superintendent of Pilblic Instruction. A State diploma shall be im- 
 pressed with the seal of the State Board of Examiners, and the fee of the 
 applicant shall be five dollars, which shall be paid to the two members, 
 who, with the Superintendent of Public Instruction, compose the State 
 Board of Examiners. (Ky. Stat., Sec. 4502.) 
 
 STATE CERTIFICATE 
 
 A State teachers' certificate may be granted by the State Board of Ex- 
 aminers upon the recommendation of the county board of examiners, after 
 a written examination held in applicant's county, attaining an average 
 grade of at least ninety per cent., the lowest grade upon any subject being 
 not less than seventy per cent upon the subjects embraced in the common 
 school course of study, and also upon English literature, elementary alge- 
 bra, higher arthmetic and the science or art of teaching, including the 
 elements of psychology. In order to be entitled to a State certificate, the 
 applicant, in addition to passing the required examination, shall be at 
 least twenty-one years old, shall have had two years' experience in teach- 
 ing, and shall present satisfactory evidence of unexceptionable moral char- 
 acter. The questions for the examination of applicants for State cer- 
 tificates shall be forwarded by the State Board of Examiners with the 
 questions for June and August county examinations, at the same time, in 
 the same package, and to be preserved and opened at the same time as 
 the questions for county certificates. The applicants for State certificates 
 shall be examined on the same days upon which the applicants for county 
 certificates are examined, in June and August, and immediately, upon the 
 close of the examination for State certificates, the county superintendent 
 shall collect the papers of each applicant for a State certificate, preserve 
 them from all inspection, make such examination of them as will enable 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 7 
 
 the said county board, with their personal knowledge of the applicant, to 
 make a recommendation to the State Board of Eaminers that a State cer- 
 tificate should or should not be granted, and forward the same by regis- 
 tered mail to the State Board of Examiners, with a recommendation as to 
 the granting of a State certificate. No applicant shall be examined 
 for a State certificate unless the said applicant is known to the county su- 
 perintendent to possess an unexceptionable moral character and to possess 
 the age and experience herein required. 
 
 With the answers as forwarded to the State Board of Examiners, the 
 county superintendent shall inclose a written statement in proper form, 
 signed and sworn to by at least two members of the local examining 
 board, that the examination had been held in strict accordance with the 
 law, and that the applicant had not, either directly or indirectly, received 
 any assistance, and that the moral character of the applicant is unexcep- 
 tionable. If the answers and statements are deemed sufficient, if the 
 recommendation of the county board be favorable, the State Board of Ex- 
 aminers may issue a State certificate which shall entitle the holder to 
 teach in common schools of the State, graded or city schools, for a period 
 of eight years, unless revoked by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 or unless the holder shall fail for two successive years to be engaged in 
 active school work. 
 
 COUNTY CERTIFICATES 
 
 County certificates shall be granted by the county board of examin- 
 ers to persons not under eighteen years of age, upon written examinations 
 upon the science and art of teaching, and upon the subjects embraced in 
 the common school course, including, in connection with Physiology and 
 Hygiene, the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics upon the human 
 system, held in each county of the State for white teachers upon the third 
 Friday and Saturday of May, June, July and August of each year, and for 
 colored teachers upon the fourth Friday and Saturday of the same months; 
 and no examinations shall be held at any other time whatever. No certi- 
 ficates shall be issued upon the days of examination; nor shall any 
 answers be passed upon in the presence of any applicant. The State 
 Board of Examiners shall carefully prepare four series of questions for 
 white teachers and an equal number for colored teachers, all of the same 
 grade; shall enclose in a separate envelope such number of questions of 
 each given series as the county superintendent shall make requisition for 
 at least twenty days before the examination, with the name of the sub- 
 ject plainly written or printed across the seal thereof; shall enclose the 
 several envelopes in a package, which they shall seal and forward by regis- 
 tered mail or by express to each county superintendent at least two weeks 
 before the examination, designating the month for which the same shall be 
 used. The county superintendent shall carefuliy preserve the said pack- 
 age of questions under seal until the hour of examination; and the seal 
 
8 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 of the said package shall then be examined by the other examiners and 
 the applicants for certificates, and the package shall be opened in their 
 presence. Immediately after examining the package of questions each of 
 the county examiners shall, under his oath as examiner, upon blanks 
 furnished for that purpose by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 give a separate certificate, with the signature attested by two reliable wit- 
 nesses, that he had personally inspected said package, and whether he 
 had found the same intact, as provided herein, and forwarded the certifi- 
 cate to the Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same day. The 
 examiner shall allot a reasonable time for the examination upon each 
 subject, taking the subjects in the order named in the section, specifying 
 the subjects embraced in the common school course, and shall collect the 
 answers of all the applicants when the time allotted has expired; and, 
 after the first subject is presented to the applicants, the said examiners 
 shall not present any other subject, or open the envelope thereof, until 
 they collect the answers of all applicants to all questions previously pre- 
 sented. The said examiners shall not examine any applicant until they 
 are fully satisfied that said applicant possesses an unexceptionable moral 
 character, and is of the age herein prescribed; and, in no event, shall a 
 certificate be granted to any person who indulges in drunkenness, pro- 
 fanity, gambling, or licentiousness, or who within the belief of the exam- 
 iners, has had improper access to the examination questions. They shall, 
 during the examination, exclude from the room all persons other than the 
 applicants, see that the aplicants are seated at a proper distance from each 
 other, and shall see that no assistance is given or obtained by any appli- 
 cant during the examination, and shall refuse to grant a certificate to ayn 
 applicant who may either obtain or give such assistance. The county su. 
 perintendent, and at least one of the examiners shall be present and shall 
 conduct all examinations and sign all certificates. The county superin- 
 tendent and other examiners shall have full power and it shall be their 
 duty to make investigation as to the moral character of applicants; and 
 the county superintendent shall also have full power to administer an 
 ■oath as to improper use of questions, and as to other matters touching the 
 qualification of teachers under this act. (Ky. Stat., 4425.) 
 FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE 
 
 County certificates shall be first class, or second class, and shall apply 
 only to the county in which they are issued, and shall be good for four 
 years, and two years, respectively. A county certificate of the first class 
 shall require an average grade of 85 per cent., upon all subjects of the 
 common course, and upon the science and art of teaching; and the lowest 
 grade on any subject shall not be less than 65 per cent. 
 SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATE 
 
 A county certificate of the second class shall require an average 
 grade of 75 per cent and the lowest grade on any subject shall not be 
 less than 60 per cent. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 9 
 
 If, at any time, the holder of a county certificate shall be found in- 
 competent, inefficient, immoral or otherwise unworthy to be a teacher, the 
 county superintendent shall revoke the certificate of such person; and 
 any teacher dismissed from school on such grounds shall be entitled to re- 
 ceive payment for services only up to the time of dismissal. Nothing in 
 this act shall be construed to require any teacher now holding a teacher's 
 certificate to be re-examined until the expiration of said certificate. A 
 person having taught for eight consecutive years in the same county under 
 first class certificates, obtained as hereinbefore provided, may have the 
 last one renewed annually for four years by the county superintendent, 
 who shall write upon it "Renewed," sign officially and give date of such 
 renewal. 
 
 CITY CERTIFICATES 
 
 City boards of education when operating under the law governing 
 schools in cities of the first, second and third classes, and fourth class 
 cities, when operating under the law governing fourth class cities, are 
 given power to certificate all superintendents, principals and teachers in 
 said cities, but the requirements in all cases should not be less than that 
 required by general law. All such examinations are conducted in a man- 
 ner prescribed by the board of education. 
 
 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT'S EXAMINATION 
 There shall be a county superintendent of common schools in each 
 county of the State who shall be possessed of good moral character and 
 ability to manage the common school interests of the county efficiently. He 
 shall possess a good English education and shall be competent to examine 
 the teachers who shall apply to teach the common schools in the county. 
 He shall be twenty-four years old at the time of qualifying, a citizen of 
 Kentucky, shall have resided two years next preceding the election in 
 this state and one year in the county for which he is a candidate. No 
 person shall be eligible to the office of county superintendent unless he 
 shall hold from the State Board of Examiners, a State diploma or a State 
 certificate which will not expire during his proposed term of office; or a 
 certificate of qualification which shall in all respects, be the equivalent 
 of a State cetrificate issued by the State Board of Examiners, on a person- 
 al examination held at the State Capitol on the last Friday and Saturday 
 in May and June next preceding the election of county superintendents. 
 The fee for such an examination shall be five dollars and shall be divided 
 among the members of the State Board of Examiners; the said certificate 
 shall not entitle the holder thereof to teach in the common schools of the 
 State. In counties embracing any city of the first class and maintaining 
 a system of public schools separate and distinct from the common schools 
 of the county, no person shall be eligible to the office of County Superin- 
 tendent other than a resident of such county outside of such city or town. 
 No person shall be eligible to hold the office of County Superintendent ex- 
 cepting such county superintendents as are now in office and such persons 
 
10 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 a3 have obtained a State diploma or State certificate issued by tbe State 
 Board of Examiners or a certificate as is herein provided for. (Acts of 
 1912. Sec. 49.) 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations II 
 
 PART 1 
 
 COUNTY AND STATE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 From Past Examinations in Kentucky. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Name the parts of grammar. Define each, (b) Upon which do 
 you place most stress? 
 
 Ans. Etymology treats of derivation, classification, and uses of 
 words. 
 
 Syntax treats of the arrangements of words. 
 
 Prosody, Orthography and Orthoepy do not belong to grammar. I 
 treat etymology and syntax as of equal importance. 
 
 Q. Under what heads may errors in English he grouped? 
 Ans. Errors may be grouped under four heads: (1) Too few words; 
 (2) too many words; (3) improper words and expressions; (4) improper 
 constructions. 
 
 Q. (a) Define inflection, (b) Name the divisions of inflection and 
 define each, (c) What parts of speech are not inflected? 
 
 Ans. (a) Inflection means change of form, principally change of 
 
 ending, to show grammatical relations. 
 (b) The divisions of inflection are declension, conjugation, and 
 according to some of the authorities, comparison. Declen- 
 sion is the arrangement of the cases of nouns and pro- 
 nouns in the two numbers. Conjugation is the regular 
 arrangement of all the forms of the verb. Comparsion is 
 a modification of some adjectives and adverbs to express 
 the relative degree of the quality or quantity in the 
 things compared. 
 (c) Prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are not in- 
 flected. 
 Q. What parts of speech are inflected in the English? 
 Ans. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. N. B. Not all ad- 
 jectives and adverbs can be inflected. 
 Q. Give rules for capital letters. 
 Ans. All proper names are capitalized. 
 "I" and "0" are capitalized. 
 
 All appellations of the Deity are capitalized. ^ 
 
 Every line in poetry commences with a capital. 
 
12 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Titles of books, headings of chapters, etc., are capitalized. 
 Q. Write sentences showing 10 constructions of nouns. 
 <1) Subject: GOLD is valuable. 
 <2) Predicate: Gold is a METAL. 
 
 (3) Appositive: Wilson, the LAWYER, is sick. 
 
 (4) Obj. of trans, verb: We study GRAMMAR. 
 <5) Obj. of prep.: He goes to SCHOOL. 
 
 <6) Possessive: JOHN'S book is lost. 
 <7) Adverbial: He ran a MILE. 
 
 (8) Indep.: CHILDREN, come here. 
 
 (9) Absolute: HONOR lost, all lost. 
 
 (10) Obj. comp.: He made him FOREMAN. 
 
 Q. Give five rules for forming the plural of nouns. Illustrate each. 
 Ans. (1) The plural or nouns is regularly formed by adding "s" to 
 the singular; as, "boys." 
 (2) Nouns ending in "o" preceded by a vowel add s; as 
 
 "bamboos." 
 <3) Letters, figures and signs form the plural by adding s 
 
 preceded by apostrophe; as — 's; 8's. 
 <4) Some nouns form the plural irregularly; as "man", plural 
 "men." 
 
 (5) Common nouns ending in "y" after a consonant change 
 "y" to "1" and add "es"; as "lady," plural "ladies." 
 
 Q. Give rules for forming the singular and plural possessives. 
 
 Ans. (1) Singular possessive is formed by adding apostrophe and s 
 to the nominative singular. 
 (2) Plural possessive is formed by adding apostrophe 
 if nominative plural ends in s, otherwise add apostrophe 
 and s. 
 
 Q. Name" all the elements that may enter into the make-up of a 
 sentence. 
 
 Ans. Subject, predicate, adjective element, adverbial element, ob- 
 jective element. 
 
 Q. Give principal parts of lie (to recline,) lay, say, dally, jockey, 
 singe, traffic, dye, set, shall. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Lie, lay, lain. 
 
 Lay, laid, laid. 
 
 Say, said, said. 
 
 Dally, dallied, dallied. 
 
 Jockey, jockeyed, jockeyed. 
 
 Singe, singed, singed. 
 
 Traffic, trafficked, trafficked. 
 
 Dye, dyed, dyed. -' '/^s, 
 
 Set, set, set. 
 
 -*■■•,■;&:' i 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 13 
 
 Shall, should, (wanting) 
 Q. Define: (a) Redundant verb; (b) defective verb, (c) strong 
 verb, (d) weak verb, (e) regular verb, (f) irregular verb. 
 
 Ans (a) A verb having two or more forms for the past tense or 
 perfect participle. 
 
 (b) A verb, some of whose parts are wanting. 
 
 (c) A verb which forms past tense and perfect participle by 
 a change of the vowel of the present. 
 
 (d) A verb forming past tense and perfect participle by add- 
 ing ed, d, or t. 
 
 (e) Same as weak verb. 
 
 (f) Same as strong verb. 
 
 Q. What faculties are exercised in the study of language and at 
 what stage of the pupil's progress should it be introduc- 
 ed? 
 Ans. Reason, observation and memory are exercised by the study 
 of language directly and all the others indirectly. Hence 
 it should be begun as soon as, if not bofore, the child 
 enters school. 
 Q. Correct the errors, if any, in the following sentences, and give 
 the reason for the correction: (a) He is the very man we want, (b) I 
 expected some such an offer, (c) Velvet feels smooth, (d) America was 
 discovered during Ferdinand's and Isabella's reign, (e) This is my wife's 
 father's barn. 
 
 Ans. (a) "He is the very man." Part was superfluous. 
 
 (b) "I expected some such offer." After "some such" the 
 article should be omitted. 
 
 (c) "Velvet feels smooth." (Correct.) 
 
 (d) "America was discovered during the reign of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella." They reigned in conjunction, whereas, the 
 two possessives indicate separate reigns. 
 
 (e) "This is the barn of my wife's father." If possible avoid 
 the double possessive. 
 
 Q. Give synopsis of the verb "choose" in first person, singular num- 
 
 Ans. Indicative Mode 
 
 Tense. Active Voice. Passive Voice. 
 
 Present, I choose, I am chosen. 
 
 Present Perfect, I have chosen, I have been chosen. 
 
 Past, I chose, I was chosen. 
 
 Past Perfect, I had chosen, I had been chosen. 
 
 Future, I shall choose, I shall be chosen. 
 
 Future Perfect, I shall have chosen, I shall have been chosen. 
 
 Subjunctive Mode 
 
 Present, If I choose. If I be chosen. 
 
14 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Past, If I chose. If I were chosen. 
 
 " Past Perfect, If I had chosen. If I Jiad been chosen. 
 
 Potential Mode 
 •« >. Present, I may choose, I may be chosen. 
 
 Present Perfect, I may have chosen, I may have been chosen. 
 Past Perfect, I might have chosen, I might have been chosen 
 Q. Write plurals of: Mr. Brown, talisman, sheaf, handful, music, 
 canto, analysis, seraph, alkali. 
 
 Ans. Messers Brown, talismans, sheaves, handfuls, music (has no 
 plural form,) cantos, analj'ses, seraphim or seraphs, alkalis or alkalies. 
 
 Q. Define auxiliary verbs and give a list of verbs commonly used as 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 Ans. Auxiliary verbs are those verbs which assist in the conjuga- 
 tion of other verbs. 
 
 They are: Be or am, will, shall, do, may, can, must, has, have, is, 
 been, might, could, would, should. 
 
 Q. What is the relation of language to knowledge, and what is the 
 relative importance of each? 
 
 Ans. Language is the great medium through which knowledge is 
 communicated. One cannot exist without the other to any great degree. 
 Knowledge is the more important of the two. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Idiom, sentence, phrase, clause; (b) illustrate each. 
 Ans. (a) Idiom is the peculiar structural form of any language. 
 
 Sentence is an assemblage of words containing a subject 
 and predicate. 
 
 Phrase is a group of words denoting related ideas, but 
 not expressing a thought. 
 
 Clause is a subdivision of a sentence containing a sub- 
 ject and a predicate. v 
 (b) Idiom, as: I can "make nothing" of it. 
 Sentence: He will write a word. 
 Phrase: I came "v/ith him." 
 Clause: They "that study" will learn. 
 Q. Construct sentences containing (a) noun clause, (b) adjective 
 clause (c) adverbial clause. 
 
 Ans. (a) "How the matter will end, "is uncertain. 
 
 (b) A man "who is capable" can find employment. 
 
 (c) It was so cold "that the mercury froze." 
 
 Q. Write sentences using the participle (a) attributively, (b) ap- 
 positively, (c) predicatively and (d) absolutely. 
 
 Ans. (a) The "dying" hero was honored by his countrymen. 
 
 (b) The hero, "dying," ended his noble life, 
 
 (c) The boy came "running." 
 
 (d) "Properly speaking," there is nothing like chance. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 15 
 
 Q. What is an infinitive? Wlaat constructions may it have? Il- 
 lustrate. 
 
 Ans. An infinitive is a word derived from a verb, generally formed 
 4>y composition, and has construction of (1) noun, (2) adj., (3) adv., (4) 
 andep. 
 
 Ans. (1) "To study" is my delight. (2) He has a house "to rent." 
 (3) This horse travels "to suit" me. (4) "To be or not to be," that is the 
 •question. 
 
 Q. What may the predicate of a sentence be? 
 
 Ans. The predicate may be a noun, an adjective, a participle, an 
 infinitive, a phrase, or a clause. 
 
 Q. Give a synopsis of the verb "ride." 
 
 Ans. Ind. mode: I ride, I rode, I shall ride, I have ridden, I had 
 ridden, I shall have ridden. 
 
 Subj. mode: If I ride, If I rode, If I had ridden. 
 
 Pot. mode: I may ride, I might ride, I may have ridden, I might have 
 Tidden. 
 
 Q. Write (a) a simple, (b) a complex, (c) a compound sentence. 
 
 Ans. (a) Studing diligently you will succeed, (b) If you study 
 •diligently you will succeed, (c) Study diligently and you will succeed. 
 
 Q. Conjugate "be" in the subjunctive mode. Ans. See grammar. 
 
 Q. (a) What is voice, (b) mode, (c) tense, (d) person, (e) num- 
 !ber? 
 
 Ans. (a) Voice shows whether the subject names the actor or thing 
 acted upon, (b) Mode is the manner in which the action, being or state 
 is expressed, (c) Tense denotes time of an action or event, (d and e) 
 Person and number or verbs are their modifications, to mark the agree- 
 :ment with their subjects, (d) In nouns and pronouns, person distinguish- 
 es the speaker, person addressed or person spoken of. (e) In nouns and 
 pronouns number distinguishes one from more than one. 
 
 Q. Give the principal parts of the following: 
 
 (a) Bear, bore, borne. 
 
 (b) Befall, befell, befallen. 
 
 (c) Bereave, bereft, bereft. 
 
 (d) Bte, bit, bitten. 
 
 (e) Clothe, clad, clad. 
 
 (f) Fly, flew, flown. 
 
 (g) Forsake, forsook, forsaken, 
 (h) Sew, sewed, sewn. 
 
 (i) Slay, slew, slain. 
 
 Q. Decline (a) all the personal pronouns, (b) all the relative pro- 
 nouns: Ans. — See grammar. 
 
 Q. (a) What modes may take the interrogative form? (b) Illus- 
 trate. 
 
16 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (a) The Indicative and Potential. 
 
 (b) Does he intend to come? Shall we meet again? (Ind.) 
 Could he have done this? May I have an apple? (Pot.) 
 
 Q. Can subordinate clauses ever be co-ordinate clauses? Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. They can be co-ordinate in regard to themselves, while they 
 are subordinate in the sentence: A pupil "who is industrious" and "who 
 obeys his teacher" is almost certain to succeed in his studies. 
 
 Q. What is meant by (a) Agreement? (b) Government? (c) Con- 
 cord? (d) Mention all the instances of agreement and of government. 
 
 Ans. (a) Agreement means to be the same in certain respect as 
 another. 
 
 (b) Government means to control or determine certain forms. 
 
 (c) Concord means an agreement of parts of a sentence. 
 
 (d) Pronouns agree with their antecedents in person, number, 
 and gender; a verb must agree with its subject in person! 
 and number; the object of a preposition is in the ob- 
 jective case; the subject of a sentence is in the nomina- 
 tive case. 
 
 Q. Define (a) phrase, (b) Define clause. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A phrase is a combination of words put rightly together, but not 
 making sense when standing alone. 
 
 (b) A clause is a proposition depending on another proposition. 
 
 Q. What do Adverbs modify? Ans. Adverbs modify verbs, ad- 
 jectives, or other adverbs. 
 
 Q. Name the Interrogative pronouns. Ans. Who, which, what 
 and whether, when used in asking questions. 
 
 Q. What is a relative clause? Ans. A relative clause is a clause 
 introduced by a relative pronoun. 
 
 Q. What is an appositive? Ans. An appositive, or explanatory 
 modifier, is a modifier that denotes the same person or thing as the term 
 modified. 
 
 Q. Name two classes of adjectives. Give an example of each. 
 
 Ans. Descriptive, as: beautiful; definitive, as: this. 
 
 Q. When should quotation marks be used? Ans. Before and after 
 a direct quotation. 
 
 Q. Diagram: Buttons are made from potatoes, they are also made 
 of bone. 
 
 Ans. C (Buttons 
 
 r 1^ 
 
 I ( are made | from potatoes 
 L lare madej^f t^^ 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations It 
 
 Q. Illustrate three ways of denoting the feminine of words. 
 Ans, 
 
 (1) By a different word: boy, girl; man, woman. 
 
 (2) By a different ending: actor, actress; executor, executrix. 
 
 (3) By prefixes or suffixes, manservant, maidservant; landlord, 
 landlady. 
 
 Q. What two personal pronouns have the same form in the objective 
 case as in the nominative? 
 
 Ans. "You" and "it." 
 
 Q. Define (a) descriptive, (b) definitive, (c) numeral adjective* 
 and give example in sentences? Ans. (a) Descriptive adjectives denote 
 some quality of an object: A LAME man passed on the street. 
 
 (b) Definitive adjectives merely point out: THIS man is my brothet. 
 (c) Numeral adjectives denote number: SEVEN soldiers were killed. 
 
 Q. What are (a) Cardinals? (b) Ordinals? (c) What verbs hav6 
 no passive voice? 
 
 Ans. (a) Cardinals denote number, (b) Ordinals denote rank, (e) 
 Intransitive verbs have no passive voice. 
 
 Q. State the difference between compound and complex sentences? 
 Give examples of each? 
 
 Ans. A compound sentence is composed of elements of equal rank: 
 Man proposes, God disposes. A complex sentence has a clause as a princi* 
 pal element or as a modifier: The man WHO WAS SICK has recovered. 
 
 Q. Name the conjunctive pronouns? (b)Name the only ofi^ that is 
 inflected. 
 
 Ans. (a) Who, which, what, that and sometimes "as." 
 
 (b) Who. 
 
 Q. How do regular verbs form their past indicative and perfect 
 participles? 
 
 Ans. By adding "d" or "ed" to the present. 
 
 Q. What are the principal parts of a verb? 
 
 Ans. Present indicative, past indicative, perfect participle. 
 
 Q. Name the auxiliary verbs. Ans. Do, be, have, can, may, must,, 
 shall, will. 
 
 Q. Name two kinds of verbs. Ans. Transitive and intransitive. 
 
 Q. What do adverbs modify? 
 
 Ans. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs. 
 
 Q. (a) Define conjunctions, (b) Name 8 prepositions. 
 
 Ans. (a) Conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses and sentences. 
 
 (b) In, on, at, after, before, under, over, upon. 
 
 Q. How are adverbs divided? 
 
 Ans. Adverbs of: time, place, degree, manner, cause, conjunctive 
 adverbs. 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate the adverbial objective? 
 
 Ans. The adverbial objective is sometimes called the objective 
 
t8 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 without a governing word. Illustration: He is six feet tall. He ran 
 six miles. I weigli 175 pounds. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between participle and infinitive. Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. Participles and infinitives are both derived from verbs; the 
 former by inflection, the latter by composition. Illustration: Participles: 
 singing, teaching, having sung. Infinitives: to sing, to teach, to be pun- 
 ished. 
 
 Q. Define "agreement" as a grammatical term. Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. By "agreement" we mean correspondence or likeness in cer- 
 tain grammatical forms, as: pronouns must agree with their antecedents 
 in person, number and gender. 
 
 Analyze: Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 
 
 f .' the 
 
 I head < , 
 
 I ( j that 
 
 j ^ i wears ] crown | a 
 
 (_ lies : uneasy 
 
 Q. Use a clause as 
 
 (1) adjective: Men who will can find work. - 
 
 (2) Adverb: I come when it is time. 
 
 (3) Subject: Whatever is, is right. 
 
 (4) Predicate: The fact is, he is lazy. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the five senses. (2) What is language? 
 
 Ans. (1) The five senses are: Sight, hearing, smeli, taste, and touch. 
 
 (2) Language in its broadest sense is any means of communicating 
 ideas. In its more limited application it is the expression of ideas by the 
 voice. 
 
 Q. Define proposition and preposition. 
 
 Ans. A proposition is a thought expressed in words. A preposition 
 Is a word showing the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word. 
 
 Q. Name the four different kinds of sentences and give an example 
 of each. 
 
 (1) Declarative. My brother is a merchant, 
 i (2) Imperative. John, please to shut the door. 
 
 (3) Interrogative. Did you go to town yesterday? 
 
 (4) Exclamatory. How have the mighty fallen! 
 
 Q. Write a sentence containing common and proper nouns of singu- 
 lar and plural number. 
 
 Ans. Mark Antony, a friend of Caesar, made a speech, commenc- 
 ing: "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"! 
 
 Q. Give the equivalents to the following abbreviations: 
 
 A. D. — In the year of our Lord. 
 
 C. O. D. — Collect on Delivery. 
 
 Admr. — Administrator. 
 ! M. — Noon. ..^~' 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations Id 
 
 Ult. — Last month. 
 
 P. S. — Post Scriptum. 
 
 Prox. — Next month. 
 
 Q. Name the articles, (b) What is a participle? 
 
 Ans. (a) The indefinite article is: "a" or "an." The definite article 
 is "the." (b) A participle is a word derived from a verb and partaking of 
 the nature of both a verb and an adjective. 
 
 Q. (a) Name five possessive pronouns. (b) Name some personal 
 pronouns. 
 
 Ans. (a) Mine, thine, ours, yours, theirs. 
 
 (b) I, thou, he, she, it, we, you, they, and the declined forms of eacli 
 of them. 
 
 Q. Name the relative pronouns. 
 
 Ans. Who, which, that, as, what, whoever, whatever, whosever> 
 whatsoever. 
 
 Q. Give four rules of syntax, 
 
 Ans. (1) The subject of a proposition is in the nominative case. 
 
 (2) The predicate of a proposition is in the nominative case. 
 
 (3) The object of a transitive verb in the active voice is in the ob- 
 jective case. 
 
 (4) The object of a preposition is in the objective case. 
 
 Q. (a) What is meant by grammatical and logical subjects? <b) 
 Name the classes of nouns. 
 
 Ans. (a) The grammatical subject is the subject without its modi- 
 fiers. The logical subject is the subject with all its modifiers, (b) Nouns 
 are classified as Proper and Common. 
 
 Q. What is meant by substantive phrases and" clauses? Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. By these terms we mean that these phrases and clauses are 
 used as nouns. Illustration: "After a while" leads to never. "That the 
 earth is round" can be proven. 
 
 Q. Form the possessive singular and plural of: lady, princess, 
 sheep, it, brother-in-law. 
 
 Ans. Possessives singular: lady's, princess's, sheep's, its, brother- 
 in-law's, N. B. — Singular: sheep's, plural sheeps' is established by usage. 
 
 Q. Punctuate: Paint me as I am said Cromwell all my scars 
 warts or I will not pay a shilling." 
 
 Ans. "Paint me as I am," said Cromwell, "all my scars, wrinkles and 
 wrinkles and warts or I will not pay a shilling. 
 
 Ans. "Paint me as I am," said Cromwell, "my scars, wrinkles, and 
 warts, or I will not pay a shilling." 
 
 Q. Write the complete conjugation of the verb "to be." Ans. Con- 
 sult any grammar textbook. 
 
 Q. Wherever necessary, correct errors in the following: 
 (a) She does like I did — She does as I did. 
 
20 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (b) He divided it between you and I — He divided it between you and 
 
 (c) John says he feels badly about it — John says he feels bad about 
 
 me 
 it. 
 
 are. 
 
 (d) The general died with fever — The general died of fever. 
 
 (e) Can I leave the class? — May I leave the class? 
 Q. Inflect the following words: 
 
 (1) He. Ans. He, his, him, they, their, them. 
 
 (2) Lovely. Ans. Lovely, lovelier, lovelist. 
 
 (3) Mouse. Ans. Mouse, mouse's, mouse, mice, mice's, mice. 
 
 (4) Who. Ans. Who, whose, whom. % 
 
 (5) That. Ans. Not inflected. '^^ 
 
 (6) Ans. I, my, me, we, our, us. °* 
 
 (7) Man. Ans. Man, man's, man, men, men's, men. 
 
 (8) Handsome. Ans. Handsome, handsomer, handsomest. 
 
 (9) Bad. Ans. Bad, worse, worst. 
 
 (10) Whoever. Ans. Whoever, whosever, whomever. 
 
 Q. Write the singular and plural possessive of these nouns: 
 
 (1) Beef. Ans. Beef's, beeves'. ••• 
 
 (2) Basis. Ans. Basis's, bases'. 
 
 (3) Hero. Ans. Hero's, heroes'. 
 
 (4) Solo. Ans. Solo's, solos'. 
 
 (5) Englishman. Ans. Englishman's, Englishmen's. 
 
 (6) German, Ans. German's, Germans'. 
 
 (7) Commander-in-chief. Ans. Commander-in chief's, Commanders- 
 in-chief's. 
 
 (8) Radius. Ans. Radius's, radii's. 
 
 (9) Miss Brown. Ans. Miss Brown's, Misses Brown's. 
 
 (10) Ox-cart. Ans. Ox-cart's, ox-carts'. 
 
 Q. Name four classes of pronouns, and define each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Personal pronouns show by their form what person they 
 
 (2) Possessive pronouns represent the possessor and the thing pos- 
 sessed. 
 
 (3) Relative pronouns represent an antecedent and connect a clause. 
 f4) Interrogative pronouns are: "who," "which," "what," used In 
 
 asking questions. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 21 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. What are the essential qualities of good style in writing? De- 
 fine each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Purity, which consists in using only "pure English" 
 words. 
 
 (2) Propriety, which consists in chosing such words as properly ex- 
 press the intended meaning. 
 
 (3) Precision, which consists in choosing from synonymous terms 
 those which best express the ideas to be conveyed. 
 
 In addition to the above three qualities of style, some add the quali- 
 ties of a good sentence: (1) Clearness, which refers to the arrangement 
 of words so that the meaning cannot be misunderstood. (2) Unity, which 
 refers to such arrangement as to maintain unity of thought. (3) 
 Strength, which demands that a sentence shall be so constructed that 
 the thought which it contains shall be expressed with all possible energy. 
 (4) Harmony has reference to pleasing effect upon the ear. 
 
 Q. What is ambiguity, (2) solecism, (3) provincialism, (4) re- 
 dundancy? 
 
 Ans. (1) Ambiguity means such arrangement of the words of a 
 sentence that it may have two or more meanings. (2) Solecism is a vio- 
 lation of the rules of syntax. (3) Provincialism is an expression used in 
 a locality and not in the nation as a whole. (4) Redundancy consists in 
 using words not necessary to the sense. 
 
 Q. Define (a) paragraph; (b) section; (c) thesis. 
 
 Ans. (a) A Paragraph is a sentence or a group of sentences treat- 
 ing on the same division of the subject. 
 
 (b) A Section is a paragraph or a group of paragraphs related 
 to a larger subdivision of the subject. 
 
 (c) A Thesis is a statement to be defended and elaborated, 
 generally referring to graduating exercises in college. 
 
 Q. Name and explain the points used in punctuation. 
 
 Ans. (1) Comma — denoting the slightest degree of separation. 
 
 (2) Semicolon — denoting a greater degree of separation than the 
 comma. 
 
 (3) Colon — denoting a still greater degree of separation than semi- 
 colon. 
 
 (4) Period — denoting the greatest degree of separation. 
 
 (5) Interrogation point denoting a question asked. 
 
 (6) Exclamation point — denoting strong emotion. 
 
 To the above may be added — parenthesis, brackets, dash and quota- 
 tion marks. 
 
 Q, Define (a) simple style, (b) didactic style, (c) florid style. 
 Ans. (a) Simple style is style that is easily understood and in 
 
22 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 which little if any use is made of figures. 
 
 (b) Didactic style is style used for the purpose of instruction. 
 
 (c) Florid style is style in which many figures are used and the pur- 
 pose of which is to please. 
 
 Q. Why should composition and letter writing have a prominent 
 place in school work? 
 
 Ans. All pupils in the schools today will be obliged after they 
 leave school to express their thoughts in writing. Hence, the necessity of 
 drill in this direction at school. 
 
 Q. Write two hundred words or more, on the "School System of Ken- 
 tucky." 
 
 Ans. The schools of the Commonwealth of Kentucky are under the 
 supervision of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is elected by 
 the people for a term of four years, at the same time that the Governor 
 and other State officers are elected. The Superintendent fixes the "per 
 capita" to be paid the school teachers of the State. The superintendent 
 is chairman of the State Board of Examiners. Besides the superintendent, 
 it has two professional teachers. In each county a county superintendent 
 has charge of the public schools, who visits the schools and appoints the 
 county school examiners, and has charge of the teachers' institute. The 
 county superintendent reports to the State Superintendent, and the lat- 
 ter reports biennially on or before the meeting of the General Assembly. 
 The State Superintendent prepares suitable blanks for reports to be made 
 by school officials. Besides being chairman of the State Board of Exam- 
 iners, he is also ex-officio chairman of the State Board of Education, con- 
 sisiting of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Attorney Gener- 
 al and the Secretary of State. 
 
 Q. Write six sentences each containing a different figure of speech, 
 and define each figvire. 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) A Simile — is a figure of speech in which a likeness is pointed out 
 between things in other respects unlike. 
 
 Illustration: Unstable as water, thou shalt not- excel. 
 
 (2) A Methaphor — is a figure in which, assuming the likeness be- 
 tween two things, we apply to one the term that denotes the other. 
 
 Illu.stration: He can scarcely keep the wolf from his door. 
 
 (3) Personification — is a figure in which things are raised to a plane 
 of being above their own. 
 
 Illustration: Tongue was the lawyer and argued the case. 
 
 (4) Antithesis — is a figure in which things mutually opposed in 
 some particular are set over against each other. 
 
 Illustration: For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 
 
 (5) A Metonymy — is a figure in which the name of one thing, con- 
 nected to another by some bond not of likeness or unlikeness, is taken to 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 23 
 
 denote tliat other. 
 
 Illustration: Strike for your altars and your fires. 
 
 (6) A Synecdoche — is a figure in which the name of a part '^'^notes 
 the whole or the name of the whole denotes the part. 
 Illustration: Count noses. 
 
 Q. Define (a) belles-lettres; (b) climax; (c) irony. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Polite literature, and embraces fiction, poetry and criticism. 
 
 (b) Climax is the expression of thought so that there shall be uni- 
 form and evident increase in significance or interest. 
 
 (c) Irony is the expressing to the contrary what is meant. 
 
 Q. Give two rules for the use of the semicolon, and illustrate each 
 with sentence. 
 
 Ans. (1) A clause, introduced by to, for, but, and, or equivalent 
 connectives, should be set off by a semicolon. Example: "Rejoice the 
 soul of thy servant; for unto thee, O Lord, I lift up my soul." 
 
 (2) The semicolon should be used before words which introduce an 
 example or illustration. Example: "One part only of an antithesis is 
 sometimes expressed; as, "A friendly eye would never see such faults". 
 
 Q. Define (a) barbarism; (b) slang; (e) provincialism; (d) sole- 
 cism; (e) purity. 
 
 Ans. (a) A violation of purity is called a barbarism. 
 
 (b) Slang is the use of low, vulgar words. 
 
 (c) A provincialism is peculiar to a part of the country. 
 
 (d) A solecism is a violation of the rules of syntax. 
 
 (e) Purity consists in using such words as are "pure English." 
 
 Q. Write a periodic sentence and reconstruct it into a loose sentence. 
 
 Ans. (a) "At the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, as President 
 McKinley held a public reception, shaking hands with the people as they 
 passed, an anarchist passed in turn with a revolver hid in his sleeve and 
 at the greeting of the President, shot him twice." (Periodic.) 
 
 (b) President McKinley held a public reception at the Pan-Ameri- 
 can Exposition and was shot twice by an anarchist with a revolver hid in 
 his sleeve as he shook hands with him in greeting. (Loose." 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate (a) precision, (b) unity, (c) harmony, 
 (d) energy. 
 
 Ans. (a) Precision is the use of such words as express our exact 
 meaning, as "Shakespeare was a great poet" (not 'writer'). 
 
 (b) Unity is the development of the main idea in writing; as, "Gold- 
 smith was compelled to live in obscure lodgings because of the scantiness 
 of his purse." 
 
 (c) "Harmony is the melodious blending of sound and sense in lan- 
 guage; as, 
 
24 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 "Neither the angels in heaven above, 
 Nor the demons down under the sea, 
 Can ever dissever my soul from the soul 
 Of the beautiful Annabel Lee." 
 (e) Energy is the strength of the expression which secures interest 
 and attention; as, "Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield." 
 
 Q. Write a formal invitation to a dinner, and a formal acceptance of 
 the invitation. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Snow request the honor of the presence of 
 Miss Mary Lee at a Christmas dinner at their home, at six o'clock Friday 
 December Twenty-fifth. 
 
 (b) Mss Mary Lee accepts wth pleasure the kind invitation of Mr. 
 and Mr. J. W. Snow to a Christmas dinner at their home. 
 
 Q, What figures of speech in each of the following: 
 
 (a) "Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth. And melan- 
 choly marked him for her own." 
 
 (b) "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." 
 
 (c) "Streaming grief his faded cheeks bedewed." 
 
 (d) "Ten thousand fleets swept o'er in vain." 
 
 (e) "Rivers of waters run down my eyes because they kept not my 
 law." 
 
 Ans. (a) Personification, (b) Antithesis, (c) Metonymy, (d) and 
 (e) Hyperbole. 
 
 Q. Make a comparsion between Grammar and Composition. 
 
 Ans. Grammar and Composition are both language studies. Thus 
 far they agree. Grammar is the study of the sentence. Composition is a 
 discourse study. Composition or rhetoric begins where grammar stops, 
 although they seem to overlap each other to some extent. 
 
 Q. What is (a) unity, (b) coherence, (c) clearness, (d) strength, 
 (e) style, (f) outline, (g) paragraph? 
 
 Ans. (a) Unity is a quality of style requiring that a sentence con- 
 tain but one main thought. 
 
 (b) Coherence is a quality of style requiring close connection be- 
 tween parts of the same sentence. 
 
 (c) Clearness consists in such a use and arrangement of words that 
 the thought cannot be misunderstood. 
 
 (d) Strength is such arrangement of the words in a sentence as to 
 make a forcible impression on the mind. 
 
 (e) Style is manner of expressing thought. 
 
 (f) An outline is a systematic arrangement of the subdivisions of a 
 theme. 
 
 (g) A paragraph is a sentence or collection of sentences on the same 
 subdivision of a subject. 
 
 Q. Figures of speech: (a) What are they? (b) Why used? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 25 
 
 Ans. (a) Figures of speech are intentional deviations from the or- 
 dinary form of expression, (b) They enrich language, dignify style, and 
 often make the meaning clearer and more forcible. 
 
 Q. Correct the following faulty sentences: 
 
 (a) The old lady wiped her eyes at this point. — At this point, the 
 old lady wiped her eyes. 
 
 (b) It was an old phenomena. — It was an old phenomenon. 
 
 (c) He felt bad. — This sentence is correct. 
 
 (d) I shall not go without you go with me. — I shall not go unless 
 you go with me. 
 
 (e) Henry V said to his soldiers that every one should do their duty. 
 — Henry V said to his soldiers that every one should do his duty. 
 
 (f) Neither John nor Thomas were in their seats at school today. — 
 Neither John nor Thomas was in his seat at school today. 
 
 (g) John says he shall miss the train. — John says he will miss the 
 train. 
 
 (h) I will see you this evening. — I shall see you this evening. 
 
 (i) I will drown; no one shall save me. — I shall drown; no one will 
 save me. 
 
 Q. Give 5 rules for punctuation. 
 
 Ans. A period should be placed after every abbreviated word. A 
 period should be placed after every heading, title, etc. Parenthetical 
 words and phrases are to be set off by commas. Words arranged in pairs 
 have the pairs separated by commas. An interrogation point is to be 
 placed after direct questions. 
 
 Q. Write a composition of 200 words on the subject, Fourth of 
 July. 
 
 Ans. Of all the days in the year, to any true American the Fourth 
 of July, the anniversary of American Independence, is most worthy to be 
 celebrated by all in a becoming manner! It was indeed a step to take that 
 at the time seemed hazardous, yet, under the guidance of heaven, it has 
 proven to be the most important single event in American History. The 
 patriots in Congress did indeed take a step that might have proved ruin 
 to all when, after the motion of Richard Henry Lee "that these United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and Independent States," the 
 committee appointed, composed of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Adams, Robert R. Livingston and Roger Sherman, reported the 
 most important resolution ever penned by human hands (the Declaration 
 of Independence,) had it not been that all Americans, under the leader- 
 ship of Washington, determined that this Declaration should be made 
 good at any cost. America of today owes a debt of gratitude to the Con- 
 gress of 1776, that by its action enabled this country to take its place 
 among the nations of the world. 
 
 Q. Upon what two things do clearness, force and elegance depend? 
 Ans. Upon the choice of words, and upon their proper arrangement. 
 
26 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Give five rules for the use of the comma; illustrate each. 
 
 (1) Nouns in apposition, when modified, are separated by a comma. 
 Illustration: Washington, the first President, was born in Virginia. 
 
 (2) Nouns independent by address are set off by a comma or com- 
 mas. Illustration: Plato, thou reasonest well. 
 
 (3) A noun used absolutely with a participle is set off by a comma. 
 Illustration: Shame being lost, all virtue is lost. 
 
 (4) Three or more words used in a series are set off by commas. Il- 
 lustration: Illinois produces corn, wheat and hay. 
 
 (5) Words used in pairs take a comma after each pair. Illustra- 
 tion: Eating or drinking, laboring or sleeping, let us do all in moderation. 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate (a) antithesis, (b) alliteration, (c) allegory. 
 
 Ans. (a) Antithesis is a figure of speech in which things mutual- 
 ly opposed are set over against each other. Illustration: Pools admire, 
 but men of sense approve. 
 
 (b) Alliteration consists in a series of words commencing with the 
 same letter. Illustration: Apt alliteration's artful aid. 
 
 (c) An Allegory is an extended simile. Ilustration: Bunyan's Pil- 
 grim's Progress is an allegory. 
 
 Q. Write a composition of 200 words on "The Future of Kentucky." 
 Ans. The future of the Commonwealth of Kentucky rests Avith the 
 people inhabiting it. They can make it what they will. They can cr.use 
 Kentucky to be looked up to by other States and, again, thiy can be the 
 cause that being a Kentuckian will be considered a term of leprcach. Be- 
 ing the second State after the original thirteen, Kentucky ought to be one 
 of the leaders, educationally, politically, morally. To what extent this 
 will be accomplished is for the people of the State to say. Respect for 
 law and a rigid enforcement of the same together with increased educa- 
 tional facilities, will do much towards bringing Kentucky to that position 
 among the other States of the Union to which she is rightfully entitled. 
 Heo resources are practically unlimited, though only partially developed. 
 When other States and nations find out that the conditions in Kentucky 
 are such that foreign capital will find a hearty welcome, and when the 
 progressive spirit of the age shall take possession of its own citizens, 
 then will the Commonwealth of Kentucky become one of the foremost 
 and most influential States of these United States. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the vowels, (b) Name the consonants. 
 Ans. (a) a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y and w. (b) b, c, d, f, g, h,. j, 
 k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, and sometimes w and y. 
 Q. Give an example of: 
 
 (a) monosyllable — man. 
 
 (b) dissyllable — woman. 
 
 (c) trisyllable — consonant. 
 
 (d) polysyllable — municipality. 
 
 Q. (a) Write three words with prefixes. (b) Write three words 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 27 
 
 with suffixes. 
 
 Ans. (a) Postpone, predestine, circumvent, (b) Economist, cliild- 
 hood, lambliin. 
 
 Q. Name five parts of a letter. 
 
 Ans. Date, Salutation, Introduction, Body of Letter, Complimentary, 
 Close and Subscription. 
 
 Q. Use in sentences: condemn, peer, pier, coincide, pugnacious. 
 
 Ans. < 
 
 (1) We condemn in others what we sometimes commend ^n our- 
 selves. 
 
 (2) This nobleman is a peer of the realm. 
 
 (3) The steamer arrived at its pier. 
 
 (4) Certain dates in history coincide. 
 
 (5) This man is very troublesome and pugnacious. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically: gamut, tambourine, digest. Ans. Consult 
 the dictionary. 
 
 Q. (a) Name two English authors, (b) Name two American 
 authors. Ans. (a) Scott, Dickens, (b) Bryant, Irving. 
 
 Q. Give a quotation from: (a) Longfellow, (b) Whittier, (c"> Whit- 
 comb Riley. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Into each life some rain must fall, 
 Some days must be dark and dreary. 
 
 (b) For of all sad words of tongue or pen. 
 
 The saddest are these: "It might have been"! 
 
 (c) Home-folks! Well that-air name, to me. 
 Sounds jis the same as poetry — 
 
 That is, of poetry is jis 
 As sweet as I've hearn tell it is! 
 (a) What is composition? (b) Use all the marks of punctuation in 
 sentences. 
 
 Ans. ^ 
 
 (a) Composition is the act of producing a literary work. 
 
 (b) Comma: He has friends, home and wealth. 
 
 Semicolon: Reading maketh a full man; conference, a ready 
 
 man; writing, an exact man. 
 
 Colon: He spoke as follows: "Fellow citizens, I mee* vot' ^'Vlay, 
 
 etc." 
 
 Period: Time is money. 
 
 Interrogation point: Will you assist me? 
 
 Exclamation point: How are the mighty fallen! 
 Q. Define (a) interrogation, (b) diction. 
 
 Ans. Interrogation is a figure that expresses a strong affirmation, 
 by putting it in the form of a question: Canst thou by searching find out 
 God? 
 
28 Teachers' and Students Examinations 
 
 (b) Diction is an author's individual manner of expressing thought. 
 
 Q. Give six rules for Capitals. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) All proper names and adjectives are capitalized. 
 
 (2) I and O are capitalized. 
 
 (3) All appellations of the Deity are capitalized. 
 
 (4) Every line in poetry begins with a capital. 
 
 (5) The principal words in headings of chapters are capitalized. 
 
 (6) Every direct quotation begins with a capital. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) vowels, (b) vowel sounds, (c) elementary sounds, (d) 
 diphthong, (e) trigraph and (f) the power of a letter. Ans. (a) A 
 vowel is a letter representing a continuous sound, (b) A vowel sound, or 
 vocal, is a sound made by voice alone. (c) Elementary sounds ar« 
 about forty in number and compose all the sounds of the language, (d) 
 A diphthong is the union of two vowels which both are sounded, (e) A 
 trigraph is a combination of three letters representing one sound, (f) 
 The power of a letter is the sound it has in the word. 
 
 Q. Give the meaning of each of these affixes: micro, per, ent, cir- 
 cum, anti. 
 
 Ans. "Micro" means "small": microcosm; "per" means "through": 
 perforate; "ent" means "one who": agent; "circum" means "around": 
 circumnavigate; "anti" means "against": antipathy. 
 
 Q. Analyze the following: phonograph, polygon, homicide, Ans. 
 The first two are Greek, the last is Latin. Phonograph means "writer of 
 sound." Polygon means "many angles." Homicide means "man killer." 
 
 Q. Write a composition of at least twenty-five lines on "The Teach- 
 er's Influence." 
 Ans. 
 
 'THE TEACHER'S INFLUENCE." 
 When Longfellow, in his "Golden Legend," wrote: 
 "No action, whether foul or fair. 
 Is ever done, but it leaves somewhere 
 A record, written by fingers ghostly. 
 As a blessing or a curse, and mostly 
 In the greater weakness or greater strength 
 Of the acts which follow it." 
 he had perhaps in mind the influence that every teacher can exert upon 
 her pupils either for good or for evil. Without doubt, no person in any 
 vocation has greater responsibilities resting upon her than the teacher in 
 our common schools. It is during the plastic period of youth that the 
 children are under the care of the teacher. It is then that character is 
 shaped and habits are formed. To no other person, not excepting even the 
 parents, will pupils look more than to the teacher to give them proper 
 directions and set the right kind of example. The result of the teachers 
 work, more than that of any one else, is not seen at once, but on the con- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 29 
 
 trary, it may be years before the seed sown in times past will bring fortft. 
 fruit. The work of the teacher is sure to be a blessing or a curse to the 
 pupil in after years. Imparting knowledge, while very important in it>- 
 self, is far less than building of character. The teacher who, after faith"- 
 ful toiling in the schoolroom, has succeeded to be instrumental in making 
 out of her pupils strong men and women, will, when life with all its toils 
 is ended, be sure to hear the most welcome of all words: "Well done^ 
 thou good and faithful servant." 
 
 Q. Write for your village paper a notice of a school entertainment, 
 giving the time, place, nature and admission fee. 
 
 Ans. On Friday, Nov. 6, 1914, at 8 o'clock in the evening, the 
 pupils of School District No. 15, will give a musical and literary entertain- 
 ment at the schoolhouse, for the purpose of increasing the number of 
 oooks in the school library. Admission, 15 cents. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between tautology and redundancy. 
 
 Ans. Tautology consists in repeating the thought in other words. 
 Redundancy consists in the addition of unnecessary words. 
 
 Q. Name two English poets. Ans. Milton, Tennyson. 
 
 Q. Name two Scotch poets. Ans. Burns, J. Watson (Ian Mac- 
 laren.) 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate: (a) Loose sentence, (b) periodic sentence, 
 (c) balanced sentence. 
 
 Ans. (a) In a loose sentence the thought is complete before the 
 close of the sentence. Illustration: The child soon becomes a boy, and he 
 is sent out into the rough world, where all the nonsense about giants and 
 fairies is soon knocked out of him. (b) In a periodic sentence the thought 
 is not complete before the close of the sentence. Illustration: While a 
 considerable part of the army of Bengal was thus engaged at a distance, 
 a new and formidable danger menaced the frontier. (c) In a balanced 
 sentence the two parts are set over against each other. fflufetration: 
 Talent is something, tact is everything. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the figures in: 
 
 (a) A decision of the bench. Ans. "Bench" is a metony5ny. 
 
 (b) He wears the rose of youth .upon him. Ans. "Rose" is a meta- 
 phor. 
 
 (c) A dry and thirsty land. Ans. "Dry" and "thirsty" are personi'- 
 fications. 
 
 (d) Man shall live by the sweat of his brow. Ans. This is a synec- 
 doche. 
 
 Q. Write a composition of 150 words on "The Industrial Education 
 of the Colored Race." 
 
 "THE INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE" 
 
 The problem how the colored race can advance most rapidly 
 in intelligence and in social standing, has been discussed for several dec- 
 ades. The solution lies in the industrial education of the colored race. 
 
30 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Booker Washington has done more than any one man of his race to solve 
 the problem satisfactorily. At the Tuskeegee (Ala.) Institute much good 
 has been done and still more remains to be done, and will be done. By 
 teaching colored people to learn a trade and become self-sustaining the 
 "Negro problem" will work out itself without any outside interference. 
 The trouble with many colored people has been and, to some extent still is, 
 that they are idle and shiftless, and in many localities are a burden upon 
 the white people and the more industrious Negroes. Now, if the idle and 
 improvident are given to understand that they must work, if they are 
 able bodied, and that the community will see to it that they must cease to 
 be burdens and "dead weights," a change will soon come and the problem 
 will be solved. As we said above, much has been done and we are certain 
 that no backward steps will be taken. More Booker Washingtons and 
 men like him will not be long in solving the problem completely and con- 
 fer a lasting benefit upon the colored race and upon the world at large. 
 
 Q. Define (a) paragraph; (b) theme? 
 
 Ans. A paragraph is a sentence or a series of sentences treating of 
 the same subdivision of a subject, (b) A theme is the subject of an entire 
 composition. 
 
 Q. Write synonyms for 
 
 (1) Good? Ans. Right, sound, proper, true. 
 
 (2) Bright. Ans. Shining, brilliant, clever. 
 
 (3) High. Elevated, lofty, tall. 
 
 (4) Agreeable. Ans. Pleasant, amiable, acceptable. 
 
 (5) Gentle, Ans. Polite, mild, docile. 
 
 Q. What work in composition should be done by the pupil before he 
 begins textbook? 
 
 Ans.. Conversational exercises, reproduction of stories, original stor- 
 ies, paraphrasing lessons from reader. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) satire, (b) epigram, (c) ellipsis, and quote examples. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A satire is a literary composition, originally in verse, denounc- 
 ing vice or folly, incapacity or failure and holding it up to ridicule. Ex- 
 ample; Some of the writings of Pope and Dryden. 
 
 (b) An epigram is a brief saying, so worded as to surprise the hear- 
 er or reader. Example: I can not see the town for the houses. 
 
 (c) Ellipsis is the omission of words, necessarily understood in order 
 to make sense. Example: "A horse; A horse! My kingdom for a horse!" 
 
 Q. State the essentials of a good argumentative essay? Give 
 reasons? Ans. In an argument we wish to prove something, hence it is 
 of prime importance that the several points be stated concisely with such 
 force that the hearer will be convinced. Again, it is necessary to show the 
 fallacy of the opposing side. It must be remembered that we should use 
 words that convey the thought exactly as we wish it to be understood, and 
 so that it can not be understood in any other way. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 31 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. Divide a number by 4, by 5 and by 20, and the sum of the three quo- 
 tients will be what part of the original number? 
 
 Ans. It will be i-j-i +-^1^=1 of the original number. 
 
 Q. A bought at "40 and 10 off" and sold at "20 off." The list price being 
 the same in each case, what was the gain <'li ? 
 
 Ans. Let 100- list; 1st disc, leaves 60; 2nd disc, leaves 54, Cost. Sold at 
 80. Profit=26. Cost 54; profit 26, per cent, profit 48-^4^- '-^ . 
 
 Q. (a) What is the ratio of the square of the radius to the square 
 of the diameter of the same circle? (b) Of the area of a circle to area of 
 its circumscribed square? 
 
 Ans. (a) Square of radius: square of diameter:: 1:4. 
 
 (b) Area of circle: area of circumscribed square:: .7854:1. 
 
 Q. (a) Discuss the purpose of work in mathematics with actual ol)- 
 jects, and (b) the amount of such work that should be done in primary 
 arithmetic, (c) in advanced grades. Describe the kinds of objects to be 
 used and give reason for selecting eachi kind. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The purpose is to reach the understanding through the eye. 
 
 (b) In primary arithmetic it should be used through the fundament- 
 al rules, and toothpicks, or similar objects should be used. 
 
 (c) In the advanced grades, geometrical bodies as cube blocks, 
 globes, etc., should be used. In each case we must not forget that ulti- 
 mately pupils must think, not thing, their way through mathematics. 
 
 Q. Given a Cylinder 10 inches in diameter and 12 inches long; required the 
 area of each end, the convex area, the total area, and the contents in gallons. 
 An3. Area of each end-- 10- X- 7854^78. 54 sq. in. 
 
 Convex surface=--10X3.1416Xl2=376.992 sq. in. 
 
 Total area=78.54 sq. in. +78.54 sq. in. +376.992 sq. in.: -534.072 sq.in. 
 Contents^-78. 54X12-^942. 48 cu. in.- 
 942.48 cu. in.--231=4.08,gal. Ans*. 
 Q. A young lady received from her father's estate $20,000, so invested as 
 to pay 3'/r . She sold this investment at 94|'/c and bought bank stock at 225'/e, 
 which yields %\clc interest. What was the-change in income? 
 Ans. First income— 3/; of $20,000^i600. 
 
 Proceeds of sale=94i';/, of $20,000^-$18,900. 
 Parvalueof bank stock -$18.900 ^2. 25=-X8, 400. 
 2nd income- 8i'/r of f8,400=$714. 
 Ii. crease in income=^$714— $690=$114. 
 Q. A globe of gold 1 inch in dimeter is worth $120. What is the value af 
 a globe 3J inches in diameter. 
 Ans, 7 7 7 15 
 
 — X— X— V$120-$5145 
 2 2? 
 
32 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. What is the area of the largest square that can be inscribed in a circle 
 which is 8 inches in diameter? 
 
 Ans. 82=64 sq. in.=twice area of square 
 
 32 sq. in.=area of inscribed square. 
 
 Q. How many cubic inches in a bushel? Ans. 2150.4 
 
 Q. How many cubic inches in a gallon? Ans. 231. 
 
 Q. How find the circumference of a circle when diameter is given? 
 
 Ans. Multiply the diameter by 3.1416. 
 
 Q. How find the area of a triangle? 
 
 Ans. (a) If base and altitude are given, multiply the base by alti- 
 tude and divide product by two. 
 
 (b) If the three sides are given: From half the sum of the sides 
 subtract the three sides in succession. Multiply the half sum by the 
 three remainders, and extract the square root out of the continued pro- 
 duct. 
 
 Q. What is the difference between a rule and a principle as used in 
 arithmetic, and what is the order in which they should be mastered by the 
 pupil? 
 
 Ans. A principle Is a fundamental proposition of arithmetic or 
 mathematics, while a rule is the practical application of a principle or 
 principles thereof in a determinate method for producing a certain result. 
 The principle should invariably be mastered first by the pupil. 
 
 Q. What is the difference between the weights of five pounds of gold and 
 Sve pounds of lead? 
 
 Ans. Gold is weighed by Troy weight of 5,760 grains to the pound and 
 tead by Avoirdupois weight of 7,000 grains to the pound, the grains in the two 
 weights being identical. Hence, 1 lb. of Iead=l lb. of gold+1,240 grains; 5 
 lbs. of lead=5 lbs. of gold +6 200 grs.=6 lbs. of gold+440 grs , or the lead is 
 $,200 grains the heavier. 
 
 Q. New York is latitude 40° 12' N., longitude 74° W. ; the City of Mexico 
 k in latitude 19° 25' N., longitude 103° 45' W. ; when it is 11:00 a. m. at N. Y. 
 what is the time in Mexico? 
 
 Ans. 103° 45' Mex. Long. 
 
 74° N. Y. Long. 
 
 15 I 29° 45' Dif. in Long. 
 1 hr. 59 m. Dif. in time. 
 Since Mexico is west from New York it has earlier tim*^. 
 11 hr. 00 m. A. M.,N. Y. 
 1 hr. 59 m. dif. 
 9 hrs. 1 m. A.M., Mexico, Ans. 
 Q. How many bushels of wheat will fill- a hogshead that holds 160 gallons 
 of water? 
 
 Ans. 1 gal. of water=231 cu. in. 
 
 160 gal. of water=160X231 cu. in. =36,960 cu, in. 
 2150.4 cu. in.=ibu. of wheat. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 33 
 
 1 cu. in.= bu. of wheat. 
 
 2150.4 
 
 36960 
 
 3690 cu. in.= bu. of wheat=17 3 bu. of wheat. 
 
 2150.4 '^ 
 
 Q. The area of a circle is 706.86 sq. ft. What is the surface of a sphere 
 •of same diameter? What is the volume of this sphere? 
 Ans. (1) 1^706.86 sq. ft.^3. 141 6=15 ft. radius. 
 (2) 15 ft. radiusX2=30 ft. diameter. 
 C3) 3.1416X (30 ft. ) 2=2827.44 sq. ft. surface of sphere. 
 (4) 3.1416X J(30 ft.) 3=14137 2 cu. ft. vol, of sphere. Ans. 
 Q. If 27 men in 4 days of 10 hours each can dig a ditch 360 yards long, 6 
 feet wide, and 4.5 feet deep, in how many days of 9 hours each can 15 men dig 
 a ditch 270 yards long, 5 feet wide, and 3 feet deep. 
 Ans. 15 m. : 27 m. \ 
 
 9hrs, : lOhrs. | 
 
 •360yds. : 270 yds. V::4days : (3J days) 
 
 6 ft. : 5 ft. I 
 
 4.5 ft. : 3 ft / 
 
 27X10X270X5X3X4 5 
 
 = — days=:HJ 
 
 15X9X360X6X4.5 1.5 
 Q. State the principles of (a) Addition, (b) Subtraction, (c) Multi- 
 plication and (d) Division. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) (1) Only like numbers can be added. (2) The sum is equal to 
 all units of all the parts. (3) The sum is the same in kind as the numbers 
 added. (4) Units of the same order, and only such can be added directly. 
 <5) The sum is the same in whatever order the numbers are added. 
 
 (b) (1) Minuend and subtrahend must be of the same kind. (2) 
 The difference is the same kind as minuend and subtrahend. (3) The dif- 
 ference equals the minuend minus the subtrahend. (4) The minuend 
 equals the difference plus the subtrahend. (5) The subtrahend equals 
 the minuend minus the difference. 
 
 (c) (1) The multiplicand may be either abstract or concrete. (2) 
 The multiplier must always be abstract. (3) The product is the same kind 
 as the multiplicand. (4) The product is the same in whatever order the 
 numbers are multiplied. (5) The partial products are the same in kind 
 as the multiplicand. (6) Sum of the partial products equals the total 
 product. 
 
 (d) (1) When the dividend and divisor are of same denomination 
 the quotient is abstract. (2) When the divisor is abstract the quotient 
 Is like the dividend. (3) The remainder is like the dividend. (4) The 
 dividend is equal to the product of the divisor by the quotient plus the re- 
 mainder. 
 
34 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. A, B, and C, rented a pasture for $50.00. A put in 5 horses for 
 4 months, B 15 cows for 3 months, C 30 sheep for 5 months. What should 
 each pay if 2 horses eat as much as 3 cows, or as much as 6 sheep? 
 
 Ans. 5 horses for 4 mos. =20 horses for 1 mo. 
 15 cows for 3 mos. =30 horses for 1 mo. 
 30 sheep for 5 mos. =50 horses for 1 mo. 
 
 100 horses for 1 month. 
 
 hence: 
 
 100 horses for 1 mo. =$50. 00. 
 
 1 horse for 1 rao.=$0.50. 
 20 horses for 1 mo. =$10 A pays. 
 30 horses for 1 mo. =$15 B pays. 
 50 horses for 1 mo. =125 C pays. Ans. 
 Q. It is required to lay out a pasture of 235 A., 36 sq. rds., in the form of 
 a rectangle whose length shall be 4 times its width. What will be the dimen- 
 sions? (Answer in rods) . 
 
 Ans. 235 A., 36 sq. rds.=:37,636 sq. rds. By the conditions of the question^ 
 the rectangle is equal to 4 equal squares whose sides are the width of rectan- 
 gle, and whose areas are I of 37,636 sq. rds. or i* 9 409 sq. rds. 9,409 sq. rds. 
 =97 rds. width of rectangle. Length=4X97 rds. =388 rds. Ans. 
 
 Q. A man desires to dig a cylindrical cistern 14 feet deep which 
 shall hold 100 barrels of water. What will be its diameter in feet? 
 (Answer correct to two decimal places.) 
 
 Ans. 1 barrel of waterX31J gallons. 
 
 100 barrels of water=3,150 gallons. 
 1 gallon=231 cu. in. 
 3,150 gallons=727,650 cu. in. volume of cylinder. 
 
 Diameter. ' ^«^^"^« 
 
 4 
 
 DepthXiX3.1416 
 
 4- 
 
 727650 cir. ^g^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 168 in.XiX3.1416 
 
 Q. Two-thirds of the time past noon equals six twenty-fifths of the time 
 past midnight. What is the hour? 
 
 Ans. The time past noon+12 hrs.=time past midnight. Then by the con- 
 ditions of the question | time past noon= e time past noon+i-| hrs. or ^ time 
 past noon — 3^ time past noon=|.2, hrs. 
 
 Hence -3 2 of time past noon=-||- hrs. 
 
 3 9 
 75 72 
 Time past noon=— X — hrs. = y hrs. or 6 hrs. 45 m., p. m. Ans. 
 32 25 
 
 4 
 
 Q. How many J-inch cubes are there in a 2-inch cube? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 35 
 
 Ans. 2-^i=8; 8-^=512. 
 
 Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of like dimensions. 
 
 Q. How many sq. yds. of plastering are there in a room 14 ft. long, 12| ft. 
 wide and 8§ ft. high, having a baseboard 9 in. high, if no allowance is made for 
 doors and windows? 
 
 Ans. 14 X2=28 ft. 8| ft.-3 ft.=7iT ft. 
 
 12JX2=25 ft. 
 
 53 ft. perimeter of room. 
 53X71-^=419^X2^ sq. ft. area of walls. 
 14X121=175 sq. ft. area of ceiling. 
 
 594^X2 ^"l- ^^- Total area to be plastered. 
 594^T^^9=66jL sq. yds. Ans. 
 
 Q. I paid $2,075 for sugar, and sold it for ^9 of the cost, thereby losing 
 i dollar per barrel. How many barrels did I buy? 
 
 Ans. Selling f or 1 9 of cost, I lose ,,\^, or 5'/ ; 5% of $2, 075 =$103. 75. 
 $103.75 is 415 quarter dollars; hence 415 barrels. Ans. 
 
 Q. From a wagon of bran I loose 50 -/o. I sell 25% of what is left. What 
 per cent of what I lost have I left? 
 ^.^ Ans. If I lose 50% or i, I have J left. I sell i of h, leaving f of h, or §. 
 
 I is =1 of J or 75% . Ans. 
 
 Q. A boat in crossing a river 500 yards wide drifted with the current 360 
 yards. How far did it go? 
 
 Ans: 360 'J =129600, 5002=250000. 
 
 129600+250000=379600 andi/379600=616 yds.+ 
 Q. Find the number of cu. ft. in a log 48 ft. long, diameter of lower end 
 36 inches, of the upper end 24 inches? 
 Ans. 36 in.=3 ft.;32==9 
 24in.=2ft.;22==4 
 3X2=6 
 
 48 
 19X-7854X— =238.7616 cu. ft. Ans. 
 3 
 The log is a frustrum of a cone. 
 Q.;: .A cistern is filled by 2 pipes, one>f which can fill it in 2 hrs., and the 
 other in 3 hrs. ; it is emptied.by 3 pipes, the first of which will empty it in 5 
 hrs. ; the'second inl6 hrs., and the third in 7| hrs., if all the pipes are open, in 
 what time will_the cistern be filled? 
 ^^ Ans. 1st pipe fills in];i hour — ^ 
 „ 2d pipe fills in 1 hour— 1 ' 
 
 both pipes in 1 hr. fill — | 
 3d pipe in 1 hr. empties ^ 
 
36 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 4th pipe in 1 hr, empties I 
 
 T7 
 
 3 pipes in 1 hr. empty ^^=| 
 
 in 1 hr. there is left in the cistern ^ 
 
 hence time required=^3 hours Ans. 
 Q. Define: (a) commission, (b) drafts, (c) bills of exchange, (d> 
 dividends, (e) stocks, (f) bonds. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Commission is the percentage paid the commission merchant to 
 do business. 
 
 (b) Drafts are written orders of one person or company for the pay- 
 ment of money. 
 
 (c) Bills of exchange are drafts on persons or companies in a distant 
 place. 
 
 (d) Dividends are sums of m.oney to be paid to the stockholders out 
 of net earnings. 
 
 ' (e) Stock is the capital of the corporation invested in business, 
 (f) A bond is a written or printed obligation, under seal, securing 
 the payment of a certain sum of money at or before a specified time. 
 
 Q. Took a risk at 2i% ; reinsured ^ of it at 2|% ; my share of the com- 
 mission was $197.13. How large was the risk? 
 Solution. I of 2 J=| ; 2i % — |=i % ; 
 
 $197.13^.0075=$26,284. Ans. 
 Q. The diagonal of a square is 18 rods. What is the area? 
 Solution. Rule: Square of the diagonal=2X area. 
 
 18^=324 which is twice area or 162 sq. rods^Ans. 
 Add: -|mi., 143Jrds.;10mi. 14rds. 7 ft. 6 in ; 209.6 rds. 16 ft. 2^ in.^ 
 Imi., 12 rds., 8 ft., 8.726 in. 
 
 Solution. 
 
 
 mi. 
 
 rd. 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 7 mi. 
 
 = 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 .857-^- 
 
 146J rds. 
 
 = 
 
 146 
 
 5 
 
 6.000 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 6.000 
 
 209 6 rds. 
 
 = 
 
 209 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 10.8C0 
 2.500 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8.726 
 
 
 11 
 
 475 
 
 54 
 
 34.8831 
 10.8831 
 
 
 12 mi. 
 
 155 rds. 
 
 5 ft. 
 
 . 4,8831 in, 
 
 Q. A broker invested $36,0u0 in quick silver preferred stock, 40%. If the 
 stock pays 40% what is the income derived? 
 
 Solution: $36, 000^$40=9()0 shares; $4X900=$3,600. Ans. 
 Or thus: $4 income on $40 investment=10%. 
 10% of $36,000^$3,600. Ans. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 37 
 
 Q. state in the order of their relative importance the several parts 
 or topics contained in the ordinary text book of arithmetic. 
 
 Ans. Notation and numeration; fundamental rules; fractions, both 
 common and decimal; percentage and its application; denominate num- 
 bers, proportion, evolution, mensuration. 
 
 Q. The cost of polishing 5 faces of a cubical block of granite at Ic a 
 square inch was $7.50. What was the length of one edge? 
 
 Ans. $7.50^-5=$l. 50 cost of polishing 1 face. 
 
 1 face contains 150 sq, in. and ^150=12.1247 in. Ans. 
 Q. A rectangular pasture is twice as long as it is wide, and its area 
 is 5 acres. Find the cost of a fence around it at 50 cts. a rod. 
 
 Ans. The pasture is equivalent to 2 squares each 2^ A=400 sq. rds. 
 
 i/ 400— 20. The pasture is 40 rods long and 20 rods wide or 120 rods 
 
 around. 120X$ 50=$60. Ans. 
 Q. Sold two farms at $3,780 each, losing 12|'/ on one and gaining 12^% 
 on the other. Did I gain or lose by the transaction, and how much? 
 Ans. -3, 780= J of $4,320, cost of the first. 
 
 !|;3.780=9 of $3,360, cost of the second. 
 
 $7,680, cost of both. 
 $7,560, selling price of both. 
 
 $120, loss. 
 Q. I wish to borrow $1,552.95 from a bank. For what sum payable 
 60 days hence must I give my note to receive that sum if the bank dis- 
 counts it at 8 per cent? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 .021 1.00 
 
 8 .014 
 
 .014 .986 i 1,552.95 | $V575. Ans. 
 
 f 
 Q. If I sell I of 5 of an article for what— cost, what % do I gain? 
 
 8 
 
 1 5 
 
 Ans. tof5 = |;-:=|. 
 
 A 
 
 If I sell I or ^Sj. for what |. qj. -9.- costs me, I gain i. or 12^9'^ . Ans. 
 
 Q. How many inches must A, B and C respectively, grind off of a 
 partnership grindstone 2 ft. 10 in. in diameter so that each may get an 
 equal share; allowing 8 In. for aperture? 
 
 Ans. 2 ft. 10 in. =34 in. or 17 in. for radius of whole circle. Radius of 
 aperture=4 in. ; area of stone face=:(289.16)X3. 1416=273X2.1416 sq. in. Each 
 is entitled to 91X3.1416 sq. in. 
 
38 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Hence 91X3.1416+aperture was left by second man; 
 182X3. 1416+aperture was left by first man. 
 (16+91 )X3. 1416=107X3. 1416=2nd circle left. 
 
 Q. Define "Unit.' Ans. A Unit is a single thing. 
 
 "Integer." Ans. An Integer is a whole number. 
 "Numeration." Ans. Numeration is the art of reading 
 numbers. 
 
 Q. (a) What is meant by the Arabic system? (b) How many figures 
 are employed to express Arabic numbers? 
 
 Ans. The Arabic system is the system in which the figures are used 
 to express quantities, (b) Nine: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0, or 10 in 
 all. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the seven capital letters used in Roman notation, (b) 
 Express in Roman characters: 79, 1040, 2899. 
 
 Ans. (a) I, V, X, L, C, D, M. (b) LXXIX, MXL, MMDCCCXCIX, 
 MDCCCCXVI. 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate: (a) Right angle, (b) acute angle, (c) ob- 
 tuse angle, (d) parallelogram, (e) rectangle, (f) trapezoid, (g) altitude, 
 (h) vertex, (i) base. 
 
 Ans. (a) A right angle is formed by a line perpendicular to another 
 line,- (b) An acute angle is smaller than a right angle, (c) An obtuse 
 angle is greater than a right angle, (d) A parallelogram is a quadrilater- 
 al with two pairs parallel sides, (e) A rectangle is a right angled parallelo- 
 gram, (f) A trapezoid is a quadrilateral having two parallel sides, (g) 
 The altitude is the perpendicular distance from base to highest point, (h) 
 The vertex is the highest point, (i) The base is the line on which the fig- 
 ure stands. 
 
 Q. What will be the cost 0t a rug 31/^x3 yds., at $1.25 per sq, yd., 
 with a border % of a yard in addition at 50c per lineal yard? 
 
 Ans. 3JX3X$1-25=?13.125 cost of rug. 
 
 (10 +6) X- 50=$ 8. cost of border. 
 
 $21,125 total cost. Ans. 
 
 Q. (a) Find the contents in bushels of a wagon box 5 ft. long, 3 feet wide, 
 4| ft. deep, (b) How many barrels in a circular cistern 5 feet|in diameter and 
 8 feet deep? 
 
 Ans. (a) 5X3X4^X803=52.195 bushels. Ans. 
 
 (b) 60X60X.0034X96=1175.04gal., and 1175.04--31J=37.3bbl. Ans. 
 
 Q. (a) Find the interest and amount of ?696.85 for 6 yrs, 8 mos., 12 
 da., at 6 per cent. 
 
 (b) Find the interest of $18.75 from April 1, 1890 to July 22, 1891 at 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 39 
 
 Ans. (a) 
 
 1 2 
 2 
 
 $696.85 
 80.4 
 .06 
 .01 
 
 40.2 
 
 Ans. (b) yrs. 
 91 
 90 
 
 mos. 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 days 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 $280,13=Interest 
 .85=Prin. 
 
 $976.98 Ans. 
 
 3 
 
 M8.75 
 15.7 
 .06 
 .01 
 
 21 Time 
 
 7.85 
 
 $ 1.47 Int. Ans. 
 
 Q. Define (a) Involution; (b) Evolution, (c) Extract the square root of 
 282429536481. 
 
 262144 
 
 (d) Also of ; (e) Extract the cube root of 3048625. 
 
 390625 
 
 Ans. (a) Involution is finding any power or multiplication of as many 
 equal factors as the exponent indicates, (b) Evolution is the extraction of 
 roots. 
 
 (c) v/282429536481=531441 
 
 52=25 
 
 324 
 103 309 
 
 1529 
 1061 1061 
 
 46853 
 10624 42496 
 
 435764 
 106284 425136 
 
 1062881 
 1062881 1062881 
 
 10X10X3=300 
 
 4 
 
 1200 
 
 10X3X16=480 
 
 43= 64 
 
 (d) 
 
 1262144^512 
 \ 390625 625 
 
 (e) #3048625 =145 
 13 1 
 
 2048 
 1744 
 
 304625 
 304625 
 
 140X140X3X5=294000 
 
 140X3X25 = 10500 
 
 53= 125 
 
 304625 
 
40 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Cube, (b) rectangle; (c) triangle. 
 
 Ans. (a) A cube is a regular solid having six square faces. 
 
 (b) A rectangle is a quadrilateral, having opposite sides parallel, 
 and whose angles are right angles. 
 
 (c) A triangle is a plain figure bounded by three straight lines. 
 
 Q. (a) For what is avoirdupois weight used? (2) Apothecaries' 
 weight? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Avoirdupois weight is used for weighing all commodities except 
 gems and precious metals. 
 
 (b) Apothecaries' weight is used for weighing drugs at retail. 
 Q. Give tables for Troy weight and liquid measure. 
 
 Ans. See your Arithmetic. 
 
 Q. What is the radius of a circle? 
 
 Ans. The distance from center to circumference. 
 Q. y ind the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 240 feet. 
 Ans. 3. 1416X 240 ft = 753. 984 . 
 
 Q. Find the area of a tri n^\e whose base is 6 ft. and altitude 10 ft. 
 Ans. K10X6)=30sq. ft. 
 
 Q. How find the area of a circle? 
 
 Ans. Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854. 
 
 Q. How find the area of a rectangle? 
 
 Ans. Multiply length by breath, both expressed by same kind of 
 units. 
 
 1 9 3 
 
 14X98X76X^^4X144 78204 
 
 Q. Cancel: = =4600^7. Ans. 
 
 28 X 4X17X1^X 12 17 
 Q. Define (a) prime numbers, (b) Composite numbers. 
 Ans. (a) Prime numbers have no divisors, (b) Composite numbers 
 have divisors. Illustration; (a) Prime numbers, 7, 11, 19, 31, 53; (b) 
 Composite numbers, 8, 9, 10, 21, 51, 57, 91. 
 Q. (a) What is meant by insurance? 
 Ans. Indemnity against loss by fire, water or any contingency. 
 
 (b) What is a policy? 
 
 Ans. A policy is the contract for insurance. 
 
 (c) What is a premium? 
 
 Ans. A premium is the cost of insurance. 
 
 Q. A two inch globe fits in a cylinder 2 inches high. Find the ca- 
 pacity of that part of the cylinder not occupied by the globe. 
 Ans. Contents of cylinder=22X .7854X2=6.2832 cu.in. 
 Contents of globe =23X.5236 =4.1888 cu.in. 
 
 Unoccupied part, 2.0944 cu.in. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 41 
 
 Q. A rectangular stone 5 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 3 ft. thick is drop- 
 ped into a cylindrical cistern 6 ft. in diameter in which the water is 8 ft. 
 deep. How much will^the water rise? 
 
 Ans. 5X3X3=45 cu. ft., contents of the stone. 
 
 36X -7854X8 =226. 1952 cu. ft. of water in cistern. 
 226.1952 cu. ft. +45 cu. ft.=271.1952 cu. ft. in all 
 271.1952 
 
 =9.5915 ft. and 9.5915 ft.-« ft.=1.5915+ft. Ans. 
 
 36X.7854 
 Q. A ladder placed 8 ft. from the base of a building 40 ft. high, 
 just reached the top; how far must it be placed from the base that it may 
 reach a point 20 ft. from the top? 
 
 Ans. 402+82=1664=square of the length of the ladder. 
 1664 — 302=764=square of the disc from the base. 
 
 /7^=27.64 ft. Ans. Or moved 19.64 ft. further out. Ans. 
 Q. What is the entire surface of a cube, the contents of which are 
 15,625 cu. ft.? 
 
 Ans. f 15,625=25 ft.=edge of the cube. 
 6X252, or 6X625=3750 sq. ft. Ans. 
 Q. Write the following: (1) simple; (2) improper; (3) compound; 
 (4) complex fractions; (5) mixed numbers. 
 
 Ans. (1) V2, %,; (2) %, y*, ; (3) 1/2 of %. 
 
 IVa 2 61/4 
 
 (4) , , ; (5) 31/2, 61/s. 
 
 3 ^Va 7% 
 Q. How many perches of rough stone in a wall 36 rds. long, 2*^ ft. 
 thick and 5 ft. high? 
 
 Ans. 1 perch=24| cu. ft. 
 
 36Xl6JX2iX5 36X33X5X5X4 
 
 = =300 perch 
 
 24f 2X2X99 
 
 Q. What is the capacity in barrels of a cylindrical cistern 4 ft. in 
 diameter and 10 ft. deep? 
 
 16X7854X10X1728X2 
 
 Ans. =2y.85+or 30 barrels nearly. 
 
 231X63 
 Q. An article that cost nothing was sold for $5.00. What was the 
 gain per cent? 
 
 Ans. Since cost is nothing, no gain can be computed. The per cent 
 gain is infinitely large. 
 
 Q. What is the true discount of $1250 due in 1 yr; 7 mo., 21 days 
 without interest, current rate being 7per cent. 
 
 Ans. Interest on $1 for 1 yr., 7 mo., 21 days at 7f/c=$114"/i2. Amt.= 
 $l,114"/l2. |l,250^$l,114iVi2^1121.09. Hence disc.=$l,250— S1121.09= 
 $128.91. Ans. 
 
42 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. What is the surface of a sphere 15 in. in diameter. 
 Ans. 152X3.1416=225X3.1416=706.86 sq. in. Aijs. 
 
 Q. Two cogged wheels working together have 32 and 36 cogs re- 
 spectively. The larger wheel makes 24 revolutions per minute. How 
 many times will the same cogs come together in a working day of 10 
 hours ? 
 
 Ans, 24X60X10=14,400 revolutions of larger wheel in a day. 
 L. C. M. of 32 and 36=288. 
 14,400-^288=50 times. Ans. 
 Q. If 90^%i cents in gold will buy a paper dollar, what is the premium on 
 gold. 
 
 100 
 
 Ans. X 100=110 or 10 9^0 prem. 
 
 90i%i 
 Q. How many globes each 8 in. in diam. would equal in surface a globe 
 40 in. in diameter? 
 
 Ans, 40^8=5; 52=35, 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 43 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. What determines the location of the tropics and polar circles? 
 
 Ans. The farthermost distance to which the perpendicular rays of 
 the sun reach north and south of the equator determines the location of 
 the tropics, while the polar circles are placed at the most distant point to 
 which the suns rays reach beyond the poles. 
 
 Q. Name two rainless regions and state the cause. 
 
 Ans. Sahara Desert in Northern Africa, the cause being the almost 
 continous highlands along the coasts which rob the air of its moisture be- 
 fore it reaches the low interior; and the Desert of Gobi in China, fop the 
 same cause. 
 
 Q. What is the greatest latitude a place can have? The greatest 
 longitude? Why? 
 
 Ans. The greatest latitude is 90 degrees north or south of the 
 equator, and the greatest longitude is 180 degrees east or west of some 
 prime meridian. Because those are the respective limits of latitude and 
 longitude. 
 
 Q. In which grand divisions are found the extremes of surface ele- 
 vations and depressions? 
 
 Ans. Elevations in Asia, and depressions in Asia also. 
 
 Q. Name the river systems of South America, and state what por- 
 tion of the country is drained by each. 
 
 Ans. The Orinoco system draining the northern part, the Amason 
 system draining the central and eastern portions, and the Rio de Laplata 
 draining the southeastern portion. 
 
 Q. Name and locate five of the principal seaports of Europe. 
 
 Ans. (1) Liverpool in England on the Irish Sea, (2) Dublin in Ire- 
 land on the Irish Sea, (3) Copenhagen in Denmark on the Baltic Sea, (4) 
 Edinburgh in Scotland on the North Sea, (5) Marseilles in France on the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Q. Locate the following cities: (a) Marseilles, (b) Toronto, (c) 
 Port Arthur, (d) Kyato, (e) Bangkok. 
 
 Ans. (a) In Southern France on the Mediterranean, (b) In Ontario, 
 Canada, on Lake Ontario, (c) In Manchuria, on the Yellow Sea, (d) In 
 Japan, (e) In Siam in Asia on the Gulf of Siam. 
 
 Q. Name in order, the waters on which a vessel would sail from 
 Manila to London. 
 
 Ans. South China Sea, St. of Malacca, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, 
 St. of Babel Mandeb, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea» St. of 
 Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, St. of Dover, and North Sea 
 and River Thames. 
 
 Q. Make a map of North America showing outline of countries, 
 principal rivers, cities, mountain ranges and water boundaries. 
 
 Ans. See Geography. 
 
44 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. (a) How long is a day at the North pole? (b) When does it be- 
 gin and when does it end? (c) Why? 
 
 Ans. (a) Six months, (b) Begins 21st day of March, ends the 22nd 
 day of September, (c) Because of the shifting position of the earth in its 
 course around its orbit. 
 
 Q. In what general direction do the mountain ranges of Europe and 
 Asia run? 
 
 Ans. East and west. 
 
 Q. Across what grand divisions, oceans, seas, etc., does the equator 
 pass?? 
 
 Ans. Africa, South America, Alantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, South 
 China Sea, Lake Victoria, East Indies. 
 
 Q. Name and locate the largest inland sea that has no outlet. 
 
 Ans. Caspian Sea, north of Persia in Southern part of Russian Em- 
 pire in Asia. 
 
 Q. Name the river systems of North America and state the portion 
 of the country drained by each. 
 
 Ans. St. Lawrence, draining the northern and northeastern part of 
 the U. S. and southern and southeastern part of Canada; Mississippi, drain- 
 ing the central part of the U. S; Columbia, draining the northwestern 
 part of U. S.; Mackenzie, draining the central part of Canada; Colorado, 
 draining the southwestern part of U. S.; Rio Grande, draining the north- 
 ern part of Mexico and southwestern part of U. S.; Hudson, Susquehanna, 
 Delaware, Potomac, Savannah, etc., draining the Atlantic Coast Plain in 
 United States. 
 
 Q. Locate the following mountain ranges: (a) Sierra Nevada, (b) 
 Kong, (c) Balkan, (d) Taurus, (e) Altai. 
 
 Ans. (a) In the southwest part o f the U. S. (b) In Western 
 Africa, (c) In Southeast Europe, (d) Turkey in Asia, (e) In Northern 
 Asia. 
 
 Q. (a) What are trade winds? (b) State their cause, (c) In what 
 direction do they blow? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) They are winds blowing continuously toward the equator in the 
 tropical regions. 
 
 (b) They are caused by the heated air at the equator rising and the 
 cool air from the north and south rushing in to replace it. 
 
 (c) Those north of the equator blow southwest, and those south, 
 northwest. 
 
 Q. Name all the rivers that touch Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, Cumberland, Licking, Kentucky, 
 Green, Big Sandy, Salt, Nolin, Trade Water, Rolling Fork, Beech Fork. 
 
 Q. Make an outline map of South America, showing principal rivers, 
 mountains and cities. 
 
 Ans. See Geography. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 45 
 
 Q. Outline a series of observations of sun and stars for pupils upon 
 "Which the teacher may base lessons: (a) The rotation of the earth, (b) 
 the revolution of the earth, (c) relation of temperature to the length of 
 ■day and altitude of the sun. 
 
 Ans. (a) Lead pupils to notice reasons for difference in time daily 
 in "sunrise" and sunset;" (b) the difference in places where the sun is 
 first seen in the horizon on different days of the year; (c) the increase in 
 temperature when the days become longer and when the sun is "over- 
 head;" that in our latitude the sun is never "overhead." Pupils also can 
 ■observe that different stars are visible at different times of the night, etc. 
 
 Q. Describe the coast of Europe. Show its effect upon the occupa- 
 tion of the people. 
 
 Ans. The coast of Europe is very much indented by the ocean. This 
 makes a* large portion accessible by water. Water transportation is much 
 •cheaper than land transportation; hence Europe has advantage for manu- 
 facturing and commerce. 
 
 Q. Compare the relief of Africa and South America, and show the 
 resulting difference in the exploration and the development of the two 
 •continents. 
 
 Ans. Neither of the continents is much indented. Both have their 
 mountains on the coast although the mountains in South America (Andes) 
 are much higher than any in Africa. The principal mountains in Africa 
 are in the east; of South America in the west. Both continents are very 
 hot, but Africa has many deserts. In consequence it was more slowly ex- 
 plored than any other grand division. Both continents have several large 
 river systems, but on account of rapids the rivers in some parts of Central 
 Africa are not navigable. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the conditions favorable to forests? (b) Locate 
 the forests of North America. (c) What are the occupations of the 
 people? (d) What in cities in neighborhood? 
 
 Ans. (a) Rainfall pretty generally distributed throughout the year, 
 (b) Near the large rivers and in the regions of Great Lakes also in the 
 northwest, (c) Lumbering and trapping, (d) Sawmills and like factor- 
 ies furnish employment to many people. 
 
 Q. (a) What conditions determine the location of manufacturing 
 lustrations such places as England, France, United States and Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Ans. (a) Facility for shipping, especially by water; abundance of 
 coal and iron in the proximity, (b) The raw material readily obtainable 
 determines the products, (c) England manufactures iron goods, cotton 
 goods, linen, cutlery; France manufacturers porcelain, silk, and other 
 fine fabrics; the United States manufactures nearly everything that can be 
 made; Switzerland excels in watches. 
 
 Q. Where is the population of India densest? Explain this as a re- 
 sult of topography and climate. 
 
46 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. In the river valleys and on the coast. In the interior are 
 deserts, where the climate is very hot, while on the coasts it is much mild- 
 er. 
 
 Q. Name one of the greatest commercial centers of each continent. 
 Give location and explain what natural features helped or hindered its 
 growth. 
 
 Ans. North America — NewYork; excellent harbor, many railroads. 
 South America — Rio Janeiro; good harbor, coffee culture. 
 Europe— London; location on Thames and ocean navigation. 
 Asia — Calcutta; easy access to ocean, agricultural products. 
 Africa — Capetown, location near ocean, gold and diamond 
 
 mines. 
 Australia — Melbourn; not much trade, 
 
 Q. (a) Describe one area in North America and one in Europe in 
 which scenery becomes of economic importance. (b) What industries 
 spring up in such places. 
 
 Ans. (a) In North America is the Yellowstone Park. In Europe, 
 the region along the Rhine, (b) Hotel business to accommodate tourists. 
 Also guides find employment there. 
 
 Q. Show what influence topography has iipon routes of transporta- 
 tion. 
 
 Ans. Lines of transportation as a rule follow the rivers and moun- 
 tain valleys on account of saving expense. There are, however, some not- 
 able exceptions, where mountains were tunneled and other difficulties 
 overcome. 
 
 Q. What are the characteristic soils of Kentucky? How do you ac- 
 count for the difference? 
 
 Ans. (a) Limestone, (b) sand, (c) gravel, (d) clay, (a) Decom- 
 posed limestone, suitable for blue grass, (b) The knobs are decomposed 
 sandstone, suitable for fruit, (c) Gravel, and (d) clay were deposited in 
 an embayment of the Gulf of Mexico when it reached as far as the mouth 
 of the Ohio. It is chiefly found in "The Purchase." 
 
 Q. Where are (a) the principal coal regions of the United States; 
 (b) salmon fisheries; (c) timber regions? 
 
 ^a) The principal coal regions are in the East. The next most im- 
 portant field in the center, with a few detached smaller fields. 
 
 (b) The Columbia river is noted for its salmon fisheries. 
 
 (c) In the southeast we find cypress, pine, cedar, gum; farther north, 
 walniK". oak, hemlock. In the northeast and the northwest, spruce, cedar 
 and hemlock, and in the neighborhood of the Great Lakes, pine and hard 
 woods. 
 
 Q. Name the states of South America. 
 
 Ans. Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Uraguay, Paraguay, Ar- 
 gentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. 
 
 Q. Name the states embraced in the Louisiana Purchase. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 47 
 
 Ans. Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota west of the 
 Mississippi, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, part of Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, 
 Arkansas, Louisiana, besides Oklahoma and Indian Territory. 
 
 Q. What state produces most (a) cotton, (b) tobacco, (c) coal, (d) 
 gold, (e) rice, (f) wheat. 
 
 Ans. (a) Texas, (b) Kentucky, (c) Pennsylvania, (d) California, 
 (e) Louisiana, (f) Minnesota. 
 
 Q. Name the New England States and give their capitals. 
 
 Ans. Maine, its capital is Augusta; New Hampshire, with the capital 
 Concord; Vermont, with the capital Montpelier; Massachusetts, with the 
 capital Boston; Rhode Island had formerly two capitals, but Provi- 
 dence is the only capital now; Connecticut, whose capital is Hartford. 
 
 Q. Bound the largest state in the union and name four of its largest 
 cities. 
 
 Ans. Texas is bounded on the north by Arkansas, Indian Territory 
 and Oklahoma; on the east by Arkansas and Louisiana; on the south by 
 the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; on the west by New Mexico and Mexico. 
 Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, Galveston are the largest cities . 
 
 Q. Name five seas on the coast of Asia. 
 
 Ans. Sea of Okholsk, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South 
 China Sea. 
 
 Q. Name (a) one river, (b) two cities, and (c) three products of 
 Australia. 
 
 Ans. (a) Murray, (b) Melbourne and Sydney, (c) wool, gold and 
 cattle. 
 
 Q. What causes the change of seasons? 
 
 Ans. (1) The rotation of the earth; (2) parallelism of its axis; (3) 
 inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a watershed? (b) Nafae and locate two. 
 
 Ans. (a) A watershed is the dividing line between two river sys- 
 tems, (b) The Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains, the Height 
 of Land, etc. 
 
 Q. (a) What is latitude? (b) Longitude? (c) For what purpose 
 are the parallels and meridians employed? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Latitude is distance measured north of the equator. 
 
 (b) Longitude is distance measured east or west of prime meridian. 
 
 (c) Parallels and meridians are useful to give the exact location of 
 places on the earth's surface. 
 
 Q. Which zone contains (a) the largest land surface? (b) The 
 largest water surface? (c) Which has the greatest rainfall? (d) Which 
 the highest civilization? 
 
 Ans. (a) The North Temperate zone, (b) The South Frigid zone, 
 (c) The North Torrid zone. ,(d) The North Temperate. 
 
48 Teachers' and Students' Ikaminations 
 
 Q. Name the states and their capitals that border on the Great 
 Lakes. 
 
 Ans. New York, capital Albany; Pennsylvania, capital Harrisburg; 
 Ohio, capital Columbus; Indiana, capital Indianapolis; Illinois, capital 
 Springfield; Michigan, capital Lansing; Winconsin, capital Madison; Min- 
 nesota, capital St. Paul. 
 
 Q. What are isothermal lines? Why do they deviate from the par- 
 allels of latitude? 
 
 Ans. Isothermal lines connect places having the same average tem- 
 perature for the year. They differ from the parallels of latitude on ac- 
 count of local influences of climate, as mountains, prevailing winds, 
 character of soil, etc. 
 
 Q. What are some of the causes that determine the location of cit- 
 ies? 
 
 Ans. (1) Nearness to the ocean or navigable rivers. (2) Railroad 
 facilities. (3) Manufacturing interests. 
 
 Q. Make a map of the U. S. showing outline, principal rivers, cities, 
 mountains and water boundaries. 
 
 Ans. See Geography. 
 
 Q. Explain the phases of the moon. 
 
 Ans. The moon performs a complete revolution around the earth in 
 27 days, 7 hours, 23 minutes and 11 seconds. It revolves on its own axis 
 in about the same time. Now, at new moon, sun and moon are on the 
 same side of the earth; nearly 7 days later, sun and moon are in quadra- 
 ture or at right angles to each other. We have then first quarter. Again 
 about 7days later sun and moon are in opposition and we have full moon. 
 Finally in another 7 days, sun and moon are in quadrature again, and we 
 have last quarter. 
 
 Q. (a) What colonies in Australia are most densely populated? (b) 
 What physiographic factors determine this distribution of people? (c) De- 
 scribe the resources of this region, (d) What are the chief cities? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Victoria and New South Wales. 
 
 (b) The position ^of the mountain ranges and the moderate climate 
 of the coast, compared with the interior. 
 
 (c) Agriculture, grazing, silk culture, wool growing, gold mining. 
 
 (d) Melbourne and Sidney. 
 
 Q. Discuss the trade relations between America and Europe, stating 
 five important exports and European ports to which they are sent, and 
 five imports and cities from which they come. 
 
 Ans. Europe and America sutain very important trade relations. 
 America sends cotton to Liverpool, bread-stuffs to London, live stock to 
 London and other European ports, tobacco to nearly all ports, mineral oils 
 to all principal cities. The United States buys cutlery from Sheffield, 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 49 
 
 linen from Belfast, toys from Neuremberg, silk from Lyons, wines from 
 Bordeaux and Oporto. 
 
 Q. Describe the chief ocean current of (a) the Atlantic, (b) the 
 Pacific Ocean. State cause, direction and effects of each. Do these cur- 
 rents realy modify continental climate? If not account for equable cli- 
 mate of the shores they bathe. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Gulf Stream. It is a branch of the equatorial current. It 
 crosses the Atlantic in a north-eastery direction, a part of it returning 
 south acts as the main feeder of the equatorial current. The other part 
 flows toward Norway, Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla. 
 
 (b) In the Pacific ocean we find the counterpart of the Gulf Streaifi 
 in the Japan current, or Kuro Sivo. It crosses the Pacific in an easterly 
 direction. Both currents are caused by the heat of the sun and by the 
 rotation of the earth. Both also mitigate the extremes of climate, increase 
 materially the speed of vessels, and transport large quantities of timber to 
 high northern latitudes. 
 
 Q. Explain the chief sources of soil, and discuss the agents that 
 produce them. What soils are found in Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. Soil is formed by decaying rock and decaying vegetation. The 
 action of the atmosphere by moisture and other agents cause this decay. 
 In Kentucky we have the phosphatic limestone soil in Blue Grass region. 
 The Knobs are sandstone formations. The mountains, or eastern coal 
 fields, are not suitable for agriculture. The western coal field is very 
 much like the eastern. Another lime-stone formation, "the cavernous 
 lime-stone area," surrounds the western coal fields, and is well adapted to 
 agriculture. Finally, in the "Jackson Purchase," that part of Kentucky 
 west of the Tennessee River, contains in its soil gravel, and clay and loam. 
 It is very productive. 
 
 Q. Give full expanation of "Standard time." 
 
 Ans. The United States is so large that more than three hours are 
 required to carry it past the sun. Therefore the term "noon" carries 
 with it no definite meaning. To avoid mistakes, delays and confusion, 
 the railroad companies of the country have adopted the times of the meri- 
 dians of 75, 90, 105, and 120 degrees as a standard by which to run their 
 trains. The time of 75 degrees meridian is called "Eastern time;" of 30 
 degrees "Central time;" of 105 degrees is "Mountain time;" and of 120 de- 
 grees "Pacific time." Trains east of 75 degrees run by "Eastern time;" 
 between 75 degrees and 90 degrees by "Central time," etc. 
 
 Q. Mention (a) two causes which produce the change of seasons, 
 (b) What is the width of each zone? (c) How is this width determined? 
 
 Ans. (a) Revolution of the earth, constant parallelism of its axis, 
 and inclination of the earth's axis. 
 
 (b)Each of the Frigid zones is 23% degrees wide, each temperate 
 zone 43 degrees, and each torrid zone 23i/^ degrees. 
 
so Tieacliers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (c) The inclination of the earth's axis determines the width of the 
 rones. 
 
 Q. Why is the climate of England so much warmer than that of 
 Nova Scotia? 
 
 Ans. England is warmer than Nova Scotia because it has a warm 
 ocean current, the Gulf Stream, while Nova Scotia has a cold current, the 
 Arctic Current. 
 
 Q. Name (a) five seas tributary to the Mediterranean, (b) five seas 
 on the eastern coast of Asia, (c) three seas on western coast of Europe, (d) 
 two that touch North America, (e) two that touch Africa. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Adriatic, Aegon, Ionian, Black, Sea of Azov. 
 
 ('b) Behring Sea, Sea of Oklotsk, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, China Sea. 
 
 (-C) Baltic, North Sea , Irish Sea. ■ 
 
 (d) Behring Sea, Carribean Sea. 
 
 (e) Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. 
 
 Q. Name a State of the Union in which each of the following is 
 found in large quantities: (a) lead, (b) copper, (c) marble, (d) gold, 
 (-e) silver. 
 
 Ans. (a) Lead in Illinois, (b) copper in Montana, Arizona and Mich- 
 igan, (c) marble in Vermont, (d) gold in California, (e) silver in Colora- 
 do. 
 
 Q. Describe three all-water routes from Cleveland to Baltimore. 
 
 Ans. (1) Lake Erie to Buffalo, Erie Canal to Troy, Hudson River 
 to New York Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay. (2) Lake Erie, 
 Niagara River, Welland Canal, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence, Atlantic 
 ©cean, Chesapeake Bay. (3) Ohio canal from Cleveland to Portsmouth, 
 ©hio River, Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the five principal mountain systems of the Western 
 Continent, (b) Name the river systems of North America and (c) of 
 South America. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Coast mountains, Rocky mountains, Appalachian mountains. 
 Sierra Madre and Andes. 
 
 (b) St. Lawrence, McKenzie, Mississippi, Colorado. 
 
 (c) Orinoco, Amazon, LaPlata. 
 
 Q. What is the inclination of the Earth's axis? Ans. 23% de- 
 grees. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Atmospheric agents, (b) erosion, (c) detritus, (d) 
 earthquakes, (e) geysers. 
 
 (a wind, heat, cold, rain, etc. 
 
 (b) The wearing away of the earth's crust by water. 
 
 (c) Silt carried by the river. 
 
 (d) Shaking of earth's crust. 
 
 ('6) Hot springs, which spontaneously throw up jets of boiling water. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 51 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Stalactites, (b) stalagmites. 
 
 Ans. (a) Deposits of carbonate of lime hanging like icicles from 
 the roof of a cavern, (b) Stalagmites are deposits of lime an floor of a 
 cavern. 
 
 Q. How are natural bridges formed? Ans. By erosion. 
 
 Q. Explain the w^ork of glaciers? 
 
 Ans. Glaciers carry moraines and deposit them on the sides of the 
 valley (lateral moraines,) or at the end (terminal.) They distribute in 
 their course huge bowlders that were imbedded in the ice. They mark the 
 sides and bottom of the valley with scratches (striae.) 
 
 Q. Name two kinds of Tides? Ans. Spring Tides and Neap Tides. 
 
 Q. How are coral reefs made? Ans. By coral polyps. 
 
 Q. Where is the greatest deph of the ocean? 
 
 Ans. Where Southern Atlantic and Southern Pacific join is sup- 
 posed to be the place of greatest depth. 
 
 Q. Name the water boundaries of Russia? 
 
 Ans. Baltic, Artie, White Sea, Pacific, Caspian Sea, and Black Sea, 
 with Sea of Azov. 
 
 Q. What mountains East and South? 
 
 Ans. Thian Shan, Altai, Yablonoi, Stanovoi. 
 
 Q. Name 4 rivers of Russia, (b) Give its capital. 
 
 Ans. Volga, Obe, Yennissei, Lena, (b) St. Petersburg. 
 
 Q. Name (a) the 2 largest Japanese islands? (b) Capital? AnS. 
 (a) Niphon, Yezo. (b) Tokio. 
 
 Q. Describe a proposed method of connecting Russia and America 
 by rail? 
 
 Ans. By means of a tunnel under Behring Strait. 
 
 Q. Why should you like to visit the following: 
 
 (a) Port Arthur? Ans. On account of siege during the war between 
 Russia and Japan. 
 
 (b) Yosemite Valley? Ans. On account of natural scenery. 
 
 (c) St. Augustine? Ans. It is the oldest town in the United 
 States. 
 
 (d) London? Ans. It is the largest city in the world. 
 
 (e) Frankfort, Ky. ? Ans. To visit the grave of Daniel Boone and 
 the new state capitol building. 
 
 Q. Name the races of mankind and original home o'f each. 
 
 Ans. Caucasian — Western Asia and Europe; Mongolian — Eastern 
 Asia; Malay — Southeastern Asia and Australia; Ethiopian — Africa; 
 Indian — America. 
 
 Q. (a) What circles cross South America? (b) In what zones is 
 South America? 
 
 Ans. (a) The Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn cross South 
 America, (b) South America is in the Torrid and South Temperate 
 zones. 
 
52 Teachers^ and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. (a) What European nations have possessions in South America? 
 (,h) Name them, (c) What countries are crossed by the equator? 
 
 Ans. (a) English, Dutch, French. 
 
 Cb) British Guyana, Dutch Guyana, French Guyana. 
 
 ((c) Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador. 
 
 Q. Name the three largest rivers of South America. 
 
 Ans, Orinoco, Amazon, Rio de la Plata. 
 
 Q. Name: (a) The largest northern branches of the Amazon, (b) 
 Southern.?. 
 
 Ans. (a) Japura, Rio Negro, (b) Madeira, Tapajos, Hingu. 
 
 Q. (a) Which countries of South America have no sea coast? (b) 
 Name the Andean countries. 
 
 AnSi (a) Bolivia, Paraguay, (b) Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia. 
 
 Q. Locate: Llanos, Silvas, Pampas. 
 
 Ans. The Llanos are the lowlands of the Orinoco. The Silvas are 
 the lowlands of the Amazon. The Pampas are the lowlands of the Rio de 
 la Plata. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the longest river in the world, (b) Which river holds 
 the most water? (c) Where are the Falkland Islands? 
 
 Ans. (a) The Missismppi River is the longest river in the world. 
 
 (b) The Amazon River holds the most water. 
 
 (c) The Falkland Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, near the south- 
 ern extremity of South America. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports from the United States? 
 
 Ans. Cotton, corn, wheat, live stock and manufactured articles. 
 - Q. What are the four largest islands of the West Indies? 
 
 Ans Cuba, Porto Rico, Hayti and Jamaica. 
 
 Q. Give three general divisions of the subject of geography and de- 
 Mne each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Mathematical or astronomical geography treats of the 
 earth in its relation to the solar system. (2) Physical geograpphy treats 
 ©f the earth in its relation to nature. (3) Descriptive geography treats 
 ©f the earth as the home of man. 
 
 Q. Name a section of the United States where farmers are troubled 
 from: 
 
 (a) Lack of rainfall. Ans. In the West, especially in the North 
 American desert. 
 
 (b) River overflows. Ans. In the lower Mississippi region. 
 
 (c) Worn-out soil. Ans. In many of the Southern States. 
 
 (d) Swamp lands. Ans. All along the Atlantic coast, especially 
 Florida. 
 
 (e) Stony surface. Ans. In all mountainous regions. 
 Q. What and where are the following: 
 
 C.a) Finland. Ans. It is the northwestern part of Russia. It bord- 
 ers on Sweden. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 53 
 
 (b) Yalu. Ans. The Yalu is a river between Korea and Manchur- 
 ia. 
 
 (c) Vesuvius. Ans. It is a volcano in Southern Italy near Naples. 
 
 (d) Kimberley. Ans. Kimberley is a town in Southern Africa. 
 
 (e) Luzon. Ans. Luzon is the largest of the Philippine Islands. 
 Q. Give three reasons for the uncultivated condition of the country 
 
 and uncivilized condition of the people of Africa. 
 
 Ans. (1) It was not until a comparatively late date that Africa was 
 much visited by white people. (2) The climate is hot". Three-fourths or 
 more of it lies in the torrid zone. (3) The regularity of the coast makes 
 the commerce very limited. 
 
 Q. Which city on the Mississippi has the greatest natural advan- 
 tages for (a) manufacturing, (b) commerce, (c) give reasons. 
 
 Ans. (a) St. Louis, on account of the iron found in the State of 
 Missouri; (b) St. Louis and New Orleans, on account of their location on 
 the river. 
 
 Q. In what direction is San Franciso from the North Pole. 
 
 Ans. All places on the earth are south of the North Pole, therefore, 
 San Francisco is south of it. 
 
 Q. Name five principal seaports and five inland cities of the United 
 States, giving reasons for their location; their growth. 
 
 Ans. The seaports are: 
 
 (1) New York City, on New York Bay, has one of the best commer- 
 cial locations in the world. 
 
 (2) Boston, on Boston Harbor, has excellent opportunity for ship- 
 ping. 
 
 (3) Baltimore is at the head of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 (4) New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, commands the 
 commerce of the river. 
 
 (5) San Franciso has one of the best harbors on the Pacific Coast. 
 The inland cities: 
 
 (1) Buffalo, on Lake Erie and at the entrance of the Erie Canal. 
 
 (2) Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the greatest railroad center in. 
 the world. 
 
 (3) Indianapolis, has many railroads. 
 
 (4) Louisville, on the falls of the Ohio, has also many railroads. 
 
 (5) Kansas City, Mo., has both river communication and many rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Q. What are the requisites for (a) a great agricultural nation; (b) 
 a great manufacturing nation? To what extent are these requirements 
 met in the United States? 
 
 Ans. (a) Agriculture demands good soil and rainfall well distrib- 
 uted throughout the year. 
 
 (b) For manufacturing we need water power or coal mines not far 
 off; also raw material. 
 
54 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 The United States or some parts of the United States meet these con- 
 ditions better than any other country in the world. 
 
 Q. What topographic features act (a) as barriers; (b) as aids to 
 the development of a country? Illustrate by' specific examples and show 
 how barriers have been overcome. 
 
 Ans. (a) Mountain ranges act as barriers — the Pyrenese and the 
 Alps in Europe. 
 
 (b) Navigable rivers and oceans develop a country — the Mississippi 
 "Valley and the whole of Europe, or nearly the whole of it. 
 
 Some mountains, as Mt. Cenis and Mt. St. Gothard, have been tunnel- 
 ed. 
 
 Q. Locate 5 of the world's great canals, naming the places connect- 
 ed and commercial importance of each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Suez Canal shortens the route from Western Europe to 
 India two-thirds. It connects Port Said with Suez. 
 
 (2) The Erie Canal connects Lake Erie with the Hudson River. It 
 connects Buffalo and Troy. 
 
 (3) The Miami and Erie Canal connect Cincinnati and Toledo, or 
 Ohio River and Lake Erie. 
 
 (4) The Ohio Canal connects Cleveland and Portsmouth, also Lake 
 Erie and Ohio River. 
 
 (5) The Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific ocean re- 
 ducing the shipping distance from New York to San Francisco more than 
 half. 
 
 Q. Name a country of Asia which has always been "a bone of con- 
 tention" between two strong nations of the Eastern hemisphere. 
 
 Ans. Manchuria; also, Korea. 
 
 Q. Name the Southern peninsula of Asia. 
 
 Ans. Arabia, India, Farther India. 
 
 Q. Nanie 4 seas off the east coast of Asia? 
 
 Ans. Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea. 
 
 Q. (a) Name 4 rivers and 3 mountain ranges of Asia, (b) To 
 what Empire does Siberia belong? 
 
 (a) Rivers: Hoang Ho, Ganges, Indus, Amur. Mountains ranges: 
 Himalaya, Karakorum, Altai. 
 
 (b) Siberia belongs to the Russian Empire. 
 
 Q. What Strait connects, the Atlantic with the Mediterranean Sea? 
 Ans. The Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Q. Name the largest of the Philippine Islands. Give capital. 
 Ans. Luzon is the largest island. Manila is the capital. 
 Q. Name the largest of the Japan Islands. Capital. 
 Ans. Niphon. Tokio is the capital. 
 
 Q. To what country does India belong? Where is Canton? 
 Ans. India belongs to Great Britain. Canton is a city in Southern 
 China, 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 55 
 
 Q. Name a salt sea in Western Asia? Ans. The Dead Sea. 
 
 Q. The highest mountains in the world are in Asia. Name them? 
 
 Ans. The Himalaya are the highest mountains. 
 
 Q. Name 4 rivers of Asia. Ans. Obe, Yenissei, Lena, Brahmapu- 
 
 tra. 
 
 Q. What ocean south of Asia? Ans. The Indian Ocean. 
 Q. Locate: 
 
 (a) The United States Naval Academy. Ans. At Annapolis, Md. 
 
 (b) Tasmania. Ans. An island south of Australia. 
 
 (c) The largest city in Asia. Ans. Tokio, capital of Japan. 
 
 (d) The highest mountain of South America. Ans. Mt. Aconcagua, 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 (e) The largest river of Europe. Ans. The Volga, in Eastern Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 Q. What are some of the causes that determine the location of cit- 
 ies? Give three illustrations? 
 
 Ans. Harbors, navigable rivers, railroads, manufacturing material. 
 Illustrations: New York City, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Chicago. 
 
 Q. Where would a vessel be that had no latitude and no longitude? 
 
 Ans. In the Gulf of Guinea where the prime meridian crosses the 
 equator. 
 
 Q. How would you correlate History and Geography? • 
 
 Ans. By locating on the maps all places mentioned in History and 
 by studing paces of historical importance in Geography. 
 
 Q. (1) Locate the grain regions of the world; (2) the coal regions; 
 (3) cotton regions. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Mississippi Valley, U. S. A.; Southeastern Europe, Egypt, North- 
 ern India, Australia. 
 
 (2) Eastern United States, Western United States, England, Bel- 
 gium, Germany. 
 
 (3) Southern States, U. S. A.; Indies, Egypt, Brazil. 
 Q. What seas and bays border on the coast of Europe? 
 
 Ans. White Sea, North Sea, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, Adriatic, 
 Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian. 
 
 Q. What is the pedagogical reason for studying home geography 
 first? 
 
 Ans. In commencing with home geography we obey the well-known 
 maxim: "From the known to the unknown." A child knows something 
 of his immediate surroundings, and, in making these surroundings the 
 subject of geographical study, he soon learns how to study in regard to 
 more remote parts of the earth. 
 
 Q. What is the relation of history to the teachings of geography? 
 
 Ans. Historical events connected with localities studied, or to be 
 studied, make the geographical study more attractive, while the studv of 
 
56 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 history without the geographical knowledge of places read about, is well 
 nigh worthless. 
 
 Q. Name the benefits that will, result to the United States from the 
 construction of the Isthmian Canal? Ans. The sea route from the east- 
 ern parts of the United States, say from New York to California, will be 
 diminished in length more than one-half. It will not be necessary to go 
 around Cape Horn, which is a dangerous locality and very stormy. It 
 will also materially increase the commerce of the United States with the 
 rest of the world. 
 
 Q. Of how much importance are imaginary journey lessons? Why? 
 Ans. Imaginary journey lessons call, as the name indicates, the imagina- 
 tion into active service. A pupil will have to be able to think connectedly, 
 and for this reason may be made very profitable. A pupil will in this way 
 acquire a knowledge of the entire earth in a practical manner, such as no 
 textbook will supply. 
 
 Q. Name in order of size the five most extensive countries in the 
 world, including dependencies. 
 
 Ans. British Empire, Russia, China, United States, France. 
 
 Q. Explain the motions of the earth and their results. 
 
 Ans. The daily rotation on its axis causes changes of day and night. 
 The yearly revolution around the sun is one of the causes of "changes of 
 season.* 
 
 Q. Name five limited monarchies. Give capital and most important 
 river of each. 
 
 Ans. Great Britain — Capital, London; important river, Thames. 
 Germany — Capital, Berlin; important river, Vistula. 
 Austro-Hungary — Capital, "Vienna; important river, Danube. 
 Italy — Capital, Rome; important river, Tiber. 
 V Spain — Capital, Madrid; important river, Tagus. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the greatest desert; (2) highest mountain; (3) larg- 
 est ocean; (4) most populous country; (5) largest river system in the 
 world. 
 
 Ans. (1) Sahara Desert; (2) Mt. Everest; (3) Pacific Ocean; (4) 
 China; (5) Amazon system. 
 
 Q. In going from Pittsburg, Pa., to Mobile, Ala., tell on what waters 
 you would sail and five important cities you would pass. 
 
 Ans. Waters: Ohio River, Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico, Mobile Bay. 
 Cities: Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Vicksburg, New Orleans. 
 
 Q. Name thrq,e conditions which largely determine the temperature 
 of a locality, (b) Select a locality which illustrates each answer. 
 
 Ans. (1) Latitude — Yakutsk in Siberia. 
 
 (2) Altitude — The city of Quito in Ecuador, on Equator. 
 
 (3) Oceanic Currents — London, England, in latitude of La- 
 brador. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 57 
 
 Q. (1) Name two kinds of stationary animal life found in the sea. 
 (2) What two motions has the sun? 
 
 Ans. 
 (1) Animalcules that build the coral reefs and polyps. 
 
 (2) The sun rotates on its axis and moves through space together 
 with the entire solar system in the direction of the constellation Hercules. 
 
 Q. (1) How do zones and heat belts differ? 
 (2) Where is the Desert of Sahara? 
 
 Ans. (1) Zones are belts bounded by parallels; they are mathemat- 
 ical lines. Heat belts are determined by average annual temperature. (2) 
 The Desert of Sahara is in the northern part of Africa. 
 
 Q. Locate: (1) Cape Farewell. (2) Cape Sable. (3) Cape Hatteras. 
 (4) Cape San Lucas. 
 
 Ans. (1) At the southern extremity of Greenland. (2) At southern 
 end of both Nova Scotia and of Florida. (3) Off coast of North Carolina. 
 (4) At southern extremity of the peninsula of Lower California. 
 
 Q. Where is (1) Mt. Washington? (2) Mt. Orizaba? (3) Mt. St. 
 Elias? (4) What and where is the highest mountain peak of North 
 America? 
 
 Ans. (1) In White Mountains in New Hampshire. (2) In the 
 Andes in South America. (3) Mt. St. Elias, in Alaska. (4) Mt. McKin- 
 ley, in Alaska. 
 
 Q. (1) What large river in Alaska? (2) Where does the Macken- 
 zie empty? (3) What river drains the Great Lakes? (4) Name two 
 canals in New York State. 
 
 Ans. (1) The Yukon River. (2) In the Artie Ocean? (3) The St. 
 Lawrence River. (4) The Erie canal. 
 
 Q. Describe the basins of the Colorado and Columbia rivers. 
 
 Ans. Both the Colorado and the Columbia rivers drain the western 
 portion of the United States. This section is mountainous, rich in miner- 
 al deposits, but not adapted to agriculture without irrigation. The scen- 
 ery along the river banks is very beautiful. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the Pacific States. (2) Name the Gulf States. 
 
 Ans. (1) California, Oregon, Washington. (2) Florida, Alabama, 
 Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 
 
 Q. (l)Name two peninsulas on the Atlantic Coast. (2) Name pen- 
 insulas east and west of Mexico. 
 
 Ans. (1) Labrador and Florida. (2) Yucatan and Lower Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Q. (1) To what country does Iceland belong? (2) Name the coun- 
 tries of the Scandinavian Peninsula. 
 
 Ans. (1) It belongs to Denmark. (2) The two countries are Sweden 
 and Norway. 
 
 Q. (1) What peninsula south of the Scandinavian Peninsula? (2) 
 Name the British Islands. Ans. (1) The Danish Peninsula. (2) Great 
 
58 Teachers' and Students Examinations 
 
 Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the largest city of Great Britain. (2) On wliat river 
 is it situated? (3) Name the largest country of Europe. 
 
 Ans. (1) London. (2) On the Thames River. (3) Russia. 
 
 Q. (1) What bay v^^est of France? (2) What sea south of Europe? 
 (3) Name the sea east of Great Britain. Ans. (1) The Bay of Biscay. 
 (2) The Mediterranean Sea. (3) The North Sea. 
 
 Q. (1) Name three peninsulas south of Europe. (2) Name three 
 large islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Ans. (1) The Spanish, the 
 Italian, the Balkan Peninsulas. (2) Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily. 
 
 Q. (1) Name and locate four rivers of Europe. (2) Name and lo- 
 cate four cities of Europe. Ans. (1) The Volga, in Russia, flovps into the 
 Caspian Sea; the Danube, in Germany and Austria, flows into the Black 
 Sea; the Vistula, in Germany, flows into the Baltic; the Rhine, in Ger- 
 many, flows into the North Sea. (2) London, capital of England; Paris, 
 capital of France; Berlin, capital of Germany; Vienna, capital of Austria. 
 
 Q. (1) Name three moimtain ranges of Europe. (2) Name the 
 highest mountain in the world. Ans. (1) The Alps, the Pyrenese, the 
 Apennines. (2) The Himalaya Mountains. Mt. Everest is the highest 
 peak. 
 
 Q. Where is (1) Mt. Vesuvius? (2) Mt. Etna? (3) Mt. Hecla? 
 Ans. (1) In Southern Italy. (2) On island of Sicily. (3) On Ice- 
 land. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the flrst and last countries of Europe to become civil- 
 ized. (2) Name one country of Europe which is still in a low state of 
 civilization. Ans. (1) Greece was civilized for centuries; Turkey is 
 now half civilized. (2) Russia is improving, but is still in a low state of 
 civilization. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 59 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. Contrast the French and English methods of settlement in all 
 possible ways, such as relation with the Indians, occupation, extent of 
 settlements, relation to home country, etc. 
 
 Ans. The Indians, especially the Iroquois, were hostile to the French 
 and friendly to the English. Neither the French nor the English made 
 at first any special efforts at colonization. In course of time the English 
 established settlements along the Atlantic coast, while the French settled 
 mainly in the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi valleys. Both French and 
 English retained their nationalities for a while, at least, although finally 
 both became Americans. 
 
 Q. Contrast English and American ideas as to the relation existing 
 between the colonies and England and their ideas of representation. 
 
 Ans. The English idea was: "Once an Englishman, always an Eng- 
 lishman. However, while the English wanted to tax the colonies, and did 
 tax them, they did deny them the right of Englishmen to be represented 
 in parliament. The colonies did not object to taxation, but they did want 
 representation if they were to be taxed. The struggle ultimately resulted 
 in American independence. 
 
 Q. Tell of each of the attempts at union of the colonies from the 
 confederation of New England to the adoption of the present constitution. 
 
 Ans. In 1643 Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Con- 
 necticut united themselves under the title of The United Colonies of New 
 England. Their object was mutual protection against the Indians, the 
 Dutch and the French. This resulted in little or no good. During the 
 French and Indian War repeated attempts were made to unite the colon- 
 ies, but the different colonial assemblies objected. During the Revolution- 
 ary war the thirteen colonies had agreed upon the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion. Under them Congress could recommend everything but enforce 
 nothing. Finally the present constitution was adopted on September 17, 
 1787. 
 
 Q. Describe Hamilton's financial measures and discuss the objec- 
 tions made to them. 
 
 Ans. After Washington had been inaugurated he appointed Alex- 
 ander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton proposed that 
 the general government should assume all debts contracted during the 
 war. All agreed to the payment of the debts contracted for the common 
 defense, but at first objection was raised against payment of State debts 
 and of debts due to individuals. In the course of time all the different 
 measures of Hamilton passed congress. 
 
 Q. Comt)are the Articles of Confederation and our present Consti- 
 tution, and discuss the principal faults of the former. 
 
 Ans. The Articles of Confederation left too much power to the 
 
60 Teachers' and Students Examinations 
 
 states and left Congress powerless. There was no union; little, if any, 
 common defense; no executive; no judiciary, and very much jealousy. 
 All these defects were remedied by the Constitution. 
 
 Q. What was Jackson's policy in regard to the funds of the United 
 States? What was Van Buren's? What was the policy of the former as 
 to office-holders and secession. 
 
 Ans. Jackson distributed the funds of the United States to various 
 State Banks. VanBuren advocated the sub-treasury system. Jackson be- 
 lieved that office-holders were bound to obey the law, and that no State 
 had a right to secede. 
 
 Q. Contrast Calhoun's and Webster's ideas of the United States Gov- 
 ernment, giving the reasons each assigned for views he held. 
 
 Ans. Calhoun believed the State superior to the United States, Web- 
 ster held opposite view. Calhoun believed in the doctrine of State's 
 rights, Webster did not. The difference in view resulted from a different 
 interpretation of the United States Constitution. 
 
 Q. Difference between the reconstruction policies of Johnson and 
 Congress. Which was finally adopted and how was it carried out? 
 
 Ans. Johnson recognized the State governments that had been form- 
 ed during the war in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. In 
 other States he appointed provisional governors. These called conven- 
 tions that repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confederate 
 war debt, and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson claimed this 
 was all that was necessary. At the meeting of Congress it was held that 
 congress alone has the right to prescribe the conditions necessary for the 
 admission of the seceded States. They treated whatever the President had 
 done as of no value. With the exception of Tennessee, which at once com- 
 plied with the wishes of congress by ratifying the Fourteenth Amend- 
 ment, the other States were placed under military rule. After a struggle 
 of several years in 1868, all the States were again represented in congress 
 over the veto of the President, and congrss won the day. 
 
 Q. Name and explain three measures of national importance passed 
 by congress between 1877-89 with approximate date of each. 
 
 Ans. (1) In 1879 resumption of specie payments went into effect — 
 that is the government paid gold for its paper money, and for the first time 
 in 17 years gold sold at par. (2) In 1883 a Civil Service Bill was passed 
 Its aim is to regulate by means of examinations, the system of civil service 
 appointments and promotions. (3) In 1886 a presidential Succession 
 law was passed, providing against anarchy if at any time there should be no 
 President or Vice President. It provided that the members of the cabinet 
 should act as temporary President in the following order: Secretary of 
 State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, Postm^aster General, Secretary of 
 Navy and Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Q. Name 5 explorers of (a) Spain, (b) Prance, (c) England, (d) 
 Portugal. Tell what each discovered. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 61 
 
 (a) Columbus, although an Italian, was sent by Spain; he discovered 
 San Salvador and various other island*. 
 
 ! Ponce de Leon, discovered Florida. 
 
 • Balboa, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 De Soto, discovered the Mississippi river. 
 
 Espego, explored New Mexico. 
 
 (b) Verrazani, explored North Carolina coast. 
 Ribant made voyage to Carolina. 
 Bandemiere made voyage to Carolina. 
 Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence river. 
 Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. 
 
 (c) Cabot discovered the continent of North America. 
 Frobisher made voyage to Baffin Bay. 
 
 Drake circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 Raleigh sent expedition to Roanoke Island. 
 
 Gosnold discovered Cape Cod. 
 
 (d) Magellan circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 Vaseo da Gama sailed around Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Corteral made vopage to Maine. 
 Q. Give an account of the voyage of (a) De Soto, (b) LeSalle, (c) 
 Champlain. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) De Soto undertook the conquest of Florida. He traversed 
 Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, discovered the Mississippi river. He died 
 on the journey and was buried in the Mississippi. 
 
 (b) LaSalle explored the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico. He 
 named the country Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV. 
 
 (c) Champlain explored the St. Lawrence river as far as Montreal. 
 He also founded Quebec in 1608. 
 
 Q. Name the 13 original States with name and date of first settle- 
 ment in each. 
 
 (1) Virginia, settled at Jamestown in 1670, 
 
 (2) New York, settled at New Amsterdam in 1613. 
 
 (3) Massachusetts, settled at Plymouth in 1620. 
 
 (4) New Hampshire, settled at Portsmouth in 1623. 
 
 (5) Connecticut, settled at Windsor in 1633. 
 
 (6) Maryland, settled at St. Marys in 1634. 
 
 (7) Rhode Island, settled at Providence in 1636. 
 
 (8) Delaware, settled at Wilmington in 1638. 
 
 (9) North Carolina, settled at Albermarle Sound in 1663. 
 
 (10) New Jersey, settled at Elizabethtown in 1664. 
 
 (11) South Carolina, settled at Ashlay River in 1670, •■ 
 
 (12) Pennsylvania, settled in Philadelphia in 1683. 
 
 (13) Georgia, settled at Savannah in 1732. 
 
62 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. state the date and cause of each of the Intercolonial wars and 
 the name by which each of these wars was known in history. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) King Williams' War (1689-1697,) caused by the expulsion of 
 King James II. of England. 
 
 (b) Queen Anne's War (1702-1713,) caused by contest of Spanish 
 throne. 
 
 (c) King George's War (1744-1748,) caused by dispute over Aus- 
 trian throne. 
 
 (d) French and Indian War (1754-1763,) caused by conflicting ter- 
 ritorial claims. 
 
 Q. (a) What were the causes of the Revolutionary War. (b) Name 
 an important battle of each year of that war, and that battle which you 
 regard most important. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Revolutionary War was caused by various acts of Parlia- 
 ment, but more particularly "taxation without representation." 
 
 (b) In 1775, battle of Lexington; in 1776 battle of Long Island; in 
 1777, battle of Saratoga; in 1778, battle of Monmouth; in 1779, battle of 
 Bonhomme Richard and Serapis; inl780, battle of Camden; in 1781, 
 battle of Cowpens, and siege of Yorktown, followed by surrender of Corn- 
 wallis. I consider the battle of Saratoga the most important, as it was 
 the turning point of the Revolution. 
 
 Q. In the war of 1812. (a) What was the cause of the war. (b) 
 Name six land battles, (c) Name three naval battles, (d) Who were 
 the American generals in chief? The British generals in chief? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The cause of the war was the impressment of American seamen. 
 
 (b) Queenstown Heights, River Raisin, Thames, Chippewa, Lundy's 
 Lane, New Orleans. 
 
 (c) Lake Erie, Chesapeake and Shannon, Lake Champlain. 
 
 (d) Dearborne and Scott were the American generals in chief. 
 Brock and Packenham were the British commanders. 
 
 Q. Tell what you know about: (a) Nullification Act in South Caro- 
 lina, (b) Black Hawk War, (c) Kansas-Nebraska Bill, (d) Omnibus Bill. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) In 1832 the Legislature of South Carolina declared the tariff 
 law of congress to be null and void, and resistance was threatened. 
 
 (b) The Black Hawk War, so named after an Indian chief, broke out 
 Jn 1832. In a short time Black Hawk was captured. 
 
 (c) In 1854, when organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebras- 
 ka, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, introduced the bill, advocat- 
 ing "squatter sovereignty." 
 
 (d) In 1850, when California made application to be made into a 
 State, Henry Clay introduced the "Omnibus Bill," so called because it con- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 63 
 
 tained provisions to pacify: anti-slavery men, pro-slavery men, and advo- 
 cates of the "squatter sovereignty." 
 
 Q. (a) What different constructions of the Constitution by the 
 North and South was a remote but real cause of the Civil War? (b) 
 What was the immediate cause, and what great issues were settled by it? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The North believed the union of the States to be indissoluble. 
 The South believed in a compact between sovereign States. The North be- 
 lieved highest allegiance to be due to the general government, the South 
 believed the highest allegiance to be due to the state, or in "States Rights." 
 
 (b) The immediate cause of the war was the bombardment of Fort 
 Sumter. Slavery was abolished as a result of the war. 
 
 Q. Name the first three States admitted to the Union and give the 
 date of the admission of each. 
 
 Ans. Vermont, March 4, 1791; Kentucky, June 1, 1792; Tennes- 
 see, June 1, 1796. 
 
 Q. Give a short account of the first and last battle of the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Ans. The first battle was that of Lexington, April 19, 1775. As 
 Gen. Gage v/as going to Concord to destroy the military stores of the 
 patriots there his army was intercepted as it passed through Lexington by 
 a company of Minute men gathered there. Upon their refusal to disperse, 
 they were attacked by the British and seven Americans were killed. They 
 destroyed the stores at Concord, but lost three hundred men before getting 
 back to Boston. 
 
 The last battle was the siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis commanded 
 the British; Washington and Rochambeau the patroits and French, 16,000 
 strong. They fired the city and the harbor with shot and shell and car- 
 ried two redoubts, one by the Americans and one by the French. Seeing 
 no hope of escape, Cornwallis surrended October 19, 1781, thus ending the 
 war. 
 
 Q. What was the Omnibus bill? State its leading feature. 
 
 Ans. It was Clay's celebrated Compromise bill of 1850, relative to 
 the slavery question that was the paramount political issue of that day, 
 both in and out of Congress. It was a bill in some measure at least, possi- 
 bly very greatly, granting the demands of both the North and the South, 
 and so stayed the tide of excitment for a while. 
 
 The main features of the bill were: (1) The admission of California 
 as a free State. (2) The formation of the Territories of Utah and New 
 Mexico without any slavery provisions. (3) The payment of $10,000,000 
 to Texas for territory claimed by it north and west of its present bound- 
 aries. (4) The enactment of a Fugitive Slave Law. (5) The prohibition 
 of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. 
 
 Q. What causes led to the Civil War? Name the leading generals 
 on each side. 
 
64 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. The slavery question. Mutual misunderstanding. Differences 
 in climate and industries of the two sections. Misconceptions of the doc- 
 trines of the Constitution. Publication and reading of rank sectional 
 hooks and papers. The election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency and 
 the secession of the Southern States. 
 
 The leading Federal generals were McDowell, McClelland, Hooker, 
 Meade, Burnsides, Thomas, Grant, Halleck, Buell and Sherman. The 
 leading Confederate generals: Beauregard, Jackson, Johnson, Bragg and 
 Lee. 
 
 Q. What Presidents were not elected by the electoral colege? How 
 was each elected? 
 
 Ans. Thomas Jefferson elected over Aaron Burr by House of Repre- 
 sentatives; J. Q. Adams elected by the House of Representatives; R. B. 
 Hayes elected by a Joint Electoral Commission. 
 
 Q. Which of our Presidents have been military men? In what war 
 or wars did each operate? 
 
 Ans. George Washington in Revolutionary and French and Indian 
 wars; Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812-14; W. H. Harrison in war of 
 1812-14; Zachary Taylor in Mexican War; U. S. Grant In Civil War; R. 
 B. Hayes in Civil War; J. A. Garfield in Civil War; Benjamin Harrison in 
 Civil War; Wm. McKinley in Civil War, and Theodore Roosevelt in Span- 
 ish-American. 
 
 Q. Name the important events in (a) Madison's Administration, (b) 
 Jackson's, (c) Polk's, (d) Cleveland's first, (e) McKinley's. 
 
 Ans. (a) Second war with Great Britain; (b) Rotation in office. 
 Nullification Ordinance, Bank excitement. Black Hawk and Seminole 
 Indian Wars, the Admission of Arkansas and Michigan as States and 
 trouble with France, (c) Mexican War. (d) Presidential Succession Law, 
 the Electoral Count Act, Labor disturbances, Charleston earthquake, and 
 Statue of Liberty unveiled, also the Inter-State Commerce Act. (e) Tariff 
 Acts, Gold Standard Act, War with Spain, Galveston flood. 
 
 Q. Name the battles of the Civil War that were fought on Kentucky 
 soil. Who were the commanders on each side, and what was the result 
 of each battle? 
 
 Ans. Perry ville. Confederate General Bragg; Federal General, Buell. 
 Union victory. 
 
 Richmond, Confederate General Smith; Federal General, Manson. 
 Confederate victory . 
 
 Mills Springs, Confederate General, Zollicoffer; Federal General, 
 Thomas. Union victory. 
 
 Q. Why were the inhabitants of America called Indians? Why was 
 the country called America? 
 
 Ans. Columbus thought he had reached India, hence he called 
 the natives Indians, (b) In honor of Americus Vespucius, whose descrip- 
 tion of the country was published first. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 65 
 
 Q. How was the country, which is now the U. S., governed (a) be- 
 fore the Revolution? (b) during the Revolution? (c) immediately after 
 the Revolution? (d) since 1879. 
 
 Ans. (a) By the Colonial governments, viz.; Charter, Royal, and 
 Proprietary, (b) By Congress, (c) Articles of Confederation, (d) By the 
 Constitutions. 
 
 Q. Name the Presidents in order, and state time served by each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 1. George Washington — two terms, 1789-1797. 
 
 2. John Adams — one term, 1797-1801. 
 
 3. Thomas Jefferson — two terms, 1801-1809. 
 
 4. James Madison — two terms, 1809-1817. 
 
 5. James Monroe — two terms, 1817-1825. 
 
 6. J. Q. Adams — one term, 1825-1829. 
 
 7 Andrew Jackson — two terms, 1829-1837. 
 
 8. Martin VanBuren — one term, 1837-18 41. 
 
 9. W. H. Harrison — one month, 1841 — 
 
 10. John Tyler — three years, 11 months, 1841-1845. 
 
 11. Jas. K. Polk — one term, 1845-1849. 
 
 12. Zachary Taylor — one year, 4 months, 1849-1850. 
 
 13. Millard Fillmore — two years, 8 months, 1850-1853. 
 
 14. Franklin Pierce — one term, 1853-1857. 
 
 15. Jas. Buchanan — one term, 1857-1861. 
 
 16. A. Lincoln — one term, and one month, 1861-65. 
 
 17. Andrew Johnson — three years, 11 months, 1865-1869. 
 
 18. U. S. Grant — two terms, 1869-1877. 
 
 19. R. B. Hayes — one term, 1877-1881. 
 
 20. J. A. Garfield — six and one half months. 1881 — 
 
 21. C. A. Arthur — three years, five and a half months, 1881-1885. 
 
 22. Grover Cleveland — one term 1885-1889. 
 
 23. Ben. Harrison — one term, 1889-1893. 
 
 24. Grover Cleveland — one term, 1893-1897. 
 
 25. Wm. McKinley — one term, and 6 months. 1897-1901. 
 
 26. Theodore Roosevelt — seven years, six months, 1901-1909. 
 
 27. Wm. H. Taft — one term, 1909-1913. 
 
 28. Woodrow Wilson — one term, 1913 — 
 
 Q. (a) What was the cause of the Mexican War? (b) What terri- 
 tory did the U. S. gain by this war? 
 
 Ans. (a) Disputed territory in the annexation of Texas, (b) All 
 the territory between Rio Grande River on east. Pacific on the west, Mex- 
 ico on south, and Oregon territory on the north. 
 
 Q. Name eight important inventions, and the inventor of each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Cotton jin, by Eli Whitney. 
 
 (2) Steamboat, by Robert Fulton. 
 
66 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (3) Telegraph, by S. F. B. Morse. 
 
 (4) Sewing MacMne, by Elias Howe. 
 
 (5) Reaper, by Cyrus W. McCormick. 
 
 (6) Steam engine, Jas. Watt. 
 <7) Telephone, Bell. 
 
 (8) Electric light, Thomas A. Edison. 
 
 Q. What President was impeached? Why? 
 
 Ans. Andrew Johnson, because of friction between President and 
 Congress and his attempt to remove Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of war. 
 
 Q. What Vice-Presidents were elected Presidents? 
 
 Ans. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 Q. Tell what you know about each of the following: (a) Powhatan, 
 (b) Tecumseh, (c) Osceola, (d) Black Hawk, (e) King Philip, (f) The 
 Prophet, (g) Red Jacket. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The great Indian chief, who condemned John Smith to death. 
 
 (b) A famous chief who formed a confederacy of the Northwest 
 tribes in war of 1812-14, and was conspicuous in the war till his death. 
 
 (c) A chief of the Seminoles of Florida, and figured in Seminole 
 War in 1835. 
 
 (d) A famous leader of the Sacs and Foxes, who was captured in 
 their resistance to leaving the lands in Illinois and Winconsin, which they 
 had sold the whites. 
 
 (e) A son of Massasoit who planned a massacre of the whites by a 
 confederation of the Indians and attacked the colonists at Swansea going 
 home from church. He gave the settlers much trouble, but was finally 
 shot by a faithless Indian. 
 
 (f) A brother of Tecumseh, and led the Indians at the battle of Tip- 
 pecano. 
 
 (g) A chief of the Seneca tribe of the Iroquoise Nation of New York. 
 Born 1751; died on 1830. 
 
 Q. (a) Name five governors of Kentucky; (b) five celebrated orators 
 of Kentucky; (c) five pioneers. 
 
 Ans. (a) Isaac Shelby, James Garrard, Thomas Bramlette, J. P. 
 Knott, W. O. Bradley; (b) Thomas Marshall, Henry Clay, Henry Watter- 
 son, W. C. P. Breckenridge, John G. Carlisle; (c) Daniel Boone, Squire 
 Boone, Simon Kenton, George Rogers Clark, James Calloway; 
 
 Q. What effect had the purchase of Louisiana on the later history 
 of the U. S.? 
 
 Ans. It was the beginning of expansion of territory, a question 
 that has been much agitated in recent years. 
 
 Q. Tell how slavery divided the country in regard to occupation and 
 trade. 
 
 Ans. The slave States were agricultural in the main; the nonslave 
 holding States were more occupied with manufacturing. Slave labor was 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 67 
 
 profitable on the farm; it was worthless in the factory. 
 
 Q. Why did President Jackson put a stop to the U. S. Bank in 1832? 
 Ans. In his first message, Jackson, believing the Bank of the U. S. 
 to be inexpedient and unconstitutional, recommended to Congress to al- 
 low the bank's charter to expire by its own limitation in 1836, This Con- 
 gress declined to do, but Jackson vetoed the bill passed by Congress. 
 
 Q. With what invention or discovery are the following men. con- 
 nected: (a) Eli Whitley, (b) S. F. B. Morse, (c) W. T. G. Morton, (d) 
 R. Pulton, (e) Elias Howe? 
 
 Ans. (a) cotton gin, (b) electric telegraph, (c) anaesthetics, (d> 
 steamboat, (e) sewing machine. 
 
 Q. With what great enterprises are the names connected of: (a) 
 Geo. Rogers Clark, (b) De Witt Clinton, (c) Lewis and Clark, (d) Cyrus 
 W. Field, (e) James B. Eads? 
 
 Ans. (a) Campaign against the British in Illinois and Ohio dur- 
 ing the Revolution, (b) Erie Canal, (c) Exploration of Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, (d) Atlantic Cable, (e) Eddies of the Mississippi projecting into 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Q. For what was (a) Jefferson's administration noted? (b) 
 Monroe's? (c) Jackson's? (d) Polk's? (e) Buchanan's? (f) Lincoln's (g) 
 Johnson's? (h) Hayes'? (i) Cleveland's? (j) McKinley's? (k) Roosevelt's? 
 Ans. (a) Louisiana Purchase; (b) visit of Lafayette; (c) U. S. Bank 
 troubles; (d) Mexican War; (e) Secession of Southern States, (f) War of 
 the States; (g) Reconstruction of the seceded States; (h) Change in 
 Southern policy of the President; (i) Columbian Exposition at Chicago; 
 (j) War with Spain; (k) Strike in the anthracite coal fields. 
 
 Q. What States (a) organized the Confederate Government? (b) 
 What States joined afterwards? 
 
 Ans. (a) South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia 
 Louisiana, and Texas, (b) Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 Q. In the life of four great Americans, what material can you 
 find for character building? 
 
 Ans. They were born poor, but through indomitable energy were 
 successful. They surmounted all obstacles put in their way, and should 
 be examples for the rising generation of what can be accomplished by de- 
 termination combined with tireless energy. 
 
 Q. (a) When and by whom was Kentucky settled? (b) When did 
 it become a State? (c) Name the places that have been its capitals? (d> 
 Name the governors in order of time. 
 
 Ans. (a) About 1775, by Daniel Boone, (b) June 1, 1792, (c) Dan- 
 ville, Lexington, Frankfort, (d) Shelby, Garrard, (two terms,) Greenup, 
 Scott, Shelby, Madison, Adair, Desha, Metcalt'e, Breathitt, Clark, Letcher, 
 Owsley, Crittenden, Powell, Morehead, Mago.'iin, Bramlette. Helm, Leslie, 
 
68 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 McCreary, Blackburn, Knott, Buckner, Brown, Bradley, Goebel, Beckham, 
 Wilson, McCreary. 
 
 Ans. (a) What was the Underground Railroad? (b) What legisla- 
 tion was enacted on account of its organization? 
 
 Ans. (a) The Underground Railroad was no railroad at all, but it 
 was so called from the impossibility of recovering run-away slaves after 
 they had reached certain points in Ohio and Indiana. It seemed as if the 
 ground had swallowed them up, and some people said that they were car- 
 ried to Canada by what they called "Underground Railroad." (b) The 
 Fugitive Slave Law was enacted. 
 
 Q. Who was the first white man to see the continent of America? 
 
 Ans. It is supposed that Leif Ericson, about the year 1001, discov- 
 ered the North American continent. However, it may be that the ques- 
 tion refers to John Cabot in 1497. 
 
 Q. Tell what discoveries were made by Columbus on his first and 
 third voyages. 
 
 Ans. On his first voyage he discovered San Salvador, Cuba and 
 Hayti. On his third voyage he discovered the continent of South 
 America. 
 
 Q. How did America get its name? 
 Ans. It got its name from Americus Vespucius, a companion of Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Q. When and by whom was St. Augustine founded? 
 
 Ans. In 15 65, by the Spaniards under Menendez. 
 
 Q. When, by whom, and for what purpose was Georgia founded? 
 
 Ans. In 1732, by James Oglethorpe, for a home for prisoners for 
 debt. 
 
 Q. What is the Mason and Dixon line? 
 
 Ans. The boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, so called 
 from the surveyors who surveyed it. 
 
 Q. What were the Alabama claims? 
 
 Ans. The Alabama claims were claims of the United States against 
 England for damage done by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers 
 during the Civil War. These cruisers had been equipped in England. The 
 United States in end received $15,500,000. 
 
 Q. What is the Monroe Doctrine? 
 
 Ans. In 1822, after the South American States had declared their 
 independence, several European nations were about to aid Spain to bring 
 these States back to submission. President Monroe in his message declar- 
 ed that any attempt by a European nation to gain dominion in America 
 would be CONSIDERED BY THE UNITED STATES AS AN UNFRIEND- 
 LY ACT, He also declared that henceforth the American continents were 
 NOT TO BE CONSIDERED AS SUBJECT TO COLONIZATION BY ANY 
 EUROPEAN POWER. This is known as the "Monroe Doctrine." 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 69 
 
 Q. Mention one discoverer from each of these nations, and tell his 
 principal discovery: (a) England, (b) France, (c) Spain, (d) Portugal. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Cabot discovered the Continent of North America. 
 
 (b) Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. 
 
 (c) DeSoto discovered the Mississippi river. 
 
 (d) Magellan first circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 Q. (a) What was the point of contest in the French and Indian 
 War? (b) How many such wars were there, and by wbat name is each 
 known? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The contest in the French and Indian War proper, was the set- 
 tlement of the Ohio Valley. 
 
 (b) In addition to the French and Indian War, there were three 
 
 ■» 
 
 other wars known as Intercolonial Wars, known in History as: (1) King 
 William's War, (2) Queen Anne's War, (3) King George's War. 
 
 Q. What territory has been acquired by the United States since the 
 revolution? In what way was each acquired? By what authority? 
 
 (a) Northwest Territory, ceded by the States. 
 
 (b) Florida purchased or ceded by Spain. 
 
 (c) Louisiana purchase, bought of Napoleon. 
 
 (d) Texas, by annexation. 
 
 (e) Mexican cession by conquest. 
 
 (f) Hawaiian Islands, annexed to the United States. 
 
 (g) Porto Rico, ceded by Spain after the war. 
 
 (h) Philippine Islands, annexed after the Spanish war. 
 
 (i) Terteula and Wake, acquired by treaty with England and Ger- 
 many. 
 
 In each of the above acquisitions it is claimed that the U. S. 
 Constitution gave the requisite authority, although Jefferson admitted in 
 regard to La. Purchase, that he had "stretched his authority till it fairly 
 cracked." 
 
 Q. Name the States that seceded from the Union. 
 
 Ans. South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, 
 Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Virginia, Louisiana, Texas. 
 
 Q. What was settled by the Webster-Ashburton treaty? 
 
 Ans. (a) The boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick. 
 <b) England formally renounced "right of search," although it had not 
 been practiced since the war of 1812. 
 
 Q. Name seven American statesmen who were in the public eye be- 
 tween 1775 and 1850. 
 
 Ans. Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Ben- 
 ton. 
 
 Q. What Presidents have not served out their terms of office? Why? 
 Who succeeded each? By what authority were their successors entitled 
 
70 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 to assume the duties of President. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) W. H. Harrison died in office, was succeeded by John Tyler. 
 
 (b) Zachary Taylor died in office, was succeeded by Millard Fillmore^ 
 
 (c) Abraham Lincoln, assassinated; succeeded by Andrew Johnson. 
 
 (d) James A. Garfield, assassinated; succeeded by Chester A. Arthur.- 
 
 (e) William McKinley assassinated; succeeded by Theodore Roose- 
 velt. 
 
 In each case the Vice President succeeded according to a provision in. 
 the United States Constitution. 
 
 Q. What history is associated with the following names: 
 
 (a) Cold Harbor, battle fought on June 3, 1864. 
 
 (b) Tippecanoe, battle fought on November 7, 1811. 
 
 (c) Buena Vista, battle fought on February 23, 1847. 
 
 (d) Mill Spring, battle fought on January 19, 1862. 
 
 (e) Santiago, battle fought on July 1, 1898. 
 
 Q. (a) What was the cause of the war with Spain? (b) What were- 
 the results of the war to each country? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The inhuman treatment by Spain of the Cubans during the 
 war between Spain and Cuba, was the first cause followed by the destruc- 
 tion of the battleship Maine on February 15, 1898. 
 
 (b) The result was the loss to Spain of Cuba, Porto Rico, Philippine 
 Islands and nearly her entire fleet. The United -States acquired Porto 
 Rico and the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Q. Where, when and by whom was the first permanent settlement 
 made in Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made by Dan- 
 iel Boone at Boonesborough, in June, 1775. 
 
 Q. (a) Give two causes of the Revolutionary War. (b) Describe 
 the Boston Tea Party and the Stamp Tax. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Taxation without Representation and the Boston Port Bill. 
 
 (b) When England determined the tax on tea should not be takeii 
 off, the people of Boston, on December 16, 1773, disguised as Indians^ 
 threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor. The Stamp Tax of 1765 provided 
 that all legal documents, such as deeds, etc., and newspapers, would have 
 to have stamps, varying in value, affixed to make the legal documents 
 "effective, and the printing of newspapers, pamphlets, etc., lawful. 
 
 Q. What naval battle is known as Perry's Victory? 
 
 Ans. The battle of Lake Erie on September 20, 1813. 
 
 Q. Who was John Paul Jones? 
 
 Ans. He was an American naval commander during the Revolution. 
 
 Q. Name a settlement in North America made by the French? 
 
 Ans. Quebec. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 71 
 
 (b) Name a settlement made by the Dutch.? Ans. New York. 
 
 (c) Name a settlement made by the English? Ans. Jamestown. 
 
 Q. 
 
 (a) In what year did the Pilgrims land In America? Ans. In 1620. 
 
 (b) Whence did they come? Ans. They were Englishmen, but they 
 had been in Holland for some time. 
 
 Q 
 
 (a) Name some early settlers of Kentucky. Ans. D. Boone, Harrod, 
 Kenton, Logan, Henderson, etc. 
 
 (b) Who was the founder of Lexington, Ky.? Ans. Lindsey, Jordan, 
 Vance. 
 
 (c) Who was the founder of Louisville, Ky.? Ans. Captain Linn. 
 Q. (a) Describe the battle of Perryville? 
 
 Ans. On October 8, 1862, an indecisive battle was fought between 
 the Federals under Buell and the Confederates under Bragg. After the 
 battle Rosecrans superseded Buell. 
 
 Ans. On October 8, 1862, an indecisive battle was fought between 
 the Federals under Buell and the Confederates under Bragg. After the 
 battle Rosecrans superseded Buell. 
 
 (b) Who settled Harrodsburg? Ans. James Harrod. 
 
 Q. Name the first two and last two Governors of Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. Shelby and Garrard were the first two, and Wilson and Mc- 
 Creary the last two. 
 
 Q. Name the counties which surround your county. Ans. Answers 
 will differ. See map. 
 
 Q. Who discovered the Mississippi? Ans. DeSoto 
 
 Q. Who discovered the Pacific Ocean? Ans. Balboa. 
 
 Q. Where did Sir Walter Raleigh plant a colony? Ans. Roanoke 
 Island, N. C. 
 
 Q. Who was the first English child born in America? Ans. Virgin- 
 ia Dare. 
 
 Q. Who settled Maryland? Ans. The Catholics under Lord Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Q. Who settled Rhode Island? Ans. Roger Williams and Anne 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 Q. Who settled Virginia? Ans. English cavaliers. 
 
 Q. Who settled Massachusetts? Ans. Pilgrims and other Puri- 
 tans. 
 
 Q. Who were the Acadians? Ans. French Catholics in Nova Scotia. 
 
 Q. Who were the Pilgrims? Ans. Non-conformists or separatists 
 from Church of England. 
 
 Q. Name the only State colonized without bloodshed? Ans. Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Q. Which was the last of the thirteen colonies to become settled? 
 Ans. Georgia. 
 
72 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. What was William Penn's religion? Ans. He was a Friend or 
 Quaker. 
 
 Q. How many kinds of government did the colonies have? Ans. 
 Three: charter, proprietary, royal. 
 
 Q. How many orignal colonies were there? Ans. There were 
 thirteen. 
 
 Name those under (a) royal, (b) charter and (c) proprietary govern- 
 ment? Ans. (a) Royal: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York^ 
 New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 
 
 (b) Charter: Virginia, Connecticut, Rhode Island. 
 
 (c) Proprietary: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware. 
 
 Q. What great battle was fought between the French and British 
 at Lake Champlain? Ans. The battle of Ticonderoga at Lake George,, 
 the head of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Q. Where are the Heights of Abraham? Ans. At Quebec. 
 
 Q. What great battle was fought there? Ans. The battle of Quebec 
 on September 13, 1759. 
 
 Q. Name the French and English generals and give their dying 
 words? Ans. The French commander was Montcalm. His dying words, 
 were: "So much the better; then I shall not live to see the surrender of 
 Quebec." The English commander was Wolfe. His dying words were: 
 "Then I die happy." 
 
 Q. (a) Give three causes of the Revolutionary War and (b) name 
 three great battles? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Boston Port Bill. 
 
 (b) Long Island, Saratoga, Yorktown. 
 
 Q. When and where was the Declaration of Independence signed? 
 
 Ans. It was not signed, as usually supposed, on July 4, 1776. On 
 that day it passed Congress and was proclaimed. On August 2, 1776, it 
 was signed in Congress by 53 members then present. Subsequently 
 Matthew Thornton, Elbridge Gerry and Thomas McKean affixed their 
 signatures. It was signed at Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. Name first, second, third capitals of the United States? 
 
 Ans. Philadelphia, New York, Washington, in the order named. 
 
 Q. Where was the first gun fired during the Civil War? Ans. At 
 Ft. Sumter. 
 
 Q. What slave States did not secede during the Civil War? Ans. 
 Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware. 
 
 Q. Explain the Missouri compromise. 
 
 Ans. In 1821, Missouri was admitted as a slave State, but hence- 
 forth no more slave States could be admitted North of 36 deg. 31 min.N. 
 Latitude (the Southern boundary of Missouri.) 
 
 Q. To whom is United States indebted for the purchase of Alaska? 
 Ans. To W. H. Seward, Secretary of State under President A. Johnson. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 73 
 
 Q. What is the oldest town in the United States? When settled? 
 Ans. St. Augustine, Fla. Settled in 1565. 
 
 Q. What caused the War of 1812? Ans. Right of impressment. 
 
 Q. When was Kentucky admitted as a State? Ans. June 1st, 1792. 
 
 Q. What two Presidents were born in Kentucky? Ans. Abraham 
 Lincoln, and D. R. Atchison who was President on Sunday, March 4, 1849. 
 Taylor was inaugurated on March 5. 
 
 Q. Where did Lee surrender to Grant? Ans. At Appomattox 
 Court House, Va. 
 
 Q. Name two battles fought in Kentucky during the Civil War. 
 Ans. Perryville, Millspring. 
 
 Q. (a) How many counties in Kentucky? (b) How many States 
 in the Union? 
 
 Ans. (a) There are 120 counties in Kentucky. (b) There are 46 
 States. 
 
 Q. (a) In what year did La Salle vi^it Kentucky? (b) In what 
 year did Daniel Boone come to Kentucky? (c) Where is he buried? Ans. 
 
 (a) In 1780. (b) In 1776, with Finley. (c) At Frankfort. 
 
 Q. Who made the Louisiana Purchase? (b) What price was paid 
 for it? (c) From whom was Alaska purchased? (d) What price was 
 paid for it? 
 
 Ans. (a) Thomas Jefferson, through Livingston and Monroe, (b) 
 ^15,000,000. (c) From Russia, (d) $7,200,000. 
 
 Q. (a) In what year was the "Emancipation Proclamation" issued? 
 
 (b) What was meant by "secession"? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) It was written September 20, 1862, to take effect on January 1, 
 1863. 
 
 (b) By secession was meant withdrawal of States from the Union. 
 Q. (a) What caused the Revolutionary War? (b) What caused the 
 
 Civil War? Ans. (a) Taxation without representation, (b) Slavery. 
 
 Q. Name the territory gained by the United States in the Spanish- 
 American war. 
 
 Ans. Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands, Tutuila, Guam. 
 
 Q. Describe the early Indian life and the different kinds at Indians 
 as you would tell it to your pupils. 
 
 Ans. Before the advent of white men in this country, it was inhab- 
 ited by Indians, a red race. They lived in tribes, as the Iroquois, the Pe- 
 Quods, the Wampanoags, the Algonquins and many others. They did no 
 work, but their wives did. The Indians hunted, fished, and went to war. 
 They were uneducated, uncivilized, la^y and improvident. Their religion 
 was a species of Paganism. 
 
 Q. Give the story of Columbus; his purpose, struggles, success. 
 
 Ans. Columbus was born at Genoa, in Italy. He, early in life, con- 
 ceived the idea that the earth is round and that by sailing westward he 
 
74 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 would reach Asia. He endeavored, for a long time unsuccessfully, to in- 
 terest various monarchs to give him needed assistance. At last the Court 
 of Spain assisted him vs^ith three vessels. He sailed from Palos, Spain, and 
 after many hardships, on October 12, 1492, he landed at one of the Baha- 
 ma Islands. He made three voyages later, four in all. He died in 1506. 
 
 Q. Give an account of John Smith's character and services. 
 
 Ans. Among those who founded Jamestown in 1607, John Smith 
 was by far the most valuable. He kept order by making all work. He be- 
 came governor and made three exploring expeditions of Chesapeake Bay 
 and principal rivers. In 1609 he was hurt by an explosion of gunpowder, 
 went to England and never returned. He wrote the first History of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Q. Describe the settlement at Plymouth, the character of the set- 
 tlers, their early hardships. 
 
 Ans. The settlers of Plymouth were Pilgrims; they were good, relig- 
 ious men, came to find a place where they could have freedom of worship, 
 and intended to remain in American and make it their home. At first 
 they had very many reverses, as sickness, scarcity of food and Indian 
 trouble. After a few years they were more prosperous. 
 
 Q. Show why Pennsylvania colony had little trouble with Indians. 
 
 Ans. William Penn, the founder, adhered to the Golden Rule: Do 
 unto others as you would have others do unto you. . The Indians soon un- 
 derstood and trusted him and gave him no trouble. 
 
 Q. What was the purpose of Paul Revere's ride? 
 
 Ans. To warn the people outside of Boston that the British were 
 coming. 
 
 Q. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence, and what is the 
 main idea in the document? 
 
 Ans. Thomas Jefferson wrote it. The main idea in it is: Equality 
 of all men. 
 
 Q. What connection has Dred Scott with the JJnited States history? 
 
 Ans. The Dred Scott Decision during Buchanan's Administration 
 hastened on the coming of the Civil War. 
 
 Q. Who wrote the emancipation proclamation, and why? 
 
 Ans. Abraham Lincoln issued it as Commander-in-Chief of the army. 
 He thought that likely the Confederate States might cease hostilities be- 
 fore it took effect, January 1, 1863. 
 
 Q. Give a sketch of Abraham Lincoln's services. 
 
 Ans. Born in Kentucky, he moved early in life to Illinois. He served 
 in the Black Hawk War, was Representative in Congress at the breaking 
 out of the Mexican War; was elected President in 1860; re-elected in 1864, 
 but was assassinated shortly after his inauguration. 
 
 Q. Name two of the colonies that took the most active part in the 
 fight for independence. Give reasons for answer. 
 
 Ans. Massachusetts and South Carolina. The war began in Massa- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 75 
 
 «husetts and much of the time the army was in and around Boston. 
 There were more battles fought on South Carolina soil than in any other 
 >of the colonies. 
 
 Q. Name two great national compromises. What issue involved in 
 «ach? 
 
 Ans. The Missouri Compromise of 1821 and the Compromise of 1850, 
 ^when California was admitted. Slavery was involved in both. 
 
 Q. Discuss: (a) The crisis of 1873. (b) The Tenure of Office Act. 
 
 Ans. (a) In 1873 there was a financial panic. It was claimed that 
 it was caused by the demonetization of silver. It was a setback to trade in 
 general and caused much distress, (b) In 1867 Congress passed a law 
 limiting the power of the President in removals from office. Ultimately 
 it led to President Johnson's impeachment. 
 
 Q. Describe DeSoto's expedition? 
 
 Ans. After DeSoto had been appointed Governor of Cuba and Flori- 
 da, he went on an expedition to explore Florida. He landed at Tampa, 
 and for about three years explored the country north and west. He dis- 
 covered the Mississippi River. He fought several battles with Indians; 
 the principal one was the battle of Mobile, in October, 1540. He died in 
 May, 1542, and was buried in the Mississippi River. 
 
 Q. Locate (1) Ticonderoga, (2) Ft. DuQuesne, (3) Gettysburg, 
 (4) Vicksburg, (5) Harper's Ferry? Give reasons why each was im- 
 portant. 
 
 (1) Ticonderoga, on Lake George, N. Y., was a point of attack in 
 French and Indian War. 
 
 (2) Ft. DuQuesne, where Pittsburg is now, was also a point of at- 
 tack. 
 
 (3) Gettysburg, Pa. A battle was fought here in July, 1863. 
 
 (4) Vicksburg, Miss. Taken by Grant July 4, 1863. 
 
 (5) Harpers Ferry, Va. Attacked by John Brown October 16, 1859. 
 Q. Name seven additions made to the United States since the close 
 
 of the Revoluton? 
 
 Ans. Northwest Territory, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, California and 
 other Mexican cessions, Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Philippines. 
 
 Q. Tell something of (1) Nathan Hale, (2) Horace Greeley, (3) 
 James A. Garfield, (4) Cyrus W. Field, (5) Robert Morris. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Nathan Hale was an American Patriot who was hung as a spy 
 in 1776. 
 
 (2) Horace Greeley, founder of the New York Tribune and candidate 
 for Presidency. 
 
 (3) James A. Garfield, President of United States, was assassinated 
 at Washington, July 2, 1881. 
 
 (4) Cyrus W. Field laid first Atlantic cable. 
 
 (5) Robert Morris was the financier of the Revolution. i 
 
76 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Give an account of Arnold's treason? 
 
 Ans. Benedict Arnold, by marrying a Tory lady in Philadelphia, 
 had become very deeply involved in debt. His conduct while military 
 commander of Philadelphia had been investigated by a committee of Con- 
 gress and he was sentenced to be reprimanded by Washington. After this 
 he plotted treason to avenge himself. He solicited and obtained command 
 of West Point, intending to surrender it to Clinton. He failed, but es- 
 caped and was never captured. He received the promised reward. 
 
 Q. (a) Tell about Lewis and Clarke's expedition? (b) Who were 
 Mason and Dixon? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Lewis and Clarke explored the Missouri River after the Louisi- 
 ana Purchase. They were engaged in it about three years and made a 
 complete report. 
 
 (b) Mason and Dixon were two engineers who surveyed the south- 
 ern boundary of Pennsylvania to settle conflicting claims between Penn's 
 heirs and Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Q. Name the leading generals and the greatest battle of the Civil 
 War? 
 
 Ans. Federals: Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, McClellan, Meade. Con- 
 federates: Lee, Joseph B. Johnson, A. S. Johnson, Beauregard, Bragg. 
 
 Battles: Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg. 
 
 Q. Compare (a) Plymouth and Jamestown; (b) the Puritan and 
 Cavalier. 
 
 Ans. (a) Plymouth was settled by people who sought religious lib- 
 erty; Jamestown was settled by people who sought gold. Plymouth had 
 no charter; Jamestown had a charter. The progress of the colonies was 
 very slow at first. 
 
 (b) The Puritan was religious, accustomed to work and intended to 
 stay; the Cavalier was a"stuck-up" gentleman, who wanted to get rich 
 from the gold he expected to find and then go back to England to enjoy 
 it. 
 
 Q. What great work was accomplished by (1) Commodore Perry? (2) 
 Commodore Decatur? (3) Admiral Farragut? (4) Admiral Dewey? (5) 
 Admiral Sampson? 
 
 Ans. 
 (1) On September 9, 1813, Commodore Perry gained the battle of Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 (2) The United States warship Philadelphia had been captured by 
 the Tripolitans, and Commodore Decatur destroyed it in the harbor of Tri- 
 poli! in 1804. 
 
 (3) In the spring of 1862 he captured New Orleans, and in August, 
 1864, he won the battle in Mobile Bay. 
 
 (4) Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila on May 1, 1898. 
 
 (5) Sampson blockaded the port of Havana and bombarded the cap- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 77 
 
 ital of Porto Rico, San Juan, during April and May, 1898. 
 
 Q. What States were formed out of the Northwest Territory? (2) 
 Out of the Louisiana Purchase? (3) What Territories have not yet been 
 admitted as States? (4) Name our island possessions? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, except 
 the part of the last named State which is west of the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Thirteen States: Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minne- 
 sota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, 
 Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and Indian Territory. 
 
 (3) There are none. 
 
 (4) Porto Rico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Guam, Tutuila. 
 
 Q. (a) What event gave rise to great agitation of Civil Service re- 
 form? (b) What does Civil Service reform seek to accomplish? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The promiscuous turning out of office of office-holders 
 who differed in politics from the party in power. It was Marcy's maxim: 
 "To the victors belong the spoils." 
 
 (b) Civil Service seeks to Improve the class of officers, regardless of 
 political affiliation. 
 
 Q. (a) Tell the story of the Huguenots in the New World, (b) 
 Who was Frobisher? (c) Drake? (d) Raleigh? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) When, in 1685, Louis XIV. of France revoked the Edict of 
 Nantes, many of the Huguenots (French Protestants) fled, and some went 
 to the United States. The State of South Carolina, especially, received 
 many of these desirable immigrants, who proved to be a great benefit to 
 any locality that they chose for residence. 
 
 (b) Frobisher was the first English explorer to seek a Northwest 
 passage. 
 
 (c) Drake was the first Englishman who circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 (d) Sir Walter Raleigh made the first attempt at colonization. It 
 was unsuccessful. 
 
 Q. (a) When and how did we obtain Alaska? (b) Who discovered 
 the Philippines? 
 
 Ans. (a) We bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. (b) Magellan. 
 
 Q. 
 
 (a) Name the great naval battles of our country, and (b) describe 
 one of them. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The fight between Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the Battle 
 of Lake Erie, Battle of New Orleans, Battle of Mobile, Battle of Manila, 
 and the Battle in which Cervera's fleet was captured. 
 
 (b) On May 1, 1898, Commodore (now Admiral) Dewey destroyed 
 the Spanish fleet under Admiral Montejo in Manila Harbor, without the 
 
78 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 loss of a man on Ms own fleet. 
 
 Q. Give an account of tlie first bloodshed in the Civil War. 
 
 Ans. On April 19, 1861, while a Massachusetts regiment was march- 
 ing to Washington on the streets of Baltimore, several soldiers and civil- 
 ians were killed. 
 
 Q. Give a list of 10 dates and events marked by each, which you re- 
 gard as most important in United States history. 
 
 1492, Discovery of America; 
 
 1607, Settlement of Virginia; 
 
 1643, Union of New England Colonies; 
 
 1776 Declaration of Independence; 
 
 1783, Close of the Revolution; 
 
 1803, Louisiana Purchase; 
 
 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty; 
 
 1850, Admission of California; 
 
 1861, Civil War; 
 
 1898, Spanish War. 
 
 Q. Name two important events connected with the lives, or the his- 
 tory of: 
 
 (a) John Brown — Massacre at Pottawatomie; attack on Harper's 
 Ferry. 
 
 (b) Merriweather Lewis — Took part in Whisky Insurrection (.1794;) 
 explored Missouri River (1804-1806.) 
 
 (c) Maximo Gomez — Joined Cubans in 1868; again during insurrec- 
 tion. 
 
 (d) Clara Barton — Joined hospital service in Civil War; organized 
 Red Cross Society. 
 
 (e) John Ericson — Invented screw propeller; invented "Monitor. " 
 
 (f) David Crockett — Served in Creek War; was one of the defenders 
 of the Alamo (1836.) 
 
 Q. Name the most famous naval commander of the Civil War and 
 give a brief account of two engagements in which he gained distinction. 
 
 Ans. David G. Farragut. In April, 1861, in command of a fleet of 17 
 vessels and a mortar flotilla of 25 vessels, the latter under Commodore 
 Porter, he ran past the forts on the river with his fleet and destroyed the 
 Confederate fleet of 13 gunboats and 2 ironclads. A few days later he 
 took New Orleans. On August 5, 1864, with 25 vessels, he destroyed the 
 Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. 
 
 Q. What was Lincoln's position or view in regard to the capture of 
 Mason and Slidell? Why? 
 
 Ans. In view of the fact that we had fought England for similar 
 acts during the War of 1812, he opposed the capture and ordered them to 
 be sent on their mission. 
 
 Q. What great commercial need contributed to the discovery of 
 America? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 79 
 
 Ans. The finding of a Northwest passage to Asia. 
 
 Q. (a) What nation first explored the region of the Great Lakes 
 and the Mississippi Valley? (b) Give names of two persons specially 
 prominent in these explorations, 
 
 Ans. (a) The French, (b) Fathers Marquette and LaSalle were the 
 leaders. 
 
 (a) What was the Stamp Act?- (b) What measures did the Colonists 
 take to resist its enforcement? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) It was an act according to which a stamp, varying in amount ac- 
 cording to the nature of the instrument, was to be placed on newspapers, 
 notes, deeds, and legal documents. 
 
 (b) The colonists destroyed all stamps they could get before Nov- 
 ember 1, 1765 (date it was to take effect,) and, besides, for a while, sus- 
 pended business. 
 
 Q. Give a brief account of any two of the following: 
 
 (a) Alabama Claims, 
 
 (b) Alaska Purchase, 
 
 (c) The Joint-Electoral Commission . 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) In May, 1871, an agreement was made to appoint a High Com- 
 mission to consider damage done American vessels by the Alabama and 
 other Confederate cruisers. They met at Geneva and awarded the United 
 States $15,500,000. 
 
 (b) Alaska Purchase was concluded in March, 1867, for $7,200,000, 
 in return for certain friendly acts on the part of Russia, during the Civil 
 War, 
 
 (c) The Joint Electoral Commission, composed of 5 United States 
 Senators, 5 United States Representatives, and 5 Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, was called upon to settle the disputed Presidential election of 1876. 
 By a vote of 8 to 7, they declared Hayes elected. 
 
 Q. (1) Who was chosen President of the Confederat:-^ States of 
 America? (2) Write the names of 8 of the States. (3) What city was 
 selected as the capital of the government? 
 
 (1) Jefferson Davis, of MiisSissippi. 
 
 (2) South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Miss- 
 issippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia. 
 
 (3) Montgomery at first, Richmond soon after. 
 
 Q. Give a brief account of the first conflict of arms In the Civil War? 
 
 Ans. Ft. Sumpter, in South Carolina, was attacked by General 
 Beauregard, on April 11, 1861. The fort was defended by Major Ander- 
 son. The siege lasted thirty hours. At the expiration of that time And- 
 erson capitulated. No one was killed, but this event precipitated the war. 
 
 Q. (1) Name the first battle of the Civil War. (2) Name the first 
 battle of the Revolution 
 
80 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (1) The battle of Bull Run. (2) The battle of Lexington. 
 
 Q. (1) Where was Cornwallis captured? (2) How long did the Re- 
 volutionary War last? 
 
 Ans. (1) Cornwallis was captured at Yorktown. (2) This war 
 lasted eight years. 
 
 Q. Where was Arcadia? By whom settled? 
 
 Ans. Arcadia was the part of Canada now known as Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick. It was settled by the French. 
 
 Q. (1) Describe the battle of Bryan Station. (2) Who was Simon 
 Girty? 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) On August 16, 1782, Bryan's Station, five miles from Lexington, 
 was attacked by a combined force of English and Indians. Most of the 
 men were inside of the fort at the time. They noticed some spies looking 
 around, and at once prepared for a siege. To get a supply of water, there 
 being no spring within the fort, the women marched out to secure the 
 needed supply. The settlers reasoned, and justly, that the besiegers would 
 waste no shots on women, but on warriors. After the water was secured 
 swift-footed runners were sent to Lexington and other places, and soon a 
 relief force reached the fort. At night the Indians tried to set fire to the 
 fort. Being unseccessful in this, the Indians departed and gave up the 
 siege. 
 
 (2) Simon Girty, "The White Renegade," was despised by every one. 
 He had been reared among the Indians, and had been adopted by them. He 
 had grown up a savage and chose to remain one. He was as cruel as an 
 Indian, and by his knowledge of English he became very valuable to the 
 Indians in their schemes to torture the white settlers. 
 
 Q. (1) What financial crisis did the United States have to meet 
 early in its history? (2) How was it met? (3) Under the leadership of 
 what statesman? 
 
 Ans. (1) There was no money with which the United States could 
 pay its debts. (2) Washington prevailed upon Congress to assume the 
 state debt. A bank of the United States was established, a 
 duty was levied on trading ships, also on imports, and a mint was estab- 
 lished. (3) Alexander Hamilton was the leader, Washington's Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury. 
 
 Q. Give the arguments for and against slavery as they would have 
 been given by typical Southerners and Northerners. 
 
 Ans. The South claimed slaves as property, bought with their money 
 like cattle or other property, and which could be sold in like manner. 
 They thought that capital should own labor, and in the South it did. 
 
 The North claimed that no human being could be owned by any other 
 human being. Capital and labor were in the North both free. 
 
 Q. Explain any three of the following terms: 
 
 (1) Mason and Dixon's Line — Was the boundary between Pennsyl- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 81 
 
 vania and Maryland. It was in substance the dividing line between slave 
 States and free States. 
 
 (2) Squatter Sovereignty — Was the right of people of any territory 
 to decide for themselves whether or not they wanted slavery. 
 
 (3) Contraband of War — During the Civil War General Ben Butler 
 called the negroes "contraband of war," and set them to work on trench- 
 es, etc. 
 
 (4) Specie Resumption — On January 1, 1879, the United States com- 
 menced the redemption of United States greenbacks for gold. 
 
 (5) Spoils System — Many persons believe that after an election has 
 been held, the victorious party should hold all the offices and "turn out" 
 the office holders of the opposing party. It is expressed by Macy's maxim: 
 "To the victors' belong the spoils." 
 
 Q. Make a statement of historic interest about the following: 
 
 (1) Daniel Webster — Was United States Senator of Massachusetts. 
 
 (2) Henry Clay — Was Senator of Kentucky. 
 
 (3) Samuel Adams — Was active in advocating American independ- 
 ence. 
 
 (4) John C. Fremont — The Pathfinder, assisted in conquest of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 (5) Elias Howe — Invented the sewing machine. 
 
 (6) Joseph Smith — Founded the sect of the Mormons, 
 
 (7) De Witt Clinton — Constructed the Erie Canal. 
 
 (8) Cyrus W. Field — Invented the electro-magnetic telegraph. 
 
 (9) Ft. Duquesne — Pittsburg now, was one of the points of attack 
 during the French and Indian war. 
 
 (10) George Custer — Lost his life in fight with Indians on June 25, 
 1876. 
 
 Q. Mention three financial measures advocated by Hamilton for 
 raising a revenue and strengthening the credit of the nation. 
 
 Ans. (1) Assumption by Congress of all debts. (2) Protective tar- 
 iff. (3) Tax on vessels. 
 
 Q. Write briefly upon the Mexican War: (a) causes, (b) righteous- 
 ness or unrighteousness, (c) transfer of territory, (d) other results. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The cause was dispute of boundary between Texas and Mexico. 
 
 (b) It was unrighteous from first to last, one-sided, a weak nation 
 against a strong one. 
 
 (c) All the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi not 
 included in the Louisiana Purchase, and south of Oregon. 
 
 (d) The settlement of the boundary of the United States and Mexico 
 was not fully settled till the Gadsden Purchase in 1854. 
 
82 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 Q. What is spelling? 
 
 Ans. Spelling is calling or writing in proper order, letters and 
 syllables that compose words. 
 
 Q. How many letters in the alphabet? From what is the name de- 
 rived? Ans. There are twenty-six (26) letters in the alphabet. The 
 word is derived from the first two letters in the Greek alphabet: alpha, 
 beta. 
 
 Q. How are the number of syllables in a word determined? 
 
 Ans. A word has as many syllables as it has single or combined 
 vowels that are sounded. 
 
 Q. Name the different kinds of words wth reference to syllabication, 
 and give the number of syllables in each. 
 
 Ans. A monosyllable is a word of one syllable — man. A dissyllable 
 is a word of two syllables — manly. A trisyllable is a word of three 
 syllables — manliness. A polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables — 
 municipality. 
 
 Q. In oral spelling would you have a class pronounce and repeat 
 each syllable as spelled? Why? 
 
 Ans. I would; in order to improve articulation, 
 
 Q. (a) What is an affix? (b) A suffix? (c) A synonym? 
 
 (a) An affix is an addition to a word, either before or after it. 
 
 (b) A suffix is added at the end of a word. 
 
 (c) A synonym is a word of nearly the same meaning as another. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a diphthong? (b) A digraph? (c) A trigraph? 
 (d) A Homonym? 
 
 (a) A diphthong is the union of two vowels in a syllable. 
 
 (b) A digraph, or improper diphthong, is the union of two vowels in 
 a syllable, of which one is silent. 
 
 (c) A trigraph is the union of three vowels in a syllable, one or two 
 of which are silent. 
 
 (d) Homonyms are words having the same sound but different in 
 meaning. 
 
 Q. What letters are never doubled? Ans. c, h, i, j, k, m, n, p, q. 
 . Q. What is the base of every syllable? 
 
 Ans. The base of every syllable is a vowel, either single or com- 
 bined. 
 
 Q. Spell: Cocaine, pageant, erysipelas, yacht, rendezvous, satellite, 
 roguish, tonsilitis, acoustics, gossamer. 
 
 Q. State five rules of spelling and illustrate each. 
 
 (1) Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable ending 
 with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final letter 
 on receiving a suffix commencing with a vowel. Illustration: Drop, 
 dropping; quit, quitting. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 83 
 
 (2) Silent final "e" must be dropped when suffixes commencing with 
 a vowel are added, except when words ending in "ce" or "ge" come before 
 "ous" or "able" to preserve soft sound of "c" or "g." Illustration: force, 
 forcible; but courage, courageous. 
 
 (3) In monosyllables ending in f, 1, or s, the final letter is doubled 
 when preceded by a single vowel. Illustration: bell, cliff, hiss. 
 
 (4) "Y" preceded by a consonant is changed to "i" on the addition of 
 a syllable not beginning with "i." Illustration: lofty, loftier; lazy, laziest. 
 
 (5) Common nouns ending in "y" preceded by a consonant, form 
 their plurals by changing "y" to "i" and adding "es." Illustration: city, 
 cities; fairy, fairies. . ~ 
 
 - Q. Illustrate all the sounds of a, e, i, o, u, c, g, n, s, y. 
 
 Ans. Consult your dictionary. 
 
 Q. Indicate correct pronunciation of: acclimate, bivouac, caisson, 
 dahlia, egregious, feoff, gymnasium, hemistich, inchoative, justificatory. 
 
 Ans. Consult your dictionary. 
 
 Q. Define: 
 
 "Derelict" — means abandoned or unfaithful. 
 
 "Gratuitous" — means given for nothing. 
 
 "Accelerate" — means to increase the speed. 
 
 "Oxidize" — means to convert into oxide. 
 
 "Precocious" — means too forward, premature. 
 
 "Reminiscence" — means that which is called to the mind. 
 
 "Sanguinary" — means bloodthirsty, murderous. 
 
 "Accomplice" — means associate in crime. 
 
 "Satiate" — means to gorge, to surfeit. 
 
 "Sterilize"— means to purify by killing microbes, etc. 
 
 Spell: Cessation, carnation, dissension, secession, parliament, vinegar, 
 insular, cellular, sycophant, seizure, hyphen, flimsy, guilty, glowworm, 
 yeoman, grievous, signpost, tweezers, cypress, senator, physics, sapphire, 
 chancellor, bachelor, dulcet. 
 
 Q. Define: 
 
 Portico, a covered space at the entrance of a building. 
 
 Ancestor, one from whom a person descends, either by father or moth- 
 er. 
 
 Meteor, a luminous body or appearance flying or floating in the atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Cement, a glutinous subject capable of uniting bodies. 
 
 Phantom, fancied vision. 
 
 Confront, to face; to stand in front. 
 
 Resuscitate, to revive; to recover from apparent death. 
 
 Arraign, to call in question an accused before a tribunal. 
 
 Cylinder, a circular body of uniform diameter. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically: Effervescence, coadjutor, parole, equator, 
 orotund. Consult your dictionary. 
 
84 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Define: 
 
 (a) Simple word. Ans. A simple word is not derived from any 
 other word — Man. 
 
 (b) Compound word. Ans. A compound word is composed of two or 
 more simple words. — Man-servant. 
 
 (c) Primitive word. Ans. Not derived from any other word — House. 
 
 (d) Derivative word. Ans. Is derived from another word. — House- 
 hold 
 
 (e) Root. Ans. It is the principal part of the word. — "House" in 
 household. 
 
 (f) Prefix. Ans. Is a syllable or syllables placed before a word. — 
 Unreasonable. 
 
 (g) Suffix. Ans. Is a syllable or syllables placed after a word. — • 
 Warlike. 
 
 (h) Affix. Ans. Prefixes and suffixes are affixes, 
 (i) Diphthong. Ans. A union of two vowels both sounded. — "ou" 
 in house. 
 
 (j) Digraph. Ans. Two letters to represent one sound. — Digraph. 
 
 Q. Spell: Chaos, acetic, ascetic, debris, avaricious, beguile, aggran- 
 dize, ecstacy, affable, fallacy, aquiline, clique, hallucination, coalesce, 
 gratuity, circuitous, deteriorate, idealize, lacerate, mnemonics. 
 
 Q. What faculties does the study of spelling chiefly tend to culti- 
 vate? 
 
 Ans. Memory and judgement. 
 
 Q. Spell: Lassitude, resuscitate, guerilla, rhinoceros, incorrigible, 
 solicitous, aberration, coercion, catastrophe, celerity, chandelier, impanel, 
 avalanche, profligacy, pavilion, acidity, secession, artifice, judiciary, seren- 
 ity, solicitude, pitiable, allege, italicized, palatable, fuchsia, sirloin, ar- 
 raign, rattan, languor, myriads, meteor, Philippines, deluge, salable^ 
 deuce, surcingle, dispel, wrangle, baluster, scalene, serenade, rhyme, dele- 
 ble, secede. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically and use in sentences the following words: 
 
 Allusion: He made allusion to this affair. 
 
 Delusion: This will prove a delusion. 
 
 Illusion: He is laboring under a mental illusion. 
 
 Emigrate: Many Europeans emigrate from Europe. 
 
 Immigrate: Many European immigrate to America. 
 
 Esteem: We esteem him very highly. 
 
 Estimate: We estimate him at his true worth. 
 
 Healthful: The climate of Kentucky is healthful. 
 
 Series: These numbers form an arithmetical series. 
 
 Succession: These events followed in rapid succession. 
 
 Party: He is one party in this lawsuit. 
 
 Person: A distinguished person came to visit us. 
 
 Consult your dictionary for diacritical marks. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 85 
 
 Q. Spell: sergeant, efficient, insatiable, sincerity, fuchsia, hy- 
 drangea, rigid, jessamine, coussel, aesthetic, interior, gyration, strata, 
 balsams, vivacious, pollen, cyme, peculiar, austere, vagary, mistletoe, an- 
 chor, empire, treasurer, auditor. 
 
 Q. Define: (1) accent, (2) primary accent; (3) secondary accent; 
 (4) syllable; (5) dieresis. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Accent is a more forcible enunciation of one syllable than others 
 in the same word. 
 
 (2) Primary accent is the principal accent. 
 
 (3) Secondary accent is a partial or slight accent. 
 
 (4) A syllable is a letter or combination of letters uttered with a 
 single impulse of the voice. 
 
 (5) A dieresis is a mark (two dots) placed over the first of two suc- 
 cessive vowels to indicate that they belong to different syllables. 
 
 Q. Define: 
 
 Cymbal — a musical instrument; 
 
 Symbol — an emblem, a representation; 
 
 Deviser — an inventor; 
 
 Devisor — one who devises real estate by will; 
 
 Divisor — one of the terms in division in arithmetic; 
 
 Fain — well pleased, glad; 
 
 Fane — a temple; 
 
 Feign — to pretend; 
 
 Eulogium — a formal speech commending the character of a person; 
 
 Recipient — a person who receives. 
 
 Q. Spell: diurnal, ebullition, felicity, hyperbole, impromptu, line- 
 age, nonpareil, omniscient, palliate, quiescent, raillery, sinuous, surveil- 
 lance, tenable, tympanum, utilitarian, vacillate, vignette, virulent, Baby- 
 lon. 
 
 Q. Spell: adjustable, siren, docile, italicized, achieve, nickel, 
 palatable, perceiving, sherbet, sachet, primer, tormentor, premier, massage, 
 occultism, saccharine, cellar, arraign, talisman, anemone, plausible, 
 fuchsia, puerile, sirloin, calendar. 
 
 Q. Use in sentences: 
 
 Less — The corporation earned less money than last year. 
 
 Fewer — There are fewer pupils in school than there were last week. 
 
 In — My brother is in the house. 
 
 Into — I am going into the house. 
 
 Farther — He could not travel farther. 
 
 Further — He said nothing further. 
 
 Divide among — You may. divide these apples among the crowd. ' 
 
 Divide between — Divide these apples between you and me. 
 
 Ballet — This girl is a ballet dancer. 
 
 Ballad — A ballad is a musical composition to be sung. 
 
^^ Teachers' and Students' Examinations "^ ' ' 
 
 Lie — Lie down and rest. ". * 
 
 Lay — Lay the book on tlie table. 
 
 Divisor — Tbe divisor in this problem is an odd number. "^ 
 
 Deviser — My brother is a great deviser of ways to succeed. 
 
 Essay — This pupil has written a good essay. 
 
 Assay — We must assay this gold to test its purity. 
 
 Q. How is the proper pronunciation of words determined? 
 
 Ans. The proper pronunciation of words is determined by the dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 Q. Indicate the proper pronunciation of: pretty, bellows, museum, 
 sacrifice, finance, javelin, disputant, precedence, cognomen, mausoleum. 
 
 Ans. Consult dictionary. 
 
 Q. Define: 
 
 Elixir — compound tincture or medicine; 
 
 Invidious — envious, hateful; , 
 
 Ferreous — like iron; j : 
 
 Sanguine — red like blood, hopeful; ' 
 
 Aqueous — like water; -^~" ' -,..»,-.-, 
 
 Vitreous — like glass; " :..::■■■ 
 
 Stellate — star-shaped; 
 
 Intricate — involved, entangled; 
 
 Deleterious — harmful. 
 
 Qi. Spell the following: Hibernal, vaccine, reindeer, rhinoceros, 
 jaguar, recipient, guttural, chamois, officious, pylorus, epilepsy, measles, 
 pleurisy, delirium, bilious, strychnine, secrecy, collectible, acreage, resus- 
 citate. 
 
 Q. Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of oral spell- 
 ing? (b) Which do you prefer, oral or written spelling? Why? 
 
 (a) By oral spelling the pupil learns the sound of the word; he has 
 to keep being attentive; bad pronunciation can be corrected. The disad- 
 vantages are: All our spelling after leaving school is written; the sound 
 does not always assist in correct writing; it is a monotonous exercise, (b) 
 I prefer written spelling, because more variety is possible and because it 
 is the only practical method. 
 
 Q. Name five affixes and form words by their use, defining the de- 
 rivations. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Affixes include both prefixes and suffixes. 
 
 Circum — circumnavigate — to sail around. 
 
 Post — postpone — to put off (literally: to place after.) 
 
 Retro — retrospect — a looking back on things past. 
 
 Ish — boyish — like a boy. 
 
 Er — wanderer — one who wanders. 
 
 Q. Spell: Gloucester, principle, squadron, woodpecker, pigeon, is- 
 sue, Caesar, knot, unassailable, doers, audience, engineer, Shakespeare, 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 87 
 
 annual, atmosphere, balloon, carrot, radish, clothes, Budapest, predicate, 
 anatomy, mesentery, isthmian, vacillate. 
 
 Q. Write an application for a position as teachec, enumerating your 
 qualifications. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Cynthiana, Ky., May 10, 1914. 
 Mr. William Johnson, Trustee, 
 
 District No. — Harrison County, Ky. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Information has reached me that, as yet, you have not decided upon 
 your recommendation to the Division Board for a teacher for the ensuing 
 school year. Please to consider me an applicant for the position. I hold 
 a State certificate, have had tv^enty years' experience, and am in good 
 Iiealth. I inclose copies of recommendations, and also refer you to any 
 district where I have heretofore taught. If you desire a personal inter- 
 view please to let me know, stating time and place. Hoping to hear from 
 you favorably at your earliest convenience, I am. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 (Miss) Martha Jones. 
 
 Q. Give rule for forming the plural of nouns, giving exceptions. Il- 
 lustrate. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 The plural of nouns is regularly formed by adding "s" or "es" to the 
 singular. Illustration: boy, boys; garden, gardens; box, boxes. 
 
 Exceptions: 
 
 (1) Some nouns ending in "o" after a consonant add "es," as: negro, 
 negroes; echo, echoes; torpedo, torpedoes. 
 
 (2) Some nouns in "f" or "fe" add "es" after changing "f" to "v," as: 
 knife, knives; leaf, leaves; calf, calves. 
 
 (3) Nouns in "y" after a consonant add "es" after changing "y" 
 into "i," as: city, cities; lily, lilies; daisy, daisies. 
 
 (4) Some nouns form their plural irregularly, as: child, children; 
 man, men; foot, feet; mouse, mice. 
 
 (5) Some nouns do not change in form for the plural, as: deer, 
 grouse, vermin, hose, sheep. 
 
 (6) Foreign plurals are in some cases maintained as: analysis, 
 analyses; beau, beaux; datum, data; focus, foci; madame, mesdames; ne- 
 bula, nebulae; index, indices. 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate: (1) a stem; (2) prime word. 
 
 Ans. (1) A stem is that part of a word that remains unchanged. 
 Illustration: learn (stem), learning, learned. 
 
 (2) A prime word is not derived from any other word. Illustration: 
 man. 
 
 Q. What are the three important classes of foreign words in our 
 language? Mention some distinguishing features of each. 
 
88 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (1) Norman French, used much in treatises on law. 
 ^2) Latin, used in ecclesiatical literature and medical literature. 
 (t3) Greek has* contributed many terms in modern science. 
 Q. (a) Define antonyms. Give five pairs, (b) Give homonyms and 
 illustrate their correct use in sentences. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Antonyms are words having opposite meanings. Illustrations: 
 light and dark, much and little, difficult and easy, cheap and dear, fat and 
 lean. 
 
 (b) Homonyms are words pronounced alike, but different in meaning. 
 Illustration: "Write" — I "write" several letters every day; "rite" — The 
 "rite" of this church is established; "right" — He did "right" to refuse; 
 "wright" — He was a well good "wright," a carpenter (Chaucer,) or he 
 te a miU-wright. 
 
 Q. Spell: Portugal, capillaries, longitude, physician, operator, tropi- 
 cal, multiplicand, villain, lavender, paragraph, plateaus, Dubuque, negroes, 
 unique, exposition, stereopticon, punctuation, entrance, catarrh, conso- 
 nant, deris, mucous, delegate, fluid, European. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically: calisthenics, nuisance, precede, supersede, 
 accede, melancholy, illegible, eligible, sieve, imminent. Ans. Consult 
 the dictionary. 
 
 Q. What importance do you attach to Spelling? 
 
 Ans. I attach great importance to spelling. While no one receives 
 much credit for being a good speller, it being taken as a necessary quali- 
 fication, yet no one can be considered proficient and adapted to the cleri- 
 @al part of a business career who is deficient in this part of his education. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 WRITING 
 
 89 
 
 Q. Make and name the principles in the system of penmanship you 
 teach. 
 
 Ans. I use the Spencerian: 
 
 Principals: (1) straight line; (2) right curve; (3) left curve; (4) 
 extended loop; (5) oval; (6) inverted oval; (7) capital stem. 
 Q. Classify the letters in the alphabet according to height. 
 Ans. 1 space — a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x. 
 11/4 spaces — r, s. 
 2 spaces — t, d. 
 
 2 ^2 spaces — q. 
 
 3 spaces — b, g, h, j, k, 1, y, z. 
 3 Yz spaces — p. 
 
 5 spaces — f. 
 
 Q. At what age would you begin the use of pen and ink? Why? 
 
 Ans. I would begin it as soon as a pupil enters school because 
 practice makes perfection. 
 
 Q. What assistance would you give the pupil in writing? 
 
 Ans. I would simply correct his errors and guard against a repeti- 
 tion of the same. I would also as far as I was able set him copies for imi- 
 tation. 
 
 Q. Write some selections from memory as a specimen of your writ- 
 ing. 
 
 Ans. Words are the counters of wise men; the coin of fools. 
 
 Q. What should be the pupil's position while writing? 
 
 Ans. There are various opinions in regard to this question. I be- 
 lieve the right oblique position the best. 
 
 Q. What three main results should we try to attain in teaching 
 writing? 
 
 Ans. Legibility, neatness, dispatch. 
 
 Q. Analyze the letters in the word Education. 
 
 Analysis: 
 
 7H^i>a77y 
 
90 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. What is the correct method of holding the pen? 
 
 Ans. Hold the pen between the thumb, first and second fingers with 
 the ball of the thumb and first finger resting respectively on the left and 
 top sides of the pen staff, the staff passing over the root of the nail of the 
 middle finger and pointing upward directly to the shoulder. 
 
 Q. Explain what is meant by the following terms used in writing: 
 (a) Base Line, (b) Head Line, (c) Top Line, (d) Space. 
 
 (a) Base Line is the line upon which the writing rests and at which 
 most of the letters begin. 
 
 (b) Head Line is the line at the top of the one-space letters. 
 
 (c) Top line is the line at the top of the three-space letters. 
 
 (d) Space is a scale for measuring the height and width of letters. 
 Q. What principles or elements are most prominent in the formation 
 
 of the capitals? 
 
 Ans. Capital Stem, Direct and Inverted Ovals. 
 
 Q. Write a quotation of four or more lines as specimen of your hand- 
 writing. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 "Tell me not, in mournful numbers. 
 Life is but an empty dream; 
 
 For the soul is dead that slumbers 
 
 And things are not what they seem." 
 
 Q. Describe the different movements employed in writing. Which 
 do you regard as best? Why? 
 
 Ans. (1) The finger movement consists in letting the hand rest 
 stationary upon the paper and moving the thumb, index, and middle fin- 
 ger in the formation of the letters. (2) In the fore-arm movement we 
 let the muscle of the fore-arm rest upon stand or desk with the nails of 
 the third and fourth finger gliding upon the paper and move the whole 
 fore-arm and hand. (3) In the whole arm movement, we merely let the 
 nails of the third and fourth fingers rest upon the paper and employ the 
 whole arm in describing the lines and curves. 
 
 The fore-arm, we regard as best, because by it we secure symmetri- 
 cal lines and shapes of letters with less fatigue to our arm and hand. 
 
 Q. What is the unit for measuring the height and width of letters? 
 
 Ans. The small letter "i" without the dot is used as the unit for 
 measuring the height of letters. The distance between the two downward 
 strokes of the small letter "u" is considered a space in width. 
 
 Q. How should the paper be placed on the desk while writing? 
 
 Ans. At right angles with the edge of the desk in front of pupil. 
 
 Q. Analyze the letters in the word "Satisfaction." 
 
 Ans. The principles by numbers are: 
 
 /y^OO^ 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 91 
 
 Hence the analysis is 2, 7; 3, 3, 2, 1. 2; 2, 1, 2, 1 horizontal; 2, 1, 2; 2, 2, 
 2; 4, 4 inverted; 3, 3, 2, 1, 2; 1, 3,2; 2, 1, 2, 1 horizontal; 2, 1, 2; 3, 3, 2; 
 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, the different letters being separated by semi-colons. 
 
 Q. What use should be made of the blackboard for instruction in 
 writing by the teacher and for practice by the pupil? 
 
 Ans. I believe the use of the blackboard during the writing exercise 
 should be restricted to the teacher, and only to give general directions to 
 the class, and to point out errors to the pupils. 
 
 Q. Analyze: c, d, f, K. 
 
 y^'^y Oh 
 
 Ans. The principles are: 
 
 Analysis: jj& >/^/^0' 
 
 Q. What three particular things should you give most attention in. 
 teaching writing? 
 
 Ans. Proper position at the desk, proper position of th-3 copy-book, 
 proper holding of the pen. 
 
 Q. How are skill and speed produced? 
 
 Ans. Skill and speed are produced by appropriate practice, and can 
 not very well be produced in any other way. 
 
 Q. Should there be much practice outside of the copy book? Why? 
 
 Ans. I believe that all, or nearly all, practice shon'.d be outside the 
 copy book. The copy book is to show results of the practi'-i^. 
 
 Q. Why should the teacher require neatne5?i and care in all written 
 work? 
 
 Ans. Because it will form the habit of neatnes.s, oiro of the school vir- 
 tues; and besides, a pupil will take more interest in his work if done neat- 
 ly and carefully. 
 
 Q. Outline a writing exercise as it should h)s condi.'cted. State 
 grade. 
 
 Ans. For all grades I would proceed about as follows: (1) Distri- 
 bute writing material by monitors. (2) Give general directions. (3)' 
 Writing exercise by pupils as I pass along the seats, giving attention to 
 individidual pupils. (4) Point out on the blackboard errors, and show 
 how to correct them. (5) Collect writing material by monitors. 
 
 Q. (1) How do you teach pupils to acquire a free movement? (2) 
 Do you believe in allowing individuality in writing? Ans. (1) By ap- 
 propriate and properly graded exercises in muscular movement. (2) I 
 do, under proper restrictions. 
 
 Q. State two advantages and two disadvantages of the vertical sys- 
 tem. 
 
92 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Advantages: (1) It is easily learned, (2) it is legible. 
 
 Disadvantages: (1) It is a slow method, (2) not adapted to business. 
 
 Q. (1) What is the purpose of the study and the practice of the 
 principles of penmanship? (2) Of practice upon exercises known as 
 movement drills? (3) Of requiring pupils to write between two lines one 
 space apart? (4) State the objection urged against the last-named prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Ana. 
 
 (1) The purpose is to systematize the work. 
 
 (2) The purpose is to acquire perfect control of the muscles. 
 
 (3) The purpose is to insure uniformity in size. 
 
 (4) The objection is the same as there would be to learning to walk 
 behind a chair and continuing the practice. 
 
 Q. Would you require a left-handed pupil to "write with his right, 
 hand"? State fully your reasons for the course you would pursue. 
 
 Ans. I would advise him to learn to write with his right hand — to 
 do it, however, as a practice. I would not "compel" him to write with his 
 right hand. At the school where I received my first instruction we were 
 taught to write both "right" and "left" handed. I would not recommend 
 it. 
 
 Q. Give examples of four exercises you would use in establishing 
 and promoting free-arm movement. 
 
 Ans. Consult Spencerian or any other copy books, or any books on 
 penmanship. 
 
 Q. Name two common faults in writing and tell how you would cor- 
 rect them. Ans. Lack of uniformity in size and space and slant. I know 
 no other way to correct these than by persistent practice. By practice 
 the mistakes will be corrected in the end. 
 
 Q. What objections may there be to the use of copy books in teach- 
 ing pupils to write? Ans. Frequently the copy set in the book is not ob- 
 served beyond the first two or three lines. Another objection sometimes 
 is, made to introducing the use of copy books with too young pupils. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 93 
 
 READING 
 
 Q. (a) Give an illustration of a metaphor, (b) change the metaphor 
 to a corresponding simile, (c) Write three sentences, each containing a 
 figure of speech other than a metaphor or a simile and specify the figure 
 in each case. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Life is a leaf of paper white. 
 
 (b) Life is like a leaf of white paper. 
 
 (c)I left my father's roof (synecdoche.) The stars and stripes are 
 respected (metonymy.) If you are an anvil hold you still; if you are a 
 hammer strike your fill (antithesis.) 
 
 Q. Read the following: 
 
 "Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, 
 
 As the swift seasons roll! 
 
 Leave thy low-vaulted past! 
 
 Let each new temple, nobler than the last. 
 
 Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast. 
 
 Till thou at length art free, 
 
 Leaving thine out-grown shell by life's unresting sea!" 
 
 Q. (a) From what poem is the above quoted? (b) Tell what you 
 know of the author, (c) Name some of his best known production? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The quotation is from "The Chambered Nautilus." 
 
 (b) Oliver Wendell Holmes, physician, poet, and lecturer, was born 
 at Cambridge, Mass. August 29, 1809. He died in Boston, October 7, 
 1894. He was a graduate from Harvard University and for many years he 
 was professor of Anatomy in this University. 
 
 (c)Tlie Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, the Professor at the Break- 
 fast Table, The Poet at the Breakfast Table, Elsie Vennor, etc., are some 
 of his best prose writings. Some of his best known poems are: Old Iron- 
 sides; The Deacon's Masterpiece; The Boys, and others. 
 
 Q. What is the purpose of this poem? 
 
 Ans. Striving after improvement, year after year, is the purpose of 
 the poem. 
 
 Q. What is the effect on the reading (a) of being directly conscious 
 of every word on the page? (b) of being conscious of the letters, punctua- 
 tion marks, etc.? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) It has a tendency to make natural readers. 
 
 (b) It has a tendency to make artificial readers. 
 
 Q. Which is the more rapid, silent reading or oral reading? Why? 
 Ans. Silent reading is the more rapid because the eye can act more 
 rapidly than the vocal organs. 
 
94 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Why should the teacher of reading be able to read well herself? 
 Ans. As is the teacher so will be the school. Personal example, es- 
 pecially in reading, will have a powerful effect upon the pupils. 
 
 .Q. What is the value of committing to memory choice pieces of 
 poetry and prose? 
 
 Ans. These selections being once committed become unconsciously 
 part of ourselves, and cannot help but influence our expression, both 
 written and oral; also, the maxims contained in the selections are power- 
 ful agents in building character. 
 
 Q. What use may be made of pictures in text-books in reading? 
 Ans. By conversing about them a natural form of expression can be 
 cultivated, which is one of the prime requisites in reading. 
 
 Q. What directions or suggestions should the teacher give in as- 
 signing a new reading lesson? 
 
 Ans. This depends very much upon the character of the selections. 
 In all cases some questions in regard to the author, his principal works, 
 etc., are in order. Also the pupil's attention should be directed to figura- 
 tive language, difficult words, etc. The acquisition of the complete 
 thought by the pupil is the final purpose of all. 
 
 Q. What is meant by monotone? When is it proper to use? 
 Ans. A monotone is an almost level tone. It is proper to use it in 
 certain very solemn selections. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a poetic pause? (b) Should we be governed by the 
 punctuation in reading poetry the same as in reading prose? 
 
 Ans. A poetic pause is a stop in the reading to direct attention to 
 certain words, either just preceding or about to follow, (b) I do not 
 think that punctuation, but the thought expressed, should determine 
 pauses either in prose or poetry. 
 Q. What is a good reader? 
 
 Ans. A good reader is one Vv^ho sees quickly, feels deeply, and ex- 
 presses clearly the thought of the printed page. 
 Q. Why do we have so few good readers? 
 
 Ans. One of the principal reasons is that reading has been under- 
 estimated. Instead of being considered the most important of school stud- 
 ies it has often been slighted. Want of drill is the reason that so few 
 good readers are found. 
 
 Q. Is a good reader apt to be good in other branches? Why? 
 Ans. Yes. About nine-tenths of all v/e learn through life we ac- 
 quire through reading. Hence the best reader acquires the most thought. 
 Q. Read: 
 
 "What does this fellow here?" cried Edward Randolph, fiercely. "On, 
 Sir Edmund. Bid the soldiers forward, and give the dotard the same 
 choice that you gave all his countrymen— to stand aside or be trampled 
 on." 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 95 
 
 Q. Name the steps one should take in preparing to read a selection 
 impressively. 
 
 Ans. Before any one is able to read impressively he should see plain- 
 ly, understand thoroughly, enunciate distinctly, and feel deeply the 
 thoughts and emotions of the selection. 
 
 Q. (a) What physical habits ought a pupil to form from reading 
 aloud? (b) What bad physical habits may be formed in reading classes 
 under a poor teacher? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) From reading aloud a pupil should acquire self control, erect 
 position and correct enunciation. 
 
 (b) Under a poor teacher a pupil may become confused and hesitat- 
 ing, stoop shouldered and, in general, careless. 
 
 Q. What advantages arise from having reading and writing associ- 
 ated from the first? 
 
 Ans. By this means a pupil acquires both reading and writing simul- 
 taneously and, since "writing makes an exact man," a pupil will read bet- 
 ter after having written the selection. 
 
 Q. What should be the chief aims in teaching oral reading, and by 
 what means would you accomplish those aims? 
 
 Ans. The chief aims are to get pupils to see quickly and accurately, 
 understand thoroughly and express clearly. We can accomplish this by 
 persistent practice and drill. 
 
 Q. What is (a) inflection, (b) quality? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Inflection is a slide, modulation or accent of the voice in reading 
 to express more clearly the meaning. 
 
 (b) Quality is a distinctive trait of tone in the rendition of reading. 
 Q. What is emphasis? In what ways is it effected? 
 
 Ans. (a) A particular stress of utterance or force of voice upon one 
 or more words in reading or speaking, (b) By raising the pitch; by lower- 
 ing the pitch and reading more slowly; by pausing before and after the 
 emphatic word or words. 
 
 Q. Do you have your pupils read in concert? Give reasons why you 
 do or do not. 
 
 Ans. I do not, because: (1) It does not lead to good expression. (2) 
 It creates confusion. (3) They fail to get the thought so well. (4) It 
 prevents the overcoming of special defects. 
 
 Q. Mention more than one way of ascertaining whether the pupil 
 has intelligently studied his reading lesson. 
 
 Ans. (1) By having him tell the story of the lesson. (2) By "quiz- 
 zing" him upon special points of the lesson. (3) By his reading of it. 
 
 Q. Deflne (a) pure, (b) aspirated qualities of voice. 
 
 Ans. (a) Natural tone or quality or voice, (b) Tone accompanied 
 with audible breath. 
 
96 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Read the following: 
 
 "How beautiful is night! 
 
 A dewy freshness fills the silent' air, 
 
 Nor mist obscures, nor cloud, nor speck, nor stain 
 
 Breaks the serene heaven; 
 
 In full-orb'd glory, yonder moon divine 
 
 Rolls through the dark blue depths. 
 
 Beneath her steady ray 
 
 The desert circle spreads, 
 
 Like the round ocean girdled with the sky. 
 
 How beautiful is night!" 
 
 Q. How can a distinct and correct articulation be acquired? 
 
 Ans. By careful training of the voice from childhood and a thorough 
 mastery of all the sounds. 
 
 Q. Define a parenthetical clause, and state how it should be read. 
 
 Ans. It is a clause thrown in as explanatory of what is said and 
 should be read in a lower pitch. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the causes of the monotonous reading often heard 
 in a school room? (b) How can it be avoided? (c) How cured when once 
 the habit is formed? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Lack of training, lack of understanding of the selection to be 
 read and lack of interest. 
 
 (b) By careful training in the primary grades. 
 
 (c) By incessant and tireless drills in having pupil express the 
 thought as his own. By having him imitate the teacher's reading. 
 
 Q. For what purpose and at what stage of the pupil's progress 
 would you give formal instruction in phonics? 
 
 Ans. (a) To create correct and distinct articulation and to make 
 the pupil independent of the teacher in the learning of the new words as! 
 they occur in the reading, (b) Prom the very beginning of school-life up 
 to about the sixth grade. 
 
 Q. When and for what purpose should the teacher read orally for 
 the pupils? 
 
 Ans. During the reading exercise, in order to correct errors after 
 the pupil has finished reading; or, in some instances, the teacher should 
 read before the pupils in order to direct in overcoming difficulties that the 
 pupils can not well overcome unaided. 
 
 Q. Discuss supplementary reading as to (a) purpose, (b) material. 
 
 Ans. (a) The purpose of supplementary reading is to furnish the 
 pupil more practice than can be gotten from any one textbook, (b) The 
 material consists in other readers of the same grade and suitable works 
 from different authors, both in prose and in poetry. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) expression, (b) emphasis, (c) force, (d) articula- 
 tion, (e) pronunciation. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 97 
 
 (a) Expression is the rendering of the sense and sentiment of what is- 
 read and spoken in the clearest, most appropriate manner. 
 
 (b) Emphasis is word prominence brought out in a variety of ways. 
 
 (c) Force is synonymous with energy, and may apply to words, 
 whole sentences and even whole paragraphs. 
 
 (d) Articulation consists in the proper uttering of the sounds and 
 syllables contained in words. 
 
 (e) Pronunciation includes accent, syllabication, articulation. 
 
 Q. (1) What is meant by an ear vocabulary? (2) An eye vocab- 
 ulary? 
 
 Ans. (1) A person's ear vocabulary is composed of the words which 
 he can recognize by sound. (2) His eye vocabulary is composed of the 
 words recognized by sight. 
 
 Q. Write the following words, diidivng them into syllables and 
 mark the accent: 
 
 Conduct (behavior) — con-duct (1st.) 
 
 Conduct (to lead) — con-duct (2nd.) 
 
 Object (to oppose) — ob-ject (2nd.) Object (purpose)— ob-ject (1st.) 
 
 Refuse (to deny) — re-fuse (2nd.) Refuse (worthless remains) — ref- 
 use (1st.) 
 
 Project (plan)— proj-ect (1st.) Project (to put out) — pro-ject 
 (2nd.) 
 
 Over-throw (to ruin) — o-ver-throw (1st and 3rd.) 
 
 Q. Define phonic analysis and give an illustration. 
 
 Ans. Phonic analysis consists in separating a word into its ele- 
 mentary sounds. Illustration: phthisic — tiz-ik. 
 
 Q. Name three requisites of correct pronunciation? 
 
 Ans. Articulation, syllabication, accent. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between grammatical and rhetorical pauses and 
 mark the rhetorical pauses in the following: 
 Art is long — and time is fleeting. 
 
 And our hearts — though strong and brave, 
 Still — like muffled drums — are beating 
 Funeral marches — to the grave. 
 
 Ans. Grammatical pauses are indicated by the punctuation marks, 
 rhetorical pauses are required by the thought. The two kinds of pauses 
 sometimes coincide. 
 
 Q. What physical exercises are appropriate in the reading class: 
 
 Ans. Breathing exercises and any other exercises that tend toward, 
 improving breathing or vocal organs. 
 
 (5) Orotund means a round opening of the mouth by reading, char- 
 
 (3) Pitch is the key in which we read. 
 
 (4) Pure tone is the natural tone of the voice. 
 
 Q. Write a short sketch of your favorite author, and name three of 
 his best works. 
 
98 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. Charles Dickens, one of England's greatest novelists, was born 
 in 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. His father was a clerk in 
 the navy pay office. Hewas a kind, well-intentioned man, but careless and 
 not able to provide for his family as he should have done. He moved about 
 from place to place, and finally landed in a debtors' prison. This blasted 
 Charles' hopes for a good education, and he was compelled to do some very 
 uncongenial labor, in order to provide as far as he was able for the wants 
 of the family. He subsequently was sent to school for a season, and at 
 fifteen years of age he was employed in a lawyer's office. Here he began 
 the study of shorthand to qualify himself as reporter. He soon drifted into 
 the writing for periodicals, and henceforth he was successful. His works 
 are many. Among his best novels are: "The Pickwick Papers," "David 
 Copperfield," "The Old Curiosity Shop." He died in 1870. 
 
 Q. Why is reading the most important, and also the most neglected 
 subject taught in our school? 
 
 Ans. Reading is the most important of all school studies because it 
 lies at the foundation of all other studies. It is the most neglected study on 
 account of the fact that few teachers, comparatively, are good readers, and 
 no one can teach better than he knows. 
 
 Q. (a) What is silent reading? (b) Oral reading? (c) Show the 
 difference and the peculiar advantages derived from each? 
 
 Ans. (a) Silent reading is the art of comprehending thoughts, feel- 
 ings, and imagery contained in written or printed composition. (b) 
 Oral reading is the art of comprehending and expressing by the speaking 
 tones of the voice thoughts, feelings, and imagery contained in written or 
 printed composition, (c) Silent reading is for the instruction or amuse- 
 ment of ourselves; oral reading is for the instruction or amusement of 
 others. 
 
 Q. Name three pieces you think would be suitable as supplementary 
 work for a class of fourth grade. 
 
 Ans. Longfellow's "Evangeline," Dickens' "Old Curiosity Shop," 
 Whittier's "Snow-Bound." 
 
 Q. How may you work to clear the articulation? How will you cor- 
 rect the habit of breaking the thought in oral reading? 
 
 Ans. (a) By practice in elementary sounds, (b) By silent reading 
 and by having pupils express the thought before reading orally. 
 
 Q. Define: accurately; enunciation; articulation; pronunciation. 
 
 (a) Accurately — means exactly and correctly. 
 
 (b) Enunciation — means simply uttering. 
 
 (c) Articulation — means 'the uttering of the elementary sounds. 
 
 (d) Pronunciation — includes articulation and accent. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Orotund, (b) Monotone, (c) Expression. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Orotund is the form of expression by a round opening of the 
 month. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 99 
 
 (b) Monotone is the utterance of successive syllables on one unva- 
 ried key. 
 
 (c) Expression means representation of meaning, mode of speech. 
 Q. What relation does a teacher's knowledge and appreciation of 
 
 literature bear to his ability to teach reading? 
 
 Ans. No one can teach more than he knows. A teacher full of the 
 love of good literature will create in his pupils, even by absorption, a love 
 for the same. 
 
 Q. Should attention to reading increase or decrease as the school 
 course is progressing. 
 
 Ans. Nine-tenths of what we learn through life we learn through 
 reading. Hence, attention to reading should increase. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the chief uses of a school library? (b) Is it to 
 be regarded as a necessity or convenience? Why? 
 
 (a) The chief use of a school library is to get pupils in a habit to use 
 books. It is next to be used for reference. 
 
 (b) A school library is a necessity, since without learning the use 
 of it, a pupil will leave school without knowing of what use reference 
 books are. 
 
 Q. What is the best time for writing exercise? V7hy? 
 
 Ans. Jtist before morning recess, because the muscles are then in the 
 best condition. 
 
 Q. How much time should you give to writing in a country school? 
 
 Ans. About half an hour each day. However, conditions might re- 
 quire more or less time. 
 
 Q. Does the typewriter decrease the importance of this subject? 
 Why? 
 
 Ans. Yes. Manipulations of the keyboard will make all writers 
 equally legible, w^hile they may differ in speed. 
 
 Q. What constitutes good penmanship? 
 
 Ans. Uniformity in size, slant, space. 
 
 Q. What is the main slant? The connective slant? 
 
 Ans. The main slant is the slant of the body of the letters. The 
 connective slant is the slant of the connections of letters. 
 
 Q. Analyze the letters in the word "Comprehend." 
 
 The principles are: 
 
 Analysis: 
 
100 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. (a) What are the physical changes in a muscle during its action? 
 (b) Which of these is the most important? 
 
 (a) Muscles contract and relax. 
 
 (b) The former is the most important, because all work is done by 
 contraction of the muscles. 
 
 Q. Describe the structure of a nerve fiber. What is the function of 
 a nerve fiber? 
 
 Ans. Nerve fibers, the essential elements of the nerves, somewhat re- 
 semble tubes filled with a clear, jelly-like substance. They consist of a 
 rod, or central core, called the Axis Cylinder. This core is surrounded by 
 white substance. The whole is inclosed in a thin sheath known as Neuri- 
 lemma. The function of a nerve fiber is to conduct infiuences to and from 
 cells. 
 
 Q. Explain the mechanical process of respiration. 
 
 Ans. Muscles connect and cover the ribs. They raise the ribs and 
 expand the chest. The diaphragm flattens its arch and makes the chest 
 deeper. Thus the size of the chest can be increased in all directions. 
 When the chest expands, air rushes in to distend the lungs. This embrace 
 of air into the lungs is called "inspiration." At the end of inspiration the 
 muscles relax. Thus the weight of the parts and the elasticity of the dis- 
 tended lung forces out the air. In addition, the muscles of the abdomen 
 and arms can be made to contract so as to expel the air more forcibly. 
 Driving out the air from the lungs is called "expiration." The two pro- 
 cesses of inspiration and expiration are called respiration. 
 
 Q. (a) Describe the process of mastication, (b) What are the ef- 
 fects of imperfect mastication? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) By mastication the food is cut and ground by the teeth, effected 
 by the vertical and lateral movements of the lower jaw. At the same time 
 it is moistened by saliva, secreted by the parotid, submaxillary and sub- 
 lingual glands. This saliva changes starch to sugar. 
 
 (b) Imperfect mastication results in imperfect insalivation, and this 
 is likely to cause dyspepsia. 
 
 Q. Describe the structure of the ear (using a diagram.) Explain 
 how we hear. 
 
 Ans. The external ear is composed of two parts, the pinna and the 
 canal. The pinna catches the sound wave and carries it to the canal. The 
 canal connects the pinna with the middle ear; its walls are composed of 
 cartilage and bone. A few hairs are found at the outer extremity of the 
 canal, and the inner portion contains some glands that secrete ear was. 
 The internal ear is composed of two parts: The cavity and the fluid which 
 fills the cavity. The cavity is an irregular box composed of three parts 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 101 
 
 called the vestibule, semi-circular caual, and cochlea. The vestibule is a 
 tube filled w^ith the fluid. The semicircular canals are three tubes branch- 
 ing off from the vestibule. These three canals are also filled with fluid, 
 and aid in balancing the body. The cochlea is a winding cavity. This 
 cavity contains the nerves of the ear. 
 
 (a) Outer air passage. 
 
 (b) Membrana tympano. 
 
 (c) Malleus. 
 
 (d) Incus. 
 
 (e) Stapes. 
 
 (f) Cemicircular canals. 
 
 (g) Vestibule of inner ear. 
 (h) Cochlea, 
 (i) Eustachian tube. 
 (j) Tympanum of middle ear. 
 
 When any elastic body, such as a bell, is struck, it vibrates rapidly. 
 The surrounding air vibrates also. Some of these air waves enter the ear, 
 and cause the air of the outer ear to vibrate. These vibrations are con- 
 veyed through the tympanum to the inner ear. The watery fluid of the 
 inner ear will likewise vibrate and thus irritate the nerves of hearing so 
 as to produce those sensations on the brain that the mind learns to know 
 as sound. 
 
 Q. Give detailed directions for the resuscitation of a person appar- 
 ently dead from drowning. Give reasons for this method. 
 
 Ans. Treat the case at once. Strip the clothing from the throat and 
 chest. Apply diluted ammonia to the nostrils at intervals. Place the per- 
 son gently on his face, with the forehead resting on the arm, so that the 
 entrance to the windpipe may be open. Turn the body upon the side and 
 again upon the face, alternately every few seconds. When the body is 
 turned upon the face, make gentle pressure over the chest to aid in expell- 
 ing the contents, and remove such pressure upon turning the body on the 
 side, in order that the chest may fill with air. Persevere in this movement 
 for two or three hours, or until breathing is restored. Remove the wet 
 clothing and replace with warm, dry wrappings. The object is to expel 
 the water from the body and to introduce air into the lungs. 
 
 Q. Name, locate and describe eight glands, and state the function 
 of each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) "Salivary glands," three in each half of lower jaw (parotid, sub- 
 
 maxillary, sublingual) : they secrete saliva. 
 
 (2) "Sebaceous glands," at the root of each hair, secreting oil, which 
 
 keeps the hair glossy. 
 
 (3) "Perspiratory Glands," under the skin, secreting perspiration. 
 
 (4) "Liver," secreting bile. 
 
102 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (5) "Lachrymal glands/' just above eyeball, secreting tears. 
 
 (6) "Mesenteric glands," in intestines, filter material before it enters- 
 
 the blood. 
 
 (7) "Lymphatic glands," in intestines, act like "mesenteric." 
 
 (8) "Spleen," beneath diaphragm. Its office is not understood. 
 
 Q. (a) Describe the composition of the blood, (b) Name and de- 
 scribe the organs of circulation, and trace a drop of blood through the en- 
 tire circulation. 
 
 (a) The blood is composed of corpuscles, both red and white, and of 
 plasma, composed of serum and fibrin. 
 
 (b) The organs of circulation are: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries. 
 The blood enters into the right auricle of the heart and flows into, the 
 right ventricle. The biscuspid valves prevent its flowing back. By th& 
 contraction of the ventricle it is forced into the pulmonary artery. Sem- 
 ilunar valves prevent its return. The pulmonary artery carries the blood 
 to the lungs, where it is purified, taken up by the capillaries and sent to 
 the pulmonary vein, which carries it to the left auricle, whence it flows 
 into the left ventricle. The mitral, or bicuspid valves prevent regurgita- 
 ting. It is then forced into the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent flowing 
 back. The aorta and its branches carry the blood through the body. 
 
 Q. While in the lungs what changes take place in (a) the blood,, 
 (b) the air? 
 
 Ans. (a) The blood takes in oxygen and gives up carbon; (b) the 
 air gives up oxygen and takes in carbon. 
 
 Q. Name all the organs engaged in the process of cleansing the 
 blood. Locate each and describe its function in the process. 
 
 Ans. (1) The lungs as described above. (2) The skin by secret- 
 ing waste matter, principally salts and water. (3) The kidneys by secret- 
 soluble salts and urea. (4) Many glands as pointed out above. 
 
 Q. Make a complete outline of the bones showing the names of all 
 of them properly classified. 
 
 Ans. Consult your physiology. 
 
 Q. Give a minute description of the eye, telling structure, the coatS;. 
 how connected with the brain, how protected, and draw a longitudinal 
 section of the eye. 
 
 Ans. It is nearly round. The eye is composed of three coats: 
 sclerotic, the outer coat; choroid, the middle coat; retina, the inner coat. 
 There are two humors: aqueous, in the forepart; vitreous, in the back 
 part. Tlie crystalline lens is between the humors. It brings the rays of 
 light to a focus on the retina. The iris, with the pupil in the center, is a 
 curtain, hanging in front of the crystalline lens. The optic nerve is dis- 
 tributed on the retina and connects the eye with the brain. It is protected 
 by the orbit, the surrounding bones or socket in the skull, eyelids, and eye- 
 lashes. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 103 
 
 A — Bones. 
 
 B — Muscles. 
 
 C — Sclerotic, outer coat. 
 
 D — Choroid. 
 
 E — -Retina. 
 
 F — Eye Lids. 
 
 G — Iris. 
 
 H — Pupil. 
 
 I — ^Cornea. 
 
 J — Crystalline Lens. 
 
 K — Optic Nerve. , 
 
 Q. What malformation of the ej^ehall produces nearsightedness? 
 Why? What kind of glasses remedy this? 
 
 Ans. Too great convexity of the eyeball produces nearsightedness. 
 The rays of light come to a focus before reaching the retina. Concave 
 glasses remedy this defect. 
 
 Q. (a) What is reflex action? (b) In what way do voluntary acts 
 become reflex? 
 
 Ans. (a) Reflex actions are actions independent of consciousness. 
 <b) By habit. 
 
 Q. Name the membranes that cover (a) the heart, (b) intestines, 
 <c) brain, (d) lungs, (e) bones. 
 
 Ans. (a) Pericardium, (b) peritoneum, (c) pericranium, (d) 
 pleura, (e) periosteum. 
 
 Q. Locate (a) the jugular vein, (b) portal vein, (c) thoracic duct, 
 (d) spleen, (e) membrana tympana. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The jugular vein is in the side of the neck. 
 
 (b) The portal vein is in the liver. 
 
 (c) The thoracic duct is a tube about 15-18 inches long, in front of 
 the spine; it opens into vena cava. 
 
 (d) Spleen lies beneath diaphragm — it is a gland, the use of which is 
 not understood. 
 
 (e) The membrana tympana is a partition separating the outer from 
 the middle ear. 
 
 Q. Locate, describe and give functions of the following: (a) Per- 
 iosteum, (b) pylorus, (c) pericardium, (d) larynx, (e) biceps. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A membrane or sheath surrounding the bone, cartilaginous in 
 nature and ossifies. 
 
104 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (b) Between stomach and intestines, a muscular valve or gate clos- 
 ing tlie opening or opening to let food pass when properly acted upon in 
 stomach. 
 
 (c) Around the heart a membrane to envelop and nourish as well 
 as protect that vital organ. 
 
 (d) A cartilaginous box in the throat from which the wind pipe 
 opens. 
 
 (e)Long muscles in the forearm of two sections, the functions of 
 which are to move the hand, fingers and forearm. 
 
 Q. What is the function of the blood? How is it purified? Name 
 three organs that are engaged in the work of purifying the blood? 
 
 Ans. To carry warmth and nourishment to and remove waste matter 
 from the different parts of the body. It is purified by the air and the 
 different secretory and excretory organs, viz: The lungs, the skin, the 
 kidneys and the different glands of the body. 
 
 Q. Why do the bones of old people break more easily than those of 
 children? 
 
 Ans. Because of the excess of mineral matter in the bones and the^ 
 consequent loss of elasticity. 
 
 Q. How are the joints held together? 
 
 Ans. By the ligaments, sockets and air pressure. 
 
 Q. Name the organs that compose the digestive apparatus, and state 
 the function of each. 
 
 Ans. The mouth, function — mastication and insalivation; the 
 esophagus or gullet, deglutition; the stomach, chymification; the intes- 
 tines, chylification. 
 
 Q. Locate, describe and give the functions of the following: (a> 
 Pleura, (b) diaphragm, (c) lachrymal glands, (d) hyoid bone, (e) 
 Haversian canals. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A membrane covering the lungs and lining the chest. 
 
 (b) A muscular partition between the chest and abdomen tiiat as- 
 sists ILe process of respiration. 
 
 ic) Glands in the cavity of the eye for the secretion of tears. 
 
 (d) The bone in the base of the tongue to support the hyoid arch. 
 
 (e) Large canals in the interior of the bones through which nourish- 
 ment is carried to them. 
 
 Q. Explain how the body is kept warm. 
 
 Ans. By the action of the oxygen in the blood in the oxidation of 
 the food and the excretion of waste matter heat is generated, and the con- 
 stant supply of it keeps the body warm. 
 
 Q. What is the use of the marrow in the bones? What is a sprain? 
 A dislocation? 
 
 Ans. To fill up the hollow of the interior and make it lighter ac- 
 cording to size and as a medium for proper nourishment and growth. A 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 105 
 
 ^sprain is a rupture of the ligament at the joint. A dislocation is a violent 
 throwing of the ball from the socket of a joint. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a ganglion? (b) What is paralysis? (c) Why 
 vdoes dyspepsia efifect the heart? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A small nerve center. 
 
 (b) Paralysis is loss of function, particularly of motion or feeling. 
 
 (c) Dyspepsia affects the heart through the intimate relation be- 
 tween it and the stomach established by the sympathetic nervous system. 
 
 Q. How does the use of alcohol affect the function of the kidneys 
 and the skin? 
 
 Ans. It impairs their functions by causing overwork and disease in 
 them. 
 
 Q. The cells of the human body are composed mainly of (a) water, 
 (b) fat, (c) albumen, (d) sugar and (e) certain minerals. What are 
 the uses of each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Water is needed for all parts of the body — without water it 
 would crumble. 
 
 (b) Fat enters into the composition of muscle and certain parts 
 that cover other organs, and acts as a cushion for protection. 
 
 (c) Albumen is found in muscle and is one of the main ingredients 
 ■of the blood. 
 
 (d) Sugar Is a food for the body, likewise is the fat. 
 
 (e) Minerals enter into composition of blood. 
 
 Q. (a) Account for the failure of alcoholic drink to satisfy thirst, 
 (b) What is a food? (c) The hygiene of cooking? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Alcohol absorbs water, hence produces thirst, does not alleviate 
 It. 
 
 (b) A food is any substance that nourishes the body. 
 
 (c) We cook our food to break its cells, and make it more readily 
 assimilated. 
 
 Q. (a) Describe the nature of disease and how drugs tend to re- 
 store health, (b) Name several common poisons and their antidotes. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) By violating the laws of nature our bodies become sick; that is, 
 the condition of the body is abnormal, and by using the right remedy 
 (drug) the normal condition (health) is restored. 
 
 (b) Carbolic acid, antidote, epsom salts; bella donna, antidote, 
 emetic and coffee; acids in general, antidote, any alkali; arsenic, antidote, 
 hydrated peroxide of iron. 
 
 Q. What is the chief function of the red corpuscles of the blood? 
 (b) The white? 
 
 Ans. (a) Red corpuscles nourish the cells of the body; (b) white 
 
106 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 corpuscles prevent foreign substances from entering circulation, and thej 
 help in healing wounds. 
 
 Q. "Where provision has not been made for the ventilation of a 
 school room, what can the teacher do about it? 
 
 Ans. The teacher cannot do much, but by lowering the top window 
 sash and raising the lower sash a few inches, and inserting a narrow 
 board in the lower opening so that a space is left between the sashes for 
 the entrance of fresh air. 
 
 Q. Name and locate exactly (a) 5 bones of the head, (b) 5 of the 
 face. 
 
 (a) Frontal (forehead;) temporal (temples,) parietal (side of head,) 
 occipital (posterior base,) ethmoid (base of the nose.) 
 
 (b) Nasal (bridge of the nose,) malar (cheek,) lachrymal (corner of 
 orbit,) palate (roof of mouth,) maxillary (jaw.) 
 
 Q. What is the effect on the mind of great anger? 
 
 Ans. Anger may cause blood to flow in too large quantities to the 
 brain, cause congestion, possibly paralysis or even death. 
 
 Q. How many bones in the human skeleton? 
 
 Ans. 206 or 208, depending on counting 3 or 4 bones in the ear. 
 
 Q. What organ is injured most by the use of tobacco? 
 
 Ans. The heart is most affected by the use of tobacco. 
 
 Q. What parts of the body require most clothing? Why? 
 
 Ans. The back, chest and abdomen require most clothing because 
 they are least able to resist cold. 
 
 Q. What is a normal pulse; a normal temperature? 
 
 Ans. A normal pulse is about 72 beats per minute. The average 
 temperature is 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Q. What is the effect of alcohol on the brain? 
 
 Ans. The brain being largely composed of albumen, alcohol has a 
 tendency to harden or paralyze it. 
 
 Q. "What is (a) laryngitis? (b) Pneumonia? 
 
 Ans. 
 (a) Laryngitis is inflamation of the larynx. 
 
 (b) Pneumonia is an inflamation affecting the air cells in the lungs, 
 
 Q. (a) What is osmosis? (b) Give an example. 
 
 (a) Osmosis is diffusion of liquids and gases through membranes. 
 
 (b) In the lungs the blood takes up oxygen and loses carbon through 
 osmosis. 
 
 Q. Locate, describe and give functions of (a) cochlea, (b) con- 
 junctiva, (c) duodenum, (d) cardiac orifice, (e) altar bone. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The cochlea is the spiral cavity of the internal ear, contain- 
 ing the fibers of Corti that vibrate in sympathy with the different shades 
 of sound. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 107 
 
 (b) The conjunctiva is a thin layer of mucous membrane which lines 
 the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball, joining the latter to the 
 lids. 
 
 (c) The duodenum is the first division of the small intestines. 
 
 (d) The cardiac orifice is the opening of the stomach next to the 
 Jieart. 
 
 (e) The altar bone is the top joint of the spinal column. 
 Q. Name four classes of joints and give examples of each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Ball and socket at hips and shoulder; (2) hinge at elbow; 
 (3) compound, at the wrist; (4) sutures, in the skull. 
 
 Q. What causes (a) fainting, (b) apoplexy, (c) sleeplessness? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Fainting is caused by lack of blood being driven to the brain. 
 
 (b) Apoplexy is caused by blood escaping into the brain. 
 
 (c) Sleeplessness may be caused by an empty stomach or by an over 
 supply of blood in the brain. 
 
 Q. Name five involuntary motions. 
 
 Ans. Winking, breathing, beating of the heart, movement of the in- 
 testines, reflex action. 
 
 Q. (a) Describe the skin and its layers, (b) Name four distinct 
 functions that it performs. 
 
 Ans. (a) The skin, or outer covering of the body, is an elastic organ 
 composed of two layers — the outer or cuticle; the inner, or cutis, (b) 
 The skin: (1) covers, (2) protects, (3) secretes, (4) absorbs. 
 
 Q. What is the most vital part of the brain? Ans. The medulla 
 oblongata is the most vital part. 
 
 Q. Name the special senses. (2) Locate the optic, auditory, ol- 
 factory, and manditory nerves. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, are the five special senses. 
 
 (2) The optic nerve is the nerve of sight; the auditory nerve is the 
 nerve of hearing; the olfactory nerve is the nerve of smell; and manditory 
 nerves are nerves going from the brain to the different organs, sometimes 
 called by the name of "efferent" nerves. 
 
 Q. How does taste aid in protecting us from injury? What pro- 
 tection does smell afford? 
 
 Ans. Taste may protect us from injury by guarding us from select- 
 ing improper or impure food. Smell warns us against the presence of nox- 
 ious, also against decayed articles of food. 
 
108 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Q. How many members In each branch of the General Assembly? 
 How are they elected and for what term? When and how often do they 
 meet? 
 
 Ans. There are 100 members in the House, 38 members in the Sen- 
 ate. Both are elected by the people, the members of the house for two 
 years, the Senators for four years. They meet on the first Monday of Jan- 
 uary every two years. The governor can call also an extra session. 
 
 Q. How many members compose the Court of Appeals of Kentucky? 
 Are they elected or appointed, and for what term? 
 
 Ans. The Court of Appeals is composed of seven judges, elected for a 
 term of eight years. 
 
 Q. How are members of the United States Supreme Court selected, 
 and for what term? How many members? 
 
 Ans. Judges of the U. S. Supreme Court are appointed by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States for life or during good behavior. It is composed! 
 of one Chief Justice and eight associates. 
 
 Q. How may a foreigner become a citizen of the United States? 
 
 (Give the process in full.) 
 
 Ans. After a residency of three years in the United States a person 
 must declare his intentions to become an American citizen and swear off al- 
 legiance to the country he came from. In two years more he declares the 
 same in open court and becomes a citizen. 
 
 Q. What was the principal weakness of the Government during the 
 revolution? 
 
 Ans. There was no executive, no judiciary, and congress could rec- 
 ommend everything, but execute nothing. 
 
 Q. Explain how a bill may become a law. How many persons sign 
 it? Who? 
 
 Ans. After a measure has passed both houses it is given to the Presi- 
 dent to sign. If he signs it, it is a law. If he does not sign it he returns it 
 with his objection to the house where it originated. In order to become a 
 law it then requires a two-third vote in each house. If the President does 
 not return a bill in ten days, Sundays excepted, it becomes a law, unless 
 congress adjourns in that time. The presiding officers of both houses 
 sign the bills as well as the President of the United States. 
 
 Q. How may a territory become a State? 
 
 Ans. Congress can admit new States. They first pass an enabling 
 act. Then the people frame a Constitution and elect State officers, and 
 congress at last admits the new state. 
 
 Q. How is the President elected? 
 
 Ans. By the Electoral College, which is composed of as many votes 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 109 
 
 as there are Senators and Representatives in congress. The people cast 
 their votes for electors who meet at the State Capitol and there vote for 
 President and Vice President. Their votes are sent to Washington and the 
 count is made before the Senate and House in February. 
 
 Q. In what cases have the United States Courts jurisdiction? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) In all cases arising under laws passed by congress. 
 
 (2) Suits arising on the ocean. 
 
 (3) Cases affecting the representatives of this Government and for- 
 eign countries. 
 
 (4) Cases In which the United States becomes a party. 
 
 (5) Controversies between citizens of different States. 
 
 (6) Cases between a State and the citizens of another State. 
 
 (7) Cases between citizens living in the same State claiming lands 
 under grants by different States. 
 
 Q. Explain what you mean by "change of venue." 
 
 Ans. The transferring of a case from one county or judicial dis- 
 trict to another county or judicial district. 
 
 Q. Explain what is meant by a "Bill of Attainder." 
 
 Ans. It is an act passed by a legislative body inflicting the death 
 penalty without the accused being tried. 
 
 Q. Name three powers of the Senate exclusive of those held in com- 
 mon with the House of Representativs. 
 
 Ans. (a) To try impeachments, (b) ratify treaties, (c) confirm 
 appointments made by the President. 
 
 Q. Name the United States Courts. 
 
 Ans. (a) Supreme Court, (b) Circuit Court of Appeals, (c) United 
 States Circuit Courts, (d) District Courts, (e) Court of Claims. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the salary of the President of the United States? (b) 
 Of the Speaker of the House? (c) Of a Senator? (d) Vice President? 
 (e) Cabinet Officers? (f) Congressmen? 
 
 Ans, 
 
 (a) President, $75,000. 
 
 (b) Speaker of the House, $.12,000. 
 
 (c) U. S. Senator, $7,500. 
 
 (d) Vice President, $12,000. 
 
 (e) Cabinet Officers, $12,000. 
 
 (f) Congressmen, $7,500. 
 
 Q. When does congress meet? (b) How long is it In session? 
 
 Ans. (a) The first Monday In December of each year, (b) The 
 sessions are divided into a long and short term; the first session may con- 
 tinue for one year, but the short term cannot remain longer than March 3, 
 after it assembles in December preceding. 
 
 Q. What should be the chief object of every Government? 
 
 Ans. The chief object of every Government should be maintenance 
 
110 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 of rules by which life, liberty and property are protected and which will 
 enable man to live in a social state. 
 
 Q. By what bonds were the States united from 1775 to 1789? 
 
 Ans. Articles of Confederation. 
 
 Q. What were some of the objections to the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion? 
 
 Ans. Congress could make laws but had no power to enforce them. 
 It could declare war, but possessed no means to carry it on; It had no 
 power to levy or collect taxes. 
 
 Q. (a) How often and when does congress assemble? (b) The 
 General Assembly of Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. (a) Once each year on the first Monday in December, (b) 
 The first Tuesday after the first Monday in January following their elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Q. What is the constitutional definition of a citizen? 
 
 Ans. A citizen is a member of the body politic, bound to allegiance 
 and entitled to protection at home and abroad. 
 
 Q. What is the principal object in taking the census? (b) How 
 often is it taken? 
 
 Ans. (a) To proportion representation in congress and equalize 
 taxation, (b) Every ten years. 
 
 Q. What bills must originate in the House of Representatives? 
 Why? 
 
 Ans. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of 
 Representatives, (b) Because the members are elected by a direct vote 
 of the people and are supposed to represent the people's views. 
 
 Q. (a) Under what circumstances does the House of Representa- 
 tives elect a President? (b) How many times and when has this occur- 
 red? 
 
 Ans. (a) When a candidate fails to receive a majority of the elec- 
 toral votes. (b) It has occurred two times. In the election of 1804 
 when Jefferson was declared President and again in 1828 when Adams 
 was elected by the house. In 1876 the election was referred to a joint 
 High Commission and Hayes was declared elected 
 
 Q. What punishment under the Constitution may follow impeach- 
 ment by the Senate? 
 
 Ans. Forfeiture of office. 
 
 Q. How may the Constitution be amended? 
 
 Ans. By a vote of two-thirds of both houses and the ratification of 
 tliree-fourths of the States. 
 
 Q. Outline the Constitution of Kentucky in its main divisions, tell- 
 ing what sorts of governmental functions are found under each head. 
 
 Ans. After the preamble comes the bill of rights. Next the divi- 
 sions of the powers of government into legislative, or law making, execu- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 111 
 
 tive, or law enforcing, and judicial, is considered. The last named divi- 
 sion, judicial, sees whether or not the laws are agreeble to the constitu- 
 tion. After this the constitution treats of suffrage and elections, muni- 
 cipalities, revenue and taxation, education, corporations, militia and some 
 minor topics. The constitution also provides for its own revision. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a will? (b) An administrator? 
 
 Ans. (a) A will is the legal declaration of a person's mind as to 
 the manner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of 
 after his death, (b) An administrator is a person appointed to adminis- 
 ter the affairs of a decedent's estate. 
 
 Q. What is a breach of the peace? 
 
 Ans. By a breach of the peace we mean disorderly conduct, or a 
 disturbance of the public peace. 
 
 Q. What is the difference between a citizen and a voter? 
 
 Ans. Any person residing in a particular locality is a citizen of that 
 locality, but there are certain qualifications according to the constitution 
 necessary before a person becomes a voter. 
 
 Q. What constitutional compromise resulted from the different in- 
 dustrial developments of the northern and southern colonies? 
 
 Ans. Section IX, Article I, 1st clause: The migration or importa- 
 tion of such persons as any of the States, now existing, shall think proper 
 to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year 1808, but 
 a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
 dollars for each person. 
 
 Q. (a) Enumerate the powers given to congress and discuss any one 
 of them. 
 
 (a) (1) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; 
 (2) borrow money on the credit of the United States; (3) to regulate 
 commerce with foreign nations and among the several States, and with 
 the Indians; (4) to establish a uniform rule of naturalization; (5) to 
 coin money; (6) to establish postoffices and post roads; (7) to provide 
 for granting of patents and copyrights; (8) to provide and maintain 
 army; (9) to provide and maintain a navy; (10) to organize courts 
 below the Supreme Court. The above are some of the most important 
 powers. 
 
 (b) (5) To coin money. No State can coin money. The object is to 
 make it uniform and of a fixed value by deciding how much gold or silver 
 shall be put in a given coin, and to determine the relative value of for- 
 eign coins. 
 
 Q. Tell how a treaty is made. 
 
 Ans. The power to make treaties rests with the President. He ap- 
 points agents to confer with the agents of the other nation. A copy of 
 the articles of agreement is sent to each government to be ratified. In 
 the United States two-thirds of the Senate must concur before a treaty is 
 binding. 
 
112 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. How is it that a presidential candidate may liave a minority of 
 the electoral vote and a majority of the popular vote? 
 
 Ans. In some States the popular majority may run very high. How- 
 ever, in the electoral college there will be for that State only as many 
 votes as the State has representatives in both houses of congress. On the 
 other hand, a State having, perhaps, two or three times as many electoral 
 votes may give but a small popular majority. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) Import duty, (b) export duty, (c) excise, (d) 
 direct tax, (e) poll tax, (f) habeas corpus, (g) treason, (h) confed- 
 eration, (i) federation, (j) bill of attainder. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Indirect tax on imports. 
 
 (b) Indirect tax on exports. 
 
 (c) Duties on goods manufactured and sold here. 
 
 (d) Tax on individuals. 
 
 (e) A tax paid by every person over 21 years of age. 
 
 (f) This is a writ issued by a court and commanding a sheriff or 
 whoever has a prisoner in custody to produce the body of said prisoner in 
 
 -court. 
 
 (g) Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
 war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
 comfort. 
 
 (h) and (i) Banding together, uniting in a league. 
 
 (j) An act inflicting forfeiture of property and loss of civil rights 
 (among others to transmit property to heirs,) and condemning to death 
 with a regular trial. 
 
 Q. What does the school law of Kentucky provide regarding the 
 qualifications of teachers? 
 
 Ans. See pages 5 to 9. 
 
 Q. (a) What Is a sovereign State, (b) Is Kentucky a sovereign 
 State? 
 
 Ans. (a) A State is sovereign if there is no power outside its body 
 of people which dictates to it in any way. (b) Kentucky is not a sov- 
 ereign State, nor is any other State, but the United States is a sovereign 
 state. 
 
 Q. Why does the Constitution provide for the election of President 
 by electors rather than by popular vote? 
 
 Ans. The object was twofold: (1) To keep the legislative and 
 ■executive departments distinct. For this reason no member of Congress 
 or civil officer can be an elector. (2) To mfee certain of such a man be- 
 ing elected as would be worthy of the high position. 
 
 Q. Why should civil government be taught in the public schools of 
 Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. To train up a law-obeying and law-loving citizenship from the 
 youth. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 113 
 
 Q. Define (a) citizen, (b) passport, (c) copyright, (d) court- 
 martial, (e) impeachment. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A person born or naturalized in the U. S. 
 
 (b) The right to enter or leave a port by a vessel. 
 
 (c) The sole right for a limited time to publish and sell a literary 
 production. 
 
 (d) A military or naval court for the trial of offences against mar- 
 tial law. 
 
 (e) The arraignment of a public official for maladministration in 
 office. 
 
 Q. (a) Who has the authority to settle contests in the election 
 for Governor, (b) For U. S. Senators, (c) For U. S. Representatives. 
 
 Ans. (a) The General Assembly of Kentucky, (b) The U. S. Sen- 
 ate, (c) The U. S. House of Representatives. 
 
 Q. (a) In what cases has the U. S. Supreme Court original juris- 
 diction, (b) Apellate jurisdiction. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party. 
 
 (b) In all other cases mentioned in Article III, Sec. 2, of the U. S. 
 Constitution. 
 
 Q. (a) How many amendments to the Constitution, (b) What is 
 the purpose of the first ten amendments. 
 
 Ans. (a) Seventeen, (b) To set forth a bill of rights. 
 
 Q. (a) Can any persons other than citizens vote in the United 
 States, (b) Have all citizens the right to vote? 
 
 Ans. (a) No. (b) Only male citizens of the requisite age and mem- 
 tality. 
 
 Q. Show how the objects of the government are both repressive and 
 progressive. 
 
 Ans. The government strives to prevent wrong doing, and to lead 
 people to admire and emulate the right. 
 
 Q. Define (a) provincial, (b) proprietary, (c) and charter govern- 
 ments, and give examples of each from the thirteen colonies. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The rulers were appointed directly by the crown and amenable 
 to it. 
 
 (b) Government ruled by proprietors, who held the same position 
 in relation to the colonies as the king in the provincial. 
 
 (c) Charter government had a charter which set forth and limited 
 rights. Rhode Island and Connecticut were provincial. New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Carolinas and Georgia 
 were royal. Pennsylvania and Delaware were proprietary. 
 
 Q. Name five defects of the Articles of Confederation. 
 
114 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (1) It liad not the requisite departments of government. (2) It 
 could recommend, but could not enforce. (3) It could make treaties, but 
 could not carry them out. (4) It gave neither consistency, stability, nor 
 dignity to the union. (5) Congress mJght declare everything, but enforce 
 nothing. 
 
 Q. Name ten powers delegated to Congress by the Constitution. 
 
 (1) To borrow money on the credit of U. S. (2) To establish post 
 offices and post roads. (3) To declare war, etc. (4) To provide and 
 maintain a navy. (5) To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
 Court. (6) To define and punish piracies, etc. (7) To coin money and 
 regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of 
 weights and measures. (8) To raise and support armies, etc. (9) To 
 issue patents and grant copyrights. (10) To provide for the punishment 
 of counterfeiting. 
 
 Q. State the qualifications of (a) The President, (b) Vice-Presi- 
 dent, (c) U. S. Senator, (d) Representative, (e) Governor of Kentucky, 
 (f) The Lieutenant Governor? (g) What is the term of office of each, 
 and(h) how is each elected. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) President, must be a natural-born citizen, fourteen years a resi- 
 dent, thirty-five years of age. 
 
 (b) Vice-President, same as President. 
 
 (c) U. S. Senator, thirty years of age, nine years a resident of U. S., 
 and an inhabitant of the State. 
 
 (d) Representative, twenty-five years of age, seven years a resident 
 of U. S., and an inhabitant of State. 
 
 (e) Governor, thirty years of age, six years a resident of the State 
 
 (f) Lieutenant Governor same as Governor. 
 
 (g) Presidents and Vice Presidents, four years. U. S. Senators serve 
 six years. Representatives two years, and Governor and Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor of Kentucky four years. 
 
 (h) President and Vice-President are elected by electors chosen by 
 the qualified voters of the various States; and others by the direct vote of 
 the people. 
 
 Q. (a) How many times and in what cases has the House of Repre- 
 sentatives exercised the power of electing a President, (b) What Presi- 
 dent was not elected by the House, nor by the electoral college? How 
 was he elected? 
 
 Ans. (a) Twice. In the selection of Jefferson first, and J. Q. 
 Adams, (b) R. B. Hayes, by Joint High Commission composed of five U. 
 S. Senators, five U. S. Representatives and five Judges of the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 Q. (a) In what cases has the President the right under the Consti- 
 tution, to grant reprieves and pardons? In what cases is he prohibited 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 115 
 
 "\ 
 
 from doing so? (b) Cau the President pardon a person convicted of a 
 crime against the Commonwealth of Kentucky? If so, What crime? 
 
 Ans. In all cases except impeachment, (b) He cannot. 
 
 Q. Describe the judicial system of Kentucky. How are the judges 
 of the different courts selected and for what term? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) It consists of the various county courts, circuit courts, appellate 
 court, and court of claims. 
 
 (b) The judges of the various courts are elected by popular vote. 
 Judges of appellate courts for eight years, circuit judges for six years, 
 and others for four years. 
 
 Q. State accvirately the qualifications for voting in Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. Every male citizen of the U. S., 21 years old, who has resided 
 in the State one year, in the county six months, and in the precinct where 
 he offers to vote sixty days, next preceding the election, is a voter in that 
 precinct, and not elsewhere. 
 
 Disfranchised persons, convicts, idiots, and insane persons are not 
 voters. 
 
 Q. Compare the General Assembly of Kentucky with the U. S. Con- 
 gress as to: (a) Eligibility of membership, (b) Apportionment of mem- 
 bers in each branch, (c) The power of impeachment, (d) Legislatioa 
 prohibited. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Members of the House of Representatives in Kentucky must be 
 twenty-four years old, have resided in the State two years, and in the dis- 
 trict one year, next preceding the election. State Senators must be thirty 
 years old, have resided in the State six years, and one year in the district 
 next preceding election. Representatives in Congress must be twenty-five 
 years old, seven years a citizen of U. S., and at time of election inhabitant 
 of State. U. S. Senator must be thirty years old, nine years a citizen of 
 U. S., and at the election an inhabitant of the State. 
 
 (b) In Kentucky there are 100 Representative Districts and 38 Sen- 
 atorial Districts. The numbers are fixed, but the districts can be changed 
 by the Legislature every ten years. In the House of Representatives In 
 Congress there are 435 members. In the United States Senate 96 Senators 
 (two for each State.) This number is fixed by Congress after each census. 
 
 (c) In both Kentucky and Congress, the House of Representatives 
 has the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 (d) Again the forbidden legislation is practically the same in both. 
 The "writ of habeas corpus" shall not be suspended except in cases where 
 the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
 shall be passed. No title of nobility shall be granted. No State can make 
 a treaty, alliance, coin money, nor, without consent of Congress, collect 
 duties or lay any duty on tonnage. 
 
116 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Name some of the rights and duties of citizens which in yoar 
 opinion may and should be taught to children. 
 
 Ans. Children should be taught that people are entitled to personal, 
 religious, and civil rights, bearing in mind that the rights of any one 
 cease where the rights of some one else begin. The children should be 
 taught to be lawabiding, and respect all lawful authority. 
 Q. Why should a judge's term be lengthy? 
 Ans. To place him beyond the reach of politics. 
 Q. What is a title of nobility? 
 
 Ans. A title of nobility is a title acquired generally by birth; it may 
 be acquired by some meritorious act. Duke, marquis, earl, or count, 
 viscount and baron are titles of nobility. 
 
 Q. Why is the Constitution called the fundamental law? 
 Ans. Because all laws must be in conformity with and cannot be 
 contrary to the Constitution. 
 
 Q. Name the President and his Cabinet. 
 Ans. See Appendix. 
 Q. Name your county ofiicers. 
 Ans. Answers will differ, according to locality. 
 Q. Name the State officers. 
 Ans. See Appendix. 
 
 Q. Name three branches of United States Government. 
 Ans. Legislative, Executive, and Judicial departments. 
 Q. (a) What is an "extradition" treaty? (b) What is a "requisi- 
 tion" paper? 
 
 Ans. (a) An extradition treaty is a treaty by which nations agree 
 to surrender to each other persons who have been guilty of certain crimes 
 specified, (b) A requisition paper is a legal demand from one executive 
 to the executive of another nation or State to surrender to the proper of- 
 ficers of the former State a person guilty of a crime committed in the 
 former State, which person has since fled to the country or State over 
 which the executive addressed in the "requisition" paper has jurisdiction. 
 Q. What is "suffrage"? 
 Ans. . It is the right to vote. 
 Q. What is a "poll tax"? 
 Ans. A tax on the head of the person. 
 Q. What system of voting has Kentucky adopted? 
 Ans. At general elections Kentucky has the Australian system. 
 Q. Give preamble to Constitution of United States? 
 Ans. "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, 
 provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, 
 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our poster- 
 ity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United 
 States of America." 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 117 
 
 Q. What is meant by President's Cabinet? 
 
 Ans. His official advisers. 
 
 Q. How are tlie expenses of the National Government met? 
 
 Ans. They are met by an Internal Revenue and by a tariff duty on 
 imports. =^|ffip 
 
 Q. State three rights which the Constitution guarantees to accused 
 persons. 
 
 Ans. (1) Trial by jury. (2) Speedy trial. (3) The right to be 
 brought face to face with accusing witnesses. 
 
 Q. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution? 
 (2) How many of these were the direct outgrowth of the Civil War? 
 
 Ans. Seventeen amendments have been made. (2) The 13th, 14tb 
 and 15th were the direct results of the Civil War. 
 
 Q. What is a capital crime? 
 
 Ans. A capital crime is a crime punishable by death, or in some 
 cases imprisonment for life. 
 
 Q. When is the President inaugurated? 
 
 Ans. On March 4th after election; if this day falls on Sunday, Oil 
 March 5th. 
 
 Q. (1) Name a United States military academy. (2) Name a 
 United States naval academy. 
 
 Ans. (1) West Point. (2) Annapolis. 
 
 Q. (1) What is a copyright? (2) What is a patent? Ans. (1) 
 A copyright is an exclusive right for 28 years, and renewable for 14 years 
 more, given to the originator of a book or other writing, painting, sculp- 
 ture, photograph, or similar production, or to his assignee, to produce and 
 sell the above productions. (2) A patent is similar to a copyright, but 
 applies to an invention. 
 
 Q. How often is the census taken? Ans. A census is taken every 
 ten years. 
 
 Q. What is meant by impeachment? 
 
 Ans. By impeachment is meant the exhibition of charges of malad- 
 ministration against a high public officer. 
 
 Q. How is the United States Government supported? 
 
 Ans. By taxes on Internal Revenue and by duties on imports. 
 
 Q. Name seven things which Congress may not do. 
 
 Ans. (1) The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless 
 the public safety requires it. (2) No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
 shall be passed. (3) No direct tax except in proportion to census. (4) 
 , No preference shall be given to ports of one State over those of another. 
 (5) No tax shall be levied on articles exported from any State. (6) No 
 money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropria- 
 tions. (7) No title of nobility shall be granted. 
 Q. Name five acts prohibited to the States. 
 
118 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (1) No State shall make a treaty. (2) No State shall coin 
 money. (3) No State shall make anything a legal tender except gold or 
 silver. (4) No State can pass bill of attainder or ex post facto law. (5) 
 No State can grant a title of nobility. 
 
 Q. Who is the chief executive officer of a county? 
 
 Ans. The Sheriff is the chief executive officer. 
 
 Q. (a) What have been some of the most important treaties enter- 
 ed, into on the part of the United States? (b) How is a treaty made? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Treaties with England, especially the Webster-Ashburton treaty. 
 Treaty establishing the Northwest boundary. Treaty with Mexico at the 
 close of the Mexican War. Treaties with China. The treaty with Spain 
 at the close of the late war. The treaty regarding fisheries, and others. 
 
 (b) A treaty is made by the President and confirmed by "a two-thirds 
 vote in the Senate. 
 
 Q. By what different methods does the public domain get into pos- 
 session of individuals? 
 
 Ans. By entering claims and settling on the same; by purchase; by 
 making certain improvements, as planting trees; by buying of corpora- 
 tions, as railroads, etc., which have received grants.. 
 
 Q. How are amendments to the Constitution proposed and ratified? 
 
 Ans. By a two-thirds vote of Congress, or on the application of 
 two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States amendments may be 
 proposed. They must be ratified by the Legislatures in three-fourths of 
 the States or by conventions in three-fourths thereof. 
 
 Q. Give the principal conditions under which new States are ad- 
 mitted into the Union. 
 
 Ans. No new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of 
 another State, nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or 
 more States or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of 
 the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 Q. The State of Maine desires to make a treaty with Nova Scotia 
 regulating the catching and sale of fish. Can she do so? Why? 
 
 Ans. She can not, because no State shall enter into any treaty, al- 
 liance or confederation. See Constitution United States, Article I, Section 
 10, First Clause. 
 
 Q. What change has been made in the manner of electing United 
 States Senators? How was this change effected? What is one argument 
 in its favor? 
 
 Ans. (1) The change made was to have United States Senators 
 elected by the people. (2) It was effected by an amendment to the United 
 States Constitution ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the 
 states of the Union. (3) It enables the Legislature to attend to legislative 
 matters without having so much time taken up by dead-locks. 
 
 Q. Describe definitely the proceedings in case of impeachment of 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 110 
 
 an officer of the United States? 
 
 Ans. The House draws up articles of impeachment, appoints a com- 
 mittee to prosecute them, while the Senate sits as a court to try the case. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between the powers and functions of a grand jury 
 and a petit jury? 
 
 Ans. A grand jury sits to determine whether or not a person is to 
 be tried. If he is to be tried the grand jury finds an indictment, or "tru3 
 bill." The grand jury does not sit with the court. The petit jury sits 
 with the court, hears the evidence and finds the accused guilty or not 
 guilty. They also fix the punishment. 
 
 Q. Describe the government of a New England town and describe 
 its historical development? 
 
 Ans. Formerly in New England they held town meetings. Here the 
 people made the necessary laws, and appointd the officers. This gradual- 
 ly changed and elections and legislatures took their places. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between a criminal action and a civil action? Give 
 an example of each. 
 
 Ans. In a criminal action, as for murder, a person is indicted by a 
 grand jury and subsequently tried by a petit jury. The punishment for a 
 crime is prison confinement or death. In a civil action as a suit on. a 
 promissory note a complaint is made, the case tried and plaintiff is given 
 judgment against the defendant for the amount due. 
 
 Q. Explain what is meant by Civil Service? What are its advan- 
 tages? 
 
 Ans. Under Civil Service ability wins; political pull is worthless. 
 The examination once passed, and after an applicant is appointed, he re- 
 tains his place as long as he does his duty. The advantage is that a bet- 
 ter class of officers will be the result, since ability and honesty are the 
 only things that count. 
 
 Q. Compare the government of a State with that of a Territory 
 under the United States? 
 
 Ans. In a State people elect all officers, legislative, executive, judi- 
 cial. In a Territory executive and judicial officers are appointed by the 
 President. The people elect their local officers. The people of a Terri- 
 tory have no vote in a Presidential election. 
 
 Q. Why is government justified in imposing taxes? 
 
 Ans. Government is for the protection of the citizens, and it is right 
 that the citizens should pay the necessary expenses. These expenses are 
 met by imposing taxes. 
 
 Q. (a) What is patriotism? (b) How may it be tested? (c) What 
 of its influence in elections? Ans. (a) Patroitism is love for one's na- 
 tive or adopted land, (b) It may be tested in time of war. (c) The right 
 kind of patriotism will influence elections for good. 
 
 Q. Name five legal rights secured to each citizen by the Constitution 
 of the United States. 
 
120 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. (1) RigM of free speech; (2) Religious freedom; (3) Politi- 
 cal freedom; (4) Right to bear arms; (5) Right of trial by jury. 
 
 Q. (a) "What is meant by reciprocity treaty? (b) By common law? 
 (c) By imposts? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A reciprocity treaty is a treaty between two nations, each 
 granting the other certain privileges; as, importation of goods, free of 
 duty. 
 
 (b) Common law is a system of law prevailing in England and in the 
 United States in contradistinction to other great systems, as Statute and 
 Civil law. 
 
 (c) Imposts are taxes on imports. 
 
 Q. How does the method of choosing a President of the United 
 States now differ from the method in use in 1800? 
 
 Ans. In 1800 and prior to that they elected a President and Vice- 
 President as prescribed in the body of the Constitution. They voted for 
 two men, but they did not designate the office. Today, the voters by bal- 
 lot choose electors in each state, which electors elect the President and 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Explain the following: 
 
 (a) Letters of marque and reprisal — they were licenses to go beyond 
 the borders of a State to make reprisals. 
 
 (b) Treason — consists in making war against the United States or 
 aiding its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 (c) Gerrymander — is redistricting of the State for political purposes. 
 
 (d) Habeas corpus — is a writ having for its object to bring a party 
 Ijefore a court or a judge. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 121 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 Q. What are the channels of Communication between material ob- 
 jects and the mind of the child? Ans. The five senses. 
 
 Q. What is the difference between sensation and perception? 
 
 Ans. The special function of the senses is Sensation; a responding 
 to any external stimulus that affects nerve tissue. The corresponding func- 
 tion of mind in referring these sensations to their external causes is Per- 
 ception. 
 
 Q. Define (a) concepts, (b) memory, (c) imagination. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Concepts is the result of an act or acts of judgment in discern- 
 ing resemblances, and grouping like objects under a general idea. 
 
 (b) Memory is the faculty of the m.ind to reproduce its former states. 
 
 (c) Imagination is the faculty of the mind that modifies, combine;?, 
 creates. ': 
 
 Q. Why should a teacher study psychology. 
 
 Ans. Because psychology sustains the same relation to the science 
 of education that anatomy, pharmacy, etc., sustain to practice of medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the effect of long-continued brain activity, (b) 
 State two ways in which the brain is recuperated. 
 
 Ans. (a) Just as the muscles become wearied by too long continued 
 use so the brain becomes wearied by too long continued activity, (b) 
 Sleep and a change of occupation, will give relief. • 
 
 . Q. Write an essay on "The Requisities of a Good Teacher." 
 
 Ans. 
 
 A good teacher should possess knowledge, skill, heart power, will 
 power, good eyes and ears, common sense, and moral character. In addi- 
 tion it is necessary that the teacher have the co-operation of school officers 
 and patrons, and that the school house and surroundings be conducive 
 toward good success. Of all the elements, seven in number, enumerated 
 above, perhaps none is more generally misunderstood than common sense. 
 Dr. White says it is not a sense common to all people, but sense in common 
 things. It is one of the most uncommon things in the world. Again, 
 while knowledge is, without doubt, the most essential requisite of the 
 teacher, skill is just as necessary, as since without skill , knowledge cannot 
 be practically applied. 
 
 To recapitulate, teachers should have profound scholarship, they 
 should be in sympathy with their work, and be skilful in imparting their 
 knowledge to the minds of children. 
 
 Q. Mention at least four proper incentives to study. Mention four 
 Improper incentives. 
 
 Ans. Proper: (1) A desire for knowledge, (2) a desire for appro- 
 
122 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 bation, (3) the hope of the future good, (4) a sense of duty and honox-. 
 Improper: (1) prizes, (2) privileges, (3) immunities, (4) fear of 
 punishment. 
 
 Q. Deductive teaching is sometimes designated as analytic. On what 
 grounds? 
 
 Ans. On the grounds that we pass from the general to the particu- 
 lar feature of the subject in deductive teaching, i. e., we dissect, which is 
 analytic. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the advantages of oral lessons in language work, 
 (b) What are the objections to lessons in false syntax. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) (1) The cultivation of conversational powers and (2) 
 economy of time, (3) the correction of special defects. 
 
 (b) Pupils will use only what they hear, and should, so far as possi- 
 ble, have only correct expressions used in their presence. Their attention 
 should not be directed to the wrong, but habitually led to the right. 
 
 Q. What three conditions should determine the length of time for 
 the recitation of a class? 
 
 Ans. (1) The age of the pupils. (2) Their advancement and nat-j 
 ural ability. (3) Attention and interest. 
 
 Q. What mental faculties - are chiefly used in the acquisition of 
 knowledge? 
 
 Ans. Perception, judgment and memory. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the purposes of school government? (b) Mention 
 five good rules for secitring good government. j 
 
 Ans. I 
 
 (a) To train pupils so as to prepare them to be self-governing men] 
 and women in life. 
 
 (b) (1) Have the elements of governing power in you or cultivate 
 them. (2) Be firm. (3) Be just. (4) Be kind. (5) Be positive. 
 
 Q. Name the advantages and disadvantages of (a) concert reading, 
 (b) the individual method. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) It saves time, but it destroys the individuality of the pupil. It 
 is all right for the good reader, but bad indeed for the poor reader. It 
 cultivates sameness of tone to the neglect of natural expression. 
 
 (b) It is helpful to the pupil in that he has personal instruction. It 
 individualizes knowledge and cultivates good expression, but it takes more 
 time. It places the good and bad reader in striking contrast, to the dis-f 
 couragement of the bad reader, who so much needs encouragement. 
 
 Q. What are the purposes of (a) the recitation, (b) examination? 
 
 (a) (1) To test the pupil's knowledge. (2) To test the pupil's ac- 
 quired mental power. (3) To test the pupil's skill in school arts. 
 
 (b) (1) to secure good recitations. (2) To reveal defects in knowl- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 123 
 
 edge and teaching. (3) To disclose the comparative progress of different 
 pupils. (4) To secure accuracy and fullness in the expression of knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Q. What are the advantages of requiring pupils to memorrze exactly 
 classic expressions of master thinkers? 
 
 Ans. (1) It cultivates memory. (2) It elevates the morals. (3) 
 It inculcates a love of good literature. 
 
 Q. Show how the study of American history promotes true patriot- 
 ism. 
 
 Ans. Our hearts swell with pride at the successes of our forefathers, 
 and by learning of their achievements we resolve to emulate them, and 
 thus become truly patriotic. 
 
 Q. State the two most important objects to be kept in view in teach- 
 ing grammar. 
 
 Ans. (1) The cultivation of the mind. (2) The mastery of the 
 sentence. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between school economy, school government, and 
 school discipline . 
 
 Ans. School economy is the orderly arrangement and management 
 of the affairs of the school to the very best advantage. School government 
 is the authority by which school economy is affected. School discipline Is 
 the treatment of the individual pupils best suited to secure economy anJ 
 government. 
 
 Q. Define (a) percept, (b) concept. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A specific idea obtained through the senses is a percept. 
 
 (b) A concept is an abstract general idea which can not be represent- 
 ed in the imagination. 
 
 Q. Why should primary work be principally objective? 
 
 Ans. Because at that stage of development the child learns and de- 
 velops largely by observation. 
 
 Q. What powers of the mind are most active in childhood? What 
 in later years of school life? 
 
 Ans. The perceptive and presentative powers are most active in 
 childhood, while reason predominates in the later school life, in conjunc- 
 tion with its related faculties. 
 
 Q. How would you secure prompt attendance? What do you consid- 
 er a proper punishment for tardiness? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) I would make the school and its work interesting and attractive. 
 I would labor to so secure the respect of my patrons and pupils as that 
 they would cooperate with me. 
 
 (b) The most effectual punishment for tardiness is the making up of 
 the time after school hours. It is natural and just. 
 
 Q. Write a short essay on "School Punishments," discussing the ob- 
 
124 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 jects of punishment, the principles regulating it, and proper and improp- 
 er punishments. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 School punishments are the penalties inflicted by the teacher upon 
 the pupils for a violation of the principles of right conduct. Its objects 
 are to reform the wrong-doer and to deter others from a like disobedience. 
 The principles regulating it are the principles of right and justice that the 
 punishment may be commensurate with the offense. 
 
 The subject must be brought to see that it is just and necessary and 
 for the best if it does him the greatest good. It must also be administered 
 in the proper spirit. I would regard any punishment proper which bore a 
 natural relation to the offense. I would consider any punishment improp- 
 er which was humiliating to the pupil, or was the outgrowth of dislike and 
 spite on the part of the teacher toward the pupil. 
 
 Q. What are the conditions of successful teaching as regards the 
 teacher. 
 
 Ans. Knowledge, tact, skill, heart power, will power, love for the 
 work, and good eyes and ears. 
 
 Q. Given a school in an unventilated, poorly furnished and shabby 
 room, without a library and other necessary apparatus, with neglected 
 grounds, and a bad water supply, how may the teacher manage to secure 
 some of the needed improvements? 
 
 Ans. From the question it would appear that the neighborhood is 
 not interested. Missionary work will do much. If the teacher can get the 
 patrons interested, much may be accomplished, and by showing himself to 
 be interested, the teacher sets a good example which will meet with at 
 least some success. Later by entertainments, etc., some more may be ac- 
 complished. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between (a) drills, (b) reviews and (c) examina- 
 tions. Discuss each as to the leading purpose and some of the best 
 methods. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Drills are for the purpose of applying attained knowledge. They 
 are primarily intended for the daily recitation, in connection with the 
 lesson from the textbook. Sometimes the teacher should have "class 
 drills," other times "individual drills." 
 
 (b) A "review" is necessarily on passed lessons, a "drill" may be on 
 new matter. Reviews should be frequent, should not be "set," and must 
 be varied to keep up interest. 
 
 (c) If "drills" and "reviews" are kept up properly, there is little left 
 for "examination." Many questions are not necessary for the latter, and 
 above all, the class work of the pupil should count for more than the sim- 
 ple skill to answer questions. 
 
 Q. In assigning a lesson in any subject what factors should be tak- 
 en into consideration? Give examples. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 135 
 
 Ans. (1) Quality of work is more important than quantity. Short 
 lessons well mastered will carry pupils farther in the same line than lon^ 
 but poorly prepared lessons. (2) The teacher should show the pupil how- 
 to study and stimulate him to do so. (3) Preliminary drills are nearly al- 
 ways necessary. (4) It is, perhaps, best to assign lessons by topics and 
 lead pupils to consult other books. In this way he will learn the value of 
 "reference" books. (5) In conclusion, in using the topical method, it is 
 necessary to guard against superficial work, into which it may rapidly de- 
 generate. 
 
 Q. Suggest ways by which a school may have a library. 
 
 Ans. By voluntary contributions, entertainments, etc. 
 
 Q. Discuss the value of fairy tales for children. 
 
 Ans. The proper kind of fairy tales cultivates the imaginative powers 
 of the pupils, and eventually leads to creating a taste for good literature. 
 
 Q. Suggest ways for interesting patrons in the work of the school. 
 
 Ans. By having certain days known as Mothers' Days, Fathers' Daj's, 
 and having at stated times literary exercises, to which parents should be 
 invited. 
 
 Q. Show how perception depends on attention. 
 
 Ans. Attention, particularly voluntary attention, is controlled by 
 interest. Therefore being interested, more vivid and more correct percep- 
 tions will be obtained. 
 
 Q. What is the value of instruction in drawing with reference to 
 (a) utility, (b) to mental discipline. 
 
 Ans. (a) Drawing is very useful in several of the trades and pro- 
 fessions, and (b) it gives pupils perfect control of the muscles. 
 
 Q. Inductive teaching is sometimes designated as synthetic. Upon 
 what grounds. 
 
 Ans. Inductive teaching closely resembles the synthetic method, in 
 that it proceeds from the particular to the general. It has, however, some 
 points of difference. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the value of attention, (b) Give two methods of 
 gaining and holding the attention during the recitation. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Upon our ability to gain and retain attention depends our suc- 
 cess as teachers, at least, to a great extent. Without attention our work 
 is worthless. Interest lies at the bottom of attention, and interest is the 
 basis of success. 
 
 (b) Ask questions promptly and require prompt answers. Speak in 
 a lx)w tone, clearly and distinctly, rarely repeat statements. 
 
 Q. Give five reasons why a knowledge of mental philosophy is es- 
 sential to intellectual teaching. 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Psychology holds the relation to education that anatomy holds 
 to the system of medicine. 
 
126 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (2) We should knov/ mind before we can develop it. 
 
 (3) It teaches us to proceed intelligently. 
 
 (4) It will shield us against educational errors. 
 
 (5) Because no teaching can be successfully done without it. 
 
 Q. State the advantages and disadvantages of the self-reporting 
 system. 
 
 Ans. It will make truthfulness a high source of honor to the pupil, 
 but it can only in exceptional cases be used. The temptation to tell false- 
 hoods is too great for the pupil. 
 
 Q. What effort upon the part of the teacher is necessary in order to 
 interest pupils? 
 
 Ans. A teacher must be interested himself before he can expect to 
 interest others, especially children. 
 
 Q. What moral training should the teacher give? 
 Ans. The teacher should try to: (1) awaken right feelings, (2) to 
 quicken the conscience, (3) to develop clear, moral ideas. 
 
 Q. What are the effects of the teacher's habits upon the school? 
 
 Ans. As is the teacher, so will be the school. Pupils copy from their 
 
 teacher, hence if the teacher has correct habits, it is more than likely that 
 
 the pupils also will have correct habits. The opposite of this is true also. 
 
 Compare the aims of Spartan education with the aims of America 
 
 today. 
 
 Ans. The aims of Spartan education were to make soldiers. In 
 America we strive to educate mind and body. 
 
 Q. Discuss the contributions of Pestalozzi to present educational 
 methods. 
 
 Ans. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Avas a Swiss philan- 
 thropist. He first stvidled theology, then law. Later on he devoted his 
 time to training children in his own house. This he continued for twenty 
 years. In the course of time he established a school at Yverdun, which 
 the government had placed at his disposal. His works on education have 
 laid the foundation for the more rational system of elementary instruc- 
 tion Avhich now prevails in America and in Europe. 
 
 Q. State and discuss three important suggestions made by the "Com- 
 mittee of Ten." 
 
 Ans. The Committee of Ten recommended very strongly (1) the cor- 
 relation of school studies, (2) drill in composition writing, and (3) short- 
 ening the course in arithmetic by omitting unimportant but difficult mat- 
 ter. 
 
 Q. What allowances should be made for the school work of children 
 in the adolescent period, with reasons? 
 
 Ans. Some work should be elective in order to enable pupils to cul- 
 tivate that for which they may have special talent, and allowing them to 
 omit work not congenial to them. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 127 
 
 Q. Discuss the question of "natural" and "retributive" punisliment. 
 
 Ans. In every case, as far as possible, punishment of the child should 
 be made to appear to the child as the natural and logical consequence of 
 his wrong doing. Punishment that seems merely arbitrary to the child, 
 for which he cannot see any sufficient reason, has an effect upon character 
 directly contrary to what is desired. 
 
 Q. What do you understand by "Herbartianism" in education? 
 
 Ans. By Herbartianism we understand the harmonious and sys- 
 tematic development of all a person's faculties. Great stress is laid upon 
 training of the will. 
 
 Q. What three conditions should determine length of time for a reci- 
 tation? 
 
 Ans. Importance of the subject, age of pupils, number in the class. 
 
 Q. What mental faculties are chiefly used in acquiring knowledge? 
 
 Ans. Perception, memory, imagination, judgment. 
 
 Q. Why should primary work be principally objective? 
 
 Ans. Because in little children the perceptive faculties are most ac- 
 tive. 
 
 Q. What is meant by good discipline? Name some ways by which it 
 can be secured. 
 
 Ans. By good discipline we mean that condition of the school in 
 which all the work is done quietly and without friction. It can be secured 
 by keeping the pupils profitably employed. 
 
 Q. Name four important educational principles? 
 
 Ans. (1) Proceed from the known to the unknown. (2) Processes 
 before rules. (3) Keep at all times in mind the law of natural develop- 
 ment of the mind. (4) Triple developments of soul, mind and body. 
 
 Q. Who was Socrates? What is meant by the Socratic method of 
 instruction? 
 
 Ans. Socrates (469-399 B. C.) it^is one of the greatest Greek philoso- 
 phers. The question and answer metLud is the "Socratic" method. 
 
 Q. Discuss brif^'j^J the duties and rights of children. 
 
 Ans. Children musL- be neat, punctual, industrious, obedient, well- 
 behaved. They are entitled to good treatment, education, freedom from 
 interference. 
 
 Q. (1) What is the most essential factor in the school? (2) What 
 are the most essential elements in this factor? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) The most essential factor in school is the teacher. 
 
 (2) The teacher must have knowledge, zeal and skill. 
 
 Q. Define consciousness and sense-perception. What psychical ele- 
 ments are involved in sense-perception? 
 
 Ans. Consciousness is the state of being aware of one's mental acts 
 or states. Sense-perception is perception of an object of sense. The psy- 
 chical elements involved in sense-perception are many, but the principal 
 
128 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 one is the consciousness of particular material things present to sense. 
 
 Q. Name the best American educational periodicals. Which do you 
 read? Ans. The School Journal, Home and School, Pedagogical Journal, 
 Educational Review. 1 read a majority of these. 
 
 Q. How do you lead your pupils to a real appreciation of literature? 
 Ans. I do most of this in the reading lesson, and by showing that I 
 am interested myself. 
 
 Q. V7hat method would you employ in teaching beginners to read? 
 Ans. Since children speak words before letters, for the same reason 
 that it is natural, I would use and do use the word method. 
 Q. What are the objects of education? 
 
 Ans. That training of all mental, moral and physical faculties which 
 will enable a person to make the best possible use of himself. 
 
 Q. Illustrate the difference betweet inductive and deductive reason- 
 ing. 
 
 Ans. In inductive reasoning v/e reason from particulars to generals. 
 In deductive, from generals to particulars. 
 
 Illustration: Induction — A is mortal; B is mortal; C is mortal; A, 
 B, C are men; all men are mortal. Deduction — All men are mortal; I am 
 a man; I am mortal. 
 
 Q. Discuss apperception with special reference to its application in 
 teaching. 
 
 Ans. Apperception is one of the first steps in the elaborative opera- 
 tion of assimilation. It is an elementary classification or trying to unite 
 (assimilate) any new concyst to others previously acquired. This shows 
 the use of apperception in teaching. In fact, the Herbartian term "apper- 
 ception" is well nigh the same as "assimilation." 
 
 Q. Distinguish between instr^jc^tion and training. 
 
 Ans. Instruction is giving k .wledge of facts, new ideas, etc. Its 
 result is knowledge. Training is causing an organ or faculty, by con- 
 stant well directed practice, to work rapidly arv^^ ^'^ i. Its result is skill. 
 Q. State five conditions found in a well ordered school that contri- 
 bute to moral training. 
 
 Ans. Punctuality, accuracy, neatness, industry, obedience. 
 Q. What, in your opinion, is the worst fault in the country school? 
 Ans. I think that imperfect grading and lack of necessary apparatus 
 are among the worst faults. 
 
 Q. SliGw two causes of waste in the recitation, and suggest remedies. 
 Ans. i^ pupils are asked to recite in the order in which they sit 
 much of the recitation may be wasted loi a careless pupil. By changing 
 the order vve can remedy this. Also, if pupils recite in the language of 
 the book, it may be a waste of time, since, it improves only the memory 
 power of the pupils, and nothing more. The remedy is to compel pupils 
 to recite in their own language, not in that of the book. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 123 
 
 Q. Distinguish between the terms science and art in teaching. 
 
 Ans. Science includes a Itnowledge of the underlying principles. 
 Art includes the application of these principles. 
 
 Q. Define intellectual power and distinguish between it and skill. 
 
 Ans. Intellectual power is ability to do any mental act. Skill is the 
 power to do it in the best way. 
 
 Q. State in what manner and to what extent you comply with the 
 law in reference to scientific temperance instruction. 
 
 Ans. I teach it just as I teach physiology or the other branches. 
 
 Q. (a) What faculty is involved in moral training? (b) How do 
 you give moral instruction? (c) What do you understand by culture of 
 the feelings? 
 
 Ans. (a) In moral training the will is involved. 
 
 (b) I teach morals by personal example and stories carefully selected. 
 
 (c) By culture of the fellings we mean training of the finer sensibili- 
 ties in order to remove innate coarseness. 
 
 Q. Compare and contrast education of a child in public schools with 
 that by private tutor. 
 
 Ans. The advantages of public school education are: The child 
 comes into contact with others, cultivating his personality and enabling 
 him better to fight the world's battles when school days are over. The 
 advantages of education by private tutor are: The child receives person- 
 al attention, perhaps better instruction, is kept out of bad company, but 
 does not bring him into contract with others. 
 
 Q. Give the true functions of the school; of the teacher; the text- 
 book. 
 
 Ans. The school should furnish men and women well educated and 
 of good character. In this the teacher is the main agent, while the text- 
 book is valuable as a guide. It shows the way and nothing more. 
 
 Q. Name the studies best calculated to exercise faculties of (1) 
 perception; (2) memory; (3) imagination; (4) understanding and 
 reason; (5) and state why. 
 
 Ans. (1) Physiology and nature study; (2) spelling; (3) litera- 
 ture and geography; (4) mathematics and grammar. (5) The reason 
 is because the above named faculties are continually exercised, but not to 
 the exclusion of the others, in the studies enumerated in the answer. 
 
 Q. Give the titles of five books on the subject of education of valv;e 
 to the teacher. Name author. 
 
 Ans. (1) Art of Study, by Hinsdale; (2) White's Pedagogy; (3) 
 White's School Management; (4) Roark's Psychology in Education; (iS'. 
 Roark's Method in Education. 
 
130 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 ALGEBRA 
 
 Q. Factor: 
 
 cio+i5c5— 100=(c5+20) (c^— 5) 
 
 8a3— (a— b)3^ j 2a— (a— b) M 4a2+2a(a— b) + (a— b)2 V =(a+b) (Ta^— 
 
 4ab+b2) 
 
 (a— b)2— c2=(a— b+c) (a— b— c) 
 
 abcy— b^dy— acdx+bd2x=.by (ac— bd)— dx (ac— bd) = (by — dx) (ac— bd) 
 
 4x+y2_20x^yz+25x^z2= (2x2y— 5x2z) (2x3y— Sx^z) =x^ (2y— 5z) 2 
 
 Q. Simplify: 
 
 (x2— y2) (2x2— 2xy) 
 
 x+y 
 
 4 (X— y)2 (x2-y2)(x— y)X2x x+y (x+y)2 
 
 xy 4(x— y)2 xy 2y 
 
 (x-y) 
 
 x+y 
 
 Q. Why do you invert the divisor in the division of fractions? 
 Ans. For convenience : It is equivalent to dividing the numerators for a 
 new numerator and the denominators for a new denominator. 
 Q. Find the square root of: 
 
 4 
 
 x*-^2x3y+3x2y2— 2xy3+y4=x2— xy+y2 
 
 — 2x3y+3x2y2 
 2x2-xy)X— xy=-2x8y+ x2y2 
 
 2x2y2_2xy3+y4 
 
 y2(2x2— 2xy+y2)= 2x2y2— 2xy3+y* 
 
 Q. Explain yofr process of extracting square root. 
 Ans. I extract the square root by the binomial theorem. 
 a2+b2 (1) 
 
 Solve: ax=by-l 
 
 2 
 (ii_b)x=(a+b)y (2) 
 by a2+b2 (a+b)y 
 
 In (l)x= \ ; In (2)x= 
 
 a 2a a — b 
 
 Therefore 2by+a2+b2 (a+b)y 
 
 2a a— b 
 
 2 aby+a3+ab2— 2b2y— a2b— b3=2a2y+2 aby 
 a3— a2b+ab2— b3=2y (a2+b2) 
 a2 (a— b)+b2 (a— b)=2y (a2+b2) 
 
 a— b =2y 
 
 a — b a+b 
 
 2 2 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 131 
 
 Q. A fraction which is equal to % is increased to %i,when a certain number 
 Is added to both terms of the fraction, and is diminished to % when one more 
 than the same number is subtracted from both terms. Determine the fraction. 
 2x 
 Solution: Let — be the fraction and "y" be the number 
 
 3x 
 2x+y 8 
 
 thus = — or 22x+lly=24xH-8y or 3y=2x (1) 
 
 3x+y 11 
 
 2x— y— 1 5 
 
 =— or 18x— 9y— 9= 15x— 6y— 5 or 3x— 4y=4 (2) 
 
 3x— y— 1 9 
 (2) x2=(3) 6x— 8y«-8 
 (1) x3=(4) 6x— 95-=0 
 
 y=8 2x 24 
 
 Therefore — =— =^AnB. 
 
 x=12 3x 36 
 
 Q. Find the G. C D. of; 21x*— 4x0— 15x2— 2x and 21x3— 32x2— 54x— 7 
 
 Ans. 
 21x3— 32x2— 54x— 7 
 21x8— 4x2— 15x— 2 
 
 21x*^x8— 15xa— 2x 
 
 21x3— 4x2— 15x— a 
 
 — 28xa— 39x— 5 
 
 1 
 
 21x3— 4y2- -15x— 2 
 84x3— IGx--'— GUx— 8 
 84x3+117x2 fl5x 
 
 — 8x 
 
 Multiply by 4 
 
 -1332— 75x— 8 No. G. C. D. 
 
 Or 
 
 21x3— 4x2— 15x— 2^21x3— 21x2+17x2— 17x+2x— 2^ 
 21x2(x— l) + 17x(x— l)+2(x— l) = (21x2+17x+2)(x— 1) 
 
 Neither of these factors is a factor of 21x3— 32x2— 54x— 7 therefore the 
 two quantities have no G. C. D. 
 
 Q. Find the Least Common Multiple of x3 — 6x2+llx — 6, x3 — 9x2+26x 
 
 24. and x3— 8x2+19x-12 
 
 Ans. x3— Gx2+llx— 6=x3— 3x2— 3x2+9x+2x— 6---x2(x— 3)— 3x(x— 3) 
 +2(x— 3) = (x2— 3x+2) (X— 3) = (x— 1) (x— 2)(x— 3) 
 
 x3— 9x2+26x— 24=x3 -8x3— 6x2+18x+8x— 24=x2 (x_3)_6x(x— 3)+8(x— 
 8) = (x2— 6x+8)(x— 3) = (x— 3){x— 2)(x— 4) 
 
 x.=— 8x2+19x— 12^x8— 4x2-4x2+16x+3x— 12=x2(x— 4)— 4x(x— 4)+3(x— 
 4)=x2— 4x+3) (X— 4)=(x— 1) (X— 3) (x— 4) 
 L. C. M.=-(x-l)(x— 2)(x— 3)fx— 4) 
 
 Q. Simplify: 
 
 1+- 
 
 a+x 
 
 1- 
 
 a+x 
 
 l-f- 
 
 a2+x2 2a 2x9 
 
 a2— x2 -^x 2a.- 
 
 a2+x2 
 
132 
 
 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. A and B together earn $40 in 6 days; A. and C together earn $54 in S 
 days; B and C together earn $80 in 15 days. What does each earn in a day? 
 Ans. Let x, y, z represent what A, B and C, respectively, earn in 1 day 
 x+y=$6§ in 1 day (1) 
 
 x+z=$6 in 1 day (2) , 
 
 y+z=$5J in 1 day (3) 
 By adding (1), (2) and (3) 2x+2y+2z=18 
 
 X + y +z= 9 (4) 
 Subtract (1), (2), (3) successively from (4) and A=$2ir Ans. 
 
 B=$3 Ans. 
 C=$3§- Ans. 
 
 Q. Solve 
 
 ^j——^j ^ = V -^+^' Square both sides of the equation 
 
 1 1 
 
 2-\-x=:l+x or ——3 ar.d x=J 
 
 X X 
 
 Q. Extract f/x%— Gx + lrxi,— 20x%+15x%— 6' %+l 
 
 =y 
 
 Let x%=y then#'y6_6y5_|_i5yi_20y3_^15y2._6 ^i^ 
 
 (y2)3=:v« 
 
 -2yfl 
 
 — 6y5 + 15y* iiOy^ 
 3(y*)(-2y)=-6y5 3(y^)(-2y) 
 3y2X(-2y)2= +12y* 
 
 (_2y).3= _^y3 
 
 — 6y5+12y^— 8y3 
 
 3y4— 12y3+l5y2_6y+i 
 
 .3(y*-4y3+4y2)=3yi-12y3+l2^?^ 
 
 3 (y2-2y) xl = 3y2-6y 
 
 +1-'^= +1 
 
 3y^— 12y3+15y2_6y+l 
 
 Substituting gives Answer=x% — 2x%+l. ' 
 
 Q. A picture which is 18 inches by 12, is to be surrounded by a frame of 
 uniform width, whose area is equal to that of the glass. What is the width of 
 the frame? 
 
 Let X =width of the frame 
 24x+36x+4x2=216 
 x2+15x =54 
 
 x=— i%±2y2 or 3 inches 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 12 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 133 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 Q. (a) Give a short sketch of the life of Cliaucer. (b) Name his 
 greatest work, and sketch briefly its plan. 
 
 (a) Chaucer (1340-1400) was the son of a London merchant. lu 
 1359, accompanying the army to Prance, he was taken prisoner. King 
 Edward III ransomed him, and made him valet of the King's chamber. For 
 about ten years he was abroad, visiting Italy twice. For upwards of 
 twelve years he was controller of customs for London. He was pension- 
 ed by three kings, Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. He died in 1400. 
 
 (b) His principal work is the "Canterbury Tales." Its plan is: At 
 the Tabard Inn, in Southwork, on a certain April day, a number of pil- 
 grims met on their road to the tomb of Thomas A. Becket. The host, 
 Harry Baily, accompanies them and proposes that each should tell two 
 tales going, and two coming. He who told the best should have a free sup- 
 per at the expense of the others. This, however, was not fully carried out. 
 
 Q. State the chief facts in Shakespeare's life and name ten of his 
 dramas. 
 
 Ans. Shakespeare was born at Stratford in 1564. He attended the 
 grammar school in his native town. He was a profound student of human 
 nature. In 1582 he married Ann Hathav/ay. Subsequently he went to 
 London and became attached to the theater. In 1613 he returned to Strat- 
 ford, where he died in 1616. Ten of his dramas are: The Merchant of 
 Venice, Othello, Hamlet, As You Like It, Macbeth, King Lear, The Tempest, 
 Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Richard III. 
 
 Q. When was the "Golden Age" of Literature? The "Augustan 
 Age"? 
 
 Ans. The age of Elizabeth is called the "Golden Age" of Literature. 
 The "Augustan Age" is properly the age of the Roman Emperor Agustus, 
 but I believe that the age of Johnson In English Literature bears the same 
 name. 
 
 Q. Name the author of the following: 
 
 (a) Table for Critics — James Russel Lowell. 
 
 (b) Essays of Elia — Charles Lamb. 
 
 (c) Aurora Leigh — Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 
 
 (d) Thanatopsis — William Cullen Bryant. 
 
 (e) Home, Sweet Home — John Howard Payne. 
 
 (f) Vision of Sir Launfal — James Russell Lowell. 
 
 (g) To Have and to Hold — Mary Johnson. 
 
 (h) The Star Spangled Banner — Frances S. Key. 
 (i) The Ring and the Book — Robert Browning, 
 (j) David Harum — W. H. Wescott. 
 
 Q. (a) Who was the greatest American novelist? (b) The great- 
 est American lexicographer? (c) The greatest English novelist? Name 
 
134 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 a work by each. 
 
 (a) Nathaniel Hawthorne is usually considered the greatest Ameri- 
 can novelist. The "Scarlet Letter" is one of his works. 
 
 (b) Noah Webster is the greatest American lexicographer. He wrote- 
 a Dictionary of the English Language. 
 
 (c) Sir Walter Scott is the greatest English novelist. "Ivanhoe" is 
 one of his v/orks. 
 
 Q. Name the best known American humorist, and give a representa- 
 tive work by each. 
 
 Ans. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) and Bret Harte are the best 
 known American homorists. The former wrote "Tom Sawyer," and the 
 latter,"The Luck of the Roaring Camp." 
 
 Q. Name (a) the three leading English historians and (b) two- 
 American historians of the Nineteenth century, and a leading work of each. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) English historians: Macauley, Froude, Green. Each one wrote- 
 a history of England. 
 
 (b) Bancroft, wrote a history of the United States; Motley, wrote 
 "The Rise and Pall of the Dutch Republic." 
 
 Q. Name the principal contemporaries of William Cullen Bryant, and- 
 a leading work by each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Jas. F. Cooper, author of "The Last of the Mohicans." 
 
 Ralph W. Emerson, author of "English Traits." 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of "The Marble Fawn." 
 
 Henry W. Longfellow, author of "Hiawatha." 
 
 John G. Whittier, author of "Snow Bound." 
 
 James R. Lowell, author of "Biglow Papers." 
 
 Q. Who were the so-called Lake School Poets? Why so called? 
 
 Ans. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey. They were so called because 
 they resided in Lake region. 
 
 Q. Who were associated with Emerson in the "Transcendental 
 School"? Name a representative work of each. 
 
 Ans. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of "Twice Told Tales," and 
 George William Curtis, author of "The Potiphar Papers." 
 
 Q. (a) Write a brief criticism of Longfellov/'s poetry, pointing out 
 especially the traits that have made him so general a favorite at home and 
 abroad, (b) Justify your opinions by citations of specific poems or pas- 
 sages. 
 
 (a) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a popular poet because a great 
 number of his poems touched sympathetic chords in the human heart. 
 "The Village Blacksmith," "The Psalm of Life," were universal favorites. 
 Likewise "Evangeline," "The Courtship of Miles Standish," "The Ride of 
 Paul Revere," "The Building of the Ship," and others, too numerous to 
 mention are even until the present day unsurpassed. Longfellow was 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 135 
 
 artistic. 
 
 (b) Witness the following from Evangeline: 
 "Then from a neighboring thicket the mocking bird, wildest of singers. 
 Swinging aloft on a willow spray that hung o'er the water, 
 Shook from his little throat such floods of delirious music. 
 That the whole air and the woods and the waves seemed silent to listen." 
 etc. 
 
 Longfellow was a great children's friend, and he was their friend be- 
 cause he understood them. 
 
 Q. What can a teacher bring from the reading of (a) Thoreau, (b) 
 Burroughs, (c) John Muir, (d) Bradford Torrey, and (e) Mrs. Olive 
 Thorne Miller to help him in his school-room? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Thoreau had a style which showed perfect command of English 
 and he had an extensive vocabulary. 
 
 (b) Bui roughs, like Thoreau, has great power of description. 
 
 (c) John Muir wrote a number of articles on the Pacific Coast, 
 Alaska, etc. He was a scientist of Scotch descent. 
 
 (d) Bradford Torrey as assistant editor of the "Youth's Companion," 
 being a close student of birds, wrote largely on ornithology. 
 
 (e) Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller, pseudonym for Harriett Miller (Mann,) 
 "WToto many stories for children. 
 
 Q. To get familiar acquaintance with the age of Queen Anne, what 
 books of that age would you read, and what books written in the Nine- 
 teenth century? 
 
 Ans. Swift, Addison, Steele, Pope; of the books written in the Nine- 
 teenth century, I would read some of the works of Walter Scott and Ma- 
 cauley. 
 
 Q. (a) What was the geographical center of American Literature 
 before the Civil War? (b) What influences and what persons made it 
 so? 
 
 Ans. (a) The New England States, especially the vicinity of Boston, 
 was the literary center before the Civil War. (b) Harvard College, Yale 
 College, and several other institutions of learning, together with such men 
 as Longfellow, Bryant, Holmes, Lowell, Bancroft, Emerson, etc., were the 
 prevailing influence. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the authors of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and "Ramona." 
 <b) Show that these books are kindred in purpose. 
 
 Ans. (a) Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin," Mrs. 
 Jackson wrote "Ramona." The former book was an appeal for the colored 
 slave; the latter was an appeal for the Indian. 
 
 Q. Discuss the importance of knowledge of the Bible to authors and 
 to readers of English literature. 
 
 Ans. Authors have written some of their sublimest productions on 
 
136 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 topics taken from the Bible, e. g., Milton in his "Paradise Lost," "Para- 
 dise Regained," "Samson Agonistes." It is necessary for readers to have a. 
 knowledge of the Bible in order to be able to appreciate beauties that. 
 would otherwise be lost. 
 
 Q. By what translations may one who knows only the English lan- 
 guage' become acquainted with the Iliad, the Odyssey, Divine Comedy and 
 Faust? 
 
 Ans. Pope and Bryant translated the Iliad and the Odyssey of Ho- 
 mer; Longfellow translated the Divine Comedy of Dante; and Bayard Tay- 
 lor translated Goethe's Faust. 
 
 Q. Describe the leading character in some one of Shakespeare's plays 
 and give the data on which you base your statements. 
 
 Ans. I shall take Shylock in the "Merchant of Venice." 
 
 His intellect: (1) Philosophical (Act III, Scene 1, 43-59 Act IV, 
 Scene 1, 89-101.) (2) Logical (Acf IV, Scene 1,89-101.) (3) Cool 
 headed (Act IV, Scene I, 138-141.) (4) Sharp in business (Act I, Scene- 
 Ill, 14-25.) (5) Quick at repartee (Act II, Scene V. 21; Act IV, Scene 1. 
 66-68.) 
 
 His moral nature: (1) True to his religion (Act I, Scene III, 30-35.) 
 (2) Patient under persecution (Act I, Scene III, 94-98.) (3) Superstit- 
 ious (Act II, Scene V, 16-18.) (4) Untruthful (Act I, Scene III, 63.) 
 (5) Ironical (Act I, Scene II, 108-117.) (6) Avaricious (Act III Scene 
 I, 73-75; 92-94; 107-109.) (7) Malicious (Act IV, Scene I, 17-19.) 
 
 Q. Classify one of your favorite poems and describe its artistic struc- 
 ture, including rhythm, meter, stanza, rhyme, diction, use of images and 
 tone effects. 
 
 Ans. Bryant's "Thanatopsis" is a poem that seems more beautiful 
 to me every time I read it. It is written in blank verse, the lines are iambic 
 pentameters, and full of imagery. Bryant shows himself to be a close 
 student of nature and a word painter that has to my mind few equals and 
 no superiors in English. 
 
 Q. (a) What benefits are derived from reading aloud? (b) How 
 may the habit of reading aloud to children be abused? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Much information and knov/ledge may be imparted and enter- 
 tainment provided by reading aloud. 
 
 (b) It may be abused by reading aloud to children until they want 
 to be read to, but do not like to read themselves. 
 
 Q. What value do you place upon memorizing selections of choice 
 literature? 
 
 Ans. I place a very high value upon it. The practice, if persistently 
 carried out, will improve the language of the pupil by absorption, so to 
 speak, and have great influence in building character. 
 
 Q. What was Milton's nationality? (b) Name two of his poems? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 137 
 
 Ans. (a) Milton was an Englishman, (b) "Paradise Lost", "Sam- 
 son. Agonistes." 
 
 Q. Name the greatest Italian writer of the seventeenth century? 
 Ans. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642.) 
 
 Q. Who was Rousseau? 
 
 Ans. He was a French author and philosopher who lived a short time 
 before the revolution in France. 
 
 Q. Who was the wisest and greatest of the Chinese? 
 
 Ans. Confucius. 
 
 Q. What is the difference between a Lyric and an Epic poem? 
 
 Ans. A lyric poem was intended to be sung to the accompaniment 
 ■of th.e lyre or any musical instrument. An epic poem celebrates the deeds 
 of some great man or hero. 
 
 Q. Who was Socrates? What was his nationality? 
 
 Ans. Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He lived at Athens during 
 the greater part of the fifth century B. C. He died 399 B. C. 
 
 Q. Of what nationality was Robert Burns? Ans. He was Scotch. 
 
 Name three of his poems. Ans. The Cotter's Saturday Night; To 
 Mary in Heaven; Night and Mary. 
 
 Name two of Tennyson's poems? Ans. In Memoriam, Enoch Arden. 
 
 Name two American novelists? Ans. James F. Cooper, Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Q. (a) Name two Kentucky authors? (b) Who wrote "The 
 Bivouac of the Dead"? 
 
 Ans. (a) Mrs. George M. Martin, James Lane Allen, Alice Hegan 
 Rice. 
 
 (b) Theodore O'Hara. 
 
138 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 COUNTY AND STATE EXAMINATIONS 
 
 Forthe Years 1913 and 1914 
 
 County— August, 1913 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 Q. Spell: Cudgel, occur, luscious, sleek, saucy, acquit, pinnacle, 
 vehicle, ulcer, licorice, marshal, surgeon, cancel, oppressor, government, 
 ferocious, cognizance, inveigled, diphthongs, peaceable, palatial, hymeneal,, 
 cynosure, precedence, irrefragable. 
 
 Q. What are (a) cognates; (b) labials; (c) mutes? Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Words derived from the same radical or root word, as 
 "cognizance" and "recognize"; or, sounds formed in the same place of 
 articulation, as p, b, m. 
 
 (b) Labials — sounds articulated mainly by the lips — as p, b, m. 
 
 (c) Mute — a "silent letter," as "k" in 'knock'. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a primitive word? (b) A derivative word? (c) 
 A compound word? Give an example of each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A primitive word is one which is not derived from another word in 
 the same language; as horse. 
 
 (b) A derivative word is derived from another word, to which is add- 
 ed some prefix or suffix; as, unhorse. 
 
 (c) Compound word is made by joining two or more primitive words 
 as, horse-whip. 
 
 EEADma 
 
 Q. Give the names of five story books that would be good for upper 
 grade boys to read. 
 
 Ans. Blackmore's "Lorna Doone;" Dickens' "Tale of Two Cities;'* 
 Scott's "Ivanhoe;" Cooper's "Leatherstocking Tales;" Jack London's "Call, 
 of the Wild." 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 139 
 
 Q. (a) What should be the length of time for a primary reading 
 lesson? (b) An intermediate or upper grade reading lesson? 
 
 Ans. (a) From twelve to twenty minutes, (b) from twenty-five 
 to forty minutes. 
 
 Q. In case of a very full class, why is it much more advantageous to 
 divide the class and give each division half of the time? 
 
 Ans. If the teacher is weak in personality and unable to control the 
 attention of his classes, perhaps a division of the class would be an advan- 
 tage; but if the teacher is strong in personality and teaching ability, such 
 •a division would mean a loss of time, and clearly no advantage. 
 
 Q. Discuss teaching poetry by grouping. 
 
 Ans. The intention of the above question is hardly clear. The class 
 may be grouped, each division assigned a certain phase of the study of the 
 poem; or the poem itself may be grouped. Paradise Lost, for instance, 
 may be arranged in groups, one according to the pictures presented; 
 another according to dramatic effects; another according to grammatical 
 construction. We believe it is no exaggeration to say that a certain amount 
 of "grouping" is necessary in the successful teaching of all subjects. 
 
 Q. What other subjects may be correlated with reading? 
 
 Ans. All subjects correlate with reading. Even in mathematics, the 
 pupil experiences the greatest difficulty who has not been taught to read 
 correctly. 
 
 Q. Read: 
 
 "Thanks for the heavenly message brought by thee. 
 Child of the wandering sea. 
 Cast from her lap, forlorn! 
 
 From thy dead lips a clearer note is born 
 While on mine ear it rings, 
 
 Through the deep caves of thought I hear a voice that sings: 
 
 Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul. 
 As the swift seasons roll! 
 Leave thy low-vaulted past! 
 
 Let each new temple, nobler than the last. 
 
 Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast. 
 Till thou at length art free, 
 
 Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea!" 
 Paraphrase the above. 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Copy ten lines from the selection in reading which are to. be se- 
 lected by the Examiners. 
 
 The applicant's paper as a whole will form basis for grade on pen- 
 manship. 
 
140 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. Find the prime factors of 1001 and 1309, and from these factors 
 form the G. C. D. and the L. C. M. of the two numbers. 
 
 Ans. 1001=7X11X13, G. C D.=:7Xll=77, 1309=7X11X17. L. C. M. 
 =7X11+13X17=17017. 
 
 Q. Find the cost of a stick of timber 40 ft. long, 12 in. wide, 9 in. 
 thick, at $12.50 per M., board measure. 
 
 12X9 
 Ans. 40X— ^ — =360=no. board ft. in stick. 
 12 
 $12.50X.360=$4.50 cost of stick. 
 
 Q. A farmer whose farm buildings were worth $6800, insured them 
 for % of their value, paying a premium of $38.25. Find the rate. 
 
 Ans. I of $6800=$51()0. 
 
 $38.25^$5100=.0075=f % . 
 Q. What was the list price of an article whose net cost was $4.50^ 
 after deducting discounts of 40 per cent and 10 per cent. 
 
 Ans. 1009^^— 40f/,=609{^^. 10% of 60% =6%. 
 60 % —6 % =54 % =net cost . 
 $4.50^.64=$8.33^=list price. 
 Q. Find the area of a regular pentagon whose sides are each 8 in. 
 and the apothem 5.44 in. 
 
 Ans. 8 in.X5=40 in=perimeter of pentagon. 
 
 40X5.44Xi=108.80=sq. in. in area. 
 Q. A man's income is 6;^ of his capital. He is taxed 1\% of his income 
 and pays $26.04. What is his capital? 
 
 Ans. $26. 04^ .025=$1041.60=income. 
 $1041.60--.06=$17,360=capital. 
 Q. Two ships sail from the same port: one goes due north 128 
 miles, and the other one due east 72 miles. How far are the ships from 
 each other? 
 
 Ans. The distance apart will be the hypotenuse of a right triangle 
 whose sides are 128 and 72. 
 
 The square root of (128)2+(72)2 is 146.86+=the distance apart of the ships. 
 Q. Find approximately the number of gallons a tank will hold that 
 is 14 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep. 
 
 Ans. 14X4X2=1 12=cu. ft. in tank. 
 
 Approximately there are 1\ gallons in 1 cu. ft. 
 7iX112=840=approximate measure of tank. 
 Q. What is the altitude of an isosceles triangle whose area is 2752 
 sq. ft. and whose base line is 64 ft. 
 
 Ans. The area divided by one half the base will give the altitude. 
 2752-^32=86=altitude. 
 
I 
 
 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 141 
 
 Q. If a boy buys peaches at the rate of 5 for 2c and sells them at the 
 rate of 4 for 3c, how many must he buy and sell to gain $4.20? 
 
 Ans. The peaches cost him % ct. each. He sells them at % ct each. He 
 gains %o ct. on each. 
 
 $4.20^%o ct.=i200=number bought. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Illustrate with sentences (a) The class (b) the verbal (c) and 
 collective (d) and the abstract noun. 
 
 (a) The largest of the oceans lies west of our country. 
 
 (b) The existence of such a force has been questioned. 
 
 (c) The audience cheered. 
 
 (d) His generosity was unsurpassed. 
 Q, What properties have nouns? 
 
 Ans. Person, Number, Gender, and Case. 
 
 Q. Give the gender of (a) witch, (b) house, (c) parent, (d) child- 
 ren, and (e) widower. 
 
 Ans. (a) Feminine (b) neuter (c) common, (d) common (e) 
 masculine. 
 
 Q. What are the pronominal adjectives? Name ten. 
 
 Ans. Pronominal adjectives may, without an article, represent a 
 noun; as, this, both, either, all, certain, enough, little, much, ones, several. 
 
 Q. Name and define the degrees of comparison. 
 
 Ans. Positive — the simple form of the adjective; Comparative — used 
 in comparing objects which differ in degree; Superlative — used to express 
 the highest degree when more than two objects are considered. 
 
 Q. Into what classes are adverbs divided? 
 
 Ans. Time, place, degree, manner, and illation. 
 
 Q. Give the principle parts of: (a) drink, (b) come, (c)draw, (d) 
 fly, and (e) see. 
 
 Ans. (a) Drink, drank, drunk of drank; 
 
 (b) come, came, come; 
 
 (c) draw, drew, drawn; 
 
 (d) fly, flew, flown; 
 
 (e) see, saw, seen. 
 
 Q. (a) Which parts of speech may be declined? (b) Which con- 
 jugated? 
 
 Ans. (a) Nouns and pronouns; (b) verbs. 
 
 Q. Give the synopsis of the verb "ring", potential mode, active 
 voice. 
 
 Present — I may be ringing. 
 
 Past — I might be ringing. 
 
 Present perfect — I may have been ringing. 
 
 Past perfect — I might have been ringing. 
 
142 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Define and give examples of (a) Climax (b) Anti-climax. 
 
 Ans. (a) A climax is an expression whose parts are arranged in the 
 order of their strength ,the weakest standing first; as, "To weep for fear 
 is childish; to weep for anger is womanish; to weep for grief is human; to 
 weep for compassion is divine." 
 
 (b) An Anti-Climax reverses the order, bringing the strongest first, 
 and thus weakening the entire expression; as, "I sink into the bosom of 
 the grave, it opens to receive me, my race is run, my lamp of life is nearly 
 extinguished." 
 
 Q. Write a letter ordering a book. 
 Ans. 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 November 29, 1914. 
 Crason Book Co. 
 
 Cynthiana, Ky. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I am enclosing money order for $1.00 for which you will kindly send me 
 a copy of "Teachers' and Students' Examinations." 
 
 Respectfully, 
 Mary Snow, 
 1026 College St. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Q. Discuss the importance of paraphrasing. 
 
 Ans. Paraphrasing forces the attention of the learner to every ele- 
 ment of the selection so handled. The effort to reconstruct in his own 
 language, fixes it in his mind; and comparison of the selection with his 
 rendition of it, emphasizes the beauty of the original. Such an exercise 
 is of great aid to the teacher, who is thus enabled to measure the under- 
 standing and expression of the pupil. 
 
 Q. Discuss the value of teaching letter writing and ordinary busi- 
 ness forms. 
 
 Ans. So much does our social and business life depend upon the 
 written communication, that to discuss its importance is pretty nearly 
 equal to proving a theorem in Algebra. About all that can be done is to 
 cite instances in which such knowledge has been of value to the learner, 
 or lack of it has placed him at a serious disadvantage. By all means let 
 such teaching be done, and well done. 
 
 Q. How may composition be correlated with other subjects? 
 
 Ans. By requiring that some phase of other subjects be expressed in 
 writing, and in the pupil's own language. Some work of this kind should 
 be done each day. 
 
 Q. Write a composition on some subject to be chosen by the County 
 Board of Examiners. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 143 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. (a) V/hat is the distance from earth to sun? (b) What are par- 
 allels? 
 
 (a) About ninety-two million miles. 
 
 (b) Parallels are imaginary lines on the surface of the earth, drawn 
 in the same direction as the equator; or, the circumferences of circles 
 which divide the earth, from east to west, into unequal parts. 
 
 Q. Give several plans for making geography interesting to begin- 
 ners. 
 
 Ans. Study the life of the people, the natural plant life of each 
 country, or the articles of commerce with which we are familiar. Unless 
 the questions in the books are asked and the lesson stopped with their cor- 
 rect answering, geography can hardly fail to be interesting. 
 
 Q. (a) Define and give cause of tides, (b) Waves. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Tides are the regular rising and falling of the surface of large 
 bodies of water, caused by the attraction of the sun and the moon. 
 
 (b) Waves are ridges or swells on the surface of a liquid, generally 
 occasioned by the friction between the liquid and air. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) bay, (b) lake, (c) isthmus, (d) ecliptic, (e) 
 water-shed. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A bay is a smaller body of water extending from the ocean into 
 the land. 
 
 (b) Lake is a water-filled basin-shaped depression in the land. 
 
 (c) Isthmus is a narrow ridge or neck connecting larger bodies of 
 land. 
 
 (d) Ecliptic — the plane of the earth's orbit to meet the celestial 
 sphere. 
 
 (e) Water-shed — a height of land which separates two systems of 
 drainage. 
 
 Q. How would you teach these forms to children? 
 
 Ans.^,, Land and water forms can always be found in miniature in 
 the country, and reproduced on the sand table in the city schools. 
 
 Q. Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer? 
 
 Ans. In summer the rays of the sun fall nearly vertically upon the 
 surface of the earth experiencing "summer," and the earth absorbs more 
 heat than it throws off; in winter, since the rays fall obliquely upon the 
 portions of the earth having "winter," absorption is not equal to radia- 
 tion, and the temperature falls. ; 
 
 Q. Name (a) three lakes and (b) two rivers in Canada. 
 
 Ans. (a) Winnipeg, Great Bear, and Great Slave, (b) Mackenzie 
 and Nelson. 
 
 Q. What states border on Lake Michigan? 
 
144 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois and Indiana. 
 
 Q. Name five islands in the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Ans. Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus. 
 
 Q. What mountains and what rivers between Europe and Asia? 
 
 Ans. Ural River, Ural and Caucasus mountains. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. Define (a) coagulation, (b) transfusion. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Coagulation is the formation of clots by the union of plasma 
 (especially of the fibrin) with the corpuscles. 
 
 (b) Transfusion is the transferring of the blood from the circulatory 
 system of one person or animal, to that of another. 
 
 Q. Describe the sense of smell. 
 
 Ans. The first cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve, whose only func- 
 tion is the sense of smell. This nerve ends on the olfactory ganglion on 
 the ethnoid bone, spreading out like a cobweb upon the surface of the 
 nose. Odorous substances give off very small particles. These enter 
 the nose, and stimulate the nerve ends. The impulse is carried to the 
 brain, and produces the sensation of smell. 
 
 Q. What should be done in case of a flow of blood from (a) an 
 artery? (b) Prom a vein? 
 
 Ans. (a) Binding of the limb or of the blood vessel should be plac- 
 ed between the wound and the heart, (b) If the flow is from a vein, the 
 binding should be placed beyond the wound, from the heart. 
 
 Q. Describe the stomach. 
 
 Ans. The stomach is located just below the diaphragm, the greater 
 portion lying to the left of the median line and just below the lowest ribs. 
 It is a thin bag of muscular walls, about twelve inches long, four broad, 
 and three thick. Its normal capacity is about three pints, but it is capable 
 of great distension. The walls have four coats: the inner mucous mem- 
 brane, a cellular coat, a muscular coat, and an outer or serous coat. The 
 mucous lining lies in folds, which increases the mucous surface. Through 
 this mucous lining, the gastric juice is poured and is the chief agent of di- 
 gestion. 
 
 Q. Describe a well ventilated school room. 
 
 Ans. In a well ventilated school room, the entire volume of air is 
 changed every few minutes. In cold weather the fresh air is warmed be- 
 fore being liberated in the room. 
 
 Q. Give several bad results tf fast eating. 
 
 Ans. The digestive juices cannot accomplish the digestion of large 
 particles of food, and the body loses the benefit of the food eaten. The 
 large particles are not easily carried through the alimentary canal, and 
 usually remain in the system long enough to produce poisonous gases by' 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 145 
 
 their partial decay. Sometimes poorly chewed food forms an actual 
 stoppage of the alimentary canal, producing "locked bowels." 
 
 Q. What are adenoids, and in what way do they often retard a 
 child's progress? 
 
 Ans. Peculiar growths of the upper pharynx at the opening of the 
 nose. They force mouth breathing, sometimes close the Eustachian tube, 
 and sometimes drain the vital forces of the child so as interfere with his 
 progress at school. 
 
 Q. What should the temperature of the school room be? 
 
 Ans. Never more than seventy degrees, and sixty is better. Open 
 air schools have demonstrated that more and better work can be done by 
 children in the open, with the temperature below fifty. 
 
 Q. What care should be taken about seating pupils? 
 
 Ans. The pupil must be seated where he will derive the most good 
 from his school work. In determinix g this, the size of pupils and of desks, 
 hearing, vision and other personal matters must be taken into considera- 
 tion. 
 
 Q. Name and describe the two skins. 
 
 Ans. The outer skin has neither blood vessels nor nerves, and is call- 
 ed the cuticle, scarfskin, or epidermis. The deeper portion of this skin is 
 constantly producing millions of little cells to take the place of the flat, 
 horny ones which are constantly dropping off. When these flattened scales 
 are pressed together, they form callovises. The true skin (cutis or dermis) 
 is a firm, elastic structure resting on meshes of tissue which loosely fasten 
 the skin to the parts beneath. This is much thicker than the scarfskin, 
 and contains nerves, bloodvessels, perspiratory glands, and sebaceous 
 glands. When the true skin is destroyed a scar results. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. What led to the discovery of America? 
 
 Ans. The difficulty of carrying on commerce between Italy and 
 India led the Italians to desire a more direct route. The new belief that 
 the world was round, led some to dare hope that a westward route might 
 be found; and the invention of the compass and the astrolabe contributed 
 to the possibility of so long a voyage. Reports that the Norse people had 
 discovered a new country and traditions of the explorations of the Zeno 
 brothers, further stimulated the awakening desire to know what lay be- 
 yond the seas. 
 
 Q. When and by whom was Jamestown settled? 
 
 Ans. In 1607 ,by a corporation of English merchants known as "The 
 London Company." 
 
 Q. Who were the "Patroons"? 
 
 Ans. The Dutch West India Company, in order to encourage farm- 
 ing, offered an immense tract of land to any member of the company who 
 
146 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 should take out a colony of fifty or more families. Those feudal landlords 
 were known as "Patroons." The most successful patroonship was that 
 owned by Van Rensaeller on the Hudson River. 
 
 Q. What parts of North America were settled by (a) the Spanish, 
 (b) the French; (c) the English? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Spanish — around the Gulf of Mexico, the lower part of the 
 Mississippi river, and the southern portion of California. 
 
 (b) French — along the north Atlantic coast, the St. Lawrence river 
 and the Great Lakes, and southward to the Ohio river. 
 
 (c) English — the Atlantic coast country south of the St. Lawrence 
 river and north of what is now the northern boundary of Florida, and 
 westward. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? 
 
 Ans. As the French explorations and settlements spread southward, 
 and those of the English spread westward, their claims necessarily con- 
 flicted. The territory in dispute was the country lying west of the Al- 
 leghany mountains. 
 
 Q. Give (a) the direct cause, and (b) four indirect causes of the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 Ans. (a) The real cause of the Revolutionary War was the desire for 
 freedom. This had led the colonists away from the mother country, to 
 found settlements in a wilderness peopled with savages. While the need of 
 and love for the mother country held them loyal until they had grown 
 strong in numbers and had felt the oppression of the mother country in 
 the new land, such subjection could not endure. This was the cause, (b) 
 Some of the occasions which led to the breaking out of the war were "tax- 
 ation without representation;" the "Stamp Act;" "bad royal governors" 
 "Navigation Acts;" the increased confidence in their own power which 
 was the natural outcome of the French and Indian War. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. 
 
 Ans. The Merrimac had been captured by the-Confederates, remodel- 
 ed and covered with railroad iron, and renamed "The Virginia." This ves- 
 sel had sunk or disabled every ship it had attacked. A Sweedish engineer 
 designed and built "The Monitor," a small iron clad sitting low in the 
 water, and a revolving armored turret which protected her cannon. On the 
 9th of March 1862, these two iron clads met in Hampton Roads, and circled 
 about each other in a fierce duel in which more than once the mouths of 
 their cannon almost touched. Neither vessel was seriously damaged, but 
 the Merrimac (Virginia) withdrew, and left the Federals in full control of 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Q. What was the Hartford Convention? 
 
 Ans. The convention of delegates from the states, which met in 
 Hartford in 1814. The meetings were held in secret so that the exact na- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 147 
 
 ture of the proceedings cannot be known. The report of the convention 
 recommended limiting the President to one term of office, payment to each 
 state of part of tlie federal revenue collected from it and a wholesale re- 
 duction of the powers of Congress. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of this country at the close of the Civil 
 War? 
 
 The national debt was $2,680,647,869.74; more than a million men 
 had been killed in war, or were seriously wounded; the problem of recon- 
 struction in the southern states had to be met; the south was greatly im- 
 poverished, the higher class of people untrained for agricultural pursuits, 
 and the newly-liberated negro not disposed to produce a greater crop thau 
 would suffice for his immediate needs. Bitterness existed between the 
 north and the south, and united action was almost impossible. 
 
 Q. When and how did the U. S. get (a) Florida? (b) Texas? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Florida was acquired by purchase from Spain, for $5,000,000; or, 
 rather, the U. S. assumed indebtedness in that amount, and in return Flor- 
 ida was ceded to U. S. 
 
 (b) Texas was acquired by annexation, in 1845. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Q. Name each officer of President Wilson's Cabinet. 
 
 Ans. See Appendix. 
 
 Q. Name five duties or powers of the president. 
 
 Ans. See Section III, Constitution of the United States. i 
 
 Q. What is Internal Revenue? 
 
 Ans. Internal Revenue is a tax levied on goods manufactured within 
 the country. 
 
 Q. (a) Why is a census taken? (b) How often? (c) Population of 
 the United States according to the last census? 
 
 Ans. (a) The chief reason for the taking of the census, is to deter- 
 mine the representation of the different states in the congress of the United 
 States, (b) Once in ten years, (c) 91,972,266. 
 
 Q. (a) What Postmasters are appointed by the President, and(b) 
 v^hich ones are appointed by the Postmaster General? 
 
 Ans. (a) A first class postoffice is one which pays the postmaster a 
 salary of $3,000 or more; Second class, salary not less than $2,000 nor 
 more than $3,000; Third Class, salary not less than $1,000 nor more thaa 
 than $2,000; Fourth Class, salary less than $1,000. The First, Second and 
 Third Class offices are filled by Presidential appointment. 
 
 (b) The Fourth Class, by appointment by Postmaster General, and 
 his choice is, when the office pays more than $180 a year, determined by 
 the competitive examination. 
 
 Q. What does judicial system of the United States include? 
 
148 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. The Constitution provided that the judicial power of the United 
 States should be vested in the Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts 
 as Congress may ordain and establish. There have been established the 
 Circuit Court, the District Court, Court of Claims, territorial courts. 
 
 Q. (a) What is an amendment? (b) When may it be made? (c) 
 What is the purpose of it? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) An alteration or change in a constitution or a law, which it is 
 expected will be for the better. 
 
 (b) When a majority of the persons vested with legislative function 
 considers it advisable, an amendment may be made. The Constitution of 
 the United States may be amended upon recommendation of two thirds of 
 the members of both houses of Congress, or upon application by two thirds 
 of the several states. 
 
 (c) The purpose of an amendment is to keep the laws applicable to 
 the changing conditions of National growth. 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 Q. What is meant by the art of teaching? 
 
 Ans. By the art of teaching is meant the logical presentation of mat- 
 ter used in the development of the mind, the moral nature, and the physi- 
 cal welfare of the pupil. By the science of teaching is meant the laws of 
 mind which determine the method of presentation in the teaching of the 
 pupil. 
 
 * Q. Make an outline of your day's work. 
 
 Ans. Can be answered by none but the applicant. 
 
 Q. In teaching young children, with what should the teacher begin, 
 as to materials, objects, ideas, etc? 
 
 Ans. Objects and ideas with which the child is already familiar 
 should be the sole materials for work with beginners. As the work pro- 
 gresses, new ideas concerning the familiar objects may be given, and still 
 later a new object may be presented. 
 
 Q. Is corporal punishment justifiable? 
 
 Never except "as a last resort." Even then its use is questioned by 
 about half the school world. 
 
 Q. (a) Define interest, (b) Name the different kinds of interest. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Interest is curiosity based upon some previous knowledge, and 
 strengthened to the point of self-activity. 
 
 (b) Intellectual, emotional, personal. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 149 
 
 State— August, 1913 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. A milkman sold one morning 220 qts. of milk at 6c a quart, Hl3 
 measure lacked one-fifth of a gill of holding a full quart. What was the 
 actual worth of the milk sold? 
 
 Ans. y5X220=44=number of gills short. 
 44 gills=;5J quarts. 
 
 6 cts.X5J=33 cts., value of milk not received. 
 6cts.X223=|13.20. 
 
 $13.20—33 cts.=$12.87=real value of milk sold. 
 Q. The amount of 3 yr. 6 mo. at 8 per cent is $896. What is the 
 interest? 
 
 Ans. The amount of $1 for 3 yr. 6 rao. at 8'/r is $1.28. 
 $1. 28=$700=principle. 
 $700=$196=interest. 
 Q. A merchant lost 20% of a bill of goods, but sold the remainder at 33 J % 
 more than it cost him. He gained $600. Find the cost of the goods. 
 Ans. After losing 20% he had % left. 
 
 %Xy5=^%5=selling price of the goods. 
 ^%5— i%(5=Vi5=gain on the goods. 
 As he gained $500 and also gained V15 of the cost, then the cost is $7,500. 
 Q. The difference of time between New York and St. Louis Is one 
 hour, four minutes, fifty seconds. What is the difference in longitude? 
 
 Ans. 1 hr. 4 min. 50 sec. X15 will give 16° 12' 30" the difference of longi- 
 tude. 
 
 Q. A man owned a park 64 rods long and 48 rods wide and exchang- 
 ed it for another whose length is three times its width, but whose area is 
 the same. How much more fence will be required to inclose the latter 
 than the former? ^v- 
 
 Ans. (64+48 )2=224=:perimeter of original field. 
 
 64X48=3072=area of either field. 
 As the second field is three times as long as it is wide, then J of the area 
 may be considered a square whose side will be the width of the field. 
 3072^3=1024. 
 i/1024=32=width. 
 96=length. 
 (96+32)2=256. 
 256—224=32. 
 Q. Allowing grace, find the proceeds of a note of $1200, dated Nov- 
 ember 10, 1896, payable in four months, with interest at 8 per cent from 
 date and discount Dec. 1, 189 6 at 6 per cent. 
 
 Ans. The note will be due March 13, 1897. Term of discount 103 
 
150 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 days. The amount of $1200 for 4 mo. 3 da. at 8 per cent is $1232.50. Tlie 
 proceeds of this amount for 102 days at 6 per cent are $1211.84. 
 
 Q. A furniture dealer paid $76 for tables and chairs, paying $3 for 
 tables and $2 for chairs. He sold 3 of his tables and two-fifth of his chairs 
 for $23 and by so doing, lost 8 per cent on their cost. How many of each 
 kind did he purchase? 
 
 Ans. $3X3X.92=}8.2S=3elling price of 3 tables. 
 
 $23— $8 28=$14.72=3emng price of % of the chairs. 
 
 $14.72--.92=$16=cost of % of the chairs. 
 
 %X$16=|;40=cost of chairs. 
 
 $40^$2=20=number of chairs. 
 
 $76— $40=$36. 
 
 $36^$3=12=number of tables. 
 Q. " What is the cost of feeding a work team during January, 20 ears 
 of corn at a feed (100 ears to the bushel) at 75c a bushel and 32 lbs. of 
 timothy hay daily at $12 per ton? 
 
 Ans. 20X3X31=1860=number of ears. 
 
 1860-^100=18. 60=number of bushels of corn, 
 75cXl8.60=$13.95=value of corn. 
 32 lbsX31=992=nuinber of pounds of hay. 
 992 lbs--2000=.496=tons of hay. 
 $12X-496=$5.95=value of hay. 
 $13.95+$5.95=$19.90=cost of team. 
 Q. Two vertical chimneys stand on a level ground 76 ft. apart. Qne 
 chimney is 48 ft. tall the other 105 ft. tall. Find distance between their 
 tops. 
 
 Ans. The distance between the tops is the hypotenuse of a right 
 lariangle whose sides are 76 ft. and 
 
 105—48=57 feet. 
 ^95 
 
 V (57)2+(76)2 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 Q. Spell: Parallel, caricature, paralyze, miscellaneous, nonpareil, 
 phlegmatic, rendezvous, pseudonym, supercilious, subsidiary, stratagem, 
 strategy, grisly, fuchsia, chrysalis, confectionery, tuberculous, resuscitate, 
 coalesce, typhoos, tympanum, caricature, falchion, comatose, cadaverous, 
 recondite, pyrotechnics, mirage, protege, interstice, paresis, sacrilege, cere- 
 ment, aquiline, conduit, douche, gastritis, ecumenical, solecism, raillery, 
 vizier. 
 
 Q. Use (a) vocation and avocation; (b) solicitude and solicitation 
 in. sentences to show different meanings. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) His vocation (means by which he earns a livelihood) is archi- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 151 
 
 tecture; his avocation, (something aside from his vocation, which he 
 pursues because it pleases him) is music. 
 
 (b) He expressed solicitude for the welfare of the Injured child. At 
 the earnest solicitation of friends, he called a physician. 
 
 Q. Mark ten words diacritically. 
 
 Ans. See dictionary. 
 
 READING 
 
 Q. Who wrote: (a) Enoch Arden, (b) Christmas Carol, (c) Le- 
 gend of Sleepy Hollow, (d) The Bridge, (e) The Old Oaken Bucket? 
 
 Ans. (a) Tennyson; (b) Dickens; (c) Irving; (d) Longfellow; 
 (e) Samuel Wood worth. 
 
 Q. Indicate pronunciation: Zeus, Xerxes, Themistocles, synosure, 
 ennui. 
 
 Ans. Consult dictionary. 
 
 Q. (a) How docs reading improve the conversational ability of the 
 child? (b) What kind of reading matter would you use to secure expres- 
 sion? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) By increasing his fund of knowledge, enlarging his vo- 
 cabulary, and establishing the habit of thinking in exact language. 
 
 (b) With younger classes, conversational selections; with oldei* 
 grades, introduce a great variety. 
 
 Q. Paraphrase the following: 
 
 THE FOOTPATH TO PEACE. 
 
 To be glad of life because it gives you a chance to love and to worji 
 and to play and to look up at the stars; to be satisfied with your posses- 
 sions but not contented with yourself until you have made the best of 
 them; to despise nothing in the world except falsehood and meanness; to 
 fear nothing except cowardice; to be governed by your admirations rather 
 than by your disgusts; to covet nothing that is your neighbor's except his 
 kindness of heart and gentleness of manners; to think seldom of your 
 enemies, often of your friends, and every day of Christ; and to spend as 
 much time as you can with body and with spirit in God's out-of-doors — 
 these are little guide-posts on the foot-path to peace. — Henry Van Dyke. 
 
 Ans. Those who seek peace should learn to be glad of life and its 
 opportunity to love and labor and play and worship; to be content with 
 little, but to make the most of opportunities; to despise only falsehood 
 and meanness; to fear only cov/ardice; to follow good rather than shun 
 evil; to covet nothing but kindness of heart and gentleness of manner; to 
 forget enemies, remember friends, and dwell in harmony with Christ's 
 spirit; and to spend mvich time in the out-of-doors. 
 
1:52 - Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Give, the applicant a grade on writing considering Ms entire 
 manuscript. 
 
 ALGEBRA 
 
 Q. Factor x^-lSxSyS-f 9y4. 
 
 AnS. X^— 15X 2y24-9y4=x*— 6X2 y2+9y4_9x2y2 =(x2_3y2)2_9x2y2^(x2 
 
 -3xy-3y2) (x2+3xy-3y2) 
 
 Q. The difference of two numbers is 25, and if the greater is divided 
 by the smaller, the quotient is 4 and the remainder is 4. Find the number. 
 
 Ans. Let x=greater number. 
 Then x — 25=less number, 
 x— 4 
 
 ^^4 
 
 X 25 
 
 4x— 100=x— 4 
 3x=96 
 
 x^32, X— 25=^7. 
 Q. A number is expressed by 3 digits. The sum of the digits is 21. 
 The sum of the first and second exceeds the third by 3; and if 198 is added 
 to the number, the digits in the units and hundred's place will be inter- 
 changed. Find the number. 
 
 Ans. Let x, y, z, be the hundredths, tenths and units digits. 
 100x+10y+z=the number. 
 x+y+z=21 (1) 
 x+y-z=3 (2) 
 
 100x+10y+z+198=100z+10y+x [3] 
 X— z=— 2 [4] 
 [2]— [1] gives 2z=18, z=9 
 X— 9=— 2. x=7 
 '?+y+9=21, y=5 
 100x+10y+z=759. 
 
 Q. The sum of two numbers is 20. and the sum of the cub2S is 2060. 
 
 Find the numbers. 
 
 Ans. Let x and y=the numbers. 
 x3+y3=2060 [1] 
 x+y=20 [2] 
 
 01]^ 
 
 [2] 
 
 x2— xy+y2= 
 
 ^103 
 
 [3] 
 
 (2)2 
 
 
 x2+2xy+y2. 
 
 -400 
 
 (4) 
 
 (4)- 
 
 ■C3) 
 
 3xy=297 
 xy=99 (5) 
 
 
 
 (3)- 
 
 (5) 
 
 x2— 2xy+y2= 
 
 =4 
 
 [6] 
 
 l/(6) 
 
 
 X— y=±2 
 
 
 
 x+y: 
 
 =20 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 x=ll or 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 y=9 
 
 or ] 
 
 11 
 
 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 153 
 
 Q. Solve: x«+y3=18xy 
 x+y =12 
 
 Ans. x3+y^=18xy 
 x-i-y =12 
 
 3xy 
 
 x2— xy+y2=— 
 
 xy=32 
 
 x^'+2xy+y2=144 
 
 4xy=128 
 
 x2— 2xy+y2=16 
 
 x— y=±4 x+y=12 
 
 x=8 or 4 y=4 or 8 
 
 x+1 x+2 13 
 
 Q. Solve: \ =— 
 
 x+2 x+1 6 
 x+1 x+2 13 
 
 x+2 x+1 6 
 Clear this out of fractions and we have 
 x2+3x— 4=0, [x+4][x— 1]=0 
 hence x=l or — 4. 
 
 ax b — X a[b — x] 
 
 Q. Solve: — 1 =a 
 
 b 2c 3d 
 
 ax b — X ab — ax 
 
 Ans. H =a 
 
 b 2c 3d 
 
 Cleared of fi-action, transposed and solved. 
 _6abcd+3b-'d— 2ab2c_ 
 
 ^" 6acd+ 3bd — 2abc ~ 
 Q. Find the H. C. F. of 2x^9x3+144+3: 3x*+14x3+9x+2. 
 Ans. This example is misprinted. No solution can be given. 
 
 Q. If A. can do a piece of work in a. days, and B. can do the samo 
 work in b. days, in liow many days can both together do it? 
 
 Ans. Let x=the number of days required 
 
 X 
 
 --^part A. does in x days, 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 -=part B. does in x days. 
 
 b 
 
 XX ab 
 
 a b a+b 
 
 ( y+) ( X y ) 
 
 Q. Find the product of (1 )X( ) 
 
 ( a>;^ (x2+y2) 
 y^)( xy ) X*- _' xy y(x2— y2) 
 Ans. 1 )( )= X = . 
 
 X*)(x2 + y2) x^ x2 + y2 x3 
 
154 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Define and give an example of: (a) Proper adjective, (b) pro- 
 nominal adjective, (c) numeral adjective, (d) definitive adjective. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A proper adjective is one derived from a proper noun; as, French. 
 American. 
 
 (b) Pronominal adjective is one which may, without an article, repre- 
 sent a noun; as this, much, none, such, etc. 
 
 (c) A numeral adjective is one which denotes a definite number; as, 
 five, tenth, few, many, etc. 
 
 (d) A definitive adjective modifies a noun or pronoun without de- 
 describing the person or thing represented by it; as, "No one." 
 
 Q. Give the possessive singular and the possessive plural of: Ann, 
 desk, fox, ox, child, friend, George, wife, fly, mouse. 
 
 Ans. Ann's, Anns'; desk's, desks'; fox's, foxes'; ox's, oxen's; fly's, 
 fliies'; mouse's, mice's; child's, children's; friend's, friends'; George's, 
 Georges'; wife's, wives'. 
 
 Q. Compare: hard, wise, sweet, famous, distant, fore, hind, out, 
 late, far. 
 
 Ans. Hard, harder, hardest; wise, wiser, wisest; sweet, sweeter, 
 sweetest; famous, more famous, most famous; distant, more distant, most 
 distant; fore, former, foremost; hind, hinder, hindmost; out, outer, outer- 
 most; late, latter or latest, latest or last; far, farther, farthest. 
 
 Q. (a) What modifications have verbs? (b) What styles? Illus- 
 trate the latter. 
 
 (a) Voice, mode, tense, person, number. 
 
 (b) Styles: Ordinary; as, I shall learn. Solemn; as Thou shalt.- 
 Emphatic; as, I do study. Progressive; as, I am studying. 
 
 Q. Give the synopsis of "ring" and "wring," first person, active 
 voice, indicative mode. 
 
 Ans. 
 Present I ring I wring 
 
 Past I rang I wrung 
 
 Future I shall or will ring I shall or will wring 
 
 Present per. I have rung I have wrung 
 
 Past per. I had rung I had wrung 
 
 Fut. per. I shall or will have rung I shall or will have wrung 
 
 Q. (a) Define adverbs, (b) Name five adverbs each: Negation, 
 affirmation, place, time, degree. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) An adverb is a word which ' is a verb, adjective, or another 
 adverb. 
 
 (b) Negation — no, not, nowise. Affirmation — verily, certainly, 
 truly, yes, yea. Place — there, around, within, hither, hence. Time— 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 155 
 
 yesterday, lately, suddenly, eternally, frequently. Degree — enough, suffi- 
 ciently, much, very, hardly. 
 
 Q. What Is meant by (a) relation, (b) agreement, and (c) govern- 
 ment of vi^ords in a sentence? 
 
 Ans. " 
 
 (a) By the relation of words in a sentence, is meant their connection 
 in the expression of thought. 
 
 (b) By agreement is meant certain changes of form which words 
 undergo when placed in certain relations. 
 
 (c) By government is meant the determining power of one word over 
 the form of another word used in the same connection. 
 
 Q. (a) In how many different relations may nouns stand in a 
 sentence? (b) Illustrate each. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Eight. 
 
 (b) Lucy (subject,) the milliner (apposition,) gave John ("Indirect 
 object," or object of preposition "to" omitted) a dollar (object of "gave") 
 to carry a message (object of infinitive "to carry") to James (object of pre- 
 position "to") who is the banker's (possessive case, modifying "friend") 
 friend (nominative, in the predicate after "is.") 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Paraphase: 
 
 "I think the song that's sweetest 
 
 Is the song that's never sung; 
 
 That lies at the heart of the singer 
 
 Too grand for mortal tongue. 
 And sometimes in the silence 
 Between the day and night. 
 He fancies that its measures 
 
 Bid farewell to the light." 
 
 Ans. To me the sweetest of all songs is that which is too grand for 
 mortal utterance, but which sometimes comes to us in dreams. 
 
 Q. Use each word in a sentence: (a) ere, (b) e'er, (c) ear, (d) 
 pair, (e) pare, (f) pear. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) "Maid of Athens, ere we part," 
 
 (b) Did you e'er see the dell where the wild flower blows? 
 
 (c) The ear is the organ of hearing. 
 
 (d, e, f ) He borrowed a knife to pare a pair of fine pears. 
 
 Q. Punctuate and rearrange: don't despair if the road is rough and 
 the end seems far away the riddle of life is hard to read if we try to read 
 it today 
 
156 Teachers' and Students' Examinatoins 
 
 Don't despair if the road is rough 
 And the end seems far away; 
 The riddle of life is hard to read 
 If we try to read it today. 
 
 Q. Define and give examples of: (a) simile, (b) metaphor, (c) 
 parable, (d) fable, (e) climax. 
 
 (a) A Simile is a simple comparison; as. They shall mount up as 
 eagles. 
 
 (b) Metaphor is the use of a word in a sense different from its origi- 
 nal meaning; as, "Hamilton smote the rock of national resources." 
 
 (c) Parable, a short fictitious narrative of a possible event in life or 
 nature, from which a moral is drawn; as, the parable of the ten virgins. 
 
 (d) Fable a story of supernatural, marvellous, or impossible happen- 
 ings, told to enforce some truth; as the fable of the Fox and the grapes. 
 
 (e) Climax, a succession of particulars, each more important than the 
 preceding one; as, "What a piece of work is man! how noble is reason! how 
 infinite is faculties! in form and moving, how espress and admirable! in 
 action, how like an equal! in apprehension, how like a God!" 
 
 Q. What are (a) synonyms, (b) indentation, (c) scanning, (d) 
 narration, (e) description, (f) lyric, (g) sonnet, (h) ballad? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Synonyms, words of the same meaning. 
 
 (b) Indentation, a setting in from the left margin ,to denote the be- 
 ginning of a new paragraph. 
 
 (c) Scanning, the dividing of a line into the poetical feet which com- 
 pose it. 
 
 (d) Narration, the relation in words of the particulars of any event 
 
 (e) Description, an enumeration of the essential qualities of a 
 thing or species. 
 
 (f) Lyric, a poem expressive of feeling rather than of action. 
 
 (g) Sonnet, a short poem usually amatory. 
 
 (h) Ballad, a simple song of a romantic nature. 
 
 Q. Write 100 words on "Methods or Ways of Teaching Nature Study 
 in the Public Schools." 
 
 Ans. Fortunately, our public schools in Kentucky are so situated as 
 to place nearly all children near the source of material for nature study. 
 Even in our largest towns, the majority of children live within walking 
 distance of the fields. 
 
 Such teaching should begin with the child's knowledge of plants and 
 animals, strengthened by closer and more extended observation. 
 
 The child's natural interest and curiosity should not be destroyed by 
 the enforced memorizing of technical terms. Let him, as far as possible, 
 find expression in his own language, supply new or technical terms only 
 when his observation has outgrown his vocabulary. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 157 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. Locate the following: (a) Bagdad, (b) Rheims, (c) Osaka, (d) 
 Fez, (e) Belfast, (f) Hue, (g) Virginia City, (h) Mecca, (i) Severn 
 River. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Bagdad, a city in S. E. Turkey in Asia. 
 
 (b) Rheims, northern France. 
 
 (c) Osaka, Japan. 
 
 (d) Fez, one of the capitals of Morocco. 
 
 (e) Belfast, north eastern Ireland. 
 
 (f) Hue, capital of Anam. 
 
 (g) Virginia City, Nevada, w^estern part. 
 
 (h) Mecca, about fifty miles east of the Red Sea. 
 
 (i) Severn River, western England. 
 
 Q. Name the different kinds of winds, and give their uses. 
 
 Ans. Trade winds, which blow toward the torrid zones; anti trades, 
 or return-trade winds, which blow in opposite direction from the trade 
 winds; prevailing westerlies, which generally blow from a western direc- 
 tion, and are found north and south of the trade winds and anti-trades. 
 
 Q. Locate (a) "Garden of the Gods," (b) Death Valley, (c) The 
 Everglades, (d) Golden Gate. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) "Garden of the Gods," a region of about five hundred acres near 
 Colorado Springs, noted for its fantastic rock formations. 
 
 (b) Death Valley, a region lower than sea level, in sovithern Cali- 
 fornia, near the Nevada boundary. 
 
 (c) The Everglades, low, swampy section of Florida. 
 
 (d) Golden Gate, the strait forming the entrance to San Francsco 
 Bay, Cal. 
 
 Q. A log in the Little Miami river may float to the coast of northern 
 Europe; by what waters and marine currents would it be carried? 
 
 Ans. Little Miami, Ohio, Mississippi rivers; Gulf Stream, and West 
 Wind Drift. 
 
 Q. Name five noted cities of Italy, and tell for what each is famous. 
 
 Ans. Naples, beautiful Bay and Mt. Vesuvius; Palermo, the capital 
 of Sicily, in extensive vineyards and fruit groves; Rome, the ancient seat 
 of the Roman Empire, noted for its magnificent cathedrals. The Vatican 
 (the residence of the Pope,) and ruins of ancient Rome. Florence, noted 
 for its art galleries. Milan, noted for a magnificent cathedral of white 
 marble with more than a hundred spires, and fully four thousand statues; 
 also for the fact that on the wall of a former monastery is Leonard*o Da 
 Vinci's famous painting, "The Last Supper." 
 
 Q. Give the latitude of (a) Rome, (b) the Arctic Circle, (c) Frank- 
 fort, Ky., (d) the mouth of the Amazon river, (e) and Dallas, Texas. 
 
158 Teacliers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Rome, forty-tv/o degrees North Latitude. 
 
 (b) Arctic Circle, sixty-six and a half degrees North. 
 
 (c) Frankfort, Ky., nearly forty-three degrees North. 
 
 (d) Mouth of the Amazon, has no Latitude, being on the Equator. 
 
 (e) Dallas, nearly thirty-three degrees North. 
 
 Q. Locate (a) the White Mt's., (b) Green Mts., (c) Smoky Mts., 
 (d) Black Hills, and (e) Blue Ridge. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) White Mts., New Hampshire; (b) Green Mts., Vermont; (c) 
 Smoky Mts., western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee; (d) Black 
 Hills, S. W. South Dakota, and N. B. Wyoming, (e) Blue Ridge, Central 
 Virginia. 
 
 Q. Draw a map of Africa, locating the Barbary States and the capi- 
 tal of each, and five of the largest rivers. 
 
 Ans. Maps cannot be reproduced in these pages. 
 
 Q. Give (a) Kentucky's longitude, (b) latitude, (c) area, (d) pop- 
 ulation, and (e) date of admission into the union. 
 
 Ans. Eighty-two to ninety degrees West Longitude; (b) from 
 thirty-six to forty degrees North Latitude, (c) Area, 40,598; (d) pop- 
 ulation, 2,289,905 (1910 census.) (e) Admitted into the Union in 1792. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. What is an organ? 
 
 Ans. An organ is a division of the body in most instances composed 
 of cells unlike those found in any other part of the body, and having a 
 distinct and individual use or function. 
 
 Q. Through what two sources does the heart receive its nerve sup- 
 ply? 
 
 Ans. The pneumo-gastric nerve (an agitation of which slows the 
 heart action,) and the sympathetic system, by which the heart action is 
 stimulated. 
 
 Q. (a) What is transfusion? (b) State the three great dangers 
 which it involves. 
 
 Ans. (a) Transfusion is the transference of blood from the circula- 
 tion of one person or animal to that of another, (b) The entrance of air 
 into the circulation; the transmission of disease from one person to another 
 through the circulation; danger from infection through the wound. 
 
 Q. Name the three chief kinds or divisions of foods. 
 
 Ans. Proteids, sugars, and fats. 
 
 Q. Describe the layers in the muscular coat of the stomach. How 
 does this aid digestion. 
 
 Ans. The fibers in this muscular coat run lengthwise^ crosswise, and 
 obliquely. Affords motion in three different directions, thoroughly mix- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 159 
 
 ing the digestive juices with the foods. 
 
 Q. What is metabolism? Illustrate your answer. 
 
 Ans. Metabolism is the sum of the process by which protoplasm is 
 built up or destroyed. The positive, or building up, process is termed as- 
 similation. 
 
 Q. What is the function of the Eustachian tube? 
 
 Ans. Connects the middle ear with the pharynx, and by admittin^i' 
 air to the middle ear, equalizes the pressure on the air drum, and prevents 
 injury or breakage of the drum, by the pressure of the outer air. 
 
 Q. Give five laws of sanitation that should be put in daily practice 
 in the school room. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Air should be /ree from dust and other impurities. 
 
 (2) Air should be constantly renewed, and the supply kept fresh. 
 
 (3) No drinking vessel should be exposed to the open air of the school 
 room. 
 
 (4) The common drinking cup or dipper should be discarded. 
 
 (5) Drinking water should be pure and kept in a ocvered recep- 
 tacle. 
 
 Q How many pairs of 'ribs? Locate as to division and give the num- 
 ber in each division. 
 
 Ans. Twelve. The upper seven pairs are attached to the spinal 
 column and to the sternum, and are called True ribs; the lower five pairs 
 are called false ribs, and are attached to the spinal column in the rear, 
 three pairs being joined each to the rib above by cartilage; two pairs are 
 unattached in front, and by some are termed floating ribs. 
 
 Q. Name five juices of the body, locate each, and give its function. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Saliva, supplied by glands in the mouth, moistens the food and 
 changes starch to sugar. 
 
 Synovia, secreted by Synovial membrane, and necessary in the lubri- 
 cation of the joints. 
 
 (3) Gastric juice, secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach; 
 changes albumen into peptone. 
 
 (4) Pancreatic juice, secreted by the Pancreas, contains three fer- 
 ments which are very important in the process of digestion. 
 
 (5) Bile, secreted by the liver aids the pancreatic juice in intestinal 
 digestion. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. Name the three principal American generals of the Mexican War 
 and give the plan that each was to pursue. 
 
 Ans. General Zachary Taylor, who was to occupy the territory along 
 the Rio Grande; Kearney, who was to head an invasion of New Mexico and 
 
163 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 California; Scott, who was to capture the city of Mexico. 
 
 Q. Locate as to war, tell which side was victorious, and name one 
 commander that participated in the following: (a) Still Water, (b) 
 Antietam, (c) Lookout Mountain. 
 
 Ans. Revolutionary, American, Burgoyne; (b) Civil, Union, Mc- 
 Clellan; (c) Civil, Union, Hooker. 
 
 Q. Give the preamble to the Constitution of the U.S. (b) Of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Ans. We the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for 
 the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
 of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this con- 
 stitution of the United States of America." , 
 
 (b) "We, the people of the commonv/ealth of Kentucky, grateful to 
 Almighty God for the civil, political and religious liberties we enjoy, and 
 invoking a continuance of these blessings, do ordain and establish this 
 Constitution." 
 
 Q. What do the following dates suggest. 1579, 1701, 1614. 
 
 1579, Discovery of San Francisco Bay by Drake. 
 
 1701, Settlement of Detroit. 
 
 1614, Captain John Smith's return to America, for exploration and 
 discovery. It was during this visit that he explored the coast from the 
 Penobscot river to Cape Cod and made a map of the region. 
 
 Q. What was the "Grand Model"? 
 
 Q. A plan of government for Carolina, drawn up by John. Locke, 
 and intended to establish a sort of landed nobility into America. The 
 plan was opposed by the colonists, and never went into effect. 
 
 Q. Who wrote the follov/ing: (a) Conquest of Peru, (b) Man 
 without a Country, (c) Magnalia Christi? 
 
 Ans. (a) Prescott; (b) Edward Everett Hale; (c) The most bulky 
 of the literary works of Cotton Mather bore the title, "Magnalia Christi 
 Americana; or the Ecclesiastical History of New England from its first 
 Planting in the year 1620, unto the year of our Lord 1698." 
 
 Q. Who were the following: (a) Edmond Andros, (b) Montezumas, 
 (c) Baffin, (d) John Eliot, (e) Wouter Van Twiller? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Royal Governor of New England, 1686. 
 
 (i>) Tl-3 ruler of Mexico prior to the conquest of that country by 
 Cortez. 
 
 (c) English navigator of the seventeenth centtiry, for whom Baffin 
 Land was named. 
 
 (d) A graduate of Cambridge, who came to America in early man- 
 hood, settled at Roxbury as a preacher, wrote The Bay Psalm Book and 
 other religious works. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 161 
 
 (e) The second Dutch governor of New Netherlands (New York.) 
 
 Q. Who was Pizarro? Tell of his teachery to Atahualpa. 
 
 Ans. The conqueror of Peru. Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, wsl'S- 
 captured by Pizarro who promised to liberate him if he would have gold 
 and silver in vast quantities brought to Pizarro. When the required 
 amount of gold and silver had been brought, Pizarro confiscated the pre- 
 cious metal and slew Atahualpa. 
 
 Q. (a) What led to the discovery of America? (b) Name two im- 
 portant inventions of the 15th century. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The growing commerce between Western Europe and Southern 
 Asia, and the desirability of a better route than crossing the mountainous 
 and arid land between, or of sailing around Africa. 
 
 (b) The astrolabe, the compass. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Q. What are the duties of the Secretary of State. 
 
 Ans. The duties of this office are not very clearly defined by law, but 
 -are such as come from the direction of the President. The Secretary is to- 
 "perform and execute such duties as shall from time to time be enjoined 
 on or intrusted to him by the President, agreeably to the Constitution, 
 relative to correspondences, commissions, or instructions to or with public 
 minsters or consuls from the United States." 
 
 Q. Tell why you think a republic superior to any other form of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Ans. The existence of a republican form of government implies u 
 higher degree of civilization than is necessary in a monarchy; it implies, 
 also, a greater number of persons and a wider extent of territory 
 than is possible in a monarchy. The ideal of self-government is general, 
 and through the exercise of this power through the direct ballot and tlie 
 action of representatives, this ideal is strengthened and more nearly reach- 
 ed. 
 
 Q. What is a good citizen in fullest sense. 
 
 Ans. A good citizen in the fullest sense is one for whom no law is 
 necessary; he respects the rights of others, is self-sustaining and self-gov- 
 erning, and aids in controlling those who are weaker in citizenship. 
 
 Q. Why s.hould judges be selected for long terras? 
 
 Ans. That their judicial acts may not be influenced by a desire for 
 re-election. 
 
 Q. Name four important committees of the National House of repre- 
 sentatives and tell their duties. 
 
 Ans. Ways and Means, Appropriation-, Judiciary, Foreign Affairs, 
 Agriculture. It is the duty of each committr ^ to examine and report var- 
 ious matters of business coming under the ccnolderation of their respective- 
 

 162 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 ■departments as indicated by the name of their Committee. Bills are read 
 twice by title before the House, then referred to the appropriate committee 
 and ordered to be printed. When the Committee has reported upon it, it 
 is ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, after which a vote is 
 taken upon its passage. 
 
 Q. Give reasons for the President's term being for six years duration 
 and not be eligible for re-election. 
 
 Ans. In order for the President to fully establish the wisdom or, 
 ■otherwise of his policies, for which the tour year term is hardly sufficient. 
 That the official acts of the President may not be determined or influenced 
 "by his disire for re-election. 
 
 Q. Why are senators and representatives privileged from arrest 
 ■during sessions of Congress except for certain offenses? 
 
 Ans. Except for this wise provision, members of Congress could be 
 arrested on false charges and held until the vote on some measure before 
 Congress had been taken. 
 
 Q. (a) How many representatives in Congress from this State? (b; 
 How is the number determined? (c) How many electors? 
 
 Ans. (a) Eleven, (b) The number of Representatives in any Stato 
 is determined by the population of that State, (c) Thirteen electors (as 
 many as there are representatives and senators.) 
 
 THEOEY AND PRACTICE 
 
 Q. What do you consider the most important school legislation to 
 be dealt with in our next General Assembly, and why? (Session of 1914.) 
 
 Ans. The amendment of the law relating to graded schools, so as to 
 ►enable them to levy taxes sufficient to build houses and employ teachers. 
 'Communities already educated to the need of good schools, are handicap- 
 ped, and unable to do all they wish to do, for the good of their local school. 
 
 Q. Is our present Compulsory School law effective, and give a good 
 reason for or against compulsory education. 
 
 Ans. Yes, if it is properly enforced. Parents who are too indifferent 
 to send their children to school, should be forced to do so for the children's 
 sake. The child should not be made to suffer because of the stupidity, 
 ignorance, or prejudice of its parents. 
 
 Q. Give one or two tenets of Proebel and Pestalozzi. 
 
 Ans. Proebel, the law of self-activity in education; Pestalozzi, "In- 
 struction, especially for young children, should be based upon observa- 
 tion." 
 
 Q. What is the difference between pedagogy and psychology? Give 
 their relative values. 
 
 Ans. Psychology is the science of the laws of mind; pedagogy treats 
 ■of the application of the principles of psychological research, and is based 
 on ethics as well as psychology. Pedagogy treats of the aim, na- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 16S 
 
 ture, and form of education, methods of instruction. Co-ordinate in im- 
 portance. 
 
 Q. Name three chief requisites of an ideal teaclier and tell why you 
 think so. 
 
 Ans. Good character^ in order to properly impress the young people 
 in their charge; scholarly habits, in order to inspire the pupil to greater 
 knowledge and growth; love and sympathy, in order to give the best 
 training in character; good health, to maintain strong and even discipline 
 and work in the school; sincerity in his personal and professional relations 
 with pupils, in order to establish a wholesome influence over them; worthy 
 ambition, which implies constant growth and improvement. 
 
 Q. Write a theme on the subject, "The Model School." Look at sub- 
 ject from mental, spiritual, and physical side. 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 Q. Into what periods is American Literature divided? Give the ap- 
 proximate dates of each. 
 
 Ans. Colonial (1607 to 1776;) Revolutionary (1776-1787;) Nation- 
 al (following 1787.) 
 
 Q. What were the chief contributions to American literature by the 
 following: (a) John Eliot, (b) Cotton Mather, and (c) Benjamin 
 Franklin? 
 
 Ans. (a) Translation of the Bible into the Indian language, (b) Ec- 
 clesiastical History of New England, (c) Autobiography, and Poor Rich 
 ard's Almanac. 
 
 Q. What was "Transcendentalism"? Name five of its chief advo- 
 cates. 
 
 Ans. "Transcendalism" was the term applied to the philosophy of 
 "The Concord School," founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and his follow- 
 ers, among whom were Margaret Fuller Assoli, George Ripley, Amos Bron- 
 son Alcott, and Jones Very. 
 
 Q. Who wrote: (a) The House of Seven Gables; (b) The House of 
 a Thousand Candles; (c) Bleak House; (d) The House of Martha; (e» 
 The Fall of the House of Usher? 
 
 Ans. (a) Nathaniel Hawthorne. (b) Meredith Nicholson: (c) 
 Charles Dickens. (d) Frank R. Stockton. (e) Edgar Allen Poe. 
 
 Q. (a) What was the Bay Psalm Book? (b) Federalist? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The first book printed in America, written and arranged by John 
 Eliot. 
 
 (b) A series of eighty- five essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Mad- 
 ison and John Jay, expounding and advocating the adoption of the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. (See Webster's International Dictionary.) 
 
 Q. Who wrote Comus? (b) Pilgrims Progress? (c) Rape of tlii- 
 
164 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Lock? (d) The Princess? (e) Romance of Two Worlds? 
 
 Ans. (a) John Milton. (h) John Bunyan. (c) Alexander Pope 
 (d) Alfred Tennyson, (e) Marie Corelli. 
 
 Q. Give the author of the following quotations: (a) "Speak, foi 
 when you speak I am always ready to listen." (b) "Revile him not, for 
 the tempter hath a snare for all." 
 
 Q. Name five of Shakespeare's plays and give two of the leading 
 characters in each. 
 
 Ans. (1) Julius Caesar; Brutus, Cassius. (2) Merchant of Venice; 
 Shylock, Portia. (3) Macbeth; Lady Macbeth, Banquo. (4) Taming a 
 Shrew; Petrucio, Katherine. (5) Hamlet; Hamlet and Ophelia. 
 
 Q. (a) What was the nature of The Canterbury Tales? (b) Eu- 
 topia? Who wrote each? 
 
 Ans. (a) Romantic fiction, by Chaucer. (b) Philosophical ro- 
 mance, by Moore. 
 
 Q. Name five National songs and author of each. 
 
 Ans. There is, to be exact, no National song for the U. S. of America. 
 Some that are most widely known and sometimes referred to as "National," 
 are: "Hail Columbia," Joseph Hopkinson; "America," Samuel F. Smith, 
 "Star Spangled Banner," Francis Scott Key; "Battle Hymn of the Re- 
 public," by Julia Ward Howe, and Yankee Doodle, origin uncertain. 
 
TeachersS and Students' Examinations 165 
 
 County Superintendents — 1913 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 (Graded on Capitalized Words only.) 
 
 Q. Their INSPIRATION EXHALED in ELEGIES. In MEDICINE 
 .'SYNCOPE means a PARTIAL or complete TEMPORARY SUSPENSION of 
 HESPIRATION and CIRCULATION, due to CEREBRAL ANEMIA and 
 CHARACTERIZED by SUDDEN PALLOR, COLDNESS of the skin and par- 
 tial or COMPLETE UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 
 
 PHILOSOPHERS hasten too much from the ANALYTIC to the SYN- 
 THETIC methods; that is they draw general CONCLUSIONS from too small 
 a number of PARTICULAR OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY LAW is the body of rules and PRECEDENTS by 
 which DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES GOVERN their PROCEDURE. 
 
 SELF-FORGETFULNESS in surprise, ASTONISHMENT with GAP- 
 ING WONDERMENT, had STARED AGAST. 
 
 GIBE, means to repoarch with CONTEMPTUOUS words. 
 
 GIDDY, means foolishly EXUBERANT in spirit. 
 
 Q. Write the following words in sentences: Improvise, dilation, ad- 
 monish, disparage, recreant, corpulent, irrelevant, munificent, omniscient, 
 ■belligerent, colleague. 
 
 Ans. The musican was never so happy as when asked to improvise. 
 The dilation of the pupil of the eye occurs with the withdrawal of light. 
 We should admonish the young against the practice of making disparag- 
 ing remarks against their mistaken fellows, no matter how recreant they 
 may appear to be. The corpulent gentleman made some irrelevant remarks 
 ■concerning a munificent bequest, which stamped him as more belligerent, 
 and less omniscient, than his colleague. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically all the words in the above question. 
 
 Ans. See Dictionary. 
 
 READING 
 
 Q. Indicate the pronunciation of infancy, Colorado, fragile, super- 
 cilious, recondite. 
 
 Ans. Diacritical marks can not be reproduced in these pages. Pee 
 -dictionary. 
 
 Q. How may reading and spelling be advantageously correlated? 
 
 Ans. As new terms are encountered in the reading lesson, the spell- 
 ing may be most easily learned — master the word as to form and in ita 
 connection in the lesson at the same time. 
 
 Q. In a third or fourth grade, what preliminary work should be giv- 
 ^«n a child on the lesson in hand before he attempts to read it. 
 
 •Ans. Assistance should be given in the mastery of new words; inter- 
 
163 Teachers' and Students' Examihati'ons: 
 
 est in the lesson should be aroused. Perhaps a few questions; intended to 
 arouse his curiosity, might be asked to insure his close attention to the 
 content when making his first attempt at silent reading. The lesson should 
 be mastered before oral reading is attempted. 
 
 Q. What three important ends would you strive to attain in teach- 
 ing reading? 
 
 Ans. Skill in interpretation, desire for knowledge, taste for good 
 literature. 
 
 Q. Name five books that would be suitable to read to all grades for 
 morning exercise or at spare moments. 
 
 Ans. There are hundreds. The following are good: The Bible (cer- 
 tain sections); Robinson Crusoe; Wild Animals I Plave Known; Black 
 Beauty; David Copperfield. 
 
 Q. Would you give first or second grade pupils a reading lesson to 
 study at home? Give reasons for or against. 
 
 Ans. I would not. In these grades, the work is better prepared un- 
 der the direct supervision of the teacher; the child is too young and his 
 foiindation work is too light for independent study; he needs that time 
 for association with other members of his home, for play, and for recrea- 
 tion. 
 
 Q. How may reading be profitably correlated v/ith geography and 
 history from the fifth grade \ip? 
 
 Ans. The pupil should be required to do supplementary work in botii 
 geography and history, and to report on his reading; also, many choice se- 
 lections with a distinct geographical or historical setting may be read- 
 It is easier to correlate, than not to correlate, when the teacher is wide- 
 awake to her opportunities. 
 
 Q. Do you think a desire to read is due to cultivation? If so, hovr 
 may this desire be cultivated? 
 
 Ans. Yes. Just as anything else is cultivated — give it the proper 
 material to feed upon, the proper environment, and time. 
 
 Q. The proceeds from a box supper is five dollars. This you wish to^ 
 invest in ten books for fifth grade boys and girls. What ten would you 
 purchase? 
 
 Ans. The applicant evidently desires to ascertain the books which 
 the teacher is familiar with in teaching these grades. The question should, 
 be answered with ease, if the teacher rememibers the exact price of the- 
 books. We suggest that every teacher get catalogs of supplementary books 
 from different publishers (all of them have excellent books,) and use dis- 
 crimination in making a choice for the work of the grades. 
 
 Ten good selections: Little Women, Tales from Shakespeare, Pil- 
 grim's Progress, The Mill on the Floss, The Little Minister, Arabian Nights^ 
 Treasure Island, Rip Van Winkle, Tom Brown's School Days, Pathfinder. 
 
 Q. What method do you use in teaching reading? Mention other 
 methods. Is it well for a teacher to adhere too closely to any one method? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 167 
 
 Why, or why not? 
 
 Ans. Eclectic. Word, Sentence, and Phonic. I tliinlc not — for tliis 
 reason use the Eclectric method, whicli is a combination of the three 
 named. 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Copy the following: 
 
 "God of our fathers known of old, 
 
 Lord of our far-flung battle line. 
 
 Beneath whose awful hand we hold 
 
 Dominion over palm and pine — 
 
 Lord God of hosts, be with us yet, 
 
 Lest we forget, lest we forget!" 
 
 Q. Analyze the letters in Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. Using the system which you are expected to teach, write the 
 analysis of each letter, as shown on page 89. 
 
 Q. Make all the small letters that are one space high. 
 
 Ans. The one-space letters are a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x and one 
 form of z. The letters r and s are one and a quarter spaces. 
 
 Q. Make all the small letters that are three spaces high. 
 
 Ans. The three-space letters are as follows: b, h, k, 1. The letter 
 f is three spaces high and extends two spaces below the base line. 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 How many bushels of ear corn will a wagon bed hold, that is IOV2 
 ft. long, 3 ft. 2in. wide, and 28 in. deep, allowing ly^ cu.ft. to the bushel? 
 
 Ans. 10V2X3VoX2y3=77%2=ca. ft. in wagon bed. 
 
 77vi2^2J=31Mw=number of bushels in wagon bed. 
 Q. Two men hired a pasture for $408. One puts in 42 head of cattle 
 and the other 60 head. What should each pay? 
 
 Ans. One man should pay ^','17, the other 'hi, 
 i')i7 of $408=$210, '/IT of $408=$168. 
 Q. There are 2150.4 cu. in. in a stricken bu. There are 2747.7 cu. 
 in. in a heaped bushel. A Huckster sold 100 bushels of potatoes to his 
 customers, at $1.25 per bu., giving them stricken measure. Of how 
 much money did he rob his customers? 
 
 Ans. (2150.4,<100)^2747.7=78.22=:the number of bushels he should have 
 sold. 
 
 100X$1.25=$125. 
 78.22X$1.25=$97.77. 
 
 $125— $97. 77=$27. 23= Amount his customers were robbed of. 
 Q. A merchant buys sugar at 5 % cents a lb. He has his help put 
 it up in sacks of 4 1/^ lbs. each. At what price per sack must he sell it to 
 gain 3 y^. per cent. 
 
168 Teachers 'and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. 3^f/o of 5| cents added to 5| cents will give practically 6 cents. This- 
 
 represents the selling price per lb. 6 centsX4^— 27 cts.=Selling price per sack. 
 
 Q. The death rate from typhoid fever in the United States during 
 
 the year 1912 was 22 out of each 100,000 persons. What per cent of the 
 
 population died from typhoid fever. 
 
 Ans. 22^100,000=11/50000=11/500%. Hence, the death rate is 11/500 of l^^c. 
 Q. How many cords of wood are there in a pile 18ft. long and 4 ft., 
 high? 
 
 Ans. 18X4X4=288 cu. ft in pile. 
 288-^128=2J=cords in pile. 
 Q. Butchers agree that hogs in butchering lose 25 lbs. on the first 
 100 lbs. 15 lbs. on the second, and 10 lbs. on each additional hundred. 
 Which is better and how much to sell a hog weighing 425 lbs at 8 cts per- 
 Ib. live weight, or at 9 cents a pound net weight? 
 
 Ans. 425X8 cts.=$34=value of live hog'. According to the estimate there- 
 will be lost 62J lbs. 
 425— 62i=362J=net weight. 
 362iX9 cts.=$32.62J. 
 
 $34— $32. 62|=$1.37J better to sell the live ho^ at 8 cts. per lb. 
 Q. Add to 4.025 13.12, substract their difference and multiply the re-» 
 mainder by the quotient of difference divided by .004. 
 
 . Ans. 13.12 +4.025=17.145=Sum. 
 
 13.12 —4.025= 9.095=Difference. 
 17.145—9.095= 8.051^.004=250. 
 8.05 X250=2012.5. 
 Q. At a $1.47 per bu. what costs 17 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. Ipt. of fruit? 
 Ans. 17 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. 1 pt.=17.828 bu. 
 17.828X$1.47=$26.207. 
 Q. Make a problem and solve it showing that you are familiar with- 
 bank discount. Applicant has privilege of solving any eight problems and- 
 being credited with 12^1/^ per cent each, or solving all the problems and 
 receiving 10 per cent each. 
 
 Ans. Consult any Standard arithmetic for a problem. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Discuss the value of conversational exercises in grammar. 
 
 Ans. Correct speech is the result of association and practice rather- 
 than of knowledge. As the principles of grammar are learned, the pupils 
 should be given much practice in their use, in order to fix the principle 
 and correct former inaccuracies of expression. 
 
 Q. What is synthesis? Analysis? What importance do you attaclfe 
 to analysis? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 169 
 
 Ans. Synthesis is the union of elements to form sentences. Au- 
 ■aJysis is the separation of sentence into its elements. In the exact inter- 
 pretation of language, analysis is of highest importance. 
 
 Q. (a) Give and illustrate six rules for the formation of plurals; 
 lb) what four uses has an adjective element? Illustrate. 
 
 Ans. (a) (1) Use different words; as mouse, mice. (2) Add "s" 
 to the singular form, when the sound of "s" will unite with the last sound 
 of the noun, as hill, hills. (3) Add "es" to the singular when the sound 
 ■of "s" will not unite with the last sound of the noun, as, box, boxes. (4) 
 Nouns ending in "y", change "y" to "i" and add "es", as in fly, flies. (5) 
 Letters, figures and signs are made plural by adding '"s" to the singular, 
 as, a, a's. (b) The adjective element may be descriptive: as, "The grass 
 is GREEN." Or it may be restrictive; as, "EACH day the world is born 
 anew." Or it may represent number (really a division of definities;) as, 
 "THREE men in a boat." Or, it may be used interrogatively; as, 
 •*WHICH road will you take?" 
 
 Q. Name and illustrate the tenses of the indicative and subjunctive 
 modes. 
 
 Ans. The Indicative mode has Present, Past, Future, Present Perfect, 
 Past Perfect, and Future Perfect tenses; the Subjunctive mode has Present, 
 Past, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect tenses. See any model for conjuga- 
 "tion, for examples. 
 
 'Q. Use "enough" as three different parts of speech. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Noun; as, its use in the foregoing question. 
 
 As an Adjective; as, "Enough money has been spent." 
 
 As an Adverb; as, "He has walked enough." 
 
 Q. Diagram the following sentence, and parse the capitalized words: 
 ■"HE HEAPED up great RICHES, but passed HIS time miserably." 
 
 Ans. Briefly, the analysis is as follows: Simple sentence with com- 
 pound predicate or compound sentence with single subject; "He" is sub- 
 ject; "Heaped" and "Passed" are predicates, with "riches" and "time" as 
 objects, respectively. "Great" is adjective element modifying "riches"; 
 "miserably" is adverbial element, modifying "passed." 
 
 "Heaped" is a verb, transitive, regular, past tense, indicative mode, 
 singular number, third person. 
 
 "Riches" is a noun, common, neuter, third, plural, objective case after 
 the transitive verb "heaped." 
 
 "His" is pronoun, personal, masculine, third, singular, possessive cas3 
 niodifying "time." 
 
 Q. (a) When is a noun said to be in apposition? (b) Give three 
 ways in which a noun may be in apposition. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A iioain is said to be in apposition with another noun when they 
 represent the same person or thing and one is used to explain or emphasize 
 
170 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 the other. 
 
 (b) A noun may be in apposition with another noun, or with a phrase 
 used as a noun, or with a clause used as a noun. 
 
 Q. Express the same thought in a simple, a complex, and a compound 
 sentence. 
 
 Ans. He builds a palace of ice near the cataract. He builds a 
 palace of ice where the torrents fall. He builds a palace of ice, and near 
 it the torrents fall. 
 
 Q. Name and illustrate the classification of conjunctions. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 As to rank: (1) Co-ordinate, connecting sentences of equal rank; 
 and (2) Subordinate, connecting sentences of unequal rank. 
 
 As to signification: (3) Copulative, simply connecting words, 
 phrases and clauses, yet indicates alternative. (4) Adversative, or anti- 
 thetic meaning. 
 
 Examples: (1) James is a studious and intelligent boy; (2) He 
 fled because his life was in danger; (3) The moon shines and the wind 
 blows; (4) The shop was burned but the house was saved. 
 
 Q. Ten percent will be either given to or deducted from the general 
 average according to the general structure or general worth of yovir paper. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. Draw a map of the county in which you teach, locating the most 
 important rivers or streams, important cities and county seat. 
 
 Ans. The candidate shoiild prepare to answer this question. 
 
 Q. Compare Louisiana and Colorado as to the following points: (a) 
 Latitude; (b) Topography; (c) Climate and Products; (d) Soil; (e) 
 Waterways. 
 
 (a) Louisiana lies between 29 and 33 degrees, Colorado between 36 
 and 41 degrees North Latitude. 
 
 (b) Louisiana is low, level, and much of it is swampy, with eleva- 
 tion above the sea of less than 500 feet, the greater part being less than 
 100 feet; Colorado is rugged and mountains Vv^ith an elevation of about 
 8,000 feet above the sea level. 
 
 (c and d)The climate of Louisiana is hot and moist and the soil is 
 very fertile, the products are sugar cane, cotton, rice, and tropical fruits. 
 The climate of Colorado is much colder and drier than that of Louisiana, 
 and subject to great extreme. 
 
 In Colorado the soil is fertile in the valleys, and when irrigated yields 
 heavy crops of sugar beets, grains, vegetables, and fruits. 
 
 (e) Louisiana has a frontage on Gulf of Mexico, the eastern side is 
 bounded by the Mississippi River, and there are navigable streams within, 
 its boundaries; Colorado has no navigable waterway. 
 
 Q. Locate: Zurich, Nantes, Dubuque, Mobile, Colon, and Albuquer- 
 que. 
 
 Ans. Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland, situated on Lake 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 171 
 
 Zurich; Nantes is on the Loire river, France; Dubuque is in eastern part 
 of Iowa; Mobile is in Alabama on the Gulf; Colon is a city at the eastern 
 (or northern) end of Panama Canal; Albuquerque is in central New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Q. What disastrous volcanic eruption occurred recently? Give a 
 brief account of it. 
 
 Ans. Lassen Peak, of the Sierra Nevada range in northern California, 
 erupted June 14, 1914. The eruption was violent, propelling a column 
 'Of smoke, ashes and stone something like 5,000 feet. Compression on ac- 
 count of the caving in of the sides of the mouth of the crater is thought 
 to be the occasion. Lance Graham, a mountaineer, was severely injured 
 by falling cinders. Others were slightly injured. 
 
 Q. A merchandise vessel plies between San Francisco and Yokohoma, 
 What articles of trade would it be apt to carry each way? 
 
 Ans. The outgoing vessel from San Francisco would be likely to 
 carry flour, clothing, leather goods, gold, silver, wine, v/ool; the incoming 
 vessel would be likely to carry rice, tea, art goods, fabrics, spices. 
 
 Q. Name the peninsula countries of Europe, and give the capital of 
 each. 
 
 Ans. Norway, Christiania; Sweden, Stockholm; Denmark, Copen- 
 hagen; Spain, Madrid; Portugal, Lisbon; Italy, Naples; Turkey, Constanti- 
 nople; Greece, Athens. 
 
 Q. Discuss: "Five things a resourceful teacher will do in Geogra- 
 phy." 
 
 Ans. Use local topography to illustrate earth formations; use local 
 products to serve as a basis for the study of transportation; use purchased 
 articles from foreign countries to inspire interest in foreign lands and cus- 
 toms; correlate geography with study of history and literature; use world- 
 facts to broaden the sympathy and intelligence of the child. 
 
 Q. Describe the route a vessel would have likely sailed in circum- 
 navigating the globe in the year 1913. What will probably be the route 
 in 1915? 
 
 Ans. From Liverpool, Eng., through Mediterranean Sea, Isthmus of 
 Suez, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, around South America, across the Atlan- 
 tic to Liverpool. In 1915 it is likely that instead of doubling South 
 America, such vessels will pass through the Panama Canal. 
 
 Q. Describe the territory known as the Canal Zone. 
 
 Ans. The Canal Zone is a strip of land ten miles wide, extending 
 across the Isthmus of Panama from Colon on the Atlantic to Panama on 
 the Pacific coast. This Zone is controlled by the United States. 
 
 Q. In going by boat down the Mississippi river, what ten important 
 cities would you pass? In what State is each city? 
 
 Ans. Minneapolis and St. Paul, in Minnesota; Dubuque and Daven- 
 port, in Iowa; St. Louis, Mo.; Cairo, Ill.;Menphis, Tenn.; Vicksburg, 
 Miss.; Baton Rouge and New Orleans, La. 
 
172 Teachers' and Students' Examinatoins 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. Give five steps in the territorial expansion of the United States; 
 and the dates of each. 
 
 Ans. The land Ij'ing east of the Mississippi and west of the Appa- 
 lachians was acquired by conquest during the Revolution and by treaty 
 of 1783; Florida, by treaty with Spain in 1819; Louisiana Purchase, ac- 
 quired by purchase in 1803; Texas, by annexation in 1845; Oregon, 
 Washington and Idaho by treaty with Great Britain in 185 6; the greater 
 part of the territory lying south of Oregon and Utah, by Mexican cession 
 of 1848. 
 
 Q. (a) Discuss briefly the explorations of the Norsemen in America, 
 (b) Name five of the leaders. 
 
 Ans. (a) In the year 1000, Lief Ericsson set out to search for a new 
 land. Somewhere on the coast of North America, they named three places, 
 Slateland, Woodland, and Vinland, and made a settlement at the last 
 named place. The settlement was not permanent, and the records are 
 meager regarding it. (b) Eric the Red, and Lief Ericsson, Thornfinn 
 Karlsefne, Thorvald Ericsson were the leaders in these expeditions. 
 
 Q. How many amendments has the Constitution? To what do the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth refer? 
 
 Ans. Seventeen. The Fourteenth amendment defines citizenship, 
 specifies the method of apportioning representatives, precludes from hold- 
 ing public office any citizen who has been engaged in rebellion against 
 the government unless said disability should be removed by Congress; es- 
 tablishes the validity of the public debt. The Fifteenth granted the right 
 of suffrage to emancipated slaves. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the settlement of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ans. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 by William Penn, as a 
 refuge for persecuted Quakers. Penn's policy toward the Indians and 
 toward the Dutch and Swedish settlements which already existed in. his 
 territory, was kind and generous. As long as the quaker colony lasted, 
 which was seventy years, there v>^as unbroken harmony between the 
 Indians and the white settlers. 
 
 Q. How may teachers assist in the development and preservation of 
 our political, industrial, and financial resources? 
 
 Ans. By teaching pupils to respect the government, recognize the 
 value of industry, and to conserve private as well as public wealth. 
 
 Q. How many (a) counties, (b) State Senators, (c) State Repre- 
 sentatives, (d) and United States Senators has Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. (a) One hundred and twenty; (b) (b) thirty-eight; (c) 
 one hundred; (d) two. 
 
 Q. Give a biography of Patrick Henry, em-phasizing his services to 
 America. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 173 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Patrick Henry Avas born in Virginia in 1736; was admitted to tlie 
 bar in 1760; was a member of the House of Burgesses, and a leader of the 
 revolutionary agitation in Virginia; twice served as governor of Virginia, 
 died in 1797. His principal patriotic service perhaps, was his bold and 
 determined advocacy of the revolution during the session of the Second 
 Continental Congress, of which he was a member. 
 
 Q. Name three rebellions that have occurred in the United State.?, 
 and give a brief account of any one. 
 
 Ans. Dorr's, Bacon's, Shay's. Bacon's rebellion occurred in Virginia 
 in 1676, the cause being ill feeling which had arisen between the people 
 and the aristocratic party. The rebels were successful until the death of 
 Bacon left them without a leader, when the insurrection ceased. 
 
 Q. (a) Name five of Kentucky's pioneers, (b) Take any one named 
 and give a brief account of his life. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Daniel Boone, Simon Kenton, Richard Callaway, Benjamin 
 Logan, John Finley. 
 
 (b) Daniel Boone was born at Exeter, Pa., July 14, 1732, on a farm 
 on the right bank of the Delaware river. Boone here learned his first 
 lessons in woodcraft, and frequently disappeared for a day or two on a 
 lonely hunting expedition. With his father's family, he removed in 1752 
 to North Carolina. Three years later he was married to Rebecca Bryan, 
 to whom were born five sons and four daughters. In 1769 he led an ex- 
 pedition into Kentucky, and thenceforward was the most prominent figure 
 in the settlement of Kentucky. Every pioneer experience possible seems to 
 have been his. His brother and two sons were killed by Indians; a 
 daughter was kidnapped by them; and Boone himself was captured by 
 and adopted into a tribe of Indians. By ruinous land laws and litigation 
 Daniel Boone lost all his Kentucky lands. In 1796 he moved to Missouri, 
 settling fifty miles west of St. Louis. The Spanish governor of the terri- 
 tory gave him a liberal grant of land, but he neglected to complete the 
 title, and lost this also. Congress awarded him a smaller grant. He died 
 in Missouri in 1820. In 1845 the Legislature of Kentucky had the remains 
 of the pioneer and his wife removed and buried with honor in the ceme- 
 tery at Frankfort, and erected a suitable monument to mark the spot. 
 
 Q. Give four inter-colonial wars, and the names of the treaties that 
 closed any two of them. 
 
 Ans. King William's War, closed by the Treaty of Ryswick; Queen 
 Anne's War, closed by the treaty of Utrecht; King George's War, closed 
 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; French and Indian War, closed by the 
 treaty of Paris. 
 
174 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. What phase of physiology would you emphasize that a child 
 could make direct use of in his home? 
 
 Ans. That part of physiology which serves as a hasis for the under- 
 standing of directions for hygienic measures in the home. 
 
 Q. What is animal heat? Why is it better maintained when pure 
 air is breathed than when impure air is breathed? 
 
 Ans. By animal heat is meant the heat generated within the body 
 by the union of oxygen and waste products containing carbon. Because 
 pure air has the greater amount of oxygen. 
 
 Q. State specific reasons for the teacher's presence on the play- 
 grounds. Discuss the good or bad results of rope-jumping. 
 
 Ans. On the playground, the real nature of the child is manifest, 
 and close observation gives the teacher a clearer insight into his mental 
 and moral needs; discipline on the playground, or at least careful over- 
 sight, is necessary in order to curb the strong, protect the weak, and pre- 
 vent the spread of wrong ideals and harmful information. Rope-jumping 
 in moderation is a good exercise for nearly all children, since it serves to 
 strengthen the heart action, deepen the breathing and give proper balance 
 and poise to the body. Pursued too vigorously or too long, it may overtax 
 the heart, and weaken the abdominal ligaments. 
 
 Q. State the effect of alcoholic drinks on the peristalsis and mucovis 
 membrane of the stomach. 
 
 Ans. When first taken, alcoholic drinks stimulate the flow of liquids 
 from the mucous membr&ne, and quicken peristalsis; following this stimu- 
 lation, howecvr, there is a period of depression. Habitual use of alcohol, 
 evep. in moderate quantities, inflames and hardens the mvicous surfaces, 
 and depresses or weakens the muscles which control peristalsis. 
 
 Q. Why is it not prudent to take a bath directly before or directly 
 after a meal? 
 
 Ans. Bathing when the stomach is perfectly empty, or eating when, 
 the blood has been strongly attracted toward the surface (which is the 
 condition immediately after a bath,) will cause a harmful shock to the 
 nerves, and may produce cramp. 
 
 Q. Discuss the common practice of using potatoes and refined wheat- 
 flour bread as major elements in our daily food supply. 
 
 Ans. Both foods are nearly pure starch. While nutritious in them- 
 selves, care should be used not to eat too heartily of them, and to combine 
 them with other foods which shall supply the missing elements. 
 
 Q. Trace the circulation either by diagram or description. 
 
 Ans. From the right auricle through the right ventricle, the blood 
 is sent into the lungs where it is mixed in the capillaries with oxygen, and 
 gives off many impurities; returning, it empties into the left auricle. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 175 
 
 thence into the left ventricle, from which it passes through the aorta and 
 its subdivisions to all parts of the body, throwing off oxygen and gather- 
 ing impurities, distributing digested foods, and disposing of waste through 
 specific organs. From the long journey throughout the body, the blood re- 
 turns again to the right auricle. 
 
 Q. Describe fully the structure of muscles. Distinguish between a 
 voluntary and an involuntary muscle. 
 
 Ans. Muscles are composed of cells arranged side by side to resemble 
 threads. These threads are each covered by fine membrance; many of 
 these threads are then encased in another membrane, the bundle re- 
 sembling a string; these strings are arranged in larger bundles or bands, 
 the encasing tissue increasing in thickness and strength with the size of 
 the bundle or band. The encasing tissues are prolonged to form the ten- 
 don by which the muscle is attached to the parts it is to move. Voluntary 
 muscles are under the control of the will; involuntary muscles are be- 
 yond the control of the will. 
 
 Q. Mention three school practices which seem to you unhygienic. 
 Suggest a remedy for each. 
 
 Ans. (1) The common drinking cup which is exposed to the germs 
 and dust of the school room; Remedy: Individual cups or drinking foun- 
 tain. (2) The custom of heating rooms by the old-fashioned stove which 
 burns the children seated nearest, and freezes those seated farther away; 
 Remedy: Heater or Room Furnace. (3) Cleaning (?) the room by 
 sweeping; Remedy: wet mop, or sanitary floor dressing. 
 
 Q. (a) What, and how much physiology could be taught in the 
 third grade? (b) Would you call it physiology to the class? Why? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Something of the general structure of the body, the functions of 
 the various organs and health lessons. 
 
 (b) Perhaps not, because the term sounds difficult. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Write a letter to the trustee of your school district, telling him 
 of the necessary repairs that need to be made on the school. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Brightwell, Ky., July 15, 1914, 
 Mr. John Jones, 
 
 Brightwell, Ky. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As the teacher employed for District 2 for the coming year, I wish to 
 call your attention to some repairs which must be made before the begin- 
 ning of school, the second Monday in August, 
 
 Three window panes are missing; one of the gate hinges is broken; a 
 branch has been blown from the large oak tree and rests on the roof; the 
 
176 Teachers' and Students Examinations 
 
 flue has been damaged by the recent storm, and will have to be refinished 
 at top before it will give good service when the fires are built. 
 
 I trust you will be able to have this work done before the first of Aug- 
 ust, since I have organized the older pupils into a clean-up day brigade 
 which will meet on the third to put the school building into proper condi- 
 tion for the opening. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 IVA WORK. 
 
 Q. Write a skeleton outline of any chapter you have read on the 
 teaching of English. 
 
 Ans. Answers will differ, according to the book read and. the chapter 
 selected. 
 
 Q. Use each in a sentence: (a) Pair, pear, and pare; (b) rite, 
 right, and write; (c) sew, sow, and so. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The boy will pare a pair of fine pears for his lunch. 
 
 (b) A man has the right to write out, if he so desires, the rites of his 
 fraternal organization. 
 
 (c) Sew the seam, and sow the field, so that the world may be both 
 clothed and fed. 
 
 Q. Define indention, (b) narration, (c) accent, and (d) emphasis. 
 
 (a) Indention — Allowing additional space before the first word, to 
 indicate the beginning of a new paragraph. 
 
 (b) Narration — -A statement, in order of occurrence, of something 
 that happened or which is imagined as having happened. 
 
 (c) Accent — Special stress placed on a syllable. 
 
 (d) Emphasis — Special stress placed on a word or a group of words, 
 to make prominent the idea they convey. 
 
 Q. Define and give examples (names only) of (a) elegy, (b) 
 eulogy, (c) parable, (d) parody. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Elegy — A plaintive or mournful poem; as, Gray's "Elegy in a 
 Country Churchyard." 
 
 (b) Eulogy — A composition or set oration in praise of something, 
 especially of the virtues or deeds of a deceased person. 
 
 (c) Parable — A short, fictitious narrative of some possible happening 
 in Nature, designed to illustrate some truth; as, the parables of Christ. 
 
 (d) Parody — A style of composition in which the sentiments or the 
 language of an author are mimicked; as, a humorous poem after the style 
 of a classic. 
 
 Q. Of what are the following abbreviations: (a) Esq., Me., Md., P. 
 S., Jr., Colo., C. O. D., Cr., Cwt. 
 
 Ans. Esq., — Esquire. Me. — Maine. Md. — Maryland. P. S. — Post- 
 script. Jr. — Junior. Colo. — Colorado. C. 0. D. — Collect on Delivery. Cr. — 
 Credit. Cwt. — Hundred weight. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 177 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Q. Give the qualifications of a voter in Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. Every male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty 
 one years, w^ho has resided in the State one year, in the county six months, 
 and in the precinct in which he offers to vote sixty days, next preceding 
 election, shall be a voter in that precinct; except persons convicted of 
 treason, felony, or bribery, persons who at the time of election are in con- 
 finement for some penal offence, persons who are insane or are idiots. 
 Women who can read and write can vote in school elections. 
 
 Q. What is the regular time for the General Assembly to meet? Of 
 what is it composed? 
 
 Ans. The first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of even 
 years. Thirty-eight senators and one hundred representatives. 
 
 Q. Define the following terms: (a) Copyright, (b) veto, (c) 
 suffrage, (d) bill, and (e) law. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Copyright — The exclusive right granted to an author to print, 
 publish, or sell his own writings, drawings, etc. 
 
 (b) Veto — The refusal of the President or of the governor of a state 
 to sign bills which have been passed by the legislative body. 
 
 (c) Suffrage — The right or act of voting in political matters. 
 
 (d) Bill — A measure proposed for enactment by a legislature body. 
 
 (e) Law — A measure which has been agreed upon by the legislative 
 body and has received the signature of the chief executive. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a census? (b) When was the last national census 
 taken? (c) The last Kentucky census? (d) What benefts are derived 
 from a census? 
 
 Ans. (a) Census is an official enumeration of population, (b) 1910. 
 (c) Kentucky accepts the findings of the Federal census, (d) The census 
 discovers not only the number, but the nationality, race, business, proper- 
 ty, and literacy of the population. Such findings serve as a basis for com- 
 munity development, and for the determining of certain taxes and certain 
 classifications. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between the Federal Government and the State Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Ans. The Federal Government has control of matters which effect 
 the nation as a whole; the State government conforms to the Federal gov- 
 ernment in all things, and controls matters which affect the people of the 
 ■•mmediate section. 
 
 Q. Name a judicial officer: (a) of a town in the State of Kentucky; 
 (b) of a county; (c) of the state. 
 
 Ans. The applicant should name (a) the police judge in his coun- 
 ty seat; (b) his county judge; and (c) a member of the Court of Appeals 
 of the State. 
 
178 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Name two important sources of revenue to (a) United States 
 Government; (b) to Kentucky State government; (c) to County govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Ans. (a) Income tax and internal revenue; (b) Property tax, 
 franchises; (c) Property tax, poll tax. 
 
 Q. Name some of the most important school legislation passed with- 
 in the last five or six years. 
 
 Ans. Uniform School Text Book Law; law providing for the consoli- 
 dation of public schools and the transportation of pupils. 
 
 Q. From what sources are funds derived for the maintenance of our 
 public schools. 
 
 Ans. 52 per cent of the state's revenue is devoted to the public 
 schools; county taxes are levied by the fiscal court upon recom- 
 mendation by the County Board of Education; local taxes may be levied; 
 in some counties the income from the dog tax produces a fund for the 
 schools; interest on vested funds belonging to the State. 
 
 Q. Why do we pay taxes? What do taxpayers get in return for the 
 money paid into the public treasury? 
 
 Ans. We pay taxes for the maintenance of the government, and for 
 the improvement of national and state properties. The taxpayer gets pro- 
 tection, roadways, mail service, education, and the assistance of his gov- 
 ernment in the conduct and improvement of his legitimate business. 
 
 THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 Q. If the trustee should critise you severely for what you know to 
 be your duty, what would you do then and afterward? 
 
 Ans. I should try to get the trustee to see the correctness of my pos- 
 ition; I might even invoke the aid of the county superintendent in this 
 matter — if the superintendent were of the right type. In any event, I 
 should continue to do my duty. Incidentally, let us emphasize the neces- 
 sity for the teacher's absolute certainty that she is in the right. Nothing 
 is gained by a firm stand on the wrong side of the question. 
 
 Q. Give some suggestions as to how you may secure a full, prompt, 
 and regular attendance. 
 
 Ans. Make of the school a place where hard work is joyously done. 
 Have opening exercises, and of the type that will attract children and 
 cause them to hu.rry to school on time. Rewards, prizes, etc., are effective 
 for a few; but nothing takes the place of steady enthusiasm and interest 
 in the school. 
 
 Q. (a) How much review work is necessary? (b) What is the 
 purpose of review? 
 
 An? 
 
 (a) The amount of time spent in review will vary with the age of 
 the pupils, the strength of the first lessons, and the nature of the work 
 which is to follow. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 179 
 
 (b) The purpose should be to fix for all time the lessons learned, or 
 to renew or strengthen a mental experience which is to serve as a founda- 
 tion for a new lesson. 
 
 Q. (a) What does the theory and practice of teaching embrace? (b) 
 What works have you read on this subject? 
 
 Ans. (a) The understanding of child nature; the knowledge of the 
 laws of mind; the proper organization of material to be taught; the logical 
 presentation of this material; the management or discipline of a school so 
 that mind development is possible, (b) Answers will differ. 
 
 Q. What relation is there between School Hygiene and Good Order? 
 
 Ans. School Hygiene has to do with the orderliness and cleanliness 
 of the school premises, and with the water and air provided for the child- 
 dren. A disorderly room will induce disorder among pupils; and vitiated 
 air will produce restlesness and bad temper. 
 
 Q. Discuss the importance of a daily program. 
 
 Ans. Without a well arranged plan for work, much time is lost. 
 Pupils do not know when lessons may be recited, and become careless in 
 preparation. The program brings into the school organization order and 
 system, without which no business enterprise can be successful. 
 
 Q. When can a person be said to be well educated? 
 
 Ans. When his knowledge is general, broad, and accurate; and es- 
 pecially when he has such control of his mental powers as readily to direct 
 them into any channel of investigation, and of his spiritual and physical 
 nature as to be self-controlling and self-directing. 
 
 Q. Name two educational journals and three magazines you might 
 use profitably in your work. 
 
 Ans. The official state educational paper, and one on general 
 methods, plans, and devices for school work; one good weekly magazine 
 of current events, a monthly magazine of general information and modern 
 thought, and one of literary charter. 
 
180 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 County— May, 1914 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 (Grade on capitalized words only.) 
 
 The boy WHINED most PITEOUSLY wliile being WHIPPED. 
 
 Did the COMMITTEE report favorably? 
 
 The ABORIGINES of AMERICA wore MOCCASINS. 
 
 HIS WRITING is ILLEGIBLE, but I think if he v/ill CONSCIEN- 
 TIOUSLY apply himself it will be greatly IMPROVED. 
 
 He became very SUSPICIOUS. I m^et him in the CORRIDOR but 
 FAILED to RECOGNIZE him. He was UNCOUTH in GUISE and GES- 
 TURES. Those were UNGENEROUS as well as UNCONSCIONABLE 
 PRACTICES. 
 
 The great ACHIEVEMENT of St. Thomas was his SYNTHESIS of the 
 DIVERSE FACTORS of SCHOLASTICISM in one complete SYSTEM. 
 
 THIRST is a SENSATION of DRYNESS in the mouth and THROAT 
 ASSOCIATED with a CRAVING for LIQUIDS. 
 
 POMPOUS IMPLIES a SOLEMN and EXAGGERATED SELF-IMPOR- 
 TANCE. 
 
 Q. What are the authorized contractions of WILL NOT, SHE IS, 
 DOES NOT, WE ARE, HE IS. 
 
 Ans. Won't; she's; doesn't; we're; he's. 
 
 Q. Write each of the following words in a sentence: .(a) COMPLE- 
 MENT, (b) COMPLIMENT, (c) AFFECT, (d) EFFECT, (e) STATION- 
 ERY, (f) STATIONARY, (g) SLAY, (h) SLEIGH, (i) LAPS, (.1) 
 LAPSE. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) History is the complement of poetry. 
 
 (b) Monarchs should compliment their foes and shun their friends. 
 
 (c) This proud man affects imperial sway. 
 
 (d) They sailed away without effecting their purpose, 
 (e and f) The stationery was kept in stationary cases, 
 (g) The business of their soldier is to slay. 
 
 (h) A sleigh is viseless without snow. 
 
 (i) The sea laps the base of the rock. 
 
 (j) It is our duty to guard against those lapses and failings to which 
 our infirmities daily expose us. 
 
 Q. Mark diacritically BEACON, CINNAMON, RAISINS, SLAUGHT- 
 ER, SPOONS. 
 
 Ans. See dictionary. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 181 
 
 READING 
 
 Q. What is your view as to permitting one child to correct or criti- 
 cise another during a recitation in reading? Accentuate your statement. 
 
 Ans. Tliere are arguments for and against this practice. ■ Tliose who 
 approve it argue that the attention of tlie entire class is maintained, that 
 pupils acquire the habit of accuracy of knowledge and in statement, and 
 that they learn the lesson of "give and take" which will be of service in 
 after life. Those who disapprove the practice state that it is almost 
 impossible to keep down the spirit of unfriendly rivalry, that the critic 
 may offer his suggestions from an unworthy motive, and that discord re- 
 sults. It would seem that the arguments are stronger in favor of than 
 against this course of action. 
 
 Q. Give in outline form your plan for a recitation in Third Grado 
 Reading. 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Review such words as may cause trouble in the new lesson. 
 
 (2) Take new words, master the form, study the meaning in their 
 connection in the lesson. 
 
 ( 3 ) Practice recognition of groups of words and short sentences. 
 
 (4) Give some practice in looking ahead of the voice in reading. 
 
 (5) Clear up the most difficult features of the lesson. All this U 
 done in the assignment of the lesson. When the recitation proper is called> 
 the meaning of the selection and its proper vocal expression should b3 
 made the main points of interest. 
 
 (6) Test the independent preparation of the pupils by questioning 
 them by regarding the main thoughts in the lesson. 
 
 (7) Paragraph by paragraph, call out the central points of thought. 
 
 (8) Finally, call for oral reading. Special paragraphs may be prac- 
 ticed first, and the lesson as a whole may be read last. 
 
 Q. "The assignment of a reading lesson that is too long or one that 
 is too short." Of the two evils, choose the lesser and give reasons sus- 
 taining your choice. 
 
 An. The shorter lesson is preferable. It may be thoroughly studied, 
 well recited, and supplemented by some other work related to it. The 
 too-long lesson may not be well studied", cannot be well recited, and some 
 part of it mvist be left unfinished. 
 
 Q. In teaching reading, would you advocate taking the lessons just 
 as they come in the reader? Give two good reasons for your answer. 
 
 Ans. No. Some reference or occurrence may arouse the interest of 
 the children in some person or thing concerning whom or which one of the 
 lessons gives information. At this time, when interest is high, is the 
 proper time for that lesson. The habit of "going through a book" is brok- 
 en up, and in its place the child learns to study for information. 
 
 Q. How may reading and language be correlated in the lowef 
 grades? 
 
182 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. Every reading lesson is a language lesson. The answers should 
 be required in correct English; their attention may be called to clear or 
 beautiful expressions; some reproduction work may be done in connection 
 with the reading lessons. 
 
 Q. According to the course of study, what grades were taught last 
 year and what reader was used in each grade? 
 
 Ans. Answers will vary. 
 
 Q. Do you approve of reading fairy tales to children? If so, what 
 specific value is resultant? 
 
 Ans. Those who approve, claim that such stories stimulate the imag- 
 iniatipn of the child; those who oppose, claim that this work can be done 
 through other material, and that injury is done the child by teaching him 
 such fanciful and untruthful stories. 
 
 Q. Discuss briefly: "The reading lesson is usually what the teacher 
 makes it." 
 
 Ans. It is the province of the teacher to recall the bits of knowledge 
 which the child possesses, and to add new information which can be prop- 
 erly related to the old; to make attractive the toil incident to learning to 
 read; to place the emphasis on the point which requires best work and 
 closest attention. If the teacher is careless, the children will read poorly; 
 if the teacher is enthusiastic, the lesson will sparkle with interest. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the value of current event reading? (b) How may 
 it be taught in connection with the regular reading? 
 
 Ans. (a) The value of current reading of the right sort cannot be 
 estimated. It keeps the pupils' knowledge abreast with the times, and 
 adds interest to all other branches of study, (b) One period a week may 
 be devoted to the current event feature. Perhaps a better plan is to make 
 it a feature of the morning exercises. All lessons should be correlated 
 whenever possible, with the material acquired through the study of cur- 
 rent events. 
 
 Q. Give five devices that you would use to interest a primer class in 
 reading. 
 
 Ans. Dramatization, or "acting out" a thought; objects; pictures; 
 letters from other children; the reading of interesting stories. 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Copy the follov/ing as a specimen of your writing: 
 "Within the shade of elm and oak 
 The church of Berkley Manor stood: 
 There Sunday found the rural folk. 
 And some esteemed of gentle blood. 
 In vain their feet with loitering tread 
 Passed 'mid the graves where rank is naught: 
 All could not read the lesson taught. 
 In that republic of the dead." 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 183 
 
 Q. Classify the small letters in groups according to height. 
 
 Ans. See page 13. 
 
 Q. Make all the small letters. 
 
 Q. Make all the capitals. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Discuss: "Grammar poorly taught has its effect upon all other 
 subjects in the school curriculum." 
 
 A. The successful pursuit of any study depends upon the correct 
 interpretation of the language used in its presentation; correct interpre- 
 tation requires a knowledge of the laws governing the language, and this 
 Grammar gives. Therefore, a knowledge of grammar is essential to the 
 pursuit of any study. 
 
 Q. (a) What is Conjugation? (b) Synopsis? (c) Comparison? 
 (d) Compare "fore." 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Conjugation of a verb is giving the principal parts in order. 
 (Some grammarians use the term in the same sense as Inflection, varying; 
 the verb through all its modes and tenses, giving it in its persons and 
 numbers. 
 
 (b) Synopsis is giving only one person and number through all the 
 modes, tenses and voices. 
 
 (c) Comparison is the variation of an adjective to express different 
 relative degrees in quality or relation. 
 
 (d) Fore, former, foremost. 
 
 Q. How are phrases classified according to form? Illustrate with 
 sentences. 
 
 Ans. Some authorities give the classes as Simple, Complex, or Com- 
 pound, as the phrase may be a single phrase, modified by another phrase, 
 or joined by a conjunction to a co-ordinate phrase respectively. Others 
 classify according to structural form as Prepositional, as "He ran to the 
 goal"; Participial, as "The stag, frightened by the hunter, ran"; or Infiui^- 
 tive, as "He eats to live." 
 
 Q. ITse "when" as three different parts of speech. 
 
 Ans. Adverb, used interrogatively; as "When do you go?" Conjunc- 
 tion, introducing adverbial clause; as "He turned thief when he might 
 have remained honest. In the above question and in this sentence, 
 "when" is used as a noun. 
 
 Q. Define "antecedent" and "subsequent." Give a general rule that 
 applies to each. 
 
 Ans. The word or words modified by the phrase of which a preposi- 
 tion is a part is called the antecedent term of relation; the object of the 
 preposition is called the subsequent term of the relation. "The object ot 
 a preposition is in the objective case" would apply to both, if the anteced- 
 
184' TeacRers' and Students' Examinations ' 
 
 ent chanced to be the object of another preposition. 
 
 Q. Diagram (a) "Dreaming, she knew it was a dream." (b) "The- 
 paths of glory lead but to the grave." 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The entire complex sentence is the principal clause; "it 
 was a dream" is the suborinate clause. Of the Principal clause, "she" is 
 the object. "She" is modified by the participle "dreaming." Of the ob- 
 ject, "it" is the subject, "was a dream" is the predicate. 
 
 (b) Simple, declarative sentence of which "paths" is the subject, 
 'Uead" is the predicate. "Of glory" is a prepositional phrase modifying 
 "paths"; "to the grave" is a prepositional phrase modifying "lead." 
 "Only" is an adverb modifying the adverbial phrase "to the grave." 
 
 Q. (a) Decline (a) "her" and (b) "we", (c) Give the principal 
 parts of "light," "shine," "sling," "weave," "screw," and "strive." 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Nominative "she," possessive "her or hers," objective "her;" 
 Plural Nominative "they," Possessive "their or theirs," objective "them." 
 
 (b) Nominative "I," Possessive "my or mine," objective "me"; 
 Plural Nominative "we," Possessive "our or ours," Objective "us." 
 
 (c) Light, lighted or lit, lighted or lit. 
 Shine, shone, shone. 
 
 Sling, slung, slung. 
 Weave, wove, woven. 
 Screw, screwed, screwed. 
 Strive, strove, striven. 
 
 Q. "Write two sentences containing a clause in each. Name all the 
 words contained in each of the clauses. 
 
 Ans. I know THAT HE WILL COME. I will go WHERE DUTY 
 GALLS. The words in the clauses are capitalized. 
 
 Q. Write (a) an exclamatory sentence containing an infinitive 
 phrase; (b) declarative sentence containing a noun clause. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) How easy it is for things TO GO WRONG! 
 
 (b) The sailor knew THAT THE STORM HAD PASSED. 
 
 Q. The percent of this question will be either given to or deducted 
 from the general structure and general worth of your paper on this sub- 
 ject. (10 per cent.) 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Write a letter to one of your patrons relative to the absence of a 
 pupil, and em^phasize the importance of his attendance at school. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 185 
 
 Earnest, Ky., 
 January 15, 1915. 
 Mr. John Smith, 
 
 Earnest, Ky. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 We have missed your son, John, from his classes this weeli. The 
 neighbor's children tell me that he is not ill. 
 
 As his teacher, I am interested in his welfare, and trust his at- 
 tendance at school will be regular and steady. The class woi-k is always 
 of such nature as to strengthen the mind and prepare for the work of 
 after life. Frequent absences not only interfere with this preparation, 
 but tend to form habits of carelessness in the discharge of duty, and half^ 
 heartedness in the undertaking of the business of life. 
 
 We trust we shall see him in his place tomorrow, and that he will 
 not miss any of his lessons except when actually too ill to be present at 
 school. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 MARY DEAN. 
 Q. Define and illustrate the following: loose sentence and periodic 
 sentence. 
 
 Ans. A Periodic sentence is one that holds the thought in suspense 
 until the end; as, "In all his long life, from the time when, as a twelve- 
 year-old boy, he was roaming the fields and fishing the streams, to the 
 days of his manhood, when he was upholding the honor of his state in the 
 Senate, he showed the same simple, democratic nature." 
 
 A Loose sentence is one in which there is no attempt to show sus- 
 pense; the different parts may come in where natural ease of expression 
 suggests; as He showed the simple, democratic nature, in all his long life, 
 from the time when, as a twelve-year-old boy, he was roaming the fields 
 and fishing the streams to the day of his manhood when he was upholding 
 the honor of his state in the Senate. 
 
 Q. Use each in a sentence: Tolled, told; fete, fate; kill, kiln. 
 Ans. 
 
 The sexton told the priest that the bell had been tolled. 
 It was his fate to be executed on the day of the great fete. 
 The boy tried to kill the deer in the wood near the old lime kiln. 
 Q. Define: (a) Epoch, (b) epic, (c) plagiarism, and (d) descrip- 
 tion. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Epoch — a period of time marked by a distinctive development or 
 by a memorable series of events. 
 
 (b) Epic — a poetic narrative of heroic deeds. 
 
 (c) Plagiarism — literary theft; the use of words or ideas of anothot 
 without giving proper credit. 
 
186 ■ Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (d) Description — tliat form of composition wliicli causes tlie reader 
 or hearer to see a certain place or person, or to realize how one feels in 
 the fact of certain e-vents. 
 
 Q. Make a brief summary of some story you have read. 
 
 Ans. Lucy Minette, in her efforts to secure the freedom and to re- 
 store the reason of her father, a French prisoner, journeys from London to 
 Paris and is aided by Ernest Defarge and his wife Theresa, in whose wine 
 shop the plans of the Jacobin Club were made and ordered. Returning to 
 London with her demented fatlaer, Lucy set about restoring his reason, 
 which she finally did. She was beloved by Sidney Carton, an inebriate 
 with many splendid traits of character, and by Charles Darney who was a 
 descendent of the aristocratic family of D'Aulnais of France. Because of 
 his kinship with this family, Darney (who had married Lucy) was con- 
 demned, in the secret meetings of the Jacobin Club, to die on the guillo- 
 tine. Sidney Carton, who once before had saved Darney's life, went to see 
 Darney in prison, drugged him, exclianged clothes with him and because 
 of their great likeness to each other, deceived the guards who carried 
 Darney from the prison (thinking the visitor had fainted,) and left Car- 
 ton in the cell, afterward to be guillotined in Darney's stead. This is thfi 
 slender thread about which Dickens wrote one of his greatest books — Tale 
 of Two Cities. The spirit of the days of the French Revolution is force- 
 fully described, and in the delineation of the superlative in character, this 
 book has no superior. No character is weak. Like the times, each is 
 strongly developed until the dominant trait seems to overshadow all weak- 
 er traits. 
 
 Q. Discuss the advisability of correlating Composition and Grammar. 
 
 Ans. Grammar is the science, and composition is the practice of the 
 language. No one can hope to use with greatest effect a language con- 
 cerning which he does not know the laws. It is more difficult to separate 
 the two than it would be to correlate them. 
 
 Q. Of what are the following the abbreviations: Dr., B. S., Prof., 
 Mt., Int., Cr., Pwt., La., Ga., Mo., and Ft. 
 
 Ans. Dr. — Doctor; B. S. — Bachelor of Science; Prof. — Professor; 
 Mt. — Mountain; Int. — Interest; Cr.— Credit; Pwt. — Pennyweight; La. — 
 Louisiana; Ga. — Georgia; Mo. — Missouri; and Ft.— Fort. 
 
 Q. The percent of this question will be either given to or deducted 
 from the general worth and general appearance of your paper in this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. Name five ways in which the farm may be used as a "source- 
 book" in geography. 
 
 Ans. As a basis for teaching topography; erosion; drainage. Lead- 
 ing from the farm, crops, commerce and transportation may be taught. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 187 
 
 (a) What is the chief industry of the people around Lake Superior? 
 (b) What states border on this lake? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) On the Canadian side, farming is the chief industry; on the U, 
 S. side, copper mining. 
 
 (b) Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. 
 
 Q. Give an account of some recent geographical expedition. 
 
 Ans. Theodore Roosevelt, at the head of a party, in 1913 completed 
 an expedition of discovery and natural history research in the valley lying 
 north of the Rio de la Plata in South America. 
 
 Q. Compare Louisville and Seattle relative to the following points: 
 
 (a)Size; (b)Location and latitude; (c) Climate and natural re- 
 sources; (d) Industries; (e) Prospects of future grov^^th. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Population: Louisville, 223,928; ^leattle, 237,194. 
 
 (h) Location and Latitude: Louisville, 38 degrees North Latitude, 
 and in the center of a fine farming region and located on a great 
 nav:i,ahle stream; Seattle, about 48 degrees North Latitude, on lino har- 
 bor, in jtreat lumbering, fishing and manuf'.icturing region 
 
 (c) The climate of Seattle i;; more c '.p.iable and a little more mild, 
 than that of Louisville. As to natural advantages, they are about evenly 
 balanced. 
 
 (c^) Louisville is the largest tobacco market in the world, and has sla 
 extensive trade in other products; it is a natural railroad center, and its 
 commerce is extensive. Some of its manufactured articles are tobacco, 
 distilled and malt liquors, dressed meats, agricultural implements, cloth- 
 ing, organs, cement, leather, cotton-s ed oil, tool-handles, bath tubs and 
 wagons. Seattle has the most extensive trade with Alaska, and an, im- 
 portant trade with Asia. Seattle manufactures lumber and furniture, ami 
 has an important ship building yard. Canneries are operated in great 
 number. 
 
 (e) Both cities have excellent prospect for steady growth. The de- 
 velopment of Seattle has been remarkable in the last decade, and that 6$. 
 Louisville has been substantial. 
 
 Q. (a) Give a brief outline of a lesson on New Orleans, (b) What 
 
 peculiarly interesting features would you bring out? 
 » 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Justify its location; explain its steady growth; in locating it, 
 give history; note 'its importance in commerce and as a strategic point in 
 times of war; show that industries result from the products of the adja- 
 cent country; mention some of the festivities taking place annually, and 
 fix the climate by the appearance of the country to the Northern guest in 
 in February and March. 
 
 (b) The style of the houses is peculiar; and the fact that one sixth of 
 
188 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 the population is French and their language is spoken by a large part of 
 the population makes it appear more like a foreign than an American 
 city. 
 
 Q. Locate: El Paso, River Dee, Walla Walla, Barcelona, Brest and 
 Mt. Whitney. 
 
 El Paso — the western extremity of Texas, on Rio Grande river, and 
 jjear the boundary between Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. 
 
 River Dee — there are three short rivers by this name on the Island of 
 Great Britain, one in northern Wales and two in Scotland. 
 
 Walla-Walla — south-eastern Washington. 
 
 Barcelona — north-eastern coast of Spain. 
 
 Brest — north-western coast of France. 
 
 Mt. Whitney — in California — the highest peak of the Coast Range 
 mountains, or in the U. S. 
 
 Q. (a) What comprises the West Indies? (b) Give the chief pro- 
 ducts. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The groups of Islands lying south-east of the United States, and 
 known as the Greater and Lesser Antilles. 
 
 (b) Sugar, tobacco, coffee, spices, tea, cocoa, bananas, oranges, limes: 
 pineapples, cocoanuts and vegetables. 
 
 Q. Name the leading products of Ohio, Georgia, California, Missouri 
 ;^nd Maine. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Ohio — coal, petroleum, gas, pottery, iron, lime, cement, sand' 
 stone, gypsum, salt, corn, wheat, hay, oats, tobacco, potatoes, vegetables, 
 small fruits, apples, peaches, grapes, swine, sheep, cattle, flour and meal, 
 liquors, lumber, planing mill products, furniture, boots, shoes, cars, wag- 
 ons, leather, glass, soap, paper, rubber goods, and food preparations. 
 
 Georgia — fish and oysters on coast, gold, iron, coal, phosphates, hard- 
 woods, cotton cloth, clothing, boots and shoes, fertilizers, lumber, naval 
 stores and planing mill products. 
 
 " California — gold, silver, quicksilver, petroleum, iron, copper, tin, 
 plumbago, cobalt, bitumen, coal, diamonds, onyx, marbles, granites, sand- 
 stones, lumber, wheat, fruits, flowers, sugar, sheep, cattle. 
 
 Missouri — corn, hay, wheat, oats, cotton, potatoes, sorghum-cane, to- 
 l^acco, flax, apples, peaches, small fruits, vegetables for canning, hogts, 
 cattle, poultry, packing-house products. 
 
 Maine — lumber, granite, slate, feld-spar, silica, flsh, hay, potatoes, 
 apples, dairy products. 
 
 Q. Name five Atlantic ports of the United States; three Pacific ports 
 ©n the Great Lakes. 
 
 Ans. New York, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Jacksonville, Seattle, 
 Portland, San Francisco; Duluth, Chicago, Milwaukee, Cleveland. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 189 
 
 Q. (a) Wovild you teach any geography in the first grade? (b) 
 Name five great geographical facts that could be taught in this grade, ana 
 state hov/ you would go about teaching each fact. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Yes. 
 
 (b) The rotundity of the earth — by use of diagrams and a round ball 
 Avhich will always cast a round shadow; the cardinal points — by usual 
 method 5f "right hand toward the rising sun;" cause of day and night— - 
 by further use of ball and lighted candle or sunny windows; land forma- 
 tions — by observation; erosion, by observation. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. Tell briefly of som? article you have read on the "Play-ground 
 Movement." 
 
 Ans. Curtis's "Play and Recreation" sets forth the need for play, the 
 advantages and disadvantages of different games and forms of recreation, 
 and gives directions. (This book was one of those recently adopted as a 
 part of the Teachers' Reading Circle of Kentucky, for 1914-15.) 
 
 Q. Describe and give functions of the blood corpuscles. 
 
 Ans. The red corpuscles are disc-like in shape, and of nearly uni- 
 form size. Their function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of 
 the body. The white corpuscles are not so numerous as the red, are irreg- 
 ular in shape, and larger than the red corpuscles. Their function is io 
 kill the disease germs that get into the body. 
 
 Q. What are the functions of (a) fat, (b) saliva, (c) synovia, (d) 
 sweat, (e) tears, and (f) raucous? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Fat — to cushion the muscles, and add beauty to the body, and to 
 serve reserve supply of strength. 
 
 (b) Saliva — to moisten the food, and to ciange starch into sugar. 
 
 (c) Synovia — lubricates the joints. 
 
 (d) Sweat — regulates the temperature of the body, carries away 
 waste material from the blood, keeps the skin moist. 
 
 (e) Tears — keep the eyeballs clean, and to float out the particles of 
 dust which may enter the eye. 
 
 (f) Mucous — moistens and protects the membranes from which it 
 exudes. 
 
 Q. Give reasons for not breathing th'-ongh the mouth. 
 
 Ans. The hairs inside the nostrils st aln the air, and the long pas- 
 sages warm it slightly before it enters the lungs. To breath through the 
 mouth defeats the purposes for which the provisions mentioned were made 
 
 Q. Name the organs of (a) Digestion, (b) Circulation, (c) Respi- 
 ration. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Alimentary canal, teeth, salivary glands, liver and the pancreas. 
 
I'jQ Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (b) Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins. 
 
 (c) Nostrils, windpipe, bronchial tubes, lungs. 
 
 Q. Name the organs of the digestive system, and describe the process 
 of digesiton. 
 
 Ans. See (a) above. Mastication and insalivation take place in 
 the mouth; deglutition (swallowing) then takes place. When the food 
 reaches the stomach, it is mixed, by the peristaltic movements of the 
 muscular walls, with the gastric juice r/hich attacks the proteids. 
 Through its further course through the alimentary canal, the food is mix- 
 ed with the bile, the pancreatic juice, and other digestive juices. As the 
 digested it is absorbed through the walls of the intestines, and enters the 
 blood. (For more detailed description see any standard physiology.) 
 
 Q. There are about fifteen chemical elements in the body; name six 
 of them. 
 
 Ans. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, iron, salt. 
 
 Q. What do you think of a menu of biscuit, potatoes, rice, hominy, 
 pork and beans, with cake for dessert? Give reasons for or against. 
 
 Ans. Such a meal is very poorly balanced, since nearly all the food is 
 starch. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. (a) Name five histories other than the one you teach, (b) What 
 benefit may be derived from having several desk copies of different his- 
 tories? 
 
 Ans. Porman's "History of the United States;" "American History 
 for Grammar Schools," Dickson; "An American History," Stephenson; 
 "Brief History of the United States," McMaster; "History of the United 
 States," Mace, (b) Several desk copies of different histories will afford 
 a working library for the history class. Differences in the point of view 
 and in the method of presentation will be noted. No two persons will al- 
 v/ays agree as to the essential points to present, and the several different 
 histories will cover the ground better than one text could possibly do. 
 Moreover, it is well for the children to understand, early, that history is 
 not necessarily "a book." 
 
 Q. What plan did the Federals propose to follow in 1862? Just how 
 successful were they in carrying out this plan? 
 
 Ans. r",apture Richmond; gain possession of the Mississippi river and 
 thu^. cut t]-^ Confederacy into two parts; make the blockade effective and 
 not l"t the ~outh get supplies from r/'-^^d. The campaign against Rich- 
 mond failed; the campaign to open the Mississippi was successful, and the 
 South was, in part, cut off from supplies. 
 
 Q. What is the present mode of government of: (a) Cuba, (b) 
 Porto Rico, (c) Philippines. 
 
 Ans. The United States government exercises a protectorate over 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 191 
 
 the independent government of Cuba; Porto Rico and the Philippines ai-o 
 territories of the United States. 
 
 Q. Give a brief summary of Jefferson's administration. 
 
 Ans. Louisiana was purchased from France; brief war against 
 Tripoli; death of Alexander Hamilton; the beginning of the troubles which 
 afterward led to the War of 1812. 
 
 Q. Name three recent disasters that are "world known," and de- 
 scribe any one of them. 
 
 Ans. Earthquake at San Francisco; earthquake at Messina; wreck 
 of the Titantic. The Earthquake at San Francisco demolished the city in 
 almost every section and many persons were killed. That at Messina was 
 as severe, and was attended by great loss of life. The Titanic, a new ship 
 on its first voyage, ran into an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean, on April 14, 
 1912. 1503 of the 2206 on board were lost. 
 
 Q. Give a brief, but accurate, biography of Franklin. 
 
 Ans. Born in Boston in 1706, the youngest of seventeen children. 
 "Worked in his father's candle shop, served as apprentice to his brother, 
 who was a printer. At seventeen, ran away and went to Philadelphia, 
 found work in a printing office, and at the age of twenty-three owned a 
 paper of his own. Franklin founded the first public library in Philadel- 
 phia, and is regarded as the founder of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He discovered electricity, invented the lightning rod, and wrote his Auto- 
 biography, and Poor Richard's Almanac, and forceful articles on the 
 events of his day. He was a delegate to colonial assemblies, and formulat- 
 ed a plan of Union among the colonies; was sent as agent to London, was 
 a member of the Continental Congress, minister to Prance, a member of 
 the constitutional convention, and died in 1790. 
 
 Q. What was Dorr's Rebellion? Bacon's Rebellion? Shay's Re- 
 bellion? Clayborne's Rebellion? 
 
 Ans. Dorr's — an insurrection against prorjerty qualifications for the 
 suffrage, in Rhode Islanc - Bacon's — in Virginia, against the royal Gov- 
 ernor, Berkeley. Shay's — in Massachusetts, protesting against the opera- 
 tions of the government as existing under the Articles of Confederation. 
 Clayborne's — in Maryland, lasted two years, and was a protest against 
 the rule of the Calverts. After a brief sviccess, Clayborne failed, because 
 of his unpopularity with the people, and his mismanagement of affairs 
 v/hen in authority. 
 
 Q. What is the substance of the Thirteenth Amendment? 
 
 Ans. The abolition of slavery in the United States. 
 
 Q. Give a brief, but accurate, biography of Lafayette or Robert E. 
 Lee. 
 
 Ans. Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia in 1807, a son of "Light 
 Horse" Harry Lee of the Revolutionary army. He was a graduate of 
 West Point, and served in the Mexican War. After Virginia seceded, he 
 
192 Ter.cliers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 left the Union army and was appointed a major general of Virginia troops, 
 and in 1862 became commander-in-chief. At the end of the war he ac- 
 cepted the presidency of Washington Collfege (now Washington and Lee 
 University,) and died in Lexington, Va., in 1870. 
 
 Q. Mention at least five acts of Congress that had direct bearing on 
 slavery. 
 
 Ans. Missouri Compromise, Omnibus Bill, Fugitive Slave Law, the 
 act preventing further importation of slaves, Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
 Thirteenth Amendment. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Q. Name one duty of each officer in Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. It is assumed that the above question refers to the officers cl 
 the state governnlent, since to enumerate the duties of all officials within 
 the state would require more time and space than the average applicant 
 for certificate can afford. 
 
 Governor — serves as commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the 
 Commonwealth, grants commissions, remits fines, grants pardons except in 
 case of impeachment, convenes General Assembly. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor — serves as President of the Senate; in case of 
 death, resignation, or removal from office, of the Governor, succeeds tho 
 Governor. 
 
 Secretary of State — shall keep a fair register and attest all official 
 acts of the Governor. 
 
 Auditor — keeps public accounts, is the state's book-keeper. 
 
 Attorney General — legal advisor of state officials, and attorney for 
 the State in controversies, etc. 
 
 Treasurer — receives the state's money and disburses it upon order of 
 auditor. 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics — compiles statis- 
 tics relative to agricultural and labor conditions, and directs experimenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction — has general supervision of pub- 
 lic education in the state. 
 
 Q. (a) What is meant by the county seat? (b) Who is the legal 
 adviser of the county officers? (c) Of State officers? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The place where the county officials maintain their offices, 
 where the bunness of the county is transacted, and the county court holds 
 its sessions. 
 
 (b) The County Attorney. 
 
 (c) The Attorney General. 
 
 Q. (a) What is a poll tax? (b) What is an advalorem tax? (c) 
 What i? the rate of taxation in your covmty, both advalorem and poll? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 193 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A tax laid on the poll or bead, irrespective of property possession. 
 
 (b) A tax assessed upon the valuation of property. 
 
 (c) Rates will vary in different counties. 
 
 Q. What should be the attitude of the state or county toward having 
 a good free school system? Why. 
 
 Ans. The county and the State should be willing to pay heavy tax- 
 es in order to maintain a first class system of schools. First, because edu- 
 cation lessens crime, and therefore is an economical investment which 
 pays big dividends; second, because education increases the wealth of the 
 state or county by making possible a higher development of the natural re- 
 sources, and a greater productivity; third, because education adds to the 
 sum of human happiness. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between the Legislative, the Executive and the Judi- 
 cial Departments of government. 
 
 Ans. The Legislative Department makes the laws; the Judicial ex- 
 plains or applies them; the Executive sees that they are obeyed. 
 
 Q. What state officer corresponds with that of the mayor of a city? 
 
 Ans. The Governor. 
 
 Q: Name three charitable institutions in your state and tell where 
 they are located. 
 
 Ans. School for the Deaf and Dumb at Danville; School for the 
 Blind, Louisville; 'Feeble Minded Institute, Frankfort. 
 
 Q. Distinguish between the Supreme Court of the United States and 
 the Court of Appeals of Kentucky as to selection of members, term of of- 
 fice, number of members, and jurisdiction. 
 
 Ans. Members of the Supreme Court of the U. S. are appointed by 
 the President of the U. S.; members of the Court of Appeals are elected by 
 popular vote. Members of the Supreme Court hold office for life or during 
 good behavior; of the Court of Appeals, eight years. The Supreme Court 
 consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices; the Court of Ap- 
 peals of not fewer than five nor more than seven judges. The Supreme 
 Court of Appeals has jurisdiction only in cases which have failed of settle- 
 disputes between the states, between citizens of different states, between 
 a state or citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects; the 
 Court of Appeals has jurisdiction only in cases which bave failed of settle- 
 ment in the lower courts. 
 
 Q. What should be the chief aim of a teacher in teaching civil gov- 
 ernment? 
 
 Ans. To inspire respect for one's country and its laws, and to lay the 
 foundation for wisdom in the discharge of the duties of citizenship. 
 
 Q. How can a bill become a law in Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. The bill is read by title in the I '"ise in which it originates, 
 then referred to the appropriate Committee fc. consideration. If the Com- 
 
194 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 mittee report it favorably, it is again read and ordered printed. After 
 being read for the third time, it is placed before the house for passage. If 
 the measure receives a majority of the votes of said house, it is sent to tli^i^ 
 other house, and the same steps are taken. Having passed both houses, 
 it requires the signature of the Governor to become a law; or, if it lies on 
 the Governor's desk for ten days (Sundays excepted) after it is presented 
 to him, when it shall be considered a law the same as though he had sign- 
 ed it; or, if the Governor shall veto the bill, it may be passed over his 
 veto by a two thirds vote of all the members of both houses. 
 
 THEORY AND PHACTICE 
 
 Q. Name the elements of governing power in the teacher. 
 
 Ans. Self-control, justice, understanding, earnestness, decision of 
 character and manner, and a sense of humor. 
 
 Q. Why is it necessary that teachers be trained? 
 
 The mind developes according to law. Certain relations exist in all 
 knowledge. To perceive these relations, and to present them in such man- 
 ner as to accord with the laws of mind, demands training. 
 * Q. A noted authority says: "The science of teaching includes: 
 
 (1) Psychology, (2) Method, (3) School Management, (4) History of 
 Education." Define each of the above. 
 
 Ans. Psychology is the science of the mind or soul, and is the basis 
 of all the sciences which have to do with the moral faculties of man. 
 Method treats of the orderly, natural, and systematic manner of present- 
 ing material to the mind and of the relative values of subject matter. 
 School Management considers school discipline, good order, correct morals, 
 relation of the school to the community, as well as other matters connected 
 with the internal affairs of the school. History of Education describes the 
 educational movements of the past; sets forth the lives and teachings ol 
 of great thinkers who have written educational works or who have been 
 great teachers; outlines the systems and theories of education that have 
 been promulgated; traced the advance of civilization through educational 
 means; gives warning by teaching the errors of the past; and suggests 
 new fields for future improvement and investigation. 
 
 Q. (a) Name a good remedy for whispering, (b) For idleness. 
 
 Ans. (a) Stop the class work, anounce that just so many minutes 
 must be spent with this class, and that nothing will be done while the 
 whispering lasts, the entire school being retained until the proper time 
 shall have been spent in each class. This will cause the orderly ones to 
 check those who are disorderly, (b) Supply the proper incentive to in- 
 dustry, or offer some special privilege to those whose work is done prompt- 
 ly and well. 
 
 Q. What do you consider proper school punishments? 
 - Ans. Reproof, depriving of some liberty which has been abused, the 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 195 
 
 proper use of the monthly record and report, suspension, expulsion, and 
 perhaps in some instances judicious corporal punishment. 
 
 Q. Why is a course of study necessary? Should all teachers be re- 
 quired to strictly follow the course? Why? 
 
 Ans. Secures greater attendance, more regular attendance, keeps 
 pupils in school longer, causes better work on the part of teachers as well 
 as the pupils. In its principal features, yes. 
 
 Q. Do you approve a monthly written review? Give reasons for 
 your answer. 
 
 Ans. If a written test is meant, yes. At least, frequent written tests 
 should be required, either throughout the month, or at its close. Attention 
 during study is stimulated and memory becomes more active if the pupil 
 knows he is likely to be asked to repeat the lesson in writing; the habit of 
 accurate, concise statement is cultivated by the written test. 
 
 Q. Describe ways of winning parents and children to a proper inter- 
 est in school. 
 
 Ans. Use the home environment to illustrate the school work, and 
 the school work to enrich the home life. Feel and manifest sincere inter- 
 est in the activities of the district, and call on the parents to aid whenever 
 it is possible to do so. Have a few entertainments, giving a short program 
 for entertainment and making a good exhibit of school work. The teacher 
 should remember that his work must supplement the home training, and 
 he should therefore get in sympathy as soon as possible with the home 
 life of the child. 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. A town is ten miles from the nearest railroad point. The roads 
 are such that the average load hauled, is 1600 lbs. and requires two days 
 to make the trip. The average cost of hauling freight each way is 20 
 cents per 100 lbs. If the road were macadamized, the round trip could be 
 made in one day, hauling 2,500 lbs. each way at a cost of 7 cents per 100 
 lbs. If the freight to the above town is four 2,500 loads per day each way, 
 in how many years of 313 days each will enough be saved in freight to 
 build the pike at a cost of $1,800 per mile? 
 
 Ans. 2500 lb'.X8X313=6,260,000 lbs. This represents the amount of 
 freight hauled in 1 year. 
 
 At 20 cts. per 100 pounds, the cost will be $12,520. 
 
 At 7 cts. per 100 lbs. the cost will be $4,382. 
 
 $12,520— $4, 882=amount saved in 1 year. 
 
 To build the pike will cost $18,000. 
 
 $18, 000h^$8, 138^2. 21 the number of years required to save enough 
 money to build the pike. 
 
 Q. What is the cost of 8 scantlings, each 12 feet long, 8 in. wide, and 
 2 in. thick, at $25.00 per thousand feet. 
 
196 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Alls. In each scantling there are 16 board feet. In 8 scantlings 
 there are 128 board feet. At $25 per thousand feet, the cost will be $3.20. 
 
 Q. Find the interest on $125 at 6 per cent from January 28th, 1913. 
 to October 14th, 1913. 
 
 Ans. The time between January 28, 1913 and Oct. 14, 1913, is 8 
 months and 16 days. The interest on $125 for time is $5.33 1-3. 
 
 Q. If .7 of a ton of coal cost $5.60, what will 15 tons cost? 
 
 Ans. $5.60^.7=cost of 1 ton. |8Xi5=:?120, cost of 15 tons. 
 Q. In what time will $500 double itself at 6 per cent. 
 
 Ans. Any principal at 69; will double itself in 
 100% -^6% =16-1, hence, in 16§ > ears. 
 Q. How many yards of calico at 51/2 cents per yard should you re- 
 ceive in exchange for 4 lbs. 2 oz. butter at 37% cents per lb.? 
 
 Ans. 37y2Cts.X4ys=value of butter. 
 
 (37%X4ys)-^-5i/l>=number yards calico received=28V8 yds. 
 Q. By actual test at an experiment station, in pig-feeding, a pig 
 when fed for 46 days a total of 397 pounds of shelled corn, gained 79 
 pounds. At this rate, how many pounds of corn did it take to produce 
 260 lbs. of flesh? 
 
 Ans. According to the experiment, it requires 6779 lbs. of shelled corn to 
 produce 1 lb. of flesh. To produce 200 lbs. of flesh will require 200 times 5-/79 
 lbs., which is 1,0055/79 lb?. 
 
 Q. Referring to the above question, what is the highest price you 
 could afford to pay per bu. (56 lbs.) for corn with which to feed the pig? 
 
 Ans. 1,005%9 lbs. ^-56 lbs. =17. 94=number bushels shelled corn required 
 to produce 200 lbs. of flesh. 
 
 To prevent loss, the corn must not be less than the value of the flesh 
 produced. Let v represent the value of 1 lb of flesh, then 17.94 bu. corn 
 will equal 230 v, and 1 bu. corn will equal liy? v. Hence, making no 
 allowance for profit, you can pay 11 1-7 times the price of 1 lb of flesh. 
 
 Q. Divide $4.08 among four boys in the proportion of 3, 5, 7, and 9. 
 
 Ans. The money will be divided into 24 equal parts. 
 One boy will get %4. of $4.08=51 cents. 
 Another, %4 of $4.08=85 cents. 
 Another, ^4 of $4.08=$1. i9. 
 Another, %4 of $4.08=$1.53. 
 Q. How many barrels of corn on the cob in r. c:i,, 12 ft. long, 6 ft. 
 wide, 7 ft. high, counting 12.5 cu. ft. for each bbl. 
 
 Ans. 12X6x7=504=number cu. ft. in crib. 
 
 504-^12. 5=number bbls. in crib=40.32 bbls. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 197 
 
 State Examinations- June, 1914 
 
 SPELLING 
 (Grade on Capitalized words only.) 
 
 Q. Power to CHP^AT the eye with BLEAR ILLUSION; and give it 
 FALSE PRESENTMENTS. 
 
 The ASSUMPTION, UNIVERSAL among the ANCIENTS and la the 
 Middle Ages that there were PRINCIPLES of heat and cold, DRYNESS 
 and MOISTURE, etc., led DIRECTLY to BELIEF in ALCHEMY. 
 
 ALCOHOL is the ESSENCE of pure spirit obtained by DISTILLATION. 
 
 If I can in any way ASSUAGE private INFLAMMATIONS, or ALLAY 
 PUBLIC FERMENTS. 
 
 It GILDS all objects, but it ALTERS none. 
 
 AMBER is a YELLOWISH TRANSLUCENT RESIN RESEMBLING 
 COPAL, found FOSSIL in ALLUVIAL soils, with beds of LIGNITE, and on 
 many SEASHORES. 
 
 That FOREIGN ECCENTRICITY to which their nation is 1,0 
 AMIABLE. 
 
 His childlike STRAIGHT-FORWARDNESS, his amiable PLASTICITY, 
 not to say INNOCENT FICKLENESS of character. 
 
 Q. Use the following words in sentences: (a) supersede, (b) sub- 
 terranean, (c) conjecture, (d) demeanor, (e) apprehend, (f) theorist, 
 (g) cardiac, (h) beneficent, (i) equable, (j) clandestine. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) One deep love doth supersede all other. 
 
 (b) A subterranean passage connected the fort with the stream. 
 
 (c) He would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real 
 study of nature. 
 
 (d) His demeanor was singularly pleasing. 
 
 (e) It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. 
 
 ,(f) He is a fine theorist, but does not possess practical insight. 
 (,g) The cardiac orifice is so called because it lies near the heart. 
 ((h) The beneficent fruits of Christianity are apparent, 
 ((i) There is no repose, nor equable movement in it. 
 •(j) Plans were made at a clandestine (secret) meeting. 
 Q. Mark diacritically the words supersede etc., in above question. 
 Ans. Diacritical marks cannot be reproduced in these pages. Con- 
 sult a standard dictionary. 
 
198 Teacliers' and Students' Examinationfe 
 
 READING- 
 
 Q. Choose some selection, from any one of tlie series of readers that 
 you teach, and tell just how you would teach that selection. 
 
 Ans. From Graded Classics (Fourth Reader) : "The Blue and the 
 Gray." 
 
 In assigning the lesson, I would briefly review the cause of the con- 
 flict between the North and the South. I would enlarge upon the fact that 
 brothers were arrayed against brothers, and sons, against fathers, each 
 following the cause which seemed to him right. The fatalities of battle, 
 and the burial of the dead in the same burial, graund, should be touched i 
 upon. The friendships formed in time of war between those of opposite 
 sides; the respect which the soldiers felt for each other, and other ties 
 should be mentioned. Following this, the fact that when decorating the 
 graves of the dead, no partiality is usually shown. Southern women deco- 
 rate the graves of the Northern dead for the sake of the kindred buried 
 in the North, and Northern women, in memory of those whose graves they 
 cannot reach, strew flowers on the Southern dead buried in their vicinity. 
 I would read the poem at the time of assignment of the lesson, and dis- 
 cuss the meaning of such expressions as "fleets of iron," "ranks of the- 
 dead," "robings of glory," "gloom of defeat." The humanity voiced in 
 "Alike for the friend and the foe"; the promise of peace in "No more shall 
 the War cry sever, or the winding rivers be red"; the deeper personal 
 charity in "They banish our anger forever when they laurel the graves 
 of our dead" — these expressions should be well understood by the class. 
 Before the recitation, these points should be reviewed, and the feelings of 
 the class brought to the highest point of appreciation. The oral reading; 
 should not consume enough time to permit the class to weary, but should 
 be done well. 
 
 Q. What is the relativity between punctuation and reading? 
 
 Ans. Punctuation is the guide which enables the reader to follow^ 
 the writer with sympathy and understanding. While itself a mechanical 
 device, punctuation is the writer's best aid in securing understanding. 
 
 Q. In teaching children to read that are just starting to school,, 
 would you begin with the primer immediately, or use the blackboard? 
 Give reasons for your method of procedure. 
 
 Ans. I would first make use of the blackboard. The activity neces- 
 sary in teaching from the board is a valuable help in securing attention. 
 The lessons which the teacher may use to begin with, may be better adapt- 
 ed to the specific class than any in the primer. Children are naturally a 
 little in awe of the book, and need all such false barriers kept down until- 
 they have made a little beginning with just their teacher. When the 
 primer is introduced and they recognize a few of the words therein, their 
 pleasure will be doubled, and their progress. wilL be. hastened. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 199 
 
 Q. What importance do you attach to phonics? Explain your 
 answer. 
 
 Ans. Phonics is important in assisting children to master new words 
 without assistance. The word is pronounced slowly until the sounds 
 come into consciousness, and these sounds are associated with the letters 
 representing them. This would be an ideal method if each letter in the 
 language represented only one sound. The strongest point in the alphabet 
 method was the phonics unconsciously learned. 
 
 Q. Discuss: "External nature is ever a sure and interesting source 
 from which to draw in teaching beginners to read." 
 
 Ans. "The charm of reading is the recognition of what we already 
 know." The child is somewhat familiar with his surroundings. His in- 
 terest is enlisted when he is taught to recognize printed of written words 
 used to indicate these objects, and he responds more readily to the teach- 
 ing. Begin with "the known" in teaching young people; and as they grow 
 older, "proceed from the known to the unknown." 
 
 Q. Discuss the value of fables and mother-goose tales as reading 
 material for little folks. 
 
 Ans. This opens the discussion of whether or not any except "really 
 truly" stories shall be taught to little children. No one disputes the fact 
 that the child's mind readily responds to fairy stories and "make-believes." 
 For this reason, it seems that this would be splendid material to use in 
 familiarizing the child with the form and use of printed or written words. 
 Others claim that the ethical effect is questionable; that when the child 
 learns the falsity of his make-believe stories, he immediately questions 
 others teachings, and confuses truth and fiction. It would seem possible 
 that the child, if he is disposed really to believe the fable and fairy story, 
 ■might be taught them so as to eliminate the latter difficulty. No one dis- 
 putes the value of fanciful literature in the language as a whole, and few 
 •dispute the assertion that the human mind in some stages of its develop- 
 mient, grasps truth when presented in the fanciful form more readily than 
 when fed dry facts and fervid truths. 
 
 Q. How may and should a teacher direct a class in the reading habit? 
 
 Ans. The teacher should lose no opportunity to read to his class, or 
 to recommend that they read, selections from standard authors when such 
 selections touch upon the life or the studies of the pupils, or in any way 
 make a special appeal to them. The pupils should be directed to the books 
 which will furnish them the knowledge of which they may feel immediate 
 need. In short, the child should be led to discover that nearly all he 
 wishes to know, nearly all he wishes to feel, nearly all he wishes to do, 
 is set forth somewhere in the recorded experinces of others, and that it is 
 his for the reading. 
 
 Q. Indicate the pronunciation: of acclimated, raillery, prelude, 
 .duodenum, ecumenical. 
 
 Ans. Consult any standard dictionary. 
 
200 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Give a brief but concise account of the Montessori Method. 
 
 Ans. The Montessori method seems to have been an adaptation of 
 the principles of Froebel, making use of forms appealing at once to the 
 eye and the sense of touch. The system seems to have been largely the 
 work of one Seguin, superintendent of the Massachusetts Institute for the 
 Feebleminded at Waverly, and later developed by his successor. Dr. Fer- 
 nald, the present head. Montessori in her book gives Seguin full credit 
 for the foundation upon which her work is based. Self-activity, and the 
 development of the power of volition are made much of. The work of the 
 teacher is directive rather than corrective, and consists mainly in the 
 creation of an atmosphere favorable to the best development of the child's 
 mentality. There is little that is absolutely new, in the Montessori System. 
 It differs from the work at Waverly mainly in the fact that Montessori 
 has applied the system to the teaching of normal children. 
 
 Q. In what grades may the following classics be used: (a) "The 
 Last of the Mohicans," (b) "Ivanhoe," (c) "Grandfather's Chair," (d) 
 "Thanatopsis, and (e) "The Cricket on the Hearth." "Who wrote eacn? 
 
 Ans. "Grandfather's Chair" and "The Cricket on the Hearth" ivay 
 be taken by seventh grade readers. All others mentioned will be best 
 read by eighth grade pupils. The authors of books mentioned, in their 
 order, are (a) James Fenimore Cooper; (b) Sir ■ Walter Scott; (c> 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne; (d) William Cullen Bryant; (e) Charles Dickens. 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Write a letter making application for a School as a specimen of 
 your penmanship. 
 
 Ans. See page 8 7. 
 
 Q. What elements of Penmanship do you regard as most important^ 
 
 Ans. Main slant, left curve, and right curve. 
 
 Q. Make all the small letters that are one space high? 
 
 Ans. The letters are as follows: a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x. 
 
 Q. Make all the Capitals. 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Q. Give the names of (a) three books on the teach 'ug of English, 
 and also the names of five standard grammars to be used as iesk-ooples 
 Dy the teacijcr. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 la) Mackenzie's "History of English Literature," lia'.iook s "liistoiy 
 of Ainerican Literature," Hudson's "Essays o'l Eng]isV> otud.cs " 
 
 (b) Henderson's "Grammar by Parallelism and Comparison"; Reed 
 and Kellogg's "Higher English"; Holbrook's "New English Grammar'*; 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 201 
 
 Whitney's "Essentials of English Grammar"; Metcalf's "English Gram- 
 mar for Country Schools." 
 
 Q. (a) What is personification, (b) What is the general rule for 
 attributing gender in personification. * 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Personification is a figure of speech whereby life is attributed 
 to inanimate objects. 
 
 (b) Objects which possess the masculine qualities of strength, etc , 
 are considered as masculine: those possessing beauty, frailty, or other sup- 
 posedly feminine qualities, are considered as feminine. 
 
 Q. Illustrate the use of the infinitive as (a) subject; (b) predicate; 
 (c) an object; (d) in apposition with a noun. 
 
 Ans. (a and b) To die (subject) is to live (predicate), (c) He iids 
 to do (object) better, (d) This purpose, to practice (appositive) econ- 
 omy, ruled his life. 
 
 Q. Use "what" as four different parts of speech. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 As adverb: What does it profit him? 
 
 As interrogative pronom; : What did you say? 
 
 Double relative: What lie wishes, that I desire. 
 
 Ag a novm: Find "what" in your dictionary. 
 
 Q. Outline a lesson on the participle. 
 
 Ans. Definition and derivation. 
 
 Classes (as to form and tense) : 
 
 Present active, present passive. 
 
 Perfect active, perfect passive. 
 
 Neuter (of the verb "to be," or otlier copulative verb.) 
 
 Classes (as to use) : 
 
 As a noun. 
 
 As an adjective. 
 
 As an adverb. 
 
 Q. Give six classifications of adverbial clauses, and illustrate each 
 with a sentence. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Time; as, I shall wait until you return. 
 
 Place; as, I know tlie spot where the wild flowers grow. 
 
 Degree; as. He has more time than he employs. 
 
 Manner; as, As the twig is bent, so is the tree inclined. 
 
 Cause; as. Many persons died in the Black Hole of Calcutta because 
 tho, air was impure. 
 
 Purpose; as, Peter the Great worked in Holland in disguise that he 
 lyilgltt know how his people lived. 
 
 Q. (a) Give and illustrate the use of the semi-colon .md (b) the 
 colon; (c) Name and make five "reference marks." 
 
202 Teachers' and Students' . Examinations 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) If any one of the clauses of a compound sentence contains com- 
 mas, the members themselves should be separated by semi-colons; as. The- 
 more discussion the better, if passion and personality be avoided; and dis- 
 cussion, even if stormy, often winnows truth from error. 
 
 (b) A colon is used to precede a direct quotation formally introduc- 
 ed; as, He spoke as follows: "A certain man went out to sow." 
 
 (c) Asterisk (*); A^terism (***); Dagger or Obelisk (t) ; Doufc la Dag- 
 ger it); Section (§); Paragraph (If). 
 
 Q. (a) Name and define the properties of nouns, (b) Mention the 
 different ways in which a noun may be used in the objective case. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Number — that modification of a noun or pronoun Avhich denotes 
 one thing or more than one; Gender — that modification of a noun or pro- 
 noun which denotes sex; Person — that modification of a noun or pronoun, 
 which denotes the speaker, the person spoken to,, or the person spoken of: 
 Case — that modification of a noun or pronoun which denotes its office in 
 the sentence. 
 
 (b) A noun may be in the objective case as the object of a transi- 
 tive verb; as the object of a preposition; as the object of an infinitive; a& 
 the object of a participle; as the subject of an infinitive. 
 
 Q. Analyze the following sentence and classify with respect to 
 meaning and form: 
 
 "There is a reaper, whose name is death. 
 
 And with sickle keen, 
 He reaps the bearded grain at a breath. 
 
 And the flowers that grov/ between! 
 
 Ans. With respect to meaning, the sentence Is Declarative; with 
 respect to form, Compound, with the first member complex, and the second 
 complex and containing a compound object. 
 
 Of the first member, "There is a reaper" is the principal clause, 
 "whose name is death" is the subordinate clause. Of the principal clause, 
 "reaper" is the subject, "is" is the predicate,, "there" is expletive or in- 
 troductory. Of the subordinate clause, "name" is the subject, "is" is the 
 predicate verb, "death" is the predicate noun, "whose" is relative pronoun 
 with "reaper" as its antecedent, modifies "name." The subordinate clause 
 modifies "reaper," the antecedent of the relative pronoun. 
 
 Of the second member, "He" is the subject, "reaps" is the predicate, 
 "grain" and "flowers" are the objects. "Reaps" is modified by two ad- 
 verbial phrases, "with sickle keen" and "at a breath." "Flowers" is 
 modified by the relative clause "that grow between," of which "that" is 
 the subject (and the connective,) "grow" is the predicate," "between" an 
 adverbial modifier of "grow." - 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 203 
 
 Q. The percent of the question (10%) will be given to or deducted 
 form the general structure and general worth of your paper in this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Define: (a) biography, (b) autobiography, (c) chronicle, and 
 '{d) annals. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Biography — a written account of the life and activities of an in- 
 dividual. 
 
 (b) Autobiography — an account of the life and activities of an in- 
 dividual, written by the person himself. 
 
 (c) Chronicle — a historical register of facts or events, disposed in 
 the order of time. 
 
 (d) Annals — a relation of events in chronological order, each event 
 being given under the year in which it happened. 
 
 Q. Discuss briefly relative to composition: (a) Subject matter; (b) 
 Material. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The subject matter for composition work should be that with 
 which the child is thoroughly familiar, or that which he can get for him- 
 self by reading or by observation. Generally speaking, the subject should 
 •be concrete, since children are unable to cope successfully with abstract 
 subjects. 
 
 (b) The material may be drawn from the child's own experience, or 
 obtained by reading and observation. The child should be taught how to 
 collect such material, and how to read thoroughly and quickly. 
 
 Q. Define and illustrate: (a) Causal pause, (b) final pause, and 
 (c) rhetorical pause. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The causal pause is designed to arrange the ideas with respect 
 to each other, so that the hearer may grasp their relations to each other 
 aud to the whole thought. 
 
 (b) The final pause indicates the completion of that thought, and a 
 temporary suspension of attention to it. 
 
 (c) A rhetorical pause is not necessarily demanded for the under- 
 standing of the speech, but for strengthening the force of it. 
 
 In "The perfection of art is to conceal art," there is a slight causal 
 pause after the first "art," and a final pause after the second. In "Life 
 is real! Life is earnest," there should be a strong rhetorical pause after 
 eajcli "life." 
 
 Q. Show difference in meaning by using each in a sentence: (a) 
 anger, (b) fury, (c) indignation, and (d) resentment; (e) appreciate, 
 (f) estimate, and (g) esteem; (h) discuss, (i) argue, and (j) dispute. 
 
204 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Taxes and impositions anger, rather than grieve, the people. 
 
 (b) Beware the fury (excessive anger) of a patient man. 
 
 (c) Wlien Haman saw Mordecai — that he stood not up nor moved for 
 him, he was full of indignation. 
 
 (d) Resentment is a deep, reflective displeasure against the conduct 
 of the offender. 
 
 (e) He appreciates (values justly) the kindness of the one and the 
 brutality of the other. 
 
 ■(f) He may estimate (place a value, but perhaps not a true one) the 
 character of his friend. 
 
 (g) His esteem (l.gh regard) is v/ell bestowed. 
 
 (h, i, j) Their quiet and harmonious discussion of the matter was in- 
 terrupted by a third person who argued that they were wrong in their 
 conclusions, and this led to a dispute (heated and contradictory argument) 
 between them and thid t- 1 d person. 
 
 Q. Define and give illustrations of (a) euphemism, (b) allitera- 
 tion, and (c) repartee. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Euphemism is a softened way of expressing an unpleasant 
 thought; as "He is purposely inaccurate in his statements," instead of the 
 direct statement, "He is a liar." 
 
 (b) Alliteration repeats the same sound in words for the purpose of 
 adding to the euphony; as, "In a summer season, when soft was the sun". 
 
 (c) Repartee is a clever, ready, and witty reply or retort. The fol- 
 lowing illustrates: An Englishman was being driven in a jaunting car 
 through a section of Ireland owned by landlords who lived in other sec- 
 tions of the empire and gave little attention to their property or the con- 
 dition of its people. The Englishman asked his Irish driver the name of a 
 peak, of a lake, and of a river, and found the name of Satan figuring in 
 the name of each. Thinking to embarrass the driver, he asked, "A large 
 part of this country belongs to the Devil, does it not?" This Irishman, like 
 many of his countrymen, was quick at repartee, and responded, "Yes, your 
 honor, but he is an absentee landlord." 
 
 Q. Write a note of condolence to one of your pupila whose family 
 has been visited by death. 
 Ans. 
 
 Cynthiana, Ky. 
 
 June 1, 1914. 
 My dear Mary: 
 
 I am grieved to learn that the little brother will not play with 
 you any more, and I know how sorely you will miss him. When you are 
 older, perhaps, you will understand that it is sometimes a very kind thino 
 for little children to be called away from earth while they are still young 
 and happy. Keep busy, help your mother and cheer her all you can, and 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 205 
 
 when it is best for you to do so, come back to scliool. All the children will 
 be glad to see you again and so will 
 
 Your teacher, 
 IVA REID. 
 Q. (a) What is style? (b) Name several topics that may be in- 
 cluded in style. 
 
 Ans. (a) Style is the manner in which one expresses himself, (b) 
 Perspicacity, or clearness of expression; Energy, or force in expression; 
 Imagery, or the use of figures of speech; Variety, or the employment of 
 methods to suit the thought to be expressed. 
 
 Q. Write or quote a sentence containing a simile. 
 Ans. 
 
 Caesar would not be brave like a lion, if Romans were not like 
 timid hinds. 
 Q. Change the sentence you have written so that it may contain a 
 metaphor. 
 Ans. 
 
 "Caesar were no lion, were not Romans hinds." 
 Q. The percent of this question (10%) will be either given to or de- 
 ducted from the general worth and general appearance of your paper in 
 this subject. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Q. How may geography, history and civics be correlated? Give 
 your plan in brief. 
 
 Ans. In conducting a recitation in each of the above svibjects, the 
 proper facts bearing upon the lesson should be introduced. For instance, 
 in studying the geography of a country, something of its history and gov- 
 ernment must be brought into the discussion; in studying a historical 
 event, its geographical setting and its civic significance should be consider- 
 ed; and in studying the government of a country, its geography and historv 
 will be found to have contributed greatly toward the civic life of the 
 people. Ono of these subjects cannot be mastered without a study of the 
 others. 
 
 Q. Discuss: "In the different stages of a child's life are reproduced 
 the stages of civilization." 
 
 Ans. In infancy the child is practically a savage, obeying instinct 
 and satisfied with food and warmth. While very young, the child is at- 
 tracted by gaudy and showy things, this taste sometimes lingering until 
 maturity. A little later, he becomes self-assertive and pugilistic, his state 
 comparing with the hunting age of man. Still later, in banding himself 
 with his fellows for the accomplishment of his purposes, he resembles the 
 feudal lord. When he voluntarily foregoes his own desires for the com- 
 
206 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 mon good, he is representing the self-governing stage of man in his de- 
 velopment in civil life. When anger causes him to forget all except his 
 impulse to harm, he is representing the condition now prevailing in 
 Europe. Such, in brief, is the fancied or true similarity in the develop- 
 ment of the individual and the race. 
 
 Q. Name three geographical factors that form a basis for trade be- 
 tween different countries. 
 
 Ans. Climate, topography, waterways or other means of transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 Q. (a) Why is the United States denied the right to levy export 
 duties? (b) Why is she given the right to levy import duties? 
 
 Ans. (a) To levy export duties practically limits the development 
 of a country to its own consumption, and discourages the development of 
 the natural resources and of the manufacturing interests, (b) To levy 
 import duties has a tendency to encourage the development of resources 
 within the country, and sets a premium on manufacturing, etc., besides af- 
 fording a great revenue for the conduct of the government. 
 
 Q. Compare Florida and California relative to the following points: 
 (a) Latitude, (b) Population, (c) Area, (d) Topography, (e) Climate;, 
 (f) Cities and harbors. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Florida lies between of 25 and 31, North Latitude; California, 
 between 32 and 42 degrees North . 
 
 (b) California has about three times the population of Florida. 
 
 (c) California has almost three times the area of Florida. 
 
 (d) Florida contains much swampy land, and is in some places very 
 little above the sea level; California has everj'^ variety of surface, from 
 high mountains to sea level, broad valleys and rugged hillsides. 
 
 (e) Florida has an equable, warm and moist climate; California has 
 every variety of climate from extreme warmth to extreme cold, from very 
 dry to very moist. 
 
 (f) Florida has several good harbors, but not many great cities; Cal- 
 ifornia has a few fine harbors, and several important cities. 
 
 Q. If a foreigner were to ask you the five most interesting places or 
 things to be visited in the United States, how would you advise him? 
 
 Ans. Of natural scenery, Niagara Falls, Grand Canon of the Colora- 
 do, Yellowstone Park; of cities, the National capital, and San Francisco, 
 California. 
 
 Q. (a) Why do rivers make poor boundary lines? (b) Mention three 
 instances in which rivers form the boundary line between countries. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Because rivers sometimes change their courses, and transfer 
 land from one bank to another. 
 
 (b) The Rio Grande, between United States and Mexico; Pruth river, 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 207 
 
 between Roumania and Russia; Amur river, between Chinese Empire anJ 
 Siberia. 
 
 Q. Discuss the art of questioning under the following heads: (a) 
 Questions that should be asked, (b) Questions that should not be asked. 
 
 Ans. Questions should be clear, concise, and definite, so arranged 
 as to unfold the subject in logical order, to test the thoroughness of the 
 pupil's preparation, and to discover his deficiencies. Questions should not 
 be such as may confuse the child, or put in such manner as to indicate the 
 answer expected. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Q. What are the following: (a) ptomain poisoning, (b) antitoxins, 
 (c) bacteria, (d) vaccines, and (e) enzymes? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Ptomain poison is formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria 
 on nitrogenous matter. 
 
 (b) Antitoxin, a substance which will destroy the poisons of disease. 
 
 (c) Bacteria, the smallest known plants, composed of only one cell. 
 
 (d) Vaccine, any substance for preventive inoculation. 
 
 (e) Enzymes, soluble ferments. 
 
 Q. Discuss and state the peculiarities of the pulmonary vein and the 
 pulmonary artery. Compare the structure and use of arteries and veins. 
 
 Ans. The pulmonary vein is the only vein which carries pure blood, 
 and the pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries impure blood. 
 Arteries and veins have three coats: an inner serous coat, a middle coat 
 composed of muscular and elastic fibers, and an outer coat of connective 
 tissue. In the artery, the middle and outer coats are much stronger than 
 in the veins. Veins have valves made of folds of the muscular and serous 
 coats. These valves permit the blood to flow freely toward the heart, but 
 prevent its flow in the opposite direction. Veins carry blood to the heart; 
 arteries carry it away from the heart. 
 
 Q. Discuss the wisdom of physical culture directly after recess, of 
 the first period in the morning, or the afternoon. 
 
 Ans. There is no wisdom in so ararnging the period for physical 
 culture. Such exercises should be taken a little more than half way be- 
 tween the time of opening the school (either morning or afternoon) and 
 the next long recess. This plan will keep the blood flowing freely and the 
 mind alert throughout the day. 
 
 Q. (a) Discuss the effects of climate and topography in disease, (b) 
 Mention three diseases affected by climate and state what general locali- 
 ties would be favorable and what localities would be detrimental. 
 • Ans. 
 
 (a) Some diseases flourish in a warm, moist climate; as malaria, and 
 
208 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 certain fevers. Others seem to thrive best in colder climates. Generally 
 speaking, the dry climate is more conductive to health than the moist, 
 whether cold or warm. 
 
 (b) Patients suffering from asthma, unless affected by heart trouble, 
 will do best in high altitudes, preferably warm, and in or iiear pine forests, 
 tubercular persons make most rapid gains in a dry climate, warm enough 
 to permit them to stay in the open air all of the time. Malaria is best 
 treated in colder climates. All heart diseases are best treated in tbe lov/er 
 altitudes. 
 
 Q. Have we a firm basis for saying that the arteries carry pure 
 blood and that the veins carry impure blood? Make your answer definite. 
 Liive the constituents of the blood. 
 
 Ans. The veins, with the exception of the pulmonary vein, carry the 
 blood which has given off its oxygen and has absorbed the worn-out tis- 
 sues; the pulmonary artery carries this impure blood to the lungs to be 
 purified. The arteries, with the exception of the Pulmonary artery, carry 
 the oxygen-laden blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The pul- 
 monary vein carries this pure blood from the lungs to the heart before it 
 starts on its long journey through the body. Blood is composed of a liquid 
 part, called Plasma (composed of albumin, sugar, fat, mineral salts, gases 
 and v/ater, ) and small cells known as corpuscles (white and red.) 
 
 Q. (a) Hov/ does the construction of the brain and the spipnal cord 
 differ? (b) Explain: "Crossing of cords." 
 
 Ans. (a) In the brain, the gray matter is arranged above or out- 
 side of the v/hite matter; in the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds 
 the gray matter, (b) Nerves originating in one side of the brain (except 
 those going to the face) affect or control the opposite side of the body; 
 hence, in paralysis, one side of the body and the opposite side of the face 
 are affected. 
 
 Q. Define and disc^^ss the relative importance of physiology, hygiene 
 and sanitation, in the sclool. 
 
 Ans. Compared with other subjects of study, these three are of the 
 highest importance, since the health and perhaps the life of the pupils and 
 their associates may be saved. Considered relative to each other, we 
 should say that while sanitation is the end to be achieved, hygiene is neces- 
 sary to induce sanitary habits of living, and physiology is necessary to an 
 understanding of both. 
 
 Q. Locate and give uses of (a) glycogen, (b) mucous, (c) synovii, 
 (d) steapsin, (e) ptyalin, (f) pepsin. 
 
 (a) Glycogen, a kind of starch produced from sugar by the liver. 
 
 (b) Mucous, a fluid secreted by the mucous glands. 
 
 (c) Synovia, a lubricating fluid found in the joints. 
 
 (d) Steapsin, a ferment found in the pancreatic juice. 
 
 (e) Ptyalin, the active principle in saliva which changes starch to 
 sugar. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 209 
 
 (f) Pepsin, a ferment of the stomach, which changes albumin .o 
 peptones. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 Q. Explain what is meant by the three departments of government, 
 and why their functions are held separate and distinct by constitutional 
 provision. 
 
 Ans. Legislative, Executive, Judicial. It was believed that maintain- 
 ing the three departments as equal or co-ordinate, would insure a more 
 just administration of the affairs of the government; and that the invest- 
 ing of any one person or set of persons with more than one of the govern- 
 mental functions, would be to confer too much power. 
 
 Q. State two arguments for and two against each of these subjects: 
 (a) Woman's Suffrage, (b) The Initiative and Referendum. 
 
 Ans. (a) Affirmative: Women are taxed by law, and are compelled 
 to obey the laws of the land, and to deny them a voice in the making of 
 these laws is "taxation without representation." Women need the vote m 
 order to protect the home and to provide safe and sanitary surroundings 
 for their children. Negative: "Mixing in politics" will make women less 
 womanly. Her "privileges" are so far in excess of her "rights" that she 
 would be the loser if given suffrage. 
 
 (b) Affirmative: The people should be able to place a check on their 
 law-makers in order to secure the needed legislation. The entire people are 
 harder to corrupt than the select few who are members of the Legislative 
 body. Negative: The people as a whole are not well enough informed to 
 suggest needed laws; they are not broad enough to judge if laws are best 
 for the common good and in this respect are inferior to the men whom they 
 may send to, the legislative halls. 
 
 Q. Define: (a) revenue, (b) bill of attainder, (c) tariff, (d) 
 felony, (e) elector, (f) writ of habeas corpus. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Revenue — the annual taxes of whatever kind which a govern- 
 ment realizes for its maintenance. 
 
 (b) Bill of attainder— legal right to condemn an accused person and 
 impose sentence of death, banishment, or outlawry, without fair and im- 
 partial trial. ("No bill of attainder" shall be passed by the U. S. Con- 
 gress. ) 
 
 (c) Tariff — a duty or tax imposed upon goods imported into a coun- 
 try. 
 
 (d) Felony — any one of various crimes that are more serious in their 
 nature or In their penal consequences than those classed as "misdemean- 
 ors." 
 
 (e) Elector — Voter; in the United States, the term i=; ii^^ally ar)- 
 
210 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 plied to the members of the Electoral College, who cast a direct vote for 
 the President and Vice President of the United States. 
 
 (f ) Writ of habeas corpus — an instrument of writing demanding that 
 an accused person be given immediate trial to determine if the accused is 
 wrongfully imprisoned. 
 
 Q. What are the principal sources of revenue for the United States 
 government? The annual income is approximately $600,000,000. Give 
 at least three sources from which this is derived. 
 
 Ans. Taxes on imported goods, taxes on goods manufactured within 
 the country; Income tax; The tariff and the income tax are sources of 
 great revenue to the government. 
 
 Q. Show how the president of the United States is part of the lav/^- 
 making department. 
 
 Ans. After laws are passed by both houses of Congress, they are 
 sent to the President for his approval. If he signs a bill, it becomes a 
 law; if he refuses to sign it, it may yet become a law, but it must pass 
 both houses by a two-thirds majority of votes. In this restrictive sense, the 
 President is a part of the law-making body. 
 
 Q. Why is the State legislature composed of two houses? 
 
 Ans. Following the custom of all representative governments in. es- 
 tablishing a law-making body of two different sections, the members of 
 the more numerous house represent a smaller area; the members of the 
 senate represent larger territory and usually hold office a longer term of 
 years, a part being elected at each date of election, the "hold-overs" con- 
 stituting a continuous body. 
 
 Q. Name the counties in your Congressional District. How many 
 Congressional Districts in Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. The first part of this question must be answered by the appli- 
 cant. There are eleven Congressional Districts in Kentucky. 
 
 Q. How many judges of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky? Which 
 of the justices of this court acts as chief justice? 
 
 Ans. . Seven. "The Judge longest in commission as Judge of the 
 Court of Appeals shall be Chief Justice, and if the term of service of two or 
 more judges be the same, they shall determine by lot which of their num- 
 ber shall be Chief Justice." 
 
 Q. Tell briefly how the State constitution may be amended. 
 
 Ans. Amendments may be proposed in either House of the General 
 Assembly. If three fifths of all the members elected to each House agree 
 to said proposals, the amendments shall be submitted to the voters of the 
 state at the next general election for members of the House of Representa- 
 tives. If a majority of the voters declare in favor of the amendment, It 
 becomes a part of the Constitution. 
 
 (Applicant has privilege of answering any eight and receiving 121^ % 
 each, or answering the ten and receiving 10% each.) 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 211 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. Who has the greater power, the President of the United States, 
 or the King of England? Substantiate your statement . 
 
 Ans. The President. The President had greater appointive power, 
 and exercises a greater influence on legislation than does the King of Ent^'- 
 land. 
 
 Q. (a) Give the date for Washington's inauguration, (b) Who ad- 
 ministered the oath of office? (c) Is the President compelled to take 
 the oath of office? 
 
 Ans. (a) April 30, 1789. (b) Robt. R. Livingston. (c) Yes. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the President's message? (b) What old custom 
 has Wilson adopted relative to his message? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The President's Message is his address to the Congress when It 
 regularly convenes. 
 
 (b) President Wilson has revived the old custom of reading his mes- 
 sage in person, rather than having it read by another. 
 
 Q. Explain briefly, but definitely, why the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion were inadequate. 
 
 Ans. The Articles of Confederation provided for a lawmaking body, 
 but for neither judiciary nor executive. Under the Articles, war could be 
 declared, but an army could not be equipped; taxes could be levied, but 
 none collected; in short, "Congress might declare everything, but enforce 
 nothing." 
 
 Q. What was the "Tenure of Office Act"? What prompted its pas- 
 sage? 
 
 Ans. President Andrew Johnson and his Congress were bitterly at 
 variance. In order to hamper Johnson, the Congress in 1867 passed the 
 Tenure of Office Act, which provided that the President should not re- 
 move any public officer without the consent of the Senate. 
 
 Q. What is history? What should be the chief object in teaching 
 it? (This question will be graded strictly on the quality of your answer.) 
 
 Ans. History is a record of past events. The chief object in teach- 
 ing history should be Patriotism; bringing the individual child into sym- 
 pathetic appreciation of the struggle which has brought man to his pres- 
 ent state of civilization, and instilling respect for the institutions which 
 have been established as necessity required them. 
 
 Q. What were the Kentucky Resolutions? What was the object in 
 passing them? What other State passed similar resolutions at the same 
 time? 
 
 Ans. The Kentucky Resolutions declared the Alien and Sedition 
 Laws were in violation to the Constitution of the United States, and that 
 it was the duty of the States to resist their enforcement. Virginia passed 
 
212 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 similar resolutions. 
 
 Q. Give the names of tlie members of President Wilson's Cabin-et. 
 Ans. See Appendix. 
 
 TKEOEY AND PRACTICE 
 
 Q. Wliy is it important that a teacher should have a knowledge of 
 Psychology? 
 
 Ans. Psychology deals with the laws and activities of the mind, in- 
 cluding instinct, imitation, sense-perception, memory, imagination, reason- 
 ing, generalizing, etc. A knowledge of these laws and activities are na- 
 cessary in order that the teacher may present such environment and ap- 
 ply such methods as shall best develop the mentality and moral force of 
 the pupils under his charge. 
 
 Q. What are the legal requirements for a country school teacher in 
 Kentucky? 
 
 Ans. Good moral character, eighteen years of age, and possession of 
 a State Normal diploma, a State certificate, or a county certificate of the 
 first or second class, issued by the county board of examiners. 
 
 Q. How may children be led to see the evil results of bad habits? 
 
 Ans. Life and literature teem with examples. In pointing out per- 
 sons whose bad habits have been their destruction, it is necessary to be 
 tactful and kind, that the habit and not the person, may seem to be con- 
 demned. Stories which closely parallel the children's own observation 
 may be employed with profit. Chance observations regarding 'the conduct 
 of your people may be repeated if the names of all persons are withheld. 
 
 Q. What do you consider the true test of the teacher? 
 
 Ans. That his pupils shall be constant in their growth, self-govern- 
 ing, and self-sustaining in their work. 
 
 Q. How can you avoid teaching empty terms instead of real objects? 
 
 Ans. First present the object, and so teach it as to create a necessity 
 for a fitting term. If the essence of the thing is first presented, the term 
 representing it will not be meaningless. 
 
 Q. (a) Name three proper incentives to study. (b) Three im- 
 proper incentives. 
 
 Ans. (a) A desire for knowledge; a desire for power to be rightly 
 used; the keen pleasure of mental activity, (b) Prizes, special privileges, 
 fear. 
 
 Q. Write at least twenty lines on "Proper Assignment of Lessons. ' 
 
 Ans. "The proper assignment of a lesson involves a consideration 
 of (1) the ability and advancement of a class, (2) the time available 
 for study, (3) the nature of the lesson. The frequent assignment of les- 
 sons which are beyond the pupils' ability to master, is sure to break down 
 the spirit of study in any school. In order to assign a lesson properly the 
 teacher must know what it contains, and be able to estimate both the 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 213 
 
 amount and the degree of mental effort required to master it. He must 
 know also the mental condition of his pupils and the time which they can 
 conveniently and wisely give to its preparation. Then the lesson should 
 be assigned definitely, and the requirements of the recitation be clearly 
 stated. From White's "Elements of Pedagogy." 
 
 Q. Give your estimate of the value of the Course of Study. 
 
 Ans. The Course of Study for Kentucky schools contains most of 
 the essentials, and a few of the desirable studies. The arrangement pre- 
 pared by Supervisor T. J. Coates is splendidly suited for adaption or adop- 
 tion by the rural schools. In our opinion, the course would be strength- 
 ened by the addition of Music, Domestic Science and Agriculture as a paot 
 of the uniform list of studies to be pursued throughout the state. 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 Q. . (a) What is the nature of Samuel Johnson's writings? (b) 
 Name four of his best works. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Johnson's style was cumbersome and monotonous because of its 
 sonorous Latin derivatives, carefully elaborated sentences, and pompous 
 phraseology. 
 
 (b) "A Dictionary of the English Language," Rasselas, Lives of the 
 Poets, A Life of Savage. 
 
 Q. Give the author, the three chief characters, and a skeleton out- 
 line of Enoch Arden, or the Courtship of Miles Standish. 
 
 Ans. Enoch Arden; Author, Alfred Tennyson. The chief characters 
 are Enoch Arden, Annie Lee, and Philip Ray, three children who lived by 
 the sea. Both boys loved Annie. Enoch and Annie were married. Three 
 children were born, and for their sakeS Enoch went on a long voyage, hop- 
 ing to return with wealth enough to rear them well. Time passed and 
 Enoch did not return. The youngest child died, and Annie's scant stores 
 were exhausted. Philip, in true friendship, maintained her household witii 
 the understanding that Enoch would repay him upon his return. The ship 
 on which Enoch sailed was lost, and when it seemed sure- that Enoch had 
 perished, after more than ten years Annie and Philip were wed. Enoch, 
 who had been shipwrecked near an island, after many experiences and 
 much effort, made his way back home, to find his wife married to his 
 friend. When he learned from the neighbors the kindness which had been 
 shown his family by Philip, and seeing they were happy together, he did 
 not reveal himself to them, and not until he was dead did they know he 
 had returned to their port. 
 
 Q. Name four American historians and give a work of each . 
 
 Henry Coppee, "Conquest of Spain by the Moors;" Martha 
 Johanna Lamb, "History of the City or New York"; Charles F. Richard- 
 son, "History of American Literature"; Wm. M. Sloan, "Napoleon"; 
 Henry C. Lodge, "History of the Colonies." 
 
214 ' Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Give the authors of Lycidas, Le Morte D'Arthur, Essays of Elia, 
 Locksley Hall, Marmion, and Our Mutual Friend. 
 
 Ans. Milton, Sir Thomas Malory, Charles Lamb, Alfred Tennyson 
 Sir Walter Scott, Charles Dickens. 
 
 Q. Name and give tvv^o works of each: (a) An Essayist, (b) A 
 humorist, (c) A dramatist, (d) A poet. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Emerson — Society and Solitude, Representative Men. 
 
 (b) Mark Twain — Tom Sawyer, Innocents Abroad. 
 
 (c) Shakespeare — Merchant of Venice, Macbeth. 
 
 (d) Longfellow — The Reaper and the Flowers, Hiawatha. 
 
 Q. (a) Name six of Charles Dickens' works, and (b) six of his best 
 inown characters. 
 Ajis.. 
 
 (a) Old Curiosity Shop, Nicholas Nickleby, Oliver Twist, Dorribey and 
 Son, Tale of Two Cities, Bleak House. 
 
 (b) Mr. Pickwick, Sam Weller, Sairy Gamp, Sidney Carton, Dsmld 
 Copperfield, Mr. Pecksniff. 
 
 Q. Give the author of: 
 
 (a) "Fools Rush in, Where Angels Fear to Tread." 
 (;b) Ships that pass in the Night and speak each other in passing. 
 Only a signal shown and a distant voice in the darkness; 
 So, on the ocean of Life, we pass and speak one another. 
 Only a look and a voice, then darkness again and a silence. 
 Aas. (a) Pope, (b) Beatrice Harradin. 
 
 Q. Who wrote: (a) "A Blot in the Scutcheon," (b) "The Mansion," 
 (c) "In Memoriam," (d) "Treasure Island," (e) "Westward Ho," (f) 
 "A Child's Garden of Verses"? 
 
 Ans. (a) Robert Browning, (b) Henry VanDyke, (c) Tennyson, 
 Cd) R. L. Stevenson, (e) Chas. Kingsley, (f) R. L. Stevenson 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. Compare the local values of the digits in the number 682.24; for 
 example, 8 in ten's place, is how many times 4 in hundredth's place? 
 
 Ans. The position occupied by the 8 gives it the value of 80. 4 
 from its position has the value of .04. 80 is 2000 times .04. In like man- 
 ner any two other digits may be compared. 
 
 Q. A circular pond 100 feet in diameter is covered with ice 8 inches 
 thick. Find the number of tons of ice on the pond, if a cubic yard of water 
 weighs 1687.5 lbs., and the specific gravity of ice is .9. 
 
 Ans. 3. 1416X2, 500=7, 854=area of pond. 8 in. are § ft. § of 7,854= 
 5,236=cu. ft. of ice on pond. 5, 236-^ 27=193. 92=cu. yds. of ice on pond. 193.92 
 Xl,687.5=327,240=weight of this number cu. yds. of water. JL. of 327,240= 
 ^4,516=weight of ice. 294, 516^2, 000=147, 258=number of tons of ice on pond. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 215 
 
 Q. A bought lumber as follows: 
 
 12 pieces 2x10x16 
 6 pieces 2x 8x12 
 
 40 pieces 2x 4x10 
 
 18 pieces 2x 6x14 
 What was the amount of the bill @ $25 per thousan<J feet? 
 
 Ans. The total number of board feet in the b'U of lumber is 934|. The 
 cost of this at $25 per thousand will be $23.36§. 
 
 Q. A town is bonded for $150,000 for school purposes. The bonds 
 pay 4% interest, and the taxable property of the town is $6,000,000. 
 What annual tax rate is necessary to pay the interest on the bonds? 
 
 Ans. The interest on 5^15O,O0O at 4% is $6,000. 6,000--6,000,000=.001= 
 jJp%. The rate will be one mill on the dollar. 
 
 Q. How long will the contents of a silo feed 40 steers, the silo being 
 round, with the inner diameter 10 feet and the height 30 feet, allowing 
 401bs. of silage for each cubic foot of space? 
 
 Ans The silo will hold 94,248 lbs. of silage. To determine how long it 
 will feed 40 steers we must know the average amount eaten per day by eadh 
 steer. This is not given, hence the problem is indeterminate. 
 
 Q. A stone fence is 40 rods long, 2% feet wide at the base, one foot 
 nine inches wide at the top, and 3 Yz feet high. What the cost of build- 
 ing @ $1.50 per perch? 
 
 Ans. The fence is in the form of a frustum of a pyramid. Calculat- 
 ing the volume of this frustum we find it to be 4877.25 cu. ft. 4,877,25-r- 
 
 24.75=197. 06=number perches in fence. 197.06Xil.50=B295.59=cost of build- 
 ing fence. 
 
 Q. If a clean field of corn produces 50 bu. of corn per acre, and a 
 weedy one 35 bu. per acre, what is the loss per acre caused by weeds, with 
 corn at 60c per bu.? Suppose 2 days' work would keep an acre clean, how 
 much would one day's work profit the farmer? 
 
 Ans. 50 — 35=15=number bu. corn lost on one acre. 15X60c=$9=loss in 
 dollars on one acre. $9H-2=$4.50=value one day's work. 
 
 Q. On September 1, a farmer bought 50 hogs @ 5c a lb., average 
 weight 160 lbs. He gave his note for the purchase price, the note bearing 
 6% interest. He fed an average of 7 bu. of corn worth 65c a bu. to each 
 hog. He sold the hogs December 15th, @ 7c pr lb., average weight 210 
 lbs., and paid the note and interest immediately. Find his net gain. 
 
 Ans. 160X50=8,000=weightof hogs when bought. 8,000X5c=«400=cost 
 of hogs. Interest on $400 at 69^0 for 3 months and 14 days is $6.93^ 7X50= 
 350=number bushels corn fed to hogs. 350X65c=*227.50=value of corn. $400 
 +$6.93i+$227.50=$634.43J=total cost of hogs. 210X50X7c=$735=selling 
 price of hogs. 
 
 $735— $634.43^ =$100. 56§=gain on hogs. 
 
216 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. If a person divided an estate of $8,700 among three children in 
 the ratio of their ages, 9, 7 and 13, what should eacli receive? 
 
 Ans. One received ^9j;one Jg-; one is. ^9^^ of f8, 700=- $2,700. J^- of 
 |8,700=$2,100. -y of $8,700=$3,900. 
 
 Q. If at 2% my commission was $90 for selling wheat, how many 
 bushels did I sell if the price was 60c per bushel? 
 
 Ans. $90H-.02=$4,500=value of wheat sold. $4, 500^.60=7 ,500=number 
 bushels wheat sold at 60c per bu. 
 
 Applicant has privilege of solving any eight problems and being 
 credited with 12^/2 % each, or solving all the problems and receiving 10% 
 each. 
 
 ALGEBRA 
 
 Q. Divide 6x^— 13ax-— ISa^x+lSa^x-'— oa^ by 2x2— Sax— a-. 
 Ans. The solution is simple, the required answer: Sx^ — 2ax4-5a-. 
 Q. Resolve into factors- 49x2— Sly^ and 16at+25b^+24a2b2. 
 Ans. 49x2— 81y2=:(7y+9y)(7x— 9y) 
 
 16a^+24a2b2+25bi=(4a2+5b2)(4a2+5b2) 
 Q. Find the H. C. F. and L. C. M. of 6x-i— 13x3+6x2; 8x^—36x-^+54x2—27x 
 Ans. 6xi— 13x3+6x2=— x2(2-3x) C2x— 3) 
 
 8x+— 36x3+54x2— 27x=x(2x— 3) (2x— 3) (2x— 3) 
 
 x(2x— 3) being the only commm factors of the two expressions make 
 
 up the H. C. F. The L. C M. is x2(2x— 3)3(3x— 2) 
 Q. Find the quotient of: 
 
 x2+y2+2xy— z2 x-fy+z 
 
 x2— x2— y2+2xy y+z — x 
 Ans. Factoring, and inverting the divisor, we have : 
 
 (x+y+z) (x+y— z) y+z— x 
 
 (X— y+z)(z— x+y) x+y+z 
 Canceling we have: 
 
 x+y— z 
 
 X— y+z 
 
 Q. Find the value of x in the following: 
 
 8x2+2 2x— 1 3x+2 
 \ =10 
 
 X— 2 3x— 6 5x— 10 
 
 Ans. This example as printed reduces to a quadratic equation whose roots 
 
 are imaginary. If the 8x2 ^e changed to 8x, the equation is linear 
 
 and the value of x is 1 1. 
 
 Q. A boy buys apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents. He sells half of 
 
 them 2 for a cent, and the other half 3 for a cent, and gains 10 cents on 
 
 the transaction. How many apples did he buy? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 217 
 
 Ans. Let x=number apples bought. 
 2x 
 
 — —Cost of apples. 
 5 
 
 X 
 
 — =Salling prica of first half of apples. 
 4 
 
 X 
 
 — Selling price 2nd half of ai)i)les. 
 6 
 
 — i =10, or lox f lOx— 24x=600, and x-=:6a0. 
 
 4 6 5 
 
 Q. Find the values of x, y and z each in three ways in the following 
 equation: 
 
 15x—18y -1-82=15 
 25x+15y+16z=91 
 20x— 21y— 12z^- -27 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) 15x— 18y f 18z=15 
 
 (2) 2.")x+15y+16z=91 
 
 (3) 20x— 21y— 12z=— 27 
 
 (1) X2 gives 30x— 36y+16z=30 (4) 
 
 (4)— (2) gives 5x— 51y -- —61 (5) 
 
 (1)X3 gives 45x—54yf24z^-:45 (6) 
 
 (3)X2gives 40x— 42y— 24z=— 54 (7) 
 
 (6) + (7) gives 85x— 96y=— 9 (8) 
 
 (5)Xl7gives85x— 867y=— 1037 (9) 
 
 (8)— (9) gives 771y--1028 (10) 
 
 y=% 
 
 x=Tf, 
 
 z=% 
 Only one method of solution is given. 
 
 Q. The sum of three digits of a number is 18, and the sum of the 
 first and third digits is equal to the second digit. If the hundred's and the 
 unit's digits are interchanged, the number is diminished by 99. Find the 
 number. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Let X— digit in hundred's place 
 
 Let y=:digit in ten's place 
 
 Let z=digit in unit's place 
 
 100x-flOy+z=the number 
 
 From the problem, after reduction, we have the following equations^ 
 
 x+y+z=18 (1) 
 
 x+z— y=0 (2) 
 
 z— x= —1 (3) 
 
218 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (l) + (2) gives2x+2z=18 orx+z=9 (4) 
 (3) + (4) gives 2z=8 or z=4 
 
 By substitution, x=5; y=9, and the number is 594. 
 Q. Find the values of x and y in the following equation: 
 
 X3_y3^152 
 
 x-y=2 
 Ans. 
 
 x3—y 3=152 (1) ^ 
 
 x— y=2 (2) 
 
 (l)-,(2) gives x2+xy+y2=76 (3) 
 
 (2)2 gives x2—2xy+y2=4 (4) 
 
 (3)— (4) gives3xy=72 or xy=24 (5) 
 
 (3) + (5) givesx2+2xy+y2=100 (6) 
 
 V (6) gives x+y= ±10 (7) 
 
 (2) + (7) gives x=6 or —4; and y=4 or — 6. 
 Q. If a number of two digits is divided by the product of the digits 
 the quotient is 3. If the digits are reversed and the resulting number is 
 divided by the sum of the digits, the quotient is 7. Find the number. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Let x=digit in ten's place and y=digit in unit's place 
 
 lOx+y 
 . =3 or lOx+y— 3xy=0 (1) 
 
 xy 
 lOy+x 
 
 =7 or y=2x (2) 
 
 x+y 
 
 Substituting this value of y in (1) gives 10x+2x — 6x2=0 or x=2 and 
 y=4. Hence the number is 24. 
 Applicant has privilege of solving any eight problems and being cred- 
 ited with 121/^ % on each, or solving all problems and receiving 10% each. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 219 
 
 Common School Examination 
 
 FOR COUNTY COMMON SCHOOL DIPLOMA, MAY 1914 
 
 WRITING 
 
 Q. Make all the small letters, giving each its proper height, etc. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the principles used in writing, (b) What is meant by 
 main slant? (c) By connective slant? 
 
 Ans. (a) The Spencerian principles are: (1) Straight line; (2) 
 right curve; (3) left curve; (4) extended loop; (5) oval; (6) inverted 
 oval; (7) capital stem. 
 
 (b) The main slant is the slant of the body of the letters. 
 
 (c) The connective slant is the slant of the connections of letters. 
 Q. Copy the poetry in Reading as a specimen of your penmanship. 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 (Examiners will grade on the capitalized words.) 
 
 The CARPENTER uses a CHISEL and an auger. 
 
 The SEAMAN BOUGHT MOLASSES and RAISINS. 
 
 The COBBLER lives in a HUMBLE COTTAGE. 
 
 The BANANA grows in warm COUNTRIES. 
 
 The PRAIRIES of ILLINOIS are EXCEEDINGLY PRODUCTIVE. 
 
 The man wore a RIDICULOUS COSTUME, and his ACTIONS were tha 
 OCCASION of much MERRIMENT. 
 
 I rather SUSPECT that your bill is COUNTERFEIT. 
 
 Time MISSPENT is not LIVED, but lost. 
 
 The FANTASIES of one- day are the DEEPEST REALITIES of 
 a FUTURE one. 
 
 All great VIRTUES bear the IMPRESS of SELF-DENIAL. 
 
 SEIZE time by the FORELOCK. 
 
 My COLLEAGUE is a noted POLITICIAN. 
 
 God is OMNIPOTENT, OMNISCIENT, and OMNIPRESENT. 
 
 The DEMAGOGUE attended the INAUGURATION. ■ ' 
 
220 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Q. Write a letter to a friend containing at least fifteen lines. 
 Ans. Baptist, Ky., 
 
 November 15, 1914. 
 My dear Mary: 
 
 Our teacher is planning for a musical and literary entertainment 
 to be given at the Baptist School house on next Friday night. There will 
 be a number of recitations and a playlet, and the program will incude 
 some vocal solos and choruses. Neary all the pupils in our school will take 
 part. 
 
 I want you to come out for the entertainment and be my guest 
 until Monday morning. 
 
 I have invited a few friends to a little party at my home on Sat- 
 urday night, and if agreeable to you we shall attend church and Sunday 
 School on Sunday. 
 
 Please write me that I may look for you Friday afternoon. 
 
 Very sincerely, 
 
 Maud Moberly. 
 Q. Give five rules for the use of capitals. 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) The first word of every sentence begins with a capital. 
 
 (2) The first word of every line of poetry begins with a capital. 
 (.3) The first word of every direct quotation begins with a capital. 
 
 (4) All proper nouns and appellations of Deity begin with capitals. 
 
 (5) Names of the months and days of the week begin with capitals. 
 Q. Give (a) two uses of the period, and (b) three uses of the com- 
 ma. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) (1)A period should be placed at the end of a declarative sen- 
 tence. (2) Place a period after abbreviated words. 
 
 (b) (1) Words joined in pairs are set off by commas. (2) Independ- 
 ent words or phrases, and independent clauses when short and closely con- 
 nected, are separated by commas. (3) The comma may be used to denote 
 the omission of a word. 
 
 Q. Capitalize and punctuate the following: 
 professionally trained teachers was the theme for discussion the need of 
 was the subject of a paper by miss bland of fayetteville her paper was dis- 
 cussed in an able manner by i w blacklock of yellville 
 
 Ans. Some words seem to have been omitted after "the need of" In 
 printing the above question. The best answer under the circumstances is 
 as follows: 
 
 "Professionally Trained Teachers" was the theme for discussion. 
 
 "The Need of " was the subject of a paper by Miss Bland, of 
 
 Fayetteville. Her paper was discussed, in an able manner, by I. W. Black- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 221 
 
 lock, of Yellville. 
 
 Q. Define (a) diction; (b) style; (c) figure; (d) paragraph; (e) 
 essay; (f) climax. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Diction is choice of words. 
 
 (b) Style is manner of expression. 
 
 (c) A figure of speech is an expression departing from the ordinary 
 application of words. 
 
 (d) A paragraph is a group of sentences related and held together 
 by a common thought. 
 
 (e) An essay is composition explaining an idea or theory. 
 
 (f) Clim.ax is a series of words, phrases or clauses, each of which rises 
 in impressiveness above the preceding. 
 
 Q. (a) Name and (b) define any figures of speech in the following 
 sentence: 
 
 "I am the vine, ye are the branches." 
 
 (a) The figure of speech is metaphor. 
 
 (b) Metaphor is a figure of speech which assumes the resemblance of 
 two objects, applying to one object the name, act or attribute of the other. 
 
 Q. Write two or more sentences and punctuate them to show that a 
 change in punctuation may change the meaning. 
 Ans. 
 
 (l)Mary, mother of Jesus and Peter, came in. 
 Should be: Mary, mother of Jesus, and Peter came in. 
 
 (2) The room contained only a man and a chair, without legs. 
 Should be: The room contained only a man, and a chair without 
 
 legs. 
 
 (3) Since he is so honest, people despise him. Should l.e: Since he 
 is so, honest people despise him. 
 
 Q. Write a composition of not fewer than forty lines on your 
 ( ) school, giving name. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Progress School is conveniently located at the intersection of two 
 pikes and is seven miles from the county seat. A new building was erect- 
 ed two years ago and our school room is comfortable, well lighted and ven- 
 tilated. The building is occasionally fumigated with germ-destroying dis- 
 infectants, and the floors are treated with a sanitary floor dressing which 
 keeps down the dust. The old tin dipper has been discarded and the pupils 
 drink from a dust-proof water-cooler, using individual drinking cups. 
 
 The school grounds are attractive, being beautified by a half dozen 
 shade trees and some rose bushes and other shrubbery. A concrete walk 
 leads from the front door to the school-yard gate. 
 
 We are fortunate in having a splendid teacher in Miss Work, who 
 graduated from the County High School four years ago, since which time 
 she has been teaching in the county schools. She has also spent two sum- 
 
222 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 mers at the State Normal School at Richmond, Kentucky, and we feel 
 that we have a very competent teacher in charge of our school. She 
 seems to take great interest in the school and she has inspired in the 
 thirty pupils a strong desire to learn and make a creditable showing. 
 
 We have good order in the school room and each month there are a 
 large number of pupils who are neither absent nor tardy. Our teacher fol- 
 lows a regular daily program and course of study, and each month we 
 have written tests. Several times each year we have literary entertain- 
 ments or suppers, which are very pleasant social events in school life and 
 seem to interest the parents in school affairs. The proceeds of these en- 
 tertainments are devoted to buying new books for the school library hi 
 which there are now about one hundred and thirty volumes. 
 
 Our district trustee, Mr. G. O. Forv/ard, visits our school at least once 
 a month, and seems much interested in school activities of every kind 
 
 GEOGEAPHY 
 
 Q. Give the location of each of the following: 
 (a) Baltic Sea, (b) Strait of Gibraltar, (c) Ceylon, (d) Red Sea, (e) 
 Yellow Sea. 
 
 (a) The Baltic Sea is bounded by Germany on the south, by Sweden 
 on the west, and by Russia on the east. 
 
 (b) The Strait of Gilbratar joins the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean. 
 
 (c) Ceylon is an island southeast of India. 
 
 (d) The Red Sea lies between Arabia and Africa. 
 
 (e) The Yellow Sea lies along the east central coast of China. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the largest state in the Union; (b) the smallest; (c) 
 the one with the greatest population; (d) the one producing the most 
 tobacco; (e) the three greatest corn producing states; (f) the three 
 greatest wheat producing states; (g) the two greatest citrus fruit pro- 
 ducing; (h) the one having the greatest number of foreign born people; 
 (i) the one last admitted into the Union; (j) the one producing the most 
 gold. 
 
 Ans. (a) Texas, (b) Rhode Island, (c) New York, (d) Kentucky, 
 (e) In 1913: Illinois, Iowa, and Indiana, (f) In 1913: Kansas, North 
 Dakota, and Minnesota. (g) Florida and California. (h) New York, 
 (i) Arizona, (j) California. 
 
 Q. Draw an outline map of Kentucky, locating Frankfort, Louisville, 
 Middiebsoro, Covington, Owensboro, Paducah and Bowling Green. 
 
 (Map d awing is beyond the scope of this book. See any map of State 
 of Ky.) 
 
 Q. (a) Give width of each of the zones in degrees. (b) In what 
 zone is (1) Washington, (2) Naples, (3) Cairo, (4) Sidney, (5) Canton. 
 (6) Cape Horn, (7) the Panama Canal, (8) Strait of Magellan, (9) the 
 North Pole? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 223 
 
 Ans. (a) The Torrid Zone is 47 degrees wide, the Frigid Zones are 
 each 231/4 dgrees wide, and tlie Temperate Zones are each 43 degrees wide. 
 
 (b) (1) North Temperate. (2) North Temperate. (3) North Temp- 
 erate. (4) South Temperate. (5) Torrid. (6) South Temperate. (7) 
 Torrid. (8) South Temperate. (9) North Frigid. 
 
 Q. What and where are the following: (a) Hong Kong, (b) Vera 
 Cruz, (c) Marseilles, (d) Naples, (e) Rhine, (f) Honolulu, (g) Liberia, 
 (h) Switzerland, (i) Damascus. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Hong Kong is an island southeast of the mainland of China, 
 ceded to Great Britain in 1842. It is a strong military station, and center 
 of British trade in China. 
 
 (b) Vera Cruz is the chief gulf port of Mexico. 
 
 (c) Marseilles is a great seaport in France, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 (d) Naples is the largest city and the commercial center of Italy. It 
 is on the v/est coast. 
 
 (e) The Rhine is the largest river in Germany, noted for its histori- 
 cal associations. 
 
 (f) Honolulu, the capital of Hawaii, has a fine harbor and is an im- 
 portant stopping place for vessels going from America to Japan, China, or 
 Australia. 
 
 (g) Liberia is a Negro republic on the west coast of Africa. It was 
 established by Americans as a home for freed slaves from the U. S. 
 
 (h) Sv/itzerland is a small republic of Europe. 
 
 (i) Damascus is an important commercial city of Turkey. 
 
 Q. •Define (a) parallel, (b) meridian, (c) equator, (d) latitude, 
 (e) longitude, (f) zone, (g) tropics, (h) snow-line, (i) isotherm, (j) 
 tide. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Parallels are circles drawn east and west around the earth paral- 
 lel to the equator. 
 
 (b) Meridians are half-circles drawn north and south from pole to 
 pole. 
 
 (c) The equator is a circle drawn east and west around the earth 
 midway between the poles. 
 
 (d) Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator reckoned 
 In degrees, minutes, and seconds. 
 
 (e) Longitude is the distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds of any 
 meridian east or west of a given meridian called the Prime Meridian. 
 
 (f) A zone is a region of the earth enclosed between two parallels of 
 latitude. 
 
 (g) Either of two parallels of latitude at a distance from the equator, 
 north or south, of 23^/2 degrees, on which the sun is seen in the zenith on 
 the days of its greatest Inclination is called a tropic, 
 
221- Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (h) The snow-line is tiie line marking the lowest limit of perpetual 
 snow. 
 
 (i) An isotherm is a line drawn through all points on the surface of 
 the earth having the same temperate at the same instant. 
 
 (j) The regular rising and falling of the water in the seas is called 
 the tides and is caused by the attraction of the sun and moon. 
 
 Q. Name ten of the most important countries of Europe, and give 
 their capitals. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Country Capital 
 
 France Paris 
 
 Germany Berlin 
 
 Russia Petrograd (St. Petersburg) 
 
 Italy Rome 
 
 England London 
 
 Belgium Brussels 
 
 Austria Vienna 
 
 The Netherlands The Hague 
 
 Scotland Edinburgh 
 
 Ireland Dublin 
 
 Q. Are the degrees of latitude and the degrees of longitude the same 
 length? Explain. 
 
 Ans. A degree of latitude is everywhere about 69 miles in length. 
 The meridians are farthest apart at the equator, and gradually approach 
 one another toward the poles, where they all meet. Hence a degree of 
 longitude varies in length from about 69 miles at the equator to zero at 
 poles. 
 
 Q. Give three proofs that the earth is round. 
 Ans. That the earth is round is shown: 
 
 (1) By the disappearance of ships below the horizon as they sail 
 away from any shore. The hull disappears first, th&n the masts, and final- 
 ly the topmasts. 
 
 (2) By circumnavigation. When men travel steadily in one general 
 direction on the earth, they finally reach the starting point again. 
 
 (3) By a surveyed line. If a straight horizontal line be laid out over 
 the level surface of a lake, sea, or ocean, the water will be found to curve 
 away from the horizontal line. The curvature is everywhere very nearly 
 the same an'^ is eight inches in a mile. 
 
 Q. Over what waters would yc' sail in going from New York to 
 Canton? 
 
 Ans. You would sail over the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 
 through the Strait of Malacca, and over the South China Sea. 
 
 A-pplicant may answer any 8 and receive 12i^% each, or 
 answer the 10, If preferred, and receive 10% each. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 225 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 Applicant may answer any 8 and receive 12%% each, or answer all 
 'ten questions, if preferred, and receive 10% each. 
 
 Ans. (a) Define the personal pronpun; (b) the relative pronoun; 
 (c) the interrogative pronoun, (d) Use two pronouns of each of the 
 above classes in sentences, and underline and name the kind. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) A Personal Pronoun is a pronoun that indicates its person by its 
 form. 
 
 (b) A Relative Pronoun is a pronoun that relates to some preceding 
 word or words, and connects clauses. 
 
 (c) An Interrogative Pronoun is a pronoun used in asking a question. 
 
 (d) HE gave ME a book. (Personal) 
 
 Solomon is called the wisest man THAT ever lived. (Relative) 
 He was deceived by a friend in WHOM he trusted. (Relative) 
 WHO are they? (Interrogative) 
 WHICH is right? (Interrogative) 
 
 Q. Write a sentence containing a noun clause; another an ad- 
 jective clause; another an adverbial clause. Underscore all the words con- 
 tained in each clause. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Plato taught THAT THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL. (Noun clause) 
 
 The house THAT STOOD ON THE HILL was burned. (Adjective) 
 
 The pupils entered the room WHEN THE BELL RANG. (Adverbial). 
 
 Q. Combine the following sentences into one and tell whether your 
 sentence is simple, complex, or compound: Washington crossed the Dela- 
 ware. He crossed the river at night. The river was full of floating ice. 
 The night was dark and cold. He surprised the enemy. He took many 
 prisoners. He lost only two men. 
 
 Ans. On a dark and cold night, when the Delaware river was full of 
 floating ice, Washington crossed the river, surprised the enemy, took many 
 prisoners, and lost only two men. (Complex and Compound) 
 
 Q. (a) Illustrate by sentences two uses of the infinitive; (b) 
 analyze your sentences. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) (1) To err is human. 
 
 (2) Water to drink was scarce. 
 
 (3) They came to hear the Concert. 
 
 (b) In the first sentence, to err is the subject of is; therefore, it has 
 the construction of a noun in the nominative case. 
 
 In the second sentence, to drink modifies water, telling what kind of 
 water; therefore, it has the construction of an adjective. 
 
 In the third sentence, to hear modifies came, telling why they came; 
 therefore, it has the construction of an adverb. 
 
226 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Parse in full the word "round" in each of the following sen- 
 tences: (1) The earth is a round ball. (2) See the wheels go round. 
 (3) He was taken round the city. (4) The evening was a round of pleas- 
 ure. (5) Round off the edges. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (1) Round is an adjective, descriptive; positive degree; compared — 
 cannot be compared; it modifies ball. 
 
 (2) Round is a simple adverb of manner, modifying go. 
 
 (3) Round is a preposition whose object is city; the prepositional 
 phrase modifying was taken. 
 
 (4) Round is a norm, common; neuter gender, third person, singular 
 number; nominative cas^, subject of was. 
 
 (5) Round is a verb; regular, transitive; active voice, imperativo 
 mode, present tense, second person, singular number, to agree with its 
 subject, you (understood). 
 
 Q. Diagram: John and Tom rode the old horse, but Alex, the worst 
 boy in school, walked all the way. 
 Ans. 
 
 ( John 
 
 I and 
 
 Tom 
 
 rode {horse I ^5;f 
 
 But 
 
 r 
 
 Alex I boy 
 
 < 
 
 the 
 worst 
 in school 
 
 walked] (of) wayj^i^g 
 
 Q. (a) Give and illustrate three ways in which a noun may be In 
 the nominative case, (b) Give and illustrate three ways in which a noun 
 may be in the objective case. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) GOLD is a METAL. 
 
 NIGHT appearing, we went home. 
 
 Gold is in the nominative case used as the subject; metal, use<1 
 as attribute complement; night, as absolute. 
 
 (b) The decision of the COURTS gave the MAN the PROPERTY. 
 Courts is in the objective case used as the object of a preposition j 
 
 man, used as an objective comjlement; property, used as the direct object, 
 of the verb. 
 
 Q. Write the following sentences, selecting in each case the proper 
 word. Give the reason for your choicer (a) There is an invitation for 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 227 
 
 you and (I, me), (b) What time (shall, will) you be here? (c) I 
 (shall, will) be here at four o'clock. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) There Is an invitation for you and me. 
 
 Me is in the objective case following the preposition for. 
 
 (b) What time shall you be here? 
 
 (c) I shall be here at four o'clock. 
 
 In the second person "shall you" not "will you" is the proper 
 form of the future tense in questions. In questions of the second 
 person, the auxiliary used is the same as that expected in the 
 answer. Will could be used in both and same would be correct. 
 Q. Correct the following giving reasons for any change you make: 
 (a) You can take any that you find laying on the counter, (b) Whom 
 did he say had been appointed secretary? (c) He had rode about five 
 miles when he was thrown. (d) John and William taken two examina- 
 tions last year. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) You may take any that you find lying on the counter. 
 
 (b) Who did he say had been appointed secretary? 
 
 (c) He had ridden about five miles when he was thrown. 
 
 (d) John and William took two examinations last year. 
 Q. Write synopsis of the word do. Indicative Mode. 
 
 Ans. Present, I do; Present-Perfect, I have done; Past, I did; Past- 
 Perfect, I had done; Future, I shall do; Future-Perfect, I shall have done. 
 
 CIVIL GOVEKNMENT 
 
 Q. In what is the legislative power of the Government vested? How 
 are the members elected? 
 
 Ans. In a Congress consisting of two houses, called the Senate and 
 the House of Representatives. The members are elected by popular 
 election. 
 
 Q. How is the president of the U. S. elected? 
 
 Ans. The president is chosen by electors who compose an electoral 
 college. These electors are chosen in each state in such manner as the 
 legislature therof may direct, each state to have as many electors as it has 
 senators and representatives in Congress. , 
 
 Q. Name all the county officers, and give one duty of each. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Judge — Holds county court. 
 
 Treasurer — Handles County funds and keeps record of financial bus- 
 iness. 
 
 Attorney — Legal adviser for the county. 
 
 Auditor — Examiner of the accounts of county offices. 
 
 Sheriff — Conservator of the peace. 
 
228 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Surveyor — Makes surveys of land. 
 Clerk — Keeps records of all county business. 
 Assessor — Values property for taxation. - 
 
 Coroner — Holds inquests over the bodies of persons who are supposed 
 to have died by unlawful means. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — Has supervision of county schools. 
 
 Q. Name all the elective State officers. 
 Ans. See Appendix. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the President's Message? (b) His veto? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Constitution makes it the President's duty to give Congress 
 from time to time information of the state of the Union and to recommend 
 for consideration such measures as he may judge necessary and proper. 
 This information is contained in an annual message communicated at the 
 beginning of each session, and in special messages communicated from 
 time to time during the session. The message contains a review of the 
 operation of the government during the preceding year, together with 
 such recommendations for additional legislation as the President thinks 
 the interests of the country require. 
 
 (b) The President is given an important share in legislation through 
 the constitutional requirement which provides that all bills and resolutions 
 passed by Congress shall be submitted for his approval. The power to 
 withhold his approval of the acts passed by Congress is popularly known. 
 as the veto power. 
 
 Q. (a) Who is the presiding officer of the U. S. Senate? (b) Can 
 he vote? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 (b) He may vote iii case of a tie. 
 
 Q. (a) What are the duties of the Auditor, (b) Treasurer and (c) 
 Attorney-General of Kentucky? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The duties of the Auditor are to audit the accounts of the state 
 and issue warrants upon the treasurer for the payment of moneys which 
 have been appropriated by the legislature. 
 
 (b) The Treasurer is the keeper of the public moneys, such as taxes, 
 trust funds, and the like, and upon warrants issued by the auditor or other 
 proper authority, he pays out money appropriated by the legislature. 
 
 (c) The Attorney-General is the chief law officer of the state govern- 
 ment; he is the legal adviser of the state and conducts all state cases be- 
 fore the courts. 
 
 Q. Give the necessary qualifications before a person can become 
 President of the United States? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 223 
 
 Ans. That the candidate shall be a natural-born citizen; shall be at 
 least thirty-five years of age; shall have been for fourteen years a resident 
 within the United States. 
 
 Q. Name the different courts in the State of Kentucky. 
 
 Ans. (1) Court of the Justice of the Peace, (2) County Courts, (3) 
 Circuit Courts, (4) The Supreme Court, (5) Probate Courts, (6) Juvenile 
 Courts, (7) Equity Courts. 
 
 Q. What constitutes the Kentucky Legislature? 
 
 Ans. The state legislature consists of two houses, the upper house 
 called the senate and the lower house, the house of repret:entatives. Both 
 houses represent the people, and both are chosen by the people. 
 
 Applicant may answer any 8 and receive 12i/^ % each, or answer the 
 10, if preferred, and receive 10% each. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Q. Give brief account of one of the following: (a) Arnold's 
 Treason; (b) Battle of Trenton; (c) Siege of Yorktown. 
 
 Ans. Benedict Arnold, who distinguished himself for bravery at 
 Quebec and Saratoga, did not .feel that he had been promoted in the 
 American army as rapidly as he deserved to be. With the encouragement of 
 friends among the British officers, he finally decided to betray his country. 
 Obtaining from Washington the command of the fortress of West Point, 
 which was an important stronghold on the Hudson, he opened negotiations 
 with the British to surrender the fortress to them. Major Andre, who was 
 caught inside the American lines with the incriminating papers, was hang- 
 ed as a spy. Arnold was warned of Andre's capture in time for him to es- 
 cape to a British war vessel on the Hudson, from whence he was sent to 
 Virginia to assume command of British troops there. 
 
 Q. Explain briefly what each of the following had to do with the 
 history of our country: Robert Morris, (b) Daniel Boone, (c) Winfield 
 Scott, (d) Henry Clay, (e) U. S. Grant. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Robert Morris was a merchant and banker of Philadelphia at tha 
 time of the Revolution. He secured money to assist Washington in paying, 
 feeding, and clothing his troops, and thus rendered valuable aid when it 
 was sorely needed. 
 
 (b) Daniel Boone, a pioneer from North Carolina, aided greatly in 
 the emigration to the West of the Alleghanies just before the Revolution. 
 He and his companions chopped a narrow path across the wilderness to 
 Kentucky. This v/as the famous "Wilderness Road." 
 
 (c) Winfield Scott distinguished himself as a general in the war of 
 1812, in the Mexican War, and in the Civil War. He helped to gain the 
 battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in the War of 1812. He was in com- 
 mand when Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico v/ere taken in the Mexican 
 
230 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 War. The Union forces in the Civil War were first placed under the direc- 
 direction of General Scott. He soon resigned on account of old age and Mc- 
 Clellan was made General in chief of the Union forces. 
 
 (d) Henry Clay entered Congress in 1806, as a young lawyer from 
 Kentucky. As leader of the "War party" he was responsible for the War 
 of 1812. He maintained his position of leadership in American politics 
 from the time he became Speaker of the House in 1811 until his death, 
 1852. His wonderful ability as an orator enabled him to secure the pass- 
 age of many important measures during this time. He was instrumental 
 in many compromises, among which were The Missouri Compromise. The 
 Compromise Tariff, and The Compromise of 18b0 in regard to slaves. 
 
 (e) Gen. U. S. Grant was a graduate of West Point and served in the 
 Mexican War, where he was promoted for praiseworthy conduct in battle. 
 When the C^tII War 1 cgan hi raised a company of Union volun-eer;, and 
 in 1861 he was made a brigadier-general. In 1864 he was made 
 general in chief of the Union armies, and as such he received the surrender 
 of Gen. Lee in 18 65. Grant served two terms as president of the United 
 States. 
 
 Q. (a) Name two Englishmen who made unsuccessful attempts to 
 found a colony in America, (b) Name two Englishmen who made suc- 
 cessful attempts to found colonies in America. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 
 (b) Capt. John Smith and Gov. John Winthrop. 
 
 Q. What was: (a) The Embargo Act; (b) Alien Law; (c) 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill; (d) Missouri Compromise; (e) Wilmot Proviso? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The Embargo Act (1807) was passed by Congress in order to put 
 an end to England's stopping our vessels on the sea and searching them 
 for British sailors. Unless a man could prove that he was American-born, 
 the English seized him and compelled him to enter their service in the 
 war against Prance. This Act forbade the sailing of any American vessel 
 from any of our ports. Congress hoped in this way to starve France and 
 England into treating us with respect. The Act failed and was repealed in 
 1809. 
 
 (b) During John Adams presidency several of the American news- 
 papers were edited by foreigners, or by men who sympathized with France 
 and were anxious to force us into a war with England. To put a stop to 
 the abuses of the government. Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Law. 
 The Alien Law gave the President the power to banish any alien or for- 
 eigner from the country whose influence he thought dangerous to our wel- 
 fare. The President never enforced the Law and it soon passed out of ex- 
 istence, 
 
 (c) In 1854, Senator Stephen A . Douglas of Illinois proposed a law 
 entitled the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. That bill cut what was then the terri- 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 231 
 
 tory of Kansas into two parts, the southern part being called Kansas. It 
 left the settlers who had challenged the legality of the Missouri Com- 
 promise to decide whether they would have slave labor or not. Congress 
 passed the Bill and thus set aside the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 (d) In 1819 the number of free states and of slave states were equal- 
 At this time a part of Missouri territory was set apart and applied for ad- 
 mission as a slave state. The North fought the measure for she was afraid 
 that the South might gain a majority of representatives in Congress.. 
 Henry Clay proposed what was called the Missouri Compromise, which was 
 as follows: 
 
 The North agreed that Missouri should enter the Union as a slave 
 state. 
 
 The South agreed that in all future cases the states formed from Mis- 
 souri Territory north of parallel 36 degrees and 30 minutes on the map 
 should come in free. 
 
 Finally, the South agreed that it would no longer oppose the admis- 
 sion of Maine, which would, of conrse, come in as a free state. 
 
 (e) Before the Mexican War closed, David Wilmot of Pennsylvania 
 proposed the passage of a law called the "Wilmot Proviso." It declared 
 that slavery should never be permitted to exist in any part of the territory 
 which we might obtain from Mexico. This measure passed the House but 
 did not pass the Senate. 
 
 Q. What European nations established and maintained claims to 
 American territory? 
 
 Ans. England, Spain, France, Holland, and Russia. 
 
 Q. In population and extent of territory compare the present United 
 States with the United States as it was at the time of the inauguration of 
 Washington. 
 
 Ans. The population of the United States at the time of Washing- 
 ton was about 4,000,000, nearly all of whom lived along the Atlantic sea- 
 «oast, on a strip of country about 250 miles wide, the area of which was 
 about 890,000 squire miles. The population of the U. S. and all posses- 
 sions today is about 104,000,000, with an area of about 3,750,000 squire 
 miles. 
 
 Q. Give a brief account of (a) the battle of Lexington, (b) The 
 Capture of Quebec. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) On the 18th of April, 1775, Gen. Gage sent troops to seize the 
 powder which the Americans had gathered at Concord, which was about 
 20 miles from Boston. The movement was discovered, the country was 
 aroused, and when the front of the British column reached Lexington, they 
 found a small company of "minutemen" drawn up on the village green. 
 The British major, Pitcairn, ordered the crowd to disperse, they refused, 
 and tlie British fired into the company, killing seven or eight. Reaching 
 'Concord, Pitcain's men were checked by the provincials who were comin,? 
 
232 Teachers' and Students' Examinations: 
 
 in. from the surrounding country, and the British were forced to retreat 
 toward Boston. 
 
 (b) General Wolfe, after recapturing Louisburg, led a fleet up the St 
 Lawrence to attack Quebec. The place was the strongest natural fortress- 
 In America, under the command of Montcalm. After passing the summer- 
 without result, Wolfe determined to gain the high plateau on, which thfe 
 city stood. About 3500 of his men succeeded in climbing up the steep* 
 banks to the Plains of Abraham above. The battle which followed was- 
 short and Quebec fell into the hands of the English. Both Montcalm and 
 Wolfe were killed. 
 
 Q. What part of America was explored by the (a) English, (,b. 
 Dutch, (c) Spanish, (d) French? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The English explored and made settlements on the Atlantic- 
 coast from a point south of the St. Lawrence River down: to the northern, 
 boundary of Florida. 
 
 (b) The Dutch explored New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 (c) The Spanish explored the territory around the Gulf of Mexico, in- 
 cluding Florida, the lower part of the Mississippi Valley and. the southern 
 part of California. 
 
 (d) The French explored Great Lake regions, the St. Lawrence and 
 the Mississippi valleys. 
 
 Q. Give a short sketch of the early settlement of Kentucky, her adi- 
 mission into the Union, etc. 
 
 Ans. Kentucky was settled by Daniel Boone who led his first ex- 
 pedition into this territory in 1769. He made the first permanent settle- 
 ment at Boonesborough in June 1775. He had many thrilling pioneer ex- 
 periences. His brother and two sons were killed by the Indians, a daugh- 
 ter was kidnapped by them and Boone himself was captured and adopted 
 into a tribe of Indians, but escaped. 
 
 Daniel Boone founded Boonesborough and Harrodsburg which were- 
 settled in 1775. With the exception of the French settlement these two> 
 towns are the oldest in the west. A little later Kentucky was made a coun- 
 ty of Virginia and its first court was held at Harrodsburg in 1777. Ken- 
 tucky became an independent territory in 1790 and was admitted as a. 
 state in 1792. 
 
 Q. Give a few of the main causes that led to the Revolutionary War- 
 Ans. The Revolutionary War was caused by various acts of parlia- 
 ment, including "taxation without representation," the Stamp Act, bad 
 royal governors, and navigation acts. The real underlying cause was the 
 desire for liberty and freedom. 
 
 Applicant may answer any 8 and receive 12i/^% each, or answer the 
 10, if preferred, and receive 10% each. 
 
P^"' Teachers' and Students' Examinations 233 
 
 READING 
 
 Q. (a) Define Oral Reading, (b) Silent Reading, (c) What ts 
 meant by inflection, (d) What question should be given the rising In- 
 flection? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Oral Reading consists in the perusing and uttering aloud of thd 
 words of a book or other like document. 
 
 (b) Silent Reading consists in going over characters or words aai 
 reciting them to one's self Inaudibly. 
 
 (c) Inflection is the modulation of the voice. 
 
 (d) Questions that expect the answer "Yes" or "No" should be giv- 
 en the rising inflection. 
 
 Q. (a) What is articulation? (b) Why is it essential to good read- 
 ing? (c) What is emphasis? (d) Monotony? (e) Accent? (f) 
 Climax? (g) Pitch? (h) Force? (i) What are vocals? (j) Sub- 
 vocals? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Articulation is the utterance of the elementary sounds of a lan- 
 guage by the appropriate movements of the organs as in pronunciation. 
 
 (b) Clear and destinct articulation is the basis of speech, the founda- 
 tion of pronunciation. Hence it is essential to good reading. 
 
 (c) Emphasis is the particular stress of voice given to one or more 
 words to which the speaker wishes to add importance and to impress their 
 significance upon the listeners. 
 
 (d) Monotony is a frequent occurence of the same tone or sound 
 causing a tiresome sameness in the reading. 
 
 (e) Accent is a superior force of voice upon some syllable of a word ot 
 phrase, distinguishing It from others. 
 
 (f) Climax is a figure in which the parts of a sentence or paragraph 
 are so arranged that each succeeding part rises in impressiveness abovo 
 that which goes before it. 
 
 (g) Under certain conditions a person speaks upon a certain key W 
 tone of voice. This is called the pitch of the voice. 
 
 (h) Force is the amount of energy which we put into our expression* 
 
 (i) Vocals are elements of speech consisting of pure vocal tones as the 
 vowels and diphthongs. 
 
 (j) Subvocals are sounds not pure as in the vowels, but modified by 
 some obstruction in the oral or nasal passage. 
 
 Q. Read: 
 
 When day, with farewell beam, delays 
 
 Among the opening clouds of even, 
 
 And we can almost think we gaze ' 
 
 Through opening vistas into heaven, 
 
 Those hues that make the sun's decline 
 
 So soft, so radiant, Lord are thine. • .' ; 
 
234 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Q. Copy, Capitalize and Punctuate: 
 
 the puritans were men whose minds derived a peculiar character from 
 the daily contemplation of superior beings and eternal interests not con- 
 tent with acknowledging in general terms and overruling providence they 
 habitually ascribe every event to the will of the great being for whose 
 power nothing was too vast for whose inspection nothing was too minute 
 to know him to serve him to enjoy him was with them the great end of ex- 
 istence they rejected with contempt the ceremonious homage which other 
 sects substituted for the pure worship of the soul 
 
 Ans. The Puritans were men whose minds derived a peculiar char- 
 acter from the daily contemplation of superior beings and eternal interests. 
 Not content with acknowledging, in general terms, an overruling Provi- 
 dence, they habitually ascribe every event to the will of the great Being, 
 for Whose power nothing was too vast; for Whose inspection nothing was 
 too minute. To know Him, to serve Him, to enjoy Him, was with them 
 the great -end of existence. They rejected, with contempt, the ceremonious 
 homage which other sects substituted for the pure worship of the soul. 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Q. A flock of 100 hens averages 97 eggs a year each. If the average 
 price of eggs is 12 1/^ cts. a dozen, what is the value of the eggs? 
 Ans. 97X100=9,700 eggs. 
 9,700^12=808^ dozen. 
 808JX12-^X$101.04, value of eggs. 
 Q. At $1.47 a bushel, what cost 17 bushels, 3 pecks, 2 quarts, 1 pint 
 of fruit? 
 
 Ans. 3 pecks, 2 quarts and 1 pint amount to 53 pints. 
 53 pints is |-|- of a bushel. 
 17-5 1 bu. at $1.47=:$26.21, cost. 
 Q. Find the interest on $350 for 3 years, 11 months, and 29 days, 
 at 61/^ percent? 
 
 Ans. Counting 30 days to the month ; 
 
 11 months=330 days+29days=359 days. 
 359 days is |-| a of a year +3 years=3||| years. 
 $350 at 6ifo=$22.75, interest for 1 year. 
 $22.75X3|-|9 years=:$90.94. 
 Q. How much will a pile of wood 120 ft. long, 4 ft. wide and 6 ft. 
 high bring at $2.33 1-3 per cord? 
 
 Ans. 120X4X6=2,880 cu. ft. 
 1 cord=128 cu. ft. 
 2, 880-^128=22 J cords. 
 Q. Which is the cheaper to buy for a dress, 7 yd. of goods 27 in. wide 
 at 35 cts. per yd., or goods of the same quality 54 in. wide at 65 cts. per 
 yard? 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 235 
 
 Ans. It requires 7 yds. of goods 27 inches wide. 
 
 If the goods is 54 inches wide it will require just half the number of 
 yards, or 3J yds. 
 
 The 27 in. goods will cost 7 yds.X35c=$2.45 
 The 54 in. goods will cost 3J ydsX65c=$2.27J 
 $2.45— $2.27i=17^c cheaper to buy the 54 in. goods. 
 Q. One bushel of corn on the cob occupies approximately 2 Yz cu. ft. 
 of space. How many bushels of corn on the cob in a crib 12 ft. long, 8 ft. 
 wide, and 7 ft. high? 
 
 Ans. 12X8X7=672 cu. ft. 
 672^2^=268.8 bu. 
 Q. Corn shrinks about 1-5 its entire weight the first 6 months after 
 gathering time. How much would I lose on a crop of 2000 bu., having 
 been offered 50 cents, per bu. at gathering time, but choosing rather to 
 sell at 60 cents, per bu. 6 months later, money being worth 6%. 
 
 Ans. 2,000 bu. at 50c per bu. =$1,000 
 
 $1,000 at 6% interest for 6 months=$30 
 $1,000+$30=$1,030 
 J- of 2,000 bu.=400bu. 
 2,000—400=1,600 bu. after shrinkage. 
 1.600 bu. at60c=$960. 
 $1,030— $960=$70 lost on crop. 
 Q. Multiply the svim of 6.205 and 25 by their difference and divide 
 the product by .5. 
 
 Ans. 6. 205+25=31. 205=aum. 
 
 25—6. 205=18.795=diff erence . 
 
 31.205X18.795=586.497975=product. 
 
 586.497975^.5=1172.99595 
 Q. Add V2+%+V5 to 2.45+.005. 
 
 Ans. l-4-_3.4-1=i0-J-i.'5 4-__4 =29 
 ■^" • ^^f '^ 20^^20^20 20 
 
 19=:1.45 decimal. 
 2.45f.005=2.455 
 1.45+2.455=3.905 
 Q. If .16 of a hired man's monthly v/ages is $4.80, what are his 
 wages? 
 
 Ans. ^1^6^ =$4. 80 
 
 -ji^=$4.80-:-16=30c 
 ioo=.30xl00=$30, monthly wages. 
 Applicants may solve any 8 and receive 12 14% on each problem, or 
 solve the ten problems, each counting 10%. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Define (a) anatomy, (b) hygiene, (c) physiology. 
 
236 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Anatomy is the study of the structure of a plant or animal to de- 
 termine the parts present and the relative position of these parts. 
 
 (b) Hygiene is the study of the means best adapted to maintain the 
 parts and actions of the plant or animal body in a working or healful 
 state. 
 
 (c) Physiology is the study of the function or use of the parts of a 
 plant or animal body and their method of action. 
 
 Q. Name the evils of rapid eating. (b) Describe in full the 
 human brain. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) (1) The glands are not given time to supply the ferments. (2) 
 The mixing is not well done. (3) The food is not reduced to small particles. 
 (4) Mastication is incomplete. (5) Indigestion and derangement of the 
 digestive system follows. 
 
 (b) The brain occupies the cavity of the cranium, and is the largest 
 organ of nerve matter in the body. The brain has an average weight in 
 males of nearly 50 ounces, in females about 44 ounces. The average size 
 is about 90 cubic inches. The brain is composed of (1) the cerebrum, 
 which occupies all of the upper part of the cranial cavity; (2) the cere- 
 bellum, situated in the base and back part of the cranium; (3) the pons 
 Varolii, a sort of bridge binding together the other portions of the brain; 
 (4) the medulla oblongata, the extension of the spinal cord. The cover- 
 ing of the brain is composed of three membranes, the dura mater, the 
 arachnoid, and the pia mater. The arrangement affords perfect nourish- 
 ment and protection. 
 
 Q. (a) What is the source of heat in the body? (b) Describe the 
 act of breathing. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Animal heat is produced by oxidation. Oxygen enters the body 
 when we breathe, finds its way to the cells, comes in contact with the 
 food in the cells, and an actual burning takes place. 
 
 (b) When we breathe, the muscles of the ribs expand, the ribs rise, 
 and the diaphragm relaxes; this increases the size of the chest, and the air 
 comes rushing in until the lungs are full; this act is called inspiration or 
 inhalation. In a few seconds an uncomfortable feeling arises, the muscles 
 an d diaphragm contract, and the air is forced out of the lungs; this act is 
 called expiralion or exhalation. 
 
 Q. (a) State what changes of the Mood take place in the lungs, (b) 
 Compare the heart to a pump. Explain fully. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) Beginning at the lungs, the corpuscles, loaded with oxygen, have 
 a bright red color. In passing through the body, they give up their oxy- 
 gen, load up with waste material and return to the lungs a dark red color. 
 
Teachers' and Students' Examinations 237 
 
 Here they give up their load of waste material and load up again with oxy- 
 gen for another trip. 
 
 (b) As the auricles contract, the ventricles expand to receive the 
 blood. As the auricles expand, they receive blood from the veins, the 
 right from the veins of the body, and the left from veins of the lungs. As 
 the ventricles contract, they force blood into the arteries, the right into the 
 pulmonary artery, and the left into the aorta for the body. 
 
 Q. (a) What organs constitute the digestive appartus? (b) Name 
 throe uses of the skin. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The organs of the digestive system are the alimentary canal and 
 accessory organs. The parts of the alimentary canal are mouth, pharynx, 
 esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The accessory organs are the teeth, 
 salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and spleen. 
 
 (b) The skin has four functions: (1) to regulate the escape of heat 
 and water; (2) to protect the vessels, nerves, and delicate structure. « 
 beneath; (3) to furnish a base for its secretory glands and fat globules; 
 and (4) to excrete waste of the body. 
 
 Q. (a) Of what is the blood composed? (b) Of what does the nerv- 
 ous system consist? 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The blood is composed of two parts, a liquid part called plasma., 
 and liomc little cells or bodies floating in cho liquid, called corpuscle?: 
 The plasma contains both food and waste matter. It is composed of al- 
 bumin, sugar, fat, minerals, salts, gases, and water. The corpuscles are .f 
 two chief kinds, red and white, so called from their color. 
 
 (b) The entire nervous system is a great unit, but for convenience it 
 is divided into (1) the central nervous system, and (2) the sympathetic 
 system. The first is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and all their nerve 
 branches; the second is composed of two chains of ganglia, or little knots 
 of nerve matter, their branching nerves, and plexuses. 
 
 Q. Define (a) muscle, (b) vein, (c) artery, (d) assimilation, (e) con- 
 gestion, (f) glr.nd, (g) sprain, (h) tissue. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The lean flesh of animals is called muscle; it clothes the 
 skeleton, produces motion, and lines or completes civities for the vital 
 organs, 
 
 (b) Veins carry blood toward the heart, usually lie near the surface, 
 branch at large angles, and contain valves. They have three coats: The 
 inner, a serous membrane; the middle, muscular; and the outer, composed 
 of connective tissue. 
 
 (c) Arteries carry blood from the heart to the cells, and with one 
 exception carry pure blood. They usually lie deep, near the bones, branch 
 at a small angle, which aids the flow of blood. 
 
 (d) Assimilation is the process of taking up food by the cells. 
 
238 Teachers' and Students' Examinations 
 
 (e) A simple case of congestion is seen when we scratch the skin 
 with a pin, the scratched surface becoming reddened from the action of th'3 
 injured cells upon the artery supply. 
 
 (f) A gland is a sort of cavity, or reservoir, the chief function of 
 which is to gather a fluid, hold it for use, and discharge it when needed. 
 
 (g) When a joint is bent more than is natural the ligaments and sur- 
 rounding muscles are stretched or torn. The result is the production of 
 inflammation with swelling and pain. Such an injury is called a sprain. 
 
 (h) The substances of which the organs are built are called tissues, 
 and the simplest structural units to which we can reduce the body with 
 the aid of the knife are these tissues. 
 
 Q. (a) Name the parts of the respiratory system, (b) State brief- 
 ly why school rooms and gIc jping apartments should be properly ventilat- 
 ed. 
 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The organs of respiration are (1) the nose, (2) pharynx, (3) 
 larynx, (4) trachea, (5) bronchi, (6) lungs, and (7) diaphragm. 
 
 (b) Since the lungs are constantly exchanging large quantities of 
 carbon dioxide laden air for oxygen, it is evidently necessary that the air 
 in the rooms in which we live be renewed frequently. If this air is not 
 constantly renewed the lungs are forced to inhale air which has lost part 
 of its oxygen. A feeling of dullness, labored breathing and headache are 
 the results if ventilation is not properly cared for, and furthermore such 
 conditions encourage the chief diseases of the respiratory tract as con- 
 sumption, diphtheria, pneumonia, asthma, catarrh, bronchitis, etc. 
 
 Q. (a) Describe the chambers of the heart and (b) trace blood 
 from the right auricle to the aorta. 
 Ans. 
 
 (a) The heart is divided into the right and left heart. Each side Js 
 divided into two chambers, the upper one being called the auricle, and the 
 lower the ventricle. The two auricles receive blood, one from the body, 
 and the other from the lungs; the two ventricles pump the blood out, one 
 to the lungs, and the other to the body. 
 
 (b) Right auricle, right ventricle, artery to the lungs, lungs, veins 
 from the lungs, left auricle, left ventricle, aorta. 
 
 Q. Explain the process by which the blood receives and gives up 
 nourishment and carries away waste. 
 
 Ans. All kinds of food, except fats, enter the capitalaries of the 
 stomach and intestines and are collected and carried to the liver by the 
 portal vein. The fats are collected by the lacteals and pass into the heart 
 by the superior vena cava. Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs, and is 
 conveyed to the heart by the blood by means of the pulmonary veins. All 
 arteries carry food and oxygen to the tissues which they supply. All veins 
 carry wastes, which they collect from the tissues. The carbon dioxide 
 given off by the tissues is removed from the blood almost entirely by the 
 lungs. 
 
Index 
 
 Page 
 
 Algebra 130, 152, 216 
 
 Arithmetic 31, 140, 149, 167, 195, 214, 234 
 
 Certificates, City 9 
 
 Certificates, Classes of 3 
 
 Certificates, County 7 
 
 Certificates, State 6 
 
 Civil Government 108, 147, 161, 177, 192, 209, 227 
 
 Classes of Certificates 5 
 
 Colored Examination (Same grade as white) 7 
 
 Composition 21, 142, 155, 175, 184, 203, 229 
 
 County Board of Examiners 3 
 
 County Certificates 7 
 
 County Examination, 1913 138 
 
 County Examination, 1914 180 
 
 County Superintendents' Examination 9, 165 
 
 Diplomas, Common School 213 
 
 Diplomas, State 5 
 
 Geography 43, 143, 157, 170, 186, 205, 222 
 
 Grammar 11, 141, 154, 168, 183, 200, 225 
 
 History 59, 145, 159, 172, 190, 211, 229 
 
 Laws Regulating Examinations and Certificates 3 
 
 Literature 133, 163, 213 
 
 Oath of Applicant 3 
 
 Physiology 100, 144, 158, 174, 189, 207, 235 
 
 Reading 93, 138, 151, 165, 181, 198, 233 
 
 Spelling 82, 138, 150, 165, 180, 197, 219 
 
 State Board of Examiners 3 
 
 State Certificate 6 
 
 State Diplomas 5 
 
 State Examinations, 1913 149 
 
 State Examinations, 1914 197 
 
 Theory and Practice 121, 148, 162, 178, 194, 212 
 
 Writing 89, 139, 152, 167, 182, 200, 219 
 
Copyrighted 1906 
 By Walter Crady 
 
 CopyrigMed 1914 
 By Crason Book Co- 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 019 741 205 7 •