LIBRARY OF CONGRESS^ -^0ff^ ®i^p.-...7inifi|rtg|i If n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. School Herald Extra, FOR JANUARY, 1887. Rulers of the World, PRICE, 25 CENTS. CHICAGO : W. I. CHASE, Publisher. 1887. THE NEW NATIONAL SERIES. BARNES' A COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR COMMON SCHOOLS. Truly National! Non-Partisan ! Non-Sectional! For a united nation! HEADERS.— BARNES' NEW NATIONAL. "The Educational Gems of the Age." First, 30c; Second. 35c; Third, 50c; Fourth. 70c; Fifth, 90c. The set for examination, $1 50. «U^Mi?f^^.— BAR ?^ES' NEW GRAMMAR. Lan- guage Lessons based upon Grammar. {Li Press.) AUITHME TIC— BARNES' ARITHMETICS. Two Books. A Minimum of Theory with a Maximum of Practice. Ele- mentary, 40cts.; National, 75 cts. The set for examination, $1 00. PEN3IANSHIP.— BARNES' NEW SERIES. For the first time we are now able to present a series of Copy Books on a par with our other publications, in point of excellence and beauty. Price, $1 00 per dozen. GEOGRAPHY— BARNES' NEW GEOGRAPHIES. Two books. As near perfection as attainable. Elementary, 60 cts. Complete, $1 25. The set for examination, |1 50. .SCJ^iVCjEJ.— STEELE'S FOURTEEN WEEKS' COURSE. Chemistry, Physics, Physiology, Astronomy, Zoology, Geology, Botany. In seven volumes; $1 00 per volume. The set with key, $7 00. JlIS TORY,— BARNES' BRIEF SERIES. For every section and all classes, in attractive form. United States, fl OO"; The World, $1 60. The set for examination. $3 50. DRAWING.— BARNES' POPULAR DRAWING SERIES. By an experienced teacher. On a most successful plan. Send for specimen pages. Send for "Special Illustrated Catalogue ;" 6th edition just issued. To facilitate the examination of any or all of our new books, we offer to send Specimen Pages FREE, and also copies of our whole series, delivery prepaid, subject to return if not introduced. A, S. BARNES & CO., Publishers, 111 & 113 William St., NEW YORK. | 34 & 36 Madison St., CHICAGO. ..^ A CARD TO TEACHERS. If you have School Books which you do not care to keep, I will lake them in exchange for books you may need. Please send me a list of those you would LIKE TO SELL OR EXCHANGE. SenJ orders for cheap School Books to C. M. BARNES, island 153 Wabash Av., CHICAGO, ILL NEW PUBLICATIONST General History Cards— A set of 130 Cards on General His- tory, by J. W. Freeman, author of the Improved Geographical and Historical Cards, on same plan. Price, 50 cts. , Pritchard's Choice Dialogues.— Original Humorous, Comic, Affectmg-, Amusing and Spirited Dialogues. 100 pp. All new. Price. 20 cts. . Curious Cobwebs No- 2-— A Manual of Curious and Interest- mg Information. 96 pp. ; price, 20 cts. Cobwebs Nos. 1 and 2, 32 cts. Of Course You wish to keep your school up to the highest standard of elficiency, and are continually on the lookout for any- thing to add to its attractiveness; therefore, send for my CATA- LOGUE. It contains 32 pp., describing fully the above and hosts of other similar goods, Speakers, Reward Cards, Games, feinging Books, A. FLANAGAN, 163 Randolph Street, CHICAGO . T REVOLUTION IN CYCLOPEDIAS ! "Better than Appleton's; better than the Britannica; the Best of all, JOHNSON'S." Every home should have a set of MOHNSON S UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA, Which has just been revised in every department at a cost of over $60,000. It makes a most complete library at a price which every one can afford. It costs less than half as much as either Appleton's or Scribner's Britannica. and is much more satisfactory in every way. It is now regarded as the only STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA By scholars and all who use it. It was made FOR the people, and the PEOPLE are buying it at the rate of 400 sets a week. For par- ticulars, terms and outfit, address. A. J. JOHNSON & CO., II Great Jones St., New York. dt^^Teachers wanted in every county. [8-15-61 VALUABLE BOOKS FOR TEACHERS ! THE rHILOSOPHY OF WORDS: A popular in- troduction to the Science of Language. By Federico Garlanda, Ph. D. 13mo. cloth; price $1.35. Prof. Max Muller: "I read it with much interest, and recommended it to the young men atOxfo d." Dr Howard Crosby: "Admirably interesting and instructive." George Perry in the N. Y. Borne Journal: "Not a dry study of ab- stractions, but a vivacious, fascinating ramble through the garden of English." R. H. Stoddard in the Mail and Evening Express: "It reads like a ro- mance. A book of universal interest and sterling worth. In its fleld probably unrivalled." FROEBEVS EDUCATION OF MAN, {Adopted/or the use of the National Teachers' Reading Circle.) Translated by Miss Josephine Jarvis, with a preface to the American edition "by Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody. Handsomely bound in cloth. Mail- ing price $1,35. This great work by the founder of the Kindergarten is now first presented to the English reading public. No teacher who is unable to read the original should delay procuring this faithful translation. The Philadelphia Press says: "Single lines contain hints and sug- gestions of more value than many books. Miss Jarvis's translation is all that could be desired, and the work ought to be added to every mother's library." De GRAFF'S DEVELOPMENT LESSONS,— (Adopted by the Chautauqua Teachers'' Reading Union, and the National Teachers' Reading Circle?) By Prof. E. V DeGraff and Miss M. K. Smith. Containing lessons on elementary science, an exposition of the "Quincy System of Teaching," and lectures upon the science and art of teaching. Illustrated. Mailing price $1.50. A. LOVELL & CO., Publishers, i6 Astor Place, NEW YORK. (Pnbli^ihecl by Harper «& Bros.) Most valuable for the school room. It is now in use in the normal schools of the state, and in all the schools of Chicago, Springfield, Quincy, Peoria, Bloomington. and many others. It has the high en- dorsement of Dr. Hewett, Prof. Cook, and Prof. McCormick, of the Illinois State Normal University, Prof. Rowland, superintendent of public schools of Chicago, Col. Parker, of Cook County Normal School, and many others. Complete in Two Royal Octavo Vols. Price, per Vol.: Cloth, $5; Sheep, $6; Half Morocco, $8. W. p. ORATES, of Bloomington, Illinois, Has the sole right of the sale of the work in the states of Iowa, Illi- nois and Indiana. Correspondence solicited. i8-15-18t Books which should be read by higrh-school boys as a preparation for citizenship, and for a right understanding of the history of the United States. American Statesmen. EDITED BY JOHN T. MORSE, Jr. The object of this series of lives of American Statesmen is to furnish volumes which shall embody the compact result of extensive study of the many influences which have combined to shape the political history of our country.* Vol. I— JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. By John T. Morsejr. Vol. II.— ALEXANDER HAMILTON. By Henry Cabot Lodge. Vol. Ill— JOHN C. CALHOUN. By Dr. H. von Hoist. Vol. IV— ANDREW JACKSON. By Prof. Wm. G. Sumner. Vol. v.— JOHN RANDOLPH. By Henry Adams. Vol. VI— JAMES MONROE. By Pres. D. C. Oilman. Vol. VII— THOMAS JEFFERSON. By John T. Morsejr. Vol. VIII— DANIEL WEBSTER. By Henry Cabot Lodge. Vol. IX— ALBERT GALLATIN. By John Austin Stevens. Vol. X -JAMES MADISON. By Sidney Howard Gay. Vol. XI— JOHN ADAMS. By John T. Morse, Jr. Vol. XII— JOHN MARSHALL. Bv Allan B. Magruder. Vol. XIII— SAMUEL ADAMS. By' James K. Hosmer. Each volume, i6mo. cloth, gilt top, $1.25. Other volumes in preparation. "I think highly of any plan that will ensure the reading of such books by high-school pupils."— F. A. Hill, Principal of High School, Chelsea, Mass. "I shall order a set of your American Statesmen Series for use in our school. I think they would be admirable as a preparation for citizenship in our academies and high schools."— E. H. Cook, Prin- cipal of the State Normal and Training School, Potsdam, N. Y. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, 4 Park Street, Boston, Mass. TIMES BUILDING, CHICAGO- Supplies Schools, Families and Colleges with teachers for every department of educational work. Correspondence invited with well qualified teachers MRS. L R BROCKWAY. TrMXrM r\/^V A BOOK FOR EVERY WOMAN. I VJ Ix Vy LU VJI Y . Alice B. Stockham, M. D. A COMPLETE LADIES' G UIDE. 20,Q0QMLastYear . lairaSo^^^^orr-'"""^ Cloth, postpaid, r^; Mor., $3.75. \ CLT^ "NT T* Q The inost popular worK for X^ XJTJ^ A^ Mm I9« Sample Pages and list of health books FREE. SANITARY PUB. CO., 159 LaSalle St., CHICAGO. ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS, BUSINESS COLLEGE — AND— English Training School. A LIVE SCHOOL. Located in a live city of 20,U00. Expenses light. Facilities excellent. Full Business, Teachers', English, Pen- manship, Typewriting and Shorthand courses. Four departments. Twelve-page journal, giving full particulars, free. Address, WINAI^S«fc STODDAKD, Prop's., W. State-st Rockford, 111. OTJTIjinsrE IMI-A-IPS. For the use of pupils. Size, 14x21 inches. Subjects, the United States and Europe. (State which you wish when you order.) Prices: Single copy, 5 cents; 20 copies, 90 cents; 50 copies, S2.00; 100 copies, $3.50. Full directions for use printed on back of maps. The value of Outline Maps as a means of instruction in geography has long been acknowledged, and their use in other branches of study— History, Botany, etc.— is highly recommended. These cheap maps, placed in the hands of pupils to fill up, color, etc., will be found just the thing to amuse and instruct. Try them. Address, W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, CHICAGO. STONE'S HistoiK England By A. P. Stone, LL. D., Superintendent of Schools, City of Springfield, Mass. Fully Illustrated with Maps, etc. Adopted in the Best Schools, Specimen copy sent on receipt of 50 cents. Educa- tors will do well to examine this book. Correspondence is invited. THOMPSON, BROWN S CO., 23 Hawley Street, Boston, Mass. "Our Kitties." The Cunningest Pussies you ever saw! Photographed from life, handsomely mounted on large gilt-edged boards, mailed on receipt of S5 OIBlSrTS in stamps. Send at once. Address, F. I. PEIRO, Opera House, Chicago, III. P. S. — We can still supply demands for our beautiful "MAY BLOSSOMS/' in any quantity, at 10 cents each. CORTICELLI SPOOL SILK. LADIES, TRY IT! The Best Sewing Silk Made. Every Spool Warranted, Full length, Smooth & Strong. Ask your Storekeeper for CorticelU Silk. Pliysioloiical M Anatomical Charts of Life. Acknowledg-ed by Professors, School Superintendents and Teach- ers to be the most accurate, and to Illustrate the Science and make it more attractive than any other charts published. No charts have ever met with greater favor. Send for descriptive circular. 21^N. B. We can supply these Charts at A GREAT RE- DUCTION from publishers' prices, as long as our (limited) stock holds out. Send for prices. Address W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, Chicago. HAVE YOU SEEN HoftoMeaMTeacliaCoitryMool? It carefully outlines each of the Common Branches in de- tail; Tells how to Classify in each Grade; Explains the complete plan of organization as now practiced in over sixty counties of Illinois, and several counties outside of this state; Gives in detail the plan for using and holding examinations to enforce the Course of Study. Its most valuable feature consists in its hundreds of devices under each month's work, to aid the Teacher in preparing for daily school-room work and recitation. In fact, it tells the teacher just what to do, and just how to do it. 429 pages. Bound in cloth. Price $1.50, to any address. ^-Send orders to JOHN TRAINER, Decatur, III, Some Account of the Rulers of the World, PREPARED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS BY W. I. CHASE. (COPYRIGHT 1887.) Chicago: W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, 1887. y Rulers of the World KINGS, PRINCES AND STATESMEN OF OUR TIME. EUROPE, 1. How many and what are the states of Europe? Eighteen — not counting minor and dependent states Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Netherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Bulgaria. 2. What is Austria-Hungary? Sec. 50* A bipartite state, consisting of the Austrian empire and the Hungarian kingdom. Each state has its sepa- rate government, and the two are united only in the per- son of the monarch, and in a joint parliament and min- istry, the two latter having a Drescribed sphere of legis- lation and administration. 3. Who is monarch of this state? Franz Josef I, of the house of Habsburg-Loraine. He is 56 years of age; succeeded his uncle Ferdinand in 1848. Married in 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maxi- milian of Bavaria. Heir Apparent.— Archduke Rudolph, the emperor's eld- est son, born irf 1858 and now a general in the Austrian army. 4. What gives Austria prominence just now ? Her pronounced opposition to Russia in the Balkan ^References here and elsewhere are to Section of "Civil Govern- ment in Theory and Practice " : or to Volurre and Page of the School herald. RULERS OF THE WORLD. states. The recent official declaration of Koloman Tis- za, to the effect that no power would be permitted to es- tablish a protectorate over the states on the Danube defined the position taken by Austria-Hungary, as thg FRANZ JOSEPH I. Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. leader of the European powers in their opposition to Russian aggression. 5. Who is Koloman Tisza.? Prime minister of Hungary; this office he has held since Feb, 25, 1877. 6. Who is prime minister of Austria? RULERS OF THE WORLD. ii Count Edward Taafe, appointed to the office, Aug. 19, 1879. 7. Who is foreign minister of Austria-Hungary? Count G. Kalnoky de Korospatak; appointed Nov. 21, 1881. KOLOMAN TISZA. Prime Minister of Hungary. 8. What is the government of Belgium ? Sec. 95. A constitutional monarchy, governed by a king and a Austria-Hungary.— Population, (1880) 39,206,052; army, peace foot- ing, 384,000; war footing, 1,09.5,833; navy, 40 vessels, of which but 11 are iron-clad . Finances are in a bad way, as there is a chronic deficit of some $20,000,000 in the annual budget, and the national debt is $3,263,281,860. 12 RULERS OF THE WORLD. parliament of two houses, both houses elected by pop- ular suffrage. 9. Who is King of the Belgians ? Leopold II, son of Leopold I, the father being before his election to the throne of Belgium, a prince of the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold II is 5 1 yearg LEOPOLD II. King of the Belgians. of age ; was married in 1853, to Marie Henrietta, daugh- ter of Archduke Joseph of Austria. Heir Apparent. — The king has three daughters but no sons. The royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, in the order of primogeniture. The king's eldest brother is Philippe, Count of Flanders. 10. .What are the chief issues in Belgian politics ? The control of the public schools and the suppression RULERS OF THE WORLD. 13 of socialistic agitation. The Clericals and Liberals dif- fer widely as to the policy of teaching religious doctrine in the schools, and elections generally turn on this issue. The wage-workers in many parts of the state are infected with socialistic doctrines, and strikes and riots frequently occur, or are prevented only by the vig- ilance of the authorities. 11. How is Denmark governed? Sec. 108, By a king and parliament under a liberal constitution. 12. Is the government therefore liberal .? No; the government is reactionary, not to say tyran- nical. The present prime minister, with the approval of the king, has wrested the constitution far away from its rational interpretation, and carries on the govern- ment in defiance of the majority in the lower house of parliament. 13. Who is King of Denmark? V. VI, p. 159. Christian IX, a man 68 years of age, the fourth son of the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucks- burg. Succeeded to the throne in 1863, under the trea- ty of London of 1852 and the Danish law of succession of 1853. Married Louise, daughter of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, in 1842. Heir Apparent. — Prince Frederik, born in 1843; married in 1869, a daughter of the king of Sweden and Norway. 14. Who is prime minister of Denmark ? Jacob B roennum Scavenius Estrup, appointed in 1875 15. What is the government of France? Sec. 57. A republic. The legislative power is vested in a congress of two houses, and the executive in a president elected for a term of seven years, by the congress. In practice both powers are exercised by the ministry, which exists subject to the will of the majority in the chamber of deputies. Belgium.— Population (1883), 5,720,807; military strength on war footing 103,683. excluding civic guards; no navy; financially sound; public debt, $337,371,095. H RULERS OF THE WORLD. 1 6. Who is president of France? V. V, p. 198. M. Grevy, elected to that office first in 1879, ^^'^^ i*^- elected Dec. 28, 1885. 17. What is notable in the history of ministerial gov. ernment under the French republic ? CHRISTIAN IX. King of Denmark. The frequent changes in the ministry, showing the Dexmark.— Population (18SiK ::.045.1T9: army, on war footing, 50,52-2 men: navy. 4-1 steam vessels, mounting- 252 guns. Deficit in last years' Dudget, $l,0S1.5So; national debt, §64:,92ti,275. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 15 fickleness cf the majority in the chamber of deputies. 18. Who is the prime minister? M. Rene Goblet, who succeeded M. de Freycinet Dec. II, 1886. M. Goblet had previous to this acces- sion to power held the offices of under secretary of jus- FRANCOIS PAUL JULES GREW, President of France. tice (1879), minister of the interior (1882) and minister of public instruction (1885-86). 19. What are the main questions in French politics? The placating of the Radical, or semi-socialistic ele- i6 RULERS OF THE WORLD. ment, and vigilance to defeat the schemes of the mon- archical pietenders. 20. Who are these monarchical pretenders ? Prince "Jerome" Bonaparte and the Count of Paris. M. RENE GOBLET, Prime Minister of France. These have been banished from France as enemies of the state. 21. Who is Prince "Jerome" Bonaparte? He is the recognized head of the house of Bonaparte* His name is Napoleon Josepl Charles Paul Bonaparte, RULERS OF THE WORLD. 17 but he is popularly known by the name of his father, Jerome Bonaparte, whom Napoleon I made king of West- phalia. He has been conspicuous in politics ever since the revolution of 1848, but cannot be styled a leader, as he is personally unpopular. He is a man of 64 years of age and has two sons, Princes Victor and Louis. PRINCE "JEROME" BONAPARTE, 22. Who is the Count of Paris.? V. VI, p. ^i^. He is the grandson of King Louis Philippe of France He was born in 1838. By the death of the Comte de ^^^^-^^•;rP°P"^^^io° (1881)' 37,672.048. Army, in peace 502 866 in war 3 7dO,000 men, including all reserves NavyV(1883) 366 rebels' if which 72 are iron clad. Expenditures are fuW Sual to ?lvenue and the national debt is $4,710,000,000. ^ revenue, 1 8 RULERS OF THE WORLD, Chambord in 1883 he became heir to the claims of the elder as well as the younger branch of the Bourbon family. 23. What is the government of Germany? Sec. 46. LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT D'ORLEANS Count of Paris. A federation or empire of twenty-two monarchical and three republican states. The central power consists of three factors — the presidency, which is vested in the German Emperor, the federal council (bundesrath) and the federal parliament (reichstag). 24. Who is the German Emperor? RULERS OF THE WORLD 19 WilhelmI,of the house of Hohenzollern, king of Prus- sia, the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, of Prussia. Born in 1797, he was educated as a soldier, and served in the army under his brother, the King of Prussia, whom he succeeded in 1861. Was proclaimed emperor of Germany at Versailles, France, Jan. 18, 1871. WILLIAM I. German Emperor and King of Prussia. Was married in 1829 to Augusta, daughter of the Grand duke of Saxe Weimar. Heir Apparent — Prince Friedrich Wilhelm; born in 1831. Is now a field marshal in the Prussian army. Was married in 1858 to Princess Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria of England. 25. Who is chancellor of the empire? Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schonhausen. Prince Bis- 20 RULERS OF THE WORLD. marck was made prime minister of Prussia in 1862, chancellor of the North German confederation in 1867, and chancellor of the empire in 1871, when the empire took the place of the confederation. 26. Why is Bismarck famous? FRIEDRICH WILHELM, Crown Prince of Prussia. The unification of Germany, and the political great- ness of Prussia and the empire of which she is the head, are ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bis- marck. He is supposed to guide the foreign policy of the empire, and at the same time administer the domes- RULERS OF THE WORLD. 21 tic affairs of state with vigilance and foresight, 27. How many and what are the compontent states of the empire? Twenty-five — not including the imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine. There are four kingdoms, six grand PRINCE BISMARCK. duchies, five duchies, sevjpn principalities, and three free towns. States of the German Empire: — PRUSSIA— King, Wilhelm I. Members in the federal council (showing- importance in the empire), 17. Sec. 171. BAVARIA.— King, Otto. Regent, Prince Luitpold. Councillors, 6. Sec. 173. WURTEMBERG.— King, Karl I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 173. SAXONY. -King, Albert I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 174. BADEN.— Grand duke, Friedrich I. Councillors, 3 Sec. 175. MECKLENBERG-SCHWERIN. -Grand duke, Friedrich Franz III. Councillors, 3. Sec. 176. 2 2 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 28. What is the present policy of the imperial govern- ment ? For the past ten years it has been the policy of the German empire to concern itself entirely with domestic and colonial affairs, ignoring, as far as may be, the schemes of other European nations. Even the promo- tion of colonies was neglected until within the last two or three years. 29. What is the domestic policy of the government? To enlarge the sphere of its powers, to discourage the growth of liberal or democratic opinions, and to make the administration, as far as possible, independent of the popular will. At the outset. Chancellor Bismarck sought and received the support of the German Liberals, but after the formation of the empire, he broke with them and pursued a contrary policy. This change of course is especially noticeable in the history of the Prussian ^'Kulturkampf." 30. What was this ''Kulturkampf'.? V. VI, p. 28. The contest between the Prussian government and Roman Catholic church over the direction of education- al and ecclesiastical affairs. The contest was begun by the state fifteen years or more ago, and was pursued HESSE.— Grand dulje, Ludwig- IV. Councillors, 3. Sec. 177. OLDENBERG.— Grand duke, Peter I. Councillors, 1. Sec. 178. SAXE-WEIMAR.— Grand duke, Karl Alexander. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180. MECKLENBERG-STRELITZ.— Grand duke, Friedrich Wilhelm I. Councillors, 1 . Sec. 176. BRUNSWICK.— (Throne vacant). Councillors, 3. Sec. 179. SAXE-MEININGEN.— Duke, Georg- IT. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180. ANHALT.— Duke, Friedrich. Councillors.!. Sec. 183. SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.— Duke, Ernst II. Councillors, 1. Sec. 181. SAXE-ALTENBURG.— Duke, Ernst. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180. WALDECK.— Prince, Geoi'g- Victor. Councillors, 1. Sec. 184. LIPPE.— Prince, Waldemar. Councillors,!. S°c. 184. SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.— Prince, Georg. Councillors, 1. Sec. 186. SCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN.— Prince, Karl II. Council- lors, 1. Sec. 186. REUSS-SCHLEIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XIV. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.— Prince, Adolf. Councillors,!. Sec. 185. REUSS-GREIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XXII. Councillors,!. Sec. 187. HAMBURG, LUBECK AND BREMEN.— Free towns, governed by their own representatives. Each is entitled to a representative in the federal council. Sees. 188-191. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 23 with ardor, but was afterward allowed to decline and was finally abandoned in 1886, the government restor- ing its diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican and re- pealing laws calculated to hamper or offend the church. VICTORIA I. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress OF India. 31. What change occurred in Gerniany's commercial policy ? German Empire.— Population (1880) 45,334,061. Army, peace foot- ing-, 427.274 men and 13,998 officers; war footing, 1,456,677 men and 35,427 officers. Navy, 90 steam vessels, with 555 guns, including 27 iron cladP, and 16,500 men. Financial standing, good. National debt, $98,760,000. 24 RULERS OF THE WORLD. A change in the direction of the protection of home industries by the imposition of high tariff duties on im- ports. 32. What is the government of Great Britain and Ireland? Sec. 59. ALBERT EDWARD. Prince of Wales. A constitutional monarchy. The supreme legislative power resides in a parliament of two houses, the house of commons, elected by popular suffrage, and the house of p^ers, consisting of members by hereditary right, by appointment or by election. In practice, almost all the RULERS OF THE WORLD. 2^ legislative power, as well as the executive power trad- itionally resident in the sovereign, is exercised by the ministry, which exists subject to the pleasure of the majority in the house of commons. 33. Who is sovereign of Great Britain? THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. Prime Minister of England, Victoria I, of the house of Hanover. She is the daughter of Edward, the fourth son of George III. She was born in 1819; succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837; was married in 1840, to Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha. 26 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Heir Apparent. — Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Born in i84i,and now a society man of some reputation. Married, in 1863, the Princess Alexandra, daughter of the King of Den- mark. HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. 34. Who is prime minister of the United Kingdom? Robert A. T. G. Cecil, Marquis of SaUsbury, the lead- er of the Conservative party. Salisbury took office in RULERS OF THE WORLD. 27 July, 1886, the Liberal party having just been defeated in a general election. He had once before held the premiership, but only for a few months, from June, 1885, to January, 1886. Under Beaconsfield he was foreign secretary. He is thought none too scrupulous in his political methods, and as a statesman does not rank very high. CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. 35. Who is the leader of the opposition? Hon. W. E. Gladstone, for nearly twenty years the leader of the English Liberals. The Liberal party is at present divided, and as Mr. Gladstone is an old man (born Dec. 29, 1809) his return to power cannot be counted upon. But though his political career should end tomorrow, it is already sufficient to render him a marked man in history. As to his rank as a statesman, 28 RULERS OF THE WORLD. there is wide difference of opinion, but all admit his ability as a political leader, and of his earnestness and sincerity there can be but little doubt. 36. What causes the division in the Liberal party? V. VI, pp. 45,52. HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. The proposal — brought forward by Gladstone in the spring of 1886 — to establish an Irish parliament at Dub- lin for the control of Irish affairs. This measure was rejected by the house of commons, as many Liberal members voted against it. Parliament was dissolved, and in the election which followed the dissenting Lib- RULERS OF THE WORLD. 29 erals opposed Gladstone and his followers, urging the preservation of the parliamentary union with Ireland- 37. What was the result of the election? The utter rejection of the Gladstonian Irish pohcy by the people of England, the new parliament standing: HON. JOHN BRIGHT. Conservative, 318; Gladstonian,i92 ; Unionist Liberals, 75; Parnellites, or Irish Home Rulers, 85. 2i^. Who is head of the Irish Home Rule party ? Charles Stewart Parnell. Though comparatively a young man (born in 1846) he has been since 1877 the leader of the Irish Home Rule party. Is called, on ac- 30 RULERS- OF THE WORLD. count of his influence with his countrymen, the "Un- crowned King of Ireland." 39. How is Irish home rule connected with the land question? It is understood that any Irish parliament will favor HON. GEORGE J. GOSCHEN, Chancellot of the Exchequer. the claim of the Irish tenant to the possession of his holding, and either force the landlords to accept less rent or dispossess them altogether. For this reason, Gladstone proposed that the government of the United RULERS OF THE WORLD. 31 Kingdom buy out the landlords and resell the land to the tenants. 40. What was the effect of this proposal? It did not lessen the hostility of the landed gentry, but it excited the opposition of the EngUsh Radicals and strengthened the Liberal Unionists. 41. Who is leader of the English Radicals? Joseph Chamberlain, M. P. Mr. Chamberlain has held the offices of president of the board of trade and chairman of the local government board in the Liberal ministry, resigning the latter to oppose the Irish home rule bill. His parliamentary career has been short and not altogether brilliant, but he is the spokesman of his faction and as such becomes its leader, overshadowing that eminent Radical, John Bright. 42. Who is John Bright? A popular leader in England — son of a Quaker cot- ton spinner of Lancashire — who fifty odd years ago came into prominence as a leader of the anti-corn -law agitation. A gifted orator, and an advocate of the people's rights, he became a popular idol, and was soon invited to join the Liberal party, but though as member of parliament from Birmingham he generally acted with the Liberals, he persistently refused office, until 1882, when he joined Gladstone's cabinet. Being a Quaker, he resigned rather than sanction the war with Egypt, but continued as a Liberal until the introduction of the Irish home rule bill, which he vehemently opposed. 43. Beside the Radicals, who compose the Unionist Liberals ? Certain Whig-Liberals, led bv the Marquis of Hart- ington and Mr. Geo. Goschen. This group stands be- tween the Conservatives and the Gladstonians, voting sometimes with the one and sometimes with the other. 44. Who is the Conservative leader in the house of commons ? Not (as might be expected) the prime minister, but 32 RULERS OF THE WORLD. the chancellor of the exchequer, Geo. J. Goschen,who is ex officio, the party spokesman, though he is not by rights a Conservative but a Liberal Unionist. The lead- ing Conservative in the house is Wm. H. Smith, now first lord of the treasury. EARL SPENCER. 45. Who is Gladstone's lieutenant in the Liberal party ? Since the defection of the Marquis of Hartington, the lieutenancy is divided between Sir William Vernon Harcourt and Earl Spencer. (There are other conspic- uous Liberals, such as H. C. E. Childers, Lord Rose- RULERS OF THE WORLD. 33 bery and Mr. John Morley, who may come to the front should Gladstone retire.) 46. Who is Sir William Harcourt } Harcourt is a man of about sixty years, who has been in parliament for eighteen years and in the Liberal cab- inet since 1880. He is a "useful" man and a devoted follower of his chief. 47. Who is Earl Spencer.? John Poyntz Spencer, eldest son of the fourth earl of the name, was born in 1835. Has served as lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in 1868-74 and 1885-6, and as lord president of the council in 1880-85. 48. What is the government of Greece* Sec. 112. A monarchy of strictly defined powers. The exec- utive power is vested in the king and the legislative au- thority in the parliament of one chamber. In practice a responsible ministry carries on the government. 49. Who is king of Greece? George I, the second son of the present king of Den- mark. Born in 1845, he was elected king of Greece in 1863, when but 18 years of age. Was married, four years later, to Olga, niece of the Czar Alexander II of Russia. Heir Apparent — Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, eldest son of the king, born in 1868. 50. Who is prime minister of Greece ? M. Tricoupis, the leader of the conservative party, who succeeded M. Delyannis after the general election early in 1886. The premier is an old man, long versed in affairs of state. 51. What are the relations between Greece and the European powers? The relations between Greece and European powers Great Britain.— Population (1881) 35,246,633. Army (1883) 181,971 men and 7,199 officers, besides 136,778 militia and 102,810 volunteers. Navy, 283 vessels, 63 ironclads. Public debt, (1885) $3,701,653,270. 34 RULER:^ OF THE WORLD. (except France and Denmark) are not altogether friend- ly, as Greece resents the action of the powers in forcing her to desist from war with Turkey in the spring of 1886. 52. Why did Greece wish to attack Turkey? V. VI, p. 13. To secure possession of the territory awarded her by GE ORGE I. King of Greece. the Berlin conference of 1880. Greece had demanded her ancient provinces of Thessaly and Epirus, and the conference— called under the Berlin treaty — awarded her most of her claim. Turkey refused to evacuate the provinces, and the Constantinople conference of 1881 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 35 reduced the award, leaving most of Epirus still subject to the Turk. Greece submitted under protest and, after the Bulgarian union of 1885, declared her intention of forcibly occupying the disputed territory. 53. How was she forced to desist? The European powers, (except France and Denmark) joined in a command that she disband her forces, and 'Bonndary of 1832. ^J*""*""*"*""*" "Adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1880. Boundaries proposed by Greece and Turkey. '"""-='——- — -— -Settled by Constantinople Conference of 1881. THE GRECIAN BOUNDARIES. sent their fleets to blockade her ports and compel her obedience. 54. How is Italy governed .1^ Sec. no. ^y ^ king and parliament, theoretically sharing the GREECE.-Population (1879) 1,979,453. Army, 35,000 men- navv 16 l^v^^t^Hl^'^lf^^-^:^^^ W'. ^^°- Revenueflie I7S Expend- iture, $15,898,135; public debt, $86,264,800. V, c-^pcim 36 RULERS OF THE I 'ORLD. legislative power, which they exercise by and through a responsible ministry. The parliament consists of two chambers — a chamber of deputies elected by the people under a tax-paying quaHfication, and a senate appointed for life by the crown. HUMBERT I, King of Italy. 55. Who is king of Italy.? Humbert I. who succeeded his father, Victor Emanuel Jan. 9, 1878. Humbert was born in 1844; married in 1868, to Margarita, the daughter of the duke of Genoa. Heir Apparent.— Victor Emanuel, prince of Naples, born in 1869. RULERS OF 7 HE WORLD. 37 56. Who is prime minister of Italy? Signor Agostino Depretis, who has held the place with slight intermissions since 1881. He is a man of 61, devoted to home affairs and in aggressive in his foreign policy. POPE LEO XIII. 57. What are the relations between the Italian gov- ernment and the Vatican? The church of Rome— called the Vatican from the name of the papal residence — has never condoned the forcible annexation, in 1870, of the papal states to the Italian Kingdom. Hence the relations between the 38 RULERS OF THE WORL D. pope and the government are not altogether friendly Roman Catholicism is, however, the established church in Italy, and the pope is recognized as its supreme spir- itual head. He is also, though deprived of temporal power, considered as possessed of his "former dignities as a reigning prince,'' and as such maintains diplomatic relations with most European states. 58. How is the pope chosen? He is elected (for life, of course) by the college of cardinals. The sacred college contains about seventy cardinals, including bishops, priests and deacons. 59. Who is the present supreme pontiff.? The present pontiff or pope, is Leo XHI, elected Feb. 21, 1878. He was born in 1810, the son of Luigi Pecci^ educated for the priesthood, which he joined in 1837; was made bishop in 1843 ^^^ cardinal ten years later. 60. What is the government of Montenegro? Sec. 119. A patriarchal despotism. All power centers in, and emanates from, the person of the hospodar or prince. 61. Who is prince of Montenegro? Nicholas I, born in 1848, and succeeded his uncle, Danilo I, in i860. 62. What is the government of Holland or the Neth- erlands? Sec. 105. A monarchy of limited powers, the chief authority be- ing vested in the states general, an assembly of two houses. The upper house is chosen (with a property qualification), by the provincial councils. The lower house is elected by the people. d-T^. Who is king of the Netherlands? Italy.— Population (1881), 28,459,451. Army (peace footing) 170,000 men; permanent army, 750,765; army (war footing) 2,400,000 men. Navy, 72 war vessels, with 2j ironclads, several of these among the most powerful made. Revenue (1885), $312,142,530; expenditui-e, $311,286,705; debt, $2,201,903,485. Montenegro.— Population, 245,380. No army in peace, but in war every man over 14 enrolled, giving a force of about 28,000 men. Rev- en ue, $35,750. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 39 Willem III, bom in 1817, the son of Willem II, whom he succeeded in 1849. Married in 1839, the daughter of the king of Wurtemburg. This wife dying in 1877, he was married a second time, in 1879, to the Princess, Emma, daughter of the prince of Waldeck. PRINCESS WILHELMINA. Heir Apparent. — Princess Wilhelmina, offspring of seco- nd marriage, born Aug. 31, 1880. 64. Who is prime minister of Holland } Netherlands.— Population, (1885) 4,278,272; armv (war footing) 62,684 men and 2,326 officers; navy, 120 men of war, 23 of them iron- clads. Revenue, (1885) $47,230,660; expenditure, $59,686,080; debt $450,300,000. 40 RULERS OF THE WORLD. A. P. C. Vail Karnbeek, also minister of foreign af- fairs. Appointed in 1886. 65. How is Portugal governed? Sec. 10 1. By a king and parliament under a constitution. The PRINCE CARLOS, Duke of Braganza and Crown Prince of Portugal. parliament is in two houses, a chamber of deputies and a house of peers. 66, Who is king of Portugal? Luis I, son of Queen Maria II, and of Prince Ferdi- nand of Saxe-Coburg. Born in 1838 and succeeded his RULERS OF THE WORLD. 41 1862 brother, King Pedro V, in 186 r. Was married in to a daughter of King Victor Emanuel of Italy. Heir Apparent.— Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza. This prince is the king's eldest son, a man of 23, recenUj married to the daughter of the Count of Paris. CHARLES I. King of Roumania. 67. Who is prime minister of Portugal .'* Senhor Lucianna de Castro. Portugal.— Population (1881). 4,306,554. Army, 32,750 men and 1.583 P^S^F^- ^-Navy, 39 ships, many scarcely sea worthy. Revenue (1885), $34,265,780; expenditure, $35,172,660; debt, (1884) $400,000,000. 42 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 68. How is Roumania governed ? Sec. 1 1 6. The constitution vests the legislative authority in a parliament of two houses, and the executive power in the king with the limitation that all royal acts must be sanctioned by a responsible ministry. Both houses of parliament are elected by the people, 69. Who is king of Roumania? Charles I, elected prince by the National Assembly in 1866; proclaimed king in 1881. He was born in 1839, the son of Prince Karl of HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen- He succeeded Prince Alexander John I, who had been deposed by a revolution. Was married in 1869, to Prin- cess Elizabeth von Neuwied. Heir Prksumptive. — Ferdinand,(nephew) of Hohenzollern» 70. What is the government of Russia.? Sec. 121. An autocracy, based upon the doctrine of the abso- lute supremacy of the emperor of all the Russias. In making conquests, the autocrat of Russia has assumed the sovereign title peculiar to each conquered province, but has wholly abolished all constitutions, so far as they may be made the basis of political rights. Institutions of local government are tolerated, subject to the will ot his imperial majesty. 7 I. Who is emperor of Russia.? Alexander III. Was born in 1845 ; married in i866> to Maria Dagmar, daughter of the king of Denmark; as- cended the throne after the assassination of his father, March 13, 1881. The present czar is represented as self-willed, with a taste for political affairs, and his per- sonal influence is more extended than that of his father. In character he resembles his grandfather, the Emper- or Nicholas. Heir Apparent. — Grand-duke Nicholas, the czar's eldest son, born in 1868. Roumania.— Population (estimated) 5,376,000; army (peace footing), 18,533; (war footing), 150,000. No surplus in t he l)udget, and the debt is something- over one hundred and Hfty millions. RULERS OF THE WORL D. 43 72. Who is prime minister of Russia? There is no premier in the Russian ministry, the mem- bers of the cabmet being (as in the United States) in- dividually and not collectively responsible. From time to time some minister rises 10 prominence, in the opin ion of the pre s correspondents, and (perhaps) in the esteem of the czar, whose will the minister does not pre- sume to question. Just at present, the head of the for- ALEXANDER III. Emperor of all the Russias. eign office is (next to his imperial master) the promi- nent figure in the government. 73. Who is the minister of foreign affairs.? 44 RULERS OF THE WORLD. M. de Giers, who succeeded Prince Gortschakoff four years ago. He comes of a Swedish-Finn family of Jewish extraction, and has not the social prestige of his predecessor. But he has spent the best part of his life in the foreign office, and the czar seems to have NICHOLAS DE GIERS. Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Russia.— Population, (1882) (including- Siberia) 103,683,134; armv (peace footing), 780,081; (war footing), ,3300.000; navy, 385 steamships of which 39 are ironolads. Russia is deeply In debt, but exact amount IS not known, interest bearing part is $3,083,500,000: interest amount- ing to $143,369,635 annually. Amount of revenue, called for by budget RULERS CF THE WORLD. 45 every confidence in him. It is reported that he has neither the abiHty nor the power exercised by Prince Gortschakoff, but this report comes from persons not al- together friendly to the minister they decry. 74. How is the foreign office brought into prominence ^ Through the efforts of the government to extend its territory. This has brought it into cohision with the interests of ether European powers, and diplomacy is necesjary to satisfy the offended governments and avoid war. Russian encroachment on the territory and rights of Afghanistan, Turkey and Bulgaria are the chief grounds of complaint. 75. What are the sources of Russia's strength and weakness in this contest.? Her strength lies in the number of her inhabitants* and in her geographical position, which renders her less open to attack. Her weakness is in the disorderly 'state of her finances, and the political apathy of the people under despotism, which has nourished, (if it did not also produce) that form of sociaUsm pecular to the Rus ian Nihilists. 76. What is Servia? Sec. 114, A kingdom with a constitution recently remodeled in liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assem- bly of two houses elected by the people. 77. W^ho is king of Servia.? Milan I, son of Prince Milosch Obrenovich, the found- er of the dynasty. Milan was born in 1855, came to the throne as prince in 1872, was married three years later to Fraulein Nathalie von Keschko. Was proclaimed king in 1882. Heir Apparent. — Prince Alexander, born in 1876. 78. What is the government of Spain.? Sec. 103. Servia.— Population, (1883) 1,820,000; reg-ular army, 15,000, reserve, 60,000. Revenue, (1885) $7,691,470; expenditure (1885) $7,609,325; public debt, (1884) $35,000,000. 46 RULERS OF THE WORLD, A kingdom, in which a constitution has been granted by the king to his people. The legislative power is shared by the king and the cortes, the latter a parlia- ment of two houses. The upper house is a senate con- MILAN I. King of Servia. taining members by hereditary right, by appointment and by election. The lower house contains the depu- ties of the people. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 47 79. Who is king of Spain? Alfonso Leon, born May 17, 1886, the posthumous child of King Alfonso XII. The country is, therefore, under a regency. Heir Apparent. — Infant Marie-de-las-Mercedes, sister of the infant king, born in 1880. QUEEN CHRISTINA. Regent of Spain. 80. Who is regent of Spain .-* Queen Marie Christina, the mother of the king. She Spain.— Population, (1883) 169,902,621; army,peace footing.lO0,OOO;navy 134steamvessels,and 12 iron-clads and about 20,000 men. Expenditure generally exceeds the revenue, and there is a debt, $1,190,000,000. 48 RULERS OF THE WORLD. was an Austrian archduchess previous to her marriage with King Alfonso in 1879. 81. Who is prime minister of Spain ? Senor Sagasta, the leader of the Spanish Liberals. SENOR SAGASTA. Premier of Spaix. Sagasta is an old and experienced statesman, and .. backed in the present cortes, by a large majority The opposition consists of factions-conservatives, members of the Dynastic Left, (or democrats who accept the monarchy) and Republicans. IS RULERS OF THE WORLD. 49 82. Who is the pretender to the Spanish throne? Don Carlos, grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the sec- ond son of Charles IV. The line of the elder brother^ Ferdinand VII, is not yet extinct and the claims of the Carlist pretenders are founded chiefly on their wishes t J reign. 83. What is Sweden and Norway? See, 54. OSCAR II. King' OF Sweden and Norway. A bipartite state united in the person of the king. They have a diplomatic service in common, but in every oth- er particular have separate and distinct governments. 84. Who is King of Sweden and Norway? Oscar II, born in 1829, third son of Oscar I. Suc- SWEDEN.— Population (1884^4,644,448; army, (peace footing) 38,8U men and 1,734 officers, (war footing), 176,954 men; navy, 54 war vess-^is 14 of these iron-clads, 6.000 officers and men, and reserve of 35,000 Revenue, (1885) $33,876,350; expenditure, $33,653,610; debt, all for rail- ways, $63,945,945. Norway.— Population, 1.935.001: army, 18,000 men; navy, 47 steam- ers, 4 being iron-clads. Revenue, (1885) $11,633,865; expenditure, (1885) $10,896,840; debt, (1884) $29,973,320. 50 RULERS OF THE WORLD. ceeded his brother, Carl XV, in 1872. Married, in 1857, Sophia, daughter of the duke of Nassau. Heir Apparent. — Prince Gustaf, duke of Wermland. Eld- est son of the king, born in 1858, and married in 1881 to a daughter of the grand duke of Baden. 85. What is the government of Sweden? A limited monarchy in which the executive power is vested in the king, and the legislative power in the king and parliament of two houses. Both houses of parlia- ment are elected by the people, but the members of the upper house are chosen indirectly through provincial and municipal assemblies. 86. Who is prime minister of Sweden.? Oskar R. Themptander, appointed in May, 1884. 87. What is the government of Norway? It is very similar to that of Sweden, but has a more liberal basis, inasmuch as the king in Norway has no absolute veto on legislation, but only a temporary one. The storthing, or parliament, is elected by the people, and by its own action re-adjusts itself as a congress of two houses, a senate being formed of one-four'h of the house. 38. Who is prime minister? John Sverdrup, the head of the Liberal party. 89. When did the Liberals come into power? In 1884 they secured their first ministry. Previous to this, they had for many years had a large majority in the storthing, but it was only by impeachment and af- ter a protracted trial that they secured the dismissal of the Conservative cabinet. The victory was important as it established the principle of the responsibility of the ministry to the majority m the storthing. 90. What is the government of Switzerland ? -5*^^^. 42-44. Switzerland.— Population. (1880) 2,846,102; army, (war footing) 215,000 men. Itevenue,(l883) $8,076,060; expenditure, (1883) $8,561,940. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 51 A federation of small cantons or states. The cantons vary in size and contain from 20,000 to 150,000 inhabit- ants. The government resembles that of the United States in the selection of its house of representatives and senate. Its president is elected annually by the federal assembly. 91. Who is now president of Switzerland? Dr. A. Denchar, of the canton of Thurgau, elected Jan, I, 1S86, for the term of one year. 92. What are the other sovereign states of Europe.? There are no other strictly sovereign states. There are several dependent or minor states, of more or less importance. Of these the first is Bulgaria. 93. What is Bulgaria, and to what state is it subject.? Bulgaria is a principality, established by the common direction of the European powers, and nominally sub- ject to Turkey. In effect, howevei, she is not depend- ent upon Turkey, but upon the good will and protection of the powers. 94. What is her form of government.? Sec. 148. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The prince is elected for life, through a constituent assembly and in him the executive power is vested. The legislative power exists in achamber of two houses, partly elected by the people and partly appointed by the crown. 95. Who is prince of Bulgaria.? There is now a vacancy, caused by the interference of the Russian czar, who secured the abdication of prince Alexander. The late prince seems to have been very popular, aid there is no doubt that he would be recalled, but for fear of Russian interference. A new prince is to be elected by the assembly, but the election Bulgaria.— Population, 2 000.000; army,80,000 men on the warfoot- ing-, and in time of peace 24 battalions with 80 guns. Public revenue 51883^ $6,177,390; expenditure, $6,177,390. 52 RULERS OF THE WORLD. must be confirmed by the European powers, before the candidate can be installed. 96. What right have the powers to interfere ? Bulgaria, being based on the act of the powers at the Berlin Congress of 187 8, is maintained by general treaty. The recent revolution, by which Bulgaria was united to the Turkish province of Roumelia, was in violation of the Berlin treaty, and first gave Russia an excuse for interfering. The powers, though they condoned the union, and also the subsequent dethronement of Prince Alexander, have declared against further interference on the part of Russia, and in favor of the semi-inde- pendence of Bulgaria. 97. What are the other dependent slates of Europe? The re[ ublics of San Marino and Andorra. These are small communities, the first in North Italy, the oth- er in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain. Both have for some centuries enjoyed the right of self-government, under the supervision of the neigh- boring states, AFRICA. 98. What are the countries of Africa? There are no African states of international import- ance- North Africa contains Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt, but of these Morocco is the only state that can make any pretensions to sovereignty. Central Africa contains Abyssinia, the Congo Free State, Liberia, and Zanzibar. South Africa is of more import- ance, but its chief settlements are the British colonies. Outside of these the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State are the only countries worth mentioning, but they have no international significance. 99. What is the government of Morocco? Sec. 127. An Islamic despotism, in which the sultan has all spiritual and temporal power, and administers the gov- ernment according to his own caprice. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 53 TOO. What are Algiers and Tunis? Dependencies of France, governed by appointees of the French government. 10 r. What is Tripoli? A dependency of Turkey, governed by an hereditary chief, who pays tribute to the Turkish porte. 102, How is Egypt governed? Sec. 146. MOHAMMED TEWFIK. Khedive of Egypt. Egypt is, like Bulgaria, under the general protection of the European powers. It is now occupied by mili- tary forces of Great Britain, and its affairs are adminis- tered under British supervision. Nominally it is under the protection of Turkey, but this suzerainty is suspend- ed during the British occupation. 103. What is the form of government? The form of government is a limited monarchy. The legislative power is in the hands of a ministerial council, subject to the approval of a representative council, part- ly appointed and partly elected. But in case of a dis- pute, the decision will rest with the Khedive. Egypt.— Population, (1882) 6.806,381. including Upper Eg-ypt,ll,O0O,00O. Revenue, (1881) $5i,621,350; expenditure, (1881) $51,930,400; consolidat- ed debt, (1883) $477,500,000; floating debt, (1883) $81,149,365. 54 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 104. Who is the Khedive of Egypt? Mohammed Tewfik, born Nov. 19, 1852,5011 of Ismail I,succeeded to the throne on the abdicationof his father in 1879. Heir Apparent. —Abbas Effendi, son of the Khedive, born in 1874. 105. What is the government of Abyssinia } A despotism, limited only by the ability of the king to enforce his will. 106. Who is the king.^ John II, who came into power in 1872, after the pre- vious king, Theodore, had perished in 1867, in the struggle to withstand British invasion. The country fell into much disorder after Theodore's death, conten- tions between the various tribes of the country being frequent. At last a chief of one of these, conquering the others, united them in one rule, and made himself King of Abyssinia under the name of John. 107. What is the government of Zanzibar.? Zanzibar is an Islamic despotism, founded on the teachings of the Koran, in which the sultan is absolute and supreme. 108. Who is the present sultan? Said Bars:ash-ben-Said, an Arabian, the brother of the present ruler of Muscat. Twenty years ago, he conquered the cointry and was recognized as its ruler. 109. To whom is Zanzibar subject? By recent treaty, Zanzibar was forced to concede suzerainty to Germany, the occasion of conquest being the acquisition of adjacent territory by a German com- mercial company. The sultan of Zanzibar objected, claiming the country as his own, but was forced to con- cur, and also to acknowledge allegiance to Germany. Vol. F, 89, 64, 152. no. What is the Congo Free State? A quasi-commercial enterprise, established under RULERS OF THE WORLD, 55 the direct protection of Belgium, and by the consent of the European powers. A large portion of the interior of Africa is given up to the direction of this company, but no trade monopoly is allowed. Since the country is HENRY M. STANLEY. regarded as unhealthy for white men, no extensive im- migration can be expected, but a railroad wiU soon con- nect the upper Congo with the seaboard and trade will be extended to all branches of the river. 1 1 1. Who is the founder and general manager of this enterprise? 56 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Henry M. Stanley, the noted explorer and traveler. Stanley was a native of Denbigh, Wales, where his younger years were passed in great poverty. His r^al name was John Rowland. Ai the age of fifteen he ran away to sea, and going to New OrleariS,was there helped and befriended by a wealthy gentleman, and to show his gratitude the boy took his benefactor's name. He enlisted in the Confederate service, but was taken pris- oner, and then became a sailor in the United States navy. Daring ihe war, he began newspaper correspond- ence with success. He was sent by the New York Herald to report the British invasion of Abyssinia in 1867-68, in 1870-72 went in search of Dr. Livingstone, in 1874 78, and again in 1880-83, explored the Congo river. 1 12. What is the government of Liberia.? Sec. 39. It is a federation, modeled on the United States. It was founded by the American Colonization Society, as a home for American freedmen. The government is an admitted failure, and its affairs are in chronic disorder. 113. What are the British colonies .> The Cape of Good Hope Colony, and the Colony of Natal. There are other crown colonies in South Africa, but these are the only two that have any powers of self-government. 114. How are the affairs of Cape Colony managed.? By a parliament and a responsible ministry. The executive power is vested in a governor and executive council appointed by the crown, and the legislative in two houses elected by the people. 115. Who is the present governor of Cape Colony ? Sir H. G. Robinson, appointed in 1880. 116. What can be said of the administration of Cape Natal ? The colony is governed by a crown-appointed governor, and a legislature of one house, containing thirteen ap- pointed and fifteen elected members. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 57 117. Who is the present governor? Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer, appointed in 1882. II 8* How is the Orange Free State governed Sec 9c RANAVALONA III. Queen of Madagascar. It is a republic, its affairs administered by a president and an assembly of one house — the volksraad — botl elected by the people. 119. Who is now the president? 58 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Sir John H. Brand, elected in 1883 for a term of five years. 120. What can be said of the Transvaal? It has a similar government to that of the Orange Free State. It has a volksraad, similarly elected, and a president for a like term. 121. Who is president of the Transvaal.'* S. J. Paul Kruger, elected in 1883 for five years. 122. What can be said of the government of the island of Madagascar.? The government of Madagascar was changed from a tribal rule to a despotism in 18 10 when Rahama, a chief of the Hovas, one oT the tribes, became ruler of the entire island. Christianity has since been intro- duced into the island, and missionaries have done much toward civilizing the people. The sovereign has a coun- cil of advisers, but the royal will is supreme in every case. 123. Who is the present sovereign of Madagascar? Queen Ranavalona III, who came to the throne in July, 1883. She is the neice of her predecessor. Queen Ranavalona II, who named her as successor, after which she was formally elected to the position. According to a custom of the country, on coming to the throne she married the prime minister of the kingdom — Raimlalar- ivono — who had also been the husband of the-preced- ing queen. ASIA, 124. What are the countries of Asia? Besides the colonies and dependencies of European powers, there are Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, China and Japan. 125. What is the government of Turkey? Sec. 123. Turkey.— Population, (in Europe and Asia) 20.991,000. Revenue, 1884) about, 172,500,000; expenditure, unknown; debt, (1885) about) $461,129,135. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 59 ^ The Turkish Empire, or Osmanli Vilayet, is a despot ism, based on the precepts of the Koran. The state and church are allied, the sultan having been, for sev- eral hundred years, the calif or acknowledged head of ABDUL HAM ID. Sultan of Turkey. the church. The will of the monarch is absolute, when not contrary to the precepts of the prophet. The form of the government is essentially military. Having de- veloped from the rule of the conquering invader, it has never received any of the forms of civil administration. 6o RULERS OF THE WORLD. 126. Who is the sultan of Turkey? Abdul Hamid II, born in 1842, who came into power in 1876, on the deposition of his brother. Heir Apparent, — Mehemmed Reschad Effendi,brother of the sultan, and next in succession according to the laws of the Koran. 127. What is the Sublime Porte? Virtually, the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of his ministers of different departments, appomted by himself and individually responsible to him only. The porte administers the government subject to the sultan's will. 1 28. What is the government of Persia? Also an Islamic despotism, with even less concession to civilized forms than that of Turkey. The executive power is administered by a divan, or council of seven members, which, like the sublime porte of Turkey, sim- ply carries out the sovereign will. 129. Who is shah of Persia? Nassr-ed-Din, born in 1829, and succeeded his father in 1848. Heir Apparent.— Muza£fer-ed-Din, eldest son of the shah, born in 1850. 130. What is the government of Afghanistan? Still another form of Islamic despotism. The ameer claims authority over a number of turbulent tribes, which he governs partly by military force and partly by intri ue. 131. Who is the Ameer of Afghanistan ? Abdurrahman Khan, who came into power in 1880. He Mas a nephew of Shere Ali, the ruler who resisted the British invasion so stoutly, and was finally driven into exile, where he died. Shere AH's son, Yakoob Persia.— Populition estimated, 7,653,600. Revenue in cash, (about) $15,000,000; revenue in kind, $1,500,000 ;expenditure,(about)$13,75U,000. Afghanistan.— Population, (estimated) about 4,000.000. Revenue of the Ameer reckoned at $3,000,0U0, with a subsidy from the Indian govt. $600,000. RULERS OF THE WORLD, 6i Khan, manifesting little strength of mind or character, the British deposed him and set up his cousin in his stead. 132. What are the Ameer's relations to Great Britain^ ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. Ameer of Afghanistan. He has made an offensive and defensive alliance with Great Britain, for the sake of protecting his country from an invasion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan lies in the path between Russia and British India and its conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia's plans. So far, however, Russia's advance has been checked by British diplomacy. 62 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 133. What can be said of the comparative extent and importance of the Russian and British possessions in Asia? Asiatic Russia, including Siberia and the Trans- Caucasian provinces, is more than five times as large- as British India, but in point of commercial importanc>'^ C^. :St. Andre rs^, ^ Slvedc Is'.S ,>,.-,' . - .• , Hocjolenl'Is^^ ^ ° I&\ jj\aanl. Mortlock Is. ,,^e«F Admiralty Is. a- Fqnaitor Kcils. *iseul NEW GUINEA AND THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. Germany desired to annex these islands, but Spain alleged a prior claim, and the matter being referred to arbitration, Spain secured possession of most of the group. 169. What claim has Germany on the Samoan isl- ands.? RULERS OF THE WORLD, 71 In the case of the Samoan islands, Germany contends both with Great Britain and the United States, and has, by presistent aggression, secured more than equal rights with these nations, 17c. What is the government of Hawaii? The government is a Umited monarchy, with a house of peers appointed by the king, and a house of repre- sentatives elected by the people. 171. Who the king of Hawaii? Kalakaua I, elected king by parliament, Feb- 12,1874. Heiress Apparent. — Princess Lydia, eldest sister of the king, married to John O. Dominis, governor of one of the Ha- waiian islands. SOUTH AMEBIC A. 172. What are the governments of South America? Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 173. What is the Argentine Republic? Sec. ^6. A federation of fourteen states, whose government is obviously modeled on that of the United States. The constitution is unmistakably a close imitation of our federal organic law. In some few matters a change is made, and in practice the working of the government is altogether different. 174. Who is president of the Argentine Republic? Dr. Miguel Juarez Celman, elected Oct. 12, 1886, for six years. 175. What is the government of Bolivia? Sec. 69. Theoretically, it is a unified republic ; practically, it Argentine Repubi^ic— Population, (1883)3,036,000. Army consists of 7.400 soldiers, in addition to the national ^uard of 300,000 men. Public revenue, (1884) f ;31,336,6.>5; expenditure (1884) $33,694,490. Debt (1883), including local debt, $134,673,500. Bolivia.— Population, (estimated) 3,335,000. Army about 6,000 men. Public revenue, (1881) $3,465,790: expenditure, (1881) $4,799,335; debt, (1881), including railway debt, $31,935,000. 72 RULERS OF THE WORLD. is a despotism, the president exercising dictatorial pow- ers, A congress of two houses is maintained, but the power of the dictator enables him to control the elec- tions, and have none but his own friends in parliament. 176. Who is now dictator? DOM PEDRO II. Emperor of Brazil. Senor don Gregorio Pacheco,elected by the assembly in 1884. 1 77. What is the government of Brazil.'* Sec. 98. A constitutional monarchy, styled an empire. The RULERS OF THE WORLD. 73 legislative power is exercised by a parliament of two houses; the lower house being chosen by the direct vote of the people, and the upper house selected by the em- peror from nominees offered by the people's represent- atives in electoral college. The senators hold office for life ; the representatives for four years only. The gov- ernment is administered by a cabinet responsible to the parliament. 178. Who is emperor of Brazil? Dom Pedro II, born in 1825, the son of the first Bra- zilian emper(>r,and grandson of King John of Portugal. He succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his father in 1831, was crowned ten years later, married in 1843 a daughter of the king of Sicily. Heiress Presumptive. — Princess Isabel, daughter of the emperor, born in 1846 and married in 1864 to Prince Louis of Orleans. 179. What is the goveinment of Chili? Sec. d-^. A centralized republic. The legislative power is vested in a congress of two houses,a senate chosen by indirect election, and a chamber of deputies elected by popular suffrage. The executive power is wielded by the pres- ident, subject to the approval of his cabinet officers. This power is very great, as the entire government, local as well as national, is carried on by the appointees of the administration. 180. Who is president of Chili? Don Jose Manuel Balmaceda, elected in 1886 for a term of five years. 181. What is the government of Colombia? Sec. 30- Brazil.— Population, (1885) 10,200,000. Army, 13,503 men on a peace footing. Navy, 36 vessels of which 10 are iron-clads, in addition to 13 g-un -boats and 8 torpedo boats. Public revenue, (1884-85) $66,534,70 *; expenditure, $75,737,010; debt, (1884), including paper currency, $431,584,400. Chili —Population, (1882) 3,115, 340. Array, 7.100 men and 1,037 offic- ers, with a national guard of 51,816. Navv, 11 vessels, 3 of them iron- clads, manned by 3.335 men. Revenue, (1885) $37,779,705; expenditure $36,848,44J; debt, (1884), including railway debt, $87,644,630. 74 RULERS OF THE WORLD. A federation originally modelled on that of the United States. Since the recent rebellion, however, the con- stitution has been revised and the powers of govern- ment centralized, so that the states are little more than provinces. A national government is carried on by a pre ident and congress. The congress consists of a senate of three members from each state, and a house of representatives chosen by universal suffrage. 182. Who is president of Colombia? Raphael Nunez, chosen in 1884. 183. What is the government of Ecuador.? Sec. 71. Ecuador is a unified or integral state ; its government is nominally republican, but in practice has been des- potic. Since the overthrow of Dictator Veintemilla> in 1883, the people have more vigilantly guarded their liberties, and the congress (of two houses) shares the government with the president. 184. Who is president of Ecuador.? Jose Maria Placido Caamano, elected for four years in 1883. 185. What is the government of Paraguay? Sec. 82. A centralized republic, governed by a president and congress of two hovses elected directly by the people. Theoretically at least, the government is a liberal one. 186. Who is president of Paraguay? Gen. Escobar, elected in September, 1886. 187. What is the government of Peru? Since its war with Chili in 1882-83. Peru has been almost in a state of anarchy. At present, however, one of the pretenders to the government has secured the U. S. OF Colombia.— Population, (estimated) 4,000,000. Army (stand- ing) 8,000; navy, none. Revenue, (1884-t<5) ^5,864, 750;expenditure, (1884- 85) ^7,865,670; debt, (1885) $19,811,380. Ecuador.— Population, (estimated)l,000,000. R evenue,(1885)Sl,847,890 expenditure, $2,4:^1,400; debt, $18,183,750. Paraguay.— Population. 476,000. Revenue, (about) $350,000; Expen" diture, (about) $350,000: debt, uncertain, no interest paid. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 75 upper hand and the civil constitution is supposed to be in force. By it the executive power is vested in a pres- ident elected by the congress. This body is composed of two houses, a senate representing the provincial coun- DON GUZMAN BLANCO, President of Venezuela, cils, and a house, nominally chosen by the direct vote of the people. In practice, both houses contain only those whom the party in power sees fit to admit. Peru —Population, (estimated) 2,970,000. Army was about 6,000 men, but was nearly annihilated by war with Chili. Revenue, (lOiT) $13,541,475; expenditure, $13,083,790; debt, (about) $215,000,000. Uruguay.— Population, (1883) 530,536. Army, 2,500 men. Revenue, (1883) $11,677,790; expenditure,(1883) $11,626,210; debt, $64,864 675. 76 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 1 88. Who is now at the head of the government in Peru? Gen. Caceres, elected in April, 1886, 189. What is the government of Uruguay)? Sec. 84. A republic very similar in its constitution to the neigh- boring state of Paraguay. The parliament of two hous- es is chosen by the direct vote of the people, the suf- frage being given to all male adults who can read and write. 190. Who is president of Uruguay? Mascun o Tages, elected in November, 1886. 191. What is the government of Venezuela? Sec. ^iZ- Venezuela is a federation of states united by their own choice, and reserving to themselves most of the at- tributes of sovereignty. As in our own country, under the articles of confederation, the laws passed by the fed- eral congress are administered by state officers. The congress consists of a senate representing the states, and a house representing the people. The president of Ven- ezuela is chosen by a federal council of sixteen, which is in its turn selected by the congress. 192. Who is president of Venezuela? Guzman Blanco, elected in March, 1886. This re- markable man has for the last ten years so far controlled political affairs in his country that the government has been practically administered by him. NORTH AMERICA, 193. What are the countries of North America? Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- gua,San Salvador, San Domingo and Hayti, Mexico and the United States, 194. What is Canada? Sec, 152. Venezuela.— Population,(1883) 3,131,988. Revenue, $9,363,500 : expen- diture, the same; debt, $51,773,170. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 77 A dependency of Great Britain, consisting of a num- ber of British provinces united under a federal govern- ment. The governor general of Canada is appointed by the crown and has a veto on all legislation. He has al- so the power to appoint for life,the members of the Can- MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE, Governor General of Canada. adian senate. The government,however, is carried on by a ministry responsible to the house of commons, which is elected by the people. 194. Who is governor general of Canada.? 78 RULERS OF THE WORLD. Henry Charles Keith Petty FitzMaurice, marquis of Lansdowne, appointed in 1883. 195. Who is prime minister of Canada? Sir John Alexander MacDonald, born in 1815 ; was first prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and returned to power in 1878 as head of the present ccuncil. 196. How is the local government carried on? By the provincial councils through their respective ministries. The lieutenant governors of these provinces are appointed by the governor general and. exercise a veto power over legislation. 197. What is the position of Newfoundland? Sec.i^df. Newfoundland has not yet secured her own consent to enter the Canadian dominion, though provision for her admission was made in the original parliamentary act uniting the North American provinces. The little colony therefore receives its governor direct from Eng- land, and makes its own laws through a colonial assem- bly. 198. Has the colonial government jurisdiction on the west coast? Until 1886, the west coast of Newfoundland was re- served to the French fishermen by the treaty of 17 13. The colonial government had no jurisdiction there; the country was subject only to the occasional supervision of French ships of war doing police duty on the coast, and English or other foreigners were, or might be,driven out as intruders. But by the Anglo-French treaty of 1886, the En Jish are permitted to establish industries at the harbors and to share some of the fishery rights. The colonial government also participates in the duty of keeping the peace. 199. What other Canadian provinces desire to equal Newfoundland in independence? Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. These provinces Can V DA.— Population, (1881) 4,334,810. Army, (active militia) 37,(X)0 men; (reserve), 655,000. Revenue, (1885) $34,163,245; expenditure, ^36,496,940; net public debt $304,591,345. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 79 joined the dominion of their own accord, but, for the past few years, have regretted their union with Canada, believing that their interests would be better served if their government were administered altogether by their provincial parliaments. 200. What is the government of Costa Rica? Costa Rica is one of the small republics into which Central America was divided by the break down of its federal government. Costa Rica is governed by a con- gress of one chamber chosen by electoral assemblies representing the people, and by a president selected in the same manner. The suffrage is limited to those who are able to "live respectably." 201 . Who is president of this state ? Gen. Don Bernardo Soto, elected in March, 1885. 202. What is the government of Guatemala "^ Sec. 75. A republic governed by a president and an assembly of one house. The powers of government are very cen- tralized and the president, elected by the people for six years, has almost absolute control of political affairs. 203. Who is president of Guatemala.? Gen. Don M. L. Barillas, elected in 1885. 204. What position does Guatemala hold in Central American affairs.? Guatemala is looked upon with jealousy and dread by the neighboring states. The fact that the last pres- ident of Guatemala projected the conquest of the other Central American states was sufficient to unite these states in their own defense, and since then there has been a demand for the division or subjection of the more powerful country. 205. What is the government of Honduras.? Se:. 75. Costa Rica.— Population, (estimated) 180,000. Public revenue, $2,867,170; expenditure, $2,961,110; debt, (1880) including- railway debt, $20,000,000. Guatemala.— Population, (1884) 1,278,311. Revenue,a884)|7,685,000; expenditure, $7,490,000; debt, $8,303,060. 8o RULERS OF THE WORLD. A republic with a legislature elected by the people and a president (also elected by direct popular vote) who has complete control of the executive power, sub ject only to the supervision of his council. The state is subject to revolutions, and there have been no regular presidental elections for a numcer of years. 206. Who is president of Honduras .^ Gen. Luis Bogran,who came into power in 1883. 207. What is the government of Nicaragua? Sec. 77. A republic with a legislature (of two houses) and a president,both nominally elected by universal suffrage for a fixed term. 20S. Who is president of this state? Dr. Don Adam Cardenas, elected in 1883. 209. What is the government of San Salvador? Sec.'jZ. A republic with a congress of two houses elected by popular suffrage, also a president,usually the chief pow- er in the state, who should be elected by the people ev- ery four years but who has of late been placed in office by revolution or by the choice of the army. 210. Who is the president of San Salvador? Gen. Francisco Menendez, who came into power in 1885. 211. What is the government of Hayti? Sec. 87. Nominally a constitutional republic with a president and an assembly of two houses elected by the people; in practice, a despotism maintained by the adventurer who, for the time being, has obtained control of the army. 2 12. Who is the head of the government of Hayti? Gen. Solomon. Honduras.— Population, (about) 458,000. Revenue, (1884) $1,100,000. expenditure, same; debt, (interior) $1,000,000; debt and interest, (ex- terior) $30,000,000. Nicaragua.— Population,(estimated) 400,000. Public revenue,(1884> $1,877,795; expenditure, $1,795,875; debt,(all internal) $543,280. San Salvador.— Popnlation, (1878) 554,000. Revenue.(1884) $4,117,645; expenditure, (1884) $4,077,715; debt, (1883) interior, $3,183,870. RULERS OF THE WORLD. 8i 213. Whatisthegovernmen'ofSau Domingo ?6'v ^ ^ !i ^§ 00 C3 00 KINDERGARTEN SUPPLIES, Primary School Aids, and Inex- pensive PHYSIOLOGI- CAL CHARTS, Etc. For Illustrated Catalogues and Price lists of above, address, MILTON BRADLEY CO>Thos. Charles, Western Agt.. 335 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. The Man Wonderful IN — AiV ALLEGORY. BT DRS. C. B. (S: MART A. ALLEN. MOST INTERESTING WORK ON PHYSIOLOGY EVER PUBLISHED. The book is an allegory in which the body is the " House Beautiful," and its inhabitant the " Alan Wonderful." The building of the house is shown from foundation to roof, and then we are taken throujjh the different rooms, and their wonders and beauties explained to us, and all this time we are being taught — almost without knowing it — Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene, with practical applications and suggestions. The book is as fascinating as a story throughout. The important subject of Physiology and Hygiene is taught in just such a way as the successful teacher would bring it before her pupils. It is abundantly illustrated. The subject of narcotics and stimulants is clearly brought out. It will impress its readers with the true method of teaching. It does not partake in any sense of the text-book style. No story could be more entertaining to be read to the children, yet it is essentially a teacher's book. THE TABLE OF CONTENTS BY CHAPTERS HAS THESE STRIKING SUBJECTS. The "Foundations," which are the bones. The "Walls" are the mus- cles, while the skin and hair are called the "Siding- and Shingles." The head is an '■ Observatory^" in which are found a pair of "Telescopes," and radiating from it are the nerves, compared to a "Telegraph " and " Phono- graph." The communications are kept up with the "Kitchen," " Dining- Room," "Butler's Pantry," "Laundry" and "Engine." The house is heated by a "Furnace," which is also a "Sugar Manufactory." Nor is the house without mystery, for it contams a number of " Mysterious Chambers." It is protected by a wonderful "Burglar Alarm," and watched over by various " Guardians." A pair of charming " Windows " adorn the "Facade," and a "Whispering Gallery" offers a delightful labyrinth for our wanderings. The book is now being used in many schools as a class text-book, and in a still larger number it is used by the teacher as the basis for oral instruc- tion, and especially as to the evil effects of alcohol. Price $1.50. With the School Herald one year, $1.90 Address, W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, Chlcacro. M GoYernment In Tlieory and Practice. BY W. I. CHASE. A comparative view of all " the powers that <5^," giving their forms of executive administration^ their legislative machinery^ and their political origin and history. Invaluable as a Teacher's Aid. Incomparable as a Text Book. This little volume may truly be said to fill a long felt want. It fills a place which no book hitherto issued has ever attempted to fill, and sup- plies a need which every teacher of history, civil government or political science has recognized. It gives briefly a sketch of the origin, basis and object of governments, their various forms in diflFerent countries, and the :auses of these variations, defines co-ordinate, supreme and subordinate powers in civil government; then, taking up the different countries of the ivorld, gives an outline of their political systems, their limitations of ex- Jcutive power, mode of legislative action, points of likeness and unlike- less, through the entire list of federations, unified states, despotisms, iependent and component states, and the state governments of the American Union and of the German Empire. Every high-school or college student should have this book. Every ".eacher must have it. Indispensable in class room and library. PRICE, 75 CENTS. Concerning this book, Prof. C. W. G. Hyde, of St. Cloud Normal School, Minn., writes: "In one respect it has the bestplanof anybook on the subject I have ever seen. It views the question broadly, showing how the notion of government is understood in all parts of the world, and compares the ideas which obtain in the monarchies and republics of the world with those entertained by the framers of our own constitution. One cannot grasp the principles underlying our own system without such comparison." Sent with the School Herald for ^i.io. Address W, I. CHASE, School Herald Office, CHICAGO. NOTA BENE. WHAT THEY SAY OF OUR NEW BOOK. The press notices of our book are uniformly favorable. Among those first received are the following: A good elementary popular manual of Civil Government in Theory and Practice has been prepared by W. I. Chase on the comparative plan. It lays down the main features of the gov- ernments of all covmtries, and shows their variation from each other, and particularly from that of the United States as the standard of comparison. This comparative method is the proper way of studying the subject. Vastly more can be ac- complished under it in the way of an elementary, liberal, and really intelligent comprehension of the subject than by any other. It is a method which shows how the ends of govern- ment may be either reached or missed under almost any con- ceivable system, and what is required to secure liberty and good government. — N. T. Independent. The purpose of the author seems to have been to bring together a goodly amount of information about all the govern- ments of the earth, which he has done in convenient form. While it is hardly to be expected that the memory of the ordinary pupil can long remain charged with such a mass of facts, a good purpose is served in directing study to the subject. Many who would not think of going to the year-books and cyclopedias for the information thus laid before them will find the book useful as a reference, and to this end it will also doubtless be utilized by school-teachers. — Chicago Tribune. It is needless to say that information contained in this little volume is scattered through libraries or through pretentious volumes that a child never thinks of approaching. Here the information as to all the nations of the world is compressed in one volume, the story told in a simple direct style, and by one who having found the need of such information has had the wants of younger as well as mature people in mind. Too little attentionhas been given in our schools to the subject of gov- ernment, possibly because no book such as this has been pre- pared in the way to meet the wants of the schools. Not one boy in twenty has any idea of the constitution of the United States, to say nothing of the constitutions of other countries, and so far as government is concerned he is only a bundle of impulses, prejudices, and contradictions. Here in one volume are the facts of the case. — Chicago Inter-Ocean. The forms and peculiarities of the governments of the various civili'zed countries are given in a brief, clear and com- NOTA BENE. prehensive manner. For example, the complicated form of government of Austro-Hungary is set fortli with perfect plain- ness and the simpler forms with equal clearness. This it will be perceived is valuable to all who take an interest in the gen- eral affairs of the world, enabling them better to understand leading events as they occur .—I nterior . He who would become familiar with all " the powers that be," their origin and history, their chief points of likeness and unlikeness to the government of the United States, should secure and study a copy of this book. Here these points are presented in a complete yet most concise way. No one is better fitted for the task of compiling this information than Mr. Chase, as his editorial duties have led him along this line for several years. The work will certainly be v/ell received.— Normal Herald. It is a work that will be found of much interest to all thoughtful readers, and to all students and teachers of history it will prove a manual of the greatest possible value. — Toledo Blade. It is certain that the young citizen of our favored land can but feebly appreciate the excellent features of our own govern- ment, without the knowledge that will enable him to compare it with the governments of other countries, Wherefore, a book which remedies this deficiency should receive a warm welcome from all i)itelligent educators. — N. E. Jourjial of Education. It is an interesting and useful compilation, which, put in the hands of intelligent boys and girls who are studying civil gov- ernment, would interest them much, and give them many valuable notions. — Wisconsin Jotirnal of Education. The comparative method is vmquestionably the best way of studying the subject, and this little manual will be found' ex. ceptionally convenient and valuable to teachers. — Pennsylvania School fournal. A work of great interest to teachers and students of history. — Michigan Ai oderator. It is a work that will be of use to many, especially to teach- ers and students of history and civil government. — Phila. Teacher. It contains many useful facts. — Golden Rule. THE SCHOOL HERALD. A semi-monthly news manual for use in schools. Devoted to the syste- matic study of our day and g^eneration. Non-partisan and non-sectarian, it aims to present the actual facts with explanation rather than comment. Never to slight anything of importance and always to demonstrate the his- torical significance of events, is the rule it has ever followed. It can produce unsolicited commendations from thousands of the persons most prominent in the educational world. Subscription price, per year, (24 numbers), 75 cents. SEPTEMBER EXTRAS. Giving in question and answer form, a review of the history of each twelvemonths, beginning with September. Extra No. 1. For September, 1882.— Contains questions and an- swers on the history of the world for iSSi-82. Illustrated with four maps, z. e., of the Grecian boundary, of the scene of the Herzegovinian war, the Lena delta and the delta of the Nile. 16 pp. Price 6 Cents. * Extra No. 2. For September, 1883 —Contains questions and an- swers on the history of 1S82-83. Illustrated with maps and portraits. 32 pp. Price 10 cents. Extra No. 3. For September, 1884.— Contains questions and an- swers on the history of 1883-S4, Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. 24 pp. Price 10 cents. Extra No. 4. For September, 1885.— Contains questions and an- swers on the history of 1884-85. Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. 64 pp. 16 mo. Price 20 cents. -8®"Price set of four, 40 cents. AUGUST EXTRAS. Campaign extra, 1884. Contains the history of presidential nomina- tions, biographical sketches of the chief candidates before the Republican and Democratic conventions of 1SS4; an historic review of the political plat- form and the candidate's letter of acceptance, together with a brief sketch of the nominations and the campaign, the different platforms and the prin- ciples involved. Fully illustrated with portraits of the candidates, and fur- nished with questions for class use. Price 6 cents. Lessons in Current History,— Contains outlines of the history of the past four years with directions for teaching; outline essays on "Eng- land in Egypt and the Soudan," and " French Colonial Wars," specimen narratives— "The Afghan Question," (full history to date). Tho Isthmian canals, German African annexations, Congo conference, etc., .!tc. Very fully illustrated. t,i pp. Price 10 cents. '8S~Pric6 of all extras, 60 cents. SPECIAL OFFERS! To induce those intending to take the School Wei^ald to subscribe NO W, To induce subscribers intending to renew, to re- new NOW, A nd thus save us the trouble of looking for back numbers to complete their files. We make the following Cotnbination Offers: bS For School ExMliitiois. sxS. IrZ $ .20 Favorite Primary Speaker $ .85 $1.25 25 Friday Afternoon Speaker 9C 1.30 25 Friday Afternoon Dialogues 90 1.30 25 Young Folks' Dialogues 90 1.3,0 25 Fifty Choice Dialogues 90 1.30 25 School and Parlor Tableaux 90 1.5o 25 Broom Brigade Tactics 90 1.30 30 Gladstone ^peake^ 90 1.30 50 Work and Play 100 1.40 50 Little Tommy's Speaker 100 1.40 50 Children's Hour 1.00 1.40 50 Pleasant Times 1.00 1.40 50 Exhibition Days 1.00 1.40 AMs in Teacli. 10 Lessons in Current History. 8) 1.20 20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 1. 85 1.25 20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 2. 85 1.25 25 Ensign's Outlines in U. S. Historv. 90 1.30 60 1001 Questions & Answers on U. S. History. 1.00 1.40 50 1001 Questions & Answers on Geography. 1.00 140 60 1001 Questions & Answers on Grammar. 1.00 1.40 50 1001 Questions «& Answers on Arithmetic. 1.00 1.40 50 Practical Etiquette. 1.00 1.40 75 Civil Government In Theory and Practice. 1.10 1.50 75 Cook's Methods in Arithmetic. 1.10 1.50 75 Orcutt's Teacher's Manual. 1.10 1.50 1.00 1000 Ways of 1000 Teachers. 150 1.90 1.00 How to Teach and Studv U. S. History. 1.50 1.90 1.00 McCormick'sPractic'l Work in Geography. 1.50 1.90 1 .25 Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching. 1 65 2.05 1.25 Irish's Grammatical Diagrams. 1.65 2 05 1.25 Craig's Common School Question Book. 1.65 2.05 1.35 DeGrafif's Development Lessons. 1.70 2.10 1.35 Froebel's Education of Man. 1.7J ?.10 1.50 Thompson's Teacher's Examiner. 1.80 2.20 1.00 Creasy's 15 Decisive Battles of the World. 1.00 "Helps to Write." 3.25 Fallows' Synonyms and Antonyms. 1.25 1.65 1.40 1.80 1.40 1.80 Helps to Write! A box of fine assorted stationery, containing everything- necessary for letter and note correspondence; 100 sheets fine writing paper with envelopes to match; gilt-edged regret cards with envelopes, penholder, pens, wax and seal, etc., ^stc. All the essentials of corres- pondence, in fact; even to a calendtir and brief rules for punctuation and spelling. SENT BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF $1 GO The price is low, as the goods are fine— finer than may be procured in most small towns and villages— but we offer a still further reduc- tion in the following list of COMBINATION OFFERS: ^Sf For School ExWMtions. niStcls' $.20 Favorite Primary Speaker ^1.05 $1.45 35 Friday Afternoon Speaker 1.10 1.50 25 Friday Afternoon Dialogues 1.10 1.50 25 Young Folks' Dialogues 1.10 150 25 Fifty Choice Dialogues 1.10 1.50 25 School and Parlor Tableaux 1.10 1.50 25 Broom Brigade Tactics 1.10 1.50 30 Gladstone ^peake^ 1.10 1.50 50 Work and Play 1.20 1.60 50 Little Tommy's Speaker 1.20 160 50 Children's Hour 1.20 160 50 Pleasant Times l.'^O 160 50 Exhibition Days 1.20 1.60 kit in Teacli 10 Lessons in Current History. 100 1.40 20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 1. 1.05 1.45 20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 2. 1.05 1.45 25 Ensign's Outlines in U. S. History. 1.10 1.50 50 1001 Questions & Answers on U. S. History. 1.20 1.60 50 1001 Questions & Answers on Geography. 1.20 1.60 60 1001 Questions & Answers on Grammar. 1.20 1.60 50 1001 Questions & Answers on Arithmetic. 1.20 1.60 50 Practical Etiquette. 1.20 1.60 75 Civil Government in Theory and Practice. 1.30 1.70 75 Cook's Methods in Arithmetic. 130 1.70 75 Orcutt's Teacher's Manual. 1.30 1.70 1.00 1000 Ways of 1000 Teachers. 1.70 2.10 1 .00 How to Teach and Studv U. S. History. 1.70 2.10 1.00 McCormick's Practic'l Work in Geography. 1.70 2.10 1.25 Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching. 1.85 2.25 1.25 Iri-^h's Grammatical Diagrams. 1.85 2 25 1.25 Craig's Common School Question Book. 1.85 2.25 1.35 DeG raff's Development Lessons. 1.90 2.30 1.35 Froebel's Education of Man. 1.90 2.30 1.50 Thompson's Teacher's Examiner. 2.00 2.40 Address W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, Chicago. THE GLADSTONE SPEAKER. EDITED BY W, I, CHASE. Compiled from the speeches of eminent men of our time» and from current literature during the past three years. Contains nothing but declamations, all new. The "^Vorld w^e liive in. Practical Hints. Gladstone's Speech at Leeds, 1881. Winter and Famine. The Irish Patriots. Sic Semper Liberatoribus. Skobeleff as Slavophil. The Banner of the Jew. The Egyptian War. Exit Arabi. Gladstone and his Opponents. Gladstone's Concession to Home Rule. Forster vs. Parnell, Parnell's Reply to Forster. The Lieutenant's Petition. Political Assessments. Importunity of Office Seekers. Quality of Garfield's Greatness. Eagle or Hen. The Policy of 1846, Watterson at Toledo. Poem on Mrs. Stowe. The Poetry left on Andre's Monu- ment. The Political Outlook. To Virgil, North and South. American Novelists. An Historic Moment. Bunthorne's Soliloquy. The Way we liive now. The Knight Errant. The Troubadour. The Pirate of Chivalry. This Degenerate Age. " Flash," The P'ireman's Story. The Fallow Field. The Blue Jay. Summer Drought. A Modern Opera Plot. Darwin's Theory Backwards. A Tomboy. Taken altogether the collection i bility. Contains 160 pages. Well Price 30 cents. The Confession of an Idiot, A Wily Freshman. River and Harbor Bill, A Dilettante. Ballade of Difficult Rhymes. Veteran Encouraging Recruit. Ballad of a Brave Cattle Man The Last Meeting of Pocahontas and the Great Captain. A Poet's Plaint, Last and Worst. Scandal. The Ballad of a Bore. Three Fiends. The Voice from the Farm. The People's Song of Peace, The Old Reading Class, Evolution, Buddha and the Hindoo Mother. Humorous and Dialectic.^ At the Mess Table. A Big Day for Boston, The Terrible Bang Girl. She Would Have Chewing Gum, Be Kind to Animals, Nigger Mighty Happy. When the Frost is on the Punkin. Sunday Fishin', Our Railroads. A Solium Fac'. The Going of Arthur. The Man in the Moon. Malonie and Murphy. A Warning from the Sawdust Ring. The Little Banana Peel, The Christmas Reformer, Millionaire and Barefoot Boy, A Negro Boy's Complaint. The Wedding of Shon Maclean. Tobias — So to Speak. Kentucky Philosophy, A Western Maid's Dream. Out on a Fly. An Idyl of Philadelphia, s unparalleled in freshness and availa- printed and neatly bound in paper cover. CHOICE NEW BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND HOME ENTERTAINMENTS. LITTLE PEOPLE'S SPEAKER, Designed for children ten years old and young-er, and containing a wide Aariety of short pieces suitable for all kinds of entertainments. 100 pages. Paper, 15c. YOUNG FOLKS' READINGS AND REGIT A TIONS. For School and Home Entertainment and for use as a supplementary reader in the Primary and Intermediate Grades. 104 pages. Paper, 15c. YOUNG POLKS' SPEAKER Contains Concert Recitations, Holiday Pieces, ringing Temperance Speeches, soul- stirring Patriotic Orations, etc. 100 pages, attractively bound. Paper, 15c. YO UNG FOLKS' DIALOGUES. New and original. "Without exception this is the best book of thelk.in6. "—Begister. Springfield, 111. 120 pages, handsome cover. Paper. 25c- YOUNG FOLKS' ENTERTAINMENTS. By E. C. and L.J.Rooi«. Absolutely new and original. Contains Mo- tion Songs, Charades, Pantomimes, Tableaux, Concert Recitations, Motion Pieces, Drills, etc. Handsomely bound. Paper, 25c. CHOICE HUMOR. For Reading and Recitation. Adapted for use in public and private. "It is a very fine selection of articles from our best authors. We would heartily reconunend its perusal as a cure for a fit of the hlneQ ." —Christian Advicaie, San Francisco, Cal. Appropriately engraved cover. Paper, 30c. CHOICE DIALOGUES, For School and Social En- tertainment. Grammar and High School Grade. 183 pages. Paper, 30c. FAVORITE SONGS AND BALLADS, With music. Paper, 25c. HOME AMUSEMENTS, Containing Acting Cha- rades, Shadow Pantomimes, Parlor Games, Puzzles, Riddles, Enig- mas, Conundrums, Parlor Magic, Chemical Experiments, Recita- tions, Dialogues, etc. Paper, 25c. TOMMY'S FIRST SPEAKER. For Little Bo}s and Girls. Edited by Tommy Himself. Contains 250 pieces, short, simple, interesting. Suitable for very young children. A book for every child, every home, every school. 13mo., large type. Illumin- ated board covers. Price 50c. CHILDREN'S HOUR. By Mrs M. B. C. Slade. Con- taining Dialogues, Motion Sonars, Tableaux, Charades, Blackboard Exercises, etc., for Primary Schools, Kindergartens. 1 vol,, 16mo, boards. Price 50c, PLEASANT TIMES, By Marion Wayland. Contain- ing Dialogues, Recitations, Motion Songs.etc, entirely new. Price 50c. EXHIBITION DAYS. By Mrs. M. B. C. Slade. Con- taining Dialogues, Speeches, Tableaux. Charades, Blackboard Ex- ercises, etc., adapted to scholars in the Common, Grammar, and High School. 1vol., 16mo. Boards. Price, 50 cts.. Address W. I. 'JHASE, School Herald Office, CHICAGO. LESSONS IN CORREHT HISTORY. Outlines of the history of the past four years, with specimen essays, narratives of striking events, etc. Illustrated v^ith many maps and portraits. PRICE, 10 oe:n^ts. The cheapest manual of recent history extant: PRICES FOR USE IX SCHOOL.^. lO copies » .80 1 .50 copies 83.00 SO copies 1.50 I lOO copie-« S.OO Address, V/. I. CHASE, Publisher School Herald, CHICAGO. Teachers' Aids. FROEBEUS EDUCATION OF MAN. {Adoptedfor the use of the National Teachers' Reading Circle^ Translated by Miss Josephine Jarvis,with a preface to the American ed- ition by Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody. Handsomely bound in cloth. Price, $1.35. This, great work by the founder of the Kindergarten is now first presented to the English reading public. No teacher who is unable to read the original should delaj procuring this faith- ful translation. The Philadelphia Press says: "Single lines contain hints and suggestions of more value than many books. Miss Jarvis's translation is all that could be desired, and the work ought to be added to every mother's library." DeGBAFF'S DEVELOPMENT LESSONS. {Ad- opted by the Chautauqua Teachers^ Heading Union, and the Na- tional Teachers' Reading Circle.) By Prof. E. V. DeGraff and Miss M. K. Smith. Containing lessons on elementary sci- ence,an exposition of the" Quincy System of Teaching,"and lectures upon the science and art of teaching. Illustrated. Price, c^i. 55. Address, "VV- I- OHIA-SE, School Herald Office, Chicaoro. FIRST STIPS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOW LED&E. —BY PAUL BERT.— Revised and Corrected by Wm. H. Greene, M. D., Professor of Chemistry in Philadelphia Central High School. With 550 Illustrations. Complete in One Volume. i6mo. Extra Cloth. 75 cents. 500^000 copies ofthi^ work were sold in France in three years. There is not a school, even in the smallest village^ that does not use it, — English and American Testimonials. — "This book has made the teaching of Elementary Science possible in the lower grades of the grammar schools, and in the common schools." "Teachers can scarcely be said to know how much science can be taught to children until they have studied M. Paul Berts 'First Steps in Scientific Knowledge'." "A wonderful production. We unreservedly recommend it for use in schools." "If ever there was a royal road to knowledge, M. Bert has discovered it." "It is only an experienced master's mind that could have produced such a compendium of scientific information so sim- ply and clearly illustrated." Sent with the School Herald for $1,20. Grammar and Analysis made Easy by Diagrams^ By F.V.IRISH, Lecturer and Instructor in Teachers' Institutes. The most complete work on Grammatical Diagrams yet published. It contains 118 pp. of engraved diagrams, about 600 different senten- ces, comprising- all the difficult sentences of Harvey's Grammar (both old and new edition), witb notes and explanations; also d'fflcnit sen- tences from other grammars, and Greene's Analvsis, closing- with several pages of miscellaneous sentences, verbal analysis and pars- ng. Price, $1.35. OUTLINES ON U.S. HISTORY. i?2/ S.LAURA ENSIGN, Fifty-six Pagps of Outlines, Tablets, and Sketches in U. S. History. The author truly says, "Information is not the main object to be at- tained. A love for the study of history, with some valuable ideas and methods of pursuing it, are the great results." Price, 25 cts. Address, "VST". I- 0H:.A.SE, School Herald Office, Chicago. i^ MAN ff BY G. DALLAS LTND, M. D. THERE is no subject which has so ra uch in terest to mankind as man. Dr. Lind's fj-reat work traces, step by step, the history of the hu- man race from the days of primeval man down to the present time. The contents embrace: Man's Orig-in; Antiquity: Condition in Pre- historic Times; Races; Languages; Customs and Peculiarities; Arms and Armor; Modes of Warfare; Hunting; Marriage and Burial; Food; Amusements; Religious; Superstitions; Myths; Home Life in all ages; Progress; Wonders of the Human Body; Right Living ;The Mind; etc., etc. The whole forms an Oclavo Volume of 750 pp., with 275 Illustrations. "[t is a rich condensed compilation of facts on this most interesting of subjects to man, ourselves."— John Collett, State Geologist of Indiana. "The reader will find valuable instruction on every page, imparted by pleasing method. "—/n;, V?? "lo^t complete, but also the most popular work oa oraramatical Diagrams yet published. We have orders from neaH v every State and Territory in the United States Ldfronisome^l^^^^ eig-n countries and islands of the seas. The diagrams were e.mmved r'^nffn^'"''- The book contains 118 pages. abo'^t^fSfoSJent sen- tences diagrammed by the "Improved Straight Line Svstem'' com. ?d!do.fs1^vi^%'""t'^"""' ^'" «^'-^^y'« Gram^mar tfoth oldTnd ne^ if^«i2 V^-^^'IPJ^''*^''' ^^'^'■•^^ ^'*^y sentences; also many d>fflndt sen- tences from other grammars and Greene's Analysis, with numerous note^ explaining difficult points in analysis anipSng Price amhor F'''t?'tbt«^ fnl'l^'f ""r" K^'"'''^^ «^ P^'^^' Address the I^'^-^f'/v'?^h^"fJ^"*^ Instructor, Lima, Allen Co., Ohio. pgr- piof . p. V Irish, of Lima, Ohio, is competent to do excellent work in Teachers' Institutes. He is scholarly and progress >e and possesses the art of talking to teachers. His book; 'Sfamma?' and Analysis made Easy and Attractive by Diagranis' must command the attention of progressive teachers aSd siip^intendeTiS o? mSn^Scho^"^"- '^"''"^ ^- ^^^^^"^' ^'^^^ State ComTu1ss?one?o? CoS^ fc;^" Agents wanted at every teachers' institute. HUGHES' NEW WALL MAPS. The Latest-The Best. Prepared expressly for school use and adapted to any series of Geographies. Size uniformly 54x68 inch- es, mountedonstrontrclotd, withrollers,colored and var- nished. Send for list and prices. BOSTOX SCHOOI. SUP-* PI.Y COMPANY, Importers and Wholesale Educational Booksellers. John A. BovLE^Manager. 15 Bromlield !§;t., Boston. Rohrer's Bookkeeping® The most complete system extant, and at prices below any other series. N. B. Special terms made for introduction. Primary $ 50 | Common School Edition. .. .$1 50 Lectures 1 00 | Counting House Edition. ... ;}(»() Key 3 0^ A sample copy of either book for examination will be sent by mail on receipt of half price— or the five books for $3.50. The five books sent to teachers for examination for $3.50, but only in reply to requests accompanied by the money. OII.BERT BOOK €'<►. Pub'rs., 2U5 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo. ESTABLISHED IN 1877. INCORPORATED 1886. Dr. H. N. D. PARKER (Hours, 10 to 13 and 1 to 3) UTanflB-Prs Dr. J. N. WILKINS (Hours, 8 to i2 and 1 to 5) p'^ianagers. Sundays only bv appointment. OFFICE SUITS : 10 & 11, 205 Clark bt, and 113 Adams St., Chicasro. A METHOD OF CURE WITHOUT MEDICINE For Paralysis, Rheumatism, Consumption, Asthmajnsomnia, Neuresthenia' Nervous 'Exhaustion, Writers' Cramp, Operators' Paralysis, Diseases of the Spine, Kidney, Liver, Spleen, Heart, Digestive Organs, Uiseases of the Brain, Nerves, and Nerve Centers.Curvatures of the Spine, Tumors, Shrunk- en, Atrophied or Undeveloped Limbs, orpartsof the Body, Paralysis, Agi- tans. Locomotor Ataxia, Bright's Disease. Diabetes, Intlammation of the Bladder or Urinary Organ, Hemorrhage of the Lungs, or Uterus, etc. For the orerworked, either physically, or mentally , onv treatment is of inesti- mable value. It immediately relieves the congested nerve centers, stimu- Jates the circulation of the blood, affording nutrition to the nervous and muscular systems. To Ladies ivho are suffering with diseases peculiar to their sex. Our treatment is especially designed and adaj^ted to the successful treatment of your cases. There are no delicate local examinations or treatments to submit to. We especially request you to personally investigate our method of cure. Invalids ivho have been told that their disease was incurable, or who are not receiving the relief they desire, are especially invited to call and investigate our methods of cure. We use no drugs. Our Vaciann Treatment immediatrly restores the circulation of the life-giv- ing fluids to any and all parts of the body, restoring the diseased body (or parts of it) to a strong and healthy condition. For the past 17 years I have made a specialty of the Vacuum Treatment in its application to the treat- ment of chronic diseases that are beyond the skill of the family physician, and are usually (by the old method) prono.;nced incurable. For the success of this method of treatment, I would respectfully refer vou by permission to— Hon. Joseph Gary, T. S. Cunningham, C. C. Holton, N.A.Williams, Chas. Hutchison, S. H. Sweet, T. T. Morford, Frank S. Wright, J. K. McKay, John Turnbull, George Turnbnil, Marc Sherwood, F. E. Bigden, Gen. J. S. Reynolds, M. J. Eiche, N. L. Eldridge. E. H. Lahee, J. B. Story, Moore Brothers, John Cerbridge. Sam W. Butterfield. H. E. Mal- lory-ail well known citizens of Chicago— AND MANY OTHERS. Our pamphlet giving valuable information for the invalid can be had at the office, or will be sent by mail to any address/ree. Consultation at office free.