fffffif/M dr./' ■ -■ ' i^.! in ;'///■ ''m- ... '(0/f '1/ Mfl f/''AV/"/' T'-* »> ''//'i '.'/'■ '■',■7; y,- Class Book. Copyrigliffl^., v; CDPffilGHT DEPOSm THE WHOLE FIELD of Mechanical Movements Covered by GARDNER D. HISCOX'S NEW BOOKS We publish two books by Gardner D. Hiscox that will keep you from " inventing " things that have been done before, and suggest ways of doing things that you have not thought of before. They are MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS AND DEVICES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a collection of 1890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, accompanied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical tastes. Fifteenth edition. 400 octavo pages. Price $3.00 MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, ME- CHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVEL- TIES OF CONSTRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations and descriptions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and appliances found in different lines of machinery, each device being shown by a line draw- ing with a description showing its working parts and the method of operation. 1000 specially made engravings. 396 octavo pages. Fourth revised edition. Price $3.00 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS POWERS AND DEVICES A TREATISE DESCRIBING MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES USED IN C0NSTRUCTI\^ AND OPERATIVE MACHINERY AND THE MECHANICAL ARTS, BEING PRACTICALLY A MECHANICAL DICTIONARY, COMMENCING WITH A RUDIMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY KNOWN MECHANICAL POWERS AND DETAILING THE VARI- OUS MOTIONS, APPLIANCES AND INVENTIONS USED IN THE MECHANICAL ARTS TO THE PRESENT TIME INCI,UDING A CHAPTER ON STRAIGHT I,IN:E MOV^MnNTS BY .V GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. Author of "Gas, Gasoline and Oil Engines," "Compressed Air," etc., etc. ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS SPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS BOOK FIFTEENTH EDITION, ENLARGED NEW YORK: THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 132 NASSAU STREET 1917 !■=» A Copyrighted 1917, 1914 and 1911 BY THE NORMAN W. HENI^EY PUBI^ISHING CO. Copyrighted, 1899 and 1903 BY NORMAN W. HENI^KY & CO. MAR 28 1917 PRESS OF BRAUNWORTH & CO. BOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLYN, N. Y. 'aA457669 lo^n PREFACE The need for an illustrated and condensed work of reference for the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the work- ingman v/ith the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not only apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all who are interested in mechanical thought and work. It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encour- aged by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical arts during the past half century. The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics, in regard to the principles and facts in constructive and operative mechanics have induced the author to gather such illustrations as have been found available on the subject of mechanical motions, devices, and appliances, and to place them in a form for ready reference with only sufficient text to explain the general principles of construction and operation, and as a partial exhibit of the mechanical forms in general use, with a view to place the largest amount of illustrated information within the limited means of the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge. The field of illustrated mechanics seems almost unlimited, and with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to fill a void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical mechanics, in the true line of research. Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by dia- grams or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowl- edged to be the quickest and most. satisfactory method of convey- ing the exact conditions of mechanical action and construction. Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous com- parison what detailed description by its successive presentation of ideas and relational facts fail to do; hence a work that appeals directly to the eye with illustrations and short attached descrip- tions, it is hoped, will become the means of an acceptable form of mechanical education that appeals to modern wants for the en- couragement of inventive thought, through the study of illustra- tions and descriptions of the leading known principles and facts in constructive art. The designing of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and appliances for specific purposes is an endless theme in the con- structive mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast number of applications for patents, of which there have been over a million in the United States alone, and of which over six hundred thousand have been granted in consideration of their novelty and utility, the run of mechanical thought seems to have become a vast river in the progress of modern civilization. To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and ele- ments of construction is not within the limit of a human life ; but to explore the borders of inventive design through the works that have passed into record has been the principal aim of the author of this book. GARDNER D. HISCOX. PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION. The success of the previous editions of this work warrants the issue of this edition in enlarged and improved form. More than one hundred and sixty up-to-date mechanical movements and devices have been added, including many Straight Line Move- ments, thus making it a most useful book of reference for those engaged in mechanical studies and pursuits, notably inventors and designers of machinery, in fact, for all who are interested in mechanics and its devices. CONTENTS. SECTION I. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. Weight, Resolution of Forces, Pressures, Levers, Pulleys, Tacklr. The Resolution of Suspension — Lever Paradox — The Lever and Its Power— The Inclined Plane — The Wedge — The Screw — Worm Gear or Endless Screw — Chinese Wheel — Tackle Blocks — Chinese Windlass — Chinese Shaft Derrick — Compound Weight Motor — Rope Twist Lever — Spanish Windlass — Rope Grip Hook — Guy Rope Clip and Thimble — Rope End — Hemp Rope End ... 1 5 to 26 SECTION II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. R^PEs, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear. Alternating Circular Motion — Circular Motion — Eccentric Crank — Capstan, or Vertical Windlass — Steering Gear — Jumping Motion — Rope Sprocket Wheel — V-Grooved Rope Pulley — Rope Transmission— Vibratory Motion — Transmission by Rope — Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw — Horizontal Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission to a Movable Shaft — Vertical Tension Carriage — Belt Lacing — Novel Belt Lacing — Over- and-Over Lacing — Interlocking Belt Lacing — Cross Lacing — Sectional Belt Lac- ing—Quarter Twist Belt — Full Twist Belt — Full Twist or Cross Belt— Belting to a Shaft at any Angle — Quarter Twist Return Belt — Change Speed Step Pulleys — Cone Pulleys — Curved Cone Pulleys — Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys — Belt Transmission — Belt Transmission of Power — Variable Transmission of Motion — Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion — Two Speed Pulleys and Belts — Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear — Transmission of Two Speeds — Two-Speed Gear — Variable Speed or Cone Gearing — Transmission of Power — Frictional Rectilinear Motion — Variable Rotary Motion — Variable Motion — Friction Gear — Transmission of Variable Speed — Variable Speed Gear — Transmission of Rotary Motion — Combination of Friction Gear — Grooved Fric- tion Gearing — Variable Motion — Transmission of Circular Motion — Three Crank Link — Sprocket Wheel and Chain — Link Belt and Pulley — Toothed Link Chain and Pulley — Step Gear — V-Toothed Gearing — Oblique Tooth Gear — V-Toothed Gear — Split Spur Gear — Star Wheel Gear — Elastic Spur Gear — Internal Spur Gear and Pinion — Bevel Gears — Crown Wheel — Spiral Gearing — Oblique, Spur, and Bevel Gear — Oblique Bevel Gear — Gear Train — Worm Gear — Skew Worm and Wheel Gear — Uniform Intermittent Motion — Variable Speed Bevel Gear. 27 to 43 8 CONTENTS. SECTION III. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. Speed, Pressure, Weight, Numbers, Quantities, and Appliances. Prony Brake — The Prony Brake Rule — "Webber" Dynamometer — Measure* ment of Power — " Tatham's " Dynamometer — Bell-Crank Dynamometer — " Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer — "Van Winkle's " Power Meter — Traction Recording Dynamometer — Friction Machine — Torsion Dynamometer- Tensile Testing Machine — Bourdon Pressure Gauge — Corrugated Tube-Pressure Gauge — Recording Pressure Gauge — Parallel Motion of the Indicator — Parallel Motion for the Indicator — "Amsler " Planimeter — " Lippincott " Planimeter — Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Speed Indicator — Meter Dial — Automatic Tipping Scale — Double Link Balanced Scale — Differential Weighing Beam — Engine Counter — Operation of a Counter — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Tire Measure Counter , 44 to 54 SECTION IV. STEAM POWER. Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices, Rotary Engines, Oscillating Engines. "Stevens" Boiler — Plain Cylindrical Boilers — Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical Boiler — Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler — Internally Fired Flue Boiler — Hori- zontal Tubular Boiler — Locomotive Boiler — Marine Boiler — " Eclipse " Return Tubular Marine Boiler — " Galloway" Boiler — Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular Boiler — " Dion " Vehicle Boiler — " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler — " Harrison " Boiler — Submerged Head Vertical Boiler — " Herreshoff " Boiler — " Thornycrof t " Boiler—" See " Water Tube Boiler—" Yarrow " Water Tube Boiler—" Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler—" Hazelton" Boiler—" Climax " Boiler— " Moyes" Water Tube Boiler—" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler—" Cahall " Ver- tical Water Tube Boiler— Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Boiler of the " Serpollet " Tricycle — " Serpollet's" Steam Generator — " Serves " Boiler Tube — Shaking and Tipping Furnace Grate — Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace — Furnace Grate with Dumping Sections — " Columbia" Stoker — "Playford" Mechanical Stoker^ " American " Boiler Stoker — Mechanical Stoker — " Jones " Model of a Mechan* leal Stoker — " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace — Feed Worm and Air Blast — Petroleum Burner — Pop Safety Valve — Differential Seat Safety Valve — Safety Valve — Original Form of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine — Steeple Engine — Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever — Inclined Paddle-Wheel Engine — Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine — T win-Screw Vertical Cylinder Engine — Trunk Engine — Oscillating Engine — Compound Oscillating Engine — Oscillating Hoisting Engine — Three-Cylinder Engine — Tandem Com- pound Vertical Engine — Compound Engines — Compound Yacht Engine — High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine — Modern High-Speed Engine — ■ Single D Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve — Double-Ported Slide Valve— CONTENTS. 3 " Meyer " Cut-off Valve — Single D Slide Valve — Gridiron Slide Valve — Rotary Valves — Steam Engine Valve Chest — Balanced Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent) — " Richardson-Allen " Balanced Slide Valve — Balanced Throttle Valve — Wing Throttle Valve — Multiple Port Piston Throttle Valve — " Corliss " Valve Gear — Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear — Walschaert's Valve Gear — Reversing Link Motion — Valve Gear — "Joy's'* Valve Gear — "Bremme " Valve Gear — Single Eccentric Valve Gear — Cam-Bar Valve Movement — Valve Gear of a Cornish Engine — Variable Expansion Gear — Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw — " Allen " Valve Lift or Toe — Tappet Lever Valve Motion — Starting Lever — Simple Unhooking Device — Simple Re- versing Gear — " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric — Shifting Eccentric — • Valve Motion Eccentric — " PeaucelHer's " Parallel Motion — Parallel Motion — "Cartwright's" Parallel Motion— Cross-Head Slide — Rack Gear Parallel Motion — "Watt*' Governor — Compensating Governor — Gravity Centrifugal Governor — Engine Governor — Centrifugal Ball Governor — Inverted Governor — Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor — Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor — Parabolic Governor — "Anderson's" Gyroscope Governor — Horizontal Cen- trifugal Governor — Vane or Wing Governor — Governor for a Steam Engine — Differential Governor — " Huntoon " Governor — " Proell " Governor — " Porter" Governor — " Richardson " Governor — Principle of the " Pickering " Governor — *' Pickering" Governor — Pulley or Fly-Wheel Governor — Crank-Shaft Gover- nor — Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor — Slotted Cross-Head — Trammel Crank — • Crank-Pin Lubricator — Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler — Centrifugal Lubricating Device — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — "Franchot" Rotary Engine — Double Slide Piston Rotary Engine — "Lamb" Rotary Engine — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — Rotary Engine — " Napuer " Rotary Engine — Roller Piston Rotary Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary Engine — " Boardman " Rotary Engine — " Smith'* Rotary Engine — "Berrenburg" Rotary Engine — "Fletcher's" Rotary Con- densing Engine — "Bartrum and Powell" Rotary Engine — "Ritter" Rotary Engine — "Holly" Rotary Engine — "Stocker" Rotary Engine — "Forrester" Rotary Engine — " Kipp" Rotary Piston Engine — " Ruth's " Rotary Engine — ■ " Almond " Engine — Rotating Cylinder Engine — Rotary Multicylinder Engine — " Bates " Compound Vibrating Engine — " Davies' " Disc Engine — " Reu- leaux '* Engine or Pump — " Link " Vibratory Engine — Oscillating Piston Engine — Vibrating Piston Engine — " Knickerbocker " Four Piston Rotary Engine— "Root's" Double Quadrant Engine — "Root's" Square Piston Engine — "Dake" Square Piston Engine — "Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine — "Dow" Steam Turbine — " De Laval " Steam Turbine — " Parsons' " Steam Turbine. 55 to 100 SECTION V. STEAM APPLIANCES. Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves "Peerless" Injector — " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector — "National" Automatic Injector — "Metropolitan" Injector — " Lunkenheimer " Injector — "Eberman" Injector — "Nathan" Injector — "Little Giant" Injector — " Pen- berthy" Special Injector — "Park" Injector — "Sellers'" Restarting Injector 4 CONTENTS. — "Little Giant " Locomotive Injector — " Metropolitan " Double-Tube Injectoi — "Brownley" Injector — "Leader" Injector — "Excelsior" Injector — " Kort- ing" Injector — " Hancock " Inspirator — Ball-Valve Injector — " Hancock " Loco- motive Inspirator — " Standard " Injector — " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector — Steam Pump — " Misch's " Valve Tappet — Independent Jet Condenser Pump — Ejector Condenser — Exhaust Jet Condenser — Balanced Reducing Valve — Pre- sure Reducing Valve — " Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve — " Hotchkiss " Boiler Cleaner — Feed-Water Heater — Steam Separator — Filter for Boiler — Return Steam Trap — Spring Steam Trap — Steam Trap — " Bundy " Steam Trap — Steam Trap with Valve — " Heintz " Steam Trap—" Moran's " Flexible Steam Joint — Corrugated Expansion Coupling — Flanged Expansion Joint — Auto- matic Relief Valve — Horizontal Swing Check Valve — Globe Valve — Exhaust Steam Head — Centrifugal Exhaust Head loi to 1 14 SECTION VI. MOTIVE POWER. Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting Rods and Heads. Gasoline Engine — Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine — Simple Gas or Gasoline Engine — Gasoline Engine Valve Gear — "Union " Model Gas Engine — Gasoline Carriage Motor — Vertical Gasoline Engine — Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine — "Diesel" Motor— Vertical Gas Engine — Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car • — Gasoline Motor Car — Valve Gear — Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gear for a Four-cycle Gas Engine — Plumb-Bob Governor — Inertia Governor — Pendulum Governor — Differential Cam Throw — Governor and Variable Cam — Inlet Valve — Gas Engine Valve Gear — Gasoline Vaporizer — Carburetter — Automatic Oiler — Uniform Automatic Oiler — Crank-Rod Head Adjustment — Trunk Piston Rod — Connecting Rod Head — Connecting Rod End — Solid Strap End — Steel Ball Adjustment — Solid End Connecting Rod — Forked End Connecting Rod — Adjustable Link — Link or Connecting Rod :, ... 115 to 127 SECTION VII. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters. Overshot Water Wheel — Iron Overshot Wheel — Undershot Water Wheel — Saw-Mill Water Wheel— Breast Water Wheel— Flutter Wheel— Barker Wheel — Current Motor — Current Water Wheel — Fixed Bucket Water-Raising Cur- rent Wheel — Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel — Current Wheel Water Lift — Drainage Wheel — Persian Wheels — Ancient Water Lift — "Archimedian '* Screw Water Lift— Volute Turbine — High Pressure Turbine — " Leffel" Dou- ble-Runner Turbine — "Jonval " Turbine — Turbine and Gate — " Lancaster " Turbine—" Munson" Double Turbine— "Camden " Turbine—" Model " Turbine CONTENTS. 5 —"Swain" Turbine — "Wairen" Central Discharge Turbine — "Foumeron** Turbine — Belt Water- Wheel Governor — Water Wheel Governor — Impact Water Wheel — Pelton Water Wheel — Buckets of a Pelton Water Wheel — Power of Water — Compound Beam Pumping Engine — '* Dean " Steam Pump — Worthington Duplex Pump — Half-Yoke Connection — Yoke Connection — Reversing Movement — Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump — Double-Acting Differential Pump — Lift and Force Pump — Tramp Pumping Device — Lift Pump — Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower — Diaphragm Pump — " Fairburn '* Bailing Scoop — Pendulum Water Lift — Chain Pump — Reciprocating Motion — Well Pulley and Buckets — Swape, or New Engine Sweep — Parallel Motion — • *' Golding" Centrifugal Pump — " Quimby'* Screw Pump — Rotary Pump — " Pap- penheim " Rotary Pump — " Repsold " Rotary Pump — Tri-Axial Rotary Pump — Rotary Pump or Motor — "Cary" Rotary Pump — Vacuum Jet Condenser and Rotary Pump — "Ramelli" Rotary Pump — "Heppel" Rotary Pump — • *' Emeru " Rotary Pump — " Knott " Rotary Pump — "Pattison" Rotary Pump — " Cochrane " Rotary Pump — Hydraulic Transmission of Power — Siphon — Ejector or Jet Pump — Automatic Water Ejector — Automatic Sprinkler — Hydraulic Ram — '* Pearsall's " Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor — Silent Hydraulic Ram — Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram — Water Meter — Disc Water Meter — Water Velocity Indicator and Register — Anchored Ferry "Boat — " Mueller " Water-Pressure Regulator — " Mason " Water-Pressure Regulator — Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve — Hydraulic Press — Hydrostatic Press —Hydraulic Intensifier — Portable Hydratdic Riveter — Hydraulic Rail Bender • — Hydraulic Rail Punch — Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Horizontal Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Hydraulic Pulling Jack — Water Purifying Filter — Reversible Filter — Filtering Cistern — Upward Flow Filter — Domestic Filter — Porous Water Filter— Stoneware Filter—" Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint — Flexible Ball Joint — Flexible Pipe Joints — Universal Pipe Joint — Toggle Clip Pipe Joint-— Bibb — Disc Valve and Guard — Double-Beat Disc Valve — Hydraulic Valve- Multiple Ball Valve — Multiple Ring Valve — Double-Beat Pump Valve — Vibra- ting Motion — Variable Compensating Weights — Sand Auger — Driven Well — - Automatic Flush Sewer Tank — Atomizer — Ball and Jet Nozzle — Spray Jet Nozzle — Hero's Fountain — " Chapman " Aspirator or Vacuum Pump — Hy- draulic Lift 128 to 162 SECTION VIIL AIR POWER APPLIANCES. Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes. Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite — Curved Vane Windmill or Motor — Feathering Windmill — Hemispherical Cup Windmill — V/indmill of our Grandfathers — Windmill and Steel Tower — Modern Windmill — Ancient Windmill — Electric Windmill Plant — Smith's Circular Bellows — Double Organ-Blowing Bellows — Three-Throw Bellows — Foot Bellows — Fan Blower — "Hodges" Compound Blower — "Wedding" Rotary Blower^" Fabry " Rotary Blower — "Root" Rotary Blower — Hydraulic Air Compressor — Piston Hydraulic Air Compressol — Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast — Air Compressor — Hydraulic Air Compressor 6 CONTENTS. — Automatic Air Compressor — Water-Jet Air Compressor — Trunk Air Com* pressor — Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor — Compound Air Com* pressor — Duplex Air Compressor — Togg^v Joint Duplex Air Compressor-— Air Compressor Cylinder — Piston and Valves — Air-Compressing Cylinder- Air Compressor Governor — Air-Cooling Receiver — Single Valve Air Pump-— Crank Equalizing Angle — Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression — Direct Air Pressure Pump — Compressed Air Water Elevator — Raising Sunken Ves- sels — Compressed Air Lift System — Compressed Air Power — Compound Pneumatic Locomotive — Pneumatic Paint Sprayer — Portable Fire Ex- tinguisher — Fire Extinguisher — Compressed Air Lift — Dajplex Pneumatic Riveter — Pneumatic Hammer — "Hotchkiss" Atmospheric Hammer — "Grim- shaw " Compressed Air Hammer — Compressed Air Sheepshearing Machine — Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Breast Drill — Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock — Air and Gasoline Torch — Torch Soldering Cop- per — Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer — Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus — Double Cone Ventilator — Spiral Vane or Cowl — Wind Instruments. 163 to 186 SECTION IX. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controlling and Measuring, Lighting, Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlight, and Eleciric Appliances. Series Wound Motor or Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Single- Pole Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Ring Arm.ature — Ring Armature — Two-Pole or Shuttle Spool Armature — Shuttle Armature — Multiple Brush Commutator — Bipolar Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Compound Generator — Electric Gener- ator Construction — Consequent-Pole Compound Generator — Triple-Expansion Engine and Multipolar Dynamo — Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine — Flexible Coupling — Car Truck Motors — Electric Fusible Cut-Out — Rheostat or Resistance Coils — Trolley Car — Sectional Feeder System — Street Railway Single Motor — Electric Car Brake — Electric Street-Car Brake — Electric Igniter — Sparking Dynamo — Magneto-Electric Machine — Electric Thermostat — Tele- phone Transmitter — Telephone Receiver — Electric Gas Lighter — Pocket Elec- tric Light — Arc Light and Regulating Gear — Luminous Fountain — Electric Heater — Electric Soldering Copper — Electric vSad Iron — Electric Searchlight — Electric Furnace — Open-top Electric Furnace — " Siemens " Electric Gas Fur- nace — "Cowles" Electric Furnace — Electric Welding Plant — Portable Electric Motor Drill Plant — Electric Perforating Pen — Electric Hoist — Electric Brake — Electric Rock Drill — Electric Fan — Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202 SECTION X. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers and Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles, and Motor Adjuncts. Leg-of -Mutton Sail — Skip Jack — Square or Lug Sail — Lateen Rig — Split Lug or Square Sail — Two-Masted or Dipping Lug — Newport Cat-Boat — Sloop—* CONTENTS. 7 Lateen-Rigged Felucca — Pirogue — Three-Quarter Lug Rig — " Sliding Gunter ** — Skiff Yawl Rig — Sloop Yawl— Jib Topsail Sloop— The Cutter— Schooner Rig — Full Schooner Rig — Topsail Schooner — Club Topsail Rig — Hermaphro- dite Brig — A Brigantine — A Barkentine — Full-Rigged Brig — A Bark — Full- Rigged Ship — Ice Boat — Rope Knots and Hitches — Clove Hitch — Half Hitch — Timber Hitch — Square or Reef Knot — Stevedore Knot — Slip Knot — Flem- ing Loop — Bowline Knot — Carrick Bend — Sheet Bend and Toggle — Sheet Bend — Overhand Knot — Figure Eight Knot — Double Knot — Blackwall Tackle Hitch — Fisherman's Bend Hitch — Round Turn and Half Hitch — Chain Stop —Disengaging Hook — Slip Hook — Releasing Hook — Boat-Detaching Hook- Swinging Oar-lock — Pivoted Steps — Screw Anchor — Floating Lighthouse — Stone Dry-Dock — Floating Dry-Dock — Feathering Paddle Wheel or Water Motor — Vertical Bucket Paddle Wheel — Feathering Paddle Wheel — Outward Thrust Propeller Wheel — Screw Propeller — Reversing Propeller — Reversing Screw Propeller — Screw Propulsion — Thrust Bearing — " Silver's " Marine Gov- ernor — Deep-Sea Sounding Ball — Sounding Weight Release — Sampler Sounding Weight — Submarine Lamp — Road Builders' Level — Road Machine — Reversible Road Roller — Road Roller — Single Eccentric Reversing Gear — Elastic Wheel • — Spring Wheel — Application of Trace Springs — " Serpollet's " Steam Tricycle • — Steam Fire Engine — Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor — Gasoline Motol Carriage — Light Electric Carriage — Electric Phaeton — Electric Brougham — • Differential Gear — Baby-Carrier Tricycle — Electric Tricycle — Ice Bicycle — Bicycle Gear — Bicycle Crank — Swinging Bail-Bearing Bicycle Pedal — A. F. Haven's Planetary Crank Gear — Detachable Link Chain — Bali-Bearing Problem —Acetylene Bicycle Lamp — Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225 SECTION XI. GEARING. Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical and Worm Gear; Differential AND Stop-Motion Gear; Epicyclical and Planetary Trains; "Fer- guson's" Paradox. Ordinary Rack and Pinion — Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke — Sawmill Feed — Rack Motion — Air-Pump Movement — Circular Rack — Rectilinear Vibrating Motion — Vertical Drop Hammer — Sector Pinion and Double Rack — Reciprocating Motions — Crank Substitute — Alternate Circular Motion- Quick Back Motion — Alternate Rectilinear Motion — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Mangle Rack — Mangle Wheel — Mangle Wheel Gear — Continuous Rotary Motion — Mangle Machine Gear — Worm Screw Rack — Rotary Motion — Adjustable Feed Rolls — Saw-Tooth Worm Gear — Right- and Left-Hand Worm Gear — Three-Part Worm Screw — Traversing Motion — Globoid Spiral Gear Wheels — Internal Worm-Gear Wheel — Worm-Gear Pinion — Anti-Fric- tion Worm Gear — Release Rotary Motion — Release Cam — Hunting Tooth Worm Gear — Differential Screw and Gear Movement — Complex Alternating Reciprocal Motion— Two-Toothed Pinion — Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion— < Variable Rotary Motion — Scroll Gear — Spiral Hoop Gear — Accelerated Cir* cular Motion — Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth — Ball Gear — Spiral Gearing — Ex- 8 CONTENTS. panding Pulley — Concentric Differential Speed — Differential Motions— Differen tial Gear — Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft — Multiple Gear Speed — Variable Throw Traversing Bar — Revolution of a Pinion — Differentia] Speed — Capstan Gear — Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion — Geared Grip Tongs — Variable Circular Motion — Elliptical Spur Gear — Elliptical Gear Wheel — Irregular Circular Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Alternat' ing Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear — Spiral Stop-Motion Gear — Fast and Slow Motion Spur Gear — Intermittent Gears — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Irregular Vibratory Motion — Variable Vibrating Motion — Motion by Rolling Contact — Variable Sectional Motion — Uniform Speed of Sectional Spur Gear — Scroll Gearing — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Stop Roller Motion — Change Gear Motion — Differential Driving Gear — Equalizing Pulley — Equalizing Gear — Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft — Continuous Shaft Motion— Alternating Motion— Eccentric Wheel Train — Epicyclic Gear — Epi- cyclic Train — Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing — Eccentric Gear — Sun and Planet Crank Motion — High-Speed Epicyclic Train — Sun and Planet Winding Gear — Epicyclic Gear Train — Compound Epicyclic Train — Planetary Motion — Planetary Gear Train — " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250 SECTION XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. Ratchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks, Intermittent and Stop Motions, Wipers, Volute Cams, Variable Cranks, Universal Shaft Couplings, Gyroscope. Ratchet Bar Lift — Ratchet Lift — Ratchet Governor — Rotary Motion — Inter- mittent Circular Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Double Pawl Ratchet — Continuous Feed of a Ratchet — Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Ratchet Intermittent Motion — Pawl Lift — Oscillating Motion — Continuous Rotary Motion — Intermittent Motion — Windlass Grip Pawl — Ratchet and Level Pawl — Internal Multiple Cam — Ratchet Head — Reciprocal Circular Motion — Ball Socket Ratchet — Continuous Motion Ratchet — Stops of Various Forms — Stops for a Spur Gear — Stops for a Lantern Wheel — Safety Centrifugal Hooks — Crank Motion — Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums — Stop Motion — Variable Recipro- cating Motion — Irregular Rocking Motion — Rocking Arm — Yoke Strap — Triangular Curved Eccentric — Triangular Eccentric — Reciprocating Motion — Uniform Reciprocating Motion — Needle-Bar Slot Cam — Slotted Yoke — Crank Motion — Trammel Gear — Slotted Lever Motion — Intermittent Reciprocating Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Adjustment — Four-Bolt Cam — Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Tra- verse Bar — Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Vibrating Toothed Wheel — "Lazy Tongs'* Movement — Quadrangular Rectilinear Mo- tion—Parallel Motion — Intermittent Motion — Rocking Escapement — Rotary and Longitudinal Motion — Reciprocating Feed Ratchet — Friction Rod Feed Ratchet — Friction Hauling Ratchet — Cam-Lever Grip — Lever Toggle Joint- Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press — Toggle-joint Cam Movement — Double-Screw CONTENTS. Q Toggle Press — Screw Stamping Press — Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder — Re ciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Rectilinear Motion — Six Radial Grooved Tram- mel — Rectilinear Reciprocating Mption — Rocking Motion — Pair of Toe Levers — Wiper Cam for Stamp Mills — Angular "Wipers — Equalizing Levers or Toes — Variable Crank Motion — Spiral-Grooved Face Plate — Lever — Cam Sectors — Gear-Disengaging Cam Lever — Oblique Disc Motion — Grooved Cylinder Cam- Traverse Motion — Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing- machines — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Cylindrical Cam — Cam-Operated Shears — Irregular Cam Motion — Vibrating Rectilinear Motion — Irregular Vibrating Circidar Motion — Clover- Leaf Cam — Power Escapement — Rotary Motion — Irregular Reciprocating Motion — Bevelled Disc Cam — Grooved Heart Cam — Heart-Shaped Groove — Laying out a Heart Cam — Cam Motion — Double Cam Motion — Pivoted Fol- lower — Reciprocating Motion — Ovoid Curve — Variable Power Transmitted from a Crank — Elliptical Crank — Curvilinear Motion — Spring Lathe-Wheel Crank — " Brownell " Crank Motion — Ordinary Crank Motion — Eccentric and Straps^or Valve Motion — Reciprocating Motion — Variable Circular Motion — > Irregular Motion — Variable Power Vibrating Movement — Variable Crank Pin — Variable Rectilinear Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Radius Lever — Combination Crank-Motion Curves — Flexible Angular Coupling — Sliding Contact — Shaft Coupling — Rectilinear Motion — Angular Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — Double Link Universal Joint — Universal Angle Coupling — "Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling — "Hooke's" Angular Shaft Coupling — Rack and Pinion Movement — Gyroscope — Globe Gyroscope — Tension Helico- Volute Spring — Double Helico- Volute Spring — Compression Helical Spring — Single Volute Helix Spring — Compound Disc Spring 25110279 SECTION XIII. HOROLOGICAL. Clock and Watch Movements and Devices. Cycloidal Pendulum Movement — Compensating Pendulum Bob — Compound Compensating Pendulum — Centrifugal Pendiilum — Antique Clock Escapement — Crown Tooth Escapement — Double Ratchet- Wheel Escapement — Star- Wheel Escapement — Anchor Escapement — Recoil Escapement — Pendulum Escapement — Stud Escapement — Lantern-Wheel Escapement — Pin-Wheel Es- capement — Hopk-Tooth Escapement — Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement — Three-Toothed Escapement — Detached Pendulum Escapement — Mudge Gravity Escapement — Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — " Harrison " Winding Device — Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Bloxam's" Gravity Escapement — Dead- Beat Clock Escapement — Endless Cord- Winding Device for Clocks — Clock Train — Compensation Watch Balance — Watch Regulator — Antique Watch Escapement — Verge Escapement — Cylinder Escapement — Duplex Escapement — Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement — " Guernsey " Escapement — Anchor and Lever Escapement — Lever Escapement —Lever Chronometer Escapement — "Arnold" ChronometerEscapement — Fusee lO CONTENTS. Chain and Spring Drum — Chronometer Escapement — " Geneva " Stop — Geared "Watch Stop— Watch Stop— Stem-Winding Movement — Pin-Geared Watch Stop— Watch Train ^ 281 to 293 SECTION XIV. MINING. Quarrying, Ventilation, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating^ Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. Diamond Prospecting Drill — Rock Drill — Diamond Well-Boring Machine^ Portable Diamond Drill — Arc Tappet Valve Motion — Tappet Valve, for a Rock Drill — Rock Drill — Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve — Coal-Cutting Machine — link Chain Cutter — Drill for Curved Holes — Box- Wing Blower — Multiplex Butterfly Valve — Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan — Miner's Safety Lamp — Horse-Power Hoisting Drum — Steam Hoisting Engine — Strap Brake — Elevator Tower — Horizontal Boom Tower — Mast and Gaff Hoist — Coal-Load- ing Tipple — "Otis Stop" for Elevator Cars — Elevator Dumping Head — Mining Buckets and Skip — Belt Conveyer — Chain Scraper Conveyer — Cable Conveyer — Driving Mechanism — Log Conveyer — Rope Tramway — Automatic Dumping Car — Toggle Joint — Stone Crusher — " Buchanan " Rock Crusher — Roller Coal Crusher — Eight-Stamp Ore Mill — Rolling Crusher — "Arastra" Ore Mill — "Chili" Mill — Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill — Revolving Pulverizing Mill- Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle — Coal Dust Press — Klondike Mining Machine — Gold Separator — Centrifugal Separator — Magnetic Ore Separator — Iron Ore Separator — Railway Steam Shovel — Magnetic Ore Separators (Hoffman-Edison Types) — Ore Roasting Furnace — Railway Excavator — Railway Steam Shovel — Continuous Ditching Dredge — Clam-Shell Bucket — Revolving Hoisting Dredge — Floating Dredge — Marine Dredge ♦ . . . f , 295 to 310 SECTION XV. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gear, Shop Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances. Adjustable Bracket Hanger — Adjustable Floor Bearing — Adjustable Post Hanger— Adjustable Floor Stand — Continuous Traversing Roller — Roller Wheel Anti-Friction Bearing— Ball Bearings — Adjustable Hanger for Shafting — Screw Traversing Ball Bearing— Hanging Shaft — Suspended Shaft — Curved Step Bearing — Conical Pivot Bearing— Lubrication of a Hanging Bearing — Vertical Shaft Step — Shaft Step Adjustment — Adjustable Step Bearing — Collar Bearing and Step — Oil Circulating Step — Lenticular Bearing — Spherical Step Bearing— Angle Coupling— "Oldham" Coupling— Flexible Link Coupling — Flexible Shaft Coupling— Angle Shaft Coupling— Universal Joint— " Hooke's " Universal Joint— "Goubet's" Universal Shaft Coupling — Ball Socket Universal Joints — Right-Angle Shaft Coupling— Right-Angle Shaft Coupling (" Hobson " CONTENTS. 1 1 Patent) — Eccentric Line Coupling — Simple Friction Pulley — Friction Clutch— V-Grooved Face Clutch — Clutch and Gear — Cone Clutch — Multiple Plate Fric« tion Clutch — Pin Clutch — Friction Pin Clutch — Friction Clutch Bevel Gear — Spring Friction Clutch — Double Toggle-joint Friction Clutch — Adjustable Fric- tion Clutch — Double Conic Rope Drum — Variable Speed Device — Expanding Pulley — Variable Speed Transmitting Device — Belt Holder — Jointed Radial Arm — Drilling Machine Clamp — Screw Bench Clamp — Auto- matic Bench Clamp — Wood-Bending Clamp and Formers — Boiler Tube Expander — Roller Tube Expander — Revolving Tool Head — Collapsing Tap — Wabble Saw — Automatic Screw-Cutting Die — Universal Chuck — Compound Lever Shears — Disc Shears— Gig Saw — Band- Saw — Toggle-joint Lever Press or Punch — Power Stamping Press— Hand Drilling Machine — Portable Drill — Multiple Drilling Machine — Stamp Mill Cam Motion — Blacksmith's Helper — Revolving Rapid-Blow Hammer — Helve Trip Hammer — Friction Drop Ham- mer — Beam Trip Hammer — Spring Hammer — Tire Shrinker — Combined Tire Upsetting and Punching Machine — Plate Sawing Machine — Combined Punch and Shears — Suspended Swing Treadle — Power Rumbling Mill — Centrifugal Separator — Closure of Rollers — Vibrating Lift — Differential Pitch Movement — Feed Wheel — Combined Ratchet and Hand-Feed Gear — Gear Train — Quick Return Movement — Reversing Gear — Flexible Universal Steam Joint — Bye Pass Cock or Valve — Sight-Feed Lubricator — Screw Movement — Centering Tool — Vernier Caliper — Expansion Bit — Double-Acting Screwdriver — Pump Drill Stock — Reciprocating Drill Stock — Compound Lever Cutting Pliers- Ball Socket — Screw Threads— Continual Barrel Elevator — Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator — Traveller Hoist — Travelling Crane — I-Bar Travelling Tramway — Swing Bracket Crane — Adjustable Universal Sheave — " Harrington " Chain Hoist—" Yale " Duplex Hoist— Safety Tackle— Differential Chain-Pulley Block — Double Screw-Gear Hoist — Taper Tube Rolls — " Yale- Weston " Differential Gear Hoist — Tube-Rolling Machine — Seamless Tube Making — Wire-Bending Machine — Hopper and Bell — "Bessemer" Steel Converter — Lense-Grinding Machine — Grinding Mill — " Bogardus " Mill — Circulating Screw Propeller and Mixing Tank — Double Cylinder Planer — Double Toggle-joint Screw Press — Steam Cotton Press — Toggle-Bar Press — Sector Press — Bark or Cob Mill — Drawing and Throstle Twisting, Rolls and Bobbin Winder — Cop Winder —Bobbin Winder — Cloth Dresser — Knitting Machine 31210346 SECTION XVI. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splicing, Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. Post Augur — Pug Mill — Conical Pug Mill — Conical Mixing Barrel — Concrete Mixer — Cement-Testing Machine — Hydraulic Sand Ejector — Toggle Stump Puller — Right and Left Hand Turnbuckle — Swivel Shackle Slip Hook — Trip Hook — Balanced Riveting Machine — Releasing Grip — Automatic Disengaging Grip — Swivelling Dumping Car — Square Box Side-Dumping Car — Lever Grip 18 CONTENTS. Tongs — Adjustable Grip Tongs — Pneumatic Dumping Car— Lewis Wedge for Lifting Stone — Stone Grinding and Polishing Machine — Four-Guy Mast Der- rick — Shears with Winch or Tackle Block — Swinging Derrick Crane — Portable Steam Derrick — Swing-Boom Crane — Cable Hoist and Conveyer — Cantilever Hoisting and Conveying Machine — Timber Splicing — Timber Cords and Arches — Truss Roof — Queen Post Roof Truss— Wooden Road Bridge Truss —Deck Bridge Trusses — Bridge Truss — Arched Deck Truss Bridge — Bridge Trusses — Arch Truss Bridge — Swing Bridge — Cantilever Bridge — Suspension Bridges .349 to 360 SECTION XVII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, Pan- tographs. Proportional Compasses — Roller Parallel Ruler — Slotted Parallel Ruler — Three Part Parallel Ruler — Spring Cyclograph — Flexible Curve Scriber — Helicograph — Great Curve Delineator — Conchoid Delineator — Cyclograph — Trammel for Drawing Ellipses — Ellipsograph — Parabola Scriber — Geared Ellipsograph — Hyperbola Scriber — Pantograph — Lazy-Tongs Pantograph — Perspective Cen- trolinead — Spherometer 361 to 367 SECTION XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES; A.NIMAL Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, Cranes, Sewing, Typewriting, and Printing Machines, Railway Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomotives, Gas, Gas Fur- naces, Acetylene Generators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, Firearms. Human Treadmill — Horse-Power Tread Wheel — Horse-Power Machine — Dog- Power Machine — Geared Horse-Power — Multiple Bladed Sheep Shears — Horse Clipper — Machine Sheep Shears — "Almond's" Flexible Metallic Tube — Evo- lution of a Wood Screw — Artificial Leg and Foot — Mean Time Sun Dial — Door Push Check — Folding Ladder Simple Combination Lock — Tripod — Dou- ble Spherical Socket — Disc Slicer — Micrometer Screw Adjustment — Correct Principle in Setting a Hot-Water House Boiler — Under-Feed Heating Fur- nace — Harvester or Mowing Machine — Bell Clapper Movement — Piano Key and Action — Lapidary or Lithologicai Lathe — Wire-Drawing Machine — Wire-Cov- ering Machine — Stirring Machinefor Grain Mash — Sector Wheel Baling Press — Wood Compression Carving Machine — Belt-Driven Elevator — Safety Catch for Elevators — Elevator Safety Gear — Swing Derrick — Package Elevator- Post Crane — Wharf Crane — Automatic Balance Crane — Sewing-Machine Shut- tle — Sewing-Machine Feed Bar — Sewing-Machine Hook and Bobbin — Hook of the "Wheeler and Wilson" Sewing-Machine — Sewing-Machine — Spring Motor for Sewing-Machine — Tinplate Lacquering Machine — Single Cylinder Printing Press — Typewriting Machine — " Gordon " Printing Press — Rack and Pawl— CONTENTS. 13 Ball-Bearmg Screw Jack — HydrauKc Transfer Jack — Rail-Cutting Saw — Prouty- Noble Automatic or Self-Winding Brake — Street-Car Sand Box — Friction Brake for Street Railway Cars— Car Truck for Street Railways — Street-Car Truck — Car Truck — Trolley-Car Truck — Freight-Car Truck — Cable Railway Grip — Cable Grip for Street Railways — Linked Hinges — Endless Cable Grip Car — Street Railway Sweeping Car — Equalizing Lever — Novel Car Brake — Wooden Frame Tum-Table — Iron Frame Turn-Table — Single-Cylinder Loco- motive — Modem Locomotive and Tender — Passenger Locomotive, Eight- WTieel Model — Ten- Wheel Freight Locomotive — Freight Locomotive — Centre Valve for a Gas House — Disc Valve for Large Gas Pipes — Centre Guide Gas Holder — Counter-Weighted Gas Holder — Expanding Pipe Stopper — Lantern Bellows Dry Gas Meter — Wet Gas Meter — Dry Gas Meter — Gas Pressure Regulator — Fuel Gas Burner — Gas Furnace — Gas-Heated Incubator — Acety- lene Gas Generator — Automatic Gasoline and Mantle Lamp — Acetylene Gen- erator and Gas Holder — Acetylene Burner — Bayonet Joint — Gun Lock — Co- Cylinder Revolving Device for Firearms — Magazine Rifle, "Lee-Metford" Model — "Martini-Henry" Rifle — Chassepot Gun — Remington Rifle — "Rem- ington" Magazine Gun — "Hotchkiss" Magazine Gun — "Lebel" Rifle — "Mauser" Rifle — "Winchester" Magazine Rifle — Disappearing Gun, "Mon- crief Model" , . , , ,369 to 396 ADDITIONS TO THE FOURTEENTH EDITION. Section I. — ^Lever Safety Trip — ^Lever Sector — ^Lever and Ratchet — ^Lever Movement — Lever Action — Straight line Linkage — ^Lever and its Oflice Inclined Plane. Section II. — Parallel Plyers — ^Transmission Circular Motion — Reversing Lever — Transmission, Reciprocating — Link Transmission — Gyrating Lever Transmission — Transmission by Bell Crank — Gambrel Joint Linkage — Two Revolutions for One Stroke — EquaHzing Thrust — Speed Changing PuUey — Helping Crank Over Center — Reverse Motion Drive — ^Intermit- tent Transmission — Registering Dynamometer. Section III. — St. John's Steam Meter — Belt Shipper — Three Horse Whif- fl.etrees — ^Anemometer. Section IV. — Crude Petroleum Biu-ners — Petroleum Furnace — ^Automo- bile Boiler — Feeding Pulverized Fuel — Roney Stoker — Sterling Boiler — Worthington Boiler — Compound Locomotive Cylinders. Section V. — Pulsometer Steam Pump — Edwards Air Pump — Steam Soot Sucker — ^Air Coohng Tower — Flexible MetaUic Hose and Tubing. Section VT. — Stake Puller — Stalk PuUer — Valve Gear — Gasoline Atom- izers — Ignition Plug — Jump Spark Coil — Caloric Engine — Four CyHnder Motor. 14 CONTENTS. Section VII. — Hydraulic Sprinkler Head — Milk Cooler — Hydraulic Irri- gation Engine — Four Stage Centrifugal Pump — Current Meter. Section VIII.— Wind Instruments — Ventilator — Wind Gauge — Compound Pohle Air Lift — Prairie Wind Mill — Gas Crucible Furnace — Oil Burn- ing Melting Furnace — Mechanical Flyer. Section IX. — Non-Arcing Lightning Arrester — Ampere Meter — Re- cording Watt-hour Meter — Electric Escapement — Pneumatic Emergency Brake — Solenoid Electric Fan — Alternating Current Transformer — Electro Magnetic Ratchet Driver. Section X.— Air Ship — Railroad Gates — Railway Pneumatic Signal — Self-Registering Tide Gauge — Novel Steering Gear — Ship's Steering Gear — Street Cleaning Machine — Spring Wheel — Automobile Horn. Section XL — Link Chain Hoist — Bicycle Signal Bell — Multiple Speed Gear — Changeable Motion Gear — Pneumatic Grain Elevator — Flying Machine. Section XII. — Hydro-Extractor — Reversible Pulley — Four Speed Change Gear— Heddle Cam — Ferris Wheel — Wave Motions — Sewing Machine Hook — Positive Shuttle Motion — A Curious Padlock. Section XIII. — Equated Sun Dial — Universal Sun Dial — Electric Balance Wheel Clock — Compensating Pendulum — Electro-Magnetic Clock Pendu- lum — Electric Time Clock — Electric Winding Device. Section XIV. — Disintegrator — Ore Crusher — Hand Power Rock Drill — Free Running Axle — Garbage Furnace — ^Automatic Ore Dump — Air Blast for Moving Coal — Rope Drive for Mine Haulage. Section XV. — Traveling Derrick — Modern Cotton Gin — Spool Winding Machine — Conical Roller Thrust Bearing — Steam Vulcanizers — Right Angle Shaft Transmission — Take-up and Let-oflf Motion for Looms. Section XVI. — Expansion or Anchor Bolts — Rolling Lift Bridge — Con- crete Bridge — Melan Bridge — ^Steel Arched Concrete Bridge — Hydraulic Pile Driver — Log Sawing Machine. Section XVII. — Ellipsograph Turntable — Ellipsographs — Omni-Telemeter Odontograph, Section Liner — Dotting Instrument — Eidograph — Tracing Bar — Reflecting Drawing Board — Self-Registering Barometer — Spiro- graph, Section XVIIL — Railway Water Lift — Two Speed Gear. Section XIX. — Two Lever and One Link Straight Line Motion — Two Lever and Three Link Straight Line Motion — Two Lever and One Link Straight Line Motion — One Lever and Sliding Link Straight Line Motion — One Lever and Two Link Straight Line Motion — Three Lever Two Link Straight Line Motion — Two Lever, One Link Straight Line Motion — Three Lever, Two Link Straight Line Motion in Opposite Directions — Two Link, One Lever Straight Line Motion — Oil Switch Movement with Three Levers and Two Links — Oil Switch Movement with Two Levers and One Link — Oil Switch Movement with Two Levers and One Link — Oil Switch Movement with Two Levers and One Link — Oil Switch Movement with Three Levers and Three Links. Section I. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. Forces and the Measure of their Work. Force may be said to be the cause of motion and power in mechanics. Its condition may be static or dynamic ; in the latter condition it becomes the means for the practical application of motion in the various forms of mechanical devices. Its statical condition is illustrated in the strains sustained in the material of construction and suspension. The first and simple form of static force may be illustrated in the column, in the various positions in which it may be used for resistance of any kind ; although in machinery, it may in itself become a moving body under stress. Static force may be represented by a column supporting weight ; a beam under compressive strain ; a body of water retained in a mill dam, steam pressure in a boiler, compressed air or liquefied gases, and a suspended weight; a coiled spring or anything that is under pres- ^ sure without motion. The principal expressions for static force are compression, tension, and torsion, or their com- binations. The resolution of forces is the geometrical rela- tion and value of two or more forces acting upon a single point from different directions, or of a single force acting against several points of resistance. The terms of resolution may be directional, static, or dynamic. 3. THE RESOLUTION OF SUS- PENSION — in which W represents a force or the weight of gravitation, and P, P' the resisting power or equivalent weights. Solution : P and P'= half the weight Sine of angle of depression a or 6 when the angles are equal. 28 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 4. For unequal angles the forces vary as the sines of the angles from the vertical, respectively. Solution : P = W X sine^ Sine {y-\-v) P' = W X sine v Sine (}>-{- 7/) 5. In a combination of forces the resolution involves the sines of the varying angles. T = w X siney P'= W X sine v' SmQ(y-{-vy Sine(z^-|-^') 6. The forces in the direction of P and P' in which the weight of a beam inclined and resting upon a point at P' = W, at the centre of gravity. P' = WX a P = Wxa b' b The longitudinal thrust of struts or braces is the same as for tensional strains inversely, only that the weight of timbers or heavy materials should be considered separately, as shown further on. 7. Where the members are of the same length and at equal angles. P and P'= half the weigh Sine of the angle a or b^ 8. For unequal angles. Colution : P =1 W X sine y Sine i^y-\-v) V — Wxsine v Sine {^y-\-v) THE MECHANICAL POWERS. n 9. With truss iDeams carrying un- equal weights the formulae for end thrust are for equal angles. P = ze/ X sine_y Sine (y-l-v) P' = W X sine J Sine {y-^v) For unequal angles, the formula is ^ the same as in No. 8. 10. LEVER PARADOX. Two levers or scale beams, one above the other, accurately b a 1- anced and pivo- ted at their ends to two T arms as shown in the cut, may have equal weights hung at various distances on the arms, and they will be balanced on the centre line and at any angle above or below the centre line. A nut for amateurs to crack. THE LEVER AND ITS POWER. The weight of lever is not considered. II. First order. it — ly — ^ a ► W Px^ 12. Second order. d-\-a W = W. Wx^ a ==? WXd ^><(^±f.)_w = P 13. Third order. Wx(M^) ^p = W. 20 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. . 1 4. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, first order. Same notation as No. 11. 15. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, second order. Same Notation as No. 12. 16. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, third order. WX + ( a X cosine of a nglej =P ^P 17. Compound Lever, first order. t ay. a! 1^ ■ V XaX a' Y a^-~.—A-l/- ^XbXb' = W, ax a' ■D 18. Compound Lever, first and second orders. a a'Xb' _ W X ^ b' ~~Y' = w P X ^ X (^^ + ^0 _ bXb' WxbXb' a X {a' + b' ) The differential weight of lever arms must be adjusted to the proper factor for accurate computation. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 21 19. Revolving Lever, first order. W= P X g b V = W Xb a p 20. Revolving Lever, second order. W= P X {a^b) b P = ^ xb a-\-b 21. Revolving Lever, third order. W^ P X b a-\-b' P = W X (^ + ^) THE INCLINED PLANE. 22. Weight sliding on inclined surface. (W X sine of angle) + friction = P. P Sine of angle = Sine of angle vertical inclined — friction =:W. distance. 23. Rolling weight by horizontal push. P = WX>^ w = PX^ h 22 THE MECHANICAI. POWERS. Strain 24. THK WEDGE. Strain = force of blow X / w /, length of wedge. Wf width of wedge. 25. THE SCREW. All measures in equal units or inches. W = PX (2 X rX 3.1416) Pitch of screw P = W X pitch of screw 2 X rX 3.1416 : h- ii^- 26. WORM GEAR or ENDIvESS SCREW. P = power. r = length of crank. R = radius of pitch line of gear. p = pitch of screw. r = radius of winding drum. W = PXrX6.28XR pXr' P = WXpXr ^ 6.28 XrXK W • — if screw is double-thread. 2 27. CHINESE WHEEL, or diflferen- tial axle, with crank or pulley. a = radius large drum. d =z radius small drum. W - P XrX 2 a — b rX2 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 23 TACKLE BLOCKS. a £ i|^ — ^ 28. Two single sheaves, a, b^ c are of equal f^\ strain. « -[- /^ = W. Sheave A only transfers 5ri^T^ ^ the direction of P. 29. Simple sheave block. P = W. 30. Two single sheave blocks — upper one fixed, lower movable. P= W 2 y^-^-p^-^-^i: 31. Three single sheave blocks — one block fixed, two blocks movable. P r= W — . W = P X 4. 4 ■'r^^^'<'^^yi turn of the crank. See No. 27 for the power. ABC 41. CHINESE SHAFT DERRICK.— The sheaves suspended from the upper part of the derrick legs allows the bucket to be raised above the mouth of the shaft or pit by the differential windlass. 42. COMPOUND WEIGHT MOTOR, iot a limited fall. The power is only equal to one- half of one of the weights. The time of fall- ing and distance equals three times the time and distance of one weight. 43. ROPE TWIST LEVER, fof a temporary pull, or as a clamping device. e6 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. . VWVWWWV^ 44. SPANISH WINDLASS.— Much used on over-truck frames for suspending the load. 45. ROPE GRIP HOOK— for taking a temporary bite on a hawser. 46. GUY ROPE CLIP and Thimble— for wire rope. 47. ROPE END, with thimble, clip, and yarn seizing. 48. HEMP ROPE END, doubled in the eye, with two clips. The doubling in eye prevents excessive wear. 48a. XEVER SAFETY TRIP, for a throttle valve. The lever L attached to a lanyard extended along the lines of machinery enables instant stoppage of an engine in case of accident. 4Sh. LEVER SAFETY TRIP, for a balanced disk throttle valve. The lever O holds the valve open by catching the shoulder of the spindle P. A pull on the lanyard extending through a factory quickly stops the engine in case of acci- dent. TH^ MECHANICAL, POWERS. 27 48c. A LEVER SECTOR operating the bell and indicator in a cash register. A sector on the lever moves the vertical rack and with it the pinions and striking pawl. 4Sd. LEVER AND RATCHET mechanism for a cash register. The pawl on a bell crank lever is operated directly from an arm on the finger lever. 48^. LEVER AND RATCHET mechanism for a cash register. A finger push pin operates the main lever, which makes three movements for the record and indicator. 48/. LEVER MOVEMENT of a cash register. Through a single move- ment of the finger lever, three different movements are made, including the rais- ing of the index number. -^^. LEVER ACTION in a typewrit- ing machine. A main lever with finger stud operates the type lever through a bell crank and links. 4Sh. LEVER ACTION in a typewrit- ing machine. The long lever and finger stud is linked to a ratchet lever concen- tric with the type line barrel. One touch of the finger stud for close lines and two touches for open lines. 28 ^THiEj MKCHANICAIy POWERS. 48i. STRAIGHT LINE LINK- AGE.— With the joints S and P !«- fixed the joint B will have a ver- trical motion while the link L, M will have a horizontal motion paral- lel with the fixed points S, P. Links P, C, C, M, and B, C, are of equal length. L, B and L, M of equal lengths, as are the short links, S, L and P, D. 48;. THE LEVER AND ITS OFFICE in the pulley governor. Type of the Shepherd governor, in which centrifugal force and inertia are combined for regulating speed. 48^. THE LEVER AND ITS OFFICE in the pulley governor. Type of the Fitchb'urgh Steam En- gine Company. The lever weights W, W are thrown out by centrifugal force and restrained by helical springs. The auxiliary weights I, I are moved tangentially by in- ertia. 48/. THE INCLINED PLANE in a marine governor. The sprocket wheel A and inclined hub are fast on the shaft. The inertia wheel and its inclined hub are free on the shaft with its hub face pressed against the driving wheel hub by the coiled spring. Irregu- larity in the speed of the engine changes the angular position of the hub planes and so operates the throttle lever. See No. 1591. Section 11. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear, Etc. 49. ALTERNATING CIRCULAR MOTION from the curvilinear motion of a treadle. The ancient lathe motion. 50. CIRCULAR MOTION from curvilin- ear motion of a treadle through a cord and pulley. 51. ECCENTRIC CRANK and Treadle.— A belt over the eccentric and a roller in the treadle. The equivalent of a crank. 52. CAPSTAN, OR VERTICAL WIND- LASS. — The pawl falling in the circular rack at the bottom locks the windlass. The rope should always wind on the bottom and slip upward. 53. STEERING GEAR.— A hand wheel and drum on a shaft, carrying a rope rove through guide pulleys and attached to the tiller. 54. JUMPING MOTION given to a weight, or other body, by a pin wheel and bell-crank lever. 30 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. ^ ■A 3^ W 55. ROPE SPROCKET WHEEL, several modi- fications of which are in use in old-style hoists. ^1 56. r-GROOVED ROPE PULLEY, having corrugated groove faces to increase the adhesion of the rope. 57. ROPE TRANSMISSION, with a tightening pulley, B. 58. VIBRATORY MOTION to two shafts, transmitted from the rocking of a lever arra and sector. 59. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a shaft at right angles to the driving-shaft. The guide sheaves give direction to the rope over the curve face of the driven pulley, the rope slipping towards the centre of the driven pulley. 60. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a portable drill or swing saw. D, driving sheave. A, double loose sheaves in a frame, suspended by weight C attached by rope over sheaves, B, B. C, counter weight. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 31 ^^ 61. HORIZONTAL ROPE TRANSMISSION, with tension slide and weight. 62. ROPE TRANS- MISSION from vertical to horizontal shaft, with tension slide and weight 63. ROPE TRANS- MISSION to a movable shaft at right angles from the driving-shaft, ^,^with tension slide and weight. 64. VERTICAL TENSION with slides and pulley guide. CARRIAGE, 32 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 65-66. BELT LACING. —The straight lacing 65 should run next the pulley, while 66 represents the outside of the belt. ^>'"ce should be drawn in at a^ a, to centre ; lace each way out and return, ending at e, Cy 66, on outside of belt. 67-68. BELT LACING.— In this style the straight side should run next the pulley, drawing in the lace on one side 2X' a, a to its centre, and lace across and back, ending at e^ e on the outside of 68. 69-70. NOVEL BELT LAC- ING, for quarter-turn belts. Draw lacing in to its centre at ^, a on inside of belt, crossing on outside of 70, and ending at e^e^ 70. 71-72. BELT LACING, for nar- row belts. Draw in the lacing at «, a to its centre ; lace each way and back to centre, ending on the outside of belt at ^, ^, 72, 73-74. BELT LACING, for medium width belts. Commenc- ing at «, a on the inside of belt 73, drawing the lacing to its cen- tre; rove each end once across, ending at the outside of belt 74 at e^ e. TRANSMISSION Ov PUWEX. 33 .P ^ 0-. 0--. 0-..0 P>A ^-m 75-76. BELT LACING, for narrow belt. Commencing at « , a on the inside of belt 75, drawing the lacing to its centre ; rove the ends each way, ending at ^, e, 76. pA 77. BELT LACING.— Com- mencing at A and ending at B. Dotted lines on outside. 78. OVER-AND-OVER LAC- ING. — Commencing at A and ending at B. Diagonal on outside. 79. INTERLOCKING BELT LACING, from A to B, once across. A good style for small pulleys. 80. CROSS LACING, for a light belt. 81. OVER-AND-OVER LAC- ING, from A to B, diagonal out- side. 82. SECTIONAL BELT LAC- ING. — Each section disconnected, as shown, using four lacings. Ss. QUARTER TWIST BELT.— The arrows show the direction the belt should run. 54 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 84, FULL TWIST BELT, or cross belt 85. FULL TWIST OR CROSS BELT, for reverse motion on driven shaft. 86. BELTING TO A SHAFT AT ANY ANGLE.— The two idler puLeys must be placed on a shaft at right angles to the driving and driven shafts, with their peripheries at the central line from centres from the driving and driven pulleys. 87. QUARTER TWIST RETURN BELT.— Amethod used for belting pulleys on shafts too close for a direct belt. SS. CHANGE SPEED STEP PULLEYS.— Speeds are as the relative diameters of the driv- ing and driven pulleys. 89. CONE PULLEYS.— The cone pulleys allow of minute and continual change of speed by traversing the belt. 90. CURVED CONE PULLEYS, for variably ii> creasing or decreasing speed by traversing the belt TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 35 91. SHIFTING DEVICE FOR CONE PULLEYS. — Made efficient by a division of the proper belt width into a number of nar- row belts, kept in place by webs on the belt tighteners, which are moved forward and back- ward by a carrier nut and screw shaft. This arrangement gives more power for a given width than with a single belt, and with less wear. It equalizes the stress on the belts by the set-up of the guide pulleys as tighteners. Patent of P. D. Harton, Philadelphia, Pa. 92. BELT TRANSMISSION, for short belt and close connection. The belt is wrapped close to and pressed against the driven pulley by a tightening pulley. For electric motor power or the driving of generators. 93. BELT TRANSMISSION OF POWER, at close range. A combination of friction gear increased by belt contact of the driving or driven pulley with a light intermediate pulley gives an additional belt pressure, with small belt strain on the slack side. It eliminates vibration of belt. 94. VARIABLE TRANS- MISSION OF MOTION, from an eccentric conical pulley to a friction pulley. The riding pulley C traverses the cone, which moves forward or backward by the rotation of the screw in the nut stud E, producing a progressive variable motion in the pulley C, increasing or decreasing as the cone rotates forward or backward. 36 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 95. STOP, DRIVING, AND REVERSING MOTION with a single belt, which may be oper- ated either way : from the drum on a driving shaft, or from the bevel gear on shaft C. The middle pulley being loose on shaft a, the right-hand g pulley tight on shaft ^, left-hand pulley tight on the hollow shaft B, b. The operation of a single shipper changes the motions or stops. 96. TWO SPEED PULLEYS AND BELTS. — Two pair of tight and loose pulleys on lower shaft, unequal broad tight pulleys on upper shaft. By crossing the belt from one of the pair a quick return speed may be obtained. Much used on tapping-machines and planers. 97. PULLEYS, COMBINED WITH A DIF- FERENTIAL GEAR for two speeds, and stop-belt shown on loose pulley. Middle pulley on lower shaft is fast to shaft, and has a bevel gear fast to its hub. Pulley on the right is loose on shaft and car- ries, transversely, another bevel gear. A third bevel gear runs loose upon the shaft and is held by a friction band. On moving the belt to the middle pulley an ordinary motion is obtained; to the right-hand pulley a double speed is obtained. 98. TRANSMISSION OF TWO SPEEDS from a driving shaft, one a variable speed. The same arrangement as No. 97, with the addition of a driving pulley of different size, and a driven pulley attached to the friction gear on the lower shaft. The right-hand belt shifts to the next pulley and may be straight or cross, making a variety of motions to the lower shaft. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 37 99. TWO SPEED GEAR from belt pulleys and one hollow shaft. A solid shaft with loose pulley (a) and fast pulley (b), fast pulley [c) on hollow shaft carrying large driving gear at the right. 100. VARIABLE GEARING. SPEED OR CONE 1 ¥ W^M «, tight pulley on outside hollow shaft. b, tight pulley on inside hollow shaft. r, tight pulley on inner or solid shaft. dy loose pulley on solid shaft. a' b' c\ differential spur gears for three speeds. loi. TRANSMISSION OF POWER from a horizontal shaft to two vertical spindles. A single belt, with two idlers, for tightening and directing the half twist of the belt. 102. FRICTIONAL RECTILINEAR MOTION, from the angular position of a sheave or pulley rolling on a revolving barrel or long cylinder. A, forward motion; B, stop. The principle of the " Judson " railway pro- pulsion. Efficiency was increased by the use of a small truck with several roller pulleys. 103. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from a friction pulley traversing a concave conical drum. The speed ratio of the traversing pulley is a variable one. 104. VARIABLE MOTION to a right-angled shaft, by curved cone friction pulleys with inter- mediate swinging pulley. A sewing-machine or other light power movement. 38 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 105. FRICTION GEAR, traversing motion. A, the driver. B and C are fast on the clutch sleeve which is free to slide on a feather on the driven shaft. The lever brings B or C in contact with the driving cone A for reversing. 1 06. FRICTION GEAR. — Variable speed from a pair of cone pulleys, one of which is the driver. A double-faced friction pinion is moved on the line A, B in contact with both cones. 107. FRICTION GEAR.— A pair of friction discs A, B on parallel shafts out of line, with a traverse friction pinion on a transverse spindle c, d will give a great range of speed velocities. 108. FRICTION GEAR.— Variable speed from a rocking shaft and convex discs. " Wright's '* driving device for sewing-machines. A is the driving shaft with convex disc. B is a band shaft that swivels by the foot pedal and kept taut or released at its different positions. flU 109. TRANSMISSION OF VARIABLE SPEED, for sewing-machines. A, driving con- cave cone. B, swivelling yoke carrying a friction pulley, with a band running a pair of pulleys at the swivel, one of which drives the sewing- machine. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 39 1^ no. FRICTION GEAR, with variable speed by traversing a pulley to or from the centre of the face of a disc wheel. Leather or rubber facing for wheel and pulley makes best working condition. III. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR forse wing-machines, " Wright's" model. The upper shaft is the driver, the lower shaft carrying the band pulley, swivels by the foot for variable speed. 112. TRANSMISSION OF ROTARY MOTION to an oblique shaft by rolling con- tact of drums with concave faces. 113. COMBINATION FRICTION GEAR," Hew- lett's Patent." A rubber disc clamped between metal washers. 114. GROOVED FRICTION GEARING— The loss of power by friction increases with the size and depth of the grooves. Friction increases inversely as the angles of the grooves. 115. VARIABLE MOTION to a shaft in line by curved-faced discs, with a swinging pulley pivoted central to the curves on the face of the I discs. 40 TRANSMISSION OF PO»VER. ii6. TRANSMISSION OF CIRCULAR MOTION by right-angled cranks on each shaft. The pair of crank connections carry the right-angled cranks over the centre. The principle of the locomotive wheel connections. 117. THREE CRANK LINK connec tion for transmission of motion to a crank by direct link to avoid a dead centre. A, driven crank ; B, driving crank ; D, a relief crank with triangular link connections with cranks A and B. A C ^Z — p fciiii^ i 118. SPROCKET WHEEL AND CHAIN.— Pitch radius is at the centre of the rivets, with a slight clearance for easy running. 119. LINK BELT AND PULLiEY.— A variety of hook link forms are in use for link belt trans- mission. ' 120. TOOTHED LINK CHAIN AND PULLEY, alternating double and single links. 121. STEP GEAR. — A spur gear in which the face is divided into two or more sections, with the teeth of each section set forward a half or third of the pitch, according to the number of sections. TRANSMISSION OF POWER, 41 122. V-TOOTHED GEARING.— The obli- quity of the teeth from the centre of the face neutrahzes the longitudinal thrust of plain oblique teeth, as shown in the next pair. 123. OBLIQUE TOOTH GEAR.— A smoofn running gear, with slight longitudinal thrust due to the inclined tooth surfaces. 124. V-TOOTHED GEAR.— The teeth of which are usually inclined from the centre lines of the face equal to the amount of the pitch at the outer ends. 125. SPLIT SPUR GEAR, showing method of bolting on to the shaft of a trolley car. 126. STAR WHEEL GEAR, for wringing- machines, mangles, etc. Allows a variable mesh tc the teeth. 127. ELASTIC SPUR GEAR, to prevent back lash. The gear runs loose on the shaft ; the ratchet-wheel is fast on the shaft. Com- pression springs are inserted between the shouldets of the gear and cam ratchet wheel. 42 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 128. INTERNAL SPUR GEAR and Pinion.— In this style of gearing more tooth surface is in con- tact than with outside teeth ; it has less wear and great power. Much used in hoisting machines. 129. BEVEL GEARS, when of equal diameter. MITER GEARS, when of unequal diameter. lompSiiiiie-i 130. CROWN WHEEL geared with a spur wheel. Used for light work. A very old device. t^ 131. SPIRAL GEARING. — The velocity ratio of spiral gears cannot be determined by direct com- parison of pitch diameters, as in spur gearing, but must be found from the angles of the spiral in each gear. Thus if the spiral angles of two gears are the same the velocity ratio will be inversely as the pitch diameters ; but if the spiral angles are not equal, the number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter will vary. In any case the velocity ratio will depend upon the number of teeth and their spiral angle, as expressed in the following proportion : v^ the velocity of the small gear is to V, the velocity ot the large gear, as D, the pitch diameter of the larger, X by the cosine of its spiral angle, is to d, the pitch diameter of the smaller, X by the cosine of its spiral angle. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 43 132. OBLIQUE SPUR AND BEVEL GEAR. — An oblique tooth spur gear and an oblique bevel gear, operating shafts running at an angular position. 133. OBLIQUE BEVEL GEAR on shafts at right angles and crossing out of axical plane. 134. GEAR TRAIN— Solution for increased speed : Divide the multiple of the number of teeth in the driving gears by the multiple of j^ the number of teeth in the driven pinions, or the multiple of each pair separately may be multiplied by the multiple of the next pair. For decreasing speed, divide the ratios. 135. WORM GEAR.— With single thread the revo- lutions of the screw equal the number of teeth in the spur wheel for its revolution. 136. SKEW WORM AND WHEEL GEAR.— The angle of the teeth on this spur wheel must be ^ equal to the angle of the screw shaft, less the angle of the screw at the pitch lines of both. 137. UNIFORM INTERMITTENT MO- TION in opposite directions. The blank sector in the bevel wheel driver C interrupts the motion of A and B alternately. 138. VARIABLE SPEED BEVEL GEAR. — 'A bicycle novelty. One revolution of A gives two revolutions of B. A is an elliptic bevel gear central on the shaft. B is an elliptic bevel gear of one-half the num- ber cf teeth of A and revolves on one of its elliptic centres. The cranks are set op])0- site to the short diameter of the driving gear A, giving greater power to the tread and quicker motion at the neutral points of the crank. 44 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 138a. PARALLEL MOTION of pliers. The jaws are double pivoted at equal distances from the center pivot of the handles. 138^. TRANSMISSION OF CIR- CULAR MOTION by link and sHding block. Block is fast on link^at half dis- tance for equal crank lengths. 138c. REVERSING LEVER with rack sector and worm gear. The worm wheel is lifted from the sector for large movements by the small latch lift and snaps back while a small movement is m.ade by the handle at the top of the lever. T38J. TRANSMISSION of recipro- cating motion into rotary motion by diag- onal crank pins and yoke connecting rod. A sliding swivel on the cross head accom- modates the swing of the yoke connecting rod. 138^. LINK TRANSMISSION of shaft motion, or conic link work. The principle consists in making all lines of motion meet at a common center O. Cranks of equal length and also dis- tances of rotating bearings of equal lengths and equal distances from O. Fixed shaft bearings also at equal dis- tances from O. 138/. GYRATING LEVER TRANS- MISSION. — The lever swinging on its socket at its center and journaled at the edge of the disks will transmit power from one shaft to another in the same line. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 45 138^. TRANSMISSION BY BELL CRANK.- — A bell crank lever socketed at the intersecting line of two shafts at right angles and journaled on the edge of the disks, transmits power in the same direction to shafts at right angles. It has two dead centers. 138A. GAMBREL JOINT LINK- AGE for transmission at right angles, in which the dead centers of the bell crank linkage are avoided. The twisting motion at the dead center will be taken by the center bearing yoke. 138/. TWO REVOLUTIONS FOR ONE STROKE.— The toggle Hnks pass- ing their center line to the position showr by the dotted lines makes a second revo- lution of the wheel. 138/. EQUALIZING THRUST b) cross links, not a true parallel motion Pump rod is strained by the cross con- nection. 138^. SPEED CHANGING PUL- LEY. — The principle of action as shown in Fig. 115. The frame of the transfei pulleys is fixed and the change of angk made by the two sector gears and handk is shown in the second cut. All parts run on ball bearings. 46 TRANSMISSION OF' POWER. 138/. HELPING THE CRANK over the center. One of the curious devices of inven- tors. The compression of air in one of the cylinders during the engine stroke is made the power to push the crank over the center. The cyUnder frame is pivoted to the cross head at A and to the connecting rod at C. B is a sHd- ing block pivoted to the engine frame. 138m. REVERSE MOTION DRIVE.— A being the driving pulley, B a driven pulley, will have a reverse motion by the belt rvmning on the near side guided by the two idler pulleys. 138W. INTERMIT- TENT TRANSMISSION power by spur gear. A is the driver. When B and C are to- gether, gear F is locked. When pin roll D engages with E the driven gear F will revolve 14 turn, more or less, as designed. 1380. A CONTINU- O U S REGISTERING DYNAMOMETER. -^Two flanged hubs on a i§cz3c:::r^^^^::&^^ri__i^^^-^^ t^\\ W shaft with a loose pulley between to receive or give power. The springs abut on the shaft flange and dis- place the loose pulley. An eccentric displaced by the power pull acts upon a recording dial by a lever. Section III. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. Speed, Pressure, Weight, Number, Quantities, and Appliances. mc 139. PRONY BRAKE, for the measurement cf power. A is power shaft and pulley, enclosed in friction blocks and strap; D, the lever; C, C, stops to control excessive movement of the lever ; B, weights to balance the friction of the pulley, which should be tightened by the strap nuts until its full power at the required speed is balanced by the weight put upon the scale platform. THE PRONY BRAKE. Rule. — Diameter of pulley in feet X 3- 141 6 X revolutions per minute = speed of periphery of pulley per minute. The lever is of the third order. Its length from centre of shaft to the eye holding the weight, divided by the radius of the pulley, all in feet, or decimals of a foot = the leverage. Then the pounds weight X by the leverage and by the speed = the foot-pounds^ which divided by 33,000 = the horse-power. Weight of lever at E when loose on the pulley should be deducted from the weights put on platform. 140. "WEBBER" DYNAMOMETER. ■ — A lever with cross arm on which two bevel gears are pinioned at right angles with the bevel gear of the driving-shaft. The pinions on the lever transmit the power which is weighed by the resistance of the lever at the spring balance. The H. P. indicated is : B X 6.2832 X R X W ^ ^ rr ±1. X . 33,000 B = radius of the lever in feet. R == revolutions per minute. W = weight on the scale. 48 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 141. MEASUREMENT OF POWER.— The Rope Brake. Several ropes over a pulley gathered in a knot, to which is hung a specific weight less than the range of the spring scale attached to the other end. The pounds of relief from the stated weight by the motion of the pulley, multiplied by the velocity of the periphery of the pulley in feet per minute, gives the foot-pounds power per minute. 142. "TATHAM'S" DYNAMOMETER, for a vertical belt. A balance frame lever, pulleys, and dash-pot. The work of the belt is : wx-?xs 33,000 = H.P. W — weight on scale. B = length of lever. A = fulcrum to pulleys which should be equal. S ~ speed of belt in feet per minute. 143. BELL-CRANK DY- NAMOMETER. - Applied to the power side of a high-speed belt for driving electric gen. erators. The angles of the >^^fl^ belt over the bell-crank pulley should be equal, y =zx. Then after deducting the weight to balance the pulley and belt when not running from the weight when running, the formula will be: W X-^ ) A > X speed of belt in feet per 2 cosine X ) minute = foot-pounds, which divided by 33,000 = H. P. B, long arm ; A, short arm of lever. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 49 144. "NEER'S" ROTARY TRANSMITTING DYNAMO- METER.— A shaft is disconnected at a coupling and the discs A and B are clamped one to each shaft. Chains are attached to the disc A and roll around pulleys on the disc B, and are attached to the spider C. The chain tension is resisted by the helical springs and is recorded on the dial E. The dial F indicates revolutions. 145. "VAN WINKLE'S" POWER METER. — A set of helical springs attached to two discs, one of which is made fast to the pulley, unkeyed and loose on the shaft ; the other disc and hub ' are clamped to the shaft. A set of levers on a rock haft transmits the strain on the springs to an in- dex and dial indicating the horse-power per 100 revolutions of the shaft. 146. TRACTION RECORD- ING DYNAMOMETER.— The _^^ draft-pull compresses - qjr ^ the elliptic -shaped springs, moving the index hand D, which carries a pencil at its opposite end K. A paper ribbon is drawn under the pencil and wound on a drum, driven by clockwork, mak- ing a continual record, to be measured by a suitable scale for the average work. 147. FRICTION MACHINE, for testing fs the friction of wheels at various speeds and loads. The adjustable circular balance holds the wheels or vehicle in place. The pounds tension on the scale multiplied by the periph- eral velocity in feet per minute gives the foot- pound draft or friction. so MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 148. TORSION DYNAMOME- TER. — To a driving shaft E is attached at C a helical spring. To the other end of the spring is attached a trans- mission pulley A and a small pulley Qi , moving freely on the shaft E. At Q2 another small pulley is fixed to shaft E. The tension of trans- mission displaces the relative position of the small pulleys and through an endless belt draws the loops F and G farther apart, which by pul- leys and index not shown indicates the power transmitted. TENSILE TEST- ING MACHINE. — A hydrostatic ram and system of com- pound levers, used in testing the tensile strength of metals. S, article to be tested ; «/, stops to control vibra- tion of levers ; W, weight. 150. BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE.— A flattened spring metal tube is bent to a circular form. One end is fixed to the inlet stud ; the other end is connected to a lever sector by a link. The sector is meshed with a small pinion on the arbor carrying the index hand. A hair spring attached to the arbor keeps all the piv- oted joints drawn in one direction for accuracy of pressure indication. 151. CORRUGATED TUBE-PRESSURE GAUGE.— The pressure within the tube expands it on the cor- rugated side and through the link connections with the index hand moves the hand. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 51 152. RECORDING PRESSURE GAUGE, ^' Edson " model. D, corrugated diaphragm bearing the pressure ; G, connecting rod from dia^ phragmto crank-pin, on the shaft on which the index hand is fixed, as also the arm and pencil bar, H^, H^, in front of the record sheet ; K, K, winding barrels for the record sheet driven by a clock move- ment ; M, index dial. 153. PARALLEL MOTION OF THE INDICATOR. Proportions: c: d\\ d\ ^—nearly. 154. PARALLEL MOTION FOR AN INDI- CATOR. — The curved slot is made proportional, to the length of the two arms of the pencil lever. 155. «AMSLER"PLAN- IMETER.— E is the fixed point; F the tracer. The disc has a sharp edge and a cylindrical section divided and read from a vernier scale. 'A worm screw and index wheel indicate the number of revolutions of the rolling disc. 156. "LIPPINCOTT" PLAN. IMETER.-R is the fixed point?. T the tracer; ^ is a smooth round arm on which a scale is laid off from the axis ; D is a disc with a free motion on the scaled arm. 52 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 157. CENTRIFUGAL SPEED INDI- CATOR. — An arm and ball pivoted to a clamp on a revolving vertical shaft shows on a curved index bar the number of revo- lutions per minute, due to the position of the ball and pointer, assumed by the cen- trifugal force of revolution. 158. SPEED INDICATOR.— An application of the screw gear. The screw dial counts to 100, right or left. The second dial indicates the number of hundreds. 159. METER DIAL— how to read it. A revolution of the upper hand is a measure of one cubic foot. Each of the dials represents a multiple of ten. The figures following the motion of the index hands are to be noted, and if reading to the right must be put in in- verse order, and if read to the left must be put in serial order. Thus the dial here rep- resented reads 47,805 cubic feet. 160. AUTOMATIC TIPPING SCALE, for measuring grain or water. 161. DOUBLE LINK BALANCED SCALE.— The upper link is fixed to the radial index plate. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 5S 162. DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHING BEAM. — The link connection -^^ to the lower hook allows the O V-bearings to be brought much nearer together than on a sin- gle bar. 163. ENGINE COUN- TER. — A series of coun- ter gears as in the fol- lowing figures, may be placed overlapping, as here shown ; each spindle mounted with a number dial and all covered by a perforated plate, showing the top figures of each dial. The spring pawl checks the first wheel in the train, to hold the number in place while the lever pawl takes its back motion. 164. OPERATION OF A COUNTER. , — The wheel B, with its ten pin teeth, is thrown one tooth at each vibration of the arm of the sector rim A. The wheel B also • has a sector rim fixed to and revolving with it that throws the next pin-tooth wheel one tooth at each revolution, and so on. 165. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. The tappet A, revolving with the wheel C, carries the wheel D one pin notch per revolution. The pawl b is released by the notch in the wheel C while the tappet is in contact with the pin. 166. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. B, driving wheel, the rim of which has an entering and exit notch for pins in the driven wheel and locks the wheel C at each revolution of wheel B- 54 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 167. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. A, the driv- ing tooth in the wheel B ; C is stopped by the concave sections that fit the periphery of the wheel B. The tooth A projects beyond the peripheral radius of wheel B, and the notches relieve the inverted curves of wheel C, allowing it to turn one notch at each revolution of wheel B. b:?^ 168. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, for counters and meters. In this form the largest number of revolutions of the single tooth pinion B, for one revolution of wheel A, may be obtained. 169. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. Wheel C and its arm tooth B is the driver. A rim, shown by the dotted circle on wheel C, catches a pin tooth of the counter wheel A at each revolution. The opening in the rim allows the pin to enter and leave the inside of the rim. 170. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. ^, driving pin plate. b, star wheel counter. ^, pawl. d, spring latch. The latch d is on the back of the pin plate and holds the star teeth, after rotation, by a light spring. ^ is a pawl that locks the teeth ; pawl is lifted by pins in pin wheel. 171. TIRE MEASURE COUN- TER. — A wheel running freely in the forks of a handle, is made of a size that will roll exactly two feet to a revolution, and graduated in feet and inches. The supplementary index is set to allow foi lap in welding the tire. MEASUREMENT OP POWER. 55 171a. THE ST. JOHN'S STEAM METER. — An automatic recording meter of the amount of steam passing through it for all purposes. The lift- ing of a conical valve by differential pressure operates a marking index through the lever on a small transfer shaft through the projecting arm from the cylinder. See detailed figure. 171^7. DETAILS OF THE ST. JOHN'S STEAM METER.— The lifting of the conical valve by differ- ential pressure allows the required quantity of steam to pass through the annular area, which is the measure un- der the initial pressure. The valve lift is recorded on a strip of paper moved by a clock ; the mean of record curves being the measure for the time. The small chamber at the bottom is the dash pot filled with water and keeps the valve from chattering. 171C. BELT SHIPPER.— A taper pin with a flange at the large end and attached to a pole. This handy device enables the throwing of a belt off or on with safety. 56 MEASUREMENT OE POWER. lyid. THREE HORSE WHIFFLETREES. — The second pair have their center pins at two-thirds their length from the inner end and the center single tree attached with loose links. 171^. ANEMOMETER for measuring air currents. A small windmill but a few inches in di- ameter geared to a series of dials which by known air velocities are graduated in cubic feet of air passed per minute. 171/. ANEMOMETER for measuring the velocity of the wind. The dial indexes are geared by tenths, as i, 10, 100, 1,000 miles, which by differentiating the time gives the velocity of the wind in miles per hour. The ratio of the wind velocity to the center of the cup velocity is usually about 3 to I. 171^. ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER FOR MEASUR- ING PRESSURES.— An electro- static voltmeter is shown herewith. In this form the meter is con- structed to measure pressures up to 20,000 volts. Section IV. STEAM POWER. Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices. Rotary Engines, Oscillating Engines. 172. "STEVENS" BOILER.— An early type of tubular boilers (1806), The principle is still in use- 173. PLAIN CYLIN- DRICAL BOILERS, showing suspension and setting. One-half the surface of the shells, divided by 10, equals boiler horse-power. w rr 174. HANG- ING WATER DRUM CY- LINDRICAL BOILER.— The drum, hanging from the main boiler by necks, gives a large in- crease of heating surface. One-half of shell and all of drum surface. divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. CYLINDRICAL DOUBLE FLUE BOILER, Lan- i cashire type. I One-half the shell and all the flue surface, divided by 11, equals boiler horse-power. 58 STEAM POWER. 176. INTERNALLY FIRED FLUE BOILER. — The flue and half the shell surface, if exposed to heat, divided by 14, equals horse-power. 177. HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER, with steam and dry steam pipe. ^, Dry steam pipe. One-half the shell and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. 78. LOCOMOTIVE BOILER.— All the fire-box surface above the grate and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. 179. MARINE BOILER, with locomotive fire-box, three flues and return tubes. The area of the fire- box, flues, back chamber, and tubes, divided by 12, equals boiler horse- power. m ''-■ " ECLIPSE" RETURN TUBULAR MARINE BOILER— All the fire-box, back chamber, direct and return tube surface, divid- ed by 12, equals boiler horse- power. STEAM POWER. 59 i8i. "GALLOWAY" BOILER.— An in- ternally fired oval JSMOlS OUTVET vq flue,with small con- jy ical tubes set diago- nally across the flue. 182. INTERNAL FIRED CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR BOILER.— Lower shell slight- ly inclined to facilitate circula- tion. Fire surface of tubes, I fire-box, and all of shell ex- posed to heat, divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 183. "DION" VEHICLE BOILER.— A central water and steam drum enclosed within an annular drum, and connected by short in- clined tubes. A light and quick-firing boiler for a motor carriage. 184. "BABCOCK & WILCOX" } WATER TUBE BOILER.— Inclined straight tubes expanded in vertical steel headers, connected to a steam drum above. Partitions repass the flame through the tube spaces. 185. "HARRISON" BOILER.— A series of cast-iron globes with ground joints, held together by through bolts. 6o STEAM POWER. i86. SUBMERGED HEAD VERTICAL BOILER, with enlarged water surface, and a cir- dilating diaphragm by which the fire head is swept by the circulation of the water. The central space v^ is free from tubes to facilitate circulation. 187. "HERRESHOFF" BOILER.— A horizontal volute coil at the top acts as a heater. The inner coil is the evaporator ; the outer coil is the superheater. A separa- tor entraps the water that may be carried over from the evaporating coil. '^w^ 188. " THORNYCROFT " BOILER. — A large steel drum above and a water drum below, connected with a large num- ber of bent tubes. The water return is through a large tube at the rear end of the boiler. 189. "SEE" WATER TUBE BOILER.— A series of short straight tubes connecting a hori- zontal steam drum with a rectangular water base on each side of the furnace. Return tube at back of boiler. STEAM POWER. 61 190. " YARROW " WATER TUBE BOILER. — Inclined sections of straight tubes from water- headers each side of the fire grate to a large steam drum above. Iron casing lined with fire tile. This design is for a marine boiler. 191. "BOYER'S" WATER TUBE BOILER. — Furnace walls are coils of pipe. Coils over the fire are connected from circulating pipes to steam drum. 192. " HAZELTON " BOILER.— A central L, p vertical drum in which tubes, with closed ends, O^ are screwed radially. The grate is beneath the ®^^ radial tubes and around the base of the drum. 193. " CLIMAX " BOILER.— A central vertical water and steam drum, with bent tubes expanded in it, and inclined to facili- tate circulation. 194. Section showing bent tubes. STEAM POWER. 195. "MO YES" WATER TUBE BOILER.— The inclined tubes are in three groups, set in three steam drums above and three water-heads be- low. Partitions divide the groups of tubes to deflect the flame over the whole surface. 196. "WHEELER" VERTICAL TUBE BOILER.— Two sections of straight vertical tubes, with drum-heads top and bottom, and a steam drum connected by necks. "CAHALL" VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER. — A water drum at the bottom forms the lower head for the tubes. An an- nular drum at the top forms the upper head, through which the smoke passes. The fur- nace and combustion chamber are outside, as is also the circulating pipe, as shown in the cut. 198. VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER (Philadelphia Engineering Works). Straight tubes between steel drums and a wall between the sections, so that the fire sweeps the length of all the tubes. STEAM POWER. 63 199-200. BOILER OF THE "SERPOLLET" TRICYCLE.— The steam [generating surface is made of iron pipe, flattened and corrugated, then coiled into a volute form with the inner end turned up, and the outer end to project through the furnace shell. The cuts show a vertical section and horizontal plan. 201. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM GENER- ATOR, showing the corrugated flattened tube coiled into a volute. The width of the internal space is less than one-eighth of an inch. 202. " SERVES " BOILER TUBE.— The pro- jecting ribs enlarge the area of the fire surface of the tube. 203. SHAKING AND TIP- PING FURNACE GRATE, " Tupper " model. Each section rocks on trunnions by a hand lever and connecting bar. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. — The flanges are strung upon square bars to form each grate section, which are shaken or dumped by a key wrench at the front. 64 STEAM POWER. 205. FURNACE GRATE, with dumping sections. "Tup- per " model grate. 206. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. The sectors are astride cross bars, and are rocked by a lever and con- necting rod to each tier of sectors. 207. SHAKING AND TIPPING FURNACE GRATE.— The front and back sections can be shaken separately by the double connections and levers. 208. "COLUMBIA" STOKER for soft coal. The coal is filled into the hopper on the outside of the furnace, and from the bottom of the hopper there is carried a chute which inclines upward into the fur- nace. A pusher pushes the coal upward along this chute and dis- charges underneath the burning fuel, displacing the latter and causing it to bulge upward and then slide down the inclined grates. Air is delivered under pressure from the air pipe, and, passing through the openings in the blast grates in the front portion of the furnace, mixes with the gases distilled from the coal before they pass through the burning fuel above. STEAM POWER. 6S 209. "PLAYFORD" MECHAN- ICAL STOKER, for soft coal. A link grate moved by a sprocket shaft carries the coal, fed by a hopper, forward under the boiler, returning over a drum shaft at the bridge wall. A screw conveyer brings the ash and clinker forward to the pit. 210. "AMERICAN" BOILER STOKER. __ — The coal is carried under k ^^■sifl^ ^ i}iQ grate from the hopper ^^ by a spiral screw and forced up over the grate. 6id« Yiew or Stoker. End Vlev. 211. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler fur- nace, " Playford " model. The coal is carried into the furnace from a hopper by a travelling grate. A gate with rack and gear, oper- ated by a lever, regulates the depth of the coal-feed. 212. MECHANICAL STOKER for a furnace, " Jones " model, under- feed to the grate. A plunger, which may be operated directly by a steam piston, pushes a charge of coal, falling from the hopper, on to the fore plate of the grate, where it is coked, the smoke and gases being drawn into the hot fire and burned. 66 STEAM POWER. 213. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler furnace. ' Meissner" model. A wide plunger, operated from a rock shaft, pushes the charge from under the hopper on to the step- grate, where it is coked and worked down the inclined rocking gate. 214. FEED WORM AND AIR BLAST, for feeding fuel to furnaces or sand for an air sand blast. AIR BLAST «5W»— > sat 215. PETROLEUM BURNER, for a furnace, for a boiler, or other require- ments. A, Entrance of oil to central nozzle, which is regulated by a needle valve with screw spindle and wheel, C ; B, entrance of compressed air to the annular nozzle, the force of which draws the oil and atomizes it for quick combustion. ^;=D 216. POP SAFETY VALVE.— The «Lun- kenheimer," an enlarged lip disc above the valve disc, equalizes the increased tension of the spring when the valve opens. STEAM POWER. 67 DIFFERENTIAL SEAT SAFETY VALVE— The enlarged area of the upper valve compensates for the differential tension of the spring upon open- ing the valve, thus causing the valve to open wide without increase of boiler pressure. 218. SAFETY VALVE.— Lever is of the third order. A, Short lever ; B, centre of gravity of lever from ful- crum ; C, distance of weight from ful- crum ; S, diameter of valve ; P, pres- sure per square inch ; G, weight of the lever at its centre of gravity ; W, weight of ball ; V, weight of valve and spindle. Wr:^ ^' X .7854 X P X A— (G X B)— (V X A ) C = S2 X.7854XPX A— (GX B) — (VX A ) W 219. ORIGINAL FORM of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine, 130 B.C. A reaction power, suitable for operation by the use of any gaseous or fluid pres- sure. The original type of several modem motors. 220. STEEPLE ENGINE, with cross-head and slides. 68 STEAM POWER. 22 1. VERTICAL ENGINE, WITH BELL-CRANK LEVER, for stem- wheel boat. 222. INCLINED PADDLE-WHEEL ENGINE, with upright crank-con- nected beam for driving air pump. 223. DIAGONAL TWIN-SCREW EN- GINE, arranged so that the connecting rods cross each other, thus economizing space. 224. TWIN-SCREW VERTICAL CYLIN- DER ENGINE. — The outer gears are on the screw shafts ; the inner gears are idlers to keep the beam even. 225. TRUNK ENGINE.— Does away with the slides and cross-head. It is also used for compounding by using the initial pressure at the trunk end and ex« panding beneath the piston.' STEAM POWER. 69 226. OSCILLATING ENGINE, with trunnions on middle of cylinder. 227. COMPOUND OSCILLATING ENGINE. — Cylinders at right angles. 228. TWIN-SCREW OSCILLAT- ING ENGINE.— A through piston rod connects directly to crank-pins on the shaft face plates. Suitable for small boats. 229. OSCILLATING HOIST- ING ENGINE.— The piston rods are attached to an eccentric strap; one fixed, the other pivoted. A lever operated by the same eccentric strap, through a short connecting rod, oper- ates the valve gear of each cylinder alternately. 230. THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE, " Brotherhood " type. Steam is admitted to the central chamber with equal pressure on all the pistons. The rotary-disc valve is oper- ated by the crank-pin, giving steam to- the outside of the pistons alternately through an outside port to each cylin- der. Main shaft bearing has a stufl&ng box. to STEAM POWER. 231. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL EN- GINE, with continuous piston rod. 232. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL ENGINE, with cross-head and two piston rods for low-pressure piston ^ .-J U.J ^ v {ri\fl r1( ■i.y 233. COMPOUND ENGINES for twin screws. There may be one or two pair of compound cyUn- ders. The dotted lines represent cylinders of the tandem model. 234. COMPOUND YACHT ENGINE, "Her- reshoff" model. Direct receiver pipe. End and longitudinal elevation. STEAM POWER. 7s 235. HIGH-SPEED TAN- DEM COMPOUND ENGINE, "Harrisburg" model. 236. TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, "Phoenix Iron Works" model. A direct pipe connection be- tween the high and low pres- sure cylinder. 234. MODERN HIGH- SPEED ENGINE, with pulley gover- nor, "Atlas" model. 238. SINGLE D SLIDE VALVE, with lap. The length of the valve over the length from outside to outside of steam ports is double the lap. 239. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A ring in a recess of the valve rides against the steam chest cover, held by a spring. 72 STEAM POWER. 240. DOUBLE-PORTED SLIDE VALVE and adjustment by double i nuts in the back of the valve. 241. "MEYER" CUT-OFF VALVE.— C, D, Slide valve with perforated ports. The supplementary or cut-off valves are adjusted to the required distances, to meet the required cut-off, by a right and left screw, which has an index H, and wheel G, for turning the screw for cut-off adjustment on the outside of the steam chest. 242. SINGLE D, SLIDE VALVE, with double steam and exhaust ports. Central steam ports open - — into steam chest at the side of the > valve. -'yy^^^^y/^y/^.M 243. GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE, for large port area with small motion of the valve. 244. ROTARY VALVES.— The valves K and L are three-winged cylinders, and are nearly balanced by the double inlet ports of the valve chamber. STEAM POWER. 73 245. STEAM ENGINE VALVE CHEST.— Double ported exhaust ; shortens the steam passages. " Erie City Iron Works " model. 246. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A bell- shaped piston, riding in a packed gland in the steam chest cover, is connected to the top of the valve by a link. 247. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE, " Buchanan & Richter's " patent. The arm B carries a roller in the curved slot of the supporting piece D. The pressure is relieved by the nut and screw in the cover. 248. " RICHARDSON-ALLEN " BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. — The valve slides under an adjustable plate fixed to the steam chest cover, and is bal- anced by a recess in the back of the valve that is open to the ex- haust port. 249. BALANCED THROTTLE VALVE, with direct governor connection. 74 STEAM POWER. 250. WING THROTTLE VALVE, or Butterfly Throttle, operated by direct connection with a gov- ernor. 251. MULTIPLE PORT PISTON THROTTLE VALVE. — A perfectly balanced valve with through connecting rod. 252. "CORLISS" VALVE GEAR. — Operated by a single eccentric through a lever and connecting ~ rods. Steam and exhaust valves are worked by pins on a rocking wrist plate. The trips on the steam-valve gears are controlled by the governor. 253. LOCOMOTIVE LINK-MOTION VALVE GEAR.— In this arrangement the slotted link is moved up and down over the wrist pin block by the lever and connecting rod; the le- ver, locking in the toothed sector, allowing for a close connection to the valve stem by a lever and short connecting rod. WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR. — The slotted link is hung at its centre on a fixed pin. The valve-rod block is raised or lowered by the bell-crank lever. Lead is made by the cross- head link and lever. STEAM POWER. 75 REVERSING LINK MOTION. — The slotted link is pivoted to the end of the eccentric rod and is moved up and down by the bell- crank lever. The block carrying the valve rod is stationary in the slot. 256. VALVE GEAR of an oscillating marine engine. The slotted link a, receives a rocking motion from the eccentrics and rods, and is thrown from its centre either way for forward, or back motion of the engine by the lever connecting rod b. A block and pin attached to the valve rod freely traverse the link slot. The circular slot- ted frame c is concentric with the cylinder trun- nions and the valve rod by a sliding block and pin to accommodate the oscillation of the cyl- inders. 257. "JOY'S " VALVE GEAR for a ver- tical engine. Operated from a pin in the connecting rod. Reversal is made by chang- ing the position of the slotted link 258. "JOY'S" VALVE GEAR for a horizontal engine. Adjust- ment is made by the angu lar position of the slotted link. Valve motion by crank rod and links. 76 STEAM POWER. 259. "BREMME" VALVE GEAR with single eccentric. The eccentric arm is rocked by the double link connection and is reversed by throwing the link joint over by the hand screw and sector arm, not shown in cut. 260. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VALVE GEAR, with variable travel, adjustable by a hand-wheel. The eccentric drives a block in a slotted link, which is rocked on a central pivot by the screw for varj'lng the throw of the valve. 261. CAM-BAR VALVE MOVE- MENT. — The horizontal movement of the cam bar by the bell-crank lever alternately moves the two valves. 262. VALVE GEAR of a Cor- nish engine, with trip poppet valves for steam. The governor releases the valves by varying the position of the vertical bars connected to the rocking wrist plate. Exhaust valves are oper- ated from the eccentric through the lever that operates the steam valves. STEAM POWER. 77 263. VARIABLE EXPANSION GEAR, with one eccentric. The movement of the fulcrum of the eccentric bar lever by the screw changes the throw of the valve. 264. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VARIABLE VALVE THROW.— "Fink" link gear for a D valve. The link block is moved in the curved slot of the link for variation of valve throw, adjustable by the hand-wheel. A 265. "ALLEN" VALVE LIFT OR TOK— a, The valve lifter and rod to which the valves are attached; ^, the toe on the rock shaft, operated from a cam on the engine shaft. 266. TAPPET LEVER VALVE MOTION. — Used on pumps, rock drills, and percussion tools. 267. STARTING LEVER, with spring to hold the bolt in the sec- tor notches. 78 STEAM POWER. @=© 268. SIMPLE UNHOOKING DEVICE, much in use on the engines of side-wheel steam- ers. The turning down of the handle of the short bell-crank lever lifts the hook in the ec- centric rod off from the wrist pin of the rock- shaft crank, — ^when the engine can be worked by A hand lever on the rock shaft. 269. SIMPLE REVERSING GEAR for steam engines. On raising the eccentric rod the valve spindle is released from the hook, when the engine can be reversed by the hand lever ; the eccentric then runs back by friction a half turn, it being loose on the shaft, and the key shoulder cut away to allow the eccentric to turn half over. 270. «' JOY'S" HYDRAULIC SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The centre block is keyed to the shaft; pistons on each side of the block work in cylinders in the eccentric. Oil is pump- ed to one or the other piston through holes in the crank shaft and piston, for reversal of the engine. 271. SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The ec- centric is movable on worm gear and its sleeve, which is keyed to the shaft. The tan- gent worm is pivoted in lugs on the eccentric. 3 272. VALVE MOTION ECCENTRIC — The rocker connecting link increases the motion of the valve rod and travel of the valve. STEAM POWER. 79 273. " PEAUCELLIER'S " PARALLEL MOTION. — A, B and B, C are of equal distances, when the connecting rod will move in a straight line. When B is connected with the outer joint of the link quadrangle the inner joint C will have a straight-line motion. D® c: ^ ^^^^ 274. PARALLEL MOTION, used side-lever marine engines. E, cross-head. C, F, radius bar. D, E, parallel bar. on 275. PARALLEL MOTION, for a side lever marine engine. a and b are of equal length. c and d are of equal length. Radius of rocker-shaft crank F = — e 276. PARALLEL MOTION and com- pensation weight for steam engines, " For- ney's " patent. The link from the cross- head traverses the slot at right angles to the engine centre, and is pivoted at its centre to the swinging link and weight. 277. PARALLEL MOTION.— Length of radius f j_ bar equal to beam radius. Link radii are equal. Dis- tance of radius bar pivot above beam centre is equal to link radius. So STEAM POWER. 278. PARALLEL MOTION for beam en* gines, in which a and ^ are of equal length. ^ and/are of equal length. // and e are of equal length. 279. PARALLEL MOTION, with two pairs of connecting bars. a and ^ are of equal length. ^ and ^ are of equal length. e, cross-head. 280. PARALLEL MOTION, with the radius bar pivoted above the centre line of the beam. ^ and // are of equal length. ^= c or d, h = half a, 281. PARALLEL MOTION for a direct- acting engine. The radius bar, A, F, is pivoted to the frame on the centre line and at right angles to the slot, B. A, C and A, F are of equal length. A, B and A, C are of equal length. 282. PARALLEL MOTION by a rocking beam. A, E and A, C are equal when E is pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod. 283. PARALLEL MOTION.— The "grass, hopper " movement of one of the early locomo- tives. B, the radius bar, pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod; A, the rocker rod. STEAM POWER. 8r R ^^ 284. PARALLEL MOTION for a ver- tical engine. A, A, radius bars pivoted to engine frame opposite to the middle of stroke. 285. PARALLEL MOTION for an engine. The radius bars are of equal lengths from the centre line of the engine and sliding pivot of the long bar. Both fixed and sliding pivots at right angles with the centre line when at half stroke. 286. PARALLEL MOTION of a piston rod by direct connection with a spur gear ro- tating upon the wrist pin of the crank. The crank-pin gear meshes in a fixed internal toothed gear of double its diameter. One of the curiosities of old-time engineering. V^ 287. « CARTWRIGHT'S " PARALLEL MOTION for steam engines by geared wheels. A free cross-head on piston rod and connected to two cranks on shafts with equal spur gears from which power is transmitted through a third spur wheel. Fery old (lySy), 288. PARALLEL MOTION by a cross- head and rollers running against guide-bars. Old, 83 STEAM POWER. 289. CROSS-HEAD SLIDE athwart the shaft. An obsolete design for a vertj :;al engine in a side-wheel steamer. 290. PARALLEL MOTION by guide bars in the frame of a vertical engine, with connecting piston rod and crank. Cross-head sliding in a slot in the frame. Old, 291. PARALLEL MOTION to piston rod and cross-head by prolonging the piston rod through a fixed guide and connecting to the crank with a forked rod. A very old device and much in use now on pumps. 292. PARALLEL MOTION from a sec- tor beam. Used on old, single-acting, atmos- pheric pumping engines. Cylinder is open at top. Piston is lifted by the weight of the pimip rods on the other end of beam. Low- pressure steam follows the rising piston when a jet of water condenses it, and the piston is drawn down by atmospheric pressure. 293. RACK GEAR PARALLEL MOTION.— An old pumping device used with a single- acting beam engine. STEAM POWER. 83 294. " WATT " GOVERNOR.— The cen- trifugal action of the balls lifts the sleeve and, through the bell crank, operates the throttle valve. 295. COMPENSATING GOVERNOR, *' Daw- son " patent (English). Intended to be isochronous in its movement. The central weight is connected directly with the throttle-valve stem. 296. GRAVITY CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— The weight on the central rod is lifted by the centrifugal action of the light balls and moves the lever that controls the valve gear. A high-speed governor. 297. ENGINE GOVERNOR, in which the arms cross each other and are extended above in a link movement. The arms are guided in a slotted sector. 84 STEAM POWER. 298. CENTRIFUGAL BALL GOVERNOR.— The balls, with arms pivoted to the revolving spindle, through their connections raise or lower the ^ grooved sleeve on the lower part of the spindle. k^J The yoke of the valve lever rests in the groove and thus controls the valve gear by the varying speed of the governor. 299. INVERTED GOVERNOR.~The cen- trifugal force of the balls is resisted by a spring around the spindle. The extension of the balls lifts the lever spool through the toggle-joint movement. 300. DIRECT-ACTING CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— The balls traverse the radial arms a, a, on friction rollers and are restrained by steel ribbons that pass over a pair of pul- leys at G, and are attached to the spring and ] g grooved collar that operates the lever and ^ " throttle valve. 301. SPRING BALANCED CENTRIF- UGAL GOVERNOR, "Proell" patent— The balls are attached to the inverted arms d, b^ and raise the collar sleeve by their outward throw. The movement is restrained by the vertical leaf springs and links. The lift is controlled by the curved links hung from the cross bar 2Xf, STEAM POWER. 85 302. PARABOLIC GOVERNOR.— One of the many curious devices for governing steam engines. The parabolic form of the guide arms is intended to equalize the motion of the grooved slide by modifying the effect of centrifugal force in the position of the balls. Also called an isochronous governor, produc- ing equal valve movement for equal change in the speed of the engine. 303. "ANDERSON'S" GYROSCOPE GOVERNOR for steam engines. A, The gyro- scope wheel f B, its spindle connected to its driv- ing shaft by the universal joint B', and revolved at high velocity by the pinion I rolling around the fixed bevel gear G. H, a frame holding the gyroscope wheel and its flexible shaft and re- volving it on the vertical axis by the bevel gear and band from the engine shaft. The outer end of the spindle B is held in a jointed arm of the frame H, to allow of the retaining action of the spring L, through the bell crank N, connecting rod P, and rod and bow D, C, pivoted with a free vertical movement in the fixed frame. A swivel at D allows the rod and bow to turn freely with the wheel and frame H. By the rapid rotation of the wheel on its own axis and its counter rotation on the vertical axis of the carrying frame H, its own axis has a strong tendency toward a vertical position, which is bal- anced by the spring L, causing the rod D to take a vertical motion, corresponding to variation in speed, and transmitting it to the valve gear. 304. HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL GOV- ERNOR, " Bourdon " model. The balls are balanced on a rigid arm pivoted to the hori- zontal spindle. A sector c on the ball arm meshes with a sector pivoted on the hollow spindle of the governor, which operates a lever and push rod to the throttle. As the balls move only by cen- trifugal force of revolution, they are wholly controlled by a helical spring in the hollow spindle. 86 STEAM POWER. 305. VANE OR WING GOVERNOR.— The resistance of the vanes P, P to the air by their variable speed from the engine gear, lifts or depresses the ball Q, connected with the wings, by means of a quick-pitch thread and nut on the revolving spindle, causing a movement of the weighted bell-crank lever M, L, and by its action controls the throttle valve. 306. GOVERNOR FOR A STEAM ENGINE (old). — A revolving spindle, a, carries with it a pair of cylindrical inclined planes, d. The ball b, frame and wings c, slide freely upon an extension of the spindle. The varying air resistance given to the wings y water is circulat- u^ Az--- "-.u.uxA e^ through the tubes. 403 a. section. Cross 404. STEAM SEPARATOR. — The entrained water in the steam is lodged upon the rough walls, and drips to the striiner and into the pocket, and is drawn off through the valve. The glass gauge in- dicates the height of water in the pocket. 405. STEAM SEPARATOR, in line for hori- zontal pipes. The corrugated surface catches the water of condensation, which falls through the grating to the recess below. " Austin " model 406. FILTER FOR BOILER, feed water. An upward flow. Water enters from the left and flows through felt held between wire gauze and perforated plates. The space may. be filled with sponge or coarse sawdust 112 STEAM APPLIANCES. 407. " RETURN STEAM TRAP, "Blessing" pattern. i The trap is placed above the water line of the boiler. The globe is balanced on a weighted lever so that it rises when empty and falls when filled with water. The movement of the globe up and down trips valves that alternately charge the globe with the water from a heating system and discharges it into the boiler. 408. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— The shell of iron expands by the heat of the steam at a less rate than the brass spring valve, so that the hot steam closes it and the cooler water opens it by contraction. 409. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— A differ- ential expansion of the spring itself causes it to open with the water temperature and close with steam temperature. The spring is made of two strips of metal, the upper one of brass and the lower one of steel, riveted together. 410. STEAM TRAP.— The water con- densed in a heating system flows into the trap case and closes the valve by lifting the float. By the overflow into the float, it sinks, opening the valve, and the water is discharged from the float, allowing it to rise and to close the valve. 411. "BUNDY" STEAM TRAP.— The pear-shaped bowl rises when empty, and falls when full of water. It swings on trunnions carrying an arm, which oper- ates a valve for charging and discharg- ing the water to and from the bowl. J STEAM APPLIANCES. "3 412. STEAM TRAP WITH VALVE, operated by a float. The ingress of water lifts the float and opens the dis- charge valve. " Curtis " model. 413. "HEINTZ" STEAM TRAP. — The differential expan- sion of two metals in the semi- circular arc opens or closes the inlet valve. Adjustment is made by the set-screw. 414. "MORAN'S" FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT and automatic relief valve. A ground globular pipe fitting held in a spherical union joint. 415. CORRUGATED EXPANSION COUPLING, '' Wainwright's " model. A hard brass tube, corrugated, gives the tube a longitudinal elasticity to take up the ex- pansion of steam pipes. 416. FLANGED EXPANSION JOINT.— Used in pipe lines to take up the change in length due to difference in temperature. 114 STEAM APPLIANCES. 417. AUTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE.— The valve is kept closed by a crank attachment to the spindle and weighted lever outside. Excess of press- ure raises the stem and discs, throttling the passage of steam and relieving the back pressure. 418. HORIZONTAL SWING CHECK VALVE. — The disc is loose in the swing frame and may be reground tight by a socket wrench passed through the plug opening. 419. GLOBE VALVE. «, the body. d^ the bonnet. g^ the spindle. hi the winged disc. ^, the spindle nut. e^ gland, y, gland nut. h, wheel. 420. EXHAUST STEAM HEAD. — The ex- haust steam is deflected by perforated discs and cap plates, which separate the water to drip between the inner and outer shell. 421. CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUST HEAD. — The exhaust steam head enters the drum tangentially, throwing the particles of water against the outer surface to drip to the bottom, STKAM APPLIANCES. 115 421a. THE PULSOMETER STEAM PUMP. — Water is forced from each cham- ber alternately by the steam pressure, while the opposite chamber is filled by the vacuum caused by the condensation of the steam in contact with the wet surface. The ball valve is very lightly balanced and is thrown over by the alternating vacuum and steam pressure. 421b. THE EDWARDS AIR PUMP. — Has no suction valves. The ports in the cylinder are opened by passing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. The water and air enter above the piston and is dis- charged above. The discharge valves are sealed by water held back by the dam. The piston rod is sealed by a water filled cup. 421c, STEAM SOOT SUCKER for cleaning boiler tubes by drawing the soot and ashes from the tubes by an annular steam jet. ii6 STEAM APPIylANCES. 42id. AIR COOLING TOWER.— For cooling the water of a surface condenser. The hot water is forced to the top of the tower and distributed over a large surface of tile through which air is circulated by the large fan at the bottom of the tower. The water much cooled drips to the tank below from which it is pumped for use again. 421^. FLEXIBLE METALLIC HOSE. — The joints are packed with rubber, which lies between the overlapping edges of the corru- gated tape forming the screw. 421/. FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUB- ING. — The corrugations are deep indented rings spun or pressed from a plain tube. It may be also made spiral. Section VI. MOTIVE POWER. Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Geaf and Appliances, Connecting Rods and Heads. 422. GASOLINE ENGINE, "Olds" model. Plan showing location of valve chest and valve gear, operated from an eccentric with an alternating sector gear for an impulse at every other revolution. 423. SECTIONAL PLAN OF A GASOLINE ENGINE.— Four-cycle type, with exhaust port opened by the piston at the end of the stroke, and continued exhaust through an annular valve around the inlet valve. The charge is heated and vaporized in the valye chamber by the exhaust. " Olin " model. ii8 MOTIVE POWER. 424. SIMPLE GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE.— A, inlet valve ; E, exhaust valve ; gasoline enters by gravity at G, regulated by a faucet. Air enters at B by the suction of the piston, atomizing the gasoline as it drops into the air chamber. The tube igniter is heated by a gasoline burner beneath the bell mouth. 425. GASOLINE ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— The centrifugal action of the weights on the reducing gear operates a bell crank that directs the exhau st push rod on or off the cam. "Olin" model. 426. GAS ENGINE, "Union" model. A four-cycle motor with half-reducing gear; push-rod lever and two push rods for governing charge and exhaust MOTIVE POWER, 119 427. GASOLINE CARRIAGE MOTOR. — Four cycle or com' pression type. Ribs on cylinder for air cooling. H is the carburettei with wire- gauge atomiz- er; O, gaso- line feed-pipe. Warm air is drawn into carburetter from the pipe over the Bun- sen burner, G, by the suction of the piston ; it is then saturated with gasoline vapor, and returned by a separate pipe to the inlet valve, C. 428. VERTICAL GASOLINE ENGINE, " Webster " pattern. The cylinder and water jacket form part of the framework of the engine. A four-cycle type. 429. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, " Root" model. Four-cycle compression, with double explosion. ^ is a second- ary chamber and port, closed about half-stroke, shutting off part of the charge during compression, which is exploded during the impulse stroke of the piston. 120 MOTIVE POWER. 430. VERTICAL KEROSENE OIL ENGINE, " Daimler" model. The oil is vaporized by the heat of the exhaust, and forced into the cylinder, with the proper proportion of air for explosive combustion, by the downward stroke of the piston and compression in the crank chamber. The up- ward stroke charges the crank chamber with air and vapor. 431. "DIESEL" MOTOR.— A, cylinder; /, air pump ; y, air-pump lever ; T, air re- ceiver. Air is compressed by the pump to 450 lbs. per square inch, and stored in the receiver. Oil is fed by a small pump to the inlet-valve chamber, where it is ato- mized by entering the cylinder with the compressed air. Explosion every other revolution. 432. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, two-cycle type, " Day "model. The air and gas are drawn into the crank chamber by the upward stroke of the piston. The return stroke compresses the mixture in the crank cham- ber, which charges the cylinder through the side passage at the opening of the cylinder port at the end of the down stroke of the piston. E, clearance space ; B, guard on pis- ton ; A, crank chamber ; F, tube igniter ; D, O, inlet valves. MOTIVE POWER. 121 433- STREET RAILWAY GAS MOTOR PASSENGER CAR, German model. The motor consists of two cylin- ders on opposite sides of the crank shaft, placed under the seats. The fly-wheel is behind the seats. The power is transmitted to the axles through gears, sprockets, and chains, with friction regulation. Motor runs continually. Compressed gas is stored in cylinders under the car floor. 434. GASOLINE MOTOR CAR. — The gasoline motor runs constantly, operating an electric generator which charges the stor- age batteries, that in turn supply the current as required for the intermittent or variable work of the electric motors geared to the car axles. 435. VALVE GEAR for a gas engine. — A simple device for opening the exhaust valve of a four-cycle motor. The eccentric gives the push rod a forward stroke at each revo- lution of the shaft. The ratchet wheel C has a friction resistance, with every other tooth a shallow notch, so as to hold up the lip of the push rod at every second revolution of the shaft and make a miss-hit on the valve rod. At the next revolution the lip falls into a deep notch and the push rod opens the exhaust valve. 122 MOTIVE POWER. 436. VALVE GEAR, for a four-cycle gas engine. The cam is fixed to the engine shaft. The inner ring gear is swept around within the outer fixed gear, skipping by one tooth at each revolution of the engine shaft. This makes a contact of a ring-gear tooth with the exhaust-valve rod at every other revolution, necessary for the operation of a four-cycle motor. fCCENTRlC BOO 437. DOUBLErGROOVED ECCENTRIC, for two lengths of rod thrown alternately by traversing the push rod in the cross grooves, also for single-valve rod throw for four-cycle gas engine. 438. VALVE GEAR for a four-cycle gas engine. The two-thread worm on the en- gine shaft has the middle part of the thread extended to form a cam. The four-part gear, B, revolves by the action of the worm, and at every other revolution the cam section of the worm runs into the recess of the revolving gear, and the valve rod is not operated, thus opening the exhaust valve at every second revolution as required. 439. PLUMB-BOB GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The plimib-bob. A, is pivoted in a box attached to the exhaust valve push rod. The back motion of the push rod pro- duces a forward motion of the bob, acting like a pendulum, and a downward motion of the pick blade, C, bringing it in contact with the valve spindle, D. The spring-end screws, E and F, are for the adjustment of the motion of A. MOTIVE POWER. 123 440. INERTIA GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The ball, J, is the inertia pendu- lum. It is pivoted to the frame, D, at L. It swings on the pivot at H, by the rotation of the cam, B, against the roller, C. The spring, K, is for adjusting the amount of the motion of the ball and its at- tached pick blade, G, for a push or miss of the valve spindle, F. 441. PENDULUM GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The pendulum is adjusted by the distance of the small compensating ball to vibrate synchronously with the push rod at the required speed of the engine. Increased speed releases the clip, and a miss charge is made. 442. DIFFERENTIAL CAM THROW, by the transverse motion of a rolling disc on a lever or by direct thrust. Much used on the valve gear of gas engines. The rolling disc is traversed by the governor from one cam to another. 443. GOVERNOR AND VARIABLE CAM for a gas engine. The centrifugal movement of the governor balls slides the sleeve on the governor shaft, and also the variable cam -^ sleeve, ^, on the driving shaft, by the bell-crank "VV lever, e. The disc roller, ^, on an arm of a rock ^-^ shaft, rolls upon one or the other cams at ^, thus varying the movement of the inlet valve, which is connected to another arm of the rock shaft. 124 MOTIVE POWER. 444. INLET VALVE for gas engine. A valve disc slightly held in contact with the seat by the spring. Air holes should be drilled close together around the valve seat, so that combined air area shall be larger than the area of the gas inlet. 445. GAS ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— E, Inlet valve ; F, exhaust valve. Valves are operated by a bent lever, with sliding roller H and double cam C, which by a groove rides the roller alternately on to the cams. 446. GASOLINE VAPORIZER. — The inlet nozzle, V, is ribbed on the outside and is enclosed in a chamber through which the ex- haust passes. Gasoline and air are drawn into the nozzle regulated by the small valve, and additional air for the explosive mixture is drawn by the piston through the large valve. " Capitaine " motor. 3 r & 447. CARBURETTER for making air gas from gasoline ; non-freezing. A, plan — a zig-zag series of chambers with spaces be- tween for air circulation to keep its vaporizing walls warm ; B, a vertical section ; c, r, c, open spaces. Canton or other flannel wrapped over wire gauze frames is pushed into the longi- tudinal spaces before the ends are soldered ; may be made of tinplate. MOTIVE POWER. 125 448. AUTOMATIC OILER.— Much in use on explosive motors. Shaft c, and cranky, with the dip wire d^ are revolved by a belt dropping the oil on the wiper e, into the small tank^ from which it flows to the cylinder. UNIFORM AUTOMATIC OILER.— Used on gas engines. The shaft, driven by a belt from the valve-gear shaft of the engine, carries two hooks and dip wires, one of which raises the oil from the variable level below to a constant level oil reservoir, from which the second hook and dip wire feed the wiper that leads the oil to the cylinder. 450. CRANK-ROD HEAD ADJUST- MENT for trunk pistons. A jointed brass tightened by a long-armed screw. 451. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- tion for a gas engine. 452. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- tion for a gas engine. 453. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- tion for a gas engine. Most reliable form. Head of screw pin should be keyed. 126 MOTIVE POWER. 454. CONNECTING ROD HEAD, with full split brasses, held by cap and through bolts. 455. CONNECTING ROD END with set-in end block. J' c:j A 456. SOLID STRAP END, for connecting rod. Brasses set up by a capstan screw. 457. CONNECTING ROD END, with half brass and brass cap. Through bolts. 458. STEEL BALL ADJUSTMENT for con- necting rod brasses. A number of steel balls are enclosed in a chamber and compressed by a screw. 459. SOLID END CONNECTING ROD.— Brasses slip in sidewise, and are locked in by the key. , g;xpr-| , 460. FORKED END CONNECTING ROD, ' u-iAi ' with keys and set screws. MOTIVE POWER. 127 461. CONNECTING ROD END locknut key. with ^|:-:^::T^vt-7^ 462. ADJUSTABLE LINK with ight and left screw coupling. 463. LINK OR CONNECTING ROD, with adjustable brasses. Keys inside and outside of pins. 463a. STAKE PULLER. — An easy way to pull stakes and posts. A clevis to pinch the stake or post against the end of the lever with the lever pivoted to the foot post. 463&. STALK PUL- LER. — The conical spiked drums catch the stalks and throw them ofif at one side. The cones are driven by gearing and shaft from the large wheel. Will pull cotton, hemp and other stalks that are planted in rows. 128 MOTIVE^ POWER. 463^. VALVE GEAR FOR EX- PLOSIVE MO- TORS.— H, air inlet; F, air valve; G, gas or gasoline valve; f, air valve lever ; B, gas valve lever operated from the cam at C; O, exhaust; E, ex- haust valve; e, ex- haust valve lever, op- erated by cams at c. 463J. GASOLINE ATOMIZER. — By injection through the valve aeat K which has a grooved pas- sage around it to distribute the gas- oline evenly to the indraft of the piston A, the regulating needle valve. Section ON A-GL MOTIVB POWER. 129 463^. GASOLINE ATOMIZER, of the constant feed type. — A, receiving tank; B, float ; C, counter weight and valve; E, jet nozzle ; H, air in- let ; G, perforated cone with air regulat- ing cap L. 463/. ELECTRIC IGNI- TION PLUG, for a gas or gasoline motor. Electrodes of platinum ; copper spindle with collar; insulation porcelain or lava with mica disk between. 4630-. JUMP SPARK COIL for gas and gaso- line engines. — ^H, H, iron wire core; P, pri- mary coil; S, secondary coil ; L, condenser ; D, spark breaker; A, bat- tery; J, switch; P, M, binding posts. l.;o MOTIVE POWER. 463/r. CALORIC ENGINE, Erics- son Model. — d, d, the cylinder in which the transfer piston moves with space between it and the cylinder to allow the air to be quickly transferred from the hot end to the cool end and vice versa. h. Impulse piston attached directly to the walking beam. The transfer piston is operated by a yoke connec- tion with the bell crank lever k, and rod p. X, water jacket, r, pum-p, u, Bunsen burner. 463/. FOUR CYLINDER GASO- LINE MOTOR.— Four cycle, air cooled type. The successive impulses in the four cylinders require only a very light fly wheel to regulate the motion. A French design, 463;. HARROW AND CLOD CRUSHER. — Two portions of this machine co-operate and reduce the soil to a pulverized condition, ready to receive the seed. The machine is mounted on a pair of high wheels having serrations or teeth projecting from the tread surface, and the inner portion of the rim carries a continuous gear adapted to rotate the drag, through the small gear wheel and chain ar- rangement on either side of the machine. Section VII. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotarv Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters, Etc. OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL, with steel buckets. With the gate chute im- pinging upon the buckets an efficiency of from seventy to seventy-five per cent, may be obtained. h X w X .70 = horse-power. 33,000 h, Total height of water-fall from race ; w, weight of water falling per minute. 465. OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.— Power equals about sixty per cent, of the value of the water-fall flowing over the wheel. 466. IRON OVERSHOT WHEEL. — The frame and buck- ets are made of iron or steel. The lightest wheel of its kind. « Leffel " model. 467. Front view. 132 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 468. UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL.— Power equals about forty per cent, of the value of the water-fall flowing under the gate. 469. SAW-MILL WATER WHEEL and flume, h -\- h' represents the head of water. The total head in feet multiplied by the weight of water discharged per minute equals the foot- pounds of power. Efficiency about sixty per cent. 470. BREAST WATER WHEEL.— Power equals about forty per cent, of the value of the water-fall flowing through the gate. This form should have housed buckets. 471. FLUTTER WHEEL.— Much in use to back the log carriage of saw-mills. Efficiency very low. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 133 472. wheel. BARKER WHEEL.— A reaction water The reaction of the water escaping from the tangential orifices at the ends of the arms 1 1 under the pressure of the water head in the hol- low shaft gives impulse to the wheel, efficiency. Very low 474. Section of wheel and case. 473. CURRENT MO- TOR. — A propeller revolv- ing within a case with ex- panding mouth to increase the force of the current. A sprocket-wheel on the rear end of the propeller shaft with chain transmis- sion to shaft on suspen- sion frame. 475. CURRENT WATER WHEEL.— The most efficient velocity of the wheel periphery is forty per cent, of the current velocity. The horse-power is : Area of immersion of blades . ^ ^, „ X (V— S)2 150 ^ V = Velocity of the stream ; S = vel- ocity of periphery of wheel, — ^both in feet per second. 476. FIXED BUCKET WATER-RAISING CURRENT WHEEL.— Long rectangular buckets are attached across the rim of the wheel with side openings, indicated by the hatched spaces. At the top the water flows over the side of the wheel into a trough. 134 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 477. BUCKETED WATER-RAISING CURRENT WHEEL.— The buckets are pivoted to the outside rim of the wheel, and tilted into the trough at the top by a tail- piece on the bucket striking the trough. 478. CURRENT WHEEL WATER LIFT. — The water buckets and arms are troughs that carry the water to the central hollow shaft, from the end of which it is discharged into a trough. Used for irriga tion and low-grade water supply. d79. DRAINAGE WHEEL, used for draining fens and lowlands. Broad buckets on a power-driven wheel with a back or tangential slope, the wheel re- volving in a current shield. Such wheels, at proper speed, will lift a large volume of water to a height of nearly half their diameter. 480. PERSIAN WHEEL.—A current- driven water lift; used in Eastern countries. A hollow shaft, with curved arms and floats, with buckets suspended at their periphery. The current carries the floats forward, filling the buckets and at the same time dipping - ^ water into the curved arms. The water follows the arms in their revolution and discharges through the hollow shaft, while the buckets are tipped at the top of the wheel into a trough. -j^m^ HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 135 481. ANCIENT WATER LIFT.— A series of earthen pots lashed to the periphery of a wheel revolving in a stream. The long pots are so inclined to the axial line of the shaft that they dip and fill while in the stream, and empty while passing the trough. 482. "ARCHIMEDIAN" SCREW WATER LIFT. — A water wheel on an inclined hol- low shaft is driven by the current. A spirally wound pipe in or outside of the shaft con- veys the water to an elevated trough. 483. VOLUTE TURBINE.— The water, under pressure of its head, passes along the volute, striking the radial buckets a^ a^ a, flows inward and down through the central inclined buckets ^, c. Efliciency abou^ eighty per cent. 484. HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINE, « Leffel " model, with double draught pipe and governor. End thrust on shaft is balanced by central inlet and double draught-pipes. Efficiency from eighty to eighty-five per cent, of the pressure head at the turbine. 485. "LEFFEL" DOUBLE-RUNNER TUR- BINE. — The upper section of the running-wheel discharges inward and down the centre. The lower section has curved blades to discharge downward. One register gate for both sections. i$6 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 486. " JONVAL " TURBINE. — The upper inclined blades are fixed. The Ipwer inverse blades form the wheel. 487. "JONVAL" TURBINE.— ^, The case ; a, the chute or directrix, fixed; c, the wheel buckets. The curved buckets are set slightly tangent and curve downward in parabolic or cycloidal form. Water discharges downward. Efficiency from eighty to eighty-five per cent. 488. TURBINE AND GATE.— A downward flow from angular fixed guides in the water chamber. 489. "LANCASTER" TURBINE, downward discharge. The upper parts of the blades are vertical, and receive water tangentially from the gate plates. 490. " MUNSON " DOUBLE TURBINE.— The water discharges both upward and down- ward through curved guide blades, to reverse curves in the top and bottom wheel blades. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 137 ^["^ 491. " CAMDEN " TURBINE, has two inde- pendent sets of buckets. The upper set is inward and central discharge, the lower set is curved backward, with tangential discharge. 492. «' MODEL" TURBINE.— The run- ning-wheel has a downward discharge. The register gates are pivoted and operated by arms from a sector. 493. " SWAIN " TURBINE.— Inward and downward flow, with continuous curved blades. 494. "WARREN "CENTRAL-DISCHARGE TURBINE.— Plan : The wheel revolves on the inside of a fixed directrix. Water enters from outside, and discharges into and beneath the wheel, a, Directrix ; b, wheel. 495. "FOURNERON" TURBINE. — The rim of outer buckets revolves around the inner directrix, the water moving outward. Efficiency, about eighty per cent. 496. BELT WATER-WHEEL GOVERNOR.— The middle pulley on the governor spindle is loose, the outside pulleys are tight. The action of the governor balls operates a belt shipper which throws the belt upon the upper or lower tight pulley at ab- normal speed. A corresponding set of tight and ^1^ loose pulleys operate a pair of bevel gear that open or close the gate. 138 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 497. WATER WHEEL GOVERNOR.— The wheel motion drives the bevel gear at a and the hollow spindle, ^, revolving the balls and connecting arms. The small central spindle has a vertical motion, due to the centrif- ugal force of the balls. The central spindle carries a pin which slides in a slot in the outer hollow spindle, which at abnormal speed catches one or the other pins in the lo©se bevel gears, r, <:, which, acting on the bevel wheel and shaft, dy opens or closes the gate. 498. IMPACT WATER WHEEL, " Leffel " pat- tern. Step buckets. Efficiency, eighty-five per cent. \—~-'Y — » ■Hill t ,1 j:jF 1>S8 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 588. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT.—The ball end, A, of a pipe is ground to a tight fit in the socket, B, of another pipe and held in place by a bolted flange. 589. UNIVERSAL PIPE JOINT.— The flanges ^ are faced at 45° to the line of the pipe, with a through bolt at right angles to the faces of the flanges. The joint may be made at any angle up to 90®. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^zz^zs^ ^^^^^^^^s^\^.^^^^^s^^ SI 590. TOGGLE CLIP PIPE JOINT.— A J quick connecting joint for hose. 591. BIBB, with crank-moved valve open- ing against the pressure. 592. DISC VALVE AND GUARD. — The spherical guard is perforated to give quick relief to the movement of the elastic disc. 593. DOUBLE BEAT DISC VALVE.— The central seat is borne by the cross bar in which the guide pin of the valve is set HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 159 594. HYDRAULIC VALVE, used on elevators. Cylindrical in form, the valves move across the ports by a rock shaft and arms. A, pressure chamber. B, C, to elevator cylinder. '^mMm 595. MULTIPLE BALL VALVE.— The cone- valve seat is in two parts ; the cover or cage is held in place by the screw in the cap. 596. MULTIPLE RING VALVE, for k enlarged valve area with small lift. i 597. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE, Cor- I nish model. The upper seat is supported by a cross-bar, in which is fixed the guide-pin that I carries the valve. 598. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE or relief valve. — The valve spindle ma}'- be loaded by weight or spring. .xmmc;^^^mm;M^^^ i6o HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 599. VIBRATING MOTION of a trough discharging water alternately in two direc- tions. The trough is balanced below its centre of gravity, and has a partition at the middle. The water falls on one side of the partition until the trough is overbalanced, when it turns and discharges the water. The partition is thrown over and the other end of the trough is then filled. A crude form of water me^er. 600. VARIABLE COMPENSATING WEIGHTS for a hydraulic lift. The weights are picked up one after the other. 601. SAND AUGER. — Used on the inside of deep well f]| pipes with open bottom. 602. DRIVEN WELL.— A clamp strongly bolted to the well pipe on which the weight strikes to drive the tube. A clamp and two sheaves are bolted at the top of the tube with ropes rove through the sheave blocks and made fast to the weight for raising it. The weight is hollow, and rides loosely over the tube. The clamps are raised as additional pipes are screwed to the well pipe. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. i6i 603. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER TANK, " Miller" model. In this form the siphon is inverted, holding the water seal to balance the water head in the tank in the uptake of the siphon. The cap over the long end of the siphon is to seal the air in the siphon until the sewage pressure is equal to the water-balanced leg. 604. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER TANK, " Van Vraken " model. The inverted siphon opens into a tipple pan which seals the outlet of the siphon until the sewage in the tank reaches the level of the bend, when a general discharge takes place. 605. ATOMIZER.— A small stream running down an incline is atomized at the nozzle by a blast of air. 606. BALL AND JET NOZZLE.— The ball is held in contact with the jet by the adhesion of the water to the rolling surface. The ball should be very light. The principle is the same for an air jet, only that a very light ball must be used. With the low ball in the conical nozzle the ball can lift no higher than to give vent to the water or air under the same area a& Ihe neck of the nozzle. II 262 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. ^^^ ral 607. SPRAY JET NOZZLK^The spi- wmgs on the central cone set the _\ J water into a whirl, and induce a spray by -^^^^ centrifugal action. ^m 60S. HERO'S FOUNTAIN.— The water in the upper basin exerts a pressure upon the air in the lower receptacle, which is transferred to the surface of the water in the middle basin and forces it up in the jet. Many beautiful modifica- tions of this principle are shown in modern de- vices. 609. "CHAPMAN" ASPIRATOR or vacuum pump. A water ejector in which the propelling power may be derived from a faucet of any town water-works, or a tank having a head of seventeen feet, equal to one-half the static water-head of a vacuum. Water enters at the conical end. There is an elastic check valve in the branch tube or vacuum connection. It will produce a vacuum equal to the baromet- ric height, less the height due to the tension of the vapor of water. 610. HYDRAULIC LIFT for a crane or elevator. Section showing cylinder plunger and sheaves. 611. Plan, showing position of valve chamber and valve lever in three directions for stop, start, and reverse. The side rod limits the extreme movement of the plunger by automatically operating the valve Jever. HYDRAUIvIC POWER AND DB\'ICES, 163 6iia. HYDRAULIC SPRINKLER HEAD. — The levers of the toggle joint are held in place by a strip of fusible alloy that melts at about 212 deg. and allows the levers to fly open and release the water spray valve. Pressure on the valve is adjusted by the screw and nut at the top. 6iib. MILK COOLING DE- VICE. — Milk is fed from a tank over the surface of a hollow copper pan, corrugated to retard its flow, while cold water is circulated through the pan in the opposite direction. 6iir. HYDRAULIC IRRIGATION ENGINE. ' — Capacities up to 750,000 gallons per day. They are made adjustable for the best conditions of opera- tion by the sliding weight on the valve lever. The double acting type will pump pure spring water by the use of impure water of streams. Will run on 2 feet fall. Rife Engine Com- pany, Roanoke, Va. 164 HYDRAUI.IC POWER AND DEVICES. 611^. FOUR STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.— The four volute wheels are fixed to the shaft. The water enters to the wheel A, is 'W^ thrown out and returns through the opening in the station- ary partition to the center of the next wheel, and so on to the dis- charge cham- ber D at the right. In the cross section d shows the volute sections and h the cross passages in the parti- tions. At 900 revolutions per minute it sustains a forcing pressure of 240 pounds per square inch. Made in Switzerland. 611^. CURRENT METER. — A propeller on a spindle with worm op- erating two geared register wheels, graduated to 1,000 revolutions. Stopped and started for time by a string and spring pawl. Section VIII. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools^ Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes, Etc. 612. ANEROID BAROMETER.— A pair of corrugated discs are put together to form a sealed vac- uum chamber. The lower disc is fixed to the barometer frame, while the other disc is movable by the difference in air pressure, and, through a gear to increase the motion, moves the index hand on the graduated dial. 612 a. Corrugated disc and gear. 613. BOX KITE.— A light frame of pine, spruce, or bamboo is braced as shown in the cut. Fine, light cambric is stretched over each end, all in proportion to the figures in the cut. , The bridle is attached one-quarter of the length of the box from the front on the bottom frame. 614. CURVED VANE WINDMILL OR MOTOR. — The wind pressure is greater against the holloa side of the curved blades than against the other side. Hence the motor motes. 615 FEATHERING WINDMILL.— The light jointed blades are forced out when their edge catches the wind, and the mill goes. i66 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 6i6. HEMISPHERICAL CUP WINDMILL.-^ The pressure of the wind is greater against the hol- low side of the cups than against the spherical side, and the mill rotates. Also used for anemometers. 617. WINDMILL OF OUR GRAND- FATHERS, with reefing sails. A few still in use in the United States. 618. WINDMILL AND STEEL TOWER.— Mill with a single series of blades. The tail-piece is pivoted to the mill-head, and is swung around to turn the face of the mill from the wind by a governor. 619. MODERN WINDMILL.— Two series of concentric blades fastened to the purlines of a braced radial frame. The blades are jEixed at an angle of about 35 °' to the plane of the wheel. A peculiarly con- structed mechanism turns the wheel edge- wise to the wind to stop it, or to regulate its position in a high wind. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 167 620. ANCIENT WINDMILL and gear* ing for a two-stone flour mill. The windmill is turned toward the wind by a small wind- mill at right angles on the tail frame, with pinions and shaft connecting with a circular rack around the revolving dome. These mills, used for grinding grain, are the principal source of power in Eastern countries. 621. ELECTRIC WIND. MILL PLANT, "Corcoran" model. The windmill-driven dynamo charges a storage bat- tery, which has an automatic cut-out when the mill runs too fast or too slow. The mill has also a regulator throwing it out of the direct course of the wind when running too fast, 01 for stopping the mill. i68 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 622. SMITH'S CIRCULAR BELLOWS, in two parts for uniform blast. 623. DOUBLE ORGAN BLOWING BELLOWS. — The upper section equalizes the air pressure from the alternating blower sections. 624. THREE-THROW BELLOWS.— Operated by a crank, and gives constant blast without an equalizer. 625. FOOT BELLOWS, for a blowpipe. A spring raises the top of the bellows. The rubber bag is confined to the netting to prevent burst- ing. The step at the left is for the foot. 626. FAN BLOWER.— An ordinary mode] as used for blowing forge fires HODGES " COMPOUND BLOWER.— The action is a triple effect. The air is drawn in at each side of the blower and thrown out at increasing pressure succes- sively by the fans on each side, and returned successively by the stationary partitions, with a final discharge at the central annu- lar chamber. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 169 628. « WEDDING " ROTARY BLOWER.— A swinging winged cylinder moving in contact with an outer shell. The wing rides in a slot in the shell with a cavity to give it freedom of motion. The central cylinder is driven by a crank-pin or eccentric on a shaft central with the shell '629. "FABRY" ROTARY BLOWER. — Two wheels of three teeth each ro- tate in a two-part cylindrical case. The teeth on and near the line joining the axis mesh alternately for a part of a revolu- tion, so as to make a continuous clos- ure to the passage of air between the wheels. 630. "ROOT"' ROTARY BLOWER. An early form. Has been also used as a pump. 631. "ROOT" ROTARY BLOWER. — Present design. The extended sur- face of the periphery of the wheels al- lows them to run loosely in the shell without friction, and with very small loss by air leakage. lyo AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 632. HYDRAULIC AIR COM. PRESSOR. — A reciprocating piston in the water cylinder, G, produces an oscil- lating motion in the water of the two ver- tical cylinders, drawing in air through the flap valves at the side, and discharging the com- pressed air through the valves at the top. The water pipes, f, t, /, are to supply the place of water ejected through the air valve by delivering all the air compressed at each stroke of the piston. 633. PISTON HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESSOR, ''Dubois & Francois " model. Water was con- stantly injected into the cylinder to cool the air, the excess being discharged through the air valves. An early type. 634. TROMPE OR HYDRAULIC AIR BLAST.— One of the early devices for furnishing an air blast to a forge. The falling column of water draws in air through the small inclined orifices at d^ carrying it into the reservoir e, where it separates, and is discharged through the tuyere pipe at b. The outlet at / dis- charges the water through an inverted siphon, carried high enough to balance the air pressure. 635. AIR COMPRES- SOR. — Elevation of duplex type, showing connecting rod and yoke frame. - "Clayton" model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 171 636. HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESS- OR, "Taylor" system. The principles of the old Trompe blower extended for high pressures. A number of air tubes, c, c, tenninate at the conical entrance of the down-flow pipe, B, at a, a. A supply of water to the cham- Ip^^s^^^ ber A, A, and its flow down the pipe, draws air through the small pipes, carrying it down to the separating tank, ^, c, where it is liberated at the pressure due to the hydrostatic head. The air is delivered through a pipe, as shown in the cut, and the water rises through a pipe to the tail race. 637. AIR COM- PRESSOR.— Pat- tern of the " Inger- soU-Sergeant Drill Co." Operated by a Pelton wheel. Ver- tical section. 6^^. Plan. 639. AUTOMATIC AIR COMPRES- SOR, "Bennet" model. Showing the valve gear of a simple lever connected by link to the eccentric. 172 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 18, mxcvoM KPt 640. WATER JET AIR COMPRESSOR. — A jet of water from a nozzle falling through the tube C draws in air through a side tube and forces it into the air chamber, where the water and air separate un4er pressure. The water is siphoned off through the water seal at a height due to the required pressure and the force of the jet. 641. AIR COMPRESSOR.— Driven by a Corliss engine, direct connected. 642. AIR COMPRESSOR, " Norwalk " pattern. A steam operated tandem compound with an intercooler. 643. TRUNK AIR COMPRESSOR.— Mounted on receiver. Single-acting, belt driven, A very compact modeL AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 173 644. DUPLEX STEAM ACTUATED AIR COMPRESSOR, " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The air cylinders are tandem to each steam cylinder with steam and air governors. 645. Elevation. 646. COMPOUND AIR COMPRESSOR.— Air is drawn in through the ports A, passes through the annular valve in the large piston, and is forced through the valve D and pipe to the high-pressure inlet valve G; it is further compressed and delivered through the valve A', and passage L. Both pistons are single, acting in opposite directions. 174- AIR POWER APPLIANCES, 647. DUPLEX AIR COMPRES- SOR, with parallel motion beams to two single-acting ail cylinders from a. double-acting steam cylinder. " N. Y. Air Brake " model. '^ _ ^ 648. TOGGL&JOINT DUPLEX AIR COMPRESSOR.— The crank moves the common joint of the long arms in a hori- zontal direction on a slide. The straighten- ing of the toggle greatly increases the power of the pistons during the terminal part of ,^ their stroke, when the air pressure is greatest 649. AIR COMPRES- SOR CYLINDER, PIS- TON AND VALVES.— Pattern of the "Ingersoll, Sergeant Drill Co." Takes its air through a hollow pis- ton rod at E to the interior of the pistoUo The annular valves, G, G, open and close by their momentum. H, H, discharge valves closed by springs ; J, J, water jacket 650. AIR COMPRESSING CYLIN- DER, with vertical lift valves, water-jacketed cylinder and heads. "Ingersoll-Sergeant" 3 model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 175 651. AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR.— Controlling the speed by the ordinary action of the governor balls, and also reducing the com- pressor to minimum speed when the air pressure becomes excessive. The ball and lever at the right are lifted by the air pressure in the small piston, and force the valve rod and throttle down to give the smallest motion to the compressor. " Clayton " model. 652. AIR COOLING RECEIVER, for cooling the air from a compressor. A series of tubes between headers with water circulation cools the air and condenses the excess of moisture. *' Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. 653. SINGLE VALVE AIR PUMP.— The upper part of the cylinder is perforated, so that the piston when drawn up produces a partial vac- uum, and when past the perforation the air or gas rushes in to fill the cylinder. The one valve holds the pressure in the delivery pipe. ^^ ,^- I ^ 654. CRANK EQUALIZING ANGLE in air com- v5 pression. Cylinders are set at 90° . Single crank or cranks set in one direction. "Frick" and many others. /C^A«^<^° ►•.-»'• 176 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. g^teA^v^v, 655. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. The cylin- ders are set at an angle of 90° and two cranks are set at 30° . " Burleigh," early " IngersoU," and " De Lavergne* system. J\Vv 656. CRANK EQUALIZ- ING ANGLE in air com- pression. The cylinders are set at an angle of 135*^ . " Davies " system in England. V 657. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. Used to equalize the mean pressure of the steam and air pistons. The cylinders are set at an angle of 45° . " Waring" and " Rand " system. ^^ -' t^ i^ - M A,a p__j -=-» <4 n ^a •/<« - — > :zi COMPBfSSOU f *=■.■-. ■ ■ KfATCe r . DIFFERENTIAL MOTIONS on concen- trie shafts by bevel gear. GEARING. 239 IF 937. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, section. 938. Plan. Used in differential pulley blocks. The cam and large grooved pulley are fixed on the shaft, the revolution of which swings the small gear in mesh with the larger internal gear, and rotating the large gear, shell, and the chain lift pulley, with a SDeed due to the difference in the number of teeth in the gears. 939. DOUBLING THE NUMBER OF g REVOLUTIONS on one shaft. B, driving shaft and bevel wheel ; G, bevel wheel fast on shaft F; C, two bevel wheels on hollow shaft running on shaft F ; A, frame fast on shaft F, and carrying bevel wheel D; E, bevel wheel run- ning loose on shaft F. Revolution of B gives contrary and equal motions to shaft F and double-bevel wheel C. Frame A and its bevel wheel D^ revolving in contrary direction to C, doubles the speed of bevel wheel E. 940. MULTIPLE GEAR SPEED in line of shaft. Pinion E is fast on small shaft. B and C are fast together and pivoted on the y sleeve which runs loose on an extension of the small shaft gear ; D is fast on the large shaft, and gear A is fixed to the bearing. Speed may thus be Increased or decreased on a continuous line of shafting by the relative number of teeth in the different bevel gears. When the multi- ple of the teeth in A and C is less than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and the large shaft will revolve forward or m the same direction as the pinion E. When the multiple of A and C is greater than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and large shaft will revolve backward or in the opposite direction from the pinion E. The " Humpage " reducing gear. 240 GEARING. 941. VARIABLE THROW TRAVERSING BAR, used in silk spooling. The spur gear a^ to which is affixed a crank and jointed guide rod, turns freely on a pin fixed in the revolving disc b. The pinion c is fixed on a central shaft or otherwise, allowing the disc b and its attached spur gear a to revolve around the pinion c, thereby producing a varying throw of the guide rod for each revolution of the disc b. 942. REVOLUTION OF A PINION around its own centre and also around the common centre of two externally centred gears. ^, driving pulley with cross band to gear pulley b^ and direct band to gear pulley c. The differential motion revolves the pinion D around its own axis and around its external axis b, A planetary motion. 943. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED of two gears in different directions on the same shaft. A, driving pin- ion : B is geared to the shaft pinion A and to the inter- nal spur gear C, and runs on a fixed journal. 944. CAPSTAN GEAR.— The central pinion is fast to the shaft. The intermediate pinions are on a frame free on their own axes, but the frame is fixed to the winding drum. The gear ratchet ring runs free on the shaft, but is stopped by a pawl on the drum for quick speed and by the outside pawls for a slow speed of the winding drum. 945. SLOW FORWARD AND QUICK BACK circular motion from the continuous circular mo- tion of a pinion, driving an internal sector pin- ion and an external sector gear. GEARING. 241 946. GEARED GRIP TONGS.— The radial dis- tances of the sectors are in proportion to the diameters of the two pinions, which gives the jaws an equal mo- tion, closing them with a strong grip by the action of the pinions. 947. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION by a pinion driving an eccentric crown wheel. 948. ELLIPTICAL SPUR GEAR for variable speed, the amount of which is governed by the relative lengths of the greater and lesser axes of the pitch lines of the elliptical gears. 949. ELLIPTICAL GEAR WHEEL and pinion for variable motion of a pinion from uniform speed of an elliptic gear. The pinion shaft is carried in a box in a slotted arm and held in contact by a spring or other means. 950. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from a circular gear train. A, the driver, wdth a spur gear B, attached eccentrically ; C, a pinion, and D, the driven wheel. The three pinions are connected with pivoted arms ; then the swinging of the spur wheel B around its eccentric axis will give a variable motion to the wheel D. 951. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from a rotating spiral spur sector meshed in racks inclined to the line of motion. The pitch lines of the racks are curved to match the pitch line of the spiral sector. The pins F on the sector mesh with the stop jaws J, K, on the rack trame, alternately at each half revolution. 16 242 GEARING. 952. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from an elliptically eccentric gear train. C is the elliptic driving wheel turning with the shaft at D. B is the intermediate gear with a pinion follower to the eccentric gear C. A and B are attached by an arm pivoted on their respective shafts, so that B ^"^ii^^--.'' rises and falls to keep the gear in mesh ; A and g is an elliptical slot in a plate attached to C, in which the end of the shaft of B traverses to keep the pinion B in gear with the elliptic wheel C. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the revolution of a sec- 1 tor by which one revolution produces both motions. The curved back of the sector just touches the extended tooth of the rack frame at J, while the teeth at e and ^ are partly in mesh with the enlarged sector end teeth, thus preventing back-lash or locking of the teeth. 954. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR. — A is the driver. The pin J and the dog L are on the front side of the gear ; the pin R and dog P are on the back. This class of gears may be made in varying proportion to suit the required stop motion of the gear B, A being thr iriver. 955. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR, in which the dogs G and F form a part of the driven gear B. This form allows of varying propor- tions of stop and speed motion in the two gears. A is the driving gear. GEARING. 243 956. SPIRAL STOP-MOTION GEAR. — In this form a variable motion, in addition to the stop, is given to the driven wheel B, The dotted section at G shows the mesh of the spur, K, of the stop wheel. A is the driving wheel. 957. FAST AND SLOW MOTION SPUR GEAR, or a quick return when operating a slide motion by a crank. The driving gear B is composed of gear sectors of differen- tial radius to correspond with the sectors of the driven gear A. The horns and studs M, L are back of the face of the gears and make contact with the studs N and O, on the sector wheel A, guiding the wheels to mesh in the other pair of sectors. 958. MITER INTERMITTENT GEARS —The driver makes one revolu- tion to one-quarter of a revolution of the driven gear. The blank part of the driv- ing gear is milled down to the pitch line, and runs in the corresponding concave of the four-part driven gear. 959. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, from continuous rotary motion of a sector-toothed wheel. Part of the pinion is cut out of the same curve as the smooth part of the wheel, and acts as a stop until the pin on the wheel strikes thq arm on the pinion and guides the contact of the teeth. 960. IRREGULAR VIBRATORY MOTION of an arm, A, from the rotary motion of a pinion, B 244 GEARING. 961. VARIABLE VIBRATING MOTION given to a rod, A, by the rotation of a pinion on an irregular-toothed wheel on a fixed axis ; the pinion being carried by a bell-crank lever, with a variable slot adjustment. 962. MOTION BY ROLLING CONTACT of elliptical half-geared wheels. The fork serves as a guide to enter the teeth into mesh. 963. VARIABLE SECTIONAL MOTION from sector gears. The sectors are arranged on different planes, so that each pair shall be matched and all so adjusted that their teeth will mesh at their proper periods. 964. UNIFORM SPEED OF SECTIONAL SPUR GEAR during part of revolution. The motions varying suddenly according with the dif- ferential radii of the sectors. 965. SCROLL GEARING. — For increasing or de- creasing the speed gradually during one revolution. 966. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION from eccentric circular motion. C and D are pins concentric with wheel B. The shoulder cam A runs eccentric to the shaft of B, and catches the pin C or D at every revolution, turning B a half-revolution, and the reverse if B is the driver. GEARING. 245 967. STOP ROLLER MOTION, used in wool-combing machines. The heart-shaped slot B, in the driving disc D, carries a roller stud, giving it a for^vard, backward, and stop motion. A pin on the back of the disc at e lifts the pawl G (Fig. 968), allowing it to pass over one of the spaces between the notches, and at the next half- revolution carrying the roller shaft forward one notch. The roller is attached to the shaft F, and by the action of the heart-shaped cam makes one- third of a revolution backward, and two-thirds of a revolution forward. 969. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. — The loose sleeve revolving freely on the concentric ends of the shafts A and B carries a diagonal shaft, with bevel pinions fast on each end ; also a spur wheel, driven by the governing shaft and pinion E. Any motion given to the spur wheel F, by the pinion E, varies the speed of shaft B— A being the driving shaft. 970. CHANGE GEAR MOTION, with spur gearing only. The spur wheel C moves freely on the disconnected shafts A and B. A short shaft and two fast pinions have a free motion near the periphery of the spur wheel C. The fast spur wheel on the shaft A is the driver. Any motion of the central spur wheel given by the shaft and pinion E varies the motion of the shaft B greater or less than the driving shaft, according to the direction of the governing motion. 100 T. 971. CHANGE GEAR MOTION.— The shafts A and B are disconnected, and carry a loose hub and spur wheel in which is pivoted the bevel pinion T. The bevel wheel C is fast on shaft A, and D is fast on shaft B. Any motion given to the central spur gear either way by the pinion shaft E varies the speed of the driven shaft B either faster or slower than the driving shaft A. 246 GEARING. 972. DIFFERENTIAL DRIVING GEAR. — Used on the driving shaft of motor carriages. A, is the driven gear from the motor ; B, a bevel pinion pivoted laterally ; C, C, bevel gears fast on the divided shaft E, D. This arrangement allows one wheel to advance in turning a curve, and at the same time to receive an eqr'\l impulse with the other wheel. 973. EQUALIZING PULLEY for rope transmission. The arm carrying the small bevel gears is fast on the shaft. The divided pulley runs loose on each side of the arm with its two bevel- gears meshed with the bevel pin- ions. Any variation in the over-wound rope by tension will be compensated by the pinions. 974. EQUALIZING GEAR. — When driven by the belts A, A', with equal speed in opposite direction, the large spur wheel and shaft B do not move. Any difference in the speed of the belt pulleys will revolve the large spur wheel and shaft B forward or backward, according to which pulley runs fastest. The velocity of the large spur wheel will be one-half the difference of the pulley velocities. If B is the driving shaft, A and A' may be the wheels of a vehicle. 975. DOUBLING A REVOLUTION on the same shaft, "Entwistle's" patent. The pulley at A is the driver on the shaft D. The bevel gear at A is fixed. The stud E is fast on the shaft. The bevel wheel B revolves freely on the stud E. The bevel wheel C and its pulley C' runs loose on the shaft. The revolution of the stud E with its bevel wheel around the fixed bevel wheel A doubles the speed of the bevel wheel C and pulley C GEARING. 247 976. CONTINUOUS SHAFT MO- TION from an alternating driving shaft The ratchets fixed to the bevel gears on the shaft a are operated by pawls fixed to the shaft, the rocking of which re- volves the bevel gear and shaft B in one direction. 977. ALTERNATING MOTION of a shaft at right angles to a driving shaft by three bevel gears and double clutch. Bevel gears on clutch shaft run loose. Clutch slides on a feather or key, and is operated by a Y-lever and groove in clutch. 978. ECCENTRIC WHEEL TRAIN. ^ — The elliptical bevel gear A is fixed to the crank shaft bearing at an angle to allow the elliptical bevel wheel B to clear the bevel wheel F. The arm C is fixed to the crank shaft; B and D are fixed to the shaft H, giving to the shaft E an irregular reversed mo- tion from the motion of the crank shaft. 979. EPICYCLIC GEAR.— The arm F G is fast on the shaft A A. The bevel wheel is loose on the arm. The bevel wheels D and C are loose on the shaft A A. Differential mo- tions of the two wheels C D will produce a ro- tation of the arm F G, around and with the shaft A, or, by making the arm loose on the shaft, a differential mo- tion may be made by shaft and arm. 980. EPICYCLIC TRAIN.— If gear wheel C is fixed, and the arm D moved around its axis at A, the gear wheel B will have a retrograde mo- tion, and the gear wheel A a faster motion in the direction of the motion of the arm. If wheel A is fixed, B and C will have unequal forward motions. 24S GEARING. 981. AUTOMATIC CLUTCH MOTION FOR REVERSING.-^ The bevel wheels B, C are the drivers in contrary di- rection; D is a double: clutch on the shaft feather. The revolution of the pin on bevel wheel E moves the weighted ball F through the action of the bell-crank lever and connecting rod until the ball is past the ver- tical centre, when it falls over, striking the clutch' lever and moving the clutch to the opposite or reverse wheel, and vice versa. 982. ECCENTRIC GEAR.— Irregular inverse motion from elliptic speed gear. The balanced arm T is fixed to the crank shaft and turns with it. The gear A is el- liptical, as is also the gear a. Gear A is fixed to the frame with one of its centres coincident with the crank shaft ; ^, is fixed in the same manner to a shaft carrying the gear F, multiplying the speed of the in- dex pointer P with a differential velocity, due to the eccentricity of the elliptical gears. •983. SUN AND PLANET CRANK MOTION, used by James Watt on the steam engine. Gear centres are held by connecting arm. B is fixed to connecting rod, and does not revolve on its own centre, but moves around the axis of the fly-wheel A with a slightly oscillating motion. The wheel A revolves twice on its axis to one circuit of B, or two strokes of the piston. GUBHH mnmaE 984. HIGH-SPEED EPICYCLIC TRAIN. — Bevel gear C is the driver ; w / is a fixed shaft. Bevel pinion D and spur gear E are fixed on a hollow shaft. Bevel pinion A and spur gear H are fixed on a hollow shaft, revolving on the hollow shaft I. The arm m n revolves freely on ^ the fixed shaft m p. The spur wheels F, G are fixed on a hollow shaft turning freely on the stud n. a[ GEARING. 249 985. SUN AND PLANET WINDING GEAR. — A is fixed to the frame ; B is keyed to the barrel shaft. The crank is loose on the shaft and carries a stud on which the differen- tial gear C, D revolves. 986. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN.— C is the train arm which may revolve around its centre at F. The gear A is fixed. The pinion F is fast to a spindle. The gear B turns on its own axis as it revolves around the common centre. The two pinions at D are fastened together and revolve around their own axis, and also around the common centre at F. The centre spindle at F revolves with increased speed by the double gear at D. A great variety of motions may thus be made to represent planetary movement. 987. COMPOUND EPICYCLIC TRAIN, more curious than useful, but illustrating the changed conditions of gear motion. Gears a and h are fixed to the crank shaft. Gears g and J are fixed to a hollow shaft turning on the shaft n m. Gears e, h are fixed on a hollow shaft and turn on shaft n in. The arm y^ / is fast on and supported by shaft 7t m. Gears e, d are fixed on a hollow shaft and revolve on the arm k /, carrying the arm in a slow motion around the shaft axis n m. A variety of differential motions may be made by changing the relation of the fixed pairs. 988. PLANETARY MOTION applied to an apple-paring machine. The gear F is fixed to the crank shaft. The internal spur gear A is stationary. On turning the crank the pinion B rolls forward, carrying the arm^ T at half the velocity of the crank. The bevel gear A revolves with the crank, driving the spindle K with one- half the proportional speed due to the rela* tive diameters of gears A' and F'. 250 GEARING. 989. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN.— The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A, on the nnrnMfUM stand H. The gear B and bevel " gear E are fixed on a shaft and turn in one direction, giving a bontrary motion to the bevel gear F and index hand P. p, 990. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN. The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A. The small gear S reverses the mo-^ tion of the gear F, to shaft of which the arm T' is fixed. The arm T' moves backward, carry- ing the pinion S' around the bevel gear A', which is fixed to the arm T, giving the bevel wheel F' a forward motion, or in the same direction as the arm T. 991. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX.— The arm C revolves around the fixed gear A, carrying the gear B and train of wheels with it. The gear B revolves in the same direction as the arm and carries with U ..„. .fr^h.^ H ^ B it the gears I, G, E fixed H to its shaft. Small dif- ferences in the number of teeth of each pair of gears gives a differential reverse motion to the gears K, H, F. 992. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX, a curious property of an epicy- clic train. A is a central fixed axle and geai wheel, around which the arm C D revolves; M, a wide-gear wheel loose on a pivot set in the arm CD; N, a pivot also set in the arm and carrying three gears with a differential number of teeth, say, varying by one or two teeth. On moving the arm C D to give motion to the train, the three wheels E, F, and G will have a differential motion, which was a para* dox to persons not understanditi^ the secret. GEARING. 251 992a. LINK CHAIN HOIST.— A novel form of light weight hoists over lathes and planers. A screw gear working in a tooth chain. gg2h. BICYCLE SIGNAL BELL. — A gear sector lever oper- ates a pallet vibrator, which is held in a central position by a spring. The sector is also held ready for a signal stroke by a spring. 992c. MULTIPLE SPEED GEAR, or paradox box.— The bevel gears A, A', A", are fixed to box and studs 5 and 6. C, C are bevel gears or shafts that carry the arms and pinions 2, i. Each set of gears doubles the speed of the one before it, giv- ing a final speed of 8 times the speed of the crank. 992J. CHANGEABLE MOTION GEAR. — Two or more changes of motion by bevel gear may be made by moving a pinion along a feathered shaft at an angle with the change gear shaft. 252 GEARING. 992^. PNEUMATIC GRAIN ELE- VATOR. — V is a compound suction fan; T, pipe to receiver R; R, a receiver with a wire gauze screen to allow dust to be separated from the grain and carried off through the fan ; S, lifting pipe of conical form ; N, regulator with a rubber diaphragm to allow the foot nozzle O to regulate the proportion of air and grain. At the bottom of the receiver R is a coni- cal valve to discharge the grain when it overbalances the weights. 992/. FLYING MA- CHINE.— One of the forms of experiments in navigation. many aerial 8ID.E. ELEVATION Section XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE* CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. 993. RATCHET BAR LIFT.—The vibra- tion of a double-bell crank lever gives a ratchet bar and attached rope great power for lifting or tightening a binding device. 994. RATCHET LIFT.— Vibrating lever C, operates two hooked pawls on the ratchet bar A and lifts til e bar. The slot serves as guide. The other member may be a suspension or standard attach- ment. Much used in ratchet jacks and stump-pullers. 995. RATCHET GOVERNOR, for water-wheels or other prime movers. The pin cam is in constant revolution. The double-ratchet rack B, held clear of the revolving pin at normal speed, is raised or lowered by the action of the governor on the suspender A. The extension rods of the ratchet frame operate a gate or valve. 996. ROTARY MOTION, from reciprocating motion of two racks alternately meshing with a gear wheel. !^acks are pinioned at «, a. The curved slots b, b guide the racks out and into gear. The bell-crank lever c and spring d serve to disengage the rack at the end of the up-stroke. 254 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 997. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO riON, from a vibrating arm and pawl acting upon a ratchet wheel. 998. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a ratchet wheel by lever and hook pawls. B, vibrating lever. A, ratchet wheel. 999. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET.— The vibra- tion of the lever a^ with its pawls ^, c^ imparts a nearly continuous motion to the ratchet wheel. 1000. CONTINUOUS FEED OF A RATCHET by the reciprocating motion of a rod, two pawls on arms, and pivoted by links to the recipro- cating rod. looi. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET WHEEL. — The lever lifts the pawls, one of which moves the ratchet wheel at up-stroke by one pawl, and again at the down-stroke by the other pawl. 1002. INTERMITTENT ROTARY Q MOTION, from a reciprocating rod and two pawls, acting on a ratchet-faced wheel. C, C are loose on shaft of wheel A. Arms MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 255 1003. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION. — Reversible by throwing over the double pawl. Operated by a reciprocating rod attached to the disc carrying the pawl. 1004. RATCHET INTERMITTENT MOTION, by the operation of treadles. Pawl levers and pawls are operated through con- necting rods to levers or treadles, the motion of which is made uniform by the strap and pulley attachment C. 1005. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION — Reversible by throwing over a double pawl on the vibrating bell-crank lever. A feed motion for planing machines. 1006. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a wheel by vibrating levers and pawls. B, pin-tooth wheel. A, vibrating lever. 1007. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION from a reciprocating rod. Motion varied in the ratchet wheel A by the number of teeth swept over bv the pawl B. 1008. PAWL LIFT. — By moving the lever between the pins in the bell-crank pawl arm, the pawl is lifted and moved to new position with- out dragging over the teeth of the ratchet wheel. 25^ MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. proportions. 1009. OSCILLATING MOTION into rotary motion by a straight and crossed band running on two ratchet pulleys, the ratchets of which are fast on the shaft. Each oscillation of the sector lever gives a forward motion to the shaft. loio. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION by stop ratchet and oscillating beam. The ratchet wheel is fixed on the shaft. The pawl wheel runs free and gives motion to the ratchet and shaft at every ^other stroke of the sector beam. ion. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet by the oscillation of a knuckled joint tappet arm. The spring keeps the tappet extended on the for- ward stroke, and allows it to run over the tooth of the ratchet on its return. 1012. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- TION of a ratchet wheel with a check pawl by the continuous circular motion of a pawl wheel. 1013. WINDLASS GRIP PAWL.— A fric tion pawl and rim grip piece are pivoted together so that by the vibration of the lever with its con- necting rod the grip pawl drops and takes firm hold of the rim of the windlass wheel and turns it with the power due to the distance of the rod attachment from the wheel centre and the lever The stop pawls act upon a separate ratchet wheel. 1014. RATCHET AND LEVER PAWL.— The pawl drops into the ratchet by gravity of the lever. Pulling the cord A unhooks the pawl by swinging the lever back. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 257 1015. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION by ratchet and springs. D, driving wheel with a bent spring at B. A spring at C acts as a fixed pawl. In revolving the wheel D, the spring B lifts the spring C from the ratchet, and is it- self pressed into the teeth and carries the ratchet around one tooth, when the shoulder on the spring B releases the spring C and allows it again to lock the ratchet. 1016. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet crown wheel from the reciprocating motion of a lever and pawl 1017. INTERNAL MULTIPLE CAM for operat- ing several slides for internal grip, or for expanding the cutters of a die stock. 1018. pawls. RATCHET HEAD with spring 1019. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- TION from oscillating motion of a lever by friction pawls. The crank E and its cord connecting with the pawls throw one or the other pawl out of lock for reversing the motion. 1020. RECIPROCAL CIRCULAR MOTION from rec- tilinear motion of a nut on a quick thread. The reciprocat- ing or Persian drill stock. The screw is swivelled in the head of the stock, allowing a free movement of the drill by the motion of the nut. «7 258 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 102 1. BALL SOCKET RATCHET.— The pawl is within the arm socket, and by the ball ratchet form allows the drill stock to be used at an angle. 1022. CONTINUOUS MOTION RATCHET from an oscillating arm. Three bevel gears, two of which have ratchets with pawls on opposite sides, so that there is a forward motion to the spindle at each stroke of the arm. 1022 a. Elevation. 1023. STOPS OF VARIOUS FORMS for a ratchet wheel. Hook and straight gravity pawi and a spring pawl. 1024. STOPS for a spur gear. Slip pawls. ■^ 1025. STOPS for a lantern wheel. One a latch stop, the other a roller stop. 1026. SAFETY CENTRIFUGAL HOOKS. — Hooks are retained by springs until the cen- trifugal force of excessive speed throws them out to catch the pins in the fixed plate. 1027. CRANK MOTION for quick return ol a lever. A, fulcrum of lever. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 259 1028. CENTRIFUGAL SAFETY CATCH for hoisting drums. The studs D, D, D are fixed to the hoisting drum frame. B is a flange fast to the drum shaft and to which is pinioned the safety hooks. At ordinary speed of the drum the hooks hang back so as not to touch the studs. An unusual acceleration of speed throws out the hooks to catch on the studs. 1029. STOP MOTION from a wrist or cranl pin. The relative amount of stop and motior depends upon the diameter of crank-pin circle and length of the connecting-rod slot, plus the diameter of crank pin. Used in brick machines. 1030. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from the circular motion of a wrist pin on a disc crank. The pin sliding in the slot makes a quick q\ return of the bell crank and connecting rod. 1031. IRREGULAR ROCKING MOTION in an arm having an endless groove of any re- quired shape, with the radius of the longitudinal axis equal to the radius of the pin. Pin not shown. 1032. ROCKING ARM by cam groove. A groove in a face plate may be so designed ^ as to give a variety of movement to a rock shaft, with an arm and pin follower. 1033. YOKE STRAP and eccentric circular cam. 26o MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1034. TRIANGULAR CURVED ECCENTRIC, which by its peculiar form makes a stop motion at each half-revolution of the cam, for any portion of the stroke, according to the length of the concentric portion of the cam. 1035. TRIANGULAR ECCENTRIC for producing a stop motion at each half-revolution of the face plate a^ by the proportional peripheral length of the outer curve of the triangular cam. Used on a French engine. 1036. RECIPROCATING MOTION with four stops, two of which are of longer duration than the others. A pin on the rotating disc, sliding in a grooved yoke, may be made to give a variety of motions to the rectilinear slide by the form of the groove. 1037. UNIFORM RECIPROCATING MO- TION from the circular motion of a crank or disc wrist pin. The endless groove in the cross head is made to conform in shape to the varying rectilinear motion of the wrist pin. 1038. NEEDLE-BAR SLOT CAM, for sew- ing-machines. The depression in the pin slot gives the needle a stop motion while the shuttle passes. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 261 ^x 1039. SLOTTED YOKE CRANK MOTION, 7^^5 1 ' producing rectilinear motion of piston rod from a crank dispensing with a connecting rod. 1040. TRAMMEL GEAR. — The slotted cross moves in a right line astride the shaft, while the crank pin in a block moves in the cross slot. 1041. SLOTTED LEVER MOTION from a crank pin. A variety of motions and stop motions may be made with this class of lever. 1042. INTERMITTENT RECIPROCATING MOTION from continuous circular motion. The curved slot in the lever should be radial with the crank centre, for a stop. Many forms of motion may be had by variation of this device. A combination 1^^^ much in use for sewing-machines and printing-presses. 1043. VARIABLE CRANK THROW.— A screw and tappet wheel move a nut on the screw to which is fixed a wrist pin sliding in the I cross slot of a carrier bar. Each revolution of the face plate brings the tappet wheel in contact with a finger, and by turning the wheel and screw moves the wrist pin to or from the centre of the wheel. Used in silk-spooling ma- chinery. 262 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1044. VARIABLE ADJUSTMENT for the tension of a spring on the motion of a connecting rod, by varying the radii of a rocking lever. 1045. FOUR-BOLT CAM PLATE, used for throwing safe bohs and for expanding dies. 1046. EQUALIZING TENSION SPRING AND LEVER. — The bell-crank lever equalizes the tension of the spring by its varying position. Its long arm is on a fixed pivot. 1047. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION from studs on a rotating disc. The bar is carried forward by the stud on the disc striking the projection on the bar, and the bar returns by the movement of the bell-crank lever and opposite stud. 1048. TRAVERSE BAR, operated by a slotted lever. The upper pin being fixed 01 made adjustable for proportion to the move- ment of the lower pin, any desired movement of the traverse bar may be made. 1049. RECTILINEAR MOTION by the movement of a slotted lever with one end pin* iohed. A belt shipper movement MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 263 YKM 1050. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION from a shaft at right angles. The fric- tion rollers on the horizontal shaft disc move in grooves or on projections from the wheel on the vertical shaft, producing a variety of intermittent motions, due to the form of grooves or projections. 105 1. VIBRATING TOOTHED WHEEL. — The rod is pressed against the teeth by the spring. A type of some electrical devices for interrupting the circuit 1052. "LAZY TONGS" MOVEMENT. — A system of crossed levers by which the amount of a rectilinear motion is increased by the proportional number of sections in the tongs. As a hand device it is m use as a toy, but is more useful as a reducing apparatus for a steam-engine indicator. 1053. QUADRANGULAR RECTILINEAR MOTION. — Rectilinear motion given to any one of the arms A, B, C, or D gives a contrary motion to its opposite arm, and a contrd,ry motion to each of the side arms. 1054. PARALLEL MOTION, in a ver- tical line, for a swinging bracket 1055. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin- tooth wheel by the half-revolution of a ring seg- ment 264 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1056. INTERMITTENT MOVEMENT of a pin-wheel by the vibration of a i>ooked arm. 1057. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a seg- mental-toothed wheel by the revolution of a seg- mental barrel or ring. 1058. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin-tooth wheel by the revolution of an in- dented tooth on a pinion. 1059. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a toothed wheel by the revolution of a pinion with a single recessed tooth. 1060. ROCKING ESCAPEMENT.— The section teeth of the wheel pass the eye in the rocking cylinder at each quarter, or at each half-revolution when revolving. 1061. ROTARY AND LONGITUDINAL MOTION of a rod between rollers, with their axes at an angle. Rollers run in opposite directions. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 265 e 69 ^ 1062. RECIPROCATING FEED RATCHET.— For an intermittent feed, one pair of jaws may have a reciprocating motion. For continual feed motion both pairs of jaws should have opposite reciprocating motions ^ C: b 1063. FRICTION ROD FEED RATCHET.— The jaws, being pivoted in a slot in a lever, make a powerful and quick grip on a feed bar by the motion of the lever bar. 1064. FRICTION HAULING RATCHET. —A hole bored slanting through a bar D. A slot in the side of the bar, for convenience of putting on or taking off the rod or rope to be hauled, makes a handy clutching device. 1065. CAM-LEVER GRIP for a rope or rod stop. This principle is used on safety grips for elevators. 1066. LEVER TOGGLE JOINT, largely used in stamping and punching presses. This form shows great pressure when the three bear- ings near a linear direction. 1067. SINGLE TOGGLE ARM LETTER- PRESS. — The arms are drawn together by a right and left screw. 266 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1068. TOGGLE-JOINT CAM MOVE- MENT for throwing out a number of grips at once by the local movement of the jointed ring. 1069. DOUBLE-SCREW TOGGLE PRESS.— The screw has a right- and left-hand thread to draw the toggle joints together. r — ^ V^ &% 1070. SCREW STAMPING PRESS.— Rec- tilinear motion from the circular motion of the lever handles. The momentum of the balls gives the final power in this class of presses. 1071. MULTIPLE RETURN GROOVED CYLINDER, producing extended rectilinear motion and return by its revolution. The car- rier arm has a pivoted tracer to enable a smooth passage of the opposite grooves. A spooling device. 1072. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the alternate opening and closing of half nuts on a right and left screw. Nuts and arms are attached to a shaft that is thrown over by a dog on a spooling-frame shaft, locking the right- or left-threaded nut alternately. 1073. RECTILINEAR MOTION by a right- and left-hand screw shaft driven by a worm gear. The nuts move on the right and left screw. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 267 1074. SIX RADIAL GROOVED TRAMMEL and triangular shaft arms, driving or being driven by a shaft out of line. The friction rollers give freedom of motion to either gear. 1075. RECTILINEAR RECIPROCAT- ING MOTION of a bar, from continuous cir- cular motion of a bent shaft. 1076. ROCKING MOTION, from a contin^ uous 7:otary motion of the crank shaft A. 1076a. PAIR OF TOE LEVERS.— Bell-crank order. A and B, fulcrums of the levers ; E, handle ; C, curved toes. This principle is used as a valve gear. 1077. WIPER CAM for stamp mills. A, the wiper; D, flanged chock, allowing the hammer spindle to re- volve. Also in use on sewing-machines for throwing the needle bar 268 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. LI^D 1078. ANGULAR WIPERS, for operating the f^ valves of beam engines. A, the rock shaft ; C, the curved wiper, Ufting the angular toe and valve rod. 1079. EQUALIZING LEVERS OR TOES, for variable rod movement. 1080. VARIABLE CRANK MOTION.— An eccentric slot in a stationary face plate guides a slide block and wrist pin in a slotted crank. Con- necting rod drives the cutter bar of a shaping- machine. 1081. SPIRAL-GROOVED FACE PLATE, for feed motion. Obsolete ; but useful for irregu- lar motion, in which the spiral grooves may be wavy or zigzag. 1082. LEVER, guided by a volute face plate. 1083. CAM SECTORS, or sectors of log- spiral wheels. When laid out as a log spiral, the sum of each pair of coincident radii is equal to the distance of the centres. A, B. As a pair of pressure cams, the sum of the radii varies to meet the required throw of the cams. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 269 ■CZ3 1084. GEAR-DISENGAGING CAM LEVER. — The eccentric slot in the lever throws the slow driving gear out of lock by throwing the lever back. 1085. OBLIQUE DISC MOTION.— A disc fixed at an angle upon the end of a shaft gives a variable rectilinear motion to a rod and roller by varying its distance from the centre. 1086. GROOVED CYLINDER CAM.— Use^ to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 1087. TRAVERSE MOTION of a shaft by a rolling cam. The disc, rolling in the groove of the drum, gives an ever-varying traverse motion to the disc shaft, according tc the proportions of the size of disc and cam drum. 1088. FOUR-MOTION FEED of the "Wheeler & Wilson," and other sewing-machines. The traverse bar A is forked and en- closes the push bar B, pivoted to it, and is held back by the spring at D. The revolving cam C D ''^liQP ' has its periphery cam-shaped, to lift the push bar, and its face, also cam-shaped, to push the bar forward, when the teeth are in contact with the goods. 1089. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, from the circular motion of grooved cams ; may be made uniform or intermittent, by the direction of the groove on the cam. 27C» MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1090. QUICK RECIPROCATING RECTILI- NEAR MOTION, from a zigzag-grooved cam. Form of cam groove is capable of greatly varying the rectilinear motions of a bar or lever. 1091. CYLINDRICAL CAM, giving any re- quired special motions through a lever, roller, and connecting rod, according to the curves given to the cam. 1092. CAM-OPERATED S HEARS. - Many modifications of this device are in use. •S^?? 310 1093. IRREGULAR CAM MOTION to valve rods. An irregular cam, acting between friction rollers in a yoke frame. Positive irregular rectili- near motion. An old steam-engine valve gear. 1094. VIBRATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, from a revolving trefoil cam. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 271 1095. IRREGULAR VIBRATING CIR-^ CULAR MOTION, from continuous circular motion of a cam slot. Any form of cam slot in a face plate may be made to produce a vibra- tory motion on a crank pin, which may be transmitted to circular or rectilinear motion. 1096. CLOVER-LEAF CAM, for rectili- near motion by follov^er rollers on a bar. The cam is so designed that the rollers have a bearing in all its positions. 1097. POWER ESCAPE- MENT for heavy machines. The traverse bar may be vibrated by the positive motion of the cam arms. 1098. ROTARY MOTION of a three- arm wiper produces a reciprocating rectili- near motion of the toothed frame, and vice versa. 1099. IRREGULAR RECIPROCATING MOTION of connecting rods and levers, moved by alternating oval cams. 1 100. BEVELED DISC CAM, for vari- able reciprocating motion of a bar at an angle with the shaft. 272 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. iioi. GROOVED HEART CAM.— The lay- out of a grooved cam may be made on the same principles as No. 1 103, only that the centre of the roller or pin and the central line of groove are the measurements for the amount of motion. 1 102. HEART-SHAPED GROOVE in a face plate, vibrating a lever, produces an irregular swing- ing motion of the lever. 1 1 03. LAYING OUT A HEART CAM. — A circle is drawn on a radius equal to the required throw, J} plus the diameter of the roller. A series of con- centric circles and radii enables a measured layout of the cam, which must be as much larger than the re- quired motion as is equal to the radii of the roller on each radius of the plan. 1 1 04. CAM MOTION.— Various appli- cations of cam followers, with direct and oscillating motion. 1 105. DOUBLE-CAM MOTION, from a sliding follower. The arm E of the follower, slides freely in the box, clamped to the vertical shaft, giving two equal motions at right angles. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 273 1 106. PIVOTED FOLLOWER.— The square-armed follower, pivoted at E and F, is kept in contact with the cam by the spring H, and so produce dissimilar motions in the connecting rods B, J. 1 107. RECIPROCATING MOTION, from two cranks on opposite ends of a shaft 1 108. OVOID CURVE is made by any point between the pivots of a single-crank con- necting rod, the other end of which is guided by a rectilinear slide. 1 109. VARIABLE POWER TRANSMIT- TED from a crank linked to a lever-beam, driving a second crank. In this case there is no pressure on the driven crank when both cranks are vertical, but greatest pressure when the cranks are horizontal. mo. ELLIPTICAL CRANK. — The arm moves in a slot. The inner crank pin, making a revolution, marks an ellipse by a pencil at the outer end of the arm, while the outer crank pin, linked to the arm, makes a circle. nil. CURVILINEAR MOTION of a treadle gives circular motion to a crank or disc. The foot- lathe motion. 18 274 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 1 12. SPRING LATHE-WHEEL CRANK. — The spring A is intended to keep the crank off the dead centre. A counterbalance weight is also used for the same purpose. 1 1 13. "BROWNELL" CRANK MOTION.— The wrist pin is fixed on a tangent slide held in its forward position by a volute spring attached to the face plate. The slide is retained by pins in tra- verse slots. Can be arranged for either kind of treadle, to keep the crank pin off the center. 1 1 14. ORDINARY CRANK MOTION for engines or other purposes, with cross head, slides, and connecting rod. 1 1 15. ECCENTRIC and straps for valve motion, also used in place of a crank for many purposes. 1 1 16. RECIPROCATING MOTION of a connecting rod through a bell crank connected directly with a wrist on crank disc. In this case the forward and back motions are nearly alike depending upon the proportional length of the driving arm of the bell crank and crank motion, as well also to the length of the connecting rod between the wrist pin and bell crank. 1 1 17. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION from two cranks on shafts parallel, but out of line, one crank being slotted, the other carrying a wrist pin, passing through the slot. Driving may be by either crank. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 275 V ■^*\ 1118. IRREGULAR MOTION of one crank \ from the regular motion of another crank. A , - \ quick-and-slow alternate motion of the slotted / / crank is made by the regular motion of the ^ J smaller crank. ^ 1 1 19. VARIABLE POWER transmitted from a slotted crank driver to a fixed driven crank pin through a lever beam, the opposite end of which is held by a swinging connecting V^' rod. The pressure on the driven crank is continuous, but greatest on and near the central line of the two shafts. 1120. VIBRATING MOVEMENT from a slotted curved arm, gives a variable vibrating movement to straight arm. 1 12 1. VARIABLE CRANK PIN.— A slotted face plate backed by a spiral slotted plate by which the revolution of one plate upon the other moves a crank pin to or from the centre. The same prin- ciple is used in the universal lathe chuck in which each slot carries a grip jaw. 1 122. VARIABLE RECTILINEAR MOTION of a shaft from a vibrating, curved, slotted arm. 1 123. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a slotted sector on a face plate. 276 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 124. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a movable pin block in a slotted face plate and trans- verse screw. 1 125. VARIABLE RADIUS LEVER for reciprocating motion of a shaft from a continuous motion of a crank pin. 1 126. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. —The jointed crank and radial screw give -^ a large variation to the throw of a crank. 1 127. COMBINATION CRANK-MOTION CURVES.— A revolving ^ crank A, D and the vi- brating link B, E carry- ing an extended connect- g « '5 ing arm with a pencil at the end, F. A great variety of figures and curves may be made by different proportions of all the parts. The figures on the crank pin circle D correspond with the figured diagram. 1 1 28. FLEXIBLE ANGULAR COUPLING, for light work. May be a helical spring, round or square, wire or a tube, sawed on a spiral. Used on driving handles for telescopes and other instruments. 1 129. SLIDING CONTACT-SHAFT COUP- LING. — A cross bar sliding in two yokes on shafts in offset lines. Will also operate on shafts somewhat out of line or at an angle. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 277 1 130. RECTILINEAR MOTION from the rotation of an angular crank pin. A, rotating shaft carrying crank pin E ; D, arm with sleeve jointed to yoke and sliding rod B. 1 13 1. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING for shafts out of line. The solid sleeve block C is bored at the same angle of the shafts, and centres of bores at a dis- tance apart equal to the dif- n '''" ■ , ference in the plane of shaft •"^ alignment. 1 132. UNIVERSAL JOINT, with a single cross link. Good for angles of 45° and under. 1 133. DOUBLE LINK UNIVERSAL JOINT, good for larger angles than above. The connecting link may be made short and guarded, with a sleeve to prevent kinking. 1 134. UNIVERSAL ANGLE COUPLING, " Hooke's " principle. Each shell carries a double trunnion ring, the connecting link being pivoted at each end to the rings. 1 135. "ALMOND" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING.— The yoke links G, G are pivoted to the sockets on the ends of the shaft, and to the right-angled arms on the sleeve which slides freely on the fixed shaft D. The sockets at F, F are ball joints. Angle of shafts may vary within limits. 278 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1136. "HOOKE'S" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING, the knuckle universal joint Shaft joints are double-pivoted at right angles. 1 137. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. — -In this arrangement the shafts have cranks and elongated crank pins, on which sleeves slide that are pivoted to the arms E, E of the sliding sleeve on the fixed shaft D. 1 138. RACK AND PINION MOVE- MENT for tracing spiral grooves on a cylin- der. /^ 1 139. GYROSCOPE.— The heavy disc C, rotating at great speed in the ring A, is suspend- ed by the point F, resting on bearing. The ro- tation of the disc keeps it from falling and slowly revolves the holding ring A around the point F. An illustration of the tendency of rotating bodies to preserve their plane of rotation. 1 140. GLOBE GYROSCOPE.— The outer ring A is fixed to a stand. The second ring A^ is pivoted ver- tically to the outer ring ; the inner ring is pivoted at right angles in the second ring, and the ball is pivoted at right angles in the inner ring to its pivot in the sec- and ring. This gives the ball, rotating on its own axis, a direction free to move to every point in the sphere. When the heavy ball is made to rotate rapidly in any direction of its axis, much pressure must be made to change its direction. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 279 o 1 141. TENSION HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING. 1 142. DOUBLE HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING, for compression. 1 143. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING, square rod. 1 1 44. SINGLE VOLUTE HELIX SPRING. 1 145. COMPOUND DISC SPRING.— The discs are dished and perforated for a guide pin. 1145^. HYDRO - EXTRACTOR, showing method of belting with ad- justable idler and cone pulleys. Type for laundry work. At a speed of from 1,000 to 2,000 revolutions per minute the water flies off by centrifu- gal force and the material is left near- ly dry. 28o MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. ii4Sb. REVERSING PULLEY.— A conical disk fixed to the shaft ; a pulley loose on the shaft with a clutch ; a disk loose on the shaft, fixed as to motion by an arm, carries a set of conical rollers, which are pushed into a bearing by the shipper as shown in the right-hand figure for re- versing at increased speed as the ratio of the diameter of the two conical surfaces. The clutch is operated by the shipper bar. 1145c. FOUR SPEED CHANGE GEAR. — A hollow spindle with change gears running loose upon it. A rack spindle B car- ries a hinged pawl or key A, held out by a spring. A lever C carries a sector meshing in the rack, which by its movement draws the key A to catch the keyway in any of the speed gears. 1145^. HEDDLE CAM, used Inweav- ing. — The twilling cam K is attached to the grooved hub L, which slides freely on the feathered spindle and moves three tnnes cne way and returns by a sliding switch over which the grooves traverse. 1145^. FERRIS WHEEL.— A steel wheel 250 feet diameter carrying a series of balanced cars on its periphery and driven by steam power. Total height above the ground 265 feet. Remarkable as one of the great modern structures of steel. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROIvIvING MOTION. 281 1 145/. POW- ER FROM WAVE MO- TION. — Va- rious devices by the rise and fall of a float which have been pro- posed for ob- taining power from the waves of the ocean for pumping or oth- er work. i'z^Mj'j9 yM/^j>//////y//////j'////////////}/// ^^>'/^^^^''y'''^/////e/^///////////////////^. 1145^. POWER FROM WAVE MOTION. — A swinging blade an- chored in various ways. Anchored floats and the mo- tion of two boats make a variety of applications o f wave motion for useful effect. 1145/?. POWER FROM WAVE MO- TION. — Swinging motion from the wash of waves near the shore by means of large blades swung from a pier. The two cuts represent a single and double acting transmission. 282 MOTION AND DEVICKS CONTROI.I.ING MOTION. ii45i. ACTION OF THE HOOK in the Willcox & Gibbs sewing machine. — 1st, the loop formed by the up stroke of the needle ; 2d, hook catches the loop ; 3d, loop reversed and spread ; 4th, next loop caught by tHe hook ancl carried through the preceding one. 1 145/. POSITIVE SHUTTLE MOTION for a narrow fabric loom. The shuttle has a narrow recessed rack geared through a set of pinions to the recipro- cating rack. ii45i^. A CURIOUS PADLOCK.— The key is like a cork screw. The circular recess in front contains a rotating cylinder with a spiral keyway and graduated face plate, which must be set to a number that will allow the key to enter the internal spiral passage to push back the bolt. Section XIII, HOROLOGICAL. Clock and Watch Movements and Devices, '•■0 ^-^ 1 146. CYCLOIDAL PENDULUM MOVE- MENT. — A curved frame, acting as a stop to a flexible pendulum, gives the bob a cycloidal path. ^ p^ [iL}i l- 1 ^ ^ 11 1^=^ 1 1 47. COMPENSATING PENDULUM BOB or weight. A glass jar of mercury is used for the weight, and is adjusted for length of pendulum by turning on the screw and locking in place by the cross-piece and catch. The expansion of the pendulum downward is balanced by the expansion of the mercury in the fixed bottle upward, and vice versa. 1 1 48. COMPOUND COMPENSATION PENDULUM. — The arms of the pendulum carrying the weights W, W are composed of two metals ; steel, which has the least change of length by change in temperature, for the top section, and brass, which has a longer range of length, for the lower section. Heat, by differ- ential expansion of the parts, raises the weights to compensate for lengthening of the pendulum rod, and vice versa. 1 1 49. CENTRIFUGAL PENDULUM.— The weight or ball is hung by a thread or very fine wire from an eye, and is driven in a circle by an arm attached to a vertical spindle, rotated by the clock movement. Adjustment is made for time of beat by the vertical movement of the suspension eye of the pendulum. 284 HOROLOGICAL. 1150. ANTIQUE CLOCK ESCAPE- MENT. — The oscillation of the pendulum arbor and attached pallet stops and releases the teeth of the crown wheel. 1 15 1. CROWN TOOTH ESCAPEMENT, with ball balance. B, the stop pallet. A, the impulse pallet. 1 152. DOUBLE RATCHET-WHEEL ESCAPE- MENT and pendulum. The teeth in the escapement wheels alternate with the pallets of the pendulum. 1153. STAR-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT.— B, C, the pallets of the escapement vibrating on its centre at A ; D, star wheel. 1154. ANCHOR ESCAPEMENT forelocks. The anchor pallet H, L, K oscillates on its axis a, by the swing of the pendulum. The teeth of the escapement A are radial on their forward face, and strike the curved faces of the pallet K or H, which are concentric with their axis a. By this form of teeth and pallets the escapement is anchored or in repose during the extreme parts of the pendulum stroke, and gives an impulse to the pendulum while the teeth are in contact with the planes of the pallets c^ e and b, d. HOROLOGICAL. 285 1 155. RECOIL ESC APEMENT. — In this form the forward face of the teeth of the escape- ment A leans forward from the radial lines. The front face of each pallet is in line with the front face of the teeth, so that the extreme part of the pendulum stroke gives a recoil movement to the escapement wheel. The points of the escapement teeth, acting upon the planes of the pallets r, e and ^, d^ give the im- pulse to the pendulum. 1 156. PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT.— In this form the upper part of the pendulum terminates in a ring around the escapement wheel, with pallets A, B projecting in- ward and with a forward pitch to their face, to give the proper impulse to the pendulum. 1 157. STUD ESCAPEMENT, used in large clocks. Alternate studs are set on front and back of the escapement wheel. The pen- dulum swings on the axis of the pallet at F. The concentric curve of the stop-faces of the pallet, with its axis at F, gives the escapement a dead-beat action, the incline planes of the pallets giving the alternate impulse. 1 1 58. LANTERN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. — The pallet arm A is attached directly to the pen- dulum, swinging upon the axis A, and receives its impulse from the inclined faces of the pallets C, B. Used for large clocks. 1 159. PIN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT, with a dead-beat stop motion. For short-beat pendulum clocks. 286 HOROLOGICAL. (^ 1160-1161. HOOK-TOOTH ESCAPEMENT. —The teeth are arranged alternately on two escapement wheels. The oscillation of the semi circular pallet alternately releases and receives an impulse from the hook teeth of the escapement wheel. The curved outer face of the teeth acts upon the edge of the straight edge of the disc. 1 162. SINGLE-PIN PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT.- — The pin is set in a small face plate close to the arbor, which makes a half-rotation at each stroke of the pendu- lum. The impulse is given on the vertical faces of the quarter sections in the pendulum. 1 1 63. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPEMENT with long teeth and stops on the pendulum frame. A, B, pallets ; E, D, stops. A nearly dead-beat movement. 1 164. DETACHED PENDULUM ES- CAPEMENT. — In this movement the pendu- lum is detached from the escapement, except at the moment of receiving the impulse from the single pallet I. The bell-crank lever un- locks the escapement tooth by contact with the balanced click C as the pendulum nears the middle of its stroke. HOROLOGICAL. 287 1 165. THREE^TOOTHED ESCAPE- MENT for a pendulum. The pallets are made in a plate attached to a pendulum. The es- capement makes one rotation to every three beats of the pendulum. 1 166. MUDGE GRAVITY ESCAPEMENT. — The pallets A, B are on separate arbors, with arms extending down to the pendulum contact pins R, P, between which the pendulum swings. The pallets are loaded with weights. The pen- dulum lifts the pallet over the tooth, and the weight gives the impulse. 1 167. TRI-TOOTH PENDULUM ESCAPE- MENT. — Impulse is given to the pendulum by con- tact of the pins against the pallets A and B alternately. The stops D and E hold the escapement during the extreme part of the pendulum stroke. ' The escapement makes one rotation every third stroke of the pendu- lum. The fly softens the strike of the pins upon the pallets. 1 168. "HARRISON" WINDING DE- VICE for clocks, and which may also be adapted to a spring barrel. G is the driving spur gear. The larger ratchet has a fixed check pawl, T ; is loose on the arbor, but at- tached to the gear wheel by a curved spring, ^ S, S'. The smaller ratchet is fixed to the UJi^lLJ winding barrel and arbor. The spring and pawl R are pivoted to the larger ratchet, and stop the barrel against the weight W. The curved spring S is compressed and drives the gear wheel, and by its elasticity continues, while winding, by the check pawl T falling into the teeth of the large ratchet. 2SS HOROLOGICAL. rm^pm 1 169. DOUBLE TRI-TOOTH PENDU- LUM ESCAPEMENT with fly regulator. The alternate teeth of the escapement lock on opposite sides of the pallet frame. The im- pulse is given by the small triangular arbor striking the curved pallets. 1 170. "BLOXAM'S" GRAVITY ESCAPE- MENT. — The pallets receive an impulse from the small toothed wheel, the long arms of which are stopped by the studs A and B alternately. The studs at F and E are the fork pins which embrace the pendulum bar. 1 17 1. DEAD-BEAT CLOCK ESCAPEMENT.— The face of teeth is slightly pitched forward. The stop-faces of the pallets A, B are concentric with the axis, which gives the dead-beat stop. 1172. ENDLESS CORD-WINDING DEVICE for clocks. The cord runs over grooved pullies. P is the driving wheel, and / the ratchet winding ar- bor, the turning of which by crank, key, or by pulling the cord <^ raises the driving weight W, and lowers the balance weight w. By this device the movement of the escapement is not suspended while winding the clock. HOROLOGICAL. 289 1 1 73. CLOCK TRAIN, showing the method of sustaining the movement of the train dur- ing the time of winding. The bent spring keeps a tension on the large gear by the lock- ing of the large ratchet to which the bent spring is attached, when the winding of the barrel can be made without a back-set in the train. See No. 11 68. 1 1 74. COMPENSATION WATCH BAL- ANCE. — At the ends of the balance bar are at- tached compound sector bars, the inner section of which is of steel, and the outer section of brass. The weights b, b regulate the momentum of the balance wheel, while the change in length of the arms is compensated by a reverse distance of the weights. Adjustment is made by moving the weights along the compensating sector. 1 1 75. WATCH REGULATOR.— The outer end of the balance spring is fixed to a stud at R, and the inner end to the balance wheel arbor. The index hand carries two curb pins at P, between which the spring vibrates, form- ing a neutral point in its length which limits the arc of movement of the balance wheel, and by its change of position (by moving the index hand) adjusts the time beat of the balance wheel. FAS. 1 1 76. ANTIQUE WATCH ESCAPE- MENT. — A pinion on the balance-wheel arbor meshes in a crown gear, on the shaft of which a mutilated screw of large pitch releases the teeth of the escapement and gives an impulse by the incline of the screw. 19 290 HOROLOGICAL. 1 177. VERGE ESCAPEMENT.— The arms of the escapement are set at an angle with each other, and its oscillation allows a tooth of the crown wheel to pass with each oscillation. 1 178. CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT, shows the form of the cylinder, and 11 79 shows the method of action. The oscillation of the cyl- inder allows the teeth of the escapement wheel to pass under the open hollow side and stop against its outside. The impulse from the escapement teeth is given to the edge of the cylindrical section. 1 180. DUPLEX ESCAPEMENT.—A, the balance-wheel stop; B, the oscillating pallet fixed to the balance-wheel shaft and adjusted to receive a strong impulse from the studs a^ a, a at the moment the escapement tooth falls into the notch in the stop A. 1 18 1. JEWELLED DETACHED LEVER ESCAPEMENT.— D, E, jewel pallets; J, roll jewel in the arbor disc ; L, M, lever stops ; H, balance-wheel stop. 1182. "GUERNSEY" ESCAPEMENT, con- sisting of two balance wheels driven in opposite directions by an inside and outside sector gear on the pallet lever, with the ring guard around the escapement axle. To prevent stopping of a watch by a jar. HOROLOGICAL. 291 1 183. ANCHOR AND LEVER ESCAPE- MENT for watches. " Reed's " patent. 1 184. LEVER ESCAPEMENT.— The anchor pallet B is attached to the lever C E, at the end E of which is a notch to receive the pin in the balance-wheel disc D. The im- pulse is given to the balance wheel at the middle of its oscillation by the escape of the teeth from the stop surface to the impulse planes of the pallets. © 1 185. LEVER CHRONOMETER ESCAPE- MENT, single-pallet impulse. The lever pallets alternately lock the escapement by the throw of the lever ; the oscillating pin on the pallet disc drops into the fork of the lever, throwing it against the stop pins at its other end. 1 186. "ARNOLD" CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT.— The spindle of the oscillat- ing pallet a carries a small stud that vibrates the light spring i, in the hook k, of the stop spring A. The stop a catches and holds a tooth of the escapement while a reverse oscillation of the pallet a is made, when the stop d is lifted by the action of the stud at a, and an im- pulse given to the balance wheel by the tooth n, striking the face of the notch at h in the pallet. 1 187. FUSEE CHAIN AND SPRING DRUM, used in watch and clock move- ments. This device compensates for the variation in the force of the spring. 292 HOROLOGICAL* 1 188. CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT.— P, the impulse pallet on the arbor disc of the balance wheel ; V, a release tooth on the arbor which strikes the end of the stop lever and releases the escapement at the moment that the tooth A falls in mesh with the pallet P. At the return oscillation of the balance wheel the tooth V on the arbor carries the spring forward, holding the lever and catch in lock against the pin E. 1 189. <' GENEVA STOP." — A winding-up stop used on watches. Winds as many turns of the wheel A as there are notches in wheel B, less one. The curve a ^ is the stop. 1 190. GEARED WATCH STOP.— Contact of the two arms makes the stop. 1 1 9 1 . WATCH STOP.— The number of turns of the ratchet pinion is limited by the number of teeth in the stop. The pin moves one tooth for each turn. 1192. STEM-WINDING MOVEMENT of a watch. The movement of the lever with an arm outside of the rim locks a clutch on the hand gear. The third arm of the lever is thrown beyond the rim to prevent clos- ing the case until the clutch is unlocked. HOROLOGICAL. 293 1 193. PIN-GEARED WATCH STOP. — The winding stops at the convex tooth of the stop. 1 194. WATCH TRAIN. is a steel piece called the pallet. As long as the pendulum is at its full swing the pallet will pass over the notched piece a, but should the arc of oscillation be less- ened the pallet will catch in the notch, raise the spring /, complete the circuit, and the pendulum will receive an impulse from the mag- net. 1194^. ELECTRIC TIME CLOCK TRANSMISSION. — Simultaneous beat of two clocks. B is the primary clock. Mb g e^ the secondary. ZK is the battery. The cop- per contact D is fastened to a pendulum of the primary clock. Every second this cop- per piece makes contact with the plate C, completing the circuit and energizing the magnet M of a secondary clock. This attracts its armature b, operates the pawl which moves forward and catches one of the teeth of the wheel e. As soon as the contact is broken at c a spring acting upon the armature b draws it away from the magnet, and at the same time the pawl moves the wheel one tooth forward. The wheel e may be connected direct to the second hand of the electric dial. If so, this hand will move in unison with the pendulum of the primary clock ; that is, once in every second. 296 HOROI.OGICAI,. 1 194/. ELECTRIC WINDING DEVICE for clocks. — A weighted L- shaped lever A, working on a pin at the corner of the L, operates by means of a pawl the wheel B, and, if raised, falls of its own weight, and keeps the pendulum D swinging. The motive force required to effect this is provided by means of the electro-magnet G, the battery F, and the armature switch E. When the weighted lever A has fallen to its lowest position, it makes contact with the screwed point at the end of the armature E which rocks about a center at its lower end. This completes the circuit of the electro-magnet G and the battery F. The magnet then attracts the armature E, and the screw pressing the short arm of the cranked lever A lifts up the weighted end, so that the pawl rests on the next tooth of the ratchet B. 1 194^. UNIVERSAL SUN DIAL.— The face of the dial to be placed parallel with the equator, as shown by the index of the latitude. The range of the stile and the 12-hour mark to be on the meridian. The inner hour circle figur- ing is reversed so that by in- verting the dial the summer morning and evening time may be observed. 1194/^. NEW MOTION FOR THE MINUTE HANDS IN CHRONO- GRAPHS. — A new mechanical ar- rangement by which in chronographs the instantaneous movement of the minute hand is effected. Invented by August Baud, of Geneva, Switzerland. Section XIV. MINING. Quarrying, Ventilation, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, SeparatinGj Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. 1195. DIAMOND PROSPECTING DRILL, operated by hand. The drill rod is hollow, with a hose connection at the top, through which water is forced to the bottom and up outside of the drill to wash out the bor- ings. The drill point is set with bort or black diamonds, and is revolved quickly by the cranks and bevel gear. 1196. ROCK DRILL, " Ingersoll" model. The loaded tripod gives stability to the reciprocating action of the drill. 1 197. DIAMOND WELL-BORING MACHINE. — A small oscillating engine and gear train drives the hollow boring auger at great speed, and also serves to hoist the drill rods by the drum and a rope over the block in the top of the derrick frame. Water is fed through the hoUoTV drill rod by a pump. 298 MINING. 1 198. PORTABLE DIAMOND DRILL, for tunnel work or mine drifting. A swivelled hose connection for feeding water to the drill. Screw- jacks in the frame for clamping. Hand-driven by crank and speed gear. 1 199. ARC TAPPET VALVE MO- TION, for a rock drill. The valve is moved on a circle radial with the tappet centre, and is thrown by the tappet-arm contact with the shoulders on the piston. " Sergeant " model. 1200. TAPPET VALVE, for a rock drill. The ports are radial, and are opened and closed by the swing of the valve on its centre. The valve is thrown by the shoul- ders on the piston, striking the valve arms. " Sergeant " model. 1 20 1. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is thrown by compressed air inlet through ports opened by the recipro- ib': cal motion of the piston. B, piston; M, ro- tation device. "Ingersoll" model. 1202. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is thrown by a ported sector, moved by im- pact with the recessed shoul- ders on the piston. " Sergeant " model. MINING. 299 1203. COAL-CUTTING MACHINE, « IngersoU-Sergeant " model. The piston and drill rod are automatically operated by the alternating motion of two piston valves. Operated by compressed air, and only has to be held against the coal wall to under-cut, when the face can be broken down. 1204. LINK CHAIN CUTTER, used in coal-cutting machines. 1205. DRILL FOR CURVED HOLES, used in coal mining. The drill is on the end of a curved tube, and is driven by a flexible shaft. The tube is fed forward by a pivoted arm and worm gear. 1206. BOX-WING BLOWER.— The dis- charge openings of the disc are rectangular, with the sides enclosed. Made of sheet metal. 1207. MULTIPLEX BUTTERFLY VALVE, for ventilating shafts. 300 MINING. 1208. STEAM-DRIVEN VENTI- LATING FAN.— Type of those used in the coal-mining districts. The fan wheel may be encased in an iron or wooden shell. 1209. MINER'S SAFETY LAMP.— The flame is surrounded with wire gauze and a double wire gauze cap. In explosive mine gases, the firing of the incoming air and gas takes place on the inside of the wire gauze. The flame does not pass through fine wire gauze. The course of air for the lamp burner is shown by the arrows. 12 10. HORSE-POWER HOIST- ING DRUM, double speed. The speed is changed by dropping one or the other driving gear by the le- vers. A release for running back is made by turning the crank which disengages the gear clutch. 1211. STEAM HOISTING ENGINE, with flat chain drum and reversing link. The flat chain winds upon itself on a narrow drum. MINING. 301 I2I2. STRAP BRAKE, used on hoisting drums and wheels. The strap is usually made of a steel band with its ends jointed to a lever. 1 2 13. ELEVATOR TOWER with inclined boom. The bucket is lifted to the trolley by the double tackle, drawn up the incline, and the load dumped automatically into a car. 1 2 14. HORIZONTAL BOOM TOWER, with traversing trolley and automatic shovel bucket. 12 15. MAST AND GAFF HOIST, for unloading coal barges to an elevated track. A portable boiler and steam hoist or an electric motor hoist, with occasionally a horse pull, are the motive powers. 12 16. COAL-LOAD- ING TIPPLE and sort- ing screens for loading cars. The screens are inclined at the sliding angle and drop the slack, pea, nut, and lump into separate cars. 302 MINING. 1217. "OTIS STOP" for elevator cars. B, car frame sliding on the ratchet posts A, A; d^ d are the stop-dogs operated by bell-crank levers to thrust the dogs into the ratchets on the release of the eye bar b^ by a break in the rope or hoisting machine. The spring c quickens the operation of throwing out the dogs. 12 18. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD, showing method of inverting the buckets over a hopper spout. 1 2 19. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD.— An ^ — ^ inverted sector frame guides the bucket chain under the head wheel, which allows the buckets a clean discharge. MINING BUCKETS AND SKIP. 1220. d^ Cornish kibble. ©))) [ 12 2 1. ^, Hooped straight \ bucket. f 1222. b^ Water bucket. ^^=^ 1223. ^, Tram skip. 1224. BELT CONVEYOR.— A series of horizontal and inclined rollers serve to turn up the edges of a belt, enabling the material carried to be retained on the belt ; the belt returning on the horizontal rollers below. MINING. 303 1225. CHAIN SCRAPER CON- VEYOR. — A chain supported on rollers and axles to which scrapers are fixed that fit the conveyor trough. 1226. CABLE CONVEYOR.— Discs fixed to a cable running in a trough and returning overhead. again into position for their next push. 1227. DRIVING MECHANISM for a coal or grain conveyor. " Hunt " model. The heart cam is fixed. The face plate car- rying the pawls revolves with the driving gear. The cam guides the pawls to lock with the pins in the chain and lifts them 1228. LOG CONVEYOR.— A hnk chain with hooks running in a trough. 1229. ROPE TRAMWAY, over- head system. Elevation, showing the switch rails for transferring the carrier bucket around the terminal to the return rope. Loading or unload- ing of the bucket is done at the transfer switch. 1230. Plan showing the crossing of the switch rail over the carrier rope. M^S- 304 MINING. 1231. AUTOMATIC DUMP- ING CAR. — The floor of the car slopes upward to the centre at an angle that will allow the material to slide out. A chock at any point desired for dump- ing trips the holding-lever and releases both side doors at once. 1232. TOGGLE JOINT, for a stone breaker. 1233. STONE CRUSHER. — The power is transmitted from tne driving shaft by a cam operating a vertical con- necting link and toggle jointo " Blake " pattern. 1234. "BUCHANAN" ROCK CRUSHER. — An eccentric on the driving shaft and toggle arm gives a powerful pressure to the crusher jaws. The adjust- ment is made by the back screws and side rods to set up the outside jaw. 1235. ROLLER COAL CRUSHER. — Driven by a direct-connected steam engine with screw gear. MINING. 305 1236. EIGHT-STAMP ORE MILL, for pulverizing gold quartz or other ores. Cams on a power-driven shaft lift the bars successively to equalize the belt tension. 1237. ROLLING CRUSHER.— The "Aras- tra." Rolling wheels on a cross arm of a verti- cal shaft. 1238. "ARASTRA" ORE MILL.— Two heavy rolls revolving in a circular trough, driven through a central shaft and overhead gear. 1239. "CHILI" MILL.— A three-roller ore mill. Rollers carried around by a shaft and three-armed crab. Ore is fed inside the rollers. The crushed ore washes into the annular trough and is carried to the amalga- mators. 1240. PULVERIZING BALL AND PAN MILL. — The pan is continually tilted by being swung around the vertical centre, rolling the ball down the slope side of the pan. 3o6 MINING. 1241. REVOLVING PULVER- IZING MILL.— The material is reduced to a fine powder by the high-speed impact of the revolving arms, within an iron casing. " Frisbe-Loucop " model. 1242. HYDRAULIC BALANCED GIANT NOZZLE.— Used in hy- draulic mining for washing away gravel banks. The nozzle turns on a movable joint at B B, and also in the vertical by the socket at E. ^§^\\ \\^\\\s\\ \v\\\\\\\v\ 1243. COAL DUST PRESS for bituminous coal. The fine dust is fed down from a hopper. The nozzle has a slight taper, which gives the ram suffi- cient resistance to produce a solid cake at each stroke. 1244. KLONDIKE MIN- ING MACHINE.— The gold- bearing gravel is shovelled into the hopper and is fed to the riffle pan, which is vibrated by the pump handle. The pump supplies water to the riffle pan, from which it falls into the settling pan beneath, and is kept from freezing by a fire underneath. " Lancaster " model. 1245. GOLD SEPARATOR; dry process. A bellows furnishes an air blast, which separates the fine sand and dust from the gold on the riffle screen and blows the dust away. MINING. 307 1246. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR.— A central revolving shaft carries a set of conical perforated plates, between which perforated plates are fixed to the shell of the machine. Grain or other material is fed at the top, and an air blast at the bottom. Centrifugal action discharges the material at the periphery of the revolving plates, returning by gravity on the fixed plates. 1247. MAGNETIC ORE SEP- ARATOR, "Buchanan "type. Two cylinders, magnetized by powerful horseshoe electro-magnets, are re- volved at considerable speed. The pulverized ore is fed from hoppers on top of the rolls ; the iron is held to the rolls and thrown off after passing the chutes. The tailings drop directly into a box. 1247 ^. Front end view. 1248. IRON ORE SEPARA- TOR, " Buchanan " model. The pulverized ore is fed from a hop- per to a revolving drum, a section on each side of which is magne- tized by a fixed electro-magnet. The magnetic particles are carried around by the drum to a part of the neutral section and discharged. An apron below, travelling over magnetic rollers, further separates the ore. 1249. RAILWAY STEAM SHOVEL, the " Bucyrus " model. For railway or other excavating on movable trucks. 3o8 MINING. 1250. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Hoffman" type. The pulverized iron ore is fed to a travelling ap- ron, which passes over a series of magnets beneath the apron and over a drum where the magnetized iron particles are held to the belt until they pass the bottom side of the drum. The unmagnetized particles are thrown oif, and drop into a separate compartment. 1251. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Edison" type. A series of electro-magnets are set behind a vertically moving apron against which the pulverized ore is ^ discharged from a hopper spout. The concentrates move along the line of magnets by the ac- tion of the apron, and fall into buck- ets attached to the apron, and are carried over the top, while the tailings are drawn away from the front by an exhaust blower. 1252. ORE ROASTING FURNACE, revolving type. The large cylinder takes charge by the manholes, and revolves on power-driven rol- lers. The furnace is on a truck to be removed when required. The heated gases pass through the revolving cylinder and to a chimney. MINING. 309 1253. RAILWAY EXCAVATOR, the " Otis " pattern. 1254. RAILWAY STEAM SHOVEL, the "Victor" model. For excavating railway cuts, or gen- eral work on temporary rails. 1255. CONTINUOUS DITCHING DREDGE. — Discharging overhead on the banks by a carrier from under the bucket discharge. 1256. CLAM-SHELL BUCKET, for dredging. Operated by a double chain. One chain is attached to the joint of the long arms, the other chain passes around a sheave in the joint of the lazy tongs that opens the bucket, and is made fast to the first chain. The bucket is suspended by the first-named chain to keep it open, the second chain is then pulled to close the bucket on its load. 1257. REVOLVING HOISTING DREDGE, balanced on railway truck. " Lancaster " pattern, with clam-shell bucket. ^lO MINING. 1258. FLOATING DREDGE, "Osgood" pattern. For har- bor and channel dredging. 1259. MARINE DREDGE. discharging on the shore through a long floating pipe. Pipe buoyed by pontoons. For harbor work. 1259a. DISINTEGRA- TOR, for pulverizing ore. Two concentric shafts with disks and beating bars run- ning at high velocity in oppo- site directions. 1259&. ORE CRUSHER, GATES MODEL.— The cone on the central shaft is made to vibrate in a circular direction by the revolution of an eccen- tric bearing at the bottom of the shaft, driven by bevel gearing. The crushing cone has a slow rotation due to dif- ferential areas of cone and sta- tionary plates at the bottom or nearest contact surfaces. MINING. 311 1259c. HAND POWER ROCK DRILL, Jackson model. — A power- ful helical spring drives the drill forward. The cranK operates a cam wiper for drawing back the drill; the motion is regulated by the fly- wheel. —^ 1 ii ?=- i • 1259^ FREE RUN- NING AXLES for mining cars. The divided axle held together by grooved bear- ings, makes a light running car on the small curves in mines. 1259^. GARBAGE FURNACE. — Plan and elevation. The garbage falls through openings at the top and is divided on a curved parting hearth and dried by the heat of the fire on the grate and then slides or to the grate to be burned. Coal may also be used to facilitate the burning. Plan and vertical section. 312 MINING. 1259/. ROPE DRIVE FOR MINE HAULAGE.— Two grooved drums with gears and an intermediate b a 1 - ance gear and fly- wheel. The driv- ing shaft geared to the hauling drum; brake wheel and band on the same drum shaft. Shafts are horizontal. Plan a.id side view. 1259^. AIR BLAST FOR MOVING COAL, slack and dust. An engine and direct connected Root blower. A feed screw from the hopper to the air pipe adjusted in speed to the proper quantity for the air blast. Can be used for refuse from ore concen- tration works or other refuse tfiat can be conveyed by compressed air. i2S9h. AUTOMATIC AIR DUMP.— The cable from the drum runs over a sheave on a movable truck on inclined rails. A stop at each end of the run limits the run of the truck. A bar across the frame at the middle post holds a Y-slot into which the chain and ball un- der the bucket catches, when by lowering the bucket tips over and its contents dumped. Again hoisting the bucket is released, and be- ing light runs back over the pit. Section XV. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. Hangjcrs, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gears, Shop Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances, Etc. 1260. ADJUSTABLE BRACKET HANGER. 1261. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR BEARING for vertical shaft. 1262. Elevation. 1263. Section. 1264. Plan. 314 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1265. ADJUSTABLE POST HANGER. 1266. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR STAND, shaft bearing. 1267. CONTINUOUS TRAVERSING ROLLER or ball bearing for an axle. 1268. ROLLER WHEEL ANTI-FRICTION BEARING. 1269. BALL BEARINGS in an adjustable journal box. A loose sleeve ^ is inserted between 1 ^^ ^ ^ the balls and the shaft /TV ^^^ ^W^iMf^^\r\ \ / *^ prevent wear of fcS f^^ >^PBio k ( shaft, and to prevent clogging if a ball should break. The shaft will then turn in the sleeve. 1270. Longitudinal section. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 315 127 1. ADJUSTABLE HANGER for shafting. A, drop of the hanger. Jointed cap to allow of removal of shaft. 1272. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING, with balls returning through outside passage. Grooves re- cessed in shaft. 1273. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING. The balls returning by a side passage. Ball grooves enlarged for full strength of shaft. 1274. HANGING SHAFT on ball bearings. 1275. SUSPENDED SHAFT on ball bearings. 1276. CURVED STEP BEARING, with oU reservoir. $i6 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1277. CONICAL PIVOT BEARING and adjust- ing screw. 1278. LUBRICATION OF A HANGING BEARING by hydraulic pressure. Oil is forced into the grooves of the bearing through the small holes and discharges into the cup around the outside. 1279. VERTICAL SHAFT STEP.— Made adjustable by a nriovable bearing held by set j-| screws in the foot block. 1280. SHAFT STEP ADJUSTMENT for spindles of millstones. 1281. ADJUSTABLE STEP BEARING, with hard bronze bush and step. A mor- tise through the iron base and a key drawn with a screw extension and nut are for verti- cal adjustment. 1282. COLLAR BEARING AND STEP for a vertical shaft. The thrust sleeve of bronze is split and should have a key to pre- vent rotation. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 317 1283. OIL CIRCULATING STEP for a vertical shaft. The foot of the shaft has a groove cut across its centre. The cast-iron bearing has a hole down the centre to meet a cross hole from the oil well. The joint of the sleeve and step is packed oil tight, oil being fed at the upper end of the sleeve. 1284. LENTICULAR BEARING for a vertical shaft. Each section is lubricated by the pressure oil feed from beneath, through the central hole. The concave discs are of hard bronze, and the convex discs of steel. The shaft terminates in a steel toe, c. The cast-iron step is chambered for water circulation. L 1- N c 1285. SPHERICAL STEP BEARING.-— Two semi-spheres, rolling on a horizontal shaft, support a vertical shaft having a concave spherical end. The semi-spheres roll in opposite directions in oil, and by the cross direction of the bearing surfaces preserve a perfect contact. 1286. ANGLE COUPLING for shafts. The jointed rod on one shaft slides in the bent crank eye of the other shaft. For small angles and light work. 1287. "OLDHAM" COUPLING for shafts slightly eccentric in alignment. The double- splined disc B runs free against the grooved face plates A, C. 1288. Disc showing grooves at right angles, front and back. 3i8 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. LEATHER LINK 1289. FLEXIBLE LINK COUPLING.— The end of each shaft is fitted with a four-armed hub. A series of leather links is inserted between the arms of one hub and those of the other hub, and secured with stud bolts. 1290. Side view. 1291. FLEXIBLE SHAFT COUPLING.— A ball and socket shaft ends with a slot in the ball and a mortise in the socket at right angles, in which the right- angled cross piece has a free sliding motion. 1292. The cross key in perspective at the right. 1293. ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, *' Robes " patent. The shaft heads are slotted, in which cross bars are pivoted ; the ends of the cross bars are also pivoted to the arms of the double yoke, giving a free motion to the driven shaft at any angle greater than a right angle. 1294. UNIVERSAL shafting. Ring gimbal. JOINT, for 1295. "HOOKE'S" UNIVERSAL JOINT.— One shaft end is keyed into a ball with trun- nions, which turn in a ring with trunnions at right angles with the ball trunnions. The ring trunnions turn in the outer shell to which the other shaft is keyed. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 319 1296. "GOUBET'S" UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLING.— A, A, shafts; C, a trunnion ring recessed in a ball, D. Each shell is alike, and in itself a universal joint for 45° . Both to- gether equal to 90°. 1297. BALL SOCKET UNIVER- SAL JOINT.—A ball with grooves around it at right angles and bearing in the spherically recessed ends of the shafts. Straps fitted in the grooves, and screwed in slots in the shaft, hold the ball in position. 1298. BALL SOCKET UNIVERSAL JOINT.— A ball with grooves cut entirely around it at right angles. The tongued shaft ends have straps extending entirely around the ball to hold the joints together. 1299. RIGHT-ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, " Hobson " and other patents. Right-angle crank pins revolve and slide in holes in the shaft couplings. 1300. RIGHT-ANGLE SHAFT COUP- ^l^^^a_, LING, '' Hobson " patent. — A number of right-angle steel rods move freely in per- forated guide flanges on the ends of shafts that run at right angles. The rods draw out and in through the flanges to suit the conditions of revolution of the shafts. A larger angle rod serves as a centre bearing over which the shafts revolve. 320 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. ■^^J 1301. ECCENTRIC LINE COUP- LING. — Face plates, fixed to ends of shafting considerably out of line but parallel, may be connected by four or five bars with offsets to clear each other in their revolution on the face plates. 1302. Side view of offset links. 1303. SIMPLE FRICTION PULLEY.— The self-acting clutch arms act upon the pulley rim in one direction only. When shaft motion is reversed, the pulley is free. 1304. FRICTION CLUTCH.— A conical- grooved pulley and clutch rim. The clutch slides on the shaft and feather, and is controlled by a lever and carrier in the grooved hub. 1305. V-GROOVED FACE CLUTCH.— A very effective clutch with teeth of small angle. 1306. CLUTCH AND GEAR.— The clutch slides on the feathered shaft, and throws the gear into motion by the operation of the bell-crank lever and runner. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 321 1307. CONE CLUTCH.— Can be made at any angle greater than will cause the clutch to stick. 1308. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH.— Several plates of iron or steel are fitted loosely on a three-feather shaft, be- tween which plates of wood or other hard material, sometimes steel, are placed and keyed in an iron housing or coup- ling to move loosely on the keys. The coup- ling is keyed to the next shaft in line. A follower sleeve and springs compress the plates, giving a very large frictional surface, which is relieved by drawing the sleeve back by a yoke lever. 1309. Section showing stops in outer case and keys on shaft. 1310. FRICTION CLUTCH, outside view, with toggle-joint thrust, sleeve, and yoke lever. 13 II. Section of outside bearing, clutch, toggle joint, and sleeve. »t 322 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1312. PIN CLUTCH.— The pin plate is fast on the shaft. The hole plate slides on a feather, and is operated by a bell-crank Y-lever in a hub slot. 1313. FRICTION PIN CLUTCH.— A or B may be the driving shaft ; a is a, friction band that slips to prevent shock when the pins are thrown into contact with it. 13 1 4. FRICTION CLUTCH. — The two sections of the friction ring are pressed out by right and left screws, operated by a sliding spool on the shaft and the toggle- joint connections, /, /'. 13 1 5. Longitudinal section. 1316. FRICTION CLUTCH BEVEL GEAR. — A A is a driving shaft extended through the gear hubs ; gear a is fast on the shaft ; gear l^ is loose on the shaft, with a friction clutch fixed in position by a lever extension not shown. Clutch is tightened by the screw handle/, when the gear ^ ^ ro- tates to drive gear A. The pinions are pivoted in the plane of gear e c, 13 1 7. SPRING FRICTION CLUTCH.— The lever handle, eccentric, and link are held in position by the arm A. The |p springs keep the cones closed for driving. The throw of the handle forward in the direction of the arrow pushes the inner cone back and releases the grip. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 323 1318. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT FRICTION CLUTCH. — The move- ment of the grooved sleeve J opens or closes the grip A, upon the rim wheel Q The lever H throws the toggle links E, F into line for the grip. 13 19. ADJUSTABLE FRICTION CLUTCH, with double-grip bearings. Ad- justment tightness is made by locked set screws in the arm of the bell-crank levers. The jaws are held open by a ring spring running around the clutch. 1320. DOUBLE-CONIC ROPE DRUM. — Used on some forms of winding engines, and as a fusee in a spinning mule. 1321. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. — Transmission is made by a stiff belt running over two coned spools, which have their inside cone bearings simultaneously changed to meet require- ment for equal belt tension, by two levers pivoted to nuts on a right- and left-hand screw, with a fulcrum central between the shafts. Both ex- panding spools slide on feathered shaft keys. 324 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1322. EXPANDING PULLEY or wheel. The rim sections sc^ew into a central hub. 1323. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. — An internal driving-cone pul- ley, with a smaller cone pulley rolling on its internal surface on a shaft parallel with the driving shaft, but drawn eccentric to it for higher speed by an inclined slide operated by a lever, rock shaft, and crank con- nection. 1324. VARIABLE SPEED TRANSMITTING DEVICE.— A thin disc is fast on the counter shaft. Two discs drive the speed shaft, between which and the driving disc are two rollers pivoted to trans- verse spindles. The rol- lers are kept to their slow- speed position between the discs by springs. A con- necting rod draws the rol- lers toward the high-speed position. Friction press- ure on the rollers is made by a spring pressing the discs together. - 1325. BELT HOLDER, "Wellington" model. Does away with a loose pulley. The belt is guided on to a set of rollers in a fixed frame at the side of the driving pulley. Saves time and avoids danger in putting on belts. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 325 1326. JOINTED RADIAL ARM, for drilling machines, marble polishing, and other similar machines. Elevation. 1327. Plan, showing joints and action. 1328. DRILLING MACHINE CLAMP.— A handy tool about a drill press. The shank is pushed loosely through a hole in the drill-press table until the lever bears on the work, when a turn on the set- screw makes a tight grip. 1329. SCREW BENCH CLAMP, for cabinet- makers. 1330. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP, for carpenters and cabinet-makers. Used for 7 holding work on the flat. 133 1. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP used by carpenters and cabinet-makers for holding work on edges for planing. 1332. WOOD- BENDING CLAMPS AND FORMERS.— Strips of wood are thoroughly steamed and bent while hot over the formers and clamped. 1 33 2 A. Offset clamp. 1333. Thill clamp. 1334. Bend clamp. 326 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1335. BOILER TUBE EXPANDER.— A series of sets surrounding a conical driving pin, " Prosser " percussion type. A guard ring fixes the proper position of the expanding grooves of the sectional sets to match the tube head. 1336. Longitudinal section. 1337. ROLLER TUBE EXPANDER.— The rollers are loosely fitted in a case to hold them in position. The slightly tapered mandril is pushed or driven within and bearing on the rollers and revolved by a bar in the mandril head, which revolves the rollers, rolling them over the interior surface of the boiler tube. " Dudgeon " model. 1338. REVOLVING TOOL HEAD, for a Monitor lathe. m 1339. COLLAPSING TAP.— The hook cutters C, C, slide in the taper shank B, and are drawn up to their full |j diameter for cutting by turning the shank handle in the inclined slot in the shell, and the reverse motion of the handle for collapsing the tap. 1340. Longitudinal section. 1341. WABBLE SAW, for cutting dovetaif and rabbet grooves. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 3*7 1342. AUTOMATIC SCREW- CUTTING DIK — The outside shell is movable on the inner shell, which holds the cutters in slots. By- throwing the handle over, the cutters are re- leased from the screw. The centre pin, nut, and slot pin is the automatic release by contact with the screw, which pushes back the slot pin and revolves the outer shell. Adjustment is made by the set rings at the back of the die. A circular spring throws out the cutters. Cross sec- tion. 1343. Front view. 1344. Longitudinal section, 1345. Outside view. 1346. UNIVERSAL CHUCK, for eccentric turning. The divided gear plate and chuck- ing screw are re- volved and held at any division by the spring pawl. The slide is given its ec- centric position by a screw with an index. A great variety of designs may be made with this simple chuck. Front view. 1347. Side view. 1348. End view. 1349. Nut and screw. 1350. COMPOUND LEVER SHEARS. 328 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 135 1. DISC SHEARS.— Two bevelled edge discs just lapping, and revolving. Largely used in tin and cardboard cutting. 1352. GIG SAW. — The spring a gives tension to the saw running between guide frames, and operates vmmM , by crank and connecting rod. 1353. BAND SAW, for sawing metals. The frame and third wheel are set back to give room for large plates. 1354. BAND SAW. — Rectihnear motion of saw blade from rotary motion of band pulleys, with a tilting saw-table for bevel work. 1355. TOGGLE-JOINT LEVER PRESS or punch. A type of toggle-joint used in the old form of printing and stamping presses. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 329 1356. POWER STAMPING PRESS. — Driven ^ from a pulley with crank or cam shaft. A miss im- pression IS made by a stop-clutch operated by a foot treadle. 1357. HAND DRILLING MACHINE, with lever feed. 1358. PORTABLE DRILL, rope trans, mission and flexible shaft. One continuous rope over driving pulley, two double sheaves anchored, and flexible shaft pulley ; allow- ing the driving sheave of the flexible shaft to be anchored in any position, and for tightening the driving rope. 1359. MULTIPLE DRILLING MA- CHINE, for close drilling or perforating plates. Drills are operated close together by converging spindles. »»n LUXMsnw 33° MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1360. MULTIPLE DRIL- LING MACHINE.— For drill- ing a number of holes in flanges at one time. The drill chucks are adjusted in a spider for any size circle and connected to the - driving head with jointed rods. 1361. STAMP MILL CAM MOTION.^ The revolution of two or more cam wipers lifts the stamp hammers to drop by gravity. 1362. BLACKSMITH'S HELPER, or foot helve hammer. Operated by the foot on the treadle. Hammer held up by the spring. 1363. REVOLVING RAPID-BLOW HAM- MER. — The centrifugal action of the revolving arms throws the hammers outward. 1364. HELVE TRIP HAM- MER. — An ancient device yet in use. The treadle stops the action of the hammei by disengaging the bell-crank catch b. Used for small work. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 331 1365. FRICTION DROP HAMMER.— The ham- mer head is attached to a hardwood board running be- tween friction rolls. One of the rolls has an eccentric sleeve shaft with a lever and lanyard to throw the roll out of contact with the board at the proper time for long or short drop. The other roll and shaft carry the driving pulley and are in constant motion. 1366. BEAM TRIP HAMMER. — The beam is vibrated by an ec- centric on the driving shaft. The cushions intensify and regulate the blow of the hammer. The treadle operates the brake and controls the blow of the hammer. " Bradley " pattern. 1367. SPRING HAMMER.— The height of the hammer, to suit the size of the forging, is adjusted by chang- ing the length of the connecting rod. The treadle controls the stroke by operating a friction gear on the driv' ing pulley. 1368. TIRE SHRINKER.— A link chain around the tire terminates in a fixed hook, and the hook on a powerful lever. 332 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1369. COMBINED TIRE UPSETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE. — The tire is made fast by the cam jaws, and the mov- able cam is set forward by the sector cam lever and pinion. A punch is attached to the movable jaw with a punch die in the horn of the machine, so that the same opera- tion of upsetting a tire may be used for punch- ing iron. 1370. Vertical section. 1371. PLATE SAWING MACHINE.— A slow-running steel saw blade lubri- cated by dipping in an oil box. The saw is automatical- ly fed to the plate by a worm gear, but has a quick return by the hand wheel. 1372. COMBINED PUNCH AND SHEARS in one frame and driven from one shaft. Each con- trolled by a treadle. 1373. SUSPENDED SWING TREADLE. ^The foot takes a circular motion i no dead centre. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 333 1374. POWER RUMBLING MILL, for cleaning sand from castings, pol- ishing metal articles by tumbling with sand, charcoal, leather scrap, or any polishing powder. 1375. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR, for removing oil from iron chips and turnings. The iron pan A is fixed to the spindle and pulley. The unequal load- ing of the pan is balanced by the elastic swivelled box B, held in a central position by springs. A cover with felted edge closes the top of the pan. The friction stop C acts as a brake to stop the motion of the pan. 1376. CLOSURE OF ROLLERS by tra- versing the angular slots guiding the roller bearings. The slot guide C is fixed. The piston-rod head D carries the angular slots that move the rollers forward and backward. 1377. VIBRATING LIFT.— The revolving drum B lifts the weight W, while the crank-pin connecting rod C gives the arm A and sheave E a vibrating ver« tical movement. With certain proportions between the size of the drum B, the distance of the crank pin and connecting arm at A, a variety of motions to the cord D may be made. 1378. DIFFERENTIAL PITCH MOVE- MENT. — The motion of a traversing stud by the revolution of a differential screw allows of measurement of minute motions and distances. A micrometer device, Tkr 3 334 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1379. FEED WHEEL for a planing machine. The corrugated upper wheel pushes the lumber to the cutter. 1380. COMBINED RATCHET AND HAND FEED GEAR. — The hand screw turns in the worm- gear nut, and may be used for quick adjustment . 1381. GEAR TRAIN, I? I with quick return, for a gear- i cutting machine. 1382. QUICK RETURN MOVEMENT for a cutter head. A constant rotation of the cam operates the bell-crank sector, which is quickly drawn back by the weight W and pinion C. 1383. REVERSING GEAR, from a single belt and cone pulley. The gear wheel a has an outside and inside set of teeth with the pinions ^, c meshing and running in opposite directions. The friction clutches operated by a lever reverse the motion of the large gear by alternately putting in motion the inside or outside pinion. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 335 1384. FLEXIBLE UNIVERSAL STEAM JOINT. — " Hampson " model. The steam flows through the thick arms of the Y's, which have ground joints. 1385. BYE PASS COCK OR VALVE. —To allow of a small delivery vvhen the large valve is closed, or for relief of press- ure against a large valve. 1386. SIGHT-FEED LUBRICATOR.— The amount of feed is seen by the frequency of drops at the sight hole. Adjusted by a needle-point valve with milled head and screw. 1387. SCREW MOVEMENT, for the tail stock of a lathe. The spindle moves m a key slot to prevent turning. The screw has a collar and is shouldered on the outside by the wheel hub. The back end of spindle has a thread acting as a nut on the driving screw. verses around the shaft to be centered. 1389, End view. 1388. CENTERING TOOL. Used for scratch- ing the centre on round shafting or rods. The slotted arm E swings on the spindle A, as it tra- 33^ MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. I|lll|lll|llljll!|l|l|lll|lllj|ll| 1390. VERNIER CALL p|iii|ifilii|n|;^iiil) PER, with slow-motion stop screw. 1 39 1. EXPAN- SION BIT.— The spring clip held by a screw clamps the cutter in position to bore any size hole within its limits of expansion. 1392. DOUBLE-ACTING SCREWDRIVER. — The in- side spindle has a left-hand screw, the outside hollow spindle a right-hand screw; and both with nuts that can lock either spindle by screwing to the thread on the lower end of each or either spindle. 1393. PUMP DRILL STOCK.— A very ancient device, yet largely in use at this date in the jewelry and other light manufacturing estab- lishments. The heavy revolving disc keeps up the momentum to rewind the band upon the spindle in contrary direction for each downstroke of the bar. 1394. RECIPRO- CATING DRILL STOCK.— By the double groove and follower, the drill turns the same way at each movement of the ring and follower. 1395. COMPOUND LEVER CUTTING PLIERS, in which the toggle-joint principle is used to give the greatest power at the closure of the jaws. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 337 1396. BALL SOCKET, used on surveyor's 7| compasses. The gland is tightened with countersunk screws. 1397. BALL SOCKET, with a screw £ gland. V THREAD 1398. SCREW THREADS.— Standard V thread, sharp at top and bottom. Depth equals 0.85 of the pitch. Angle 60°. U.S.S. THREAD n WHITWORTH THREAD j/ 1399. SCREW THREADS.— United States Standard Thread. Flat top and bottom. Depth equals 0.65 of the pitch. Angle 60°. 1400. SCREW THREADS, "Whit- worth ' thread. Rounded top and bot- tom. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. Angle 550. TRAPEZOIDAL +p* THREAD I • 1401. SCREW THREADS, Trape- zoidal thread. Angle 90° face, 45° back. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 22 338 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1402. SCREW THREADS, square thread. Angle square. Depth equals -f- half pitch. Width between threads equal + half pitch, for clearance. 1403. SCREW THREADS, '* Powell's" thread. Depth of thread equals + half pitch. Width of top of thread, 0.37 -of pitch. Width of bottom, 0.37 -(- of pitch. Angle of side, 1 1 /4^ ° . 1404. CONTINUAL BARREL ELEVATOR. — Sprocket wheels and link chains with curved arms to hold the barrels. 1405. TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. — The several piston cylinders take a proportional lift by their differential areas and balanced pressure areas in each compartment. 4oj-... ~~^ 1406. TRAVELLER HOIST, show- '"Jil-'-^ ing the principles of the balanced coun- ter pull and the traverse tackle. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 339 1407. TRAVELLING CRANE for shop and foundry- work. May be oper- ated by rope transmis- sion, a long shaft, or electric motor. 1408. I-BAR TRAVELLING TRAMWAY, an easily made shop device. The I bar lies sidewise, bolted to brackets from the ceiling. The double trolley can- not run off. 1409. SWING BRACKET CRANE, with trolley. • 1 410. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL SHEAVE. It can be set in any desired direction and canted by the double-swivel foot. 1411. "HARRINGTON" CHAIN HOIST.— A worm gear operates a double -chain sprocket, with chains yoked at hook. 1412. "YALE" DUPLEX HOIST.— A worm F meshed in a gear on the same shaft with the hoisting-chain sprocket. A, Hand-chain sprocket on worm shaft B; C is a friction plug which holds the worm from running back. For self- running down, the plug may be reversed, present- ing a smaller friction surface to the worm shaft A pin holds the plug from turning. 340 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1413. SAFETY TACKLE.— The horizontal frame is pivoted in the hook block having a friction shoulder. A lanyard from the eye of the horizontal frame releases the grip. 1414. DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN- PULLEY BLOCK. — The chain sprockets, one on each side of the gear drum, run in different directions, allowing the surplus chain to hang between the draft chains. An eccentric on the hand-wheel shaft rolls a loose pinion around the discs, causing them to move in opposite directions by the differential number of teeth on each side of the pinion. 1415. DOVJBLE SCREW-GEAR HOIST. — A right-and-left screw turns the chain sprockets in mesh with the lifting chain. " Box & Co." model. 1416. TAPER TUBE ROLLS.— The grooves are "-urned as a taper screw. One rolls right-hand, the other left-hand to match. Much care and management are lequired in taper tube-rolling. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 341 1417. " YALE-WESTON " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR HOIST. — The hand-chain sprocket shaft runs loose in a sleeve which carries the hoist-chain sprocket. A small pinion on the right-hand end o f t h e central shaft drives three spur gears pinioned on a circular movable frame attached to the chain sprockets. To each of the three spur gears are fixed a pinion, which meshes in an internal tooth gear fixed in the case. 1418. Section, showing gear. a 1 41 9. TUBE-ROLLING MA- CHINE.— The first roller turns the r T" I strip of metal to a half-circle. The T—J pair of vertical rolls close up the J tube. 1420. SEAMLESS TUBE MAK- ING. — Rolling a solid bar between a pair of angular-axled disc rollers opens a cavity within the bar which is further expanded by a second pair of disc rollers. The rolling of the tube between the discs pushes the tubular bar over a revolving conical mandrill. 142 1. WIRE-BENDING MACHINE.- A marvel of complex motions. Hooks and eyes, and any special shapes of wire-work can be made on these machines. 1422. Samples of wire bending. 342 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1423. SEAMLESS TUBE MAKING.— The " Mannesmann »* process. A, a, conical corrugated rolls : B, guide tube ; B", hot bar of iron or steel being pushed through the rolls ; D, mandrill for widening the inside of the tube, the hollow be- ing started by the action of the out- side rolls. 1424. HOPPER AND BELL, for a blast or other furnace, for feeding coal and ore. The hopper is filled with a charge, when the bell is quickly lowered and the charge drops into the furnace. 1425. "BESSEMER" STEEL CONVERTER.— A large crucible on trunnions, through which air is blown to passages in the bottom of the shell and through the cast iron, burning out the excess of carbon, when the crucible is turned over and the cast iron, converted into steel, is poured into moulds. 1426. LENS-GRINDING MACHINE. — The bell-crank arm a is made adjustable in the vertical shaft, and is pivoted for a free motion in the grind- ing cup b, to give a variety of motions to the cup over the lens ; or the operation may be reversed and the lens given a circular motion in the cup. 1427. GRINDING MILL in section, show- ing the balancing of the upper stone and adjust- ment of step, and the cen- tering of the hopper and feed gauge. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 343 1428. "BOGARDUS" MILL.— Grooved steel discs running eccen- tric to each other. Largely used for grinding paints and drugs. 1429. Plan showing grooves. 1430. CIRCULATING SCREW PRO- PELLER AND MIXING TANK.— Is used in various forms in laundries, soap crutching, and oil refining. 1431. DOUBLE CYLINDER PLANER, for lumber. Takes a rough and finishing cul! by once passing the lum- r ber through the mill. 1432. DOUBLE TOGGLE-J O I N T SCREW PRESS with steam-heated plat- ens for vulcanizing rubber or embossing by heat and pressure 1433. STEAM COTTON PRESS, for repressing and condensing baled cotton. The geared sectors, driven by the double- rack piston rod and piston, increase the pressure immensely at the latter part oi the stroke by the toggle-joint action of the connecting rods as they approach the radial bearing of the sectors. 344 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1434. TOGGLE-BAR PRESS.— The rota« tion of the disc a by the lever handle brings the toggle bars to a vertical position, with in^ creasing pressure upon the platen. The tog- gle bars have spherical ends fitted to spherical cups in the top and bottom discs. 1435. SECTOR PRESS.— The sector is rolled up by the crank and pinion, driving the platen up with increased force until the connecting rod reaches its vertical position. Much used on cot- ton presses. 1436. BARK OR COB MILL.— A barbed and corrugated cone revolving within a spider and counter cone, with barbed cones and corrugations. 1437. DRAWING AND THROSTLE TWISTING ROLLS AND BOBBIN WINDER.— The front rolls run faster than the feed rolls, and draw the fibre. The throstle twists the thread which is drawn tightly upon the spool that runs loose on the spindle, and is held by a friction spring to give it the winding tension. 1438. COP WINDER.— The cop tube on the spindle revolves. The arm with an eye, carries the thread forward and backward on the cop. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 345 1439. BOBBIN WINDER.— The flyer revolves, while the bobbin is moved up and down the spindle for even winding. Thread passes through the hollow spindle down the arm and through the eye of the flyer arm. 1440. CLOTH DRESSER. — The central wheel is the teazel drum. The cloth is guided by the rollers above and below. 1441. KNITTING MACHINE, auto- matic ri:3 knitter, " Heginbotham " model. Vertical needles and two bobbins. 1442. KNITTING MACHINE, seamless knitter, "Bellis & Weinanmayer " model. Verti* cal needles. 346 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1443. KNITTING MACHINE. — Multiple thread knitter, " Hep- worth " model, for web goods. 1443a. TRAVELING DERRICK.— Double trol- leys and lever beam putting a 75-ton gun on an armor- clad war vessel. 1443^?. MODERN COT- TON GIN.— D, nest of saws. E, saw grate between each saw to hold back the seed. A, feeder trough and hopper. J, cylinder brush strip- ping the cotton fibre from the saw. F, adjusting lever. K, sliding mote board. MIIvI/ AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 347 1443c. SPOOL WIND- ING MACHINE.— A worm screw B and gear drives a set of cams R on a cross shaft and oscillates a lever and thread guide to and fro. The spool spindle driven by friction gear from the shaft B. 14436/. CONICAL ROLLER THRUST BEARING.— The conical rollers are held in ring travellers, in- side and outside, which are connected together between the rollers. The conical lines meet at the center of the shaft. 1443^. STEAM VULCANIZER for repairing bicycle tires. — Two steam slabs and tightening screw set on a small boiler heated by a lamp or torch ; steam pressure should be 75 lbs. per square inch. Small clamps and screws are attached to the top steam box for vulcanizing other articles. The lower section is the boiler ; the lamp or burn- er is set beneath it and not shown in cut. 348 MILIy AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1443/. STEAM VUL- CANIZER for repairing bicycle tires and bands. — The cast iron bed piece is hollow to hold sufficient water for making steam, which should be at 75 pounds pressure. Com- pression is made by the lever and weight for both tires and bands. A gas or gasoline torch for heating. 1443^. RIGHT ANGLE SHAFT TRANSMISSION.— A bell crank sliding on a cross bar is pivoted at its ends to the crank pins of shafts at right angles. The crank pins have sliding sleeves pivoted to the bell crank arms. The movement is en- closed in an oil-tight case to which the sliding bar is fixed. Horizontal section and plan. 1443/2. TAKE-UP AND LET-OFF MOTION FOR LOOMS. — The detailed parts are: Take-up roller I, let-ofT rol- ler K, a pawl U pivoted to the vibrating lever V operated by the shuttleboard frame G, H, and moving the ratchet T, bevel gear S, S', shaft P, worm gear R, R, and gear connection to move the rollers I, K. E, warp with constant feed from spools C on the creel B. The inclined worm gear is made adjustable by the sliding boxes O, O', shown in detail in the upper left-hand corner. Section XVI. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splic- ing, Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. 1444. POST AUGER.— Often made with a single turn to the blade. Used also for prospect- ing for foundations. 1445. PUG MILL, with spiral worm in a conical shell, for mixing mortar, concrete, or other materiaL 1446. CONICAL PUG MILL for mixing clays, mortar, concrete, and other material. 1447. CONICAL MIXING BARREL for mortar, concrete, or other material. 1448. CONCRETE MIXER.— A rectan- gular box of iron revolves on trunnions at opposite corners. A hopper for charging and a dumping car to receive the mixed charge. 35° CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. C£M£Nr 0/trqutrrt CEMENT-TESTING MACHINE. — The cement sample is placed in the jaws at H. The sector B is turned by the worm screw until the weight on the arm C is raised to the limit of the breaking strain, where the in- dex hand on the graduated arc is caught by the pawl, when the weight falls. 1450. HYDRAULIC SAND EJECTOR.— A thin annular jet of water, under high pressure, will eject sand and water from a sump and dis- charge at an elevation. The principle of the " Eads" ejector dischargings and from the caissons of the St. Louis Bridge. 145 1. TOGGLE STUMP PULLER. — By pulling up the two toggle levers, the chain and links slip down a notch in the draw bar when the double tackle draws the levers down. Also for drawing piles and sheet piling. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 351 1452. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND TURNBUCKLE, sleeve and yoke pat- tern. 1453. SWIVEL SHACKLE. 1454. SLIP HOOK, for drop weights and temporary pile hammer. 1455. TRIP HOOK.— A split shank with tongue and catch pivoted between the sides of the shank as shown. ^^ 1456. BALANCED RIVETING MACHINE on a truck. For yard service, and iron and steel structural work. 1457. RELEASING GRIP of a pile-driving ma- chine. The bow ends of the grip are compressed when they reach the slot B in the frame and cast off the ram W. The springs between the bowed handles of the grip close the jaws to pick up the ram. 352 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. ^^^' ^^^^^^ 1458. AUTOMATIC DISENGAGING GRIP for a pile driver. The arms of the grip jaws are collapsed by contact with the inclined chocks above. 1459. SWIVELLING DUMPING CAR. — By turning the box and its frame, which is pivoted on the truck, the load can be dumped in any direc- tion. 1460. SQUARE BOX SIDE-DUMPING CAR. — The side boards are hing- ed and locked by a snap lever. 1461. LEVER GRIP-TONGS.— The pull on the shackle connecting the links and upper arms of the tongs causes a strong grip on any object to be lifted. cw 1462. ADJUSTABLE GRIP TONGS, for stones and heavy boxes. The link bars have a series of \ holes to vary the opening of the jaws. A toggle °m:i grip. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 353 1463. PNEUMATIC DUMPING CAR.— A small compressor, operated from the axle, pumps air into a receiver under the platform. An oscil- lating cylinder, with direct connection with the bottom of the car, lifts it to the proper angle for dumping and returns it to the horizontal position by the mere movement of a valve. 1464. LEWIS WEDGE, for lifting stone. A central taper wedge, with eye and ring at the small end. A taper wedge is inserted in a re- verse position on each side of the double-taper wedge, so that the outside of the combination is parallel in the hole in the stone. A pull on the centre wedge pushes the outer wedges against the side of the hole with force sufficient to lift the stone by the friction of their contact surfaces. 1465. STONE GRINDING AND POLISH- ING MACHINE. The lap for grinding is of cast iron in a concentric series of rings, through which sand and water is fed. The rod connecting the lap with the driving shaft has a universal joint at each end and a swivel handle for guiding the lap. The upper shaft is balanced, feathered, and moves freely through the gear hub. 1466. FOUR-GUY MAST DERRICK pole or gin. 354 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1467. SHEARS WITH WINCH or tackle blocks. 1468. SWING-DERRICK CRANE, with fixed guys and hand gear. i? 1469. PORTABLE STEAM DERRICK, on swivelled platform, balanced by boiler. 1470. SWING-BOOM CRANE, with a travelling truck and trolley lift. Boom re- volving on radial rollers. 1 47 1. CABLE HOIST AND CON- VEYER, for excavating canals and trenches. The upper line is the cable, middle line the traveller, and lower lines operate the dumping device. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 355 1472. CANTILEVER HOISTING AND CONVEYING MA- CHINE, " Lancaster " system. The trussed booms and standing frame revolve on rollers on the truck. The truck moves on rails. The buckets swing with the truss booms for loading and discharging. ■j«jj .».v'?.«'.-'.-i^^/>- •^ — ^ g 1473. TIMBER SPLICING.— The straight S splice bolted. "S^ ..d^, .^^ ■"^^ rf^ . 1474, TIMBER SPLICING. — The lap splice with iron keys and bolts. 7T -B- n 1475. TIMBER SPLICING.— The lap splice with oak keys and yoke straps. -A -Q. A 1476. TIMBER SPLICING.— A scarf and butt joint with one fish plate, bolted. rf^ 1^ l°> f\ ^v ' m» ' — "^ — ^^ 1477. TIMBER SPLICING.— The scarf and butt splice with iron fish plates, bolted. rpm .. -,s? 1478. TIMBER SPLICING.— A lap and scarf butt joint, keyed with oak and ''' '^ '' "J '' ^ locked with anchor fish plate and bolts. 356 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. .!Bu^ ^ ^ -M^ 'tj' 'u' 'w' 5: 1479. TIMBER SPLICING. ^ — Butt joint with timber fish plate, keyed and bolted. & ^ ^ ,1480. TIMBER SPLICING. J — Butt joint with double ^ timber fish plates, bolted. I'P' iffi :^i i*^! ■« !i U - U CT 1481. TIMBER SPLICING.— Compression beams butted and held by a fish plate and bolts. 1482. TIMBER CHORDS AND ARCHES. — Splicing by breaking joints and bolting. 1483. TRUSS ROOF. a, tie beam. 3y principal rafter. ^, common rafter. d, king post. e, strut. 1484. QUEEN POST ROOF TRUSS. ^, tie beam ; ^, c, queen posts ; d, dj braces ; e, truss beam ; /straining piece; g,^, prin- cipal rafters ; /^, cambered beam ; ^, iron string bolt to support tie beam. 1485. WOODEN ROAD BRIDGE TRUSS. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 357 DECK BRIDGE TRUSSES. i486. Single strut deck truss for short spans, 30 to 40 feet. 1 48 7 . Double strut deck truss for 50 to 70 feet span. 1488. Multi- pie strut deck truss for 100 feet span. 1489. BRIDGE TRUSS.^ Inclined strut and tie rod for each panel,with stiff compression upper chord. Vertical members are tie rods. 1490- BRIDGE TRUSS.— Vertical struts except in end panels, which have vertical tie rods. Inclined end struts and diagonal tie rods. 1491. ARCHED DECK TRUSS BRIDGE. — The arch takes the press- ure and gives tension to the chord. Struts and tie rods give stability to the structure. 1492. BRIDGE TRUSSES.-^ The ''Whipple" truss. Ver- tical and end posts are struts; vertical tie rods from end posts ; diagonal tie rods in panels. 1493. Inclined posts and vertical tie rods. Baltimore model. 1494. "Whipple" truss, with interpanel tie rods. 3S8 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1495. ARCH TRUSS BRIDGE.— The entire load is not sup- ported by the wood or iron arch alone. The truss bracing is made to equalize the load by stiffen- ing the arch and so to throw a compression strain upon the chord, which is thickened in the middle. 1496. BRIDGE TRUSSES.— The "McCallum" inflexible arched truss. A wooden bridge. 1497. "Howe" truss, with inclined end posts, vertical struts and bi-panel tie rods. 1498. "Post" truss, verti- cal end posts with inclined struts from each end meet- ing at the centre. 1499. Modification of the "Whipple" and "War- ren " systems. 1500. Modification of the "Whipple" and "Post" systems. The " Warren " bridge. 1 50 1. The "Fink" system. A railway deck bridge. No lower chord. 1502. The "Bollman" system. A girder suspen- sion. The top girder car- ries the compression load due to suspension. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 359 1503. SWING BRIDGE, " Whipple " system. 1504. SWING BRIDGE. " Post " system. 1505. CANTILEVER BRIDGE.— The ends, being anchored, balance all other parts on the piers. This cut shows the principle of Cantilever construction. 1506. SUSPENSION BRIDGES— The old railway bridge at. Niagara. Eight hundred and tv/enty-one feet span. 1507. A four-span suspen- sion bridge. Allegheny River, at Pittsburgh. 1508. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— The Cincinnati bridge, « Roebling " system. Ten hundred and fifty-seven feet between piers. 1509. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— Niagara upper bridge, "Roeb- ling " system. Twelve hundred and fifty feet between piers. 360 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 15 10. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— The New York and Brooklyn bridge, " Roebling " system. Centre span, 1,600 feet; land spans, each 920 feet; Brooklyn approach, 998 feet; New York approach, 1,562 feet; total length curb to curb, 6,016 feet; width, 85 feet; clearance above high water, 135 feet; height of towers above high water, 272 feet; number of cables, 4; diameter of cables, 15^ inches; length of single wires, 3,579 feet; total length of wires in four cables, 14,361 miles; number of wires in each cable, 5,296; strength of each cable, 12,200 net tons ; cost of bridge, exclusive of land, $9,000,000 ; total cost, $15,552,878. Commenced 1870; thirteen years in building. 1510^. MELAN BRIDGE.— A series of arched steel I beams, filled in with Portland cement concrete. Ends of beams resting against thrust plates. i5iof. STEEL ARCHED CONCRETE BRIDGE, Thatcher type. — The concrete rib of the arch is reinforced by steel bars on the inner and outer edge of the concrete rib. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 361 1510a. EXPANSION OR AN- CHOR BOLT.— A wedge nut and split sleeve pattern. 15106. EXPANSION OR AN- CHOR BOLT.— A conical nut and split sleeve. 1 5 IOC. ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE.— Are nearly balanced in operation with many advantages in utilizing the entire width of channel and dock space. Chicago Type. 1510J. CONCRETE BRIDGE. — For small bridges, a concrete arch of Portland cement, sand and broken stone are re- liable and lasting struc- tures. 362 CONSTRUCTION AND DB VICES. 15100-. LOG SAWING MACHINE.— The lever being prop- erly adjusted, and the screw and dogs being placed in position, the saw is rapidly reciprocated b y turning the driving shaft. A spring at- tached to the butt of the saw and cen- ter of the pitman presses the teeth down upon the bot- tom of the kerf; this process can be easily adjusted. The blade is raised after having cut through the log, and is held in the guiding slot by a screw, so as not to interfere with shifting the machine. 1510/?. HYDRAULIC PILE DRIVER. — A pile with a groove on its side in which a pipe is laid to the bottom of the pile, loosely clipped in place to enable its with- drawal after the pile is set. A strong stream of water from a pump excavates a passage for the pile to the required depth. No hammer is needed; only a steady pressure. iSioi. LUMBER ST ACKER.— A machine has been invented con- sisting of a convCyor belt which lifts the planks one by one. The machine comprises a skid formed of a pair of arms, one of which bears against the stack already piled, while the other lies adjacent to the conveyor belt and forms a guide against which the planks are supported while being lifted. The stacker is adjustable to any desired angle. Section XVII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, Pantographs, etc. 1 5 II. PROPORTIONAL COMPASSES for re- ducing the scale of drawings. A M 15 12. ROLLER PARALLEL RULER. — The two fluted rollers of exactly equal size, on an arbor, project slightly below the under surface of the ruler. 1513. PARALLEL RULER, formed of two bars pivoted to two pieces of metal of exactly equal lengths between pivot centres and at equal distances on the bars. .^ .^ ciy=- S 15 14. SLOTTED PARALLEL RULER that traverses in line. A, cross bars movable on a central pivot ; each bar being pivoted at one end to the ruler bars, the other ends sliding in slots in the bars. 1 5 15. THREE PART PARALLEL RULER. — All connecting arms of equal length. Pivots are at equal distances on each of the blades. 3^4 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 15 16. SPRING C YCLOGRAPH. — A spring of elastic material is made thicker in its central part so that in bending its outer edge will take the form of a circular arc. By clamping the ends of the spring to the bar, the screw will bend the spring to the desired curve. 1517. FLEXIBLE CURVE SCRIBER.— A spring of any suitable material may be fixed in a ruler and drawn by a string to the desired curve. There are many forms of this device, such as the string fastened to both ends of the spring and flexible rubber strips with heavy weights to hold it to any form of curve desired. 15 18. HELICOGRAPH.— The traversing of the disc by moving the screw arm around a fixed centre describes a helical curve. 1519. GREAT CURVE TOR.- DELINEA- Thin-edged discs of different di- ameters are attached to a bar or tube at a distance apart,sothat their relative diam- ters and distance will correspond to the required radius, which may be computed by the difference in diameter multiplied by the distance of the wheels apart. C is a loose sleeve to roll the rod freely ; D is an offset from the inside rod to allow the pencil to press on the paper. 1520. CONCHOID DELINEATOR, of Nicomedes. A slotted head T-piece, A, B ; a slotted arm, G H, with traverse pin at F. Distance between F, H, and pin at E may be variable to suit the required condition of curve. Pencil at H delineates a conchoidal curve, used in architectural drawings for the lines of columns. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 3^5 1521. CYCLOGRAPH, for drawing circu- lar arcs with an inaccessible centre. Three straight rules clamped together so that when the outer edge of the rules are against the pins B, C, representing the chord of the arc, the pencil at A will be at the vertex of the versed sine of the arc, when by moving the rules against the pins the pencil will describe a circular arc. 1522. TRAMMEL FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES. — ^Grooves at right angles direct two studs on a encil bar for the elliptical motion of the pencil. 'Also called an ellipsograph. 1523. ELLIPSOGRAPH. — A is a fixed centre ; B, traversed in a straight line, will make the pencil at C trace an elliptical curve. 1524. PARABOLA SCRIBER.— The longi- 1 tudinal focal distance from the apex being fixed with a pin. A straight-edge may be fixed just beyond the apex and traversed by a square, A looped string on the pin with the other end fast- ened to the longer leg of the square with sufficient sag to allow a pencil point to rest in the bight of the string at the apex of the parabola, when the square is on the axial line, will describe an arc of a parabola by moving the pencil against the square. 1525. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— A spui gear A is fixed to the pedestal. An arm carrying an idle gear, B, and a gear C, one-half the diam- eter of the fixed gear. The pencil arm makes two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. The distance A' equals the difference between the major and minor axes of the ellipse. r-AH 366 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 1526. HYPERBOLA SCRIBER. — The foci of the opposite hyperbolas may be drawn on their longitudinal axis and pins set therein. A straight edge moving on focal point of the opposite hyperbola, and a looped string on the pin of the required arc, with the other end attached at the end of the straight edge, with enough sag to allow the pencil to touch the apex of the curve, will, on moving the pencil in the bight of the string and close to the rule, describe an arc of a hyperbola. 1527. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— The arm and horizontal shaft slide through the frame and second bevel gear. The bevel gear A is fixed to the standard. The proportion of the gears should be such that the pen- cil spindle should make two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. Then the dis- tance A^ equals the difference between the major and minor axes of the ellipse. 1528. PANTOGRAPH.— For perfect pro- portions the points A, B, C must always be in line. With the point B fixed, the pencil at A will produce an exact copy of tracing from point C. By changing places for the fixed point a double or half-size tracing may be made. 1529. LAZY-TONGS PANTOGRAPH, for reducing or enlarging copies of draw- ings, cox d may be the fixed points. Either one being fixed, the other should be the tracer. The pencil at a should be exactly in line with r, d^ for accurate delineation. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 367 1530. PERSPECTIVE CENTRO. — LINEAD. — The edges of legs on the sides a^ b, and c must be in line with their common 1 czzi axis, with clamp screws to hold the movable legs in their set position. The directing pins b and c should be set on the radial lines of the back point of the perspective, when the long leg will be radial from that point in all directions. 1531. SPHEROMETER.— For meas- uring the curves of spherical surfaces or of templates of lenses by means of a graduated follower at the centre between two bearings. The scale and nonius are computed for the versed sine of a fixed chord length. 1531a. ELLIPSO- GRAPHIC T U R N - TABLE. — The table sits upon a trammel frame, which moves a bar with gimbal yoke and sliding rod to carry the pen or pencil. Makes an ellipse from a circle to a straight line. 1531&. ELLIPSOGRAPH.— A pair of dividers with points perforated like the eye of a needle allows of adjust- ing the length of the thread to any size curve and holding the end under the thumb on the head of the dividers. The points with their eyes are shown at the right-hand side. 368 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. i53i«- OMNI-TELEMETER.— For obtaining the distance of an ob- ject by two observations on a line at right angles. A, direct line of sight through the half silvered mir- ror D ; X, reflected line of sight at 90° or variable by the mirrors D, F. The lever L varies the angle of the mirror, F, by means of the micro- meter screw C, and graduated disk G. E, adjusting screw for the mirror D. 1531&. ODONTOGRAPH. — A scribe template for laying out the curves of the teeth of gear wheels. 1531C. SECTION LINERS.— An open triangle with a stop slide pivoted to links with the spacing adjusted by a stop pin and cam sector. IS31J. EIDOGRAPH.— An instrument of precision in reproducing drawings, reduced or enlarged. Sim- ultaneous motions are trans- mitted from the tracer to the pencil through the mo- tion of pulleys on the cen- tral beam operated by a steel band. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 369 extended for any proportion. 1531^. TRACING BAR. — The yoke-shaped needle bar has tracing points in Hne with the gimbal ring bearing. The points may be 1 531/. REFLECTING DRAW- ING BOARD.— A vertical plate of glass in a frame on a drawing board. The picture on one side and a plain sheet of paper on the other side of the glass. On looking into the glass on one side the picture is plainly projected on the other, and can be readily traced with a pencil. tEe graduated paper on 1531^. SELF REGIS- TERING BAROMETER.— Four aneroid disks are con- nected in series and in contact with the lever R and linked to the index lever L, its end holding a pencil that marks the variation of pressure on a drum driven by a clock. 370 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 1531A. DOTTING INSTRU- MENT.— One of the toothed wheels for the kind of dotting re- quired is placed on the pin and held by the spring clip. The wheel should roll on the edge of the T square and the frame against its side. The motion of the bell crank lever and pin follows the spacing of the teeth on the wheels. 1531^*. ELLIPSOGRAPH with a pen and dividers. A small friction drum is mounted inside of the pen blades, or may be mounted on the handle upon which a thread is wound for adjusting the size of the ellipse, and is passed through an eye or hole near the end of the pen blade and around the legs of a dividers, set on the foci of the ellipse. 1 531/. SPIROGRAPH. — An instrument for drawing spiral curves. A pair of compasses with a lengthening leg to allow of a vertical position of the stationary leg c. b is a sleeve and knurled button loose on the vertical leg by which the pencil or pen is moved along the curve, controlled by the thread winding around the vertical leg, which may have points of varying sizes to suit the spaces in the curves. The vertical leg is held by the milled head g. Section XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. Animal Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, Cranes, Sewing, Type-Writing, and Printing Machines, Rail- way Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomo- tives, Gas, Gas Furnaces, Acetylene Gen- erators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, Firearms, Etc. 1532. HUMAN TREADMILL.— Still used in Eastern countries for raising water. 1533. HORSE-POWER TREAD-WHEEL. • — One of the many designs for stationary ani- mal power. 1534, HORSE-POWER MACHINE. — An endless chain and rollers, with a slat- ted platform, roll over a sprocket- wheel driving shaft. The walking plat- form is elevated to an angle of about 372 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1535. DOG-POWER MACHINE. — The plane of the track wheel is set at an angle of about 20°, with its under edge bearing i^pon a friction pulley. Shaft and fly-wheel, with crank for operating churn. 1536. GEARED HORSE-POWER. — The sweep carries the pinion and spur gear on the second shaft around the stationary spur gear, rotating the central shaft and pulley at high speed. 1537. MULTIPLE BEADED SHEEP SHEARS,— Opened by a spring handle, and closed by hand grip. 1538. HORSE CLIPPER. — A sharp comb-tooth cutter is made to vibrate across a fixed cutter by vibrat- ing the handles. ible shaft from another source of power, blade with guard finger plates. 1539. MACHINE SHEEP SHEARS. — The large gear is driven by the hand on a crank, not shown, or by a flex- A revolving serrated MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 373 ^jp ^ 1540. "ALMOND'S" FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUBE. — A coil of round wire, open wound, with a coil of triangular wire wound tightly- over it. Bending of the coil tube allows the triangular sec- tions to draw in on the outside of the bend and to push out on the inside keeping the points of contact tight. 1541. EVO- LUTION OF A WOOD SCREW.— Stages of manufacture of the modem wood screw. " American Screw Company's" process. The thread is made by the roller process. ^^ V 1542. ARTIFICIAL LEG AND FOOT.— Most ingenious combinations of movements are made in producing artificial limbs, not easily explained with- out a model. 1543. MEAN TIME SUNDIAL.— The length of the stile is made to just cover the entire range of the sun's altitude at the dis- tance of the scale on the hour circle. Its shape and size to be proportionate to the sun's equation of time as marked on the scale. When the sun is fast the reading should be on the left-hand side of the shadow, and when slow on the right side. 374 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1544. DOOR PUSH CHECK.— The spring closes the door. The piston in the cylinder has a valve to allow quick inlet of air when opening a door, and a small hole adjustable at the bottom of the' cylinder for slowly discharging the air. n >u 1545. FOLDING LADDER.— The rounds are pivoted to the side pieces, which are recessed to enclose the rounds when the ladder is shut. 1546. SIMPLE COMBINATION LOCK. — A number of discs arranged on a spindle having a feather key. The discs are notched to match the notches in the key so that they readily turn to be set to the register number to release the spindle. 1547. TRIPOD. — The legs are pivoted on a triangular prism, which allows the legs to be folded into a cylindrical staff. 1548. DOUBLE SPHERICAL SOCKET, used mostly on surveying instruments. The socket is clamped by drawing the plates to- gether with thumb-screw. 1549. DISC SLICER, with hopper, for cutting roots, etc. Each slot in the disc has a knife slightly projecting. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 375 1550. MICROMETER SCREW ADJUSTMENT.— The tangent arm is made fast or loose on the shaft by the spring clip and screw. Used mostly on theodo- lites and transit instruments. 155 1. CORRECT PRINCIPLE setting a hot-water house boiler. in H, E, circulating pipes. B, water-back or coil. K, draw-off. D, cold-water supply, extending down on inside of boiler. G, hot-water supply taken from top of boiler. 1552. UNDER-FEED HEAT- ING FURNACE, "Colton-Smead" model. A smokeless furnace for house heating with bituminous coal. A plunger is operated by a lever sector and rack to push the coal beneath the fire. HARVESTER OR MOW- ING MACHINE.-- Application of a corru- gated or cam disc for attaining the motion J" of the cutters. 376 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1554. BELL CLAPPER MOVEMENT.— The outside stroke is the best to prevent crack- ing in large bells. o, ^ 1555. PIANO KEY AND ACTION.— A study of complex movement. 1556. LAPIDARY OR LITHOLOGICAL LATHE for amateur work. A vertical spindle with disc lap of lead, driven by a bevel gear and cranks, through a vertical shaft pulley and belt. A splitting disc and spindle are also driven from the main pulley. 1557 . WIRE-DRAWING MACHINE. <2, the reel. b^ draw plate. »! 1 63 1. ACETYLENE GAS GEN- ERATOR.— A gas holder and four carbide holders. The holders are con- nected to a vertical pipe at varying heights, so that only one at a time is fed with water. The water-flow is reg- ulated by the rise and fall of the gas holder. 1632. AUTOMATIC GASOLINE AND MANTLE LAMP.— The gasoline flows from the reservoir to the D-shaped vapor- izer, regulated by a needle valve. The vaporizer over the lamp chimney generates a vapor pressure. The gas vapor is jetted into the opposite tube, mixing with air and producing an air vapor gas, which flows to the mantle burner below. 1633. Mantle and chimney. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 393 1634. ACETYLENE GENER- ATOR AND GAS HOLDER. — The carbide is charged into the small vessel suspended from the cross pipe, with a stopcock above. A connection for a second carbide vessel is also seen. Water from the holder runs through a jointed pipe and drips into the sealed fun- nel. The water nozzle is lifted by the rise of the holder and stops the flow of water. The small vessel at the bottom is a sealed washer and drip catch. 1635. ACETYLENE BURNER, made of lava. The burner holes are at an angle of 90° on inner face of the arms. The air-mix- ing holes are on each side of the arms. Ger- man. Gleason Manufacturing Company, 1636. ACETYLENE BURNER.— A double flame burner at right angles. The small holes in the sides of the tips allow air to enter and mingle with the acetylene gas before it is ignited, thus making a mixture of gas and air that makes a clear flame and a safe burner. 1637, BAYONET JOINT.— The pin fixed in the part A slips into the L-shaped slot of the piece B, and by turning is locked. 394 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1638. GUN LOCK. — I, lock plate; 2, hammer; 3, mainspring; 4, tum- bler; 5, sear or trigger lever ; 6, sear spring. 1639. COLT CYLINDER REVOLVING DEVICE for firearms. a^ the pawl that catches the circular ratchet /^ ; ^, a spring that pushes the pawl into the teeth of the ratchet ; D, the hammer butt to which is pinioned the pawl and the spring E. 1640. MAGAZINE RIFLE, " Lee - Metford " model. Magazine in the barrel stock. MARTINI-HENRY " RIFLE.— The breech block is pivoted at the rear end and is thrown up or down by the lever at the rear of the trigger guards A spring plunger in the breech block, let go by the trigger, explodes the charge. 1642. CHASSEPOT GUN.— A needle gun. The cartridge is inserted by hand ; the plunger runs forward and is locked by turn- ing into a notch. Centre fire. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 395 1643. REMINGTON RIFLE.— A breech block, operated by a handle, is pulled back to allow the cartridge to be charged by hand, when the breech and the block are locked. The hammer strikes a firing pin within the breech block. REMINGTON" MAGAZINE GUN. — The magazine is placed in the stock under the barrel. The cartridge is lifted by a pivoted carrier and pushed forward by the breech block. Central spring plunger hammer. into the barrel. HOTCHKISS" MAGAZINE GUN. — The reserve cartridges ^''■w;^??^ are carried in the gun stock ^^j and forwarded by a light spring. — ^ The breech bolt draws back by the handle, when the cartridge is raised and pushed forward Centre pin spring hammer. " LEBEL " RIFLE.— Magazine under the barrel in the extension of the stock. A sliding breech block and pis- "ton hammer. 1647 "MAUSER" RIFLE.— Magazine in the forestock. The slid- ^ ing breech block encloses the firing spring plunger and raises the cartridge lever A. .^9^ MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1648. "WINCHESTER" MAGAZINE RIFLE.— The breech lock slides in line with the barrel by a toggle link, oper- ated by the breech le- ver, which also operates the cartridge lever, rais- ing the cartridge to its position for charging. Drawing back of the breech block carries the hammer back to its firing position. 1649. DISAPPEARING GUN, " Moncrief " model. The cyclcidai curved rack arm E is counter- weighted, which balances the re- coil of the gun by its increased leverage. The small connecting rod, rack, and pinion adjust the gun's alignment. 16490. RAILWAY WATER LIFT. — A long water trough be- tween the tracks. A movable spout in the ten- der is dropped into the water trough at an angle to scoop up the water and propel it into the tank by the speed of the train. 1649&. TWO SPEED GEAR. — The "Sunbeam" Two Speed mechanism is lo- cated inside the crank chain wheel. It consists of one central pinion wheel, and three small outer pinion wheels which gear into an internal cut ring. The change of gear is obtained by simply holding or re- leasing the central pinion. Section XIX. STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. In the Design of Mechanisms of Many Kinds it is Often Necessary That Some Point or Part of the Machine Moves in a Straight Line so That for a Certain Distance the Movement of Such Parts Will Always be Maintained Along A Predetermined Path. Such Movements are Used in Oil Switches, Automatic AND Special Machinery. 1650. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK. — Levers E and G are con- nected to link F. E is pivoted at M' , swinging through an angle e at a radius equal to a. G is pivoted at M, swinging through an angle ^ at a radius equal to a. F is 2, bar or link connected to the ends of bars E and G and having at 5 a pohit which moves in a straight line shown as X. 1651. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH TW^O LEVERS AND THREE LINKS.— Levers K and H are con- nected to links /, /, and L. H h pivoted at D and swings at a radius equal to d. / is a link connected to H 2X G and to L at 5. L is a link connected to / at B and K at c. K IS 2i link pivoted at A and con- nected to L at C, swinging at a radius equal to a, and having a link / connected to it at F. I, connected to K at F, is also connected to H b = c = half the straight line motion shown by arrow vS. D F = o.GiSa. d^= c = 0.809a. A, B, D must be at at E CE- right angle '^. 398 STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. LINE MOTION WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK.— Levers X and Z are connected by i^"/^link Y. X is a lever pivoted at E and connected to F at ^. Z is a lever pivoted at D and connected to y at C. F is a link connected to X 2it A and to Z at C, the end B moving in a straight line. The larger E A and smaller C, the better the motion. 1653. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH ONE ^P LEVER AND A SLIDING I LINK. — Lever Z is connect- ed to a sliding link Y. Z is pivoted at D and connected to j2 link Y 3.1 C. F is a link con- nected to Z at C and to a sliding block at A, the other end of which is at B, and moves in a straight line as at 6^. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH ONE LEVER AND A SLIDING LINK. — Lever F is connected 4^ to a sliding link Z. F is pivot- ed at D and connected to Z at C. Z is connected to F at C to a sliding guide at A, and the end B moves in a straight line. 1655. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH ONE LEVER AND TWO LINKS. — Lever X is connected to a slid- ing link Z by a link F. X is pivoted at D and connected to lever F at C F is connected to Z at C and Z at B. Z is con- nected to F at 5 and to a slid- ing guide at A. The point B moves in a straight line. STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. 399 1656. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH THREE LEVERS AND TWO LINKS.— Levers F, H, and / are con- nected by links G and /. Lever F is pivoted at K and connected to link G at L. Lever / is pivoted at Q and connected to link / at P. Lever H is pivoted at N and con- nected on one end to lever / at O and on the other end to link G at M. Point D, on link G, connected on one end to lever H at M, and on the other end to lever F at L, and point E, on link /, connected on one end to lever / at P and on the other end to lever H at D, move in straight lines, but in opposite directions. 1657. STRAIGHT p !-l T LINE MOTION WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK.— Levers H and / are connected by a link K. Lever H is pivoted at D and connected at E to link K. Lever / is pivoted at G and con- nected to link K at F. The point P, when B is twice A and C is half oi A, will move in a straight line of 28 degrees. "^^ LINE MOTION WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK. — Levers A and C connected by link B gives 26 degrees of straight line motion with a total of 52 degrees movement of handle on lever A. Lever A is pivoted at F and connected to link B 2X G. Lever C is pivoted at E, connected to link B at D, and P on link B moves in a straight line. 400 STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. h-^H/ 1659. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS WITH THREE LEVERS AND TWO LINKS. — ^This movement, designed for a double throw oil switch, con- sists of a lever B pivoted at C connected to link E dX D and to link G at F. Link E, pivoted to B at D, is connected to a sliding frame at M, carrying switch con- tacts Q and guided by holes in frame vS". Link is connected to ^ E dit N, and is pivoted to frame S at P. Link G, pivoted to B at F, is connected to a sliding frame at H carrying switch contacts R and guided by holes in frame ^S. Lever K, connected to G at /, is pivoted to frame S 2it L. A equals the length of links G and E. Links K and O are half A. 1660. STRAIGHT LINE MOTION WITH TWO LINKS AND ONE LEVER.— Levers / and K are connected by link L. Lever K is pivoted aj: H and connected at A^ to link L. Lever / is pivoted at O and con- nected to link L at M. The point ^^ ^ i '" "^ l i J 1 A moves in a straight line of 26 ^ ' "^ J degrees when of the following pro- 1" -qj j I portions: C=G = D 2 D = E F= 1661. OIL SWITCH MOVEMENT WITH THREE LEVERS AND TWO LINKS.— Levers A, H, and N are con- nected to links D and / and frame M. ^ is a lever with a handle pivoted to frame Q, at B, and connected to link D at C. Link D, connected to lever A at C, passing through frame Q, is connected to lever H at E. Lever H, connected to link D at E, is pivoted to the frame Q at F and connected to link / at /. Link /, con- nected to lever H at I, is STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. 401 connected to lever N at L, and is also connected to moving frame M at K, which frame M carries contacts on extensions at P, P, P. Lever A^^ connected to link / at L, is pivoted to frame Q at O. This movement gives a straight line motion to the frame M. IV is a wall upon which is mounted frame Q. 1662. OIL SWITCH MOVEMENT WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK.— Levers A and P are connected by link D to frame /. Lever A, with a handle, is pivoted to frame J at B and connected to link D at C. Link D, connected to lever A at C, is connected ^ to lever F at E. Lever F, connected to link D at E, is pivoted to frame J 3.1 G and connected to frame / at H. >ame /, connected by a slot and pin at H, moves in a straight line, guided by bear- ings in frame J^ also camcs contacts 011 extensions K, K, K. W is the wall upon which is mounted frame /. 1663. OIL SWITCH MOVEMENT WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK.— Levers A and E are connected by link L to frame /. Lever A is pivoted to frame J at B and connected to link L at C. Link L, connected to lever A at C, 'u connected to lever E at D. Lever E, connected to link L at D, is pivoted to frame J at F and connected to frame / at //. Frame /, connected to lever E at H, by means of a slot and pin at H, is guided by bearings in frame /, and carries extensions which carry contacts at K, K, K. W is the wall upon which is mounted frame /. 402 STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENTS. 1664. OIL SWITCH MOVEMENT WITH TWO LEVERS AND ONE LINK.— Levers A and H are connected by link E to frame K. Lever A, pivoted to frame K at B, is connected to link E 2X D. Link E, connected to lever A at D, is connected to lever H at F. Lever H, connected to link E at F, is pivoted to frame K 2it G and connected to frame C at /. Frame C, connected to lever H at /, by- means of a slot and pin, carries extensions L, L, L, which carry contacts. W is the wall upon which is mounted frame K. 1665. OIL SWITCH MOVEMENT WITH THREE LEVERS AND THREE LINKS.— Levers A, E, and / are connected by links G and L to frame O. Lever A, pivoted to frame O at B, is connected to link Q at C. Link Q, con- nected to lever A at C, is con- nected to lever E at D. Lever E, connected to link Q at D, is pivoted to frame O at / and connected to link G at F. Link G, connected to lever E at F, is connected to link L at H. Lever J, pivoted to frame O at /, is connected to link L at i^ and has a spring 5' on its opposite end. Link L, connected to link G at H, and lever / at K, is connected to frame N at M. Frame N, con- nected to lever L at M, carries extensions P, P, P, which carry contacts. W is the wall upon which is held the frame 0. INDEX. Accumulator, hydraulic 153 Acetylene burners 393 Acetylene generators 892, 393 Air blast for moving coal 312 Air brake 178 Air compressing cylinders 174 Air compressor governor 175 Air compressors 170-174 Air cooling tower 116 Air dump, automatic 312 Air lift, compound Pohle 187 Air power appliances 165-185 Air pump 115, 175, 176 Airship 226 Alternating current transformer .... 204 Amperemeter 203 Anchor bolt 361 Anchor ferry 151 Anchor screw 213 Anemometer 56 Aneroid barometer 165 Angular couplings 276-278, 317-319 Arastras, ore mill 305 Aspirator, vacuum 162 Atomizer, gasoline 128, 129, 161 Auger, sand 160 Automatic air dump 312 Automatic flush tank 161 Autiomobile boiler 101 Automobile horn 228 Axles, free-running 311 Ball bearings 314, 315, 383 Ball joints 157, 158, 337 Ball nozzle 161 Barometer, aneroid 165 Barometer, self-registering 369 Bearing, step 315-317 Bearing thrust 217 Bell, bicycle signal 251 Bellows 168 Belt holder 324 Belt lacing 32, 33 Belt shipper 55 Belt transmission 34-37 Belt twist 33, 34 Belting 32-37 Belts, cone 34, 35 Bicycle gear 223-225 Bicycle lamps 225 Bicycle signal bell 251 Bicycles, ice 223 Blacksmith's helper 330 Blowers, fan 168, 299, 300 Blowers, rotary 169 Blowpipes, gasoline and air... 184, 185 Boat-landing steps 213 Bobbin winders 344, 345 Boiler, automobile 101 Boiler cleaner Ill Boiler feed water heater Ill Boiler, the Sterling 102 Boiler, the Worthington water-tube. 102 Boiler tube expanders 326 Boilers 57-63 Bolt, expansion or anchor 361 Box kite 165 Brake, Prony 47 Brake straps 301 Brakes, railway 383, 384, 386 Breakers, coal and rock 304 Bridge, concrete 361 Bridge, Melan 360 Bridge, rolling lift 361 Bridge, steel concrete 360 Bridge, suspension 359, 360 Bridge trusses 356-359 Buckets and skip 302 Bucket dredge 309 Buoy, floating light 213 Burner, petroleum 66-100 By-pass, cock or valve 335 C Cable grips 385, 386 Cable hoists 354 Calipers 336 Caloric engine 130 Cam motion 259, 260, 267-271 Cantilever 355, 359 Capstan windlass 29 Car, sweeping 386 Car trucks 384, 385 Carburetter 124 Carriages, horseless 220-223 Cars, dumping 304, 352, 353 Carving machine 377 Centrifugal pump, four-stage 164 Centrifugal separator 333 Chain stop 212 Changeable motion gear 251 403 404 INDEX. Chinese shaft derrick 25 Chinese wheel 22 Chinese windlass 25 Chuck, universal 327 Clamp, wood-bending 325 Clamps 325 Clock escapements 283-288 Clock pendulum, electro-magnetic . . 295 Cloth dresser . 345 Clutches, friction 320-323 Coal crushers 304 Coal cutters 299 Coal-cutting machines 299 Coal-loading towers 301 Coil, jump spark 129 Collapsing taps and dies 326, 327 Compensating pendulums 283-294 Compound Pohle air lift 187 Compressed air 170-185 Compressed air hammers 181 Compressed air tools 182-184 Compressors 170-176 Concrete bridge 360-361 Concrete mixer 349 Condenser ejector 109, 110 Condenser vacuum jet 145 Cone pulleys 34, 35 Conical roller thrust bearing 347 Connecting rods and ends 125-127 Construction 349-360 Conveyers 302, 303, 354 Cooling device 163 Cotton gin 346 Cotton press 343 Counters 53, 54 Couplings, angle 317-319 Cranes 378-380 Cranes, traveling 338, 339, 354 Crank equalizing angle 175, 176 Crank motions 267, 268 Crank pin lubrication 90 Crank trammel 89 Crank transmission 40 Cross-head, slotted 89 Crossing gate, railroad 226 Crude petroleum burner 100 Curious padlock 282 Current meter 164 Curve delineators 364-368 D Derrick, traveling 346 Derricks 353, 354 Details of the St. John's steam me- | ter 55 Diamond drills 297, 298 , Differential gear 222 Disintegrator 310 , Dotting instrument 370 Draughting devices 363-367 Drawing board, reflecting 369 Dredge buckets 309 Dredges 309, 310 Drills, multiple 329, 330 Drills, portable 329, 336 Drills, rock 297, 298 Drop hammer 331 Dry-docks 214 Dumping cars 304, 352, 353 Dynamometers 47-49 Dynamos 189-192 B Eccentrics 78, 219 Edwards air pump 115 Eidograph 368 Ejectors 148, 350 Electric balance wheel clock 294 Electric brake 194, 201 Electric carriages 221, 222 Electric cut-out 193 Electric drill 200 Electric-driven fan 202 Electric escapement 203 Electric fans 202 Electric fan, solenoid 204 Electric furnaces 199 Electric gas lighter 196, 197 Electric generators 189-192 Electric heater 198 Electric igniters 195 Electric ignition plug 129 Electric light 197, 198 Electric machine .' 195 Electric pen 201 Electric power and construction. 189-202 Electric rheostat 193 Electric rock drill 201 Electric telephone 196 Electric thermostat 195 Electric time clock transmission... 295 Electric tricycle 223 Electric trolley cars 193, 194 Electric winding device 296 Electric welding 200 Electro-magnetic clock pendulum . . . 295 Electro-magnetic ratchet driver. . . . 204 Elevators 301, 302, 338, 377-379 Elevator, pneumatic grain 252 Ellipsographic turntable 367 Ellipsographs 365, 366, 367-370 Elliptical crank motion 273, 275 Emergency brake, pneumatic 203 Engines, gas. 117, 120 Engine, hydraulic irrigation 163 Engine piston rotary 94, 95 INDEX. 405 Engine, rotary 90-100 Engine, steam 67-100 Engine, turbine 99, 100 Engine, vibrating 96-98 Equalizing thrust 45 Equated sun dial 293 Escapement, electric 203 Escapement, power 271 Escapements 284, 291 Exhaust condenser 108, 109 Exhaust heads 114 Expansion or anchor bolt 361 Explosive motors, valve gear for. . 128 P Fans 300 Fan, electric-driven 202 Feed gear 334 Feeding pulverized or dust fuel to furnaces 101 Ferguson's paradox 250 Ferris wheel 280 Filtering cisterns 155 Filters Ill, 154-157 Firearms 394-396 Fire extinguishers 179, 180 Flexible coupling 192 Flexible metallic hose 116 Flexible metallic tubing 116 Flexible pipe joints 157, 158 Flexible tube 373 Flying machine 252 Fountain, Hero 162 Four-cylinder gasoline motor 130 Four-speed change gear 280 Four-stage centrifugal pump 164 Free-running axles 311 Friction brake 383, 384 Friction clutches .320-323 Frictien gear 37-39 Friction machine 49 Furnaces, electric 199 Furnace, gas crucible 188 Furnace, underfed 65, 375 G Gambrel joint linkage 45 Garbage furnace 311 Gas engine carburetter 124 Gas engine lubricators 125 Gas engine motor car 121 Cas engine piston rods 125 Gas engine valve gear 121-124 Gas engines 117-120, 221 Gas furnace and burner 391 Gas holders 389 Gas meters 389, 390 Gas regulators ■. 390, 391 Gas valves 388, 389 Gasoline atomizer 128, 129 Gasoline mantle lamp 392 Gasoline motor 130-221 Gasoline motor carriage 221 Gate, railroad crossing 226 Gates ore crusher 310 Gauge, pressure 50, 51 Gauge, wind 187 Gear, changeable motion 251 Gearing, 40-43, 229-250 Gearing, ball 238 Gearing, bevel 42 Gearing, change motion 245 Gearing, crown 42 Gearing, diflEerential 238-241, 246 Gearing, eccentric 248, 249 Gearing, elastic 41 Gearing, elliptic 43 Gearing, epicyclic 247, 249 Gearing, equalizing 246 Gearing, feed 334 Gearing, Ferguson's paradox 250 Gearing, friction 37, 39 Gearing, Humpage 239 Gearing, intermittent 243, 244 Gearing, internal spur 42 Gearing, mangle 232, 233 Gearing, mutilated 43 Gearing, oblique 48 Gearing, oblique tooth 41 Gearing, planetary motion 248-250 Gearing, rack 229-232, 278 Gearing, release 235 Gearing, reversing 334 Gearing, skew 43 Gearing, spiral 42, 238 Gearing, split 41 Gearing, star wheel 41 Gearing, step 40 Gearing, stop 242, 243 Gearing, trains 43, 334 Gearing, variable motion. .236, 237, 242 Gearing, V-tooth 41 Gearing, worm 233, 235 Giant, hydraulic 306 Gold-mining machines 306 Governors 83-88 Governor, air compressor 175 Governor, fly-wheel 88, 89 Governor, marine 217 Grates, shaking 63, 64. Grinding machines 342, 343, 353 Guns 394» 396 Gyroscope 27S 4o6 INDEX. H K Hammel crude oil burner 100 Hammers 181, 330, 331 Hammers, helve 330, 331 Hand power rock drill 311 Hangers, shaft 313, 314 Hay press 377 Heaters, electric 198 Heaters, feed-water Ill Head, hydraulic sprinkler 163 Heddle cam 280 Helping crank over center 46 Hitches and knots 210-212 Hoist, link chain 251 Hoists 300, 301, 339 Hook, releasing 212 Horn, automobile 228 Horological 282-293 Horseless carriages 220-223 Horse-powers 371, 372 Hose, flexible metallic 116 Hydraulic air compressors 170-172 Hydraulic intensifier 153 Hydraulic jack 383 Hydraulic lifts and elevators. . .154, 162 Hydraulic power and devices. . . .131-162 Hydraulic presses 152, 153 Hydraulic ram. 149, 150 Hydraulic tools 153 Hydraulic transmission 147 Hydraulic irrigation engine 163 Hydraulic pile driver 362 Hydraulic sprinkler head 163 Hydro-extractor 279 iceboat 210 Idler pulleys 35, 37 Ignition plug, electric 129 Inclined plane 21, 28 Indicators, speed 52 Incubator 391 Injectors 103-108 Intermittent rotary motion, 254-257, 263, 264 Intermittent transmission 46 Irrigation engine, hy'draulie 163 Jacks 383 Jet nozzle 161, 162 Joints, expansion 113 Joints, flexible 113 Jump spark coil .,,....,, 129 j Kite, box 165 Knitting machines 345, 346 Knots and hitches 210-212 Lamp, safety 300 Level, road builder's 218 Lever action 27 Lever and its oflBlce 28 Lever and its power 19, 20 Lever and ratchet 27 Lever, compound 20 Lever movement 27 Lever, paradox 19 Lever, revolving 21 Lever, rope twist 25 Lever safety trip 26 Lever sector 27 Lewis wedge 353 Lift bridge 361 Lighthouse, floating 213 Lightning arrester, non-arcing 202 Link chain hoist 251 Links, connecting 127 Link transmission 44 Locomotive cylinders 102 Locomotive types 387, 388 Log-sawing machine 362 Looms, take-up and let-off motion . . 348 Lubricators 125, 335 M Magnetic ore separators 307, 308 Machine, log-sawing 362 Machine, spool-winding 347 Machine, street-cleaning 228 Measurement of powers 47-54 Measurer, tire. 54 Mechanical flyer 188 Mechanical powers 17-26 Mechanical stokers 64-66, 101 Melan bridge 360 Meters, water 50, 151, 160 Milk-cooling device 163 Mill and factory appliances 346 Mills, grinding 342-344 Mills, mixing 349, 377 Mills, pug 349 Mining appliances 297-310 Miscellaneous devices 370-396 Modern cotton gin 346 Motion and its devices 279 Motion cam, 259, 260, 268-274 Motion elliptical crank 273, 275 INDEX. 407 Motion ratchet circular 254-258 Motion reciprocating 259-261 Motion retilinear 277 Motion stops 258, 259 Motive power 117-127 Motors cars 121 Motor, four-cylinder gasoline 130 Motor, weight 25 Multiple drilling machines ....329, 330 Multiple-speed gear 251 N Navigation and roads 205-225 Non-arcing lightning arrester 202 Novel steering gear 227 Oarlock, swinging 213 Odontograph 368 Oil burner, the Hammel crude 100 Oil-burning melting furnace 188 Omni-telemeter 368 Ore crusher, gates model 310 Ore mills 305 Ore roaster 308 Ore separators 307, 308 Paddle wheels, feathering 214 Padlock, curious 282 Pantographs 366 Parallel plyers 44 Paradox, Ferguson's 250 Paradox, lever 19 Parallel motion 51, 79-82, 143 Pendulum, compensating 294 Pendulum, electro-magnetic clock.. 295 Pendulums 283 Petroleum burner 60 Petroleum furnace 100 Pile driving 351, 352 Pile driver, hydraulic 362 Pipe joints 157, 158 Planimeter 51 Planer 343 Pneumatic cleaning 179 Pneumatic emergency brake 203 Pneumatic grain elevator 252 Pneumatic locomotive 178 Pneumatic paint sprayer 179 Pneumatic railway signal 227 Pneumatic tools 180-1 "^4 Positive shuttle motion 282 Power from wave motion 281 Power measurement 47-54 Prairie windmill 188 Press, coal dust 306 Presses 325, 328, 343, 344, 377 Pressure gauges 50, 51 Pressure reducing valves.. 110, 151, 152 Printing machine 381, 382 Prony brake 47 Propellers 215, 216 Pulley, reversing 280 Pulleys as levers 21 Pulleys, friction 37-39 Pulleys, grooved 30 Pulleys, speed 36, 37 Pulsometer steam pump 115 Pump, centrifugal 144 Pump, condenser 1 09 Pump, connections 140 Pump, four-stage centrifugal 164 Pump, rotary 144-147 Pump, screw 144 Pump, steam 108, 139, 140 Pump valve gear 108, 109 Pump, valves 158, 159 Pumping engine 139 Pumps, lift and force 140-143 Punching presses 332 R Railroad crossing gate 226 Railroad gate 226 Railway pneumatic signal 227 Railway water lift 396 Ram, hydraulic 149, 150 Ratchet and lover 27 Ratchet bars 253 Ratchet, circular motions 254-258 Ratchet driver, electro-magnetic. . . . 204 Ratchets 253-258, 382 Reciprocating motion .259-263, 265, 266 Recording watt-hour meter 203 Reducing valves 110, 151 Reflecting drawing board 369 Registering dynamometer 46 Resolution of forces 17-19 Resolution of suspension 17, 18 Resolution of thrust 18, 19 Reverse motion, drive 46 Reversing pulley 280 Reversing lever 44 Rifles 394-390 Right-angle shaft transmission .... 348 } Rivetting machines 332 Road-builders' level 218 Road machine 219 Road roller, eccentric 219 Road rollers 219 Rock drill, hand power 311 4o8 INDEX. Rock drill valve motion 298, 299 Rolling lift bridge 361 Rolls, tube .340-342 Roof trusses 356 Rope drive for mine haulage 312 Rope ends, hook and clip , 26 Rope transmission 29-31 Rumbling mill 333 S Safety catch 258, 259 Safety lamp 300 Safety valves 66, 67 Sails and vessels 205-210 Sand box 384 Sand ejector 350 Saws, band 328 Saws, rail 383 Saws, wabble 327 Scales, weighing and measuring. . .52-53 Screw power 22 Screw movement 335 Screw propellers 215, 216 Screw threads 337, 338, 373 Section liners 368 Self-registering barometers 369 Self-registering tide gauge 227 Separator 333 Sewing machines 380, 381 Sewing machine hook 282 Shaft ball bearings 314, 315 Shaft couplings 277, 278, 317-319 Shaft hangers 313, 314 Shaft transmission, right-angle 348 Shears .327, 328 Sheep shears 372 Ship's steering gear 227 Shuttle motion, positive 282 Signal, railway pneumatic 227 Siphons 147, 148 Slip hooks 351 Solenoid electric fan 204 Sounding balls 217, 218 Spanish windlass 26 Speed-changing pulley 45 Speed indicator 52 Speed pulleys 36, 37 Spiral motion 268 Spirograph 370 Spool-winding machine 347 Spring motor 381 Springs 279 Spring trace 220 Spring wheel 228 Sprinkler, automatic 149 Sprinkler head, hydraulic 163 Sprocket and chain 40 Btake puller 127 Stamp mills 305, 330 Static force 17 Steam air compressors 171, 174 Steam appliances 103-114 Steam fire engine 221 Steam pumps 108, 139, 140 Steam pump, the pulsometer 115 Steam power 57-100 Steam separators Ill Steam soot sucker 115 Steam traps 112, 113 Steam tricycle 220 Steam universal joint 335 Steam vulcanizer 347, 348 Steam engines 67-100 Steam link motion 74-78 Steam engines, piston rotary ... .94, 95 Steam rotary 90-100 Steam turbine 99, 100 Steam valve gear 71-78 Steam vibrating 96-98 Steel-arched concrete bridge 360 Steering gear 29 Steering gear for ship 227 Steering gear, novel 227 Step bearings 315 Step gear 40 Sterling boiler 102 St. John's steam meter 55 Stirring machines 349, 377 Stokers, mechanical 64-66 Stop motion 258, 259 Street-cleaning machine 228 Straight line linkage 28 Straight line movements 397, 400 Stump puller 350 Submarine lamp 218 Sun and planet motion 248 Sun dial 373 Sun dial equated 283 Sun dial, universal 296 Swing treadle 332 T Tackle blocks 22-25, 340, 341 Take-up and let-off motion for looms 348 Tension carriage 31 Tension machine 50 Testing cement 350 Three-horse whiflfletrees 56 The Roney mechanical stoker 101 Thrust bearing 217 Tide gauge, self-registering 227 Timber splicing 335, 356 Tire shrinker 331, 332 Tongs, grip 351, 352 Tool, centering 335 Towers, unloading 301 Tracing bar 369 INDEX. 409 Trace springs 220 Tramways 303, 339 Transformer, alternating current. . 204 Transmission by bell crank 45 Transmission, circular motion 44 Transmission, reciprocating 44 Trap, return 112 Trap, steam 112, 113 Traveling derrick 346 Treadles 332 Tread mills 371 Tricycles 222, 223 Trip hammers 330, 331 Trip hooks 351 Trucks, car 384, 385 Trusses 356-359 Tube rolling 341, 342 Tubing, flexible metallic 116 Turbines 135-137 Turntables 386, 387 Two-revolutions for one stroke.... 45 Typewriting 302 U Universal couplings 318, 319 Universal joints 277-335 Universal sun dial 296 Upsetting tires 331, 332 Vacuum pump 162 Valves, check 114 Valves, double beat 158, 159 Valves, gas 388, 389 Valve gear for explosive motors. . . . 128 Valves, globe 114 Valves, reducing 110 Valves, relief 1 14 Valve gear, gas engine 121-124 I Valve gear, steam engine 71-78 Variable crank throw 275, 276 Variable speed devices 323, 324 Vauclain's compound locomotive cylinders 102 Velocity registers 151 Ventilators 185, 299, 300 Ventilator or cowl for a chimney top 187 Vernier calipers 336 Vessels, raising, by compressed air. . 177 W Watch escapements 289-292 Watch stops 292 Water lift, compressed air 177 Water lift, railway 396 Water ejectors 148 Water meters 150, 151 Water power 138, 139 Water pressure reducers 151, 152 Water-tube boiler, the Worthington 102 Water-wheels 131-135 Water-wheel governors 137, 138 Water-wheel impact 138 Wave motion, power from 281 Wedge 22 Weight motor 25 Well boring 297 Well, driven 160 Well pump, compressed air . . . .176, 177 Wheels, elastic 221 Wind gauge . . . . 187 Wind instruments 186 Windmills 165-167 Windmill, the prairie 188 Windlass, Spanish 26 Wire drawing and covering 376 Wood-bending clamps 325 I Worm gear 22-43 i Worthington water-tube boiler. ...... 102 $15 Draftsman's WorkingOutfit Including finest set of Imported German Silver Instruments. Regular complete working tools, the same kind and quality I use my- self. As Chief Draftsman I make this special grand offer to enable ambi- tious,bright men to become Draftsmen. There is always an urgent demand for practical trained Draftsmen at a salary of $125 to |175 per month. ^ItiA'f ¥\l*of 1*0111 on Will Instruct You Personally ■^IlIU 111 itllOlllCtll A most wonderful opportunity ^^ ^i*^^^ M^ w^m^^mmmmmm^^mi^ fof a limited aud selected num- ber of ambtious men! For over twenty years I have been Chief Draftsman of a large and well-known com- pany. The demand for practical, trained Draftsmen is growing— higher salaries are being paid right along. Never before have we felt the need as we do today for men who really know practical drafting — the way I am training my students. I can accommodate a few more men in my spare time. If you write me at once I will send you my book, "Successful Draftsmanship,"with full particulars— all free. I Guarantee To instruct you until Competent and placed in a position at a regu- lar salary paying from $125.00 to $175.00 per month and furnish you free $15.00 Working Outfit at once. More Men Needed! m^i^rj^^^^i *'*'^^* ^^ AW^^i^*» A^^^^i^^m^i^^A • j)Q^,j. bother about expense. The working outfit I will give you free if you get in at once. And I charge you just a nominal price for teaching you to become an experienced draftsman. My object is to develop ex- perienced draftsmen. Write at once for my book on drafting — free. Earn Big Money at Once While Learninfif At Home ^^^' ™y friend, you *^^«*»*"**& '^•' MMVlllC can make big money at home from the start— as much as $5 to $10 per day. Address: Chief Draftsman ^tT'''^^^^:SS: ■-- -^--^ — ^—^ — "^ CATALOGUE of the latest Practical, Scientific, Technical and Automobile Books PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR PRAaiCAL MEN Each Book in this Catalogue is written by an Elxpert and is written so you can understand it PUBLISHED BY The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 132 Nassau Street, New York, U. S. A. Established 1890 91^^ Any Book in this Catalogue sent prepaid on receipt of price. 1 ^^^_^__^^^^ INDEX PAGE air Brakes 20, 23 Arithmetic 13, 24, 31 Automobile Books 3, 4, 5 Automobile Charts 5, 6 Automobile Ignition Systems 5 Automobile Lighting 5 Automobile Questions and Answers 4 Automobile Repairing 4 Automobile Starting Systems 5 Automobile Trouble Charts 5 Bevel Gear 18 Boiler Room Chart 8 Brazing 6 Cams 18 Carbm-etion Trouble Chart 6 Change Gear 18 Charts 5, 7 Coal 21 Combustion 21 Compressed Air 8 Concrete 9 Concrete for Farm Use 10 Concrete for Shop Use 10 Cosmetics 26 Cyclecars 5 Dictionary 11 Dies 11, 12 Drawing 12 Drawing for Plumbers 27 Drop Forging 12 Dynamo Building 13 Electric Switchboards 13, 15 Electric Toy Making 14 Electric Wiring 13, 14, 16 Electricity 13, 14, 15, 16 E-T Air Brake 23 Factory Management 16 Ford Automobile 3 Ford Trouble Chart 6 Formulas and Recipes 28 Fuel 16 Gas Construction 18 Gas Engines 17, 18 Gas Tractor 33 Gearing and Cams 18, 19 Heating 31 Horse Power Chart 8 Hot Water Heatmg 31, 32 House Wiring 14, 16 Hydraulics 19 Ignition Systems 5 Ignition Trouble Chart 5 India Rubber 29 Interchangeable Manufacturing 23 Inventions 19 Knots 19 Lathe Work 20 Link Motions 21 PAGE Liquid Air 20 Locomotive Boilers 21 Locomotive Breakdowns 22 Locomotive Engineering 20, 21, 22, 23 Machinist Books 23, 24, 25 Manual Training 25 Marine Engineering 26 Marine Gasoline Engines 18 Mechanical Drawing 12 Mechanical Movements 24 Metal Work 11, 12 Motorcycles 5, 6 Patents 19 Pattern Making 26 Perfmnery 26 Perspective 12 Plumbing 27, 28 Punches ... 12 Producer Gas 18 Questions and Answers on Automobile .... 4 Questions on Heating 32 Railroad Accidents 22 Railroad Charts 8 Recipe Book 28 Repairing Automobiles 4 Rope Work 19 Rubber 29 Rubber Stamps 29 Saw Filing 30 Saws, Management of 30 Sheet Metal Works 11, 12 Shop Construction 24 Shop Management 24 Shop Practice 25 Shop Tools 25 Sketching Paper 12 Soldering 6 Splices and Rope Work 19 Steam Engineering 30, 31 Steam Heating 31, 32 Steel 32 Submarine Chart 8 Switch Boards 13, 15 Tapers 20 Telegraphy, Wireless 16 Telephone 16 Thread Cuttmg 25 Tool Makmg 23 Toy Making 14 Train Rules 22 Tractive Power Chart 8 Tractor, Gas 33 Vacuum Heating 32 Valve Setting 21 Ventilation 31 Waterproofing 11 Wireless Telegraphy 16 Wiring 13, 14 Wiring Diagrams 13 Any of these books promptly sent prepaid to any address in the world on receipt of price. How to remit. — By Postal Money Order, Express Money Order, Bank Draft or Registered Letter. CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS AUTOMOBILES AND MOTORCYCLES THE MODERK GASOLINE AUTOMOBILE— ITS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. The latest and most complete treatise on the Gasoline Automobile ever Issued. Written in simple language by a recognized authority, familiar with every branch of the auto- mobile industry. Free from technical terms. Everything is explained so simply that anyone of average intelligence may gain a comprehensive knowledge of the gasoline automobile. The information is up-to-date and includes, in addition to an exposition of principles of construction and description of all types of automobiles and their components, valuable money-saving hints on the care and operation of motor- cars propelled by internal combustion engines. Among some of the subjects treated might be mentioned: Torpedo and other symmetrical body forms designed to reduce air resistance; sleeve valve, rotary valve and other types of silent motors; increasing tendency to favor worm-gear power -transmission; universal application of magneto ignition; development of automobile electric-lighting systems; block motors; under- slung chassis; appUcation of practical self-starters; long stroke and offset cylinder motors; latest automatic lubrication systems; silent chains for valve operation and change-speed gearing; the use of front wheel brakes and many other detail refinements. By a careful study of the pages of this book one can gain practical knowledge of auto- mobile construction that will save time, money and worry. The book tells you just what to do, how and when to do it. Nothing has been omitted, no detail has been slighted. Every part of the automobile, its equipment, accessories, tools, supplies, spare parts necessary, etc., have been discussed comprehensively. If you are or intend to become a motorist, or are in any way interested in the modern Gasoline Automobile, this is a book you cannot afford to be without. Over 850 6x9 pages — and more than 600 new and specially made detail illustrations, as well as many full- page and double-page plates, showing all parts of the automobile. Including 12 large folding plates. Price $2.50 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "It is the best book on the Automobile seen up to date." — J. H. Pile, Associate Editor Automobile Trade Journal. "Every Automobile Owner has use for a book of this character." — The Tradesman. "This book is superior to any treatise heretofore pubhshed on the subject." — The ^ Inventive Age. " We know of no other volume that is so complete in all its departments, and in which the wide field of automobile construction with its mechanical intricacies is so plainly handled, both in the text and in the matter of illustrations." — The Motorist. "The book i:-. very thorough, a careful examination failing to disclose any point in connection with the automobile, its care and repair, to have been overlooked." — Iron Age. "Mr. Page has done a great work, and benefit to the Automobile Field." — W. C. Hasford, Mgr. Y. M. C. A. Automobile School, Boston, Mass. "It is just the kind of a book a motorist needs if he wants to understand his car." — American Thresherman. THE MODEL T FORD CAR, ITS CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. This is a complete instruction book. All parts of the Ford Model T Car are described and illustrated; the construction is fully described and operating principles made clear to everyone. Every Ford owner needs this practical book. You don't have to guess about the construction or where the trouble is. as it shows how to take aU par ♦^s apart and how to locate and fix all faults. The writer, Mr. Page, has operated a Ford car for four years and writes from actual knowledge. Among the contents are: 1. The Ford Car. Its Parts and Their Functions. 2. The Engine and Auxiliary Groups. How the Engine Works — The Fuel Supply System — The Carburetor — Making the Ignition Spark — Cooling and Lubrication. 3. Details of Chassis. Change Speed Gear — Power Transmission — Differential Gear Action — Steering Gear — Front Axle — Frame and Springs — Brakes. 4. How to Drive and Care for the Ford. The Control System Explained — Starting the Motor — Driving the Car — Locating Roadside Troubles — Tire Repairs — Oiling the Chassis — Winter Care of Car. 5. Sys- tematic Location of Troubles and Remedies. Faults in Engine — Faults in Carburetor — Ignition Troubles — Cooling and Lubrication System Defects — Adjustment of Transmission Gear — General Chassis Repairs. 95 illustrations. 300 pages. Two large folding plates. Price $1.00 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING MADE EASY. By Victor W. Page, M.E. A comprehensive, practical exposition of every phase of modem automobile repairing practice. Outlines every process incidental to motor car restoration. Gives plans for workshop construction, suggestions for equipment, power needed, machinery and tools necessary to carry on the business successfully. TeUs how to overhaul and repair all parts of aU automobiles. Everything is explained so simply that motorists and students can acquire a full working knowledge of automobile repairing. This work starts with the engine, then considers carburetion, ignition, coohng and lubrication systems. The clutch, change speed gearing and transmission system are considered in detail. Contains instructions for repairing all types of axles, steering gears and other chassis parts. Many tables, short cuts in figuring and rules of practice are given for the mechanic. Explains fully valve and magneto timing, "tuning" engines, systematic location of trouble, repair of ball and roller bearings, shop kinks, first aid to injured and a multi- tude of subjects of interest to all in the garage and repair business. This book contains special instructions on electric starting, lighting and ignition systems, tire repairing and rebuilding, autogenous welding, brazing and soldering, heat treatment of steel, latest timing practice, eight and twelve-cylinder motors, etc. 5^x8. Cloth. 1056 pages, 1,000 illustrations, 11 folding plates. Price $3.00 WHAT IS SAID OP THIS BOOK: " 'Automobile Repairing Made Easy' is the best book on the subject I have ever seen and the only book I ever saw that is of any value in a garage." — Fred Jeffrey, Martins- burg, Neb. "I wish to thank you for sending me a copy of 'Automobile Repairing Made Easy.' I do not think it could be excelled." — S. W. Gisriel, Director of Instruction, Y. M. C. A,, Philadelphia, Pa. (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO MODERN AUTOMOBILE CON- STRUCTION, DRIVING AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. A practical self-instructor for students, mechamcs and motorists, consisting of thirty- six lessons in the form of questions and answers, written with special reference to the requirements of the non-technical reader desiring easily understood, explanatory matter relating to all branches of automobiling. The subject-matter is absolutely correct and explained in simple language. If you can't answer all of the following questions, you need this work. The answers to these and nearly 2000 more are to be found in its pages. Give the name of aU important parts of an automobile and describe their functions? Describe action of latest types of kerosene carburetors? What is the difference between a "double" ignition system and a "dual" ignition system? Name parts of an induction coil? How are valves timed? What is an electric motor starter and how does it work? What are advantages of worm drive gearing? Name all important types of ball and roller bearings? What is a "three- quarter" floating axle? What is a two-speed axle? What is the Vulcan electric gear shift? Name the causes of lost power in automobiles? Describe all noises due to deranged mechanism and give causes? How can you adjust a carbm-etor by the color of the exhaust gases? What causes "popping" in the carburetor? What tools and supphes are needed to equip a car? How do you drive various makes of cars? What is a differential lock and where is it used? Name different systems of wire wheel construction, etc., etc.? A popular work at a popular price. 5Mx73^. Cloth. 650 pages, 350 illustrations, 3 folding plates. Price $1.50 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "If you own a car — get this book." — The Glassworker. "Mr. Page has the faculty of making diflQcult subjects plain and understandable." — Bristol Press. "We can name no writer better qualified to prepare a book of instruction on auto- mobiles than Mr. Victor W. Page." — Scientific American. "The best automobile catechism that has appeared." — Automobile Topics. " There are few men, even with long experience, who will not find this book useful. Great pains have been taken to make it accurate. Special recommendation must be given to the illustrations, which have been made speciaUy for the work. Such ex- cellent books as this greatly assist in fully imderstanding yom* automobile." — En- gineering News. CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS Just Published — A New Book on Automobile Electricity. MODERN STARTING, LIGHTING AND IGNITION SYSTEMS. By Victor W. Page, M.E. This practical volume has been written with special reference to the requirements of the non-technical reader desiring easily understood, explanatory matter, relating to all types of automobile ignition, starting and lighting systems. It can be understood by anyone, even without electrical knowledge, because elementary electrical principles are considered before any attempt is made to discuss features of the various systems. These basic principles are clearly stated and illustrated with simple diagrams. All the leading systems of starting, lighting and ignition have been described and illustrated with the co-operation of the experts employed by the manufacturers. Wiring diagrams are shown in both technical and non-technical forms. All s>Tnbols are fuDy explained. It is a comprehensive review of modern starting and ignition system practice, and includes a complete exposition of storage battery construction, care and repair. All types of starting motors, generators, magnetos, and all ignition or lighting system units are fully explained. The systems of cars already in use as well as those that are to come in 1916 are considered. Every person in the automobile business needs this volume. 5^x73^. Cloth. 530 pages, 297 illustrations, 3 foldiag plates. Price . . $1.50 MOTORCYCLES, SIDE CARS AND CYCLECARS, THEIR CONSTRUCTION, MANAGEMENT AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. The only complete work pubUshed for the motorcychst and cyclecarist. Describes fully all leading types of machines, their design, construction, maintenance, operation and repair. This treatise outUnes fully the operation of two- and four-cycle power plants and all ignition, carbiiretion and lubrication systems in detail. Describes all representative types of free engine clutches, variable speed gears and power trans- mission systems. Gives complete instructions for operating and repairing all types. Considers fully electric self-starting and lighting systems, aU types of spring frames and springs forks and shows leading control methods. For those desiring technical information a complete series of tables and many formulae to assist in designing are Included. The work tells how to figure power needed to cUmb grades, overcome air resistance and attain high speeds. It shows how to select gear ratios for various weights and powers, how to figure braking eflBciency required, gives sizes of belts and ^ chains to transmit power safely, and shows how to design sprockets, belt pulleys, etc. This work also includes complete formulae for figuring horse-power, shows how dyna- mometer tests are made, defines relative efficiency of air- and water-cooled engines, plain and anti-friction bearings and many other data of a practical, helpful, engineering nature. Remember that you get this information in addition to the practical de- scription and instructions which alone are worth several times the price of the book. 550 pages. 350 specially made illustrations, 5 folding plates. Cloth. Price . $1.50 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: " Here is a book that should be in the cycle repairer's kit." — American Blacksmith. " The best way for any rider to thoroughly understand his machine, is to get a copy of this book; it is worth many times its price." — Pacific Motorcyclist. AUTOMOBILE AND MOTORCYCLE CHARTS CHART. GASOLINE ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY— A CHART SHOW- ING SECTIONAL VIEW OF GASOLINE ENGINE. Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. It shows clearly all parts of a tj^pical four-cylinder gasohne engine of the four-cycle type. It outlines distinctly all parts liable to give trouble and also details the de- rangements apt to interfere with smooth engine operation. Valuable to students, motorists, mechanics, repairmen, garagemen, automobile sales- men, chauffeurs, motorboat owners, motor-truck and tractor drivers, aviators, motor- cycUsts, and all others who have to do with gasohne power plants. It simpUftes location of aU engine troubles, and while it will prove invaluable to the no\ice, it can be used to advantage by the more expert. It should be on the waUs of every pubhc and private garage, automobile repair shop, club house or school. It can be carried in the automobile or pocket with ease, and will insure against loss of time when engine trouble manifests itself. This sectional view of engine is a complete review of all motor troubles. It is prepared by a practical motorist for all who motor. Aliore information for the money than ever before offer^» No details omitted. Size 25x38 inches. Securely mailed on receipt of . . - 26 cents CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CHART. LOCATION OF FORD ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY. Com- piled by Victor W. Page, M.E. This shows clear sectional views depicting aU portions of the Ford power plant and auxiliary groups. It outlines clearly all parts of the engine, fuel supply system, igni- tion group and coohng system, that are apt to give trouble, detailing all derangements that are liable to make an engine lose power, start hard or work irregiilarly. This chart is valuable to students, owners, and drivers as it simphfles location of all engine faults. Of great advantage as an instructor for the novice, it can be used equally well by the more expert as a work of reference and review. It can be carried in the tool- box or pocket with ease and will save its cost in labor eliminated the first time engine trouble manifests itself. Prepared with special reference to the average man's needs and is a practical review of all motor troubles because it is based on the actual ex- perience of an automobile engineer-mechanic with the mechanism the chart describes. It enables the non-technical owner or operator of a Ford car to locate engine de- rangements by systematic search, guided by easily recognized symptoms' instead of by guesswork. It makes the average owner independent of the roadside repair shop when touring. Must be seen to be appreciated. Size 25x38 inches. Printed on heavy bond paper. Price 25 cents CHART. LUBRICATION OF THE MOTOR CAR CHASSIS. Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. This chart presents the plan view of a typical six-cylinder chassis of standard design and all parts are clearly indicated that demand oil, also the frequency with which they must be lubricated and the kind of oil to use. A practical chart for all interested in motor-car maintenance. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents CHART. LOCATION OF CARBURETION TROUBLES MADE EASY. Com- piled by Victor W. Page, M.E. This chart shows all parts of a typical pressure feed fuel supply system and gives causes of trouble, how to locate defects and means of remedying them. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents CHART. LOCATION OF IGNITION SYSTEM TROUBLES MADE EASY. Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. In this diagram all parts of a typical double ignition system using battery and magneto current are shown, and suggestions are given for readily finding ignition troubles and eliminating them when foimd. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents CHART. LOCATION OF COOLING AND LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAULTS. Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. This composite diagram shows a typical automobile power plant using pump circulated water-cooling system and the most popular lubrication method. Gives suggestions for curing all overheating and loss of power faults due to faulty action of the oiUng or coohng group. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents CHART. MOTORCYCLE TROUBLES MADE EASY. Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. A chart showing sectional view of a single-cyhnder gasoUne engine. This chart simphfles location of all power-plant troubles. A single-cylinder motor is shown for simplicity. It outlines distinctly all parts hable to give trouble and also details the derangements apt to interfere with smooth engine operation. This chart will prove of value to all who have to do with the operation, repair or sale of motorcycles. No details omitted. Size 30x20 inches. Price 25 cents BRAZING AND SOLDERING BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By James F. Hobart. The only book that shows you just how to handle any job of brazing or soldering that comes along: it tells you what mixture to use, how to make a furnace if you need one. Full of valuable kinks. The fifth edition of this book has just been pubhshed, and to it much new matter and a large number of tested formulae for all kinds of solders and fluxes have been added. Illustrated 25 cents 6 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CHARTS GASOLINE ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY— A CHART SHOWING SEC- TIONAL VIEW OF GASOLINE ENGINE. Compiled by Victor W. Page. It shows clearly all parts of a typical four-cylinder gasoline engine of the four-cycle type. It outlines distinctly aU parts Uable to give trouble and also details the de- rangements apt to interfere with smooth engine operation. Valuable to students, motorists, mechanics, repairmen, garagemen, automobile sales- men, chauffeurs, motor- boat oviTiers, motor- truck and tractor drivers, aviators, motor- cyclists, and all others who have to do with gasoline power plants. It simplifies location of all engine troubles, and while it will prove invaluable to the novice, it can be used to advantage by the more expert. It should be on the waUs of every pubhc and private garage, automobile repair shop, club house or school. It can be carried in the automobile or pocket with ease and will insure against loss of time when engine trouble manifests itself. This sectional view of engine is a complete review of all motor troubles. It is pre- pared by a practical motorist for aU who motor. No details omitted. Size 25x38 inches 25 cents LUBRICATION OF THE MOTOR CAR CHASSIS. This chart presents the plan view of a typical six-cyUnder chassis of standard design and all parts are clearly indicated that demand oil, also the frequency with which they must be lubricated and the kind of oil to use. A practical chart for all interested in motor-car maintenance. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents LOCATION OF CARBURETION TROUBLES MADE EASY. This chart shows all parts of a typical pressiire feed fuel supply system and gives causes of trouble, how to locate defects and means of remedying them. Size 24x38 inches. Price . 25 cents LOCATION OF IGNITION SYSTEM TROUBLES MADE EASY. In this chart aU parts of a typical double ignition system using battery and magneto / current are shown and suggestions are given for readily finding ignition troubles and ehmlnating them when found. Size 24x38 inches. Price 25 cents LOCATION OF COOLING AI^D LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAULTS. This composite chart shows a typical automobile power plant using pump circulated water-cooling system and the most popular lubrication method. Gives suggestions for curing all overheating and loss of power faults due to faulty action of the oihng or cooling group. Size 24x38 inches. Price . " 25 cents MOTORCYCLE TROUBLES MADE EASY— A CHART SHOWING SECTIONAL VIEW OF SINGLE - CYLINDER GASOLINE ENGINE. Compiled by Victor W. Page. This chart simphfles location of all power-plant troubles, and will prove invaluable to all who have to do with the operation, repair or sale of motorcycles. No details omitted. Size 25x38 inches. Price 25 cents LOCATION OF FORD ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY. CompUed by Victor W. Page, M.E. This shows clear sectional -vdews depicting all portions of the Ford power plant and auxiliary groups. It outhnes clearly all parts of the engine, fuel supply system, ignition group and cooUng system, that are apt to give trouble, detaiUng all derange- ments that are Uable to make an engine lose power, start hard or work irregularly. This chart is valuable to students, owners, and drivers, as it simpUfies location of all engine faults. Of great advantage as an instructor for the novice, it can be used equally weU by the more expert as a work of reference and review. It can be carried in the tool- box or pocket with ease and will save its cost in labor eliminated the first time engine trouble manifests itself. Prepared with special reference to the average man's needs and is a practical review of all motor troubles because it is based on the actual ex- perience of an automobile engineer-mechanic with the mechanism the chart describes. It enables the non-technical owner or operator of a Ford car to locate engine de- rangements by systematic search, guided by easily recognized symptoms instead of by guesswork. It makes the average owner independent of the roadside repair shop when touring. Must be seen to be appreciated. Size 25x38 inches. Printed on heavy bond paper. Price, 25 cent* CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS MODERN SUBMARINE CHART — WITH 200 PARTS NUMBERED AND NAMED. A cross-section view, showing clearly and distinctly all the interior of a Submarine of the latest type. You get more information from this chart, about the construction and operation of a Submarine, than in any other way. No details omitted — everything is accurate and to scale. It is absolutely correct in every detail, having been approved by Naval Engineers. All the machinery and devices fitted in a modern Submarine Boat are shown, and to make the engraving more readily understood, all the features are shown in operative form, with Officers and Men in the act of performing the duties assigned to them in service conditions. This CHART IS REALLY AN ENCYCLO- PEDIA OP A SUBMARINE 25 cents BOX CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a box'car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list 35 cents GONDOLA CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a gondola car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper reference name given in a reference list 25 cents PASSENGER-CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a passenger-car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference hst 25 cents STEEL HOPPER BOTTOM COAL CAR. A chart showing the anatomy of a steel Hopper Bottom Coal Car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference hst. ,. . . . 25 cents TRACTIVE POWER CHART. A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar puU of any locomotive without making a figure. Shows what cyhnders are equal, how driving wheels and steam pressure aflfect the power. What sized engine you need to exert a given drawbar puU or anything you desire in this line 50 cents HORSE-POWER CHART Shows the horse-power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the cylinder diameter of stroke, the steam pressure of cut-off, the revolutions, or whether condensing or non-condensing, it's aU there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowler. A chart — size 14x28 inches — showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms be- longing in a modem boiler room. The various parts are shown broken or removed, so that the internal construction is fully illustrated. Each part is given a reference number, and these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary printed at the sides. This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room — the names of more than 200 parts being given 25 cents COMPRESSED AIR COMPRESSED AIR IN ALL ITS APPLICATIONS. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is the most complete book on the subject of Air that has ever been issued, and its thirty-five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of. It may be caUed an encyclopedia of compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt with the subject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted. Includes the physical properties of air from a vacutun to its highest pressure, its thermodynamics, compression, transmission and iises as a motive power, in the Operation of Stationary and Portable Machinery, in Mining, Air Tools, Air Lifts, Pumping of Water, Acids, and Oils; the Air Blast for Cleaning and Painting, the Sand Blast and its "Work, and the Numerous Appliances in which Compressed Air is a Most Convenient and Economical Transmitter of Power for Mechanical Work, Railway Propulsion, Refrigeration, and the Various Uses to which Compressed Air has been apphed. Includes forty-four tables of the physical properties of air, its compression, expansion, and volumes required for various kinds of work, and a list of patents on compressed air from 1875 to date. Over 500 illustrations, 5th Edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth bound, $5.00. Half Morocco, price .... $6.50 8 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS CONCRETE JUST PUBLISHED— CONCRETE WORKERS' REFERENCE BOOKS. A SERIES OF POPULAR HANDBOOKS FOR CONCRETE USERS. Prepared by A. A. Houghton Each 50 cents The author, in preparing this Series, has not only treated on the usual types of construction, but explains and illustrates molds and systems that are not patented, but which are equal in value and often superior to those restricted by patents. These molds are very easily and cheaply constructed and embody simplicity, rapidity of operation, and the most successful results in the molded concrete. Each of these Twelve books is fully illustrated, and the subjects are exhaustively treated in plain English. CONCRETE WALL FORMS. By A. A. Houghton. A new automatic wall clamp is illustrated with working drawings. Other types of wall forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained. (No. 1 of Series) 50 cents CONCRETE FLOORS AND SIDEWALKS. By A. A. Houghton. The molds for molding squares, hexagonal and many other styles of mosaic floor and sidewalk blocks are fully. illustrated and explained. (No. 2 of Series) . . 50 cents PRACTICAL CONCRETE SILO CONSTRUCTION. By A. A. Houghton. Complete working drawings and specifications are given for several styles of concrete silos, with illustrations of molds for monolithic and block silos. The tables, data, and information presented in this book are of the utmost value in planning and constructing all forms of concrete silos. (No. 3 of Series) 50 cents MOLDING CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, SLATE AND ROOF TILES. By A. A. Houghton. The manufacture of aU types of concrete slate and roof tile is fuUy treated. Valuable data on all forms of reinforced concrete roofs are contained within its pages. The construction of concrete chimneys by block and monoUthic systems is fully illustrated and described. A number of ornamental designs of chimney construction with molds are shown in this valuable treatise. (No. 4 of Series.) 50 cents MOLDING AND CURING ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE. By A. A. Houghton. The proper proportions of cement and aggregates for various finishes, also the method of thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fuUy treated. An exhaustive treatise on this subject that every concrete worker wiU find of daily use and value. (No. 5 of Series.) 50 cents CONCRETE MONUMENTS, MAUSOLEUMS AND BURIAL VAULTS. By A. A. Houghton. The molding of concrete monuments to imitate the most expensive cut stone is ex- plained in this treatise, with working drawings of easily built molds. Cutting in- scriptions and designs are also fully treated. (No. 6 of Series.) ... 50 cents MOLDING CONCRETE BATHTUBS, AQUARIUMS AND NATATORIUMS. By A. A. Houghton. Simple molds and instruction are given for molding many styles of concrete bathtubs, swimming-pools, etc. These molds are easily built and permit rapid and successful work. (No. 7 of Series.) 50 cents CONCRETE BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND SEWERS. By A. A. Houghton. A number of ornamental concrete bridges with illustrations of molds are given. A collapsible center or core for bridges, culverts and sewers is fuUy Illustrated with de- tailed instructions for building. (No. 8 of Series.) 50 cents CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE PORCHES. By A. A. Houghton. A number of designs with working drawings of molds are fuUy explained so any one can easily construct different styles of ornamental concrete porches without the pur- chase of expensive molds. (No. 9 of Series.) 50 cents CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS MOLDING CONCRETE FLOWER-POTS, BOXES, JARDINIERES, ETC. By A. A. Houghton. The molds for producing raany original designs of flower-pots, urns, flower -boxes, jardinieres, etc., are fully illustrated and explained, so the worker can easily construct and operate same. (No. 10 of Series.) 50 cents MOLDING CONCRETE FOUNTAINS AND LAWN ORNAMENTS. By A. A. Houghton. The molding of a number of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun dials and other forms of ornamental concrete for the ornamentation of lawns and gar- dens, is fully illustrated and described. (No. 11 of Series) 50 cents CONCRETE FROM SAND MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. A Practical Work treating on a process which has heretofore been held as a trade secret by the few who possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of ornamental concrete work. The process of molding concrete with sand molds is of the utmost practical value, possessing the manifold advantages of a low cost of molds, the ease and rapidity of operation, perfect details to all ornamental designs, density and increased strength of the concrete, perfect curing of the work without attention and the easy removal of the molds regardless of any undercutting the design may have. 192 pages. Fully illustrated. Price $S.OO ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. The process for making ornamental concrete without molds has long been held as a secret, and now, for the first time, this process is given to the pubUc. The book reveals the secret and is the only book published which explains a simple, practical method whereby the concrete worker is enabled, by employing wood and metal tem- plates of different designs, to mold or model in concrete any Cornice. Archivolt. Column, Pedestal, Base Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic form — right upon the job. These may be molded in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the specifications demanded. This work is fully illustrated, with detailed engravings. Price . $2.00 CONCRETE FOR THE FARM AND IN THE SHOP. By H. Colin Campbell, C.E., E.M. "Concrete for the Farm and in the Shop" is a new book from cover to cover, illustrat- ing and describing in plain, simple language many of the numerous applications of concrete within the range of the home worker. Among the subjects treated are: Principles of reinforcing; methods of protecting concrete so as to insure proper harden- ing; home-made mixers; mixing by hand and nlachine; foim construction, described and illustrated by drawings and photographs; construction of concrete walls and fences; concrete fence posts; concrete gate posts; corner posts; clothes line posts; grape arbor posts; tanks; troughs; cisterns; hog wallows; feeding floors and barn- yard pavements ; foundat ions ; well curbs and platforms ; indoor floors ; sidewalks ; steps ; concrete hotbeds and cold frames ; concrete slab roofs ; walls for buildings ; repairing leaks in tanks and cisterns; and all topics associated with these subjects as bearing upon securing the best results from concrete are dwelt upon at sufficient length in plain every -day English so that the inexperienced person desiring to undertake a piece of concrete constraction can, by following the directions set forth in this book, secure 100 per cent success every time. A number of convenient and practical tables for estimating quantities, and some practical examples, are also given. (5 x 7.) 149 pages, 51 il- lustrations. Price $0.75 POPULAR HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE USERS. By Myron H. Lewis. This is a concise treatise of the principles and methods employed in the manufacture and use of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought together in this work all the salient matter of interest to the user of concrete and its many diversified products. The matter is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly written, fully Ulustrated and free from involved mathematics. Everything of value to the concrete user is given, including kinds of cement employed in construction, concrete architecture, inspection and testing, waterproofing, coloring and painting, rules, tables, working and cost data. The book comprises thirty-three chapters, as follows: Introductory. Kinds of Cements and How They are Made. Properties. Testing and Requirements of Hydraulic Cement. Concrete and its Properties. Sand, Broken Stone and Gravel for Concrete. How to Proportion the Materials. How to Mix TO CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS and Place Concrete. Forms of Concrete Construction. The Architectural and Artistic Possibilities of Concrete. Concrete Residences. ^Merriars, Plasters and Stucco, and How to Use them. The Artistic Treatment of Concrete Surfaces. Concrete Building Blocks. The ^Making of Ornamental Concrete. Concrete Pipes. Fences, Posts, etc. Essential Features and Advantages of Reenforced Concrete. How to Design Reen- forced Concrete Beams, Slabs and Columns. Explanations of the ^Methods and Principles in Designing Reenforced Concrete Beams and Slabs. Systems of Reen- forcement Employed. Reenforced Concrete in Factory and General Building Con- struction. Concrete in Foixndation Work. Concrete Retaining Walls, Abutments and Bulkheads. Concrete Arches and Arch Bridges. Concrete Beam and Girder Bridges. Concrete in Sewerage and Drainage Works. Concrete Tanks, Dams and Reservoirs. Concrete Sidewalks, Curbs and Pavements. Concrete in Railroad Con- structions. The Utility of Concrete on the. Farm. The Waterproofing of Concrete Structure. Grout of Liquid Concrete and Its Use. Inspection of Concrete Work. Cost of Concrete Work. Some of the special features of the book are: 1. The Attention Paid to the Artistic and Architectural Side of Concrete Work. 2. The Authoritative Treatment of the Problem of Waterproofing Concrete. 3. An Excellent Summary of the Rules to be Followed in Concrete Construction. 4. The Valuable Cost Data and Useful Tables given. A valuable Addition to the Library of Every Cement and Concrete User, Price $2.50 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "The field of Concrete Construction is well covered and the matter contained is well within the understanding of any person." — Engineering-Contracting. "Should be on the bookshelves of every contractor, engineer, and architect in the land." — National Builder. WATERPROOFING CONCRETE. By Myron H. Lewis. ^ Modem Methods of Waterproofing Concrete and Other Structures. A condensed sta'tement of the Principles, Rules, and Precautions to be Observed in Waterproofing and Dampproofing Structures and Structural Materials. Paper binding. Illustrated. Price 50 cents DICTIONARIES STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloane. An indispensable work to aU interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student and professional. A practical handbook of reference containing definitions of about 5000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. Complete, concise and convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustra- tions. Price $3.00 DIES— METAL WORK DIES: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OF SHEET METALS. By J. V. Woodworth. A most useful book, and one which should be in the hands of aU engaged in the press working of metals: treating on the Designing, Constructing, and Use of Tools, Fixtures and Devices, together ^vith the manner in which thej^ should be used in the Power Press, for the cheap and rapid production of the great variety of sheet-metal articles now in use. It is designed as a guide to the production of sheet-metal parts at the minimum of cost with the maximum of output. The nardening and tempering of Press tools and the classes of work which may be produced to the best advantage by the use of dies in the power press are fully treated. Its 505 illustrations show dies, press fixtures and sheet-metal working de\ices, the descriptions of which are so clear and practical that all metal-working mechanics will be able to understand how to design, construct and use them. Many of the dies and press fixtures treated were either constructed by the author or under his supervision. Others were built by skilful mechanics and are in use in large sheet-metal estabUshraents and machine shops. 6th Edition. Price $3.00 II CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTURING IN PRESSES. By J. V. WOODWORTH. This work is a companion volume to the author's elementary work entitled "Dies, Their Construction and Use." It does not go into the details of die-making to the extent of the author's previous book, but gives a comprehensive review of the field of operations carried on by presses. A large part of the information given has been drawn from the author's personal experience. It might well be termed an Encyclopedia of Die-Making, Punch-Making, Die-Sinldng, Sheet-Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub- presses, Devices and Mechanical Combinations for Punching, Cutting, Bending, Form- ing, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing and Assembling Sheet-Metal Parts, and also Arti- cles of other Materials in Machine Tools. 2d Edition. Price $4.00 DROP FORGING, DIE-SINKING AND MACHINE-FORMING OF STEEL. By J. V. WoODWORTH. This is a practical treatise on Modern Shop Practice, Processes, Methods, Machine Tools, and Details treating on the Hot and Cold Machine-Forming of Steel and Iron into Finished Shapes; together with Tools, Dies, and Machinery involved in the manufacture of Duphcate Forgings and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Pressed Parts from Bar and Sheet Metal. This book fills a demand of long standing for information regarding drop-forgings, die-sinking and machine-forming of steel and the shop practice involved, as it actually exists in the modern drop-forging shop. The processes of die-sinking and force-making, which are thoroughly described and illustrated in this admirable work, are rarely to be found explained in such a clear and concise manner as is here set forth. The process of die-sinking relates to the engraving or sinking of the female or lower dies, such as are used for drop-forgings, hot and cold machine forging, swedging and the press working of metals. The process of force-making relates to the engraving or raising of the male or upper dies used in producing the lower dies for the press-forming and machine-forging of duplicate parts of metal. In addition to the arts above mentioned the book contains expUcit information re- garding the drop-forging and hardening plants, designs, conditions, equipment, drop hammers, forging machines, etc., machine forging, hydraulic forging, autogenous welding and shop practice. The book contains eleven chapters, and the information contained in these chapters is just what will prove most valuable to the forged-metal worker. All operations described in the work are thoroughly illustrated by means of perspective half-tones and oiitline sketches of the machinery employed. 300 detailed illustrations. Price $2.50 DRAWING— SKETCHING PAPER PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Richards and Colvin. Shows just how to make all kinds of mechanical drawings in the only practical per- spective isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand a sketch or drawing in this way. Saves time in the drawing room, and mistakes in the shops. Contains practical examples of various classes of work. 4th Edition. 50 cents LINEAR PERSPECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By Herman T. C. Kraus. This work gives the theory and practice of Knear perspective, as used in architectural, engineering and mechanical drawings. Persons taking up the study of the subject by themselves will be able, by the use of the instruction given, to readily grasp the subject, and by reasonable practice become good perspective draftsmen. The arrange- ment of the book is good; the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text foUows on the opposite page, so as to be readily referred to. The drawings are on sufficiently large scale to show the work clearly and are plainly figured. There is included a self-explanatory chart which gives all information necessary for the thorough understanding of perspective. This chart alone is worth many times over the price of the book. 2d Revised and enlarged Edition $2.50 SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELEMENTARY MACHINE DESIGN. By F. L. Sylvester, M.E., Draftsman, with additions by Erik Oberg, associate editor of "Machinery." This is a practical treatise on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design, comprising the first principles of geometric and mechanical drawing, workshop mathematics, mechanics, strength of materials and the calculations and design of machine details. 12 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS The author's aim has been to adapt this treatise to the requirements of the practical mechanic and young draftsman and to present the matter in as clear and concise a manner as possible. To meet the demands of this class of students, practically all the important elements of machine design have been dealt with, and in addition algebraic formulas have been explained, and the elements of trigonometry treated in the manner best suited to the needs of the practical man. The book is divided into 20 chapters, and in arranging the material, mechanical drawing, pure and simple, has been taken up first, as a thorousrh understanding of the principles of representing objects faciUtates the further study of mechanical subjects. This is followed, by the mathematics neces- sary for the solution of the problems in machine design which are presented later, and a practical introduction to theoretical mechanics and the strength of materials. The various elements entering into machine design, such as cams, gears, sprocket-wheels, cone pulleys, bolts, screws, couplings, clutches, shafting and fly-wheels, have been treated in such a way as to make possible the use of the work as a text-book for a continuous course of study. It is easily comprehended and assimilated even by students of Umited previous training. 330 pages, 215 engravings. Price . . $2.00 A NEW SKETCHING PAPER. A new specially ruled paper to enable you to make sketches or drawings in isometric perspective without any flgiu-ing or fussing. It is being used for shop details as well as for assembly drawings, as it makes one sketch do the work of three, and no workman can help seeing just what is wanted. Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9 inches, 25 cents. Pads of 40 sheets, 9x12 inches, 50 cents; 40 sheets, 12x18, Price $1.00 ELECTRICITY ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. A practical treatise on electrical calculations of aU kinds reduced to a series of rules, all of the simplest forms, and invoUang only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by one or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. This book is classed among the most useful works published on the science of electricity, covering as it does the mathematics of electricity in a manner that will attract the attention of those who are not familiar with algebraical formulas. 20th Edition. 160 pages. Price $1.00 COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. Baxter, Jr. The business end of any dynamo or motor of the direct current type is the commutator. This book goes into the designing, building, and maintenance of commutators, showa how to locate troubles and how to remedy them; everj^one who fusses with dynamos needs this. 4th Edition 25 cents DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FIFTY- WATT DYNAMO. By Arthur J. Weed, Member of N. Y. Electrical Society. A practical treatise showing in detail the construction of a small dynamo or motor, the entire machine work of which. can be done on a smaU foot lathe. Dimensioned working drawings are given for each piece of machine work, and each operation is clearly described. This machine, when used as a djTiamo, has an output of fifty watts: when used as a motor it will drive a smaU drill press or lathe. It can be used to drive a sewing machine on any and aU ordinary work. The book is illustrated with more than sixty original engravings showing the actual construction of the different parts. Among the contents are chapters on: 1. Fifty- Watt Dynamo. 2. Side Bearing Rods. 3. Field Pxmching. 4. Bearings. 5. Commutator. 6. Pulley. 7. Brush Holders. 8. Connection Board. 9. Armatm-e Shaft. 10. Armature. 11. Armature Winding. 12. Field Winding. 13. Connecting and Starting. Price, paper, 50 cents. Cloth $1.00 ELECTRIC WIRING, DIAGRAMS AND SWITCHBOARDS. By Newton Harrison. A thoroughly practical treatise covering the subject of Electric Wiring in all its branches, including explanations and diagrams which are thoroughly expUcit and greatly simplify the subject. Practical, every-day problems in wiring are presented and the method of obtaining intelligent results clearly shown. Only arithmetic is used. Ohm's law 13 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS is given a simple explanation with reference to wiring for direct and alternating currents. The fundamental principle of drop of potential in circuits is shown with its various applications. The simple circuit is developed with the position of mains, feeders and branches; their treatment as a part of a wiring plan and their employ- ment in house wiring clearly illustrated. Some simple facts about testing are included in connection with the wiring. Molding and conduit work are given careful considera- tion; and switchboards are systematically treated, built up and illustrated, showing the purpose they serve, for connection with the circuits, and to shunt and compound wound machines. The simple principles of switchboard construction, the develop- ment of the switchboard, the connections of the various instruments, including the lightning arrester, are also plainly set forth. Alternating current wiring is treated, with explanations of the power factor, conditions calling for various sizes of wire, and a simple way of obtaining the sizes for single-phase, two-phase and three-phase circuits. This is the only complete work issued showing and telling you what you should know about direct and alternating current wiring. It is a ready reference. The work is free from advanced technicalities and mathematics, arithmetic being used throughout. It is in every respect a handy, well- written, instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for the wireman, foreman, contractor, or electrician. 272 pages; 105 illustrations. Price $1.50 ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, dynamos and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of yoimg and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The work is especially designed for amateurs and young folks. Thousands of our young people are daily experimenting, and busily engaged in making electrical toys and apparatus of various kinds. The present work is just what is want- ed to give the much needed information in a plain, practical manner, with illustrations to make easy the carrying out of the work. 20th Edition. Price .... $1.00 PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. This work of 768 pages was previously known as Sloane's Electricians' Hand Book, and is intended for the practical electrician who has to make things go. The entire field of electricity is covered within its pages. Among some of the subjects treated are: The Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit, Electro-Chemi.'^try, Primary • Batteries, Storage Batteries, Generation and Utilization of Electric Powers, Alter- nating Current, Armature Winding, Dynamos and Motors, Motor Generators, Operation of the Central Station Switchboards, Safety Appliances, Distribution of Electric Light and Power, Street Mains, Transformers, Arc and Incandescent Lighting, Electric Measurements, Photometry, Electric Railways, Telephony, Bell- Wiring, Electric-Plating, Electric Heating, Wireless Telegraphy, etc. It contains no useless theory; everything is to the point. It teaches you just what you want to know about electricity. It is the standard work pubhshed on the subject. Forty- one chapters, 556 engravings. Price $2.50 ELECTRICITY SIMPLIFIED. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. The object of "Electricity SimpUfied" is to make the subject as plain as possible and to show what the modern conception of electricity is; to show how two plates of different metal, immersed in acid, can send a message around the globe; to explain how a bundle of copper wire rotated by a steam engine can be the agent in Mghting our streets, to teU what the volt, ohm and ampere are, and what high and low tension mean; and to answer the questions that perpetually arise in the mind in this age of electricity. 13th Edition. 172 pages. Illustrated. Price $1.00 HOUSE WIRING. By Thomas W. Poppe. This work describes and illustrates the actual installation of Electric Light Wiring, the manner in which the work should be done, and the method of doing it. The book can be conveniently carried in the pocket. It is intended for the Electrician, Helper and Apprentice. It solves all Wiring Problems and contains nothing that conflicts with the rulings of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. It gives just the informa- tion essential to the Successful Wiring of a Building. Among the subjects treated are: Locating the Meter. Panel Boards. Switches. Plug Receptacles. Brackets. CeiUng Fixtures. The Meter Connections. The Feed Wires. The Steel Armored Cable System. The Flexible Steel Conduit System. The Ridig Conduit System. A digest of the National Board of Fire Underwriters' rules relating to metallic wiring systems. Various switching arrangements explained and diagraramed. The easiest method of H CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS testing the Three- and Four-way circuits explained. The grounding of all metallic wiring systems and the reason for doing so shown and explained. The insulation of the metal parts of lamp fixtures and the reason for the same described and illustrated. 125 pages. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged. Fully illustrated. Flexible cloth. Price 50 cents WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "The information given is exact and exhaustive without being too technical or over- laden with details." — Druggists' Circular. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICIAN. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. Every young man who wishes to become a successful electrician should read this book. It teDs in simple language the surest and easiest waj' to become a successful electrician. The studies to be foUowed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirements of the successful electrician are pointed out and fully explained. Every young en- gineer wiU find this an excellent stepping stone to more advanced works on electricity which he must master before success can be attained. Many young men become dis- couraged at the very outstart by attempting to read and study books that are far beyond their comprehension. This book serves as the connecting link between the rudiments taught in the public schools and the real study of electricity. It is inter- esting from cover to cover. Eighteenth Revised Edition, just issued. 205 pages. lUustrated. Price $1.00 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloaxe. / An indispensable work to aU interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student and professional. A practical handbook of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An en- tirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. In its arrangement and typography the book is very convenient. The word or term defined is printed in black-faced type which readily catches the eye, while the body of the page is in smaller but distinct type. The definitions are weU worded, and so as to be understood by the non- technical reader. The general plan seems to be to give an exact, concise definition, and then ampUfy and explain in a more popular way. Synonyms are also given, and references to other words and phrases are made. A very complete and acciu^ate index of fifty pages is at the end of the volume; and as this index contains aU synonyms, and as all phrases are indexed in every reasonable combination of words, reference to the proper place in the body of the book is readily made. It is difficult to decide how far a book of this character is to keep the dictionary form, and to what extent it may assume the encyclopedia form. For some purposes, concise, exactly worded definitions are needed ; for other purposes, more extended descriptions are required. This book seeks to satisfy both demands, and does it with considerable success. Complete, concise and con- venient 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Twelfth Edition. Price .... $3.00 SWITCHBOARDS. By Willia^ai Baxter, Jr. This book appeals to every engineer and electrician who wants to know the practical side of things. It takes up all sorts and conditions of dynamos, connections and circuits, and shows by diagram and illustration just how the switchboard should be connected. Includes direct and alternating current boards, also those for arc lighting, incandescent and power circuits. Special treatment on high voltage boards for power transmission. 2d Edition. 190 pages. Illustrated. Price $1.50 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. By W. H. Radcliffe and H. C. Gushing. This book is intended for the amateur, the wireman, or the engineer who desires to estabhsh a means of telephonic communication between the rooms of his home, oflBce, or shop. It deals only with such things as may be of use to him rather than with theories. Gives the principles of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent instruments: approved methods of installing and Aviring them: the means of protecting them from hghtning and abnormal currents: their connection together for operation as series or bridging stations ; and rules for their inspection and maintenance. Line wiring and the wiring and operation of special telephone systems are also treated. Intricate mathematics are avoided, and aU apparatizs, circuits and systems are thor- oughly described. The appendix contains definitions of units and terms used in the IS CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS text. Selected wiring tables, which are very helpful, are also included. Among the subjects treated are Construction, Operation, and Installation of Telephone Instru- ments; Inspection and Maintenance of Telephone Instruments; Telephone Line Wiring ; Testing Telephone Line Wires and Cables ; Wiring and Operation of Special Telephone Systems, etc. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged. 223 pages. 154 illustrations $1.00 S^RELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY SIMPLY EXPLAINED. By Alfred P. Morgan. This is undoubtedly one of the most complete and comprehensible treatises on the subject ever published, and a close study of its pages will enable one to master all the details of the wireless transmission of messages. The author has filled a long-felt want and has succeeded in furnishing a lucid, comprehensible explanation in simple language of the theory and practice of wireless telegraphy and telephony. Among the contents are: Introductory;. Wireless Transmission and Reception — The Aerial System, Earth Connections — The Transmitting Apparatus, Spark Coils and Transformers, Condensers, Helixes, Spark Gaps, Anchor Gaps, Aerial Switches — The Receiving Apparatus, Detectors, etc. — Tuning and Couphng, Tuning Coils, Loose Couplers, Variable Condensers, Directive Wave Systems — Miscellaneous Apparatus, Telephone Receivers, Range of Stations, Static Interference — Wireless Telephones, Sound and Soimd Waves, The Vocal Cords and Ear — Wireless Telephone, How Sounds Are Changed into Electric Waves — Wireless Telephones, The Apparatus — Summary. 154 pages. 156 engravings. Price $1.00 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "This book should be in both the home and school library." — The Youths' Instructor. 9\^IRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt. Shows a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it; where to begin; what wire to use ; how to run it according to Insurance Rules ; in fact, just the informa- tion you need. Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition . . 26 cents FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC. MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGE- MENT. By O. E. Perrigo, M.E. The only work published that describes the modern machine shop or manufacturing plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. By a carefiil study of its thirty- two chapters the practical man may economically build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine shop or manufacturing estabhshment. Jiist the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of modern shop methods, time amd cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around book of its kind ever published. It is a practical book for practical men, from the apprentice in the shop to the president in the office. It minutely describes and illustrates the most simple and yet the most efficient time and cost system yet devised. Price . $5.00 FUEL COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Barr. This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the combustion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly with the conditions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coals in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers. The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The ar- rangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which describe in language, free from technicalities, the several processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods for furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. Price $1.00 i6 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS GAS ENGINES AND GAS THE GASOLINE ENGINE ON THE FARM: ITS OPERATION, REPAIR AND USES. By Xeno W. Putnam. This is a practical treatise on the Gasoline and Kerosene Engine intended for the man who wants to know just how to manage his engine and how to apply it to all kinds of farm work to the best advantage. This book abomids with hints and helps for the farm and suggestions for the home and housewife. There is so much of value in this book that it is impossible to ade- quately describe it in such small space. Suffice to say that it is the kind of a book every farmer will appreciate and every farm home ought to have. Includes selecting the most suitable engine for farm work, its most convenient and efficient installation, with chapters on troubles, their remedies, and how to avoid them. The care and management of the farm tractor in plowing, harro^ving, harvesting and road grading are fully covered ; also plain directions are given for handUng the tractor on the road. Special attention is given to relieving farm Mfe of its drudgery by applying power to the disagreeable small tasks which must otherwise be done by hand. Many home- made contrivances for cutting wood, supplying kitchen, garden, and barn with water, loading, hauling and unloading hay, delivering grain to the bins or the feed trough are included; also full directions for making the engine milk the cows, churn, wash, sweep the house and clean the windows, etc. Very fully illustrated with drawings of working parts and cuts showing Stationary, Portable and Tractor Engines doing all kinds of farm work. All money-making farms utilize power. Learn how to utilize / power by reading the pages of this book. It is an aid to the result getter, invaluable to the up-to-date farmer, student, blacksmith, implement dealer and, in fact, all who can apply practical knowledge of stationary gasoline engines or gas tractors to advan- tage. 530 pages. Nearly 180 engravings. Price $2.00 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "Am much pleased with the book and find it to be very complete and up-to-date. I wiU heartily recommend it to students and farmers whom I think would stand in need of such a work, as I think it is an exceptionally good one." — N. S. Gardiner, ■ Prof, in Charge, Clemson Agr. College of S. C; Dept. of Agri. and Agri. Exp. Station, Clemson College, S. C. "I feel that Mr. Putnam's book covers the main points which a farmer should know." — R. T. Burdick, Instructor in Agronomy, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. "It will be a valuable addition to our Ubrary upon Farm Machinery." — James A. Farra, Inst, in Agri. Engineering, State University of Ky., Lexington, Ky. GASOLINE ENGINES: THEIR OPERATION, USE AND CARE. By A. Hyatt Verrill. The simplest, latest and most comprehensive popular work published on Gasoline Engines, describing what the Gasoline Engine is; its construction and operation; how to install it ; how to select it ; how to use it and how to remedy troubles encountered. Intended for Owners, Operators and Users of Gasoline Motors of all kinds. This work fully describes and illustrates the various types of Gasoline Engines used in Motor Boats, Motor Vehicles and Stationary Work. The parts, accessories and appliances are described, with chapters on ignition, fuel, lubrication, operation and engine troubles. Special attention is given to the care, operation and repair of motors, with useful hints and suggestions on emergency repairs and makeshifts. A complete glossary of technical terms and an alphabetically arranged table of troubles and their symptoms form most valuable and unique features of this manual. Nearly every illustration in the book is original, having been made by the author. Every page is full of interest and value. A book which you cannot afford to be without. 275 pages. 152 specially made engravings. Price $1.50 GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. Just issued, 21st revised and enlarged edition. Every user of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and right up-to-date. The only complete work on the subject. Tells all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil engines, as designed and manufactured in the United States. Explosive motors for stationary marine and vehicle power are fuily treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabulated sizes, also their care and running are included. Electric ignition by induction coil and jump spark are fully explained and illustrated, including valuable information on the testing for economy and power and the erection of power plants. 17 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters in regard to the installation and management of gasoline motors is given in full, suggesting the safe installation of explosive motor power. A list of United States Patents issued on gas, gasoline, and oil engines and their adjuncts from 1875 to date is included. 640 pages. 435 engrav- ings. Folding plates. Price . $2.50 GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, OR HOW TO BUILD A HALF-HORSE- POWER GAS ENGINE. By Parsell and Weed. A practical treatise of 300 pages describing the theory and principles of the action of Gas Engines of various types and the design and construction of a half-horse-powb ? Gas Engine, with illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with the dimen- sioned working drawings, giving clearly the sizes of the various details; for the student, the scientific investigator, and the amateur mechanic. This book treats of the subject more from the standpoint of practice than that of theory. The principles of operation of Gas Engines are clearly and simply described, and then the actual construction of a half -horse-power engine is taken up, step by step, showing in detail the making of the Gas Engine. 3d Edition. 300 pages. Price $2.50 HOW TO RUN AND INSTALL GASOLINE ENGINES. By C. Von Culin. Revised and enlarged edition just issued. The object of this little book is to furnish a pocket instructor for the beginner, the busy man who uses an engine for pleasure or profit, but who does not have the time or inclination for a technical book, but simply to thoroughly understand how to properly operate, install and care for his own engine. The index refers to each trouble, remedy, and subject alphabetically. Being a quick reference to find the cause, remedy and prevention for troubles, and to become an expert with his own engine. Pocket size. Paper binding. Price . . 25 cents MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS PLANTS. By R. E. Mathot. A guide for the gas engine designer, user, and engineer in the construction, selection, purchase, installation, operation, and maintenance of gas engines. More than one book on gas engines has been written, but not one has thus far even encroached on the field covered by this book. Above all Mr. Mathot's work is a practical guide. Recog- nizing the need of a volume that would assist the gas engine user in understanding thoroughly the motor upon which he depends for power, the author has discussed his subject without the help of any mathematics and without elaborate theoretical ex- planations. Every part of the gas engine is described in detail, tersely, clearly, with a thorough understanding of the requirements of the mechanic. Helpful suggestions as to the purchase of an engine, its installation, care, and operation, form a most valuablefeatureof the work. 320 pages. 175 detailed illustrations. Price . $2.50 THE MODERN GAS TRACTOR. By Victor W. Page. A complete treatise describing all types and sizes of gasoline, kerosene and oil tractors. Considers design and construction exhaustively, gives complete instructions for care, operation and repair, outUnes all practical applications on the road and in the field. The best and latest work on farm tractors and tractor power plants. A work needed by farmers, students, blacksmiths, mechanics, salesmen, implement dealers, designers and engineers. 500 pages. Nearly 300 illustrations and folding plates. Price $2.00 GEARING AND CAMS BEVEL GEAR TABLES. By D. Ag. Engstrom. A book that will at once commend itself to mechanics and draftsmen. Does away with all the tricconometry and fancy figuring on bevel gears, and makes it easy for any- one to lay them out or make them just right. There are 36 full-page tables that show every necessary dimension for all sizes or combinations you're apt to need. No puzzling, figuring or guessing. Gives placing distance, all the angles (including cutting angles), and the correct cutter to use. A copy of this prepares you for any- thing in the bevel-gear line. 3d Edition. 66 pages $1.00 CHANGE GEAR DEVICES. By Oscar E. Perrigo. A practical book for every designer, draftsman, and mechanic interested in the inven- tion and development of the devices for feed changes on the different machines requir- ing such mechanism. All the necessary information on this subject is taken up, analyzed, classified, sifted, and concentrated for the use of busy men who have not the time to go through the masses of irrelevant matter with which such a subject is usu- ally encumbered and select such information as will be useful to them. i8 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS It shows just what ha? been done, how it has been done, when it was done, and who did it. It saves time in hunting up patent records and re-inventing old ideas. 88 pages $1.00 DilAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis Rouillion. The laying out of cams is a sorious problem unless you know how to go at it right. This puts you on the right road for practically any kind of cam you are likely to run up against. 3d Edition 25 cents HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox. A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all purposes. Including the measurement of streams, the flow of water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power of falling water, turbine and impact water-wheels, wave motors, centrifugal, recipro- cating and air-Uft pumps. With 300 figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables. All who are interested in water-works development wiU find this book a useful one, because it is an entirely practical treatise upon a subject of present importance, and cannot fail in having a far-reaching influence, and for this reason should have a place in the working library of every engineer. Among the subjects treated are: Historical Hydraulics, Properties of Water, Measurement of the Flow of Streams: Flow from Sao-surface Orifices and Nozzles; Flow of Water in Pipes: Siphons of Various Kinds: Dams and Great Storage Reservoirs; City and Town Water Supply; Wells and Their Keinforcem.ent; Air Lift Methods of Raising Water; Artesian Wells; Irrigation of Arid Districts; Water Power; Water Wheels; Pumps and Pumping Machiuery; Reciprocating Pumps; Hydraulic Power Transmission; HydrauUc Mining; Canals; Ditches: Conduits and Pipe Lines; Marine Hydrauhcs; Tidal and Sea Wave Power, etc. 320 pages. Price $4.00 INVENTIONS— PATENTS IN^.^NTORS' MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY. Tills is a book designed as a guide to inventors in perfecting their inventions, taking out their patents and disposing of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor's Ciicular nor a Patent Broker's Advertisement. No advertisements of any description appear in the work. It is a book containing a quarter of a century's experience of a successful inventor, together with notes based upon the experience of many other inventors. Among the subjects treated in this work are: How to Invent. How to Secure a Good Patent. Value of Good Invention. How to Exhibit an Invention. How to Interest Capital. How to Estimate the Value of a Patent. Value of Design Patents. Value of Foreign Patents. Value of Small Inventions. Advice on Selling Patents. Advice on the Formation of Stock Companies. Advice on the Formation of Limited Liability Companies. Advice on Disposing of Old Patents. Advice as to Patent Attorneys. Advice as to Selling Agents. Forms of Assignments. License and Con- tracts. State Laws Concerning Patent Rights. 1900 Census of the United States by Counts of Over 10,000 Population. Revised edition. 120 pages. Price, . $1.00 KNOTS KKOTS, SPLICES AND ROPE WORK. By A. Hyatt Verrill. This is a practical book giving complete and simple directions for making all the most useful and ornamental knots in common use, with chapters on Splicing, Pointing, Seizing, Serving, etc. This book is fully illustrated with one hundred and fifty original engravings, which show how each knot, tie or splice is formed, and its appear- ance when finished. The book will be found of the greatest value to Campers, Yachts- men, Travelers, Boy Scouts, in fact, to anyone having occasion to use or handlo rope or knots for any purpose. The book is thoroughly reliable and practical, and is not only a guide, but a teacher. It is the standard work on the subject. Among th3 contents are: 1. Cordage, Kinds of Rope. Construction of Rope, Parts of Rope Cable and Bolt Rope. Strength of Rope, Weight of Rope. 2. Simple Knots and Bends. Terms Used in Handling Rope. Seizing Rope. 3. Ties and Hitches. 4. Noos^ Loops and Mooring Knots. 5. Shortenings, Grommets and Salvages. 6. Lashings, Seizings and Splices. 7. Fancy Knots and Rope Work. 128 pages. 150 original engravings. Price 60 cents 19 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS LATHE WORK LATHE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION, WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF LATHE WORK. By Oscar E. Perrigo. A new revised edition, and the only complete American work on the subject, written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey this knowledge to others. It is strictly up-to-date in its descriptions and illustrations. Lathe history and the relations of the lathe to manu- facturing are given; also a description of the varioTis devices for feeds and thread cutting mechanisms from eai'ly efforts in this direction to the present time. Lathe design is thoroughly disciissed, including back gearing, driving cones, thread-cutting gears, and aU the essential elements of the modern lathe. The classification of lathes is taken up, giving the essential differences of the several types of lathes including, as is usually luiderstood, engine lathes, bench lathes, speed lathes, forge lathes, gap lathes, pulley lathes, forming lathes, miiltiple-spindle lathes, rapid-reduction lathes, precision lathes, turret lathes, special lathes, electricaUy-driven lathes, etc. In addi- tion to the complete exposition on construction and design, much practical matter on lathe installation, care and operation has been incorporated in the enlarged 1915 edi- tion. All kinds of lathe attachments for drilling, milling, etc., are described and complete instructions are given to enable the novice machinist to grasp the art of lathe operation as well as the principles involved in design. A number of diflBcult machining operations are described at length and illustrated. The new edition has nearly 500 pages and 350 illustrations. Price $2.50 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: " This is a lathe book from beginning to end, and is just the kind of a book which one deUghts to consult, — a masterly treatment of the subject in hand." — Engineering News, " This work wiU be of exceptional interest to anyone who is interested in lathe practice, as one very seldom sees such a complete treatise on a subject as this is on the lathe." — Canadian Machinery. •I'URNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Colvin. There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has to do with the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the lathe, what tools to use and how to use them, and forty and one other little things that you should know. Fourth edition 25 cents LIQUID AIR LIQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. O'Conor Sloane. This book gives the history of the theory, discovery, and manufacture of Liquid Air, and contains an illustrated description of all the experiments that have excited the wonder of audiences all over the country. It shows how hquid air, like water, is carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be ex- pected from it in the near future. A book that renders simple one of the most perplexing chemical problems of the century. Starthng developments illustrated by actual experiments. It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended for the general reader, being written in a popular style — easily understood by every one. Second edition. 365 pages. Price $2.00 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. This book is a standard text book. It covers the Westinghouse Air-Brake Equipment, including the No. 5 and the No. 6 E. T. Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick, Service) Triple Valve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump. The operation of aU parts of the apparatus is explained in detail, and a practical way of finding their peculiarities and defects, with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with their answers, which will enable any railroad man to pass any examination on the subject of Air Brakes. Endorsed and used by air-brake instruc- tors and examiners on nearly every railroad in the United States. 26th Edition. 411 pages, fuUy illustrated with colored plates and diagrams. $2.00 20 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS AMERICAN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES. By Fred H. Colvin. The only book on compounds for the engineman or shopman that shows in a plain practical way the various features of compound locomotives in use. Shows how they are made, what to do when they break doAvn or balk. Contains sections as follows: — A Bit of Historj\ Theorj' of Compounding Steam Cy^Unders. Baldwin Two-Cyhnder Compound. Pittsburg Two-Cylinder Compound. Rhode Island Corapoimd. Rich- mond Compound. Rogers Compound. Schenectady Two-Cyhnder Compound. Vauclain Compound. Tandem Compounds. Baldwin Tandem. The Colvin-Wight- man Tandem. Schenectady Tandem. Balanced Locomotives. Baldwin Balanced Compound. Plans for Balancing. Locating Blows. Breakdowns. Reducing Valves. Drifting. Valve Motion. Disconnecting. Power of Compound Locomotives. Practi- cal Notes. Fully illustrated and containing ten special "Duotone" inserts on heavy Plate Paper, showing different types of Compounds. 142 pages. Price $1.00 COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Baer. This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the '' combustion of the common fuels foxmd in the United States and deals particxilarly with the conditions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coal in Stationarj'^ and Locomotive Steam Boilers. Presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The ar- rangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which describe in language free from technicalities the several processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels ; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods of furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quahty of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. Price $1.00 DIARY OF A ROUND-HOUSE FOREMAN. By T. S. Reilly. This is the greatest book of railroad experiences ever pubUshed. Containing a fund of information and suggestions along the hne of handling men, organizing, etc., that one cannot afford to miss. 176 pages. Price $1.00 LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By Fred H. Colvin, Asso- ciate Editor of American Machinist. A handy book for the engineer or machinist that clears up the mysteries of valve setting. Shows the different valve gears in use. how they work, and why. Piston and slide valves of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every railroad man in the motive power department ought to have. Contains chapters on Locomotive Link Motion, Valve ]\Iovements, Setting Shde Valves, Analysis by Diagrams, Modern Practice, Shp of Block, Shce Valves, Piston Valves, Setting Piston Valves, Joy-AUen Valve Gear, Walschaert Valve Gear, Gooch Valve Gear, Alfree- Hubbell Valve Gear, etc., etc. Fully illustrated. Price 50_ceiits LOCOMOTIVE BOILER CONSTRUCTION. By Frank A. Kleinhans. The construction of boilers in general is treated, and, following this, the locomotive boiler is taken up in the order in which its various parts go through the shop. Shows aU tj^pes of boilers used ; gives details of construction ; practical facts, such as life of riveting, punches and dies; work done per day, allowance for bending and flanging sheets, and other data. Including the recent Locomotive Boiler Inspection Laws and Examination Questions with their answers for Government Inspectors. Contains chapters on Laying Out Work; Flanging and Forging; Punching; Shearing; Plate Planing; General Tables; Finishing Parts; Bending; Machinery Parts; Riveting; Boiler Details; Smoke Box Details; Assembling and Calking; Boiler Shop Machinery, etc., etc. There isn't a man who has anything to do with boiler work, either new or repair work, who doesn't need this book. The manufacturer, superintendent, foreman, and boiler worker — all need it. No matter what the tyoe of boiler, you'll find a mint of informa- tion that you wouldn't be without. Over 400 pages, five large folding plates. Price $8.00 21 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND THEIR REMEDIES. By Geo. L. Fowler Revised by Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Just issued- Revised pocket edition. It is out of the question to try and tell you about every subject that is covered in this pocket edition of Locomotive Breakdowns. Just imagine all the common troubles that an engineer may expect to happen some time, and then add all of the unexpected ones, troubles that could occur, but that you have never thought about, and you will find that they are aU treated with the very best methods of repair. Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear Troubles, Electric Headhght Troubles, as well as Questions and Answers on the Air Brake are aU included. 312 pages. 8th Revised Edition. Fully illustrated $1.00 LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. The revised edition of "Locomotive Catechism," by Robert Grimshaw, is a New Book from Cover to Cover. It contains twice as many pages and double the number of illustrations of previous editions. Includes the greatest amount of practical informa- tion ever published on the construction and management of modern locomotives. Specially Prepared Chapters on the Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear, the Air- Brake Equipment and the Electric Head Light are given. It commends itself at once to every Engineer and Fireman, and to aU who are going in for examination or promotion. In plain language, with full, complete answers, not only all the questions asked by the examining engineer are given, but those which the young and less experienced would ask the veteran, and which old hands ask as "stick- ers." It is a veritable Encyclopedia of the Locomotive, is entirelj'- free from mathe- matics, easily understood and thoroughly up-to-date. Contains over 4,000 Examina- tion Questions Avith their Answers. 825 pages, 437 illustrations and three folding plates. 2Sth Revised Edition $2.50 PRACTICAL INSTRUCTOR AND REFERENCE BOOK FOR LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN AND ENGINEERS. By Chas. F. Lockhart. An entirely new book on the Locomotive. It appeals to every railroad man, as it tells him how things are done and the right way to do them. Written by a man who has had years of practical experience in locomotive shops and on the road firing and running. The information given in this book cannot be found in any other similar treatise. Eight hundred and fifty-one questions with their answers are included, which win prove specially helpful to those preparing for examination. Practical information on: The Construction and Operation of Locomotives; BreakdOAvns and their Remedies; Air Brakes and Valve Gears. Rules and Signals are handled in a thorough manner. As a book of reference it cannot be excelled. The book is divided into six parts, as foUows: 1. The Fireman's Duties. 2. General Description of the Locomotive. 3. Breakdowns and their Remedies. 4. Air Brakes. 5. Extracts from Standard Riiles. 6. Questions for Examination. The 851 questions have beer carefully selected and arranged. These cover the examinations required by the diflEerent raihoads. 368 pages. 88 illustrations. Price $1.50 PREVENTION OF RAILROAD ACCIDENTS, OR SAFETY IN RAILROADING. By George Bradshaw. This book is a heart-to-heart talk with Railroad Employees, dealing with facts, not theories, and showing the men in the ranks, from every-day experience, how accidents occur and how they may be avoided. The book is illustrated with seventy original photographs and drawings showing the safe and unsafe methods of work. No vision- ary schemes, no ideal pictures. Just plain facts and Practical Suggestions are given. Every railroad employee who reads the book is a better and safer man to have in railroad service. It gives just the information which will be the means of preventing many injuries and deaths. AU railroad employees should procure a copy; read it, and do your part in preventing accidents. 1G9 pages. Pocket size. Fully illustrateu. Price 50 cents TRAIN RULE EXAMINATIONS MADE EASY. By G. E. Collingwood. This is the only practical work on train rules in print. Every detail is covered, and puzzling points are explained in simple, comprehensive language, making it a practica* treatise for the Train Dispatcher, Engineman, Trainman, and aU others who have to do with the movements of trains. Contains complete and rehable information of the Standard Code of Train Rules for single track. Shows Signals in Colors, as used on the different roads. Explains fully the practical application of train orders, giving a 22 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS clear and definite understanding of all orders which may be used. The meaning and necessity for certain rules are explained in such a manner that the student may know beyond a doubt the rights conferred xmder any orders he nay receive or the action required by certain rules. As nearly all roads require trainmen to pass regular exami- nations, a complete set of examination questions, with their answers, are included. These will enable the student to pass the required examinations with credit to himself and the road for which b- works. 256 pages. Fully illustrated with Train Signals in Colors. Price $1.25 THE WALSCHAERT AND OTHER MODERN RADIAL VALVE GEARS FOR LOCOMOTIVES. By Wm. W. Wood. If you would thoroughly understand the Walschaert Valve Gear you should possess a copy of this book, as the author takes the plainest form of a steam engine — a stationary engine in the rough, that wiU only turn its crank in one direction— and from it builds up — with the reader's help — a modern locomotive equipped ^vith the Walschaert Valve Gear, complete. The points discussed are clearly illustrated; two large folding plates that show the positions of the valves of both inside or outside admission type, as weU as the hnks and other parts of the gear when the crank is at nine different points in its revolution, are especially valuable in making the movement clear. These employ / sUding cardboard models which are contained in a pocket in the cover. The book is divided into five general divisions, as follows: 1. Analj^sis of the gear. 2. Designing and erecting the gear. 3. Advantages of the gear. 4. Questions and answers relating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. 5. Setting valves with the Wal- schaert Valve Gear; the three primary types of locomotive valve motion; modern radial valve gears other than the Walschaert; the Hobart All-free Valve and Valve Gear, with questions and answers on breakdowns; the Baker-Pilliod Valve Gear; the Improved Baker-PilUod Valve Gear, with questions and answers on breakdowns. The questions with full answers given wiU be especially valuable to firemen and engi- neers in preparing for an examination for promotion. 245 pages. Third Revised Edition. Price $1.50 WESTINGHOUSE E-T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET BOOK. By Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Here is a book for the railroad man, and the man who aims to be one. It is without doubt the only complete work pubUshed on the Westinghouse E-T Locomotive Brake Equipment. Written by an Air-Brake Instructor who knows just what is needed. It covers the subject thoroughly. Everything about the New Westinghouse Engine and Tender Brake Equipment, including the standard No. 5 and the Perfected No. 6 style of brake, is treated in detail. Written in plain English and profusely illustrated with Colored Plates, which enable one to trace the flow of pressures throughout the entire equipment. The best book ever published on the Air Brake. Equally good for the beginner and the advanced engineer. Will pass any one through any examination. It informs and enlightens you on every point. Indispensable to every engineman and trainman. Contains examination questions and answers on the E-T equipment. Covering what the E-T Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when defective. Not a question can be asked of the engineman up for promotion, on either the No. 5 or the No. 6 E-T equioment, that is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to thoroughly understand the E-T equipment get a copy of this book. It covers every detail. Makes Air-Brake troubles and examinations easy. Price . . . . $1.50 MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTURING. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A "shoppy" book, containing no theorizing, no problematical or experimental de^vices, there are no badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a valuable collection of drawings and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author's own experience. In its 500-odd pages the one subject only. Tool Making, and what- ever relates thereto, is dealt with. The work stands without a rival. It is a complete practical treatise on the art of American Tool Makin? and system of interchangeable manufacturing as carried on to-day in the United States. In it are described and illustrated aU of the different types and classes of small tools, fixtures, devices, and special appliances which are in general use in all machine-manufacturing and metal- working establishments where economy, capacity, and interchangeability in the pro- duction of machined metal parts are imperative. The science of jig making is exhaust- 21 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS ively discussed, and particiilar attention is paid to drill jigs, boring, profiling and milling fixtures and other devices in which the parts to be machined are located and fastened within the contrivances. All of the tools, fixtures, and devices illustrated and de- scribed have been or are used for the actual production of work, such as parts of drill presses, lathes, patented machinery, typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanical ap- phances, brass goods, composition parts, mould products, sheet metal articles, drop- forgings, jewelry, watches, medals, coins, etc. 531 pages. Price .... $4.00 MACHINE-SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. This is an arithmetic of the things you have to do with daily. It tells you plainly about: how to find areas in figures; how to find surface or volume of balls or spheres; handy ways for calculating; about compound gearing; cutting screw threads on any lathe; drilMng for taps; speeds of drills; taps, emery wheels, grindstones, milling cutters, etc.; all about the Metric system with conversion tables; properties of metals; strength of bolts and nuts ; decimal equivalent of an inch. All sorts of machine-shop figuring and 1,001 other things, any one of which ought to be worth more than the price of this book to you, and it saves you the trouble of bothering the boss. 6th edition. 131 pages. Price 50 cents MODERN MACHINE-SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGE- MENT. By Oscar E. Perrigo. The only work published that describes the Modern Shop or Manufacturing Plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of Modern Shop Methods, time and cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a prac- tical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-round book of its kind ever pubhshed. 400 large quarto pages. 225 original and specially-made illustrations. 2d Revised and Enlarged Edition. Price $5.00 THE WHOLE FIELD OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS COVERED BY MR. HISCOX'S TWO BOOKS We publish two books by Gardner D. Hiscox that will keep you from "inventing" things that have been done before, and suggest ways of doing things that you have not thought of before. Many a man spends time and money, pondering over some mechanical problem, only to learn, after he has solved the problem, that the same thing has been accomplished and put in practice by others long before. Time and money spent in an effort to accom- plish what has already been accomplished are time and money LOST. The whole field of mechanics, every known mechanical movement, and practically every device is covered by these two books. If the thing you want has been invented, it is illustrated in them. If it hasn't been invented, then you'll find in them the nearest things to what you want, some movements or devices that will apply in your case, perhaps; or which will give you a key from which to work. No book or set of books ever published is of m,ore real value to the Inventor, Draftsman, or practical Mechanic than the two volumes described below. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DEVICES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a collection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, accompanied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, the draftsman, and to aU readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into eighteen sections or chapters, in which the subject-matter is classified under the follow- ing heads: Mechanical Powers; Transmission of Power; Measurement of Power; Steam Power; Air Power AppUances; Electric Power and Construction; Navigation and Roads; Gearing; Motion and Devices; ControUing Motion; Horological; Mining; Mill and Factory AppUances; Construction and Devices; Drafting Devices; Miscellaneous Devices, etc. 12th edition. 400 octavo pages. Price . . . $2.50 -MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volmne contains illustrations and descriptions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and 24 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS appliances found in different lines of machinery, each device being shoAvn by a line drawing with a description showing its working parts and the method of operation. From the multitude of devices described and illustrated might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors and elevators, Prony brakes, thermometers, various types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel btu-ners, condensers, evaporators, Corliss and other valve gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various descriptions, air ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway lock signals, car couplers, hnk and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1,000 specially made engravings. 396 octavo pages. 2d Edition. Price $2.50 MACHINE-SHOP TOOLS AND SHOP PRACTICE. By W. H. Vandervoort. A work of 555 pages and 673 illustrations, describing in everj^ detail the construction, operation, and manipulation of both hand and machine tools. Includes chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting, and transmission machinery: useful data and tables. 6th edition. Price $3.00 THE MODERN MACHINIST. By John T. Usher. This is a book showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings made expressly for the work, all that is best, most advanced, and of the highest efficiency in modern machine-shop practice, tools, and implements, showing the way by which and through which, as Mr. Maxim says, "American machinists have become and are the finest me- chanics in the world." Indicating as it does, in every line, the familiarity of the author with every detail of daUy experience in the shop, it cannot fail to be of service to any man practically connected with the shaping or finishing of metals. There is nothing experimental or visionary about the book, all devices being in actual use and giving good resvilts. It might be called a compendium of shop methods, showing a variety of special tools and apphances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the superintendent down to the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable edition to any machinist's library, and should be consulted whenever a new or difficult job is to be done, whether it is boring, mini ng, turning, or planing, as they are all treated in a practical manner. Fifth edition. 320 pages. 250 Illustra- tions. Price $2.50 « SHOP KINKS." By Robert Grimshaw. A book of 400 pages and 222 illustrations, being entirely different from any other book on machine-shop practice. Departing from conventional stjle, the author' avoids universal or common shop usage and limits his work to showing special wayg of doing things better, more cheaply and more rapidly than iisual. As a result the advanced methods of representative establishments of the world are placed at the disposal of the reader. This book shows the proprietor where large savings are possible, and how products may be improved. To the employee it holds out suggestions that, properly applied, will hasten his advancement. No shop can afford to be without it. It bristles with valuable wrinkles and helpful suggestions. It will benefit all, from apprentice to proprietor. Every machinist, at any age, should study its pages. Fifth edition. Price $2.50 THREADS AND THREAD CUTTING. By Colvin and Stabel. This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such as double and triple threads, internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful idnts and several tables. Third edition. Price 25 cents MANUAL TRAINING ECONOMICS OF MANUAL TRAINING. By Louis Rouillion. The only book published that gives just the information needed by aU interested in Manual Training, regarduig Buildings, Equipment, and Supplies. Shows exactly what is needed for all grades of the work from the Kindergarten to the High and Normal School. Gives itemized Usts of everything used in Manual Training Work and teUs just what it ought to cost. Also shows where to buy suppUes, etc. Contains 174 pages, and is fully illustrated. 2d edition. Price $1.50 25 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS t == MARINE ENGINEERING MODERN SUBMARINE CHART. A cross-section view, showing clearly and distinctly aU the interior of a Submarine of the latest type. You get more information from this chart about the construction and operation of a submarine than in any other way. No details omitted — every- thing is accurate and to scale. It is absolutely correct in every detail, having been approved by naval engineers. AU the machinery and devices fitted in a modem Submarine Boat are shown, and to make the engraving more readily understood all the features are shown in operative form, with OflQcers and Men in the act of per- forming the duties assigned to them in service conditions. THIS CHART IS REALLY AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF A SUBMARINE. It is educational and worth many times its cost. Mailed in a tube for 25 cents PATTERN MAKING PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Barrows. This book, now in its second edition, is a comprehensive and entirely practical treatise on the subject of pattern making, illustrating pattern work in both wood and metal, and with definite instructions on the use of plaster of paris in the trade. It gives specific and detailed descriptions of the materials used by pattern makers and de- scribes the tools, both those for the bench and the more interesting machine tools; having complete chapters on the Lathe, the Circular Saw, and the Band Saw. It gives many examples of pattern work, each one fully illustrated and explained with much detail. These examples, in their great variety, offer much that will be found of interest to all pattern makers, and especially to the younger ones, who are seeking information on the more advanced branches of their trade. In this second edition of the work wiU be found much that is new, even to those who have long practised this exacting trade. In the description of patterns as adapted to the Moulding Machine many difficulties which have long prevented the rapid and economical production of castings are overcome; and this great, new branch of the trade is given much space. Stripping plate and stool plate work and the less expen- sive vibrator, or rapping plate work, are all explained in detail. Plain, everyday rules for lessening the cost of patterns, with a complete system of cost keeping, a detailed method of marking, appUcable to aU branches of the trade, with complete information showing what the pattern is, its specific title, its cost, date of production, material of which it is made, the number of pieces and core- boxes, and its location in the pattern safe, all condensed into a most complete card record, with cross index. The book closes with an original and practical method for the inventory and valua- tion of patterns. Containing nearly 350 pages and 170 illustrations. Price . $2.00 PERFUMERY PERFUMES AND COSMETICS, THEIR PREPARATION AND MANUFACTURE. By G. W. AsKiNSON, Perfumer. A comprehensive treatise, in which there has been nothing omitted that could be of value to the perfumer or manufacturer of toilet preparations. Complete directions for making handkerchief perfumes, smelUng-salts, sachets, fumigating pastilles; preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cosmetics, hair dyes and other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description of aromatic substances : their nature, tests of purity, and wholesale manufacture, including a chapter on sjnnthetic products, with formulas for their use. A book of general, as well as professional in- terest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and perfume manufacturer, but also of the general pubMc. Among the contents are: 1. The History of Perfumery. 2. About Aromatic Substances in General. 3. Odors from the Vegetable Kingdom. 4. The Aromatic Vegetable Substances Employed in Perfumery. 5. The Animal Sub- stances Used in Perfumery. 6. The Chemical Products Used in Perfumery. 7. The Ex- traction of Odors. 8. The Special Characteristics of Aromatic Substances. 9. The Advil- teration of Essential Oils and Their Recognition. 10. Synthetic Products. 11. Table of Physical Properties of Aromatic Chemicals. 12. The Essences or Extracts Employed in Perfumery. 13. Directions for Making the Most Important Essences and Extracts. 26 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 14. The Division of Perfumery- 15. The Manufacture of Handkerchief Perfumes. 16. Formulas for Handkerchief Perfumes. 17. Ammoniacal and Acid Perfumes. 18. Dry Perfumes. 19. Formulas for Dry Perfumes. 20. The Perfumes Used for Fumigation. 21. Antiseptic and Therapeutic Value of Perfumes. 22. Classification of Odors. 23. Some Special Perfumery Products. 24. Hygiene and Cosmetic Perfmnery. 25. Pi-eparations for the Care of the Skin. 26. Manufacture of Casein. 27. Formulas for Emulsions. 28. Formulas for Cream. 29. Formulas for Meals, Pastes and Vege- table Milk. 30. Preparations Used for the Hair. 31. Formulas for Hair Tonics and Restorers. 32. Pomades and Hair Oils. 33. Formulas for the Manufacture of Pomades and Hair Oils. 34. Hair Dyes and Depilatories. 35. Wax Pomades, Bando- lines and Brillian tines, 36. Skin Cosmetics and Face Lotions. 37. Preparations for the Nails. 38. Water Softeners and Bath Salts. 39. Preparations for the Care of the Mouth. 40. The Colors Used in Perfumery. 41. The Utensils Used in the Toilet. Fourth edition much enlarged and brought up-to-date. Nearly 400 pages, illus- trated. Price $5.00 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: *' The most satisfactory work on the subject of Perfumery that we have ever seen. " We feel safe in saying that here is a book on Perfumery that will not disappoint you, for it has practical and excellent formulae that are within your abiUty to prepare readily. " We recommend the volume as worthy of confidence, and say that no purchaser will be disappointed in securing from its pages good value for its cost, and a large dividend on the same, even if he should use but one per cent of its working formulae. There is money in it for every user of its information." — Pharmaceutical Record. PLUMBING MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS. By R. M. Starbuck. A concise, comprehensive and practical treatise on the subject of mechanical drawing in its various modern aophcations to the work of all who are in any way connected with the plumbing trade. Nothing will so help the plumber in estimating and in explaining work to customers and workmen as a knowledge of drawing, and to the workman it is of inestimable value if he is to rise above his position to positions of greater responsibility. Among the chapters contained are: 1. Value to plumber of knowledge of drawing; tools required and their use; common views needed in mechan- ical dra^ving. 2. Perspective versus mechanical drawing in showing plumbing con- struction. 3. Correct and incorrect methods in plumbing drawing; plan and elevation explained. 4. Floor and cellar plans and elevation; scale dra^vings; use of triangles. 5. Use of triangles; drawing of fittings, traps, etc. 6. Drawing plumbing elevations and fittings. 7. Instructions in drawing plumbing elevations. 8. The drawing of plumbing fixtures; ocale drawings. 9. Drawings of fixtures and fittings. 10. Inking of drawings. 11. Shading of drawings. 12. Shading of drawings. 13. Sectional drawings ; drawing of threads. 14. Plumbing elevations from architect's plan. 15. Ele- vations of separate parts of the plumbing system. 16. Elevations from the architect's plans. 17. Drawings of detail plumbing connections. 18. Architect's plans and plumb- ing elevations of residence. 19. Plumbing elevations of residence (continued) : plumb- ing plans for cottage. 20." Plumbing elevations; roof connections. 21. Plans and plumbing elevations forsix-flat building. 22. Drawing of various parts of the plumb- ing system; use of scales. 23. Use of architect's scales. 24. Specialfeatures in the illustrations of country plumbing. 25. Drawing of wrought-iron piping, valves, radia- tors, coils, etc. 26. Drawing of piping to illustrate heating systems. 150 illustrations. Price $1.50 MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M. Starbuck. This book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has been adopted and used as a reference book by the United States Government, in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the PhiUppines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the United States and Canada. It gives connections, sizes and worldng data for all fixtures and groups of flbctures. It is helpful to the master plumber in demonstrating to his customers and in figuring work. It gives the mechanic and student quick and easy access to the best modern plumbing practice. Suggestions for estimating plumbing construction are contained in its pages. This book represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice 27 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS and should be in the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who wishes to keep himself up to the minute on this important feature of construction. Contains following chapters, each illustrated with a full-page plate: Kitchen sink, laundry tubs, vegetable wash sink; lavatories, pantry sinks, contents of marble slabs; bath tub, foot and sitz bath, shower bath; water closets, venting of water closets; low- down water closets, water closets operated by flush valves, water closet range; slop sink, urinals, the bidet ; hotel and restaurant sink, grease trap ; refrigerators, safe wastes, lami- dry waste, lines of refrigerators, bar sinks, soda fountain sinks; horse stall, frost-proof water closets; connections for S traps, venting; connections for drum traps; soil pipe connections; supporting of soil pipe; main trap and fresh air inlet; floor drains and ceUar drains, subsoil drainage; water closets and floor connections; local venting; connections for bath rooms; connections for bath rooms, continued; connections for bath rooms, continued; connections for bath rooms, continued; examples of poor practice; roughing work ready for test; testing of plumbing system; method of con- tinuous venting; continuous venting for two-floor work; continuous venting for two lines of flxtures on three or more floors; continuous venting of water closets; plumb- ing for cottage house; construction for cellar piping; plumbing for residence, use of special fittings; pliunbing for two-flat house; plumbing for apartment building, plumb- ing for double apartment building; plumbing for ofiQce building; plumbing for pubhc toUet rooms; plumbing for pubhc toilet rooms, continued; plumbing for bath estab- lishment; plumbing for engine house, factory plumbing; automatic flushing for schools, factories, etc.; use of flushing valves; urinals for public toilet rooms; the Diu-ham system, the destruction of pipes by electrolysis ; construction of work without use of lead ; automatic sewage hf t ; automatic sump tank ; country plumbing ; construc- tion of cesspools ; septic tank and automatic sewage siphon ; country plumbing ; water supply for country house; thawing of water mains and service by electricity; double boilers ; hot water supply of large buildings ; automatic control of hot water tank ; sug- gestion for estimating plumbing construction. 407 octavo pages, fully illustrated by 58 full-page engravings. Third, revised and enlarged edition just issued. Price . $4.00 STANDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. M. Starbuck. A complete practical treatise of 450 pages covering the subject of Modern Plumbing in all its branches, a large amount of space being devoted to a very complete and practical treatment of the subject of Hot Water Supply and Circulation and Range Boiler Work. Its thirty chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of, making it an indispensable work to the master plumber, the journeyman plumber, and the apprentice plumber, containing chapters on: the plumber's tools; wiping solder; composition and use; joint wiping; lead work; traps; siphonage of traps; venting; continuous venting; house sewer and sewer connections; house drain; soil piping, roughing; main trap and fresh air inlet; floor, yard, cellar drains, rain leaders, etc.; fixture wastes; water closets; ventilation; improved plumbing connec- tions; residence plumbing; plumbing for hotels, schools, factories, stables, etc.; modern country plumbing; filtration of sewage and water supply; hot and cold supply; range boilers; circulation; circulating pipes; range boiler problems; hot water for large buildings; water hft and its use; multiple connections for hot water boilers; heating of radiation by supply system; theory for the plumber; drawing for theplunaber. Fully illustrated by 347 engravings. Price $3.00 RECIPE BOOK HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-chemical Formula Book published, including over 10,000 selected scientific, chemical, technological, and practical recipes and processes. This is the most complete Book of Formulas ever pubhshed, giving thousands of recipes for the manufactiu"e of valuable articles for everyday use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas, and Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every branch of the useful arts and tells thousands of ways of making money, and is just the book everyone should have at his command. Modern in its treatment of every subject that properly falls within its scope, the book may truthfully be said to present the very latest formulas to be found in the arts and industries, and to retain those processes which long experience has proven worthy of a permanent record. To present here even a hmited number of the subjects which find a place in this valuable work would be diflacult. Suffice to say that in its pages will 28 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS be found matter of intense interest and immeasurably practical value to the scientific amateur and to Mm who wishes to obtain a knowledge of the many processes used in the arts, trades and manufacture, a knowledge which will render his pursuits more instructive and remunerative. Serving as a reference book to the small and large manufactiirer and supplying intelligent seekers with the information necessary to conduct a process, the work will be found of inestimable worth to the Metallurgist, the Photographer, the Perfumer, the Painter, the ]\Ianufacturer of Glues, Pastes, Cements, and Mucilages, the Compounder of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician, the Druggist, the Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman, the ^Machinist, the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure, the ^Manufacturer of Chem- ical Novelties and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplatrr, the Enameler, the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watchmaker, the Jeweler, the Hat INIaker, the Ink ISIamifacturer, the Optician, the Farmer, the Dairy- man, the Paper Maker, the Wood and INIetal Worker, tha Chandler and Soap Maker, the Veterinary Surgeon, and the Technologist in general. A mine of information, and up-to-date in every respect. A book which will prove of value to EVERYONE, as it covers every branch of the Useful Arts. Every home needs this book; every office, every factory, every store, every public and private en- terprise — ^EVERYWHERE — shoTild have a copy. 800 pages. Price . . . $3.00 WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: "Your Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas, and Processes duly received. I am glad to have a copy of it, and if I could not replace it, money couldn't buy it. It is the best thing of the sort I ever saw." (Signed) M. E. Trux, Sparta, Wis. "There are few persons who woiild not be able to find in the book some single formula that would repay several tim.es the cost of the book." — Merchants' Record and Show Window. " I purchased your book ' Henley's Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formtilas and Processes' about a j-ear ago and it is worth its weight in gold." — Wm. H. Mukray, Bennington, Vt. "THE BOOK WORTH THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS" "On close examination of your 'Twentieth Centoirs' Receipt Book,' I find it to be a very valuable and useful book with the very best of practical information o btainable. The price of the book, $3.00, is very small in comparison to the benefits whichi one can obtain from it. I consider the book worth fully three hundred dollars to anyone.'! — Dr. a. C. Spetts, New Y'ork. "ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST USEFUL BOOKS" " Some time ago, I got one of your ' Twentieth Century Books of Formtilas ' and have made my living from it ever since. I am alone since my husband's death with two smaU children to care for and am trying so hard to support them. I have customers who take from me Toilet Articles I put up, following directions given in the book, and I have found everyone of them to be fine." — Mrs. J. H. McjMaken, West Toledo, Ohio. RUBBER RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER. By T. 0' Conor Sloane. This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the elements of nearly everything it is necessary to understand for a commencement in any branch of the India Rubber JManufactin-e. The making of all kinds of Rubber Hand Stamps. Small Articles of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composition, Dating Hand Stamps, the INIanipulation of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solu- tions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short Accoimt of the Discovery, Collection and Manufacture of India Rubber, are set forth in a manner designed to be readily understood, the explanations being plain and simple. Including a chapter on Rubber Tire Making and Vulcanizing; also a chapter on the uses of rubber in Surgery and Dentistry. Third revised and enlarged edition. 175 pages. Illustrated $1.00 29 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS SAWS SAW FILINGS AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. A practical hand-book on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws, the speed, work, and poAver to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for those who have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals with the proper shape and pitches of saw teeth of aU kinds and gives many useful hints and rules for gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to those who use saws for any piu-pose. Complete tables of proper shape, pitch, and saw teeth as well as sizes and number of teeth of various saws are included. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated. Price $1.00 STEAM ENGINEERING AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. E. Crane. This book begins at the boiler room and takes in the whole power plant. A plain talk on every-day work about engiues, boilers, and their accessories. It is not intended to be scientific or mathematical. AU formulas are in simple form so that any one understanding plain arithmetic can readily understand any of them. The author has made this the most practical book in print ; has given the results of his years of experience, and has included about aU that has to do with an engine room or a power plant. You are not left to guess at a single point. You are shown clearly what to expect under the various conditions; how to secure the best I'esults; ways of prevent- ing "shut downs" and repairs; in short, all that goes to make up the requirements of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It's plain enough for practical men and yet of value to those high in the profession. A partial list of contents is: The boiler room, cleaning boilers, firing, feeding; pumps, inspection and repair; chirmieys, sizes and cost; piping; mason work; foundations; testing cement; pile dri-ving; engines, slow and high speed; valves; valve setting; Corhss engines, setting valves, single and double eccentric; air pumps and condensers; different types of condensers; water needed; lining up; pounds; pins not square in crosshead or crank; engineers' tools; pistons and piston rings; bearing metal; hard- ened copper; drip pipes from cyhnder jackets; belts, how made, care of; oils; greases; testing lubricants; rules and tables, including steam tables: areas of segments; ' squares and square roots; cubes and cube root; areas and circumferences of circles. Notes on: Brick work; explosions; pumps; pump valves; heaters, economizers; safety valves; lap, lead, and clearance. Has a complete examination for a license, etc., etc. Second edition. 285 pages. Illustrated. Price $2.00 EMINENT ENGINEERS. By Dwight Goddard. Everyone who appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat, Locomotive, Sewing Machine, Steel Working, and other fiuidamental discoveries, is interested in knowing a httle about the men who made them and their achievements. Mr. Goddard has selected thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed most largely to the advancement of our civilization by mechanical means, giving only such facts as are of general interest and in a way which appeals to all, whether mechanics or not. 280 pages. 35 illustrations. Price $1.50 ENGINE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. A practical treatise for the stationary engineer, telling how to erect, adjust, and run the principal steam engines in use in the United States. Describing the principal featiu-es of various special and well-known makes of engines: Temper Cut-off, Shipping and Receiving Foixndations, Erecting and Starting, Valve Setting, Care and Use, Emergencies, Erecting and Adjusting Special Engines. The questions asked throughout the catechism are plain and to the point, and the answers are given in such simple language as to be readily Xinderstood by anyone. AU the instructions given a.re complete and up-to-date : and they are written in a popular style, without any technicahties or mathematical formula. The work is of a handy size for the pocket, clearly and well printed, nicely bound, and profusely illustrated. To young engineers this catechism will be of great value, especially to those who may be preparing to go forward to be examined for certificates of competency; and to engineers generally it will be of no little service, as they will find in this volume more reaUy practical and useful information than is to be found anywhere else within a hke compass. 387 pages. Seventh edition. Price $2.00 30 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS HORSEPOWER CHART. Shows the horsepower of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the cylinder diameter of stroke, the steam pressui-e of cut-off, the revolutions, or whether condensing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a complete and practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and Firemen, dealing with the care and management of boilers, engines, pumps , superheated steam, refrigerating machinery, dynamos, motors, elevators, air compressors, and aU other branches with which the modern engineer must be familiar. Nearly 200 questions with their answers on steam and electrical engineering, likely to be asked by the Examin- ing Board, are included. Among the chapters are: Historical: steam and its properties; appliances for the generation of steam; types of boilers; chimney and its work; heat economy of the feed water; steam pumps and their work: incrustation and its work; steam above atmospheric pressiire; flow of steam from nozzles; superheated steam and its work; adiabatic expansion of steam; indicator and its work; steam engine proportions; slide valve engines and valve motion; Corliss engine and its valve gear; compound engine and its theory; triple and multiple expansion engine; steam turbine; refrigeration; elevators and their management; cost of power; steam engine troubles; electric power and electric plants. 487 pages. 405 engravings. 3d Edition. . . . $8.00 STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. This unique volume of 413 pages is not only a catechism on the question and answer principle, but it contains formulas and worked-out answex's for all the Steam problems that appertain to the operation and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations of various valves and valve gear with their principles of operation are given. Thirty- four Tables that are indispensable to every engineer and fireman that wishes to be progressive and is ambitious to become master of his calling are within its pages. It is a most valuable instructor in the service of Steam Engineering. Leading engineers have recommended it as a valuable educator for the beginner as well as a reference book for the engineer. It is thoroughly indexed for every detail. Every essential question on the Steam Engine with its answer is contained in this valuable work. Sixteenth edition. Price $2.00 STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. A practical pocket-book for the steam engineer. Shows how to work the problems of the engine room and shows "why." Tells how to figure horsepower of engines and boilers; area of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam tables; has a dictionary of engineering terms. Puts you on to all of the little kinks in figuring what- ever there is to figure around a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute zero : adiabatic expansion ; duty of engines ; factor of safety ; and a thousand and one other things; and everything is plain and simple — not the hardest way to figure, but the easiest. Second Edition 50 cents STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION. By A. G. King. This book is the standard and latest work published on the subject and has been pre- pared for the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot-water heating, and ventila- tion. It is an original and exhaustive work. Tells how to get heating contracts, how to install heating and ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used, with "Tricks of the Trade" for shop use. Rules and data for estimating radiation and cost and such tables and information as make it an indispensable work for every- one interested in steam, hot- water heating, and ventilation. It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot-water, vacuum, vapor, and vacuum-vapor heating, together with the new accelerated systems of hot-water circulation, including chapters on up-to-date methods of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and ventila- tion. Containing chapters on: I. Introduction. II. Heat. III. Evolution of artificial heating apparatus. IV. Boiler surface and settings. V. The chimney flue. VI. Pipe and fittings. VII. Valves, various kinds. . VIII. Forms of radiating surfaces. IX. Locating of radiating surfaces. X. Estimating radiation. XI. Steam- 31 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS heating apparatus. XII. Exliaust-steam heating. XIII. Hot-water heating. XIV. Pressure systems of hot-Avater work. XV. Hot-water appliances. XVI. Greenhouse heating. XVII. Vacuum vapor and vacuum exhaust heating. XVIII. Miscella- neous heating. XIX. Radiator and pipe connections. XX. Ventilation. XXI, Mechanical ventilation and hot-blast ^heating. XXII. Steam appliances. XXIIl. District heating. XXIV. Pipe and boiler covering. XXV. Temperature regulation and heat control. XXVI. Business methods. XXVII. Miscellaneous. XXVIII. Rules, tables, and useful information. 367 pages. 300 detailed engravings. Second Edition — Revised. Price $3.00 500 PLAIN ANSWERS TO DIRECT QUESTIONS ON STEAM, HOT-WATER, VAPOR AND VACUUM HEATING PRACTICE. By Alfred G. King. This work, just off the press, is arranged in question and answer form; it is intended as a guide and text-book for the yoimger, inexperienced fitter and as a reference book for all fitters. This book tells "how" and also tells "why." No work of its kind has ever been pubUshed. It answers all the questions regarding each method or system that would be asked by the steam fitter or heating contractor, and may be used as a text or reference book, and for examination questions by Trade Schools or Steam Fitters' Associations. Rules, data, tables and descriptive methods are given, to- gether with much other detailed information of daily practical use to those engaged in or interested in the various miethods of heating. Valuable to those preparing for examinations. Answers every question asked relating to modern Steam, Hot-Water, Vapor and Vacuum Heating. Among the contents are: The Theory and Laws of Heat. Methods of Heating. Chimneys and Flues. Boilers for Heating. Boiler Trimmings and Settings. Radiation. Steam Heating. Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Connections for Steam Heating. Hot Water Pleating. The Two-Pipe Gravity System of Hot Water Heating. The Circuit System of Hot Water Heating. The Overhead System of Hot Water Heating. Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Connections for Gravity Systems of Hot Water Heating. Accelerated Hot Water Heating. Ex- pansion Tank Connections. Domestic Hot Water Heating. Valves and Air Valves. Vacuum Vapor and Vacuo- Vapor Heating. Mechanical Systems of Vacuum Heating. Non-Mechanical Vacuum Systems. Vapor Systems. Atmospheric and Modulating Systems. Heating Greenhouses. Information, Rules and Tables. 200 pages, 127 illustrations. Octavo. Cloth. Price $1.50 STEEL STEEL: ITS SELECTION, ANNEALING, HARDENING, AND TEMPERING. By E. R. Markham. This work was formerly known as "The American Steel Worker," but on the pub- lication of the new, revised edition, the pubUshers deemed it advisable to change its title to a more suitable one. It is the standard work on Hardening, Tempering, and AnneaUng Steel of aU kinds. This book tells how to select, and how to work, temper, harden, and anneal steel for everything on earth. It doesn't tell how to temper one class of tools and then leave the treatment of another kind of tool to your imagination and judgment, but it gives careful instructions for every detail of every tool, whether it be a tap, a reamer or just a screw-driver. It tells about the tempering of small watch springs, the hardening of cutlery, and the anneahng of dies. In fact, there isn't a thing that a steel worker would want to know that isn't included. It is the standard book on selecting, harden- ing, and tempering all grades of steel. Among the chapter headings might be mentioned the following subjects: Introduction; the workman; steel; methods of heating; heating tool steel; forging; annealing; hardening baths; baths for hardening; harden- ing steel; drawing the temper after hardening; examples of hardening; pack harden- ing; case hardening; spring tempering; making tools of machine steel; special steels; stee^ for various tools; causes of trouble; high speed steels, etc. 400 pages. Very fully illustrated. Fourth Edition. Price $2.50 HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A new work treating in a clear, concise manner all modern processes for the heating, anneaUng, forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel, making it a book of great practical value to the metal- working mechanic in general, with special directions for the successful hardening and tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches 32 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal working tools, shear blades, saws, fine cutlery, and metal cutting tools of aU description, as well as for all implements of steel both large and small. In this work the simplest and most satisfactory hardening and temper- ing processes are given. The xises to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented, and their treatment for working under different conditions explained, also the special methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands. A chapter devoted to the different processes for case-hardening is also included, and special reference made to the adaptation of machinery steel for tools of various kinds. Fourth Edition. 288 pages. 201 illustrations. Price $2.50 TRACTORS THE MODERN GAS TRACTOR. By Victor W. Page. A complete treatise describing all types and sizes of gasoUne, kerosene, and oil tractors. Considers design and construction exhaustively, gives complete instructions for care, operation and repair, outhnes all practical applications on the road and in the field. The best and latest work on farm tractors and tractor power plants. A work needed by farmers, students, blacksmiths, mechanics, salesmen, implement dealers, designers, and engineers. 500 pages. Nearly 300 illustrations and folding plates. Price $2.00 THE HOME-MADE TRACTOR. By Xeno W. Putnam. A practical treatise on the construction of smaU and special purpose tractors in the home workshop from the odds and ends of cast-off machinery available on nearly every farm. This work shows the farmer how, at smaU expense, to make his gasoline engine conveniently portable by making it self-moving. It guides him in the con- struction of a practical farm tractor that is capable of hauling, harvesting, plowing and doing aU the ordinary farm work in which the propulsion of other machinery is re- quired. Twenty-foiir chapters are contained in this book and it is illustrated with over 153 working engravings showing many successfully built and tested home-made tractors. Boimd in cloth, 12mo. 33 THE MOST VALUABLE TECHNO-CHEMICAL RECEIPT BOOK PUBLISHED Henley's Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. Price Cloth . . . Half Morocco 3.00 4.00 800 large octavo (5x9 3^) pages Contains over 10,000 selected scientific, chemical, technological and practical Recipos and Processes, including hundreds of so-' called trade secretfk lor every business. TO present here even a Hmited number of the subjects which find a place in this valuable work would be difiQcult. Suffice tp say that in its pages will be found matter of intense interest and immeasurable practical value to the scientific amateiu* and to him who wishes to obtain a knowledge of the many processes used in the arts, trades and manufactures, a knowledge wtiich will render his pursuits more instructive and remvmerative. Serving as a reference book to the small and large manufacturer and supplying intelligent seekers with the information necessary to conduct a process, the work will be found of inestimable worth to the Metallurgist, the Photographer, the Perfumer, the Painter, the Manufacturer of Glues, Pastes, Cements, and Mucilages, the Com- pounder of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician, the Druggist, the Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman, the Machinist, the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure, the Manufacturer of Chemical Novelties and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Elec- troplater, the Enameler, the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watch- maker and Jeweler, the Hat Maker, the Ink Manufacturer, the Optician, the Farmer, the Dairyman, the Paper Maker, the Wood and Metal Worker, the Chandler and Soap Maker, the Veterinary Surgeon, and the Technologist in general. A mine of information, and up to date in every respect. A book which wili prove of value ta everyone, as it covers every branch of the usefvil Arts. AMONG THE RECIPES GIVEN ARE: Bleaching Recipes; Etching and Engraving Recipes; Recipes for Glass Making; Paper Making Recipes; Recipes for Ointments; Mirror Making Formulas; Paint Making Formulas; Grilding Recipes; Galvanizing Recipes; Bronzing Recipes; Tinning Recipes; Silvering Recipes; Recipes for Adhesives; Recipes for Plating and Enameling; Cleaning Processes; Soap Making; Leather and its Preparation; Recipes for Alloys; Recipes for Solders; Photographic Formulas; Shoe Dressing Recipes; Stove Blacking Recipes; Rust Preventive Recipes; Recipes for Lubricants; Recipes for Oils; Recipes for Dyes, Colors, and Pigments; Recipes for Dryers; Ink Recipes; Recipes for Artificial Gem Making; Jewelers' and Watchmakers' Recipes; Household Formulas; Waterproofing Recipes; Fireprooflng Recipes; Recipes for Cements, Glues, Mucilage; Fireworks Recipes; Recipes for Eradicators; Alco- hol and its Uses; Recipes for Essences and Extracts; Dentifrice Recipes; Cosmetic Recipes; Perfume Recipes; Tanning Recipes; Metalliirgical Formulas; Hair Restorers; Depilatories. And many thousands more — Equally important in the Arts and Manufactures. WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: Your Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes duly received. I am glad to have a copy of it, and if I could not replace it money couldn't buy it. It is the best thing of the sort I ever saw. — M. E. Trux, Sparta, Wis. We can most thoroughly recommend that you obtain a copy of this book as you will find it a work of the most useful character, and one that will repay its possessor if kept constantly at his side. — Trade Mark Record. Many small fortunes, and not a few large ones, have been made by the aid of a book of this character, since the receipts have all been successfuUy used and are known to be correct. — Soutnem Machinery. L.ack of space prevents the publisher from including other reviews of this book. n/iHu-timmmi mm 'V;;/' 'Hmimmm^mmmMimMl. vm