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f)i6tory of Lowell 
 
 and Its People 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERICK W. COBURN 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 VOLUME L 
 
 LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 
 I 920 
 
C()i'\'Ki(;iri', IQ20 
 Ttii-: [,k\\is I lisiiiKicAi. i'ri;i.[siii.\(; Oimi'AXY. 
 
 :EC 1 1 1920 
 
 ©CI.A56I8J2 
 
a 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 THE CITY BENEFICENT: A TRIBUTE 
 
 To the city which ga\c nie such eikication as J was able to assimi- 
 late in boyhood, through its schools, its library and other institutions, 
 and through its industrial and commercial life, I should like to think 
 that some reader may feel this book to he a tribute of gratitude. It is 
 meant to be that, as well as a record of happenings. 
 
 Lowell of 1SS5 and thereabout stays in memory in loco parentis — 
 a third parent, as it were, complementing by the influence of training 
 and surroundings whatever of endowment may have come down from 
 respected ancestors. I believe that every man and woman who has 
 had the advantage of spending a childhood in our city will gladly 
 acknowledge his indebtedness to a community in which, whatever its 
 shortcomings, a spirit of friemlliness and helpfulness has always been 
 paramount. I'rom my early infancy until as a young man I went 
 elsewhere, our city gave continuousl}- of its op])ortunities, and, imper- 
 fectly as I received them, I still might hope to have the ability to 
 render some small gift in grateful recognition. 
 
 This work may or may not come under that category ; it at least 
 has been compiled with a hope of its being to some possessor of inspi- 
 rational as well as informational value. 
 
 In gathering material and in otherwise preparing myself to write 
 the work that follows, I ha\e tried to think of the commmiity as a 
 social organi'-m, a modern analogue of the "City-State'' of the ancients, 
 its development, era by era, to be traced at least suggestivelv and pic- 
 turesquely. The so-called economic interpretation of history has 
 come to appeal strongly to most men of my temperament and tiu'u of 
 mind, and this particular subject, which was assigned me to ccjver by 
 the publishers in January, iqi", has naturally lent itself to a somewhat 
 intensive study of the impingement of successive culture epochs on a 
 single locality. Without, therefore, neglecting the conventional topics 
 of an archivist and biograjihical sort that are inevitably taken u]) in 
 histories of this kind, 1 have endeavored to stress the basic industries 
 of the locality and the reaction of the inhabitants u])on the conditions 
 created by these. This treatment has necessitated departing some- 
 what from the dejiartnientalizing that is usu.al in local histories. As 
 a reader I have always felt that separate consideration of topics, as of 
 "pciiitics," "commerce and manufactures,'' "law and lawyers," "physi- 
 
iv iiis'i'oin' OF l()\\i-;ll 
 
 cians," "art and artists," while perhaps logically justified as a matter 
 of c-on\-enienee of record, hinders the formation of any clear mental 
 picture of tlic characteristics of successive eras. 1 have, accordingly, 
 thrown much material whicli might have appeared in dejjartmental 
 form, into the narrative sections of the work. In arranging these latter 
 I ha\i- in a general way followi-d a jilan of taking u]} first the economic 
 aspects of the period, then the develojjment during that period of 
 puhlic and privately controlled institutions, and. finally, the personal 
 and anecdotal material that serves to illustrate the character of the 
 time. 
 
 'I'lu' one-hundredth anni\ersary of the fcnmding of the city will be 
 at hand soon after this hook is on the reailing tables of those who have 
 sub.scribed for it. The successive occurrences in celebration of the 
 advent of cotton manufacturing at I-'ast Chelmsford, the incorporation 
 of the town and its re-incor])oration ten years later as a city, will, no 
 doubt. gi\e publicitx to many new and \'aluable local historical contri- 
 butions. It is lioi)ed that this work, though published a little in 
 advance of the earliest of these celebrations, may seem worthy to be 
 regarded as one of the commemorative efforts ajipropriate to the third 
 decade of this century at Lowell. It has been prepared during two 
 and one-half years of most eventful general history. The coi")i:)eration 
 of several friends of expert (|uaIification has helped to give c<inhdence 
 in the work's not being entirely slight or perfunctor_\-. Indebtedness 
 is esjjeciallv acknowdedged to the late Judge Samuel I'. Hadley, who 
 headed our ad\is(jrv board, who lent without stint from his ])ri\'ate 
 librar\- and ga\e freely of his remarkably accurate personal recollec- 
 tions, anil who had jiractically finished reading the proofs of the his- 
 tory when his final illness, in March, 1919, came to interrupt all his 
 lieneficent activities. The book necessarily leaves many things unsaid, 
 for a city accumulates much wealth t)f historical materia' in a century, 
 and the historian's ])robleni is ever one of selection. Such ;is it is. it is 
 proffered as one of the tributes to l)e paid in the ne.xt few years to the 
 solid citizenry of the neighborhood ;ui(l the far-seeing ISostonians who 
 conjointly, in 182J, began the u)ibuiKiiiig of the first modern industrial 
 city in .America. THE .AUTHOR. 
 
 Note — Tile imhlisluTs tU'siro to express tln-ir .grateful appreciation of cncour- 
 aRcmcnt and a.ssistancc afforded by the late Judge Samuel P. Hadley; Mr. Philip S. 
 M;irden, President of the Courier-Citizen Pnl)lisliing Company; Mr. Charles H. 
 Eames, S. 11.. I'rincipal of the I.ouell Te.xtile School; Mr. Lewis E. MacBrayne. 
 author and litler.ateur ; and last, but by no means least, Mr. Robert F. Marden. 
 Presiilent of the Lowell Board of Trade, through wdiose instrumentality the pages 
 of the present History are adorned with a considerable number of excellent illus- 
 trations. THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 \oTK — Indexes to Historical and L'.iograiiliical matter at end of X'ulnmc III. 
 Biographical matter appears in Part Two, after page 572, in \'olume II. 
 
 P.\GIC. 
 
 Chapter I — Lowell a Lamlmark in National Industry I 
 
 Chajiter II — From Indian 'i'own to Colonial Countryside — Merri- 
 mack and Concord Rivers — Wamesit — Coming of the White 
 ]\Ian — Piillerica a Parent Town of Lowell — Early East 
 Chelmsford — Beginnings of Dracut 6 
 
 Chapter III — King Philip's War — Last Years of the Indian Com- 
 munity 37 
 
 Chapter I\' — \\'amesit Xeck Proprietorship — Old Days in West 
 Dracut — Old-time Ferries — Mode of Living — Slavery in Old 
 Dracut — Fisheries and Fishing Rights — Early Manufactures 
 — Chtirch-going — Alanners and Customs — Settlement of Bay 
 State Boundaries 45 
 
 Chapter \' — The Rexolutlon — Gen. Jt>seph B. X'arniim — The Lex- 
 ington Alarm — Capt. John F"ord — Battle of Bunker Hill — 
 Early Anti-Slavery Feeling — Rescue of Silas Royal 74 
 
 Chapter \'I — Beginnings of Industrial Lowell — Lieut. Israel Hil- 
 dreth — Shays' Rebellion — \\'ar of 181 2 — Forty Years of In- 
 dustrial Expansion — Highwaj-s ami Canals — Original Paw- 
 tucket Bridge — Enterprise at Pawtucket Falls — Middlesex 
 Canal — Manufactures Before the Factory System — Old Resi- 
 dences — Churches and Schools 95 
 
 Chapter \TI — Creation of the Factory System — Francis Cahot 
 Lowell and His Power Looin — New Life at Old Wamesit — 
 Founders of Lowell — Erection of Factories- — Earliest Corpo- 
 ration Boarding Houses — St. Anne's, oldest downtou-n 
 Church — Incorporation of Town of Lowell — Multiplication 
 of Textile Plants — An Aristocracy of Talent — Coming of the 
 Irish — Early Captains of Industry — Old-time Merchants — 
 Genesis of Factory Workers — Real Estate Developments — 
 The Nesmiths — Politics in the Town Period 131 
 
 Chapter \'1II — An Era of Development — Conimeticenient of 
 School System — Fight for a Modern School System — Inaugu- 
 ration of High School — Early Days of the Fire Department — 
 
vi HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Pack. 
 
 Comint; C)f Churclies — Tlic I'ldiuor of Thrift Institutions — 
 Art, Literature and Mu^ic in tlic 'l"i>\vnship Period — The Old 
 Stone House — Beginnin<;s of the Anti-Slaverv ]\roveiTient — 
 Temperance Ag"itation in tlie W'ashingtonion I\r;i — Introc'uc- 
 tion of Coal — L'oniinq- (if the ivailriiad 188 
 
 Chapter IX — Lowell, the Ante-Helium City — Earliest Mayors — 
 ( )ld City Hall — The Commons — Court Houses and Jails — 
 Early Judges — Introduction nf Running Water — Establish- 
 ment of a City Library — Central llridge — Annexation of Cen- 
 tralville — Dedication of Fair Crounds — Postmasters and Con- 
 gressmen — \'isit of Abraluini Lincoln — Hydraulic Engineer- 
 ing — Cotton Manufacture in Xineteenth Century — Deyelop- 
 ment of Carjiet Manufacture — Beginnings of Patent Medicine 
 Trade — Effects of F^actory System on Operatiyes — Charles 
 Dickens' Obser\'ations — Organization of Humanitarian Asso- 
 ciations — Tlie "LDwell C)ffering" — Middlesex Mechanics' 
 Association — ( Jpening of Hos])ital and Dispensary — New 
 Churches in F're-War Period — Wealthy Alen of the Fifties — 
 Drama and Music — Art. and the h^xposition of '51 216 
 
 Chapter X — Lowell in the Civil War — Local Conditions — Alioli- 
 tion of Toll Bridge — ( ien. Butler's "First Aid" to the Union — 
 Liiwell's Most Celebrated Soldier — The Lowell Martyrs in 
 Baltimore — Death of Whitney and Ladd — Obsequies of the 
 Baltimore \'ictims — Soldiers' Aid Association — Hard Times 
 in War Years — Municipal Affairs — i'lrst Street Cars — Lyceum 
 Bureau — The Musical Lews — Development of Willow Dale 
 — Art Panoramas — Return of Sixth Regiment — Lowell Men 
 in < )ther Regiments — Lowell in the Navy — War Souvenirs — 
 Burial of Capt. Edward Abliutt — Lowell Boys at Ship Island 
 — Flow the City Supported the National Administration — 
 First of the (Ireat Sanitary h'airs — The Ladd and Whitney 
 Ml mument 285 
 
 Cha])ter XI — Frum the Civil War to the Chicago Flxposition — 
 The I'rench Canadians — Increasing Cosmopolitanism of the 
 City — Beginnings of Trade Unionism — Business Growth — 
 Lowell Manufacturers at the Centennial Exposition — Im- 
 |)rovement (if Water Power — New Industries — Municipal 
 Affairs — Ldwell's Representatives in Congress — Governor 
 Butler — Acti\'ities of City Departments — The Schools — From 
 llorse Cars to the Trolley System — The Meigs Monorail — 
 St. John's Hospital — Lowell General Hospital — Humanita- 
 
CONTENTS vii 
 
 I'Ar.i:. 
 rian Inslitulinns — l'"ronch I'roteslant College — The \'(irick 
 and Highland Clubs — Intensive Athletics — Historical Cele- 
 brations 341 
 
 Chapter XH — The Quarter-Century. 1893-1918 — Increasing Cos- 
 mopolitanism — French-speaking Population — The Greeks — 
 Polyglot Colonies — Business Expansion — The Strike i)f 1003 
 — Lowell Textile School — Modern Industrial Lowell — The 
 Board of Trade — Newspajiers — Abantlonment of Corporation 
 Boarding Houses — Absentee Ownership — New City Hall and 
 Library — Commission (knernment — Ik-ginnings of Park Sys- 
 tem — Bridges and Highways — Puldic Lilirary — Puljlic Health 
 and Hovising — The Licpior Traffic — ICducational Progress — 
 Religious Develojinients — Cardinal O'Connell — The City's 
 Foremost Benefactor — Historical and Patri(3tic Societies — 
 Revived Art Association — Middlesex Women's Club — Rogers 
 Hall School — X'csper Country Club — Fish and (lame Asso- 
 ciation 394 
 
 Chapter XIII — Bibliography 463 
 
 Chapter XI\' — Literary Lowell — "The Lowell Offering'" — Lowell 
 Authors — Journalism — "The Lowell Courier" — Short-lived 
 Journals — The "\"ox Popidi" — "The Citizen" — The "Times," 
 "Mail," and "Sun" 471 
 
 Chapter X\' — 'J"he Medical I'rofcssion — I'^.arly Physicians — Later 
 
 Practitioners 503 
 
 Chapter XV'I — Art and Artists 525 
 
 Chapter X\TI — Old-time Law and Lawyers — Of Later IJays... 535 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 Lowell a Landmark in National Industry. 
 
 Judge Josiah Gardner Abbott, in a letter to the committee of tlie 
 fiftieth anniversary exercises commemorating the incorporation of the 
 city of Lowell, writes: "Lowell marks the beginning of an epoch in 
 the history, not only of New England but of the whole country. With 
 the foundations of Lowell were laid the foundations of the manufac- 
 turing industry of the whole country." 
 
 It is Lowell, in fact, the city, American, progressive, of character- 
 istic annals and normal present activities, that must be the theme of 
 any history, seriously meant, which can at this time be written from 
 the records of the industrial centre at the jvmction of the JMerrimack 
 and Concord rivers in Northeastern Massachusetts. This is not a 
 Mecca of tourists and amateur photographers. It has interesting 
 houses, though few of them can with any accuracy be called colonial. 
 It has a fascinating history, but this is not of the kind that makes 
 Salem and Plymouth and Boston hallowed ground. A student of his- 
 tory of advanced tendencies will find in Lowell immensely rich 
 material with which to illustrate the course of industrialism in 
 America. The historian, on the other hand, who looks only for thrills 
 and throbs, for the achievements of great men in war and politics, will 
 soon see that Lowell oft'ers a limited field. 
 
 As the oldest of our manufacturing cities, in brief, Lowell is the 
 well-nigh perfect example of its kind — the first to be founded on any 
 considerable scale ; in present status and promise of further civic 
 advance, by no means the least interesting. 
 
 Such cities, wherever situated, follow a course of development 
 that can ordinarily be predicted. An itidustry or group of industries 
 fixes upon a locality as suitable for exploitation of resources and 
 employment of the local labor. 
 
 Capital, in other words, has seen an opportunity for favorable 
 investment. New machinery is set up in factories or workshops, and 
 work that pays better, at least in point of cash disbursements, than 
 that previously available begins to tempt people from the adjacent 
 farms. The commencement of an actual city, with an ambitious 
 scheme of streets and public buildings, with provisions for hotising 
 the newly collected armv of wage-earners, is usually quite rapid. 
 Scores of American municipalities assert with pride that they sprang 
 up overnight. 
 
 This phenomenon of tlie quick rise of communities is, of course, 
 iust as common to-day, especially in the western part of the United 
 
 L— 1 
 
2 JIISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 States and in the Canadi;in northwest, as it was nearly a century ago 
 when the sudden emergence of urban Lowell from the hamlet of East 
 Chelmsford was accounted one of the wonders of American life. 
 
 Once established, an American industrial city seldom loses the 
 character imparted to it in its first years. The locality may not seem, 
 to after generations, to have been ideally chosen for the particular 
 kind of enterprises out of which its original prosperity grew. Its start 
 HI life may often have been almost fortuitous. Yet, thr(.iugh hard 
 times and boom times, the city continues to attract employers and 
 workers. Though it may even be at a distance from supplies of raw 
 material, and may be hampered by its geographical i)osition as regards 
 the largest consuming centres, nevertheless, decade bv decade, the 
 characteristic American municipality shows a growth in population 
 and wealth quite out of proporticm, as a rule, to the advancement of 
 the country surrounding it. 
 
 So that the persistence of the I)asic industries of Lowell is true to 
 American form. In the last two decades of the nineteenth centurv. 
 when southern cities began to chronicle the building of factories close 
 to the cotton fields and adjacent to abundant water jxjwer and cheap 
 coal, pessimists were not wanting in New England who predicted a 
 gradual decline of the communities on the Merrimack whose welfare 
 has been dependent largely upon textile manufacturing. There were 
 those whii in 1890 foresaw a shrunken village where once spindles had 
 been ciumted by the hundreds of thousands. 
 
 Such catastrophes rarely befall, and Lowell has shown the energy 
 and adaptability characteristic of American munici[)alities. It has 
 stood up under comj)etition : it has yielded to no "fell clutch of circum- 
 stance." 
 
 Progressively cosmopolitan the .\merican citv is. A wage-earn- 
 ing population at first is drawn from the neighboring farms and vil- 
 lages. The country capitalist who moves into the new town to engage 
 in business on a larger scale than his neighborhood has known before, 
 employs his relatives and neighbors. The city at the outset may be 
 urban in name and numbers; its ways are still essentially those of rural 
 North America. Presently, however, as it becomes increasinglv diffi- 
 cult to induce the sons and daughters of the farm to work at the wages 
 paid under competitive conditions in the urban workshops, and as at 
 the same time the growing demand for the city's i)roducts tends to 
 exhaust the local su]iply of labor, employers, thus situated, reach out 
 for the help of immigrants. Adventurous folk from other lands, seek- 
 ing the advantages of a political democracy, are welcomed as workers. 
 .•\ few members of a nationality establish themselves, and these are 
 quickly followed by others from the same foreign town or country- 
 side. Hardly have these newcomers taken up a definite quarter in the 
 
AX INDUSTRIAL LANDMARK 3 
 
 city, often one abandoned by native Americans, when the pioneers of 
 quite a ditYerent race may arrive and start among themselves a similar 
 process of acclimatization. Soon the immigrants may constitute a 
 majority of the people, but they are in the midst of such processes o^ 
 Americanization that they fit without making much trouble into the 
 scheme of life that was adopted by the fathers of the city. Lowell, as 
 one of the oldest of American industrial cities, is appropriately one of 
 the most cosmopolitan. 
 
 American cities have been srimewhat slower than from European 
 or Australian example might have been expected to become "com- 
 munities" in the strictest sense of the word. Often they have been a 
 little neglectful of the factors that make for an ecjuation of the com- 
 mon life. For various reasons it has been relatively hard for ten thou- 
 sand, one hundred thousand or a million persons composing an Ameri- 
 can city to beha\'e as if their interests were substantially identical. 
 The early settlers of this country were stout individualists, having the 
 pioneering disposition ; and each man was inclined to clear his tract of 
 the wilderness in his own way. Usually the founders of the cities of 
 to-day were men w^ho had inherited the temperament of these pioneers. 
 Many American manufacturing cities, furthermore, had their begin- 
 ning, as Lowell had, at about the period of the world's history when 
 the ideas of the so-called "Manchester school of economics" in Eng- 
 land were at their height of popular acceptance, and when the notion 
 of avoiding public interference with personal liberty had its warmest 
 advocacy. The inrush of immigrants has helped to keep the popula- 
 tion divided into small groups ot dififering nationalities, and often of 
 diverse languages. These and other causes have made the American 
 city backward, as it may seem to critics of international viewpoint, in 
 undertaking enterprises which require that practically the entire popu- 
 lation shall act in harmony and unity. The racial situation has often 
 helped to make local politics more partisan than patriotic. Lowell 
 has not been exceptional in having periods of its history when it 
 tended to become a city of discordant cliques rather than an organized 
 social entity. It was, however, one of the first places to try to make 
 democratic government genuinely responsible to itself under the com- 
 mission form of administration. 
 
 Each decade finds the American city, despite its limitations, a 
 better place to live in. Not only is there absolute improvement in 
 opportunities for health, happiness and mutual helpfulness, but the 
 standing of city life as compared with country life shows relative 
 advancement. Not so many years ago it was currently believed, and 
 perhaps with reason, that life in the open country was better for people 
 than that in the crow^ded, noisy and often noisome town. The boy or 
 girl brought up on the farm was seen to have had better training in 
 
4 IllS'J'ORV OF LOWELL 
 
 hal)its of industry and resourcefulness than the city-bred child. Even 
 now, of course, many of the succe.s.ses of business and professional life 
 in the larger places are won Ijy those who were born and bred on the 
 land. Yet facts and figures accumulate to show that in many respects 
 the modern city is overhauling the country — and, in at least some 
 important features, already has overhauled it — as a focus of the advan- 
 tages that make for well-rounded character. The health of children 
 and adults is better in city than in cotuitry. The so-called funda- 
 mentals of educatiiin, together with other subjects of an enriched 
 curriculum, are better taught in the urban graded schools than they 
 e\er were imparted in the little red school house. Men and women in 
 the cities are better fed and better clad than those of the farming dis- 
 tricts. The higher standards of personal morality, including sexual, 
 that now prevail among most classes of Americans, to put it mildly, are 
 (|uite as distinctly observable in the city and its immediate suburbs as 
 they are in remote and thinly populated regions. Admitting all the 
 charm and natural healthfulness of the country, one could wish the 
 normal boy or girl no better fate than that of being reared in a good 
 home of a modern city, preferably a jilace large enough to insure that 
 educational and social facilities are of standard grade, and yet not so 
 big but that the woods and fields are within easy reach. Such a city 
 of pleasant and inspiriting living conditions Lowell has been and is. 
 
 Only an optimistic outlook can result from accurate and sympa- 
 thetic obserx'ation of the facts of the history and jjresent situation of 
 the normal American city. A survey of the community's successes 
 and failures may yield material for more or less plausible jeremiads. 
 Figures may be adduced which sc)und an alarm of the falling off of 
 church attendance, the "race suicide" of the old American stock, of 
 apparent increases in arrests for crime, or commitments on account of 
 mental disorder. No social movement, however, is or ever was alto- 
 gether upward. A balance must always be struck between losses and 
 gains, and those who are closest to the facts of city life — such at least 
 has been one writer's observation — are almost unanimous in finding 
 that the advances cjuite outmeasurc the retrogressions. That the 
 Lowell which will celebrate the centenary of its incorporation as a 
 town in 1926 will be a better as well as bigger community than it is 
 to-day, seems as certain, in the hglit of observable tendencies, as that 
 the present city is in many res])ects a more desirable place of resi- 
 dence than that which President .\ndrew Jackson, accompanied bv 
 several members of his cabinet, visited in 1833. 
 
 The reasonableness of the i)ublication of another history of 
 Lowell is c\ident at this lime, if one considers the likelihood that the 
 city is at the beginning of a new epoch. Twenty years have passed 
 since the Courier-Citizen Company brought out its admirable volume 
 
AX INDUSTRIAL LAND:\IARK 5 
 
 covering' many aspects of the community's storv from the earliest 
 times onward. In two decades, much water has flown luider Central 
 Bridge. Much new material liearing on the old days has been 
 amassed, some of it in manuscript, or in printed monographs that are 
 not easily accessible to the general reader. The industries of the citv 
 have undergone considerable diversification. The historic form of 
 government has been radically altered. The racial complexity has 
 lieen increased. The interest of the outside world has been challenged 
 by the preservation of a house in which one of the most celebrated of 
 modern artists was born. Above all the quickening of the life of the 
 place which was hastened 1)y the outbreak of the European War. and 
 still further accelerated when the United States entered the conflict, is 
 likely to continue. It seems to be only a question of time when Lowell 
 and the other cities of the Merrimack valley will be to all intents and 
 purposes seaports. Through readiness of access to the sea-borne com- 
 merce of the world, Lowell will have overcome much of the handicap 
 of its location in the extreme northeast corner of the United States. 
 With new opportunities broadening out in every direction, it is visibly 
 entering upon a period of expansion which may make it alike the 
 metropolis of the Merrimack, and one of the large and model cities of 
 North America. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 From Indian Town to Colonial Countryside. 
 
 Like most New England factory cities, Lowell is one in which the 
 visitor is immediately conscious of the rivers on whose banks it has 
 l)een built. (Jld-time villages were usually placed on high land ; occu- 
 pancy of valley sites 1)ecame comnicm only after the advent of the 
 manufacturing era. 
 
 The Spindle Cit}- is jieculiarly the gift of the Merrimack river and 
 its tributary, the Concord, both streams of impressive pretensions. 
 The Merrimack in especial, which, as school geographies used to say, 
 "is utilized for m(ire mill power than any other stream in the world," 
 is felt, at this stretch of its course where it turns almost abruptly from 
 its north and south direction toward the northeast, to be a river of 
 unusual nobility and [licturesqueness. The Pawtticket Falls, particu- 
 larly when the river rnns high, have a wildness that approaches gran- 
 deur. The long reaches of still water above and below the city have 
 ])lacid breadth. From the railroad train speeding from Lowell north- 
 ward, the river gives a series of delightful glimpses from the moment 
 it first comes into sight at Middlesex village. From the surface, as 
 seen from canoe or motorboat, it has much of the aspect of a l)eautiful 
 lake. 
 
 The complete story of the Merrimack and its confluents, from its 
 rise in a tiny pond on the slopes of Mount W'illey in the White moun- 
 tains uiuil it crosses the bar at Newburyjjort, does not belong to this 
 narrative. It was told some half century ago in rather ])rolix and dis- 
 cussive fashion by J. H. Meader. Little need here be noted except 
 that the stream has been celebrated in North American annals ever 
 since Pierre du Gaust, .Sieur dc Monts and Samuel du Champlain, 
 French explorers, on Jul)- 17, 1605, entered the bay where Newburv- 
 pnrt now stands, and that as a source of supply of "white coal" it is 
 still, as at all periods of iiistory. one of the most favorablv situated 
 rivers of the continent in respect of rainfall, incline, storage opportuni- 
 ties and other advantages oljvious to the hydraulic engineer. .\s it 
 reaches Lowell it represents the run-off of territory that is almost 
 ideal for useful ends as well as scenic charm. Central and .Southern 
 New Hampshire is a region of lakes, large and small, which serve as 
 natural storage basins, regulating the flow of water in the river that 
 drains tlie district. In the system are Lakes Winnepesaukee, .Squam, 
 Newfound, Pennacook, Masabesic. Baboosic, and almost innumerable 
 smaller [jonds. Some of these are directly cotitrolled by the Locks 
 and Canals Company. .\11 of them help to promote an equable flow- 
 
AX INDUSTRIAL LANDMARK 7 
 
 age. The drainage basin, amounting to 5,015 square miles, is a large 
 one for a stream of the length, as one realizes in encountering conflu- 
 ents of the Nashua, one of the tributaries, in Central Massachusetts, 
 or the headwaters of Baker's river, in territory that seems rightlv to 
 belong to the Connecticut valley. 
 
 The paramount mark of the Merrimack river for nearly a century 
 past has been the industrial usefulness. Flowing through territory 
 that was settled early, and presenting falls and rapids at many points 
 which would naturally suggest easily available water ptnver, the river 
 has had a utilitarian history that might have been predicted a century 
 and a half ago. It would ha\'e been strange, indeed, if the Anglo- 
 Saxon enterprise that led to dotting the landscape with miniature mills 
 along the Charles, the Neponset and the Mother brook within the 
 Boston basin in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had not 
 eventually moved upon the better chances of the Ijigger river, which, 
 at its point of nearest apjiroach, is only aliout twenty-five miles from 
 the Shawniut i)eninsula. 
 
 The Merrimack — .\ word about the name of the chief waterway 
 along which Lowell is built should be included. The Merrimack was 
 not only discoxered but named by the chronicler of the "Relations des 
 Jesuits.'" Chamjdain adopted one of two very similar designations 
 gi\en to the river by different tribes of Indians. The aborigines of the 
 north applied to the stream the title of "Merrimack," or "place of the 
 strong current," from the basic words "merroh" ( strong) and "awke'' 
 (a place). The Massachusetts aborigines, on the contrary, called it 
 "Menomack," from "mena," meaning islands, "and awke" (a place). 
 More or less confusion may have resulted from the similarity of those 
 appellations. The spellings, especially before the Revolution, were 
 many, and some of them extraordinary. A grant confirmed by Charles 
 I. in the fourth year of his reign was to certain persons of a region 
 thus described: "All that part of New England, in America, which 
 lies and extends between a great river that is commonly called Mono- 
 mack, alias Merrimack," etc. The following twenty orthographical 
 modes were noted by the late James B. Francis in early records: 
 Malamake. Maremake. Meremack, Meremacke. Meremak. Merimacke, 
 Mermak, Merramack, Merramacke. Merremacke. Merremeck, Merri- 
 mac, Merrimach, Merrimack, Merrimak, Merrimeek, Merrymacke, 
 Monnomacke, Monomack, Monumach. On this subject of the spelling 
 of the stream's name, it may be added, considerable acrimony existed 
 for years between the up-river and down-river cities. Below Lawrence, 
 people have long insisted on dropping the final "k," which Lowell, 
 Nashua, Manchester and Concord have regarded as essential. 
 Through the efforts of Congressman John Jacob Rogers, in 1914, the 
 authority of the L^nited -States Government was invoked ti) declare the 
 spelling preferred at Lowell to be the legal one. 
 
8 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 W'liilc it is uncertain at what date wandering white men may have 
 arrived at points in the Merrimack valley, it is well established, as 
 brought iiut in a i)aper communicated by James Kimball to the his- 
 torical ccjllections of the Essex Institute, that an authorized explora- 
 tion of the river was conducted in 1638, when the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony was hardly a decade old. This quest was tmdertaken in the 
 interest of new homes for the throng of immigrants who were arriv- 
 ing during what is generally called the "great migration.'' "Within 
 ten or twelve years," writes Mr. Kiml)all, "after the arri\al of Endi- 
 cott the colonists are represented as being straightened for want of 
 land." Hubbard, in his history of New England confirms this state- 
 ment, saying that Ipswich was so filled \^•ith inhabitants that many of 
 them presently swarmed out to another place a little eastward. 
 Because of numerous petitions for "farm lands," measures were taken 
 to ex])lore the Merrimack to the "extreme Northerly" line of the 
 patent or charter granted to the Massachusetts Bay Company. In the 
 colonial records appears this order : 
 
 Generall Court at Boston ordered: 6th Jmij., 163S. 
 
 Goodman ^Voodward Mr. John Stretton, with an Indian & two 
 others appointed by the Magestrates of Ipswich, are to lav out the 
 line 3 miles Northward of the most Northernmost i)art of Merrimack 
 for w"^'' they are to have 5 s. a day a piece. 
 
 These surveyors com])leted their work as far as the outlet of the 
 Winne])esaukee. which they regarded the main confluent of the Merri- 
 ni;ick, and at the Weirs they car\-ed in a boidder the lettering which 
 ma}' still be seen : 
 
 W. P. 
 
 TOHN 
 
 ENDICVT 
 
 GOV 
 
 [ I 
 Jonathan Inch 
 
 These letters were disclosed in I1S31 diu"ing a preliniinar\- exami- 
 nation of the storage possibilities of W'innepesaukee basin. Within 
 the memory of the ])rcsent generation the rock was covered with the 
 present canopy. 
 
 Th;it the surveyors' work was satisfactorily achieved ma}- be sur- 
 mised from the following legislative resolve: 
 
 May 22d, 1639. 
 
 Goodman Woodw.ird was ordered to have 3 £ for his journev to 
 discover the running up on Merrnnack : 10 s. more was added bv order 
 of the Gov. & Dep. 
 
 And they which went with h.im ; Tho. Houlet, Sargent Jacob, The 
 Clarke & John Manning to have 5.0 s. a peice &c. 
 
DF.\-KLOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 9 
 
 Voyaging on the Merrimack must have yiekled data about the 
 river at a fairly early date. In 1635 there was published in London by 
 William Wood a map which gave the general course of the river, 
 locating Amoskeag, Pennacook, Pawtucket and an island called Wick- 
 assee. A description in the British Museum which gives the length 
 of the stream as one hundred miles and states that in places it is ten 
 miles broad, has some of the present Indian names. 
 
 The Concord River at Lowell — The chief trilnitar}- of the Merri- 
 mack in Massachusetts is the stream that drains the eastern jjart of a 
 trough running across the State between the coast hills and the rugged 
 jjlateau of the central district. This river shares with the larger water 
 course into which it nuis in economic res])onsibility for the city of 
 Lowell. 
 
 An interesting river, on many counts, is the Concord, and to fol- 
 low its meanderings from the spot where it is formed by the junction 
 of the Sudbur_\- and .\ssabet would involve much historical retrospect. 
 
 Like most of the rivers flowing northward in this terrain, the 
 Concord is notably sluggish. It ofTers many camp sites, but relatively 
 few water powers. An entertaining characterization of the Concord, 
 now thronged with pleasure canoes from A])ril to Novemlier, ma}' be 
 (|Uoted from Meader, who wrote in the late si.xties: 
 
 For fifty years past the true character of this remarkable stream 
 was so little understood even Isy land owners along its borders that 
 an almost continuous and very acrimonious legal controver.sy was 
 maintained, which resulted in establishing the fact, by an able board 
 of legislative commissioners, that the river was a very different thing 
 from what they had all their lives supposed it to be. An inability to 
 understand its true character had always prevailed. It had been an 
 aggravating and expensive problem to some, and an insoluble mystery 
 to others. The first blood of the Revolution, the blood of the intrepid 
 and invincible yeomanry, mingled with its turbid waters at the Old 
 North Bridge, and long years before it had been the haunt of the wary 
 and stealthy barbarian, who, swooping down upon the exposed and 
 defenceless settlers, enacted those atrocities which marked the advanc- 
 ing borders of civilization in New England, and makes the history of 
 that epoch a yet existing terror. It was then called the Mu.sketaquid 
 or Meadow River, and it is the meadow river still, — a strong proof that 
 the appropriateness of Indian designations need not be questioned, 
 much less changed. If in some sense a river is a type of human life, 
 this particular stream may be cited as symbolizing the actual career 
 of many individuals known to those who may give the coni])arison a 
 little reflection. How many there are who start off on the journev of 
 life like this stream, — useless, idle and aimless, instead of becoming 
 a wheel, a lever, an axle, a somethmg in that complicated machine 
 called society. The topography of the country is such, and the aspect 
 of the stream so peculiar, as to warrant the supposition that it had 
 repudiated natural laws, ignored the attraction of gravitation, and had 
 taken its course over a gentle acclivity, which has the effect to get 
 
lo HISTORY OF LOWEI.L 
 
 itself rc'jjiuliatecl in turn by those same laws, as it leaves its bank 
 through every depression, and riiins much of the adjacent soil by the 
 creation of swamps, marshes and lagoons. Thus it is with individual 
 idleness, disfiguring the course of life with waste places, while the 
 sedges, rank water-weeds and ugly filthy reptiles represent the vices, 
 little and great, the fungi bred by indolence, — a parasitic growth. 
 
 The stream whose natural viciousness Mr. Meader thus elo- 
 quently exposed, breaks into belated activity at North Billerica, then 
 lapses for a short time into slothfulness, and finally at Lowell "awakes 
 to a realizing sense of duties, obligations and responsibilities at the 
 eleventh hour, throws off the lethargy that has held it so long in 
 chains, and, dashing over nearly two miles of picturesque and power- 
 ful falls, seems to seek, and with entire success, to compensate for its 
 former vagrant life, and finally throws itself with alacrity into the 
 Merrimack, leaving no space between the termination of its beneficent 
 labors and its final doom." 
 
 A third stream which is included in any conspectus of the water- 
 ways making the conditions for a large manufacturing community in 
 this locality is Beaver brook, a sizable river that drains a considerable 
 area in Southern New Hampshire. It reaches the Merrimack at Lowell, 
 though its principal water powers are in the town of Dracut. 
 
 The natural importance of the site on which a city was later to 
 be upbuilt might have !)een foreseen by any observer of the seven- 
 teenth century who could have appreciated the change in men's ways 
 of living that would be brought about by inventions of machinery and 
 manufacturing processes. Down the narrow defile that definitely 
 marks its turning to the northeast the Merrimack drops about thirty- 
 four feet in less than a third of a mile. The rapids of the Concord 
 represent a perpendicular fall of about twenty-five feet. As a further 
 guarantee of power possibilities a survey would have developed the 
 existence of two good manufacturing locations on Beaver brook, 
 within three miles of its mouth, and of smaller powers on River 
 Meadow brook, which flows into the Concord. 
 
 The advantageous character of the land in the neighborhood of 
 till- falls of these rivers, furthermore, should imt have escaped the 
 notice of a town planner of two and one-half centuries ago. From the 
 present site of North Chelmsford southward the country is generally 
 level and fertile to the junction of the rivers, though two small hills 
 occur, one .'i short distance above Pawtucket Falls and one correspond- 
 ing with the exact longitude of the falls. To the south the land rises 
 gently into what is now the Highlands section of the citv. A large 
 tract extending from the foot of Pawtucket Falls to the tongue of 
 land between the rivers is quite fiat and by nature admirably suited for 
 flic la\-ont of a town. East of the Concord are three moderate eleva- 
 
DEVELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN ii 
 
 tions, now tlie residential quarter of Belvidere, Fort Hill Park and the 
 ground occupied by the Lowell cemetery. The portion of Dracut 
 extending from the meadow lands nearly opposite North Chelmsford 
 and down stream to and beyond the mouth of Beaver brook is level 
 and tillable. Opposite the hill of Belvidere, from which it is separated 
 by Hunt's Falls in the Merrimack, is Christian Hill, with more nearly 
 precipitous slopes than any other of the neighborhood. Except that 
 in very early settling the tendency was to place villages on hilltops 
 and that the Indians had already preempted the opportunities for fish- 
 ing at the falls, one might even have expected that a trading and 
 industrial centre at this spot could be developed in early colonial times. 
 
 Wamesit — .\ capital city of the aborigines occupied the site of 
 Lowell before the white man came. .\s the Rev. Mr. Miles wrote in 
 1846: "The place where the waters of the Merrimack and Concord 
 rivers meet had a greater relative importance two hundred years ago 
 than at any subsequent time prior to the introduction of cotton manu- 
 factures." As an ancient metropolis, indeed, of the American Indians 
 this tongue of land has seemed to many writers to command more of 
 attention and interest than as the later dwelling place of a few farmers 
 in the colonial period. The stories of Passaconaway and Wannalancet 
 and other natives of the neighborhood have been told and retold. 
 Less, however, than might be wished is known of the historical origin 
 and development of institutions among those Indian people : it is to 
 be regretted that the English who first came into contact with the 
 primitive culture at the falls of the rivers did not make a more accurate 
 and voluminous record of the social, political and economic phases of 
 their towns. 
 
 Two tribes, closely allied, the Pawtuckets and the Wamesits, had 
 their chief villages within the present limits of Lowell in the middle 
 seventeenth century, when pioneers from the white settlements at 
 Boston and Salem first penetrated to the Merrimack valley. The com- 
 posite community was accotmted one of the two capitals of the Penna- 
 cook confederacy, representing an alliance of some of the most power- 
 ful tribes of New England. The fisheries at the falls were doubtless 
 responsible in the first instance for the great congregation of red men 
 in this district, for the bigness of the annual run of salmon, shad and 
 alewives in the rivers is attested by many records. To the Indian 
 these fish, which were most easily taken at falls, furnished not only 
 food, but fertilizer for their crops of corn. Cowley, in his "Memories 
 of the Indians and Pioneers of the Region of Lowell," refers with 
 emphasis to the natural advantages of the place : "Next to the Falls 
 of Amoskeag." he wrote, "the Falls of Pawtucket were the most noted 
 for fishing facilities on the Merrimack river. The centrality and 
 accessibility of its geograi)hical position also added much to the 
 
12 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 importance of the i)lacc. The upper Merrimack and the jNIusketaquid 
 or Concord communicated with a vast region of the interior: while the 
 Inwer Merrimack afforded a safe and con\'enient channel to the sea- 
 hoard." 
 
 iVlilitarv considerations, alsn, it may he ])resumed, enhanced the 
 importance of "W'amesit,'' as the English early learned to call the 
 town. The Pawtuckets and W'amesits were of the class of ahorigines 
 known in native parlance as Niimiucks. or "fresh water folk." the 
 (Ieri\-ation of the word heing traceahle from "nipe" (still water), and 
 "auke" (a j^lace). Accustomed to depend, in war and peace, upon 
 the inland waterwavs as a system of travel and transportation they 
 could not have chosen a better situated strategic centre than that 
 where Lowell now is. Northward the Merrimack and its tributaries 
 gave them connection with allied and friendly tribes, such as the 
 Xashuas, Soidiegans, Namoskeags and W'innepesaukees. A trip of a 
 few miles up river and then ;:';'(; the Nashua toward the present town of 
 Lancaster brought the Indian voyageur to the village of the Wachu- 
 setts. Down ri\er, in Essex countv, were their kinsmen, the Agawams. 
 The Concord, then as to-day, an almost ideal stream tor the canoeist, 
 afforded. I'ia a short portage to the Charles, a route into the region of 
 the Massachusetts. With short carries, too, from the present site of 
 North Billerica into the Shawsheen, and again near North Reading 
 into the Ipswich, it was possible to make a quick journey to the ocean 
 at Cape Ann. These waterways which now make pleasure trips for a 
 few followers of the sport of canoeing must anciently have had great 
 value as trade routes, and the focussing of several of them in the neigh- 
 borhood of Pawtucket Falls was presumably a main factor in creating 
 the capital of Wamesit. 
 
 No Indian community was large, of course, as adjudged by ci\i- 
 lized standards. The land, under the aborigines' superficial system of 
 cultivating only the natural clearings, could not support a heavy popu- 
 lation. Among the Indian villages of this part of the continent, never- 
 theless, Wamesit had a ]io])ulation such as few white settlements of 
 New England claimed in the se\ enteenth century. According to the 
 estimate of Daniel Gookin, superintendent of Indian relations for the 
 Massachusetts Bay Colonv, the associated tribes of the confederacy 
 numbered 12,000 jjeople. Tlie capital, he states, had a population of 
 aliout 3,000 before the white m;m's scourges of disease, alcohol and 
 gun])owder began to be o])erative. Of the metropolis on the Merri- 
 mack this ardent friend of the Indians wrote in 1674, just before the 
 outbreak of King Philip's War : 
 
 The Pawtuckets are the last great Sachemshi]5 of Indians. Their 
 country lyeth North & Northwest from the Massachusetts tribe, and 
 whose dominion reacheth so far as the English jurisdiction or C(~)lony 
 
DE\'ELOP]\IEXT FROM INDIAN TOWN 13 
 
 of RIassaclitisetts doth now extend. The}- haxe under them several 
 Sagamores, as those of the Pennacooks, Agawams, Naumkeeks, Pas- 
 cataways, Accomintas and others. They were a considerable people 
 heretofore — about three thousand men — and held amity with the Mas- 
 sachusetts tribe, but they were about destroyed by the great sickness 
 that prevailed among Indians about 1612 and 1613, so that at this day 
 they have not above two hundred and fifty men, besides women and 
 children. 
 
 Present knowledge does not suffice to reconstruct with an}- degree 
 of convincingness a picture of the life that was lived among the 
 W'amesits whose wigwams were on the Concord and the Pawtuckets 
 who had their habitations at the falls on the Merrimack that now 
 bear their name. Most reconstructions of the kind are fanciful rather 
 than genuinely imaginative. It is quite possible to sentimentalize the 
 character of the Indians whose community, indeed, preceded the pres- 
 ent city, and some writers, reviewing with indignation the story of the 
 perfidy and cruelty of the many of the whites toward the natives, have 
 attributed to the whole race of red men the utmost nobility of person- 
 ality and sentiments. In point of fact, it may be assumed, the 
 aborigines of this district had the virtues and vices of their breed — the 
 identical qualities that may be observed to-day among the Indians of 
 the western states, of Mexico and Central America. Gookin, their con- 
 sistent and patient friend, had to admit that as a race they were incor- 
 rigible liars, that they were devoted to gambling, and that they were 
 fond of violent dancing and boisterous revels with, no doubt, a plenti- 
 ful accompaniment of strong liquor. Heredity, it may be added, prob- 
 ably inclined these sons of the forest to accept more readily the man- 
 ners and morals of the underworld of Europe than the strait courses 
 (if the ruling class of the Puritan Commonwealth. Comparatively 
 little, nevertheless, that is seriously discreditable to the Wamesits and 
 Pawtuckets is of record ; and most of the evidence at hand indicates 
 that they were by nature a peaceable, affectionate folk who deserved 
 a better fate than that which licfell them. 
 
 Coming of the White Man — Just when a white man first reached 
 the Indian wigwams at W'amesit and mingled with its inhabitants can- 
 not be stated. Quite certainly before the adjoining village of Chelms- 
 ford was settled by solid church-going folk, the Indian town must 
 have attracted some of the traders and wandering outcasts of whose 
 relations with the natives one gets an occasional glimpse in the Brad- 
 ford '"History" and other literature. It is one of the surprises of 
 investigation in this field that nearly every formal settlement was pre- 
 ceded by traders, squatters and fugitives from justice. Outside the 
 pale of organized white society there seems to have been an element 
 of immigrants who accepted the New World as a continent on which 
 the restraints and customs of thi Old World cciuld be safely laid aside. 
 
14 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Of such sort, presumably, may have been seven whites who, accord- 
 ing to tradition, lived among the Indians at the mouth of the Concord 
 l)cforc the first English townsliip was incorporated in the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 The Pawtuckets at the beginning of authentic history in the 
 neighborhood, were under the leadership of a very celebrated chief 
 named Passaconaway, who was already an old man when the newly- 
 arrived settlers on the coast became aware of his sachemship. This 
 chieftain held sway at two capitals, one near the mouth of the Conto- 
 cook, where the capital city of New Hampshire now is, and the other 
 at Pawtucket Falls. 
 
 Passaconaway's name first appears in colonial records in 1629, 
 when he sold to Rev. John Wheelwright and associates the territory 
 extending from the Piscataqua to the Merrimack rivers and from the 
 line of Massachusetts territory some thirty miles into the country. 
 The deed conveying this land was signed with the marks of "Passa- 
 conaway, Sagamon of Pennacook ; Runnawit, chief of Pawtucket; 
 W'ahangnonowit, chief of Squamscot, and Rowls, chief of Newiche- 
 w anmick." 
 
 ]'"requent as his contact with white people may have been, Passa- 
 conaway remains a somewhat shadowy figure in New England his- 
 t(iry. Instead of accurate observation of the manners and customs of 
 the American Indian writers of seventeenth century New England, 
 anxious to make a sensation among the home-staying folks in Eng- 
 land, were prone to indulge in such characterizations as one in W^ood's 
 "New England Prospect'' of the good leader of the Pawtuckets. "The 
 Indians report of one Passaconnan," it is written, "that hee can make 
 the water burne, the rocks move, the trees dance, metamorphize him- 
 self into a flaming man. Hee will do more, for in winter, when there 
 are mi green leaves to be got, hee will burne an old one into ashes, 
 and, putting those into water, produce a new green leaf, which you 
 shall not only see, Init handle and carry away ; and make of a dead 
 snake-skin a living snake, both to be seen, felt and heard. This I 
 write but upon the report of the Indians who confidently afifirm 
 stranger things." Equally sensational and analoguous to the yellow 
 journalism of to-day, is a description of Passaconaway given by 
 Thomas Morton, of Merrymount fame. This imaginative chronicler 
 declares : 
 
 That Papasiquinco, Sachem or Sagamore, is a Powow of great 
 estimation amongst all kind of salvages. At their revels, which is a 
 time when a great company of sahages meete from several parts of the 
 country in amity with their neighbors, he hath advanced his honor 
 in his feats of juggling tricks. Hee will endeavor to persuade the 
 spectators that hee will goe under water to the further side of the river 
 too broade for anv man to undertake with a breath, which thinsr hee 
 
DE\'ELOP2^IEXT FROM INDIAN TOWN 15 
 
 performed by swimming over, and deluded the company witli casting 
 a mist before their eise that see him enter in and come out, but no part 
 of the way hee has been scene, 
 
 Morton continues : 
 
 Likewise by our EngHsh in the heate of summer, to make ice 
 appear in a bowle of faire water. First, having the water set before 
 him he hath begun his incantations, and before the same has bin ended 
 a thick cloud has darkened the aire, and on a sodaine a thunder-clap 
 has been hearde, and in an instant he hath showed a prime piece of ice 
 to fioate in the middle of a bowle, which, doubtless, was done by the 
 agility of Satan, his Consort. 
 
 \\'hatever devilish viles may have been attributed to Passacon- 
 away, he appears never to have shown toward the colonists anything 
 but pacific and conciliatory disposition. In 1632 he captured and 
 delivered to Governor John Winthrop an Indian who had killed an 
 English trader. Ten years later, at a time when there was widespread 
 fear of an Indian conspiracy, the authorities at Boston sent some forty 
 armed men to disarm the leader of the Pennacook confederacy. They 
 failed to find Passaconaway, but arrested his son Wannalancet, his 
 squaw and child. It might have been supposed that such treatment 
 would enrage the chieftain. He held his temper, however, and pres- 
 ently he accepted an apology from the government for the indignities 
 that had been put upon him. About 1660, when he thought the end of 
 life was at hand (though he actually lived on for nine years more), he 
 renounced his sachemship to Wannalancet in an address which, as 
 reported by the English, has often been quoted. Counseling his people 
 to seek and keep the friendship of the white man, the aged sachem is 
 alleged to have said : 
 
 Hearken to the words of your father. I am an old oak that has 
 withstood the storms of more than a hundred winters. Leaves and 
 branches have been stripped from me by the winds and frosts. My 
 eyes are dim. My limbs totter. I soon must fall. When young no 
 one could bury the hatchet in a sapling before me. My arrows could 
 pierce the deer at a hundred rods. No wigwam had so many furs, no 
 pole had so many scalp locks as Passaconaway's. Then I delighted in 
 war. The whoop of the Pennacooks was heard on the Mohawk, and 
 no voice so loud as Passaconaway's. The scalps upon the pole in my 
 wigwam told the story of Mohawks' suffering. The English came. 
 They seized the lands. They followed upon my footpath. I made 
 war upon them, but they fought with fire and thunder. My young 
 men were swept down before me when no one was near them. I tried 
 sorcery against them, but they still increased and prevailed over me 
 and mine. I gave place to them and retired to my beautiful island, 
 Naticook. I that can take the rattlesnake in my palm as I would a 
 worm without harm, ( I that have had communication with the great 
 spirit, dreaming and awake), I am powerless before the palefaces. 
 
i6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 These meadows they shall lurn with the pluugh. The^e forests shall 
 fall by the axe. The palefaces shall live upon your hunting grounds 
 and make their villages upon your fishing places. The Great Spirit 
 says this, and it must be so. \\ c are few and powerless before them. 
 We must bend before the storm. Peace with the white man is the 
 command of the Great Spirit, and the wish, the last wish of Passacon- 
 away. 
 
 The Wamesits and Their White Neighbors — The first resort of 
 white men to the Indian villages of Wamesit and Pawtucket, as 
 already suggested, was presumably on account of trade. Skins of 
 beaver and other fur-bearing animals were an important factor in the 
 commerce of the new colony. Before 1640 traders had ascended the 
 Merrimack to Concord. It is a safe conjecture that the traffic with 
 the Indians at the falls reached considerable proportions l)y the middle 
 of the century, for its unregulated character attracted the notice of 
 the governing class of the colony, and in 1657 Major Simon Willard 
 and three others were granted, in consideration of a payment of £25, 
 the exclusive right to trade with the Indians on the Merrimack river. 
 
 That, however, which most definitely brought Wamesit into his- 
 torv was the series of tireless efforts made by John Eliot and Daniel 
 Gookin to replace the native culture with Christian habits and beliefs. 
 Souvenirs of this missionary work remain in the nomenclature of the 
 Lowell of to-day. No chapter of colonial annals is more creditable to 
 the New England conscience at its best than this which covers the 
 noble but unsuccessful plan of assimilating instead of extirpating the 
 original owners of the country. 
 
 The Rev. John Eliot, of Roxbury. who, so far as known, first 
 visited Pawtucket Falls in 1647 '" company with Captain AVillard, of 
 Concord, and some Christian Indians, was then forty-three years old. 
 Since about 1632 he had been carrying on his missionary labors among 
 the Indians, of which his translation of Scriptures into their tongues 
 is an extant witness. The propaganda continued until there were 
 about ten thousand "praying Indians" in New England, descendants 
 of whom may be found in the population of to-day. 
 
 After his first trip to the settlement at the falls, Eliot returned in 
 the spring of 1648, finding "a great collection of Indians at this spot, 
 a famous fishing place, and they furnished him with large audiences of 
 Indi;tns that came from various villages." Thenceforward, until dis- 
 ease and other causes practically destroyed the Wamesit community, 
 this devoted preacher was the patron saint of "the fifth praying town," 
 which rank it held. Years afterward, in 16S7. shortly before the 
 .\postle Eliot's death. Cotton Mather wrote: "There are six regular 
 churches of baptised Indians in New England, and eighteen assem- 
 blies of catachumens professing the name of Christ. Of the Indians 
 
DEVELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 17 
 
 there are t\venty-ft)ur preachers of the word, and four English who 
 preach the Gospel in the Indian tongue. Eliot did much for the 
 Indians in and about Pawtucket Falls, where he preached to them and 
 finally established a mission place and installed as pastor a native 
 preacher named Samuel." 
 
 Major-General Daniel Gookin, who next to Eliot figures as the 
 best friend and protector of the Pawtucket and Wamesit Indians, was 
 an Englishman who had settled in \'irginia before coming to New 
 England. He took up residence in Cambridge in 1644. He was chosen 
 to be captain of the local military company and was elected to the 
 House of Deputies. In 1656 he was made superintendent of all Indians 
 in the colony's jurisdiction. About this time he visited England and, 
 as an authority on the Christianizing of the aborigines, received many 
 attentions from Cromwell and other leaders of the Commonwealth. 
 
 The success of the missionaries at the falls was furthered by the 
 friendly disposition of Wannalancet, son of Passaconaway, who suc- 
 ceeded to the sachemship of the Pennacook confederacy upon his 
 father's abdication in 1660. This leader, one of the finest characters 
 developed by his race, never in his long lifetime permitted the ill- 
 treatment and indignities to which he was subjected to goad him into 
 a hostile attitude toward the English. Some years after Eliot had 
 begun to preach in the neighborhood, he announced his personal con- 
 version to Christianity in a manner which was reported by Gookin as 
 follows : 
 
 Here it inay not be impertinent to give you the relation following : 
 May 5th, 1674, according to our usual custom, Mr. Eliot and myself 
 took our journey to Wamesit, or Pawtuckett ; and arriving there that 
 evening. Mr. Eliot preached to as many of them as could be got 
 together, out of Mat. xxii :i-i4, the parable of the king's son. We met 
 at the wigwam of one called W;'.nnalancet, about two miles from the 
 town, near Pawtuckett falls, and bordering upon Merrimak river. 
 This person Wannalancet, is the oldest son of old Passaconaway, the 
 chiefest sachem of Pawtuckett. He is of a sober and grave person, 
 and of years, between fifty and sixty. He hath always been loving and 
 friendly to the English. Many endeavours have been used several 
 years to gain this sachem to embrace the christian religion : but he 
 hath stood off from time to time and not yielded himself u]) i)ersonally, 
 though for four years past he hath been willing to hear the word of 
 God preached, and to keeji the Sabbath. A great reason that hath kept 
 him ofif, I conceive, hath been the indisjiosition and averseness of 
 sundry of his chief men and relations to pray to God; which he saw 
 would desert him, in case he turned christian. But at this time. May 
 6th, 1674, it pleased God so to influence and overcome his heart, that it 
 being proposed to him to give his answer concerning praying to God, 
 after some deliberation and serious pause he stood up, and made a 
 speech to this effect : 
 
 L-2 
 
i8 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Sirs : — Vou have been pleased for four years past, in your abundant love, to 
 apply yourselves particularly unto me and my people, to exhort, press and per- 
 suade us to pray to (lod. 1 am very thankful to you for your pains. I must 
 acknowledge, said he, I have, all my days, used to pass in an old canoe (alluding 
 to his frequent custom to pass in a canoe upon the river), and now you exhort me 
 to change and leave my old canoe, and embark on a new canoe, to wdiich I have 
 hitlicrto been unwilling: but now I yield myself up to your advice, and do engage 
 to pr:i\ til Odd hereafter. 
 
 Tills his professed subjection was well pleasing to all that were 
 present, of which there were some luiglish persons of qitality ; as Mr. 
 Richard Daniel, a gentleman that lived in Billerica about six miles off, 
 and Lieutenant Henchman, a neighbor at Chelmsford, besides l^rother 
 Eliot and myself, with sundry others, English and Indians. Mr. 
 Daniel, before named, desired brother Fallot to tell this sachem from 
 him, that it ma\- be, while he went in his old canoe, he passed in .-i 
 quiet stream ; but the end therci.if was death and destruction to soul 
 and body. But now he went into a new canoe, perhaps he would 
 meet with storms and trials, but yet he should be encouraged to perse- 
 vere, for the end of his vovage woidd be everlasting rest. Moreover, 
 he and his people were exhorted \>\ brother Eliot and myself, to go 
 on and sanctify the sabbath, to hear the word, and use the means that 
 God hath appointed, and encourage their hearts in the Lord their God. 
 Since that time I hear this sachem doth persevere, and is a constant 
 and diligent hearer of God's word, and sanctifieth the sabbath, though 
 he doth travel to W'amesit meeting every sabbath which is above two 
 miles; and though sundr\- of his ])eopIe have deserted him since he 
 subjected to the gospel, yet he continues and ]iersists. 
 
 Fi-om records of eye-witnesses like the foregoing, and from tradi- 
 tions tli;it ha\e been handed down in families of the neighborhood, 
 a fairh \i\id ])icture of Eliot's mission among those peaceful 
 Indians might be drawn. About 1633 a log chapel was built for the 
 apostle on Meetinghouse Hill, believed to have been on the edge of the 
 jjresent South Common. This structure appears to have been used 
 for a school on weekdays and as a church on the Lord's day. It is 
 recorded to have been a story and one-half high, having an apartment 
 for lodging the preacher during his stay. In it John Eliot conceivably 
 ma\-, as related, have entertained the Jesuit Father Gal)riel Dniillettes, 
 who was ttndertaking among the Maine Indians a w<.)rk of conversion 
 not dissimilar to that of the Protestant missionary in the Bay State. 
 
 The work of teaching the natives to read and write was done by 
 an Indian named Samuel. It was part of the colony's policy to sub- 
 stitute civil law for the suiireinacy of the sachems. Somewhere near 
 the ])resent Boott canal a nati\e magistrate, John Xum])how by name, 
 who frequently figures in deeds and other records, held court in a log 
 cabin. 
 
 The chajiel in which John F.liot ])reached to the Indians remained 
 ;')) silii down to 1824, according to a statement made by Charles Cow- 
 lev in an address delivered at the Eliot Congregational Church on 
 
1. Tlu-OUl Inirki'r I l.msr, lin:it."il in l llil Fi-i i \ K.ia.l ii.'iil- I '.i \\ I nek. I I ;,iul<\ :il il. :;. Ilildreth 
 llciiiHsti-uil. iiiiir lliliin-di St. ami Aikt-ii A\.', l.uill in ITsI :: Tilt- T\ ItM' Home- te;ul. in 
 Miildlcscx VilinKi-. larint; (.1,1 iiiiisUT lielri. I. 'I'll.' l;..\vcis ll.in-c, \Vnn,l St., the oldest bouse 
 ill Ijowi'll, built ill lli.M;, r.. Tin- "Class" Hollsr, I 'liiirc-tou nouiivai.l, built in 1.SII2, used for 
 teiiemuiils li.v i'lii|p|o,\ <is of tile (JIass l''a r 1 1 1 1,\ . il. 'I'lo' I'obiiriL Mission. X'aiiinni Ave., built 
 in ITa,''!, tifst sehoul bnildint;* iu 1-owetl. 
 
DEX'F.IXM'MKXT FROM INDIAN TOWN lo 
 
 October 31, 1897. Testimony to this effect was quoted: "Josiah G. 
 Abbott, Oliver M. W'hijjple, Amos Brown and other 'Old Residents,' 
 now no more, rememlx-red it well, and there is one venerable gentle- 
 man still living, Mr. Sidne}- Davis, whose 82 years have all been spent 
 in this place, who also remembers that log meeting house, having been 
 nine vears old when it was demolished." 
 
 Anv nc_ition that the treatment of the Indians hv the governing 
 class of Massachusetts Bay was at the outset hypocritical and cruel is 
 probably contrary to the facts. There is abundant evidence of a wide- 
 spread desire, which was cleverly stimulated by men of the missionary 
 spirit like Eliot and Gookin, to do the right thing by this race. It was 
 not then appreciated, just as down to now it rarely has been under- 
 stood, how difficult is the transition from one culture le\'el to another. 
 It was hoped that superimposition of the institutions of Christian Eng- 
 land upon the tribes of red men would make them Englishmen of a 
 darker skin. The Great and General Court, at Eliot's initiative, took 
 measures for encouragement of local self-government and instruction 
 among the Indian communities. It was provided that in each village 
 government should rest with a group of the "most powerful and most 
 pious." The Indians might choose their own rules, though subject 
 to approval by the general authority. There was to be a native 
 marshal-general in charge of the praying towns — in the first instance 
 Captain Josias, alias Pennahannit, whose place of residence was at 
 Nashobah, now Littleton. To give the aborigines their proper place 
 in the sun, the court enacted that the Indians had an original title to 
 the land they held ; that ci\il Indians should have lands granted to 
 them for towns of their own : that Indians should not be dispossessed 
 of land which they had subdued or be driven from their fishing places; 
 that all strong liquors should be prohibited to be sold or given to 
 Indians unless in case of sickness or by permission. It was not until 
 after the hysteria excited by King Philip's War that the rulers of the 
 Bay State were led into a dift'erent policy toward the aborigines. 
 
 Coming of White Settlers — The arrival of white settlers in con- 
 siderable numl)ers in the vicinity of the Waniesits and Pawtuckets 
 was only a question of a little time after a few families from Charles- 
 town had laid the foundations of the present city of Woburn. The 
 country beyond the rock rim that encloses the Boston basin is of a 
 character to invite exploration. The divide that separates the head- 
 waters of the Abcrjona, a confluent of Boston harbor, and the Ipswich, 
 is a barely perceptible elevation in South Wilmington. Prevailingly 
 flat and sandy, the land extends into the Shawsheen territory and 
 thence to the fertile meadows bordering the Concord. This is to-day 
 an easy and inviting district to traverse on foot or on snowshoes. 
 
20 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 It early attracted the adventurous from the settlements that already 
 were forming to the north of Boston. 
 
 The first formal record of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's prac- 
 tical interest in the lands lying along the Merrimack appears in a 
 commission which was given by the General Court to Captain Edward 
 Johnson and Captain Simon Willard to explore the valley. In 1652 
 these hardy pioneers went up river beyond the fork at Franklin and 
 discovered Lake Winnepesaukee. 
 
 Captain Johnson, author of "The Wonder Working Providence 
 of Sion's Saviour in New England," was of Woburn, and it was pre- 
 sumably at his instance that some twenty persons of that township 
 and of Cambridge in the same year petitioned the General Court for 
 permission to look over, with a view to settling on it, lands about the 
 junction of the Merrimack and Musketiquid (now the Concord) 
 rivers. The privilege was granted and seekers evidently found the dis- 
 trict promising, for on May 10, 1653, they asked the General Court 
 for a grant of land six miles square, to the west of the Indian village 
 and covering the present town of Chelmsford and parts of other town- 
 ships. The request urged that "this land was a very comfortable 
 ])lace to accommodate a company of God's people, and that with God's 
 blessing and assistance they may live comfortably upon and do good 
 in that place for Church and Commonwealth." Several surnames that 
 are still prominent in Lowell and the vicinity are noted in the list of 
 petitioners, who were : Benjamin Butterfield, John Parker, Isaac 
 Learned, James Parker, George Farley, James Chamberlin, Joseph 
 Parker, John Hosmer, Jacob Parker, Henry Foster, William Cham- 
 berlain, John Nuttinge, Edmund Chamberlin, John Baldwinge. Rich- 
 ard Grififin, James Blood, John Smedley, Roger Draper, William 
 Fletcher, Thomas Adams, William Hartwell, Robert Proctor. William 
 lluttrick. Baptist Smedley, Richard Hildreth, Thomas Briggam, 
 Daniel Blodgett, John Hall, William Hall. Their plea was made 
 simultaneously with a request from John Eliot, ever alert to the 
 interests of his i)roteges, that a suitable reservation of land be made 
 for the Indians living in the vicinity of Wamesit and Pawtucket 
 Falls. Both petitions were granted on May 18, 1653. 
 
 In its decree the (.General Court granted to the luiglish petitioners 
 the land they asked for "excepting some part of it joyning to Merre- 
 macke River," which, of course, was reserved for occupancy by the 
 Indians. It was also "jirovided, that the sajd peticoners shall suffi- 
 cjently breake up full so much land for the Indjans in such place as 
 they shall appointe with in such plantacon as shall there l)e appointed 
 them, as they have of planting ground alxjut a hill called Rol)l)ins Hill, 
 and that the Indjans shall have use of theere planting ground afore- 
 
DEVELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 21 
 
 sajd, free of all damages, vntil the peticoners shall have broken vp the 
 land for the Indians as aforesjad." Captains Willard and Johnson 
 were appointed to lay out the bounds. It was provided that if the peti- 
 tioners did not "within two years, setle a competent noumber of 
 familjes there, by building and planting vppon the sajd tract of land 
 twenty familjes or vpwards so as they may be in capacitje of injoying 
 all the ordjnances of God there, then the graunt to be vojd." 
 
 The conditions of the act were duly met, even though several of 
 the petitioners never took up their grants. A plan of the newly planned 
 settlement exists among the Massachusetts Archives. It shows that 
 the Indians of Wamesit and Pawtucket were confined to a small 
 triangle between the two rivers, extending from about North Billerica 
 over to the Merrimack above Pawtucket Falls. A small tract of good 
 corn land, where Middlesex Village now is, was assigned specially to 
 "John Sagamore." The English territory stretched from the southern 
 and western part of the city of Lowell over the townships of Chelms- 
 ford and Westford toward "Grautten." 
 
 Into this district of attractive hilly country came settlers enough, 
 so that on May 29, 1655, the General Court felt itself justified in 
 decreeing: "Uppon informacon from Major Willad, by a letter from 
 Esdra Rand, Edward Spalden, Wm. Fletcher, etc., inhabitants of a 
 new plantacon, that the noumber of inhabitants, according to the 
 time ffixt in the Courts graunt, were there settled at there request, the 
 Court doth graunt the name thereof to be called Chelmsford." 
 
 The precise reason for naming the new township after the county 
 town of the English Essex is not positively known. There is some 
 plausibility in a statement made years afterward by President John 
 Adams, who had relatives in the town, to the effect that "Chelmsford 
 was probably named in compliment to Mr. Hooker, who was once 
 minister of that town in England." Certain it is, according to the 
 biographical sketch of Thomas Hooker in the Dictionary of National 
 Biography, that the famous Puritan divine in 1626 accepted a lecture- 
 ship at Chelmsford, where he made himself especially popular with the 
 younger clergy, "to whom he was an oracle and their principal library." 
 It is not known that any of the original settlers were from Chelmsford. 
 
 Thus was founded, with its principal centre about three miles 
 from the Indian villages, the town under whose government was the 
 major portion of the lands comprised in Lowell, down through the 
 colonial era and until the partition of a separate township in 1826. 
 
 The conventional, and perhaps essentially correct, account of the 
 attitude of the new settlers toward their Indian neighbors appears in 
 one of the chapters of John Greenleaf Whittier's "The Stranger in 
 Lowell," in the following phraseology : 
 
22 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The white visitants from Concord and W'oburn, pleased with 
 the appearance of the place, and the prospect it afforded for planting 
 and fishing, petitioned the General Court for a grant of the entire tract 
 of land now embraced in the limits of Lowell and Chelmsford. They 
 made no account whatever of the rights of the poor Patuckets ; but, 
 considering it "a comfortable place to accommodate God's people 
 upon," were doubtless pre])ared to deal with the heathen inhabitants 
 as Joshua, the son of Nun. did with the Jebuzites and Perizzites, the 
 Hivites and the Hittites of old. The Indians, however, found a friend 
 in the apostle Eliot, who presented a petition in their behalf, that the 
 lands lying around the Patucket and \\'amesit Falls should be appro- 
 priated exclusively for their benefit and use. The Court granted the 
 petition of the whites, with the exception of the tract in the angle 
 of the two rivers on which the I'atuckets were settled. 
 
 The actual terms in which the nearby Indian reservation was sur- 
 veyed and descril)ed a few years later by Danforth in 1664, are as 
 follows: 
 
 There is laid nut unto the Indians, who are the inhabitants of 
 Waymesick, five hundred acres of land on the east side of Concord 
 River and joyning to the sajd river abotit one mile & three qtiarters, 
 which reacheth to Bacon Brooke, & bounded by the sajd brooke on the 
 south fower score poole ; it rtmnes from the mouth of Concord Ryver 
 downe Merremacke River two hundred & fiftv [loole, where it is 
 bounded by a red oake marked ; from thence it runnes according to 
 the bound marke trees with two angle?, unto Bacon Brooke; all which 
 doe more plainly appeare by plott of it. 
 
 This five hundred acres is jiart of that three thousand wh'^'' was 
 layd out to Mrs. Winthroj) formerly. 
 
 Following the settlement of the Rev. Mr. Fisk in the new town 
 came a considerable inigration of families from the communitv which 
 he had just left. The wealth and solidity of the W'enham newcomers 
 is said by Wilkes Allen, the first Chelmsford historian, to have meant 
 much to the frontier town. One of the foremost of these accessions 
 was Deacon Cornelius Waldo, a man of means and native leadership. 
 .\nother who figures largely in narratives of the time was Major 
 Thomas Hinchman, whose residence in the Middlesex village district 
 makes him one of the indubitable fathers of the city of Lowell. 
 Deacon .\l)ram Sjialding ap])ears also to have been iif the Wenham 
 accessii m. 
 
 Billerica as a Parent Towr of Lowell — The tnwn of ESillerica, 
 which later, thrnugh its northern suli-division of Tewksburv, was to 
 contribute to the territory of Lowell, was simultaneously in process 
 of establishment. Its domain was part of a large grant made in 1640 
 to Margaret Wiiithrop, wife of Governor John Winthrop, "our late 
 Governor, to be at her dispensing, for her and her sonns, when they 
 shall desire it without pudice to any former grant." 
 
DE\'ELOPAIEXT FROM INDIAN TOWN 23 
 
 In this tract, then known as "Shawshin" and extcndinsf from tlie 
 Concord river down the Shawsheen through Andover, settlers had 
 begun to take up locations and, evidently, to crave a definite legal 
 status, for they petitioned in 1655 for a grant of the land upon Con- 
 cord river, to extend to Pawtucket, in other words to include the jiarts 
 of Lowell, now south and east ot the Concord. To their petition the 
 Legislature on May 23, 1655, gave assent, w^ith certain qualifications 
 in the following terms: 
 
 In answer to the petition of the inhabitants of Shawshin for a pcell 
 of land lying v])on Concord River side to Pawtucket this Court think 
 meet to grant their request ; f/r., the tract of land mentioned in their 
 pet. if no former graunt be made to any other, & that the name of the 
 place be called Billicary : & whereas there is a motion made, that the 
 next president may haue a farme of the fiue hundred acors in this 
 place, the Court doe not consent thereto, as concerning it to be very 
 pjudiciall to the plantation, but are willing to graunt it in some other 
 place, where it may be found according to law, pvided the psident con- 
 tynue in that place three years. 
 
 Fi\e davs later a town was incorporated in accordance with the 
 following act : 
 
 In ansr to the peticon of seurall proprietors & inhabitants of 
 Shawshin humbly desiring a tract of land lying nere the line of the 
 farme of John and Robert Blood. & so along by the side of Concord 
 Riuer. &c., the Court graunts the name of the plantacon to be called 
 Billirike}ca. 
 
 Detertnination of rights of heirs of Margaret Winthroji in this 
 territory made much trouble for some decades to come, with intricacies 
 of title that have no place in a narrative histor_\-. 
 
 The name of Billerica, given to this township created on the 
 sotithern portion of the Winthrop grant, is an Americanization of Bil- 
 lericav in Essex. The origin of the curious word is undetermined, one 
 antiquary suggesting that it is from the Latin Belleri-castra. Ralph 
 Hill and William French, pioneers of the town, whose descendants 
 figure extensivelv in Lowell history, are believed to have come from 
 the English Billericay. 
 
 The first surveys of this neighborhood, as appears in the fore- 
 going determination and in others, were made by Jonathan Danforth, 
 who was born in High Suffolk. England, in 1628. Many of his care- 
 fully made "plots"' are treasured in the State Archives. In Billerica 
 he held the offices of selectman, representative in the Legislature and 
 captain of the militia. 
 
 The rapidity with which the countryside now, filled up with Eng- 
 lish-speaking people must have surprised Wannalancet and his Indian 
 compatriots. 
 
24 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 P'rom about 1655 the neighborhood began to assume the aspect of 
 a collection of civilized communities. At Chelmsford Centre the 
 apparatus of political and religious life was in existence from the date 
 of the first town meeting, which was held November 22, 1654, at the 
 house of William Fletcher. It was then arranged to entrust the gov- 
 ernment of the town to a committee consisting of Esdras Read, Ed- 
 ward Spaulding, William Fletcher, Isaac Lerned, Simon Thompson, 
 William Underwood and Thomas Adams. Provision was made at the 
 same time for entertaining the new minister-elect, the Rev. Mr. Fisk, 
 of Wenham, under the following terms : "We give to Mr. Fisk Thirty 
 acres of meadow and Thirty Acres of Plowable Land for the acomoda- 
 tion of him for his most conveniency : And we do agree and Order 
 that he shall have a hous built for him Thirty-eight foot in length & 
 Twenty foot in bredth, with three fire Rooms, the Chimneys built with 
 Brick or Stone ; and we promise to pay to Mr. Fisk. Fifty Pounds for 
 the first year; and we promise to pay his niaintinance as the Lord 
 shall enable i:s for the future." 1 his minister, a graduate of Immanuel 
 College, Cambridge, a trained physician as well as clergyman, whose 
 service lasted for twenty years, is described as "a plain but an able 
 and useful preacher of the gospel ; rarely if ever, by sickness, hindered 
 from the exercises of his ministry." Details of his ministry belong, of 
 course, to the story of Chelmsford, which Rev. Wilson Waters has 
 told with fascinating fullness of detail. 
 
 Amidst these favoring circumstances farms were taken up in 
 every direction about the Indian reservations. Trails became high- 
 ways and soon there was a beginning of the diversification of industry 
 which has been marked in this district down to the present town. A 
 grant of thirty acres of fine land to one William How, a weaver, on 
 condition that he set up an establishment to ply his trade, was one of 
 the first instances in New England history of the subsidizing of a 
 local manufacture. 
 
 Highways and Bridges — Road-building is shown by the Chelms- 
 ford records to have been active in the first decades of the settlement. 
 In January, 1659, appears the earliest account of a permanent high- 
 way in the town : "George Biam and Thomas Barrett are appointed 
 a committee to state the High-way that gos to Tadmuck [in the 
 extreme western part of the grant] before Thomas Chamberlain's 
 house. The tree at his Hog's Coat is concluded one bound, and so to 
 Run his due bredth acording to order, towards the Brook, Cold Beaver 
 Brook." Soon after this the "road to the bay" was begun. The latter 
 brought Groton and Chelmsford into touch with Boston by way of 
 Billerica. The "country way to Merrimack" was one which came into 
 the present city limits. It seems to have been begun in 1659, starting 
 at the town farm and running over the Golden Cove and Carolina 
 
DE\'ELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 25 
 
 Plain to Middlesex Village. The record shows that in 1673 it was 
 extended to the river, following what is now Baldwin street. A report 
 on the surveying of this highway is as follows : "William Under- 
 wood, William Fletcher and x'\braham Parker being appointed a com- 
 niitee to Lay out a highway for the Inhabitants on the other side of 
 Weremack do Determine that it shall begin at the Country way at poor 
 man's bridge, and so along between the two swamps and over Wil- 
 liam Underwood's Meadow, all being bounded by marked trees on 
 both sides: and so Runeth below Mr. Hinchman's dam; and so to the 
 Indian line to answer the Country Road at Merrimack and on this 
 side." 
 
 The Billerica people, too, were industrious road-builders. From 
 1659 onward the way to Wamesit from the English settlement at 
 North Billerica must have been better than an Indian trail, for in that 
 )'ear, according to the Book of Grants (T, 164^ quoted bv Haven, the 
 colonists extended a road toward the Merrimack. The exact lines fol- 
 lowed by this highway are with difficulty determined in the involved 
 phraseology of the day. 
 
 The incidents which have come down concerning the first impor- 
 tant bridge in this neighborhood throw a little light on the problems 
 of opening lines of communication between the scattered settlements. 
 The nature of the deep and sluggish Concord river rendered the prob- 
 lem of bridges one which must be faced early in the history of Chelms- 
 ford, Dunstable. Groton and other towns of what was the frontier in 
 the middle and late seventeenth century. Communication with the 
 provincial capital at Boston required that riders and drivers should 
 not have to depend on fords which were liable to be impassable in high 
 water. 
 
 In view of the present distribution of population one might have 
 expected the first bridge to be built at one of the narrow places of the 
 last two miles of the river's course where it drops into the Merrimack. 
 Such a route, however, would not have followed the most direct line 
 between the new villages of Billerica and Chelmsford centre, and it 
 would have had the disadvantage of passing through the Indian settle- 
 ment at Wamesit. The bridging of the river, accordingly, occurred 
 just above North Billerica, where the present name of Fordway Bridge 
 commemorates an entertaining series of events of the old days. 
 
 The earliest official intimation that such a bridge ought to be built 
 seems to have occurred in May, 1657, when it was urged in the General 
 Court that public convenience and safety required the construction of 
 bridges over the Mystic and Concord rivers. Action seems to have 
 been taken in Billerica very shortly thereafter, for a bridge at the 
 Fordway was certainly in use in 1659. 
 
 The primitive structure quite likely was not so very substantial, 
 
26 I1IS'1-()RY OF LOWELL 
 
 fur in i6(k) it was repaired Ijy Ral],'h Hill. Jr., and James Kidder, and 
 in iCfjj fnrtlu-r repairs were needed. I-"or this latter work Billerica, it 
 is recorded, furnished five workers, Chehnsford four; on daily wage 
 of 2s., 6d., with an additional charge of 14 shillings for liquor for the 
 crew. The last-named item may have interfered with sound crafts- 
 manship, for only two years later complaint was taken to the General 
 Court of "great defect in Chelmsford Bridge." A loss of temper 
 between the two towns immediately concerned appears to have fol- 
 lowed upon the frequent demands for labor and money to patch up the 
 bridge. The following minute is found in the Billerica town records, 
 dated January 12, 1666: "Whereas the selectmen of Chelmsford (by 
 writing under ther hand) have declared (to the selectmen of Billerica) 
 their absolute refusall any longer to assist in maintenance of the great 
 Bridge upon Billerica ri\er, as also giving Notice to them to repair 
 the same acording td law. Hence the selectmen of Billerica (for ye 
 preventing of dangers and hazards by travelers) do order that some of 
 the plankes of that bridge be taken away, that so there may l:)e no pass- 
 ing (j\er it ; and some provision made on each side the breach to give 
 warning of the danger to any traveler.'' 
 
 Whether an impassable conditiun thus created greeted the way- 
 farer for the next year and a half is not certain. The case clearly 
 ac(|uir-e(l ncjturiety, for on October 9, 1667, the General Court inter- 
 vened with an order "that the sajcl bridge shall he repayred & upholden 
 bv the townes of Billerica, Chelmsford & Groaten, and all such farmes 
 as are there granted," these towns to 1)e free of maintenance of all 
 other bridges "exce])t in their own bounds." To carr}- out its decree 
 the Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Welih. alias 
 Kvered, Thomas Hinksman (Henchman), James Parker and Jona- 
 than Danforth "to agree with some able and honest artificer for erect- 
 ing a bridge over Billerica River as speedily as may be." 
 
 The professional contractor who was expected to succeed where 
 amateur tinkerers had failed was Joli Lane, an artificer "who had 
 already achieved fame as builder of the college halls at Cambridge." 
 With him a contract was made on January 11, 1667, for work to be 
 finished (in or before September 29, of that year. The plan called for 
 arches of sixteen-foot span. The flooring of the bridge was to be of 
 cjak ])lanks four inches thick. The ]iayments, representing doubtless a 
 very large sum in proportion ti.i the financial ability of the towns con- 
 cerned, aggregated "seven score and lixe jjounds starling," of which 
 the artificer was to receive ten pounds in cash, ten in wheat, ten in 
 malt, and the remainder in corn and cattle, "not exceeding one-half in 
 cattle which shall be under seven years old." The bridge, undertaken 
 under these .-luspices, was, so far as known, completed in the specified 
 time, it may be doubted, however, if even the skillful Job Lane was 
 
DF.\-ELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 27 
 
 ;il)le to give complete satisfaction, for a few years later, specifically in 
 1676, complaints were renewed, and the towns were again put to 
 expense for repairs. After that year came two decades in which the 
 bridge is not mentioned in existing records and then, in 1696, a flood 
 swept it away. The rebuilding took place in 1698 at a point some- 
 what further upstream. Groton refused to pay its share in this recon- 
 struction until so ordered by the General Court. The resultant struc- 
 ture lasted until 1737 when it fell down and had to be rebuilt. 
 
 Such were the difficulties of keeping open a line of communication 
 between the Merrimack and Boston harbor in colonial days. The 
 assessment of charges for this bridge upon the beneficiary towns was 
 a subject for constant contention. On May 22, 1738, for example, the 
 town of Dracut voted to pay to John Varnum the sum of six pounds 
 "for his servis and E.xpenses In Gitting the Town free from Charg of 
 Billirica Bridg." That such policy of obstruction was short-sighted 
 may be argued in a generation which is used to seeing taxes for a 
 special improvement spread over all the area affected. It is tolerably 
 clear, as Major Atkinson X'arnum says in his history of Dracut, that 
 the Billerica bridge was an economic necessity of the whole district. 
 The volume of teaming, indeed, that developed as the country became 
 po]niIous is hard for the person accustomed to railroad transportation 
 of freight to appreciate. One little item in Mr. Varnum's exposition 
 indicates the magnitude of the traffic that rolled over Billerica Bridge: 
 "A substantial team of horses was required to transport the New Eng- 
 land rum alone required by the country merchants in Chelmsford, 
 Dracut and the neighboring towns." 
 
 Early East Chelmsford Settlers — The mode of living in the settle- 
 ment that during the third quarter of the seventeenth century grew up 
 alongside the ancient Indian metropolis has been illustrated with abun- 
 dant citations from old records in Perham and Waters' history of 
 Chelmsford. Of the settlers whose homesteads were planted within 
 the bounds covered by the present study relatively little is known, 
 excejjt of those who in some official capacity or other had dealings 
 with the Indians. Of such sort were Thomas Henchman; the brothers 
 Richardson, Captain Josiah and Lieutenant James, and the eccentric 
 trader, the first temporary settler, so far as known, north of the Merri- 
 mack, John Evered, alias Webb. 
 
 Henchman, uhose name ajjpcars frequently in records of orders 
 from the General Court with regard to the Indians, is recorded with 
 Captain Jonathan Tyng, who had settled in the part of Dunstable that 
 is now Tyngsborough, as one of the principal men of the region. He 
 came originally from Wenham. The Legislature relied upon him for 
 local leadership in the distressing times of 1676 and thereabouts. His 
 
28 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 name has not been handed down among descendants resident in 
 Lowell. 
 
 The Fletcher family, long prominent in this district, whose name 
 is perpetuated in Fletcher street, originated with Lieutenant \\'illiam 
 Fletcher, of Concord and Chelmsford, born in 1624 and died in 1677. 
 He was an ensign under Lieutenant Hinchman and was elected to the 
 committee of militia of the town of Chelmsford, February 15, 1676, to 
 report to the general court at Boston the alarming situation with 
 regard to the Indian outrages and depredations. 
 
 One who settled at a very early date in Middlesex Village, and 
 who jjrobably may be called the first Lowell manufacturer, was Cap- 
 tain Jerathmeel Bowers, whose name is encountered frequently in the 
 older records. He was a son of George Bowers, who was a resident of 
 Cambridge. His brother, Benannel Bowers, married Elizabeth Duns- 
 ter, daughter of President Henry Dunster, of Harvard College, and 
 resided in Charlestown. Descendants of Captain Bowers have played 
 and are playing an honorable part in Lowell history. Their progeni- 
 tor's occupation was one which was in ln:)nor in his day. He con- 
 ducted a distillery. 
 
 The many Richardson descendants in and around Lowell trace 
 iheir tirigin for the most part to the brothers just mentioned, who 
 were sons of Ezekiel Richardson, a fellow-passenger with Governor 
 Winthrop in 1630, and one of the original settlers of Woburn in 1640- 
 42. The sons were among the foremost of the early Chelmsford set- 
 tlers. Lieutenant James, through his having charge of the Wamesit In- 
 dians, was a resident of pre-urban Lowell. The former brother became 
 a i)r(.i])erty owner in the heart of the city, when in June, 1688-89, the 
 Indians, "from the love they bore to Josiah Richardson," conveyed to 
 him a parcel of land at the confluence of the two rivers and extending 
 southward to a stream then called Speen's brook. The record indi- 
 cates that these brothers were exemplary citizens. Captain Josiah, 
 especially, held many offices of honor and responsibility : Fence viewer, 
 1659 ; committee to consult with Groton for laying out a highway, 
 1662-63; constable, 1667; selectman, 1668-S2; town clerk, 1690-94. 
 
 A word should be said about John Evered, alias Webb, the some- 
 what strange man who, though he did not remain or leave descendants 
 in this region, was probably the first white man to live, even tempo- 
 rarily, in Lowell north of the Merrimack. This trader with the red 
 men was born at Marlborough, Wiltshire. He was in Boston as early 
 as February, 1634. Two years later he was made a freeman. As a 
 merchant he conducted a store for some years on the corner of Wash- 
 ington and School streets, later occupied by the Old Corner Book- 
 store. About 1630 he came to Chelmsford to traffic with the Indians 
 and to assist in locating land grants. His name appears as ensign 
 
DE\'ELOPMENT FROM INDIAN TOWN 29 
 
 and captain of the Chelmsford military company. In 1659 with three 
 of his military associates, he was granted a tract of 1,000 acres of land 
 on the north side of the river. Evered, who for some unknown reason, 
 liked also to be known as Webb, soon bought out his associates and 
 personally moved over to the lands opposite Middlesex and North 
 Chelmsford, which lands he called "Drawcott," presumably after some 
 place with which he was familiar in England. The Indian name of 
 this district, as appears from a deed of 1667 owned by Joseph Bradley 
 \'arnum Coburn, was Augomtoosooke. 
 
 Later Evered had another grant of five hundred acres east of 
 Beaver Brook and several other grants on both sides of the river, his 
 total proprietorship exceeding 3,000 acres. In 1664 he sold one-half 
 of his original purchase to Richard Shatswell and .Samuel Varnum. of 
 Ipswich. 
 
 \\'ebb returned in 1668 to Boston, where he was drowned in the 
 harbor while engaged with others in chasing a whale that had come 
 close to shore. The mode of his death is thus described by the Rev. 
 Samuel Danforth, of Roxbury : "17th 8th month 1668 Mr. John Webb, 
 alias Evered was drowned catching a whale below the Castle. In coil- 
 ing ye line unadvisedly he did it about his middle, thinking the whale 
 had been dead ; but suddenly Shee gave a Spring and drew him out of 
 the boat. He being in the midst of the line but could not be recovered 
 while he had any life." 
 
 Beginnings of Dracut — The colonial records mention four early 
 grants uf land in the present township of Dracut and of Lowell north 
 of the river to as many individuals : i. A grant of the year 1650, 3,000 
 acres to Robert Saltonstall. 2. Some 1,600 acres on the north of the 
 river and east of Beaver Brook, granted in 1659 to Richard Russell. 3. 
 In 1660. 250 acres lying northwest of Russell's grant to Edward Tyng. 
 4. Five hundred acres lying opposite the mouth of the Concord river 
 to one Symmes. None of these grantees, so far as known, ever took 
 possession. After the settlement of Chelmsford four men took up land 
 in the upper or west end of Dracut, that is in the part that is now the 
 Pawtucketville district of Lowell. These were Scarlet, Webb, Setchel 
 and Hinksman (or Henchman, first mentioned), each with lots run- 
 ning back from the river. Scarlet brook, which runs into the Merri- 
 mack opposite North Chelmsford, bears the name of one of these pro- 
 prietors. Webb, as elsewhere stated, is known to have built a shanty 
 and to have occupied it. This building is said later to have been 
 burned by Indians. 
 
 The locations of these grants were established in a study which 
 George A. Gordon, genealogist and antiquary, read before the Old 
 Residents' Historical Association in August, 1892. The facts essential 
 to this historv were as follows: 
 
30 IIISI'( )RV OF LOWELL 
 
 A considerable portiun nf l^owell. skirting the northern shore of 
 the Merrimack was thus granted [by the Massachusetts General 
 Court]. The boulevard, reaching from two little brooks above Paw- 
 tucket, or near the inlet to the Water Works' gallery, to opposite 
 Tyng's Island, was granted, three and a quarter miles on the river 
 front, and roughly estimated at a thousand acres, to Captain Oliver, 
 Lieutenant Johnson, and Ensign Webb, of the Boston A. & H. A. 
 .'^ix hundred acres next aliove was granted to Richard Dummer. Be- 
 yond the military grant, and stretching to the pond, was a grant to the 
 town of Billerica. From the Falls to Beaver Brook was reserved to 
 the Indians that they might have full opportunity to fish. On the east 
 side of Beaver Brook, and extending to the western slope of Dracut 
 Heights (now Centralville] sixteen hundred acres were granted to 
 Richard Russell, treasurer of the Colony, to be accounted as part of 
 an earlier grant to Sir Richard Saltonstall. Next to this, and up the 
 brook, six hundred acres were granted the town of Billerica. Two 
 hundred and fifty acres, still farther north, and embracing the present 
 Winter Hill or New Boston, was granted the father of Colonel Tyng, 
 as a farm. Between which and Beaver Brook to the northwest two 
 hundred acres were granted to Roger Conant. Below this last, and 
 covering the present Collinsville, lay a grant of five hundred acres to 
 Capt. John Webb. On the west side oi the brook and above the Bil- 
 lerica grant, next Double Brook, lay a gratuity of two hundred and 
 fiftv acres to Edmond Batter, a de]ntty from Salem. Dracut Heights, 
 then undesirable in land riches, was ungranted : Init down the river 
 and west of the brook, where to-day local fishermen catch trout, was 
 located a grant of five hundred acres to Samuel Simonds, deputy gov- 
 ernor, which, becoming the property of Deane W'inthrop, has always 
 been known as the W'inthrop farm. The Higginson grant of seven 
 hundred acres was at the extreme limit of Dracut bmuids. and ulti- 
 mately withdrawn across the line. 
 
 To fnlliiw all the subsequent ciiml)inations of these original grants 
 would be unprofital)le unless in settlement of some legal question. In 
 1 701, when the settlement of Dracut was recognized as a town, a com- 
 mittee of the Legislature apportioned a division of its soil among the 
 actu.al inhabitants. The titles thus established are recorded in a manu- 
 scri])t \-olume which is still ])reserved at the office of the town clerk 
 and selectmen and which is the basis of most of the present ownership 
 in Lowell north of the river. 
 
 A reference, cited above, to the needs of ''Inhabitants on the other 
 side of Meremack" jiroves that by 1673 the then tmorganized district 
 which later became the town of Dracut was acquiring a population 
 >ui'h that the town authorities of Chelmsford had to consider it in 
 tlicir ])lanning. (.)n the fertile meadow lands that border Clay Pit 
 Brook and the Merrimack River, cjpposite Middlesex X'illage. Edward 
 Colbmn, or Coburn. believed to have been the first permanent white 
 dweller in "ye wildernesse on ye Northerne side of Merrimac River," 
 h;id placed his habitation. He was not. apparenth', the earliest to cul- 
 
DE\"ELOPMEXT FROM INDIAN TOWN 31 
 
 ti\ate land on this side of the stream, for some time previously Samuel 
 \"arnum had purchased a holding over the river, but on account of 
 the danger of raids from hostile Indians had lived on the Chelmsford 
 side, crossing to his farm in a boat. 
 
 The settlement which thus sprung up in what is now the Paw- 
 tucketx'ille section of the city of Lowell was destined to be during the 
 entire eighteenth century the most considerable community within the 
 existing municipal bountlaries. While "Wamesit Neck'" was still 
 simply a "farm end" of Chelmsford, the parish at Dracut at the head 
 of Pawtucket Falls was one with a vigorous religious and secular life 
 of its own. Here are several of the oldest houses in the city. In the 
 town records, now kept at Dracut centre, are many entries that throw 
 light on present-day inheritances. 
 
 .\s a community West Dracut was remarkable, among other 
 things, for the prominence of the two families whose progenitors were 
 its first settlers — the \'arnums and Coburns. 
 
 Samuel \"arnum, who was a resident of Middlesex \'illage before 
 he moved over the ri\-er, is believed to have lived somewhere about the 
 mouth of Black Brook. He was a son of George \'arnum, who settled 
 in Ipswich about 1635. In this town, too. as it happened, was resident 
 Edward Colburn. Thus from very early days of the Massachusetts 
 Bay colony were associated these two families, ver}- much intermar- 
 ried, both of whom are intimately connected with the development of 
 the Lowell neighborhood There is a tradition to the effect that both 
 came from the same place in England, but this has no substantiation 
 in any data yet discovered. To George Varnum has been attributed 
 residence in one of three or four English "Draycottes." Since, how- 
 ever, John W'ebl) appears to have first applied the name, this tradition 
 is probably a fiction. 
 
 It is established, at all events, that Samuel X'arnum was born in 
 England in 1619, for in 1683 he made a deposition in which he gave his 
 age as sixty-four. Several facts about his residence in Ipswich have 
 been unearthed by the Varnum genealogists. His marriage to Sarah 
 Langton, of that town, took place about 1645, and there his children, 
 five sons and a daughter, were born. The original grant to him of 
 I 100 acres of land "in Drawcott. on Merrimacke River," was made 
 on January 16. 1664. Richard Shatswell. who received a large grant 
 at the same time, never became a settler in this neighborhood, selling 
 his land on October 7, 1669, to Thomas Henchman, who conveyed 
 it to Edward Coburn, November 22, 1671. 
 
 While, probably, Samuel Varnum was still living on the south 
 side of the river, events occurred that must be accorded notice. 
 
 The first white child to be born in Lowell, so far as known, was 
 Tdlm \'arnum. who saw the light October 25. 1669. His grand.son. 
 
.:52 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 I'arkcr \ arnum. in memoirs written early in the nineteenth century, 
 refers to a family tradition, which is probable enough, that the mother 
 was assisted at childbirth by Indian squaws of the neighborhood who 
 were greatly rejoiced at the appearance of a "white pappoose." 
 
 Supplementary notes on Edward Colburn, or Coburn ( the name 
 being spelled in eleven different ways in colonial records) may be 
 given. He is believed to have been the Edward Colburn who arrived 
 from London at Boston in the ship "Defense," Captain Bostock, in 
 October, 1635. On the same ship was Robert Colburn, presumably 
 an elder brother, ancestor of the Colburns, of Dedham. This younger 
 emigrant, whose age was stated as seventeen, a few years later was 
 listed as "Nathaniel Saltonstall's farmer" in Ipswich. 
 
 It is inferred by the compilers of the Coburn genealogy that dur- 
 ing his residence in the North Shore town in which the Saltonstalls, 
 Richard and his son Nathaniel, were leading people, Edward Colburn 
 owned no land and that as his family grew up around him he deter- 
 mined to better his condition. It has also been plausibly urged that at 
 abciut this time the removal of several Wenham residents to Chelms- 
 ford, whither the Rev. Mr. Fisk had already gone, may have turned the 
 attention of Ipswich residents to the fertile lands of the Merrimack 
 valley. 
 
 Edward Colburn's wife is known to have been named Hannah. 
 Her maiden name is unknown — perhaps because the Ipswich town 
 records were burned in 1831. His nine children were: Edward (1642- 
 167.1); John (1644-1695): Robert (1646-1701); Thomas (1648-1728); 
 
 Daniel (1654-1712); Hannah (1656 ); Ezra (1658-1739); Joseph 
 
 ( 1661-1733) : Lydia ( 1666 ). This ample progeny of stalwart sons 
 
 received allotments of land in the parts of Dracut which the father 
 had accpiired, each receiving a Int that bordered on the river. To John 
 in 1671 was deeded one-eighth of the holding bought from John 
 Evered. "right against the new barn bounded by Robert on both sides, 
 the river south and highway north, reserving one-half acre about the 
 new barn with convenient highway to new barn." The son did not 
 receive this property as a gift, for he agreed to pay his father £55 
 sterling, in annual installments of £5. Deeds of property to other 
 sons are on record, the latest being one of date 1690 to Joseph, who 
 apparently had been selected to care for his parents in their later vears. 
 "For divers causes me thereunto moving," wrote Edward Colburn, 
 "especially in consideration of that care to provide for me and for my 
 dear wife so long as it shall please God to continue both or either of 
 
 us in this life I do convey imto my son Joseph Colburn mv old 
 
 dwelling house in Said Dracut and upon my farm thereon, which was 
 the Garrison House, and which he is actually possessed of. Together 
 with a half ])art of my lot of land to said house adjoining to the land 
 
DEVELOPMENT FROAI INDIAN TOWN 33 
 
 of my son Ezra Coburn, the said land lying northeast and up the river. 
 It is the half part of that latter field which is commonly called the 
 Barn Field.'' The reference to the Garrison House in the deed just 
 cited raises a problem of antiquarian interest. Mrs. Griffin, in her 
 chapter on "Old Homes and Byways," attributes to the first Paw- 
 tucket\ille settler the erection of the famous Garrison House near the 
 navy yard which was razed not so many years ago during Major 
 Henrv Emery's ownership of the property. "It was built about 1669," 
 she states, "by Edward Colburn as a place of protection for the early 
 settlers against the hostile Indians." Others, as for instance the 
 author of the Lowell Courier-Citizen history, have identified this fine 
 old house with the overhanging story, upper story, with a fort which 
 by order of the Governor and Council of the Commonwealth, was 
 erected in 1676 and placed in command of Lieutenant Thomas Hinch- 
 man. Quite a different location is assigned to the original Garrison 
 House by Maji ir-General Philip Reade, a descendant of Edward Col- 
 burn, who places it on Varnum avenue, near Totman street. .\s 
 quoted in the Coburn genealogy General Reade says : 
 
 As Edward was the first settler north of the Merrimack it was 
 necessary to provide against the assaults of the Indians. They roamed 
 through the woods and paddled their canoes on the river, and the lives 
 of the white settlers were of no value to them. He erected a Garrison 
 House, and, with his seven stalwart sons and his sons-in-law, he was 
 able to protect himself from thieving bands of Indians, while aid could 
 be summoned in time of danger, when larger bands would be on the 
 warpath. His Garrison House he left in his will to his son. Joseph. 
 and there can be no doubt that it is still standing. On \'arnum Ave- 
 nue, nearly opposite Totman Road, is a two-story house, which for 
 manv generations was the home of the Coburns. The last to occup)- it 
 was Nathaniel B. and his sons, Edmund, Howard and Walter [of the 
 eighth generation], and it passed out of the ownership of the Coburns. 
 It had been known as the Garrison House for five generations, and the 
 size of the timbers, the low posted rooms and the style of building, 
 all furnish evidence of its age. It has been remodeled, and changed by 
 additions and demolition until but little of the original building can be 
 found. The earlier settlers had no motive for calling it the Garrison 
 House, unless it was one, and the later generations would not have 
 originated the name, all of which proves it to be Edward Coburn's 
 Garrison House. 
 
 If this contention of General Reade's is correct it is quite possible 
 that the house he mentions in Pawtucketville, and not, as has been 
 stated, the Sewall Bowers House on Wood street, is the oldest dwell- 
 ing now standing within the limits of the city of Lowell. As for the 
 Garrison House on the Navy Yard road, this may or may not come 
 under the general scepticism with which present-day antiquaries 
 regard the numerous "garrison houses" of New England, most of 
 
 L-3 
 
34 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 which liad the overhang not for any reasons of protection but because 
 that was a typical form of Jacobean house, brought from England. 
 The Navy Yard house was certainly occupied if not built by Colonel 
 Joseph Varnuni, grandfather of Generals Joseph Bradley and James 
 Mitchell Varnum. 
 
 Examination, it may be added, of the topographical layout of the 
 Pawtucketville "garrison house" should, seemingly, convince anyone 
 of the likelihood that General Reade is right in his attribution of 
 priority to this place of residence. Old Ferry road, which evidently 
 was the first trail from the river northward, crosses the intervale land 
 for a few rods and then turns tc:>\vard a knoll on the further side of 
 Flag Meadow brook. On this slight elevation, the first that is sure to 
 be above the spring freshets, the house in question was built. Totman 
 street, though it is ncjw a road of little consequence, was, pri(.ir to the 
 laying out of the Mammoth road, the main highway from Chelmsford 
 into Southern New Hampshire. At its northern end, where it de- 
 bouches into Mammoth road, one still encounters the fine colonial 
 farm house that was occupied by Captain Peter Coburn, of Bunker 
 Hill fame. 
 
 King Philip's War — During several years of generally pleasant 
 relationship between the settlers of Chelmsford and their Lidian neigh- 
 bors the only danger from hostile tribes that was scented came from 
 the distant Mohawks, who were hereditary enemies of the Pennacooks. 
 It was for the purpose of repelling a threatened invasion of those foe- 
 men that Wannalancet, who had been living further up river, came 
 down stream about 1669 and constructed fortifications on a sightly hill 
 just east of the Concord river. 
 
 The defences thus established gave its name to Fort Hill, now 
 an attractive jiart of the Lowell Park system. Some antiquarians have 
 thought they found relics of the original fortifications on the sides of 
 the hill, and sharp stones unearthed there have from time to time been 
 asserted to be arrow heads. 
 
 The chieftain, meantime, occtipied, as during much of the rest of 
 his life, the island of Wickassee, now Tyng's Island, and the home of 
 the Lowell Country Club, some four miles above Pawtucket Falls. 
 This place, still notable for its magnificent white pines, was a valuable 
 cornfield and an hereditary possession of the family of Passaconaway. 
 Wannalancet and his friends had been permitted to occupy and culti- 
 vate Wickassee for some years past, perhaps cherishing it the more 
 since in the last year of Passaconaway's sachemship the ownership 
 had temporarily been wrested from them. It then happened that one 
 of the sons of the family went surety for another Indian and, in default 
 of means of making good, was apprehended and lodged in jail in Bos- 
 ton. Wannalancet undertook to release his brother and petitioned for 
 
DEVELOPMENT FROM IXDIAN TOWN 35 
 
 permission to sell the island. His request was granted on November 
 8, 1659. ''"'^1 W'ickassee was sold to Ensign John Evered, or Webb, 
 as elsewhere related. In 1665 an effort was made to recover the prop- 
 erty, three Indians, Unanunquosett, Wannalancet and Nonatomenut, 
 addressing to Governor Richard P.cllinsham and the General Court 
 the following petition : 
 
 To the most worshipful Richard Bellingham, Esq., Govr and to the 
 rest of the Honrd Genrl Court. 
 
 The petition of us poore neilmr Indians whose names are hereuntci 
 subscribed, humbly sheweth that whcras Indians severall years we yr 
 petits out of pity and compassion to our pore brother and countryman 
 to redeem him out of prison and bondage and whose name is Nanamo- 
 comuck, the eldest son of Passaconnaway, who was Cast into prison 
 for a debt of another Indian unto John Tinker for which he gave his 
 word thr redemption of whome did cost us our desirable posetions 
 where we and ours had and did hope to enjoy our Livelihood for our- 
 selves and our posterity : namely an Island on Merrimack River called 
 bv the name of wicosurkc which was purchased by Mr. John Web : 
 who hath Curtiously Given Us leave to plant upon ever since he hath 
 possessed the same, we doe not know whither to Goe nor where to 
 place ourselves for our Lively hood in procuring us bread ; having 
 l^eine very Solicitous wh Mr. Web to lett us enjoy our said posetions 
 againe he did condescend to our notion provided we would repay him 
 his charges, but we are pore and Canot so doe — or request is mr. Web 
 may have a grant of about 500 acres of land in two places adjoying his 
 owne Lands in the wilderness, which is our own proper Lands as the 
 aforesaid Island ever was. 
 
 10:8:65 NoBHOW in behalf of my wife and children 
 
 Uh.anunquosf.tt 
 
 wan.^l.\ncett 
 
 non.\tomexut 
 If the Court please to grant this petition then yr petitioner Wana- 
 lancet is willing to surrender U]'. ye hundred acres of land yt was 
 granted him by the Court. 
 
 This petition, whose wording it may not be unfair to suspect 
 Webb of having supervised, was favorably received by the General 
 Court whose answer was as follows : 
 
 In Ans to this petition the Court grant Mr. John Evered (Webb) 
 five hundred acres of land adjovning to his lands vpon condition hee 
 release his rights in an Island in the Merrimacke river called Wico- 
 satike which was purchased by him of the Indian petitioners— also 
 upon condition wonalancet do' release a former grant to him of an 
 hvndred acres and the court do grant said Island to petitioners— John 
 Parker and Jonathan Danforth are ajjpointed to lav out the grant of 
 five hundred' acres to John Evered. Enwn Rawson. Secy. 
 
 Consented to by the Deputies 
 
 15 Oct. 1665. 
 
36 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The incident certainly showed no governmental intention of being 
 unfair or ungenerous to the natives; it may be cited as proving the 
 favorable relationships between the races which were in process of 
 establishment when the menace of a widespread conspiracy brought 
 to naught the life work of John Eliot and other devoted friends of the 
 natives. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 Onset of King Philip's War. 
 
 All New England was affected by tiie effort which, upon his 
 father's death, Philip, son of the ever-friendly Massasoit, made to align 
 the various Indian tribes against the encroaching whites. The life of 
 the communities about the mo.uth of the Concord was profoundly 
 influenced by the happenings of King Philip's War, even though little 
 of actual warfare was seen in the district. 
 
 Chelmsford suffered hardly at all, thanks perhaps to previous 
 preparation against contingencies of the kind. That the settlers were 
 apprehensive during the years in which the colonial relations with 
 King Philip were approaching a crisis is proved by an order of the 
 selectmen, signed by Samuel Adams, clerk : 
 
 25 the 5 month 1671. It is ordered by tlie Selectmen For Severall 
 Considerations espetialy for the preservation of jieace That with in 
 one moneth After the Date hear of every maile person with in our 
 towne above the Age of fiveten years Shall provid a good Clube of 
 fotier or five foott in lingth with a Knohe in the end, and to bring the 
 same to the metting house, ther to lea\e the Same vntill ocation fore 
 tise of it be (found, &c.). 
 
 Other measures were afterwards taken for defence in case of 
 attack. On the summit of Robbins Hill, the most conspicuous emi- 
 nence in the town, a house of refuge was ordered built in 1673. The 
 colonial action of three years later in erecting and garrisoning a house 
 on the north side of the river has already been referred to. Whether or 
 not this was identical with the old garrison house near the navy yard 
 which is remembered by people still in middle age, it is probable that 
 the fortification was placed so as to overawe the Wamesits in case of 
 their becoming restless. In the records of the treasurer of the colony 
 is preserved a list of sixty-nine Chelmsford men who did duty at the 
 local garrison houses between November 20, 1675, and September 23, 
 1676, together with the credits allowed them. 
 
 The Christianized Indians of the neighborhood gave, in reality, 
 but little cause for worry during the troublous years of the war. 
 \\'annalancet, following his father's pacifist precepts, remained a faith- 
 ful friend of the w^iites. Knowing, doubtless, that his people were 
 under suspicion, he withdrew most of them to the Pennacook neigh- 
 borhood and later to the headwaters of the Connecticut. 
 
 In a period of h}-steria. however, it was difificult to convince many 
 of the settlers that all red men were not conspiring to murder them in 
 their beds Certain local happenings helped to explain, while they 
 
38 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 certainly did not excuse, the treatment that was meteci out to the few 
 remainingf Waniesits and Pawtuckets. 
 
 (jeneral Daniel Gookin, ever a true friend of the ''praying In- 
 dians," was anxious that Fort Hill he manned by the red men living 
 at its base, these to he directed h}- eight English soldiers. \'aluable 
 protection would thus be assured from marauders. Popular suspicion, 
 however, had been roused to such a pitch that every Indian was 
 regarded as a foe. 
 
 Peril til the white inhabitants north of the Merrimack was proba- 
 1_)I_\' more imminent then than it was to nmst nf the people of Chelms- 
 fiird. The lands occupied by the Colnirns and \'arnums were close to 
 the river and almost directly opposite the reservation which the Gen- 
 eral Cuurt had provided for the Indians. So long, however, as there 
 was no restlessness among these "praying Indians," the farmers' only 
 danger was from wandering skulkers. It was probably some such 
 band of vagrants which, on April 15, 1675, fired on and killed two of 
 Samuel Varnum's sons, young fellows, who were crossing the river 
 in ;i boat. Only a few weeks previous Joseph Parker, of Chelmsford, 
 had been waylaid and shot to death in the fcirest. These mishaps 
 tended to increase apprehension. Then a still mure alarming situation 
 developed. "Mar. 18 1676," according to Drake's "Indian Wars," "at 
 Chelmsford the said W'amesit Indians fell upon some houses on the 
 north side of the river, burnt down three or four that belonged to the 
 family of Edward Colburn : the ."^aid Colburn with Samuel \'arnum his 
 Neigh1)or being pursued as thev j.iassed over the River to look after 
 their Cattell on that -Side of the River." The attributi(]n (jf this dut- 
 rage to the "praying Indians'' was quite ]irobal)ly mistaken, Init it 
 indicates the temper of the time. 
 
 Symptomatic of the general state of fright is a Billerica letter, 
 now preser\-ed in the Massachusetts Archives, which under date of 
 December 25, 1675, reports that scouts have found three houses burnt 
 "near where Joseph Parker was formerly shot." It is stated that 
 Indians have been seen from Billerica. lurking on the west side of the 
 Concord, and that the sumke <if ^•arious fires in the distance is believed 
 to be theirs. Hel[) is re(|uested "to secure the bridge between them & 
 us,'' and information is conveyed that "some of the town's men are 
 nut, (in Major Willard's order, on the north side of the Merrimack to 
 secure the C(_irn of Edward Cdburn and others residing there." 
 
 Measures for the protection of the Chelmsford-Billerica district 
 were reported to the General Court on January 28, 1676, by Jonathan 
 Danforth, representing a committee w-hose other members were Hugh 
 Mason and Richard Lowdon, their commission being "to consult the 
 several towns of the Countv of Middlesex with reference to the best 
 means of the preservation of our out-towns, remote houses and farms. 
 
ONSET OF KING PHILIP'S WAR 39 
 
 for their security from the common enemy." Their specific recom- 
 mendation for the two communities enveloping the Indians at the 
 falls was as follows: 
 
 2. That for the security of Billerica there be a garrison of a num- 
 ber competent at Weymessit, who may raise a thousand bushels of 
 corn upon the lands of the Indians in that place ; may be improved 
 daily in scouting and ranging the woods between Weymessit and 
 Andover and on the west of Concord River, on the cast and north of 
 Chelmsford, which will discover the enemy before he comes to the 
 towns and prevent lurking Indians about our towns. Also they shall 
 be in a readiness to succor any of these towns at anv time when in 
 distress: also, shall be ready to join others to follow the enemv upon a 
 sudden, after their appearing. 
 
 An attempt was made, too, to bring Wannalancet back to his old 
 home where his conciliatory influence would be valuable. Mr. Hench- 
 man, one of the military leaders of Chelmsford, was ordered: 
 
 To take a troop of horsemen and forthwith to march to Chelms- 
 ford, and you are to endeavor, either one or both of j-ou (if it may bee) 
 to gaine the Sachem called Wannalanset to com in againe and Hue at 
 wamesit quietly pecably : you may promise him in the councills name 
 that if hee will returne & his pec^ple and Hue quietly at Wamesit hee 
 shall susteyne no priudise by the English ; only you are to ppose to 
 him that he deliuer for a hostage to the english his sonne who shal be 
 wel vsed by us, & in case hee come in and can bee gained then you 
 are to impour him to informe the Pennakooke and Natacook indians 
 and all other indians on the east side of Merrimack Riuer, that they 
 may Hue quietly and peacable in their places and shall not bee dis- 
 turbed any more by the english prouided they do not assist or joyne 
 with any of or enimiy nor do any damage or preiudice to the english. 
 
 Anarchy, nevertheless, instead of law and order soon prevailed in 
 the terror-stricken district, with an evident disposition on the part of 
 the lawless element of the pojuilation to enjoy the sport of baiting the 
 unoffending redskins. 
 
 -Although Wannalancet had gone to Pennacnok with most of his 
 people, some of the Pawtuckets and W'amesits. as we have seen, re- 
 mained. These were placed in charge of Lieutenant James Richard- 
 son. It jM-esently happened that a barn or haystack owned by him was 
 burned and that thereafter two or three houses were fired. The 
 Wamesits were charged with the incendiarism, and fourteen men of 
 Chelmsford, such is the relation in Felt's Annals, pretending to be in 
 search of hostile Indians from elsewhere, called their unsuspecting 
 neighbors from their wigwams and fired on them, killing one boy and 
 wounding five women and children. The members of this band of citi- 
 zens were tried for murder, but the jury refused to convict them. 
 
 Many of the Wamesits, thereafter, fled to the woods in terror and 
 refused to return. The scandal of the situation was such that the 
 
40 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 (iovernor's Cnuncil sent juhn ]''.liot and AlajciS Gookiii and Willard 
 to pacify tlie Indians and to i)crsuade the Chelmsford people to be 
 more moderate in their treatment of their neighbors. The townsmen 
 appear to have resented this etifort, for they promptly accused the 
 W'anicsits cjf \arious crimes and secured the arrest of several of these 
 on charges of setting tires; even though they probably were cjuite 
 guiltless, (jookin, in recording the circumstances, wrote: "More- 
 over Liei;i. Richardson, whose hay was Inirned, was a persi^n well 
 beloved of those Indians at W'amesit, and their great friend : who did 
 not apf)rehend (as he told me) that any of the Wamesits had burned 
 his hay." 
 
 Such representations, nevertheless, had been made to the General 
 Court that the Indians were ordered to be brought to Boston, as the 
 story has been succintly narrated l:)y Edwin Al. Currier, in scjme notes 
 on the Richardson genealogy. On October 20 the court was informed 
 of their near ai)proach : "In number about one hundred and forty-five 
 men, women and children; several of them decre]jit with age, sundry 
 infants, and all wanted suj.iplies of food." The court gave orders to 
 send back the old men, women and children and to retain some thirty- 
 three al)le-b( idied men. These latter were impristjned at Charlestown 
 for several da} s and finally brought before the court. They denied 
 the charge of burning the hay. No evidence was found against them 
 and they were remanded to jirison. The events that fiillowed are best 
 narrated in Gookin's own words: 
 
 A vote i)assed in the house of deputies, as I heard, finding all the 
 W'amesit Indians guilty of burning the hay; but it was not cimsented 
 unto by the magistrates ; and so, after the adjournment of the court, 
 the council ordered the taking out of some of the most suspicious 
 Indians from the Wamesits, who did not properly belong to them, but 
 were come to them since the -war. These being garbled out and 
 secured in prison, the rest of the W'amesit Indians, being about 20, 
 were sent back to their wives and children at W'amesit. But as they 
 passed home, being under the guard of Lieut. James Richardson and 
 a file of soldiers, they were to march through a village called \Vohurn ; 
 at which time the trained band of that ])lace was exercising. Lieut. 
 Richardson and his Indians before they drew near the English sol- 
 diers, made halt, and he held out his handkerchief as a flag of truce ; 
 vvhereu])on the captain and officers of the band sent to Richardson who 
 showed them his commission from the council to conduct those 
 Indians safely to their homes, whereu])on the caj)tain and officers 
 gave very strict charge to all the soldiers not to shoot a gun until all 
 the Indians were past and clear; nor yet to give any opprobrious 
 words. But notwithstanding this strict ])rohibition, when the Indians 
 were passing by, a young fellow, a soldier named Knight, discharged 
 his musket ,ind killed one of the Indians stone dead ; being very near 
 him. The murderer was presently apprehended and committed to 
 prist)!! ; a!id i!ot lo!ig after tried for his life, but was acquitted by the 
 jury, !!!uch ci>iitr;iry to the iniiirl of the bench. The jury alleged they 
 
ONSET OF KING PHILIP'S WAR 41 
 
 wanted evidence, and the prisoner plead that his gun went otY by 
 accident ; indeed, witnesses were mealy-mouthed in giving evidence. 
 The jury was sent out again and again by the judges who were much 
 unsatisfied with the jury's proceedings; but yet the jury did not see 
 cause to alter their mind, and so the fellow was cleared. 
 
 When this incident was reported at Wamesit the natives, thinking 
 that their destruction might come at any moment, fled for a second 
 time, leaving six or seven old folk and invalids. As a crowning infamy 
 white men of the neighborhood set tire to the wigwams in which these 
 helpless people had been left, and the invalids were burned to death. 
 
 Lieutenant Richardson, \\ho had apjieared as the friend of the 
 Indians in these jiathetic events, retired, jierhaps in disgust, from the 
 region of Wamesit Neck in the fciUowing spring and became a resident 
 of Charlestown. His knowledge of Indian affairs was destined to 
 bring him to his untimely death. In the spring of 1677, when the set- 
 tlers of the Province of Maine were alarmed by Indian raids, the lieu- 
 tenant and Captain Benjamin .Swett were sent by the Alassachusetts 
 Governor in command of a body of forty white soldiers and two hun- 
 dred friendly Indians to the Kennebec river. Landing at Black Point, 
 in Scarborough they were ambushed and both cajjtain and lieutenant 
 slain. From the eight children of this member of the Richardson 
 family, all born at Chelmsford, have come many descendants. The 
 oldest son, Thomas, married Hannah Colburn, daughter of Edward 
 Colburn, and settled near his father-in-law. having purchased an 
 eighth part of the "farme of Capt. Webb," lying along the river where 
 the present Pawtucket boulevard is. 
 
 The Wamesits did not return to their settlement until after the 
 war. How cruelly they suffered under the suspicion and brutal treat- 
 ment which took the place of ordinary humanity in the white man's 
 conduct is proved by a quite pathetic letter written by Simon Betokom, 
 one of John Eliot's pupils. It is signed with the marks of Numphow, 
 their magistrate, and John a Line, wdio wrote: 
 
 To Mr. Thomas Henchman, of Chelmsford. I, Nunphow, and 
 John a Line, we send a messenger to you again ( Wecoposit ) with this 
 answer, we cannot come home again, we go towards the French, we 
 go where Wannalancet is: the reason is we went away from our home, 
 we had help from the Council, but that did not do us good, but we 
 had wrong by the English. 2dly. The reason we went away from the 
 English, for when there was any harm done in Chelmsford, they laid it 
 to us. and said we did it, but we know ourselves we never did harm to 
 the English but we go away peaceably and quietly. 3dly. ."^s for the 
 Island, we sav there is no safety for us, because many English be not 
 good, and may be they come to us and kill us as in other case. We 
 are not sorry for what we leave behind, but we are sorry the. English 
 have driven' us from our nraving to God and our teacher. We did 
 
42 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 begin to understand a little of praying to God. We thank humbly the 
 Council. We remember our love to Mr. Henchman and James Rich- 
 ardson. 
 
 Ill-prepared for a sojourn in the wilderness, these faithful friends 
 (if the colonists are believed to have undergone great hardshi{)s in 
 their wanderings toward the headwaters of the Connecticut. 
 
 The town of Chelmsford underwent some pecuniary loss on 
 account of the war. Upon petition to the General Court for relief the 
 following order was granted : "In answer to the petition of the select- 
 men of Chelmsford, &c., it is ordered that Chelmsford be allowed and 
 aloted the sum of fivety three pounds, seven shillings and one penny 
 out of their last term county rates towards their losses." One man, at 
 least, from the farms that occupied jjarts of the city of Lowell lost his 
 life in service against the hostile Indians to the southward. Edward 
 Coburn, Jr., who had come with his father from Ipswich to a share in 
 tile Webb property in Pawtucketville was of a militia company that 
 went into the action at Sqiiakheage, now Brookfield. The circum- 
 stance leading up to this affray was that in July, 1675, a band of 
 Nipnucs from King Philip's district fell upon the village of Mendon 
 and murdered four or five people. A punitive expedition was sent 
 after them consisting of some twenty men in charge of Captains 
 Wheeler and Hutchinson. These were ambushed near the present 
 Brookfield by a band of upwards of 200 Indians and several of the 
 white men were slain. 
 
 Last Years of the Indian Community — The death of King Philip, 
 on .Xugust 12, 1676, liruught tu an end a period in which fifty-three 
 towns (if the English were wholly or partly destroyed, upwards of 
 fioo lives of white people lost and an indebtedness of more than half a 
 million dollars incurred by the colonists. To the Indians, whether 
 hostile (ir friendl}-, the losses due to the war were irreparable. The life 
 work (if Jdhn Eliot and Daniel Gookin was undone not only at Wame- 
 sit, hut in the entire Commonwealth. At the outbreak of the trouble 
 it was estimated that there were about 10,000 praying Indians in New 
 England. Thereafter this element of the population rapidly faded 
 away. Most of the separate communities were broken up, though 
 many individuals, of course, became members of the white townships, 
 it is perhaps true that there is to-day more Indian blood among old 
 New England families than has sometimes been conceded. Other- 
 wise nothing but a menKjrv remains of one of the most creditable 
 undertakings of the Puritan governing class. 
 
 Wamesit. as an Indian town, did not, ne\'ertheless, immediately 
 disappear fnun the map. Wamialancet presently returned to his 
 former haunts and sought out the Chelmsford minister to compare 
 experiences. A familiar anecdote, which may have as much historical 
 
ONSET OF KING PHILIP'S WAR 43 
 
 foundation as the majority of such sayings, represents him as asking 
 Mr. Fiske whether the town had suffered much during the war. When 
 the clerg\-man replied. "Thank God, no," "Me next," asserted \\'anna- 
 lancet. Taking advantage of the grant that had been made him in 
 1665, the (-liieftain with a numher of his Pawtuckets returned to the 
 island and came under the personal protection of Colonel Jonathan 
 Tyng, of Dunstable, their nearest neighbor. There is an indication of 
 this good man's watchfulness for their interests in a communication 
 received by the colony's Governor and Cc)uncil on March 24, 1677, 
 signed by James Parker, who wrote "from Mr. Henchman's farme ner 
 Meremack, hast post hast." Describing a warning against prowling 
 Mohawks, Parker wrote : 
 
 To the Honered Govner and Counsell. This may informe youer 
 honores that Sagamore Evanalanset came this morning to informe 
 me, and then went to Mr. Tyng's to informe him. that his son being on 
 ye outher sid of Meremack River a hunting, and his daiiter with him. 
 up the river, over against Souhegan, upon the 22nd day of this instant, 
 about ten of the clock in the morning, he discovered 15 Indens on this 
 sid of the river which he soposed to be Mohokes by their speech, and 
 he having a canow ther in the ri\"er, he went to breck his canow that 
 they might not have ani ues of it, in the menetime thay shot about 
 thirty guns at him. and he being much frighted, fled and came home 
 forthwith to Nahamcok, wher ther wigowemes now stand. 
 
 After some years of quiet residence on the island, Wannalancet 
 and his surviving Pawtuckets gave up the lands they had been per- 
 mitted to occupy and wandered to Canada, where for six years they 
 lived among the St. Francis Indians. Here the sachem, now aging 
 fast, might have breathed his last, but that in 1692, in a time of peril 
 due to King William's War, white peo])le living in and about Chelms- 
 ford suddenly remembered what, a friend and protector he had been 
 during the previous era of hostilities. It seemed to them that again he 
 might be able to stand between the settlers and the hostile red men. 
 A special envoy was sent to urge the Pawtuckets to return to Massa- 
 chusetts. With this wish Wannalancet complied and during the war 
 was once more helpful and considerate. 
 
 The last years of the old chieftain were spent in what is now 
 Tyngsboro on the Merrimack. Colonel Tyng gave him shelter in the 
 mansion, still standing, near a fine bend in the river, and here for four 
 years Wannalancet wandered about the grounds and exchanged remi- 
 niscences with his white friend. When he died he was buried in the 
 Tyng cemetery. Over a boulder in this burying ground, in whose 
 shadow, according to tradition, he often used to sit in warm weather, 
 the Societv of Colonial Dames of Massachusetts has placed a tablet 
 bearing this inscription : "In this jjlace lived during his last years. 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 and (lied in 1696, Wannalancct, last sachem of the Merrimack River 
 Indians; Son of Passaconawaj'. Like his father, a faithful fri'^nd of 
 the early New Eng-land Colonists.'' 
 
 W'annalancet outlived by some years the two great white men 
 who had rejoiced in his conversion and friendliness. John Eliot died 
 in i6yo. "He had the mortification," Cowley writes, "to see the labors 
 (if more than 40 years terminate in failure. He lived to witness the 
 fourteen Christian towns which he had organized reduced first to 
 seven, and afterwards to five : and e\'eii these were not lc)ng to survive. 
 Much of his time, toward the close of his life, was spent in promoting 
 educatiiin among the negroes, many of whom were now living in the 
 colony as slaves." Daniel Gookin, who had l>een made major-general 
 in 1681, died in poverty in 1687, a year after he had been deposed 
 from his office through the dissolution of the charter. Cowley pays 
 this tribute to his memnry: "Though a man of some bigotry and 
 many prejudices, his understanding was excellent, his integritv inflexi- 
 l)le, his patriotism disinterested, his piety exemplary, his religious and 
 [iiilitical principles firm and uncliangealile : he was zealous, active and 
 l)enevolent, and a true friend to the Indians who mourned his death 
 with unfeigned sorrow." 
 
X 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 The Wamesit Neck Proprietorship. 
 
 Indian occupancy of lands situated close to one of the most valu- 
 able fishing privileges in New England could hardly have continued 
 into the eighteenth century. It was the way of the white man. in 
 normal times, to buy for a pittance what, in case of refusal, he would 
 have taken by the sword. 
 
 By 1685 residents of Chelmsford were already taking steps to pur- 
 chase the title of the Wamesits and Pawtuckets to the reserved tri- 
 angle between the two rivers. The deal, which was doubtless fair 
 enough of its kind, was consummated by Jonathan Tyng, of Dun- 
 stable, and Major Henchman, of Chelmsford. It was followed by the 
 allotment of the property, covering practically all the older part of the 
 city of Lowell to fifty proprietors. This proprietorship continued for 
 nearly a century, and the record book of its transactions, preserved by 
 descendants of Benjamin Parker, the last survivor of the original pro- 
 prietors, gives more information than, perhaps, any other single docu- 
 ment regarding the settlement of the district whose apexes were 
 Middlesex Village, North Billerica and the point of confluence of the 
 rivers. 
 
 The "fifty associates." as they might be called in modern legal par- 
 lance, who acquired the Neck, and who with the original settlers in 
 Billerica east of the Concord, and in the Centralville and Pawtucket- 
 ville districts of the old town of Dracut, may be termed the fathers of 
 the city-to-be, were as follows : 
 
 Worshipful Jonathan Tyng Esq. (of Dunstable), Major Thomas 
 Hinchman Ensign John Fisk Sergt. Josiah Richardson (of Chelms- 
 ford) Mr. Moses Fisk, Mr. Thomas Clark, Josiah Richardson Junr. 
 Jerameel Bowers, James Richardson, Thomas Parker Solomon Keyes 
 Joseph Parker Sen. Joseph Hide Edward Spaldin Senr. Stephen Peirse 
 Benj. Parker Moses Parker .•\ndrew Spalden Eliezer Browne William 
 Underwood Nathaniel Howard Junr Jno. Wright Junr. Jno. Porrum 
 Jno. Spaldin Junr. Joshua Fletcher Benj. Spaldin Joseph Spaldin 
 Joseph Farwell Solomon Keyes Senr. Peter Talbot Jno. Kidder Wm. 
 Fletcher Samuel Foster Junr. Edward Foster Samll Foster Senr. Jno. 
 Steevens Nathaniel Butterfield Samuel Buttertield, Joseph Butterfield 
 Jno. Spalden Sen. Jno. Shijjley Mr. Cornelius Waldo Senr. Geo. Rob- 
 bins Jno. Parker Jno. Balde Gorsham Proctor Peter Proctor Isaac 
 Parker Abraham Parker. 
 
 Two separate purchases of special interest should be noted. 
 Wannalancet's old planting field at Middlesex Village, whence he 
 used to go two miles to hear John l'"liot preach in the log cha])cl on 
 
46 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Meeting Hcjitse hill. \\a^ hmight hy Major Henchman on November i8, 
 1685. This was a tract of about thirty acres which is descrilied as being 
 "south of Merimack river at a place called Neahambeak near Wamesit 
 upon Black brook — Ijounded by Merimack river on the North Hinch- 
 man land on ye west it contains that whole corn field fenced in with 
 ditch & otherwise that was broken & improve for some years l:)y said 
 Sachem Wanalansit & by his sonnes & by his men it lying near to the 
 old Indian fort in that place." At the east end of the Wamesit pur- 
 chase was another Indian field which was bought by Jerathmeel Bow- 
 ers "for 3 pounds & also much former kindness" on June y. 1686. 
 
 Even after those sales of the acres horn which their ancestors had 
 dominated Central New England, a few of the Wamesits and Paw- 
 tuckets lingered in the neighborhood. The last vestige of their owner- 
 ship of land im which Lowell is now built was removed bv a deed of 
 1 7 14 conve^'ing to John Borland, a farmer in the district now called 
 Belvidere and then a part of Billerica, about 250 acres to which hereto- 
 fore the W'amesits had had a chum. This con\'eyance grew out oi an 
 earlier one, of May 11, 1701, by which James Meinzies, of Boston, had 
 sold to Borland some 930 acres of the grant originally made to Mar- 
 garet Winthrop. As some of this land was held by Indians Borland's 
 title was defective, and under the law he could acquire this part of the 
 property only by special permission of tlie General Court. To perfect 
 the Borland title it accordingly was decreed that Colonel T}'ng might 
 represent the colony in purchasing these acres from the Indians and 
 thus perfecting John Borland's title. In 1714 Tyng completed the 
 transactions. The final deed, though long, is so replete with local 
 interest, that it may well be set forth in entirety : 
 
 To all People to whom these prsnts shall Ccime Greeting, Know 
 ye. that Wanalansit Sachem, John Numphow, Sam Numphow, John 
 Aline, Simon Bitticum and John Conaway Indians, formerly both they 
 and theire predecessors, the Ancient Inhabitants of Weymosit wch 
 lyeth at the mouth of Concord River in the County of Middx. in the 
 Massachusetts Bay which is in his Majesties Territory and Dominion 
 of New England For and in Consideration of Several Sums of money 
 vfe goods To the value of Twenty Three pounds To them and to Each 
 of them (being Severally Divided) well and truly paid by Jonathan 
 Tyng of Dunstable, Esqr. the receipt whereof the sd. Indians Severally 
 Each prson for him Selfe Do by these prsnts acknowedge and there- 
 with to be fully satisfyed Contenled and paid and thereof and of Every 
 part & parcel thereof Do fully- freely Clearly and absolutely acquit Re- 
 lease and Discharge the said Jonathan Tyng his heirs and assnes for 
 Ever by the prsents grant bargain & sell, have granted, bargained & 
 sold and by these presents do fully freely clearly & absolutely alien, 
 Enfeofi'e and Confirme To ye sd Jonathan Tyng, and to his heaires and 
 assignes for ever Two several parcels of Land lying at Weymesit by 
 the mouth of Concord River, and it lyeth on both Sides of Said River, 
 one parcel of it lyeth on ye East Side of Concord River, and Contain- 
 
THE WA^FESIT XKCK PROPRIETORSHIP 47 
 
 ing the old Planting ground that said Indians them Selves and their 
 predecessors wth theire Associats, have for very many years Improved 
 by planting and Fishing, and Dwelling thereupon, which parcell of 
 land Contains about Two hundred and Twelve acres, be ye same more 
 or less and is bounded liy Meriinack River four Score poles and So 
 runs in a straight Line neerest ye South to take in the Greatest part 
 of the old Fort Hill and bounded Southward by the fence of ye old 
 Indian Field and Westward by Concord River. The other parcel con- 
 taines by Estimation Three Score & Ten acres be the Same more or 
 less, and lyeth on the west Side of said River and bounded by it East- 
 ward, and Containes only that Land which now is and for many years 
 hath been within the Indian Ditch where ye last Fort Did stand. To 
 Have and to Hold the above granted and bargained wth all ve privi- 
 ledges and appurtenances to the Same appertaining, or in anv wise 
 belong To him the said Jonathan Tyng and to his heires and Assigncs 
 for Ever. To his and theire only proper use and behoofe, And they 
 the sd. Wanalansit Sachem John & Sam Numphow John Aline, Simon 
 Betticum and the rest of sd. Indians for them Selves their heires and 
 Administrators, Do Covenant promise and Grant To and wth ye sd. 
 Jonathan Tyng Esq. & wth his heires & Assignes by these prsents. 
 That they and Each of them (according to ye Ancient Laws and Cus- 
 toms of their predecessors and forefathers, and according to former 
 Laws Established by ye Englishmen in this Massachusetts Bay, Have 
 good right full power and Lawfull authority the premises to grant bar- 
 gaine and Confirme To him the said Jonathan Tyng and To his heires 
 and assignes for Ever And that he ye said Jonathan Tyng his heires 
 and Assignes for Ever, Shall and may at all times and from time to 
 time for Ever hereafter C[uietly and peaceably Have, Hold occupy pos- 
 sess and enjoy all and Every part of the above granted premises lying 
 on both Sides of Concord River as aforesd. both upland and Meadow 
 Land wth the woods and Timber, Springs, Water Courses, and fishing 
 places, wth all other priviledges to ye Same appertaining as aforesaid, 
 without the Lawfull Lett hindrance Contradiction or Denyall of them 
 ye above named Indians, or of either of them, or of any other prson or 
 prsons whatsoever (whether Indians or English) Lawfully Claiming 
 or haveing, any right. Title or Interest therein, or theire unto, by from 
 or under them or Either of them, or by theire meanes & procurements, 
 or by vertur of any Indian right or Title there unto, or to any part 
 thereof by any Lawfull wayes End means whatsoever. In Witness 
 whereof the above named Indian.'-, have affixed theire hands and scales 
 hereunto December ye Second in ye year of our Lord God Sixteen hun- 
 dred eighty and Seven and in the Third year of ye Reign of our Sov- 
 ereign Lord James the Second — Wanalansit his mark and seal. Sam 
 Numphow his mark & a seal. John Conoway his mark and a seal. 
 John Numphow his mark & a seal. Joseph Aline his mark and a Seal. 
 Signed Sealed and Delivered in the present of Jerahmere Bowers, 
 Elizabeth Bowers her mark, Hannah Bowers her mark Middx. Con- 
 cord Augt. 31st 1714 Before ye Court of Genii Sessions of ye Peace 
 then & there held within & for ye County of Middx prsonally appeared 
 Capt. Jerahmire Bowers one of the witnesses Subscribed to ye within 
 written instrument & made oath that he was prsonally prsent and Saw 
 the respective Subscribers vigt. Wanalansit, Sam Numphow, John 
 Conaway and Joseph Aline Sign, Seal and Deliver the within written 
 
48 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 instrument as theire Act and Deed and that he then with Elizabeth 
 Bowers and Hannah Bowers did set theire hands thereunto as wit- 
 nesses. 
 
 Att. Saml. Phipps Cler pacs. Charlestowne Augt. 
 
 31 1714 Reed, and accordingly Entrd. by 
 
 Samll. Phijjjjs Regs. 
 
 With the execution of the foregoing deed the Indian ceased to be 
 a factor in the life of Wamesit Neck, as the neighborhood was now 
 called. The remaining aborigines doubtless were absorbed in general 
 population. It is related that one Indian family was resident in the 
 niirthern part of Dracut toward the end of the eighteenth century and 
 that two or three men of the race were regularly employed to guide 
 rafts of logs over Pawtucket Falls. How long a few Indians continued 
 to come periodically to Pawtucket Falls would be hard to say. The 
 wandering red men who were noted in the vicinity from time to time 
 even after the founding of the village of Lowell may or may not have 
 had anv racial connectiim with the Wamesits and Pawtuckets. The 
 Indians, certainly, had not entirely disappeared even toward the mid- 
 dle of the nineteenth century, if we may credit a writer in the Opera- 
 tives' Magazine for February, 1842, who says: "The Pawtucket Falls 
 and their immediate vicinity were formerly the favorite resort of the 
 Indian tribes of the surrounding country, and annually a small and 
 degraded band of their posterity still visit the place, pitching their 
 tents a few rods below the falls, where they remain till the autumnal 
 winds remind them that cold winter is near, and they must away." 
 
 Wamesit Neck in Colonial Times — A century intervened between 
 King Philip's war, which ended the possibility of continued existence 
 of an Indian community at W'amesit, and the Revolution which 
 marked the beginning of American economic as well as political inde- 
 pendence, and which ushered in the era of exploitation of New Eng- 
 land water powers. 
 
 During the major part of the eighteenth century Wamesit Neck 
 was a less important place under the cultivation of white farmers than 
 it had been in earlier days when it was a town of the praying Indians. 
 For a long time, indeed, the |;iolitical status of the land on which down- 
 town Lowell is built was undetermined. The few dwellers on the 
 grants did not even know to what town they legally belonged, though 
 they attended church at Chelmsford Centre. Only over the river in 
 the present Pawtucketville was there a characteristic civic centre of 
 the type established in C(;)lonial New England. 
 
 To write a longer history of Wamesit Neck or East Chelmsford, 
 as it eventually was called, through the late seventeenth and the 
 eighteenth centuries would be a most intricate task, and profitable 
 only in a technical sense. Rights were sold and resold. Some of the 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 49 
 
 proprietors came and built on their holdings ; others simply used the 
 common field for pasturage and continued to live elsewhere. 
 
 The beginnings of the ownership, fortunately, are well explained 
 in the minutes of the proprietors, to which reference has already here 
 been made. The title page of this record book of the earliest Lowell 
 real estate syndicate reads : "This book belongeth to the purchasers & 
 proprietors of the Wameset neck and was bought by theire order and 
 for theire use may:26:i687; prise 4 s." It shows that the individual 
 lots extended from a great fence on the southerly side of the property 
 to the river on the north and east, running into what was known as 
 the Pawtucket meadow, extending from the foot of the falls to the 
 mouth of the Concord along the line of the present manufacturing cor- 
 porations. A general field, or "Wamesit Field," of evidently about goo 
 acres, was used in common for some years for pasturing stock. Regu- 
 lation of this usage was obviously necessary. On March 7, 1712, it 
 was voted "that every man that hath Right or Rights in sd neck : may 
 turn in six creturers to a Right & no more." The bounds of this com- 
 mon field are thus described by the premier historian of Chelmsford, 
 the Rev. Wilkes Allen, who wrote in 1820: "The north west boundary 
 of said 'purchase' began near the head of Middlesex Canal and so on 
 to the glass manufactory and thence running near the houses of the 
 late Mr. Philip Parker, Mr. Micah Spalding: and Capt. Benj. Butter- 
 field, terminated at Wamesit Falls in Concord or at the mouth of River 
 Meadow Brook." For further identification, Henry S. Perham, in a 
 paper before the Old Residents' Historical Association, stated that the 
 above-mentioned Mr. Parker lived on the present Pine street ; Mr. 
 Spalding at School and Liberty streets, and Captain Butterfield on 
 Hale street, near Lincoln square. A tract that is still easily recog- 
 nizable from its geological and dendrological character is called in the 
 records the "great pine plain." It obviously covered land where the 
 Edson and Catholic cemeteries now are. 
 
 The ownership of the triangle thus bounded by the two rivers 
 from the upper falls on each and the line of the present Middlesex 
 Canal became so complex that the ramifications can hardly be set 
 forth in detail. As mentioned, Hamblet stated some twenty years ago : 
 
 To follow these titles separately would require an examination of 
 nearlv all the land titles within that territory, involving an immense 
 amount of labor, and which historically would be of little or no special 
 interest. Nearly the entire tract of land was, for nearly one hundred 
 years, used for farming purposes and, except in few instances, nothing 
 of special interest was attached lo it in that time. In 1726 all the terri- 
 tory south of Merrimack River, lying between Concord River and the 
 Town of Chelmsford, was annexed to, and became a part of, the Town 
 of Chelmsford. The Indian Town, as a distinct territorial district, 
 became extinct. One of the most prominent of the settlers on the 
 
 1^4 
 
50 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Ixniiulary of tlic old Indian reservation was Jerahmere Bowers to 
 whom in 1686 Wannalancet convyed a considerable tract of land near 
 I'awtucket Falls. Jjowers' descendants continued ownership of por- 
 tions of this district down to recent times. 
 
 The number of jiropriettjrs at Wamesit Neck was by 1750 reduced 
 to the following- list: Thomas Fletcher, Andrew Fletcher. Henry 
 Fletcher, Benjamin Parker, Josejih Moors, Stephen Fletcher, Jerath- 
 mel Bowers, Benjamin Parker, Eleazer Frost, Robert Peirce, Josiah 
 Fletcher, Henry Stevens, Robert Fletcher, John Burg, David Butter- 
 field, Ebenezer Parker, James Perkust (Parkhurst), John Butterfield, 
 Ste])hen Peirce. .\mong these names are recognized of course, pro- 
 genitors of leading families of the city of Lowell. 
 
 .\ somewhat similar statement of intricacies might be made con- 
 cerning the farm pro])erties on the Billerica side of the Concord. The 
 tracing of old Ijoundaries is still full of knots for antiquarians. 
 
 -Settlement of the lands lying just east of the Concord rix'er was 
 about simultaneous with the occupation of \\'amesit Neck. The 
 familiar name of "Hunt's Falls" in the Merrimack, just below the 
 ingress of the Concord, recalls the settlement of northwestern Tewks- 
 bury by Samuel, son of Samuel Plunt, born in England in 1605, and 
 one of the first inhabitants of the town of Concord. The son Samuel 
 bought 3,000 acres of land at the lower end of the Concord river and 
 along the easterly shore of the J\.Ierrimack as far as the .\ndover line 
 from the Winthrop estate in i6gi. It was he probably who sold to 
 Jona. Bowers eight acres of the \\'amesit purchase, March 14, 1703. 
 Descendants of Samuel Hunt in and about Lowell have come down 
 through his son I'eter, who was born in i6q2, who in 1715 married 
 Mary Sheldon. 
 
 John Borland, already mentioned as a ])ioneer farmer in the Bel- 
 vidcre district, is known to have sold a portion of his large holding to 
 others. The name of Sprague, often spelled Sprake, comes into the 
 record in 1737, when Jose])h Hunt, who had purchased from one of 
 the heirs of Margaret \\'inthrcp, conveyed to Nicholas Sprake, of 
 Billerica, a small tract of about forty acres at the falls on the Concord 
 river. Something is said about a dwelling house and barn on the 
 pro]K'rty. These farm buildings must have been somewhere near the 
 east end of Church street bridge. One of the first settlers on the Bor- 
 land land was Thomas Farmer, the deed of whose ownership has not 
 been f(jund, but who in 1735 conveyed to his son Thomas, in considera- 
 tion of £150 about forty acres on the Concord, a tract bounded east- 
 erly "to a walnut tree which is a corner bound from thence running 
 southwesterly by a long fence to aforementioned Concord River." 
 This purchase, according to Hamblet, ran along the Belvidere shore 
 of the Concord, Init did not quite reach the Merrimack. In 1738 it was 
 
Till': WAAIKSIT NKCK PROPRI I'TORSH I P 51 
 
 conve_\ed by the }-ouiiger I-'armcr to Nicholas Sprague, Jr. Leases of 
 Borland land are recorded as taken out by Thomas Taylor, Jacob 
 Saunders and Edward Boatman, the last of these expiring in 1785. 
 After Borland's death his sons, Thomas and Samuel, occupied parts of 
 the farm. The interest of all the other Borland heirs was bought out 
 in 17S5 by Leonard \'assall Borland, who conveyed the whole property 
 on January 27,. 1785. to Jonathan Simpson, Jr. 
 
 Old Days in West Dracut — Over the river, where there was no 
 problem of a "real estate trust" such as that of the Wamesit Neck pro- 
 prietorship, family histories and holdings are as easilv followed as 
 perhaps an}-where in Massachusetts. 
 
 On the fine level tract that borders Flag Meadow Brtiok in Paw- 
 tucketville, Thomas \'arnum, the first of six successive X'arnums of 
 that Christian name, laid the foundations of markedly successful agri- 
 culture, continued down to the present writing. A boy of fourteen 
 when he saw his two older brothers shot by the Indians, the first 
 Thomas Varnum had married Joanna Jewett, of Ipswich, and settled 
 into a peaceful and useful life that lasted until 1739. Further down 
 river were his brothers, John and Joseph, the former of whom, "in con 
 sideration of Six bushells of god Merchantable Indian Corne,'' had 
 bought of Jonathan Kidder, of Chelmsford, his right, title and interest 
 "in a Tract of Land lying upon ye North Side of Merameck River, at 
 a place Called by ye name of Pawtuccett falls, by estimation Five Hun- 
 dred acres." These three brothers all lived in the Lowell of to-day, 
 the youngest occupying territor}- toward the mouth of Beaver Brook, 
 where the Lowell Textile School has become a landmark. The records 
 of their many transferences of property are well established, and 
 details of their manner of living are fairly known, as will ])resently 
 appear. 
 
 Many towns of Massachusetts were originally laid out on too 
 large a scale ; Chelmsford and Billerica were not exceptional in this 
 regard. As holdings were taken up in the distant parts of a township, 
 the rigors of a long drive to church and to town meeting were resented 
 by those most affected. Presently a nucleus of families w-ould resolve 
 to have a parish of their own. That meant petitiiming the Legisla- 
 ture for separate recognition. 
 
 Preciselv this integration of new communities took jjlace in the 
 wide areas claimed l)y the two towns whose original line of sc])aration 
 was the lower Concord. 
 
 That the lands lying north of Pawtucket l-'alls would ])resentl_\- be 
 set ofl:' into a separate jurisdiction might have l^een predicted on the 
 day when Edward Collnirn and his sturdy sons began to build their 
 houses on the Chelmsford flats. Their ])rogeny were numerous. 
 'Attendance at church bv way of a ferry at the site of the present 
 
52 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Middlesex Village and with thence a long drive to Chelmsford Centre 
 was difficult. As farms were taken up northward and eastward from 
 the falls a certain community life began to develop ; though it was 
 nearly half a century before the district had a church of its own. Gor- 
 don's researches indicate a rough and ready mode of living in those 
 years prior to incorporation, and include the discovery of a murder — 
 the killing of a Richardson in a lirawl by one of his Coburn brothers- 
 in-law — "and I find no indictment based on this lamentable scuffle." 
 In i/Oi petitioners to the General Court designated Dracut as "A 
 tract of land beyond Chelmsford, in Massachusetts, which runs seven 
 miles eastward on the North side of Merameck River, from Dunstable 
 line, and then six miles northward from said river." This was not, 
 however, the first petition for corporate recognition. As earlv as 
 i'')03, according to the C<iurt Records, Massachusetts State Archives, 
 vol. 113, p. 19, the following request was presented: 
 
 To his Excellency Sir William Phips, Knt. Capt. General and 
 Governor in chief of their Majss Province of the Massachusetts Bay 
 in New England with the Honble Council and representatives of the 
 same now assembled in Gen'l Court held at Boston, November 14, 
 1693. 
 
 The Petition of the Inhabitants of the Lands lyeing on the north 
 side of Merrimack River in the county of Norfolk [crossed out and 
 Essex inserted] in New England. 
 
 Humbly sheweth. That ye petitioners have been at great cost 
 and pain in settling themselves upon these present Improvements 
 each at their own proper charge they purchased without having one 
 foot thereof given them, besides they have greatly suffered in their 
 persons and Estates in the past and this present warr by fires, killing 
 and wounding of sundry of their neighbors and otherwise, whereby 
 they have been greatly Impoverished. And there being a Tract or 
 parcel! of barren wast or Woodland unimproved and not as yett 
 Taken up by any, lyeing betweene the Lands and meadow of ve peti- 
 tionrs, containing about two hundred acres, extending the whole 
 Length of their Lands, as more particularly appears by the Draught 
 hereto. 
 
 And ye Petitionrs having no out lett or Commons to their Lands 
 for fire-wood, or pasturing for their Cattle Eind it to be an Incredible 
 Inconvenience to their Improvement. 
 
 Your Petitionrs Therefore humblye praye, &c. 
 
 Samuel V.-xkni^m, Daniel Rolfe, 
 
 Edward Coburne, Thomas Riciiardson, 
 
 John Coblirne, Sr., Thomas Varnum, 
 Thomas Corurne, John Varnum, 
 
 Daniel Coburne, Joseph Varnum, 
 
 Ezra Coburne, John Coburne, Jr., 
 
 Joseph Coburne, Thomas Coburne, Jr. 
 
 This petition was granted November 16, 1693, by the General 
 Court. The Council confirmed it on November 27 following. Nine 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 53 
 
 years later, when the petition was written which resulted in the laying 
 out of the township of Dracut, the signers were the same, with the 
 exception of Daniel Rolfe, whose interest had been purchased by the 
 sons, Thomas, John and Joseph V'arnum. This latter petition carried 
 the names of Samuel Sewall, Benjamin Walker, John Hunt and Jona- 
 than Belcher, who held grants "in ye wilderness north of the Merri- 
 mack," and Samuel \'arnum and several others. It asked for "authorit^• 
 to lay out a town." It was acted upon on February 26, 1701-02. In 
 Judge Sewall's personal diary is the entrj- : "Feby 26 1-1702 Sixteen 
 of the Council sign an order for making Dracut a town." The word- 
 ing of this resolution follows : 
 
 Resolved. That the prayer of said petition be granted, and the 
 tract of land therein described be made a township & be called by the 
 name of Dracut. 
 
 Provided, That the bounds specified intrench not upon and former 
 Grant or Grants of townships. 
 
 That the Inhabitants of said land assist in ye maintainance nf the 
 ministry at the Town of Chelmsford, as at present they do, until they 
 are provided with a minister as ye law Directs. 
 
 That a General platt of said land (taken by a Sworn Surveyor) be 
 laid before Court at their Session l)eginning at May next, and 
 
 That if any land shall happen to fall within the bounds above- 
 mentioned that hath not heretofore been granted, it shall be reserved 
 to be disposed of by this Government. 
 
 The new township, including, of course, the sections of Lowell 
 now called Pawtucketville, Centralville and the district just beyond 
 the Aiken street bridge, was "laid out and bounded by Jonathan Dan- 
 forth, Survev'r. May 26, 1702." The original area, which has since 
 been much reduced, was 22,334 acres, extending into what is now 
 Southern New Hampshire. 
 
 Such was the only "incorporation" which Dracut had. The Royal 
 Charters of the colonies recognized no right of self-government among 
 the colonists, and the Great and General Court never attempted to 
 grant rights or privileges beyond those conferred by the King and his 
 ministers. "Authority to lay out a town," however, might be granted 
 upon petition, and this was what happened in the case of Dracut. As 
 further evidence of the date of this authorization there is a map, in 
 possession at this writing, of John M. Varnum, of Boston, certified as 
 being "a True Copy exd by Benj. Johnson," with this written state- 
 ment of title: "Dracut Township Laid out ye 26 3m 1702 by Jonathan 
 Danforth Surveyor." This has been verified as a copy of a map which 
 was made in compliance with the order of the court "that a Generall 
 Plot of .said Land be laid before this Court at their session in May 
 next." The next proceeding was the final and authoritative act of 
 "laying out the town," which is thus dated and recorded : "May 26, 
 
54 HISTORY UF LOWELL 
 
 1702," b^ing identical with the date given in the map just referred to, 
 under which date the court records state "According to the order of 
 the Honble General Court there is laid out U> the Inhabitants and Pro- 
 prietors of Dracutt a tract of land for a Township." 
 
 Besides the section of West Dracut at the head uf the falls, two 
 other districts of Lowell, now well populated, had their sparse early 
 settlements in the first decades of the eighteenth century. 
 
 The sandy plain extending from the mouth of Beaver Brook fell 
 largely into the hands of descendants of Sergeant Richard Hildreth, 
 of Cambridge and Chelmsford. 
 
 The contribution of the Hildreth family toward the development 
 of Lowell has been excellently covered by General Philip Reade. No 
 one, indeed, has more thoroughly examined both the Dracut records 
 and the archives of the Commonwealth than this distinguished investi- 
 gator upon whose researches every one who writes about the Spindle 
 City's beginnings must depend. In general it may be said that what 
 the progeny of Samuel Varnum were to the Pawtucketville district, 
 the descendants of Sergeant Richard Hildreth have been to the region 
 between the east bank of Beaver brook and the summit of Christian 
 Hill. A stock in which marked aptitude for military and political 
 service has Ijeen handed down from generation to generation, the 
 Hildreth strain has considerably dominated the district by force of 
 character ever since Jtme, 1709, when Benjamin Walker, of Boston, 
 and Ephraim Hunt, of Weymouth, conveyed to Ephraim Hildreth, of 
 Chelmsford, for £400 current silver money of New England some 
 1,300 acres of land "upon Merrimack river upon a ditch which divides 
 it from the land of Jonathan Belcher over to Beaver brook, so across 
 being on the west side of Beaver brook, joining upon the Merrimack 
 river." The children and grandchildren of Ephraim Hildreth were 
 prominent in every situation that arose during the late colonial and 
 revolutionary eras; among the descendants in the generations now 
 living are not a few of the foremost citizens of the community under 
 consideration. The Hildreth mansion, still standing, was one o( the 
 solidest pre-RevoIutionary structures of the neighborhood. The en- 
 closure in which rest the remains of many Ilildreths, Foxes, Joneses 
 and Hoveys is one nf the relics of older Lowell to be shown to every 
 visitor whn is interested in local history. This burying ground, still 
 owned b\- the town of Dracut, though situated within the bounds of 
 the citv (if Lowell, was given to the town by Major Ephraim Hildreth. 
 His own remains were ]ilaced there in 1740. Here lie his son Elijah, 
 who died in 1S14; his grandson. Lieutenant Israel Hildreth, who died 
 in iS^i), and Dr. Israel Hildreth, wlici was laid to rest in 1859. Of the 
 children in the next generation of Hildreths there rest in the cemetery: 
 Sarah Jones, wife of General Benjamin F. Butler, died in 1876; Fisher 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 55 
 
 Ames, died 1873; Susan, wife of ilur.. William Prentiss Webster, died 
 1874; Harriet, wife of Franklin Fiske Heard, died 1866; Dolly Maria, 
 wife of Colonel John Milton Grosvenor Parker; Laura Wright, wife 
 of George Howard Pearson, died 1891 ; Rowena, wife of Henr\- Reade, 
 died in 1913. 
 
 The deed of conveyance of this ancient burying ground was 
 placed on record by Major Hildreth's sons twelve years after his death. 
 It reads as follows : 
 
 Dracut. November 17. 1752. 
 We the subscribers, being willing to conferm our Honored father 
 Promise. Verbally made. Relating to the Buring place Now in Use in 
 Dracutt. to which Track of land their hath, as 3'et, Been no titel, we 
 therefore conferm the same by the following Record : Said Track of 
 Land being Bounded as followeth : Bounded Esterly by the Highway 
 leading to Robart Hildreth Ferry, the northwest corner is a stak and 
 stones by said Road ; Thens Runing \\'esterly Eight Rods and a half 
 to a stak and stone; Thens Runing Southerly Nine Rods to a stake 
 and stone by the said Highway: the above mentioned sd. Track of 
 Land Hand is and is to Remain a buring Place for the Town of Dra- 
 cutt ; and in Testimony of the above Record being and Remaining a 
 good and faire Titel to the Town of Dracutt of the above said Track 
 of Land, we have hereunto set our hands the day above mentioned. 
 
 Ephraim Hildreth, 
 W'lLLiAM Hildreth, 
 Elijah Hildreth. 
 Entred pr Ephraim Hildreth. Town Clerk. 
 
 The peculiaritv of the present jurisdiction of the Hildreth ceme- 
 terv. it mav be added, brought it into controversy a short time prior to 
 the preparation of this history. A threat on the part of City Treasurer 
 Andrew G Stiles, in September, 191 3, to sell the cemetery, situated 
 within the Lowell limits, but belonging to the town of Dracut, caused 
 no little excitement. The case was one in which the adjoining town 
 had neglected to pay a bill of $398.13 on account of a sidewalk on Hil- 
 dreth street. Had the old burying ground been sold at auction as pro- 
 posed it would have been necessary to remove the remains of General 
 Benjamin F. Butler and his wife, to say nothing of the ashes of many 
 ancestors of the present generation. Upon the publication of an adver- 
 tisement of the property, including 118.037 square feet of land, in 
 Lowell newspapers, Warren W. Fox, town counsel, promptly peti- 
 tioned the SufYolk county courts for an injunction to restrain the city 
 of Lowell from selling the cemetery. The essential historic facts on 
 which the Dracut petitioner relied were as follows : 
 
 Prior to 1740 the ground was dedicated to the town of Dracut to 
 be used as a cemetery by Major Ephraim Hildreth, one of the earliest 
 settlers. He died about'the year 1740 and in 1752 his three sons, Wil- 
 liam, Ephraim and one other joined in a deed confirming that dedica- 
 
56 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tion. That deed is now in existence, and we have a copy of it. It 
 states, in substance, that the land is to be used for burial purposes 
 f(jrever. And it has been so used up to the present time, and we intend 
 that it shall be. The town has always looked after the cemetery and 
 has paid for its upkeep. When a board of cemetery commissioners 
 was appointed the direct control of the place passed into their hands. 
 
 The beginning of a settlement at the base of Christian Hill, that is 
 to say of the present suburb of Centralville, dates from about the 
 middle of the eighteenth century. In 1758 Solomon Abbott, of the 
 fourth generation from George Abbott, of Andover, bought from John 
 White a tract of 1 10 acres with buildings and fishing rights, a prop- 
 erty formerly belonging to Robert Hildreth. This farm extended from 
 the present First street to Tenth street, and from Bridge street to the 
 crest of the hill. Abbott presently sold fifty-seven acres of his holding 
 and the ferry to Amos Bradley of Haverhill, retaining his hillside pas- 
 tures. One of his sons, David Abbott, owned a farm on the easterly 
 side of the hill including the islands in the river at the foot of Hunt's 
 Falls. These islands were known for a long time as Abbott's Islands. 
 Another son, Daniel Colby Abbott, bought the farm on Hildreth street 
 from John Bowers, which was inherited by his son Daniel. 
 
 Old-Time Ferries — Communication between the farms on oppo- 
 site sides of the Merrimack was by boat for more than a century. 
 
 The earlier and more important ferry was that operated from 
 Middlesex village and connecting on the further side with the now 
 grass-grown roadway between the Boulevard and Varnum avenue 
 that is called Old Ferry road. Its continuation, now Totman street, 
 was the main route of travel to the towns of Southern New Hamp- 
 shire east of the river. A reminder of the nature of the ancient ferry 
 scenes may be seen in the Durkee house in Old Ferry road, said by 
 some authorities to be the oldest dwelling in Lowell north of the river. 
 It is, of course, not actually the oldest if General Philip Reade is cor- 
 rect in his surmise regarding the nearby Coburn house in Varnum, but 
 it at all events dates well back into the first days of the town. The 
 records show that in 1754 this Durkee house was owned by Abraham 
 Coburn, who sold it to Abraham Blood, in whose family it remained 
 for more than a century. In 1856 it passed into the ownership of Wil- 
 liam H. N. Durkee, whose name it bears. When the ferry was still 
 operated, that is before the building of Pawtucketville bridge, the 
 Blood house was a popular tavern at which teamsters starting north- 
 ward on the long road to Pelham, Derry and beyond were wont to 
 secure food and drink. 
 
 The ferry which preceded Central bridge at a point just above the 
 confluence of the rivers became one of the most famous on the lower 
 Merrimack. Its history has been given by John M. Varnum in an 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 57 
 
 account which shows that for nearly sevent)- years the ferry was 
 owned and operated by members of the Bradley family. 
 
 Amos Bradley, of Haverhill, on October i, 1761, purchased the 
 ferry and fifty-seven acres of land for £266 13 6 from Solomon Abbott, 
 of Dracut. It had previously been known as "Abbott's Ferry" and, 
 prior to 175S as "White's Ferry." 
 
 Amos Bradley and his son, Joseph Bradley, owned and conducted 
 this ferry down to the erection of Central bridge. The equit}' was 
 conveyed by Joseph Bradley, October 26, 1827, to the Central bridge 
 corporation of which he was president. From 1761 to 1827 this cross- 
 ing was the only one between Pawtucket Falls and Deer Jump Falls 
 in Eastern Dracut. The rates of ferriage in 1810 at Bradley ferry are 
 a matter of court record, for in that year Nehemiah Bradley, brother 
 of Joseph Bradley, was licensed as ferryman by the Court of Common 
 Pleas as Concord, in the following terms : 
 
 For each foot passenger, 2 c : for each horse and rider 6 c ; for 
 each cart, sled, or other carriage of burden drawn by two and not more 
 than four beasts, 20 cents ; for each additional beast, 4 cents ; for each 
 riding sleigh drawn by two beasts, 15 c & four cents for each addi- 
 tional beast; for each chaise, chair or sulkey 17 c; for each curricle 
 20 c; for each coach, chariot, phaeton or other four-wheeled carriage 
 for passengers 32 c : for neat cattle and horses, exclusiAC of those in 
 carriages, or ridden, 4 c ; for each sheep & swine i c & 5 mills, and only 
 one person as a driver of each team shall be allowed to pass free of toll. 
 
 A small ferry was operated on the Concord river near where the 
 present East Merrimack Black bridge crosses. 
 
 An Early Plan for Separate Incorporation — While the farmer folk 
 over the river early acquired a stable town government of their own, 
 the proprietors and others who lived on the former Indian reservation 
 of Wamesit were, apparently, content for forty years not to know to 
 whom they belonged. It was presumably supposed, in a general way, 
 that they were under the jurisdiction of Chelmsford, but when the 
 town sent to the General Court in Boston Deacon Stephen Peirce, of 
 Wamesit, this representative was refused a seat on the ground that he 
 was not a resident of the township he claimed to represent. Angered 
 by this action the people at the Neck refused to pay their taxes and 
 petitioned to be "erected into a separate and distinct town." The pro- 
 posal was to incorporate the northern part of Billerica, including about 
 500 acres on the east side of the Concord and about 2,000 acres of the 
 old A\'amesit reservation. 
 
 This quest for separate incorporation probably did not please 
 other residents of Chelmsford, for the selectmen put in a counter peti- 
 tion urging that the Neck be formally annexed to their town. The 
 influence of these constituted authorities of the neighborhood pre- 
 
58 . HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 vailed, and on June lo, 1726, the Legislature went on record thus: 
 "Ordered that the Prayer of the Petition he so far granted, That the 
 Tract of Land called W'amesit & ye Inhabitants thereon be and hereby 
 are annexed to and accompted as Part of the Town of Chelmsford." 
 
 Ccnnplete satisfaction appears not to have followed at the Neck 
 since its people two years later petitioned to become a separate pre- 
 cinct. An act to this effect was drawn, but again there was opposition 
 from Chelmsford. 
 
 Lobbxing against a measure in the Legislature was not very ex- 
 pensive in those days, if one may judge from a payment made in 1730 
 from the town treasury "To Majr Jones Clark to answer his bill of 
 Expense and time ex[)ended about getting the neck Land of from 
 lieing a precint 03 -04 -06." 
 
 This ended a proposal which, if successful, would have probably 
 made it inevitable that the present city would lie called Wamesit, and 
 not by the name of any "outsider" such as, of course, Francis Cabot 
 Lowell was. 
 
 One of the prime movers in the petition for separate incorporation 
 of Wamesit was Samuel Hunt, 1657-1743, who dwelt in what was 
 then the northwest corner of Billerica, near the falls in the Merrimack 
 which bear his name. He and some of his neighbors in a section of 
 the town already distant from Billerica Centre, continued to agi- 
 tate for some kind of separate political and parochial establishment. 
 The success of the residents of Southern Billerica in securing a sepa- 
 rate incorporation under the name of Bedford presently led to another 
 movement for secession. On May 13, 1733, petitioners went before 
 the town meeting at Billerica with a request to "erect a meeting house 
 in the center of the town or so to accommodate the northerly part of 
 the town, upon the Town's cost, or set them oft', so that they may 
 maintniu preaching amcmg themselves." 
 
 This petition was rejected, but on December 19 following it was 
 renewed with a request that the town "please to set them off, with 
 two-thirds of the land lying between Andover and Billerica meeting 
 hotise, from Wilmington line to Concord river, for a township." A 
 committee was appointed to "view the land," perhaps with the idea 
 of saving as much domain as possible to Billerica. This committee 
 reported in favor of the proposal on January 9, 1733-34, and in accord- 
 ance with its recommendations the town voted "that the northerly 
 ;ind northeasterly parts of the Town, according to their petition, be set 
 off as a Township. Granting them two-thirds of the land from An- 
 dover line to our meeting house by a parallel line with said Andover 
 line, extending from Concord River to Wilmington line (if the inhabi- 
 tants on the southeasterly side of Shaw^hin River be willing to join 
 with them)." 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 59 
 
 Having progressed tlius far. Hunt and his associates framed a 
 petition to the General Court, "praying an absolute grant of this Court 
 for their being made a Towne within these limits." Finally, on De- 
 cember 23, 1734, the request was approved and the town of Tewks- 
 bury was duly incorporated. It took from Billerica about 9,000 of the 
 acres remaining after Bedford seceded. How intimately this town, 
 which later gave up its northwestern corner to Lowell, has been asso- 
 ciated with the progress of its urban neighbor is suggested by a mere 
 recital of some of the family names ajjpearing among the petitioners : 
 Brown, Farmer, French, Frost, Hall, Haseltine, Hunt, Kidder, Kitt- 
 redge, Levestone, Manning, Marshall, Needham, Osgood and Patten. 
 .Among these settlers Samuel Hunt was in various ways the most 
 prominent person. He served in Major Jonathan Tyng's regiment in 
 1702 and participated in the expedition that relieved Lancaster. His 
 house at Wamesit had been used as a garrison house during King 
 William's war, 1689-97, being regarded as the most important station 
 of its kind on the Chelmsford road. 
 
 An unsigned article on "Old Houses in Lowell and Vicinity," 
 which was published in the "Star," August 11, 1893, made special 
 reference to the legend of a garrison house in Belvidere : 
 
 An interesting relic on the estate of the late John Clark of Tewks- 
 bury, about a mile from the Lowell line, is the hearthstone of an old 
 blockhouse which was used in early times as a place of refuge and 
 protection from the raids of Indians who dwelt in this vicinity. These 
 houses were built in every settlement, and must have been especially 
 welcome to the women and children. The upper story projected over 
 the lower part which was strongly barricaded. There were openings 
 in the floor above, so that those inside could fire down upon the 
 intruders if they came beneath with lighted torches to set the building 
 on fire, and also loopholes near the roof which seemed to let in some 
 light and allow another chance of firing upon the foe. A trail led from 
 Hunt's Falls, and here in the corner of the field can be seen the very 
 spot where the cellar was dug. Mr. Clark could remember when it 
 was filled up. The hearthstone is of granite and worn perfectly 
 smooth. The ground is slightly elevated and commands a good view 
 of the surrounding country. 
 
 Mode of Living — The manner of life of the farmer people in the 
 three tnwns under consideration is not so difficult to understand if one 
 realizes that these were settled for the most part by a sturdy pro.s- 
 perous yeomanrv of good inheritance and tradition. There was in the 
 eighteenth century practically no lure of the cities drawing from the 
 farms the ablest and most adventurous and leaving at home the dull of 
 wit and feeble of initiative to reproduce their kind. The order of intel- 
 ligence and morality was relatively high, even though one who looks 
 for them mav find evidences of the persistence of lawless and shiftless 
 
6o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 strains. Accumulation of property was usual. Old inventories of this 
 neighborhood dispel any notion that the people who farmed on the 
 Merrimack were, after the hardships of the pioneer years were passed, 
 a collection of impoverished strugglers. Conditions of a settled, 
 civilized existence were, in fact, well established before the genera- 
 tion that saw King I'liilip's war had passed. 
 
 Agriculture was, naturally, the predominant occupation. Such 
 former cornfields of the natives as John Sagamore's planting ground 
 at Middlesex were occupied by farmers who quickly developed com- 
 fortable financial circumstances. Se\-eral houses that date back to the 
 early eighteenth century, or even earlier, still attest the sound con- 
 struction that was conventional in building at that era. The Coburn 
 house on Varnum avenue, which may have been constructed by the 
 founder of the family in America, has already been mentioned. Its 
 beams have withstood the wear and tear of centuries. Of such sort, 
 too, is the Sewall Bowers house in Wood street, situated originally on 
 the farm of one of the oldest of Lowell families. Of age reaching cer- 
 tainly Iiack to about 1770 is the ^'arnum homestead, on a lane leading 
 off Varnum avenue, standing on property that has never been trans- 
 ferred by deed since John W^ebb disposed of these fertile acres to 
 Samuel Varnum in 1664. A boulder on Hale street, in the Ayer's City 
 district of Lowell, marks the site of the historic Old Rock Tavern, 
 which was originally the homestead of the Butterfield family. Refer- 
 ence lias been made to the Hildrtth house. 
 
 The manner of living on the farms was that of the time, with 
 much more of manufacture carried on in the home than is customary 
 in the farm house of to-day. Old inventories give a notion of the 
 equipment of farm and household articles. 
 
 Here, for example, is the inventory of the personal estate left bv 
 John Varnimi. the second of Samuel Varnum's surviving sons, who 
 as its first white child may be called the Peregrine White of Lowell. 
 The list shows what a substantial farmer might easily accumulate in 
 the early eighteenth century. Some of the Jacobean furniture thus 
 listed, needless to say, would to-day be worth almost its weight in 
 silver. After appraising real estate valued at £517 los. the inventory 
 reads : 
 
 PERSON.'KL ESTATE: 
 Imprimis : 
 
 The swfird, staff and apparil of ye Deceased at lo- 6-0 
 
 His RiK)k<i I £ Firearms 3 £ 4- 0-0 
 
 3 Bedds. Bedding, and Belongings thereto 12- 5-0 
 
 Talilc Linning and other Linning 2- 2-0 
 
 4 Tables and I dozen chairs 2- 0-0 
 
 4 Chests. Bo.x and Looking glass 2- 8-0 
 
 Brass Kettles & other brass i-io-o 
 
 Pewter i £ Rhum 3 £ 7 s 4- 7-0 
 
 One pair Oxen 10 £ & 6 Cows & HefFers and a Bull 23 £ 15 s 33-15-0 
 
 One Horse & 4 Mairs & I colt 16-10-0 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 6i 
 
 8 Swine, a Cart & things thereunto Belonging also 2 Pair Horse Traises, 
 Chains. Plow Sithes, 2 hons, 31 Axes and span-shackles. Pin Staple & 
 
 ring Some Syedtr all at l-io-o 
 
 Credits or Debts owing to ye Dec'd 12-10-0 
 
 A Piece of Broadcloth & Cotton 7. 0-0 
 
 111-180-0 
 
 The will of the first Thomas Varnum likewise contains illuminat- 
 ing references to a comfortable manner of living. It contained, among 
 other terms, the following provision : 
 
 I give unto my dearly beloved wife all iny household goods of 
 what name or demomintation soever. Excepting one Bed with furni- 
 ture for the same to tny youngest son, Thomas, also one cow and one 
 heifer out of my stock of cattle at her own choice, and my white faced 
 mare, and that she be allowed the full use and possession of one end 
 of my Dwelling house at her election and choice, and in case my son 
 Thomas should pull down my now Dwelling House, and build a new 
 one, then to allow my beloved wife full use and improvement of one 
 good and comfortable foreroom, and provide her with firewood Winter 
 and Summer. 
 
 Slavery in Old Dracut — The labor of working the fruitful farms 
 which were developed on both sides of both rivers was, of course, per- 
 formed in large measure by the fanners themselves and members of 
 their families. References to hired help are comparatively few ; 
 though the man servant was certainly not unknown. 
 
 Negro slavery was practiced in Chelmsford and Dracut with 
 hardly a notion of any wrongfulness in the custom. Just when the 
 first black man was brought into the domain that now is Lowell can- 
 not be stated. The institution certainly florished in Massachusetts, as 
 in other colonies, together with an elaborate system of white slavery 
 (under the name of indentured servants) which has been elifectively 
 described by writers who, like James Oneal, are bent on disproving 
 the "golden age" theorj- of America colonial history. 
 
 The black slavery that existed in this part of the world was not, 
 it is fair to assume, of a particularly malignant sort, and it is notable 
 that from hence toward the end of the Revolution came one of the 
 first, perhaps the very first, of the serious challenges of the right of one 
 human being to own the body of another. 
 
 Three negro servants at least are known to have been employed 
 on the large estate of Colonel Joseph Varnum, which touched the 
 river about the mouth of Beaver brook. One of these appears to have 
 been born in Tewksbury, perhaps, in the western section that was 
 later annexed to Lowell, for there is on record "a deed of sale by 
 Thomas Farmer & wife of Billerica Mass of one certain neagro boy 
 called Mingo, aged nine months old, to Joseph Varnum of Dracutt 
 
62 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 172S." In the same gentleman's inventory, made out after his death 
 in 1749, are the following items: 
 
 A NeaRro man servant named Cuff 320-0-0 
 
 A Neagro woman servant named Pcgg 230-0-0 
 
 A legend in the Varnum family is to the effect that Cuff was a 
 bright as well as faithful slave. Once while the colonel was engaged 
 in a discussion with a neighbor, so it is related. Cuff, who was stand- 
 ing nearby, was observed to shake his head disapprovingly. His mas- 
 ter caught his gesture and asked: "Do you think I am lying, Cuff?" 
 "No, massa," was the rej)ly, "I dossent jest say as I does, l)ut yo' talk 
 mightly lak I docs when I isn't speaking de truf." 
 
 On Totman street, some time before the Revolution, settled the 
 most famous of early Lowell colored families, the nuisical Lews. 
 
 This family, members of whom were prominent in local music for 
 several generations, had its American origin in Groton, where, as Dr. 
 Samuel A. Green shuws in his work on "Sla\-ery at Grot(m in Provin- 
 cial Times." a church record of December 2S, 1742, has the following 
 entrv : Priamus (_'ap' Boydens Negro man servant to Marg' Molatto 
 formerly servant to S. S. both of Groton." Their eldest child Zelah, 
 a corruption of Barzillai, born at Groton, November 5, 1743. was a 
 musician of much native ability, who lived at Chelmsford and in Dra- 
 cut and was the father of several children wlio inherited his talent. 
 He was fifer in Ca])tain John Ford's comjiany of the 27th Massachu- 
 setts Regiment at the siege of Boston. 
 
 Fisheries and Fishing Rights — No sketch of Lowell's colonial 
 period would be complete without reference to the part played by the 
 fisheries at the falls in the economy of living in the towns of north- 
 eastern Massachusetts. .Almost everybody, at certain seasons of the 
 year, was a fisherman by avocation. Every farmer's cellar had its 
 flitches of dried or smoked salmon and its barrel of salted fish. From 
 a wide area the farmer folk came to l)oth sides of the river when the 
 fish were running in the spring. The ordinary methdd of making 
 catches was by means of a long net spread between two boats. As 
 the scows were rowed into shoal water the haul was dragged ashore. 
 It often contained enough salmon and shad to fill the waiting wagon. 
 If less successfid the dragging was continiu-<l until a good-sized haul 
 was made. 
 
 Somewhere about the southern end of the Aiken street bridge the 
 proprietors of the Wamesit purchase at an early date made provision 
 for "a small parsel of Land against ye fishing place Reserved As well 
 for strangers as town dwelers to bait yr horses." This was for many 
 years the rendezvous of the fishermen from Chelmsford and towns 
 further back from the river. Rev. Mr. Allen, who wrote in 1820 while 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSEIIP 63 
 
 the fisheries were still uninterrupted by pollution of the streams and 
 the building of impassable dams, gives a specific estimate of the annual 
 catch. "The quantity of salmon, shad and alewives caught in Chelms- 
 ford annually." he \\rote, "may be computed at about 25 hundred bar- 
 rel, he^ides a large cjuantit}- of other tish of less value." 
 
 The Dracut shore of the "Great Bunt," or bend in the river at the 
 foot of the rapids, was also annually the scene of most active opera- 
 tions. Many shad, according to tradition and the probabilities of the 
 case, turned aside into the darker, more sluggish waters of the Con- 
 cord. Others, however, continued on, in company with the salmon, 
 to the fork in Franklin, where the soft-water fish made for the waters 
 of Lake W'innepesaukee while the salmon sought the cold brooks of 
 Campton and Woodstock. The ale\vi\-es, or herring, were innumer- 
 able, as in most rivers of New England, when the country was new. 
 They were extensively used as fertilizer. (_)f eels the lamprey was 
 most esteemed; this fish was a Merrimack ri\er delicacy in comjiara- 
 tiNely recent times. 
 
 EVom some date early in the eighteenth centur)- a fishing "trust" 
 controlled the annual catch in Drjicut. The proprietors of the rights 
 at this place at one time numbered forty-two. The best locations were 
 on the land owned by Colonel Varnum. In 1735 this proprietor and 
 his son. Joseph, Jr., granted to the tt)wn "liberty to pass over the land 
 from the county road at the great fishing falls at Pawtucket, reserving 
 a place for catching & curing fish, extending from the place called the 
 lower hole to the Old Bunting Place." Among other contemporary 
 indications of the magnitude of the fishing interests is the particularity 
 with which a proprietor's rights are described in the will of the ever 
 careful Squire John \'arnum, which was dated February 1, 1783. In 
 the section of the document devoted to the son Jonas it is stated : 
 "Also Ys part of all my Rights in the Lands at the mouth of Beaver 
 Brook called the Great Bunt sean Proprietors Lands with ^3 Right of 
 a small house standing thereon, called the Proprietors' Fish House, 
 with '/i part of my Right in the Great Sean, called the Great Bunt 
 sean, also ^ part of all my rights of the privilege of the fishery at 
 Petucket Falls, and J/^ part of all my wharfings, stagings and privilge 
 of building same or setting of Salmon pots or any other fishing at said 
 Falls, also ^i part of Right of diging or making landing at the head 
 of said Petucket Falls or of building mills or making dams and laying 
 lumber at end of passing and repassing from the same for ye improve- 
 ment thereof." A characteristic springtime occupation of the neigh- 
 borhood is indicated in an entry of John Varnum's diary of May 14, 
 178T, in which he writes: "The proprietors of the great sean. Part of 
 them, met to tie on and mend the great net. That is self, Capt Peter 
 Coburn, Jonathan \'arnum, Eleazer Coburn, Jonas Varnum, Jabish 
 
64 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Coburn, Tim: Williams, & Timo : Cobiirn." The diarist, who doubt- 
 less superintended the work of getting the big net ready for the 
 spring's dragging, was then seventy-seven years old. 
 
 The closeness with which the fishing was regulated, at least 
 theoretically (for there was much poaching), is indicated in a Dracut 
 town meeting resolve of March i, 1779: "Voted that there should be 
 no Alewives taken in Beaver Brook or ye Brook called Bubble Brook 
 or in Dennisons Brook, only on Mondays Tuesdays and Wednesdays 
 & on those days not to take any in sd Beaver Brook within 30 feet of 
 the sluice ways, for sd fish to go thro the same, and not to Take any 
 in Bubble Brook and the Town-way that leads from Ezra Coburns to 
 Br. Abbots & Beaver Brook, and that there shall be none taken in sd 
 Bennison Brook between the Town-way easterly of ye old mill called 
 Wilsons Mill & the upper side of said mill.'' 
 
 Not only were the fish caught at the falls used locally, but the 
 fresh salmon, at least, w-ere highly esteemed in Boston. The Merri- 
 mack salmon, indeed, was to the Beacon Hill dame of the late 
 eighteenth century just what the Penobscot salmon was to the fre- 
 quenters of Faneuil and Quincy markets a century later. An evidence 
 of it^ popularity may be observed in a note described by Mr. Perham, 
 before the Old Residents' Historical Association, in which Justice 
 Oliver Fletcher, of Chelmsford, as a special compliment, sends to 
 Judge Scwall a nine-])(iund sahiKni which "my said Brother fliiied 
 at his house in Boston." An interesting financial transaction that is 
 recorded in the John Varnum journal reveals a price per pound for the 
 fish which is startling until one recollects that the youth from Bracut 
 who made the sale was paid in the depreciated currency of the Conti- 
 nental Congress. The story, as re\-ealed in the entry, is that on May 7, 
 1799, "Isaac Parker set out in the exening with Parkers [Parker Var- 
 num's] horse & my horse cart, with about 150 tbs of salmon for Boston 
 one of them being a Fall salmon : the others were from the Salmon 
 Eddy. 8 May. Isaac Parker sold his salmon a 8 s pr lb in Boston. His 
 load came to about 200 $. He returned about 6 in the eveg. Brought 
 me 3 qts. of best West India Rlium at $5 and V2 per qt." 
 
 Manufactures — Manufacturing in the modern sense of the word 
 hardly existed at or near Wamesit Neck prior to the Revolution, even 
 though the abundant water powers invited utilization. The factory 
 system did not reach New England for several decades after it had 
 begun to upbuild new towns in the English Lancashire. In view, 
 nevertheless, of the turn which the community about the falls was 
 destined to take, special interest attaches to the beginnings of manu- 
 facture. 
 
 The first white man to be Ijurn in Lowell, unless a start is made 
 from Jerathmeel Bowers' distillery, was also its pioneer manufacturer. 
 
THE WA.MESIT XECK PROPRIETORSHIP 65 
 
 for John \'arnum. son of Samuel Varmim, whose birth beside the 
 Merrimack has already been (iescriljcd. is recorded as starting a 
 mill. Less is known about this inaugurator of industry than of some 
 of his family. His marriage is of record : "John Varnum of Dracutt 
 and Dorothi Prescout of Groton, were Lawfully mared in Nov., on the 
 13 day in the year 1700." He was the first town clerk, 1702-13. The 
 cause of his untimely death in 171 5 is not known. He was buried in 
 the "Clay Pit ground," called by Major Atkinson Varnum "the Colo- 
 nial Burying Ground," near where the first church of Dracut was 
 erected. 
 
 John Varnum's early manufacturing establishment w'as a grist 
 mill. This installation, interestingly, was the initial effort to use the 
 water power of Pawtucket Falls. Some time previous to 1710. accord- 
 ing to a study of the earh- grants made by George A. Gordon, Varnum 
 built a wing dam and mill near the foot of the falls just below the 
 present site of the Lowell Textile School. Here some rude stonework 
 was thrown outward into the river in such a way as to create a tri- 
 angular space into which enough water was forced in ordinary stages 
 of the river to drive the simple machinery of tlie time. This dam is 
 mentioned in the record of the laying out of a new road in 1710. 
 How long it was in operation can only be conjectured, but doubtless 
 the tradition of its operation led to the prediction of Squire John Var- 
 num, of the next generation, that some day a great manufacturing 
 community would be grown up about the falls. 
 
 It should not be supposed, it may be added, that the stonework 
 now visible below the Textile School is a remnant of the old Varnum 
 wing dam. That construction, supposedly, dates only from the Hurd 
 installation of 1825, later to be described. Mr. Hurd, however, con- 
 ceivably may have been led to build in this place through traditions 
 or even actual relics of the ancient mill. 
 
 The first mill of any kind nui Ijy water power on the Chelmsford 
 side of Pawtucket Falls was, apparently, a saw mill which Judge 
 Tjmg, of Dunstable, erected in the first quarter of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury in connection with an old wooden dam of primitive type. Parts 
 of this dam were carried off by freshets from time to time, and replace- 
 ment was required. One section is known to have been rebuilt about 
 1778 or 1779 by Joseph Hamblet, of Dracut. The foundation was re- 
 moved when the present stone dam was built. The mill property later 
 passed into the hands of Capt. John Ford, who had acquired much of 
 the land at the head of the falls, and it became known as Ford's Mill. 
 
 Among the early settlers who came from Billerica was Nicholas 
 Sprake (Sprague), who was a clothier by trade. He erected about 
 1737 a fulling mill on the east side of the Concord river. This was so 
 far as known the first textile manufactory within the confines of 
 
66 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Lowell, unless, indeed, it was on the lower reaches of River Meadow, 
 or Hale's brook, that John Jiarret. as noted in Z. E. Stone's 1894 paper 
 on "Befiire the Power Loom,"' placed his pioneer clothier's mill in 1691. 
 
 Church-Going — Religion was relatively a very large element in 
 the life of a colonial community. The inhabitants of Wamesit Neck 
 continued for many years to have their church affiliation with the 
 society at Chelmsford Centre. A very illuminating history of this 
 parish has been disclosed in Rev. Wilson Waters' history of Chelms- 
 ford. It only in small part belongs to the story of Lowell. 
 
 One should note that after the devoted ministry of Rev. John 
 Fiske, who died in 1676, the Chelmsford people were adequately served 
 by Rev. Thomas Clarke, whose ministry lasted until his death in 1704. 
 On June 26, 1706, choice was made of Mr. Samson Stoddard at a 
 yearly salary of se\enty jiounds, and one hundred pounds as a settle- 
 ment. This minister died August 21,, 1740, and was succeeded by the 
 Rev. Ebenezer Bridge, whose incumbency lasted well into the presi- 
 dency of George Washington, specifically until his death, October i, 
 1792. The meeting house in which Mr. Fiske first preached was 
 replaced in 1710 with a more commodious structure, which was 
 accepted and paid for by the town in 1712. Here worshiped the fam- 
 ilies that lived on the proprietary grants at the Neck. Their neigh- 
 bors across the Concord were at first constrained to make a long pil- 
 grimage to the church at Billerica Centre, but after the incorporation 
 of the new township they had a meeting house of their own at Tewks- 
 bury Centre. 
 
 The first meeting house for white people to be erected within the 
 confines of Lowell was presumably that which in the second decade of 
 the eighteenth century was built on the pleasant hilly land that borders 
 Flag Meadow brook near the original Varnum and Coburn holdings 
 ;ind not far from the present Lowell general hospital. 
 
 On April 11, 1715, so the record shows, "at a general town meet- 
 ing it was granted to set out meetinghouse for the town of Dracut on 
 a [iiece of land near the South side of a hill called by the name of Flag 
 Meadow hill on Thomas Varnum's land, liounded as followeth — west 
 by Joseph Varnum's land, north by a highway. Eastward by a stake 
 and stone, and on the South by stake and stones. Also it is granted 
 one barrel of cider and such a quantity of rum as the trustees shall 
 think needful for the raising said meeting house." The minutes of 
 this meeting, authorizing the building of the church with aid from 
 New England rum, are signed by Thomas Varnum, clerk. The de- 
 scription has been accepted as confirming the tradition that the meet- 
 ing house stood on land occupied for many years in the nineteenth 
 century by Deacon Abel Coburn. The new structure, with dimen- 
 sions of twenty-five by thirty feet, was started promptly and then 
 
THE WA.MESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 67 
 
 through lack of money and building materials, remained unfinished 
 until the autumn of 1716. 
 
 The long list of pastors settled over Lowell congregations is 
 headed by the name of the Rev. Thomas Parker, first minister of the 
 old Dracut cluirch. In the town records of December 28, 1719, it is 
 stated : "At a general town meeting the town made choise of Rev. 
 Thomas Parker as their minister and voted to give him a call to settle 
 at eighty pounds yearly salary. Voted that Captain Varnum, Quar- 
 termaster Coburn and Ephraim Hildreth carry the vote to Mr. Parker, 
 and that Quartermaster Coburn be paid six pounds to pay for ye ordi- 
 nation." This committee did its duty, bringing back a formal accept- 
 ance, dated January 30, 1720. 
 
 The minister thus called tn what proved to be a life position at 
 Dracut was nineteen years old. He had been graduated from Harvard 
 College in the class of 1718. His ministry lasted down to the day of 
 his death, March 18, 1765, a period of forty-four years. He was a 
 man of refined, scholarly tastes. Major Atkinson C. Varnum recalls 
 a tradition that he was a musician, with especial fondness for the 
 clarinet and that "sometimes he would sit in his doorway on a sum- 
 mer's evening and play, while the Indians would answer him along 
 the banks of the Merrimack." This legend of the Indian response is 
 open, perhaps, to the objection that red men were no longer numerous 
 along the river. Yet the story is too pretty to be sceptically chal- 
 lenged. In the Woodbine burying ground, off \'anium a\'enue, Mr. 
 Parker's gravestone still attests, in grandiloquent phrase, his many 
 virtues : 
 
 Memento mori 
 Under this stone is Interred ye Remains of ye 
 Rev'd Thomas Parker 
 a gentleman of shining mental Powers, .\dorned with Prudence, Be- 
 nevolence, & Curtesie of maner, a warm & Pathetic Preacher of ye 
 Gospel, a most watchful and tender Pastor of ye Church in Dracut for 
 ye space of 44 years. Accomplished with Learning, Human & Divine, 
 & endowed and adorned by ye social virtues & affections, who de- 
 parted this life March 18th, 1765, in the 65th year of his age. 
 
 The funeral of this first Lowell minister, as recalled in the Hild- 
 reth genealogy, "necessitated a journey by William Hildreth to Bos- 
 ton to provide for the funeral ; a journey to Littleton 'to get Rev. Mr. 
 Daniel Rogers to attend the obsequies', and the purchase of a coffin ; 
 all of which services and expenditures were defrayed by the town of 
 Dracut including an item of £9, 14s. 5d. paid William Hildreth 'for 
 entertaining ministers and horses at the time the Rev. Thomas Parker 
 was called from his work'." Ju.'=t before the funeral a special town 
 meeting was held, with John Varnum as moderator, at which it was 
 voted: "ist to buy Madam Parker a mourning suit, 2nd, to buy six 
 
68 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 wigs for ye bearers of ye deceased, 3rd, to appropriate 20 pounds for 
 ye mourning suit and wigs included, 4th, to raise four pounds more, 
 so that ye whole amount to 24 pounds." 
 
 The "ministree" where Rev. Mr. Parker lived was about half a 
 mile above the oldest Lowell meeting house, at the corner where 
 Colonel Luuis Ansart later resided. Already during his ministry the 
 original church had been outgrown, and an agitation was begun which 
 finally removed the centre of the town to its present location, just 
 over the Lowell line, in the Centralville district. It belongs to the 
 historian of Dracut rather than of Lowell to reproduce in detail the 
 acrimonious discussions that accompanied the successful efforts of 
 the people of the eastern part of the elongated township to place the 
 church where it is still known as the Old Yellow Meeting House. 
 
 A decision of 1745. after much discussion, was as follows: "Voted 
 to build a meeting house for ye [niblic worship of God 45 feet in length 
 and 35 feet breadth and 23 feet between the plates and sills — clap 
 boarded with sawed clapboards and shingled with white pine shingles, 
 and the windows shall have sash and glazed with glass called ye large 
 square glass.' The structure thus built had twelve square or box 
 pews arranged around the sides and in the gallery. In the centre were 
 long benches for the comnum fulk — those whose means did not i)ermit 
 them to rent pews. 
 
 In 1793 it was voted "to build a house of the same bigness as the 
 one in Pelham." Meeting after meeting was held to determine the 
 location. The geographical centre of the town was finally decided 
 upon and the church was erected on the "centralline" in 1794: though 
 an op|)osition erected another church some half mile to the westward. 
 
 Manners and Customs — Glimpses of the everyday life of the fore- 
 fathers of the city that is, may be obtained from various data. Not a 
 few entertaining records were unearthed a generation ago by Mr. 
 Perham in one of his papers read before the Old Residents' Historical 
 Association. Some of the most illuminating of these details concern 
 the funeral of Benjamin Parker, ancestor of a family since prominent 
 in Lowell and one of foremost military men of his time. Lieutenant 
 Parker died in 1771 and was buried from the family mansion on Pine 
 street. There is preserved among other records a bill for gloves and 
 other mourning articles which gives a sense of the elaborateness of 
 costuming in those supposedly simple days ; the merchant who sold 
 the goods was a Harvard graduate, long settled at Chelmsford Centre. 
 These are the items : 
 
 Mr. Benj. Parker to Samson Stoddard Dr, 
 
 May 23 — To 15 pr. mens Gloves 
 
 To 2 pr. mens Black Ditto 
 To 19 pr. woms Ditto 
 
THE WAArESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 60 
 
 To 3 pr. woms Black Dittc 
 
 To 3 Vails 
 
 To I yd. Black Ribband 
 
 To 3 yds. hat band Crepe 
 
 Do Mr. ^\'il!ialn Fcirce for the Knnrl of Lieut. Benja Parker Late of Chelms- 
 ford Deceased. 
 
 A li,st of the mourners at this funeral is also reported by Mr. Per- 
 ham, together with some inform;' tion concerning their places of resi- 
 dence. It is known, for example, that Lieutenant Joseph Moore (who 
 died July 5, 1775) lixed on Moore street. Joseph Peirce dwelt on what 
 is now the City Farm. He was a tailor whose fine workmanship was 
 in high esteem throughout the district. "The Peirces were a long- 
 lived race." says Mr. Perham. "Of the children of Joseph, the eldest, 
 Silas, outlived five wives, leaving the sixth a widow at the age of 84. 
 Joanna was cut off by an accident at 90. Sarah died at 98 and Thank- 
 ful lived to reach her looth year." Understanding of the fatalism of 
 hereditv, as regards longevity, it may he added, is needed to counter- 
 act the impression that might be given by such statements as the semi- 
 iocular one made bv Mr. Perham . "'ilie head of this reiuarkable family 
 was addicted to intemperate indulgence in drink — we are not informed 
 as to the brand he used." The property was ultimately accjuired for 
 the city farm from Joseph Peirce. son of Silas. 
 
 Another Peirce house of the neighborhood was that originallv 
 occupied by Stephen Peirce, who, as before recorded, was refused 
 admission to the Legislature on the ground of his not being a legal 
 resident of Chelmsford. The location is denoted by a reference which 
 says that it was between Captain Isaac Chamberlain's and Samuel 
 Marshall's houses. The former of these has been identified as at Jen- 
 ness place, on Chelmsford street, and the other as on the present 
 Parker street. This Peirce residence was historically interesting in 
 that it was the early home of General Benjamin Peirce, father of 
 President Franklin Pierce. 
 
 The inost vivid word pictures <:if the time that have come down 
 10 us are undoubtedly those contained in the journal of Squire John 
 Varnum, 1704-1785, from which several citations have already been 
 made. This community leader, a grandson of the original settler, is 
 characterized in the Varnum geneology as being the "most prominent 
 man of his day in North Eastern Massachusetts;" he quite certainly 
 was the foremost person living within the Lowell boundaries on either 
 side of the river. Owning much property to the north of Pawtucket 
 Falls, personally much concerned in the valuable fishing privileges of 
 the place and foreseeing the extension of manufacturing which he had 
 already begun on a small scale at the foot of the falls, he is surely 
 entitled to be named, if not among the "city fathers," at least among 
 
70 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the "city grandfathers." His anti-slavery convictions marked him as 
 one who was intellectually well in advance of his age. 
 
 Like many of the young men of this region, John Varnum had a 
 taste of military service at the time of the celebrated Lovewell fight. 
 In 1725 he was one of the company led northward by Captain Love- 
 well. Tradition has it that either on the way forward or back the 
 Dracut boys stayed at a tavern in Andnver kept by Joseph Parker and 
 that there young Varnum fell in love with the landlord's daughter 
 Phebe, whom he married. His civic services were manv. He was 
 town clerk during the },'ears 1726-1729 and 1735-1742. In 1741 he 
 headed a committee to jjrotest against a new running of the lioimdarv 
 line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which would have 
 thrown much of his own land into the latter State. In 1767 he was 
 chosen justice of the peace. During the Revolution he was a member 
 of a precautionary committee formed under the General Court's "Act 
 for taking up and restraining persons dangerous to the Common- 
 wealth," and in the last years of his life, 1782-85, he belonged to the 
 "Commission to sell forfeited Estates." The accidental disco\erv of 
 a diary which he kept during the later years of the Re\-oluti(in was an 
 event of considerable historical significance. 
 
 Various writers, Mr. Howells one recalls as among them, have 
 contended against the ]H.)i)ular notion that life was acrid and monoto- 
 nous in colonial New England. Thev point to many vestiges of old- 
 time sociability and urge that the generations before the Re\-nlutinn 
 knew at least as jovial a life as those whom the Washingtonian tem- 
 perance mo\'ement and other reforms profoundly influenced in the 
 nineteenth century. One certainly nn'ght select items fmni Inhn \'ar- 
 num's diary to siii)])ort this opirion. 
 
 Already an old man, this distinguished resident of the western 
 section of Dracut took keen interest 'n\ famih' gatherings with their 
 feasts, at which the fatness of the land was brought forth. Here is his 
 story of a dinner party of February 5, 1777: 
 
 Hezekiah Colburn and wife, Jos. Variumi, Jr., and wife, Abiah 
 Hildreth and wife, Polly Parker and Polly Gault, dined with us on a 
 Bread Pudding, a Corned Leg of Pork, a Bresket, &c., a Rost shoulder 
 of Pork, a Line of Mutton, &c., Rost Turkey, tost and Cheese, &c. 
 Jacob Tyler, Jr., and his sister Lvdia and Mr. Henry Ingalls, Jr., from 
 Andover here on a visit in the afternoon. In the evening there came 
 in a number of young folks on son Jonas' invitation, so as to make the 
 number ^2. Had a pleasant evening. The said Company stayed and 
 sui)t of a cold sujiper, stayed late. 
 
 Something, again, of the jingle of old-time sleighing jiarties seems 
 to echo down the years from the following terse description of a 
 sleighride followed by a dance : 
 
THE WAMESIT NECK PROPRIETORSHIP 71 
 
 15 Jan. [1778]. About 2 of ye Clock the company viz: Hezekiah 
 Coburn and wife, Parker \'arnum and wife, Roger Ray and Hannah 
 Brown, Henry Coburn and Samuel Richardson, Samuel Coburn and 
 Rhoda, Jonas V'arnum and Polly Parker, John Parkhurst, Isaac 
 Parker, Abijah Hall and Bradstreet Coburn set off in three double 
 shays to go to Billerica, went as far as Capt. Miniers. Took a drink 
 of Flip and toddy and returned through the town. Git here about Sun 
 setting. The Company set of? for Joseph Varnum's to sup there with 
 fife and fiddle and returned hnme at about 2 a. m. 
 
 What was danced, what imbiljed on so festive an occasion, can 
 only be conjectured from general knowledge of the customs of the 
 period. Two other records of simple, harmless pleasures of the time 
 may be added to the exhibit. These were happenings of March 4, 
 
 1779: 
 
 Parker had a great entertainment. Mr. Brown & his wife Rhoda, 
 Elijah Fletcher & wife. Michael Hildreth & wife, Phillip Parker & 
 wife, Bradley \'arnum & wife, Capt. Peter Coburn & wife. Doctor 
 Little & wife, Nathan Parker & wife, Jonas Varnum & Polly Parker, 
 Isaac Parker & Abijah Hill and myself & wife, all dined & supped 
 here. Jonas & Polly went to a Dance the same evening at Abijah 
 Fox's. Henry Coburn, Thomas Varnum, Bradstreet Coburn & a large 
 number of young people went to the sd Fox's to the Dance there that 
 evening. 
 
 10" Dec. 1779. Thos. X'arnum had a Dance at his house in the 
 Evg. as the same fell by Icit there. 
 
 Settlement of Bay State Boundaries — Throughout the century 
 which elapsed between King Philip's war and the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence the population of the then rural neighborhoods about Paw- 
 tucket Falls must have increased steadily, but without any marked 
 influx of new settlers. The same family names occur again and again 
 in the town records. There was no problem of alien immigrants, 
 though the story of the coming of several Acadian refugees has been 
 graphically set forth by Mrs. Griffin. 
 
 The precise population in the pre-Revolutionary era of the terri- 
 torv later to be occupied by the city of Lowell can at no time be stated 
 accurately. That of the entire constituent towns, indeed, was not 
 determined with any considerable thoroughness until the census 
 which was begun by decree of the General Court in 1763 and finished 
 \n 1765. Previously, in 1707-08, a poll census had given the number 
 of qualified voters in the three townships as follows: Chelmsford, 
 137; Billerica (this being prior to the partition of Tewk.sbury), 140; 
 Drawcutt, 15. This enumeration occurred, of course, before the crea- 
 tion of a separate parish at Pawtucket Falls. By the date of the first 
 regular census in ALassachusett- it is probable that Dracut, whose 
 main activities and the bulk of whose population were still west of 
 
72 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Beaver hrmik, had ninrc hi.iusel'ioklcrs d\vellin<; within the present 
 confines than conhl ha\-e l)een nuiiiln'red in either adjacent town un 
 the south side of the river. No return, for some unexplained reason, 
 was made from Dracut in the 1765 census, though an unofficial esti- 
 mate in Joseph B. Felt's study, jnihlished in the collections of the 
 American Statistical Association, gives the jirobahility as alxmt 1,000. 
 Chelmsford, at this later census, had a white population of 997; 
 Tewkshury, 776. The Commonwealth was found to contain some- 
 what more than ([uarter of a million people. 
 
 In what jurisdictions the Merrimack river ciimmunities belonged 
 was not authoritatively decided initil long after the first grants of land 
 had been made and settlements effected. An assignment of Chelms- 
 ford and the farms over the river in Dracut to Middlesex county was 
 made by act of the Legislature in the following terms: 
 
 L^i^iin information of sundry farms erected abo\'e the towne of 
 Chelmsford, about Merremeck River, whose inhabitants pretend their 
 sejd farmes to be out of the county of Midlesex, & possibly not con- 
 teyned in any county, it is therefore ordered by this Court & the 
 authority thereof, that al & every the inhabitants of such ffarms as 
 these are or shall lie improved shall, in all parts, have their depend- 
 ences ii]5on & perform service, & beare chardges with the sajd towne 
 of Chelmsford, & that the sajd ffarmers repaire to the Courts of Midle- 
 sex for justice, & all, till this Court take further order, any lawe or 
 custome to the contrary notw''^standing. 
 
 Regarding the ancient and coni])licated boundary disputes, which 
 might have been settled in such a way as to divide the present city o{ 
 Lowell between the States of Massachusetts and the Granite State, 
 Kimball Webster, in his history of the town of Hudson, New Hamp- 
 shire, has a summary which tells practically all that is needful to be 
 known. The basic fact was that on March 19, 16,27-28, the Plymouth 
 Council, without knowledge of the real direction taken by the stream, 
 granted "to Sir Henry Roswell and associates the land between the 
 Charles river and the Merrimack rivers and, in addition all lands 
 "which lye * * * within the space of three English miles to the north- 
 ward * * * (if the Merrimack." 
 
 This grant, with its possibility of controversy made certain by 
 the north and south direction of the river from its sotirce down to the 
 "Great Bunt" at Lowell, was confirmed in 1630 in the charter given 
 by King Charles L to the Massachusetts Company. 
 
 As New Hampshire was settled and its townships began to grow 
 up on the west side of the river the demand to know just how far 
 north Massachusetts extended became persistent. Nothing was de- 
 termined until March, 1740, when a memorable arbitration conference 
 was held in London, at which Massachusetts was represented by Ed- 
 
THE WAMI'SIT XKCK PROPRIETORSHIP 7^ 
 
 nuuid Quincy and Richard Partridge : New Planipsliire I)y Ca]>tain 
 John Tomlinson. It was decided that whereas in the old grant "the 
 course of the river, though unknown, was supposed to bt from west 
 to east," proper surveying had proxed that it would have been "in- 
 equitable to have constructed the Massachusetts grant'' and that 
 therefore "it was determined : that the northern boundary of the 
 Province of Massachusetts he, a similar curve line pursuing the course 
 of Merrimack river, at three miles distance, on the north side thereof, 
 beginning at the i\tlantic Ocean and ending at a point due north of 
 Pawtucket Falls ; and a straight line drawn from thence due west, till 
 it meets with his Majesty's other governments." 
 
 This decision of 1740 was regarded as substantially a victory for 
 New Hampshire. It at the same time removed for all time the possi- 
 bility that Dracut, Methuen and the other Bay State townships north 
 of the river would ever be allocated to the Commonwealth with which 
 they seemed, and perhaps still seem, logically to belong. The three- 
 mile line from the mouth of the river westward was duly run by 
 George Mitchell, surveyor, as far as the designated "station north of 
 Pawtucket Fall in the township of Dracut." Thence Richard Hazen 
 took up the tape and carried the line over the river through Dunstable 
 and westward as far as the boundary of New York. Some slight 
 errors made bv these survevors have been rectified in our own time. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 East Chelmsford and West Dracut in the Revolution. 
 
 The new social spirit that was evoked in Massachusetts just 
 before and during the American Revolution is more significant, in a 
 retrospect of Lowell history, than any listing of Bunker Hill partici- 
 pants from this neighl:)orhood or any data of pensions granted to vet- 
 erans of the war. 
 
 The economic causes of the revolt from the mother country are, 
 of course, to be found in the increasing prosperity and stability of just 
 such communities as those of West Dracut and East Chelmsford on 
 opposite sides of the "Great Bunt" of the Merrimack river. Within a 
 century a distinctive social order had been formed, one tending to 
 grow apart from, in essential respects, its English model. The 
 mother cmmtry, especially when governed by a Tory ministry, was 
 peculiarly inept at understanding the temper of such men as John 
 Ford, of Chelmsford, and John Varnum, of Dracut, representatives of 
 an aggressive leadership which had been created by force of character 
 in the erstwhile feeble colony. 
 
 The British ruling and mercantile classes for a long time had 
 taken it amiss that they should meet with competition, commercial 
 and [tolitical, in the overseas colonies. From the date of the discovery 
 of America onward, the New World had been regarded in Europe as 
 primarily a field of profitable investment. .Ks the English colonies 
 grew ]5opulous and. to some extent, affluent, the home go\ernmcnt 
 became concerned with preventing the upgrowth of just such indus- 
 tries as later appeared at the various water powers on the Merrimack. 
 'Tn 1750," writes James Oneal, in "The Workers in .American History," 
 "Parliament passed acts prohibiting the erection of any mill or engine 
 for slitting or rolling iron or anj' plating forge or any steel furnace. 
 Hatters were not allowed to take more than two apprentices at a time 
 or any for more than seven years. It was made illegal to manufacture 
 hats or woolens in one colony and sell in another. These laws were 
 generally violated by resorting to smuggling." 
 
 Pre-Revolutionary protests against the usurpations of the Lon- 
 don government were by no means confined to the coast towns, whose 
 trading classes were most directly affected. The attitude of the coun- 
 try was generally one of cordial support to every policy of resistance. 
 Tn this regard the towns under consideration were certainly not excep- 
 tional. During the agitation concerning the stamp act of 1765, 
 Chelmsford's declaration of rights was made through a special town 
 meeting in the form of instructions to Colonel Samson Stoddard, then 
 
IN THE REVOLUTION 75 
 
 the town's representative in the General Court. Here is the well ex- 
 pressed resolution : 
 
 This being a time when, by reason of several acts of Parliament, 
 not only this province, but all the English colonies of this continent 
 are thrown into the utmost confusion and perplexity: the Stamp Act, 
 as we apprehend, not only lays an unconstitutional but also an insup- 
 portable tax upon us, and deprives us, as we humbly conceive, of those 
 rights and privileges to which we are entitled as free born subjects of 
 Great Britain by the Royal Charter: wherefore we think it our duty 
 and interest at this critical conjuncture of our public affairs, to direct 
 you, sir, our representative, to be so far from countenancing the execu- 
 tion of the aforesaid Stamp Act, that you use your best endeavors that 
 such measures may be taken and such remonstrances made to the 
 King and Parliament, as may obtain a speedy repeal of the aforesaid 
 act, and a removal of the burden upon trade. 
 
 This attitude of consistent support of the protesting leaders of 
 public opinions in Boston, Salem and other seaports of the Common- 
 wealth was maintained in Chelmsford throughout the period of agita- 
 tion. Colonel Stoddard was sent as a delegate to the convention in 
 Boston called in the name of the Committee on Safety in September, 
 1768. Among the town meeting records of a national interest, this 
 was adopted unanimously on January 22, 1773: 
 
 We are fully of opinion that the inhabitants of this province are 
 justly entitled to all the privileges of Englishmen, and to all those 
 rights inseparable from them as members of a free community. We 
 are also sensible that some of these rights are at present endangered. 
 In such unhappy circumstances the only question that can be made is 
 this: What method is most suital)le to obtain redress? Whatever 
 doubts may arise about a particular mode, this we are clear in, that 
 all rash, unmeaning, passionate procedures are by no means justifiable 
 in so delicate a crisis. When a community thinks any of its rights 
 endangered they should always consider consequences, and be very 
 cautious lest they run into a step that may be attended with the most 
 deplorable effects. 
 
 In a somewhat similar style, a little verbose after the manner of 
 the day, but determined in tone, instructions were drawn up for guid- 
 ance of Rejiresentative Simeon S]iaulding.* 
 
 Early Life of General Joseph B. Varnum — While Chelmsford men 
 were thus considering the problems of their future relationship to 
 King and Mother Country, the same subject was deeply agitating a 
 stripling of the X'arnum family over the river. Military leadershij) in 
 Dracut was destined to be vested for the entire war of the Revolution, 
 and for many years afterward, in a grandson of Colonel Joseph Var- 
 num, and son of Major Samuel Varnum. The time of the Stamp .Act 
 agitation coincided with the beginning of the illustrious services ren- 
 
 • LoweU Spalding's to-day have all dropped the "u," liul in tlif old records we 
 sometimes find it. sometimes not. — Author. 
 
76 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 dered to his town, State and Naticm by Joseph Bradley Varnum ( 1750- 
 1821), who subsequently became a major-general in the Common- 
 wealth's service, who represented the Northern Middlesex District in 
 the National House of Representatives, of which he was Speaker for 
 two terms, and who had the honor during his one term of service in 
 the United States Senate of being in 1814 its President and Acting 
 Vice-President of the United States. So intimately is the name of this 
 soldier and statesman connected with the early history of the Lowell 
 district, and so illuminating" are his reminiscences, dictated in iSiy 
 and published in 1888 in the "American Magazine of History," that 
 these vie in local interest with the John Varnum journal already 
 referred to as a source book of the jieriod. 
 
 The manner of General \'arnum's narrative, which runs in the 
 third jierson, is sometimes tinged, it may be said parenthetically, with 
 the pompositv of the early days of the Reiniblic when almost every- 
 body wrote and spoke in formal and solemn periods. It is, neverthe- 
 less, a transjiarentlv sincere and very human document. Without 
 much reading between the lines one gets from the earlier parts of it 
 a vivid picture of a born commander of men, who as a boy so far fore- 
 saw the impending revolutionary struggle that while others were 
 absorbed with their daily tasks and fun-making, he was accustomed 
 to take every possible occasion to visit Boston and study the methods 
 of military training used among the royal troops. It reveals a young 
 man, just married, who when the outbreak of hostilities was generally 
 perceived to be inevitable was so much better informed than any of 
 his neighbors regarding drill and discipline that he was chosen captain 
 over the heads of much older and more experienced men. His narra- 
 tive will bear quotation at se\eral points in this history. The auto- 
 biography states : 
 
 Joseph Bradley Varnum. son of Major Samuel \'arnum and Han- 
 nah Mitchell, was born in Dracutt January 29th old stile, or February 
 9th new stile 1751 : his father and mother buried their three children 
 who died in childhood ; afterwards they had four sons, Samuel, James 
 Mitchell, Joseph Bradley and Daniel, and five daughters who all lived 
 to be married. James Mitchell had a collegiate education : the rest of 
 the family were brought up together with the scanty opportunity of 
 schooling which was offered to the youth of that time in the town of 
 Dracutt : and the opportunity was indeed scanty. 
 
 At the age of fourteen, young \\arnum was already evincing these 
 qualities of foresight and personal initiative which were later to make 
 him easily the most eminent person of Northeastern Massachusetts. 
 
 In the year 1765 the account recalls: 
 
 When the famous Stamp Act passed the British Parliament and 
 became a law, and a piinciple of liberty and patriotism was raised in 
 
IX THE REVOLUTION tj 
 
 his breast, although then quite a youth, he applied himself to the study 
 of the various systems of government in the world, and especially to 
 the propriety or impropriety of the measures which had been taken by 
 Great Britain towards America, which by no means lessened his oppo- 
 sition to the Stamp Act, nor was he much elated when the repeal of 
 this obnoxious act in 1766 took place, when he considered the circum- 
 stances and principles in which the repeal was effected. * * * While 
 the British troops were in Boston, transported thither with an original 
 design of enforcing submission to the mother country, a military 
 ardor glowed in his breast, and with a view the better to enable him- 
 self to become useful in the defence and in anticipation of the inde- 
 pendence of his country, he, \\\ an isolated and apparentl}- obscure 
 situation, visited the British troops in Boston from day- to day-, for 
 some time : after what he had acquired from that source he applied 
 himself to the study of the most recent and approved authors upon 
 tactics and military discipline, by which he acquired many of the 
 elements of discipline necessary to be possessed by the soldier. 
 
 This intensive preparation of y^oung \'arnum's was undoubtedly 
 in large measure responsible for the active part which the men of 
 Dracut took in the war that followed. "The massacre committed by 
 the British soldiery in 1770,'' he wrote, "seemed to rouse every latent 
 spark of the love of liberty and independence which had for some 
 time apparently laid dormant in the breasts of the inhabitants of that 
 town." Previously there had been but one military company in the 
 place. Now it was proposed to form two companies after the model 
 of the royal military organization, "and although at that time, accord- 
 ing to the views of the people generally, Joseph Bradley \'arntmi was 
 but a bov and quite too young to be intrusted with military command, 
 yet having been acquainted with his manners and disposition and 
 learned something of his military acquirements, they unanimously 
 made choice of him for their cajjlain." Under this captaincy, drills 
 were carried on regularly in the years just preceding the armed con- 
 flict. It is recorded that "thcv went on harmoniously, frequently 
 meeting for discipline, and making as much progress therein as the 
 nature of the case would permit, until December, 1774, when the Pro- 
 vincial Congress thought proper to continue the royal arrangement 
 of the militia into regiments and companies as the best adapted rule 
 of procedure under existing circumstances." 
 
 AX'hile the Dracut men from Scarlet Brook to the Nickel mine, 
 and from the Christian Hill to Black North, were thus busily prepar- 
 ing for eventualities, their young captain was not neglecting the citi- 
 zen's duty of developing a farm and Iniilding up a family. "In the 
 vear 1769," he writes, "he for the first time became acquainted with 
 his present beloved wife, that acquaintance was continued until the 
 26th day of January. 1773, on which day they entered into the holy 
 bonds of matrimonv, and on the 4th day of February following, they 
 
78 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 commenced the station of housekeeping at Dracut. She was the 
 daughter of a respectable farmer in Pelham, Newhampshire, by the 
 name of Jacob Butler." 
 
 Thus was brought into the wartime activities of Dracut, Molly 
 Varnum, after whom is named one of the Lowell organizations of 
 patriotic women, the Molly Varnum Chapter of the Daughters of the 
 American Revolution. This woman, a granddaughter of Deacon John 
 Butler, who went from Woburn to Pelham and whose descendants 
 are many throughout the Nation, was one of the many heroines of 
 the difficult time into which the colonies were plunged by their effort 
 to secure political independence. As General Varnum wrote of his 
 consort: "Notwithstanding the cordiality and friendship which has 
 uniformly pervaded both their minds toward each other since their 
 first acquaintance, they have been called upon to sustain many griev- 
 ous trials and afflictions which required Christian fortitude to sustain. 
 For the first nine years of their dwelling together nothing unusually 
 grievous occurred except the loss of a darling daughter eighteen 
 nil mills old, while he was al)scnt in the army." Elsewhere the hus- 
 band affectionately records the wife's devotion to the revolutionary 
 cause. "Through the whole of this struggle he had the consolation 
 iif the accordance of his beloved wife: when soldiers were called upon 
 to go into the service who were not possessed of blankets, her feelings 
 induced her to supply them to the best ones she had; when they 
 wanted sheets or knapsacks she furnished them bv cutting up her 
 sheets even to those of her own bed, relying on di\ine Providence for 
 strength to manufacture more in their room." 
 
 The home which General and Mrs. Joseph Bradley Varnum made 
 for themselves amidst the trials oi a great war was situated on what 
 is now Lawrence road, about three miles below Centralville. They 
 thus cannot strictly be claimed as residents of the Lowell that was to 
 be. So closely, nevertheless, were they identified with the develop- 
 ment of the district which General \'arnuni later represented in Con- 
 gress that frequent citation from the autobiography will not trans- 
 gress the limits set upon this work of narrative and compilation. 
 
 In the years following the Boston massacre, it began to be e\'ident 
 that such prevision of tr(iul)lc as young Jose])h Bradley Varnum had 
 experienced was no hallucination. In August. 1774, in response to a 
 call to be represented at a provincial meeting at Concord, Chelmsford 
 nominated as its delegates Jonathan W. .\ustin and Samuel Perham. 
 At the meeting the former representati\e of the towm was one of a 
 committee "to consider the late acts of Parliament." The report 
 which was duly rendered is a long one, resounding with what John 
 Fiske calls the "eff'ort to defend the eternal principles of natural jus- 
 tice." It ended by declaring that "a Provincial Congress is absolutely 
 
IN THE REVOLUTION 79 
 
 necessary in our present unhapp)- situation." Said the eloquent pero- 
 ration : "Our fathers left a fair inheritance to us, purchased by a 
 waste of blood and treasure. This we are resolved tu transmit e(|ually 
 fair to our children after us. No danger shall affright, no difficulties 
 intimidate us ; and if, in support of our rights, we are called u])on to 
 encounter even death, we are yet undaunted, sensible that he can 
 never die too soon who lays down his life in support of the laws and 
 liberties of his country." 
 
 To the several Provincial Congresses which succeeded the Con- 
 cord meeting and which determined many projects of moment to the 
 Nation that was then in formation, all the towns of the Lowell neigh- 
 borhood sent able and public-spirited representatives. At the Provin- 
 cial Congress of Deputies which convened at Salem, October 7, 1774, 
 Chelmsford was represented by Simeon Spaulding, Jonathan Wil- 
 liams Austin and Samuel Perham ; Dracut by William Hildreth : 
 Tewksbury by Jonathan Browne ; Billerica by William Stickney and 
 Ebenezer Bridge. The second Provincial Congress of Deputies was 
 convened at Cambridge. February i, 1775. Among the deputies were 
 these: Chelmsford, Simeon Spaulding; Dracut, Peter Coburn ; 
 Tewksbury, Jonathan Browne ; Billerica, W illiam Stickney. The 
 third Provincial Congress met rt Watertown, May 31, 1775. Here 
 again Chelmsford was represented by Colonel Spaulding. Dracut 
 sent Deacon Amos Bradley ; Tewksbury, Ezra Kendall ; Billerica, 
 William Stickney. 
 
 As the crisis approached, Chelmsford held a town meeting at 
 which it was voted to supply equipment to all men on the alarm list 
 and to have ready for active service at least fifty minute-men. The 
 meeting also appointed a committee of inspection to prevent the sale 
 in Chelmsford of any articles imported from Great Britain. The 
 people over the river were equrlly awake. A Dracut committee of 
 correspondence, inspection and safety was formed on January 12, 
 1775, "for the purpose of communicating and securing an interchange 
 of views upon the great questions which are agitating the public 
 mind." This organization was effected nineteen days before the 
 as.sembling of the Provincial Congress at Cambridge. A committee 
 of townsmen was appointed to "examine and report upon the quan- 
 tity, nature and condition of military stores and ordnance material, 
 arms and equipment on hand or obtainable, for any great emergency. 
 Report regarding same to be made to town." Four months later the 
 Dracut records show that twelve pounds were appropriated for bayo- 
 nets, lead for bullets and flints for muskets. This equipment was 
 placed in the hands of minute-men subject to training half a day each 
 week for ten weeks, "unless the last act of Parliament, the Boston 
 Port bill, shall be repealed." 
 
8o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The Lexington Alarm — "The Civil War was begun at Concord 
 this morning," wrote the Rev. Ebenezer Bridge, of Chelmsford, in his 
 diary of April 19, 1775. "Lord divert all things for his glory, the good 
 of his church and people, and the preservation of British Colonies, and 
 to the shame and confusion of our oppressors." 
 
 The alarm summons reached Chelmsford at aliout 7 o'clock on 
 the morning of the lyth. Messengers were despatched over every 
 road to warn the militia and minute-men of the town. The first man 
 who may be called a pre-Lowell citizen to receive the news was, 
 according to data contained in a paper prepared by George F. 
 O'Dwyer in 1899 for the Father Matthew Temperance Association, 
 Deacon Aaron Chamberlain, a soldier of Captain Barron's company, 
 who lived on the old turnpike road near the site of the present city 
 farm. Captain John Ford was among the first to be notified in the 
 vicinity of Pawtucket Falls. In a short time every soldier of the 
 Neck was on his way to the rendezvous at Chelmsford Centre. 
 
 A story has it that on that fateful morning when the people of 
 the Centre and the Neck were thus aroused by ringing of bells and 
 firing of alarm guns, the godly pastor endeavored to round up the 
 minute-men for a brief service of prayer in the meeting house ; liut 
 that Captain (at that time Sergeant) J(jhn Ford, imjmtiently prcj- 
 nounced against any such waste of time and hurried his men toward 
 Concord. 
 
 Certain it is that Chelmsford men went out in two companies, 
 one under Colonel Moses Parker, the other under Captain Oliver 
 Barron. These companies reached Concord in time for some of the 
 fighting. Among the wounded were Captain Barron and Deacon 
 Aaron Chamberlain. Captain Davis and Abner Hosmer, Acton mem- 
 bers of the company, were killed at the liridge. The sense of exalta- 
 tion which this event at Concord produced in Chelmsford is reflected 
 in an entry of April 20 in Mr. Bridge's diary. "We are now involved," 
 he wrote, "in a war which Lord only knows what will be the issue of, 
 but I will Ii(ipe in His Mercy and wait to see His sah'ation." 
 
 The two Dracut companies, coming from a greater distance^ 
 arrived too late for the fight at Concord bridge, but joined in the pur- 
 suit of the British troops back to Cambridge. 
 
 Five men of Chelmsford achieved especial distinction at the be- 
 ginning of the Revolution, two of wliom. Captain John Ford and Ben- 
 jamin Pierce, lived in the portion of the town since occupied by 
 Lowell. The other three were Colonel Simeon Spaulding, Colonel 
 Ebenezer Bridge and Lieutenani-Colonel Moses Parker. 
 
 Colonel .Spaulding, a descendant of Edward Spalding ( Spalden or 
 Spaulding as it was variously sjjelled ) who settled at Braintree about 
 1632, and who in 1655 was one of the first settlers of Chelmsford, 
 
IX THE REVOLUTION 8i 
 
 was in his sixty-second year wlicii the war began. His residence 
 was at Chelmsford Centre, "'in ci\il matters," writes C. C. Chase, 
 "he was doubtless the first and most influential citizen of Chelms- 
 ford in the great crisis of the Revolution." He had already lieen 
 town treasurer, 1755-66^6/'; selectman, \j(yi-(^2; and on March 18, 
 1755, had been commissioned cornet of the Second Regiment of the 
 Provincial Militia. He became colonel during the Revolution. He 
 was in the .\merican cam]) at Cambridge on the day of the Bunker 
 Hill battle. He represented Clielmsford in the Legislature in 1770 
 and again in 1773 and 1774. In September, 1775, he was appointed 
 justice of the peace. He was a member of the Committee of Safety in 
 1775-76. Later, in 1779, he was a delegate to the convention which 
 framed a Constitution for the State of Massachusetts. He died .\])ril 
 7. 1785. Through his son. Weld Spalding, and his grandson, William 
 Barry Spalding, he counts as one of the forefathers of Lowell. 
 
 Colonel Parker, who was a veteran of the French and Indian 
 wars, fought at Bunker Hill. He was wounded in the leg, was cap- 
 tured by the British, and died on July 4, 1775, in consequence of an 
 unsuccessful, and perhaps unskillful, amputation of his leg. 
 
 Colonel Bridge was a son of the Rev. Ebenezer Bridge, minister 
 at Chelmsford, where he was born April 29, 1744. A graduate of Har- 
 vard College, he taught school for a time, and then opened a store at 
 Billerica, whence the inclusion of his name in the records of that 
 town at the beginning of the war. In 1775 he was chosen colonel of 
 the Twentv-seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He died at Hardwick, 
 New York, in 1814. 
 
 Captain John Ford — The great man of the East Chelmsford set- 
 tlement at Pawtucket Falls throughout the Revolution was John 
 Ford, mill owner, capitalist and military jjersonage, a native of Haver- 
 hill, where his birth was recorded as of November 6, 1738. His father. 
 Robert Ford, is supposed to be identical with the Robert Ford who 
 was in Lovewell's fight. A legend jjerpetuated by several historians 
 has it that John Ford as a youtli was himself a dauntless foeman of the 
 redskins and that after he had come to Pawtucket Falls and begun 
 operation of a mill, a revengeful Indian appeared and threatened his 
 life, only to be seized by the white man, killed and thrown into the 
 rushing tail race. As there are several versions of this story, it may, 
 perhaps, be accepted as based on fact, though one suspects the Indi.in 
 in the case to have been one of the survivors of the friendly Wamesits, 
 who down to the end of the eighteenth century earned a precarious 
 living by assisting the passage of logs around Pawtucket Falls, and 
 that New England rum rather than long cherished vengeance prob- 
 ably supplied the motive for the attack. 
 
 L— 6 
 
82 UlSiORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Just when John Ford's removal from Haverhill took pTace appears 
 not to have been determined, but it is established that "before the 
 Revolutionary War, Captain Ford was engaged in a large range of 
 business. He owned a saw mill at the foot of Pawtucket Falls, near 
 the mouth of the Concord river, and his account book shows that he 
 dealt largely in planks, boards and other kinds of lumber. He also 
 kept a store, furnished with a variety of West India and other goods. 
 From 1 77 1 to 1782 he sold a great amount of luml^er to Timothy 
 Brown, who built and occupied as a tavern the celebrated 'Old Yellow 
 House' in Belvidere." 
 
 John Ford, as has already been indicated, went to the Concord 
 fight in the capacity of a sergeant of the minute-men. He arrived just 
 too late for the contest at the bridge, but was among the colonials who 
 harrassed the royal troops on the way back to Boston. In the rear- 
 guard action at Hardy's Hill, he displayed conspicuous daring, such 
 that Gordon, in his "History of the American Revolution," writes: 
 "It can be fully proved that Captain Ford killed five regulars." 
 
 .\ fifth man of later fame, wlmni the stir at Lexington and C<.>n- 
 cord Ijrought forward, was Benjamin Ir'eirce or Pierce, then a youth of 
 eighteen years, living with his uncle, Robert Pierce, on what is now 
 Powell street, Lowell. Young Pierce, the story goes, was ploughing 
 with a pair of steers when the news of the British invasion reached 
 him. .\s no horse was available he set out on foot for Concord, arri\- 
 ing too late for the fight. He continued his walk to Cambridge and 
 enlisted in Captain Ford's com[)any. He was at Bunker Hill and re- 
 mained in the service in Colonel John Brooks' regiment, .\fter the 
 Revohnion. he left Chelmsford and settled on wild land in Hillsbor- 
 ough, New Hampshire. He rose to be Governor of that State and his 
 son, Franklin Pierce, became President of the United States. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill — Large contingents of men from the farms 
 now covered by Lowell fought at Bunker Hill in the companies of 
 their respective townships. In the steps taken to raise money and 
 enroll troops. Chelmsford, Tewkslnn\v and Dracut all adopted patri- 
 otic action and sent their res])ective comiianies to join the force that 
 accumulated in front of the English army at Boston. 
 
 Colonel Ebenezer Bridge, already mentioned, commanded one of 
 the regiments which undertook to occupy the heights in Charlestown. 
 Soon after the events of April, 1775, John Ford, foremost citizen of 
 the Neck, undertook to raise among his neighbors a company for 
 service in the provincial army. Of this force he was chosen captain. 
 His company, as it marched to Cambridge to be enrolled under Gen- 
 eral Ward, was composed more largely than probably any other of 
 ancestors of Lowell people of the present generation. Its member- 
 ship was as follows : 
 
IX THE RFA'OLUTION 83 
 
 Captain, John Ford: lieutenant, Isaac Parker; ensign, fonas 
 Parker: sergeants, Moses Parker, Daniel Keyes, Parker "Emerson, 
 Jonas Pierce; corporals, John Bates, Benjamin Barret, William Cham- 
 bers, \\'illiam Cambill ; drummer, William Ranstead ; filer, Barzilla 
 Lew; privates, John Keyes, Alexander Davidson, John Chambers, 
 Samuel Britton, Moses Barker, Benjamin Pierce, David Chambers, 
 Ebenezer Shed, Samuel Wilson, Nathaniel Poster, James Dunn, 
 Isaiah Foster. Benjamin Parker, Benjamin Farley, Enoch Cleaveland, 
 Benjamin Butterfield. Samuel Howard, Moses Esterbrook, Robert 
 Anger, Elijah Haselton, John Glode, Jesse Dow, Joseph Spalding, 
 Francis Davidson, Oliver Cory, Samuel Marshall, Joseph Chambers, 
 Nathaniel Kemp, Joseph Spalding, Solomon Keyes, Isaac Barrett, 
 Noah Foster, Reuben Foster, Jonas Spalding, Timothy Adams, Josiah 
 Fletcher, John Parker. James Chambers, W^illiam Rowel, Silas Parker, 
 Benjamin Haywood, Robert Richardson, Thomas Bewkel, William 
 Brown. James Alexander, Solomon Farmer. 
 
 In Dracut the course of young Joseph Bradley Varnum's mili- 
 tary ambitions did not run smoothly in this early period of the war. 
 His temporary retirement to the ranks appears, however, to have been 
 accepted in good part even though it prevented his name from being 
 prominent in the list of those who went against the British at Con- 
 cord Bridge and Bunker Hill. The former captain's narrative of the 
 happenings of the spring of 1775. as they effected him, is a model of 
 circumspect reminiscence: 
 
 The volunteer companies in Dracutt being attached to good order 
 and government, reassumed their standing as private soldiers, and the 
 whole company thus again collected made choice of Stephen Russell 
 as captain. Ephraim Colburn as first lieutenant, Simon Colburn as 
 second lieutenant and Abraham Colburn as ensign. These were all 
 respectable gentlemen considerably advanced in life, but all of them 
 almost totally uninformed in tactics and military discipline. In order 
 to acquire a degree of necessary information in the military art they 
 employed the said Varnum as an instructor, both to themselves and 
 the militia under their command, in which capacity he continued to 
 serve them until after the commencement of the Revolutionary War, 
 without fee or reward, while he continued in the honorable station of 
 a private soldier in the said conijjany, and as such marched with Cap- 
 tain Russell to the battle of Lexington which took place on the 19th 
 of April, 1775, and up(^n various other occasions of alarm throughout 
 the year 1775, and until the British troops evacuated the town of Bos- 
 ton, on the 17th of March, 1776. 
 
 The second Dracut company of this time was commanded by 
 Captain Peter Coburn (1737-1813), who lived in a house still standing 
 on Totman street, near where it joins Mammoth road, near Collins- 
 ville. This company was among those concerned in the Concord 
 fight and, after seven days' service, was disbanded. When a few 
 weeks later the men were again called out. Captain Peter Coburn was 
 in command, taking an important jiart in the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
84 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Tewksbiiry, too, was well represented in the American forces be- 
 sieging Boston. Most of the minute-men from this town were en- 
 rolled either under Captain John Harnden, of Wilmington, or Captain 
 Benjamin \\'alker, of Chelmsford. Of Tewksbury, in the Harnden 
 company, were: John Biirt, William Harris, Joshua Thompson, 
 Moses Gray and Samuel Manning. In Captain Walker's company 
 were: Lieutenant, John Flint; sergeants, Luke Swett and Eliakim 
 Walker; corporals, Philip Fowler, David Bayley and Peter Hunt; 
 drummer, Phineas .Annis ; fifer. Isaac Manning; privates, Jcihn Bayley, 
 Jonathan Beard, John Button, Amos Foster, Jonathan Frost, Jona- 
 than Gould, John Hall, Nehemiah Hunt, Josiah Kidder, Eliphalet 
 Manning. Joseph Phelps, Samuel Ba^de}-, Job Danderly, Timothy 
 Dutton, Jacob Frost, Joseph Gray, John Howard, Paul Hunt. .Xsa 
 Laveston. Daniel Merritt, Hezekiah Thorndike. 
 
 Without undertaking to retell the story of the struggle between 
 British and colonials for possession of the heights in Charlestown, we 
 may notice here a little known circumstance of the period of prepara- 
 tion just before the assault on the breastworks. That Bunker Hill 
 battle was fought behind pro])erly prepared redoubts instead of from 
 the bare hilltop, and that, therefore, the American forces secured the 
 encouragement of success through continuing as long as their |)owder 
 lasted was due in large measure to the military perspicacy of the 
 leader of the company from East Chelmsford. Of Captain Ford's par- 
 ticijiatiiin in this affair, Mr. Chase wrote: 
 
 ( )n the dav before the battle he volunteered to carrv from Cam- 
 l)ridge to Bunker Hill a message from General Ward. To do this he 
 must pass over Charlestown Neck in the range of the British guns, at 
 the imminent peril of his life. He had orders from General ^^'ard to 
 dismcnmt from his horse at the neck and cross on foot to escape 
 iil)^er\ atinn. But he ran the risk and passed and repassed on horse- 
 liack. While at Bunker Hill he warned General Prescott that from 
 movements of the enemy it was evident that they were preparing to 
 attack the Americans on the hill, and urged the necessity of imme- 
 diately throwing up breastworks and redoubts. Prescott, who had 
 not foreseen such an attack, yielded to the persuasion of Captain Ford 
 and before the morning of the battle the breastworks were completed, 
 without which the Americans could not have held their ground or 
 achieved the immortal glory of that illustrious day. 
 
 Early on the day of the assault at Charlestown, it may iie added. 
 Captain Ford's company pushed ahead of the rest of their regiment. 
 On arrival the captain was ordered by General Putnam to take charge 
 of the operation of two field guns. John Ford at first objected that his 
 men while good shots with the rifle knew absolutely nothing aliout 
 the handling of artillerv. .\s the Connecticut general, however, per- 
 sisted. Captain Ford obeyed like a good soldier, and his amateur artil- 
 
IX THE RH\-()LUTIO.\" 85 
 
 lerists gave a good account of themselves, even though they burst one 
 of the guns at the eleventh shot. 
 
 The valor displayed by Captain Peter Coburn, of Dracut, in the 
 fierce fighting that followed is a matter of familiar record. He is said 
 to have been the last man to speak to General Warren before the gal- 
 lant commander fell. "As the Americans were about to retreat a Brit- 
 ish ofificer sprang upon the breastworks and waved his sword encour- 
 aging his men. Captain Peter, hurling a huge stone, knocked him 
 backwards, and then followed his men in the retreat." He is said to 
 have come back to Dracut with eleven bullet holes in his clothing and 
 not a wovmd on his person. 
 
 The mortality among the men from the Merrimack was consider- 
 able at Bunker Hill. An important loss to the Revolutionary cause, 
 as already indicated, was that of Lieutenant-Colonel Moses Parker, 
 of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, a lineal descendant of one of the 
 five Parker brothers who were among the original settlers of Chelms- 
 ford. Colonel Parker was taken wounded by the British to Boston, 
 where he died as a result of the amputation of his leg, on July 4, 1775. 
 
 In the retirement from the hill. Captain Ford found among the 
 wounded his neighbor. Captain Benjamin Walker, of the Second 
 Chelmsford Company, whom he carried on his back for some forty 
 rods. As it soon became evident that both men would be captured. 
 Ford dropped his burden at Walker's request and escaped o\er 
 Charlestown Neck. Captain Walker, like his fellow-townsman. Colo- 
 nel Parker, died in prison from the effects of his wounds and, presum- 
 ably, from lack of care. In the battle. Colonel Bridge's regiment had 
 fifteen killed and twenty-nine wounded. 
 
 During the siege of Boston that followed the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, it became evident to the men at Pawtucket Falls as elsewhere 
 that a long war was ahead. Captain Ford and most of his men. after 
 nine months' service, reenlisted. In intervals of quiescence they were 
 permitted to return to their farms for needful o])erations. They joined 
 in the expedition to Ticonderoga, during which Captain Ford kept an 
 orderlv book that is preserved by a descendant. 
 
 An old enlistment agreement, discovered by Ca])tain J. P. Thomp- 
 son, of Lowell, in 1892, indicates the seriousness with which the 
 Chelmsford farmers took their military duties. It contains the names 
 of several residents of the "Neck" and is to the following purport : 
 
 W'e the Subscribers do hereby severally enlist Ourselves into the 
 Service of the United Colonies of America, to serve until the fifth day 
 of April next, if the Service shall require it; and each of us do engage 
 to furnish and carry with us into Service a good effective Firearm and 
 Blanket (also a good Bayonet and Cartridge pouch if possible). And 
 we severally consent to be formed such Persons as the General Coun- 
 cil shall appoint with a Company of Ninety Men, including one Cap- 
 
86 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tain, two Lieutenants, one Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, 
 one Drummer and one Fifer, to be elected by the Companies, and 
 when formed we engage to march to Headquarters of the American 
 Army, with the Utmost Expedition, and to be under the Command of 
 such Fieldofficer as the General Council shall appoint, and we further 
 engage during the Time aforesaid to be subjects to such Generals as 
 are, or shall be, appointed, and to be under such Regulations, in every 
 respect, as are provided for the arms aforesaid. Dated this — Day of 
 January 29, A. D. 1776. Samuel Perham, Snr., Jonathan Stevens, 
 Joseph S])aulding, Samuel Tvviss, Isiah Keyes, John Mears, William 
 Fletcher, Stephen Peirce, the J. P. Herelujahah Fletcher, Jonas 
 SiJaulding, Oliver Richardson, Ebenezer Gould, Isaiah Foster, Jeptha 
 Spaulding, Charles C). Fletcher, John Spaulding, William Pierce. 
 
 On the north side of the river. Captain J. B. Varnum's reinstate- 
 ment as an officer was not long delayed after the retirement from 
 Charlestown. "The legislature thus formed." he writes, referring to 
 the session of 1775-76, "having now organized the militia, they divided 
 the town of Dracutt to two companies, a choice of officers was ordered 
 and the company to which the said Varnum belonged, both train band 
 and alarm list, except seven old men, avowed that they had no dislike 
 to him as an officer except as to his age." 
 
 To clinch matters, young Varnum had a personal interview with 
 each of the objectors, and agreed not to accept the tendered commis- 
 sion if any one of them would carry his story of dissatisfaction to the 
 presiding field officers. This "they one and all refused to do, saying 
 they had rather submit to the choice as it stood than to be at that 
 trouble. He then told them that if they would not be at that small 
 trouble he should accept the command, and that he felt fully deter- 
 mined to perform his duty without favor or partiality : that, therefore, 
 notwithstanding their advanced years, they must expect equal with 
 the otlier members of the company to do their duty or aliide by the 
 rigors of the law." With this understanding Joseph Bradley Varnum 
 took command of the company on May 31, 1776, under a commission 
 from the government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, signed 
 by sixteen colonial councillors. This rank of captain he held con- 
 tinuously during the war and until April 4, 1787, when there began 
 a series of promotions that made him successively lieutenant-colonel, 
 colonel, brigadier-general and major-general. In his later life he was 
 considered the foremost authority on military matters in Congress. 
 
 Rounding up "Slackers" — The difficulty with which the .\meri- 
 can Revolution was prosecuted, after the first elation of success had 
 passed, is reflected in the records of the towns out of which Lowell has 
 been formed. The war which our ancestors, with help from several 
 countries of continental Europe, finally brought to a victorious con- 
 clusion was nowhere, except in Massachusetts and Virginia, any- 
 
IN THE REVOLUTION 87 
 
 thing like a spontaneous uprising of the people. As President John 
 Adams afterward wrote: "New York and Pennsylvania were so 
 nearly divided, if their propensity was not against us, that if New 
 England on one side and Virginia on the other had not kept them in 
 awe, they would have joined the British." "The great mass of labor- 
 ers, artisans and small farmers," says James Oneal, speaking of the 
 attitude of the colonies as a whole, "were indifferent to the agitation 
 for liberty and independence." Even in the Bay State, which fur- 
 nished a quota of soldiers quite out of proportion to its population, 
 strenuous measures had to be taken to bring out the "slackers," and 
 to repress the tories. Striking evidences of the efforts made in this 
 direction in Dracut are to be noted in the town records. 
 
 Thus, on February 17, 1777, Alajor William Hildreth, as town 
 clerk of Dracut, signed a call for a meeting "To see if the town will 
 come into some method such as they shall think most proper for the 
 raising of men in Dracut ; for recruiting the continental army from 
 time to time as shall be occasion ; and to come into some method for 
 adjusting past service that persons have done in said town in defence 
 of the country." At a subsequent meeting it was voted to give each 
 enlisted man £30 exclusive of Continental and State bounties. Later, 
 in February, 1778, it was agreed to "give as donation to each conti- 
 nental soldier that went into the continental army for the Town for 
 three years or during the war, one pair shoes, ditto stockings, and 
 two shirts." On May 2 following there came another call for a town 
 meeting "to engage men to reinforce the continental army and adjudge 
 what each man shall be allowed for services in the present war; also 
 to raise men to go into the army." In August more efforts were made 
 to induce soldiers to enlist in General Sullivan's army then operating 
 in Rhode Island, and on September i, 1778. it was recorded that a 
 town meeting "raised £1535, 10 s. to pay nine months, eight mos., six 
 mos. and six weeks men that went into the service the summer past." 
 At this meeting the town officers were empowered to "act as commit- 
 teemen to raise the men in this town at as cheap a wage as they can 
 get them." 
 
 .A. census, presumably fur military purposes, was held in Dracut, 
 and reported by John Varnum in 1778. to the effect that "there was 
 225, 3 of which were of ve Boston Donationers, one of Charlestown, 
 one Idiot, one distraught man that had been so for a number of years 
 and who had lost the use of his limbs & altogether incapable of help- 
 ing himself for sundry years past & without hopes of recovering & 4 
 Negroes." 
 
 For the slackness in enlisting there was possibly a certain excuse 
 in the latter part of 1776 and the first nine months of 1777. in that no 
 considerable military operations were in progress in the vicinity, and 
 
88 HISTORY OF LOWEl.I, 
 
 that much neglected t'lcld-work demanded the services of as many 
 men as possible. Farm help was scarce and high during the Revolti- 
 tion, though by comparison with the prices which the truck farmer of 
 to-day in Pawtucketville or South Lowell must pay it would seem 
 that Squire Varnum got of¥ easy in April, 1778, when he made the 
 following contract : "Settled a bargain with Wm Young for 6 months 
 laljor, beginning this day. for which I am to give him a wool, home 
 made coat, waistc(jat & breeches, two shirts, 2 pare of Trowsers, 2 
 pare of stockings, a pare of shoes, a hat & 10 $ for which sd W'm 
 promised to labor for me for 6 mos from this day." 
 
 When there was exceptional need of soldiers, as in the campaign 
 to entrap General Burgoyne in the autumn of 1777T the hardy men on 
 either side of Pawtucket Falls did not fail to respond. The call for 
 troops to assail the British in New York State came from the Great 
 and General Court on September 22. 1777. The towns about the 
 Great Bimt replied promptly. 
 
 The ever-reliable Captain Ford shut down his mill and prepared 
 his company to set forth toward the northern army on September 30, 
 1777. The muster roll of his command in Colonel Jonathan Reed's 
 regiment shows the following names : 
 
 Captain, John Ford ; lieutenant. Temple Kendall ; sergeants, Jona- 
 than Bancroft, Willard Parker; corporals, Silas Pierce. Caleb Coburn, 
 Simeon Cummings ; privates, Olive Barron, Jonathan Shed, William 
 Chambers, Jonathan Woodard, Willard Howard, David Putnam, 
 Joseph Adams, Samuel Adams, Jeduthan Warren, Samuel Perham, 
 Josiah Fletcher, Henry Fletcher, Joel Spalding, David Danforth, 
 David Marshall, Aaron Chamberlain, Azariah Spalding. Timothy 
 .'\dams, Jonathan Robins, Ephraim Robins, Supply Reed, \\'illiam 
 Spalding, Stephen Pierce, Benjamin Butterfield, Levi Fletcher, Ben- 
 jamin Haywood, Oliver Richardson, John Hadlock, Joseph Butter- 
 field, Joseph Ingalls, Aaron Small, William Fletcher, Benjamin 
 Detion, Samuel Lunn, Solomon Pollard, John jMarsh, Jesse Butter- 
 field, Elizer Farwell, William Parker, Jacob Baldwin. Joseph Tyler, 
 John French; Oliver Adams, Samuel Adams. 
 
 This company was out for forty-three days. It brought back 
 some fifty prisoners, which it guarded all the way to Cambridge. 
 
 With the Saratoga incident. Captain Ford's military career came 
 to an end. For forty-five years subsequently he dwelt in peace and 
 prosperity at the Falls, remembered by his physician. Dr. John A. 
 Green, as "a tall, wiry, active man, bowed by the weight of years and 
 his great privations and labors, of few words, direct, of primitive sim- 
 plicity and sterling integrity." 
 
 From the Dracut side went forth against Burgoyne. Captain 
 Joseph Bradley Varnum's company with the following muster roll : 
 
IX THE REVOLUTION 89 
 
 Captain, J. B. Varnum ; lieutenant, Ephraim Cobiirn ; sergeants, 
 Abijah Fox, Jonas Varnum, Jonathan Jones, Timothy Parker; cor- 
 porals, John Hancock, David Trull ; clerk, Joshua Pillsbury ; fifer, 
 Barzala Lue (Barzillai Lew); privates, David Jones, Samuel Barron, 
 William Abbott, Simeon Coburn, David Coburn, Samuel Coburn, 
 Reuben Coburn, Jonathan Crosby, Moses Davis, David Fox, Zacha- 
 riah Goodhue, Bradley \'arnum, Josiah Hildreth, Daniel Jaqueth, 
 John Means, Jonathan Parkhurst, Ebenezer Sawyer, David Sawyer, 
 David McLaughlin, Isaac Parker, Samuel Piper, Jonathan Taylor, 
 Thomas Taylor, Solomon W'oods, John Woods, Peter Hazleton. 
 
 The veteran John \'arnum's entries during the weeks of this cam- 
 paign are of interesting evidence of the local excitement. They run 
 as follows : 
 
 27 Sept. 1777, Orders came for X> of ye able bodied officers and 
 soldiers immediately to march to Tyconderoga. 
 
 29 Sept., Capt. Joseph Bradley Varnum was drawn with 40 men 
 to march to ye Westward. 
 
 I Oct., Capt. Varnum and his men tarried until afternoon wait- 
 ing for horses. 
 
 I Oct., The Companv marched early in ye morning. 
 
 12 Oct., Had news that our people had arrived safely to Benning- 
 ton. 
 
 16 Oct., Old Mr. Davis came home from the Army with ye horse 
 that went with the last recruits. Brought word that our friends was 
 all well, in high spirits, that Burgoyne's Army was retreating, our 
 Army harassing them giving battle. Got many advantages greatly 
 embarassing Burgoyne's Retreat. 
 
 Sunday, 26 Oct. 1777. Lt. Ephrm : Coburn, Jona : Jones & Dr. 
 Abbot come home from ye Army. Confirmed the surprising account 
 of ye Wonderful Victory over Burgoyne and his whole Army, being 
 about 7000 all taken. Surrendered to Gen. Gates and laid down their 
 arms to us, resigned their public stores, that our Militia was conduct- 
 ing them to Boston, expecting they would be in this week. Mr. Davis 
 preached an excellent sermon suitable to the occasion, from that part 
 of the story of Moses where Pharaoh & his host was pursuing the 
 Children of Israel, and had overthrew them in the Red Sea. 
 
 A concise statement of the Dracut participation in the Burgoyne 
 campaign occurs in the Joseph Bradley Varnum autobiography : "In 
 1777 he [Captain Varnum] marched with a volunteer company to the 
 siege of Burgoyne, and on the 17th of October, 1777, he had the con- 
 solation of seeing a whole British army, with Burgoyne at their head, 
 march from the heights, music beating a retreat, upon the plains of 
 Saratoga, and there lay down their arms and surrender themselves 
 prisoners of war to the American army and militia." General Var- 
 num appends some figures of the number of prisoners and the ciuan- 
 tity of the booty. He adds that "Varnum and his command again 
 volunteered their services and guarded the German troops from Sara- 
 toga to Winter Hill, near Boston." 
 
90 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The pleasure with which the neighborhood regarded the success 
 of their men at Saratoga is certainly reflected in an entry of Squire 
 Varnum's journal: "i Nov., Jona : Parkhurst came home from ye 
 Army, brings word that all is well. Zealous for a fife & fiddle for the 
 grand apperance the day that Burgoyne's Famous Army is to be 
 brought in. A Wonderful Show, a day that our hearts should be 
 employed to speak and live to the peace of God." 
 
 In the dreary time between Burgoyne's surrender and the Ameri- 
 can victory at Yorktown, the difficulty of securing volunteers was 
 persistent. Captain Josej)h Bradley Varnum. however, in 1778, 
 marched in command of his militia company to Rhode Island to join 
 with General Sullivan in his contemplated attack which was to be 
 made in conjunction with the French fleet. "The fleet being dis- 
 persed by a heavy gale of wind it became necessary for the General to 
 retreat. They retreated l)y way of Pro\-idence and served out their 
 term of enlistment at East Greenage and Warwick." Toward the end 
 of the war, nevertheless, the prevalent lack of enthusiasm appears to 
 have affected even the unusually loyal militiamen of Dracut, for Cap- 
 lain Varnum, though in a commendatory way, comes into a record of 
 bewailment that fills General Heath's communication of April 7, 1780, 
 to the General Assembly of Massachusetts, as disclosed in the Heath 
 papers, published by the Massachusetts Historical Society. The Bay 
 State commander reported that "letters [from West Point] are so 
 replete with representations of the uneasiness and discontent of the 
 troops of your line that it would be criminal in me to conceal them." 
 One correspondent, quoted by Fleath, wrote: "Where is the publick 
 spirit of the year 1775, where are those flaming patriots who were 
 ready to sacrifice their lives, their fortunes, their all for the publick, 
 are they throwing their weight into the scale against those who have 
 fought bled and even the widows of those who have been killed in the 
 service of their country?" Another correspondent wrote to the gen- 
 eral : "Captains Varnum and Bancroft have resigned within these 
 three days, with a great number of other good officers. I have not 
 heard of one soldier inlisting for a month past." Other similar pas- 
 sages might be cited to show that the affair at Yorktown came none 
 too soon to satisfy a war-worn and exhausted people. 
 
 Another bit of evidence of the effort with which enlistments were 
 secured is noted in a resolve of the Dracut meeting of February 9, 
 1779: 
 
 To pay Kindall Parker Ten Pound money per mimey he paid to 
 hire men into the service in the )'ear 1778 18/ for a pair of stockings. 
 
 Kendall Parker, wIki thus appears in the record as a recruiter, 
 advancing his own money in the patriotic cause, was a resident of the 
 
I\' THE REVOLUTION 91 
 
 extreme eastern part of the town, an ancestor of Dr. Moses Greeley 
 Parker, of Lowell, some time president-general of the National Soci- 
 ety of the Sons of the American Revolution. His military record, as 
 piililished by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 
 
 Private, Capt. Stephen Russell's Co. of Militia in Col. Green's 
 Regt. which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775; services, two 
 days : also Corporal, Capt. Joshua Reed's Co. Col. Varnum's Regt. ; 
 enlisted Dec. 13, 1775 (service not given); also Private, Capt. Joseph 
 Bradley Varnum's Co., Col. Simeon Spaulding Regt. ; abstract of 
 equipments for train band and alarm list endorsed '1777'; reported as 
 belonging to alarm list ; also, returns, etc., of 2nd Dracut Co. ; list of 
 persons who paid money to hire men to serve 8 months in the Conti- 
 nental Army, agreeable to resolves passed in April, 1778; said Parker 
 with others hired Ebenezer Sawyer, and is reported as having paid 
 £ 10 toward his hire. 
 
 These efforts on the part of public-spirited men and women, it 
 should be said, gave Dracut a remarkable reputation for participation 
 in the war. In 1904 there was dedicated at Dracut Centre, in front of 
 tlie Yellow Meeting House, a tablet with the following inscription: 
 
 In Memory of the Men of 
 
 Dracut 
 
 Who Served in the Revolutionary War, 
 
 1 775- 1 783. 
 
 423 out of a Population of 1173 
 
 Placed by Old Middlesex Chapter, 
 
 Sons of the American Revolution. 
 
 1904 
 
 Suppression of loyalists or "tories" was one of the duties or privi- 
 leges of home-staying folk in the country towns of Massachusetts 
 during the Revolution. Lo}al as the Bay State was in the main to 
 the revolutionists' cause, adherents of the King were so numerous and 
 so well to do that the Legislature felt itself obliged on April 30, 1779, 
 to pass its very drastic Confiscation and Banishment Act. Lancaster 
 and other towns of the Nashua river valley were especial centres of 
 Tory influence, as shown by Jonathan Smith, in his "Toryism in 
 Worcester County," and many families of Dimstable, Westford and 
 Chelmsford are indicated by entries in Squire John Varnum's journal 
 as infected by the same spirit of disaffection. 
 
 Early Anti-Slavery Spirit — Incidents of the daily life of the neigh- 
 borhood show that during the Revolution what may be called distinc- 
 tivelv American ideas regarding human rights and freedom were be- 
 coming part of the mental equiiiment of average citizens. In view, 
 indeed, of the part which Lowell was later to play in the great war for 
 extinction of feudal slavery in the South, especial interest attaches to 
 
92 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the hostility toward slave-holding which was already developing in 
 New England. The extinction of negro slavery, which in Massachu- 
 setts had been forecast in such opinions on the subject as were held 
 by the \'arnums of Dracut, was an immediate consequence of the 
 Revolution. The popular notion is that the holding of slaves became 
 illegal through the adoinion of the State Constitution, "which declared 
 all men free and equal." As, however, the late Emory Washburn 
 showed in one of his contributions to the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, this famous clause "was literally a declaration of what the 
 people regarded as already their rights, rather than an exposition of 
 any newly adopted abstract jirinciples. * * * It was not, as already 
 stated, determined S(.i much by ruiy ])Ositive language to enactment in 
 the Constitution as by that all pervading sense of the community, that 
 the time had come when that shnery against which they had been so 
 long struggling, was incomi)atible with their character as a free and 
 independent State, and ought to be suppressed." A datum indicating 
 the revised feeling toward sla\-ery is in an item of the John \'arnum 
 journal of March 4, i77(): "One Stephen Hartwell here to ad\-ise 
 relating to a Neagro named Jeffery Hartwell. Spent considerable 
 time with him, at his request relating to said Negros freedom. He 
 would IvdvQ given me a fee. I refused to take one in a Neagro cans." 
 
 The Rescue of Silas Royal — Of all the stories of the Dracut inter- 
 est in the welfare of colored folk, the most thrilling, assuredly, is 
 that of the rescue of Silas Royal, faithful servant of the East Dracut 
 Wirnums. from kidnappers, after a chase that brought forth the \'ar- 
 niim clan from \\'oodbine cemetery down to the Alethuen line. Thi.-^ 
 faithful negro was bought as a baby by Major Samuel \';irnum in 
 Boston in exchange for a fine salmon. The little pickaninny was care- 
 fullv reared in the home which the father of two Revolutionary officers 
 had built in the easterly part of Dracut al^out three miles below the 
 junction of the two rivers. 
 
 Roval seems to have grown up into a husky young fellow. ]H>pu- 
 lar in the whole countryside. An adventurous spirit led him in the 
 first days of the war to leave home and enlist on a privateer. Out of 
 disputes concerning his share of prize money grew a mass of troul:)les 
 which the eloquent chronicler. Squire Varnum, descrilies in one of the 
 most entertaining passages of his journal. Here is the story: 
 
 June 19. 1778. This morning while at breakfast heard that Joshua 
 WS-man [of Woburn] had sold Ryal Varnum, that ye news was 
 brought from W'estford by Joseph Varnum, Jr., and that sd Ryal was 
 carried oiT in a covered waggon HandicuiTed. On hearing of which 
 Immediately called for my horse & galloped to Jos. Varnums to know 
 the certainty. He confirmed it. Sent him to Capt. Jos. to come Imme- 
 diately & Joyne in ye pursuit to Relive sd Ryal. He came Imme- 
 diately. Sent Jonas'with my horse. Gave Jonas $20 to bare his ex- 
 
IX Till-: RK\"OLUTIOX 
 
 03 
 
 penses, with orders to pursue with all possible speed, overtake, Bring 
 back, and not suffer such astounding vyolence to Escape with Im- 
 punity. They pursued. Came to Woburn. found the news confirmed. 
 That it was ye infamous John White, the Scurrilous Tinker of Haver- 
 hill, that Bought him (at ye same time knowing sd Ryal was a free- 
 man) sd White had Imprisoned him, Woburn people had liberated 
 him. Sd White laid a false charge against him. Said he was an 
 Inlisted Soldier in ye Continental service, that he had received $20 
 Continental money & had Deserted, that he stole from sundry persons 
 & was a thief, & that if ye prison Could not hold him, ye guard should 
 & Profainly Swore that he had bought him & would have him some- 
 way, and on that complaint, altho he knew it to be false, he put him 
 under Guard. There is ye Infamous W'hite, That hath worked by 
 some means or other to be a Quartermaster for the Army at or near 
 Boston, a fine post to get money when Truth nor Honour be not 
 regarded. 
 
 Silas Royal's friends fortunately had influence as well as the 
 grafting quartermaster. The sequel was recorded a day later: 
 
 June 26, Capt. Jos. & Joaas \'arnum went to Boston. Com- 
 plained to Gen. Heath Against sd White, had sd Ryal liberated & a 
 promise from ye General that he would take Notice of said \\'hite. 
 They give him sd White's Just Character, he promised he would take 
 notice of it. They went to White, Informed him what they had done. 
 He was extremely angry. Curst & Swore very Profainly, they dealt 
 him very sharph' for his Conduct to Ryal. He said he did not know 
 Ryal was free. They told him that he could not know that his Crime 
 alleged against Ryal for which he was put in Gaol was true, but that 
 he knew ye Contrary. He said all such Damd Neagroes ought to be 
 slaves. They told him that Ryal was as Good a man, & of as much 
 honour as he, at which he was extremely angry & profain. Laid his 
 hand on his Hanger by his side. They told him that they had seen 
 Hangers & men before they had seen him or his, that they was ready 
 to answer him any way he pleased, that they could not forget his Con- 
 duct towards Ryal, that they on sd Ryal's Behalfe should bring an 
 action of Damage for false Imprisonment, that such arbitrary Tyrants 
 & menstealers should not go uninuiished. They came to Wyman's 
 ye same Day, Gave him ye like trimming. 
 
 The attempted kidnapping of Royal finally came to court, and 
 before Justice John Varnum, the diarist. Captain Joseph Bradley and 
 Jonas \'arnum gave sworn testimony to the effect that "some time in 
 June, 1778, we heard from Persons of \'cracity that Sergeant Wyman 
 of Woburn had sold Silas Ryal, and that the sd Silas Royal was seen 
 in a wagon with irons on his hands between Cambridge and Waltham, 
 the sd Royal crying for help, as was supposed ; But the wagon being 
 drove fast, were not able to make any pursuit. Upon this intelligence 
 we set out in order to rescue the sd Royal, if possible, from being sent 
 forth as a slave, supposing this to be the Intent <>{ the Purchaser." 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 In the courts the cause of Silas Royal did not at first run just as the 
 X'arnunis wanted; hut finally matters were adjusted and the delighted 
 Ijlack man was restored to his f'ld friends. He lived on as a servant 
 in the Varnum household until after the General's death in 1821, and 
 when he passed away he was buried, at his own request in a corner 
 of the Varnum cemetery beside a grave that was reputed to be that of 
 an Indian. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 Beginnings of Industrial Lowell. 
 
 The transition of industry from a basis of handicrafts to one of 
 numufacturing. of social life and customs, from a rural status to 
 one of increasing urlianity and cosmopolitanism, began, as for the 
 Lowell district of Northeastern Massachusetts, in the period that ex- 
 tended from the end of the Revolutionary War to 1822. Events in 
 these forty years did net. indeed, nio\e so rapidly as might have 
 theoretically been ex])ected toward an industrialism which was 
 already established in England and which was more or less generally 
 foreseen as impending in the United States. One is struck in going 
 over local records of the first decades of the new Republic with the 
 persistence of habits of working and living which were fixed long 
 before the separatiim from England. Politically, of course, man's 
 ways of thinking underwent a change, but otherwise people were 
 inclined to cling to ancient usages and devices for feeding and cloth- 
 ing the family. In the third decade of the nineteenth century, new 
 ideas, new people, came crowding to the villages and farms about the 
 falls of the two rivers. Up to that time East Chelmsford and the 
 communities over the river wer^r only a little more urban than they 
 had been for nearly a century before the Peace of Utrecht. 
 
 Building of canals, nevertheless, development of water powers 
 and starting of manufacturing enterprises more ambitious than the 
 very simple woolen mills, saw mills and grist mills of the eighteenth 
 century were signs of an era that was approaching. The cutting of 
 the Pawtucket canal helped to draw public attention to the power 
 that ran to waste over Pawtucket Falls. The inauguration of the 
 Locks and Canals Company furnished for the first time a definite 
 incentive to improve the river for purposes of manufacturing and 
 navigation. The building of the Middlesex canal brought the district 
 into closer connection than before with Boston, and its suburbs, 
 whence, ultimately, came much of the capital and other help required 
 for creating the first American factory city. 
 
 The stable, civilized and generally prosperous condition of the 
 communities in question (except that they shared the universal dis- 
 tress which immediately followed the Revolution, and which to a less 
 extent was felt before and during the War of 1812) may reasonably 
 be emphasized. 
 
 \ tradition to the effect that the neighborhood of Pawtucket 
 Falls, prior to the coming of capitalists from the coast, was one in- 
 habited solely by uncouth rustics is persistent. A characteristic mis- 
 
yC) HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 i-tatement of facts, which should be easily ascertainable, is one in John 
 Bach JMcMaster's "History of the American People" (vol. i, p. 6i): 
 "When, in 1820, the fourth census was taken the C(.juntry arijund 
 Lowell was a wilderness where sportsmen shot game. The splendid 
 falls whicli furnish power to innumerable looms were all unused, and 
 the two Inmdred needy beings who composed the whole population of 
 the town found their sole support in the sturgeon and alewives taken 
 from the waters of the Concord and Merrimack." Actually, as has 
 been seen, the Dracut communities, which are now wards of the city 
 of Lowell, belonged to one of the most prosperous and vigorous towns 
 of the Commonwealth, one with a life of its own that would compare 
 favorably with any American community of to-day whose interests 
 are mainly agricultural. The Neck, or East Chelmsford, by reason of 
 its distance from Chelmsford Centre, was less of a communal entity 
 than was the present Pawtucket\ ille, but its people were of the same 
 enterprising and successful sort. Inferior persons and families there 
 were, as everywhere, city or country ; but the record of wills probated 
 and the domestic furnishings which are still preserved by descendants 
 entirely refute such a notion of universal poverty as might be gained 
 from Professor McMaster's characterization. The fisheries to which 
 Mr. McMaster refers were of some importance, but any pripulation 
 which should have depended u]ii.n them for sole support would have 
 been needy, indeed. 
 
 That which was about to iKqipen was, to some extent, foreseen in 
 the district. One certainly of tlmse who had prescience o'f the forth- 
 coming industrial development was Squire Varnum, whose opinions 
 and deeds have been freely quoted in the preceding chapter, and with 
 whom leave must now be taken. In his will, executed shortly after 
 his death in 17S3, is found this clause: "Whereas I have in this Will, 
 Given all mv Rights of Fishing, wharfing, staging, Building of Mills, 
 Dams &c. at ye Petucket Falls, and near the same, to my said three 
 sons in Ecjual proportions, and as the same may hereafter be of some 
 Importance for Mills, I direct that if either of them or their Heirs or 
 anv of them shall desire to build thereon, and the others Interested 
 shall Neglect to Joyne therein, those that are Desirous may build 
 thereon without Let or hindrance from their Decling Brethren." 
 
 Whatever premonitions of future commercial and industrial activ- 
 ity men like John Varnum may have had, nothing revolutionary took 
 place at once in the life of the settlements about the falls. 
 
 Much of the personal attitude and feeling of this time is reflected 
 in reminiscences of the Hildreths, whose chief holdings, as has been 
 seen, were on the Dracut side of the river below the mouth of Beaver 
 brook, occupying a large part of CentraKille north of Bridge street. 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 97 
 
 Lieutenant Israel Hildreth — Preeminent in many respects among 
 the pre-Lowell Hildreths was Lieutenant Israel Hildreth ( i755-i<^39), 
 whom General Reade has most graphically characterized. Assessor, 
 appraiser, agent to Boston, banker, bondsman, meeting house builder, 
 fish ward, fence viewer, keeper of the town paupers and l:)oarder of 
 school dames, overseer of the poor and ordination committee man, 
 road commissioner, referee in disputes concerning bounds and fences, 
 sealer of weights and measures, school committeeman, selectman, land 
 surveyor, town treasurer, town clerk and tithingman — these are some 
 of the local offices which he is shown by the town records to have 
 held. He had besides, a taste of military experience and his service 
 aboard a privateer in the Revoliilion was not without episodes. He 
 lived in a part of Dracut that was afterward annexed to Lowell and 
 during his long life time he saw the little villages about the falls in 
 process of being overlaid with a thriving city. Much of a conserva- 
 tive he appears to have been, least as regards changes in the life of 
 the neighborhood which the ad\ent of capitalists from Boston was 
 eflfecting. He led the resistance of Dracut to encroachments upon 
 ancient fishing privileges and he otherwise was an opponent of the 
 policies of the Locks and Canals Company. 
 
 General Reade's account of Israel Hildreth indicates that he was 
 one of those exceptionally strong and complex characters who found 
 conditions favorable in the first days of the Republic. He must have 
 created an impression of awe among his intimates, for even the mem- 
 bers of his family habitually addressed him as "sir," and when he 
 entered a room all chattering or merriment ceased. His goodness of 
 heart at the same time was universally recognized, and all beggars or 
 other persons in need of help were sent to Lieutenant Hildreth. Often 
 several beds in the back part of the Hildreth mansion were occupied 
 by homeless wanderers whom no one else would have sheltered. His 
 means were large for the time, and he was known as a liberal sub- 
 scriber to many good causes. In person the Lieutenant was stately 
 and dignified, scrupulously neat in his attire and. unlike most men of 
 his period, never addicted to tobacco. He had black hair which he 
 wore braided into a cue and tied behind with a l)lack ril)bon. He 
 attended church at Dracut Centre. If on any account the sermon did 
 not please him he was liable to leave abruptly, banging the door as he 
 went out. In politics he spurned dictation, especially that of his 
 down-river neighbor. General Joseph Bradley Varnum. who once tact- 
 lessly said to him while both were serving in the Legislature : "Israel, 
 of course you will \ote as I do." 
 
 Lowell's First Titled Resident — Intimate glimpses of the quality 
 of the social life of the neighborhood directly after the Revolution are 
 similarlv afforded by the story, which Mrs. Gritifin has most graphically 
 
 L-7 
 
(jS HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tuld, of a distinguislied alien who came to spend the remaining years 
 of his life in the older part of Draciit. Colonel Marie Louis Amand 
 Ansart de Marasquelles, son of a French marquis and nephew of the 
 celebrated Marquis Montalambert. or Colonel Ansart, as he was demo- 
 cratically known after he became a resident of this country, was one 
 of the conspicuous residents of the Merrimack valley for a number of 
 years. He had come from France to help the revolutionists in 1776. 
 Because of his special knowledge of artillery, he was made colonel of 
 artillery and inspector-general of the foundries of Massachusetts, an 
 office which he held throughout the Revolutionary \\'ar. Not caring 
 to return to France he was naturalized in the courts of Massachusetts. 
 He chose a home in Dracut through his friendship, as it is supposed, 
 with General James AL Varnum. He bought the farm on Varnum ave- 
 nue known as "The Ministree," which had been occupied by Rev. 
 Thomas Parker and there he lived down to his death in 1804. As a 
 resident of the community at Pawtucket Falls, Colonel Ansart took a 
 live interest in local happenings, and his name appears frequently in 
 the records. He kept servants, both white and black, including a 
 French cook. His sulky, to which a fine span of horses was hitched, 
 is said by Mrs. Griffin to have been the first vehicle of its kind in 
 Dracut. There seems to be reason for believing that Colonel Ansart 
 spent more than his income. After his death, at all events, Mrs. 
 .■\nsart, in 1804, petitioned Congress for a pension, setting forth her 
 late husband's services and the straitened circumstances in which he 
 left his family. This petition was referred to a committee, but no 
 action was taken until RLirch 17, 1806, when the widow was given 
 leave to withdraw. After Mrs. .\nsart's death in January. 1840, a 
 pension was granted the children. 
 
 Colonel Ansart's long-lived sons, it may be added, are well re- 
 membered by people of Lowell and Dracut who in 1918 are not be- 
 yond middle age. Their residerice in the homestead on A'arnum ave- 
 nue in the seventies and eighties gave to many a sense of nearness to 
 the revolutionary struggle. Concerning the later survivor of these 
 "Sons of the American Revolution," the "Evening Star" published an 
 obituary on November 18, 1892, which contains interesting and valu- 
 able data as follows : 
 
 Abel Ansart, an old citizen of Lowell, died of pneumonia recently 
 at the residence of his son, George Ansart, at Londonderry, N. H., 
 with whom he had resided for a number of years past, at the advanced 
 age of 94 years, i inonth and nine days. Mr. Ansart was born in 
 Dracut on what is now called Varnum Avenue, and was a son of 
 Louis -Ansart, an officer in the Revolutionary war, who came from 
 France in 1776, and was employed by our government in casting can- 
 non, and appointed inspector general of the foundries. Col. Ansart 
 was an educated Frenchman. Some time after the death of Col. 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 99 
 
 Ansart Abel, the third son. went to live with Daniel Webster, with 
 whom he lived for many years. He became a great favorite with Mr. 
 Webster, and the writer has frequently heard him relate incidents in 
 connection with his experiences in the Webster family. After he 
 had returned to Dracut to live the great statesman would sometimes 
 send for him to go on hunting and fishing excursions with him. Two 
 of the sons of Col. Ansart remained in Dracut, viz. Atis, who died 
 April 18, 1888, at the age of 91 years, and Abel, the subject of this 
 sketch. They became residents of Lowell by the annexation of the 
 territory where they lived in 1874. 
 
 Belated recognition of the importance of this first titled resident 
 of Lowell came about in recent _\ ears. For a long time a simple head- 
 stone in the Woodbine cemetery occasionally caught the eye of the 
 curious. Mrs. Griffin's account of Colonel Ansart's career, in her book 
 on old Lowell houses, brought to light many forgotten details. The 
 Dracut Library, since February 22, 1906, has had a portrait of him, 
 believed to be authentic. This work was given at a meeting of the 
 historical committee of the Molly Varnum Chapter, Daughters of the 
 American Revolution, of Lowell, Silas R. Coburn receiving the picture 
 and making a response in behalf of the library trustees. Under the 
 portrait is an inscription : "Marie Louis Ansart de Marasquelles, colo- 
 nel of artillery, inspector general of Massachusetts foundries in the 
 War of the American Revolution; naturalized in 1793 by the name of 
 Louis Ansart; born in France in 1742, died in Dracut in 1804.'' 
 
 The Crushing of Shays' Rebellion — The political and military 
 histor\- of the Lowell district in the last years of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury and the first decades of the nineteenth is hardly to be told, con- 
 nectedly. 
 
 Since Shays' rebellion of 17S6-87 in Western Massachusetts was 
 directly responsible for a concerted movement toward a more stable 
 National government and a National constitution, the participation of 
 Dracut and Chelmsford men in it has some special interest. After 
 the Revolution, as is well known, the economic conditions of most 
 American communities were deplorable in the extreme. The poorer 
 classes of society, in particular, were hard pressed. Money was scarce. 
 Farmers and others were very generally reduced to the expedient of 
 barter. Thousands signed pledges to resist any court that attempted 
 to take their property and to resist the public sale of goods that had 
 been taken to pay debts. Those circumstances led to the revolt of 
 many representatives of the debter class under Daniel Shays, a former 
 soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 \\'ithout entering into discussion of the real story of Shays' rebel- 
 lion, which others who follow the economic interpretation of his- 
 tory have told convincingly, it should be chronicled that one of the 
 leaders in suppressing the revolt was attended by a following of Var- 
 
lOO HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 nums, Coburns, Parkers, I'ierces, Hildreths, Tylers and representa- 
 tives of other families of the farms about the falls. The foremost 
 military and political figure oi northern Middlesex county, Joseph 
 Bradley Varnum, (.)f Dracut, in the winter of 1786-87, left the Senate 
 chamber and marched with his company to aid General Benjamin Lin- 
 coln in quelling the rebellion. While the cam])aign was short and 
 bloodless the service was severe on account of the bitter weather. 
 The Varnum autobiography contains a succinct account of the night 
 march uf thirty-three miles to Betersham through the cnuiching snow 
 without a mouthful of food, an exploit which virtually spoiled Shays' 
 chances of success. In the midst of the excitement General Lincoln 
 found himself in need of funds with which Ui jiay the troops. He sent 
 Captain \'arnum t(j Boston. The efficient officer covered a journey 
 (if three hundred and twenty miles in three davs and one-half, and 
 thereby won a special letter <if apjiroval from the commander. 
 
 The intense feeling against the lower orders of society that was 
 aroused throughout Massachusetts by Shays' rebellion was notably 
 strong in the territory fmni which Joseph B>radley Varnum was thus 
 summoned to render effective aid. Being then State Senator, General 
 William Hiidreth wrote out an oath of allegiance under date of March 
 4, 1787, which was signed by many of the neighbors. "The signers," 
 writes General Reade, "were sworn before a justice of the peace and 
 their affirmation of principle and patriotism deserves to l>e honored by 
 all Americans." The wording of this oath, which is cjuite representa- 
 tive of the literary style of the late eighteenth century in North 
 America, is as follows : 
 
 We, the subscribers, do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, 
 testify and declare that the commonwealth of Massachusetts is and of 
 right ought to be, a free, sovereign and independent state ; and I do 
 swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the said common- 
 wealth and that 1 will defend the same against traitorous conspiracies 
 and all hostile attempts whatsoever, and that I da renounce and abjure 
 all allegiance, subjection and obediance to the King, Queen or govern- 
 ment of Great Britain (as the case may be), and every other foreign 
 power whatsoever ; and that no foreign Prince, Prelate, State or 
 Potentate hath, or ought to have, any jurisdiction, supremacy, promi- 
 nence, authority, dispensing or other power which is or may be vested 
 by their constituents in the Congress of the L^nited States. 
 
 And I do further testify and declare that no man, or body of men, 
 hath or can have any right to absoh'e or discharge me from the obli- 
 gation of this oath, declaration or affirmation, and that I do make this 
 acknowledgment, declaration, denial, renunciation and abjuration 
 heartily and truly according to the common meaning and acceptation 
 of the foregoing words without any equivocation, mental evasion or 
 secret reservation whatsoever. So help me God. 
 
INDUSTRIAL Bl^GlXNIX'GS loi 
 
 The first signers of this oath of allegiance were J. B. \'arnum, 
 \\illiam Hildreth, Thomas Hovey, Israel Hildreth, Parker \'arnuni, 
 Joseph \arnuni. Bradley Varnum. Joseph Varnum. James Varnum, 
 Peter Parker, Stephen Russell. Josiah Hildreth, George Stevens, 
 Thomas Colnirn, James Harvey, Richard Hall and Samuel Barron. 
 
 Another local incident which illustrates the feelings started by 
 the Shays' disturbances concerns the ever loyal Molly Varnum. "Dur- 
 ing this winter's campaign," writes General \'arnum. in his autdbiog- 
 raphy, "Mrs. Varnum was annoyed by a number of those friendly to 
 the insurrection and insulted in a nio.st menaced manner, but that 
 heroic zeal and undeviating patriotism which was her uniform char- 
 acteristic during the Revolutionary War enabled her promptly to repel 
 their insinuations and menaces in a manner which compelled them to 
 retire with apparent shame and confusion of face." 
 
 An order on the town of Dracut dated in January, 1787, gives an 
 indication of the method of financing the campaign against Shays. It 
 is in the following phraseology: 
 
 To Mr. Joseph \'arnum, Treasurer uf the Town of Dracut or Suc- 
 cessor in sd. office pay to us the subscribers Selectmen of Dracut four 
 pounds sixteen shillings which said sum the Selectmen paid to the 
 Soldiers of Dracut when they marchd. towards Worcester for the 
 Defence of this Commonwealth also twelve shillings to deliver to Mr. 
 Kindel Parker Junr. for expenses for man and horses carrying Provi- 
 sions t(i the .\rmy. Thom.\s Hovey, 
 
 I SKA EL HiLDKETH. 
 
 Dracut Jan. ye 2^, 1787. Selectmen of Dracut. 
 
 A Contested Election — The district of which Chelmsford, Dracut 
 and Tewksbury were a part in 1795 elected to membership in the 
 Fourth National Congress, General Varnum, who was an anti-Fed- 
 eralist. .\n evidence of the [lolitical animosities of the time occurred 
 when this election was promptly challenged by some of the successful 
 candidates' adversaries on the ground that, acting as selectman of 
 Dracut, he had allowed certain votes to be received and counted, 
 although those who cast them were ineligible to vote. A committee 
 of Congress was appointed to look into the legality of Mr. \'arnum's 
 election. Their report was to the effect that the "people of Dracutt 
 were so satisfied as to gi\e no informaticMi on the suljject : and that 
 the universal respect for Mr. Varnum where he lived contradicted the 
 old proverb that 'a projihet is not without honor save in his own coun- 
 try'." The report was a comj^lete vindication, since "no one of the 
 plaintiffs or their agents had appeared to prosecute the complaint ; 
 that the sitting member had evidence that the election in the town of 
 Dracut (the unfairness of which had been complained of) was con- 
 ducted with justice and propriety, and though there had been some 
 
102 HISTORY OF L0\VP:LL 
 
 irregularities committed in other ])laces, they mostly owing to the 
 misconduct of the petitioners, and that the conduct of the sitting mem- 
 ber has been fair and h(.)norable thrnughout the wliole transaction." 
 The Congressional district, of which Lowell was soon to be the chief 
 citv centre of po]iulation, tO(jk p'ride in the rapid rise of this son of 
 Dracut to a commanding place in the Nation and he never lacked 
 local support in the elections which returned him to several subse- 
 quent Congresses. 
 
 The fervor and rancor of American pulitics in the first four or five 
 administrations has impressed more than one student of our history , 
 and the corner of Massachusetts under survey was typically American 
 in this as in other regards. 
 
 Politically as well as in social aspects there appears to have been 
 considerable difference between Chelmsford and Dracut in the first 
 years of the Reptiblic. ']"he community south of the Merrimack was 
 inclined toward Federalism ; in the precincts beyond Pawtucket Falls 
 the personal influence of the Varnums was perhaps not the only factor 
 in keeping the electorate strongly dennicratic. 
 
 A characteristic election was that of 1809, when the anti-Federal- 
 ists in opposition to Christopher Gore nominated for the Governorship, 
 Levi Lincoln- for Lieutenant-Governor, Joseph Bradley Varnum. The 
 Federalists, as was expected, carried the State. The votes of the two 
 towns in cjuestion was : 
 
 Gore. Lincoln. 
 
 Chelmsford 95 loy 
 
 Dracut 23 171 
 
 In the midst of the high feeling created by the opposition of Mas- 
 sachtisetts Federalists to the second war with Great Piritain the Re- 
 publicans on a platform favoring vigorous prosecution of the war 
 nominated General Varnum for Governor and William King for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor. The intrenched candidate for reelection was Caleb 
 Strong. The campaign was an active one in which the State rang with 
 such doggerel as "A Republican Song" with a \'arnum and King 
 chorus of which the first and last stanzas are possibly enough to 
 quote : 
 
 Election approaches ! ye Freemen attend 
 And take the advice of a plain-hearted friend. 
 If you're faithful in duty I'll venture to sing 
 Vou are sure of the triumph of Varnum and King. 
 
 ^ :|^ -t: * * =7: 
 
 Then lie active and linn, ye Republican souls, 
 .And let nothing keep you away from the polls. 
 For Honor and Truth and Liberty sing 
 Huzza for America, \ arnum and King. 
 
 Despite the personal respect in which the candidate from Dracut 
 was held, he failed to be elected, and Massachusetts was left in the 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 103 
 
 position of the leadintj defeatist Commonwealth. The vote of April 
 5, 1813, in the towns of the Lowell district was as follows: 
 
 \'arniim. Strong. 
 
 Dracut 148 61 
 
 Chelmsford q3 151 
 
 Teuksbiiry 100 57 
 
 War of 1812 — Defective as the records of the War of 1812 are, it 
 is evident that the militia of Chelmsford, Dracut and Tewksbury stood 
 ready for service just as the minute-men of 1775 had been prepared. 
 
 When general orders were issued to the State Guard on July 3. 
 1812, two of the three commanding officers of the Southern Division 
 were Dracut men. the orders being received by Major-General Joseph 
 B. Varnum and Brigadier-Generals Ebenezer Lothrop and William 
 Hildreth. 
 
 The hostility of Boston and the other coast towns to the war was 
 such that the early preparations for possible invasion appear to have 
 been much of a farce. Governor Strong mounted a few cannon nn 
 Boston Common in a position of so evident uselessness that they 
 were made the subject of sarcastic jest by his political o])ponents. It 
 was not imtil after the capture of Washington in the summer oi 1S14 
 that the Commonwealth became aroused to the need of equipment 
 against possible and probable assault. On September 6, of that year 
 came orders from Adjutant-General J. Brooks for "the whole of the 
 militia to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's notice." 
 Pursuant to the spirit of these orders a con\ention of citizens of Mid- 
 dlesex count}' met at Concord with Hon. .\mos Bond as chairman. 
 Dracut was represented in the committee on resolutions by Brigadier- 
 General Simon Coburn. General \'arnum's son-in-law, whose asso- 
 ciates were the Hon. William Lustis, Hon. Samuel Dana. Mr. Bond, 
 Dr. Thomas Whitcomb, Colonel Enoch Wiswall and Colonel John 
 Chandler. The resoltitions called for immediate prei^aration of the 
 forces asked for bv the Governor, for their proper ecjuipnient by the 
 selectmen of their resjjective towns and other measures of preparation. 
 In the fortification of Fort Strong that followed some of the Middle- 
 sex companies were used, but the towns in the Lowell territory 
 seem not to have been represented. The district on the whole can 
 hardly be said to have participated extensively in the second war with 
 England, but that circumstance was due jirimarily to the attitude of 
 leading families at Boston and other commercial centres of New Eng- 
 land. General \'arnum, who was a vigorous supporter of Madison's 
 administration and of an aggressive military policy, was President of 
 the United States Senate in iXi.Vi4. 
 
 Forty Years of Industrial Expansion — .\ gradual di\ersitication 
 of the vocational activities of the ])eople about Pawtucket Falls may 
 
104 IIISTORV OK LOWKLL 
 
 be traced during tlie jjei-iiid nf aljuut turty years in which the contests 
 between Federalists and Repubhcans stood for a genuine uppusition 
 of interests between shore towns of New England and tlu- unde- 
 veloped hinterland. 
 
 "l>v common c(jnsent," writes Weeden in his "Economic and 
 Social llistiir\- of Xew l-'.ngland." "the year 1783 has been made an 
 e])(.)cli in industrial deitelo]imcnt." In that year the political independ- 
 ence of the United States was definitely guaranteed ; there were not 
 wanting tho>e of the dominant social classes who already forsaw the 
 economic in(le])en(Ience of the c<jntinent. "By the American war and 
 the ])olitical and industrial conii)lications in India," sa^'S Thorpe in 
 "A History of the American People," "the British navigation system 
 recei\ed a fatal blow. N'o longir could England locate or monopolize 
 the markets of the world and dictate the terms of trade. * * * W iili 
 freedom came newness of industrial life. The United States became 
 the f.ne neutral nation of the cixilized portion of tlie globe, and this 
 uni(|Ue position li;id a remarkable and favorable effect upon her popu- 
 lation. The winning of .\nierican independence was the stimulus to 
 the industrial action of the modern world." 
 
 The necessity of rapidly accpiiring new and more efficient means 
 <if wealth production was enforced by the linancial condition in which 
 most conimmiities foiuid themselves at the close of the long struggle. 
 "It is not too much to say," writes John Fiske in "The Critical Period 
 of American History," "that the period of h\e years following the peace 
 of 17S3 was the most critical moment in all the history of the Ameri- 
 can people. rile war, like all w.ars," states James Oneal. "left the 
 
 country dexastated and impo\crished, and the distress was frightful 
 in all the states. In W-rmont one-half the community was totally 
 banki'tipt; the other half was plunged in the depths of poxertv. The 
 year which had elapsed since the affair at Yorktown had not brought 
 all the blessings that h;i(l been fcjretold. .\ large part of the countrv 
 had been laid waste; commerce was all Init suspended and Great 
 llrit;iin still m;iint,-iined the policy of commercial antagonism toward 
 her late colonies." To (|uote again from Thorpe: "Had iiiflnstrial 
 |)rosperity been allowed the colonists the l\.e\olutionarv War would 
 doubtless ha\-e long been delayed. b^erhaps it might not have 
 occurred. It was the relentless and irresistible pressure of economic 
 necessity that precipitated the war. Whatever the aspects of the 
 eighteenth century literature, it .all signifies that the war began as an 
 industri.il struggle, was wagetl to the end as an industrial struggle, 
 .and lelt liehind it gra\c- economic |)rol)lems, m.any of which are not 
 yet settled." 
 
 Th.at which is most significant in the story of Lowell is that this 
 community ])resents intensively .all the familiar phases of the trans- 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGINNINGS 105 
 
 formance of an agricultural c luiitryside into a modern industrial cen- 
 tre. Mnougli occurred between 17S3 and 1822 to indicate how inevita- 
 ble such an evolution would be, whatever the i)articular form it might 
 take at the falls of the Merrimack. 
 
 'i'he sudden ui>growth of interest in transportation and manufac- 
 turing which was one of the phenomena of the post-Revolutionary era, 
 and which was soon felt in the communities at East Chelmsford and 
 West Dracut. resulted, in brief, from causes that are quite apparent. 
 Prior to the war the strip of seaboard from Maine to Florida had been 
 regarded b}- the ruling classes of England as one of their prime oppor- 
 tunities fur profitable inx'estment. Restrictions of every conceivable 
 kind had been ])laced on colonial enterprise. Parliament in 1750 pro- 
 hibited the colonials from erecting mills or apparatus designed to slit 
 or roll iron, to do plating or to make steel. No hatter might employ 
 more than two apprentices — an obvious plan of preventing the de- 
 velopment of hat factories. Hrts or woolens made in one colony 
 might not be sold in another colony. Despite the considerable smug- 
 gling of locally made articles there was, therefore, relatively small 
 incentive to engage on manufacturing on any large scale. 
 
 This oppression from overseas naturally often overreached itself. 
 "The acts restricting commerce and manufacture," says Oneal, "were 
 aimed, as we have seen by the British ruling class against the colonial 
 rtiling class. Tliis was sufficient to arouse the resentment of the lat- 
 ter and drive most of them to revolt. But our colonial manufacturers 
 were also aware of the great advantages which their British brethren 
 possessed in the new machinery that Arkwright and others were in- 
 venting across the sea. Machines for carding and spinning were fast 
 displacing the old hand processes in tnaking cloth. * * * To guard 
 this advantage the British parliament passed acts prohibiting the ex- 
 portation of machines, plans or models of machines or any tools used 
 in cotton or linen manufacture, under penalty of 200 ptiunds. Even 
 the possession of them for export rendered the offender liable to 
 arrest.'' 
 
 Nearly forty years ela])sed before the full apparatus of the factory 
 system, as evolved in Great Britain, was available for setting tip at 
 Lowell ; I:)ut in the meantime a work nf i)re])aration toward this out- 
 come was visibly going forward. 
 
 The Era of Highway Making and Canal Building — Imi)rovemcnt 
 of transportation facilities was one of the subjects that first occupied 
 the attention of enterprising men at the end of the eighteenth century. 
 
 In a countryside like that of Eastern Massachusetts, with its large 
 population more evenly spread over the farms, less congested into 
 towns than it now is, the problem of distributing commodities not 
 unnaturally seemed to be of paramount concern. Until, indeed, the 
 
io6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 motor car once more gave the open highway a renewed imjjortance, 
 New England roads, and incidentally roadside taverns, were never so 
 busy as in the da"\'s just prior to the introduction of steam na\'igation 
 and the steam railway. 
 
 Across the corner of Lowell th;it lies lietwcen North Billerica and 
 Middlesex \'illage passed in thi first years of the nineteenth century 
 an almost continuous procession of huge wains called "baggage 
 wagons." These were part of a regular transijortation system cover- 
 ing Central New Hampshire, and the valley of the Upper Connecticut. 
 Each wagon was covered with a canvas top and the goods were 
 securely protected by tarpaulins. In winter the wains were replaced 
 In' tw(_) horse sleighs. These vehicles brought butter, cheese, apple 
 sauce, dried apj)les, dressed hogs, maple sugar and other farm products 
 to Boston and returned with salt fish, groceries, dry goods and much 
 Medford rum. 
 
 The old tavern, still standing in 1918 in Middlesex Village, was 
 long a favorite hostelry of the drivers in this service. It was only one 
 of almost innumerable places 01 refreshments between Boston and the 
 outlying settlements of Northern New England. The prices which 
 teamsters jiaid for entertainment at such houses as this one seem rea- 
 sonable as judged by modern standards. In 1814, according to J. B. 
 French's recollections, lodging at taverns in Chelmsford cost six or 
 eight cents, the former rate prevailing if two shared a l)ed. Meals 
 were twehe and a half cents each. "It was not an tmcommon occur- 
 rence," remarks Mr. French, "when the teamsters were seated around 
 a good fire in the evening, fur the landlord to bring in and treat to 
 what cider the C(impan\- might want; and sometimes when competi- 
 tion ran jiretty high for this kind of travel, a glass of 'sling' or 'bitters' 
 was thrown in on settlement in the morning." 
 
 Even after the Middlesex canal was built, much (if the traffic be- 
 tween East Chelmsford and Boston continued to go oxer the high- 
 ways. "Teaming from what is now Lowell and the adjoining towns," 
 wrote Mr. French, in 1S74, "was done by ox teams almost entirely, 
 biith summer and winter, in going to market, which was either Boston 
 or Salem. Teams usually started frtim home the forepart of the day, 
 carrying their uwn proxision fur man and lieast, traveling all day and 
 such ]iart of the night as to enable them to reach market early the next 
 morning, and disposing of their load that forennon. would start for 
 h(jme in the afternoon, reaching hunie the third dav or night in the 
 afternoon or evening, as a general rule without much rest or sleep 
 except such as they were able t'l get while their teams were feeding." 
 
 llnw uneci moniical this mude of trans])ortation was can readily be 
 underst(.i(id. It kept a large body of otherwise productive workers on 
 the TiYdd. it prex'cnted use of oxen and horses in farm work. It was 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 107 
 
 liable to interruption in "mud time." The heavy teaming entailed 
 great expenses upon the towns for maintenance and repair of roads. 
 That favorable conditions for this large volume of teaming were 
 kept up is proof of essential Yankee enterprise and conscientiousness. 
 The office of road surveyor was entrusted to an energetic and careful 
 man. Typical of the scrupulousness with which the highways were 
 maintained are entries in the Dracut records regarding the repairing 
 of what is now the main rciad between the cities of Lowell and Law- 
 rence, and which then connected the communities at the falls with 
 Methuen and Haverhill. In 1800 Jonathan Parker, serving as "Sur- 
 veyor of Highways and Townways in the Town of Dracutt," was in- 
 structed "To mend and repair" the road beginning at the school house 
 near the Prescott Varnum place as far as the Methuen line, and he 
 was commissioned "to alow one dollar per day for a man working at 
 said way and fifty-six cents for a yoke of oxen at said way until the 
 first day of August and after that fifty cents for a man per day and 
 thirtv-three cents per day for a yoke of oxen and twenty-five cents per 
 day for a cart when used." This order was signed by Thomas Hovey, 
 Timothy Barker, Jr., and Solomon Osgood, Jr., assessors of Dracut. 
 Similar entries might doubtless be drawn from the Chelmsford and 
 Tewksbury records. 
 
 The Original Pawtucket Bridge — Building and maintenance of 
 bridges likewise assumed much consequence in the decades when 
 trade expansion was primarily effected by extensions of good roads. 
 
 The story of the first bridge over the Merrimack at Lowell, at the 
 location now occupied by the sightly Pawtucket Bridge of reinforced 
 concrete, is closely connected with the development of a trade route 
 over Mammoth road to Derry, Londonderry, Chester and other in- 
 terior towns of Southern New Hampshire. The economic and social 
 effects of this undertaking supjilanting the tedious and unreliable 
 Clark's Ferry at Middlesex, and Bradley's Ferry at Centralville, were 
 such that the details may properly be set forth with some amplitude, 
 and the narrative carried down into years succeeding the incorpora- 
 tion of the town of Lowell. 
 
 In this building of the predecessor of Pawtucket bridge, Lowell 
 claims a certain priority among the towns of the Merrimack valley. It 
 was the first to span the river in Massachusetts. Twenty-one days be- 
 fore the Essex bridge at Newburyport was opened for traffic, which 
 occurred on November 26, 1792, passage, free of tolls for twenty-four 
 hours, was admitted to the Middlesex Merrimack river bridge, regu- 
 larly incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts. This was thus a 
 pioneer installation of its kind. Already in preparation for the event, 
 the Mammoth road — its grandiloquent name delightfullv expressive 
 
io8 HISTORY OF LOWF.LL 
 
 of the spirit of its age — had been hiid cmt throtit;!] Draciit intn the 
 New Hampshire towns to the north. 
 
 The Middlesex bridge i)roprietorship, in the organization of which 
 Parker Varnum, son of Squire John Varnum, was the leading figure, 
 was formed in February, 1792, under the style of the "Middlesex River 
 Bridge ,Cori)oration." The plan was duly approved by Governor John 
 Hancock. At a meeting of stockholders held at the house of Joel 
 Spalding in luast Chelmsford, now the home of the Molly \'arnum 
 Chapter of the Daughters of the .\merican Revolution, Colonel 
 Loammi Baldwin, of Wdburn, was elected president, Parker \'arnum 
 clerk and Colonel James X'arnum treasurer. 
 
 The bridge jjlanned at this meeting was entirely of wood. Work 
 was begun on the structure in June, 1792. 
 
 To hurry operations forward the president was instructed l.iy the 
 directcirs to buy at Boston two barrels of New England rum and every 
 laborer was allowed half a pint a day "when called for by the master 
 worker." This purchase may have looked like favoritism toward the 
 workers, for a little later the [)resident was instructed to obtain a 
 barrel of West Indi.a rum for use of the proprietors. Jocular intent, 
 it may be, was inherent in a miiuite to the effect that directors absent 
 from regular meetings must pa_\- "a fine sufficient to ]3ay for two mugs 
 of Hip or toddy." 
 
 The efforts of the carpenters, thus encouraged by generous pota- 
 tions, seem to have been redoubled, for the work was finished long 
 before cold weather came to make it arduous and disagreeable. On 
 the evening before the opening day a special supjx'r was pro\-ided for 
 sixty of the proprietors and laborers. The menu has not lieen pre- 
 served. It is a safe surmise that the viands were not unaccom]3anied 
 by flip and toddy. 
 
 Tolls were collected on the new bridge by Itbenezer Bridge, of 
 honored Chelmsford name. In the first three months the receipts 
 were £18, 14s. 8^'jd. An inuuediate effect was greatly to increase the 
 importance of the community at West Dracut, and, as will be shown 
 in the subsetjuent account of the Pawtucketville church, to bring the 
 residents of the Pawtucket street and Wannalancet Hill district of 
 Lowell into close parochial relations with the church over the river. 
 
 The record book, still in existence, of the proprietors of Middle- 
 sex Merrimack bridge is one of the invaluable source books for the 
 years between 1792 and the incorporation of the new town of Lowell. 
 Among several interesting circumstances which it reveals is some 
 evidence of a movement in 1813 toward setting off' a separate town to 
 include the eastern part of Chelmsford and the western part of Dracut. 
 This incorporation, which would have been more logical than the one 
 actuall)' occurring a few years later, would have corresponded sub- 
 
INDUSTRIAL BKGIXXIXGS 109 
 
 stantially with the limits of the present city, exclusive of Belvidere 
 and Centralville. It would, however, presumably have taken in a 
 larger section of Dracut than that which was later annexed under the 
 name of Pawtucketville. 
 
 The Washingtonian temperance movement is shown by the 
 bridge proprietors' JDook to have been still far in the future in the first 
 decade of the nineteenth century, for, in keeping with the conditions 
 of the original construction, the management continued to be liberal 
 in their supply of strong liquor for their workmen. The following 
 record is characteristic: "iiSoj. June 22. Being about to rebuild 
 with stone abutments, voted to have the treasurer procure rum by the 
 barrel and sugar by the quantity, and deal it out to the workmen." 
 That this favoring attitude toward products of the still was not 
 coupled with any hostility toward religion, of which the proprietors 
 may be assumed to have been staunch "professors," is indicated by a 
 vote passed a little later offering "free passage to all persons to anv 
 public meeting at the West Meeting-house in Dracut." It was, indeed, 
 a deacon of this church, of whom the story is told that being in Boston 
 to lobby for some privilege concerning the bridge, he was met by two 
 of his fellow proprietors in a bar room. "Well, deacon, what shall we 
 have to drink?" "I don't know as it will do for me to take anything," 
 was the cautious reply, "unless perhaps it be a leetle gin for my com- 
 plaint." The "complaint," of course, was generally believed to be 
 imaginary. 
 
 The bridge at the falls continued throughout the pre-Lowell 
 period to ofTer the only continuous highway to the farming districts 
 north of the river. The desirability of having a second bridge a 
 couple of miles further down river, to relieve inhabitants of eastern 
 Dracut from the tiresome detour around the Great Bunt, seems to 
 have been felt long before Central bridge was successfully projected. 
 The proprietors at Pawtucketville did not welcome competition, as 
 may be observed from this entry : "1823. Jan. 16. At a special meet- 
 ing voted to choose an agent to oppose in the Legislature the petition 
 of Edward St. Loe Livermore for a bridge over Merrimack River at 
 Hunt's Falls, so-called." 
 
 Year by year until long after Lowell was a thriving city, passen- 
 gers paid toll at Pawtucket bridge, and the proprietors counted on 
 receiving substantial dividends. The business methods under which 
 they operated would excite the ridicule of a modern accountant. "The 
 actual toll money," writes James S. Russell in his paper, "How Paw- 
 tucket Bridge Was Built," read before the Old Residents' Associa- 
 tion, August 4, 1887, "was emptied upon the table, counted and after 
 deducting the quarter's expense, the remainder was divided by sixty, 
 
no HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the number of shares. Each one present bagged his pile, and others 
 at their leisure obtained their portions by calHng upon the treasurer." 
 
 As an entcrjjrise the IniiUling and operation of the bridge was a 
 good investment. No special provision was made for depreciation and 
 obsolescence. When repairs or rebuilding became necessary the 
 shareholders were liable to assessment, but in only one year, in i8tS, 
 was it required that an assessment be paid in cash. Ordinarily a cer- 
 tain percentage of the annual dividend was withheld and called an 
 assessment. The original shares cost $125. They sold as high as 
 $300. The dividends, amounting in some years to as high as eighteen 
 dollars a share, averaged to net about twenty-four per cent, on the 
 first investment. The first cost of the bridge was $8,000. When, 
 finally, after enjoying very substantial returns for more than half a 
 century the proprietors were required to sell out in the interest of 
 progress they received Si.2,000 lor the physical property. 
 
 The early bridging of the Concord at North Billerica has been 
 descrilied. This relatively narrow stream ofTered no such obstacles 
 to the bridge iniilder as did the Merrimack. It should be noted that 
 the growth of a settlement on the east side of the Concord in what 
 was later called Belvidere was encouraged by the building of a bridge 
 in 1774 just north of the site of the present structure. This bridge, as 
 James Bavles has shown in one of the Old Residents' contributions 
 read by him in i8qi, must have been a flimsy structure, for it was 
 liio\\n down before it was fairly completed and another was started a 
 few rods further up stream on the site of the jiresent bridge. 
 
 Newburyport Enterprise at Pawtucket Falls — Lowell, as a city of 
 ]iicturesque canals and humming factories, is generally held to have 
 been a creation of Boston ca[)ital. It has sometimes been overlooked 
 by historians that the first elifort to canalize the river came not from 
 the Hub, but from the wealthy and aggressive town at the mouth of 
 the stream, from Newburyport. 
 
 Shortly after the declaration of peace in 1783 the merchants of 
 Newbury, as disclosed in a paper prepared in 1876 b)' the artist, T. B. 
 Lawson, of Lowell, began to consider ways and means of increasing 
 traffic with the interior. In winter they had good trade with the 
 towns of Southern and Central New Hampshire, and even with Ver- 
 mont, by means of sleds laden with "pork and produce." Much of 
 this traffic ceased with the advent of spring. Develo])ment of water- 
 ways was already much under consideration abroad. The same im- 
 pulse led Newburyport capitalists to send Nicholas Pike and Captain 
 Stephen Holland up river to make a survey of the possibilities of a 
 canal which should eliminate the navigation difficidties at Pawtucket 
 Falls. Out of this expedition grew the first considerable deflection of 
 the waters of the Merrimack for a commercial purpose. 
 
INDUSTRIAL BKGIXXIXGS ni 
 
 Arrived at the seat of Captain John Ford's milling operations, the 
 investigators from Newburyport discovered a natural depression ex- 
 tending from the south side of the Merrimack just above the falls to 
 the Concord river at no great distance from its confluence with the 
 larger stream. Out of their report grew a definite project for a canal 
 A charter for this enterprise was granted June 25, 1792. The directors 
 were: President, Hon. Jonathan Jackson; vice-president. Hon. Dud- 
 ley Tyng; treasurer, Joseph Cutler; Joseph Tyler, Nicholas Johnson, 
 John O'Brien, Joshua Carter and William Smith. 
 
 Plans were informally considered at a dinner in Davenport's 
 tavern on August 13, 1792, and then came a meeting at the house of 
 Joseph \'arnum in Dracut, at wliich the actual route was mapped out. 
 It was resolved "that a canal Ije cut at Pawtucket Falls on the side 
 of Chelmsford, beginning near the 'Great Landing Place," thence run- 
 ning to 'Lily Pond,' from there bj- 'Spear's Brook' to Concord River." 
 
 This was on August 23. On the 13th of September following, Mr. 
 Tj-ng was authorized to buy from Jonas Parkhurst the land through 
 which the canal would run and to pay therefor £100 lawful currency. 
 In March, 1793, the promoters signed a contract with Joseph Tyler to 
 dig the canal for £4,334 lawful, of which £ 1,000 was to be paid on or 
 before April 25, 1793. Pawtucket Falls were not the only rapids to be 
 considered, for on June 14 following it was resolved to ascertain how- 
 much money was needed to clear Hunt's Falls just below the junction 
 of the two rivers and Wickassee Falls at Tyng's Island. Operations at 
 the former spot may have been included in a resolve of Julv 2~, 1795. 
 to the purport "that Colonel James \'arnuni l)e authorized to employ 
 men, and to superintend operations below Pawtucket Falls, and to 
 expend all necessarj- sums not exceeding one thousand two hundred 
 dollars." 
 
 Canal building was not without its difiiculties, and, on January 25, 
 1796, Joseph Tyler having failed to complete the work as expected, it 
 was voted that "Thomas Marsh Clark of Newburyport, be, and hereljy 
 is, appointed superintendent of the operations to be performed at Paw- 
 tucket Falls the ensuing season, and that he be paid three dollars and 
 thirty-three and one-third cents per diem, for every day that he shall 
 be employed in the service of the proprietors, together with his board 
 and necessary travelling expenses. He is also authorized to employ 
 men, purchase tools, etc." 
 
 The new superintendent appears to have been a veritable Colonel 
 Goethals of his day, and on October i, 1796, the canal, with its four 
 locks was so nearly completed that the directors announced October 
 iS as the date of opening. A formal event was planned which, as the 
 Courier-Citizen history states, proved "somewhat unfortunate," for 
 "as the first barge carrying many notables was passing through the 
 
112 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 first lock, witnessed by hundreds of spectators, the sides of the lock 
 biu'st, and txiat notaldes, visiters and all, took a hath together. It was 
 remarkable that none was killed or seriously injured." 
 
 As the first of its kind in tlie New World the completion of this 
 canal was widely heralded thrcjughout the United States. A local 
 consequence of much moment was to inaugurate and perpetuate the 
 Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack river, under whose 
 auspices has occurred a great deal of the manufacturing development 
 of Lowell and other cities of the valley. 
 
 This canal, the first of Lowell's extensive system of waterways, 
 was not conceived of as a water power project. "The canal thus com- 
 pleted," wrote Mr. Lawson, "was successful in its main object of facili- 
 tating the transportation of ship timber, lumber and produce to New- 
 buryport and the mouth of the river, but paid small dividends, at long 
 intervals^ probably averaging less than four per cent, upon the total 
 outlay." 
 
 The organization which was formed under the style of "The Pro- 
 prietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River," after a petition 
 for incorporation signed by Dudley A. Tyng, William Coombs, Joseph 
 Tyler, Nicholas Johnson and Joshua Carter, was endowed with exten- 
 sive privileges, having the power to take land by eminent domain, to 
 levy tolls and fix rates in accordance with the following stipulations : 
 
 For passing the locks and canals at Wickasick and Patucket Falls, 
 to be received at Patucket, for every thousand feet of pine boards, two 
 shillings ; for every thousand feet of two and a half inch pine plank, 
 six shillings, and other pine plank in proportion thereto ; for every 
 cord of pine wood, eight pence ; for every cord of other wood, one shil- 
 ling; for every thousand feet of barrel staves, two shillings; for every 
 thousand of hogshead staves, three shillings and six pence ; for every 
 thousand of pipe staves, five shillings ; for every ton of oak timber, one 
 shilling and six pence ; for every ton of pine timber, ten pence ; for 
 everv boat or other vessel, at the rate of one shilling for every ton 
 burthen it is capable of conveying, whether loaded or not ; for every 
 mast, at the rate of one shilling for every inch of the diamter thereof 
 at one third of the length from the largest end ; and for all articles not 
 enumerated in proportion to the rates aforesaid for passing the locks, 
 canals and passageways at Hunt's, Varnum's, Parker's and Peter's 
 Falls, one half of the foregoing rates ; for passing the locks and canal 
 of Peter's Falls only, one quarter of the foregoing rates. And on all 
 articles having passed the locks, canals and passageways of Patucket 
 Falls, one half on!}- of the toll herein established, to he paid at Peter's 
 Falls, shall be received ; and for passing the locks, canals and passage- 
 ways of Bodwell's I-'alls and Mitcliell's Falls one third of the rates 
 hereinbefore established, to be paid at Patucket Falls, subject to a 
 deduction of one third thereof on all articles having paid toll at Pa- 
 tucket Falls. 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXNINGS 113 
 
 These rates of toll were in 1804 further regulated by the Legis- 
 lature. The Locks and Canals Company, it may be added, in this 
 period of its history, was hardly to be regarded as a markedly success- 
 ful concern, the more so as, in its primary function of carrying lumber, 
 it soon had a formidable competitor in the Middlesex canal, the story 
 of which must be narrated with some fullness of detail. In 1822 the 
 proprietary rights of the Locks and Canals Company suddenly 
 assumed a new significance. 
 
 The Middlesex Canal — Canal building across country, to aft'ord 
 cheaper transportation, had, as everybody knows, a remarkable vogue 
 in the United States between the beginnings of industrialism and the 
 introduction of George Stephenson's "Iron horse," the Erie canal be- 
 tween New York and the Great Lakes ranking as the superlative 
 achievement. 
 
 The priority in this type of American transportation of the Mid- 
 dlesex canal, whose northern terminus was on the ancient John Saga- 
 more reservation at Middlesex Village, has given to the history of this 
 construction unique interest to residents of Lowell and the other 
 towns on its route. Its opening occurred in the first years of the 
 nineteenth century. It was successfully operated until long after 
 Lowell had been incorporated as a city. Men now living have per- 
 sonal reminiscences of the picturesque traffic which was carried on 
 over the stretches of quiet water between Middlesex \'illage and 
 Charlestown. Those recollections have been emliodied in valuable 
 papers such as, in especial, those of Judge Samuel P. Hadley, whose 
 father was manager of the locks at Middlesex Village and who as a 
 young boy was personally acquainted with boats and boatmen on the 
 canal. The [Middlesex Canal was finally abandoned when because of 
 much stress of competition from the railroad, it had ceased to pay. The 
 condition of its bed over most of the distance from Concord river down 
 to Mystic Lake in \\ inchester in such as, frequently of late years, to 
 have prompted the suggestion that at no great expense the canal 
 might be rebuilt to the considerable benefit of several manufacturing 
 communities reached by it. 
 
 This was not the first enterprise of the kind to be chartered in the 
 United States, for in 1792 the Massachusetts Legislature granted per- 
 mission to General Henry Knox and others to construct a canal con- 
 necting the Connecticut river with Boston harbor. This latter project 
 presumably appeared to be too great for the resources of the pro- 
 moters, for it never passed the initial stages. A year later, however, 
 the Great and General Court entertained a proposal from se\eral 
 prominent gentlemen of the Bny State to project a canal from the 
 most southeasterly angle of the Merrimack to tide water in Charles- 
 town. The original act incorporating the projjrietors of the Middlesex 
 
 L-8 
 
114 HISTORY Ol- LOWIiLL 
 
 canal was signed l)y tjovernor Julm Ilancuck, June 22. 171J3. The 
 incorporators were James Sulli\an. ( )liver Preacutt, James W'inthrop, 
 Loammi Baldwin, lienjamin Hall, Jonathan J'orter, Andrew Hall, 
 Ebenezer Hall, Samuel Tufts, Jr., Aaron Brown, Willis Hall, Samuel 
 Swan, Jr., and Ebenezer Hall, Jr. By their charter they were author- 
 ized to "cut" a canal from the Merrimack ri\cr tn Medford | Mystic] 
 river. 
 
 C,)ut (if this ]iermissiiin grew the first American iractinn canal of 
 a t}'pe that was already familiar in luigland and mi the cimtinent of 
 Europe. 
 
 The moving si)irit in this undertaking was L'nlonel Luammi Bald- 
 win, fiiurth in descent from Henry Baldwin, one nf the ciriginal set- 
 tlers of Woburn and son of James and Ruth ( Richardson ) P.aldwin. 
 An early exponent of the engineering sciences. Colonel Baldwin estab- 
 lished in an active lifetime many claims to an honorable place in 
 American annals. He was born in Wolnirn, January 21, 1745. and 
 died Octoljcr 20, 1807. As a student at Harvard he excelled in mathe- 
 matics t(i such an extent that his chcjice of surveying as a profession 
 was natural. In the Revolution he entered ser\ice as a major, taking 
 part in the Ijattle of Lexingtim Green on April 19, 1775. He fought at 
 Long Island and was with Washington when the Hessians were cap- 
 tured at Trenton. In 1777, due to failing health, he was retired with 
 the rank <if colonel. hTom 17S0 U< 1794 he was sheriff of Middlesex 
 count\-. He sat in the Legislatures of 1778, 1780 and from 1800 
 through 1804. His ex]ierinienting with horticulture resulted in his 
 creation of the apple which bears his name. To the imaginative capac- 
 ity- and enthusiasm nf this distinguished man of Middlesex county was 
 due, in largest measure, the success of the plan for a Middlesex canal. 
 
 The other chief figure in the organizatiun of the canal was Gov- 
 ernor James Sulli\an. This etiiinent statesman and jurist, born at 
 Berwick in the Province of Maine in 1744, was for six years a judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and then, from 1790 to 1807, 
 he was Attorney-General of the Gomnionwealth. In 1807 and 1808 
 he was Governor of the .State. He was one of those who foresaw the 
 new Nation oversjjread with a network of canals. His son, John 
 Langdon Sullivan, continued for many years to manage the afifairs of 
 the Middlesex Canal Corporation. 
 
 That water drawn from the Merrimack might be locked down bv 
 sticcessive steps to the Mystic appears to have been the original notion 
 of the promoters of the Middlesex Canal. When, howexer, a cele- 
 brated iMiglish engineer named Weston undrrtnnk a survey of the 
 proposed course he prom])tl}- nuted that the source of water supply 
 must l)e the Concord and not the Merrimack, for the reason that the 
 le\el of the former stream at North Billerica is about twentv-fi\e feet 
 
INDUSTRIAL BI-IGIX XIXGS 115 
 
 above that of the ri\ei" at Middlesex Village at mean stages. The 
 water consequently must Bow downward in two directions from the 
 peak at Billerica. This discovery accounts for a second act ]jassed in 
 February, 1795, which also contained a [)rovision empowering the 
 proprietors "to render the waters of Concord Kiver boatable as far as 
 Sudbtiry Causeway and as much farther as the same can be useftiUv 
 improved for that end." Under autlmrization of these two acts the 
 Middlesex canal was built between Sejitemijer 10, \/<-)4. when the first 
 actual work was done and June 22, 1803. when, with the Mystic River 
 terminals finished, the proprietors a]i])lied for permission "to com- 
 plete the same to Charles River and to effectuate the means of com- 
 munication between the said canal and the town of Boston across 
 Charles River by boats.'' 
 
 The Middlesex canal, thus projected and destined to be for a time 
 of great consequence to the town and city of Lowell, was a consider- 
 able construction for its time. It cost half a million dollars. The 
 average width was thirty feet, the dejjth four feet. There were twenty 
 locks, se\-en aqueducts and the waterway was spanned bv several 
 bridges. The route was as follows: From Charlestown mill pond it 
 passed through Medforrl, crossing Mystic lake In- means of an aque- 
 duct (remains of which are still conspicuous), and Winter ])cmd l)v 
 another aqueduct, to Horn jiond in W'oburn. Thence through Wo- 
 burn and Wilmington parallel to the present line of the Boston & 
 Maine railroad. Southern Division, it crossed the Shavvsheen river by 
 a massive aqueduct of one hundred and thirtv-seven feet and reached 
 the Concord at Billerica Mills. Entering this ri\er l)v means of a 
 stone guard lock it crossed with a floating towpath, and headed 
 toward the Merrimack on the other side through another guard lock. 
 From North Billerica it descended over a course of five and one-half 
 miles through the eastern part of Chelmsford to Middlesex Village. 
 It was fed exclusively from the Concord river. As Judge Hadley has 
 said, "No drop of Merrimack river water ever entered the canal, for at 
 the point where boats could pass out into the larger river, were three 
 locks, each about eighty feet long, provided with four sets of gates of 
 the type called 'balance-lever' gates." The total length of the canal 
 between Charlestown and Lowell was twenty-seven and one-half 
 miles. 
 
 The financing of the Middlesex canal seems not to have been 
 attended with great difficulties. In the first years Colonel Baldwin's 
 advocacy and management were so generally approved that capital- 
 ists invested their money with confidence in the prospects. The stock 
 was divided into eight hundred shares. It sold in 1794 at $25 a share 
 By 1803 it had risen to $473 and in 1804 it touched $500. After that 
 year the prices receded, though it was still quoted in 18 r6 at around 
 
ii6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 $300. Benjamin Walker, who contributed a notable paper to the 
 series published by the Old Residents' Historical Association in May, 
 1886, recalls the fact that the jiroprietors of the canal experienced 
 hard times during and immediately after the war of 1812. For about 
 six or seven years assessments instead of dividends were the rule. 
 Then about 1819 began an era of marked prosperity which was not 
 terminated until the railroad came in to oi¥er a means of transporta- 
 tion that was not only quick but reliable throughout the year. 
 
 In the general story of navigating on the Merrimack, the Middle- 
 sex canal supplies one of the chief chaj)ters. John L. Sullivan, who 
 succeeded Colonel Baldwin, as superintendent of the canal, was a 
 man of much business energy and drive, who became interested in 
 steam navigation immediately following Fulton's successful demon- 
 strations on the Hudson. In 1814 Sullivan obtained a charter to build 
 boats after models of his own. His first effort was a stern-wheeler, 
 which was operated for a time on the canal, but which created such 
 a wash that it injured the i)anks. He persevered and a little later ex- 
 tended a steamboat service up river to Concord, New Hampshire. 
 
 On June 22, 1819, the "Concord Patriot" extended to Mr. Sulli- 
 van the courtesy of what would now be called a "reading notice." 
 "The citizens of Concord," it stated, "have for two weeks past been 
 much gratified with the appearance for the first time, of a steamboat in 
 our river. A good portion of the ladies and gentlemen in town, availed 
 themselves of the very jjolite invitation of the proprietors to take 
 pleasure rides up and down the river in Mr. Sullivan's steamboat." It 
 is notable that Mr. Sullivan originally purposed to use his steamboat 
 for towing freight carriers up the Merrimack, but he so<3n found that 
 the rapids abo\-e the mouth oi the Nashua were so strong that the 
 craft l)arely made her own way ;.gainst the current. 
 
 Much of the freight and passenger traffic of the manufacturing 
 community that was slowly growing up at the falls of the Merrimack 
 and Concord was by way of the Middlesex canal. Like all canal trans- 
 portation this had a picturesque color of its own, which later annalists 
 have liked to revive. The long flat-bottomed boats, drawn by horses, 
 were called "gondolas." a name which is said still to be applied to 
 similar boats on the Delaware & Hudson canal. 
 
 The captains of the "gondolas" were almost universally nati\-e 
 New England men of good character and reliabilitv. 
 
 "The bow hands," Judge Hadley recalls, "were a hard working 
 and. it must be confessed, although there were some exceptions, a 
 hard drinking class : but I can remember but few cases of drunken- 
 ness among them when about their business. The favorite, and. as I 
 remember, the only be^•erage. was New England or Medford rum. a 
 gallon jug of which somewhat fiery stimulant was always to be found 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXNINGS 117 
 
 in the captain's chest under the steering sweep in the stern of the 
 boat." 
 
 Not much imagination is needed to picture hvely scenes at the 
 tavern in Middlesex \'illage after it had Jjecame a rendezvous of the 
 canal employees. Frequently fifteen or twenty boats would spend the 
 night at the locks, and the crews would make merry in the barroom. 
 "Flip" was the high-class beverage of the day, but for the most part 
 the canal men bought black strap, a mi.xture of rum and molasses, at 
 three cents a glass. "Plenty of drunkenness. Uncle Joe, in those 
 days," Benjamin Walker queried of an ancient boatman who was dis- 
 coursing on the good old times. "Bless your heart, no!" was the 
 reply. "Mr. Eddy didn't put up with no drunkards on the canal. They 
 would drink all night, sir, and be as steady as an eight-day clock in 
 the morning" 
 
 The horses by which this canal boat service was carried forward 
 were hard-worked animals in a day when there was no Society for the 
 P'revention of Cruelty to Animals. Their greatest liability to suffer- 
 ing was from galling at the collar. The captains, it is recalled, were 
 usually very considerate of their valued motive power, though occa- 
 sionally one was so careless as to rouse the ire of Judge Hadley's 
 father, for many years in charge of the locks at Middlesex Village. 
 
 Aluch business was done on the Middlesex canal by chartered 
 companies. After 1815, for example, a fleet of about twenty-five boats 
 was operated by the Merrimack Boating Company, which had been 
 organized in New Hampshire. V'ast quantities of timber for boards, 
 spars and masts came down river to the head of the canal and thence, 
 a "shot" at a time, were sent through the locks and on toward Charles- 
 town, often towed by teams of stout oxen. Passengers were carried 
 by a regular packet service which left Middlesex Village on Mondays, 
 Wednesdays and Fridays at eight o'clock in the morning, arriving at 
 Boston about two in the afternoon. The fare for this journey, a very 
 delightful one in pleasant weather, was seventy-five cents. 
 
 Travel was permitted on the Middlesex canal on Sunday, but "in 
 consideration of the distance from home at which those persons using 
 it generally are, it may be reasonably expected that they should not 
 disturb those places of public worship near which they pass, nor occa- 
 sion any noise to interrupt the tranquility of the day. Therefore it is 
 established that no Signal-Horn shall be used or blown on Sundays." 
 
 Winter, of course, interrupted navigation on the canal. Before 
 the service was resumed in April it was customary to draw off the 
 long reaches between locks. That meant a great opportunity for 
 small boys all the way from Middlesex Village to Medford, for in the 
 shallow pools left in the bed of the canal were rich hauls of chubs, 
 suckers, eels and other fish. The growth of water weeds was a source 
 
Ii8 fllSTORV OF LOWELL 
 
 of persistent annoyance to the canal manag'er, for these often seriously 
 impeded the passasje of the boats. One of the reediest sections of the 
 canal was that known as "the swamp" crossing- the outskirts of the 
 present city from Middlesex Village. Here each summer it was cus- 
 tomary to employ men to wade up and down this stretch of water 
 mowing the weeds. The decaying flotsam thus [produced drifted 
 slowly down to the locks at Middlesex anfl thence was allowed to pass 
 out into the Merrimack. 
 
 One closely identified for many years with the management of 
 the Middlesex end of the canal was Samuel Page Hadley, born .\ugust 
 4. 1794. and died June i, 1S72, the father of Judge Samuel P. Hadley. 
 The elder Hadley early in 1N15 was employed in construction wcjrk on 
 one of the dams by means of which Mr. Sullivan ])lanned to make it 
 possible for packet boats to run to Concord. <3n the completion of 
 this work he went on board the boat that made the first trij) from the 
 New Hampshire capital to the Hul). Thereafter many years of his 
 life were sjient in the service of the canal ])roprietors. Shortly after 
 his marriage, in 1820, to I'lelinda Butler, of Pelham, he moved to Mid- 
 dlesex Village and occupied the three-story house later occupied by 
 Sewall Bowers. In April, 1824, he was given charge of the locks, suc- 
 ceeding Cyrus Baldwin, brother of the engineer, Loammi Baldwin. 
 His duties were manifold : to maintain the locks, issue passports and 
 waybills, keep a record of lockages and ladings, collect tolls and attend 
 to repairs. During the season the position called for very arduous 
 Work. In winter Mr. Hadley had time of his own which to some ex- 
 tent he utilized as a wood measurer, an employment in wdiich he was 
 expert. 
 
 Many documents concerning the operation of this ]iropertv were 
 kept by Mr. Sullivan in a scrapbook which is now in the sjiecial 
 libraries department of the Boston Public Library. These admirably 
 supplement the reminiscences of many of the older residents of 
 Lowell. Under the caption of "Middlesex Canal Navigation," a 
 notice, undated, but believed to l)elong to the first decade of the nine- 
 teenth century, gives details of the conditions imposed b}- the pro- 
 prietorship upon shippers and passengers. It is as follows: 
 
 The public are informed that a large Boat, called the Washington, 
 conveying upwards of thirty tons, covered so as to secure goods and 
 passengers from the rain, and having tw'O commodious rooms in her, 
 will proceed from the head of the canal (having laid there one day 
 previously to receive freight) on every Thursday morning, and arrive 
 at Charlestown the same day before night. She will remain at 
 Charlestown from Thursday to the next Tuesday, to receive freight, 
 in which interim she can proceed over to Boston to deliver freight 
 brought down the Canal, or to take on freight to be transported into 
 the country. The Boat is drawn by two horses, having a relief on the 
 
IXDLS'IRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 119 
 
 way, and conducted l>y Mr. W'ardwell. The passengers will bring 
 their provisions on board, as there can be no delay to go on shore for 
 refreshment. The passage money is four cents a mile, and passengers 
 will be taken on and landed where they shall choose. The toll for 
 Canalage, is, at the rate of 1/16 of a dollar for a ton each mile. And 
 the expense of transportation in the boat is three cents and an half for 
 each mile. The property will be secure from hazard or accident, and 
 delivered to the owner or his consignee where he directs. If nobody 
 appears to take it, the Agent of the Canal Corporation will hold it, 
 subjected to payment of storage, until the owner or his consignee 
 appears. The toll and transportation between Charlestown and the 
 head of the Canal is twenty-eight miles. Goods brought to, or carried 
 from, Boston, will pay for thirty miles. Goods will be taken in and 
 landed at Aledford, Woburn, Wilmington and Chelmsford. But this 
 must be done so as not to prevent the Boat from eflfecting a punctual 
 arrival at the ends of the Canal. There are other boats ready on the 
 Canal to proceed when there shall be business for them. The regula- 
 tion suggested will apply to the other boats, subject to such altera- 
 tions as experience shall dictate for all the boats employed. 
 
 Middlesex Village, with its well kept houses, its historic tavern 
 and its old New England meeting house (now no longer /';; situ) was 
 peculiarly a creation of the Middlesex canal. The land between Black 
 brook and Xorth Chelmsford was originally, as has been observed, the 
 John Sagamore plantation, a tract especially favorable to raising corn. 
 By the Indians this land was sold to Lieutenant Henchman, who dis- 
 posed of a part of it to a Mr. Cragie and another part to members of 
 the Howard family. Through Mr. Cragie or his grantees some of the 
 lands came into possession of C:'ptain Tyler, who moved thither from 
 Wamesit Xeck. 
 
 Befcjre the canal came, the tiiree or four houses and a tavern com- 
 posing the hamlet could hardl}- be called a village. The residences of 
 which there is record were the Willard Howard house, Jerathmel 
 Bowers house, the Clark house at the ferry and a cottage house and 
 barn which Judge Hadley describes as being "between the old tavern 
 and the ferry, and known in my childhood as the Sawin house, that 
 being the name of the family who ()ccui)ied it." According to tradi- 
 tion the Deacon Adams house on Baldwin street was formerly a shop 
 at the corner of [Middlesex and Baldwin streets, but was later moved 
 back and made over into a dwelling. The ta\'ern, as it still stands at 
 this writing, is obviously an outcome of several additions. It was a 
 natural location for a public house prior to the building of the Paw- 
 tucket Bridge, for Clark's Ferry was a funnel through which traffic 
 poured to and from Dracut, Pelham, Windham and Derry. 
 
 The landlord of the Middlesex tavern in the first years of the cen- 
 tur\- was Jacob Howard, who ceased to purvey food and drink about 
 1816. and who was succeeded by Jesse Smith, to be followed in 1820 
 by Simeon Spalding. 
 
I20 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Near by on Wood street, in what is believed to be the oldest 
 house in Lowell south of the river, lived Colonel Joseph Bowers, re- 
 called as a typical New England farmer of the better sort, "honest, 
 energetic, upright and downright." He was locally famous for his tine 
 cattle. "He always,'' writes Judge Hadley, "kept a number of yoke of 
 strong oxen which, in the canal season, he used in towing rafts of masts, 
 spars and lumber logs from the head (jf the canal at Middlesex and to 
 tidewater at Charlestown." The house in which Judge Hadley has 
 lived during his long and honorable career was built in 1822 by Harvey 
 Burnett. Here for a time Francis Brinley had his law office, in the 
 east room. The first-hand cpiality of Judge Hadley 's reminiscences of 
 canal-boat days is evidenced by his statement : "I suppose I am one 
 of the very few surviving employees of the Canal Corporation. I not 
 only worked for it, but 1 fished in it, 1 swam in it, I came very near 
 being drowned in it, I sailed my little boats upon it, I skated upon it, 
 and I knew every part of it. From early childhood until the close of 
 the canal, I knew every captain and boat man who worked upon it.'' 
 
 Manufactures Before the Factory System — The manufacturing in- 
 terests uf the Lowell district continued tu be relatively a minor con- 
 sideration as compared with agriculture down to the date at which the 
 modern factory system was introduced, even though the existence of 
 much industry of a primitive sort in this neighborhood cannot be for- 
 gotten. In general, nevertheless, the importance of manufacturing 
 was as yet not so great but that it might be depreciated as detrimental 
 to the fisheries. The Hildreths, of Centralville, were notably hostile 
 to developments which threatened to interfere with the ancient privi- 
 leges of fishing at the Great Bunt. Colonel William Hildreth was 
 chosen fish ward on April 6, 1801, and in 1817 the office was bestowed 
 simultaneously upon Dr. Lieutenant Israel Hildreth and his son Dr. 
 Israel, Jr. "Their revenue," says Captain Reade, "was luifavorably 
 afifected by the dams, canals and manufacturing establishments of the 
 companies and corporations that were more interested in the develop- 
 ment of Lowell than in the preser\-ation of Merrimack Ri\er shad, 
 salmon or alewives." 
 
 General William Hildreth, as State Senator, was instructed in 
 May, 1801, to present the remonstrance of the town of Dracut to the 
 effect "that the creation of a dam across the Merrimack river at Paw- 
 tucket falls in the manner ])roposed by the petitioners to the General 
 Court at the last session will, in the opinion of this town, totally 
 destroy the fish in the said river and deprive the people of the impor- 
 tant privilege which they for a long time, even from time immemorial, 
 have enjoyed without interference of taking near their doors the 
 most delicate food and much of the real necessaries of life ; and no 
 other purpose can be answered through a gratification of the avari- 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXXIXGS /- 121 
 
 cious feelfngs of a few individuals who must be unacquainted with 
 the real effect of the proposed measures or regardless of the public 
 good." 
 
 In other respects members of the Hildreth family opposed the 
 Locks and Canals Company in questions of riparian rights long before 
 the large manufacturing companies of Lowell were in existence. 
 
 A few beginnings, nevertheless, of modern industrial establish- 
 ments, despite such opposition, were already notable before the War 
 of 1S12, and after the second peace with Great Britain, manufacturing 
 received something of an impetus in this territory. Data have been 
 preserved regarding at least three of these pioneer manufactures of 
 the city. 
 
 The most considerable manufacturer of the pre-Lowell decades, 
 unquestionably, was Moses Hale, after whom Hale's brook was named, 
 a man of decided mechanical ability, a prototype of many of the busi- 
 ness men who later in the nineteenth century helped to create the 
 industrial city of now. 
 
 Moses Hale was born at West Newbury in 1765, but passed most 
 of his youth in Dracut, where his father, Ezekiel Hale had built on 
 Beaver brook a fulling mill, the chief business of which was to dress 
 the cloth woven in nearby homes. 
 
 In 1790, shortly after his father's death, Moses Hale moved o\er 
 to East Chelmsford and there constructed a fulling mill on River 
 Meadow brook, buying the land and water-power privileges from 
 Moses Davis, whose daughter he had married. The new mill was 
 adequately equipped for fulling, dyeing and dressing home-woven 
 cloth. All the preliminary work was done in homes, where the 
 farmers' wives and daughters carded the wool, spun it into yarn and 
 wove the fabric on the hand loom. 
 
 Hale's mill, on River Meadow brook, soon became famous for the 
 expert manner in which the cloth was finished. "For men's wear," 
 records Mr. Arthur Gilman from notes supplied by B. S. Hale, ''the 
 cloth was fulled up thick, then napped with teasels, sheared and 
 pressed." Hale early saw the advantage of carding wool by machin- 
 ery. In 1801 he bought a picker and carding machine, the first of its 
 kind to be operated in Aliddlesex county. The new apparatus proved 
 popular. The farmers brought to the mill their wool packed in sheets. 
 After it had gone through the carding machine the rolls were carefully 
 taken up by the handful and laid back in the sheets. The cloth was 
 then folded about the wool and secured with thorns. 
 
 This factory on Hale's brook was a pioneer in introducing several 
 other improvements. Shears were at that time used for shearing the 
 cloth, the device consisting of knives set at angle and moved horizon- 
 tally, with a crank motion. Presently Mr. Hale adopted twisted blade 
 
122 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 shears, which gave a better surface. I'^inding- the cutting of dye wood 
 by hand too slow, he framed up a cutting knife that worked between 
 a stationary and a movable timber. His gig for napjjing cloth was a 
 cylinder set with teasels. 
 
 Hale was alive to the value of publicity fur his industry. Alnjut 
 i<So6 he made uji a jnece of the cloth from the finest wool that could 
 be procured. The manufacturer carded it jjersonally with his best 
 skill and had the cluth wo\en by one of the farm women whose work 
 was celebrated for beauty of texture. When the fabric came back to 
 the factory it was colored with the richest rif indigo and dressed in a 
 superior manner. I'rom the Imlt thus i)l)tained a cumplete suit was 
 made u]) for General Joseph Bradley \'arnuni. then Speaker, to wear 
 at the opening of the National Flouse of Representatives. These gar- 
 ments were widely advertised ;:;' the first suit of domestic manufac- 
 tured fabric ever seen on the floor of Congress. 
 
 Besides his woolen mill, Moses Hale had a grist mill, situated 
 about where the Lowell Bleachery now is. In 1812 he built a hand- 
 some three-story brick mansion, long a landmark on Gorham street. 
 His customers and ipthers from the neighboring towns flocked to the 
 raising which was one of the social events i;if the period. 
 
 Another Conc<.ird river manufacture of this period was that car- 
 ried on by John Goulding, who later settled in \\'orcester, and there 
 invented, among other devices, a loom for weaving bootstraps. Of 
 his East Chelmsford experiences, Mr. Goulding wrote later in life: 
 "I settled there in the year 181?, had a factory built by Fletcher and 
 Whiting, on Concord River ; hired it for eight years at $200 a year : 
 carried on the Inisiness of spinning cotton yarn in a small wa}-, as all 
 our manufacturing was done at that time ; spun about twenty ]50unds 
 of yarn per day ; also had a carding machine, making cotton and wool 
 machinery; made looms for weaving suspender webbing, and a tape 
 loom to weave thirty-six pieces at one and the same time." This 
 building occupied by John Goulding was later taken over by Mr. Hurd 
 fur manufacturing satinets. 
 
 A third and very interesting industry of the early nineteenth 
 centur}- was the glass manufact(.iry at Middlesex Village. This was 
 comparatively short lived, after the fashion of the glass industry in 
 New England, for no manufacture is more dependent than this upon 
 a plentiful su])ply of cheap fuel. So long as white pine logs could be 
 rafted down the Merrimack and fed to the kilns without loss of profits 
 otherwise available the glass works in Chelmsford had a raisou d'etre. 
 Even in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, however, pine 
 timber became too valuable to be burned in that way, and the glass 
 company, after a period of operation further up river at Pembroke, 
 finally became inactive. 
 
IXDL'STRIAL BEGIXXIXGS 123 
 
 The glass factory, according to data contributed Ijy F.i)hraiiTi 
 Brown in a paper on "Three Glass Manufactures." read in Xo- 
 veinber, ii<8i. before the Old Residents' Historical Association, stood 
 on the easterly side of the Middlesex canal and about thirty rods south 
 of Middlesex street. It was established in 1802 by Hunnewell and 
 Gore, of Boston, and was operated under one management and an- 
 other until 1839, when new works w'ere established at Pembroke. 
 The product was chiefly window glass, which was sometimes criti- 
 cised on account of its iridescence, or rainbow coloring, ap]:)arently an 
 accidental characteristic. The materials of the manufacture were 
 assembled froiu opposite directions. Over the Middlesex canal from 
 Boston came the sand, of Xew Jersey origin, the soda ash, potash, 
 lime and salt. The fuel was rafted down from the pine plains about 
 Concord, Xew Hampshire. 
 
 The glass works at its best period employed from si.xty to seventy 
 people, making an important accession to the population of Middlesex 
 \'illage. Writing in 1820, Allen, in the Chelmsford history, says of 
 the factory: "It is now in a flourishing state. About three hundred 
 and thirty thousand feet of window glass are annually made, or three 
 thousand, three hundred boxes of one hundred feet each, which at 
 S13 per box will amount to $42,900. * * * The manufactory con- 
 sists of two furnaces, three flattening irons, two tempering ovens, six 
 ovens for drying wood, cutting, mixing and pot rooms, kilns for burn- 
 ing brick, a mill house and sand house." 
 
 In the personnel of the force employed at the glass works may be 
 noted the beginning of the influx of skilled workers from Europe 
 which later has helped to make Lowell what it is. The blowers were 
 Germans, as proved by such names ainong them as Hirsch, Weber, 
 Baruch and Koch. Of the glass factory, nothing now remains except 
 one of the boarding houses for operatives. 
 
 The manufacture of ammunition in Lowell, which has long been 
 a standard industry of the city, and which had a remarkable accelera- 
 tion at the outbreak of the European War, dates back to the years just 
 following the W^ar of 1812. The first powder mill was started by 
 Oliver Whipple, born at Weathersfield, Vermont, in 1794, and a new- 
 comer at East Chelmsford, where he married a daughter of Moses 
 Hale. Mr. Whipple undertook, with much success, to build up a busi- 
 ness in gun powder. His works speedily achieved such reputation as 
 to induce a visit from the Governor and Council of the Common- 
 wealth. Mr. Whipple did much to encourage building in the Moore 
 street section of Lowell. 
 
 The gunpowder made at the Whipple works met with favor and 
 its reputation led to a demand for large quantities for exportation to 
 the Far East and elsewhere. In order to have a suitable storage house 
 
124 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 at tide water, Mr. \\ hippie bought Spectacle Island in Boston harbor, 
 which was sufficiently protected to make explosions unlikely. Trans- 
 portation of gunpowder in large quantities was then, as now, ex- 
 tremely dangerous. The manufacturer constructed a road from his 
 factory to connect with the old Boston road over which, in the dead 
 of night, were sent cart loads of powder. "The hoofs of the horses," 
 writes Mrs. Griffin, in her interesting reminiscences of "Old Homes 
 and Byways," "were muffled in bagging and cotton pads so that their 
 iron shoes should strike no sparks from the stones in the roads and 
 thus ignite the powder. Slowly and steadily the great horses marched 
 down the unfrequented by-ways, as far as possible, until they reached 
 Boston, from which point the gun powder was taken, a boat load at a 
 time, to the island in the harbor." 
 
 Old Residences — Just how the former Wamesit Neck was peo- 
 pled at the beginning of the nineteenth century was shown in con- 
 siderable detail in reminiscences contained in a paper prescribed to the 
 Old Residents' Historical Association by Z. E. Stone in 1874. This 
 survey of a bygone age indicates that downtown Lowell, while, of 
 course, essentially rural in character in 180J, was far from being a 
 wilderness, peopled by a few needy fisher folk. 
 
 Coming eastward horn Middlesex Village, the composition of 
 which has already been described, one first encountered the house 
 occupied by Silas Hoar, near where Gage's ice houses now are. Oppo- 
 site it was the residence of John Putnam. Close by the falls was a 
 place then owned by Amos Whitney ; it afterward became the home 
 of Jonathan Bowers. Not far away lived Archibald McFarlin, father 
 of the late Luke McFarlin, remembered by people now in middle life 
 as i)roi)rictor of the private l^oat house adjoining the \'esper Boat 
 Club. 
 
 Captain John Ford, of Revolutionary fame, was still living in the 
 residence which, not many years ago, was remodeled to make the pres- 
 ent Earl and Lambert houses. Still standing at the corner of Paw- 
 tucket and School streets is the Spalding house which in 1802 was a 
 tavern, where they who braved the dangers of crossing Pawtucket 
 bridge might fortify their spirits. This house, now patriotically pre- 
 served by the Molly Varnum Chapter, Daughters of the American 
 Revolution, was built about 1760 by Robert Hildreth. It was bought 
 in 1790 by Joel Spalding. For a time it was known as the Davis 
 tavern. On the opposite corner towartl the river, the site of the ornate 
 Frederick /\yer mansion of later days, stood the home of Captain 
 Phineas W'hiting. Between this and the bridge over the river was the 
 place of Luke Bowers. Over the way from Captain Whiting's, on 
 what became the Gerrish corner, lived Ashahel Stearns. 
 
 Then, close together on the right-hand side of the street, were 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGIXNITTGS 125 
 
 Jonathan Fiske and a Mr. Livingston, the latter at the corner of Ar- 
 lington street, where some time previously Captain Whiting had had 
 a shoemaker's shop. Across the street, on land later to be occu])ied by 
 the Shattuck residence, was the cooper shop of Joseph Chambers ; this 
 afterwards was taken over by Artemas Holden. a young man from 
 Townsend who liecame one of the city's substantial business men. 
 
 An unoccupied stretch of Pawtucket street seems thereafter to 
 have intervened, for the next structure mentioned is a school house 
 which stood about where the Lowell Hospital is to-day — that is be- 
 tween the heads of Salem and Merrimack streets. 
 
 Continuing toward Little Canada, for Merrimack street did not 
 3-et exist as a highway, one found at the foot of the falls the residence 
 of Benjamin Melvin and not far from it the saw mill and grist mill 
 run by Nathan Tyler. Some forty rods due east was encountered the 
 Moses Cheever place and then, in the neighborhood of Monument 
 square a blacksmith shop operated by a Mr. Hall. At the corner of 
 Merrimack and John streets lived Josiah Fletcher. 
 
 Pasture land or tillage seems to have been continuous where now 
 are Lowell's busiest corners, those at which Central, Bridge and Pres- 
 cott streets meet the axial highway. The Nathan Tyler farm, at this 
 point, was one of considerable extent, extending up Merrimack street 
 at least to Palmer street. In the Tyler house, one of the finest of the 
 neighborhood, for it was built with great care from lumber personally 
 sawed by Mr. Tyler at his mill below the falls, was reared a goodly 
 family of seven sons and three daughters, ancestors of several of the 
 most foremost citizens of the city of to-day. Mr. Tyler, it is recorded, 
 occupied this house down to the time of the coming of the Merrimack 
 Manufacturing Company, when he sold his estate and moved to Mid- 
 dlesex Village to the familiar "Tyler homestead," which, as Mrs. 
 Griffin wrote in 1913, "is now occupied by Mrs. Samuel Tyler and her 
 daughter Miss Susan Tyler, the ladies who were the donors to this 
 city of the magnificent gift of T}'ler Park." The original Tyler house 
 at Merrimack square, after it was bought by the Merrimack Company, 
 became a hotel under the style of the "Old Mansion House," of which 
 Captain Jonathan Tyler was long landlord. 
 
 The Concord river was crossed on a bridge that was built about 
 where the present structure is. 
 
 The first house in Belvidere was that of Joseph Tyler. Next 
 came one of the most famous of local residences, "the Gedney House," 
 concerning which Mrs. Griffin has written interestingly, stating that 
 it was built and first occupied by Timothy Brown about 1750, a gen- 
 tleman who kept a tavern and operated a ferry at this point. By Mr. 
 Brown the house was sold to a Mr. Woodward; he to Philip Gedney. 
 Then it came into the hands of Judge Edward St. Loe Livermore. Its 
 
126 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 later histury includes its (.i\vner>hi]) hy J(ihn Xesmith. \vhi_> sold it to 
 the Sisters of Charity, by wlimn it was used as the ell of St. John's 
 Hospital. 
 
 These statements ahcmt the ( )lfi Yellow House are doubtless sub- 
 -^tantiallv enrrect, e.xcept that the date given of its erection is impos- 
 sible, if, as Mrs. Griffin states, the lumber was obtained from Captain 
 Ford's saw mill. It presumably was built some time before the Re\'0- 
 lution, but nut as early as 1750. John Ford was only twel\-e }ears old 
 in 1750. Mr. C. C. Chase found data tu inflicate that I-"ord supplied the 
 timlier for the house. 
 
 Mr. Stone says that according t(} his recollection there were one 
 or two other houses in what has since become Belvidcre. The inde- 
 fatigable Mrs. Griffin has supplied some details about th<.ise. Out on 
 Andover street, at the corner of Old County road, was the Moses 
 Worcester farm, bought in 1748 from Samuel Hunt. The site is still 
 occupied by the home of Mrs. Richard W. Baker, directly descended 
 from Moses Worcester; and o\'er the way still stands in good preser- 
 vation, the residence built in 1802 by Eldad Worcester, grandson of 
 the original settler. ( )n Clark road was built in 1790, by Lieutenant 
 Thomas Clark, son of Cajjtain Jonas Clark, of the Clark's tavern at 
 Middlesex Village, a house which has been continually in possession 
 of members of the Clark family. These, and perhaps the original 
 Hunt homestead, were doulitless the hiiuses recalled by Mr. Stone. 
 
 On the cross road which later became Central street, Joseph War- 
 ren kept a, tavern about where th.e American Hiiuse to-day offers hos- 
 pitality. C)n Lawrence street Nathan Ames and John Fisher had their 
 respective houses. Davis corner, out on Gorham street, gets its name 
 from the Davis farm house, Johnson Davis dwelling there in 1802, as 
 did his ancestor Elisha in earlier days of Chelmsford. Moses Hale's 
 residence, already mentioned in c<innection with the beginnings oi 
 ])iiwder manufacture, in this part of the city, was just beyond the 
 brook that be.ars his name. Where the railroad tracks cross Gorham 
 street stood the homestead of Ephraim Osgood. Moore street takes 
 its name from Joseph Moore; a one-story cottage that belonged to the 
 Moore family is said to date back, ])erha])S, to the Revolution. On 
 the old Boston road, near the Chelmsford line, was Peter Marshall. 
 The "Old Marshall Taxern" on Parker street is believed to have been 
 erected about 1700. .\ little west was Sj^rague Livingston. On a 
 cross road to Middlesex Village were Robert and Stephen Pierce, liv- 
 ing in the same house. Captain Benjamin Butterfield's house was on 
 Hale street. Between Chelmsford and Liberty streets lived Levi 
 Fletcher. Near the old tannery was a school house and opposite it 
 resided John Gload. On Chelmsford street was Isaac Chamberlain. 
 Beyond him was Ilenry Coburn, and to his northwest was the old 
 
INDUSTRIAL BI'.GIXXIXGS 127 
 
 homestead of Benjamin Pierce. Pine street, which was then a trav- 
 eled road, had on it the residence of Zebulon Parker, situated about 
 one inmdred rods from a road leading across to the falls, being the 
 present School street. Along I'ine street, in the direction of Middle- 
 sex \'illage, was Jeduthan Parker and beyond him the Worcester 
 house in which the father of Eldad Worcester lived. On School street, 
 Micah Spalding had his house in the depression through which the 
 canal passed. The ])opular appellation of "Alike's Bridge" long per- 
 petuated his name. At the corner of Summer and Thorndike streets 
 was the house of Major Joseph Fletcher; at Broadway and Willie 
 streets, Andrew Fletcher. This account takes no notice, of course, of 
 families across the Merrimack. 
 
 From this survey of the Lild Xeck it is seen that at the beginning 
 of the nineteenth century there were in the older part of Lowell, ex- 
 clusive of Middlesex \'illage, Pawtucketville and Centralville, per- 
 haps, fifty houses, inhabited by intelligent self-respecting people, some 
 of whom were even then laying the foundations of fortunes now held 
 by their descendants. 
 
 Church and School at East Chelmsford and West Dracut — The 
 religious and social life at the falls and thereabouts, prior to the influx 
 of outsiders who came to enjoy the advantages of a new manufactur- 
 ing village, was obviously that which survives in a few comparativelv 
 unchanged New England communities of to-day. 
 
 During and immediately after the Revolution there was no 
 churches in territory now claimed b\- Lowell ; and down to the open- 
 ing of St. Anne's there were but two, the white Presbyterian meeting 
 house in West Dracut and the Congregational church at Middlesex, 
 later removed to North Chelmsford. 
 
 To the older of these two edifices repaired for worship not only 
 the people of Pawtucketville but many from the Chelmsford side of 
 the river. Others, those especially living in the highlands beyond the 
 dejjression where the Pawtucket canal was let through, regularh- 
 hitched up and drove to Chelmsford Centre. Occupants of the farm 
 houses of Belvidere had their church affiliations with Tewksbury 
 Centre; the Hildreths and others of the region below Christian Hill 
 worshiped in Dracut, after 1794, at the Centre. 
 
 The events leading to the establishment of the oldest of the 
 Lowell churches now in existence were related by the late Major 
 Atkinson C. Varnum in his "History of Pawtucketville Church and 
 other Congregational Churches of Lowell." His account is pertinent 
 to the history of Lowell. 
 
 The population of the eastern portion of the town of Dracut had 
 continued to increase more rapidly than that of the original homes of 
 Varnums and Coburns. In March, 171J4, it was voted by the town to 
 
128 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tear down the old meeting house, supposed to have been a few rods 
 east of the Merrimack Woolen Mills on Beaver brook. The decision 
 was to rebuild on the "Central line,'' that is on the continuation of the 
 present Bridge street. The outcome was the building of the Centre 
 Church, or the "Old Yellow Meeting House," long a familiar land- 
 mark just beyond the city line. 
 
 Against this decision to remove the church further east the Paw- 
 tucketville people signed a protest which denied that the chosen k)ca- 
 tion was the "proper centre of said town," and ended as follows: 
 
 3d. Because it is making a needless and unreasonal)le cost to the 
 town when the present house with but little expense might be made 
 to accommodate the people and save the widows and orphans from a 
 burdensome tax when they cannot have a voice in the business. For 
 these and many other reasons we solemly & firmly enter our protest 
 against all the votes that any way relate towards the building a meet- 
 ing house at the above described place, & hereby show that we do not 
 consider ourselves held to pay any cost that may arise thereby. 
 
 Signed by : Lewis Ansart, Thomas Varnum, Israel Hildreth, 
 Josiah Fox, Moses B. Coburn, Samuel Coburn, Parker Varnum, Eph- 
 raim Coburn, Joseph Dean, Abraham Blood, Coburn Blood, Timothy 
 Coburn, Willard Coburn, Solomon Osgood, Jr., Jonathan Varnum, Jr., 
 John Hamblet, Jeptha Coburn, Jonas Varnum, Lide Wilson. Solomon 
 Osgood, Jacob Coburn, Jonathan Varnum, Nathaniel Coburn, Daniel 
 Blood, Joseph Webster, Thadeus Coburn, Saul Coburn, Peter Coburn, 
 Jr., Samuel Cunimings, Peter Coburn, Simeon Williams, Solomon 
 Abbott, jr., I'^.zra Coburn, Jabesh Coburn, Willard Coburn, Jr., Moses 
 Clement, Jonathan Coburn. Jr., Hesekiah Coburn, Zacherah Goodhue, 
 Jonathan Morgan, Aaron (."nburn. 
 
 It undoubtedly aided the desire of those objectors to have a 
 church of their own in West Dracut that the nearby opened Middlesex 
 Merrimack bridge was held certain hi increase their population and 
 to bring within their sjihere of influence the neighborhood about Cap- 
 tain John Ford's mills over the river. 
 
 Those who protested finally, on January 0, 1796, received from 
 Colonel James Varnum title to a tract of land nn which a new church 
 was soon to be built. This lot was on the east side of Mammoth road, 
 where the Pawtucket churcli now stands. On June 22 the General 
 Court authorized the incorpc iratii >n of the West Congregational Soci- 
 ety in Dracut. Two weeks later the first parish meeting was held at 
 which Colonel James Varnum was elected moderator, Peter Coburn, 
 Ir., clerk; Parker \'arnum, .Solomon (Osgood and Timothy Coburn, 
 assessors, and Colonel James \'anuim, treasurer. 
 
 Thus succeeding the original Dracut church, which was in Paw- 
 tucketville, was started the oldest church in the city of Lowell at 
 which worship has been continuous to this day. It is interesting that 
 for a number of years this church was of the Presbyterian rather than 
 
INDUSTRIAL BEGINNINGS 129 
 
 the Congregational faith. Shtirtly after its formation many families on 
 the East Chelmsford side of the river began to attend this chvirch, 
 having obtained from the Legislature a special act thus setting them 
 off for parochial purposes. 
 
 The annals of the church at Chelmsford, with which, until after 
 1820, many of the families of the ancient Neck were still associated, 
 belongs to the history of that town rather than of Lowell. They are 
 unusually copious and satisfactory, due in part to the fact that the 
 Rev. Wilkes Allen in 1820 prepared a history of Chelmsford, which, 
 published at the expense of the town, is accounted as the fir.st book of 
 local history of its sort ever produced in America. 
 
 For cemeteries the families at East Chelmsford used either the 
 one still preserved at the corner of School and Branch streets, that 
 over the river near the Pawtucketville church, the Hildreth cemetery, 
 already described, or the one on the heights in Belvidere, which has 
 long since disappeared. 
 
 Schooling for East Chelmsford children was not interrupted even 
 during the distressed years of the Revolution. The educational facili- 
 ties of the time were slight, as judged by standards of to-day, but such 
 as they were they seem to have been maintained scrupulously. 
 
 An indication of the territory covered by a single school district 
 is given in a town vote of 1781 : "Nine months Righting school 3 mos 
 in Neck so called extending from Mr. Timothy Clarks to the mouth 
 of Concord & to Mr. Simeon Morses & to Mr. Joseph Pierces .So to 
 Mr. Philip Parkers." From this specification it is seen that all the 
 children of the triangle formed by a line extending from the Clark 
 place on Baldwin street, Middlesex Village, through the Highlands to 
 Moore street had three months of instruction at a little red school 
 house on School street. The only exceptions were a few who attended 
 the grammar school at Chelmsford Centre. It is proof of the com- 
 paratively rapid growth of the Neck that by 1794 in the same terri- 
 tory there were three schoolhouses : One at Middlesex Village, one 
 at Parker and Powell streets and one on Pawtucket street at the cor- 
 ner of Salem street. 
 
 The social and intellectual life of the whole neighborhood appears 
 to have received an impetus after 1787. In 1794 the Chelmsford Social 
 Library was established at the Centre, an institution which continued 
 for a century, until succeeded by the present Free Public Library. 
 When the .Social Library was started there were Init nine libraries in 
 Massachusetts outside of Boston. 
 
 A new interest in ]5roblems of scientific agriculture was nothing 
 sporadic. There was organized in 1794 a Chelmsford societv for the 
 "promotion of useful improvements in agriculture." This movement 
 
 J^9 
 
I30 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 was significant of the pnioressive sjiirit of the people of this district, 
 for there were, so far as known, at that (kite but three other agricul- 
 tural societies in the United States. The association was incorporated 
 February 28, 1803, under the name ni "'The Western Society of Mid- 
 dlesex Husbandmen." At that time there was but one other incor- 
 porated agricultural society in Massachusetts. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 Lowell and the Factory System. 
 
 The creation of the first large American factory town at the forks 
 of the Merrimack and Concord was an achievement of the second and 
 third decades of the nineteenth century. 
 
 Within fifteen years a rural neighborhood, in which a few old- 
 time manufacturing industries were conducted on a limited scale, was 
 transformed into an active industrial city of a kind now familiar to 
 most districts of the United States, but then regarded as one of the 
 wonders of the continent. 
 
 A\'ater-powers were developed in rapid succession. Farm lands 
 were sold to manufacturing companies and private individuals, often 
 with an accompaniment of intrigue and speculation. An influx of 
 operatives, at first from the nearby farms and villages, and later from 
 foreign countries, set in. Many merchants and professional men saw 
 the advantages of settling in a community whose growth was the 
 marvel of New England. Churches and schools were established. 
 The New England town form of government was projected for the 
 expanding community, only to be succeeded ten years later by a city 
 charter, the third of its sort to be granted in Massachusetts. Many of 
 the institutions which now are an essential part of Lowell were started 
 prior to 1836, the 3-ear of urbanization. Most of the problems which 
 remain to be solved in a complex society had begun to appear before 
 Van Buren relinquished the presidency of the Nation. 
 
 The fact of priority gives any topic an interest that is not wholly 
 factitious ; the pioneership of Lowell in the evolution of the American 
 industrial community renders the details of its progressive evolution 
 one of general as well as local significance. Here is material for inten- 
 sive study of the economic and social changes incident to the coming 
 of modern capitalism in North America. 
 
 That which now happened in New England was not, of course, 
 without precedent elsewhere. The factory system, the basic feature 
 of modern industrialism, which was definitely brought to East Chelms- 
 ford with the incorporation of the Merrimack Manufacturing Com- 
 pany in 1822, was already well established in Lancashire and other 
 districts of Great Britain. The story of its inception and advancement, 
 and of its progressive adaptation to American conditions, has been 
 interestingly sketched in Jonathan Thayer Lincoln's little book, "The 
 Factory System," and in a more condensed form by the same author 
 in "The American Business Encyclopaedia." The general aspects of 
 this phase of social evolution, out of which we have not yet emerged, 
 
132 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 are (|uitc' pertinent tu the special evolution of the city of Lowell. 
 FulK', indeed, to understand how momentous a change was involved 
 in the life of the community on the site of the former Indian metrop- 
 olis when the great mills began to go up, one needs to have a sure idea 
 of what was involved in the introduction of the factory systeiri. 
 
 The narrative of the origin of this system takes one back to the 
 older countries of Europe, where in the eighteenth century it began to 
 be seen that wealth in manufactured articles could be created more 
 rapidly by means of machinery, with use of subdivided labor, than by 
 means of the ancient handicrafts. "Obvious as are the productive 
 advantages of the factory system," says Lincoln, "society did not 
 adopt the new method in a large way until inventive genius had cre- 
 ated the modern factory. The early manufactures of textiles and other 
 articles were handicrafts, properly so-called. They were pursued by 
 craftsmen, living and working at their own homes, mostly in rural 
 districts. Down to the beginning of the eighteenth century master- 
 clothiers in the larger towns sent into the surrounding country sec- 
 tions sacks of wool to be spun into yarn, returned to the consignors, 
 and by them redistributed among the weavers. Often members of a 
 single family combined to take care under one roof of the three opera- 
 tions of carding, spinning and weaving. The workers generally car- 
 ried on more or less farm work at the same time. This domestic sys- 
 tem has been praised by advocates of the handicraft revival. It had 
 its pleasant features, but it contained in an exaggerated form evils — 
 such as child labor — which are by some supposed to be peculiar to the 
 factory system." 
 
 English manufactures, whether of wool, linen or cotton (which 
 seems to have first been introduced in commercial quantities about 
 1641) were pursued, as Mr. Lincoln has stated, after the fashion of 
 handicraft down to the date of Richard Arkwright's invention of a 
 spinning frame. 
 
 It seems, indeed, to be established that England, although des- 
 tined to manufacture for the whole world, was somewhat slow in 
 securing its start as an industrial nation. The Anglo-Saxon genius, as 
 Dean Edwin F. Gay, of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Ad- 
 ministration, has urged in his Lowell Institute lectures on "The Me- 
 chanical Inventions," is "for the practical — for the application of 
 science — but even in these practical works it was for a time more 
 imitative than truly inventive. A letter written in 1701 by a represen- 
 tative of the East India Company in defense of the company's impor- 
 tation of cheap printed and 'painted' cloth from India challenged the 
 national ability to make progress in technical directions and averred 
 that there was 'only one saw mill in all the land,' whereas, Holland 
 had many, and did, indeed, 'abound in mills and engines'." 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 133 
 
 England's turn, nevertheless, to become a manufacturing country 
 was foreseen in the forepart of the eighteenth century, the epoch in 
 which arose for the first time a numerous and prosperous middle class 
 for whom the hand industries could not turn out articles of clothing 
 and household equipment in sufficient abundance and of the right price 
 to satisfy their rising standards of comfort. The result was a new era 
 which followed closely upon a period in which the artistic handicrafts 
 of Great Britain reached a nearer approximation to perfection than 
 ever before or since. Under William and Mary and Queen Anne, the 
 wood-carver, Grinling Gibbons, and his many assistants and imitators 
 filled palaces and manor houses with wood-work that now ranks 
 among the foremost treasures of art in English public and private 
 collections. The Huguenot iron-worker, Jean Tijou, employed for 
 many years by Sir Christopher Wren, on St. Paul's Cathedral, trained 
 up in his shop a group of native apjirentices who for about half a cen- 
 tury designed and executed iron gates and grill work, the surviving 
 examples of which are a model for every architect of every country. 
 The early eighteenth century was the day of the "grand tour" to 
 France and Italy, made by young men whose parents could afford it ; 
 out of these youthful travels grew a prevalent disposition to become 
 connoisseurs and dilettanti. Many Italian stucco workers and plas- 
 terers settled in England Furniture underwent successive refine- 
 ments at the hands of Chippendale, Sheraton, the .\dainses and others 
 whose styles were reflected in American colonial workshops. English 
 silver work and pewter were at their best under the first Georges. 
 The invention of copper rolled or "Sheffield" plate carried the finest 
 silverware designs of the period into the homes of people of moderate 
 means. That marvels of pottery were produced by Wedgwood, Wall 
 and others of the west counties hardly need be said. It was a time of 
 improving taste and expanding luxury, and in this century of enlarg- 
 ing human desires, English wit began, at first imitatively, to take up 
 the problems of cheapening production and of thereljy stimulating 
 consumption of commodities. As Mr. Gay says: 
 
 England's turn, it seems quite clear, was toward the practical. 
 Very early in England there occurred a great spread of popular belief 
 in the possibilities of science. Indeed this faith became so great that 
 it verged upon the grotesque. It had for one thing this important 
 result that it tempted out the money of private investors for use in 
 enterprise. Among the many valid schemes there were still more 
 "wildcats." One promoter banked so much on the faith of the public 
 in inventive schemes that his prospectus plainly announced that stock 
 was "to be subscribed for a project to be divulged." 
 
 This popular faith was reenforced by the example of Holland, 
 where much practical progress had already been made. Holland had 
 shown the way, it was said, and England was counseled to emulate. 
 Wherever Englishmen could lay thci- hands on a good thing, in the 
 
134 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 printing' trades, in the manufacture of paper, in the metal trades, they 
 incorporated it into their own industry. Finally, with the increasing 
 subdivision of labor in some of the special industries, a form of the 
 factory system had become developed even before the machines 
 entered. 
 
 When the great inx-entions began, one step of progress literally 
 forced the demand for another. The increased development of the 
 weaving business caused a demand for more yarn, and there was a 
 rapid succession of inventions to provide it. Chief among these Ark- 
 wright's water frame literally necessitated factory productiiin. run as 
 it was by water power. With the mule an enormous amount of yarn 
 was produced, and the pressure next began to bear on the weaving 
 side, to make use of all the yarn that was made. Cartwright's loom 
 followed. There was trouble to bleach all this cloth by the old proc- 
 esses, and chloride bleaching was developed. 
 
 Thus necessity mothered invention within a single industry. Btit 
 one industry also catised a demand upon other industries. To provide 
 machines of the type required, the iron supply had to be developed, and 
 for the steam engine it was necessary to produce a cylinder that could 
 be bored with accuracy. The means for mining and transporting coal 
 also recjuired development to meet the demand. 
 
 Sir Richard Arkwright's spinning frame, as just intimated, stands 
 nt the beginning of the new phase of civilization. The fascinating 
 story of the career of the humble barlier of Preston, whose inventions 
 raised him to a baronetcy and made him the father of industrialism, 
 cannot be rehearsed here. It has been told authoritatively in Richard 
 Whately Cooke-Taylor's "The Modern Factory System." Notice 
 should be taken, however, as bearing directly on the changes that 
 occurred in Lowell from 1820 onward, that in 1769 Arkwright ob- 
 tained a patent for a water frame s])inning machine which within a 
 very few years ptit literallv millions of home-spinning wheels (.nit of 
 business. The invent(ir himself said of this machine, in the preamble 
 of the specification attached ti) the application for a patent, that he 
 "had by great study and long application invented a new piece of 
 machinerv never before found out, practiced or used, for the making 
 of weft or varn from C(jtton, flax and wnol, which would be of great 
 utility to a great many manufacturers, as well as to his Majesty's sub- 
 jects in general, bj- emplo}-ing a great number of poor people in work- 
 ing the said machinerv, much superior to any heretofore manufac- 
 tured or made." 
 
 This Arkwright spinning frame, operated by power, had spindles 
 that were much more productive than those of the cottage wheel, mul- 
 tiplying many fold the value of the labor of the operator. The frame 
 itself, moreover, was from the first far too cumbersome to be set up in 
 a private house. It required a w.irkshop. a factory, for efi'ective opera- 
 tion. This need of segregation of labor was foreseen by Arkwright, 
 who in the year of his receiving his patent erected at Nottingham an 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 135 
 
 unpretentious little mill for cotton spinning, its machinery turned by 
 two horses harnessed to a treadmill. 
 
 Thus at about the date when the farmer folk of the American 
 Chelmsford and Dracut were drilling their train-bands against the 
 increasing tyranny of the London government was born the system 
 which later was to revolutionize all conditions of living at Pavvtucket 
 Falls, and which was to make the ])resent city of Lowell possible. 
 
 Other mechanical improvements, as Dean Gay has noted, followed 
 '.he Arkwright spinning frame, as for example, the inventor's jjatents 
 of 1775 for carding, drawing and roving machines, to be employed "on 
 preparing silk, cotton, flax and wool for spinning." The new system 
 also made much use of previous inventions, as of John Kaves' fly- 
 shuttle oi 1738 and James Hargreaves' spinning jenny of 1767. In 
 1779 Samuel Crompton, a practical weaver of Bolton, invented the 
 mule-jenny, so-called because, like the crossing of the horse and the 
 donkey, it combined the principles of Hargreaves' jenny and Ark- 
 wright's water frame. By this time the most essential machinery was 
 comjilete ; though many subsequent modifications and improvements 
 have been made, in several notable instances by Lowell inventors. 
 The first power loom was fashioned in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright, a 
 clerg-yman. In that year, too, a Nottingham cotton mdl for the first 
 time in the history of the industry installed a steam engine. 
 
 These things were happening, it should be recalled, during years 
 in which much manufacturing of the primiti\e sort was carried for- 
 ward at East Chelmsford and Dracut Navy Yard, just as in hundreds 
 of other several communities of New England. Precisely as in Eng- 
 land before Arkwright's invention, the factory was a clearing house 
 from which yarn s]nni in the nearl)y homes was sent out again to the 
 home to be woven on the hand loom, the miller's functions being those 
 of carding, fulling and finishing. The older system was obviously 
 quite dift'erent from that which began with Arkwright's plan of hav- 
 ing all the processes of textile manufacture carried on under a single 
 roof. 
 
 The economies of the factory system fr(.)m its first davs were sur- 
 prising to whoever became acquainted with them. "A handloom 
 weaver," says Lincoln, "was highly comj)etent if he produced two 
 pieces of shirting a week. Early in the nineteenth century an average 
 power loom weaver wove seven pieces in the same time. Two hun- 
 dred looms in a factory operated by half as many weavers produced as 
 much cloth as wiiuld ha\e come from 875 looms scattered among the 
 households where the women had meals and children and the men 
 gardens and live stocks to look after. Under methods of the present 
 day the disparity between hand weaving and power weaving is even 
 more striking." The sex problem in industrj- was simultaneously 
 
[36 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 intniduced liy the factory. "Women," says Arthur Harrison Cole, in 
 his "History of the Wool Manufacture in the United States to the 
 Establishment of the Factory System," "could now he substituted for 
 men in the j^rocess of weaving. The hard labor of operating the har- 
 ness and 'beating-up' the cloth as it was woven, so as to make it com- 
 pact and firm, was now obviated.'' 
 
 American men of affairs in the first days of the Reputilic, as 
 already observed, were more or less excited by the uiigrowth of this 
 new form of manufacturing in luigland. A survey of the situation 
 was made in Alexander Hamilton's celebrated report on domestic 
 manufactures, which gives this imjircssive list: "Great quantities of 
 coarse cloths, coating, serges and flannels, linsey-woolseys, hosiery of 
 wool, cotton and thread, coarse fustians, jeans, and muslins, coverlets, 
 and counter])anes. tow linens, coarse shirtings, sheetings, towellings, 
 and table linen, and various mixtures of wool and cotton, and of cot- 
 ton and flax, are made in the household way ; and, in manv instances, 
 to an extent not only sufficient fcjr the sup[)ly of the family in which 
 they are made, but for sale, and even in some cases for exportation. 
 It is computed, in a number of districts, that two-thirds, three-fourths 
 and even four-fifths of all the clothing of the inhabitants, are made by 
 themselves." 
 
 That there were more economical ways for spinning and weaving 
 those fabrics now began to be understood. Immediate imitation of 
 these methods, however, was not practicable for various reasons. 
 Trade secrets were carefully guarded abriiacl. England jealously pre- 
 \cnted ex]iortation of machinery that might create commercial rivals 
 elsewhere. Not many peo]5le in America imderstood clearly as yet 
 the economic and social aspects of the industrial revolution that was 
 in jjrogress in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Interest in economic sub- 
 jects was generally vague, as probably in the minds of the Massachu- 
 setts Legislature of 1786, which ap])ointecl Richard Cranch, of the 
 Senate, and Messrs. Clarke and Rowdoin, of the House, "to view any 
 new invented machines that are making within the Commonwealth 
 for the purpose of manufacturing sheep's wool and cotton wool, and 
 report what measures are pro])er for the Legislature to take to encour- 
 age the same." 
 
 This quest at least led the committee to Bridgewater, where, 
 according to Samuel Batchelder, some machinery made by R(>l')crt and 
 .'Mexander Barr included the Arkwright improvements. As a conse- 
 quence of a favorable report from the committee the General Court on 
 November 16, 1786, granted the sum of £200 "to enable them to com- 
 plete the said three machines, and also a roping machine, and to con- 
 struct such other machines as are necessary for the purpose of card- 
 ing. ro])iiig and spinning of sheep's wool, as well as of cotton wool." 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 13; 
 
 This State aided enterprise at Bridgewater seems not to have suc- 
 ceeded, for it does not again come into the records. 
 
 For Beverly is claimed the distinction of harboring the first Amer- 
 ican cotton factory, though one would hardly say that it entertained 
 the factory system as it is now known. ''The Beverly company," 
 states Montgomery in his "History of the Cotton Industry in Amer- 
 ica," "commenced operation in 1787, and are supposed to be the first 
 company that made any progress in the manufacture of cotton goods 
 (that at Bridgewater had been on a very limited scale) ; yet the dififi- 
 culties vmder which they labored — the extraordinary losses of ma- 
 terials in the instruction of their servants and workmen — the high 
 prices of machines unknown to their mechanics, and both intricate 
 and delicate in their construction, together with other incidents which 
 usually attend a new business, were such that the company were put 
 to the necessity of applying to the Legislature for assistance, to save 
 them from being compelled to abandon the enterprise altogether." 
 
 Such, at Beverly, was the beginning of cotton manufacture in 
 North America. The new company experienced difficulties which are 
 a matter of record. In 1790 it received from the State a grant of 
 £1,000 to be so expended as most efifectually to further the making of 
 cotton piece goods in the Commonwealth. The enterprise continued 
 for some time further, but it lost its reputation after more extensive 
 and better equipped factories were built at Pawtucket. Providence. 
 Waltham and, finally, at Lowell 
 
 Reference should be made in passing to the successful efforts of 
 Samuel Slater, who came in November, 1789, from one of Arkwright's 
 mills in England, to establish factories in Rhode Island. This indus- 
 trial pioneer, whose descendants still control jjroperties which he 
 started. arri\'ed without working drawings of the machines which he 
 desired to reproduce in America. \Vith the help of a good memory 
 and knowledge of mathematics he was able to construct machinery 
 which served its i)urpose reasonablv well. Beginning his operations 
 at Pawtucket in December, 1790, he soon after opened the first Ameri- 
 can cotton yarn mill at New Providence. The progress of the busi- 
 ness for tnany years was discouragingly slow. In January, 1807, there 
 were but 4,000 spindles in operation in Rhode Island. These furnished 
 yarns for hand-weaving at home. The country still imported nearly 
 all its cotton cloth from England and the East Indies, the receipts 
 from Calcutta alone amounting in 1807-08 to about 53,000.000 yards. 
 The cost of spinning Slater's yarn is said to have been about double 
 that (if the whole jirocesses of spinning. wea\"ing and finishing in the 
 Lowell mills of a generation later. 
 
 Most of these enterprises of Southern New England were pros- 
 trated during the War of 1812. They came to life again in the revival 
 of bnsinr",s after the war. 
 
138 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Througliout this time tlie factor}' system, even in the cotton manu- 
 facture, hardly existed as it is now known. Weaving was still done 
 mostly by hand, for the Cartwright loom, though invented in 1785, 
 was jealously guarded by the English. It did not become available for 
 American use until nearly a generation later. Such as it was, further- 
 more, the primitive Cartwright invention required many years of suc- 
 cessive improvements to become the smooth running, efficient machine 
 of iTiodern manufacture. In the first looms the warp was perpendicu- 
 lar, the reed fell with a force of at least fifty pounds and the springs 
 which threw the shuttle were, as Alfred Gilman puts it, "strong 
 enough to have thrown a congreve rocket, and it required the power of 
 two strong men to operate it very slowly for a very short time." 
 
 Francis Cabot Lowell and His Power Loom — I'rancis Cabot 
 Lowell, who studied the conditions of manufacture in England in the 
 years 1810 and 181 1, who took the initiative in devising and financing 
 a practical power loom for American use. who interested himself in 
 the social as well as the commercial effects of the factory system, is, 
 by general admission, tiie originator of the American cotton manufac- 
 ture. His family name is perpetuated in the city which, as an outcome 
 of his pioneer enterprise at Waltham, grew up on the site of the 
 ancient Indian metropolis of the Merrimack. 
 
 Just before the city of Lowell celebrates the centenary, the one 
 hundred and fiftieth anniversary (if this representative of a famous 
 family, its patron saint, will demand commemoration. 
 
 The father of the .\inerican factory system was the fourth child of 
 Judge John and Sarah Higginson Lowell, of Newburyport. where he 
 was born in 1775. The family, descended from Percival Lowell, is one 
 which has had a long succession of distinguished members from the 
 earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay colony to the ])resent time. 
 Judge Lowell was a leading man of his community, a member of the 
 Provincial Assembly of 1776 and of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1780. Francis Cabot Lowell was graduated from Harvard College in 
 1703. As a young man he undertook mercantile business in A\hich he 
 was remarkably successful. His visit to England, made just before 
 the War of 1S12, was on account nf his health which was already fail- 
 ing. In 181 1 he was in Edinl)urgh. with his family, according to the 
 reminiscences of Nathan Appleton. and thence he wrote to his friends 
 I if ha\-ing l)ecome interested in cotton manufacturing and of his de- 
 termination to visit Manchester before his return to .America. 
 
 Lowell came back in 1813 at a time when such industries as the 
 United States ])ossessed were flat on account of the war with England. 
 His acti\e mind saw the im])ortance of the economic independence 
 of the country. The practical undertaking upon which he now entered 
 is best described in Nathan .Simpleton's words: "He and Mr. Patrick 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 139 
 
 T. Jackson came to us one day on the Boston Exchange and stated that 
 they had determined to establish a cotton manufacturing company, 
 that they had purchased a water power in Waltham (Bemis's paper 
 mill), and that they had obtained an act of incorporation, and Mr. 
 Jackson had agreed to give up all other business and take the manage- 
 ment of the concern." 
 
 The authorized capital of this new manufacture at Waltham was 
 $400,000, but only $100,000 was to be raised until the company was 
 assuredly successful. The original promoters themselves subscribed 
 most of the capital. Mr. Appleton took $5,000. 
 
 Lowell, as might be surmised from general knowledge of human 
 nature, did not enter upon this scheme with the unanimous support 
 of his family connections and friends. Henry Lee, in an article in the 
 "Boston Daily .Advertiser," in 1830, recalled that "many of his near- 
 est connections used all their influence to dissuade him from the 
 pursuit of what they deemed a visionary and dangerous scheme. 
 They, too, were among those who knew, or thought they knew, the 
 full strength of his mind, the accuracy of his calm calculations, his 
 industry, patience and perseverance, and, withal, his power and influ- 
 ence over others, which was essential to his success ; they still thought 
 him mad, and did not recover from that error till they themselves had 
 lost their own senses, of which they evinced s^-mptoms at least, by 
 shortly purchasing into the business of this visionary schemer at 
 thirty, forty, fifty and even sixty per cent, advance." 
 
 Much of the stibseqiient prosperity of Francis Cabot Lowell's first 
 attempt to introduce modern manufacturing in this country was un- 
 doubtedly due to his good fortune securing the services of a mechani- 
 cal genius in the person of Paul Moody, whose name is perpetuated 
 in one of the principal streets of Lowell. This inventor was born at 
 Newbury, May 23, 1779, in the sixth generation from the saddler, Wil- 
 liam Moody, of Ipswich, England, who settled in 1634 at the Massa- 
 chusetts Ipswich, and a 3'ear later moved into what is now Newbury. 
 Paul Moody was one of seven sons of Captain Paul Moody. His aca- 
 demic education was limited. \\'hen sixteen years old he learned the 
 weaver's craft, at which he became expert. He presently went into 
 business with Jacob Perkins, of Amesbury, who had invented a nail- 
 cutting machine. In 1812 he was in the employ of Kendrick and 
 Worthen, manufacturers of carding machinery. Later, with Ezra 
 Worthen, Thomas Boardman and Samuel Wigglesworth, he began to 
 make satinets, a popular mixture of wool and cotton, their firm being 
 incorporated, Februarj- 16. 1813, as the Amesbury Wool and Cotton 
 Manufacturing Company, capitalized at $46,000. Finally in 1814 Mr. 
 Moody went to Waltham to superintend the setting-up of the machin- 
 ery of the new mill [)lanned by Messrs. Lowell and Jackson. Here he 
 
I40 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 found jilenty of exercise for his inventi\-e and organizing talent. One 
 of his less known discoveries was that of the economical value of 
 leather belting, afterwards in almost general use in mill drive. 
 
 The power loom with which Francis Cabot Lowell hoped to revo- 
 lutionize American textile manufacture was not the Cartwright loom 
 which was already in operation in Lancashire. It was one on which 
 he himself had worked experimentally in a store on Broad street, Bos- 
 ton, employing a C(.~iuple of men to turn a crank and thus furnish the 
 power. By the time the building at Waltham was complete the first 
 loom was ready for installation. "I well recollect," writes Appleton, 
 "the state of admiration and satisfaction with which we sat by the 
 hour, watching the Iseautiful movements of this new and wonderful 
 machine, destined, as it evidently was, to change the character of all 
 textile industry. This was in the autumn of 1814." Lowell appears 
 from this account to have been a mechanic of no mean order. At Wal- 
 iham, nevertheless, Paul ]\Ioody's services were recjuired to invent an 
 important mo\ement to which the loom owed its complete success. 
 
 Other essential innovations for which Moody was responsible 
 during the years he s]3ent at Waltham are described with considerable 
 precision by Re\-. H. A. Miles in his "Lowell As It is:'' 
 
 He invented the "dead spindle," which was introduced ;it Waltham 
 and is still used throughout the mills at Lowell. The Rhode Island 
 machinery emploj'ed the "Ii\-e spindle," copied from the English. The 
 product of the former is greater, though it requires more power. About 
 the time of starting their mill at Waltham, Mr. Lowell and Mr. Moody 
 went to Taunton, Mass., to procure a machine for winding the filling 
 upon a boljbin. Just as the former gentlemen were concluding a con- 
 tract for these machines Mr. Moody suggested that if they would re- 
 turn to Waltham without them, he thought he could invent a machine 
 to s])in tlie yarn upon the bolilnn the same conical form in which the 
 winder put it on, and thus supersede the necessity of the intervention 
 of that machine. Upon their return he invented what is called the "fill- 
 ing frame," a machine which he at once perfected, and which is still used 
 both at Waltham and at Lowell. Near the same time Mr. Lowell told 
 Mr. Moody that they must ha\-e a "governor," to regulate the speed 
 of their wheels. This was an ap]jaratus of which Mr. Moody had 
 never heard, and the only information concerning it which his friends 
 could supply was that, having seen one in England, he remembered 
 there were two iron balls susj^ended on two rods, connected at one end 
 like a pair of tongs. When the wheels were in too rapid motion these 
 balls were driven apart, and produced a partial closing of the water 
 gate; when on the other hand, tlieir motion was slow, the balls 
 ajiproached each other and eft'ected a greater opening of the gate, by 
 which an increased motion was obtained. This conversation was held 
 in Boston, at Mr. Lowell's house. The gentlemen separated with an 
 understanding that the "governor" should forthwith be ordered from 
 England. Mr. Moody, on his ride to Waltham, could not get those 
 balls out of his mind. They were flying around in his brain the whole 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 141 
 
 of that day and night. The next day he went to the shop and chalked 
 out the plan of some wheels which he ordered made. Not long after 
 this Mr. Lowell was at W'altham. and Mr. Moody inquired if the "gov- 
 ernor" had been ordered from England. On learning that it had not 
 Mr. Moody produced the "governor" which he had made. It was set 
 up in the mill, and that identical one was in successful use until 1832. 
 The "governors" now used in this city are all copied from that. Mr. 
 Mood}', with the assistance of Mr. Lowell, was the inventor of the 
 "double speeder." This machine was set in operation at Waltham 
 and was patented. Some time after this the patent right was infringed 
 upon by some mechanics who had worked upon the machine at Wal- 
 tham, and prosecution ensued. The case was tried before Judge Story 
 and was argued by Mr. Webster. The late Mr. Bowditch, then of 
 Salem, was requested to examine the principles, both of the original 
 and the imitated machines, in order to appear as a witness at the trial. 
 Mr. Bowditch was afterwards heard to say that seldom had his mind 
 been more severely taxed, for the "double speeder'" required for its 
 construction the greatest mathematical power of any piece of mechan- 
 ism with which he had become acquainted. The idea of this machine 
 originated with Mr. Moody, but the mathematical calculations neces- 
 sary for its construction were made by Mr. Lowell. 
 
 The Lowell power loom was not without a competitor almost 
 from the outset. Closel)' following upon its appearance came the im- 
 portation of the Horrocks loom at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1817. 
 The latter w-as of English devising, on the basis of patents taken out 
 in 1803, 1805 and 1813. Though inferior to the Lowell machine in 
 having a crank instead of a cam to lift the harness, it otherwise was 
 simple and efficient and could be built for about $70 as opposed to $300, 
 the cost of the loom controlled by the Boston Manufacturing Com- 
 pany. 
 
 The system of company boarding houses and other provisions for 
 the welfare of operatives which Mr. Lowell and his associates intro- 
 duced at Waltham had iew, if any, counterparts in the old world. The 
 germination of this principle of looking out for the human units of 
 production, as well as for the machines, appeared a little later in the 
 initial scheme of the city of Lowell. 
 
 The attitude of responsibility for the condition of employees 
 which prevailed from the outset of the experiment at East Chelmsford 
 thus dated from the philanthropic mind of Francis Cabot Lowell, who 
 "had another idea in his mind which was one of the greatest impor- 
 tance, and that was the moral and religious instruction of the opera- 
 tives." Rev. George Kengott, in "The Record of a City," follows the 
 tradition that Lowell and his friends were much influenced by the 
 humanitarian philosophy of Robert Owen. Be that as it may, the 
 Boston Manufacturing Company as early as 1814 built model board- 
 ing houses and presently undertook schools, a church, and the "Rum- 
 ford Institute of Mutual Instruction," and when the question of estab- 
 
142 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 lishment of mills at Lowell was under consideration, according to Mr. 
 Appleton, "the question arose and was deeply considered whether this 
 degradation [of the type familiar in English factory towns] was the 
 result of the peculiar occupation or other distinct causes." As Rod- 
 ney Hemenway expresses i^, in his "Genesis of the Social System in 
 New England Manufacturing," the Boston promoters deliberately 
 "chose the example of that wise, philanthropic manufacturer-reformer, 
 Robert Owen, rather than that of the average factory manager with 
 whom the\' came into contact during their studies of the manufactur- 
 ing question." 
 
 Even a sketchy record of Francis Cabot Lowell's achievements 
 would be incomplete without reference to his pioneership protec- 
 tionism. 
 
 One of the chief results of American distresses during the War of 
 1812 was that shortly after it the Nati(.in committed itself to a policy 
 of subsidizing home industries through protective tariffs. \\'hereas, 
 England, under the influence of the jjhilosophical anarchism of Adam 
 Smith and Jeremy Bentham, had already evolved a theory of free 
 trade, the United States definitely adopted the plan of protecting the 
 Nation's capitalists and laborers from the effects of world-wide com- 
 petition. Without this legislative encouragement, it hardly need be 
 said, the use of the water powers of the Merrimack for manufacturing 
 purposes would probably have been delayed for years, or even genera- 
 tions, and it is interesting to note that Francis Cabot Lowell led the 
 fight for recognition of the protective principle which was due shortly 
 to make possiljle the upbuilding of the city that now bears his name. 
 
 In the winter of 1816 Lowell was in W'ashington and there, as 
 Edward E\'erett relates in his memoirs : 
 
 In confidential intercourse with some of the leading men of Con- 
 gress, he fixed their attention on the importance, the prospects and 
 the dangers of the cotton manufacture, and the policy of shielding it 
 from foreign competition by legislative jurisdiction. Constituti(_inal 
 objections at that time were unheard of. The Middle States, under 
 the lead of Pennsylvania, were strong in the interest of manufactur- 
 ing. The West was about equally divided. The New England States, 
 attached from the settlement of the country to commercial and navi- 
 gating pursuits, were less disposed to embark in a new policy which 
 was thought adverse to some branches of foreign trade, and particu- 
 larly to the trade with India, from which the supply of coarse cottons 
 was principally derived. The planting States, and cmincntl\- South 
 Carolina, then represented by several gentlemen of distinguished abil- 
 ity, held the balance between the rival interests. To the planting 
 interest it was demonstrated by Mr. Lowell that by the establishment 
 of the cotton manufacture in the United States the southern planter 
 would greatly increase his market. He would furnish the raw ma- 
 terial for all those American fabrics which should take the place ot 
 manufactures imported from India or partly made in England from 
 
Till-: FACTORY SYSTEM 143 
 
 India cotton. He would thus, out of his own produce, be enabled to 
 pay for all the supplies which he required from the North. This simple 
 and conclusive view of the subject prevailed, and determined a portion 
 of the South to throw its weight in favor of a protective tariff. The 
 minimum duty on cotton fabrics, the corner stone of the system, was 
 projiosed \)y Air. Lowell, and is believed to have been an original con- 
 ception on his part. It was recommended by Mr. Lowndes, it was 
 advocated by Mr. Calhoun, and was incorporated into the law of 1816. 
 To this provision of law, the fruit of the intelligence and influence of 
 Mr. Lowell, New England owes that branch of industry, which has 
 made amends for the diminution of her foreign trade ; which has kept 
 her prosperous under the exhausting drain of her population to the 
 West ; which has brought a market for his agricultural products to the 
 farmer's door ; and which, while it has conferred these blessings on this 
 part of the country, has been productive of good, and nothing but good 
 to every other portion of it. For these public benefits — than which 
 none, not directly connected with the establishment of our liberties, 
 are of a higher order or of a more comprehensive scope — the people of 
 the United States are indebted to Mr. Francis Cabot Lowell ; and in 
 conferring his name upon the noble city of the arts in our neighbor- 
 hood a monument not less appropriate than honorable has been reared 
 in his memory. What memorial of a great public benefactor so be- 
 coming as the bestowal of his name on a prosperous community which 
 has started, as it were, from the soil at the touch of his wand? Pyra- 
 mids and mausoleums may erumble to earth, and brass and marble 
 mingle with the dust they cover, but the pure and well deserved 
 renown, which is thus incorporated with the busy life of an intelligent 
 people, will be remembered till the long lapse of ages and the vicissi- 
 tudes of fortune shall reduce all of America to oblivion and decay. 
 
 Francis Cabot Lowell did not live to see the fruition of the enter- 
 prises for which his sagacity and persistence were mainly responsible. 
 He died at the early age of forty-one. He had, of course, no direct 
 connection with the community which later adopted his name at the 
 instance of its benevolent despot, Kirk Boott. It is not known that he 
 ever saw the water powers of the Merrimack and Concord at East 
 Chelmsford. 
 
 Of his business acumen, which placed the cotton industry for the 
 first time on a firm basis, his friend, Nathan Appleton, relates: 
 
 It is remarkable how few changes, in this respect [of installing 
 machinery and routing processes through the mill] have been tnade 
 since those established by him in the first mill built in Waltham. It 
 is also remarkable how accurate were his calculations as to the expense 
 at which goods could be made. He used to say that the only circum- 
 stance which made him distrust his calculations was that he could 
 bring them to no other result but one which was too favorable to be 
 credible. His calculations, however, did not lead him so far as to make 
 him imagine that the same goods which were then selling at thirty 
 cents a yard would at any time be sold at six cents, and without a loss 
 to the manufacturer, as has since been done. He died in 1817, beloved 
 
144 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 and respected by all who knew liini. He is entitled to the credit of 
 having introduced the new system in the cotton manufacture under 
 which it has grown up so rapidly ; for. although Messrs. Jackson and 
 Moody were men of unsurpassi-d energy and talent in their way, it 
 was I\Ir. Lowell who was the informing soul which gave direction and 
 form to the whole proceeding. 
 
 The New Life at Old Wamesit — In 1820 and immediately there- 
 after the communities at Pawtucket and Massic Falls were jogging 
 on in the old ways which have been described. At Pawtucket Bridge, 
 Elisha Ford (1778-1855). son of Captain John Ford, surveyor and 
 hydraulic engineer, represented the contemporary interest in water 
 power. Over at Chelmsford Centre the Rev. Wilkes Allen had just 
 brought out, through a town appropriation for that purpose, "the first 
 book of town history issued in America." Middlesex \'illage, as has 
 been seen, was an active hamlet, through business due to the Middle- 
 sex canal, and through the glass works. The substantial families then 
 living between Middlesex and the Chelmsford bridgehead at the falls 
 ])ursued their handicrafts and agricultural vocations, and many of 
 them attended divine worship on the north side of the Merrimack. 
 Between Clark's Ferry and the Navy Yard, Dracut looked much as it 
 now would, if the mid-century and later constructions could be re- 
 moved and only the fine old white houses, some of which happily sur- 
 vive, were left to maintain their dignity among the elms. The Hild- 
 reth bailiwick about the Great Bunt still had its annual excitement 
 when the shad and alewives ran. The yellow meeting house at Dracut 
 Centre, the object of many controversies, was now an established insti- 
 tution. In East Dracut, Joseph Bradley Varnum, the greatest man 
 of this ])art of Massachusetts, had just passed away, in Septem- 
 ber, 1821, from angina pectoris, having shortly before his death dic- 
 tated to his niece. Miss Harriett Swett Varnum, tlie aut(il:iiography 
 which has been frequently Cjuoted in this history. In the downtown 
 district of the future city the family of Tylers was conspicuous, Na- 
 than Tyler owning nearly all the land from the old Pawtucket or Navi- 
 gation Canal, to the Merrimack and as far down as the mouth of the 
 Concord near which the Tyler mansion stood. Over the Concord was 
 the Gedney mansion, the old yellow house, already described. Like the 
 Hildreths, the Tylers took great interest in the fisheries. Some remi- 
 niscences of the late Captain Silas Tyler give a vivid picture of the 
 customs of the time : "The best haul of fish I ever knew was eleven 
 hundred shad and eight or ten thousand alewives. This was in the 
 Concord just below the Middlesex Mills. My uncle, Joe Tyler, once 
 got so many alewives that he did not know what to do with them. 
 The law allowed us to fish two days in the week in the Concord and 
 three in the Merrimack. * * * The Dracut folks fished in the pond at 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 145 
 
 the foot of Pawtucket Falls. They would set their nets there on for- 
 bidden days. On one occasion the fish wards from Billerica came and 
 carried off their nets. The wardens, when they returned to Billerica, 
 spread the nets in the grass to dry. The next night the fishermen, in 
 a wagon with a span of horses, drove tn Billerica, gathered up the 
 nets, brought them back and reset them in the pond. People would 
 come fifteen or twenty iniles to procure these fish. Shad were worth 
 five dollars per hundred and salmon ten cents per pound." The neigh- 
 borhood was one whose simple farmer people, fairly prosperous, lived 
 the kind of life their ancestors had prescribed for them, with much 
 hard work, and much merriment and gayety. 
 
 In the autumn of 1821 Thomas M. Clark, merchant of Newbury- 
 port and a director of the Pawtucket Canal, through which logs were 
 rafted down to the head of Hunt's Falls, came to East Chelmsford and 
 began tn negotiate for some of the farm lands whose titles had come 
 down from the original Wamesit Neck proprietorship. 
 
 He began by buying the Nathan Tyler farm. This tract included 
 about forty acres, covering the territory between Merrimack street on 
 the north, the lower end of Pawtucket canal on the south, the present 
 Merrimack canal on the west and coming across Merrimack street 
 near the present Merrimack square and extending to the junction of 
 the ri\-ers. For this property eight thousand dollars were paid. Be- 
 tween Merrimack street and the river was the sixty-acre farm of Josiah 
 Fletcher, which sold for the same price. Above the Fletcher projjerty 
 was the Chee\'er farm, the homestead of which long stood just above 
 the Lawrence corporation. Here were one hundred and ten acres, 
 nine undivided tenths of which Mr. Clark secured for $1,800, with an 
 option oil the rcmnining cjne-tenth for twd hundred dollars. "The 
 owner of the other tenth," says Miles, "had agreed to convey it for 
 two hundred dollars ; but dying insolvent, it was sold by order of the 
 court, the Locks and Canals Company giving, for seven and a half 
 tenths thereof, upwards of three thousand dollars. The remaining two 
 and a half tenths were Ijought a year afterwards for nearly fi\c thou- 
 sand dollars — so rapidly did the \alue of the land rise. In 1S22 the 
 farm of the widow of Joseph W arren was purchased, a tract of alxjut 
 thirty acres, l}'ing between Central street and Concord river, with the 
 Pawtucket canal on the north, and extending up nearly as far as Rich- 
 mond's Mills on the south. For this the sum of five thousand dollars 
 was i)aid. Within these boundaries Mr. Thomas Ifurd owned two or 
 three acres of land in the near neighborhood of his woolen mill, which 
 was situated where the Mechanics' Mills now stand. The farm of Mr. 
 Jose])h I'^letcher. the homestead of which still stands on the high land 
 in the rear of the np]uT ])art oi Appleton street, came down to the 
 I'riwtiicki'i canal on the north and Central street on the east, and con- 
 
 I in 
 
146 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 taincd ahuul diu' hundred acres. This was not purchased until 1824, 
 for which the sum of ten thousand dollars was paid." 
 
 These purchases of the ancient farmsteads of Wamesit Neck had 
 not gone far before the neighborhood began to suspect that Mr. Clark, 
 of Newburyport, must represent clients more influential and ambitious 
 than the proprietors of the transportation canal which annually en- 
 abled a few million feet of i^ine lumber from u|.) country to circumvent 
 the tortuous channel of Pawtucket brails. What was really ha|ipen- 
 ing soon became evident to their astonished eyes. 
 
 The prosperity of the Waltham cotton manufacture led to a search 
 which in the early twenties induced several Boston capitalists to con- 
 sider where next they might plant a factory town. The horse power 
 developed by the Charles river is small, and there is no other stream 
 in the immediate neighborhood of Boston that could be used for a 
 large installation. Hence the manufacturing interests already must 
 look further afield. 
 
 The narrati\e of the quest for a dependable supply of power can- 
 not be told better than In' follov.ing Mr. Appleton's narratixe: 
 
 The success of the Waltham company made me desirous of ex- 
 tending my interest in the same direction. I was of opinion that the 
 time had arrived when the luanufacture and printing of calicoes might 
 be successfully introduced in this country. In this opinion ]\Ir. jack- 
 son coincided : and we set about discovering a water power. At the 
 suggestion of Mr. Charles H. Atherton, of Amherst, New Hampshire, 
 we met him at a fall of the Souhegan river aliout six miles fmni its 
 entrance into the Merrimack, but the ])ower was insufficient for our 
 ])urpose. This was in the summer of 1821. In returning we jiassed 
 the Nashua river without lieing aware of the existence of the fall 
 which has since been made the source of so much power by the Nashua 
 companv. We saw a small grist mill standing in the meadow near the 
 road, with a dam of some six or seven feet. Soon after our return I 
 was at Waltham one day, when I was informed that Mr. Moody had 
 lately been at Salisbury, where Mr. Worthen, his old partner, said to 
 him : "I hear Messrs. Jackson and Appleton are looking out for water 
 power; why don't they Inn up the Pawtucket canal? That would 
 give them the whole jjower of the Merrimack, with a fall of thirty 
 feet." On the strength of this, Mr. Moody had returned that way, and 
 was satisfied with the extent of the power, and that Mr. Jack.son was 
 making inquiries on the subject. Mr. Jackson soon after called on me, 
 and informed me that he had had a correspondence with Mr. Clark, of 
 Newliuryport, the Agent of the Pawtucket Company, and had ascer- 
 tained that the stock of that company, and the lands necessary for 
 using the water power, could lie ])urchased ; and asked me what I 
 thought of taking hold of it. He stated that his engagements at Wal- 
 tham would not permit him to take the management of a new concern; 
 Init he mentioned Mr. Kirk Boott as having expressed a wish to take 
 the management of an active manufacturing establishment, and he had 
 confidence in his possessing the proper talent for it. .\fter a discussion 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 147 
 
 it was agreed that he should consult Mr. Boott ; and that, if he should 
 join us, we would go on with it. He went at once to see Mr. Boott, 
 and soon returned to inform me that Mr. Boott entered heartily into 
 the project ; and we set about making the purchases without delay. 
 Until these were made it was necessary to confine all knowledge of the 
 project to our own three bosoms. Mr. Clark was employed to pur- 
 chase the necessary lands, and such shares in the canal as were within 
 his reach ; whilst Mr. Henry Andrews was employed in purchasing up 
 the shares owned in Boston. I recollect the first interview with Mr. 
 Clark, at which he exhibited a rough sketch of the canal and adjoining 
 lands, with the price which he had ascertained they could be purchased 
 for; and he was directed to go on and comjilete the purchases, taking 
 the deeds in his own name, in order to prevent the project taking wind 
 prematurely. The purchases were made accordingly for our equal 
 joint account; each of us furnishing funds as required to Mr. Boott, 
 who kept the accounts. Formal articles of association were drawn up. 
 The}- bear date December i, 1821 ; and are recorded in the records of 
 the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, of which they form the 
 germ. The six hundred shares were thus described : 
 
 Kirk Boott and J. \V. lioott 180 
 
 N. Appleton 180 
 
 P. T. Jackson 180 
 
 Panl Moody 60 
 
 The Act of Incorporation of the Merrimack Manufacturing Com- 
 pany bears date 5th of February, 1822, recognizing the original asso- 
 ciation as the basis of the company. Our first visit to the spot was in 
 the month of November, 1821, when a slight snow covered the ground. 
 The party consisted of P. T. Jackson, Warren Dutton, Paul Moody, 
 John W. Boott and myself. We perambulated the grounds and one 
 of us retnarked that we might live to see twenty thousand people in 
 the place. 
 
 Such was the beginning of the scheme for a mill village at East 
 Chelmsford. The original purchases on account of the town which 
 it was planned to lay out totaled aliout four hundred acres. The aver- 
 age price paid was about one hundred dollars an acre. That the nego- 
 tiations caused much surprise in the neighborhood, and much wonder- 
 ment as to what was about to happen, may be conjectured. 
 
 S|)ecuIation in land for the jnirpose of selling out was soon rife. 
 as Mr. Appleton had expected. Thomas Hurd, the manufacturer of 
 satinets on the Concord river, after whom Hurd street was named, is 
 described by Alfred Oilman as a "shrewd operator," who happening to 
 be ill Boston and to overhear a conversation regarding purchase of 
 lands at East Chelmsford, hurried home and secured the refusal of 
 the Bowers saw mill, near Pawtucket bridge, and of considerable land 
 in their neighborhood. The records of the Merrimack company sup- 
 port this story, for they show that on July 29, 1822, the directors re- 
 ceived a projjosal from Mr. Hurd in reference to a sale of land at the 
 fall'' which t'rojxisal was referred to a committee. On August 17, 
 
148 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 1822, the Hiird holdings were Ixjught t>)- the company. In other trans- 
 actions of the times, Mr. Hurd appears in the light of a business man 
 with talent for making himself obnoxious for a financial purpose. 
 
 Lowell, it should be observed in passing, might have been founded 
 on the Kennebec instead of the Merrimack, had one of the Maine 
 property owners proved as accommodating as the farmer folk about 
 Pawtucket Falls were found out to be. It appears to be well authen- 
 ticated that during the period of negotiations Kirk Boott made a trip 
 from Boston to Gardiner, Maine, to bargain with R. H. Gardiner, of 
 that place, concerning the water-power privilege belonging to his 
 family's estate. The owner was quite willing to conclude a long lease, 
 but not to sell his land and power. Hence Boott returned to Boston, 
 rebus iiifi'ctis. 
 
 The Founders of the City — The group of Boston capitalists who 
 became the founders of a city which still honors their memories con- 
 tained several quite notable personalities. 
 
 Foremost among them was Francis Cabot Lowell's brother-in- 
 law, Patrick Tracy Jackson, who after Mr. Lowell's death was the final 
 authority in all financial arrangements. A descendant of Jonathan 
 Jackson, an Irish merchant who settled in Newburyport, he had a 
 business training in the East India trade, which helped to develop 
 imagination and a spirit of enterprise in so many American youths of 
 the early nineteenth century. His subsequent interest in the creation 
 of New England railroads will appear in this narrative. 
 
 Nathan Appleton, who frequently came forward as literary spokes- 
 man, as well as financial factor of the early manufacturing enterprises, 
 was of the celebrated family that came from Captain Samuel Appleton, 
 of Ipswich, commander of the Massachusetts troops in King Philip's 
 AVar. He liegan a college course at Dartmouth College, which he did 
 not finish, as he had an opportimity to enter business with his brother, 
 Samuel Appleton, of Boston. He liecame one of the heaviest investors 
 in Lowell mill properties. He was a member of the Massachusetts 
 Legislature between 1815 and 1827 and a member of Congress in 1830. 
 His personal characteristics have thus been described by his friend, 
 Robert C Winthrop: "Persistent courage and inflexible integrity 
 were indeed the two leading characteristics of Mr. .Xjipleton's char- 
 acter, and constituted the secrets of his good success. To these, more 
 th;in to anything else, he owed his fortune and his fame. He displayed 
 his Iioldness by embarking in untried enterprises, by advocating un- 
 po])ular doctrines, by resisting popular prejudices, by confronting the 
 most powerful and accomplished opponents in (iral and written argu- 
 ments, and by shrinking from no controversy into which the independ- 
 ent expression of his opinions might lead him. His integrity was 
 manifested where all the world might read it, in the daily doings of a 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 149 
 
 long mercantile career, and in the principles which he inculcated in so 
 many forms of moral, commercial and financial discussion.'' A rather 
 less favorable opinion of his judgment and business acumen, espe- 
 cially in his latter years, was expressed by Dr. J. C. Ayer, of Lowell, 
 who "muckraked" the Boston managements of Lowell mills just be- 
 fore the Civil War. 
 
 The position of town manager, to use a term that has lately come 
 into currency, was deputed by the capitalists who planned to create 
 this mill city at East Chelmsford to Kirk Boott, who had expressed 
 himself as desirous of undertaking work of this kind. To this choice, 
 fortunate, no doubt, in the main, Lowell owes many of its distinguish- 
 ing peculiarities even to this day. 
 
 The young manager who was given his tryout during the exacting 
 first years of the town was a positive character and left his impress in 
 many directions. He was born in Boston in 1791, but as a young boy 
 was sent to England, where he was trained at the celebrated Rugby 
 school. He presently returned to America and entered Harvard Col- 
 lege, from which, however, he was not graduated. His father secured 
 for him a commission in the British army and he entered that service 
 in which he made a distinguished record. As a lieutenant in the 
 Duke of York's Regiment, he witnessed the capture of San Sebastian, 
 the battles of Nieve and the Nivelle, the passage of the Garonne and 
 the siege of Bayonne. He probably would have risen to high rank in 
 the royal army, but for the intervention of the War of 1812, in the 
 course of which his regiment was ordered to America. 
 
 Unwilling to fight against his fellow countrymen, young Boott 
 resigned his British commission after five years' service. In 1817 he 
 returned to Boston to engage in business with his brothers. Their 
 enterprise proved unsuccessful, and at the time of the negotiations for 
 the Pawtucket Canal and the adjacent lands, Kirk Boott, as it hap- 
 pened, was out of employment. At this juncture he gladly accepted the 
 tender made by Patrick Tracy Jackson to become superintendent of 
 the new mills at East Chelmsford. To his personality, and especially 
 to his English education and ideas, were due many of the characteris- 
 tics of the town of which he was at the outset the virtual dictator, or 
 "benevolent despot." 
 
 Whether more credit than was his due has been given to Kirk 
 Boott for his share in projecting Lowell is a fair subject for argument. 
 His commanding personality to the generation immediately following 
 made him seem to have been the major initiator of the enterprise. 
 Toward a more moderate estimate of the part taken by the first agent 
 of the Merrimack company, Alfred Gilman, in his sketch of the history 
 of Lowell published in 1880, quotes John A. Lowell, of Boston, as 
 writing: "I should be the last person to say one word in depreciation 
 
150 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 of Kirk ])(jiitt. He was my bosdin friend, and I was his trustee. I 
 would not say anything to detract from his credit; V)ut it is no more 
 true as a matter of fact that he made the first experiment in joint stock 
 companies in carrying on the cotton manufacturing than it is true that 
 he went out with a fishing Hne and found that there was a water power 
 at Chehnsford. The first person who suggested the place was Ezra 
 Worthen. Paul Moody knew nothing about it. Mr. Moody and Mr. 
 Jackson came up afterwards and saw the jilace. It is not true that 
 Mr. Boott was the first to suggest it. So far from it, the whole pur- 
 chase was made of the Pawtucket Canal, and of most of the farms 
 here, before Mr. Boott ever had set foot on the spot." After the enter- 
 prise was under way, however. Kirk Boott was unquestionalily for 
 some years the principal person in the management of affairs, down 
 to the time of his untimely death from heart failure in Merrimack 
 street, Lowell. 
 
 A likable man Kirk Bontt hardl_\' was. and various stories are told 
 that illustrate his personal unpopularity with the populace of the com- 
 nuuiity which he came to direct. His riding whip at very slight jirovo- 
 cation fell upon the backs of boys whom he deemed impudent. His 
 anglomania made trouble for him. One Fourth of July, for example, 
 he raised both the English and the American flag on the flagpole at 
 his residence, with the former emblem on top. An indignant crowd 
 gathered and deiuanded that he reverse the order of the flags. This 
 Boott refused to do, whereupnn the citizens swarmed into his yard and 
 did it for him. 
 
 Kirk Boott's negotiations with landowners of the neighborhood 
 were regarded, whether rightly or wrongly, as rather ungenerous. A 
 ditty is recalled of which the following were characteristic stanzas : 
 
 There came a yuung man from the old countree, 
 The Merrimack River he happened to see. 
 What a capital place for mills, quoth he, 
 Ri-toot, ri-noot, ri-toot, riumpty. ri-tooten-a. 
 
 And then these farmers so ctite. 
 
 They gave all their lands and timlicr to Boott, 
 
 Ri-toot. ri-noot, etc. 
 
 Under the auspices that have been noted the Merrimack Manu- 
 facturing Co:ni)anv was duly incorporated under the laws of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1822 with a capital stock of $600,000, and a train of events 
 was started which almost overp.ight altered the characteristics of old 
 Wamesit Neck. From this foundation dates the factory town as now 
 known, a cominunitv in which thcjusands of workers are summoned 
 daily at the same hour into workshops where each performs his task 
 in a scheme of subdivided labor. 
 
 The rural countryside in Chelmsford, Dracut and Tewksbury, re- 
 mained, of course, for a time, much as before ; only, indeed, with the 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEAI 151 
 
 advent of the trolley and motor car in very recent years here the sev- 
 eral nearby "centres" became radically different from the villages 
 which sent forth their minute-men to the Concord fight. The "city of 
 the dinner pail," however, which was inaugurated at East Chelmsford, 
 was distinctly a departure in American municipalities. 
 
 The plans of the Boston entrepaneurs, it may be emphasized, were 
 for a much more humane and decent industrial commvmity than any 
 of those gathering places of the exploited classes with which the land- 
 scape of nineteenth century England had already been fouled. As a 
 man thinks so will he do. The New England capitalists, whatever 
 their outlook on life, had to a far less extent than the contemporary 
 Englishmen of business fallen under the spell of a "political economy 
 which posited man as a naturally lazy and selfish animal who must be 
 forced to work under the spur of grim necessity and whose ethical and 
 altruistic sentiments, aspirations and instincts were to be ignored as 
 negligible factors, while his greeds and dreads were constantly to be 
 played upon, in the interest of large profits for his employer." The 
 laissez-faire theory, in point of fact, was far more prevalent in England 
 than in .America. In the former country, to quote again from Lin- 
 coln's article on "The Factory System" in "The American Business 
 Encyclopjedia," "the manufacturer took no responsibility, as a rule, 
 for the housing of the workers allured from the country to the town by 
 the prospect of steady work. How the masses lived and where they 
 were buried, worn out at forty, was their own account." 
 
 In contradistinction to the picture of human misery serving as a 
 background for the profits of Lancashire manufacturers, Messrs. Jack- 
 son, Appleton and their associates appear from the first to have had a 
 vision of the city of neat well-clad, self-respecting operatives, reported 
 by visitors to Lowell prior to the War of the Rebellion. It is possible, 
 of course, somewhat to sentimentalize the favorable conditions of liv- 
 ing in New England factory towns, of which Lowell was the proto- 
 type. Some of the plans that were adopted for the welfare of the 
 workers left little or no provision for human nature ; and those subse- 
 quently went into the discard. "Corporation paternalism," writes 
 Oneal in considering the status of the working class during this 
 period, "became rampant. The girls not only slept in company houses, 
 but patronized company stores. Some corporations maintained 
 churches, paid the preacher's salary, collected pew rents from the opera- 
 tives, and held out fixed sums from their wages for the welfare of their 
 souls. Si.x and eight girls frequently occupied the same bed chamber, 
 and the hours of labor varied from twelve hours in summer to fourteen 
 hours in winter." 
 
 Whatever the defects, nevertheless, of the specific plans, it re- 
 mains true that Lowell, especially in its first years, was an exemplar 
 
152 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 of the principles of "welfare work" which are now generally applied in 
 American industry. That some of the arrangements adopted were 
 crude may be conceded. The same criticism, indeed, still lies against 
 many more modern efforts of the same surt. It stands at least to the 
 credit of the men who founded Lowell that they took into their con- 
 sideration the jjroper ui)keep of men as well as machines ; that they did 
 not purjjose tu permit the sons and daughters of the farms who came 
 trooping to their new town in search of work to feel that the employer 
 had no interest whatever in them outside of working hours. It is be- 
 ginning to be understood that the world movement toward industrial 
 democracy, the uni\ersal class struggle which has l,)een increasingly 
 apparent since the factory system came into being, cannot be com- 
 pletely forefended by palliatives ; yet it is tolerably obvious that the 
 relative freedom which Lowell has enjoyed from sanguinary clashes 
 of interest between the representatives of capital and of labor may 
 have been due, in large measure, to a disposition among the employers, 
 evident from the first, to create opportunities by which the strong and 
 ambitious worker might readily ini])r()\e his condition in life. 
 
 The inauguration of this wise policy of regarding the human equa- 
 tion, the late Governor Frederic T. Greenhalge attributed, in his ad- 
 dress at the Lowell commemorative exercises of April i, 1886, to the 
 founder of the initial experiment at W'altham. "If it was wise to stock 
 a factory with the best inanimate machinery," he said, "Francis Cabot 
 Lowell thought it wise to obtain the best human machinery, too. The 
 welfare of the operative, mental, moral and physical, was as important 
 in any wise man's scheme of a factory as the ten thousand horse pow-er 
 of the river. The factory system, as then established, in this country 
 and in England, was execrable. This was twenty years before Shaftes- 
 bury had led public opinion to the coal pit and the factory and showed 
 how stunted and deformed, how feeble and helpless, how ignorant and 
 depraved, men, women and children had become under the cruel sys- 
 tem followed by selfish employers. The factory system was looked 
 upon as accursed, and, if the daughters of New England were to run 
 the looms in the new enterprise, a very different system must be 
 adopted. 
 
 "And so," continued Mr. Greenhalge, "the great plan was formu- 
 lated ; the neat, well-kept boarding house, with pleasant, home-like 
 habits and restrictions, was established ; the church, the library and 
 the lecture room followed: and religion, culture and refinement lent 
 their influences to the life of toil. A new doctrine was proclaimed ; 
 the welfare of the employed was a necessary factor to the success of 
 the employer, just as the welfare of the employer was necessary to the 
 success of the employed. They were one in interest, one in the loss 
 and one in the gain ; one in prosperity and in adversity. IMilton tells 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 153 
 
 us of a music so divine that it would create a soul under the ribs of 
 death. Lowell discovered a principle that created a soul under the ribs 
 of political eciinciniy." 
 
 Excavation of Canals and Erection of Factories — Following the 
 jnirchase of lands at East Chelmsford, and the incorporation of the 
 Merrimack company, as related, in the spring of 1822 a force of five 
 hundred laborers was gathered to effect an enlargement of Pawtticket 
 canal. Somewhat more than a }ear was required for this work, which 
 cost abottt Si20,ooo. When coinpleted the canal w^as sixty feet wide 
 and capable of carrying eight feet of water throughout. Simultaneously 
 a lateral canal, the present Merrimack canal, was dug from the Paw- 
 tucket canal northward to the IMerrimack ri\-er. This latter channel 
 furnished power for the Merrimack company's original installation. 
 
 To I'-zra W'orthen, of Amesbury, who had first made the sugges- 
 tion that the Boston capitalists should consider the water powers at 
 Pawtucket Falls, was entrusted the superintendency of the construc- 
 tion work of the Merrimack company's first mill, which went on pari 
 passu with the digging of the canals. This yotmg man, whose name 
 is perpetuated in W'orthen street, was a descendant of Ezekiel 
 Worthen, who became one of the proprietors of the town of Amesbury 
 in 1666. He was born at the ancestral home February 11, 1781. After 
 learning the trade of ship carpentry he turned his attention to textile 
 manufacture. For a time he made carding machines for a firm in 
 Amesbury. In 181 2 he formed partnership with Paul Moody and 
 others for making woolen goods. In 1813 this enterprise was incor- 
 porated under the name of the Amesbury Wool and Cotton Company, 
 with which 'Sir. W'orthen was connected until he came to East Chelms- 
 ford in 1822. He witnessed the solid, substantial factory completed 
 and the first return of cloth made in November, 1823. Like many 
 others of his generation, he was a bad risk, from the viewpoint of the 
 modern life insurance expert. "He barely lived long enough to see a 
 great promise in his fruitful idea. He died June iS, 1824. A man of 
 much manufacturing experience, and of great mechanical talent, his 
 loss in the infancy of the enterprise was deeply felt." 
 
 Previous experience with manufacturing on the Concord river 
 seems to have helped in this first undertaking on a large scale to use 
 the heretofore vmharnessed power of the Merrimack. In the con- 
 struction of the Merrimack canal it is believed that the engineers were 
 greatly influenced by a smaller Init generally similar hydraulic 
 arrangement which Oliver Whipple, the powder manufacturer, had 
 just put into successful operation on the Concord river. W'hile 
 engaged in manufacturing at this [joint, as already stated, Mr. Whip- 
 ple saw- the jjossibility of developing power that might be used by 
 several mills. He accordingly constructed a canal from the head of 
 
154 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the rapids which ran nearly parallel with the river to the foot of the 
 falls, thence taking a westerly course and discharging its water, after 
 using, into Hale's brook. The rapids of the Concord have a total fall 
 of about twenty-five feet, and the net result of Mr. W'hipjjle's under- 
 taking was to provide the mill sites that were later used l)v Faulk- 
 ner's mill, for flannel manufacture; Chase's mill, which specialized on 
 fancy wo(_ilens, the Charles A. Stott flannel mill, yVmerican boot com- 
 pany, lielvidere woolen company, the shuttle factory, American bunt- 
 ing company, Naylor's carpet comjKiny, a grist mill and a worsted 
 mill. The A\'hipple canal is understood to have been the first of its 
 kind in this ccjuntry. Partners of the manufacturer were so skeptical 
 about it that they insisted on consulting the eminent engineer. Colonel 
 Loammi Ilaldwin, who at once pronounced the plans perfectly prac- 
 tical.ile. The work of constructing this canal began in September. 
 1821. Aleader states that "it is not im])rol)able, in fact it is known, that 
 this small canal had a favorable influence on the men who, the follow- 
 ing year, examined the Pawtucket Falls with a view to establishing 
 the immense Inisiness which [jreeminently entitled Lowell to the dis- 
 tinctive name it bears — the City of Spindles." 
 
 During this digging of the Pawtucket canal an interesting geo- 
 logical fact came to light. It is now, apjiarently, the general belief 
 of geologists that the Merrimack river at one time continued to flow 
 southward, jiresumably into Boston harbor, instead of turning 
 abruptly to the northeast as at present. Confirmation of this theory 
 is afl^orded by a notice in the "Lowell Journal," March 10, 1826: "In 
 digging this canal ledges were found considerably below the old canal 
 which bore evident traces of its having once been the bed of the river. 
 Many places were worn in the ledge, as there usually are in falls, by 
 stones kept continually in motion." 
 
 The new factory of the Merrimack company was opened on time 
 and the first piece of cotton cloth ever made in the modern way at 
 Lowell was woven by Deborah I^kinner, whom Paul Moody had 
 brought from Waltham to instruct the new operatives in the care of 
 the looms. Miss Skinner continued in the service of the Merrimack 
 company for about five years, when she married Horace Barbour, an 
 overseer. The family later removed to Lewiston, Maine, where Mrs. 
 Barbour died in 1870. Some day, as the importance of the beginning 
 is better appreciated than now, a sculptor or a mural painter may be 
 commissioned to make a representation of Deborah Skinner at the 
 loom. 
 
 The driving force in the town planning and construction work 
 which from 1822 onward rapidly transformed East Chelmsford, 
 resided, of course, in the jierson of Kirk Boott. The superintendent of 
 the new factory had come to East Chelmsford to live, watching over 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 155 
 
 the erection of his own tine house on a knoll of the old Tvler place 
 just north of Merrimack square, the house that later was moved to 
 the head of Merrimack street to become the main building of the 
 corporation hospital. Mr. Boott, from all accounts, was an inde- 
 fatigable worker. He "gave his whole zeal and strength," says Miles, 
 "to promote the prosperity of the new village and town. He watched 
 its growth with a paternal interest, resolving here to live and die." 
 
 The Earliest Corporation Boarding Houses — The system of cor- 
 poration boarding houses, which at this writing is still existent in the 
 life of the city, though each decade finds the residential holdings of 
 the corporations smaller, came in with the advent of the Merrimack 
 manufacturing company. 
 
 It was foreseen that the new chances for employment would 
 result in an influx of young people from the farms, ,and it was pur- 
 posed to see that these should be at least as well housed as at home. 
 According, in 1822-23, were constructed the first of the long blocks 
 of brick boarding houses, each divided into six or eight tenements, 
 which for years have been conspicuous on the side streets off Merri- 
 mack and Middlesex streets. "These tenements," wrote Miles in 
 1845, "are finished off in a style much above the common farm houses 
 of the country, and more nearly resemble the abodes of respectable 
 mechanics in rural villages. They are all furnished with an abundant 
 supply of water, and with suitable yards and outbuildings. These 
 are constantly kept clean, the buildings well painted, and the prem- 
 ises thoroughly whitewashed every spring at the Corporation's 
 expense." 
 
 The typical boarding house of the early period, it may be added, 
 placed the dining-room in front, making it easy for the operative to 
 slip in for a meal, whether going to her room or not. The kitchen was 
 situated in the rear. There was usually a special parlor for the board- 
 ing house keeper, customarily a widow. In some houses a sitting 
 room was provided for the boarders. The rest of the building was 
 given to the sleeping rooms. "In each of these," continties IMiles, 
 "are lodged two, four, and, in some cases, six boarders; and the room 
 has an air of neatness and comfort exceeding what most of the occu- 
 pants have been accustomed to in their paternal homes. In many 
 cases these rooms are not sufiiiciently large for the number who occupy 
 them ; and sometimes that attention is not paid to their ventilation 
 which a due regard to health demands." 
 
 It must be observed, in amplification of Mr. Miles' last point, that 
 in point of hygiene and sanitation these boarding houses could not be 
 expected to approach modern standards of the "model tenement." 
 They were built, with all the best intentions in the world, at a time 
 when infectious diseases were more rife than now and when the means 
 
156 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 of preventing- them were very little understood. They were, neverthe- 
 less, much better kept up under corporation management than the 
 same houses are now maintained in most of the cases in wliich they 
 have come into the hands of private owners. 
 
 Segregati<in uf the sexes was undertaken from the outset. .Miles 
 prints the following: 
 
 Ivegulaticins to he observed Ijy persons occupying the boarding- 
 houses belonging to the Merrimack Manufacturing Company. 
 
 They must not board any persons not emjiloved bv the company, 
 unless by special permission. 
 
 No disorderly or improper conduct must be allowed in the house. 
 
 The doors must be closed at lo o'clock in the evening; and no 
 person admitted after that time, unless a sufficient excuse is given. 
 
 Those who keeji the house, when required, must give an account 
 of the number, names and employm.ent of their boarders; also with 
 regard to their general conduct, and whether thev are in the haljit of 
 attending public worship. 
 
 The buildings, both inside and out, must be kept clean and in 
 good order. If the buildings or fences are injured, they will be 
 repaired and charged to the occupant. 
 
 No one will be allowed to keep swine. 
 
 St. Anne's, Lowell's Oldest Downtown Church — The company's 
 attempt to supervise the religion of its em])loyees has come in for 
 much reprobatiijn in later times. It was not continued for long. It 
 was certainl)- a mistaken policy. One must remember, nevertheless, 
 that such supervision was not so impossible in 1822 as it would be in 
 the cosmopolitan city of to-day. 
 
 The nearest [ilace of worship to the factory, as has been shown, 
 was the meeting house at Pawtucketville, at this period under Pres- 
 byterian control. The company's feeling that definite provision ought 
 to be made for requiring all its operatives to attend worship led to 
 the estal.)lishment in East Chelmsford of one of the first edifices in 
 this part of Massachusetts of the Protestant Episcopal Church of 
 America. 
 
 That St. Anne's Church was erected to follow the faith of the 
 Anglican Church rather than of one of the denominations, or "dis- 
 sents," to which practically all country people in New England in 
 the first part of the nineteenth century gave adherence, was seem- 
 ingly due to Kirk Boott's proselyting zeal, acquired during his 
 English education and service in the British army. It happened that 
 in 1 82 1 the Unitarian controversy which split the historic Congre- 
 gational body of New England into opposing factions was at its 
 height. Most of the directors of the Merrimack company were Uni- 
 tarians. On account, perhaps, of the bitterness which they feared 
 
-. .->!. .\i\iNi", h (_-HliiL(_H (Episcojial) 
 
 3. ORACK UNIVKTISALIST CHrHCH 
 
 4. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 157 
 
 might be engendered it an effort were made to force their forms of 
 worship and belief upon a population most of whom must come from 
 communities in which the orthodox or trinitarian type of Congre- 
 gationalism was still dominant, they appear to have listened with 
 interest to a suggestion from Mr. Boott that a Protestant Episcopal 
 Church be established. Nathan Appleton's narrative shows that in 
 December, 1822, Messrs. Jackson and Boott were appointed a com,- 
 mittee of the corporation to Isuild a suitable church for the operatives. 
 Later it was voted that the structure should be of stone at a cost not 
 to exceed nine thousand dollars. In pursuance of this vote the corner- 
 stone of St. Anne's Church was laid May 20, 1824. 
 
 The church society had previously been organized on February 
 24. 1824, as The Merrimack Religious Society. The first public serv- 
 ices of this society were held on March 7, 1824, in the schoolhouse 
 which the Merrimack company had built on Merrimack street, on 
 land where the Green school now stands. The evening before these 
 services an officiating clergyman had arrived in the person of the 
 Rev. Theodore Edson. 
 
 Thus was started the oldest church society in downtown Lowell. 
 It is hardly accurate, of course, in view of the priority of the West 
 Congregational Church and Society of Dracut, founded in Pawtucket- 
 ville in 1794, to assert, as does the author of the Courier-Citizen's 
 "Illustrated History of Lowell, Massachusetts," that .St. Anne's was 
 the first building that was dedicated to religious worshiji within the 
 present limits of the City of Lowell. 
 
 The founding of St. Anne's Church brought to East Chelmsford 
 one of the most famous churchmen of his day, the scholarly and 
 beloved Rev. Theodore Edson, D. D., who was born at Bridgewater, 
 August 24, 1793. Dr. Edson as a youth learned carpentry, but having 
 intellectual tastes entered Phillips Academy, Andover, in 181O, and 
 thence continued his education at Har\ard College, from which he 
 was graduated with honors. He assumed deacon's honors and 
 became assistant at St. Matthew's Church, South Boston, from which 
 he was invited to come to the newly- erected St. Anne's. His distin- 
 guished ser\'ices to the cause of popular education in Lowell and to 
 manv other good movements will be recorded in the narrative that 
 foUow's. 
 
 The Incorporation of the Town of Lowell — The principles of 
 political democracy, since the American Revolution, were so generally 
 accepted that the manufacturing community at East Chelmsford could 
 hardly have gone on for many years completely subject, both polit- 
 ically and economically, to the irresponsible if benevolent paternalism 
 which the rule of Mr. Boott and his associates had ushered in. The 
 natives of the region, as has appeared in preceding chapters, had 
 
158 HISTORY OF LOWFLL 
 
 always been assertive. Practicall\- all newcomers were of the same 
 virile and inilepeiulcnt ^'ankee stock. It was, therefore, good policy 
 for the corporate manag-cments to submit to and even favor the self- 
 government which was inevitable from the moment the settlement 
 began to grow. .Mfred Oilman very cleverlv and discreetlv stated 
 the nature of a little revolution in local afTairs which was ushered in 
 by the incor])oration : "Up to this time (1826) the afYairs of this 
 comiiiunit}' had been managed by the resident agents of the compa- 
 nies. No doubt, in their view, this was their prescriptive right. These 
 ciimpanies had done much for the welfare of the })eople gathered here; 
 building and maintaining a church and school hiiuses, purchasing 
 books f(_)r a library, and doing everything necessary for the religious, 
 moral and physical wellbeing of the people. Incorporation as a town- 
 ship brought another element to the surface ; the people found that 
 they were themselves called u])on to participate in the management 
 of aflairs." 
 
 The governmental business of such a commiuiit}- as grew up after 
 the Merrimack company came in could not forever be transacted at 
 Chelmsford Centre. The records of the Merrimack Manufacturing 
 Company show that as early as November 22, 1824, the possibility of 
 setting off East Chelmsford as a separate township was in the minds 
 of the directors, for on that date a committee was appointed to report 
 on a jiossible petition for incorporation. No action was taken at that 
 time, but the manufacturing village was increasing fast in population 
 and wealth. It had become a hardship to have all municipal affairs 
 deiiendent on a hamlet four miles from the mills. Accordingly, just 
 a centurv, as it ch.mced, after W'amesit Neck was formally annexed to 
 Chelmsford, the same district, with slightly different boundaries, was 
 made over into a new township. The new jurisdiction did not keep 
 its former name of East Chelmsford. Kirk lloott, who decided this as 
 he decided many other matters, admitted to a fellow director that he 
 had narrowed the choice of designations down to "Lowell" or 
 "Derby." "Then let it be Lowell," was Nathan Appleton's counsel, 
 which was followed. There are some who on sentimental grounds 
 have always regretted that the place could not have been named 
 W'amesit: but (jf the historical a]ipropriateness of "Lowell" as a desig- 
 nation for an industrial centre there can be little doubt. 
 
 The Town of Lowell came into existence through a legislative act 
 of March i, 1826, whose pro\'isions should be (pioted entire: 
 
 P.e it enacteil by the Senate and House (jf Representatives in 
 General Court assembled and by the authority of the same : 
 
 That the North Easterly part of the Town of Chelmsford in the 
 County of Middlesex, lying easterly and northerly of a line drawn as 
 follows: viz., beginning at Merrimack River at a Stone post, about 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 159 
 
 two hundred rods above the mouth of Patucket Canal, so called, 
 thence running- southerly in a straight course until it strikes the 
 Middlesex Canal, at a point ten rods above the Canal Bridge, near 
 the dwelling house of Henry Coburn ; thence southerly on said Canal 
 twenty rods ; thence a due course to a stone post at Concord River ; 
 be and hereby is incorporated into a town by the name of Lowell ; 
 and the inhabitants of said Town of Lov^-ell are hereby invested with 
 all the powers and privileges, and shall also be subject to the duties 
 and requisitions of other incorj)orate towns according to the Consti- 
 tution and Laws of this Commonwealth. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the inhaljitants of said Town of 
 Lowell shall be holden to pay all arrears of taxes which have been 
 assessed upon them i)y the Town of Chelmsford before the passage 
 of this act, and the said Town of Lowell shall be holden to pay two- 
 fifths parts of the balance or residue of all debts due and owing from 
 said Town of Chelmsford on the first day of ^Lirch one thousand eight 
 hundred and twenty-six, after deducting- therefrom the sum of twenty- 
 seven hundred and twenty-six dollars, and after applying to the pay- 
 ments of said debt all the money belonging to said Town and all the 
 taxes assessed by said Town of Chelmsford before the passing of this 
 act. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the said Towns of Chelmsford and 
 Lowell shall hereafter be liable for the support of all persons who 
 do or hereafter shall stand in need of relief, as paupers whose settle- 
 ment was gained or derived from a settlement gained or derived 
 within their respective limits ; and in all cases hereafter wherein the 
 settlement of a Pauper was gained or derived before the passing of 
 this act, partly within the limits of both of said Towns, or so herein it 
 shall not be proved within the limits of which of said towns such set- 
 tlement was gained, the said Towns of Chelmsford and Lowell shall Ije 
 equally lial)le for the support of said paupers. 
 
 Re it further enacted. That until a new \-aluation is taken by the 
 Commonwealth the .State and County taxes and any reimbursements 
 required by the Commonwealth for the payment of the Representa- 
 tive of the present and past years of said Town of Chelmsford, which 
 may be called for from said Towns of Chelmsford and Lowell, shall 
 be paid jointly by said Towns, and in the proportion of three-fifths for 
 said Chelmsford and two-fifths for said Town of Lowell. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That any Justice of the Peace in the 
 County of Middlesex be and hereby is authorized to issue his war- 
 rant to any principal inhabitant of the Town of Lowell, requiring 
 him to notify and warn the inhabitants of said Town of Lowell to 
 assemble and meet at some convenient time and place in said Town 
 to choose all such officers as Towns are required to choose in the 
 months of March and April, and to do and transact any other lawful 
 business relative to the alTairs of said Town. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, March ist, 1826. This Bill 
 having had three several readings passed to be enacted. 
 
 TiMOTHv Fuller, Speaker. 
 
 In Senate, March i, i8j'>. This Bill having had two several 
 readings passed ti> be enacted. i\'.\th'l Silsisek, President. 
 
i6o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 March ist, 1826. Approved: Levi Lixcoln. 
 
 A true copy. Attest: Edward D. Bangs, Secretary. 
 
 A true Copy from original. Attest : 
 
 Saml'KI. a. ConURN, Town Clerk. 
 
 Without delay the citizens of East Chelmsford availed themselves 
 of the provisons of the new incorporation. A warrant was issued on 
 March 2, 1826, by Joseph Locke, a justice of the peace, instructing 
 Kirk Boott to call a meeting of qualified voters to take action in the 
 matter of establishing a town government. 
 
 Mr. Boott, having received the warrant, called the meeting at the 
 Old Stone House, now the Ayer Home for Children, of which Samuel 
 Adams Coburn, the first town clerk, was one of the pnjprietors. Thus 
 was inaugurated a town government which continued for ten years. 
 The first selectmen, chosen under the act of incorporation, were Na- 
 thaniel Wright, Samuel Batchelder and C)liver M. W'hij.jple. 
 
 Of these earliest town fathers, Mr. Whipple, manufacturer of 
 powder and designer of the Concord river canal, has already been 
 enc<juntered in this history. Mr. Wright, born at Sterling in 1785, an 
 alumnus of Harvard college and a member of the bar since 181 1, was 
 a leading lawyer of Middlesex county. He later became mayor of the 
 city. Mr. Batchelder was a manufacturer who had lately come to 
 East Chelmsford 'and had already made a reputation which was sub- 
 sequently confirmed, as a farsighted and sagacious business man. He 
 was born at Jal'frey, New Hampshire, in 1784. antl educatetl at the 
 academy in New Jpswich. Since 1808 he had Ijeen engaged in one 
 way and another in the cotton manufacture. "The peculiar thing 
 alxmt Mr. Batchelder," it is recalled, '"was his ability to assume con- 
 trol of a bankrupt company and establish it on a sound and profitable 
 basis.'' By invitation he had come to Lowell in 1825 at the time 
 of the incorporation of the Hamilton Manufacturing Cdnipany, liy 
 which he was employed until 1831, when he left to take control of the 
 Sac 1 Manufacturing Lom])any. He died in 1879. The new Lowell 
 government was fortunate in ha\ing his services, if only for a short 
 time. 
 
 Samuel A. Coburn, as just mentioned, was chosen clerk, standing 
 at the head of a line of efficient town and city clerks. He was born 
 in Dracut in 1795, being the oldest son of General Simon Coburn and 
 a grandson of (ieneral Joseph Bradley Varnum. His later hotel keep- 
 ing undertakings included the Merrimack House, Lowell, the Ex- 
 change Cofl:ee House, Boston, and the Rockingham House, I'orts- 
 mouth, at which last named he died in 1856. Of this officer of the 
 tciwnship C. C. Chase said in a paper of 1890. on prominent citizens 
 of the cild (lavs: "Lowell ha<l but une tnwn clerk during the ten 
 years of the Township, Samuel A. Coburn, who was also city clerk 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM i6i 
 
 for about two years after the town became a city. The town records 
 kept by Mr. Coburn are a model for his successors. Mr. Coburn 
 belong-ed to the Dracut family of Coburns, and many of his relations 
 still live in Lowell and vicinity. He was a man of fine personal 
 appearance and agreeable manners, and well adapted to the position 
 of landlord, in which he spent most of his life. He was landlord of the 
 'Stone House' on Pawtucket street and was the first to occupy it. 
 Daniel Balch was his partner. In the Mercury for June 27, 1825, the 
 partners advertise that they have taken the elegant house recently 
 erected by Phineas Whiting, and pledged themselves that their cel- 
 lars will be stored with old wine and the bar furnished with the best 
 of liquors. Mr. Coburn was born in Dracut, May 13, 1795. He died in 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, March 24, 1856, at the age of sixty- 
 one years." 
 
 The first town treasurer was Artemas Holden, whose cooper shop 
 on Pawtucket street had been one of the familiar industries in the 
 years just preceding the coming of the Boston capitalists. Nathaniel 
 Wright, besides serving on the board of selectment, was chosen the 
 town's first representative in the legislature. 
 
 The lioards of selectmen of the Town of Lowell succeeding that 
 of the first year were as follows : 
 
 1827— Nathaniel Wright, Joshua Swan, Henry Coburn. 
 
 1828 — Nathaniel Wright, Joshua Swan, Artemas Young. 
 
 1829 — Nathaniel Wright, Joshua Swan, Artemas Young. 
 
 1830 — Nathaniel Wright. Joshua Swan, Artemas Young. 
 
 1 83 1 — Joshua Swan, Artemas Young, James Tyler. 
 
 1832 — Joshua Swan, Matthias Parkhurst, Josiah Crosby, Benja- 
 min Walker. Samuel C. Oliver. 
 
 1833 — Matthias Parkhurst, Joshua Swan, Benjamin Walker, 
 Elisha Huntington. Samuel C. Oliver. 
 
 1834 — Joshua Swan, Elisha Huntington, William Livingston, 
 Jesse Fox, Benjamin Walker. 
 
 1835 — Benjamin Walker, James Russell, William Livingston, 
 John Chase, William N. Owen. 
 
 In the General Court the town was represented during the pre- 
 urlian period by the following: 
 
 1827 — Nathaniel Wright. 
 
 1828 — Nathaniel Wright, Elisha Ford. 
 
 1829 — John P. Robinson, J. S. C. Knowlton. 
 
 1830 — Kirk Boott, Joshua Swan, J. P. Robinson. 
 
 1831 — Kirk Boott, Joshua Swan, J. P. Robinson, J. S. C. Knowl- 
 ton, Eliphalet Case. 
 
 1832 — Ebenezer Appleton, Artemas Holden, O. M. Whipple, Seth 
 Ames, Maynard Bragg. William Davidson, Willard Guild. 
 I— n 
 
1 62 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 1833 — S. A. Cuburn, J. P. Robinson, Cyril French, Simon Adams, 
 Jacob Robbins, J. L. Sheafe, Jesse Fox, Royal Southwick, Joseph 
 Tyler, Jonathan S])aulding. 
 
 1834 — Samuel Howarfl, Kirk I'nuti. James Chandler. Osgood 
 Dane, Jesse Phelps, O. AI. Whipple. 
 
 1S35 — Kirk Boott, A. W. BuUrick, James Chandler, William 
 Davidson, Artemas Holden, John Alixer, Matthias Parkhurst, Alpheus 
 Smith, Joseph Tyler, O. \l. Whip[)le. Benjamin Walker, William 
 Wymaii. J. A. Knowles. 
 
 The Multiplication of Textile Plants — The growth of Lowell in 
 population during its first decade was one of the marvels of America 
 at a date when the upbuilding of the West had not yet made it an 
 e\eryday occurrence for a city to be projected and constructed over 
 night. When the town was incorporated it had abuut 2,500 inhabit- 
 ants. A decade later, wdien it became evident that a municipal form 
 of government would be appropriate, the community numbered about 
 18,000. An enumeration of 1828 showed 1.342 males, 2,iyo females. 
 In 1830 there were 2,392 males and 4,085 females, a total of 6,477. ^^ 
 1836 a count disclosed 6,345 males, 11,288 females, a total of 17.633. 
 
 Outside cajMtal hax'ing fnund its way to Pawtucket Falls, indus- 
 trial developments succeeded each other rapidly in the new town. The 
 size of the industrial jjlant even at the date of incorporation was 
 already such as to warrant expectation that the village would pres- 
 ently seek admission as one of the cities of Massachusetts. The Merri- 
 mack company by the summer of 1826 had nearly finished five fac- 
 tories, of which three were in active operation, and two print works. 
 The company was using cottcjn at the rate of 450,000 pounds annually 
 and was making about 2.000,000 yards of goods. The cloth was well 
 bleached, and almut three-fourths of it was dyed and jtrinted. 
 
 Vive families of the rural neighborhood had been dis])laced to 
 make room for the mills and boarding houses of the Merrimack com- 
 pany. Upwards of 1,500 persiins had come in their places. The com- 
 pany now owned 100 tenements for the benefit of persons employed in 
 its works. These housed 967 persons of wdiom 299 were males and 
 668 females. 
 
 These figures were exclusive of the machine shop, which housed 263 
 persons, of whom 162 were males and loi females. The total esti- 
 mated population of East Chelmsford in 1826 was 2.500. In Belvidere 
 there were probably about 300 other people. Already the population 
 was served by a dozen or more stores, a church, a school house, a par- 
 sonage nearly finished, and two hotels — the Old Stone House and 
 Frye's Tavern. 
 
 The Merrimack Print Works, always an important adjunct of the 
 Merrimack's company business, were started in the autumn of 1824. 
 The first superintendent was Allan Pollock, who resigned in 1826. To 
 
n-\.Mii.Ti ix a[a.\i;fac"|-l'i;i.\i; i-h.mfany. 
 
 APrLKTON COMl'ANY. 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTP:]\I 163 
 
 secure a director who was familiar with the latest British improve- 
 ments in printing calicoes and other stuffs, Mr. Boott took a trip 
 abroad. He secured an expert in the person of John D. Prince, a very 
 competent man, who held the position down to 1855, when he was 
 retired on a pension of $2,000. 
 
 Work on the second Merrimack mill was begun in 1824. The 
 machinery with which it was equipped was built at Waltham. When 
 the third mill was opened about a year later its equipment was entirel}- 
 Lowell made, the product of the machine shop directed by Paul 
 Moody. 
 
 On February 28, 1825, the proprietors of the Merrimack Company 
 transferred their water powers, lands and other possessions outside 
 the manufacturing and housing properties to ''The Locks and Canals 
 Company " The latter institution, under authority of the Legislature, 
 was duly empowered to take the lands, water powers and machine 
 shops of the manufacturing company which on its side retained its 
 mills, and print works with land and water power sufficient for their 
 purposes. .Acting as treasurer of the Locks and Canals Company, 
 Kirk Boott sold sites and water powers to such representatives of capi- 
 tal as desired them. He likewise sold much land for building lots. 
 The company, of course, retained large possessions, some of which it 
 still holds. 
 
 The Hamilton Company was incorporated in 1825, with an author- 
 ized capital of $600,000. The associates named in the act were Samuel 
 Batchelder, Benjamin Gorham, William Appleton, William Sturgis, 
 John Lowell. Jr. Under Mr. Batchelder the Hamilton applied the 
 power loom to making cotton drillings and other twilled goods. These 
 stuffs proved to be very salable, bringing as high as nineteen and one- 
 quarter cents a yard. The treasurer made a contract for all that could 
 be made during six months at sixteen cents a yard. 
 
 Other incorporations followed. In 1828 two new manufacturing 
 companies were added to the list — the Appleton and the Lowell — both 
 of which forthwith began the erection and installation of plants. A 
 large increase in possible business for the place was made possible in 
 1830, through the construction of the Western or Suffolk canal. This 
 furnished power for the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies, all 
 incorporated in 1831. Just before them, on June 3, 1830, the Middle- 
 sex Manufacturing Company had been incorporated. 
 
 The building of these mills from the first made work for the old 
 residents of the neighborhood. Then began, for example, the exten- 
 sive use of the fine granite quarries on Mammoth road, the cuttings of 
 which have greatly reduced the bulk of Ledge Hill and Ward's Ledge. 
 The brothers, Nathaniel and William Parker Varnum, living at Paw- 
 tucketville, became extensive contractors in furnishing split and cut 
 
i64 HISTORY OF UAVILLL 
 
 stone for foundations of tlic mills of the Merrimack company and sub- 
 sequent corporations. 
 
 Efforts to produce other than plain go(jds were notable from the 
 first years of the cotton manufacture at Lowell. It was seen then, as 
 later, that the most substantial profits are derived from those goods in 
 which art has added value to the raw materials. In a personal letter 
 to trade friends in 1867 the veteran Samuel Batchelder described some 
 of his successes at Lowell durmg the period of his agentship. "In 
 i(S26." he wrote, "1 c<immenced the manufacture at the Hamilton mills, 
 Lowell, of a twilled article known now very extensively as Jean. Until 
 this time the power loom had been principally confined to what was 
 called plain goods, such as the sheetings and shirtings. The Merri- 
 mack mills were just beginning the manufacture of a finer article for 
 printed calicoes. V'ery few twilled cottons were imported, such as 
 were purchased for particular articles of dress, and sold at a high 
 price. So far as I could learn, these twilled goods were woven only 
 on the hand loom in England, where the power loom had only been 
 employed in weaving ])lain cloths. The production of these goods 
 upon the power loom, at as low a ])rice, according to weight, as plain 
 cloth, at once opened a market for them for various purposes, for 
 which they were better adapted than those woven plain. And being 
 sold at little more than half the price of any similar imported article, 
 the demand for them was considerably increased in this countr}-, and 
 some were exported: and anmng the first that were sent to Calcutta, 
 I am told a part of them was sold for clothing the British troops in 
 India, who, on account of the climate, lieing clothed in white, required 
 something a little more substantial than the thin manufactures of the 
 country." 
 
 For Lowell, in the first decade of its existence, thus to be making 
 clothing for His Majesty's Indian military was, indeed, something of 
 a technical triumph. 
 
 The share which Lowell had in the early advancement of wool 
 manufacture was hardly less creditable than its place in the cotton 
 industry. The high quality of workmanship in the little woolen mills 
 that preceded the factory system has been noted. To a mechanical man 
 who got part of his essential training while o[ierating a mill of his 
 own on the Ctincord ri\'er in East Chelmsford shortly after the War of 
 1812, to John Goulding, later of Worcester, belongs the credit of the 
 in\ention that tonk wool manufacture distinctly out of the class of the 
 handicrafts. S. N. D. North, some time director of the census, in "A 
 Century of American Wool Manufacture," after referring to the sev- 
 eral advances in machinery for spinning and weaving wool, several of 
 them .\merican devices, says : "Conspicuous among them was John 
 Goulding's patent, which marked almost as great an advance in wool 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 165 
 
 manufacture as the spinning jenny itself. Before this invention the 
 length of the rolls issuing from the carding machine was limited to the 
 breadth of the card and the ends of the rolls were spliced together by 
 hand, with the aid of the billy. Colliding dispensed w'ith the billy alto- 
 gether, accomplishing with four machines what had formerly required 
 five, supplying the endless roll of roping, and enabling manufacturers 
 to produce yarn for wool at much less cost, of better quality and in 
 greater quantities than by the old process." The Goulding invention 
 came into common use about 1824. 
 
 The success of cotton manufacturing on a large scale at Lowell 
 seems to have inspired an ambition to show that larger units would be 
 equally profitable in woolen manufacture. In 1830 the Middlesex 
 company, incorporated with a capital of $100,000, which was later 
 increased to $750,000, started upon a plant which was soon the largest 
 establishment for making woolen cloths in the United States. It was 
 able to devote twenty-seven sets to flannal making. 
 
 The supply of wool for the mills during the town period came in 
 considerable measure from the surrounding towns, where merino and 
 other sheep were raised on many farms, for the day of sending buyers 
 to Puget Sound, to Argentina, to South Africa and New Zealand was 
 not yet. A stock census of 1837 showed some fifty sheep owned in 
 Lowell and sotne of the neighboring towns the following figures: 
 Dracut, 411; Chelmsford, 150; Billerica, 126; Tewksbury, 149; Pep- 
 perell, 559. The total for Middlesex county was 4,235. In Southern 
 New Hampshire the practice of keeping sheep was more general than 
 in Massachusetts, for these were the figures of five towns adjacent to 
 Lowell : Hudson, 808 ; Pelham, 521 : \\'indham, 700 ; Derry, 713 ; Lon- 
 donderry, 628. 
 
 Carpet manufacture began at Lowell with the incorporation of the 
 Lowell Manufacturing Company in 1828, capitalized at $900,000, the 
 first company to make use of the Bigelow power loom. Probably the 
 best account of the establishment of this very interesting industry is 
 one which the late Hon. Peter Lawson contributed at the semi-cen- 
 tennial exercises of March i, 1876, in the following communication : 
 
 Lowell, Feb. 29, 1876. 
 
 Gentlemen : — I accept with pleasure your invitation of the 25th 
 inst.. and as I am the only man of those now living who came from 
 Medway to Lowell in 1829, I will give you my recollections of that 
 Medway Colony. 
 
 The manufacture of ingrain carpets was started in Medway in 
 1826 by Alexander Wright and Eben Burdett of Boston. They had 
 ten ingrain looms, one Brussels loom, and one finger-rug loom; and 
 their establishment was the first of the kind in the United States. They 
 were in successful operation in 1827 when a committee consisting of 
 Frederick Cabot, George \V. Lyman and Patrick T. Jackson, visited 
 
i66 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the establishment, bought uut all they had and took them into their 
 employ. 
 
 The Lowell Manufacturing Comjjany (organized in 1828) ordered 
 them to build fifty more ingrain looms, eleven Brussels looms and 
 seven more finger-rug looms. All who had been employed in the car- 
 pet manufactory at Medway, except Mr. Burdett, removed to Lowell 
 in 1829. They were Alexander Wright, agent; Peter Lawson, pattern 
 designer ; Claudius Wright, foreman ; Royal Southwick, overseer ; John 
 Urie, section hand on looms; Joseph Uxley, overseer on Brussels 
 looms; John Robertson and John Hughes, first and second overseer 
 dyehouse ; Daniel Thurston ; John Turnbull, carpet cloth room ; David 
 Wilson, dyer; Henry Chandler, Benjamin Smith and George W. Hunt, 
 wood workmen ; William B. Wilson, finger-rug weaver ; Samuel Town- 
 send, Thomas Railton, Job Plimpton, Gilmore Pond, Abel Brummett, 
 Otis Bemis, Albert Adams, Hector McArthur and Benjamin Albee, 
 weavers. 
 
 Frederick Cabot was the first treasurer, and Frederick Fmmer- 
 son the first clerk. Mr. Wright, the leader of the JNledway Colony, 
 remained agent of the Lowell Company till his death on June 8, 1852, 
 at the age of 52 years. * * * The inventions of Claudius Wilson were 
 fully described in the "Glasgow" magazine for 1826. He was one of 
 the most ingenious mechanics whom Scotland has contributed to aid 
 in the development of the mechanic arts. 
 
 The brick buildings of the company were erected by Elijah M. 
 Read, who came to Lowell from Waltham, and who had charge of all 
 the building operations, under the late Mr. Sanger. 
 
 The first railroad I ever saw (and it was probably the first one in 
 America) extended from the Suffolk Canal through the woods of 
 Lowell street (then a dense forest) to the Lowell Company's grounds. 
 The cars were drawn by horses, under the direction of Hugh Cummis- 
 key, contractor, who, with the excavations of the Suffolk Canal, made 
 the land where the Carpet Mills now stand, much of the dump being 
 twenty feet deep. 
 
 One thing that surprised me was the novel manner of construct- 
 ing the foundations. These were laid on the original surface and the 
 earth filled in around them to the desired height. Wells were con- 
 •structed in the saine way, the stone curbing laid on the top of the old 
 ground and new ground made around it till a well of the desired depth 
 had been l)uilt up. 
 
 The first building erected by the Carpet Company was the one- 
 and-a-half story block now standing near the counting room. There 
 for some time were my headquarters, and many a fine string of pickerel 
 have I caught sitting on the front steps from the branch canal (which 
 was built in the same way as were the wells), the waters of which 
 washed the steps of my door. In later years when the canal was con- 
 structed to the width originally designed, the present street was built 
 between the block and the canal. These peculiarities arose from the 
 fact that the land selected for the Carpet Company was originally a 
 low swamp. Yours truly, 
 
 Peter L.\wson. 
 
 Thus came the carpet manuf;icture to Lowell, to remain until about 
 the beginning of the European War, when the historic plant in Market 
 
LAWREXCE MAXUFACTURING CO. 
 UNni<:i:«'i:Aii hosticky HusiK.iiY yarns 
 
 '.iHill Spindli'K. I'.dun Kiiiftiiit; Mrirli jm-s. l.Jiid ShwIiik M arlii iifs, and I. -till KTiiployees 
 
 4 ""r;;-*^' 
 
 IBrr-- 
 
 ^A 
 
 
 LrOWELi, TANNEIIY, OF AMERICAN HIDE AND LEATHER COMPANY'. 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 167 
 
 street was abandoned to be trken over by the United States Cartridge 
 Company. 
 
 The Bostcin interests, in this inchistrial development of their fac- 
 torv town, were not without their continuing troubles from schemers 
 such as Thomas Hurd, formerly of Charlestown, whose sale of Paw- 
 tucket street properties to the Merrimack company has been noted. 
 "Mr. Hurd,"' as Meader euphemistically exjjresses it in his Ijook on the 
 Merrimack river, "was one of those sagacit)us and scheming men who 
 seek, and whose keen sense discovers and appreciates an advantage, 
 while other men rub their eyes and listlessly won<ler what he is doing. 
 Not satisfied with the control of this power, and seeing the advantage 
 of possessing the great power at the Pawtucket Ealls, he purchased 
 lands on either side of the latter, and ]nit a grindstone, or some 
 other simple machinery driven by a water wheel, in motion, to estab- 
 lish his right to the privilege, and, in 1826, put up a mill at the foot of 
 the falls ; l)ut his woolen mill on the Concord river having been de- 
 stroyed by fire the same year, the mill just erected at the foot of Paw- 
 tucket Falls was taken down and rebuilt on the site of the one which 
 was burned. A portion of the old foundation of this mill is still stand- 
 ing (1868) at the foot of Pawtucket Falls, — an interesting relic of the 
 enterprise of one of those men who have left an honoral)le record in 
 the history of Lowell." 
 
 The mill, it may be added, v.hich Mr. Hurd moved down from the 
 falls presently gave way to a substantia! brick mill which the Middle- 
 sex company built on its site. This manufacturer in the late twenties 
 operated a brick mill which took water from the Concord river by 
 means of a canal following the course of the present Warren street. 
 As he sometimes found water none too plentiful in summer he had a 
 canal cut from the foot of the Hamilton canal across Central street 
 and on to the Concord by the rear and south side of Hurd street, thtis 
 assuring himself of a full supply of water at all seasons. This auxili- 
 ary canal was afterward filled in and no traces of it are now noticeable. 
 During its existence at least two well-known citizens committed sui- 
 cide in it. In one of the financial depressions of this period Hurd went 
 bankrupt. 
 
 The long connection of the house of A. & A. Lawrence with 
 Lowell business began in 1830, when the Merrimack company found 
 itself financially hard pressed and when the Messrs. Lawrence became 
 mterested in its affairs. Their firm had been founded in 1807 by Amos 
 Lawrence, a youth of twenty-one, who arrived at Boston with twenty 
 dollars, rented a shop and "filled it with dry goods obtained on credit." 
 From this small beginning grew one of the most substantial fortunes 
 of the country. Abbott Lawrence joined his brother a year later. 
 Their store e.xjjanded into a great wholesale business. After they he- 
 
i68 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 came connected with the Merrimack Comiiany they interested them- 
 selves directly in establishing^ the Tremont and Suffolk and the Law- 
 rence corporations, and their house for many years was the jjrincipal 
 selling agency of several of the mills. Their name was perpetuated, 
 not only in the manufacturing com])an_\- that to-day employs most 
 people of any of the Lowell textile companies, hut in the city of Law- 
 rence nine miles down the Merrimack. 
 
 The Beginnings of an Aristocracy of Talent — An influx of ambi- 
 tious and talented young men resulted from the business and profes- 
 sional opportunities created by the sudden growth of the erstwhile rural 
 community of East Chelmsford I'rom every part of New England, 
 and presently from the British Isles and Canada, they began to 
 arrive, mostly youths who had already shown special ability in some 
 mechanical or managerial direction. They constituted from the outset 
 an aristocracy of talent such as now would hardly be assembled in a 
 single city, so keen is the ])resent competition for employment of ex- 
 pert peoi>le in all sections nf the continent. 
 
 When Lowell, in lirief, was practically the only town of its kind 
 in North America, it naturally secured the very pick of aspiring young 
 manhood. To-day youths of similar ability to these forefathers of the 
 city still may choose to settle in Lowell in preference to some one of 
 a score of other New England cities of the same type, or again, they 
 may, as so often happens, turn to (Uie nf the newer and presumably 
 more progressive industrial centres of the West or South. An opinion 
 is sometimes expressed to the effect that Lowell in its first years was 
 a more stimulating place to live in than it is to-day. The impression is 
 perhaps not altogether unfounded. Yet it would be unsafe to draw 
 from it the familiar pessimistic conclusion that the Nation and the 
 race have somehow degenerated since 1N30. The conditions were very 
 exceptional which brought to Lowell the grandfathers and grand- 
 mothers of so many of the solidcst families of the city of this century. 
 
 The youthfulness of the new Lowell may well be emphasized. It 
 was in truth a boys' town that rose on the streets carefully laid out 
 over the old Tyler and Fletcher farms. One is impressed by the fact 
 that <if the men who took a prominent part in the construction and 
 conduct of the town, few were more than thirty years old when they 
 came : many were mere striplings when they assumed responsiliilities 
 such as later would have been given only to men of mature personal- 
 ity. One is likely to think of the fathers of the city as grave and vener- 
 able. Most of them, however, did their best w(irk at an age when, had 
 they been of this generation, they would have still been playing foot- 
 ball at Harvard or writing theses for their Tech. degrees. .-\ surprising 
 number of the founders, furthermore, died young. Mr. Chase in his 
 historical sketch has shown astonishment at this circumstance. "And 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM i(*j 
 
 here let us stop," he wrote, "to oliserve how short were the lives of the 
 six distinguished men who have just occupied our attention. Only 
 one of them reached the allotted three-score years and ten. Mr. Apple- 
 ton lived Sz years; Mr. Jackson, 67 years; Mr. Moody, 52 years; Mr. 
 Boott, 47 years; Mr. W'orthen, 41 years; Mr. Lowell, 42 years. Per- 
 haps the assumption of so great responsibilities was too severe a tax 
 upon the human brain. The longevity of many of the ablest English 
 statesmen, however, does not seem to warrant such a conclusion." 
 Scores of others besides the sextet named by Mr. Chase, it should be 
 noted, failed to attain to anything like the length of years that is cus- 
 tomarily assumed as characteristic of the "good old times," and it is 
 prt)bably fair to the advance of medical science and personal hygiene 
 to adduce that even the most intelligent people of two generations ago 
 were more likely than the same class of men and women of now would 
 be daily to violate the elementary principles of right living. 
 
 Many of the industrial leaders of Lowell in the nineteenth cen- 
 tury were ineligible to become President of the United States. 
 
 Most of the British-born immigration in the first years came from 
 three counties — from Lancashire and Gloucestershire in England and 
 Renfrewshire in Scotland. 
 
 The draft upon the cotton towns of Lancashire came about quite 
 naturally, beginning when on account of the Merrimack company's 
 needing skilled artisans for their calicn jirinting department. Kirk 
 Boott, in 1S25, went to Manchester and secured for head of this de- 
 partment John Dynely Prince. 
 
 It is rather an interesting story, whether or not apochryphal, 
 \vhich is told of Boott's negotiations concerning the salary to be paid 
 this expert in engraving and printing. When asked how much money 
 he w(.iuld want to go to America the Englishman replied, "Five thou- 
 sand dollars a year." "Why, man, that is more than we pay the Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts," said Boott. "Well, can the Governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts print?" was the suggestive retort. Knowing that he was 
 dealing with a man who was master of his craft, Mr. Boott engaged 
 the Lancashire specialist at a salary that was at least two thousand 
 dollars a year ln-ttcr tlian his own. It has been said that he never made 
 a better bargain. 
 
 Others from Lancashire followed Prince and his family. Most of 
 the calico printing in Lowell for many years was done by men from 
 this county. Of this stock was Henry Burrows, who succeeded Prince 
 in the management of the print works. The late James Duckworth 
 was another Lancashire man. So, on the Hamilton, were William 
 Spencer, William Hunter and Thomas Walsh. The artistic bias of 
 several descendants of Benjamin Dean, calico printer from Clithero, is 
 elsewhere noted. 
 
I70 HISTORY OF LOWPILL 
 
 The Gloucestershire folk came a little later. In 1837 set sail for 
 these shores the ship "Laing," on which was a good sized group of 
 people from the town of Uley, in that county. The vessel, which was 
 several times in danger of foundering, made the trip to Boston in the 
 record slow time of nine weeks. About half of the Gloucestershire 
 passengers sought employment at Lowell, forming the nucleus of a 
 large colony from this county. One of their number, Joseph Powell, 
 while in the employ of the Middlesex mills, invented a well known 
 sizing or dressing machine. The carpet manufacture also brought 
 hither the men from Renfrew, l)y way of Medfield. 
 
 The Coming of the Irish — The Irish simultaneously brought in a 
 racial stock from which some of the best men and women 1 if the pres- 
 ent generation in Lowell are descended. 
 
 No better picture of the situation in which hardy and industrious 
 sons of Ireland found themselves has been drawn than that which 
 John F. McEvoy presented at the centennial exercises in 1876. His 
 narrative shows that the hardships under which these workers settled 
 in their cabins and huts of the Acre were just as real as those which 
 the original Anglo-Saxon immigrants endured nearly two centuries 
 liefore them. It explains the qualities which, inherited by their chil- 
 dren and grandchildren, have assisted materially tci make Lowell 
 what it is. 
 
 While there were iiidivitlual Irishmen in the district for many 
 years prior to the inauguration ui the town of Lowell, it seems to 
 be established that the first organized "gang" or group of laboring 
 people of this nationality to come to the place in search of employ- 
 ment was one of thirty men led by Hugh Cummiskey, who walked 
 from Charlestown on a spring morning to apply for w'ork on the 
 new canal. Kirk Boott, according to Mr. McEvoy's relation, met 
 this group at the hostelry which is now the .\merican House, gave 
 them money for "refreshment" and set them at w<irk on the same day. 
 This was on April 6, 1822. 
 
 As news of al:)undant jobs at East Chelmsford spread in the Irish 
 settlements at Boston, more workers followed, the single men coming 
 up first, to l.)e followed later by their families. "The town was in a 
 most primitive condition," wrote Mr. McEvoy, "and the laboring 
 classes contented themselves with the rudest kind of habitation. In 
 1828 they had mostly concentrated themselves in that part of the town 
 l\ing west of Sufifolk canal and north of Broadway, still known as 'the 
 acre.' It is somewhat difficult at this time to conceive that with the 
 exception of a few houses in the woods back of the First Congrega- 
 tional Church (Dr. Blanchard's) it was all on open common between 
 the American House and Pawtucket Falls, but such was the fact; and 
 it was upon this ground that the laborers pitched their camps, their 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 171 
 
 tents or whatever was obtainable to shelter their hardy natures from 
 the wind and rain. The title to some of this land was afterwards 
 called into question, and it was eventually decided by the United 
 States Supreme Court in Washington under the name of the 'Paddy 
 Camp Lands,' and the case is known in the books to this day by that 
 title." 
 
 On June 13, 1S23, Samuel Frye executed to Luther Richardson a 
 deed of the Padd}' Camp lands which, so it was alleged, was intended 
 to defraud his own minor children. Out of this circumstance arose the 
 litigation which lasted sixteen years. Three bills in equity were 
 brought : one in the Su]ireme Judicial Court and two in the Circuit 
 Court at Boston. Charles Sumner sat as master in one of the cases ; 
 George S. Hilliard in the others. In legal history, therefore, the Paddy 
 Camp lands became nationally celebrated. 
 
 Plans of these "Paddy Camp" lands, so-called, it may be added, 
 are extant in Books 373 and 380 of the Registry of Deeds at East Cam- 
 bridge, and on them may be noted such thoroughfares as "Dublin 
 Street" and "Cork Street." 
 
 Some of the first settlers, according to Cowley, had pigs in their 
 shanties, but the more progressive soon placed the pigsties to the rear. 
 Dennis Crowley is said to have been the first settler to apply white- 
 wash to his shanty ; Nicholas Fitzpatrick, the second. 
 
 To look into the conditicin of his fellow-countrymen came the 
 bishop of the diocese in person on October 28, 1828. Services were 
 then held in the two-story school house next to the First Congrega- 
 tional Church, which was owned by the town and lent to the Catholic 
 citizens. During this period Father John Mahoney arrived once a 
 month from Salem to celebrate mass. A dav school was established in 
 which the usual school branches were taught by a master who had had 
 previous experience as a teacher in Ireland. Leading Irish- Americans 
 of the day were Patrick McManus, Mr. Cummiskey's efficient superin- 
 tendent : Nicholas Fitzpatrick; Patrick Powers, grocer, and John 
 Green, who was Kirk Boott's steward. 
 
 As the Irish colony grew, the need of a church became apparent. 
 Acting for the Locks and Canals Company. Mr. Boott presented them 
 with a lot of land on Fenwick street, the site of the present St. Pat- 
 rick's Church. Here in July, 1830, was projected a frame building 
 seventy by forty feet which was finished in ten months "much to the 
 chagrin," as Mr. McEvoy reminds us, "unfortunately of some dis- 
 favored few who were unwilling to see a Catholic church erected in 
 the town." Bishop Fenwick and Rev. Dr. O'Flaherty came from Bos- 
 ton the day before in a carryall and took lodgings at the Old Stone 
 House. The church was dedicated under the auspices of Saint Patrick, 
 July 3, 183 1, Dr. O'Flaherty preaching the dedicatory sermon from 
 
1 7-' HISTORY ()!• LOWKLL 
 
 the text : "This place have I chosen as a house of sacrifice and 
 prayer." The music was furnished by the Cathedral Choir of Boston, 
 assisted by Edward Kitts, Mr. Hector and Miss Catharine Hogan, of 
 Lowell. In 1832 Father Mahoney built a priest's house next to the 
 church. In 1H35 Father Curtin came as assistant priest. He was suc- 
 ceeded a little later by Rev. I<"ather Connelly. 
 
 Early Captains of Industry — Brief sketches of a few of the most 
 ])r(]niincnt of the citizens of the town of Lowell may ^erve to convey 
 an impres.^ion of the industrial brilliancy of the place. 
 
 .\ world-famous young man who became one of the city's leading 
 spirits was Warren Colburn, for nine years superintendent of the 
 Merrimack Manufacturing Cijmpany, whose text-books in mathema- 
 tics were known everywhere. He was of the Dedham branch of Col- 
 burns, descendants of Robert Colburn, believed to be the elder brother 
 of Edward Colburn, first settler of Dracut, and was born in 1793. He 
 began life as a mechanic, but having a strong taste for theoretical 
 knowledge, and particularly for mathematics and the sciences, he 
 began in young manhood to prepare for Harvard College, which he 
 entered at the age of twenty-four. He took his Bachelor of Arts de- 
 gree in 1820. In college he had shown sjjecial aptitude for higher 
 mathematics. For a short time after graduation he taught at a boys' 
 school in Boston. While thus engaged he wrote and published "Col- 
 burn's Arithmetic," one of the most celebrated text-books of educa- 
 tional history. In April. 1823, he gave up teaching to take charge of 
 the upper mills at Waltham. In less than a year after this apjxiint- 
 ment he was called to Lowell to fill the office of superintendent made 
 vacant b\- the death of Ezra Worthen. During the period of his hold- 
 ing that resijonsible position Mr. Colburn kept up his interest in 
 mathematical and scientific subjects. His pre-occupation with astron- 
 omy was a recreation such as few "tired business men" of the present 
 day would care to indulge, involving, as it did, much direct study of 
 the heavens at midnight. His untimely death removed a most promis- 
 ing citizen. 
 
 In 1833, succeeding Mr. Colburn, was chosen to the agency of the 
 Merrimack C<.)m]3any John Clark, born at Waltham in i7(/t. a graduate 
 of Harvard College and former sch(.)ol teacher. Mr. Clark was a very 
 ca])al)le and far-seeing business man under whose management the 
 Merrimack Com])any prospered. His name will also be noted in con- 
 nection with the city library, to whose initial problems he gave much 
 of his best thought. 
 
 .Mexander Wright (1800-1852), first agent of the Lowell Com- 
 pany, and believed to have been the first chemical bleacher in America, 
 was among the industrial leaders of the town. His father, Duncan 
 Wright (1776- 1836), had learned the bleacher's trade in Scotland. In 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 173 
 
 181 2 he sailed for America, purposing to settle at Philadelphia. The 
 ship, however, on which he was a passenger, was captured by an 
 American ]:)rivateer and taken to Bristol, Rhode Island. It happened 
 that Captain DeW'olfe. who was in charge of the privateer, was also 
 interested in the Arkwright factory at Dighton. and finding that he 
 had a bleacher among his captives, promptly sent him to the Massa- 
 chusetts village, where he was made superintendent of the bleachery. 
 The young Scot liked his work so well that as soon as the war was 
 over he sent for his wife and three sons. Shortly after the arrival of 
 his family Mr. \Vright took a new position, also as bleacher, at Smith- 
 held, Rhode Island, and thence removed to W'altham, where he started 
 a bleachery oi his own; this he later sold out to the Bt)ston Manufac- 
 turing Company. In 1S20 he went to Medway and opened a bleachery 
 which he carried on for several years with good success. 
 
 The son Alexander was hence born and brought up in the textile 
 industry, as it were. In 1820 he engaged in manufacturing coach 
 laces at Medway. In 1825 he became interested in the subject of car- 
 pet manufacture with a \iew to introducing it into New England. He 
 went to Philadel])hia, where a small carpet factory was in operation, to 
 which he was refused admission. Then he took passage for Scotland, 
 where he had relatives, and in 1826 he returned to the United States, 
 bringing three looms and two operatives, Claude and William Wilson, 
 who knew how to get results from the loom. Despite a storm that 
 nearly wrecked the ship Mr. Wright and his machines reached Med- 
 way, where the looms were set up and put to work. The venture was 
 not very successful financially, and ^Ir. Wright disposed of it to Mr. 
 Burdett, through whom it passed into the hands of Boston capitalists. 
 .■\fter the completion of the Lowell company's buildings, Mr. Wright 
 left Mechva}- to become the superintendent under whom the first car- 
 pet was made in the plant of the new company. Some ten years later 
 it was Mr. Wright who gave to E. B. Bigelow the encouragement that 
 led to his inventing the Bigelow loom, destined to revolutionize the 
 car])et industry. From first to last Mr. Wright took an active part in 
 all movements for community betterment. 
 
 Another of the characteristic business men of this period of Lowell 
 history was Royal South wick, born at LTxbridge, September 9, 1785, 
 being a lineal descendant of Laurence and Cassandra Southwick, cele- 
 brated by the poet, Whittier — Quaker folk whom a Puritan magistrate 
 sentenced to be shipped to Barbadoes and sold as slaves. A ship cap- 
 tain, as the story is related, refused to take them, but man and wife 
 were whipped at cart's tail through Boston streets. Royal Southwick, 
 in 1826, married Direxa Claflin, daughter of Major John Claflin, of 
 Milford, who was a sister of Horace B. Claflin, founder of one of the 
 most famous of New York commission houses. 
 
174 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 In 1829 Mr. Southwick came to Lowell with Alexander Wright 
 and others, taking charge of the departments of carding and spinning 
 in the carpet factory. In 1844 he went to England to study systems of 
 manufacturing and on his return he bought a factory of his own at 
 Nortli Chelmsford. About ten years later he also acquired the Wilton 
 Manufacturing Company. He continued to live in Lowell until 1859, 
 when he removed his residence to Boston. He was an enthusiastic 
 Whig and supporter of Daniel Webster and yet was so open-minded 
 on the slavery questiim that he entertained the English agitator,. 
 George Thompson, in 1834, when it was not exactly the popular thing 
 to do so and he later befriended Frederick Douglass and Charles 
 Lennox. 
 
 To the agency of the Middlesex company in 1830 came James 
 Cook (1794-1884), from his birthplace, Preston, Connecticut. He had 
 learned the woolen industry in his father's fulling mill, a knowledge 
 that stood his new comitany in good stead, for in the third year of his 
 management the shareholders received dividends of thirty-three per 
 cent. 
 
 To superintend its hydraulic work, the Locks and Canals Com- 
 pany secured the services of a celebrated engineer in the person of 
 George Washington Whistler, of a Baltimore family. Major Whistler 
 arrived in Lowell, after making a reputation through his skillful work 
 in surveying a line for the railroad between New York and Boston — 
 the present Shore Line of the New York, New Haven and Hartford 
 Railroad. During his occupancy of a plain wooden house in Worthen 
 street, Mrs. Whistler gave birth to one of the most famous artists of 
 modern times, James McNeil Whistler. The family removed to Rus- 
 sia, after a brief residence at Lowell. In that period of residence, 
 Major Whistler had successfully started on his career, James Bicheno 
 Francis, the father of modern hydraulic engineering. 
 
 An accession from Newburyport was John Dummer, after whom 
 Dummer street was named, born in the town at the mouth of the 
 Merrimack in ijyi, and an earl_v associate of Paul Moody. Mr. Dum- 
 mer was a very skillful mechanic. Between 181 5 and 1822 he was in 
 the employ of the company at Waltham, resigning to help in the con- 
 structicin work at East Chelmsford. He personally attended to the 
 installation of all wheel work, shafting and other mechanical fixtures 
 
 Among the inventions the apjjlication of which was credited to 
 Lowell in this period, was a very important machine for grinding spin- 
 dles. This device, taking the place of grinding by latlie, which was 
 uncertain and ineffective, was the work of Benjamin Green, born at 
 Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1784, and ap]irenticed at the Slater mills. 
 After work at Pomfret, Killingly and other places in Connecticut, 
 Mr. Green went to White River village, Vermont, where he perfected 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTERr 175 
 
 the machine on which he had been working for some time past In 
 1831 he came to Lowell to take charge of the Merrimack Company's 
 repair shop and there gave a demonstration of his revolutionary inno- 
 vation m grinding spindle grinding. Like manv inventors he was 
 negligent of his own interests. He allowed his machine to be used 
 freely in the Lowell mills without a cent of royalty. He later lost his 
 position in the repair shop and became a mechanic in the Lowell 
 Machine Shop, where, being a very devout communicant of St. Anne's 
 Church, he spent much of his best thought in ways to combat a prevo- 
 lent scepticism among his fellow employees. 
 
 One who brought to Lowell valuable experience gained in the 
 factories of southern Massachusetts was Ferdinand Rodlit? born 
 at Seekonk, February 6, 1806. At seventeen he had been chosen over- 
 seer of spinning at the Central mill, Seekonk. and at twenty over- 
 seer of the Messinger Mill, Canton. He was only twenty-one when 
 he came to Lowell to enter the employ of the Hamilton, of which he 
 was for many years the beloved assistant superintendent. In his life 
 time of more than ninety years Mr. RodlifT saw, certainly, a most 
 marvellous development of the cotton industry which he had entered 
 at the age of seven years, on wages of fifty cents a week. 
 
 In 1826 there landed at Boston, with only two shillings in his 
 pocket, one of the first of the many natives of Great Britain who have 
 helped to upbuild Lowell. This was Charles Stott, born August 21, 
 1799. at Rochdale, Lancashire, long famous for its woolen manufac- 
 tures. Young Stott at seven went to work in a factory, the hours of 
 labor for the little youth running from five in the morning until nine 
 at night. Something m the boy's nature may have revolted from this 
 kind of exploitation, only too common in the "merrie England" of 
 that day. After, at all events, some ventures in other lines of business 
 he determined to seek his fortune in America. It was characteristic 
 of the man that of the two shillings with which he landed he spent 
 only one ; the other was kept to be preserved religiously in the 
 archives of the notal)le family which he founded. Mr. Stott at first 
 secured employment at Andover and then, in 1828, with three others, 
 he took over the Merrimack woolen mills at Dracut, whence, in 1835,' 
 he was called across the river to manage the Belvidere woolen mills,' 
 of which for forty-six years he was either manager or owner. Mr! 
 Stott was one of the markedly successful manufacturers of his time, 
 and so devoted to business that even after he became too infirm to 
 attend to details he would request to be taken in front of some 
 machine whose workings he would watch by the hour. 
 
 One of the Gates family of Stow was josiah Gates, who first 
 appeared at Lowell in 1826, to be employed in the fulling department 
 of Thomas Hurd and then of the Merrimack Company. He later 
 
1/6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 became an overseer in the weaving department of the carpet company 
 and, after 1S43, <' nianufacturer of leather, opening- the tannery on 
 Chehiisford street, which stood at the very beginning of Lowell's par- 
 ticipation in the modern shoe and leather trade. 
 
 For two years, beginning in 1835, one of the most celebrated of 
 American inventors was a resident of Lowell. Hither migrated Flias 
 Howe, Jr., from central Massachusetts, and here he probably received 
 the initial impulse toward the sewing machine with which his name 
 is associated. "While here," writes Charles Cowley, "he probably 
 became acquainted with the experiments which John A. Bradshaw 
 was then making with the sewing machine. Nine years later he 
 invented the famous lock-stitch sewing machine, for which he obtained 
 a i>atent in 1846. Little, however, did he appreciate the value of his 
 invention ; for he offered to sell his patent for the sum of .'R500 — a 
 patent from which he afterward realized half a million dollars in a 
 single year. He died October 3, 1867, at Brooklyn, New York." 
 
 From Marlboro an arrival was that of Wesley Sawyer (1810- 
 1879), son of a satinet manufacturer of that place, who in 1824 
 secured employment in the Howe mill, in Belvidere and at nineteen 
 became its superintendent — a man of most extraordinary mechanical 
 genius. It was later said of him,: "It always seemed to me that 
 wherever Wesley Sawyer went there was sure to be a turning over of 
 the machinery of the mill. He was a born mechanic, and could not 
 only see the necessity of a machine to do what was done by hand, Init 
 could produce the machine or mechanism necessary to do it." One of 
 his first inventions was a wire heddle for loom harnesses, taking the 
 place of the former hand knit harnesses, made by women of families 
 living near the mill. His subsequent inventions included the familiar 
 shawl fringer, which knots the fringes of shawls and toweling (an 
 operation formerly performed by hand) and a machine for woven 
 wire netting which was the basic asset of the Lowell Wire Fence 
 Company, of which Mr. Sawyer afterwards became president. 
 
 The value of the training in Lowell workshops in these first 
 years of the new city was such that surprisingly many of the distin- 
 guished manufacturers of other New England cities had their first 
 practical education in the Spindle City. 
 
 Of such sort was Jonathan Sawyer, who for many years made the 
 finest grade of cassimeres known to the American textile trade. Mr. 
 Sawyer was born at Marlboro in 1S17 and was brought at the age 
 of twelve by his widowed mother to Lowell. He was a member of 
 the first class of the Lowell High School, having General Benjamin 
 F. Butler as one of his classmates. He entered Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, Middletown, Connecticut, but remained for only two terms 
 when he went to work as a dyer in Lowell. He learned the busi- 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEAF 177 
 
 ness thorougflily and later became a large manufacturer on his own 
 account at Dover, New Hampshire. The Sawyer cassimeres and 
 suitings were [jremiated at the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876. Mr. 
 Sawyer was a notable figure in his day, an active anti-slaverv man and 
 very independent commercially, even to the point of always making 
 direct sales of his product instead of selling through commission 
 houses. Only in early life was he identified with Lowell. 
 
 .\braham Howe (1789-1861) was a Marlboro man who came to 
 Lowell to li\ e before it was incorporated as a city and whose inven- 
 tions included the revolving shuttle-box for looms, the tenon bit and 
 the whip or belt saw. His son, Edward B. Howe, became a notable 
 manufacturer of cards in Lowell. 
 
 James Dugdale, a mechanic from Lancashire, England, was one 
 of the first of the many Lowell inventors who have furthered the 
 textile industry. He came in 1825 as overseer on the Alerrimack and 
 soon thereafter devised the "dead spindle,'' which revolutionized 
 methods of spinning coarse yarns. 
 
 William \\'. Calvert, who reached Lowell in 1825, was an inge- 
 nious inventor, as was his even more distinguished brother, Erancis 
 Calvert, tn whom the textile industry owes the burring machine, the 
 comber and the cotton willow. Erancis Calvert also introduced the 
 first worsted spinning machinery into Lowell. 
 
 George Wellman ( 1810-1864) was still another inventor of tex- 
 tile machinery who settled here before the incorporation. He was 
 made foreman of a carding room, on the Merrimack in 1835, in which 
 position he began a series of inventions that included the stoj) motion 
 employed on the dressing frame and winder, a self top card stripper 
 and other very important devices. 
 
 Much of the substantial building of the oldest parts of Lowell 
 was due to the conscientious work of Humphrey Webster ( 1781- 
 1S471. a cousin of Daniel Webster, who was born at Boscawen but 
 resided as a youth at Newburyport before he came to East Chelmsford 
 as a builder and carpenter. This typical business man of his day 
 erected the Ijuildings of the Merrimack Print works, including the 
 famous "Jiihn Bull's Row," occupied by calico ]irinters and engravers 
 who had been brought hither from England. The Hamilton corpora- 
 tion block on Central street just south of the canal bridge is his. He 
 built the agents' houses of the Appleton corporation and the Lowell 
 Machine shop, and the large blocks of houses owned by the Boott 
 and Tremont corporations. His row of cottage houses on Merrimack 
 street between Kirk and John has now disajjpeared. He did the 
 carpentry on the old town hall, built in 1828-29. He was in ])art 
 responsih'p for the construction of Central bridge, of which he had 
 
 L— 12 
 
1/8 HISTORY OF LOWl-.LL 
 
 charge from the opening down tn his death. lie is said to have 
 empl(}\e(l an average of 50 ti> do men whose hours nf wurk in summer 
 were thirteen, beginning at five o'clock, with lialf an hour out for 
 Ijreakfast at seven, then to noon and half an hour for dinner, and so on 
 to seven o'clock. Air. \^^ebster at first lived on the Merrimack cor])0- 
 ration. Later he moved over to Christian hill, wlu-re the Webster 
 mansion is still one of the landmarks. 
 
 A man of very interesting personality, Mr. Webster took especial 
 pride in the achievements of his distinguished kinsman who always 
 looked in on him when he came to Lowell. Of his business habits 
 it is said that he balanced his books each night with every individual 
 l:i\- whom he was employed, for it was one of his princijjles to have 
 no debts. He was notably abstemious in his habits of eating and 
 drinking. 
 
 A New Hampshire youth, founder of a good Lowell family, was 
 Stejjhen Mansur ( i jyy- 1 CS63 ) , who was born at Temple and who, as a 
 result of youthful em])loyment on the Erie canal, came to Lowell in 
 1822 to act as superintendent of the job of widening the oUl canal 
 between the guard locks and the machine shop. He was at this time 
 proprietor of a hotel in Bostc.m, a position which he did not relinquish 
 until 1830, when he Ijecamc a resident of Lowell for good and all. 
 engaging in the hardware and housefurnishing business and serving 
 the community in many useful capacities. He was an assessor under 
 the town government and a recognized ex])ert in real estate values. 
 
 From Fayette, Maine, in 1828, arrived Edward Tucke, descended 
 from Roliert Tucke, surgeon, who in 1638 settled at Hampton, New 
 Hampshire. Mr. Tucke entered the employ of Samuel .\. Coburn. then 
 proprietor of the Old Stone House, whose sister he married. He later 
 founded the first express business between Lowell and Boston. 
 
 From Portsmouth was J()siah Greenough Peabody, descended 
 from Lieutenant Francis Peabody, one of the original settlers of 
 Hamjiton. In 1824 he began learning the builder's trade at Fast 
 Chelmsford with John llassett. In 1832 he was employed upon the 
 Merrimack House and on Central lUock, the first four-story building 
 in the town. Later contracts, when he was in business for himself, 
 were the Savings Bank building on Shattuck street, the Kirk and Lee 
 street churches; two mills for tlie I'loott corporation and two for the 
 Massachusetts corporation ; the Varnum school house, and many 
 structures outside Lowell. 
 
 Old-Time Merchants of Lowell — Growth of mercantile businesses 
 was ;i natural c inse(|uence of the incoming of a new and fairly well 
 jiaid po])ulation to luist Chelmsford. At the time Kirk Boott nego- 
 tiated with the liical farmers for their lands there was but one store in 
 the present territory of Lowell south of the Merrimack and east of 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM ijg 
 
 Black brook. This was the general trading establishment of Captain 
 Phineas Whiting at the corner ot Pawtucket and School streets, where 
 the Frederick Aver mansion was built later. 
 
 Soon after the Merrimack ComiJauy began operations, a second 
 store was started just over the Concord in Belvidere. Thereafter, 
 as was but natural, the number of traders increased rapidly and 
 there was soon a considerable differentiation of establishments, suc- 
 ceeding the countr)- stores of which Captain \\'hiting's place was 
 typical. Not all the new ventures were successful, and it is recorded 
 that Lowell got rather a bad reputation with credit men in the thirties 
 because so many ad\enturers came in and tried to start business 
 with "a shoe string" as capital. Others succeeded and laid the founda- 
 tions for some of the solidest fortunes in the city of to-day. The suc- 
 cessful merchant in Lnwell has always held an enviable social position, 
 and every incentive has been offered to young men of the finest type 
 to engage in trade. The late Charles Ho\'ey, in a paper read before 
 the Old Residents' Association in i8So, listed the traders who con- 
 ducted shops in Lowell between 1822 and 1832 as follows: Phineas 
 \\"hiting. H. & W. Spalding, Alpheus Smith, John Richardson, War- 
 ren Dyar, Jacob Robbins, George H. Carleton, Horace Howard, Ro- 
 land Lyman, Meacham & Matthewson, \\"illiam W'. Wyman, Samuel 
 L. \\"ilkins, Paul H. ^^"illard, William Davidson, Aaron H. Safford, 
 Mansur, Child &: Company, Ransom Reed, Hazen Elliott. Henry J. 
 Baxter, William S. Bennett, Daniel Sanderson, Whidden & Russell, 
 Wentwnrth & Raynes. John T. Pratt. H. W. Hastings, Charles H. 
 Sheafe, John Putney, Joel Stone, Thomas Flint, Thomas Billings, 
 Atherton 8z Buttrick, Frye & .Abbott, James K. Fellows, William Bas- 
 com. Perez Fuller, L^. S. & T. P. Saunders, James Tyler, Paul R. 
 George. Philip T. \\'hite, Daniel E. Knight, S. & T. P. Goodhue, 
 Charles Sanderson, Jonathan Kendall, Edward Sherman, Mathias 
 Parkhurst, J. L. Foote, Luther Richardson, William C. Gray, Dennis 
 Fay, E. B. Patch, Charles Green. 
 
 The first Lowell directory was printed by Thomas Billings in 
 1832. It contains the names of thirty-two traders. Among the occu- 
 pations are some called bv name? that are now obsolete, such as "cord- 
 wainer" and "yeoman." 
 
 The many young men of mechanical and executive ability who. 
 like those just mentioned, were brought to Lowell by the new ojipor- 
 tunities were but a handful, of course, as com]jared with the host of 
 young women whom the mills called from country hoines. Hundreds 
 of men and women of the present generation are proud of grand- 
 mothers who got their start in life through working in the factories. 
 If in later decades a foolish stigma was sometimes attached to labor 
 at the loom and spinning frame, such a condition was due to the un- 
 
i8o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 fortunate spirit of caste that was increased when people from overseas 
 began to throng the mills. While social distinctions existed most 
 decidedly in the town of Lowell as everywhere else in the quondam 
 British colonies, these were not of a sort to be insurmountable bar- 
 riers. 
 
 Genesis of the Lowell Factory Workers — No better description of 
 the kind of young women who came to Lowell from the nearby town- 
 ships, from New Hampshire, \'ermont and Maine, has been written 
 than that in Harriet H. Roliinson's "Loom and Spindle:" 
 
 In Lowell, at first only a few came ; others followed, and in a short 
 time the prejudice against factory labor wore away, and the Lowell 
 mills became filled with blooming and energetic New England women. 
 They were naturally intelligent, had mother wit, and they fell easily 
 into the ways of their new life. * * * Some were not over ten years 
 old, a few were in middle life, but the majority were between the ages 
 of sixteen and twenty-five. The very young girls were called "doffers." 
 They doffed or took off the full bobbins from the spinning frames and 
 replaced them with empty ones. These mites worked about fifteen 
 minutes every hour and the rest of their time was their own. When 
 the overseer was kind they were allowed to read, knit, or go outside 
 the mill yard to play. They were paid two dollars a week. The work- 
 ing hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning 
 until seven in the evening, with one-half hour each for breakfast and 
 dinner. Even the doft'ers were forced to be on duty nearly fourteen 
 hours a day. Those of the mill girls who had homes generally worked 
 from eight to ten months in the j'ear ; the rest of the time was spent 
 with parents or friends. A few taught school during the summer 
 months. Their life in the factory was made pleasant for them. In 
 those days there was no need of advocating the proper relationship 
 between employer and employed. Help was too valuable to be ill- 
 treated. 
 
 One is impressed in reading between the lines of such accounts as 
 this, with the possibility that this "golden age" may have had its tar- 
 nished aspects. Relatively light as the work undoubtedly was, for the 
 present-day speeding-uj) processes had not then been conceived by 
 factory managers innocent of "efficiency," the long hours, seemingly, 
 must have produced superabundant fatigue in many of the operatives, 
 and the eft'ect of the toxins thus caused was the same in 1826 as in 
 1918. Child labor, again, is child labor, and it denies the right of nor- 
 mal childhood to unfettered play and frequent changes of occupation, 
 even if it is so conducted that the children doft' l)ol)bins only once an 
 hour during a fourteen-hour day. We shall later find the Rev. Henry 
 ,A. Miles engaged in a defence of, which was tantamount to an apology 
 for, the very long hours which women and children were obliged to 
 labor in the Lowell mills prior to 1845. There is also an intimation 
 that the democracy of the time was not very far-reaching in Mrs. Rob- 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM i8i 
 
 inson's statement that "the most favored of the girls were sometimes 
 invited to the houses of the dignitaries of the mills, and thus the line 
 of social division was not rigidly maintained." 
 
 The conditions of employment, nevertheless, were unquestionably 
 better during the township era of Lowell history, from the point of 
 view of the welfare of the employed, than they became after the influx 
 of several different races had broken up the first homegeneousness of 
 the populatiiin. 
 
 Early Real Estate Developments — Merrimack and Central streets 
 were laid out in their present directions and dimensions about 1822. 
 The triangular tract at the head of Central street was sold by the 
 Locks and Canals Company to Patrick Tracy Jackson, of Boston, who 
 paid for it what was then regarded as the extravagant price of thir- 
 teen cents a foot. By a few of the more foreseeing, however, it was 
 appreciated that this location, directly across the street from Carter's 
 Tavern, later the Washington House, would always be of commanding 
 commercial importance. Here subsequently W'illiam Livingston 
 erected a business building which was so magnificent in its appoint- 
 ments that many predicted financial loss from it. In this, however, 
 they were mistaken. The ground floor of the building was occupied 
 by Mr. Tower with his very successful dry goods store, and thus arose 
 the name of Tower's corner, by which the junction point of the several 
 streets that "fan" into Central street is now known. In 1873 an in- 
 effectual attempt was made to remove the Livingston building and to 
 create in its place a public square. 
 
 The residential districts of the town were mostly very close to 
 the mills in the era of long hours and no street car facilities. The 
 streets between Lowell (now Salem) street and the present Little 
 Canada were well occupied before 1836, and there was a good popula- 
 tion between Thorndike street and the Concord river. The present 
 development of the Highlands was hardly thought of and even School 
 street hill was not yet divided by streets. The "court end" of the 
 town, to which Kirk Boott removed his fine residence (now the Cor- 
 poration Hospital) when the land on the old Tyler farm was wanted 
 for other purposes, was along Pawtucket street, where several of the 
 oldest families had good houses before the founders of Lowell came in. 
 One of the strong arguments in favor of this section for exclusive resi- 
 dences was to the effect that on account of the prevailing west and 
 northwest wind it got very little of the smoke from factory chimneys. 
 
 A rival residential district to Pawtucket street began to be cre- 
 ated across the Concord river from about 1830 onward. 
 
 The somewhat baronial "Old Yellow House" that could be seen 
 amidst its poplars from the site of Kirk Boott's mansion on the former 
 Tyler farm has been mentioned. It stood on land which in 1691 had 
 
i82 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 been deeded by Adam Wiiithr(ip to Samuel Himt. 'l"he house in 1816 
 liad lieen bou,t;ht by Judge Livermore as an ideal country jdace. That 
 it was such is well attested by reminiscences of his daug-hter, Mrs. 
 Josiah G. Abbott. "The house was delightfully situated at the conflu- 
 ence of the Merrimack and Concord rivers," she wrote. "Standing at 
 an elevation of 40 feet above the water it commanded a distinct and 
 lovely view of both the streams. Back of the heights, on the opposite 
 side of the Merrimack, rose Dr.'icut Heights, as if to shield the spot 
 from the north winds. It was certainly a lovely old mansion." Here 
 for a number of years Judge Livermore lived in retirement after an 
 active career in which, as jurist and member of Congress, he emulated 
 the services of his father, also Judge Livermore, of the New Hamp- 
 shire Supreme Court. He died ir. 1S32 at the age of seventy. 
 
 The first i)r(Tprietor of "Eeh iderc" was. in fact, an interesting per- 
 sonage. Edward St. Loe Livermore, a descendant of John Livertnore, 
 one of the first settlers of Watertown, was a son of Chief Justice Sam- 
 uel Livermore, of the New Hampshire Supreme Court. His father 
 (1732-1803) married Jane, daughter of the Rev. Arthur Browne, the first 
 Episcopal minister settled in New Hampshire. In 1765 he began the 
 settlement of Holderness, Grafton county, where on the Pemigewasset 
 river he built the huge mansion that sulisequently liecame the Epis- 
 copal Seminary for the diocese of New Hampshire. He was a repre- 
 sentative in the first National Congress and a member of the LTnited 
 States Senate for nine years, during a portion of wdnich time he was 
 President pro tcuiporc. His son Edward, who was born at Portsmouth 
 in 1762, had his early education at Londonderry and Holderness, with 
 the Rev. Robert Eowle as his principal tutor. He studied law at New- 
 buryport with Chief Justice Parsons and began his practice at Con- 
 cord, New Hampshire. Soon after the death of his first wife, who was 
 Mehitable Harris, Mr. Livermore removed to Portsmouth. Eor several 
 years, by appointment of President Washington, he was Lhiited States 
 District .-\ttorney. In 1798 he Iriecame justice of the Supreme Court 
 of New Hampshire. In 1799 he married Sarah Crease, daughter of 
 William Stackpole. merchant of Boston, still remembered by older 
 residents of Lowell, where she died in 1859. Her name is perpetuated 
 in Stackpole street. 
 
 In politics Judge Livermore was a Eederalist. ^^'hen in 1802 he 
 moved to Ncwburyport, that centre of Eederalism at once elected him 
 State Senator. "His course there was so wise and judicious," his 
 daughter wrote, "that he was chosen to represent the North Essex 
 District, then so-called, in Congress." In 1807 he actively opposed 
 President Jefferson's Embargo Act. He retired from Congress in 
 181 1 and moved his residence tc; Boston, where he was out of public 
 affairs for several years. His attitude to the War of 1812 was that of 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEAF 183 
 
 many leading New England Federalists, one of intense hostility. 
 Shortly after the war, Judge Livermore and his family went to Zanes- 
 ville, Ohio, intending to settle there. The discomforts of what was 
 then a pioneer settlement proved too much for them and they soon 
 returned to Boston. The desire for a peaceful country life was strong 
 in Judge Livermore, nevertheless, and led to his buying the Old Yel- 
 low House, in Tewksbury, in 181 6. 
 
 That good society was the rule at the Old Yellow House may be 
 judged from the daughter's description of her father's habits of living: 
 "For many years Judge Livermore had associated with men prominent 
 in letters and in politics, in this and other countries, and had taken an 
 active part in the political transactions of the times, so that, being 
 endowed with a comprehensive memory, he had at his command a 
 large fund of anecdotes, and his conversation was agreeable and 
 instructive to all with whom he came into contact. When he bought 
 the Gedney estate in Tewksbury he called it 'Belvidere,' a most appro- 
 priate name for so beautiful a place. Lentil 1826 the nearest place of 
 ])ublic worship was about two miles from 'Belvidere,' at Pawtucket 
 Falls, where the Rev. Mr. Sears, a Presbyterian minister, preached for 
 many years, and here the Livermore family became constant attend- 
 ants.'' 
 
 After the opening of St. Anne's the Li\'ermore family natvirally 
 transferred their affiliation to a church that was not only near at hand, 
 but of their inherited choice. At the first meeting of the new parish 
 a pew was placed at the disposal of Judge Livermore. This was occu- 
 pied, down to comparatively recent days, by Miss Elizabeth Browne 
 Livermore. 
 
 "Judge Livermore li\-ed to see a large and flourishing city grow 
 up around the lonely spot he had selected for a quiet home, and to 
 gather round his fireside neighbors who would have graced society in 
 any city of the world. He died at 'Belvidere' on the 15th of Septem- 
 ber, 1832. at the age of seventy years, and was buried in the old Gran- 
 ary Burying Ground in Boston. He left seven children by his second 
 marriage, four of whom are still living, t'/.?., Elizabeth Browne Liver- 
 more, who lives at Lowell and is unmarried ; Caroline, the wife of 
 Hon. J. G Abbott, of Boston ; Sarah Stackpole, wife of John Tatter- 
 son, Esq., of Southbridge, Mass. ; and Mary Jane, wife of Hon. Daniel 
 Saunders, of Lawrence." 
 
 The Nesmiths, Developers of Belvidere — .After Judge Livermore's 
 death, Belvidere was sold to John and Thomas Nesmith for about 
 $25,000. These brothers were descended from Deacon James Nesmith, 
 who settled in Londonderry in 17 19 and who was an elder in the Pres- 
 byterian church. His eldest son, Thomas, moved over into the adjoin- 
 ing town of Windham, where he acquired a large estate. His grand- 
 
i84 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 sons, just named, were Jnhii and Thunias, f(junders of families which 
 have had a great share in the upgrowth of Lowell. John Nesmith, 
 born in Windham, August 3, 1793, was, in especial, a man of large 
 affairs. As a youth he rose to prominence, serving as treasurer of his 
 native town in 1819-20 and as its representative in the New Hamp- 
 shire Legislature in 1821. In 1821 he and his brother Thomas engaged 
 in manufacturing at Derry. They also made a venture in New York, 
 where they started an extensive and remunerati\e business. In 1S31 
 they came to Lowell. 
 
 Arrived in Belvidere the Ncsmiths in far-sighted fashion laid out 
 the scheme of streets which now covers the finest residential quarter 
 of the city, retaining ample locations for their own noble residences, 
 still standing. 
 
 Previous to this developmental work, it should be noted, Belvidere 
 had never been highly esteemed as a place for select residences. It 
 had, however, all through the town period, an up and coming popula- 
 tion, some of the members of which gave no end of trouble to the 
 sedate farmers of Tewksbury. For five or six years there was an 
 ever-increasing demand on the part of Belvidere for annexation to the 
 town of Lowell, in which most ot the bread-winners worked and where 
 their real interests lay. Their demand was at first resisted by Tewks- 
 Iniry, whose citizens viewed with alarm the loss of much of their taxa- 
 ble property. Militant methods of protest, however, finally won over 
 the town to a policy of letting the turbulent village go in peace. "We 
 used," wrote George Hedrick, years afterwards, "to charter all the 
 teams, hay carts and other kind of vehicles and go down [to town 
 meeting at Tewksbury Centre] and disturb the people of the town by 
 our boisterous actions. As we neared the village a 'hurrah' gave the 
 warning of our approach. We took extra ]iains to ha\'e a full turnout, 
 make all the trouble we could, and have, for a day in the year, a great 
 time. At twelve o'clock we adjourned to Brown's tavern for dinner, 
 and hot flij) and other favorite beverages of those days were freely par- 
 taken of. We met again at two o'clock and kept up the turbulent pro- 
 ceedings until seven, and returned well satisfied with our endeavors 
 for the good of the town." 
 
 On one occasion, Mr. Hedrick recalled, the "rough element" suc- 
 ceeded in passing a resolution to the effect that the next Tewksbury 
 town meeting shuuld be held in Belvidere. This was too much. The 
 townsmen finally cajiitulated and consented to the annexation, which 
 became effective May 29, 1834. 
 
 How the growth of the new manufacturing town affected the 
 quiet rural neighborhood opposite the confluence of the rivers was 
 described with not a little literary charm in 1891 by "M. W.," who 
 wrote on "Old Dracut" for a booklet called "Our Home'' and published 
 in aid of the Home for Young Women and Children. 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 185 
 
 Of Christian Hill, formerly "Dracut Heights," the author said: 
 
 One whose childish memories commenced before the century had 
 completed its fortieth birthday has in her mind a fair picture of a 
 gracefully shaded country winding over a wooded hill upon the crest 
 of which was a noble pine tree, a landmark for miles around. This 
 hill, where our city now stores her pellucid and healthgiving waters, 
 was intersected with many grassy paths and shaded wood roads 
 through which Sarah, Helen and I wandered all the summer days. 
 * * * Below lay the sparsely settled village of Centralville, then a 
 part of Dracut, and a mere cluster of houses. On the hillside were as 
 many, perhaps, as could be counted on the two hands. There were a 
 few good old homesteads with fine trees about them, a tvpical country 
 store, a public house and an academy. 
 
 But the village road led to Lowell, that wonderful town across the 
 river that had sprung into busy life under the eyes of the old settlers 
 of Dracut, while they were blinking at it with astonishment; and be- 
 tween them and it hung the covered wooden bridge of the period, dark 
 and gloomy, and full of suggestions of a "foul and bloody deeds." It 
 was the ugliest structure that ever connected shore with shore, and 
 through it the village maiden, stranded in the twilight, hurried fear- 
 fully, with throbliing heart and many an anxious backward look. 
 
 At the Dracut end of the liridge was the toll house, small and 
 prosaic, but full of sunshine. It was a place of more than common 
 interest and had a distinct individuality. It was the spot where a 
 choice bit of news or gossip, flying through the air, was sure to lodge. 
 The Lowell paper would always be read there, and "lost, strayed or 
 stolen" posted. 
 
 The development of the suburb of Centralville as a district of 
 Dracut began while Lowell was still a township. 
 
 Two men were especially responsible for foreseeing the residential 
 possibilities of Christian Hill and the adjacent low lands. Joseph 
 Bradley was of the old Haverhill family which had settled on the 
 Dracut side of the river to operate the ferry that long went by their 
 name. His son-in-law was Benjamin Franklin Varnum, one of the 
 sons of Major-General Joseph Bradley Varnum. These gentlemen 
 inaugurated the first petition to the General Court for a bridge, and, 
 when the requested corporation was sanctioned in 1825, Mr. Bradley 
 was elected its president and Mr. Varnum its clerk. A little later the 
 Varnum residence was started on what was then known as Dracut 
 Heights with grounds of unusual pretension for the place and time. 
 The locality became known as Centralville, to distinguish it from other 
 and supposedly more outlying parts of the town of Dracut. 
 
 To the initiative of these two men was due the project of an acad- 
 emy on Christian Hill, together with a large boarding house for stu- 
 dents. This educational institution was incorporated under the style 
 of Centralville Academy. The schoolhouse was on the site now occu- 
 pied by the Varnum school, which was given its name in honor of this 
 
i86 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 son of Speaker Varnuni, and not, as has often been stated, of the 
 Speaker himself. 
 
 Politics in the Town Period — The political as well as the indus- 
 trial growth of the new communit}- was rapid in the period between 
 the two incorporations. The time was one in which men took their 
 politics very' seriously, in which respect Lowell was not exceptional. 
 
 The first Congressional election in which Lowell citizens cast 
 votes was that of November 6, 1826. Edward Everett, Whig, was 
 chosen over John Keyes, Democrat. This distinguished orator, some 
 time president of Harvard College, continued to represent Lowell at 
 W'ashington down to 1830, when a new arrangement of Congressional 
 districts separated the northern from the southern towns of Middlesex 
 county. Everett's successor was Gayton F. Osgood, of Andover, a 
 Democrat. He was followed, in 1S35, by Caleb Cushing, who was 
 elected "after a contest," accordmg to Cowley, "rarely equalled in the 
 annals of party strife." Mr. Cushing continued to represent the 
 Lowell district until 1843. He subsequently became a justice of the 
 Supreme Court, Attorney-General of the Linited States, and president 
 of the Charleston Convention of i860. 
 
 The political complection of the town of Lowell is indicated by 
 the presidential votes of three successive elections: 1828 — Jackson, 
 Democratic, 97 ; Adams. Federal, 278. 1832 — Jackson, Democratic, 
 412; Clay, Whig, 694. 1836 — Van Buren, Democratic, 894: \\'ebster, 
 Whig, 878. 
 
 Local political complications were occasionally of an exciting 
 nature. All that was best in the town meeting system undoubtedly 
 came uppermost before a city government was inaugurated. While 
 politics was then a game, it had not. to any alarming extent, become 
 a graft. Men of the highest character were chosen, usually, to direct 
 town affairs. The annual meetings had their lively discussions, their 
 wholesome ebullitions of democratic spirit ; but public business was 
 not hindered by them. Considering the resources of the community 
 the ajjpropriations for support of the local public institutions were 
 generally liberal. 
 
 Until 1824 there was no post office at East Chelmsford. In that 
 year Jonathan C. Merrill was installed as first postmaster. He was 
 a merchant whose post office business, the salary varying according to 
 the receipts from $80 to $362, was necessarily subordinate to the con- 
 duct of his store on Tilden street, near Merrimack. He was succeeded 
 in 1829 by Captain William W. Wyman. appointed !>y President Jack- 
 son. Captain Wyman. who down to his death in 1864 was one of the 
 citv's prominent citizens, had a salary varying from $625 to $1,000. 
 His office was at first on Central street and later in the city govern- 
 ment building at Merrimack and John streets. In 1833 President Jack- 
 
THE FACTORY SYSTEM 
 
 187 
 
 son appointed to the postmastership. the Rev. EHphalet Case, a staunch 
 Democrat, who later removed to Ohio. With A. C. Bagley, also a 
 Lowell man, he settled in Cincinnati, where he engaged in the pub- 
 lishing business. He was for some years editor and part owner of 
 the "Enquirer." About the beginning of the Civil War he removed 
 to Portland, Maine, and bought the "Advertiser." He died December 
 15, 1862, aged sixty-six years. In some reminiscences contributed by 
 Hon. J. G. Peabody to the "Courier Citizen" histor}- of 1S97, it is stated 
 that he "finally went to Indiana, engaged in farming and died there." 
 This statement of Mr. Peabody's, evidently made from memor}-, must 
 have been erroneous, as the "Lowell Citizen" published an obituary, 
 rather lengthv and circumstantial for the time, on December 18, 1862. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 An Era of Improvement. 
 
 Commencement of the Lowell School System — It was characteris- 
 tic nf the temper of the community that the institutions of public edu- 
 cation were exceptionally well started in the first decade of municipal 
 existence. Provisions for schooling had not figured so very heavily 
 in the budgets of the towns out of which the territory of Lowell was 
 taken. 
 
 One of the first schoolmasters, a worthy predecessor of many who 
 have served the community in this essential capacity, was Joel Lewis, 
 born at Canton in iSoo. When th.e Merrimack company in 1824 opened 
 its school on the site of the Green school, this yoimg man was em- 
 ployed as teacher. He had had experience already, having begun to 
 teach at Braintree as a boy of eighteen. In 1822 he became an assist- 
 ant in Warren Colburn's Boston school and thus jiresumably came 
 tmder consideration for the position at East Chelmsford. Besides 
 being an excellent pedagogue Mr. Lewis was, like his friend, the resi- 
 dent agent of the Merrimack company, an enthusiastic student of 
 astronomy. "Many a night when the lazy world was locked in sleep," 
 says Joshua Merrill in his "Reminiscences of Joel Lewis," "Mr. Col- 
 burn and he were engaged in their favorite occupation of observing the 
 stars." Mr. Lewis did not teach for long, resigning to enter the em- 
 ploy of the Locks and Canals Company. He was one of the founders 
 of the Middlesex Mechanics' Association, in which he took great inter- 
 est. He died November 11, 1834. His friend, W^arren Colburn, died 
 in September 13, 1834. These two men, with Dr. Edson, share the 
 credit for the establishment of a modern public school system in 
 Lowell. This tribute was paid to Mr. Lewis: "Rarely has it hap- 
 pened to anyone, by a spirit of the truest benevolence, by peculiar 
 charms of social intercourse, and a manifestation of true high moral 
 worth, to leave a deeper impress, not only on the minds of near friends 
 by whom he was belo\ed, but in those wider circles in which he had 
 his walk in life." 
 
 The beginnings of the pulilic school system date, in reality, from 
 the first Lowell town meeting, that of March 6, 1826. Oliver M. Whip- 
 ple, Warren Colburn, Henry Colnirn. Jr., Nathaniel W^right and John 
 Fisher were then appointed a committee to ]>lan for a division of the 
 town into school and highway districts. At the meeting of April 3 
 following their report was accepted. It provided for creating five 
 school districts with school houses at the following locations: No. i, 
 site of the present Green school ; No. 2, at the corner of Pawtucket 
 
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 ^^V=,^ I^S <: 
 
 y. S 
 
 
AN ERA OF IMPRO\"EMENT iSy 
 
 and Salem streets, on the grounds now occupied by the Corporation 
 Hospital ; No. 3, near the pound ; No. 4, near Hale's mills ; No. 5, on 
 Central street, just south of Hurd street. The committee appointed 
 to take charge of these educational facilities was: Theodore Edson, 
 ^\'arren Colburn, Samuel Batchelder, John O. Green, Elisha Hunting- 
 ton. 
 
 The town's first appropriation on account of the schools was 
 $ 1 ,000. 
 
 So many of the operatives were young unmarried people that the 
 schools, it may be assumed, did not at first have quota of pupils pro- 
 portionate to the population. "One of the districts. No. 3," Dr. Edson 
 recalls, "was very small, not containing more than about 16 pupils. In 
 1825, the year previous to the incorporation of Lowell, the town of 
 Chelmsford appropriated for schools in this whole region, which was 
 reckoned one district, the sum of $113.50." 
 
 In March, 1827, the number of pupils in the Central street district 
 had grown so fast that district No. 6 on the east side of the street was 
 created. 
 
 Reminiscences of the teaching at the school house which, as 
 before stated, stood at the head of Salem street, near where the Cor- 
 poration Hospital now is. were contributed in May, 1892, at a meeting 
 of the Old Residents' Historical Association by the Rev. V^arnum Lin- 
 coln, who said: "The school lasted for six or eight weeks in summer 
 and ten or twelve weeks in winter. When I began to go there it was 
 taught by a man named Byam. After this Jefferson Coburn taught 
 the school in winter. In summer he tended bar for his brother, who 
 o\\ned the ^lerrimack House. Such a mixing of vocations would 
 hardly be tolerated now, but Mr. Coburn didn't instill the same kind 
 of spirits into his pupils that he did into his customers, and was alto- 
 gether one of the best teachers I ever knew." This dispenser of 
 knowledge and toddy whom Mr. Lincoln thus commended, it may be 
 added, became later the proprietor, successively, of the Franklin 
 House, Lawrence, the Rockingham House. Portsmouth, and the East- 
 ern Exchange. Boston. He died at Lowell in 1871. 
 
 Some recollections of an early schoolmaster. In- Joshua N. Mer- 
 rill, read before the Old Residents' Historical Association, give essen- 
 tial facts of school history of Lowell before the district system was 
 abolished : 
 
 I went to see the school house where I was to labor for three 
 months, wrote Mr. Merrill. It was a neat little building, standing at 
 the corner of Middlesex and Eliot streets. It had formerly been the 
 Hamilton counting room. Some thirty years ago. when the brick 
 school house was to be erected on the same location, it was removed 
 to the back part of the school vard. After remaining there several 
 years, occupied by a primary school, it was sold and moved on to the 
 
190 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 lot next east of the engine house on Middlesex street. An addition has 
 been made to it, and a brick basement, but the outlines of what was 
 the first counting room of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, the 
 first school house in Lowell, are plainly to be seen. 
 
 On Monday, November 5, I commenced my school, with about 
 seventy-five scholars, whose ages ranged from three to twenty years. 
 The second day I received a formal visit from the superintending com- 
 mittee, which in i(S27 consisted of Theodore Edson, Warren Colburn 
 and John O. Swan. 
 
 During the winter a very serious difficulty originated between the 
 su{)erintending and prudential committees in several of the school dis- 
 tricts in regard to the books required to be used in the schools: but 
 fortunately my school was not disturbed in the least. * * * At the 
 close of the three nnnUhs the committee examined the school and 
 expressed their satisfaction with the progress. 
 
 The town apjjropriatinn for the schools in 1827 was $1,000: of this 
 sum $120 was allotted to this district. More than that had been ex- 
 pended, the balance being paid by the Hamilton company. 
 
 A new engagement was nov/ made, as follows: "By order of the 
 Agent of the Hamilton Company, agreed with Joshua Merrill, to teach 
 the school eight weeks, commencing Feb. 4, 182S, for fifty-two dollars 
 including his board. Agreed to keep five and a half days in a week. 
 Attest: L A. Beard, Clerk." Accordingly I kept eight weeks at the 
 expense of the Hamilton company, the school being under the direc- 
 tion of Mr. Beard, then paymaster of that company. 
 
 During the five months I had ninety-one different scholars. Of 
 this number 1 am not aware that more than four now reside in Lowell, 
 vi::.: J. G. Teabody, A. D. Puiifer, Edwin T. Wilson and Mary T. 
 Beard, the latter a teacher in one of our primary schools since 1844. 
 
 At the aimual town meeting in R'larch an entire new l)oard or 
 superintending school committee was chosen, consisting of the Rev. 
 Abraham B. Alerrill, William < iardner, Jr., Jonathan C. Merrill, John 
 Johnson and Dr. Harlin Pill>hury. None of these gentlemen have 
 ser\eil im the committee since, except the Rev. Dr. Merrill, who was 
 elected the next year. 
 
 March 29, 1828, a school meeting was held in District No. 5, and 
 Ca]itain Daniel Balch, Captain John Bassett and Mr. David Cook were 
 chosen prudential committee. 
 
 April 4, 1S28, the committee agreed with me to teach three months, 
 to commence on the first Monday in October, 1828, for $28 per month, 
 board included. Miss Field taught the school from April 17 to Sep- 
 temlier 2j. at $3.25 jjer week, lioard included. 
 
 In 1828 the town appropriated $1,200 for schools: Lif this District 
 No. 5 received $150. 
 
 As part (if the school system the building later occupied by the 
 Free Cha])el in Middlesex street was erected l)y cooperation between 
 the Hamilton and AiJ])leton companies in T829. Mr. Merrill was 
 nidved into that building. His descri])tion of its equipment is graphic: 
 
 The interior of the new school house was finished under the direc- 
 tion of Mr. Beard, who was an critrinal genius, alwavs inclined to e:et 
 
AN ERA OF IIMPROVEMENT 191 
 
 up something new ; and this time he succeeded admiralily. Each seat 
 and desk were made for two scholars. The seats had very high board 
 backs. The scholars were seated with their backs toward the teacher's 
 desk ; the reason given was that they could not see the teacher without 
 looking around. When I stood upon the floor I could just see the 
 heads of ni}' largest scholars above the backs of their seats ; but to 
 Compensate for this the teacher's desk was elevated similarly to the 
 pulpits we sometimes see in the old churches. All the woodwork was 
 painted and sanded with very coarse sand, to prevent the scholars from 
 cutting it. In two or three weeks the sand had made such havoc with 
 the children's clothing that Mr. Beard was glad to make peace with 
 their mothers by rubbing off as much of the sand as possible and re- 
 painting. The windows were put very high, so that children could not 
 look out. The heating apparatus, too, I think, must have been original. 
 It was called a furnace. It was built of brick in the southeast corner 
 of the cellar. The chimney, to convey the heat to the school room 
 above, was built on the bottom of the cellar, some forty feet, and then 
 up on one side of the school room. About two feet from the floor an 
 opening six or eight inches square was made, to admit the hot air to 
 warm the room, but it never came. There was always a strong current 
 of air from the school room into the chimney — making an excellent 
 ventilator. After running the stove day and night for some time with- 
 out effect a wood stove was substituted. Nothing more was said about 
 the furnace. 
 
 The Fight for a Modern School System — l-'ive years after the 
 tcnvn meeting at which the Lowell school system was inaugurated 
 cam,e a test of the sincerity of Dr. Edson's interest in the cause of 
 popular education — a controversy in which he found himself pitted 
 against the strongest influences that could be brought to bear upon a 
 young and ambitious clergyman. He stood his ground, won his con- 
 tention before the people and thus was personally responsible for 
 giving Lowell an eminence in public education which has never been 
 lost. Other factors considered, such as wealth per capita and the dis- 
 advantages of a polyglot population, no other city in America, it is 
 safe to assert, has had a more laudable record of devotion to the prepa- 
 ration of its yotmg people for their work in the world. 
 
 The district school system, which then as now was fairly well 
 adapted to the needs of rural communities, was by 1830 proved to be 
 quite unsuited to a compact, rapidly growing commimity like Lowell. 
 After some agitation a town meeting appointed a committee of which 
 Dr. Edson was chairman, to propose a better system. At a meeting 
 of April 2, 1832. the committee urged that two modern school houses 
 of the "graded" type be erected. 
 
 This proposal to incur expense for good schools at once aroused 
 a storm of opposition to which a weaker character then Dr. Edson 
 must have yielded. As General Butler expresses it in his autobiog- 
 raphy: "The taxation of that day for these new grammar schools ot 
 
i(j2 HISTORY OF L0\V]':LL 
 
 brick would he home substantially by the manufacturing companies 
 and the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals. ,Mi-. Boott declared that 
 this could not and would not be done." .\s the project continued to 
 be agitated he presently "informed Mr. Edson that any further advo- 
 cacy of this proposition would so far meet with his disapprobation 
 that he should withdraw from his church and from attendance upon 
 his ministration ; that he should g'ne his attendance and influence to 
 another religious society, and that all support of St. .Xnne's in any- 
 way by the manufacturing companies would be withdrawn." 
 
 With that regard for truth and right which distinguished him, 
 Dr. Edson went steadily forward as if he had entertained no such 
 threats. His [proposal in its final form came before a town meeting, 
 and won by a majority of eleven \otes. A later meeting was called 
 in an effort of the opposition to rescind the resolution. Messrs. 
 Luther Lawrence and John P. Robinson, celebrated lawyers, how- 
 ever, had been retained to speak in opposition. They accomplished 
 so little with the electorate that the majoritx' in favor of making the 
 appropriation of $20.otx3 for the new school houses was increased to 
 thirty-eight. It was, in fact, a signal triumph for the clergyman. 
 Some of his parishioners and personal friends, nevertheless, were bad 
 losers, like t)ne bv whcmi he was addressed as he left the hall: ''Well, 
 you have got vour school houses," was the taunting assertion, "but 
 you will never get the children into them." Dr. Edson recalls that 
 this gentleman later became one of tlie staunchest friends of the 
 Lowell school system. Kirk Boott withdrew from St. Anne's, but 
 his doing so did not ruin or even sensibly injure the society. 
 
 One of the best anecdotes of Dr. Edson's earnestness in this 
 contest to secure a system of graded schools for Lowell was related 
 by Frederic T. Greenhalge at the fiftieth anniversary of the incorpo- 
 ration of the city. The story is as follows: ".\t a meeting called 
 to take action as to a school system, the imperious Kirk Boott was 
 opposed to the measure, and declared that it was folly to incur any 
 expense >m its behalf. Lowell was but an exjieriment, and a traveler 
 visiting the place in a few >ears might find only a heap of ruins. 
 Theodore Edson replied that if the traveler exantining these ruins 
 found among them no trace of a school house, he would have no diffi- 
 culty in assigning the cause of the downfall of Lowell. There is logic 
 and wit enough in that retort to have made the reputation of an 
 English ]iriine minister." 
 
 On February 23, 1833, the former of the two school houses pro- 
 vided for under the town's appropriation was first opened to pupils. 
 It was known as the South Grammar school, frtjm its location on the 
 South Common. It afterwards was named for the man who had 
 fought plnckily for its inception. It is the Edson school. The North 
 
AX ERA OF IMPROVEMENT 193 
 
 Cirammar school on the North Comniun «-as openctl a Httle later. It 
 became known as the Bartlett school, in honor of the city's first 
 mayor. Thousands of boys and girls have had their elementary edu- 
 cation within its walls, the Edson school being still in use in 1918; 
 the old Hartlett school lately disused. 
 
 Inauguration of the Lowell High School — "The high school con- 
 tem])lated in our present system,, and recjuired by law," wrote Dr. 
 Edson, as chairman of the school committee, in his report of 1835, 
 "has been kept only part of the year. Of the sum which, upon the 
 most economical calculation, it was estimated that the schools would 
 cost $1,000, was not granted by the town, consequentl}' the committee 
 w'ere enabled to sustain the High School only one-half the time, and 
 to employ but one teacher instead of two. The school, being loudly 
 called for by the community, was opened in August, tuider the care 
 of Mr. ?Iall. About seventy have attended. The school has been 
 kept full, containing sixty members, and the attendance has been 
 good. ^lany more are desirous of the privilege of the school and 
 might be admitted if provision were made for their instruction. The 
 school is prosperous, and the committee are happy to commend it to 
 the favor of the town." 
 
 Such is the first formal report on one of the most beneficent of 
 Lowell institutions which, since the middle thirties, has ottered to 
 studious boys and girls, of whatever family and financial circum- 
 stances, free instruction carrying them well beyond the bare rudi- 
 ments of education. From the outset to the present time it has been 
 a school of which ever}- alumnus should be proud, one marked by 
 the high scholarship and professional devotion of its teachers, and one 
 in which there has always been an admirable esprit dc corps among the 
 students. 
 
 The high school's beginning dates back to December, 1831, when 
 it was opened in a room of the Middlesex street school house, after- 
 wards the Free Chapel, having as teacher Thomas M. Clark, later 
 Episcopal Bishop of Rhode Island. 
 
 Among the pupils who entered for that first class in the Lowell 
 high school was a young fellow named "Ben" Butler, who was destined 
 to be heard from later. In speaking of his classmates this youth 
 afterwards wrote in his "Book :" "There were eight of us in the 
 first class, the classification being made according to apparent advance- 
 ment in scholarship. The one alphabetically at the head, whose edu- 
 cation went no further than in that one school, because afterwards a 
 Boston man in high standing and, later still, a merchant in the State 
 of V' ermont. Another fitted for college in the class, became a graduate 
 of Dartmouth, and died young, standing very high in his profession as 
 
 L-13 
 
194 JllSroRV OF l.( )\\ I'.LL 
 
 a sur'^i'eun. AiKjtluT, wIkj^c cducatiuii was ended there, hecame a 
 ci\'il engineer e)f the very highest standing, fuunded the manufacturing 
 city uf Manchester, New Hampsliire, and was, for several years, gov- 
 ernor (if the v^tate. Another, who left the school and became a mid- 
 shijiman in the navy, rose to be of the first class in his profession, 
 and afterwards was the active head uf the nav_\', and (inly efficient 
 one it had during the War of the Rebellion. Andther, going fr(_)m this 
 class to a medical school, fitted himself for his ])rofession as surgeon, 
 and before his untimely death became (,ine of the most successful and 
 best known surgeons of the ctiuntry. Two others became reputable 
 and somewhat distinguished citizens. The remaining one is the 
 writer,'' who was, of course, Major-General Benjamin Franklin Butler. 
 Eiiforts to establish separate schtiols for the children of Irish 
 immigrants began in Alarch, i^'^i. when a cunimiltee C(jmposed (.if 
 Dr. Edson, Rev. Fl. W. F'reenian. Rev. I'Jiphalet Case, Dr. I'llisha 
 Bartlett and Josiah Crosby was appointed by the town "t(j determine 
 whether it is expedient to establish a sch(.iol district f(.ir the Irish 
 children in Lowell." This committee, at the .\pril meeting, rejiorted 
 as follows : 
 
 That a schdol for the Irish children has been kept about two 
 years. Last vear the town voted the sum of $50 for its support. 
 According to the rule by which the school money is now divided, this, 
 if made a district, wotiW receive $50. The average number of children 
 attending the school is about thirty. The Irish population is located 
 conveniently to f(irm a district of themselves; therefore, your com- 
 mittee recommend : 
 
 That the Irish population living on the Acre so called, be formed 
 intd a district, t(.) be called District No. 7. That such Irish families 
 not living within the above limits who, in the opini(.in (if the Super- 
 intending School Committee, are conveniently situated, may send to 
 the school in District No. 7. 
 
 This arrangement seems not to have given entire satisfaction and 
 after a i)eriod of experiment the committee, with the cooperation of 
 the Roman Catholic pastor, tl:e Rev. Father Connoll}-, authorized 
 the establishment of special schools for Catholics, to be taught only 
 by Catholics and with use of text books satisfactory to adherents of 
 that church. The committee jirescribed as conditions of the opening 
 of such schools that: "i. That the instructors must l)e examined as 
 to their qualifications by the committee and receive their appoint- 
 ments from them,; 2. That the books, exercises and studies should 
 all be prescribed and regulated by the committee, and that no other 
 whatever should be taught or allowed ; 3. That these schools should 
 be placed as respects the examination, inspection and general super- 
 vision of the committee, on precisely the same ground as the other 
 
AN ERA OV 1 M PROVEM ENT 195 
 
 schools ot the town." 'I'hrcc Catholic schools were eventually con- 
 ducted iur a time under this arrangement. 
 
 Other municipal departments besides the schools made their start 
 under the town government. One of the most interesting of these, 
 for ol)\ious reasons, was the tire department. 
 
 Early Days of the Fire Department — Protection of the town's 
 man_\- wooden liuildings from tire was necessarily more or less hap- 
 hazard in the first years. Just as in smaller places down to this day 
 an alarm, of fire drew forth a motley collection of volunteers and small 
 boys. Out from the nearest engine house was drawn the ancient 
 "hand tub." Everybody ran behind it en route to the fire. The 
 machine somehow was hitched up to one of the i:)rimitive hydrants of 
 the da}' and a stream from a half-inch hose was played more or less 
 etTcclually ujjon the conllagration. 
 
 All illuminating account of the primitive system has been con- 
 trilnited l.)y Erank X. Owen, who writes: 
 
 In common with the custom observed in the larger towns in the 
 Commonwealth, Lowell had a fire society in those earlier days. It 
 was known as the Lowell United Fire Society, and its members were 
 required to keep hanging in a convenient and accessible place a 
 leather fire bucket for each male member of the household. Upon an 
 alarm of tire they were recpiired to seize the buckets and repair to 
 the fire, where they did service in passing the water. Some of these 
 fire buckets are still preserved in many of the older families of the 
 city. They were elaborately painted and decorated and had the name 
 of the owner painted thereon. Mrs. Ransom Reed, resident on Tvler 
 street, has two buckets in a good state of preservation, marked 
 "Lowell U. F. Society, Ransom Reed, 1828." Secretary Philbrick, of 
 the Veteran Firemen's Association, has in his custody a bucket for- 
 merly kept in the house of Jonathan M. Marston, and other families 
 in the city have one or more which are carefully preserved as relics. 
 
 At an annual meeting of the town, held in March, 1829, steps were 
 taken for the organization of a fire department, and $1,000 was voted 
 to equip the same with a tire engine, hose, etc. The firewards were 
 authorized to purchase the engine, and were appointed a committee 
 to consider the subject of forming a fire department. 
 
 The firewards made arrangements for the purchase of an engine, 
 etc., and also reported favorably in the matter of forming a fire 
 department. At an adjourned meeting of the town it was voted 
 that the firewards act as a committee "to locate and build an engine 
 house, and to provide places for keeping the ladders, fire hooks, etc." 
 in compliance with this order the firewards voted, at their next meet- 
 ing: "That the engine house be located on the easterly side of Cen- 
 tral street, between the corner of Merrimack street and the Canal 
 Bridge, on the land of the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals Com- 
 pany, where it may remain, rent free, till such time as the said com- 
 pany have occasion to make some other use of the land, when it is to 
 be removed by the town to some other place." 
 
196 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Tlie act formally creating the Lowell Fire Department was passed 
 by the Legislature, February 6, 1830. It was not, however, until some 
 time afterward that active measures were taken to organize a depart- 
 ment on an efficient basis. The first fire engine purchased was called 
 the Niagara, and was kejjt in a house at the corner of Central and 
 Merrimack streets, afterwards being removed to what is now Hosford 
 Sf|uare. In 1832. Captain Josiah G. Peabody, Charles Gregg and 
 others organized a fire company, which did efficient service. From 
 this time until 1836 the engineers were as follows: Kirk Boott, 1832; 
 Joseph Tyler, 1833, 1834, 1835; Oliver M. Whipple, from 1835 to 1836. 
 The assistants were : Joseph Tyler, \^'arren Colburn, 1832 ; George 
 Brownell, 1832, 1833. 1835 ; J. AL Dodge, 1832. 1834, 1835 ; O. M. Whip- 
 ple. 1833, 1834. 1835; Alvah ^Nlansur, 1833, ^^34'- Israel Whitney. 
 1833. 1S34; Ahiel .\bbott. 1833 ; James Cook. 1833, 1834, 1835 : William 
 Wyman, 1833; Cleorge Motley, 1835: John A\ery. 1833: Jonathan 
 Bowers, 1833, 1834, 1835; Charles L. Tilden, S. A. Colnirn, I])avid 
 Dana. Jonathan Al. Marston and .-Xlpheus Smith. 1835. 
 
 The Coming of the Churches — The cnnimencement of religious 
 services in downtown I,owell and the establishment of St. Anne's 
 Church has been described. As the town acquired a population of 
 prevailingly religious people its churches luultiplied and grew pros- 
 perous. 
 
 The consecration of St. Anne's, as noted, occurred on March 16, 
 1825. Thence followed parochial acti\'ities which belong to the 
 records of the town. The early wardens, with their dates of election, 
 were: Warren Colburn, 1825; Allan Pollock. 1825; Joel Lewis, 1827; 
 John C). (ireen. 1830; Elisha Huntington. 1833; J. H. B. Ayer, 1833; 
 Robert Cleans, 1835; George Brownell, 1835. Successive treasurers 
 were Xathaniel Gordon, 1824: Thomas Billings. 1828; Benjamin 
 Mather, 1821) ; George H. Carleton, 1833. The first three clerks were 
 George B. Pollock, 1824; Joel Lewis, 1828; Daniel Bixby, 1835. The 
 first baptism was that of John Wright, son of Kirk and Anne Boott, 
 ^Nlarch 20. 1825 : the first funeral, that of a child of Josiah B. French, 
 January 12, 1827. On August 26, 1826, Joel Lewis offered himself 
 for the first confirmation. On July 17. 1825. James Flood and Harriet 
 Bowers l)ccame the church's first Iiridal pair. 
 
 The good Dr. Edson's activities, except his interest in costly edu- 
 cational innen-ations. as recorded above, were of a sort to justify the 
 expectaU(jns entertained of him by the directors of the Merrimack 
 Compan\'. He has told about them at a later date. "My early rela- 
 tions with tile Merrimack Corporation," he related at the fiftieth anni- 
 versarv exercises in 1876, "it having given the church and parsonage, 
 and for the first few years gathered the pew rents for the support of 
 divine worship, as a provision for all the people in their employ, 
 
o 
 
 ■J. 
 
AN ERA OF IMPROVEMENT 197 
 
 being- it was l:)ut riglit to make the ministrations as generalK- and as 
 extensively acceptable as might be, gave a very general claim upon my 
 services, and it is but a fair question to ask whether my pastoral labor 
 for the rich and poor, ministering to the sick and afflicted, the dying 
 and the dead, caring for the children and their education, and ready 
 discharge of other ordinary items of ministerial duty, have been such 
 as to justif}' the original outlay and answer the reasonable expecta- 
 tions of the Merrimack Company." 
 
 Concerning the significance of this establishment of .St. Anne's 
 Church at East Chelmsford, Bishop William, Lawrence dwelt at some 
 length in his sermon at the sevent_\-fifth anniversary of the church: 
 "Although a majority of the directors of the Merrimack Company 
 were Unitarians, they voted to build an Episcopal Church : and an 
 Episcopal clergyman was called. We can hardly appreciate the sig- 
 nificance of that now. Although the Episcopal Church was very little 
 known in Massachusetts outside of Boston, and was not recognized 
 there as a church of reconciliation, yet here, in this city, the Episcopal 
 Church was planted, the only parish for the whole community — the 
 house of worship for Christian ])eoi)le of all names. Here, at the 
 Lord's table knelt the members of many denominations, and at the 
 hands of the pastor received the Sacrament. Here, in unity of spirit 
 and the bond of peace, they prayed in the praters of their common 
 ancestors of old England. Here they together recited the Apostles' 
 Creed, to which for several generations New England had been a 
 stranger. Thus, until the growth of the population demanded new 
 churches, St. .Anne's stood, like a parish church in old England, as the 
 church of the whole people." 
 
 Toward the support of St. .Anne's every operative on the Merri- 
 mack cor])oration was at first required to spend pay thirty-seven and 
 one-half cents a month. 
 
 A story of the rejection by a i)orti<.)n of the jjopulation of the 
 religious services that the conqiany at first may have thought to make 
 ol.jligatory tipon all, has been told by the Rev. D. C. Eddy, D. D., who 
 said, in an address at the semi-centennial jubilee of the First Baptist 
 church : "After the consecration of the Episcopal church by Bishop 
 Griswold in 1S23, the inhabitants of the \illage made it their religious 
 home, without much declaration of sect or creed. It was doubtless the 
 intention of some of the directors of the Merrimack company, espe- 
 cially of their agent and treasurer. Kirk Boott, to make the place an 
 Episco])al settlement. The operatives were expected to attend serv- 
 ice, and the sum necessary to pay for a seat in the sanctuary was regu- 
 larly deducted from the wages of each. Mr. Boott, with his English 
 education. Episcopal tendencies and military habits, did not readily 
 see how burdensome such taxation must be to a people edticated in 
 
198 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 New England, and whu inhcritfcl all the just prejudices of their ances- 
 tors against an established church, and a religion supported t)\- the 
 taxation of those who declined to enjoy its benefits. Against such 
 an enforced system of worship old New England has always Ijeen 
 veheinenth' protestant, and when somelhing like it was tried in 
 Lowell, all outside of the I'4)iscopal church were dissenters. Yet until 
 two other churches were formed, the First Baptist and the First Con- 
 gregational, the latter of which was organized in 1826, a few months 
 after the form,er had begun its existence, the tax continued, but was 
 at length abandoned, a very strong public opinion expressing itself 
 against it." 
 
 There was, as a matter of tact, room for many denominations in 
 the expanding community. 
 
 The Baptist church, which made a great man_\ con\-erts in this 
 part of New England about 1820, claims a certain priority even over 
 the Episcopalians, in that meetings addressed by Rev. John Park- 
 hurst, of South Chelmsford, were held in 1822 at the house of Abel 
 Rugg, at the corner of Flosford Square and Wamesit street. Shortly 
 after the Episcopal church occu])ieil St. Anne's the Baptists estab- 
 lished a meeting (if their own in the vacated school house of the 
 Merrimack company, and early in r826 definitely organized a religious 
 society, inviting Rev. John Cookson, then of Maiden, to become their 
 first ])astor. Their meeting house was dedicated November 15, 1826. 
 
 The I'irst Congregational Church was founded as a consequence 
 of the gathering together f(_ir ser\ice cif prayer in 1824 at a corpora- 
 tion licjarding- house of a few men and women who had a jireference 
 f(ir the traditional forms of New England orthodoxy. Their society 
 was organized June 2(>, i82r>, with a memliership of about fifty persons. 
 In 1827 they dedicated the h(.)use of worshij) on Merrimack street, 
 which down to 1S84 was a Lowell Lmdmark. The first ])astor was 
 the Rev. Ceorge C. lieckwith, who served less than two years. Me 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Amos Blanchard, D. D., whose ministry 
 lasted fourteen years. 
 
 Roman Catholicism, now so |)roniinent in the religious life of 
 Lowell, had an approjiriate field for expansion even in the first days 
 of the town. Mass was celebrated, so far as known for the lirst time 
 at East Chelmsford, by the Rev. John Mahoney, in 1822. Many Irish 
 workers were already employed in excavating and construction, and 
 some of them ha<l settletl in the district called "the .\cre," whence 
 so many of the race have risen to honorable and prosperous condition 
 in life. Father Mahoney was the first Roman Catholic pastor to be 
 settled in Lowell. He reported, in 1827, to Bishop Fenwick that 
 "there are twenty-one families and thirty unmarried men settled here." 
 By 1830 the Roman Catholics of the town numbered about four hun- 
 
AN ERA OF TA[rRO\-FAIENT 199 
 
 (In-d and arrangenu-nts were made for the erection of tlie t'lrst chureh. 
 which was dedicated by Bishop Fenwick on July 3. i<S3i. 
 
 Methodism was very active in the twenties. Its emotive qualities 
 attracted so man}- of the operatives and others of the new manufactur- 
 ing' town that three Methodist societies were started within a few 
 years of each other. Miss Phebe Hig-gins is said to have been the 
 first to proclaim Methodism at East Chelmsford. James A. Barnes, in 
 1824, formed a "class" for religious instruction, out of which grew 
 both the St. Paul's Methodist Church and the Worthen Street Metho- 
 dist Church. The first Methodist house of worship was that on 
 Chapel liill. dedicated November 29, 1827. This afterwards became 
 St. i^aul's. Rev. Hiram W'alden was installed as pastor in the fol- 
 lowing June. Mr. W'alden did not remain long, for on December 
 14, 1827. he was succeeded liy the Rev. A. D. Merrill, who is remem- 
 bered as a vigorous preacher and strong organizer. He was followed 
 by Rev. Benjamin F. Lombard, July 30, 1828 ; Rev. Aaron D. Sargent, 
 lune 17, 1829, and, on Mav 2~ . 1830. by Rev. Ephraim K. Avery. 
 
 -V Second Methodist Church was formed in 1831, worshiping in a 
 large dwelling house at Lowell antl Suffolk streets, and having as 
 its first pastors Rev. George Pickering and Rev. David Kilburn. This 
 society afterwards purchased a brick church on SuiTolk street which 
 had been erected by the Baptists. This was w-here St. Patrick's now 
 stands. 
 
 L^nitarianism, despite the fact that a majority of the directors 
 of the Merrimack company resident in Boston were Unitarians, did not 
 get a foothold in I^owell until nearly seven years after the new indus- 
 trial developments were under way. On August 30, 1829, a meeting 
 was called at the home of Thomas Ordway to consider the expediency 
 of organizing a Unitarian society. Next a conference was held at the 
 Old Stone Tavern, at which steps w-ere taken to form the First Uni- 
 tarian Church. The list of original supporters included the names 
 of several ])rominent citizens, among them being Judge Scth ,\mes. 
 John P. Robinson, John Avery, John A. Knowles, Judge Hopkinson, 
 Dr Elisha Bartlett, Samuel Batchelder and James G. Carney. The 
 first religious exercises were helil in the school house of the Apple- 
 ton and Hamilton com])anies in Middlesex street, now the Free Chajiel, 
 Rev. Caleb Stetson preaching the first sernKju. On May i), 1830, Rev. 
 William l!;irry came to Lowell to preach and made so favorable an 
 impression that he was given a call. In the following October the 
 church took the name of "The South Congregational Societ}'." The 
 ])arish then consisted of about sixty families. The first coin,munii-in 
 service was observed May i, 1831. On .September i", following, 
 ground was broken for the erection of the jirescnt meeting house on 
 Merrimack street, which was dedicated on Christmas day, 1832. Mr. 
 
200 nLsroRV oi'" low i:ll 
 
 Barry remained with the Unitarian Chnrch iniiil Jul}, i^'o5, when he 
 resigned and was succeeded by the Rev. Henry Adolphus Miles, 
 author of the little history of Lowell, ])ublished in 1846, to which 
 every one who writes about the early days of the city must confess 
 his debt. 
 
 Various institutions of a civilized community were under consid- 
 eration in the first fruitful years of Lowell. The time was one in 
 which much idealism was prevalent in New England. The new 
 factory town came in for its fidl share of welfare movements. 
 
 The Middlesex Mechanics' Association was incorporated [une iS, 
 1825, in order, as Cowley ]nits it, "to minister by a library of books, 
 by- public lectures and various other means to the intellectual needs of 
 the people." It had as its model the Massachusetts Charitable 
 Mechanics' Association of Salem, founded about thirtv years before bv 
 Paul Revere. .-\s H(.in. Frederick Lawton has descrilied it, it was a 
 "trade guild, with jimxisions for the mutual su])])ort of needy mem- 
 bers, the control of apprentices, and the encouragement of good crafts- 
 manship ; and limited its membership l(] mechanics, meaning thereby 
 any jiersons who had learned a trade." The manufacturing companies, 
 influenced by Kirk Boott, gave this association a lot of land on Button 
 street and contributed most of the fimds with which its substantial 
 building was erected. As Keng()tt writes in his "Survey:" "For 
 many years the Middlesex Mechanics' Association wielded a power- 
 fid influence in the social, intellectual and moral life of the commu- 
 nity. llol}-oake would have called it one oi the 'sunlight' features 
 in its life of tlie town and city of Lowell." 
 
 The Pioneer of Lowell Thrift Institutions — Lncouragement of 
 saving among wage earners began in Lowell in IMarch, 1827, when 
 the Merrimack com]")anv announced that any of the emplovees so 
 desirous might allow their wages to st;iy in the coiuiting room and go 
 on interest at six per cent., pavable semi-annually. It was provided 
 th;it not more than $100 might be dejiosited at a time and that the 
 comp.any would ncjt accept more than .'fil.ooo from any one deptjsitor. 
 Idiis plan was continued until the summer of 1829, when it was dis- 
 continued, ]iresumal)ly liccause a better plan had been originated 
 through the elfort (.if the superintendent of the I lamilton company and 
 some of his associates. 
 
 ".\fter one of the Hamilton mills was in operation," wrote 
 Mr. r.;itchelder, "1 found that those in our emjiloy suffered such 
 frequent loss of their money by having in their boarding houses no 
 safe place to kee]i it, that I allowed them to deposit it with the 
 compan\- on interest, ami opened books for the ]nirpose, on the ]ilan 
 of :i savings bank, .\fter a time Mr. Nathan .\p])leton suggested that 
 it might lie doubtful whether our charter wo. Id authorize this: I 
 
AN ERA OF IMPRO\'ElMENT 201 
 
 accurdingly ])repare(l a petition to the legislature tVir the incorporation 
 of a savings bank. On receiving the charter I notified a meeting, at 
 my office, of the petitioners and any others who felt an interest in the 
 subject, to take tiieasnres for the acceptance of the act of incorpora- 
 tion. .Accortling to ni}- recollection there were onlv Mr. Collnirn, Mr. 
 Carney, ]\Ir. Nichols, Mr. Beard and myself. It was suggested that 
 if so little interest was felt in the tnatter, it was hardly worth while 
 to organize; but Mr. Carney was willing to act as treasurer, and we 
 concluded to appoint oiu'selves trustees and make the experiment. A 
 few months after this the town of Lowell decided to build a town- 
 house, and wanted to borrow the money for the [iiirpose, which we 
 decided to lend them. The sum, I think, was $17,000." 
 
 Such was the origin of the Lowell Institution for Savings which 
 was incorporated in October, 1829. Other savings institutions followed 
 until the comnnmity was unusually well supplied with banks of this 
 t_\])e. Reference may here be made in passing to the long and devoted 
 services of Mr. Carney and his descendants, which began tmder the 
 discouraging conditions just related. C)f this model savings bank 
 treasurer Dr. J. O. Green wrote, after his death in 1869: "The record 
 of forty years at the head of our oldest savings institution will not 
 show a single dollar lost of the millions that have passed through 
 Mr. Carney's hands, and not a figure re(|uiring to be changed in nine- 
 teen ledgers of nearly 1,000 pages each." 
 
 The newspaper is an institution which had its start in pre-L(.)well 
 days. At Middlesex \'illage, June 24, 1824, appeared the first issue of 
 the "Chelmsford Journal." The office of the "Journal" was in a small 
 building situated near the former meeting house at Middlesex, .\fter 
 being issued as the "Journal," it for a time was called the "Chelmsford 
 Phoenix." Then it became the "Middlesex Journal." 
 
 Art, Literature and Music in the Township Period — Cultivation of 
 the musical arts began in Lowell with a meeting held September 13, 
 1824, in the schtjol house of the I\lerrimack company, at which it was 
 voted to organize a "Sacred Musical Society." This became the Beeth- 
 oven Musical Society. The officers were: President, Joshua Swan; 
 vice-president, James H. B. Ayer ; instrumental master, Abner Ball; 
 first chorister, Edward Sherman ; second chorister, Benjamin P. Brown ; 
 treasurer, George B. Pollock; secretary, William Goodwin. Nathaniel 
 D. Gould was elected instructor, and Re\'. Theodore lulson was elected 
 an honorary member. This society lasted only initil Seiitember 5, 
 1827, when it was dissolved, with a vote to give the "balance of the 
 monies" in the treasurer's hands to the "Female Philanthropic Soci- 
 ety." Perhaps its most conspicuous performance was that at the con- 
 secration of St. Anne's Church, in which exercises it took part "with an 
 orchestra consisting of a double-bass, a violoncello, two clarinets and 
 
202 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 two violins." The chorus sang the anthem, "I was glad when they 
 said unto me," and ended with the Handel "Hallelujah Chorus." 
 
 The introduction (jf dramatic entertainments in L(jwell occurred 
 in the district school houses, where the children gave occasional per- 
 formances. There was no theatre in the town. In 1827 a magician 
 ga\e an exliibition in the ( )ld ^'illnw Hi.iuse, Belvidere. In 1S32 the 
 first company of professional players visited Lowell, utilizing a small 
 hall in the basement of a building at the rear of the First Presbyterian 
 Church, .\])pleton street. .AnK.mg the ])lays they presented were "The 
 Heir at Law," "The Spectre Bridegroom," "The Lottery Ticket," 
 "The Iron Chest" and "A Ghost in Spite of Himself." In 1832 there 
 was formed a Lowell Dramatic Society, with the object of organizing 
 amateur theatricals. Among its members were Philip Stewart, Charles 
 .'Stanley, George W. Stanley, I'hineas Stanley, Henry \\'ales, John 
 Wellington, Charles Stanwijod, Luther Conner, J. Brooks Bradley, 
 Hugh K. Moore, Peter Renton Moore, Martha Mo(jre, Mary Leonard, 
 Mary Eaton, Adeline Bradley, Mary A. Eldridge. The musicians 
 were: Sanuiel C. IMoore, violin: Jose])h Nason, flute: Edward B. 
 Howe, violoncello. For the puri)oses of this society, Concert Hall was 
 fitted up, on the site of the present Pollard store, and for the first per- 
 formance there was staged "Rnlnlph, or the Rol)bers of Calabria." 
 Subsequent dramas enacted 1iy the societv were "Pizarro," "Damon 
 and Pythias," "Family Jars," "The Turnpike Gate," "The Boarding 
 Hcjuse," "The Cork Leg." 
 
 Exhibitions of the fine arts were, of course, quite unheard of as 
 yet in Lowell. Even in Boston a sensation was created when a few 
 Italian paintings were publicly exhibited in 1838. 
 
 The nearest ap]jroach, perha]is. to "high art" which \i-ited the 
 new town was an exhibition of wa.x figures installed for a time in a 
 building in C'entral street, in 1835. It was ad\'erti,^ed in the ne\\-- 
 papers as follows : 
 
 16 W.\.\ Figures 
 as Large as Life. 
 Gibbs and ^^'ansley, the Pirates : the De]nity Marshall : the Dutch 
 Girl : Captain White ; Richard Crowninshield ; J. F. Knapj) and Father : 
 J. J. Knapp and Wife ; Mrs. Whipide and Jesse Strang; Siamese Twins, 
 and American Dwarf are now exhibiting for a few days only, at the 
 room adjoining the Mercury Office, and recently occupied as the Citi- 
 zens' Reading Room, Central Street, Lowell. 
 
 There is nothing in the Exhibition to create undue excitement in 
 the most timorous ]iersons. Doors open at half past i, P. M. and 4, 
 P. M. — Open again at 6 P. M. and remain open till half past seven, 
 but no admittance after seven for the first evening exhibition. Open 
 again for 2d exhibition, same evening at 8 o'clock, and remain open till 
 half ])ast i). No admittance, however, after 9 o'clock. 
 
 No adnn'ttance the second time without pay. 
 
AN ERA OF IMTROVEMENl 203 
 
 The many adx'ertisements in the newspapers uf the period of hook 
 sales and circulating- lihrarics give a sense of a communit}- in which, 
 though the era of free puhlic libraries was not yet, people read much 
 good literature. The contents of the old "New England Magazine" 
 were regularly advertised each mnnth, and occasionally cither period- 
 icals took space. 
 
 Circulating libraries, then as now, had their troubles. A searcher 
 
 after the picturestjue in old time advertising pauses with amusement 
 
 before the black lists which law and custom of the period iiermitted to 
 
 be puljlished, to the shaming of delinquent book borrowers. A tvpical 
 
 black list was this, printed in the "Lowell fournal" of Ianuar\- 14, 
 
 1834: 
 
 Bl.ack List. 
 
 It is a standing rule of the "Lowell Circulating Library" to adver- 
 tise the names of all persons, once a year, who have run away with 
 books drawn from said librarj', or leaving Bills for reading unpaid ; 
 also of such as neglect or refuse to return Books, and pay for reading, 
 after having had reasonable notice, personally or by letter. Our regu- 
 lar customers need not have any fears on the subject, as regards them- 
 selves, as this is designed to touch only those who regard neither law 
 or morality. 
 
 1st. Mrs. Sallv Young, foririerl_\- of Candia, N. H., kept a board- 
 ing house in the Suffolk Corporation, took out a Vol. of Goldsmiths 
 works last August, and decamped down East. 
 
 j(i. A coloured gentleman, named Franklin Pierce, worked in a 
 respectable Hair dresser's Shop, on Central St., after reading the 
 amount of $1.00 and paying nothing, took out \'ol. I "Down Easters" 
 and jjretended it was lost and neglected to settle for any part ; he's 
 lately decamjjed for Portland, Me., where he undoubtedly will be a 
 valuable patron of the Circulating Libraries. 
 
 3d. Miss Mary Jane Allen, after reading 3 vols, and paying for 
 same, took out \'ols. 2 & ^ of "Scottish Chiefs," and that is the last of 
 her custom. 
 
 4th. Harrison Barker called and ti 10k out "Life of Burns" last 
 Sept., said he worked on the Machine Sho[), where it is ascertained 
 there is no such man. 
 
 The following persons owe for reading the Library, and have 
 either left town without paying or have neglected to pay after being 
 called on — Eliza Jane Hamilton, Elizabeth Muir, Daniel Lament, C. 
 H. Cluett, Mary Jane Shepherd, Solomon Holmes & some others of 
 smaller amounts. January 14. 
 
 From other advertisements of the time it is noted that the circu- 
 lating library which thus pilloried its delinquents in the public ])rints 
 was conducted by Stevens & Company at 18 Central street. 
 
 Gay Times at the Old Stone House — Much social gayety centered 
 at the Old Stone House on Pawtucket street, which was built in 1824 
 by Phineas Whiting, Sr., the material being slaty stone taken from 
 the river bed. It was bought from Mr. \\'hiting by General Shepard 
 
204 HISTORY OF LOW KLL 
 
 Leach, of North Chehnsford. and cniuhicted as a hostelry by S. A. 
 Coburu. 
 
 Colonel Jefferson Bancroft, who succeeded in the management of 
 the house, was a brother-in-law of Samuel A. Coburn. The last land- 
 lord before the house was acquired l)y Dr. J. C. Ayer for a private 
 residence was George Larrabee, who h;id lieen a bartender in the 
 Coburn regime. 
 
 Here in the town period of Lowell histciry were held the famous 
 seasonal l)alls, known as the "lighting up"' and "blow out" balls, occur- 
 ring res])ectively on September 21 and March 21. These were the 
 most distinctly democratic social festivities of the year, at which em- 
 pl(jvers and corporatiiin officers tlanced with factory operatives. Much 
 more select was a series of twelve socials given at the house each win- 
 ter. In 1S36 took place a celebrated ball at which a price of six dollars 
 a ticket was asked and secured. 
 
 An old-time dance card of this era gives a sense of the social live- 
 liness of the thirties. It invites to a "Union Ball" to be held in the 
 town hall iin January 3, 1833. These were the board of managers: 
 B. Walker, A. Wright, S. Mansur, F. Hobbs, N. Carver, D. Cook, W. 
 N. Smith, A. P. Blake. T. J. Coburn, W. Wright, P. H. Willard. J. 
 Richardson, D. Fverett, E. Crane, A. Carlton, J. M. Marstnn, D. M. 
 Knight, D. Miner, C. .Sanderson, T. P. Goodhue. One who attended 
 this ball said in later vears that it began at four o'clock in the after- 
 noon and ended ;it six the next morning. He remembered that "the 
 bakers who carried out bread earh' in the morning returned with their 
 frocks on and hnisheil out the dancing." The tickets were six dollars 
 each, regarded as ;i stupendous ])rice in that day and generation. 
 
 Beginnings of Anti-Slavery Movement — The agitation against 
 negro slavery, which was destined a generation later to array State 
 against State, reached the town of Lowell shortly before its incor- 
 poration as a city. In 1S32-33 the New England and American Anti- 
 Slavery societies were formed, and efforts were made, with some suc- 
 cess, to interest the New England churches in this moral issue. In the 
 Varnum family at Pawtucketville there was, as we have seen, a per- 
 sistent tradition of h(jstility to slavery, so that it is not surprising to 
 discover that in 1S34 Deacons Jeremiah Varnum and Oliver P. Var- 
 nimi tiiok the initiati\e in calling an anti-slaver_v meeting at the Paw- 
 tucketville church. "During this meeting," writes .\tkinson \'arnum, 
 "those in attendance contributed five dollars each to be sent to some 
 anti-slaverv society, t<.i print tracts and other documents fur distribu- 
 tion among the people both North and South. We well remember 
 that line of the above-named gentlemen kept himself well sujiplied 
 with that kind of literature for a number of years, carrying it in his 
 pockets and ;il .all seasonable times jiresenting it to such ])ersons a-^ 
 he thought coidd be made to take an interest in the subject." 
 
AN ERA OF IMPROVE]\[ENT 205 
 
 Out iif the Pawtucketville niovcnient. a])[)ar(.'nth'. came, largely 
 through the initiative of Deacon Samuel B. Simonds, of that church, 
 the first important anti-slavery meeting in downtown Lowell. As an 
 indication of the temper of the time this affair deserves to be described 
 substantially as related by Z. E. Stone in his paper of August 5, 1S74. 
 before the Old Residents' Historical Association. 
 
 George Thompson, the English philanthropist, who came to the 
 United States to lecture in the autumn of 1834, was secured for a meet- 
 ing in the town hall. Lowell, on Octol)er 4 of that year. On the plat- 
 form were three of the local clergymen. The meeting passed off with- 
 out incident, but as reports of what had been said circulated in the 
 town, indignation grew among the reactionary and hoodlum elements 
 of the population. Mr. Thompson returned to Lowell on November 
 30 by invitation of a board of managers of the anti-slavery movement. 
 He was to lecture on the following Sunday, Monday and Tuesday 
 evenings. At the first meeting his audience was large, and there was 
 no disturbance except that a brick was thrown at the window. 
 
 The second evening three missiles were thrown in. One of them, 
 a large brickbat, came through the window with a startling crash and 
 fell u])on the floor near where Deacon Simonds was sitting. This 
 Ijrick was laid upon the speaker's desk and carried by him to Boston, 
 where it was suitably inscribed and placed among the archives of the 
 New England Anti-Slavery Society. The third lecture was not given 
 on account of the excitement that was visibly growing. On the pre- 
 ceding morning this placard was posted conspicuously around town: 
 
 Citizens of Lowell, arise! Look well to your interests! Will you 
 suffer a question to be discussed in Lowell which will endanger the 
 safety of the Union — a question which we have not by our Constitu- 
 tion any right to meddle with ? Fellow-Citizens, shall Lowell be the 
 first place to suffer an Englishman to disturb the peace and harmony 
 of our country? Do you wish instruction from an Englishman? If 
 you are freeborn sons of America, meet, one and all, at the Town Hall, 
 This Evening, at half-past seven o'clock, and convince your Southern 
 brethren that we will not interfere with their rights. 
 
 The attitude of most respectable people in Lowell toward the 
 topic of slavery was undoubtedly reflected in resolutions which a 
 meeting of citizens adopted w^hen it was first proposed to permit Mr. 
 Thompson to speak. 
 
 The gathering to protest free speech against the "peculiar institu- 
 tion" of the South was called to order by Samuel A. Coburn and J. N. 
 Sumner was chosen secretary. To draft resolutions for immediate 
 submission, a committee was appointed consisting of Thomas Hopkin- 
 son, P. H. Willard and John P. Robinson. This committee retired and 
 then very shortly reported the following resolves which were luiani- 
 mously adopted : 
 
2o6 HISTORY OF LOWi-.LL 
 
 Resolved, That we deeply deplore the existence of Slavery in the 
 United States, and regard it as a blot on the fair reputation of our 
 otherwise free country. 
 
 Resolved, That the agitation of the c|uestion of immediate emanci- 
 pation, in this part of the country, is calculated to create suspicions 
 and disafifections between the North and South, and, with no reason- 
 able prospect of eiifecting any good results, greatly to endanger the 
 permanent union of these States. 
 
 Resolved, That in the opinion df this meeting the Town Hall of 
 Lowell ought not to be used for the purpose of presenting a discussion 
 obviously tending to produce effects so much to be deprecated by 
 ever}" well disposed citizen. 
 
 The secretary of the meeting was instructed to forward a copy of 
 these resolutions to the selectmen of the town of Lowell. 
 
 Permission to hcild the meeting was, notwithstanding, granted. 
 Just before the gathering assembled, Mr. Thomjison received this 
 anonymous letter : 
 
 Rev. Dr. Thompson — Dear Sir, I as a friend beg leave to inform 
 you that there is a plot in agitation to immerce you in a vat of Indel- 
 able Ink, and I recommend you to take your departure from this part 
 of the Contra as soon as possable or it will be shurely carried into 
 opperation and that to before you see the light of another Son. Very 
 respecfully yours A citizen of theas United States of America. 
 
 \\ hen the lecturer and his supporters appeared at the hall, they 
 were greeted by "hootings, bowlings, hisses, derisive cat-calls, and 
 every infernal noise that an earnest, mischievous, reckless mob is capa- 
 ble of making." As the situation looked menacing it was decided to 
 adjiiurn the meeting until the following afternoon. Since most of the 
 disturbers were at work during the day, the afternoon meeting was 
 held without especial trouble. 
 
 When George Thompson ne.xt came to Lowell, in March. 1865, 
 negro slavery was no more in the United States. 
 
 Temperance Agitation in the Washingtonian Era — The etiort of 
 civilized man to free himself from enslavement to alcohol became sin- 
 cere and energetic for the first time in occidental history in the early 
 nineteenth century. The temperance movement reached Lowell in 
 1828. This was two years after the formation of the American Tem- 
 perance Society in Boston and the establishment of its literary organ, 
 "The National Philanthropist." Prior to this time the tise of distilled 
 liquors was practically universal in this corner of Massachusetts as 
 everywhere else in North America. Moderate drinking, indeed, was 
 believed to be beneficial to the health ; though as a matter of fact it 
 doubtless would be said by life msurance actuaries of to-day to have 
 been responsible for most of the untimely deaths that the historian of 
 Lowell has to record. Rum was served as a matter of course at 
 
AX F.RA OF IMPR0\'E:MENT 207 
 
 funerals and weddings and when the minister was ordained. It was 
 a pure beverage, as compared with the concoctions of prune juice and 
 raw sj^irits that to-day pass for whiskey ; but it was deadly strong. "A 
 clerg}-man. settled in 1818." writes Major Atkinson \'arnum. "informs 
 us that at his ordination, among more than twent}' ministers present, 
 only one refused to take his grog at the proper time, nor was it deemed 
 inconsistent with Christian character and experience, and it would 
 ha\-e been considered a serious breach of etiquette not to have pro- 
 vided it for all in attendance." 
 
 Sentiment of that sort among church-going folk, esjiecially among 
 the "dissenting" demiminations. was very extensively modified by the 
 pioneer temperance work of such men as Rev. Justin Edwards, of 
 .\ndover ; Rev. Nathaniel Hewitt, of Fairfield ; Rev. Lyman Beecher, 
 of Litchfield, C<jnnecticut : Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Day, president of Yale 
 College, and others. By 1831 there were in the United States some 
 nineteen State temperance societies, comprising about 3,000 local soci- 
 eties, and with more than 300,000 members. 
 
 The first temperance societ}- in Lowell was formed in 1829. At 
 the organization meeting, John A. Knowles served as secretary, and 
 Elisha Glidden was elected its first president. Subsequent presidents 
 were Elisha Htmtington, John A. Knowles and William Austin. In 
 the suburbs across the river a Dracut Temperance Society was formed 
 in 1830, Joseph Butterfield \'arnum, president. In 1834 the young 
 men of Dracut organized a temperance society, having as officers: 
 President, Timothy \*. Coburn : vice-president, Jesse Clement ; secre- 
 tary, George W. Coliurn : treasurer, Abel Coburn. This continued to 
 be active for a number of years. 
 
 Among the temperance organizations of the neighborhood, an 
 important place was taken by the Lowell Y(>ung ]\Ien's Temperance 
 Society, which was organized September 15, 1833. Its officers were: 
 President, John W. Graves ; vice-president, Samuel F. Haven ; secre- 
 tary, L. P. Patch ; treasurer, Moses F. Eaton ; executive committee, 
 Seth Ames. Thomas B. Thayer, Samuel B. Simonds, H. C. Meriam. 
 Charles M. Morrill, Sylvanus Adams, T. P. Saunders, Daniel Bixby. 
 J. W. Mansur, William Hall. 
 
 Reminiscences of the crusade against intemperance were also 
 included in a paper of Judge Samuel P. Hadley's childhood recollec- 
 tions of Middlesex Village. "The great temperance movement abotit 
 1839 or 1840," he writes, "had in it a very important and, as I regard 
 it, a very beautiful feature, the organization of the children of the 
 country in the 'cold water army,' and the 4th of July was selected as 
 the day on which to make its most imposing demonstrations. Thou- 
 sands of children, of all ages, dressed in their best, with music, ban- 
 ners, flowers and what was infinitely more beautiful, happy, joyous 
 
20.S msroRV of i.owell 
 
 faces, moved in lung processions thmugh iTundreds of New England 
 villages to some shady grove where they heard speeches, sang their 
 songs of the virtues of cold water, partcnik iif a generous collation and 
 returned home, tired but happy." 
 
 Visitors' Comments on Lowell — What the dUtside world thought 
 of the "Spindle Cit)-" in its first decade has been recorded in many 
 amusing jiassages. It liecame "the thing" for whoever visited New 
 England tn jnake a special trip to Lowell, the industrial show place of 
 the Nation. 
 
 The somewhat oriental descriptions which many \isitors wrote of 
 the beauties of the community Ix-low the falls must undi mlttedly be 
 t.nkcn with allowance for the grandiloquence of the age. 
 
 It remains true, nevertheless, that Lowell as a village was a more 
 attractive place than it has e\er been since. .American architecture 
 had not vet altogether outgrown the regard for style and good pro- 
 portions which made our colonial houses and churches one of the finest 
 outflowerings of art in the history of wooden construction. Most of 
 the Iniilding that was done at East Chelmsford was plain and utili- 
 tarian, but the materials were solid and good and the total effect, as is 
 seen in sur\iving examples, must have been one of dignit_\- and sobri- 
 etv. The influence of President Thomas Jefferson, the foremost advo- 
 cate I if a purelv classical style of architecture, is unmistakably seen in 
 the manner of many of the mure ambitious residences surviving from 
 the twenties, such as the Kirt Boott house, the Nesmith houses in Bel- 
 videre, the Tucke house in Cenlralville. Far in the future still was 
 the succession of nondescript and debased manners, after \\hlch in 
 Lowell, as in all .\merican cities, residences were fashioned between, 
 say, 1850 and the present period of partial regeneration. 
 
 It is safe, therefore, to conjecture that the appearance of the vil- 
 lage of which Kirk Boott was town manager was not altogether un- 
 worthv of this panegyric of the editor of the "Essex Gazette," of 
 .Salem, who, on August 25. 1825, thus ga\'e in detail his impressions of 
 the place : 
 
 .'\s we ascended the high grounds which lie on the side of the 
 Merrimack, the beautiful valley which has been chosen for the site of 
 manufacturing establishments opened tipon our view. It is indeed a 
 fairy scene Here we behold an extensive city, busy, noisy and 
 thriving, with immense prospects of increasing extent and boundless 
 wealth. * * * On the banks of the Merrimack are already three 
 superb factories and two immense piles of brick buildings for calico- 
 printing. In front of these, on the banks of the factory canal which is 
 fenced in and ornamented with a row of elms, are situated the houses 
 of the people. They are handsomely and uniformly painted, with 
 flower gardens in front and separated by wide avenues. There is a 
 beautiful Gothic stone church [St. Anne's] opposite the dwelling 
 houses, and a parsonage of stone is erecting. There is a post office, 
 
AX ERA OF I]MPRO\"EMENT 209 
 
 fine taverns, one (if which is a superb stone edifice, with outbuildings 
 of the same material, and perhaps two hundred houses all fresh from 
 the hands of the w^irkmen. The ground is intersected with fine roads 
 and good bridges. The whole seems like enchantment, .\bout three 
 hundred persons, two-thirds of whom are females, yoimg women from 
 the neighboring towns, are employed. The women earn from a dollar 
 to two dollars a week, according to skill. We stood gazing at this 
 fairy vision at the distance of a mile. The roar of the waterfalls is 
 intermingled with the hum and buzz of the machinery. There seemed 
 to be a song of triumph and exultation at the successful union of 
 nature with the art of man, in order to make her cnntribute to the 
 wants and ha]:)piness of the human family. 
 
 One of the first oi the many distinguished visitors from abroad 
 who were attracted to Lowell, and whose impressions naturally form 
 a part of any comprehensive story of the city, was Captain Basil Hall. 
 R. N. (1788-1844). This explorer of China, Corea and South America, 
 who was a voltiminous writer of travel literature, saw the United 
 States in 1827-28, and in 1829 brought out a volume of impressions 
 whose comtnents on American manners created considerable stir in 
 this cotmtry. His references to Lowell were complimentary. "A few 
 years ago," he wrote, "the spot which we now saw covered with huge 
 cotton mills, canals, roads and bridges, was a mere wilderness, and, if 
 not quite solitary, was inhabited only by painted savages. Under the 
 convoy of a friendly guide, who allowed us to examine not only what 
 we pleased but how we pleased, we investigated the works very care- 
 fully. The stufts manufactured at Lowell, mostly of a coarse descrip- 
 tion, are woven entirely by power looms, and are intended, I am told, 
 chiefly for home consumption. Everything is paid for by the piece : 
 but the people work only from daylight to dark, having half an hour 
 to breakfast and as long for dinner. The whole discipline, ventilation 
 and other arrangements appeared to be excellent, of which the best 
 proof was the cheerful and healthv look of the girls, all i)f whom, by 
 the way, were trigged out with much neatness and simplicity, and 
 wore high tortoise shell combs at the Ijack of their heads." 
 
 Just before the incorporation as a city. Lowell was inspected by 
 Michel Chevalier, the distinguished French economic writer, whose 
 somewhat impressionistic comment is also worth reproducing: 
 
 The town of Lowell dates its origin eleven years ago and it now 
 contains 15,000 inhabitants, inclusive of the suburb of Belvidere. 
 Twelve years ago it was a barren waste, in which the silence was 
 interrupted only by the murmur of the little river, the Concord, and 
 the noisy dashings of the clear waters of the Merrimack against the 
 granite blocks that suddenly obstruct their course. At present it is a 
 pile of huge factories, each five, six or seven stories high, and capped 
 with a little white belfry which strongly contrasts with the red 
 masonry iii the building and is distinctly projected on the dark hills 
 
 I.-14 
 
210 HISTORY OF L( )W I'.LL 
 
 in the Injriznn. By the side uf these larger structures rise numerous 
 little wooden houses, painted white, with green blinds, very neat, very 
 snug, very nicely carpeted, and with a few small trees around them, 
 I ir brick houses in the English style, that is to say, simple and tasteful 
 without and comfortable within ; one side, fancy goods shops and mil- 
 liners' rooms without number, for the women are the majority in 
 Lowell ; and vast hotels in the American style, very much like bar- 
 racks (the only barracks in Lowell) ; on another, canals, water-wheels, 
 water-falls, bridges, banks, schools and libraries. f(ir in Lowell read- 
 ing is the only recreation, and there are no less than seven journals 
 published there. All around are churches and meeting houses of every 
 sect, Episcoimlian, Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist, Universalist, 
 Unitarian, etc., and there is also a Roman Catholic chapel. Here are 
 all the edifices of a flourishing town of the Old World, except the 
 prisons, hospitals and theatres; everywhere is heard the noise of ham- 
 mers, of spindles, of bells calling the hands to work or dismissing 
 them from their tasks, of coaches and six arriving or starting off, of 
 the blowing of rocks to make a mill-race or to level a road; it is the 
 peaceful hum of an industrious population whose movements are regu- 
 lated like clockwork ; a population not native to the town, and one- 
 half of which at least will die elsewhere, after having aided in found- 
 ing three or four other towns ; for the full-blooded American has this 
 in common with the Tartar, that he is encamped, not established, on 
 the soil he treads upon. 
 
 One of the most celebrated <if .\merican tourists was President 
 Andrew Jackson, who was in Lowell, June 26-27, ■'^33- H'^ welcome 
 was most cordial. The striking feature of the parade arranged in his 
 honor, was one of 2.500 mill girls, all tastefully clad. 
 
 The Kentuck}' statesman Henry Clay looked over the Lowell 
 plants in October, 1833. and was given a reception hanlly less splen- 
 did than that accorded to President Jackson. 
 
 On May 7, 1834. came Congressman David Crockett, of Tennes- 
 see, whose description follows: "I had heard so much of Lowell that 
 I longed to see it. I wanted to see the power of machiner}- wielded by 
 the keenest calculations of human skill. We went down among the 
 factories. The dinner bells were ringing ;ind the folks were pouring 
 out of the houses like bees out of a gum. 1 looked ;it them as they 
 passed, all well dressed, lix'ch- and genteel in their ;ippearance. I went 
 in among the girls and talked with many of them. Xot one of them 
 expressed herself as tired of her employment. Some were \ ery hand- 
 scjuie. I could not hel]) reflecting on the dift'erence of condition be- 
 tween the^e females, thus employed, and that of other ])opulous coun- 
 tries where the female character is degraded to abject slavery." 
 
 Black Coal Follows "White Coal" — .\n intlustrial ejiisode with 
 amusing features was the introduction of c(.)al as a fuel, which took 
 place through the enterprise of William Kittredge (1810-18S6). born 
 in Newburs port and reared on a Dracut farm Mr. Kittredge at fif- 
 
AN ERA OF IMPROVEMENT 211 
 
 teen began to learn the blacksmith's trade with his older brother. J. G. 
 Kittredge. Presently the twn brothers were conducting a combined 
 hardware store, wood yard and blacksmith shojx In 1828, while shoe- 
 ing a horse for Lawyer S. H. Mann, he was told of the arrival at 
 Salem of certain "black rocks" from Pennsyhania which would Inirii. 
 Mr. Kittredge's curiosity was aroused and he arranged with somebody 
 in Salem to btiy two tons of coal at twenty dollars a ton. The coal 
 was brought inland in a liaggage wagon at four dollars a ton for trans- 
 portation. In ;\Ir. Mann's office an attempt was made to burn the 
 "rocks" in an open grate. The experiment at first was a failure. Then 
 some one suggested breaking the stuft into smaller pieces, .\bout two 
 bushels were so treated and these pieces, when placed upon a roaring 
 wood fire, at once began to glow. As the fire grew hot the paint on 
 the woodwork started to blister and some one turned in an alarm of 
 fire. \\'ater was poured upon the coals, but still the blaze continued. 
 Finally it was put out and one of the great excitements of the town of 
 Lowell was over. Soon thereafter a boatload of coal consigned to Mr. 
 Kittredge arrived from Boston. It came over the Middlesex canal; 
 this first load is said to have lasted the town nearly three years. In 
 1835 Mr. Kittredge received the first load ever brought by rail over 
 the Boston & Lowell railroad. 
 
 L'ntil the Imilding of Central bridge, Bradley's l-~err\- continued to 
 be a chief means of connecting the new village with the eastern section 
 of Dracut and the New Hampshire towns to the north. On what is 
 now the Centralville side of the river was a tavern on the further side 
 of First street, and with stables on Second street, which was the 
 terminus of quite an extensive stage traffic. During Jackson's ad- 
 ministration, Josiah B. French had a contract for the mails of a whole 
 tier of townships in Southern New Hampshire and from the stables in 
 Second street his vehicles went forth over what is now Bridge street 
 through Dracut Centre to Pelham and beyond. .Arrived at Central- 
 ville, mails and passengers were ferried across the river. 
 
 The Coming of the Railroad — The "era of internal improvements," 
 as the 1830 period has been called, put Lowell, to use a modern phrase, 
 "on the world's railroad map." George Stephenson's invention of the 
 "iron horse" had been hailed almost ecstatically in this country, as 
 solving problems of transportation which the canals, frozen over dur- 
 ing several months of the year, left untouched. By 1830 some twenty- 
 four railroad lines varying in length from five to three hundred miles 
 had been projected in the L^nited States, and several of the shorter 
 ones were in operation. .Among the pioneer projects was the Boston 
 & Lowell railroad. 
 
 This enterprise, monumentally im]iortant, of course, to the growth 
 of an industrial city, was not put through without opposition. When 
 
212 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 in 1829 a petition was presented to the Legislature to incorporate a 
 railroad between Boston and Lowell, a committee of the directors of 
 the already established water route, consisting of William Sullivan, 
 Joseph Coolidge and George Hallett, at once offered a "Remonstrance 
 of the Proprietors of Middlesex Canal against the Grant of a Charter 
 to build a Railroad from Boston to Lowell." As part of their argu- 
 ment the protestants delivered themselves as follows : "It is believed 
 that no safer or cheaper mode of conveyance can be established [than 
 the Middlesex Canal], or any s<i well adapted for conveying heavy and 
 bulky articles. To establish, therefore, a substitute for the canal 
 alongside of it, and for the whole distance, and in many places within 
 a few rods of it, and to do that which the canal was made to do, seems 
 to be a measure not called for by any exigency, nor one which the 
 Legislature can permit, without imjjlicitly declaring that all invest- 
 ments of money in ])ublic enterprises must lie sul)ject to the will of 
 anv applicants who think that th.ey may justly benefit themselves, and 
 that they may do it without regard to older enterprises, which have 
 a claim to protection from public authority. With regard, then, to 
 transportation of tonnage goods, the means exist for all but the winter 
 months as effectually as any that can be provided. There is a sup- 
 posed source of revenue to a railroad from carrying passengers. As 
 to this the remonstrants venture no opinion, except to say that passen- 
 gers are now carried, at all hours, as rapidly and safely as they are any- 
 where else in the workl ; and if the usual time consumed in ])assing 
 from one place to the (_)ther be three hours, there seems not to be any 
 such exigency to make that space of time one-half of what it now is, as 
 to justify the estaldishment of a railroad for that pur])(ise merely, if 
 the establishment would, as it is thought it must, draw after it eventu- 
 allv all other trans])ortation. To this the remonstrants would add that 
 the use of a railroad for passengers only has been tested by experience 
 nowhere hitherto, and that it remains to lie known whether this is a 
 mode which will command general confidence and a|)probation. and 
 that, therefore, no facts are ni>\v liefore the public which furnish the 
 conclusion that the grant of a railroad is a public exigency, even for 
 such a purpose. The remonstrants would also add that so far as they 
 know there can never be a sufficient inducement to extend a railroad 
 westwardly and northwestwardly to the Connecticut, as to make it 
 the great avenue to and from the interior, but that its termination 
 must be at Lowell and, consequently, that it is to be a substitute for 
 the modes of transportation now in use and cannot deserve patronage 
 from the supposition that it is to be more extensively useful." 
 
 The contention of these remonstrants was su|>ported in the Legis- 
 lature by so cogent an argument as that of Rejiresentative Cogswell, 
 of Ipswich, who averred that : "Railways, Mr. Speaker, may do well 
 
AN ERA OF IMPROVEMENT 213 
 
 enough in the old countries, but will never be the thing for so yoiuig 
 a country as this." 
 
 Despite such antagonism from vested interests, the plan that was 
 proposed by Patrick Tracy Jackson and others of the group of capital- 
 ists who had founded Lowell was finallj- authorized by the General 
 Court, and work was begun upon what is now the main line of the 
 Boston & Maine system, southern division. The first locomotive ran 
 over the road. May 27, 1835. This was a trial trip, the train consisting 
 of the locomotive and a single car, carrying a few passengers. The 
 running time was one hour, seventeen minutes. 
 
 A newspaper paragraph regarding the success ot the Boston & 
 Lowell railroad stated on October 16, 1833: "This road has been in 
 use since the middle of June last, and every business man in town has 
 felt the convenience of it. No official statement of the amount of 
 receipts has been given ; but we are informed that up to the first day 
 of the present month the number of passengers both ways was within 
 a fraction of 50,000, a little less than 4,000 a v\-eek." 
 
 Some unusually valuable "details regarding this pioneer transpor- 
 tation enterprise were given in a paper on "Early Days of Railroad- 
 ing in Lowell," by Herbert C. Taft, read March 2, 1909, before the 
 Lowell ■ H istorical Association. 
 
 Prior to the opening of the Boston and Lowell railroad, according 
 to Mr. Taft, an average of forty-five stages arrived and departed daily 
 at Lowell, employing from 250 to 300 horses. Rather more than half 
 these stages made the journey back and forth to Boston. The freight 
 rates to that city were froin $2.50 to $4.00 per ton. Passengers were 
 carried at $1.25 each. 
 
 The promoters of the new railroad estimated that the line would 
 yield them from its carriage of merchandise about $30,434 annually, 
 and that the gross receipts from passengers would be $28,089, giving 
 a total revenue or gross revenue of $58,523. This was a sufficient in- 
 ducement to interest some of the capitalists of the day. It was esti- 
 mated that the cost of making the railroad would be $400,000. To be 
 sure of not running short, a total capital of $600,000 was raised. The 
 construction was very substantial and solid — in some respects need- 
 lessly so, as when the rails were bolted to stone sleepers, costly to cut 
 and to handle. The cost of the line aggregated about $60,000 a mile. 
 
 The payroll of the road at its inception would cause the soul of 
 a modern railroad president to rejoice. A superintendent was em- 
 ployed at a salary of $1,500; a clerk at $500. In each city there were 
 two clerks and two warehousemen whose wages totaled $1,500. Two 
 engineers were engaged at two dollars a day each, and two tenders at 
 one dollar a day. The whole salary list amounted to only $5,372 a per 
 annum. 
 
214 HISTORY OF LOWKLL 
 
 .\ [jfouil (lay fur Patrick Tracy Jackson was Wednesday, May 17, 
 1835, when the first run was made eiver the completed railway between 
 the two cities. The engine, appropriately named the "Stephenson," 
 was one that had been built by the Robert Stephenson Company of 
 Newcastle-iipon-T\-ne. It was brouyht ti.i this country in sectinns, 
 which upon their arrival were placed in a canal boat and brought over 
 the Middlesex canal, whose usefulness this very shipment was soon to 
 destroy. Why the engine should have been run fr(jm Lowell to IWis- 
 ton has been variously conjectured. Possibly the explanation is that 
 mechanics capable of assembling it and looking it over before the start 
 were surest to be found in the manufacturing town. The departure, at 
 any rate, was made from the northern terminus. The passengers were 
 Mr. Jackson, agent of the com]iany during the construction ; George 
 \\'. Whistler, chief engineer of the Locks and Canals Company : James 
 F. Baldwin, the civil engineer wdio made the railroad. The run to 
 Boston was accomplished in one hour and seventeen minutes. The 
 return trip, with twenty-four ])assengers aboard, required one hour 
 and forty minutes. 
 
 After this experimental trip \arious details evidentl_\- had to be 
 completed, fur the ser\ice was not opened to the public until June 24 
 following 
 
 Concerning the running of the first trains out of Li)well. Mr. Taft 
 recalls that the original conductor was John Barrett, a native New 
 Englander. The original engineer, who merited the adjective in both 
 senses of the word, was W'illiam Roliinson. a Briton, who had been 
 imported for this special wiirk. Robinson took a quite li.ifty view of 
 his own indispensalileness, and readily undertook to play upon the 
 credulity of the ignorant natives. "He was not very particular about 
 train time, would saunter up to the depot about an hoiu- after his train 
 was due to start, carelessly look around upon the waiting passengers, 
 look over his engine, mount the platform, put on his kid gloves and in 
 his own good time and pleasure, start his train toward Boston. He 
 would also stop his train suddenly when he got nearly to a station, 
 jumj) down, look the engine over anxiously, crawl under it, remove a 
 nut from some bolt, look it over and put it liack again. The next day 
 the i)a]iers would have an account of how the engine had broken down 
 on its way, but had been skillfull}- repaired by Engineer Robinson. It 
 was not li-)ng, however, before tb.e manag'ement caught on, and he was 
 replaced by a skilled mechanic from the Locks and Canals Locomotive 
 Works, frcjm which source the eiiginers reipiired were obtained for 
 many years." 
 
 What the Baldwin Locomotive Works are to American railroad- 
 ing to-day, the Locks and Canals Works, later the Lowell Machine 
 Shop, was to the transj)ortation system before the war. The readi- 
 
AN ERA OF IMPROVEMENT 215 
 
 ness with which some of General Butler's men repaired a locomotive 
 in the first days of the Civil A\'ar was not surprising, as they had been 
 trained in a shop which fcjr a long time had engine building as one of 
 its specialties. 
 
 The first locomotive to be built at Lowell was placed upon the 
 rails, June 30, iiS35. No longer was the railroad dependent upon Eng- 
 lish machine shops. The naming of this engine created something of 
 a local commotion. In compliment to Patrick Tracy Jackson, it was 
 proposed to call the new locomotive "The Jackson." It happened, 
 however, that at the moment feeling among Lowell Whigs against 
 General Andrew Jackson ran very high, and strenuous objection to 
 this naming were registered. .\s a compromise the management of 
 the machine shop called the engine "The Patrick." A second one was 
 finished four days later and was christened "The Lowell." This loco- 
 motive was the first to be devoted exclusively to freight hauling. 
 
 The first ticket agent at the JNIerrimack street station was a Mr. 
 Long. His honesty was evidently never in question, for his oppor- 
 tunities for collusion with himself seem to have been unlimited. The 
 system was such, the tradition goes, that he sold the tickets at the sta- 
 tion and then went aboard the train just before it started, to collect 
 them. The railroad had been chartered to carry passengers to Boston 
 for seventy-five cents ; the management at once set a price of one dol- 
 lar. To live within the law, however, one car on each train was run 
 at the legal price. This was a rude open box car with a few rough pine 
 seats. People who possibly could aft'ord to pay the additional twenty- 
 five cents never rode in the second-class car. 
 
 The ])resent elaborate classification of freight rates was still to be 
 invented. A flat price of $1.25 for 2,000 pounds between Lowell and 
 Boston was charged. In carload lots one got a rate of $1.10. 
 
 The first station to be used in Boston was that on Lowell street. 
 In 1S57 the company erected a depot on the present site in Causeway 
 street. 
 
 Concerning this inauguration of railroad service between Lowell 
 and Boston. Mrs. Robinson says, in "Loom and Spindle:" "I saw the 
 first train that went out of Lowell, and there was great excitement 
 over the event. People were gathered along the street near the 
 'deepot,' discussing the great wonder; and we children stayed at home 
 from school, or ran barefooted from our play, at the first toot of the 
 whistle. As I stood on the sidewalk I remember hearing those who 
 stood near me disputing as to the probable result of this new attempt 
 at locomotion. 'The ingine never can start all them cars.' 'She can, 
 loo.' 'She cant. I don't believe a word of it.' '.She'll break down and 
 kill everybody,' was the cry." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 Lowell, the Ante-Bellum City. 
 
 "To consider if any alteration^ or nindilications in the municipal 
 regulations of said town are necessary, and if so, the expediency of 
 establishing a city governn:ent" was the object of the appointment of 
 a committee of twenty-fi\e citizens of the town nf Ldwell on February 
 3. 1836. 
 
 A town meeting had reached the conclusiun that the time might 
 be at hand for adopting a form of government to which Boston had 
 already attained and for which Salem had just received atithorization. 
 This committee consisted of Luther Lawrence, chairman : Erastus 
 Douglas, Granville Parker, Eliphalet Case, Walter Willey, John Xes- 
 mith, Thomas P. Goodhue, Oliver M. Whipple, Isaac Swan, William 
 Austin, Thomas Flint, Joseph W. Mansur, Richard Fowler, Seth 
 Ames, Daniel H. Dean, Joel Stone, Jr., Henr}- L. Baxter, Hamlin 
 Davis, L RI Doe, John R. Adams, John Aiken, John Chase, George 
 Brownell, William N. Owen. 
 
 Thus was inaugurated a movement toward making a modern 
 municipality of the manufacturing village on the Merrimack. The 
 form of government which, it was almi_ist a foregone conclusion, the 
 citizens' committee would recommend, was that under which most 
 readers of this work have li\ed. It was based on the familiar Ameri- 
 can combination of poijular representation and di\'ided responsibility. 
 The defects of the system became so apparent to a later generation 
 that in Lowell, as in many other municipalities, an attempt has been 
 made to centralize authorit}- in :i single commission. In its first years 
 at least, the administration of civic affairs of New England communi- 
 ties, through a mayor, board of aldermen and common council, indi- 
 cated no breakdown in the theory of popular self-government. Under 
 the municipal government, and often through its initiative, were de- 
 veloped institutions of public use and enjoyment such as ha\-e made 
 the modern city, for all its drawbacks, a better place for most people 
 to work in and to live in than the rural communities by which it is 
 surroimded. The advantages of the city are often minimized by resi- 
 dents to whom the defects are annoyingly evident and who are victims 
 of the "golden age" delusion, perpetually looking back to earlier and 
 more jirimitix-e conditions with a will to believe those better than the 
 present circumstances. Neither politically nor economically has the 
 development of Lowell since 1836 been ideal. Improvements have 
 been wrought with difficulty ; in some departments of the common 
 life there has been retrogression. Yet it was a good citv that was 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 217 
 
 founded at the junction of the rivers a quarter of a century liefore the 
 Civil A\'ar, and a good city it has remained. From the days of Theo- 
 dore Edson and Elisha Bartlett onward it has been a privilege to be 
 born and reared in such a community as Lowell. 
 
 Events moved rapidly after the question of becoming a citv was 
 broached by the townspeople. An adjourned meeting was held on 
 February 17. 1836, at which the foregoing committee submitted a 
 report which was accepted and adopted. It read as follows: 
 
 The committee appointed ''to consider and report if any modifica- 
 tions or alterations in the municipal regulations of the town are neces- 
 sarv', and if so. the expediency of establishing a city government," and 
 of petitioning the Legislature at their present session for a charter for 
 that purpose, have had the same under consideration, and now ask 
 leave to report. 
 
 Our New England ancestors, among their first acts after their 
 arrival in this country, marked out and divided such portions of their 
 wilderness into towns as the}- chose to improve and possess for their 
 government. Those laws were characterized very strongly by their 
 peculiar manners and habits of the age, and were skillfully adapted 
 to the resolute and self-denying spirit of their authors. 
 
 Many of those statutes are now in form with little or no alteration. 
 Such were the spirit and principles of most of them that they are 
 suited to all men in every condition of life, who cherish a love of civil 
 and religious liberty and a determination to maintain and enjoy free 
 and equal rights. Much and most of what is now or ever has been 
 estimable in the New England manners and character may be ascribed 
 to the influence of our municipal regulations. Religious worship, free 
 schools, the care of the poor and the highways, were the principal 
 objects of early legislation for towns. 
 
 The first has ceased to be under the care of the town ; the others, 
 with the preservation of the health of the people, are now the great 
 and engrossing objects over which towns extend their care. The exist- 
 ing laws are well adapted to the wants of towns of a small or moderate 
 size in point of numbers, but have been found insufficient for the 
 efficient regulation of those that have a large population. 
 
 Special legislation has been resorted to, in many instances, for 
 large towns, but in most cases, when their numbers were not sufficient 
 to entitle them to a city government. The principal defects in the 
 operation of the present system of laws as it respects large towns, and 
 especially Lowell, are the want of executive power and the loose and 
 irresponsible manner in which money is granted and expended tor 
 municipal purposes. It is believed to be impossible to provide a 
 remedy for these defects in the town under the present system. Such 
 a modification of the laws is necessary that the power of granting and 
 expending money and of executing the laws be so concentrated that 
 direct and well defined responsibility to the people may be imposed on 
 those who have the administration of the public afi'airs. Having thus 
 expressed an opinion on the first proposition submitted, your com- 
 mittee now proceed to consider the second, to wit, the expediency of 
 establishing a city government. This last proposition presents a grave 
 question, that of changing the frame and form of our municipal gov- 
 
2iS HISTORY OF LOWHLL 
 
 ernment, with which are identifu-d niiich uf uur prosj)erity and happi- 
 ness. In deciding this question it is necessary to keep constantly 
 before the mind the number of our inhabitants, their dissimilar habits, 
 manners and pursuits, the rapid and progressive increase of our popu- 
 lation, the variety of interest and the constant changes which are tak- 
 ing place. It is certain that some change is necessary in our present 
 system to preserve health and to live in peace and security. Such a 
 government as the well-being and prosperity of the town require, in 
 the opinion of your committee, cannot in any way be so easily attained 
 as in the establishment of a city government. The town may continue 
 a few years under the present system, Init the time is near at hand 
 wdien there must be a change and a citv government or something 
 similar must be adopted. 
 
 The difference in the expense of the present system and a city 
 government will necessarily be from one to two thousand dollars 
 annually, and it may be less after the new government is put into 
 o|)erati(in : much, however, in that respect must depend on the provi- 
 sions in the charter of the new government and the administration 
 under it. The charter should, as much as possible, restrain and guard 
 against extravagance, and should grant to those entrusted with power 
 no more patronag"e than is absolutely necessary for the prompt and 
 forceful execution of the laws. Finally, your committee are of opinion 
 that it is expedient to establish a city government, and that the town 
 [letition the Legislature now in ^ession to grant a charter for that pur- 
 pose. And they beg leave to report the resolves below- for that ]>ur- 
 pose, all of which is submitted. Per order, 
 
 Luther L.\wrence, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 Resolved, That it is expedient that the Town of Lowell become a 
 city, and that the Selectmen of Lowell be a committee to draft a peti- 
 tion and jiresent the same to the legislature now in session, to grant 
 a charter to make said town a cit)-. and establish a city government 
 therein. 
 
 A further resolve was : 
 
 Resolved, That Luther Lawrence, Eliphalet Case, John Nesmith, 
 Oliver M. Whipple, William Austin, Joseph W^ Mansur, Seth Ames, 
 Joel Stone, Jr., Amos Spalding, Hamlin Davis, John R. Adams, John 
 Chase, William N. Owen, Erastus Douglass, Granville Parker, Walter 
 W'illey, Thomas P. Goodhue, Isaac Swan, Thomas Flint, Richard 
 Fowder, Daniel H. Dean, Henr\- I. Baxter, J. M. Doe, John Aiken, 
 George Brownell, Joseph Locke, David Boynton, Tappan Wentworth, 
 John Mixer, Peter H. Willard. Benjamin Walker, Samuel A. Coburn, 
 Thomas Hopkinson, Benjamin Hutchinson, and Thomas A. Comins 
 be a committee to draft a charter for the purpose aforesaid and present 
 the same to the said town as soon as may be for their consideration 
 and approval. 
 
 The act b}- which the General Court incorporated the city of 
 Lowell was signed by Governor Edward Everett on April i, 1836, sub- 
 ject to a referendum of the voters of the town. This latter was held 
 April II, 1836. The vote resulted as follows: 
 
THE ANTE-r.ELLUM CirV 219 
 
 WIioU" number of votes 1,289 
 
 Yeas 961 
 
 Nays 32S 
 
 The outcome of the first election for officers of the new city was: 
 Mayor, EHsha Bartlett. Aldermen : William Austin, resigned Octo- 
 ber 10; Joseph Tapley, elected in November; Benjamin Walker, Oliver 
 Al. \\'hi])i)le, Seth Ames, Alexander Wright, Aaron RIansur. City 
 clerk: Samuel A. Coburn. Common council: John Clark, president; 
 Stephen RIansur. Henry J. Baxter, John Mixer, Jonathan Bowers, 
 Thomas Nesmith, George Brownell, David Nourse, James Cook, 
 Thomas Ordway, David Dana, James Russell, Erastus Douglas, John 
 A. Savels, Josiah B. French. Sidney Spalding, Cyril French, Weld 
 Spalding, Samuel Garland, Jonathan Tyler, Horatio \\ . Hastings, 
 Tappan Wentworth, Horace Howard, William Wyman. George 
 Woodward, clerk, died, .\lbert Locke elected. 
 
 Thus, under favoring auspices, began the experiment of munici- 
 pal government which, in this chapter, is described in outline down to 
 the outbreak of the war between the American States. It must not be 
 supposed that the first election cind the subsequent municipal elections 
 were free from popular furore and partisan bitterness. The middle 
 decades of the nineteenth centur} were marked throughout the United 
 States by political exuberance. 
 
 The first municipal election in Lowell, which was characteristic 
 of many more to follow, was thus described by Charles Cawley some 
 twenty years after the event : 
 
 The canvass preceding the election of the first mayor was distin- 
 guished by extraordinary excitement. An eye-witness — Dr. Htmting- 
 ton, in his recently published address before the Middlesex North 
 District Medical Society on the life and character of Dr. Bartlett — well 
 observed that "political parties were nearly equally divided, and politi- 
 cal feeling was at fever heat. Each party was desirous of the honor of 
 inaugurating the young municipality." Each party nominated its 
 most available candidate. The Whigs concentrated their strength on 
 Dr. Elisha Bartlett ; and, with his name inscribed upon their banner, 
 they felt strong and well grounded assurance of victory. The unterri- 
 fied democracy, nothing alarmed by the action of their Whig friends, 
 nominated Eliphalet Case, Esquire, and determined to elect him 
 whether he received the requisite number of votes or not. Mr. Case 
 had been the first pastor of the first Universalist Church, but had 
 ceased to beat "the drum ecclesiastic," and had addicted himself con 
 amore to the desperate game of politics. He was the most adroit 
 political manager that had appeared in these regions since the days of 
 that other ex-priest, the Indian sachem, Passaconaway. 
 
 (Jnce the contest had been settled, neighbors, of course of oppos- 
 ing political faiths, settled down to their peaceful vocations and avoca- 
 tions. The electorate had chosen an able and honest chief executive • 
 
220 HISTORY OF LOW I'.LL 
 
 it did nothing less in the subsequent years. Of the succession of 
 mayors in the first two decades Cowley says : "Our mayors have been 
 solid but not brilliant men — honestly, judiciously and quietly discharg- 
 ing their magisterial functions, but making little display and employ- 
 ing no trumpeters to proclaim abroad their fame. No charge of cor- 
 rtiption, j)eculation or official misconduct has ever been seriously 
 alleged against any of them. Once or twice disturbances have occurred 
 and the riot act has been read ; but otherwise no striking events have 
 transpired in connection with our municipal administrations." 
 
 The political history of the city from the incorporation onward 
 is not easy to trace in detail. There were numerous currents and cross 
 currents. The community at the outset was normally safe for the 
 Whigs on National and State issues, if only the Whig party had been 
 united against the Democrats. Inter-party feuds, however, were re- 
 flected in the voting population of a city as alive to considerations of 
 State and National politics as Lowell then was. The situation was fur- 
 ther mixed by the perpetual local issue of "corporation" and "anti-cor- 
 poration." Many citizens, including not a few of the representatives of 
 families who were on the ground before the manufacturing companies 
 came to East Chelmsford, were resentful of any and all attempts of 
 the corporation agents to "steer the city government." This issue, in 
 one form and another, was continually appearing. 
 
 The mayors of the early vears were, as Cowley has noted, with- 
 out exception high-grade men. Even a sketchy account of their per- 
 sonnel shows that under municijial government the voters, however 
 divided in party allegiance, did not fall under the influence of tricksters 
 or demogogues. 
 
 Lowell's Earliest Mayors — The first of the ante-bellum mayors, as 
 already stated, was Dr. Elisha Bartlett, M. D., born at Smithfield, 
 Rhode Island, October 6, 1804, and trained at the Brown University 
 Medical School and by a year of hospital study in Europe. Dr. Bart- 
 lett moved to Lowell as a young man to practice his profession and 
 quickly became a very popular citizen. He was reelected to the 
 mayoralty in 1837. The Bartlett School was named in his honor. 
 Never a robust man — like many of the leading spirits of Lowell in the 
 tubercular decades — he presently became a chronic invalid. He re- 
 moved to his former home at Smithfield and died there in 1855. 
 
 Ltither Lawrence, the second mayor, was of the Lawrences of 
 Grotiin, where he was born September 28, 1778. He was graduated 
 from Harvard College in 1801. After successfully practicing law in 
 Groton he removed in 1831 to Lowell. During his second term he 
 was killed, A]iril 17, 1839, by accidentally stepping into a penstock. 
 
 A very distinguished citizen was Dr. Elisha Huntington, the third 
 mayor of Lowell, whose years of service in this ofiice were 1840-41-44- 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 221 
 
 45-52-56-58 and part of 1859. In his honor Huntington Hall was 
 named. His descendants have further enhanced the reputation of the 
 great name which he established. 
 
 Dr. Huntington was born at Topsfield in 1796, a son of the Rev. 
 .^sahel Huntington, fcir twentj'-fix'e years a minister in that town. He 
 was graduated from Dartmouth College in 181 5. After completing his 
 medical education he came to Lowell in 1824 to practice his profession. 
 His public service began in 1833 when lie was elected to the board of 
 selectmen. Under the new city charter he was in the common councils 
 of 1837-38-39, serving as president for two years. Besides being mayor 
 as stated, he was in the board of aldermen in 1847-53-54. He was con- 
 sulting physician of the Tewksl)ury almshouse from the time of its 
 foundation until he died, December 13, 1865. In 1S63 he was Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of Massachusetts. -At the time of his death he was 
 senior warden of St. John's Episcopal Church. Lowell. His wife was 
 Hannah, daughter of Jose]ih and Deborah Hinckley, of Marblehead. 
 Their sons were Major I. F. Huntington, of Boston, and Rev. Wil- 
 liam R. Huntington, D. D., for man)- years rector of Grace Church, 
 New York Cit}- ; a daughter was Mrs. Josiah Parsons Cooke, of Cam- 
 bridge, wife of the professor of chemistry at Harvard University. 
 
 Nathaniel Wright defeated Dr. Huntington in the ma}-oralty con- 
 test of 1842, running as a Whig of anti-corporation affiliations. He 
 was born at Sterling, F"ebruary 13, 1785, was graduated from Harvard 
 College and was admitted to the bar in 181 1. He is remembered as an 
 excellent lawyer and an honest, able administrator, a man of few 
 words and averse to display and ostentation. He died on November 5, 
 1858. 
 
 In i8-'6 Lowell elected Colonel Jefferson Bancroft ma^or. He 
 was twice reelected in successive years. This admirable citizen was 
 born at Warwick in 1803, of a family that has had many eminent mem- 
 bers since it was founded in this country by Lieutenant Thomas Ban- 
 croft, born in England in 1822. In 1824 Jefferson Bancroft came to 
 East Chelmsford from Boston via the packet boat on the Middlesex 
 canal and secured work as a factory operative. Within a few \'ears he 
 had become an overseer for carding on the Appleton. In 1826 he 
 married Harriet, daughter of Amos Bradley, M. D., of Dracut. In 
 June, 183!. he began a long service as deputy sheriflf of Middlesex 
 comity, an office which he held imtil 1890. with the exception of the 
 years 1853-60. In the last two years of the town of Lowell he was 
 collector of taxes. In 1840-41 he was in the common council and in 
 T842-43 in the l)oard of aldermen. Between 1844 and 1846 he was 
 chief engineer of the fire department. He twice represented Lowell 
 in the Legislature and held various other positions of responsibility. 
 In 1836 he was chosen adjutant of the Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts 
 
z-^z HISTORY OF LO\\ELL 
 
 \'oliinteer Militia, and was aft^'rwards its culonel. The cummunity 
 had 11(1 more useful niciubcr than Colonel Bancroft and niine more uni- 
 versally respected. He died at Tyngsborough, January 3, 1890. 
 
 On the "Citizens' ticket'' Josiah Bowers French was chosen mayor 
 of the city in 1849-50. The community thus secured the services of an 
 able and far-seeing financier whci was responsible for the upbuilding 
 of several important enterjiriscs. Mr. French came in 1824 to East 
 Chelmsford from Billerica, where he was born December 13, 1799. 
 He had just been appointed deputy sherifif of Middlesex county, an 
 office which he held until 1830. He was in the common comicils of 
 1836 and 1842; was in the Legislatures of 1835 ^""J '^^i ; was chief 
 of the fire department in 1840-41, and from 1S44 to 1847 was one of the 
 county commissioners. His business connections were many. He 
 was one of the prom<_iters (if the Central Bridge Company, with which 
 he was associated until the property was taken over by the city. Be- 
 tween 1831 and 1846 he managed stage-coach lines plying between 
 Lowell and Concord, New Hamjjshire, and other northern points, ffe 
 was active in securing the establishment of the Lowell and Appleton 
 National banks and the City Institution for Savings. For a time he 
 was presitlent (if the Appleton I'ank. In 1851 he was elected president 
 (if the Northern New Hampshire railroad. With his l)rother, Captain 
 Walter French, he l.iuilt a raihxiad in Ohio. Fur fourteen years he 
 was agent of the Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woolen Manufac- 
 turing Company. In politics he was a Democrat ; in religion a Uni- 
 tarian, and in every respect a burn leader (jf men. It is recalled that 
 "he was a man of fine personal lieariug — tall, erect and commanding — 
 giving the impression to one wIki met him that he was nn ordinary 
 man." He died August 21, 187(1. 
 
 James H. B. A}-er, Imrn at llaxerhill in 17S8. was elected mayor 
 in 1850. He came to East Chelmsford in 1823 to take a p(.)sition with 
 the L(_icks and Canals Ciim])any. He was thus emplnyed until 11846, 
 when he went into the lumber business in partnership \\ith Ibiratio 
 Fletcher. Sh(irtl\- after the [leridd of his mayoralty he retiu'iied to the 
 Locks and Canals Company as paymaster. He died June 7, 1864, 
 remembered as a man of high personal integrity and good business 
 ability. 
 
 Sewell G. Mack, born at Wilton, New Hampshire, November 8, 
 i(Si3. was mayor in 1853-54, a rejjresentative of the fine Scotch-Irish 
 stock that settled several tnwnshijis of Snuthern New Hampshire. 
 His }-outh and early manh(.)od were passed at Amherst, New Hamp- 
 shire, fr(im which town he was sent as delegate to the National Con- 
 ventiiin at Baltimore that nominated William llenrv Harrison for the 
 presidency. In 1840 he came to Lowell to take u]) the l)usiness of a 
 lirother who had just died. The firm of Cushing <& Mack, later S. G. 
 
THE ANTE-liELLUM CITY 223 
 
 Mack & Cuni])an}-, was a 1)usiness landmark duwn to 1S87. Mr. Mack 
 was closely associated with many enterprises of public service and 
 business. He and John Wright became interested in gas lighting and 
 organized the Lowell Gas Light Company, of which Mr. Mack was 
 president for many _\ears. In 1842 he was chosen a director of the 
 Railroad Bank. Later he became president of the Five Cent Savings 
 Bank. From its incorporation he was a director of the Stony Brook 
 railroad. He was one of the incorporators of the Old Ladies' Home, 
 a director in the Lowell Dispensary and for some years the "citizens' 
 trustee" of the Corporation Hospital. Besides serving as mayor he 
 was at various times a coimcilman, alderman, school committeeman 
 and representative in the Legislature. For fifty years he was a deacon 
 of Kirk Street Congregational Church, of which he w-as one of the 
 founders. 
 
 Ambrose Lawrence became mayor in 1855. Coming from the 
 same emigrant ancestor with the Lawrences of Groton, he was born 
 at Boscawen. New Hampshire, in 1S16. At twent3--one he took a posi- 
 tion as machinist in the Suffolk Manufacturing Company. Three years 
 later he entered upon the stiuh' of dentistry, for which he had natural 
 capacit}'. His office from 1S39 onward was near the old postoffice. He 
 prospered in his profession, in which he became a recognized expert, 
 at one time holding a dental professorship in Boston. His fine resi- 
 dence in John street, built in 185,2, later became the Home for Young 
 Women and Children. Dr. Lawrence was much interested in prob- 
 lems of local government. He entered the common council in 1849 
 and the board of aldermen in 1S51. He died in 1893. 
 
 Stei)hen Mansur, who was mayor in 1857, was born at Temple, 
 New Hamjishire, August 25, 1799. As already related, he came to 
 Lowell througli his sjiecial knowledge of canal construction, as he had 
 served on the Erie canal. He represented the citv in the Legislatures 
 of 1836 and 1850. He was in the city council in 1836 and 1839, and in 
 the board of aldermen in 1840, 1847. and 1853. He was appointed one 
 of the inspectors of the Tewksl)ury .\lmshouse, when that institution 
 was created in 1853. He attended the First Baptist Church, of which 
 he was long a deacon. 
 
 James Cook, mayor of Lowell in 1859, was born at Preston, Con- 
 necticut, October 4, 1794. He learned the clothier's trade in his father's 
 fulling mill. In 1830 he came to Lowell as agent of the Middlesex 
 com])any. Under his direction this company became remarkably suc- 
 cessful, leaving dividends as high as thirty-three per cent. Mr. Cook 
 was subsequently agent of the Winooski Mills, at Burlington, \'er- 
 mont, and the Uncas Mills, of Norwich, Connecticut. After he re- 
 turned to T-owell he engaged in the insurance business. He was twice 
 a member of the common council and was elected to the mayoralty b}' 
 the so-called "American" ])arty. He died April 10, 1884. 
 
224 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Under the municipal go\ernment authorized by the charter of 
 1836, Lowell began proin[itiy to Iniild up the departments for protec- 
 tion of life and property, for the cultural advancement of the whole 
 people, which it is a prime function of the modern city to administer. 
 
 The city at this time hafl twenty schools, with an average daily 
 attendance of 1,370; high, 75; grammar, 550; primary, 745. There 
 were thirteen churches ; two national banks, the Lowell and the Rail- 
 road, and one savings bank, the Lowell Institution for Savings. The 
 population was 17.633, of whom the aliens were 2,661 and the col<jred 
 people 44. 
 
 Better streets. Ijetter ligliting, new scho(il houses and other civic 
 improvements came rapidly under the new government. Xot until 
 1844, however, was the exjieriment made of paving a pulilic street. 
 
 The Old City Hall — Headquarters for munici]ial activities were 
 in the former town hall, henceforth called citv hall, which had been 
 liuilt under \'ote (if the town meeting of Mav 4. iSjij. W'lien for the 
 first time the city government met in this historic structure it was 
 already evident that the available floor sjiace would be rec[uired for 
 municipal work. John Adams was, accordingly, ordered to vacate his 
 reading room and circulating library, and the rooms which he had 
 used were alli:itte<I to the aldermen, citv clerk and mavor. Two rooms 
 on the second floor were assigned to the common council. The hall 
 was fitted forth with seats at a cost of three hundred dollars, and it 
 was ])rovided that thus it might he engaged by the citizens for religious, 
 inusical, jiolitical and military purposes on payment of a fee, subject 
 to the sole restriction that no engagements might be made for Mon- 
 day evening when the common council was in session. Subsequently 
 the attic was partitioned and furnished for use as an armory for 
 militia companies. For this purpose a special entrance was opened on 
 the Merrimack street side. Va.rious shiftings of deiiartments took 
 place at city hall in the forties. During 1S32 and 1N53 alterations were 
 made, giving substantially the interior arrangements that were in 
 existence ,it the time of the removal of the administrati\e offices to the 
 present building in Monument square. Throughout its long use for 
 municipal business it was a most comfortable city home, though not, 
 of course, ec|uippeil with the facilities of a present-(la\' office building. 
 
 The pressure upon city hall was somewhat lessened when in 
 i85_'-53. by joint action of the city of Lowell and the Boston & Lowell 
 railroad, the Merrimack street "depot" was erected. To the older 
 generation of Lowell people this was the "depot" par excellence until 
 the present Boston & Maine "station" was built. Over the train shed 
 were Jackson and Huntington halls of ]irecious memory. 
 
 Setting Aside the Commons — The develojiment of the North and 
 South Commons began in 1845, when tiie necessity of breathing sj)aces 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 225 
 
 within the city limits began to l)e understood. Neither was laid out 
 in just the manner which the modern art of landscape architecture 
 would dictate, but both have a certain attractiveness and they have 
 served a most useful purpose. Land for the North Common was 
 deeded May 10. i''^45, by the Locks and Canals Company. On the 
 same date the city acquired the larger reservation, the South Common, 
 a tract of 897,749 square feet enclosed by Sumner, South Highland and 
 Thorndike streets, at a price of two cents a foot. An amusing episode 
 arose in connection with the occupation of this latter area. One owner 
 of a small house lot on the easterly side of the common, a well-to-do 
 and quite independent citizen named Patrick Manice, refused to sell. 
 The exasperated municijial authorities thereupon completely enclosed 
 his place, so that for some time he and his family were fed by the 
 kindness of friends who pushed provisions through the slats of the 
 surrounding fence. Much feeling was engendered by Manice's exhilji- 
 tion of "spite,'' and finally he capitulated. The city in 1856 paid $3,500 
 for his holding. 
 
 Some Lowell High School History — The school system expanded 
 progressively untler the municipal go\ernment. 
 
 The non-sectarian de\otional exercises which thousands of gradu- 
 ates of the high school remember as peculiar to Lowell, had their 
 origin in the first days of the institution. They were designed to 
 offend none in a commiuiity that embraced an evergrowing number 
 of religious denominations and sects. The circumstances of their de- 
 vising were related by James Russell, former principal, at a meeting 
 of the High School Ahiinni Association in 1863: "In the beginning of 
 1837," he said, "the schools of Lowell were required to open their 
 morning exercises with devotional exercises. Mr. Carney and myself 
 composed a form of pra}'er from the book of Common Prayer and 
 Blair's book of prayers, which has been in use ever since. Episco- 
 palians, Unitarians. Orthodox. Bajitists and others alike have used the 
 prayers in connection with the ".Scriptures without note or comment.' 
 Never ha\'e I known devotional exercises in any school conducted with 
 more decorum or order." 
 
 The high school, according to data compiled by Alfred Caddell, 
 had a nomadic existence during the first nine years. Then in 1840 it 
 at last was established in its own building between Kirk and Anne 
 streets. The sexes at first were separated ; the boys in one room under 
 Moody Currier, afterwards Governor of New Hampshire; the girls 
 under Miss Lucy Penhallow. In 1842 Franklin Forbes, who had been 
 principal in 1835-36, returned to the school. At the end of three years 
 he resigned to become agent of a manufacturing company at Lancas- 
 ter. His successor was C. C. Chase, whose service was long and 
 honorable 
 
 L-I5 
 
226 HISTORY OF LO^^ KLL 
 
 'J'he s_\Meni uf discijiline and instruction up to this time had ne\ cr 
 lieen consistently satisfactory. "The school committee of 185 1." 
 writes Caddell, "described the instruction as being 'irregular, inter- 
 mittent and fragmentary,' and their reports are full of tiresome scold- 
 ing (in the irregular attendance, though they nexer mentioned any 
 changes by which the school could be improved." Private schools in 
 these circumstances flourished. In 1852, howe\er, the two department 
 system was abolished and authority centered at Mr. Chase's desk. 
 Scholarship at once began to come up, and the rejnitation of the school 
 for lax discipline was grnduallv outgrown. An incentive to improve- 
 ment was added in 1858. when J. G. Carney established the system of 
 Carney medals, awarded annually to members of the graduating class 
 for excellence in scholarship and deportment and regularity of attend- 
 ance. 
 
 Organization of a police dejjartnient was cme of the immediate 
 necessities of the newly created city. 
 
 Ordinances were adopted in 1836 prox'iding for the office of city 
 marshal and a constabulary fore. The head of the S}"stem in the first 
 years was ])aid only $400 a year. His positiLUi. nevertheless, was 
 keenly sought after by rival Whigs and Democrats. In 1844 the body 
 of constables, special constaliles and tithing-men who comprised the 
 marshal's staft were supplemented by six watchmen who represented 
 for the first time the present-day type of policemen. These watchmen 
 were captained by George W. Hancock. They were employed only 
 at night, on dail\- wages of $1.25, the constaldes continuing to pre- 
 serve order by da\'. Later the police system was made to cover all 
 hours of the dax', and the duties of the constaliles were considerably 
 modified. The city marshals ot the period were: Zaccheus Shedd, 
 1836-37; Henry T. Mowatt, 183X: Joseph Butterfield, 1839; Zaccheus 
 Shedd, 1840-41: Charles J. Adams, 1842-47: Zaccheus Shedd, 184S; 
 George P. W'aldron, 1849: Zaccheus Shedd, 1850: Charles J. Adams, 
 1851 : Jame> H. Carrin, 1851; Edwin L. Shedd, 1852-54; Samuel Mil- 
 ler. 1855: William H. Clenence, 1859. 
 
 Court Houses and Jails Before the Civil War — The first court 
 house in Lowell was the old market building, in Market street, erected 
 by co(")perati(jn of cit\" anrl county in 1837. .\l>out t84() the count\'s 
 interest in this structure was sold to the city for $10,000. 
 
 The court house on Gorham street, predecessor of the present 
 luonuniental structure, was built m iN4() at a cost of about .$38,000. In 
 1855 the North Registry was established, an act of great convenience 
 to the city and the surrounding towns. All the records relating to this 
 end of the countx-, covering a period of more than 200 years, were 
 copied under a special statute from the originals in Candiridge, 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM LTrV 227 
 
 The building of the court liouse in Lowell, it should be noted, was 
 a marked step in the direction of centralization of legal business of 
 northern Middlesex county. It meant that Lowell became more than 
 ever before a desirable place for residence of able lawyers, who con- 
 tributed a marked element in the professional and social life of the 
 place. The improving facilities for quick transportation by rail were, 
 in fact, rapidl}" jnitting the country lawyer out of business. 
 
 The jail on Thorndike street, still one of the conspicuous institu- 
 tions of the city, was built in 1852-53, after designs by James H. Rand. 
 The architecture is truthfully, t.nd perhaps a little sarcastically, de- 
 scribed Ijv Cowley as "semi-Gothic, differing in many resjiects from 
 any other structure of the kind." Functionally, withal, it embodied 
 what at the time of its erection were the latest and best ideas in penol- 
 ogy. As erected the jail was 123 feet long with a width of 90 feet on 
 the front and 54 in the rear. It was four stories high, with octagonal 
 towers at each of the front corners of the main edifice. The scheme 
 provided for entire separation of the quarters for men and women. 
 There were 90 cells for men, 12 for women, two hospitals and four 
 rooms for temporary confinement. 
 
 Criticism of the cost of this jail was not wanting. 'I'here were 
 those, indeed, who seemed to find that offenders against the law were 
 more magnificenth- housed in Lowell than were the great majority 
 of the law-abiding. A certain caustic chronicler wrote: "March 20, 
 1858. the new jail on Thorndike street was first occupied. This mag- 
 nificent structure cost $150,000 and contains 102 cells. If the annual 
 rent of this building should be reckoned at 10 per cent, of its cost and 
 if every cell were constantly occupied, the average rental of a cell 
 would be $132. When to this is added the average cost of each occu- 
 pant for food, salaries of officers, etc.. the very lowest annual expense 
 to the county of each prisoner is $400. Thus a scoundrel, who thinks 
 his family of six persons fortunate if they can afford to occupy a tene- 
 ment whose annual rental is $50, finds, when he is so fortunate as to 
 get into this magnificent jail, the county lavishes on him alone an ex- 
 pense which, if bestowed upon his large and suffering family, would 
 enable them to live in almost lu.xury. To squander money thus ap- 
 prcjaches very near a crime." 
 
 Judges in Lowell's First Decades — The first judge of the Lowell 
 Police Court was the Hon. Joseph Locke, a man of fine humanitarian 
 instincts and one of the leaders in the temperance cause. He had li\ed 
 in Billerica, where the story was told of his having been elected to an 
 office, the incumbent of which was expected by custom to treat his 
 constituents in celebration of the victory. Mr. Locke refused to Iniy 
 the drinks, but turned over an equi\alent amount of money to the 
 school authorities, with instructions to buy school books for those 
 
228 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 children whose parents had difficulty in providing them. This noble 
 jurist administered justice in Lowell for thirteen years. 
 
 Judge Nathan Crosby, who succeeded Judge Locke, was born at 
 Sandwich, New Hampshire, in 1798. After graduation from Dart- 
 mouth College in 1820, he settled in Newburyport to practice law. 
 He became interested at the same time in the temperance movement, 
 in behalf of which he lectured throughout New England. In 1843 he 
 came to Lowell through his connection, mentioned elsewhere, with the 
 purchase of water rights in the New Hampshire lakes. As judge of 
 the Police Court during a term of service covering thirty-nine years, 
 he confirmed the traditinn of di£;nity, humanity and uniform courtesy 
 which was established by Judge Locke, and which has been continued 
 liy his successiirs. Judges TTndley and Enright. 
 
 Making a Modern Fire Department — The fire department which 
 had been organized under the town was rai>idl\- developed in efficiency 
 and reliability under the new government. Fires, fortunately, were 
 few in the first vears of the city. In 1840, for exaiuple, there were but 
 six alarms. 
 
 A few older residents still remember the "Protection Company" 
 which o]5erated for about ten years. Owen describes it as follows : 
 'Tn 1840 also the 'Protection Cnmiiany' was formed. This company 
 was composed principally of business irien, and its primary object was 
 to protect personal property in case of fire, not only froiu the fire but 
 from plunder when remii\-ed from the street. The memlx-rs were pro- 
 vided w^ith a screw-driver, bed key and a bag with which to prosecute 
 their important part in saving property. Being unprovided w'ith any 
 means of fighting fire, they were forced to beat a hasty retreat when 
 the premises became uncomfortably warm, and do police duty in the 
 streets. The company was com|)osed of some of the most influential 
 business men of the period, and became an efficient feature of the de- 
 partment. It continued in existence until 1850, when it disbanded. 
 Stephen Mansur, mayor of the city in 1857, was the first foreman." 
 
 Chief engineers of the fire de|)artment down to i860 were : Charles 
 L. Tilden. 1836-38: Jonathan M. Marston, 1838-39; Joseph Butterfield, 
 1839-40; Josiah E. French. 1840-42; Stephen Cushing, 1842-43; Jona- 
 than M. Marston, 1843-44 ; Jefiferson Bancroft, 1844-46; Aaron H. Sher- 
 man, 1846-50; Hcirace Howard, 1850-53; Lucius A. Ctitler, 1853-54; 
 Weare Clififord, 1854-60. 
 
 The Introduction of Running Water — The problem of a pure 
 water supply was one which agitated the authorities of Lowell from 
 the first vears of the incorporation. In 1838 G. M. Dexter, represent- 
 ing the citv, made a survey of Tyng's and Long ponds, to the north- 
 west, both which have a water level that is about sixty feet abo\'e the 
 river at Pawtucket dam. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 229 
 
 This investigator's estimate was that the former pond might sup- 
 ply the city with about 1,200,000 gallons of water per day. No action 
 was taken, however, and the community continued to draw water from 
 the canals by permission of the Locks and Canals Company and from 
 prixate wells until 1848, when W. E. Worthen, under instruction from 
 the city council took up the Tyng's pond proposal and reported ad- 
 versely upon it. lie found that much loss of water must be forecasted 
 in bringing it from this distance and that a considerable portion of the 
 city would be above the level of the pond, necessitating pumps and a 
 high surface reservoir. He was doubtful, furthermore, about the quan- 
 tity (if water awiilable. "The outlet of Tyng's Pond," he wrote, "was 
 delivering a few days ago only I ' j cubic feet per second, and the pond 
 was said not to be rising." 
 
 With Mr. Worthen's adverse report was ended the scheme of find- 
 ing citv water in one of the local ponds. Soon after this a commis- 
 sion on water supply was appointed, consisting of Oliver M. Whipple, 
 JefTerson Bancroft, John Avery, David Dana. Otis L. Allen and 
 Thomas Ho]ikinson. This committee retained Mr. \\'orthen as engi- 
 neer. Through him a report was secvired from the famous chemist, 
 Samuel D. Dana, recommending the use of the Merrimack river water. 
 "Its amount and cjuality of salts, organic and mineral matter indicate 
 that it is not less pure than that used by the inhabitants of Philadel- 
 phia and New York from the Schuylkill and Hudson rivers." Out of 
 this o])inion ensued the construction of a water works system under 
 authority of a legislative act of 1855. 
 
 The reservoir on Lvnde's hill, Belvidere, it should lie oljserved, 
 was not projected as a public enterprise. It was built in 1848 by the 
 manufacturing companies of the city at the urgence of Mr. Francis, 
 engineer. Situated on a hill about a mile and a half from cit)- hall, the 
 top of the em])ankment stands about 190 feet alcove the water level in 
 the up])er canals. The depth is eighteen feet, with a depth of water of 
 twehe feet, giving an effective height of 184 feet. The enclosure is 
 174 feet square at the top and 102 feet at the bottom. When filled it 
 carries 1,201,641 gallons of water. The original object was to supply 
 water in case of a fire occurring when the canals were drawn off, to 
 feed the corpnration boilers and tor use in the boarding houses. 
 
 The Establishment of a City Library — The Lowell City Library-, 
 one of the must beneficent of mimicipal institutions, dates from May 
 20, 1844, when it was founded by enactment of the common council. 
 It was one of the pioneer examples in New England of a lil)rary sup- 
 ported out of taxation for the benefit of all citizens. This library, now 
 so imposing that it greatly impresses all visitors, started with slender 
 resources, for it was built upon no large collections previously formed, 
 nor was it at the outset privately endowed. Some help, however, was 
 
230 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 availalile from outbide. It ha])|)cned that in the middle forties the 
 Commonwealth of Massachusetts was endeavoring by a system of 
 subsidies to encourage the several cities and towns to form what were 
 then called "school libraries." Lowell was entitled to about $1,200 
 from this source. The new library was accordingly opened under the 
 designation of the "City School Library." It was assigned a room in 
 City Hall. Books were first drawn on February 11, 1845, each person 
 paying annual dues of fifty cent.- for the privilege. To the liljrarian- 
 ship was chosen Josiah Hubbard, who served for thirteen years. A 
 private circulating library was p'.irchased soon after the opening. The 
 period of great expansion of library facilities began after the Civil 
 War. 
 
 Central Bridge From Private to Public Ownership — A complete 
 narrative of the relations of the Central Bridge Corporation to the citv 
 of Lowell and the town of Dracut, to which Centralville belonged until 
 1851, would require almost unlimited space. The proprietors of this 
 bridge, already an important artery of traffic, were shrewd men and 
 not above playing the game of politics. They coped cleverly with an 
 increasing public impatience; they finally had to yield, as so many 
 other bridge companies must, to a demand that general taxation rather 
 than private toll gathering should pay f<.)r the construction and main- 
 tenance of bridges in the city of Lowell. 
 
 The story of the Central Bridge Company was told in consider- 
 able detail in Alfred Oilman's paper of November 8, 1882. In the first 
 days of the new city, that is between 1836 and 1842, there may have 
 been an undercurrent of popular dissatisfaction regarding the cost of 
 crossing the river, but of this feeling, if it existed. Mr. Gilman found 
 no documentary evidence at all. In the last-named year Dracut called 
 a meeting "to see what measures the town will take to reduce the toll 
 on Central Bridge." Repeated meetings thereafter were held to dis- 
 cover, if ])ossible, the actual cost of operating the bridge. It was 
 shown til the town that the pro]irietors' dividends had averaged more 
 than nine ])er cent. 
 
 Rebuilding of Central bridge, meantime, had become necessary. 
 On March 23, 1843, ''^t- Legislature jjassed an act permitting recon- 
 struction. The city of Lowell accepted this act on A])ril 5 following; 
 Dracut, after much ])olitical maneu\'ering, on Ajjril 3, 1843. 
 
 Three years later a question of the athisaltility of annexing Cen- 
 tralville til Ldwell was raised. 1 he city at that time evidently did not 
 want a su''urb on the north side of the river, for the vote of December 
 (). 1830, stimd 831 in fax'or and 1.153 upposed. 
 
 Lowell, hdwever, at last "struck hands with Dracut in intent to 
 free Central Bridge." On May 21, 1853, an act was passed authorizing 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 231 
 
 the city of Lowell and the town of Dractit t(_) Iniy Central bridge "on 
 such terms as might be agreed." 
 
 The proprietors, howexer, had no intention of "agreeing" and in 
 1854 the city petitioned that the Supreme Court of the State be author- 
 ized to declare what amount might properly be paid. This application 
 wa.s opposed by the bridge company, which had retained Rufus Choate. 
 The city was ably represented by A. P. Bonney and T. H. Sweetser. 
 The result was an enactment whose wording was drawn up by Mr. 
 Bonney: "An act to pro\ide a mode of opening Central Bridge free 
 of toll." Not until 1862 was the issue finally settled and the obnoxious 
 toll lifted. 
 
 As municipal ad\'antages increased and as population l)egan to 
 spread into the suburban areas, it was natural to expect that a desire 
 for annexation to Lowell would be expressed by people living just 
 beyond the city limits. Tlie annexation of Belvidere under the town 
 government has been chronicled. It was not many years before an- 
 other residential village was clamoring for admission. 
 
 The Annexation of Centralville — Some eight years before annexa- 
 tion finallv was granted the inhabitants of Centralville, as shown bv a 
 n(.)tice in the ''Lowell Courier" of Eebruary 7, 1S43, petitioned as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Respectfully represent your petitioners that they are inhal)itants 
 of that part of Dracutt, in the County of Middlesex, which is known 
 by the name of "Centralville." That their business, feelings and inter- 
 ests connect them much more closely with the city of Lowell than 
 with the town of Dracutt ; — That many of them do business in Lowell, 
 and all of them are wholly dependent on that City for their prosper- 
 ity; — That "Centralville" is separated from the heart of the City of 
 Lowell only by the Merrimack River, and is very intimately connected 
 with the City : — That the remotest part of "Centralville" is not more 
 than half a mile distant from the Citv Hall, the Courthouse and the 
 Post Office of Lowell. 
 
 \\ herefore, as a matter of pul)lic and pri\'ate convenience, your 
 jietitioners pray that said "Centralville," which is now a part of said 
 Dracutt, and contains less than 300 acres of land, may be set off from 
 said Dracutt, and be annexed to and become a [jart of the City of 
 Lowell in said County — tn wit : Beginning at a point at the thread of 
 the Merrimack River, on the lint' which separates the City of Lowell 
 from Tewksbury, thence running N. 17 deg., 30 N. E., to a Hemlock 
 tree on the north bank of said River; thence running N. 8 deg., 15 m. 
 \\'., sixty-seven chains and fift\- links; thence running N. 39 deg., W. 
 seventy-five chains nearly, till it reaches the thread of said Alerrimack 
 Ri\er below Pawtucket Fall ; thence turning and running easterly, fol- 
 li.iwing the thread of said River to the jjoint of beginning. 
 
 This petition was signed I)y Joseph Bradley and seventy-nine 
 others, representing for the most part families who had built resi- 
 dences on Christian Hill 
 
232 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The original petition was not granted and the agitation continued. 
 Finall}- in 1N51 Centralvilie was annexed to the city, not so much 
 through any anxiety of Lowell jieople, it would apjiear, to extend the 
 municipal hounds as of the people on the further side of the river to 
 secure the benefits of municipal imprc ivemcnts. On Ueccmlier 9. 1^50. 
 a referendum was sulnnitted to the voters of Lowell in the following 
 terms: "Ls it expedient that the part of Dracut called Centralvilie be 
 annexed tcj the City of Lowell, according to the Petition of L. G. 
 Howe and others?" The vote stood: Yeas, 851 ; nays, 1,153. 
 
 Despite this expression of popular reluctance to assume responsi- 
 bility for this suburb a bill before the Legislature was passed to be 
 engrossed on February 27, icS5i, and was duly signed by the Governor. 
 Thus ended the long campaign of the Centralvilie residents for annexa- 
 tion. Their section of the city grew rapidly after the bridge tolls were 
 remitted, for it is hardly inferior to Belvidere in point of convenience 
 and natural attractiveness. 
 
 One of the most famous real estate de\'elopnients of the forties 
 was that of "Ayer's New City," projected in 1847 by Daniel Ayer. 
 This gentleman purchased a large tract of sandy plain near Hale's 
 brook, laid out some streets and lots and inaugurated a monster auc- 
 tion sale, inciting" attendance by promise of a barbecue. The ox was 
 duly roasted and "the occasion drew a crowd of peo])Ie but the unsa- 
 vory smell spoiled their ai)petites." Mr. Ayer later went through bank- 
 ruptcy, owing money to a large list of creditors. He eventtially, how- 
 ever, paid every cent for which he was morally liable. His venttire is, 
 of course, still per])etuated in the name of A}er. 
 
 Dedication of the Fair Grounds — A landmark, which has now dis- 
 api)carctl, was created in the snuthern jjart of the city in i860, when 
 the Middlesex North Agricultural Societ}- on June 18 dedicated its 
 building at the fair grounds. This reservation, the scene of festi\'ities 
 that for half a century brought residents of all the surrounding towns 
 to Lowell, had been made possible by ])urchase of land from the Bos- 
 ton tK: Lowell railroad. The building was one formerly used by the 
 L(.iwell Bleachery, which was moved over to Gorham street. In it was 
 installed the headquarters of th<' Massachusetts .\gricultural Library 
 Association, with 140 members and an initial collection of about 275 
 books on subjects connected with farming. The fair gniunds. thus set 
 ofif, became unexpectedly useful in within a few nuiuths, fur they were 
 rented to the United States Government as a training cani]> under the 
 name of Camp Chase. Here se\'eral thousand men fr^ni nurth Middle- 
 .sex county were prepared to go tn the front. 
 
 Postmasters of the New City — The National go\'ernnient most 
 closely touched ante-bellum Lowell through the postal service. 
 
 The local i)ostmastershij) in 1837 was gi\en by President Tyler 
 
THE ANTE-BELLU:\I CITY 22,Z 
 
 to Jacob Rohbins (1798-1885), formerly of Harvard. The choice was 
 fortunate. Mr. Robbins. who was a graduate of Westford Academy, 
 was a scholarly, broad-minded man and well equipped for public serv- 
 ice. He was, incidentally, one of the first citizens of Lowell to interest 
 himself in forming a collection of objects of fine art. His incimibency 
 of the postmastership lasted four years. 
 
 Stephen S. Seavey was appointed postmaster by President Polk 
 in 1841. His salary in the four years of his term sometimes ran as 
 high as $1,800, which was considered phenomenal. 
 
 Alfred Oilman, whose reminiscences have been frequentl\- drawn 
 U])on for the purposes of this history, was chosen postmaster in 1841; 
 by President Taylor. His salary was fixed at $2,ocx). 
 
 President Pierce in 1853 appointed Thomas P. Goodhue to the 
 ofilice. This gentleman died Octolier I, 1853. He was succeeded by 
 Fisher Ames Hildreth, who held the office during the Pierce and Bu- 
 chanan administrations and who was in many respects one of the 
 important men of his city. He was of the Dracut Hildreths, whose 
 prominence in the district now Centralville has been recorded. In the 
 seventh generation from Sergeant Richard Hildreth, he was born in 
 Dracut, February 5. i8i8, the onlv son of Dr. Israel and Dolly Jones 
 Hildreth. In his native town he held practically all the offices open to 
 a yoimg man. including that of representative in the General Coiu't. 
 In 1845 he removed to Lowell, where he studied law for a time and 
 then undertook the publication of a newspaper, "The Republican."' 
 Later, besides this publication, he acquired the tri-weekly "-\d\ertiser'' 
 and weekly "Patriot." which were merged into the "Lowell Patriot." 
 The two papers were imder his ownership and management until their 
 suspension in 1863. Among many reminders of Mr. Hildreth's activi- 
 ties of this time is the Hildreth building in Merrimack street, built on 
 the site of the Lowell Museum, incorporated as a stock company in 
 1850, with Air. Hildreth as one of its directors. President Pierce's 
 postmaster was one of the most enthusiastic Democrats of ante-bellum 
 Lowell, and a leading personality in the coalition movement of 1850. 
 
 Several Lowell Congressmen — The Congressional district of which 
 the city of Lowell was an increasingly important centre continued until 
 1843 to be represented by Caleb Ctishing, of Newbury port, a Whig. 
 The reason for this statesman's retirement has been set forth by 
 Cowley in his "History of Lowell," in a passage which is so redolent 
 with the political afflatus of the time that it merits reprinting: "When 
 the Whig State Convention, in 1842, under the dictation of Abbott 
 Lawrence, jiassed their stupid resolution of 'eternal separation' from 
 the administration of John Tyler, Mr. Gushing, following the lead of 
 Mr. Webster, refused to concur. Thereupon various hungry politi- 
 cians who were not worthy to black Mr. Cushing's shoes, combined 
 
234 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 to ml) him nf the* confidence of his constituents l)y an active and 
 unscrupulous tise of the coward's favorite weapon — calumny. Weak- 
 ened ]>}■ these nefarious tactics, Mr. Gushing retired from Congress 
 and accepted the mission to China. It has been common to sneer at 
 Mr. Cushing as one who Tvlerized. P)tit as between Mr. Cushing and 
 his adversaries in the controversy of 1S42, the calm verdict of history 
 must clearly be given to him — Mr. Cushing saw clearly and declared 
 franklx- that to follow tlie petulant policy dictated by Mr. Clay was to 
 waste life in a vain chase after bubbles. Considering with what blind 
 jK-rsistence this fatal policy was jnirsued, and with what disastrous 
 results, it cannot be wondered that Mr. Cushing. with his broader 
 statesmanship and catholicity of feeling, held himself aloof until his 
 qtiondam friends had achieved their ruin ; and afterward, when the 
 old issues had become obsolete, and new issues had arisen, he sought 
 a more congenial ])lace in the Democratic party. Of his services as 
 Colonel and Brigadier-General during the Mexican War we shall not 
 here speak. Nor is this the place to dwell upon his subseqtient career 
 as Mayor of Newhurypurt. Representative in the Legislature, Judge 
 of the Supreme Court, Attorney-General of the L'nited States, Presi- 
 dent of the Charleston Convention of iSfio, Commissioner to Codify 
 the United States Statutes, etc." 
 
 In 1843 Amos Abbott succeeded Caleb Cushing as Lowell's rep- 
 resentative in Congress. He was described as "a good, clever man 
 \\'ho had achieved distinguished success as keeper of a grocer's shop 
 at the cross-roads in Andover ; but was utterly insignificant in Con- 
 gress." He was, nevertheless, twice reelected. 
 
 James II. Duncan in iS4() became congressman in Mr. .Xbhott's 
 stead. He served two terms. 
 
 Tajjpan Wentworth. \\'hig, of Lnwell, and Henry Wilson, Coali- 
 tionist, were rival candidates in the closely contested election of 1852. 
 Cowley afterwards \\rote : "The tactics used to defeat General Wilson 
 had better not be scrutinized too closelv. His defeat, however, was 
 one of the most fortunate events in a life remarkabl}' fidl of \icissitudes. 
 Had he been elected to tlic House in 1852 he would hardly have been 
 a candidate for the Senate in 1855. and the chair then \acated by 
 Edward Everett would probabU- have been filled by Marshall \\ 
 Wilder or Henry J. Gardner." 
 
 Mr. Wentworth, whose ser\-ice at Washington lasted hut one 
 term, was the first resident of Lowell to go to Congress. He was born 
 ill Dover. New Ham])shire, February 24. 1802, and died in Lowell, 
 June 12, 1875. It will be recalled that he was on the committee which 
 secured the city's municipal charter and that he was elected to the first 
 Common Council. ( )f this board he \vas suljsecpiently president. In 
 1848--IIJ he \\ as in the State Senate. After his term at Washingtcin he 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 235 
 
 served again in tlie Legislature, sometimes in one liranch and some- 
 times in another until 1866, when he retired from public life. 
 
 In 1855 Chauncey L. Knapp, another Lowell man, represented the 
 district in Congress. ]\Ir. Knapp was born at Berlin, \'ermont. Feb- 
 ruary 26, I Sex), where his father, the Hon. Abel Knapp, was an honored 
 citizen holding many offices including that of Judge of Probate of 
 Jefferson (now Washington) county. Chauncey C. Knapp learned the 
 printer's trade and did editorial work at, successively, St. Johnsbury, 
 Boston and Montpelier. Between 1836 and 1840 he was Secretary of 
 State of \'ermont. Then, through his opposing Henry Clay, the ^^'hig 
 candidate, he Inst many i)f his ])olitical friends and was defeated for 
 reelectiiin. Soon thereafter he left \"ermont and came to Lowell, 
 taking u[) work as a journeyman printer. While at the case he became 
 acquainted with John Greenleaf Whittier, who advised him to remain 
 in a growing city. Mr. Knapp's subsequent experiences in editing and 
 ])ublishing newspapers in Lowell are related elsewhere. He developed 
 through his extensive jotirnalistic training into a facile writer and 
 close student of ecoiKjmic and political qtiestions. This line of interest 
 made him a very valuable Congressman. 
 
 In 1859, just before the outbreak of the Ci\il War, Hon. Charles 
 R. Train (1817-1885) of Framingham, was elected to Congress from 
 the district. He was a son of Rev. Charles Train of that town, a 
 graduate of Brown University and an able lawyer. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln's Visit to Lowell — A distinguished visitor of 
 the year following the Mexican War, though his greatness was. of 
 course, not yet fully recognized by Lowell people, was Abraham Lin- 
 coln, of Illinois, then an orator of the Whig party. A reminiscence of 
 the martyr President's one appearance at the Spindle City was con- 
 tributefl by Judge S. P. Hadley at the Lincoln Memorial meeting of 
 the Lowell Historical Association in February, i<jo<j. Said Judge 
 Hadley, who was sixteen years old at the time of the rally : 
 
 ( )n the platform were a number of prominent Whigs of Lowell, 
 some of whom I knew by sight, Hon. Linus Child, Homer Bartlett, 
 John Wright. Tappan Wentworth, John Avery, L. R. Streeter and 
 others. A man was speaking as I entered. He was a tall man, about 
 forty years of age, over six feet in height, slightly stooping as tall 
 men sometimes are, with long arms which he fre(|uently extended in 
 earnest gesticulation, of dark complexion, with dark, almost black 
 hair, with strong and homely features, with eyes which now kindled 
 into brightness in earnest argument or quiet humor, and then assumed 
 a calm sadness; a forceftil and candid man, I thought him, rather than 
 an elocjuent one. He pointed his arguments with amusing illustra- 
 tions and funny stories, which he seemed to enjoy as he told them, 
 for he joined in a comical way in the laugh which they occasioned, 
 shaking his sides, which peculiar manner seemed to add to the good 
 
236 HISTORY ()!• LOWRLL 
 
 humor of the audience. He had a voice of more tlian averag'e com- 
 pass, clear and penetrating, pronouncing many of his words in a 
 manner not usual in New England. 
 
 I have been asked where iMr. Lincoln stojiped when in our city. 
 1 do not know. As he spoke on Saturday night, and in those days 
 there were no trains to Boston later than fi.30, he must, 1 concluded, 
 lia\e remained here over night, ]iro1ial>ly with the chairman of the 
 central committee. Hon. Linus I hihl. mi Kirk street: possibly with 
 Hon. llomer Hartlett, who resided in the same block with Air. Child. 
 Whether he remained o\er Simda\- 1 do ni.it know. 
 
 The industrial acti\ities on which the political and social life of 
 Lowell was liased were already well established when the city became 
 a town. Thev underwent, in the next quarter century, no extraordi- 
 nar_\- expansion Init r.ither a steady growth. Some new industries 
 sought the city. More would doulitless have done so if it could 
 have been foreseen that the supply of temporary labor fr(jm the nearby 
 farms would presently cease and that a ]iermanent factory popula- 
 tion would result. Lowell was weak, and to a certain extent still is 
 weak, in industries employing men operatives. It is now generally 
 understood that a factory community prospers best if opportunities 
 are made for employment <if about equal numbers of men and women 
 workers. 
 
 The predominance of the cotton manufacture gave Lowell a one- 
 sided development such as a modern board of trade might have tried 
 to obviate. This inuloubtedly stood in the way of such diversification 
 of industries as, in our generation, has put Worcester and Providence 
 ahead of the Spindle City in wealth and population. Much, however, 
 that has since happened \\as not easily foreseen in 1840. The cotton 
 mills paid, usually, good divitlends. The markets for their products 
 were seen to be capable of almost indefinite extension. The factories 
 made em])lo\-ment for peo]ile who had not before been accustomed to 
 have ready money. I!oom years and lean }-ears succeeded each other, 
 but the mills ah\ays ran on 
 
 Lowell Studies in Hydraulic Engineering — Such growth of cotton 
 manufacturing as occurred in Lowell after the first corporations were 
 estalilished was furthered by develo]Mnent of the science of hydraulic 
 engineering. At a later date the question of Avater power became 
 relatively insignificant in the textile industry. The era of cheaj) coal 
 witnessed the upbuilding of man}- mills at tidewater, in Fall River, 
 New Bedford and Providence, dependent solely u])on accessibility to 
 coal barges. Even in the Merrimack valley man\- of the mills of late 
 years have regarded steam coal as their primary source of power; 
 water ])ower as an au-xiliary. Before the Ci\'il War, however, the 
 question of utilization of every availalile horse jiower developed by 
 the Merrimack and Ct.mcord was vital t(j the prosperity of Lowell. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 237 
 
 One of the foremost contrilnitions to hydravilic efficiency was 
 made in Lowell during the ])eriod in which the turbine water wheel 
 was given its first important trial. 
 
 This type of wheel, on a vertical axis and so set in a penstock as 
 to utilize a large percentage of the power of the falling water, was 
 invented elsewhere. Credit, however, for demonstrating its thorough 
 feasibilit}' is given to the Lowell experiments by the well known 
 atithority Samuel Webber, who wrote in his "Manual of Power:" 
 "The year 1844 is memorable for the introduction of the turbine 
 wheel, one of which, of seventy-five horse power, after the Fourneyron 
 plan, with improvements, was introduced at the Appleton mills in 
 Lowell l)y Uriah A, Boyden, an eminent engineer of Boston. Atten- 
 tion had previously been called to this matter, and Mr. Elwood Morris 
 of Philadelphia had in 1H43 published a translation of a French work 
 on the subject of turbines by ]Morin, -with notes on the operation of 
 some turbines of his own design at Philadelphia; but the success of 
 the system may be said to have flated from the results obtained by 
 Mr. Boyden at Lowell ; seventy- eight per cent, of the grr)ss power of 
 the water, besides that required for driving the bevel gears and jack 
 shaft. ha\ing been C)btained in the test of the first wheel, and eighty- 
 eight per cent, at the test of more perfectly constructed wheels, built 
 afterwards from the designs of Mr. Boyden. From this time forward 
 the turbine in some form or other has been introduced until it has now 
 entirely superseded the old 'breast' or 'overshot' wheel, giving a much 
 higher percentage of eftect from the water, and enabling mill owners 
 to run some portion of their machiner)- in times of freshets or back- 
 water, when the old wheels were entirely useless." 
 
 The complete harnessing of the Merrimack in these first decades 
 of Lowell history was due. in largest measure, to the genius of the 
 engineer and agent of the Locks and Canals Company, one of the fore- 
 most hydraulic exjierts in the world. James Bicheno Francis. He was 
 the presiding genius of the Spindle City. Into whatever feature of 
 Lowell industrial annals one conducts an inquiry between 1834. when 
 he came to the town as a boyish assistant of Major George W. Whis- 
 tler, do\\*n to his death in 1896, one is almost certain to encounter some 
 of the activities of this remarkable man. A sculptured monument 
 some day should attest the gratitude of posterity for his achievements. 
 Yet many of these achievements are themselves monumental. 
 
 Mr. Francis' work was especially epoch-making during the period 
 now under survey. The deployment of power in the first decade after 
 coming of the corporations was more or less haphazard and ^vasteful. 
 It was the task of this young Englishman to conserve and consolidate 
 by application of exact knowledge and imaginative foresight. 
 
 The mills had already begun to use turbine wheels to increase the 
 
23.S HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 ])erccnlag'e ui effective ])(i\ver secured ; one of Air. Francis' many tasks 
 was to find more water for the turljines. 
 
 To imderstand his personal fitness for this work, some account of 
 the hydrauHc expert's early experiences is in print. 
 
 Air. Francis was born May 15, 1815, at Sijuthlei^di, Oxfordshire, 
 England. The reason for his coming to this country, where he landed 
 April II, 1833, has been given by his contemporary. Clemens Her- 
 schel, also a hydraulic engineer, in the following way: ''An incompati- 
 ble stepmother, he has said in my hearing", was the cause of his sailing 
 for America, and he well remembered her expressed delight at seeing 
 him and his trunk go t>ut of the house." 
 
 As he had already had some training in mechanical work under 
 his father, wdio was a mine railroad superintendent in South Wales, 
 the emigrant yLiuth applied for a jiosition with Major George W. W'his- 
 tler, who was then engaged with Alajor William Gibbs McNeill in 
 Iniilding the Shore Line Railroad between New York and Boston. He 
 made such an impression of competence that when Major Whistler 
 shortly afterwards went from Stonington to Lowell to take charge of 
 the machine shop, then controlled by the Locks and Canals Company, 
 young Francis was invited to go with him as his assistant. 
 
 The stay of the W'histler faniil}- in the house in Worthen street 
 now occupied by the Lowell Art Association was shiirt (though in 
 that time was born there the distinguished author of "The Gentle Art 
 of Making Enemies"). When in 1837 Major Whistler accejited a c(.)m- 
 mission to go to St. Petersburg to build a railroad connecting the two 
 Russian capitals, his assistant, though only twenty-two years old, was 
 prcimoted to be chief engineer of the Proprietors of Locks and Canals 
 on the Merrimack River. This position he held continuously until 1885, 
 a period of forty-eight }ears. In 1845 he was also given the title of 
 "agent" of the pmprietors. In 1837 Mr. F^rancis married Sarah W. 
 Brownell. daughter of George FSrownell. then sujierintendent of the 
 machine shop, and thus was bound by family ties, never broken, to this 
 jjart of New England. 
 
 "As agent of the Propriettirs," writes Mr. Herschel, "Mr. Francis 
 was in position to design and urge the constructiiin of imjDroyements 
 to the |)ropert\- placed in his charge; and we thu> Inul him designing 
 the Northern Canal the \-ery next year after his appointment, in 1846." 
 
 "This canal," continues Mr. Herschel, "now taken as a matter of 
 course, like so many engineering works once they are done and put 
 into operation, was a most notable impro\'ement to the water power 
 created by means of the old navigation canal, originally built to carry 
 boats around Pawtucket Falls. It was built wholly or i)rincipally by 
 day's labor, in the most durable manner ; it cost, with accompanying 
 work, some $650,000, a very large sum for those days, and a very large 
 
THE ANTE-BELLURE CITY 239 
 
 sum for an engineer only some 30 odd years old to ha\ e the responsi- 
 bilit}' for : and it was built within the estimated cost. During its serv- 
 ice of 60 years it is doubtful if any one has ever in any of its features 
 found fault with it." The Northern canal, it hardly need be added, 
 made it possible to get about the maximum of power from the ordi- 
 nary stages of the river. 
 
 .\ strain of dry humor which was in Mr. Francis' nature comes to 
 the surface in Mr. Herschel's story oi the inception of his plan to fore- 
 stall tloods which might have descended by way of the new canal. 
 
 .■\n old man living near the falls one day called the engineer's 
 attention to a rock in the ri\-er lied just below the dam and said that in 
 boyhood he well remembered a freshet which completely submerged 
 this rock. Asked what year that occvn-red he stated that it was either 
 1785 or 16S5 — he could not exactly remember which. 
 
 The cjuaintly illiterate remark led Mr. Francis to consider very 
 seriouslv the possibility that at some future date the river might go 
 much higher than it ever had done since the comjianies first came to 
 Lowell : 
 
 \\'hat had been was likely to occur again, and while property 
 losses by flood could not perhaps be heavy in 1785 or 1685, yet they 
 must decidedly be guarded against in 1850, when large investments in 
 mills and machinery and a city had gathered below the head of Paw- 
 tucket Falls. And so he built a new and safer guard gate in as simple 
 and economical manner as possible. Merely a huge panel, 27 feet wide 
 by 25 feet high, built of sticks of timber the like of which have long 
 since ceased to float down the Merrimack, suspended in grooves 
 over the canal lock by an iron strap, so that boats could pass under it : 
 the strap to be cut so as to let fall the big gate whenever occasion for 
 its use should arise. As the great gate hung there, suspended between 
 heaven and earth, it was a marked feature in the landscape, and was 
 promptly christened "Francis' Folly" by the populace. More than 
 that, it would probably have fared hard with the reputation of the 
 young engineer if 10 or, say, 20 years should have elapsed before the 
 freshet of 65 years previous came to be repeated ; but fortune favored. 
 
 In 1852, only two years after the building of the guard gate, there 
 came the equal of the f )ld river man's freshet of 67 years before : the 
 iron strap was cut, the huge gate fell and shut off a torrent that but 
 for it would have caused incalculable damage to Lowell and Lowell 
 industries. 
 
 It mav be added that after this flofid leading citizens of the city, 
 headed b}- J. B. French, desiring, as Meader expresses it, "to testify 
 in some tangible form their appreciation of his wise forecast, procured 
 a testimonial, suitably inscribed, which they presented to Mr. Francis." 
 
 The river on the morning of Ajjril 22, 1852, rose to the unprece- 
 dented height of seventeen feet and six inches. .'\s a precautionary 
 measure stones were placed on Pawtucket bridge. The Concord river 
 
J40 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 bridges were likewise barricaded. The flood affected downtown 
 Lowell. Davidson, Howe and Wall streets, in Belvidere, ran three feet 
 of water. The barroom of the City Hotel was flooded to the level of 
 the counters. Cellars in the lower parts of Centralville were filled, and 
 many families were forced to take refuge on Christian Hill. Several 
 of the corporation yards were under water and the lower r(.)oms of the 
 mills were threatened. 
 
 The jireniises of Col.nirn Blood, in Pawtucketville, were deep with 
 water and he was ol:)liged to save his oxen by swimming them to 
 higher land. Although ninety-three years old, Mr. Blood had never 
 seen the river so high. 
 
 The work which Mr. Francis did on the Merrimack in this era 
 was summarized in his book called "Lowell Hydraulic Experiments," 
 published in 185S. This went through several editions and became a 
 text-book of hydraulic engineering practice throughout the civilized 
 world. It led to the election of the author to every engineering society 
 of consequence. 
 
 Directly supplementing Mr. Francis' studies, which led to the 
 construction of the Northern canal, was a plan of using lakes Winne- 
 pesaukee, Squam and Newfound as reservoirs in which surplus water 
 could be stored in spring to increase the flow of the Merrimack in 
 summer. This project was devised and put into operation when the 
 city was about ten years old. 
 
 Even in 1840 the irregularities of flow in the river had became a 
 source of troulde to the manufacturing companies. To Nathan Crosby, 
 a young lawyer from Newburyport, afterwards judge of the Lowell 
 Police Court, were due both the original suggestion and the execution 
 of the design for this very essentia! scheme of conservatiim nf "white 
 coal." 
 
 Judge Crosbv, according to his pul)lished reminiscences, was one 
 day talking with Samuel Lawrence, of Boston, in regard to a mill in 
 which both were interested at Meredith bridge, the second dam on the 
 river below Lake \\'innepesaukce. In conversation he threw out the 
 idea that the manufacturing companies of the lower Merrimack ought 
 to gain control of the lake and convert it into a storage reservoir as 
 a means of i)revcnting shortage of water during the midsummer 
 droughts. 
 
 The suggestion was received seriously and for some muntlis Judge 
 Crosby was in correspondence with ]\lr. Lawrence regarding it. Then 
 presently in 1845 John Nesmith, who had become interested in the 
 new city of Lawrence, called one day upon Mr. Crosby and gave him 
 carte l^Iaiichc tn buy water ]50wers and outlets in the upper Merrimack 
 valley and to draw upon Samuel Lawrence for whatever funds were 
 needed. This commission was gladly undertaken. "I spent much 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 241 
 
 time," wrote Judge Crosby, "in examining the shores of the hikes and 
 Days to ascertain what low lying farming lands would he drained or 
 flooded by lowering or raising dams, and what property on the river 
 would be aiTected in value by withdrawing or rushing along the water 
 as the demands at Lowell might require. It was also desirable to 
 make our widespread purchases as simultaneously as possible, so that 
 the fair market price of the propert}' might not be disturbed. Careful 
 examination of the value of each piece of property was, therefore, 
 made and the asking price ascertained so that future complaint might 
 not be made that the vendor had not received the market value of his 
 property. When the preliminaries had been settled, men were placed 
 at different points and deeds obtained on the same day, or within a few 
 days of the most important places. * * * These purchases were on 
 Lake W'innepesaukee, both bays in Meredith and Sanljornton, both 
 Squams in Holderness and Newfound Pond in Hebron. * * * Some 
 three to five feet of more than 100 square miles of surplus water are 
 now at the command of the Lowell and Lawrence mills — a holding 
 back of spring floods for use in the summer months to the great bene- 
 fit of every mill between the lakes and the sea." 
 
 The total capacity of the Winnepesaukee storage basin, which 
 stands as a monimient to Judge Crosby's foresight and initiative, has 
 been figured b_\" the United States Geological Survey at eight billion 
 cubic feet. The lake, at capacity, covers an area of 183 square miles. 
 
 The references to the city of Lawrence in Judge Crosby's narra- 
 ti\ e, it may be said in passing, are evidence of the identity of interests 
 between these adjacent communities on the Merrimack. It should be 
 noted that John Nesmith, besides being the originator of the Lowell 
 School of Belvidere, was the real founder of the city at the mouth of 
 the Spicket. "As early as 1836," says Meader, "Mr. Nesmith, in com- 
 pany with Daniel Saunders, Esq., had made j)urchases of the land 
 adjacent to the falls on either side of the river and had secured a char- 
 ter for damming." The panic of T837 interrupted the schenae for utiliz- 
 ing the power at this point in the river, and nothing was done until 
 1844, when Mr. Nesmith secured a renewal of his charter and suc- 
 ceeded in interesting several Boston capitalists, with results that are 
 evident in the city of to-day. 
 
 With the Merrimack thus used to capacity, Lowell industries were 
 generally prosperous along lines alread}- indicated. The Locks and 
 Canals Company continued to be a dominant factor in the life of the 
 city even though a reorganization of the company occurred in 1845, 
 under which it sold off much of its land and turned over its business 
 of making machinery to a new corporation to be knuwn as the Lowell 
 Machine Shop, with capitalization of $600,000. 
 
 U-16 
 
242 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Passing of the Middlesex Canal — The effect of railroad cimipeti- 
 tion, at tirst regarded l>v many people as unlikeK- to injure the traffic 
 uf the Middlesex canal, began to be felt seriously as the road's facili- 
 ties for handling freight improved. In the late forties it was already 
 evident that the canal was likely to be discontinued. Finally, in 1851, 
 the [jrojirietors began to dispose of their holdings of land and buildings 
 in Middlesex Village north of Middlesex street, a tract of about six 
 acres on which stood locks, storehouses, a collector's office and a cot- 
 tage house and barn. This property was conveyed on September 3 of 
 that year to the father of Judge Hadley, long in charge of the locks. 
 In the conveyance the proprietors reserved the right to the canal until 
 the charter should be stirrendered. The last boat to go from Lowell 
 to Boston was one owned by Dix & Rand, in charge of Samuel King, 
 carrying eighteen tons of stone and two cords of wood. It left Middle- 
 sex V'illage, November 25, 1851. The Middlesex canal did not die in 
 law until 1859, when the .Attorney-General of Massachusetts put it out 
 of business. 
 
 Figures of Pre-War Manufacturing at Lowell — In 1856. when 
 Charles Cowley made a commercial sur\ey of the city for [lublication 
 in a Ijook which contained Lin opposite pages a condensed history of 
 the community and advertisements of its leading firms, Lowell had 
 twelve large manufactur'ng cijrjiorations operating some fift}' mills. 
 The aggregate capital of these concerns was aliout fourteen million 
 dollars. The total value of their real and personal estate was estimated 
 at twent}'-two million dollars. It was calctdated that the home market 
 which they had created had increased the value of farm properties in 
 the neighborhood of the city I)y at least a million dollars. Since 1S45 
 the number of sjnndles had doubled, the total now standing at 400.000. 
 There were about 12,000 looms. Of cotton the mills required annually 
 aljout 36,000,000 i)ounds: of wool. 5,000,000 pounds. Other raw ma- 
 terials were used in corresponding amounts. The annual output of 
 the looms amounted to So, 000, 000 yards of cotton cloth: 20,000,000 
 yards of calico: 15,000,000 yards of broadcloths and cassimers, 1,000,- 
 000 }-ards of carpet : 3,000 vards of rugs : $2,000,000 worth of machin- 
 ery. The dailv output of woven cotton was about two hundred miles, 
 enough to encircle the globe twice in a year. The most celebrated 
 single product was the series of textiles known as "Merrimack Prints." 
 made by the corporation of that name under direction of John D. 
 Prince, for man}- ^•ears su])erintendent of the print works. 
 
 In addition to the jjlants of the larger corporations. Lowell at this 
 time had wadding and liatting mills, a good-sized flannel mill, several 
 tanneries, sawing and iilaning mills, machine shops, dye houses, screw- 
 bolt factories, card factories, bobbin and shuttle factories, bedstead 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY ' 243 
 
 factories, a wire fence factory, a l^agging mill, a grist mill and other 
 minor industries. 
 
 Transportation facilities of this period were well established. An 
 immense business in freight and passengers was done over the Bos- 
 ton & Lowell railroad. The Stony Brook railroad, giving Lowell a 
 most valuable connection with the West, had been incorporated in 
 1845, with a capital of $300,000, and opened to shippers in July, 1846. 
 Lowell and Lawrence were now connected by rail and the Lowell and 
 Salem railroad, incorporated in 1848, with capital of $400,000, and 
 opened for business August i, 1850, gave ingress to coal and other sea- 
 borne commodities. 
 
 Technique of Cotton Manufacture in Nineteenth Century — The 
 technical processes of cotton manufacture at Lowell in the forties and 
 fifties were in many respects the same as those of to-day, though, of 
 course, mechanical imjirovements have been numerous. 
 
 The cotton was botight by agents in the South, shipped to Lowell 
 via Boston or Salem and deposited in storehouses. As required it was 
 wheeled to the carding room, on the first floor of the lactory. Here 
 each bale was opened and the cotton from the variotis sales mixed to 
 insure a imiform quality. B}- action of a whipper the cotton was 
 beaten and thrown into a state of flufiiness. Thence it passed thr(.nigh 
 a conical willow emerging ready for the picker. 
 
 The picker room was customarily in a Iniilding apart from the rest 
 of the mill, on account of danger due to the rapid movement of the 
 machinery. Here the cotton was laid upon a strip of cloth or leather 
 ajjron and drawn into the picker where it was th(_iroughly opened and 
 freed from lint and dust. Thence it passed through the lapper, coming 
 out in sheets, neatly wound around a wooden cylinder. 
 
 The laps were taken to the card room and applied to the backs of 
 cards. The i)rocesses of carding were two fold ; the first through the 
 breaker and the second through the doubler or lap-winder. 
 
 After carding, the cotton was turned over to women operatives 
 who sent it through the drawing frame, by means of which the fibres 
 were laid in one direction and Ijrought together in a rope-like shape. 
 These strands were twisted by the double-speeder into a coarse roving, 
 which the stretcher drew out still further. 
 
 From the carding room the fibres went to the spinning room on 
 the floor above. The frames prior to 1845 were all of the "throstle"' 
 type ; though mule spinning was introduced soon after that. The 
 roving was distributed by a man to the operators of the speeders, 
 throstles, warpers and dressers. Over each machine was the familiar 
 one-week clock, used to mark the quantity of work done. 
 
 The woof or filling came from the spinning room ready for the 
 weaver, but the warp went to the dressing room, where the yarn was 
 
_'44 HISTORY OF LOW ELL 
 
 warped off from the spools to the section beams. These beams were 
 transferred to the dresser for sizing, brushing and drying. Then, 
 with the ends drawn in through the harness and reed by hand, the 
 yarn on eight section beams was transferred to a loom beam. 
 
 Two weave rooms to each mill was the rule, with two or three 
 overseers and a boy to distribute the yarn in each roc)m. Some 130 
 weavers to a room were employed. 
 
 The woven fabric was carried to the cloth room, trimmed, meas- 
 ured, folded, recorded and then cither baled for the selling agency or 
 delivered at the print works. 
 
 Aniline dyes were, of course, still far in the future and the calico 
 printing of 1850 and thereabout involved inore laborious operations 
 than now. A good description of the processes was furnished to the 
 historian. Rev. Mr. Miles, by Dr. Samuel L. Dana, chemist of the 
 Merrimack print works. In this account it is shown that upiin being 
 received from the manufactory the cloth was singed, to get rid of the 
 fine nai>, 1)}' running o\'er a half cylinder of copper, heated red hot. 
 "This singeing process always excites the wonder of the beholder 
 who is not a little astonished that the cloth is not injured." 
 
 The bleaching was done in accordance with Dr. Dana's principle 
 that "a good white is not only the Sdul of a print, Init without it no 
 good and brilliant color can lie dyed." The cloth to be bleached was 
 steeped in warm water fur some hours, washed in the dash wheel and 
 subjected to the following operations: boiling by steam in creamy 
 lime; washing in the dash-wheel; boiling in alkali by steam; washing 
 in the dash wheel: steeping in bleaching powder solution fur some 
 hours ; stee]3ing in dil iif vitriol and water," about the strength of lemon 
 juice ;" washing in the dash wheel ; squeezing between rollers ; ironing 
 in the flatwork ironer, then called the "mangle." 
 
 In the printing of the bleached cloth four to six colors were ap- 
 plied by the printing machine — others, if needed, 1:)y hand with blocks 
 after the rest of the work was finished. The paste containing a mor- 
 dant to fix the dyes was applied with an admixture of "sightcning" to 
 enalile the printer to judge of the quality of the work. The popular 
 mordants were alum and copperas, either of which was first modified 
 into acetate of alumina or iron. In the color shop were prepared the 
 various dyes and their accessories. Dyeing was then, of course, on 
 vegetable basis, with madder, indigo and logwood prominent among 
 the dye-stuffs. 
 
 Having been printed and dried the cloth was "aged" in order that 
 a chemical comliination might take place between the mordant and 
 the cloth, the time of this process varying, according to circumstances, 
 from two or three days to as many weeks. The cloth was then passed 
 by means of rollers through a boiling hot solution of phosphate of 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 245 
 
 soda, to give insolubility to any uncoinbined mordant and to wet the 
 cloth evenly. After washing in the dash wheel and removal of all 
 thickening by immersion in hot bran and water or meal and water, 
 the fabric was ready for the large wooden dye vats into which it was 
 introduced over a winch. Steam was admitted and the goods turned, 
 with the temperature of the water raised gradually, until, when the 
 boiling point was nearly reached, the mordanted cloth was perfectly 
 dyed. It was taken out rinsed, washed, and sometimes stiffened. 
 Practices of heavily loading with metallic oxides, soap and glue, light 
 flimsy cloth, not unknown in some textile factories of New England 
 at this day, had hardly been conceived of in the simple era under con- 
 sideration. 
 
 A designer, with an assistant or two, drew the patterns which 
 were reproduced at first on a small steel dye, thence transferred to a 
 steel cylinder in relief and from this pressed into a copper roller under 
 high pressure. 
 
 Development of the Carpet Manufacture — One of the prime indus- 
 trial develojMnents of this jjeriod was the introduction of carpet weav- 
 ing at Lowell. Prior to 1842 all three-ply and ingrain carpets were 
 made on hand looms, the motive power being furnished by the indi- 
 vidual weaver. In that year a New England man, E. B. Bigelow, con- 
 ceived a series of devices for an automatic carpet loom. His inven- 
 tion was brought to the attention of the treasurer of the Lowell 
 Manufacturing Company, who secured the exclusive right to make 
 ingrain carpets by the Bigelow process. The carpet works soon 
 became one of the show industries of the city. Prior to 1863 upwards 
 of 25,964,185 yards of carpet had been woven at the works in ^larket 
 street and Lowell carpets had become famous throughout the new 
 world. 
 
 This was also the period of the establishment of the dyestuflf 
 trade in Lowell. The brothers Talbot, Charles P. and Thomas, 
 founders of a family prominent in manufacturing at Lowell and 
 North Billerica, settled here in the first years of the new city. They 
 were of a race of woolen manufacturers of Ireland whose father had 
 engaged in business at Cambridge, New York. The elder brother 
 built up in Low'ell a famous business in dyestuffs under the style of 
 C. P. Talbot & Co. The firm in 1851 bought the water power of the 
 Middlesex Canal Company at North Billerica, and in 1857 built there 
 a manufactory of woolen flannels, the nucleus of the present Talbot 
 Mills. The civic services of both brothers were many, the younger 
 rising to be Governor of the Commonwealth in 1879. 
 
 The Crompton Loom at Lowell — Although the manufacture of 
 the Crompton loom has been prominently associated with the Massa- 
 chusetts city of Worcester, the first successful try-out of this loom 
 
246 IllSToin- OF LOWl'lLL 
 
 was in tlic Middlesex mills at Lowell. The Crumptdii family had been 
 noted for several generations for their in\-entiveness. The original 
 Samuel Crompton invented a device in cotton manufacture for which 
 Parliament gave hmi an honorarium of ^25,000. Thomas I'. Cromp- 
 ton invented an ajiparatus for drying jiaper which was introduced into 
 the Farnsworth mills, of which he was proprietor. The first of the 
 family to come to America was William Crompton, who after being 
 here about a year devised a loom for weaving figured cassimeres. 
 Mill men saw at once that this would be a valuable improvement. 
 Crompton returned to England in 1830. secured a patent and returned 
 to the United States with his wife and children. In the vear follow- 
 ing he arranged to install his loom at the Middlesex mills, ^\'hile 
 the importance of the invention was appreciated, the work of intro- 
 ducing it elsewhere went slowly and Crom])ton became discouraged. 
 In 1851. when the patent expired. lie was still a poor man. His son, 
 however, (jeorge Crompton, had come into manhood and perhaps had 
 brought to the enterprise a driving ability which the original inventor 
 lacked. He entered, at all events, into ])artnership with Merrill E. 
 Forbush and began at Worcester the commercial production of the 
 l)est loom for figure wea\ing oi that date. \\'ithin a few years the 
 Crr)mpton looms works, became, as now, one of the show factories 
 of New England. Lowell at least claims the credit for the first demon- 
 stration of the value of the invention. 
 
 The Beginnings of the Patent Medicine Trade — :\mongthe newest 
 businesses that had sought a location in the city, one of especial 
 celebrity should be noted. Patent medicine manufacturing has prob- 
 ably brought more publicity to Lowell than any other single industry. 
 For many years past the labels on "Ayer's" and "Hood's" prepara- 
 tions, to say nothing of their widely read almanacs and newspaper 
 advertisements, have carried the city's name and fame to every part 
 of the world. This very interesting industry began to be developed in 
 1843. when J. C. Ayer undertook the making and marketing of 
 "Cherry Pectoral." "Cathartic Pills" soon feillowed. The establish- 
 ment on Middle street was built up rapidly under modern methods of 
 manufacture and advertising, so that when Cowley wrote his 1856 
 book it was already accounted "the largest indiviilual interest in the 
 city," the receipts in that year amounting to more than half a million 
 dollars. An edition of three million copies of the almanac then went 
 liroailcast and the liottles of medicine shijiped out of Lowell would 
 have sufficed to give three doses a year to every man, woman and 
 child in the LTnited States. 
 
 The career of Dr. James C. Ayer, who inaugurated the patent 
 medicine industry at Lowell, was one of the most striking of this 
 period. Born at Groton in 1S18, he came as a young boy to Lowell. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 247 
 
 At the Lowell high schunl he was a fellow jnipil classmate of General 
 R. F. Butler and others who later became distinguished. He also 
 had special instruction in Latin from the Rev. Dr. Edson. After 
 leaving school he was apprenticed to Jacob Robbins, then the leading 
 apothecary of the city. In this shop he first compounded the cherry 
 pectoral that later became famous. At twenty-three young Ayer 
 bought out his employer's interest and moved into a store belonging 
 to the Hamilton Manufacturing Company at the corner of Central 
 and Jackson streets. In 1855 he admitted to partnership his brother, 
 Frederick Ayer. In that year Ayer's Sarsaparilla was first marketed. 
 Its success was almost instantaneotis. The senior partner in i860 was 
 granted the degree of M. D. by the Philadelphia Medical University. 
 He in the meantime had married Josephine M. Southwick and had 
 bought the C)l(l Stone House in Pawtucket street. 
 
 Effects of the Factory System on Operatives — The effect of the 
 factory s}'stem upon those employed in the mills was an engaging 
 subject of observation, discussion and speculation among nearly all 
 who wrote about Lowell in the middle nineteenth century. Just as 
 they were in the first years of the city, people were still anxious to 
 know what good and what harm was done by a plan which brought 
 together in great workshops thousands of workers, most of them 
 women, and nearly all of them reared in quiet country homes. 
 
 "Lowell is not amusing," wrote M. Chevalier, the French econo- 
 mist, "but it is neat, decent, peaceable and sage. A\'ill it always be 
 so? Will it be so long? It would be rash to affirm it; hitherto the life 
 of manufacturing operatives has proved little favorable to the preser- 
 vation of severe morals. So it has been in France as well as in 
 England : in Germany and Switzerland as well as in France. But as 
 there is a close connection between morality and competence it may 
 be considered very probable that while the wages shall continue to 
 be high at Lowell, the influences of a good education, a sense of duty 
 and the fear of iniblic opinion will be sufficient to maintain good 
 morals." 
 
 Its defense of the reputation of Lowell mill operatives against 
 current charges of immorality comprises a considerable part of the 
 little book "Lowell as It Was and as It Is," which Rev. Mr. Miles, 
 minister at the First Unitarian Church, published in 1845. 
 
 The moral efl'ects of the factory system had, naturally, been under 
 attack almost before it was established. It was obviously vulnerable 
 from the angle of experience overseas, to say nothing the disposition 
 of all reactionaries in all times to predict that whatever effects change 
 will necessarily accomplish deterioration. 
 
 In taking up "the provisions made for the health, comfort and 
 moral protection of the operatives, and the actual character which the 
 
248 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 mass of these operatives sustain," Mr. Miles begins with an admission 
 that "Liiwell has been highly commended by some, as a model com- 
 munity, for its good order, industry, spirit of intelligence and general 
 freedom from vice. It has been strongly condemned by others as a 
 hotlied of ci irruption, tainting and pcjlluting the whole land." Basing 
 his generalization upon his personal experiences of nine years and 
 believing himself to be free from partisan prejudice, the clergyman 
 reached a conclusion very favorable to the present morality of the 
 commimity even though he conceded that it "is an experiment whether 
 we can preserve here a pure and virtuous population : whether there 
 are no causes secretly at work, and to be developed in the course of 
 thirty or forty years, to lower our standard, and to sink our character; 
 whether we can run a career of half a century free from the corrupting 
 and debasing influences which ha\'e almost universally marker! manu- 
 facturing cities abroad." 
 
 The circumstances of factory life in Lowell which Mr. Miles 
 developed in his Ijook included one of especial importance in the fact 
 that ii]jerati\-es of the first decades came out of an environment wdiich 
 usually jiroduced self-respecting young people. They were, as has so 
 often been observed, boys and girls from the farms of New England. 
 The author of the forties, it is true, does not make allowances which 
 every writer of to-day would feel constrained to make for the existence 
 and jjersistence of much moral degeneracy in rural New England ; for 
 debased strains in the hill towns that have almost automatically pro- 
 duced criminals in generation after generation. He assumed "virtuous 
 rural homes" in a land where in 1840 as in 191S some were inhabited 
 by the "virtuous" and some by degenerates addicted to the practice of 
 every known vice. Yet, making this allowance it may stand as a fact 
 that early Lowell down at least to the Civil \\'ar was relatively for- 
 tunate in its "supply of help from the virtuous homesteads of the 
 country." 
 
 It was emphasized that "we have no permanent factorv popula- 
 tion. This is the wide gulf that sejjarates the English manufacturing 
 towns from Lowell. The female ojjeratives do not work, on an aver- 
 age, more than four and a half years in the factories. They then return 
 to their homes and their jilaces are taken l.)y their sisters or by other 
 female friends from their neighborhood. '■ ''^ * The former [in 
 England] are resident operatives, and are operati\-es for life, and con- 
 stitute a jiermanent dependent factory caste. The latter [in New 
 England] come from distant homes to which in a few years they 
 return to be the wives of the farmers and mechanics of the country 
 towns and villages. The English visitor to Lowell, when he finds it 
 so hard to understand wdiy American o])eratives are so superior to 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 249 
 
 those of Leeds and Manchester, will do well to remember what a 
 different class of girls we have here to begin with." 
 
 Drunkenness among women operatives was apparently very un- 
 common in 1S45, and no doubt among men had been greatly reduced 
 during the first years of the temperance movement. Mr. Miles states 
 that "no persons are employed on the Corporation who are addicted 
 to intemperance, or who are known to be guilty of any immoralities 
 of conduct. .\s the parent of all other vices intemperance is most 
 carefully excluded. Absolute freedom from intoxicating liquors is 
 understood throughout' the city to be a prerequisite to obtaining 
 employment in the mills, and any person known to be addicted to their 
 use is at once dismissed. This point has not received the attention 
 from writers upon the moral condition of Lowell which it deserves ; 
 and we are surprised that the English traveler and divine, Dr. 
 Scoresby, in his recent book on Lowell, has given no more notice to 
 this subject. A more strictly and universally temperate class of per- 
 sons cannot be found than the nine thousand operatives of this city: 
 and the fact is as well known to all others living here as it is of some 
 honest pride among themselves. In relation to other immoralities, it 
 may l)e stated that the suspicion of criminal conduct, association \vith 
 suspected persons and general and habitual light Ijehavior and con- 
 \-ersation are regarded as sufiRcient reasons for dismission, and for 
 which delinquent operatives are discharged." 
 
 Dismissals from the mills, Mr. Miles goes on to state, were of two 
 classes : honorable discharge and dishonorable discharge. 
 
 There appears to have been so much cohesion among the factory 
 employers of the day that the possession of an "honorable discharge" 
 certificate was highly prized among the employees. It meant that 
 another jcib could be readily secured. Those, on the other hand, who 
 left one employment under a cloud were blacklisted. "Such per- 
 sons." as Mr. Miles says in italics, "obtain no more employment throiugh- 
 oiit tlic city." 
 
 The kind of offences for which operatives were dishonoralilv dis- 
 charged may be noted by a few specific cases : 
 
 1838. Dec. 31. Ann . No. 4, weaving room; discharged 
 
 for altering her looms and thinning her cloth. 
 
 1839. Jan. 2. Lydia . No. i, spinning room; tsbtained an 
 
 honorable discharge by false pretences. Her name has been sent 
 round to the other Corporations as a thief and a liar. 
 
 Jan. 3. Harriet and Judiah . From No. 4, spinning 
 
 room, and No. 5, weaving room ; discharged as worthless characters. 
 
 Jan. 9. Lydia . From No. 2, spinning room ; left irregu- 
 larly ; name sent around. 
 
 Feb. 15. Hadassah . From No. 3, lower weaving room; 
 
 discharged for improper conduct — stealing from Mrs. . 
 
250 HISTORY OF LO^^■r•:LL 
 
 March 14. Ann . No. 2, sjiinnine; mom; discharged for 
 
 reading- in the mill ; gave her a line stating the facts. 
 
 March 29. Harriet . No. 4, carding room ; Laura , 
 
 No. 4, spinning room.; h'llen . No. i, carding room; Gecjrge 
 
 , re]:iair shop — all discharged for improper conduct. 
 
 A])ril 3. Emily . No. 5, carding room ; discharged for 
 
 ])rofanity and simdry other misdemeanors. Name sent round. 
 
 The moral surveillance which is shown by such an extract from 
 a corporation's ])ooks to have been regularly practiced among the 
 "hell)," seems to this age to be more paternalistic than present day 
 operatives would endure. The overseer, indeed, sitting at a little desk 
 near the door of each department was an arbiter of reputations, for 
 he was "held responsible for the good order, propriety of conduct 
 ;ind attention to business of the operatives in that room." His word 
 went, when it was a question of "sending a name 'round."' There must 
 under such a system ha\'e lieen instances of injustice. No ])rovisiou 
 for appeal against 1)lackdisting is mentioned by Mr. Miles. It presum- 
 abl}' did not exist. 
 
 The moral control which the women operatives exercised among 
 themselves is emphasized liy various writers who ha\'e descril)ed the 
 life among the industrial workers of Lowell. Public opinion was 
 beyond doubt a more potent factor for discipline in the da}'s w'hen 
 virtually all the mill girls were of one race and langua.ge, of a homo- 
 geneous culture in other words, than now when they are separated by 
 barriers of language and diverse social customs. "A girl siisf^cctcd of 
 immoralities, or seri(jus improprieties of conduct," writes Miles, "at 
 once loses caste. Her fellow boarders will at once leave the house if 
 the keeper does not dismiss the ofTender. In self-protecti(_in, therefore, 
 the matron is obliged to put the offender away. Nor will her former 
 companions walk with, or work with her; till at length, tnuling herself 
 everywhere talked about, and pointed at and shunned, she is obliged 
 to relieve her fellow o]jeratives of a presence wdiich they feel Ijring dis- 
 grace." 
 
 Queries, in the form of what would now be called a "question- 
 aire," were put by Mr. Miles to several mill agents and through them 
 to the overseers of the corporations. The data thus obtained remain 
 as perhaps the best extant documentary e\idence of the racial char- 
 acter of the operatives of that time and the ideals under which it was 
 undertaken by the companies to protect their morality. 
 
 Characteristic statistics are those furnished In- the Merrimack 
 Manufacturing Company. The mill selected is our No. 3 mill. The 
 names of the overseers are as follows, viz.: 
 
 Jes.'ie Phelps, who has been Overseer over 19 years. 
 John W, Holland, wlio has been Overseer over 17 years. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITV 251 
 
 George W'ellniaii. who has heen Overseer ()\ er 11 years. 
 James Townseiid, who has hcen Overseer over 11 years. 
 James C. Crombie, who has been Overseer over i year. 
 
 Xumber of girls employed usually in the mill, iwn humlri-il and 
 forty. 
 
 Natives of — 
 
 New Hampshire <X3 
 
 Vermont 6i 
 
 Maine 58 
 
 Massachusetts ig 
 
 Canada 8 
 
 Inland 4 
 
 2.(0 
 
 In answer to the inquiry respecting their health, twenty-two 
 answer that their health has been better, since working in the mills, 
 than before ; one hundred and forty-three, that it has been as good or 
 about the same ; and seventy-three that their health has not been as 
 good as formerly ; though many attribute their loss of health to other 
 causes then working in the mills. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-eight of the two hundred and forty are 
 connected with Sabbath schools, some few as teachers. 
 
 One hundred and three are members of some Christian church. 
 
 Thirty-one have been heretofore engaged in teaching school. 
 
 An in(|uiry regarding the "prevalence of licentiousness" was 
 answered by quoting from direct depositions of the several overseers 
 listed abo\e. Thus Overseer Phelps, who had come to East Chelms- 
 ford from W'altham, and who was in 1839 the oldest overseer in the 
 city, wrote : 
 
 It has been the tuiiform rule of the company to discharge every 
 person, male or female, known to be guilty of licentious cotiduct. The 
 facts are usually discovered and made known by the other girls work- 
 ing in the satne room or boarding in the same house; and if the guilty 
 Ijarties were not at once discharged, their companions would in most, 
 if not in all cases, themselves leave. I should judge that the whole 
 number discharged by the Merrimack Company, during my connec- 
 tion with it as an overseer, which has been between nineteen and 
 twenty years, has not exceeded two or three each year, and that such 
 cases have been more rare of late years than formerly. I do not recol- 
 lect ever having discharged but three for licentiotis conduct during 
 the whole time I have been in the manufacturing business. 
 
 Similar testimony was olTered by Mr. Crombie, who wrote: 
 
 I have never known any person retained in the employ of the 
 company when known to be guilty of licentious conduct. I have been 
 employed as overseer only one year, but was assistant overseer nearly 
 six years. Since I have been overseer no one in my room has been 
 discharged, or suspected of licentiotis conduct. While I was second 
 overseer there were three girls discharged froin the room, where I 
 
252 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 worked fi.ir tin's cause ; no one of them, however, had worked in the 
 room over a week before her character became known or suspected 
 and she was at once discharged. Such cases are very uncommon, 
 however, and I do not think 1 have heard of one case a year, upon an 
 average. 
 
 A summary of the results of Rev. Mr. Miles' study reached the 
 following conclusion : 
 
 Of the six thousand three hundred and twenty female operatives 
 in Lowell, Massachusetts furnishes one-eighth ; Maine, one-fourth ; 
 New Hampshire, one-third ; Vermont, one-fifth ; Ireland, one-four- 
 teenth ; all other places, principally Canada, one-seventeenth. Of all 
 these operatives, more than three-sevenths are connected witli some 
 Sunday school, either as teachers or pupils, this being two thousand 
 seven hundred and fourteen in all. About three-eighths of them are 
 church meml)ers, this lieing two thousand two himdred and seventy- 
 six in all. I'ive hundred and twenty-seven have been teachers in com- 
 mon schools. The average time during which these female operatives 
 work in the mills is between four and five years. A large majority of 
 them report their health as being either lietter than, or as good as. it 
 was before entering the mill. 
 
 Intimately connected with the question of the operatives' morality 
 was that of their physical health, which greatl\' exercised the philan- 
 thropically inclined of the day. 
 
 "The mills themselves," wrote Miles, "are ke])t of a uniform 
 temperature, being heated in cold weather either by steam or by hot 
 air furnaces. The rooms are lofty, arc well ventilated, and are kept 
 as free from dust as is possible, while the machinery is carefully boxed 
 or otherwise secured against accidents." 
 
 Despite these provisions made by the cor])orations for comfort 
 and efficienc)', the historian admits that there were "conflicting state- 
 ments put forth" as to the health of the operatives and that it was 
 "extremely difficult to arrive at the exact facts of the case." Cowley, 
 writing ten years later, stated that the sanitary condition of the mills 
 "is remarkably good." He maintained, nevertheless, that the rela- 
 tively good health of the factory workers was due prirnarily to the 
 fact that few of them stayed in the factories for many years and that 
 "a one-sided development is induced by the endless repetition, without 
 variation, of one simple mechanical process, or series of processes — 
 where unwholsume particles of vegetable (jr metallic dust are con- 
 stantly inhaled into the lung.s — where the conditions of the atmosphere 
 are generally unfavorable to robustness and vigor."' 
 
 The situation, in brief, which caused the first life insurance com- 
 panies doing an industrial business to create special mortality tables 
 for the working class was already indicated in some figures from 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 253 
 
 which Cowley arrived at the conclusion that "the condition of the 
 operatives is unenviable at the best. The statistics of deaths in Massa- 
 chusetts for 1854 show that while 7,735 farmers died whose average 
 age was over sixty-four years, there died during the same year 7,781 
 mechanics whose average age was only forty-six years, showing a dif- 
 ference of eighteen }'ears against the mechanic." The hopeful circum- 
 stance, according to this historian, was that most of the operatives, 
 after a few years' service in the mills, still went back to their country 
 homes. "But let the curse of a permanent operative population fasten 
 itself upon us," he wrote, "and all the 'woes unnumbered' of the Iliad 
 would be realized here." 
 
 The foregoing picture, drawn by a historian who. from internal 
 evidence in his book, is seen to have been reading Thomas Carlyle, 
 is somewhat darker than that drawn by his optimistic predecessor who 
 proved from the 1844 figures that Lowell was at least a more health- 
 ful town than some of the other industrial centres of New England : 
 "Deaths to the population in Providence, one in forty-one ; in .Salem, 
 one in fifty-four ; in Worcester, one in fifty-two ; in Lowell, one in 
 fifty-seven — being an advantage in comparison with the other places 
 of fifteen, three, and five per cent, in favor of the latter city." Miles 
 quotes at some length from a pamphlet on "The Character and Con- 
 dition of the Females employed in the Lowell Alills." published in 
 1841 by Dr. Elisha Bartlett, first major of the city, a characteristic 
 passage being the following: 
 
 The general and comparative good health of the girls emploved 
 in the mills here, and their freedom from serious disease, have long 
 been subjects of common remark among our most intelligent and expe- 
 rienced physicians. The manufacturing population of this city is the 
 healthiest portion of the population, and there is no reason why this 
 should not be the case. They are but little exposed to many of the 
 strongest and most prolific causes of disease, and very many of the 
 circumstances which surround and act upon them are of the most 
 favorable hygienic character. They are regular in all their habits. 
 They are early up in the morning, and early to bed at night. Their 
 fare is plain, substantial and good, and their labor is sufficiently active 
 and sufficiently light to avoid the evils arising from the two extremes 
 of indolence and over-exertion. They are btit little exposed to the 
 sudden vicissittules, and to the excessive heats and colds of the sea- 
 sons, and they are very generally free from anxious and depressing 
 cares. 
 
 Those in fact who had predicted that Lowell would sijcedily 
 become like the English Manchester, of the nineteenth century, a city 
 of squalor, abject poverty and debasing vices, saw their expectations 
 in no large degree fulfilled. The comparison between the two cities 
 was for many decades favorable to the New England municipality ; 
 
254 HISTORY OF LOW l-. LI. 
 
 and if now tliu (.i])i'iirtunitit-s fur drawing- a contrast that is in favor of 
 this side are less olivioiis, that is because life in the English factory 
 towns has been enrichetl by recent collective meastires. Writing- in 
 1S51. Charles Henry Dalton, a native of Chelmsford and graduate of the 
 Lowell high school, said: "There is misery and degradation in this 
 cit_\- I .Manchester, I'.ngland,] among the factory classes which is not 
 dreamed of in Lowell * * * The hospitality and good manners 
 and elegant, stylish mode of living of the rich is pleasant to their 
 guests, but the misery, heart-breaking to look upon, in some of the 
 crowded streets of Manchester, is fully strong enough in contrast." 
 It was no paradise for the working class which was surveyed in the 
 other factories, and ideally healthy homes were not to be found in 
 boarding houses where "six and eight girls frequently occupied the 
 same bed chamber." Yet. in intent certainly, and in outcome mainly, 
 the status of the city of rising forty thousand j)eopIe was still credit- 
 able to the Puritan conscience. 
 
 The condition and character of American factory ojieratives at 
 this peril 1(1 were, indeed, in such contrast to the unprincipled 
 exploitation (jf the working class in Llreat Britain that lessons from 
 this side of the Atlantic were sometimes commended to English manu- 
 facturers. The New luigland operatives were even made the subject 
 of a book-, just mentioned, b}- the Rev. William Scoresliy. D. D., of 
 Bradford. Lancashire, who strongly commended the American treat- 
 ment of luill hands. 
 
 Dr. .Scores!)}- visited Lowell in .-Kugust, iS.j.4. He was favorably 
 impressed l)y the city ;ind wrote: "On entering Lowell a stranger is 
 naturally struck \\ith the cimtrast jirescnted by that ])lace to an 
 English manufacturing town. Here in Bradford, for example, every 
 l)uilding is of stone or Ijrick. solid, substantial, with little of the 
 freshness that might be looked for in so rapidly increasing a town ; 
 there in Lowell, though the mills and boarding houses are generally 
 of brick, the chief part of the other Iniildings, houses, hotels, and 
 even churches, are of wood, and nearly the whole as fresh looking as 
 if built within a year." The lack of the grime due to soft coal smoke 
 was likewise surprising to the English divine, who attributed much 
 of the cleaiuiess to the general employment of water power in manu- 
 facturing. 
 
 Dr. Scoresh\- dined at the Merrin-iack House and in the afternoon 
 was taken through several of the factories. He saw young women at 
 work but few young children, wdiose labor was then so generally 
 exploited in England. Of these employees he wrote: 
 
 They were neatly dressed and clean in their persons; mail}' with 
 their hair niceh' arranged and. not a few. with it flow-ing in carefully 
 curled ringlets. All wore (being the height of summer) a light, calico- 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 255 
 
 covered l.innnet, a sort of caleche. large enough to screen the face, and 
 with a dejx'ndent curtain shielding the neck and shoulders. Many 
 wore veils and some carried silk parasols. By no means a few were 
 exceeding!} well looking — more pallid than the factory girls with us, 
 and generally slight in their figures. There was not the slightest 
 appearance of boldness or vulgarit)- ; on the contrary, a \er\' becom- 
 ing ])ropriety and respectability oi manner, api^roaching with some to 
 genteel. 
 
 One of the most famous of distinguished foreigners who followed 
 the established custom of the middle nineteenth centtn\v in running- 
 out to Lowell was Charles Dickens. His impressions of the United 
 States, as in the winter of 1842, the humanitarian humorist, as all the 
 world knows, brought out in a volume of "American Notes." Many 
 of his observations created much offence in this country. He was 
 horrified by the spectacle of negro slavery in a land which boasted of 
 regard for human rights and still "knotted the lash, heated the brand- 
 ing iron, loaded the rifle and shielded the murderer of the slave." 
 Some of the uncouth ctistoms oi a people, many of whom were still in 
 the backwoods stage, excited either his disgust or his merriment. In 
 his reminiscences he said many tart and uncomplimentary things, 
 while always protesting that he was naturally prejudiced in favor of 
 the American experiment. 
 
 Of the cit_\- of Low-ell, however, Charles Dickens had nothing un- 
 pleasant to say. His quaint and kindly description of the new city is 
 in his best vein, somewhat prolix and fine spun, but full of delightful 
 little quips and turns of speech. He saw the place in midw'inter on 
 a day when "nothing in the town looked old to me, except the mud 
 which in some parts was nearly knee dee]) and might ha\e been de- 
 posited there on the subsiding of the waters of the Deluge.' The 
 spick and span quality of the city, for the rest, impressed the visitor. 
 "The \ery river that mo\'es the machinery in the mills (for they are 
 all worked by water power) seems to acquire a new character from 
 fresh buildings of bright red l)rick and painted wood among which it 
 takes its course : and to be as light-headed, thoughtless and brisk a 
 young river, in its murimu'ings and tumblings, as one would desire to 
 see. One would swear that every 'Bakery,' 'Grocery' and 'Bookbind- 
 ery,' and every other kind of store took its shutters down for the first 
 time and started in business yesterday. The golden pestles and mor- 
 tars fixed as signs upon the sun-blind frames outside the Druggists' 
 appear to have been just turned out of the United States Mint; and 
 when I saw a baby of some week or ten days old in a woman's arms at 
 a street corner, I found myself unconsciously wondering where it came 
 from; nex'er su[)posing for an instant tli;il it could have lieen born in 
 such a yoimg town as this." 
 
 The factories and boarding ht)uses were, of course, shown to the 
 
2^6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Englisli author, who expressed himself as greatly pleased by the neat- 
 ness and self-respect of the operatives. He noted tliat they "had 
 serviceable bonnets, good warm cloaks and shawls ; and were not 
 above clogs and pattens." He found them "healthy in appearance, 
 many of them remarkably so." "There are a few children employed in 
 these factories, but not many. The laws of the State forbid their 
 working more than nine months in the year, and require that they be 
 educated during the other three." 
 
 Dickens had in mind the attitude of English readers of three- 
 decker novels toward^the lower classes of society when he notified his 
 constituency that he had discovered in Lowell "three facts which will 
 startle a large class of readers on this side of the Atlantic very much. 
 Firstly, there is a joint stock piano in a great many of the boarding 
 houses. Secondly, nearly all these young ladies subscribe to circulat- 
 ing libraries. Thirdly, they have got up among themselves a periodi- 
 cal called 'The Lowell Offering,' 'a repository of original articles, 
 written exclusively by females actively employed in the mills,' — which 
 is duly printed, published and sold ; and whereof I brought aw^ay from 
 Lowell four hundred good solid pages, which I have read from begin- 
 ning to end." 
 
 Against the charge, sure to be raised in the England of that day, 
 that the young women aspiring thus toward things cultural were aim- 
 ing "above their station," Dickens set u]) a thesis of quite modern and 
 democratic import. "Are we quite sure,'' he asks, "that we in F.ng- 
 land have not formed our ideas of the 'station' of working people ivom 
 accustoming ourselves to the contemplation of that class as they are, 
 and not as they might be? I think that if we examine our own feel- 
 ings, we shall find that the pianos, and the circulating libraries, and 
 even the 'Lowell Offering,' startle us by their noxclty and not by their 
 bearing upon any abstract question of right or wrong. * * * For my- 
 self, I know no station in which, the occupation of to-day cheerfully 
 done and the occu]iati(in of to-ni( irrijw cheerfully looked to. any nne 
 of these pursuits is not most humanizing and laudable. I knuw no 
 .-■tation which is rendered more endurable to the person in it, nr more 
 safe to the person out nf it, by having ignorance as its associate. I 
 know no station which has a right t<j monopolize the means of mutual 
 instruction, improvement and rational entertainment : or which has 
 ever continued to be a station very long, after seeking to do so." 
 
 Nearlv two decades later another famous English writer visited 
 Lowell and again bore witness to the decency and favorable ap])ear- 
 ance of Lowell operatives. Anthony Trollope, in 1862, published his 
 inipressii ins of America, and, of course, after the fashion o{ the time, 
 included a few paragraphs concerning the Lowell mill girls, of which 
 the following is the most significant passage: 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 257 
 
 That which most surprises an English visitor in going through 
 the mills at Lowell is the personal appearance of the men and women 
 who work in them. As there are twice as many women as men it is 
 to them that attention is chiefly called. They. are not only better 
 dressed, cleaner and better mounted in every respect than -are the 
 girls employed at manufactories in England, but they are so infinitely 
 superior as to make a stranger immediately perceive that some strong 
 cause must have created the ditference. We all know the class of 
 young women whom we generally see serving behind counters in the 
 shops of our larger cities. They are neat, well dressed, careful, espe- 
 cially about their hair, composed in their manner, and sometimes a 
 little supercilious about the propriety of their demeanor. It is exactly 
 the class of young women that one sees in the factories at Lowell. 
 They are not sallow, nor dirty nor ragged nor rough. They have 
 about them no signs of want, or of low culture. * * * One would, 
 of course, be disposed to say that the superior condition of the work- 
 ers must have been occasioned by superior wages. But the higher 
 payment is not the chief cause. Women's wages, including all that 
 they receive at the Lowell factories, average about 14s. a week, which 
 is, I take it. fully a third more than women can earn in Manchester, or 
 did earn before the loss of southern cotton began to tell upon them. 
 But if wages at Manchester were raised at the Lowell standard, the 
 Manchester women would not be clothed, fed, cared for and educated 
 like the Lowell women. 
 
 In 1S57 Dr. Nathan Allen, long interested in matters of public 
 health, wrote that "Lowell, whether compared as a whole with other 
 cities and towns in New England, or its American population with the 
 same class in other places, presents a remarkably favorable state of 
 health for the past twenty-five years. The absence of aged people in 
 the population, to increase the rate of mortality, is offset in a great 
 degree by the nunilier of deaths occasioned by casualties. From 1830 
 to 1846 two hundred and thirty-one deaths are reported as occasioned 
 by drowning, accidents with machinery, etc." 
 
 Tuberculosis was, of course, the characteristic disease of Lowell 
 as of all manufacturing cities before present methods of prevention 
 and treatment were in vogue. A record of deaths from this disease in 
 ten years is: 1851, loi ; 1852, 138; 1853, 150; 1S54. 173; 1S55, 182; 
 1856, 187; 1857. 183; 1838. 148; 1859, 176: i860, 147. It may. perhaps, 
 not be fanciful to attribute the increase in 1856 and 1857 to the busi- 
 ness depression then prevalent. 
 
 The Less Attractive Aspects of Factory Work — The seamier side 
 of life in a factory town, even in the era when the pcjpulation of work- 
 ing people was more nearly homogeneous than now. was not without 
 expositions that serve as a corrective to the excessive laudation that 
 was indulged in by distinguished visitors and by professional bene- 
 ficiaries of the factorv system. An anonymous writer in the "\'ox 
 Populi." whose literary style was not unlike that of Benjamin F. But- 
 
 L-17 
 
2z,i< HISTORY OF LOWRLL 
 
 ler, rcj)lied in a scries of articles to Dr. 1 1 untingtcm's eulogy of the 
 conditions in which the factory operatives worked and lived. These 
 articles of 1843 were collected and published in pamphlet form under 
 the caption of "Corporations and Operatives: Being an Exposition of 
 the Condition of Factory Operatives, and a Re\iew of the '\'indica- 
 tion,' by Elisha Huntington, M. D., Published at Lowell, 1841. By a 
 Citizen of Lowell." This document was printed by Samuel J. X'arney, 
 whose journalistic adventures for several years kept Lowell people on 
 the qui five. If only as a matter of record some of the findings, so \'ari- 
 ant with those of Bartlett and Aliles, of Dickens and Scoresby and 
 Trollope, should be summarized. 
 
 The general attitude of the critic of Dr. Bartlett's earthly para- 
 dise is indicated in the following passage from his preface: 
 
 Recent events have occured which have awakened an inquiry 
 among the operatives as to what the Rights of humanity demand. The 
 latest reduction of wages has withdrawn the veil that has been spread 
 over the factory system, and the operatives have opened their eyes, 
 and with surprise beheld the true character of the agents and man- 
 agers of the mills, who have l)een pretending so much kindness and 
 fatherly regard for them. They now behold them as they really are 
 at all times, the ])aid agents of the hard-hearted money changers, and 
 a gold-worshipping and poverty-oppressing aristocracy. * * * There 
 are two distinct, leading interests lying at the bottom of things in this 
 city. The one is the interest of the combined wealth of the Corpora- 
 tions and the other is the interest of the great mass of the People, liv- 
 ing in Lowell, hut who receive no share of the large dividends made 
 by the manufacturing interests. * * * On the one part are the people 
 of Lowell, male and female, who live here and whose labor and exer- 
 tions here support themselves and furnish large dividends to the non- 
 resident stockholder. These interests are sometimes concurrent but 
 generally opponent. 
 
 Of the (operatives themseh-es and their as]iirations toward social 
 equality with the employing class the unknown avithor of the pam- 
 phlet says : "I desire their elevation to that station in the social scale 
 to which their usefulness entilles them ; and in their name I demand 
 that such ;mj3ro\'ements be made in their situation and condition as 
 shall secure to them their just share of the jtroducts of their own labor." 
 His ])rime cpierv is "whether those who do the laln'r that produces the 
 wealth that is here created receive as a compensation for their labor 
 their just proportion of the profit, according to the sweat and toil, 
 and time by them contributed to the enterprise. And in the next 
 place, — is the moral, intellectual and j)hysical condition of the opera- 
 tives in the mills such as well informed persons would wish their chil- 
 dren to he in? * * * The old theory that many should labor that a 
 few mav roll in idleness luxurious ease was long ago exploded. And 
 the doctrine that the many should labor, that everyone is entitled to 
 
THE ANTE-REI,LUM CITY 259 
 
 honor and distinction, according to the merits of his work was estab- 
 lished by the voice and blood of the patriots of the revolution." 
 
 The specific charges that followed the foregoing and other simi- 
 lar generalizations dealt largely with the conditions of housing of 
 eight thousand females, mostly of ages fifteen to thirty. One of the 
 hardships of living in the congregate way prevalent at Lowell, it was 
 urged, lay in the perjjetual restlessness of the life. There is no soli- 
 tude for "minds eternally confused in the endless bustle and noise and 
 gabble that is continually going on around them, and from which they 
 cannot without inconvenience escape.'" The time allowed for meals 
 was not long enough "to properly masticate a sufficient quantity of 
 food for the healthful support of life." As for the conditions of sleep- 
 ing, "three, four and sometimes, it is said, more beds are stowed into 
 one room ; and here, six, eight or more persons are obliged to sleep, 
 inhaling and reinhaling the same air, thereby made poisonous and dele- 
 terious to health." The price of board, the writer asserted, was too 
 low to enable the boarding house keepers to pay their bills and still set 
 a proper table. The then price (in 1843) was $i-375S a week, repre- 
 senting an advance of twelve and a half cents over the figure at which 
 it was originally set and wliich was so low that many boarding house 
 keepers went bankruj^t during the hard times of 1837-38. Eveii the 
 new price was insufficient for providing good and wholesome food. 
 The interest of the corporations was to keep it as low as possible, to 
 excuse the low wages paid. 
 
 The sanitary situation in many of the boarding houses was stated 
 Iiy the critic to be bad. "Especially is this the case in respect to the 
 beds and sleeping apartments. These, from unavoidal)le neglect, are 
 often overrun with uncomfortable and filthy vermin, to the great 
 annoyance of the poor suffering lodgers." For cases of sickness and 
 indis]5osition the lodgings were ill provided. A limited ninuber of 
 o]jeratives if seriously afflicted could be accommodated at the corpora- 
 tion hospital, but fur tlnisc who were out of work with a slight ailment 
 no provision whatever was made. 
 
 Although the present-day imderstaiiding of the effects of fatigue 
 on the human organism had not lieen attained in 1840. something of 
 the line of Louis D. Brandcis's argument tliat won the Oregon Laun- 
 dry case before the Supreme Court was prefigured in the findings of 
 this anonymous contributor to the "\'ox Populi." He said : 
 
 The hours of emplovmcnt, from the viewpoint of hygiene and 
 mental e(|uilibrium, were certainly unreasonably long. They averaged 
 thirteen hours a day. to which must be added at least two hours for 
 going to and from work and eating the hasty rneals for the sake of 
 which the work was interrupted. All but nine hours of the twenty- 
 four, six days in the week, were devoted to the interests of the manu- 
 facturing corporations. In summer the working woman was called 
 
26o IITSTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 from her bed at f(^ur-tlnrt_v and was at her work at five o'clock. On 
 an empty ?tomach she labored for two hours and then, in a half hour 
 intermission, slipped from the mill to her boarding house for a hasty 
 breakfast. Then back to the factory until noon when three-quarters of 
 an hour was allowed for dinner. The afternoon session continued 
 until seven o'clock. By the time a girl had finished her supper it was 
 eight o'clock, and in all probability she was so fatigued that she was 
 glad to turn in half an hour later. The winter schedule was not less 
 exacting. The operative on week days had practically no time to sew, 
 mend or knit for herself, to write letters or read magazines and books, 
 unless she considerablj- curtailed the hotirs which nature demanded 
 for sleep. Fresh rosy countenances, in the circumstances, were hardly 
 to be encountered in the mills. "When w^e see females devoting fif- 
 teen hoiu'S of their time in their daily employment, for a livelihood, 
 and laboring incessantly nearly thirteen hours a day, and situated in 
 such circumstances as we have pointed out, and subjected to the thou- 
 sand other e\-ils of a factory life, can we wonder if we see them fatigued 
 and enfeebled and just able to drag their weary limbs from the mills 
 to their boarding houses?" 
 
 Unfa\'orable facts of the factory system, according to the ])am- 
 phleteer, were sedulously concealed by the agents of the corporations 
 and their followers. There was in New^ England an organized com- 
 bination of manufacturers who undertook to keep wages low. The 
 corporations, at the same time, were often much troubled to secure 
 help "to run all cf the machinery. They are obliged to send agents 
 into the country. — into Maine, New Hampshire, and \'ermont. to tell 
 partial and flattering stories of the prospects of factory girls. These 
 agents the}- pa}- a stipulated sum per head for hiring girls and bringing 
 them here to keep their machinery in operation. * * * The plan is, 
 to seize upon every possible means to circulate and give currency to 
 the idea that a manufacturing village in New England, and Lowell 
 especially, is almost an earthly Paradise, and a place particularly 
 favorable for all persons, and particularly females, to improve in 
 morals — in intelligence — in health — and in all the graces and refine- 
 ments that adorn society." In this publication it was specifically 
 charged that the much advertised "Lowell Offering," as written and 
 edited by mill girls, was utilized by the mill agents as propaganda 
 and that so far from this publication's being typical of the intellectual 
 stimulus of a factory town it rei>resented the cft'orts of not more than 
 si.x regular writers and about twenty occasional contributors. 
 
 The first of the comparatively few^ strikes which Lowell has ex- 
 perienced occurred ^■ery soon after the incorporation of the munici- 
 pality. It was not a very serious aft'air, as one realized from a rather 
 amusing account of it written in 1876 by Mrs. ^V. S. Robinson : "The 
 first strike, or 'turn-out,' as it was called, was in 1S.36, and was caused, 
 of course, by the reduction of wages. Tlie operatives were very indig- 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 261 
 
 nant: they held meetings and decided to stop their work and turn out 
 and let the mills take care of themselves. Accordingly, one day they 
 went as usual, and when the machinery was well started up they 
 stopped their looms and frames and left. In one room some indeci- 
 sion was shown among the girls. After stopping their work they dis- 
 cussed the matter anew and could not make up their minds what to 
 do, when a little girl of eleven years old said : 'I am going to turn out 
 whether any one else doe^ or not,' and marched out, followed by all the 
 others. The 'turn outs' all went in procession to the grove on 'Chapel 
 Hiir and was addressed by sympathizing speakers. Their dissatisfac- 
 tion suljsided or Ijurned itself out in this way, and though the authori- 
 ties did not accede to their demands, they returned to their work, and 
 the corporations went on cutting down their wages." 
 
 Initial Restriction of Hours of Labor — The first real contest for 
 shortening the hours of labor in Massachusetts factories began in 
 1850. with a proposal favoring a shorter day. By comparison with 
 more recent legislation this measure would seem preposterously in- 
 adecjuate for its purpose. It was, of course, strenuously resisted by 
 the corjjorations and many who were not specifically under the cor- 
 porate influence believed in a general way that it was a good thing for 
 the Working class not to have much leisure. Nobod}' at that date 
 understood how many evils, physical and mental, grow out of exces- 
 sive fatigue superinduced by long hours of labor; nor was it appre- 
 ciated that in the long run the liinnan mechanism is most productive 
 when operated with alternate periods of rest and activity. 
 
 On the reformatory side was the agile minded Benjamin F. But- 
 ler, who in 1852 made a campaign for the Legislature on this issue. It 
 was unquestionable that the cor])orations were determined to head 
 him off, for in various mills of the city was posted this notice : "Any 
 man who votes the Ben Butler ten-h(jur ticket will be discharged.' 
 This attempted interference with the suffrage was resented and a 
 great indignation meeting was held at which Mr. Butler is recorded as 
 saying: "I do not counsel revolution or violent measures; for I do 
 not, I can not believe that the notice posted in the mills was author- 
 ized. Some ignorant underling has done this with the hope of pro- 
 pitiating the favor of distant masters; misjudging them, misjudging 
 you. The owners of the mills are surely too wise, too just, or at least 
 too prudent, to authorize a measure which absolutely extinguishes 
 government, which incites and justifies anarchy. For tyranny less 
 odious than this, men of Massachusetts, our fathers cast off their 
 allegiance to the king, and plunged into the bloody chasm of revolu- 
 tion : and the directors must know that the sons stand ready to do 
 what their sires have done before them." 
 
262 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The young Lowell attorney was elected and the eleven-hour i)ro- 
 posal Ijecame law. 
 
 First Setback to Lowell's Prosperity — Toward the end of its first 
 quarter century of existence, Lowell for the first time began to suffer 
 from an exodus of its inhabitants This was a new experience. \\'hen 
 the place was young and when opportunities for industrial employ- 
 ment were still very limited the jiioneer factory town experienced only 
 influx after influx of inhabitants It was excei)tional for people who 
 had once established themselves m Lowell to go elsewhere. From the 
 time, however, of the gold discovery in California liegan a process of 
 constant dilution of the population by emigration which is still going 
 on. The call of the West, of New York City and of newer manufactur- 
 ing centres in New England has long been insistent, and consistent 
 efforts have never been made to counteract it. 
 
 In recalling the first great commercial calamit}' of this kind, Gen- 
 eral Butler said at the centennial exercises in 1876: "Another cause 
 which retarded our prosperity, rpiite frequently overlooked, came in 
 the years 1848-49, and was the discovery of gold in California. Those 
 listening to me past the middle age of life who can throw their minds 
 back tC) that period will remember that that was quite the darkest time 
 Lowell has ever known, and for the reason that in addition to the fact 
 that the dividends earned here, just alluded to, were not spent here, 
 the enterprise and spirit of our young men were drawn by stories of 
 fabulous wealth to be had in California. During that fever we lost 
 nearly 1,300 young and middle-aged men who left us for the Golden 
 State, and they were among the best, most energetic and enterprising 
 of our citizens, or they would not have had the energy to go." 
 
 Organization of Many Humanitarian Associations — As a city no- 
 tably responsive to the influences of its time, Lowell could hardly have 
 failed to become a centre of vaiious humanitarian movements in the 
 quarter century between its incorporation and the outbreak of the 
 Civil War. 
 
 This era was one in which movements of what would now be 
 called "uplift" liecame \ery prominent in the national consciousness, 
 the period stjmewh.nt resemljling the generations of .\merican idealism 
 between the opening of the Chicago Exposition and the participation 
 of the Nation in the war of the nations in 191 7. 
 
 The anti-slavery agitation, destined finally to bring the forces of 
 modern ca])italism and those of surviving feudalism into armed con- 
 flict, was only one of matiy that looked forward to the improvement of 
 the conditions of living on the planet, some of them absurdly unscien- 
 tific and empirical, but almost all of them grounded in sincerity and 
 fine lofty altruism. This was the time of the Brook Farm and Red 
 Bank efforts to apply the communistic principles of Fourier ; of Josiah 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 263 
 
 \\'arren's equity mercantile enterprises; of the beginnings of Sylves- 
 ter Graham and of almost countless "isms." In this period concessions 
 to the common people were many, as in the abolishment of imprison- 
 ment for debt and the improvement of public schools. 
 
 The Period of "The Lowell Offering" — Emerson wrote of this era 
 of the outflowing of \ew England transcendentalism: "The children 
 of New England between 1820 and 1840 were born with knives in 
 their brains.'' In many of them, certainly, the literary instinct was 
 strongly developed. In the Lowell mills the "literary'' girls might 
 often be seen writing poetry on scraps of paper while still attending to 
 their looms or spinning frames. 
 
 The idea of forming an association for literary purposes was first 
 ])roposed in 1837 by Harriot F. Curtis. Out of her proposal grew an 
 "improvement circle." Who its officers were is no longer recorded. 
 It is known that Emmeline Larcom was secretary. Other improve- 
 ment societies followed, so that in 1843 there were at least five in as 
 many neighborhoods of the city. .\11 who attended meetings were 
 expected to bring a written contribution to be read aloud. 
 
 In 1839 the Rev. Abel S. Thomas and Rev. Thomas B. Thayer, 
 pastrrs respectively of the Fir-l and Second L^niversalist churches, 
 estal)lished improvement circles in their societies. Some of the ctmtri- 
 butions which were read at their meetings proved to be remarkably 
 interesting The}- were published by Mr. Thomas in pamphlet form 
 under the title of "The Lowell Offering, a Repository of Original 
 Articles, written by Females employed in the Mills." The first series, 
 covering the contributions of four months, was issued in October, 
 1840. A brisk demand for the booklet at once appeared. Tct meet this 
 a new rev'ew. "The Lowell Offering." jjrobably so-called, now began 
 to be printed. It was usuall}- of thirty-two pages and was issued under 
 the church auspices until October, 1842, when Miss Curtis and Harriet 
 Farlev took it over, and thereafter assumed responsibility for it. The 
 story of the career of this famous magazine and of some of its contril)- 
 utors is told at greater length in a special chapter <>n Lowell autl-ors 
 in this histor}'. 
 
 Growth of the Middlesex Mechanics' Association — The ante-bel- 
 lum years were the lime of the Mechanics' .Association's greatest pros- 
 perity. 
 
 It used to be a source of lioyish wonder, in the seventies and 
 eighties, just what the Middlesex Mechanics' Association and its ex- 
 cellent library in Button street had to do with mechanical affairs. In 
 conspicuous positions hung several rather awe-inspiring fidl-length 
 portraits. These were obviously not portraits of mechanics — at least 
 not of mechanics of the present-day type. The library was of a gen- 
 eralized sort, and the well-informed librarian was not one to whom one 
 
264 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 would turn for infurniatiun about gears, shafting or high-speed steels, 
 however helpful she might be in selecting a historical novel or bring- 
 ing forth material for debating society use. Most of those who used 
 the library seemed not to l)e of the mechanic sort, but rather to be 
 people will) preferred its quiet exclusiveness to the democracy of the 
 public lilirary. The Mechanics' Association of 1885 — that is only a 
 rccoUectidn df a persmial ''mpression — appeared to !)c one of the insti- 
 tutions of Lowell in which an overalled mechanic would be ])articu- 
 larly ill at ease. The Middlesex Mechanics' Association was, in fact, 
 something of a Lowell analogue of the Boston Athenaeum. 
 
 That the recession from original intent came early in the history 
 of the association is well established. .'\s an organization composed 
 exclusively of men engaged in the mechanical trades this association 
 almost "died a-borning." As a clearing house of literary and scientific 
 culture it led a notabl}- useful existence for sixty years or more. It 
 was at the height of its influence and prestige just before and during 
 the Civil War. In the latter decades of the century its day had plainly 
 passed and its dissolution was as clearly foreseen as regretted. 
 
 The association, as already noted, was incorporated in 1825, upon 
 petition (jf some eighty mechanics of the then manufacturing village of 
 East Chelmsford. The name conveyed a suggestion of the original 
 intent of the association. It was expected that a membership of me- 
 chanics of Middlesex County would be enrolled. The first meeting 
 was held (')ctol)er 6, 1825, at "Ira Fry's Inn," which stoiid in Central 
 street on the site of the present American House. "We aim to be 
 just," was adopted as the association motto. It was decided to charge 
 an admission fee <_if three dollars and thereafter (juarlerly assessments 
 of twenty-five cents. A somewhat grandiloquent statement of the 
 aims and objects of the organization may be noted in "An Address De- 
 livered before the IMiddlesex Mechanics Association at the .\nni\'er- 
 sary, October 4, 18J7," by Ithamar A. Beard. The peroration of this 
 oratorical effort may be worth quoting : "This association was 
 formed for the mutual lienefit of its memljers ; for the improvement of 
 their morals ; and for the good of society generally. May we be an 
 example to others of temperance, frugality and industry ; of a charitable 
 disposition towards others, and of cjuiet peaceable citizens. May no 
 disgraceful action characterize any of its members; and may we aim 
 at the general good of society and our own mutual improvement. In 
 doing which I would recommend that the Association meet more fre- 
 quently than we have done heretofore, and statedly enter into the dis- 
 cussion of some useful topic that will serve to improve the mind, make 
 us niiire intimately acquainted with each other and more firmly unite 
 US bv the stronger bonds of interest and friendship." 
 
 Presumably the workers for whom and by whom the associati'm 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 265 
 
 was founded did not respond as expected to invitations to join. In 
 Decemlier. 1827, at all e\ents. a vote was passed to the effect that 
 "manufacturers are considered mechanics and may be admitted." 
 
 This action, which was not adopted without opposition, hej^an a 
 long series of discussions and controversies concerning the conditions 
 of membership. 
 
 In Feliruary. 1S34, it was voted that "an attempt should be made 
 to raise the character of this association and to form it into an active 
 and useful association." In jjursuance of this motion the by-laws were 
 radically changed. An admittance fee of twenty-five dollars was estab- 
 lished, representing a share which was transferable. An appeal was 
 taken to substantial citizens and some 220 new members were voted 
 in. It was also purposed to raise money for a building. This plan was 
 furthered by the gift, in August, 1H34, of a lot of land in Button street, 
 \alued at about $4,500, which the proprietors of the Locks and Canals 
 deeded over to the association. By sale of shares the members mean- 
 time raised about $7,000 and started in to Iniild a structure of which 
 the total initial cost was about $20,000. In this undertaking Kirk 
 Boott took great interest. In its new quarters the association became 
 an institution of much moment to the city. Its Lyceum lectures for 
 many years brought to Lowell the best speakers of the day. The 
 library and reading room had a very general use. 
 
 Opening of Hospital and Di&pensary — Among humanitarian insti- 
 tutions whose foundation date back to the first days of the city, none 
 is more striking in equipment than the Lowell Corporation Hospital, 
 whose fine Ionic portico is one of the landmarks of the city. This hos- 
 pital originated in 1839, when the several manufacturing companies 
 ])urchased the mansion which Kirk Boott, then lately deceased, had 
 erected on the old Tyler farm and had afterwards removed to the head 
 of Merrimack street. The cost to the companies of purchase and 
 alterations was aliout $20,000. The building was devoted to the needs 
 of operatives who were ill. A resident physician was appointed and 
 the spacious living rooms and chambers converted into wards. The 
 charges were set at four dollars a week for men and three dollars for 
 women. Those patients who were able to pay settled directly with 
 the superintendent ; those unable to do so referred their needs to the 
 corporation agent, who became responsible. Of the expenses of the 
 hospital the corporations in the first years paid about two-thirds. The 
 nrmber of ])atients in the forties averaged about 150 annually. 
 
 The Lowell Dispensary, another fine charity, was incorporated in 
 1836, having as its object to hel]) the poor by affording medicines and 
 medical attendance gratuitously. It employed two physicians, each 
 with a section of the city under his charge. All subscribers to the 
 
jG6 history of LOWELL 
 
 support of this institution commanded the services of the phjsicians 
 in behalf of the sick poor. 
 
 The Howard Benevolent Society was organized in 1840. It aimed 
 to "afford encouragement and aid to the moral and industrious poor."' 
 A board of trustees was divided into subcommittees of two i)ersons to 
 each ward of the city. On proper recommendation the society was to 
 make gifts or loans of articles necessary for relief of distress. 
 
 The ministry at large, a model non-denominational religious in- 
 stitution of Lowell, was established in 1844 at the instance of the 
 South Congregational Society (LTnitarian) and in accordance with a 
 plan devised by Rev. Dr Tuckerman, in Boston. The object was to 
 minister to the temporal and spiritual needs of persons not reached by 
 the existing religious societies. Regular services were held each Sun- 
 day in the Hamilton chapel on Middlesex street. No collections were 
 taken and no pew rents exacted. A Sunday school of about one hun- 
 dred children was soon enrolled. The ministry at large began at once 
 to employ a minister who gave most of his time to relieve suffering 
 among the poor. The annual reports of the first years are excellent 
 examples of descriptive writing ;'nd valuable sources of information as 
 to economic and social C(.indition''. in the city. 
 
 New Churches in the Pre-War Period — The multiplication of Prot- 
 estant churches between 1836 and i860 in the city of Lowell seems as 
 remarkable as are the present difficulties with which many of them are 
 beset. The community was composed almost entirely of church-going 
 people, most of whom were of the old Puritan stock. A man or woman 
 who had no religious affiliations was under suspicion of being a had 
 citizen. 
 
 The Congregational churches in especial were spread over the 
 community to an extent that at a later date proved embarrassing. 
 
 The Second Congregational Church, the jiredeccssor of the jires- 
 ent l'',liot Church, began its services under the town government. Its 
 first church liuilding, in .\ppleton street, the one which was afterwards 
 sold til the First Presbyterian Church, was dedicated July 10, 1S31. 
 The fu'st minister was Rev. William Twining, ordained (Jctolier 4, 
 1831. In 1837 came Rev. LTriah Burnap, who remained with the church 
 until he died in 1854. Mr. Burnaji was succeeded by twii ministers of 
 comjjaratively shcirt pastorates: Rev. George Darling, who stayed two 
 years and then accepted a call to Ohio, and Rev. John P. Cleveland, 
 whii resigned to become cha|ilain of the Thirtieth Massachusetts Regi- 
 ment. 
 
 In 1831) it appeared that still another Congregational church was 
 needed, and on March 1 i of that year the men members of the First 
 .•md Second societies met and voted that "it is expedient to form imme- 
 diately a new church." It was resolved that "from each church should 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 267 
 
 be taken, to form the new church, not more than t\venty-fi\e males and 
 one hundred and fifty females from both churches." 
 
 This arrang-ement was the beginning of the church in John street, 
 now defunct, which for many years was one of the strong centres of 
 orthodox Congregationalism in Massachusetts. Under date of Febru- 
 ary 22, 1839, John Aiken, Royal Southwick and Jesse Fox were incor- 
 porated as "Proprietors of John Street Church in Lowell." These pro- 
 prietors, together with A. L. Brooks, David Sanborn, and Edward F. 
 Watson were chosen as a building committee. Land was bought of 
 the Locks and and Canals Comjiany at two shillings a square foot. 
 The church building cost $17,884.12. It was dedicated Januar\- 2t,. 
 1840, with a sermon by Rev. Amos Blanchard, of the First Church. A 
 call was extended to an Andover student, Stedman W. Hanks, a gradu- 
 ate of Amherst College, who was installed as pastor March 20, 1840. 
 
 A crisis in Mr. Hanks' pastorate, the story of which has been re- 
 lated by the Rev. George H. Johnson, afterwards minister of the 
 church, was typical of the controversies of the time. The new minis- 
 ter was a pronounced anti-slavery and temperance advocate, and he 
 soon was in trouble because he preached on these moral issues instead 
 of confining himself to "pure religi(in." As Mr. Johnson savs, "his 
 course speedily ga\e offence to the staid and conservative elements of 
 society : the church came to be designated as 'Texas.' and it was said 
 that the subjects considered at its meetings were 'rum and niggers' 
 instead of the Gospel. After much consultation a council representing 
 twenty churches was convened to advise whether the zealous young 
 pastor should be dismissed. All the deacons were opposed to his 
 remaining: on the other hand the women of the church stood loyally 
 by their pastor, ninety-seven being in his favor to thirteen against him. 
 The result of the council's deliberation was in favor of Mr. Hanks, and 
 the opposition to him was gradually won over by his steadfast spirit 
 and by a real zeal for the prosperity of the new church enterprise. A 
 marked revival of religion followed this reconciliation ; large congre- 
 gations attended the services and the Sunday school, containing over 
 700 members, was said to be the largest in the State. An addition of 
 over 100 new members on a single Sunday, and a contribution of more 
 than $700 at one collection, showed that the new church had outlived 
 the spirit of dissension, and from that time to the ]iresent no dissen- 
 sion between the pastor and people has marred the usefulness of the 
 organization." 
 
 Re\'. Mr Hanks was dismissed from the i)astorate at John street 
 church in October, 1852. He had served the church nearh- thirteen 
 years during which he had welcomed into its meml)ership 627 com- 
 municants. 
 
 The second John street pastor was the very distinguished Rev. 
 
26« HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Eden B. Foster, born at Hanover, New Hanipsliire, in 1813, being one 
 of eight brotliers of whom seven were graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
 lege and six became ministers. When called to Lowell, Dr. Foster 
 was minister of the church in the nearby town of Pelham. His instal- 
 lation tocik place February 3, 1853. He served the church during two 
 pastorates, the first extending to 1861 and the second between the 
 years 1866 and 1878, in which latter year he was made pastor emeritus. 
 He died April 11, i(S62. His first pastorate was one in wliicli he took 
 a decided stand against negro slavery. 
 
 The fourth Congregational church to be organized within the 
 jircsent city limits was that in Kirk street. On April 22. 1845, James 
 Buncher and fifty-five other members of the First Church jietitinned 
 for dismissal in order that they might start a new church. On Ma_\' 2 
 the petition was granted. The church started with 157 members. It 
 was voted to call Rev. Amos Blanchard, then pastor of the First 
 Church, at a salary of $1,000. 'I'his call was accepted on i\Iay 17 and 
 four days later Mr. Blanchard was dismissed from his former pastorate 
 to take \\\) his new one. Services were held at first in Mechanics Hall 
 and a Sunday school was formed. Later the place of worship was 
 changed to City Hall, where services were held for about a year. 
 
 A location for the neu' clnu'ch in Kirk street was decided at a 
 meeting of June 30, 1845. The church building, which has since been 
 torn down to make room for the high school extension, was dedicated 
 December 17, 1846. It.-> total cost was $22,679.12, including $1,800 for 
 an organ and $3,805.13, the cost of the land. The pews were assessed 
 at $3,500 per annum and were auctioned c:in Christmas Day. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Blanchard, wlio was called to the Kirk street church lie- 
 fore it was Iniilt. stayed with it down to his death. January 14, 1870. 
 He was liorn at Andover, March 7, 1807, and was graduated from Yale 
 College, and from the Andover Theological Seminary. His first minis- 
 try began at the First Church in 1829, so that his entire professional 
 career of more than forty years was spent in Lowell. F.arly deacons 
 of the church were John Aiken, elected 1845, but declined to serve; 
 Sewell G. ^lack. elected 1845 and resigned Ma)- 28, 1895. after fifty 
 years' service; James Buncher, elected 1845, Init declined to serve; 
 Samuel Stickney, elected 1845 and died 1875; James Buncher, elected 
 1847 and resigned 1864 on account of leaxiiig the city; Nathaniel Bart- 
 lett, elected 1847 and resigned 1864. Superintendents rif the Sunday 
 school before i860 were: Samuel W. Stickney. 1845: T. L. P. Lam- 
 son, 1849: .\aron W'alker. 1850: Josiah G. Coburn. 1831; Andrew 
 Moody, 1853; Samuel W. Stickney, 1853. 
 
 Singing by the church congregation originated at Kirk street 
 chiu'ch, so far at least as New England is concerned, according to remi- 
 niscences related in June, 1S75, in a sermon preached bv Rev. C. D. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 269 
 
 Barrows in commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the society. "This was the first city in Xew England," he said, 
 "that introduced congregational singing into its Sabbath services, and 
 Boylston was the first tune upon which the experiment was tried. It 
 happened that the pastor was preaching in exchange the second Sab- 
 bath of the trial, and the ofificiating clergyman, after reading the hvmn. 
 was so surprised at seeing the audience rise and begin to sing, that he 
 quite forgot his ministerial dignity, and his gravity gave way to a 
 generous smile as, unable to take his seat, he stood chained to the spot 
 — but whether by the superiority of the music or by the unexpected 
 volley from the audience was never clearly known." 
 
 The crowded condition of John Street Church presently led to a 
 movement on the ])art of those members living in Belvidere to organ- 
 ize a society of their own. The High Street Congregational Church 
 accordingly was organized January 22, 1S46, with seventy-one mem- 
 bers, of whom fifty-two came from Jc'hn Street and the others from 
 elsewhere. The original incorporators were Erastus D. Leavitt, Arte- 
 mas L. Brooks and John Tuttle. Major Atkinson C. Varnum states 
 that "The enterprise of establishing a fifth Congregational church in 
 Lowell, to be located on the east side of Concord river, seems to have 
 been suggested by the failure of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal 
 Church (which was incorporated February 25, 1842), and the feeling 
 that the field should be occupied by some Protestant denomination." 
 The first meeting of the society was held in the vestry of John Street 
 Church. July 7, 1845, Nathan Crosby acting as moderator. Arrange- 
 ments were made to purchase the unfinished edifice known as St. 
 Luke's Church on December 4, 1845. The first pastor was the Rev. 
 Timothy Atkinson, installed February 25, 1846. He was followed on 
 December 15, 1847, by Rev. Joseph H. Towne, who after seven years 
 was succeeded by Rev. Orpheus T. Lamphear, whose stay was only a 
 year. On September 15, 1857, came Rev. Owen Street, D. D., who 
 remained until his death May 27, 1887. 
 
 St. Luke's Church, which the High street congregation acquired 
 as a church home for $7,300, represented an unfortunate attempt to 
 establish an Episcopal church in Belvidere with insufficient financial 
 support. In the late thirties the attendance at St. Anne's Church had 
 increased so fast that another Anglican church was proposed. Serv- 
 ices were held for a time in a room in the Wyman Exchange, with 
 Justin T. McCay as minister, and with music directed by George Hed- 
 rick as a volunteer organist and choir director. The room was soon 
 overcrowded, and Mr. McCay felt that the time was at hand for a new 
 edifice. Against the advice of some of his supporters he circulated a 
 subscription list and obtained money enough to buy the lot of land in 
 Belvidere and to erect the present structure, which was heavily mort- 
 
2J0 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 gaged. The church was first occupied in 1841. ']"he attenchmce, which 
 had seemed overwhehning at the room in the Wyman Exchange, failed 
 to fill the pews. The financial support which Mr. McCay had confi- 
 dently expected from the manufacturing corporations was for some 
 reason or other withheld. The ]jrospect steadily grew more discour- 
 aging, and in 1845 the opportunity to sell to the newly organized Con- 
 gregational body was welcomed. 
 
 A Third Congregational Church, which was started in June, 1832, 
 came to an end soon after the incorporation of the city. This society, 
 whose struggling existence of about six years has been generally for- 
 gotten, was initiated, like several others to follow, by reason of the 
 crowded condition of the pews in the First Church. To Major Var- 
 num the late Deacon Samuel B. Simonds contributed some reminis- 
 cences frcjm which it appears that the society began with eighty-three 
 communicants. The first prejiaratory lecture and communion ser\'ice 
 was ministered by the Rev. Daniel .S. .Southmaid. On December iS, 
 1832. a call was extended to Rev. Charles Kittredge to settle "at a sal- 
 ary of $700 the first year, to be increased $300 when the resources of 
 the church would admit." This call was declined. After two other 
 clergymen had refused to come, Rev. Giles Pease, of Coventry, Rhode 
 Island, accepted the invitation. He was installed October 2, 1833. 
 Public services were maintained in a Iniilding at the corner of Market 
 (then Lowell) and Sufifolk streets. In 1833 financial irregularities of 
 the treasurer comjjelled the society to give up its building and hold 
 meetings in the town hall. The embarrassment continued and the 
 church made an a])peal to the ci immunity for help in buving a theatre 
 that had been constructed on Market street, just alio\e Worthen 
 street, and which the owners would sell for four thousand dollars. 
 "Considerable aid," it is related, "was furnished by peo])le who were 
 not especially interested in the church, but were willing to be rid of 
 the theatre." A large audience assembled at the first religious serv- 
 ices in this l)uilding, "owing in part to the fact that one Henry Patch 
 had circulated the report that 'a performance would be given that 
 evening at the theatre'.'' The attendance presumalily did not continue 
 to be satisfactory, for in 1834 the society adopted the free church sys- 
 tem under the style of "The First Free Church of Lowell." The for- 
 mer name of the Third Congregational Church was resumed in 1837. 
 Meantime, on I\la>' 31, 1836, Mr. Pease hatl resigned. In 1837 mem- 
 bers of the church sent a communication to the other churches oi the 
 city stating explaining their embarrassed financial condition and ask- 
 ing advice as to the proper course to pursue. No records have been 
 found to show what reply was made to this communication, but it was 
 Mr. Simonds' recollection that in the s]iring of 1838 the remaining 
 
1. I.NTIOKli il; \li;\\ (i|'' ST. I'ATUIi'KS c'HI'llc-H. 
 
 ■2. ST. IM'rPKIfS ClIUlK.'ll. 
 
 ?,. iii:\iArr.TLATio concki'tkin chukoh. 
 
 4. INTKRlnr. A-lls\V OF ST. JICAN BAl'TISTI'; CHURCH. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 271 
 
 iiicinhers \'Oted themselves letters of dismission to other churches of 
 tlieir choice. 
 
 The Second Universalist Society, later known as the Shattuck 
 Street Universalist Society, grew out of a meeting of May 22, 1836. in 
 City Hall, at which Rev. J. G. Adams was preacher. He officiated four 
 Sundays and then a meeting was held in Mechanics' building to con- 
 sider whether or not it was advisable to organize a society. A com- 
 mittee reported that it was so expedient, and accordingly, on Septem- 
 temljer 4. 1836, about one hundred men and women signed the pream- 
 ble and constitution. The first pastor, the Rev. Zenas Thompson. 
 was installed February 5, 1837. The first annual meeting was held 
 March 27, 1837, at which Solon D. Pumpelh- was chosen chairman; 
 David Tapley. treasurer; W. B. Davis, collector; Isaac Place, James C. 
 Hill, Hale Clement. Otis Bullard and Holland Streeter, jirudential 
 committee. 
 
 St. Peter's is Lowell's second oldest Roman Catholic church, and 
 dates its beginning from the )-ear 1841, St. Patrick's from 183 1. When 
 it was deemed important that "Chapel Hill," as the Gorham, Green 
 and William streets section was called, should have a church of its 
 own, there was a great deal of ojiposition among the parishioners of 
 St. Patrick's, and a special meeting was called in 1841, at which Bishop 
 Fenwick, of Boston, presided. Bishop Fenwick was impressed by the 
 speeches of those favoring a second church, and finally, to test their 
 sincerity, he asked for all who would contribute $100 to a building 
 fund to indicate it by rising. He received such a hearty response that 
 the debate was ended without further argument, and a second parish 
 was decided upon. 
 
 As a result, a plain brick church edifice costing about $22,000 was 
 dedicated in September. 1S42, that church standing at the corner of 
 Gorham and Appleton streets. Services w^ere first held in the church 
 on Christmas Day, 1842, Rev. Father Conway being the first pastor of 
 the new parish, which was named in honor of St. Peter. At the dedi- 
 cation the pews sold at a high price, those nearest the altar bringing 
 $200 and more, each purchaser receiving a deed signed by Bishop Fen- 
 wick. The new parish was under Father Conway's care until 1847 ''"'l 
 prospered. Failing health compelled Father Conway to take a vaca- 
 tion, Rev. Peter Crudden being appointed to fill the pastorate during 
 his absence. Later Father Crudden was appointed pastor of St. 
 Peter's, Father Conway going to a .Salem parish. Father Crudden 
 continued as pastor until the summer of 1883. man_\- parish activities 
 dating from his pastorate, one being St. Peter's Orphan Asylum on 
 Appleton street, near St. Peter's Church, built and placed in charge 
 of the Sisters of Charity, whom he introduced to the city. 
 
 Rev Michael Ronan succeeded Father Crudden, August 8, 1883. 
 
272 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 and j^reatl}- im[)r<ivcd the church l)y enlarging the basement to the full 
 lenL;lli, inittinsj; in new lig"hts, a new organ and a handsome new marble 
 altar, the basement being reconsecrated on Stmday, Deceml)er lo, 
 1883. As the parish grew and prospered a new and larger church was 
 imperative, hence the old site was not considered desiralde, and the 
 present one on Gorham street was decided upon. Arrangements were 
 made to sell part of the land upon which the church stood to the 
 L'nitcd States Government as a site for a new post office building. Rut 
 there was strife among the sections of the city as to which should 
 secure the new Federal building, the Massachusetts Corporation 
 tinallv offering a free site in the section they favored. There was 
 c|uick thinking done to meet this, but St. Peter's countered with a 
 duplicate offer, and the present site of the Federal building, the old 
 St. Peter's site, was presented to the Government. This was accom- 
 plished by the formation of the Lowell Land Company, who bonded 
 l)oth church and rectory, the plan being to keep the rectory lot for an 
 investment, open a stibscription to pay for the church lot so that it 
 might be presented to the Government, those in the movement expect- 
 ing to be reimbursed by the increase of land values in the section sur- 
 rounding rhe new Federal building, ^^'hen all was settled, it was nec- 
 essary that the church be at once torn down, the work of destruction 
 beginning May 20, 1890, forty-seven years having elapsed since its 
 dedication in 1842. The site for a new church was secured on Gorham 
 street, just opposite the court house, the lot being large enough for 
 both church and rectory. It was decided, however, to erect a tempo- 
 rary wooden church nearby, that building, seating 1,500 peojile, being 
 finished and first tised for service, Sunday, April 27, i8go. The plans 
 for the new church were finished, and the rectorv, begun a year earlier, 
 was com])leted in 1891, and the foundation of the cluu'ch finished in 
 i8<)2. The formal cornerstone laying was on Sundaj', September 11, 
 1892, in the afternoon, Archbisho]i Williams laying the stone, Dr. 
 Garrigan. of the Catholic University, Washington, D. C, preaching 
 the sermon. The church, one of the most beautifid in the archdiocese 
 of Boston, was finished in 1900. The building is of granite, designed 
 by P. C. Keely, of Brookh'n, of Camjianello Gothic order of archi- 
 tecture, its greatest length, one hundred and ninety-six feet, its great- 
 est width, ninety-one feet. The Nave is eighty-five feet wide, height 
 from floor to ceiling, sixtv-seven feet. One of the towers fronting 
 Gorham street is one hundred and ninety-six feet in height, the other, 
 one hundred and seventy-six feet, with base diameter of twenty-six 
 feet. There are five altars in the church and five in the lower chapel. 
 Father Ronan's labors were ended by his death in July. 1900, and 
 on August 18, 1909, Rev. Daniel J. Keleher, Ph. D., was appointed his 
 successor With his coming a new order began for St. Peter's. The 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 273 
 
 church, like the professions of hiw and medicine, has her specialists, 
 and among her sons are great preachers, great pastors, great church 
 builders, and great educators. Father Ronan was a great church 
 builder, and that he did his work well, magnificent, beautiful St. 
 Peter's testifies. With the church completed came the era of another 
 specialist, the educator, in the person of Rev. Daniel J. Keleher. He 
 was a man of learning, a college professor, an experienced pastor, and 
 wholly consecrated to the work to which he had devoted his life. He 
 came to the parish in the heat of the summer, and in addition to tne 
 ordinary burdens of a large jnirish, found himself confronted with 
 three grave problems, each calling for quick solution. These were : 
 To provide a school for the children of his parish ; to provide a distinct 
 parish for the members of St. Peter's Church living in the Highlands, 
 it being a hardship for women and children to take the long walk nec- 
 es.^ary to reach their place of worship ; to relocate St. Peter's Orphan- 
 age, and in freer, more healthy quarters, and amid better surroundings, 
 carrv forward the purposes of the institution. How well Dr. Keleher 
 solved his problems, the admirably-located and modernly-built school 
 where six hundred children in six grades are daily taught by the Sis- 
 ters of Charity, of Halifax, an.swers the first; St. Margaret's in the 
 Highlands is the answer to the second : and the healthful surround- 
 ings, amid which St. Peter's Orphanage under the direction of the 
 Sisters of Charitv, who care for the needy children in the splendid 
 Stevens street home, answers the third. 
 
 In selecting a site for St. Peter's Parochial School, he chose the 
 lot upon which stood the temjiorary church used during the building 
 of St. Peter's, a lot bounded on three sides by Gorham, Union and 
 Linden streets, and on the fourth by St. John's Episcopal Church. 
 Plans were drawn for a modern building, three stories and basement, 
 and on May i, 191 2, ground was broken, the same year the corner- 
 stone was laid, and in September, 1913, the beautiful light brick build- 
 ing, modernlv Iniilt. lighted, warmed, ventilated and equip]ied, with 
 every sanitary precaution taken to insure health and comfort, was 
 opened. The Sisters of Charity of Halifax have charge of the school. 
 In appearance the building speaks volumes of praise for those respon- 
 sible, and in utility it possesses the best in modern school room design- 
 ing and furnishing. The lower grades, one and two, were first admit- 
 ted, another grade was entered, and another room opened each year, 
 until now -^i-x grades are receiving instruction in as many rooms on the 
 first and second floors. Soon the entire building will be occupied, and 
 about nine hundred pupils in daily attendance. 
 
 The question of relief for that part of St. Peter's congregation 
 living in the Highlands was at once taken up by Dr. Keleher with 
 .Archbishop, now Cardin;,!, O'Connell, and the setting otif of a new 
 
 L— 18 
 
274 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 parish stroiig'ly advocated as an act of justice to those members. The 
 Ijishop approved, the lines of the parish were defined by him, and Dr. 
 Keleher was authorized to select a location. He chose the property 
 on Stevens street upon whicli the church stands, the home of the then 
 owner now ])eing the church rectory. The purchase price, $7,000. was 
 jjaid in full by St. Peter's. In lyio the parish of St. Martjaret's was 
 erected, and a pastor appointed. 
 
 The removal of St. Peter's Orphanage from contracted cpiarters 
 and un<Iesiral)lc surroundings was a subject that directly challenged 
 Dr. Keleher's intiTCSt, and aroused his determination to improve con- 
 ditions, 'llie l)uilding, then situated on Appleton street, had been 
 transformed from an old d\\elling in a location which had become 
 most undesirable. The Orphanage, founded in the fall of 1S65. was 
 opened by Sisters of Charity on November 23, of that year. Later the 
 institution was i)laced in charge of the Nazareth Sisterhood, and came 
 under the care of the pastor of St. Peter's. 
 
 Father Ronan inaugurated a great!}' improved condition, and 
 from the receipts of a great fair held in Lowell paid the debts which 
 had accumulated, and placed the Or])hanage ujion a sound liasis. Dur- 
 ing the vears of his [pastorate which folhjwed, he created a fund fmm 
 liequests and donations, which at his death amounted to $20,000, which 
 was used in relocating the Orphanage and building. ( )n December 
 ].S, ii;io, land was bough' at No. 530 Ste^•ens street, the nld property 
 on .Appleton street was sold, the jnirchase price added to Father 
 Ronan's fund, and both used ti> defray in part the cost of the new build- 
 ings erected. After the sale of the old building, possession lieing at 
 once demanded, quarters were found in the newl}'-erected building 
 owned by the Shaw Stocking Company, which was used until the 
 completion nf the new home. The business administration inaugu- 
 rated bv Father Ronan has since pre\ailed, the children of the Orphan- 
 age, about one hundred and thirty, are cared for under the best condi- 
 tions, and Sisters of Charitv are in charge, under the sujiervising care 
 of the [jastor of St. Margaret's and general direction of the pastors of 
 the Catholic parishes of the city. 
 
 No vital interest of St. Peter's has licen neglected in bringing 
 anout the snlution of these problems, (in the contrary, the ]iarish, 
 under Dr. Keleher, has prospered materially and spirituall}-. and in 
 the nianv wavs not visible to the unthinking l)ut to those who can 
 discern are the truest measure of a pastor's success. He is a profound 
 and learned theologian, an eloquent preacher, possessing a fine voice 
 and commanding presence, a cultured Christian gentleman with a 
 pleasing personality which wins the love and respect of all who come 
 within the circle of his influence. He is a strong advocate for any 
 cause he mav espouse, and numbers his friends among all classes. He 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 275 
 
 is a member of the Lowell Board of Trade, and interested in all move- 
 ments tending to the betterment of the city and the cause of the com- 
 mon good. It is in keeping with this spirit that he so warmly advo- 
 cates the cause of temperance, his long continued labor as chaplain of 
 the Mathew Society resulting in great good. He has also interested 
 himself in the Society of San Antonio, an Italian social and beneficial 
 society, and in many ways his influence has been exerted for the good 
 of his fellow-men outside of his priestly duties. Many substantial 
 improvements to the church property have been made during Dr. 
 Keleher's pastorate, amongst others, the purchase in May, 1910, of the 
 residence immediately south of the rectory and the removal of the 
 buildings, and the addition of the site to the grounds surrounding 
 church and rectory. In 1916 the building north of the church was 
 removed and the site added to the church grounds. In 191 5 a beauti- 
 ful estate, at the corner of Highland and Thorndike streets, was pur- 
 chased, and a convent opened. In 1916 the adjoining property was 
 purchased, and after extensive alterations and improvements, was 
 joined to the former, and now both are occupied by the Sisters who 
 teach in the school. 
 
 There is nothing in the histor_\- of St. Peter's parish of which the 
 people are more proud than that it is the home of Cardinal O'Connell, 
 for here he was born, and here he spent his childhood and youth, and 
 e\en in thiise early days gave promise of his great career. 
 
 The many activities of Rev. Theodore Edson at St. Anne's and of 
 his devoted parishioners kept that church in the forefront of the city's 
 life. 
 
 At the Unitarian church. Rev. Henr}- Adolphus Miles continued 
 his enlightened and scholarly ministry during a period of sixteen 
 years down to Alay 30, 1853, when he resigned to become secre- 
 tary of the American Unitarian Association. He was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Theodore Tebbetts, whose pastorate, interrupted by ill health. 
 lasted only ten days and who was followed liy Rev. Frederick Hinck- 
 lev. whose ministry continued until October 3. 1864. 
 
 The first cemetery to be ojiencd after the incorporation of the 
 town of Lowell was the Old Lowell Bm-ying Ground on Gorham 
 street, just opposite the former fair grounds. The first grave in this 
 was dug August 15. 1833. It is still kept up, though of late years there 
 have been but few interments. 
 
 The Lowell Cemetery, occupying some eighty-four acres of land 
 near the Concord river to the south of Fort Hill, was laid out by a 
 corporation chartered March 8. 1841. The original officers were: 
 President, Oliver M. Whipple ; treasurer. James C. Carney ; clerk, 
 Charles Hovey ; trustees, John .\ikcn. James Cook. Jonathan Tyler, 
 Samuel Lawrence, John \\'. Graves, Seth Ames. John C. Dalton, Alex 
 
276 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 ander Wright, David Dana, Eliphalet Case, John Nesmith and Wil- 
 liam Livingston. The cemetery was dedicated June 20, 1841, with 
 exercises of great solemnity. There was singing by the Lowell L'nion 
 Singing Society, J. C. Aiken, conductor. Rev. Lemuel Porter offered 
 the prayer. The dedicatory address by the Rev. Amos Blanchard was 
 long remembered for its eloquence and rich imagery. TJie consecrat- 
 ing prayer was made by the Rew Henry A. Miles and the benediction 
 delivered by the Rev. Mr. Packard, of Chelmsford. 
 
 The Catholic and Edson cemeteries were opened in 1846 in the 
 sandy plain acniss Ciirhnm street from the fair grounds. 
 
 Social Life Before the War — Socially, Lowell continued to be — 
 much as it was under the town government — a coiumunitv of delight- 
 ful homes. Cultivated people kept alive the arts and sciences. Of 
 gayety there was enough. Suggestive testimony to the social charm of 
 the city's first years was offered by Judge J. G. Abbott, in a letter read 
 at the centennial celebration of 1876. This jurist, whose residence in 
 Lowell ended just before the Civil War, wrote : 
 
 My acquaintance with Lowell began in the latter part of 1834, 
 when it had a population, I believe, of about twelve thousand. I think 
 all who lived there at that time and for the next twenty years, will 
 agree with me that in saying that no city of its size ever contained 
 more remarkable people or [was] a pleasanter or more cultivated cit}-. 
 I doubt if any place of as large a population ever had within its borders 
 a larger number of very able men who would be marked and remark- 
 able in any community. 
 
 The reason of it was, I think, that for scime years our state had not 
 been especially progressive or prosperous, Ijut on the contrary quiet 
 and even languishing. Our lands, for agriculture, could not compete 
 with the al)unclant fertility of the West. Our commerce had been 
 paralyzed by the war with England, and was slow in recovering. 
 Lowell was the real beginning of a new epoch for our state. Here was 
 an opening for men of energy, ]:)ower and activity who had been wait- 
 ing for an opportunity — and it was improved. 
 
 Lowell's Wealthy Men of the "Fifties" — Who the Lowell men re- 
 puted to be wealthy were in 1851, together with some notes on their 
 personal characteristics, came out in an entertaining ])ublication writ- 
 ten \>y A. Forlies and J. W. Greene, with the title of "The Rich Men of 
 Massachusetts, containing a Statement of the Reputed Wealth of 
 about Fifteen Hundred Persons, with Brief Sketches of more than one 
 Thousand Characters." 
 
 One of the features of this compilation was its emphasis on the 
 benevolence, or lack thereof, of the well-to-do persons listed, the belief 
 of the authors being that an increasing jealousy of the poor regarding 
 the rich might be dissipated if the latter all gave liberally to good 
 causes. Thev expressly state that when nothing in their notes is said 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 277 
 
 concerning a person's benevolence the reader should not conclude that 
 this man never gives, but simply that he has not acquired among his 
 felli)\v-men a reputation for being liberal. 
 
 The following were found to be the indubitably solid men of 
 Lowell, with their ratings and, in some instances, their personal char- 
 acteristics: Adams, Joel, $100,000. Began with small means. Law- 
 yer by profession. President of Prescott Bank. Bartlett, Homer, 
 $100,000. Native of Granby. Graduate of Williams College. Studied 
 law with Hon. Daniel Noble, W'illiamstown. Cashier of Ware Bank 
 and agent of \\'are Manufacturing Company. About 1839 appointed 
 agent of the RLissachusetts Cotton Mills, Lowell. "Mr. Bartlett is a 
 remarkable demonstration of what can be effected by application, un- 
 tiring perseverance, and inflexible integrity. He commenced without 
 a cent, and with but a partial allowance from his father to defray the 
 expenses of his classical education, and even this pittance he has 
 long since refunded. He enjoys the unqualified respect of the citizens 
 of Lowell." Carter, George, $100,000. Began a poor boy, but received 
 something by marriage. Apothecary. "A very industrious, jjrudent 
 man and much given to acts of benevolence." Fiske, William. $100,- 
 000. Commenced in Lowell poor. Carpenter. "Energetic man and 
 very benevolent." French, Benjamin F., $100,000. Mostly inherited. 
 President of Railroad Bank. Livingston, William, $100,000. Began 
 a hard-worker, digging, jobbing, etc. Has a lumber wharf and deals 
 in coal, lime and grain. "Made twenty thousand dollars one year by 
 selling grain at a profit of two cents on the bushel. Had no education 
 to begin with. A man of very fair benevolence." Nesmith, John, 
 S200,ooo. Nesmith, Thomas, $100,000. The account states that these 
 brothers were poor farmer boys at Wenham (sic), and that they 
 "accumulated their money in trade and speculation." Rogers, Zadoc, 
 $100,000. Inherited. Farmer. Old bachelor. Southwick, Royal, 
 $100,000. Small portion by inheritance and marriage. Manufacturer. 
 "Smart, enterprising man. Bene\olent where he likes, and this quality 
 in him is often rendered more active by a very benevolent wife." 
 Tyler, Jonathan, $100,000. "Commenced poor. Accumulating by say- 
 ing 'No.' Obtained an acre in the heart of Lowell for a mere trifle 
 many years ago, and would never sell an inch of it." Whipple, 01i\-er 
 M., $200,000. "Commenced as a common hand in a ]30wder mill. 
 Came to Lowell with pack on his back. Is now an extensive powder 
 manufacturer." Wright, Nathaniel, $100,000. Lawyer and former 
 mayor. "His wife is very benevolent, and he 'don't object to it'." 
 Wyman, William W., $150,000. "Mostly inherited." 
 
 Considerable interest in literary production has always charac- 
 terized Lowell families. Apart from the authors and editors of the 
 "Lowell Offering." which excited Charles Dickens' admiration, there 
 
278 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 were, as elsewhere noted, several writers of reputation living in the city 
 at one time and another before iS6o. One of the most prominent of 
 these, socially, was Mrs. Jane Ermine Locke, for some years a corre- 
 spondent of the "Boston Daily Journal" and "Daily Atlas" and author 
 of many magazine poems and special articles. Mrs. Locke was friendly 
 with most of the literary workers of what is now called the "golden 
 age of .American literature" — Whittier, Bryant, Poe, N. P. Willis, Mrs. 
 Sigoin"nc}\ Mrs. Osgood and many others. When Poe came to Lowell 
 in 1848 to deliver his lecture on "Poetic Principle," he was entertained 
 at Mrs. Locke's home and was introduced to many of her friends. The 
 poet Whittier's residence in Lowell was lirief. It resulted in a little 
 hook of impressionistic word pictures. 
 
 When American Drama Was at Its Best — During the great age of 
 the American drama; that is between about 1840 and the ad\'ent of 
 vaudeville in the eighties. Lowell had certainly better theatrical enter- 
 tainments than are now vouchsafed it liy the New York managers. 
 
 Boston was then far more important, relatively, in the theatrical 
 world than it is to-da}', and as the nearest large town tn the Hub, 
 Lowell was often fa\'ored with the presence of the greatest contem- 
 porary actors and actresses. 
 
 Much of the old-time prejudices against theatres survived, and 
 entertainments were sometimes perforce given under disguises that 
 were as transparent as is the n?me of "sacred concerts" more lately 
 ai)plied to Sunday evening \ariety shows. Both amateur and profes- 
 sional drama, nevertheless, was familiar to such of the Lowell public 
 as liked to see plays. 
 
 A particularly instructive chapter of Lowell history is concerned 
 with the attempts to maintain here a stock company generally similar 
 in cjuality to the celebrated Boston Museum Stock Company. The 
 plan started in 1840, when Daxid Kimball, of Boston, brought to a 
 room in Wyman's Exchange a collection of curiosities from Green- 
 wood's old New England Museum. In Lowell, as at the New England 
 cajiital, the "educational value" of the "curios" e.xhiliited was relied 
 upon to overcome the antipathy of many people toward the dramatic 
 entertainment to which the admission fee also entitled the ticket 
 holder. The curinsities in this "museum" consisted of objects of 
 natural historv, oil paintings, engravings, wax figures and other works 
 of art. It cost twelve and a half cents to enter. Minors were not ad- 
 mitted unattended. 
 
 The Kimlialls did not long continue their interest in this venture, 
 and in 1845 they sold the entire collection and fixtures to Noah F. 
 Gates for $3,000. 
 
 This gentleman at once removed the curios, improved the theatri- 
 cal accessories, obtained a license and engaged six or seven profes- 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 279 
 
 sional people among whom were George W'yatt, Mary Gannon and 
 Master ATeyer. Adelaide Phillipps, opera singer, and Freeman, the 
 giant, were secured as special attractions. Under such auspices the 
 house at once began to draw sizable audiences. 
 
 Then, in 1846. Mr. Gates aroused, as Cowley puts it, "strong in- 
 dignation in Zion." by leasing lor his theatre the building formerly 
 owned by the First Freewill Baptist Society, on the site of the present 
 Hildreth building at Merrimack Square. Despite initial opposition 
 the place was fitted up as a museum and theatre and was opened on No- 
 vember 24, 1846. with a company frimi the Boston Museum, which in- 
 cluded Mr. and Mrs. G. C. Germon, George E. Locke, Messrs. Davis, 
 Currier and Rogers, I*'. W. Germon, Mr. and Mrs. Altemus, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Bryant, Mrs. C. Groves, Mrs. Perkins, Miss Downs, Messrs. J. 
 Brooks Bradley, Robinson, W. F. Johnson and Warner. The opening 
 piece, appropriately, was "Raising the Wind." 
 
 The whirlwind followed. The anti-theatre forces put pressure on 
 the city government and the manager was forbidden to give any more 
 exhibitions, the license for 1847 I'eing revoked. As a parting j)erform- 
 ance on the last day of 1846 Mr. Gates had a stellar attraction in the 
 person of Tom Thumb in a play called "Much and Little.'' 
 
 Friends of the American drama, however, were not wanting in 
 Lowell, and in the first four days of 1847 thev circulated a petition, 
 urging that Mr. Gates' license be restored. This secured upwards of 
 2.200 names. The city council yielded to the point of holding a hear- 
 ing. The petitioners engaged Hnn. Thomas Hopkinson, one of the 
 most distinguished lawyers of the city. The case against the drama 
 was presented by two clergymen, Messrs. Thurston and True, who 
 based their argument solely "on Bible grounds." Manv of the council 
 were "professors." but the petitioners won a qualified victors-. .\ 
 license was granted on condition that the house close at ten-thirty and 
 "that moral plays only should be produced." 
 
 Thenceforward, despite recurrent fires that every now and then 
 threatened to bankru])t the management. Lowell for a number of years 
 saw some of the best actors of the time who would come down from 
 Boston for a week's engagement, playing to the support of the stock 
 company The enterprise in 1850 was regularly incorporated with a 
 capital of $60,000, and with the following officers : President, Noah F. 
 Gates ; clerk, W. A. Richardson ; treasurer, G. L. Pollard ; directors, 
 the foregoing and B. H. Weaver, F. A. Hildreth, A. B. French and 
 Henry Reed. The prices were increased to fifty cents for the box 
 seats and reserved seats. On May 10, 1850, was presented "William 
 Tell," with Joseph Proctor in the title role. The week following came 
 I\lr. and Mrs. McFarland and Mrs. Nichols in the "Wife and Clau- 
 dare." A notalile week in September, 1850, was given by Junius 
 
28o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Brutus Bouth, tlit-u sixty years old, presenting Richard IL and other 
 Shakespearean pieces. In November of that week Mr. and Mrs. J. W. 
 Wallack gave several classic plays, and Mr. and Mrs. Dibdin Pitt 
 appeared in Charles XII. and Hamlet. George E. Locke, J. B. Booth 
 and Charlotte Cu>liman succeeded one another as poi:)ular \isitors. 
 
 In 1851 the director manager discharged his old company and 
 engaged a new one, having as its principal members: Mr. and Mrs. 
 W. L. Ayling, Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Herbert, Mr. and Mrs. xM. A. Tyr- 
 rel, Messrs. Steele, Lubey, Joyce, Howe, Mrs. Groves Rainforth, 
 Misses Steele and Parker. Professor Herman Eckhardt was signed as 
 leader of the orchestra. 
 
 There may have been local feeling regarding the discharge of the 
 former company. It is recorded, at all events, that the new organiza- 
 tion "never were the favorites, nor did they do the business ot the 
 original one." The house was regularly open, however, until Sepiem- 
 ber 30, 1853, when a fire of unknown origin gutted the place. 
 
 Nothing daunted, the owners rebuilt the theatre at an expense of 
 nearly $5,000 and reopened on January 2, 1854. with W. L. Ayling as 
 manager and with a company comprising Mrs. Ayling. J^lrs. Forbes, 
 Mrs. Bryant, Messrs. Kames, Linden. Madigan, Ka\anaugh. Benson 
 and others Such pieces were presented as "London Assurance," 
 "Raising the \\ ind," "Uncle Tom's Cabin," "The Loan of a Lover," 
 "The Lady of Lyons," "The Spectre Bridegroom" and various Shake- 
 spearean dramas. Mr. Gates personally resumed the management in 
 October, 1854. In that season several famous visitors played at the 
 house. A drama entitled "The Five Masks," written by a local ama- 
 teur, was staged successfully. The stock company's season closed the 
 latter part of April, but several traveling shows rented the house dur- 
 ing the summer season. In November, 1855, the house reopened under 
 a new management which Mr. Gates soon displaced. In the second 
 week of December, Mr. Wallack brought Shakespearian roles. Then 
 came Mrs. \'incent in "The Merchant of V^enice." She was followed 
 by the National Theatre Company of Boston, who were playing, when 
 on January 30, 1856, another fire broke out and completely destroyed 
 the playhouse. It was not rebuilt and thus passed Lowell's most 
 famous and artistically meritorious stock company. During its pros- 
 perous period, so Cowley states, it employed an average of thirty 
 people at salaries aggregating about $300 a week, which certainly 
 would not figure out at a high average. 
 
 Amateur theatrical organizations were fairly acti\-e in Lowell 
 prior to the Civil War. 
 
 In 1836 some thirty young men of the city formed a Thespian 
 Club to give gratuitous entertainments in the former Lowell street 
 theatre, for which a license had been refused to professionals by the 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUM CITY 281 
 
 selectmen of the town of LliwcII. This association contained at least 
 one member who later became a distinguished stage person, J. Brooks 
 Bradley. Other locally prominent performers in its exhibition were 
 Perez Fuller, John Wellington. John Sweetzer, Moses \\'inn. William 
 T. G. Pierce, Luther Conner, Joseph Ripley, Kelsey Moore, Miss Wil- 
 lis. Miss Seymour. Miss Eaton. Perhaps the first plav to be written in 
 Lowell was staged by the Thes]jians. one based on the story of Henrv 
 \T. and written by Mr. Clapp. one of the high school teachers. The 
 performances of the association soon created a debt, and as a means 
 of liquidating this an admission fee of twenty-five cents was charged. 
 When presently the members found themselves out of debt, thev were 
 so pleased that they decided to disband. 
 
 The example of the stock company a little later presumably stirred 
 up new interest among Lowell amateurs, for in the late forties and 
 fifties numerous dramatic performances, pantomimes, dioramas and 
 other forms of entertainment were offered at City Hall, Merrimack 
 Hall, Concert Hall. Classic Hall. Wentworth Hall Welles Hall. Em- 
 pire Hall. Huntington Hall, Jackson Hall, Central Hall and Mechanics' 
 Hall. Advertised by handbills and not usually reported in the news- 
 papers of the period, the records of these performances are quite 
 meagre. One of the few that got considerable publicity was the per- 
 formance given December 14, 1853. by the Aurora Club, which had 
 engaged a hall in a building at Merrimack and Prescott streets. About 
 two hundred people were in attendance. Just as the play began the 
 whole floor gave way, dropping to the story below, fortunately without 
 a panic which might have caused the loss of lives. 
 
 Most of the plays written in Lowell during the first decades — and 
 for that matter during subsequent years — have gone into deserved 
 oblivion. 
 
 One very famous, if not highly meritorious piece which was 
 dramatized in Lowell, is "Ten Nights in a Bar-room." made over from 
 T. S. Arthur's novel of that name by \\'illiam \\'. Pratt. It had its 
 premiere in the nearby city of Lawrence. 
 
 Mid-Century Musical Offerings — Much of the best music in 
 Lowell three-quarters of a century ago. as well as subsequently, has 
 been given in connection with church services. Amateur help was 
 commonly offered, for the day of high-priced organists and singers did 
 not arrive until after the Rebellion. 
 
 In Atkinson \'arnum's reminiscences of the oldest church within 
 the present city limits, the West Dracut church at Pawtucketville. 
 reference is made to an orchestra which was quite famous before the 
 society in 1850 purchased a modern organ. Among the instrumental- 
 ists Vi'ere Zadoc Lew, of the family of colored people from Groton, who 
 have already- been mentioned in connection with their musical serv- 
 
282 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 ices in the Revulutioiiary army, this particular Mr. Lew Iteinc^ "quite 
 a cclehrated ])layer, ior his day, on a bassoon and other wind instru- 
 ments ;" Nathaniel Varnum, Jeremiah Varnum, Orford R. Blood. John 
 T. SpofFiird. and Gordon F. Tucker (players u])on the iiass viol) ; Oli- 
 ver P. Varnum. Rufus Freeman. Jnhn Cutter, Joseph Merrill, Rapha 
 W. Sawyer, A. C. Varnum. violinists; Adrastus Lew, clarionet; Cof- 
 fern Nutting, trombone. The society also had a choir led for many 
 years by Henry Osgood, a powerful bass singer, whose services were 
 so approved that he was jiaid a small salary l)y a member of the con- 
 gregation. 
 
 Art and the Exposition of '51 — The instincts that demand art are 
 never entirely repressed and they were no more sadly perverted in 
 Lowell of the early Victorian decades than elsewhere in North Amer- 
 ica — possibly, indeed, in some respects they were rather less absurdly 
 manifested than in most communities. 
 
 It is amusing, nevertheless, to review the artistic features of such 
 an attem]5ted exposition of the beautiful and pictures(|ue as was 
 brought together in one section of the great Mechanics' Fair of the 
 autumn of 1851. 
 
 That was the year of the first of the large international eximsitions 
 in London which to the few who were truly critical revealed strikingly 
 the downward tendency of the arts, Init which was hailed by the un- 
 thinking as a wonderful exhibition of the superior taste of modern 
 times. 
 
 The fame of the London show undoubtedly led to efiforts to make 
 an exceptionally striking exposition of art and manufactures at Lowell. 
 The collections in the "Cotton Palace," or "Pitch])ine Palace" as it was 
 humorously called, were possibly of about the same grade of artistic 
 achievement as those in the celebrated Crystal Palace in England. 
 The entries, as one to-day follows an accoimt that was published 
 serially in the "Daily Vox" of September and October. 1S51. are often 
 of a sort to raise an indtdgent smile. 
 
 The vestibule, which was intended to be thoroughly impressi\'e, 
 contained several of the portraits with which the present generation is 
 familiar: The good honest, workmanlike likenesses of John Lowell, 
 y\bbott Lawrence, Nathan Appleton and other fathers of- the town. 
 They, at least, were dignified and imposing. Here, too, was a great 
 plain block of marble, to be sent by the ladies of Lowell for incorpora- 
 tion in the Washington monument, and suitably inscribed with lines 
 written bv Mrs. Elisha Huntington : 
 
 From the Ladies of Lowell. Massachusetts : 
 Where Iiulustry her grateful tribute pays. 
 To Him whose valor won us prosperous days. 
 
THE ANTE-BELLUAr CITY 283 
 
 "Over the above," commented the "Vox" chronicler, "sits a neat 
 case of patented Tooth Powder, looking very nice, by Dr. E. C. 
 Dale, of Boston. As there is no special description of its excellences, 
 as the Doctor does not ad\'ertise in the "Daily Vox," we pass this by 
 without further remark." 
 
 The section of the exposition gi\-en over to objects of art. anti<|uity 
 and curious interest, as opposed to the machinery and manufactured 
 goods in the textile section, must have presented an astonishing med- 
 ley of the genuinely artistic handicrafts of the colonial jieriod, the de- 
 based contemporary "fancy-work" and exhibits of purely commercial 
 character. In juxtaposition, in the "Vox's" story, one finds such items 
 as these : 
 
 996 — A most formidable looking body of defective masticators ex- 
 tracted by Dr. S. Lawrence, Lowell. One can almost hear a thousand 
 agonized groans, issuing from these relics of wretchedness. 
 
 409 — A very large Picture of Washington, wrought in worsted 
 by Miss Laura N. Andrews, Lowell. It is an admirable piece of work, 
 and attracts much attention and deserved praise. 
 
 Here is a continuation of the running narrative and critical expo- 
 sition : 
 
 Say 868, a love bouquet of wax flowers — enough — sight more 
 natural than real flowers — by Miss L. Haynes. The accomplished 
 and judgmatical reporter of the Courier says it is the best specimen 
 of wax work in the fair. We dare not be so bold — but it is really 
 lovely. 
 
 To close this case, we take No. 723. Four admirably executed 
 cameos, all likeness from life, by Miss Marguerite Foley, Lowell — -cer- 
 tainly a most artistic proof of that young lady's talent and skill, in this 
 delicate and difficult branch of sculpture. These specimens, as far as 
 we are able to criticise, will bear com]5arison with any work of this 
 kind we ever saw. They are really first rate. 
 
 The cameos contributed by Miss Foley, it is safe to assume, were 
 among the most really meritorious works of art in the exhibition, for 
 the later career of this yoimg woman was quite distinguished. 
 
 Two more examples of the art criticism of 1851 will suffice; the 
 latter entry, introducing one of the earlier and ambitious productions 
 of the late Jonathan Bowers, whose round stone house on \\'anna_- 
 lancet Hill was, and is, one of the architectural freaks of the Com- 
 monwealth : 
 
 274 — Another excellent crayon drawing by Miss Emeline Colcord, 
 Lowell. Emeline should continue her practice. 
 
 790 — This, probably, is the most ingenus [sic] specimen of cun- 
 ning and patient labor upon a mere fancy article, in the whole Fair. 
 It is a Mosaic Centre Table — at least, that is the imperfect description 
 
284 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 in the Catalogue ; for it is of Mosaic (of wood) glass, shell, gilt, pearl, 
 and we can hardly say what else. The maker, Mr. Jonathan Bowers, 
 of this city, is said to have received no regular mechanical education — 
 but the work shows that he has a thorough knowledge of every branch, 
 requisite to produce this rare and costly table, in the perfection of 
 mechanic art. It is said that $1,000 — the News says $2,000 — have been 
 refused for this beautiful piece of work ; but w-e do not know what 
 credit belongs to the stories. The thousand dollars is a large sum of 
 money, for so small an article of furniture — more, even, than we could, 
 ourself, flush as we are, afford to pay. 
 
 Specific examples like the above of the sort of taste prevailing in 
 mid-century Lowell are perhaps worth citing, if only to prevent senti- 
 mentalizing this era of national and local history, as some antiquarians 
 are already bidding us do. 
 
 .Vrt of a certain sort was publicly exhibited during several years 
 in the old Lowell Museum, the annals of which have already been 
 given in jiart. As in the case of the Boston Museum, the collections of 
 art and curiosities were of the nature of a blind, to help overcome the 
 aversion which many of the puljlic then had for theatrical ])erform- 
 ances. The exhiliits were of a sort to make a really esthetic sou! shud- 
 der, if one may judge from such advertisements as the subjoined, 
 which appeared in the "Vox Populi'' of March 26, 1842: 
 
 ( LOWHI.I. AfuSF.UM ) 
 
 Corner of Merrimack and Central Streets 
 
 The public are respectfully informed that the above Institution, 
 having received many valuable additions and having been entirely 
 refurnished and renovated throughout, is now open day and evening 
 for the reception of visitors. The collection, which embraces a large 
 variety of specimens of Natural History, Painting, Engraving, Statu- 
 ary, Wax-work and Curiosities, is perfectly in order and so arranged 
 as to impart much instruction and amusement. Among the objects of 
 real interest are fourteen large Scriptural paintings of the Life and 
 Sufferings of our Saviour, the Musical Androides, Hall of Industry, 
 Military Androides, Elephant Horatio, Ourang-Outang, double Lamb, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 BS^ Just added, the great picture of the Death of Abel, which 
 has always been considered an exhibition alone. Surmounting the 
 building is an Observatory which commands an extensive view of the 
 city. 
 
 Ladies and Families are infi:)rmed that the strictest order is main- 
 tained and that they can with perfect propriety visit the Museum with- 
 out the company of a gentleman. 
 
 F. G.ATES, Superintendent. 
 
 Bg^ Boys are not admitted unless accompanied by their parents 
 or guardians. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 Lowell in the Civil War. 
 
 '['he alertness of Lowell thn iu.<;hi mt the crisis that was precipi- 
 tated when several of the sla\-e-holding States undertook to leave the 
 Union, was typical of a community in which young and vigorous peo- 
 ple still predominated. At no other period of its history has the city 
 so consistentl}' taken National prominence as during the years 1861- 
 65. Lowell was first in several episodes of the war and lagged in 
 nothing that was required for successful prosecution of the conflict. 
 
 So far as the struggle was caused by the slavery cjuestion, Lowell, 
 it must be conceded, was, up to the outset of the war, far from being 
 a community united in opposition to the pretensions of the Southern 
 autocracy. Except, indeed, for a few people who were regarded as 
 cranks, the whole North, as Wendell Phillips once put it, "was choked 
 with cotton dust," and a manufacturing city, in especial, whose pros- 
 perity was bound up in a plentiful supply of raw cotton, and whose 
 leading business men had close relations with the South, was unlikely 
 to be a hotbed of anti-slavery agitation. The lalioring classes as well 
 as the em])loyers were often hostile to the efforts of abolitionists, feel- 
 ing that, as Oneal says, "division along sectional lines delayed the 
 coming of the solidarity of all workers North and South." So that, 
 although the pre-Lowell district, as we have seen, had in Squire John 
 Varnum and General Joseph Bradley Varnum two of the earliest 
 American protagonists of comjilete human freedom, the city of i860 
 was bv no means a unit in resisting the encroachments of feudal slav- 
 er}- upon the freer institutions of the North. 
 
 The "big business" of the day, it may 1)e added, was generally 
 averse to interfering with the .South's "peculiar institution." In the 
 cotton industr}- dividends were quite dependent upon a regular supply 
 of the basic material of the manufacture. It is a safe conjecture that 
 many of the mill men whose ]iroperties were at Lowell would have 
 echoed the sentiments of Nathan .'\ppleton, one of the city's founders, 
 as expressed in an apologetic letter of December 15, i860, to a Charles- 
 ton man with whom he had business dealings. "It is evident," wrote 
 Mr. Appleton, "that the South is in a state of great excitement, a feel- 
 ing of extreme indignation toward 'the North, which has been produced 
 in great measure by the abuse of the South poured forth in speeches 
 and letters by the inore extreme of our politicians. But it is a great 
 mistake to suppose that these represent the feelings of the masses in 
 the North or even in New England. Every man of common sense 
 knows that the abolition of slavery, if desirable, is an utter impossi- 
 bility, and there is no such thing as a general hatred of the South " 
 
286 HISTORY OF LOWl'lLL 
 
 While the Bostcm manufacturers no duuht expected that the Na- 
 tional trouble would blmv over, they shrewdly undertook tn prejjare 
 against it as far as was possible in the weeks between President Lin- 
 coln's election and his inauguration. It was reported on January 18 
 that the manufacturing companies were buying largely of raw cotton 
 and storing it for future use. "One corporation has lately made, in 
 the purchase of a cargo of this article, enough to ])ay its last semi- 
 annual dividend. The different railroad tracks to the various corpora- 
 tions in the citv are daily covered with cars loaded with cotton." This 
 foresight was responsible for some nf the mills continuing to operate 
 at or near capacity for many weeks after the war had reduced ship- 
 ments t(.j practically nothing. Tliat business was good at the liegin- 
 ning of iSfji was attested by "Milo," the "Boston Journal's" corres- 
 pondent, will) told his readers that "notwithstanding Southern poli- 
 ticians and newspa])ers are ])roclaiming that the working classes of 
 the north are on the brink of starvation, business is as good in this 
 city as it usually is at this season." 
 
 Conditions in Lowell at Outbreak of the War — .Miout to complete 
 its fourth decade as a factory city, Lowell had no reason to desire any- 
 thing Init the preservation of peace. The census of 1S60 showed that 
 the city had reached a i)0|)ulation of 36,827, and an assessed valuation 
 of $20,894,207. The effects of the ])anic of 1857 had jiassed and times 
 were reasonably good. Normally the development of the city should 
 have gone forward during the next half decade without unusual excite- 
 ment or serious industrial depressions. 
 
 Municipal politics continued on a high jjlane. City (ifficers for the 
 year 1861 were elected toward the close of i860 as folliiws: Mayor, 
 Benjamin C. Sargent; aldermen, Samuel T. Manahan, Jonathan P. 
 Folsom. James \Vatson, W'illiam f. i\lorse, Hocum Hosford, Aldis L. 
 \\'aite, Sager Ashwnrth, William S. Cardner. 
 
 The new mavor was one of the business men of good grade who 
 frequentlv stood for office in ante-bellum Lowell. He was a bookseller 
 by trade, whose ])lace of business in one of the rented stcires of City 
 Hall is ])leasurably remembered by older Lowell jieople of studious 
 tastes. A native of LTnity, New Hampshire, he had come to Lowell 
 in 1 831), at the age of sixteen, to serve as clerk in the bookstore of his 
 brother-in-law, Abijah Watson. In 1843 he went to New York, where 
 for three years he was employed in a book and publishing concern. 
 Retm-ning to Lowell he started a business of his own in Central street, 
 which was later removed to the City Building. He was a member of 
 the common council for five years in the fifties, during three of which 
 years he was its president. As mayor he was a f|uiet, efficient official, 
 who did what was expected nf him in times of crisis and emergency 
 He died March 2, 1870 
 
]N THK CU'IL WAR 287 
 
 Political conditions were otherwise fa\orabIe in Lowell, as well 
 as other Massachusetts comnuinities. The State election of i860 had 
 provided an unusually able and energetic government. John A. An- 
 drew, destined to be known as the War Governor, was then chosen for 
 the first time In the Legislature, which met on January 2, 1861, Wil- 
 liam Claflin. of Newton, was president of the Senate; John A. Good- 
 win, of Lowell, Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Abolition of the Toll Bridge — A local happening of the winter that 
 preceded the war. vied in excitement with the National situation. Resi- 
 dents of Pawtucketville, the West Dracut and of the Pawtucket street 
 section of the city, late in i860, made a final and successful effort 
 toward abolition of the toll nuisance on Pawtucket bridge. 
 
 At a meeting in Cambridge of the Middlesex county commission- 
 ers on January i, 1861, a petition of Peter Sullivan Coburn and others 
 to lay out Pawtucket bridge as a public highway was considered. 
 Simultaneously a petition was prepared and submitted to the Legis- 
 lature urging a special act to enable the city of Lowell and the town of 
 Dracut to support the bridge jointly and justly between them. These 
 petitions were duly granted. 
 
 The joint juliilation of Lowell and Dracut on the occasion of the 
 abolition of tolls on the Pawtucket bridge occurred, fortunately, just 
 before the National crisis had become so acute as to absorb the atten- 
 tion of serious-minded people. Through some one's initiative a public 
 meeting in Huntington Hall was called for February 9 to consider 
 whether it would be desirable to have a celebration in honor of the 
 liberation of the bridge. 
 
 It was the unanimous sense of the assembly that such celebration 
 would be desirable, and a committee of Lowell citizens was chosen as 
 follows: .\lfred Gilman, E. B. Patch. Levi Sprague. James Watson. 
 W. G. Wise, ^^■illiam McFarlin. H. M. Hooke, G. F. Sawtell, J. U. 
 Gage. Dracut was to be represented by Asa Clement, J. B. V. Coburn, 
 Joseph Chase. C. B. X'arnum and George W. Coburn ; Pelham by K. M. 
 Marsh, and Tyngsborough by C}-rus Butterfield. It was arranged that 
 the ceremonies at the bridge should take place on February 20 follow- 
 ing, and that there should be exercises in Huntington Hall on Wash- 
 ington's birthday. 
 
 Accordinglv, on the 20th of Feliruary. in a driving snowstorm, a 
 crowd gathered around the ma}or of Lowell and others of the city 
 government, the selectmen of Dracut and other dignitaries, while the 
 treasurer of the city and town respectively paid over four thousand and 
 two thousand dollars to the count}- treasurer, who added a check for 
 six thousand dollars and ])resented the whole amount to Artemas 
 Holden, treasurer of the bridge company. 
 
 The papers were signed at ten forty-five, whereupon County Com 
 
288 HISTOrn' OF LOWELL 
 
 missioner Huntress declared the bridge a free public highway. Three 
 cheers were given, the nearby church bell was pealed and thirty-four 
 salutes were fired from a nine-pound gun, which had been brought to 
 the river bank. Then the toll gate w'as hitched behind a sleigh in 
 which rode William McFarlin and Peter Sullivan Coburn, who had 
 lieen the jjrime movers in the agitation to free the bridge, and who 
 were thus the first to have the right to cross it without paying toll. 
 Behind them came members of the celelirated Lew family, playing 
 Yankee Doodle on sundry instruments. Thus ended the services of 
 Toll Collector Proctor, who had held up "teams" and foot passengers 
 fur twenty-nine years. Mr. Holden, during nearly as manv years, had 
 been watchdog of the corporation's finances. The bridge had been 
 privately owned and managed since 1792. 
 
 The celebration on the 22nd in Huntington Hall l)rought to Lowell 
 a big gathering of sleighs from Dracut. Tyngsborough and the south- 
 ern towns of New Hampshire, There was music by the Otto Club and 
 the Hall Brass Band, singing by Perez Fuller, and addresses by nota- 
 bles. The sole disa])pointment was that a poem which had been 
 widely heralded as forthcoming from a former resident now in the 
 West failed to reach the committee in time to be read. 
 
 With the opening of Pawtucket bridge as a highway, Lowell citi- 
 zens had free access to thirty-one bridges in addition to those of the 
 manufacturing corijorations. Of these bridges the city owned four- 
 teen, the Locks and Canals Comjiany thirteen and the railroad com- 
 panies four. 
 
 Li the midst of the cit_\"s ])eaceful life, which was but little ruffled 
 by the exciting election of November, iSOo, it began to be e\'ident by 
 the first of the new year that momentous events were on their way. 
 Preparations against a great emergency that was \-isibly approaching 
 were not wanting in Lowell. Officers of the Sixth Massachusetts 
 Regiment, several of whose companies were composed of Lowell men, 
 met on January 21 at the .A-mcrican House to "arrange for future con- 
 tingencies." Thriiugh M.'ijor B. F. Watson a resolution was presented 
 and unanimously adopted, as follmvs: "Resolved, That Colonel Jones 
 be authorized and recpiested, forthwith, to tender the services of the 
 6th regiment t(i the commander-in-chief and legislature, when such 
 service may become desirable, for the purposes contemplated in Cen- 
 eral Order No. 4." This resolution was read shortly afterwards in the 
 State Senate by General Benjamin F. Butler. It was also sent to Gov- 
 ernor Andrew and by him mentioned in the following message of Jan- 
 uary 22 ti) the Legislatm-e : "I transmit herewith, for the information 
 of the General Court, a communicaticjn offering to the Commander-in- 
 Chief and the Legislature the services of the Si.xth Regiment. Third 
 Brigade, Second Division of the Volunteer Militia of the Common- 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 28g 
 
 wealth, which was this day received by me from the hands of Brisja- 
 dier General Butler." 
 
 This message from the Lowell meeting- was duly noticed l)y the 
 Legislature, which, on January 23, passed the following resolve: 
 
 Whereas, several States of the Union have through the action of 
 their people and authorities assumed the attitude of rebellion against 
 the National Government ; and whereas, treason is still more exten- 
 sively diiifused ; and whereas, the State of South Carolina, having first 
 seized the Post Office, Custom House, moneys, arms, munitions of 
 war and fortifications of the United States, has by firing upon a vessel 
 in the service of the United States, committed an act of war; and 
 whereas, the forts and property of the United States in Georgia, Ala- 
 liama, Louisiana and Florida have been seized with hostile and treason- 
 able intention ; and whereas. Senators and Representatives in Congress 
 avow and sanction these acts of rebellion, therefore. 
 
 Resolved, that the Legislature of Massachusetts, now, as always, 
 convinced of the inestimable value of the Union, and the necessity of 
 preserving its blessings to ourselves and our posterity regard with un- 
 mingled satisfaction the determination evinced in the recent firm and 
 ])atriotic special message of the President of the United States to ajjply 
 and faithfully discharge his constittitional duty of enforcing the laws 
 and preserving the integrity of the Union, and we proffer him, through 
 the Governor of the Commonwealth, such aid in men and money as he 
 may require, to maintain the authority of the National Government. 
 
 Resolved, that the Union-loving and patriotic authorities, repre- 
 sentatives, and citizens of these United States whose loyalty is endan- 
 gered or assailed by internal or external treason, who labor in behalf 
 of the Federal Uni(jn with unflinching courage and patriotic devotion, 
 will receive the enduring gratitude of the American people. 
 
 Resolved, that the Governor Ije requested to forward, forthwith, 
 copies of the foregoing resolution to the President of the United States 
 and the Governors of the several States. 
 
 Certain defects in preparation among the Lowell companies were 
 suggested in a letter which their colonel addressed to Governor An- 
 drew early in February. His communication follows: 
 
 Boston, Feb. 5, 1861. 
 To His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief: 
 
 At our interview this morning, you requested me to put the mat- 
 ter which I wished to communicate in writing. In accordance there- 
 with, I make the following statement as to the condition of my com- 
 mand, and take the liberty to forward the same directly to you, passing 
 over the usual channel of communication for want of time. 
 
 The Sixth Regiment consists of eight companies, located as fol- 
 lows, viz.: four in Lowell, two in Lawrence, one in Acton and one in 
 Boston, made up mostly of men of families, "who earn their bread by 
 the sweat of their brow," men who are willing to leave their homes, 
 families, and all that man holds dear, and sacrifice their present and 
 future as a matter of duty 
 
 L-19 
 
290 HISTORY' OF LOWELL 
 
 P'our cnnipanifs of the regiment are insufficiently armed (as to 
 quantity) with a serviceable rifle musket; the other four with the old 
 musket, which is not a safe or serviceable arm, and requiring a differ- 
 ent cartridge from the first, which would make confusiim in the dis- 
 tribution of ammunition. 
 
 Two Companies are without uniforms, having worn them out and 
 were proposing to have new ones the ensuing Spring. Six companies 
 and the band have company uniforms of different colors and styles, but 
 insufficient in numbers, and which are entirely unfit for actual service, 
 from the fact that they are made of fine cloth, more for show and the 
 attractive appearance of the company on parade than for any other 
 purpose, lieing cut tight to the form and in fashionaljle style. 
 
 1 would (after being properly armed and equipped) suggest our 
 actual necessary wants, \iz. : a caj), frock coat, pantaloons, boots, 
 overcoat, knapsack, and blanket to each man, of heavy serviceable ma- 
 terial, cut sufficiently loose and made strcfngly, to stand the necessities 
 of the service. Such is our position, and I think it is a fair representa- 
 tion of the condition of most of the troops in the State. Their health 
 and efficiency depend greatly upon their comfort. 
 
 My command is not able pecuniarily to put themselves in the nec- 
 essary condition, nor should they, as matter of right and justice, be 
 asked so to do, even were they able. What is the cost in money to 
 the State of Massachusetts, when compared to the sacrifices we are 
 called ujjon to make? Respectfully, 
 
 Edw.vrd F. Jones, 
 Colonel Sixth Regiment. 
 
 P. S. — I would also suggest that it would rerpiire from ten to four- 
 teen days as the shortest possible time within which my command 
 could be i)tit in marching order. 
 
 The watchfulness with which the officers of the Sixth Regiment 
 looked after details of equipment undoubtedly explains in large [lart 
 the priority of this Bay State regiment in taking the field. Tliese men 
 were descendants in spirit as well as lineage of the minute-men of 
 Lexington Oircen. 
 
 General Butler's "First Aid" to the Union — The \ery real con- 
 Irihutions which the militant attorney of Lowell made to the efficient 
 conduct of the war in its initial stages have jierhaps n(_)t been exag- 
 gerated in the accounts given by himself and others in the Butler 
 correspondence that was published for the first tinxe in 11)17. 
 
 General Butler's early and effective pleading for preparation in 
 the Bay State was noted in the address which General Edward F. 
 Jones, commander of the Massachusetts Sixth Regiment, made before 
 the Loyal Legion in New York, May 13, 1911. A report of this address 
 states that "on 14 T>in-. 1861, General Butler, who was in command 
 of the Third Brigade, Mass. Vol. Militia, called u])on Col. Jones, 
 commanding the Sixth Regiment (himself) and requested that he 
 (Jones) go with him (Butler) to see Gov. Andrew, remarking: 
 'Andrew and I are not very good friends, and you have more influence 
 
IN THE CI\"IL WAR 291 
 
 with him than I have. I want to impress upon him (Andrew) the 
 necessity of having some troops ready to meet the emergency which 
 I know is coming. The South is attempting secession, and if the 
 North is not ready, thc}- (the South) will get an advantage which it 
 will be difficult for us to overcome.' " 
 
 General Butler himself committed to writing his memory of the 
 occurrences of this winter in a letter to General A\'illiam Schnuler 
 under date of July 10, 1870. Schouler, it should be noted, as editor 
 of the Bay State's war records, had been in position to enhance or 
 depreciate reputations. It might also be noted that he was a former 
 Lowell editor of the "Courier" at a time when that sedate paper was 
 much under fire of the "Vox Populi," to which Butler was a frequent 
 anonymous and markedly sarcastic contributor. The 1870 letter from 
 Washington to this old political adversary was quite conciliary in 
 tone. The significant portion of it begins as follows : 
 
 That you had espoused the cause of your chief, Governor Andrew, 
 in the unfortunate differences of opinion which arose about the recruit- 
 ment of the New England Division in 1861 I have never thought 
 ground of personal enmity. I expected that fidelity to your com- 
 mander; and therefore when in 1864 you came to my headquarters 
 you will remember that you had no cause of complaint at your recep- 
 tion. I had seen, however, subsequently, indications in your writing 
 up the part that Massachusetts took in the war, of what seemed to me 
 a desire to belittle any efforts of mine in behalf of the country in the 
 great struggle ; but I have never placed pen to paper to correct any 
 supposed misrepresentation or omissions upon your part which fell to 
 my lot. 
 
 Undertaking for Schouler's information a narrative of his per- 
 sonal interest in the contest that in the winter of 1860-61 was seen to 
 impend. General Butler told how on December 23, i860, he was in 
 attendance at the Democratic convention in Washington which had 
 been planned for at Baltimore in the jireceding spring, had been plan- 
 ned for in the event of the party's defeat at the national election : 
 
 I found that all hope or desire to reorganize the Democratic party 
 as a union party had passed away, especially from the more advanced 
 of the southern men. They looked for an immediate dissolution of 
 the Union, with homogeneous govenmicnt constructed in the South, 
 with slavery for its corner-stone, with which piecemeal portions of 
 the North should seek admission. I remember Pennsylvania was to 
 be admitted first, as she was deemed likely to ask ; then the North- 
 western states, particularly Illinois, were to be tolled into the fold, 
 that state being desirable because she was the home of the President. 
 No doubt was expressed that Indiana would be among the earliest to 
 take part with the South ; that New York City, if she could not carry 
 the state with her, would be sui)ported in dividing herself as a free 
 
292 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 city from the rest of the state. When I asked a southern gentleman 
 what was tn he done with New England, he said that she was to be left 
 I Hit in the cold, except perhaps Connecticut, which might well enough 
 l)e a ]Kirt of the state of which New York City was to be the centre. 
 
 I said the North would fight. 
 
 He said the North could not fight. Who in the North would 
 fight? I said I would, for one. He replied there will be men enough 
 found at the North to take care at home of all who want to fight the 
 South. I retorted that if we marched South we should leave all the 
 traitiirs liehind us hanging on trees. 
 
 After this conference Butler returned to Boston, where he arrived 
 on January 3. convinced in his own mind that there would be war. 
 He immediately saw Governor Andrew and explained the need of 
 having the militia ready for possible service at inauguration time. At 
 his suggestion Andrew made a recommendation that the legislature 
 approjiriate $25,000 for overcoats. This measure was attacked as 
 extravag.ant by newspapers of both political parties. "The reply 
 was," llutler writes sarcastically, "on the part of the Democratic 
 pa[iers, — with that charity as tO' motive which ever distinguishes the 
 partisan press, — that General Butler might have advised the Governor 
 to get the overcoats, but as he was a large stockholder in the Middle- 
 sex Mills wdiich made such cloth it was having an eye to business in 
 getting the contract for them to his mill." 
 
 Events of Feliruary and March, iSfii, arc referred to passingly 
 in Butler's letter. On the evening of April 16 came the order for the 
 Massachusetts troops tn entrain for the defence of Washington. 
 "T went home to Lowell that night from Boston," he writes, "and 
 saw there James G. Carney, Esq., president of the Bank of Mutual 
 Redemption, and my lifelong friend, now deceased, patriotic gentle.- 
 man of far-reaching influence, and said to him: 'You can do me a 
 favor. The Governor of the State has orders to march troops to 
 Washington, and he has no money with which to do it. You can do 
 an act of patriotism and an act of friendship to me at the same time 
 by offering to the Governor a credit of fifty thousand dollars at your 
 bank until tlic legislature can get an appropriation'." 
 
 Mr. Carney readily assented. With this ofifer in hand General 
 Butler went to the Governor and asked to be detailed as brigadier- 
 general in command. The chief executive asked about ways and 
 means. "Governor," replied General Butler, "I have foreseen and 
 provided for it. Here is an order for a credit of fifty thousand dol- 
 lars on the Bank of Mutual Redemption, and I doubt not every bank 
 in State street will follow the example. Now I very much desire to 
 be detailed to march with these troojis. Two regiments of my brigade 
 are going and they canno: go without their brigadier." He "took the 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 293 
 
 matter under consideration for a short time ; the Major-General of 
 Militia, General William Sutton, was soon after present and strongly 
 urged the same thing, and so did General Oliver, and the Governor 
 detailed me in command of the troop. The rest is history." 
 
 Lowell observers, meantime, had seen that nothing helpful came 
 out of the peace convention held at Washington in February, 18G1. 
 They read with keen interest President Lincoln's inaugural address of 
 March 4. in which he laid down as basic principles that ( i) the rights 
 of each State to control its domestic institutions according to its own 
 judgment exclusively should be maintained inviolate; (2) the fugitive 
 slave clause of the constitution and the fugitive slave law should be 
 executed; ('3) the Union is unbroken and perpetual; (4) the laws of 
 the Union should be faithfully executed in all the States. Mr. Lin- 
 coln's decision to send supplies to Fort .Sumter, already in a state 
 of siege, was highl}- ajiproved. Finally, on April 12, came the order 
 from Governor Pickens of South Carolina to bombard the fort. 
 Amidst the flare-up of indignation caused by this open declaration of 
 war Massachusetts at once took a prominent place in the movement 
 to protect the seat of national government at Washington. 
 
 A spirited demonstration of loyalty was that given by citizens 
 of Irish nativity or parentage on St. Patrick's Day, 186 1. The Ameri- 
 canism of the men who fled from Ireland to escape economic oppres- 
 sion and seek larger industrial opportunities in this country' is almost 
 proverbial. In Lowell it was admirably displayed from the outset. 
 The celebration of March 17 was under the auspices of the Lowell 
 Irish Benevolent Society. Orators of the day were John A. Goodwin, 
 who still felt that "secession will come back like the prodigal son 
 after they have starved in isolation long enough," and General Butler, 
 who announced that he was disposed to offer the olive branch of 
 submission to the traitors with the sword as alternative in case they 
 refused to accept the tender. 
 
 Among the patriotic "premieres" which may be claimed for 
 Lowell is that the first flag to be unfurled from a church tower was in 
 March, 1861, when the National emblem was floated from the spire of 
 St. Paul's Methodist Church, upon recommendation of Rev. William 
 R. Clark. Churches throughout New Tuigland soon followed this ex- 
 ample. 
 
 In the middle days of April, the season when, traditionally, wars 
 begin for the United States, Lowell witnessed the departure of the 
 four companies of the faithful Sixth. The non-combatant citizen had 
 read in the papers of the determination of the authorities at the State 
 house to make an immediate demonstration against secession. On 
 April 15, from Adjutant General William Schouler, there came to 
 Colonel Jones at Lowell the preemptory order "to muster your regi- 
 
294 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tnent on Boston Common, forthwith, in compliance with a requisition 
 made by the President of tlie United States." 
 
 A hurry call was rushed to more than thirty towns and villages in 
 the neighborhood of Lowell, in which individual members of the regi- 
 ment lived. On the morning of the i6th u[>wards of 700 officers and 
 men had responded. They assembled in Huntington Hall in whose 
 galleries and about whose doors a host of onlookers had collected. 
 An eloquei:t farewell to the troops was read by the Rev. Amos Blanch- 
 ard, of the Kirk Street Congregational Church. 
 
 Thence the men entrained in the railway station below the hall. 
 On arrival in Boston they marched to Faneuil Hall, where they were 
 addressed by Governor Andrew in a stirring appeal. The regimental 
 colors were presented to the commanding officer with the words : "We 
 shall follow you w^ith our benediction and our prayers. Those whom 
 vou leave behind you we shall cherish in our heart of hearts." To this 
 sentiment Colonel Jones replied : "You have given me this flag, which 
 is the emblem of all that stands before you. Tt represents my whole 
 command, and, so help me God, I will never disgrace it." 
 
 Thus departed for the disturbed borderland a regiment that had 
 enrolled several hundred of the young men of Lowell and the vicinity 
 who had in peace times submitted themselves to military discipline 
 against such an emergency as this. It mustered in a total of 699 men. 
 The companies and their captains were as follows : Company A, Na- 
 tional Greys, Lowell, Captain Josiah A. Sawtelle ; Company B, Groton, 
 Captain Clark; Comi^any C, iMechanics Phalanx, Lowell, Captain Al- 
 Ijert Follansbee ; Company D, City Guards, Lowell, Captain James W. 
 Hart ; Company E, Acton, Captain Tuttle ; Company F, Lawrence, 
 Captain Chadbourne ; Company G, Worcester, Captain Pratt ; Com- 
 pany H. Watson Light Guard, Lowell, Captain John F. Noyes ; Com- 
 jjany I, Lawrence. Ca])tain Pickering; Company K, Boston, Captain 
 Sampson; Compan\' L. .'-^tuneliam, Cajjtain Dike. 
 
 Lowell's Most Celebrated Soldier — The prompt response of the 
 Sixth Regiment called National attention, amongst other things, to 
 the energy and efficiency of the brigade commander, under whose 
 orders this mustering in was effected, and whose further undertakings 
 and ex])loits will necessarily receive much space in any account of 
 Ldwell in the Civil War. 
 
 The Lowell citizen whose fame was most mitably enhanced by 
 the Civil War, though in many respects it was already great before 
 the conflict began, was Benjamin Franklin Butler, lawyer, politician, 
 statesman, soldier. Reference has been made in preceding chapters 
 to views and acts of this very remarkable man, practically all of whose 
 life was spent in Lowell, a personage of keen, incisive intellect, more 
 likely perhaps to be right in national questions than some of his 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 295 
 
 political adversaries would like td admit: a loyal friend and aggres- 
 sive opponent, one who 'jelieved heartily in the city of his residence 
 and who was generally believed in by his friends and neighbors. 
 
 General Butler was born at Deerfield. New Hampshire, Novem- 
 ber 5, 1S18. a few months beft.ire his father's death. His grandfather, 
 Zephaniah Butler, had come to the neighboring town of Nottingham 
 from Connecticut. His father. Captain John Butler, had served with 
 the dragoons in the \\'ar of 1S12 and had subsequently commanded a 
 Letter of Marque in the service of Simon Bolivar, the South Ameri- 
 can liberator. He died in the West Indies shortly after Benjamin's 
 birth. The widowed mother, when the boy was ten years old, moved 
 to Lowell, which city he saw for the first time from the crest of Chris- 
 tian Hill. His pride in the Lowell High School, of which he was one 
 of the first pupils, has been attested in his reminiscences of its first 
 graduates. He was consistently a believer in the public school system. 
 After finishing his preparatory course, young Butler entered 
 ^^■aterville College. Maine, from which he was graduated in 1838. He 
 was at this time in somewhat delicate health, but a trip to the banks 
 in a fishing smack built up his ])hysique. He undertook the study of 
 law in the office of William Smith. Lowell, and in 1841 he was admit- 
 ted to the Middlesex county bar. He was meantime learning the ins 
 and outs of the political game. In 1840 he made his first stump speech, 
 in favor of I\lartin \'an Buren. As he entered into the practice of his 
 profession, he soon astonished older men than hiinself by his shrewd- 
 ness and acumen. 
 
 Politicallv. Mr. Butler's sympathies were with the Democratic 
 party from the outset of his career. At considerable risk of personal 
 reputation, since his adversaries were often ready with charges of 
 demagogism. he espoused the cause of the working class in the new 
 industrial communities of which Lowell was a prototype. He was one 
 of the adx'ocates of a ten-hour law and as a member of the Legislature 
 did much toward shortening the legal working day. He was a dele- 
 gate to each National Democratic convention from 1844 to i860. He 
 first went to the Legislature in 1853. In the same year he sat at the 
 constitutional convention. In 1859 he was one of three Democratic 
 State Senators. In that year he drew up the bill by which the old 
 Court of Common Pleas was abolished and the Superior Court was 
 substituted. At the Democratic convention of i860 he represented 
 constituents who would have liked him to vote for Stephen .\. Doug- 
 las for President. As. however, it was evident that a Northern candi- 
 date would not be accepted. General Butler voted for Jefferson Davis, 
 afterwards President of the Confederacy. When the convention ad- 
 journed from Charleston to Baltimore, IMr. Butler and a few other 
 Northern delegates, and a majority of those from the South, bolted 
 
296 HISTORY OK LOWELL 
 
 and nominated John C. Breckenridg'e. In 1859 Mr. Butler was the 
 Democratic candidate, and in 1860 was the Breckenridge Democratic 
 candichite fiir tlie Massachusetts Governorship, but was defeated on 
 each occasion. 
 
 General Butler's natural ability and exi)erience in military mat- 
 ters were mure unusual than his detractors would sijmetimes concede. 
 He joined tlie militia in 1839, as a private in the Lowell City Guard. 
 He served in the ranks for three years. Thence he rose step by step 
 through all the gradations of military rank, and at the outset of the 
 Civil War he held the rank of brigadier-general. On April 15, 1861, 
 he was pleading a case in a Boston court, when an order from the 
 State house was placed in his hands. It stated that the Si.xth Regi- 
 ment should report for National duty on the morrow, the President 
 having just issued his call for 75,000 volunteers. Hastily moving a 
 postponement of the case (which remains postponed to this day), the 
 lawyer soldier took the first train to Lowell to see that evervthing was 
 in readiness for entraining. 
 
 The Lowell Martyrs in Baltimore — The 1S61 anniversary of the 
 battle of Lexington, as every schoolboy knows, witnessed the first 
 bloodshed of the Civil War. Newsjiajiers of the 20th brought to ex- 
 cited Lowell pciiple fragmentar\- and somewhat inaccurate tidings of 
 an attack made upon the Sixth Massachusetts liy a mob in the streets 
 of Ijaltimore It was known that several men had been killed and 
 others more or less sex'erely wounded. An early report placed among 
 the dead Private Edward Coburn, of Dracut. Facilities for collecting 
 news and handling it over the wire were less well developed then than 
 now. The "stories" carried in the Boston papers of the day after the 
 occurrence seem almost surprisingly meagre and conflicting. 
 
 \Vhat actually hajipened was revealed to Lowell readers of the 
 "Boston Iiiurnal" a day later, \\hen this newspaper reprinted from the 
 "New York Times" a currected and summarized accoimt which f(il- 
 lows : 
 
 Through the C(nirtesy of an eye-witness of the disturluince in 
 Baltimore, upon occasion of the passage of the Massachusetts \'olnn- 
 tccrs. we are enabled to give a reliable account of what actually 
 occuned. ;ind at the same time to correct a false im])ression in regard 
 to the number of troops engaged in conflict with the secession mob. 
 
 It appears that the Massachusetts Regiment occupied eleven cars 
 and arrived safely and in excellent spirits at Baltimore. There was 
 no demonstration made upon their arrival, and the cars were permit- 
 ted to leave the depot with the troops still on board. The cars pro- 
 ceeded c|uickly through the streets of li.altimore on their way to the 
 depot at the other side of the cit\-. and the fears expressed by some of 
 the citizens that an attack would lie made were somewhat allayed. 
 But they had not proceeded more than a couple of blocks before the 
 crowd became so dense that the horses attached to each car were 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 297 
 
 scarcely able to push their way thrciugh. The remaining two cars of 
 the train, containing about 100 men, were cut off from the main body 
 and the men found themselves accompanied by an infuriated mob of 
 over 8,000. These isolated cars were immediately attacked and several 
 of the soldiers had their muskets snatched from them. At this moment 
 news came that the Philadel])hia \'olunteers had arrived, and the re- 
 port excited the mob to a fearful degree. 
 
 The Massachusetts troops, finding the cars untenalile, alighted 
 and formed a hollow square, advancing with fixed bayonets upon all 
 sides in double quick time, all the while surrounded by the mob — 
 now swelled to the number of at least 10,000 — yelling and hooting. 
 The military behaved admirably and still abstained from firing up<ni 
 their assailants. 
 
 The mob now commenced throwing a perfect shower of missiles, 
 occasionally varied by a random shot from a revolver or one of the 
 muskets taken from the soldiers. The poor fellows suffered severely 
 from the immense quantity of stones, oysters, brick-bats, paving 
 stones, etc., the shots fired also wounding several. When two of the 
 soldiers had been killed, and the woimded had been conveyed to the 
 centre of the column, the troops at last, exasperated and maddened 
 by the treatment that they had received, commenced returning the 
 fire singly, killing several and wounding a large number of the rioters; 
 but at no one time did a single platoon fire in a volley. Our informant 
 is positive upon this point. 
 
 The volunteers, after a protracted and severe struggle, at last 
 succeeded in reaching the depot, bearing with them in triumph their 
 killed and wounded, and immediately embarked. The scene is de- 
 scribed in glowing terms b}' our informant, who says that the calm 
 courage and heroic bearing of the troops spoke volumes for the sons 
 of Massachusetts who, though marching under a fire of the most em- 
 barrassing description and opposed to overwhelming odds, neverthe- 
 less succeeded in accomjilishing their purpose and effected a passage 
 through crowded streets a distance of over a mile — a feat not easily 
 accomplished liy a bod}- of less than one luuidred men when ojiposed 
 to such terrific odds. 
 
 More directly personal accounts of the fray soon began to arrive 
 in Lowell by mail and in the person of participants. 
 
 Captain Follansbee, of the Phalan.x, who had command of the 
 companies that were under attack, communicated from Washington a 
 letter to the "Lowell Courier,'' which gives in simple, unaiTected lan- 
 guage a ^•ivid picture of the happenings. His account of the detraining 
 of the troops is similar to that of other eye witnesses. ^Yhen the 
 assaults began the Bay State troops, he insisted, showed no signs 
 whatsoever of panic : 
 
 The captains consulted together and decided that command 
 should de\'olve upon me. I iinmediately took my position at the right, 
 wheeled into colurnn of sections and rec[uested them to march in close 
 order. Before we had started the mob was upon us. with a secession 
 flag tied to a pole, and told us we could never march through that city. 
 
298 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 They would kill every "white nigger" of us before we could reach the 
 depot. I ])aid no attention to them, but after I had wheeled the bat- 
 talion gave the order to march. 
 
 As soon as the order was gi\'en the brick-bats began to fly into 
 our ranks from the mob. 1 called a policeman and requested him to 
 lead the way to the other depot. He did so. After we had marched 
 about a hundred yards we came to a bridge. The rebels had torn up 
 most of the planks. We had to play "Scotch hop" to get over it. As 
 soon as we had crossed the bridge they commenced to fire upon us 
 from the streets and houses. \\'e were loaded liut not capped. I 
 ordered the men to cap their rifles and protect themselves ; and then 
 we returned their fire and laid a good many of them away. I saw 
 four fall on the sidewalk at one time. They followed us up and we 
 fought our way to the depot — about one mile. Ouite a number of the 
 rascals were shot after we had entered the cars. We went very slow, 
 for we expected the rails were torn up on the road. 
 
 Letters, vividly descriptive of the excitement in Maryland, were 
 also published during the latter days of April from Lieutenant George 
 E. Davis, of Company H ; Private A. J. Herrick, of the National Greys, 
 and Brent Johnson, ni the Phalanx. One from R. A. Elliott, of the 
 Phalanx, contained this paragraph regarding the conduct of his com- 
 ]:)any : "Ab(^ut five (jr six of our men in this company were knocked 
 down, but none were very seriously hurt. I got one stone on the back 
 of mv neck, but it did no damage. One man has his nose badly hurt. 
 One got three bullets through his coat skirt, but was not hurt himself. 
 So you see we had a hard tim.e and not a man flinched a hair. We 
 found f(irl)earance of no further use and we fired. I saw three men 
 killed in the discharge ; each had rocks in their hands." Mr. Johnson's 
 letter bore testimonv, as other contemporary accounts did, to the 
 intrepiditv of the mavor of Baltimcire, who did his best to quell the 
 uprising of the turbulent citizens. He stated that the mayor met the 
 troops about a mile from the railway station and that when the mob 
 refused tn desist, he took a rifle frum one i:if the soldiers and ^Imt a cnn- 
 spicuniis riiiter dead. 
 
 Return of the Bandsmen from Baltimore — ( )n the morning of the 
 22nd, se\'eral members of the regimental Ijand returned to Lowell. 
 They were met by a concourse of people at the station and escorted to 
 their homes. These musicians took a natural pride in displa}-ing their 
 damaged instruments and especialh' the bass drum, with Ixith heads 
 broken. In passing through New York City, it was stated, the band 
 was oft'ered five hundred dollars for the drum, but was not tempted 
 therebv. "They look tired and weary, and a few of them are slightly 
 wounded bv stones and lirickbats," was a reporter's comment on their 
 ])ersonal a|)pearance. 
 
 From the Si.xth's famous color-bearer, Timothy A. Crowley, 
 Lowell readers were ajipnsed of the occurrences through a letter, dated 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 299 
 
 at W'asliington cm April 26, in which many of the incidents of tlie riot 
 were retold. Of his own dejiartment the writer said : "The color was 
 about two rods in the rear of the last company, and was never lowered 
 an inch from the first raising in the streets among the rabble of Balti- 
 more until I got into the cars for W'asliington. I took the position 
 after one older, larger and more of a military turn than I had deserted 
 and showed the white feather." 
 
 The incident, celebrated in the school histories, of the readiness 
 with which the Bay State mechanics under General Butler repaired 
 and rebuilt portions of a railroad and repaired a locomotive was also 
 given in Color-Bearer Crowley's words. In reporting his conversa- 
 tion with men of the New York Seventh, he said: "They say that 
 the general, when he found his mode of travel to this city [Washing- 
 ton] cut of¥ by the demolition of the railway and the burning of the 
 bridges, immediately ordered his men to commence work by laying 
 rails, shoveling, building stone walls and in general putting things in 
 order for transportation of the troops, the rails necessary for one line 
 of tracks having been brought from the station above. The general, 
 who is never behind time, dropped his coat and labored with the rest, 
 while skirmishers, scouts, etc., were stationed for two or three miles 
 in advance and thus by his energetic endeavors, the Seventh Regiment 
 were enabled to reach here. No locomotive being run, the general 
 ordered the men to break open an engine house and take a locomotive 
 therein, which being done was found to be out of repair, and it was 
 thoroughly overhauled, repaired and set in motion." 
 
 The arrival on April 23 of Daniel B. Stevens, of Lowell, from 
 Baltimore, was noted in the Boston newspapers. He had been re- 
 ported killed. Instead he had been hit in the side by a paving stone 
 which broke three ribs and rendered him unconscious. He was taken 
 up for dead and carried to the station house, where he lay imconscious 
 for two hours. When he came to himself he found that he was lying 
 among a dozen or fifteen wounded Baltimore men. As soon as well 
 enough to leave he was ptit on a train to New York and thence sent 
 to Lowell to recover from his wounds and rejoin his regiment. 
 
 The Death of Whitney and Ladd — It soon transpired that of the 
 fotir men killed in the streets of Baltimore three were members of the 
 Lowell City Guards: Addison O. Whitney, Luther C. Ladd and 
 Charles A. Taylor. The last named, however, was not a Lowell resi- 
 dent, for he had joined the company in Boston, and. except that he was 
 a painter by trade, very little was discoverable about him. The other 
 two were inconspictious btit respected youths. Addison Otis Whit- 
 ney, son of John F. and Jane B. Whitney, was born October 30, 1837, 
 at Waldo. Maine, and had come to Lowell to take work in one of the 
 spinning rooms. Luther Crawford Ladd, son of John and Fanny 
 
300 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Ladd, was born at Alexandria, New Hampshire, December 23, 1843. 
 Before mobilization he was employed in the Lowell Machine Shop. 
 Both these young mechanics were of exemi)lar}- character. In Head- 
 ley's words: "At Lowell, on the fifteenth day of April, they dropped 
 the garb of the artisan and assumed that of the citizen-soldier. Four 
 days afterward, at Baltimore, their mortal liodies, bruised and lifeless, 
 lay on the bloody stones of Pratt street, the victims of a brutal mob." 
 
 The assertion that the Sixth Massachusetts, with its large {iropor- 
 tion of Lowell men, was "the first armed and equipped troop to re- 
 spond tt) President Linculn's call" has been disputed of late years, 
 when there has seemed to be a conspiracy on the part of some writers 
 to depreciate the Bav State and all its military achievements. The 
 case for the leadership of the Sixth has had good support, amongst 
 others, from a careful writer, "J. K. C," in the notes and queries de- 
 partment of the "Boston Transcript," who states that although Penn- 
 sylvania troops did reach Washington a few Imurs before the Massa- 
 chusetts men, these former were not armed and equipped troops. 
 Benson [. Lossing, historian, is cpioted as saying that the Pennsyl- 
 vania companies, "were almost entirely without arms." They could 
 hence have been cjf alnmst no use in defending the capital. Of the 
 reception of the Sixth in Washington, Colonel Jones later wrote : 
 "Such was the anxiety at Washington that on our arrival we were 
 met b\- the President and Cabinet. President Lincoln grasped my 
 hand and with tears in his eyes said: 'Thank God you are here. If 
 vou had nut come we should be in the hands of the rebels before 
 niiirning. "i'dur brave boys have saved the ca])ital, God bless them'." 
 
 The dispute, which is of long standing, may l)e followed by 
 the curious in a file of the "Independent" for .April and May, 1S86, in 
 which the Massachusetts side of the controversy is summed up in 
 .articles entitled "The Claims of Certain Pennsylvanians to have been 
 the 'h'irst Defenders' of Washington." As historian of the .Sixth 
 Regiment, Colonel B. F. Watson, in his "Addresses, Reviews and Epi- 
 sodes, chiefly concerning the Old Sixth Massachusetts Regiment," 
 brought together many data believed to be conclusive evidence that it 
 deser\-ed its acce|)ted motto: "First to \(ilunteer : first in the field; 
 first to shed its l)lood ; first to trium])h." 
 
 Enlistments were wonderfully furthered in Lowell from the hour 
 of recei\-ing the first news of the riot in which the Sixth had protected 
 itself from the Maryland moli. The armories were crowded with 
 young men and old. The Light Guard made a record of enlisting 
 sixty-four men in half an hour, and after they had signed up Hon. 
 George F. Richardson cinie forward to write a check for one hundred 
 dollars tiiwards the needs of the comjiany. Irish-. \merican citizens 
 were simultaneously f(_irward with the formation of their cmnpan}-, to 
 
IN THE CI\1L WAR 301 
 
 which the name of the Hill Cadets was given in honor of Paul Hill, 
 who took substantial interest in their efforts. 
 
 Meantime flag raisings occurred throughout the city. On Sunday 
 a special train was run to allow citizens to attend a union meeting in 
 Boston. Sermons were nearly all of a political nature, and groups of 
 excited people talked war in the streets. The oldest inhabitant doubted 
 if ever such a New England Sabbath had been seen before. 
 
 Civilian confirmation of the state of anarchy which prevailed in 
 the border States was brought back to Lowell on April 26, on the 
 arrival nf J. N. Pierce, ca-^hicr of the Merchants' Bank, who in coming 
 east from a western trip stopped off in Washington. From the Na- 
 tional capital he took the train to Baltimore, where he had friends 
 who advised him not, in the present state of feeling, to try to travel 
 northward. On their counsel he even purchased a secession cockade, 
 which he wore as a precaution. Determined to leave the city, he 
 visited several livery stables, but was unable to secure a rig. Finally, 
 in companv with another man who had been driven out of Virginia, 
 he succeeded in hiring an old broken-down horse and wagon, "the 
 whole concern not worth ten dollars, for fifty dollars," with which they 
 set out at a rate of four miles an hour for Havre de Grace. Both were 
 desperately hungry. They called at houses on the road for food, but 
 the inhabitants would not furnish it for love nor money. They finally 
 reached the mouth of the Susquehanna in safety, and shaking the dust 
 of Maryland from their feet, and throwing their cockades into the 
 river, they were successful in arri\ing at Philadelphia. 
 
 The number of Lowell men enlisted was reported on May 10 to be 
 rising 700. The details were as follows: Staff officers, 10; brigade 
 band, 18: National Greys, Company A, 52; Mechanic Phalanx, Com- 
 pany C (including new recruits), 66; City Guards, Company D, 30: 
 Watson Light Guards, Company H, 53; Richardson Light Infantry, 
 ■jy \ Hill Cadets, 74; Abbritt Light Guard, •]■/■, Lowell Light Infantry, 
 S6; Butler Rifles, 85: enlisted in Regular Army, 56; total, 704 troops. 
 It was noted that this enrollment involved about one in seven of the 
 entire voting population. 
 
 The older men of Lowell in these first days of the war were 
 equally anxious with the more youthful to be of service to the Na- 
 tional cause. A home guard movement was initiated on April 23 when 
 a group of the so-called Phalanx exempts, or older members of the 
 Mechanic Phalanx who had passed the military age, met to organize 
 a protective body. Six past commanders of the company were among 
 the organizers: T. G. Tweed, James Dennis, Jonathan Kimball, N. S. 
 Ramsey, J. G. Peabody and V. Ganson. At a subsequent meeting, on 
 April 27, these officers of the "exempts" were chosen : Captain, J. G. 
 Peabody; first lieutenant, .'\. R. Brown; second lieutenant, W. G. 
 
302 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 (jra\'; tliiid licutt-nant, Rfulien Fryc ; f(Jiirth lieutenant, Samuel Law- 
 rence. Tliis cori)s later tiink the name of The Lowell \''eterans. 
 
 A report that the bodies of three victims of the Baltimore riot, 
 either killed or mortally wounded, had reached Boston, stirred Lowell 
 folk on Alay 2. The caskets were in charge of Merrill S. \\'right, of the 
 Richardson Light Infantry, who had lieen detailed for this purpose by 
 Colonel Jones. They were temporarily placed in a tomb at King's 
 Chapel. It was up tci this time supposed that the slain men were Sum- 
 ner A. Needham, Lawrence ; James Keenan, Stoneham, and lulward 
 Coburn, Lowell. 
 
 The following day people from Lowell readil}' identified two of 
 the bodies as those of their fellow-citizens, Ladd and Whitney, of the 
 City Guards. Both Keenan and Coburn, it was learned later, were 
 severely wounded but not killed. On May 6 Captain Davis, with a 
 detachment of the Richardson Light Infantry, and with memliers of 
 the city government, went to Boston to receive the remains of these 
 two young men. 
 
 Obsequies of the Baltimore Victims — Neither before nor since the 
 Civil War has Lowell e\er had any funeral more truly impressive than 
 that of May ", iS6i, when the liodies of the youthful first victims of 
 the conflict lietween armed feudalism and aroused industrialism were 
 brought back to the city which but a few weeks before they had left 
 resolutely and eagerly. At the railway station in Boston a striking 
 address was made by Governor .\ndrew, and a response by Mayor Sar- 
 geant. The train reached the Middlesex street station, Lowell, at 
 about one-thirty. The caskets were at once taken to Huntington Hall, 
 where they rested in state during impressive exercises. A dirge was 
 played by the Lowell Brigade Band. There followed a selection from 
 the Scrijitures, Rev. Mr. TTomer : prayer. Rev. Mr. Cleaveland : anthem, 
 sung by the St. Anne's choir: memorial address. Rev. W. R. Clark. A 
 hymn for the occasion, which had been written by Rev. C. W. Homer, 
 was read by Rev. J. J. Twiss and sung l)y the St. Anne singers. The 
 lienediction was spoken by the Rev. Mr. Hinckley. Then, with the 
 band again playing a dirge, with the military at arms reversed, a pro- 
 cessinn furmed outside the hall and solemnh- marched to the cemetery, 
 where bells tolled and minute guns were fired as the bodies were placed 
 in the tomb. "Thus,"' according to the "Citizen" writer, "ended the 
 most imposing fmieral tributes ever witnessed in this city by its oldest 
 inhal)itants." 
 
 The citizens who had been reported as missing at the time of the 
 outl)reak were presently accounted for. A Boston gentleman, writing 
 to the "Journal" on ".\fTairs at Baltimore," stated that on the Friday 
 morning following the riot, he and a fellow townsman of long resi- 
 dence in the Maryland ci'v went to the police station to offer to care 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 303 
 
 for the wounded. Here he found Sergeant J. E. Ames, of Lowell, and 
 Private Edward Coburn, of Dracut, "with only such comtorts as could 
 be found in a police station." Mr. Ames, he said, had two severe scalp 
 wounds from which he nearly bled to death, while Mr. Coburn was 
 shot in the back just above the hip and was suffering from much 
 inflammation. 
 
 On the 15th of May, Sergeant J. E. Ames, Corporal D. B. Tyler 
 and Private Edward Coburn, who had been wounded at Baltimore, 
 were brought to Lowell. They were met at the station by Mayor Sar- 
 geant and were placed in carriages to be escorted to their homes. 
 
 The further experiences of the Sixth Regiment during its three 
 months' enlistment were less exciting than those of the initial journe}-. 
 The troops did guard duty around the Senate Chamber, Washington, 
 for some weeks. On May 6 they were ordered to the Relay House. 
 There they did duty and in Baltimore until their term expired on July 
 29. Several letters from the camp at the Relay House were published 
 in the local papers. 
 
 Priority of Lowell in War Service — Testimony to the priority of 
 Lowell in the entering upon the civil conflict was borne amusingly in 
 a paragraph by that brilliant Boston journalist, W'illiam S. Robinson : 
 "Lowell seems thus far to have obtained greater distinction than any 
 other place. General Butler has won greater fame than any other 
 officer. Ladd and \\^hitney, of the City Guards, fell at Baltimore : 
 John Butterfield, of the Zouaves, who fell by the musket of a sentinel, 
 was also originally of Lowell ; twelve companies have gone, or have 
 enlisted for the war ; and to make history complete on both sides, 
 Winans' rebel gun. captured at the Relay House, was the invention of 
 Dickinson, a dancing master, who formerly lived in Lowell ; and John 
 Abbott, who once helped edit a newspaper in Lowell called the 'Orion,' 
 was drummed out of camp at Fort Warren [for his treasonable senti- 
 ments] on Monday last." 
 
 The activity of Lowell non-combatants in contributing to the 
 comfort and efficiency of the troops was nationally commended 
 throughout the war. It was as if the whole community were a unit in 
 determination to win the contest. 
 
 As earl}- as the second week in April the Lowell Soldiers' Aid 
 Association was proposed, with the object of extending help which 
 could hardly come from gi]\ernmental sources. 
 
 Formation of the Soldiers' Aid Association — .\t a public meeting 
 of April 15. 1 861, the subject of ways and means to help the soldiers 
 was broached. Three days later Judge Nathan Crosby wrote to the 
 mayor suggesting that the sum of $100, which he enclosed, be sent 
 immediately to the paj-master of the Sixth Regiment to supply any 
 
304 HIS'l'ORV OF LOWF.LL 
 
 wants for which, in the haste of departure, no provision had been 
 made. 
 
 He also suggested the formation of a society to meet the neces- 
 sities which were not regularly provided for in the regular rationing 
 and medical service. The mayor laid the matter before the city coun- 
 cil, which authorized a subscription. Some four hundred dollars in 
 addition to Judge Crosby's original $ioo were collected. On April 20 
 the mayor called a meeting "for the purpose of initiating measures for 
 the comfort, encouragement and relief of citizen-soldiers." A plan of 
 "practical sympathy" was devised by Judge Crosby: (i ) For gathering 
 such funds as may be needed; (2) for supplying nurses for the sick 
 and wounded, when and as far as practicable: (3) for liringing home 
 such sick and wounded as may be proper; (4) for buying clothing, 
 provisions and all matters of comfort which would contribute to the 
 soldiers' happiness; (5) for placing in camp such Bibles, books and 
 papers as would interest and amuse on days of rest and quiet and 
 keep the soldiers infornu-d of passing events; (6) for gathering the 
 dates and making a record of the names of each soldier and his history ; 
 (7) for holding constant communication with paymasters and other 
 officers of our regiments, that friends may interchange letters and 
 packages. 
 
 The officers of this Soldiers' .\id Associatic.ni included representa- 
 tives of man}' of the prominent families of the city. They were : Pres- 
 ident, Nathan Crosby ; treasurer, S. W. Stickney ; secretary, M. C. 
 Bryant. Committee on collections — Ward i, W. G. Wise, S. L. Dana, 
 Edward Tufts, Mrs. W. G. Wise, Mrs. Paul Hill, Mrs. C. H. Sawyer, 
 Mrs. J. B Francis, Miss L. A. Kimball ; ward 2, S. W. Stickney, Linus 
 Child, H. W. Hilton, Mrs. Harlin Pillsbury, Mrs. Amos Rugg, Miss 
 Myra Child, Miss Mary Read ; ward 3, Isaac Fletcher, Samuel Con- 
 vers, James Meadowcroft, Mrs. William North, Mrs. Joseph Tapley, 
 Mrs. Cyril French, Mrs. J. W. Graves, Mrs. Daniel S. Richardson, 
 Miss Fanny Reed; ward 4; Otis Allen, William E. Livingston, Josiah 
 Gates, Miss Ellen Gates, Miss Augusta Watson, Miss Susan P. Cleave- 
 land. Miss Elizabeth Watson, Miss Emma Horn, Miss Elizabeth Ord- 
 way ; ward 5, James C. Ayer, W. S. Southworth, George W. Shattuck, 
 Mrs. Ale.xander Wright, Miss Mary Miller, Miss Mary Carney, Miss 
 Lucia Brooks ; ward 6, J. G. Abbott, J. A. Goodwin, L. B. Morse, Mrs. 
 J. G. Abbott, Mrs. B. F. Butler, Mrs. J. A. Goodwin, Miss E. Rollins, 
 Miss F. Talbot, Miss M. S. Crosby. A committee on purchase of sup- 
 plies consisted of Charles B. Coburn, J. J. Folsom, William Nichols ; 
 one on correspondence and forwarding, William G. Wise, S. D. Sar- 
 geant, Joseph F. Trott. 
 
 Knitting for the Soldiers in '61 — Thereafter the Lowell men at 
 the front always had committees of loyal women plying the needle in 
 
IN THE CI\'IL WAR 305 
 
 their interest. Knitting was the order of the day in 1861, just as in 
 1917. Captain Edward Abl:)Ott's company, in the Second Regiment, 
 was perhaps a little exceptionall}- favored in commitments from the 
 Soldiers' Aid Association, for many oi the most attractive and popu- 
 lar boys of Lowell had enlisted under that command. After a disas- 
 trous engagement in June, 1S62, Captain Abbott wrote a personal let- 
 ter to the association, stating the plight of his men who in a hasty 
 retreat had been obliged to abandon e\erything except what they had 
 on. He made a plea for towels, handkerchiefs, flannel shirts, sewing 
 cases and similar articles. The result was an immediate meeting of 
 Lowell women at the gas office to provide new outfits for these sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Among the first articles received by the Soldiers' Aid Associa- 
 tion in April, 1861, was a pair of well-knit stockings sent up from 
 Dracut by Mary \'arnum Coburn, mother of George W. Coburn, and 
 the only surviving daughter of Major-General Joseph Bradley Varnum, 
 formerly speaker of the National House of Representatives. The patri- 
 otic knitter was then eighty-seven years old. Her gift had an interest- 
 ing sequel A ncjtice of the receipt of the stockings was published in a 
 local paper, and when the stockings, with many others, were unpacked 
 at Fortress IMonroe, the boys picked them out and drew lots for their 
 [jossession. The winner of Mrs. Coburn's handiwork was Thomas S. 
 Jones. 
 
 Hard Times in the War Years — Once the war was forward Lowell 
 civilians, like others in the North, endeavored to live up to an ideal 
 of "business as usual." This was not always easy, for the largest of 
 the city's basic industries had been hard hit by the failure of the sup- 
 ])ly of its principal raw material, cotton. By midsummer, 1861, about 
 the time the disastrotis battle at Bull Run had shaken confidence in a 
 speedy termination of the conflict, a distinct business depression fell 
 upon the town. ]\Iany uf the unmarried workers returned to the farms 
 and countr}- \-illages from which they had come to Lowell. Merchants 
 of the city on July 25 held the first of several meetings in an effort to 
 secure a temi)orary reduction of their rents. They circulated a peti- 
 tion to the following purport : "The undersigned, traders and occu- 
 pants of stores in the city of Lowell, having severely felt the eft'orts 
 of the universal depression of all branches of business, and seeing no 
 prospect of a revival of the same during the present disturbed state 
 of affairs, ask of our respective landlords, that, in consideration of the 
 general stagnation, they may be willing to share humanely with 
 their tenants — as in many other places — by making a proper reduction 
 of rents during the present 'business panic'." 
 
 At a meeting of the petitioners on August 1 it was urged that a 
 reduction of thirty-three and one-third per cent, be solicited as fair to 
 
 L— 20 
 
3o6 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 both sides. No substantial agreement, however, seems to have been 
 reached at this time. 
 
 The industrial depression which was chronic from now on was 
 attended by a monetary stringency which caused great annoyance to 
 Lowell shopkeepers. In the summer of 1862 specie was so scarce that 
 postage stamps were commonly used in making change. The Boston 
 and Lowell railroad adojUed a practice, which caused much indigna- 
 nation, of charging ten per cent, on all specie paid out in excess of 
 twenty-five cents. It was urged that in retaliation the public should 
 hold back ten per cent, of all change paid in for tickets ; but it is not 
 recorded that this drastic method was actual])- attempted. In Decem- 
 ber, 1862, arrangements were made so that postage stamps might be 
 exchanged for la\\ful money and at once many of the traders drew 
 from their cash boxes great quantities of stamps too soiled for postal 
 use, which had passed from hand to hand. 
 
 Lack of cotton, of course, kept the leading manufacturing cor- 
 porations of Lowell either idle or running on short time during most 
 of the war years. It was an event to catise gladness among all classes 
 of citizens when wagons appeared with a few bales of cotton to be 
 carted from the freight dcjjot. Prices as high as $1.70 a pound were 
 paid for raw cotton in the height of the scarcity. 
 
 Depressed though business was in Lowell there were some allevi- 
 ating circumstances. 
 
 Many New England textile manufacturers were already evincing 
 that adaptability which this trade very generally displayed in the later 
 and greater crisis that began in 1014. They speedily discovered that 
 if they could not do the accustomed thing there was often some other 
 wav of using their plant. Thus the Lowell company, finding it im- 
 possible to continue making carpets and rugs, readapted many of 
 its looms for a "union" of worsted and cotton, and did a good business 
 in this line. In some of the mills a policy was adopted, which has 
 since become general in New England in times of depression, of mak- 
 ing extensive additions and rearrangements, preparatory for the boom 
 times that are sure to follow. This policy, while it does not find work 
 for the idle textile operatives, gives a stimulus to the local building 
 trades, just when they need it must, and thus hel[)s to minimize the 
 effects of the panic. 
 
 Another circumstance which materially relieved the industrial 
 situation was the vivid activity of the Lowell Machine Shop, whose 
 orders for one reason and another were unusually heavy. Employing 
 many high-class mechanics this company's increased payroll meant 
 substantial disbursements among the city's traders. Before the war 
 the machine shop had been running with an average ot 500 hands ; in 
 1863 it reported about 800 on the payroll. 
 
IN THE CI\'IL WAR 307 
 
 National and State disbursements on account of soldiers' pay and 
 aid to soldiers' families also aided many families of modest circum- 
 stances. The eighteenth annual report of the City Missionary Soci- 
 ety, issued in January, 1863, expressed some surprise that calls for 
 assistance were fewer than normal. The circumstance was explained 
 by the fact that a large portion of the male population had enlisted 
 and that state aid for their families had l)ecome available to the amount 
 of $90,971.50 in one year. In addition to this disbursement, soldiers 
 were sending home to their families about $35,000 a month of the 
 Nation's money. For these reasons many humble homes were more 
 prosperous than ever before, and accounts in the savings banks were 
 growing with considerable rapidity. 
 
 Mayor Peabody's inaugural of 1865 stated that the amount re- 
 quired for poor relief in the past year had been less than might have 
 been expected for two reasons : Where workers found employment 
 denied them in the factories, instead of remaining in the city in idle- 
 ness, they went somewhere else in search of work. Again, the receipt 
 of State aid for dependents of soldiers kept many poor families from 
 want. 
 
 Migration from Lowell to the West must be counted in with 
 army casualties and business depression as one of the permanent re- 
 tardants which was much in evidence during the sixties. Then, as in 
 all decades since, there has been a constant outflow of residents toward 
 the newer communities usually with the douljle motive of an easier 
 livelihood and a more agreeable climate. It is a criticism, further- 
 more, that applies to most other New England cities as well as to 
 Lowell to say that industrial leaders of the community have shown 
 surprisingly little imagination as to the ultimate effects of this migra- 
 tion. Could a deliberate policy have been adopted in trying to keep 
 good citizens from going away it is safe to surmise that the growth 
 and improvement of Lowell would have been much more rapid than 
 it has been since i860 and that the average quality of the population 
 might have been even higher than it is to-day. Those certainly who 
 had inducements to offer elsewhere did not fail to advertise their 
 localities. One, for example, who in the war years drew a number of 
 Lowell families to Portland, Oregon, was Franklin Cheney, who had 
 gone to the valley of the Willamette and become largely interested in 
 land promotions. A little later Southern California began to apjieal 
 strongly to a community in which consumption was very preva- 
 lent and was still supposed to be due rather to the New England cli- 
 mate than to faulty ways of living in that climate. 
 
 The population of Lowell in i860 was 36,827. Amidst the exten- 
 sive enlistment and the departure of individuals and families on 
 accoimt of the long business depression, the population fell, according 
 
3o8 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 to the State census of 1865, to 31,004. The 1860 valuation of the city 
 was $20,874,207. In 1865 it was $20,980,041. 
 
 Dr. Ayer's Exposure of Manufacturing Irregularities — Whether 
 the Lcnvell manufacturing corporations, considered as an industrial 
 group, were well handled or not during the war is a question that 
 admits, certainly, of argument on both sides. 
 
 It may be maintained that the corporation treasurers fruiu their 
 of^ces in Boston were in close touch with the general situation ; that 
 they were far-sighted and progressive business men of one of the lead- 
 ing American commercial centres and that they did in substantially 
 every respect what Ijusiness prudence dictated. 
 
 That, on the other hand, in the exigencies of war time, these cor- 
 porations suiYered more severely than was needful by reason of in- 
 veterate nepotism and wasteful methods might be argued from such 
 an exposure of "Some of the Usages and Abuses in the Management 
 of our Manufacturing Corporations" as was made and published in 
 1863 by J. C. Ayer, M. D., of Lowell. The findings of this manufac- 
 turer of medicines, whose family has of late years been very closely 
 identified with the textile industry, were certainly adverse to claims of 
 efficient management among the Lowell companies. While some of 
 the data which he adduced seem to be incontrovertible it might be 
 noted, as a controversial counterweight, that Dr. Ayer, a graduate of 
 the Lowell High School, mav have l)een influenced by the anti-cor- 
 poration prejudices of some of the older families of the community. 
 
 Comjilaints of mismanagement of some of the corporations had 
 alrcadv been heard before the war, according to statements of fact 
 made by Dr. Ayer. The Hamilton company was one of those whose 
 management was especially under fire. At a shareholders' meeting it 
 was charged that the treasurer sent his son, an inex]ierienced youth, 
 to the South to buy cotton. Vendors took advantage of the boy's 
 ignorance and, although he paid good money for his cotton, when the 
 shii)nirnt arri\-ed at Lowell it was foimd to be miseralile trash, filled 
 with sand and stones such that the bulk of it had to go to a waste pile. 
 Through this piece of nepotism, it was charged, the Hamilton com- 
 pany lost about $50,000. .\ committee of investigation was called for 
 by the meeting, but, according to Dr. Ayer, this committee was packed 
 with ]iartisans of the management and the essential facts concealed in 
 their re|]ort. 
 
 Sh.ireholders of the Boott company, continuing the allegations of 
 the foregoing, believing their property to be in an unnecessarily de- 
 ]3ressed state, organized a movement to secure an energetic treasurer. 
 They were informed that one of the directors, a wealthy man, would 
 supply the company with money and credit if his son-in-law should be 
 elected to the treasurership. The desired action was taken by a packed 
 
IN THE CI\'TL WAR 309 
 
 stockholders' meeting, "Init not a dollar of either the money or the 
 credit promised has been furnished to the Company.'' During the 
 fifteen }ears prior to 1863 the Boott company paid average annual 
 di\idends of four and six-tenths per cent., but at that date an outlay 
 of at least $300,000 was needed to put the mills into even tolerable 
 condition. At the outbreak of the war the company had in its ware- 
 houses about two million pounds of cotton. Had this accumulation 
 been retained instead of being sold the profits from the retention would 
 have sufficed to pay all the dividends of fifteen years, make the repairs 
 above mentioned and still leave a surplus. 
 
 One of the frequent subjects of complaint among the shareholders 
 was that of the amount of commissions paid to the Boston selling 
 agents. A stockholders' committee of the Lowell Manufacturing Com- 
 pany (the so-called Carpet Mill) made a report of which this is a sig- 
 nificant section : "During the period of seven years and five months 
 from January i, 1S52, to June i, 1859. there were paid to A. & A. Law- 
 rence & Co. : 
 
 For commissions $182,056 81 
 
 Auction charges in 1855 16,946 99 
 
 Incidental expenses other than commissions 105,034 g6 
 
 $304,038 -d 
 
 On gross sales to the amoimt of $10,373,038.57, making $40,993.31 per annum 
 which you have paid to and through that firm from your profits." 
 
 It was further alleged that the same house served as selling agent 
 for se\en other manufacturing corporations, and that another reliable 
 firm had offered to do this commission business at abotit half the then 
 cost. "The present dividend, declared during the investigation of this 
 committee, is the first semi-annual dividend of more than thirty dollars 
 per share which has been made for twelve years. During that period 
 our dividends have averaged semi-annually but seventeen dollars per 
 share. Yet during this time other carpet establishments have been 
 making large profits, and some individual manufacturers have become 
 rich." 
 
 Concerning war conditions in the cotton industry, Dr. Ayer wrote 
 caustically : "During many months most of the cotton mills have 
 been stopped. The operatives and skilled workmen, not a few of 
 whom are indispensable to the progress of the work, have been turned 
 out without provision for the present or their future return. It is a 
 significant fact that the officers still continue to receive their salaries 
 in full. Not one, anywhere, that we can hear of has even been reduced. 
 It serves to show who control the money and who get it. At the last 
 meeting of the Hamilton Co., which has stopped work, it was pro- 
 posed by a stockholder to reduce the salaries one-half and divide the 
 
310 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 anujunt bo saved among the workmen out of employ, but the proposi- 
 tion was voted down by the officers and their friends." 
 
 Another charge was this : While a late treasurer of the Massa- 
 chusetts Cotton Mills was in office one of his family connection was 
 employed to buy cotton for the Massachusetts, Boott and Merrimack 
 mills, and for this w'ork was paid in commissions about $36,000 annu- 
 ally "without any risk, any investment of capital or even extraordinary 
 skill." In the meantime, it was noted, the wages of operatives in 
 these mills had been cut and strikes were threatened. The dividends 
 to the stockholders were small and irregular. This treasurer. Dr. 
 Ayer added as a final thrust, was responsible for the faulty construc- 
 tion of the Pemberton Mill, Lawrence, which had collapsed with loss 
 of life. 
 
 It wmdd certainly be faulty historianshij) to ignore these mid- 
 centur}' charges of incompetence and inefficiency of management in 
 the Boston fiffices of the larger Lowell corporations. They have been 
 recurrent in print and in current gossip from time to time in more 
 recent years. At the same time whoever passes judgment on these 
 charges must bear in mind long standing animosities between anti- 
 corporation and pro-corporation factions in the community. 
 
 When all is said, it is hardly to be doubted that nepotism was, 
 and to a certain extent still is, a crying evil in the management of New 
 England textile properties. 
 
 Supplementing the information in Dr. Ayer's report on the state- 
 ments concerning the commission house which handled a large per- 
 centage of the product of the Lowell mills, the original .report, of July, 
 1859, by a committee of stockholders of the Lowell Manufacturing 
 Company, contains a paragraph which shows to what an extent the 
 earlier ownership of this house had passed at the time of the alleged 
 abuses. "The firm of A. & A. Lawrence & Co. consists of five part- 
 ners, C. A. Babcock, J. H. Wolcott, James Lawrence, Wm. G. Lam- 
 bert and C. H. Parker. Thus the name itself is a fiction. The persons 
 described by it, Amos and Abliott Lawrence, have, with their talents 
 and their influence, passed away; and yet we are paying our proper^ 
 ti<Tn of a tribute over twice as large as the house received when its able 
 founders were living and active in it." 
 
 This report further stated that the commission system had long 
 since been abandoned in Great Britain and that its usefulness in this 
 country was already questioned. "Successful manufacturers in Rhode 
 Island, and various sections of the country, state that they sell all 
 their goods far better themselves and at less cost for selling than they 
 can have it done for them by any commission house. They ol)tain 
 better prices, because they have the undivided attention of men de- 
 
IN THK CIVIL WAR 311 
 
 voted to their interests." The committee signing this report was com- 
 posed of James C. Aver. Peter I.awson and Horace J. Adams. 
 
 Municipal Affairs During the War — The city government during 
 the critical war time continued to be solid and substantial. The elec- 
 tions of four _\-ears were the following choices for mayor and aldermen : 
 1862 — ma}-or. Hocum Hosford : aldermen, Rlerton C. Brvant, Edwin 
 A. Alger. James B. Francis, William A. Burke. Isaac F. Scripture, 
 Aldis L. Waite, Albert Wheeler, Jonathan P. Folsom. 1863 — mavor, 
 Hocum Hosford ; aldermen, James B. Francis, Edwin A. Alger, Abiel 
 Pevey. William A. Burke, Isaac F. Scripture, Otis Allen. Albert 
 \\heeler, William Nichols. 1864 — mayor, Hocum Hosford: aldermen, 
 William S. Southworth, James B. Francis, Dana B. Gove, William T. 
 McNeill. George W. Norris, George Runels, Cyrus H. Latham, George 
 F. Richardson. 1865 — mayor, Josiah G. Peabody ; aldermen, Edward 
 F. Watson. George W. Norris. Dana B. Gove, William T. McNeill, 
 Henry H. Wilder. Josiah Gates, Cyrus H. Latham, William Brown. 
 
 ]\Iayor Hosford. who held the chief office during three vears. was 
 one of the foremost business men of his day in the Merrimack valley. 
 He founded the mercantile establishment which at this writing is 
 continued under the name of his junior partner, A. G. Pollard. He 
 was shareholder and director in many manufacturing and commer- 
 cial enter|irises. Born at Charlotte, Chittenden count^•. X'ernmnt. lie 
 had brief but intensive education at Sherburne Academy and before 
 he was twenty-one Avas teaching district schools. His father's farm 
 was favorably situated and would have offered young Hosford a 
 chance to succeed in a rural neighborhood. In 1845, however, he 
 determined to try his fortune in a city. He arrived at Lowell on Sep- 
 tember 5, 1845. and soon found work as office boy and clerk in the dry 
 goods store of Gardner & W^ilson, at an annual salary of $150, out 
 of which he must board and clothe himself. The youth stayed his 
 year out in this establishment and then went over to the store of 
 Daniel West, where he was paid a dollar a day. In this position he 
 remained for four years, during the last two of which he had full 
 charge of the store. Having accumulated about a thousand dollars 
 Mr. Hosford presently bought out his former employer and estab- 
 -lished the firm of H. Hosford & Company. In i860 he came into 
 public sen'ice for the first time through his election to the common 
 council. The following year he was chosen alderman. His third 
 mayoral election was practically unanimous — an unprecedented event 
 in Lowell politics. After the war his career was thoroughly notable 
 down to his lamented death in 1881. 
 
 The efficient and popular city clerk throughout the war years was 
 John H. McAlvin, born in Lowell, August 2, 1831, a son of John 
 McAlvin. wlio had come to the city from Antrim, New Hampshire. 
 
312 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 .Mr. .AIcAl\in was a graduate of the high school in the class of 1849. 
 After leaving school he was employed for a short time in the counting 
 room of the Hamilton company. Thence he was appointed to a clerk- 
 ship in the post office under Postmaster Alfred Oilman. He served 
 in this capacity for eight years, hi Januar}', 1858, he was chosen 
 city clerk. He was highly respected and thoroughly popular as a 
 jjuhlic serxant. Later he became city treasurer and in 1894 treasurer 
 of the Lowell Electric Light company. His death occurred in i8g6. 
 
 Lowell's First Street Cars — Not many new enterprises, for obvious 
 reasons, were undertaken at Lowell during the Civil War. One 
 notable form of inililic service, nevertheless, began to be developed in 
 the years of convict. Modern street car transportation reached 
 Lowell in the early sixties. Starting in New York City in the fifties, 
 with the celebrated "John Mason," horse railroad systems had begun 
 before the war to be projected in several communities. On March 26, 
 1856, was opened the first horse railroad in New England, that con- 
 necting the city of Ijoston with Har\aril Square. Cambridge, a line 
 of eight-foot strap rails, laid with the ends touching so tightly that in 
 in the heat of the first summer they buckled up and made riding in the 
 cars not unlike an ocean voyage. From this crude beginning the 
 technicjue of urban transportation began to be discovered rapidly. 
 
 The first intimation of an improvement of this sort for Lowell 
 came in December, iS'i^, when a j)ctition signed by Peter Lawson and 
 N. Mickles was sent to the legislature asking for incorporation of 
 "The Lowell Horse Railway Company," with a capital not to exceed 
 $30,000. It was purposed to build the first line from Pawtucket 
 bridge along Pawtucket street, Merrimack and East Merrimack streets 
 to Nesmith street. The company was duly incorporated in the follow- 
 ing .\pril with an authorized capital of $100,000 and a paid-up capital 
 of $40,128. On March i, 1864, the system was opened. The pro- 
 moters' plans had been enlarged, for in addition to the line from Belvi- 
 dere to the head of Pawtucket bridge one was laid from the post 
 ofifice, in Merrimack scjuare, to Whipple's Mills, via Central street, 
 and one through Middlesex street to the old Lafayette House. Later 
 extensions were on Westford and Chelmsford streets. 
 
 Best Days of the Lyceum Bureau — Socialh- considered, Lowell 
 seems not tti have lieen greatly paralyzed by the feverish interest of 
 many of its people in national events. The department of "city 
 affairs," which was a daily feature of "The Citizen,'" abounds with 
 paragraphs which are often amusingly indicative of the amusement of 
 the people. 
 
 At one extreme of intellectuality were the lecture courses of the 
 Middlesex Mechanics' Association. To the hall of this institution in 
 Button street came the foremost men of letters and science with talks 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 313 
 
 that were often reported verbatim in the press. The lecturers, indeed, 
 who came to Lowell under these ausijices, were of a celebrity to excite 
 the envy of present day committees of the Middlesex Women's Club. 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Wendell Phillips, George William Curtis, 
 John B. Gough, Artemus Ward, J. G. Holland, William Lloyd Garri- 
 son, Josiah Parsons Cooke, and many other men of similar calibre and 
 distinction, gave their war time views on matters of national or per- 
 sonal interest to Lowell residents. 
 
 The churches during the first years of the decade were apparently 
 much exercised over increasing intemperance in the city. Whether 
 this manifestation was real or not would be difficult to say, as drunk- 
 enness was certainly very common in the preceding decades. An 
 impression, at all events, was abroad that the evil was actually grow- 
 ing, and temperance orators were frequently welcomed. Anti-rum 
 agitation was one of the features of the winter of 1861. In January, 
 William Adams, Jr., agent of the Massachusetts Temperance Alli- 
 ance, spent several days in Lowell. He met large audiences of chil- 
 dren twice — once at Huntington Hall, on January 5, and again at the 
 Unitarian church, upon initiative of Rev. Frederick Hinckley. On 
 Sunday. January 6, he made a stirring address before an audience of 
 about 1,500 adults in Huntington Hall and received pledges from 
 some thirty or more of those present. "Milo," at about this time, 
 wrote to the "Boston Journal :" "There is no denying the fact that 
 there is too much intemperance in our city — it always has been so — • 
 and something should be done to check it as much as in times past." 
 In 1862 and 1863 there were several vigorous "drives'' against intem- 
 perance. 
 
 The Musical Lews — For professional music and drama the com- 
 munity was increasingly dependent upon Boston. For its local musical 
 entertainments the Pawtucketville church continued to have a unique 
 reputation. The presence in this suburb of members of the musical 
 Lew family contributed much toward the success of such musicales 
 as one thus recorded under date of January 29, 1861 : "The vestry 
 of the West Dracut meeting-house was packed full even to repletion 
 at an early hour with an ap])reciative audience, and at seven the 
 concert commenced with a 'quickstep' upon the clarionet by Mr. A. 
 Lew, with a drum accompaniment by Masters Johnnie and Fred, 
 executed with great skill and precision ; indeed the little fellows 
 deserve a sheepskin for the ability with which they used one last 
 night. The programme was of considerable length, and embraced a 
 great many of otir 'popular' melodies : want of space prevents noticing 
 at length. Among the songs the 'Cottage by the Sea' was rendered 
 in fine style by Misses Lizzie and Mary, and the 'Ole Virginny Neber 
 
314 HISTOin' OF LOWELL 
 
 Tire' of Mr. A. Lew broug-ht down t!ie liouse." The Lews a genera- 
 tion later were succeeded l.iy the well remembered "Happy Hazards." 
 
 Chelmsford Centre, though further from the cit\- than Pawtucket- 
 ville, was a musical rival. In the newspapers one encounters such 
 paragraphs, suggestive of fun and frolic, as the following of February 
 13, 1S62: "The annual circle by the ladies of the Union Parish in 
 Chelmsford Centre comes off at the town hall this evening. As the 
 sleighing is excellent, and the moon bright, probably quite a delega- 
 tion of our citizens will visit the 'old folks' who intend to sing their 
 best. The 'young folks' will improve the time from ten till two, 'and 
 whirl themselves with strict embracements round.' Music will be 
 furnished by a quadrille l)and from this city, and refreshments will 
 he furnished the hungry. Our Chelmsford friends extend a hearty 
 •welcome to all." 
 
 Mid-Century Winter Sports — Winter sjjorts were cultivated 
 almost as assiduously as now. 
 
 Skating, naturally, had great vogue as an amusement. It was 
 all <:)ut(loor skating prior to the coming of the roller rink craze in 
 the seventies and early eighties. The brothers William and Luke 
 McFarlin conducted a skating park north of the city and in the season 
 ran their sleighs, according to an advertised schedule, starting from 
 the Washington House and stopping at the post office and Rogers' 
 hardware store. A rival skating park was Greenleaf's, at Ayer's City, 
 connected with which was "a saloon with convenient rooms for warm- 
 ing.'' Both these resorts conducted skating matches at which prizes 
 were given with juries of distinguished citizens awarding. 
 
 Old fashidned sleighrides, too, were popular in a city Avhich had 
 never outgrown taste for country pastimes. In the papers of the six- 
 ties one comes across many such news stories as the following from 
 "The Citizen" of successive dates, January 25 and January 26, 1862: 
 
 A Sleigh Ride — The "old timers" of this city are to have an okl- 
 fashioned sleigh ride this afternoon to Nashua, New Hamjishire. They 
 will go up in single teams, and will stop at the Indian Head Coffee 
 House and partake of a supper, and return home in the evening. They 
 will have a big time. 
 
 The Sleigh Ride to Nashua — Some forty couples of the "c ild timers" 
 went to Nashua yesterday afternoon, and partook of a splendid supper 
 at the Indian Head House. They returned about 12 o'clock. The 
 sleighing is good, but it is almost impossible for a large team to turn 
 out. One double team capsized going up, but no damage was done, 
 except the spilling of a few chips. 
 
 The Development of Willow Dale — Willow Dale, for many 
 decades a principal pleasure resort and picnic ground for Lowell 
 people, situated on Tyng's Pond, four miles northwest from the city, 
 
IN THE CTVir. WAR 315 
 
 had its first extensive development about the outbreak of the war. 
 The grounds were laid out tentatively in the summer of 1857. The 
 distinctive features of the place were due to the exuberant imagfiiia- 
 tion of its originator and first proprietor, the late Jonathan Bowers, 
 a descendant of Jerathmeel Bowers, encountered in an earlier section 
 of this history as one of the first settlers and as proprietor of the 
 neighborhood's first distillery. Mr. Bowers was a man of marked 
 originality, as indicated by the contribution, alreadv referred to. which 
 he made to the Mechanics' Fair of 185 1. 
 
 The sports and amtisements which "Jiihnnie" Bowers, as he was 
 universally and afTectionately known, brou.ght to generations of 
 Lowell young people and others for almost half a century were almost 
 too many to be recalled. A genuine lover of nature, the proprietor of 
 Willow Dale spent the greater part of his working life in enjoying and 
 proclaiming the charms of a lake which he quite honestly believed to be 
 the most beautiful in the world. There was considerable substance, 
 furthermore, behind his publicity, as is evident even now \vben the 
 tasteless building of movie houses, casinos and closely packed summer 
 cottages has hurt the native beauty of the larger body of water and its 
 pretty confluent. Mud Pond. AVhile it. of course, never has had the 
 wild grandeur of some of the mountain lakes of this continent, Tyng's 
 Pond, or Lake Mascuppic. as it is the fashion to name it. was half a 
 century ago ahmist ideal for quiet restful beauty. Its fringe of white 
 pine was as fine as any in Xew England. The water was crystal clear, 
 the shores prevailingly sandy. To give variety of skyline on the 
 southern side Huckleberry Hill, surely worthy of a more romantic 
 name, rose in two rounded drumlins between which was a pretty 
 miniature pond. Directly under this hill, in the centre of the largest 
 woodland district of northeastern Massachusetts, was the nearlv cir- 
 cular Mud Pond which drained through a reedy brook into the larger 
 body of water. The outlet, too. of Mascuppic, a sizable stream issuing 
 from the northwest corner, had picturesque beauty. Everywhere in 
 the coves of the lake were the frequent water lilies. 
 
 On the southern shore, reached in those days by carriage or 
 "barge" via Pawtucketville and the Mammoth Road, 'Mr. Bowers 
 built up his "Willow Dale." The war did not interrupt but perhaps 
 rather accelerated his activities. In July, i86t, he announced to the 
 citizens of Lowell a most instructive and real thrilling ceremony. He 
 had secured for installation in his grove the identical figure of General 
 Andrew Jackson whose head, as older people in New England well 
 remembered, had been mysteriously sawed from the prow of the U. S. 
 "Constitution," as she lay moored at Charlestown on July 2, 1834. 
 This act of profanation, an indication according to Democrats of the 
 degree of animosity with which his political opponents pursued the 
 
3i6 HISTORY OF LOWia.L 
 
 dijughtv hero of New Orleans, liad caused intense excitement at the 
 time. Commodore Illliott of the United States Navy ofifered a reward 
 of one thousand dollars for any clue to the perpetrators of the outrage. 
 Nothing- was ever discovered, and the headless torso was at last 
 removed and stored in a wool loft in Boston. There it lay unnoticed 
 for manv years until one day Mr. Bowers" attention was called to it. 
 He saw both advertising and decorative possibilities in the piece which 
 he bought and then hired a wood carver to make a head as nearly like 
 the original as could be devised from the data available. 
 
 .Such was the story of the colossal figure of Andrew Jackson in 
 full uniform, hat in unc liand and the constitution in the other, which 
 has looked down upon hundreds of Sunday school picnics since July 4, 
 ii%i, when it was dedicated with an imposing ceremonial. 
 
 Mr. lliiwers believed in newspaper publicity, and the display 
 advertisements which he ran summers must have kept his public enter- 
 tained even while they delighted the souls of newspaper publishers. 
 The amount of free publicity which he secured was very considerable, 
 for everv Sunday school picnic or other affair held at the Dale was 
 duly chronicled. "Johnnie," however, was aware of the advantage 
 of buying space and filling it with distinctive and eye compelling copy. 
 At a time when most advertisers were content to take an inch or two 
 for insertion of a business or professional card he frequently announced 
 the attractions of his resort in a third of a column or more. He 
 essayed flowery rhetoric, and sunietimes he burst into verse, as on 
 June 20, 1863, when he filled nearly half a column with six-point poetry 
 and prose of which these stanzas are typical ; 
 
 The hor.^us now with nimble tread 
 
 Along the streets resonnding. 
 And o'er the river's rocky bed 
 
 Toward Willow Dale are bounding. 
 
 More harmless mirth and frolic now 
 
 Are needed without question ; 
 The best — as doctors now allow — 
 
 Specific for digestion. 
 
 If there is one whose cheerless turn 
 
 Detnands a kind adviser. 
 Go to Willow Dale and learn 
 
 To be a little wiser. 
 
 b'or all his persistent energy in prom,oting Willow Dale it may 
 be dctubted if Mr. Bowers' war time busiiiess was altogether satis- 
 factory. In the spring of i8<:)5 he appeared with a large display adver- 
 tisement offering the place for sale on the ground that he wished to 
 seek a more agreeable climate. He then lists surreys, flatboats, sum- 
 mer houses, modern stables, cooking utensils and the other accessories 
 enough to equip a small cantonment. No one else, apparently, cared 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 517 
 
 to assume the responsibility of trying' to make an honest dollar from 
 this resort. It remained in and on Johnnie Bowers' hands during the 
 rest of his long life. 
 
 Bartlett vs. Mann Schools in the Old Days — Young America 
 found its amusements taking a martial turn as the war progressed. 
 The pitched battles, at any rate, that old school boys of the Pawtucket 
 street district and the Acre remember as frequently occurring between 
 partisans of the Bartlett anil IMann schools were particularly acrimoni- 
 ous in ii%2 and thereafter. 
 
 Nothing more amusing, more ridiculnus and more dangerous than 
 these battles on the North Common and the nearby streets could be 
 conceived. In the memory of the present historian, they took place 
 mainly \\hen soft snow gave an excuse for loading snowballs with hard 
 stones and heavy bits of lead. The gangs were regularly captained. 
 In addition to the pitched fighting there was much guerilla warfare. 
 Lone youngsters who strayed out of their own habitat were liable to 
 be set upon in out-of-the-way streets and alleys by a trio or sextet of 
 the opposite faction and well-nigh beaten to death. Not until the 
 leaders of the gangs met in high school classes did they ever shake 
 hands. 
 
 Memories of some of these contests on the North Common come 
 uppermost in reading such a news story as this of May g, 1862 : 
 
 School Boys Fight — For several days past the boys connected 
 with the Bartlett and Alann grammar schools in the north part of the 
 city have had several well contested battles on the North Common in 
 which stones, bricks and clubs were used freely, and some have been 
 severely injured. They have leaders and go in for open field fights, 
 without intrenchments, and this morning the battle was opened by a 
 pair of skirmishers posted behind a board fence. The lines of battle 
 were drawn, but an engagement was prevented by the intervention of 
 a foreign ]iower. the police, led by the city marshal. The two leaders, 
 Dnnlavy of the Mann and .Ashton of the Bartlett school, were arrested 
 and will be examined at ;he Police Court. 
 
 These combats were e\idently a historic sur\-i\al from the first 
 days of occupancy of the Acre. In describing conditions in 1832 the 
 author of "Loom and Spindle" states that pitched battles took place 
 between the Irish boys and the native hoys "all the way from the Tre- 
 mont Corporation (then an open field) to the North Grammar School 
 house, before we girls could be allowed to pursue our wav in peace." 
 Fathers and brothers of the contestants sometimes joined in the fray 
 evenings. 
 
 Appearance of the "Art Panoramas" — Except for portrait paint- 
 ing the fine arts were but little cultivated in Lowell in war times. The 
 day of \-isiting exhibitions of canx-ases and sculptures bv leading 
 American artists vas not yet. 
 
3iS HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 One form, however, of the art of painting became very familiar 
 to Lowell folk soon after battles in the Southland began to be reported. 
 'J'he panoramas and cycloramas and other large pictorial representa- 
 tions of the Civil War, which measurably played the part later to be 
 taken by the "movies" in disclosing sights of the battlefields, began to 
 visit Low^ell early. Their advertisements and reading notices were 
 usually marked by a philistinism which makes the sophisticated reader 
 of to-dav smile, even while he recalls receiving ncjtices in very recent 
 years from the "art managers" of Boston department stores that for 
 bombastic absurdity would quite outdo the publicity style of 1861. 
 
 One of the earliest (if these traveling spectacles to come to Lowell 
 was that devised by Brigham Bishop. It was duly announced in a 
 "reader" in the following extravagant terms: "Bishop's Mammoth 
 Exhibition of the War. This great work of art is coming, and will 
 open at Huntington Hall on Monday evening. The press throughout 
 the country are loud in its praise. The paintings are acknowledged 
 the best ever put on canvas ; they are up to and include Fort Donelson. 
 This last scene is the largest, and cost more than any panoramic scene 
 ever exhibited. The great variety of the entertainment which consists 
 of panoramas, dioramas, dioptics, music &., cannot fail to draw a full 
 house. It is on the all absorbing themes of the day — the great rebel- 
 lion. We advise all to attend and see the places where our brave sons 
 ha\c won laurels. See advertisement." 
 
 .\ little more than a year later, specifically on April 25, 1862, 
 another panoramic spectacle was promised. "A new panorama of the 
 war, painted by those talented artists, the brothers Pearson, formerly 
 of this city, will be exhibited here before long. It has had a very suc- 
 cessful run in Providence, R. I., Worcester and other cities, and local 
 papers are loud in praise of the paintings." Continuing, the account 
 ofifers as a special inducement that the panorama displays a "correct 
 view of the engagement between the Monitor and the Merrimack." 
 This entertainment took place on April 28. It was unqualifiedly suc- 
 cessful, in part, doubtless, because the Pearson brothers took large 
 advertising space to proclaim "the only comjilete artistic work of the 
 kind in existence, being a complete history of this great contest." 
 
 Return of the War-Wom Sixth — ^The Sixth Regiment's first home 
 coming after its three nmnths' ser\ice was celeltrated in the early days 
 of .August. The troops reached Boston in the afternoon of the first 
 and formed for a parade, at the head of which Miss Jones, "daughter 
 of the regiment," as well as of its colonel, rode a milk white horse. 
 Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore and his celelirated band turned out to make 
 martial music. The regiment finally went to its headquarters in 
 Faneuil Hall. 
 
 The next day — an intensely sultry day — the troops detrained at 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 319 
 
 Lowell. Their line t)f inarch ran from the Merrimack street depot to 
 Central, to Tyler, to Lawrence, through Cluirch and Andover to Nes- 
 mith, to East Merrimack, through Central, Gorham and Appleton to 
 the South Common. At this destination they were drawn up in hollow 
 square and addressed by Mayor Sargeant. Late in the afternoon they 
 reassembled at Huntington Hall for a reception, at which the civic 
 authorities of Lowell, Lawrence, Acton and Groton were present. A 
 collation was served. The "daughter of the regiment" w-as loudly 
 called for and required to stand forth with her mother, who was also 
 present. Both were cheered to the echo. A lively day, therefore, it 
 was in Lowell when the Sixth came marching home and, according to 
 the newspapers, the light-fingered gentry did a flourishing business 
 among the simple country people who came to town to witness the 
 celebrations. One member even of the city government of bucolic 
 Lawrence had about eighty dollars lifted from his pocket. 
 
 The Sixth Regiment, it should be added, was afterwards reorgan- 
 ized, went once more to the front and did gallant service. Captain 
 Follansbee became its colonel. Other officers were: Lieutenant- 
 colonel. Melvin Beal, of Lawrence; major, Charles A. Stott ; surgeon, 
 Walter Burnham, M. D. ; assistant surgeons, O. M. Humphrey and G. 
 E. Pinkham. The regiment reenlisted for nine months. It was 
 ordered t<i Fortress Monroe. It later saw service in \'irginia. In the 
 skirmish at Carrsville, Anson G. Thurston and George I. Fox, both 
 graduates of the Lowell High School, were killed. The regiment came 
 home for a second time on May 29, 1863, and then went out again for 
 one hundred days. 
 
 Some account should be given of the Massachusetts regiments 
 besides the Sixth, in which considerable numbers of Lowell men en- 
 listed. Individuals, resident or formerly resident in the city, of course, 
 served in various departments of the army and navy, and not always 
 under Bay State colors. A majority, however, of those who went out 
 were enrolled in a few regiments whose careers may be sketched 
 briefly. 
 
 Lowell Men in Other Regiments — The Second Massachusetts, to 
 which the Abbott Greys were attached and which suffered the loss of 
 Captain Edward Abbott at Cedar Mountain, was in action during sev- 
 eral of the crucial engagements of the war. After Chancellorsville it 
 mourned its acting colonel. Captain Salem S. Marsh, a Lowell boy, a 
 West Point graduate and one of whom a fellow-officer wrote: "The 
 army has lost one of its best leaders. Every officer and man deplores 
 his loss." 
 
 At the expiration of its term of service the Second reenlisted and 
 took part in the great battles of Antietam and Gettysburg. In the 
 Atlanta campaign it was attached to the Twentieth corps under Major- 
 
320 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 General Joseph Houker. It then had as commanding officers Colonel 
 William Cogswell and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles F. Morse. On the 
 "March to the Sea," the Second was joined by the Thirty-third Massa- 
 chusetts. After its long and honorable service it was mustered out and 
 returned to Lowell under command of Colonel Francis. 
 
 The Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment contained a few Lowell 
 soldiers. At Chancellorsville George Bush, captain of Company B of 
 this regiment, was slain. Attached to the Thirteenth as assistant sur- 
 geon throughout the war was Lloj'd W. Hixon, formerly sub-princi- 
 pal of the Lowell High .School. 
 
 The Hill Cadets, formed largely among Americans of Irish liirth 
 or ancestry, shortly after the firing on Fort Sumter, were led by Cap- 
 tain Patrick S. Proctor. The Butler Rifles, who took their name out 
 of compliment to Lowell's famous civilian soldier, were ctimmanded 
 by Captain Thomas O'Hare. Both the Hill Cadets and the Butler 
 Rifles were attached to the Sixteenth Massachusetts Infantry. They 
 ])articipated in the battles of Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Fred- 
 ericksburg. Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsyl- 
 vania, the Pammukey and Petersburg. Their colonel, Powell F. 
 \\'\nian, was killed at Glendale and Lieutenant James B. Darracott 
 fell at the second battle of Bull Run. At Spottsylvania these two 
 Lowell companies helped to defend the "Bloody Angle" where the 
 "Stars and Strijies and Stars and Bars nearly touched each other across 
 the works." In this encounter the Sixteenth lost its brave colonel, 
 Waldo Merriman. At Gettysburg the }-oung men from the Acre were 
 again conspicuously efficient. In the thickest of the fight was killed 
 Captain David W. Roche, of Company A, who had enlisted as second 
 lieutenant of the Hill Cadets. Some one has written of him : "He was 
 one of Ireland's most nol)le sons, possessed of the real Irish impetuos- 
 ity and courage." 
 
 The Nineteenth Regiment had a considerable Lowell delegation 
 in its ranks. This command stood against the celebrated Pickett 
 charge at Gettysburg, which was the turning point of the war. One of 
 its conspicuous losses at Fredericksburg was that of Lieutenant 
 Thomas Claft'e}-, bcirn at Manchester, England, but educated in the 
 public schools of Lowell. He had just been brevetted captain for 
 Ijravery on the field. At Cold Harbor, Captain Dudley C. Mumford, 
 who had enlisted from Lowell in July, 1863, was killed. 
 
 Only a few men from the Spindle City were in the Twentieth 
 Massachusetts, but eminent among them was Henry Livermore Ab- 
 bott, son of Judge Josiah G. .Xtthott and younger brother of Captain 
 Edward G. Abbott, of the Abbott Greys. At nineteen this grandson 
 of the founder of Belvidere enlisted in the Fourth Battalion of Infan- 
 trv. Me later was transferred to the Twentieth Regiment as second 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 321 
 
 lieutenant. Despite his youth he showed great executive capacity and 
 received rapid promotion, reaching the grade of brigadier-general. Mis 
 regiment was at Ball's Bluff, Fair Oaks, Antietam, Fredericksburg 
 and Gettysburg. At the last-named Ijattle General Abbott was shot 
 down while leading a desperate charge. His death following upon that 
 of his lirother, deeply saddened his father's life. 
 
 Three Lowell companies were in the Twenty-sixth Regiment, 
 which was organized in .August, 1861, for three years' service. Its 
 commanding officer was Colonel Edward F. Jones, of Pepperell, who 
 had been at the head of the Sixth in the march through Baltimore. 
 This command left Camp Chase in November, 1861, and proceeded to 
 Ship Island as part of General Butler's force in the Department of the 
 Gulf. These men gave especially good account of themselves in the 
 campaign for New Orleans. In writing of the surrender of Forts Jack- 
 son and St. Philip, General Butler says : "My brave and enduring sol- 
 diers of the Twenty-sixth Regiment waded in the swamps to the rear 
 of Fort St. Philip up to their armpits in water in order to cut off its 
 garrison and get ready to assault the enemy's works, and to their 
 efforts and that of their comrades, and those alone, is due the surren- 
 der of Forts Jackson and St. Phili])." 
 
 The Thirtieth {Massachusetts Regiment, which General Butler 
 personally organized, had four companies, B, C, F and M, which were 
 largely made of citizens of the Spindle City. The commander was 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Jonas H. French, the cha]5lain. Rev. John P. Cleve- 
 land. The regiment joined in the expedition to Ship Island. It was 
 engaged in the battle of Baton Rouge and at other operations in 
 Louisiana. In Company A of this regiment was the famous Captain 
 Timothy A. Crowley, who had been color-bearer of the Sixth Regi- 
 ment when it marched through Baltimore, and w'hose untimelv death 
 was deeply regretted in his home city. Captain Crowley was born at 
 Lowell, February 14, 183 1, was educated in the public schools and was 
 trained as a machinist. After working for some years at his trade he 
 went updu the police force and in 1858 was appointed deputy marshal 
 of the city. He died at New Orleans, October 5. 1862, of intermittent 
 fever. His remains were buried in Lowell with military honor, Octo- 
 ber 26, 1862. 
 
 .\ ver}- distinguished Lowell citizen who began his military career 
 in the Thirtieth was General Charles Augustus Ropes Dimon, born 
 at Fairfield, Connecticut. April 27, 1841, and educated at the acad- 
 emy in that town. At 16 young Dimon became a clerk in the office 
 of his uncle's firm, R. W. Ropes & Company. He enlisted April 17, 
 1861, as a private in the Eighth Regiment of Infantr\% Massachusetts 
 Volunteer Militia. He was commissioned first lieutenant adjutant of 
 the Thirtieth Massachusetts Infantry, February 20, 1862, and major 
 
 L-21 
 
:^22 I1IS'1T)RY 0[' LOWRLL 
 
 of the Second Ltmisiana Infantry, United States Volunteers, October 
 20, 1862. He resigned from the Louisiana reg-iment, January 23, 1863, 
 to become recruiting officer of the Point Lookout prisoners of war 
 camp. (.)n March 8, 1864, he was commissioned lieutenant-colunel of 
 the First Infantry, United States Volunteers, March 8, 1864. His gal- 
 lant and meritorious services throughout the war resulted in his being 
 bre\'eted brigadier-general. United States \'olunteers, March 13, 1865. 
 Of General Dimon's merits as an officer, General Butler wrote in his 
 autobiography: "In the matter of enlistment of ex-Confederates at 
 Point Lookiiut, where out oi 10,000 prisoners two regiments of infan- 
 try were enlisted, thus saving 2,000 men and $2,000,000 in expense of 
 recruitment and bounties to the loyal States, this work was done by 
 a young officer frnm Salem, Massachusetts, Colonel Charles A. R. 
 Dimon. He went out with the three nmnths' men, and later I pro- 
 moted him to be colonel. He took command of this enlisted regiment 
 which did must efficient service." After the war General Dimon for 
 many years directed the alTairs of the United States Cartridge Com- 
 pany at Lowell. 
 
 Some 250 Lowell men enlisted in the Thirty-third Massachusetts, 
 which left Boston in August, 1861, for the seat of war. This regiment 
 was sent to Alexandria, Virginia, where its first duties consisted of 
 "emptying whiskey barrels and handling rough customers." The men 
 had a taste of picket duty at Bull Run Ridge. After some months of 
 guard and fatigue duty the regiment got into the battle of Chancellors- 
 ville. Naional fame came to it a little later through its impetuosity in 
 the battle of Lookout Mountain, where it was one of "Fighting Joe" 
 Hooker's regiments that scaled the peak and fought a stirring battle 
 above the clouds. This Bay State troop was with Sherman on the 
 "march to the sea." After the termination of the march across Georgia 
 and the junction of the militarv forces from the west and the naval 
 forces from the east, General Sherman selected his bmther-in-law. 
 Colonel (afterwards General) Thomas Ewing and Lieutenant (after- 
 wards Captain) Joseph P. Thompson, of Lowell, to go under a flag 
 of truce towards Aug"usta to demand the surrender of Sa\'annah. They 
 were met between the lines by a Confederate flag of truce carried by 
 officers who laughingly announced that they would see the city's 
 streets swimming in blood before they would surrender. .\ little later, 
 however, they changed their minds as they witnessed Sherman's elab- 
 orate preparations to bring his siege artillery against the city. The 
 Thirty-third, with the Second Massachusetts, continued with Sherman 
 in his march u[5 through the Carolinas and witnessed the surrender of 
 General Johnston at Raleigh, one of the closing events of the war. 
 
 Several Lowell men were in the Fifteenth Light Battery, which 
 was mustered into service at Fort Warren, February 17, 1863. Timo- 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 323 
 
 thy Pearson, of Lowell, was its first commander and among the officers 
 were two of his fellow townsmen, Albert Rowse and Lorinth Dame. 
 The battery was sent to Louisiana. It served during the remainder of 
 the war until mustered out on August 4, 1865. 
 
 The Richardson Light Infantry was so named from Hon. George 
 F. Richardson, who generously contributed time and money toward 
 its organization. It became known as the Seventh Battery. It saw 
 active service at Fortress Monroe, Norfolk, Yorktown and Suffolk, 
 Virginia. Later it was ordered to the Department of the Gulf, where 
 it participated in several engagements. 
 
 The principal cavalry commands organized in Lowell were three 
 companies of horse formed at Camp Chase and sent on January 2, 
 1863, to Shij) Island. In the following June these companies were 
 attached to the Third Massachusetts Cavalry. Their respective cap- 
 tains were S. Tyler Reed, James M. Magee and Henry A. Burrage. 
 Edward J. Noyes, afterwards mayor of Lowell, succeeded Captain 
 Magee for a short time. Captain Burrage was drowned in the Mis- 
 sissippi river and was followed in command by Solon A. Perkins, also 
 of Lowell, who was mortally wounded at the battle of Clinton, June 3, 
 1863. C. C. Chase wrote of him: "Lieut. Perkins was one of Lowell's 
 bravest sons. The city had no more costly sacrifice to lay on the altar 
 of patriotism. He was the son of Apollos and Wealthy Perkins, of 
 Lowell. He fitted for college in the High School, and was a fine 
 classical scholar. After several years spent in mercantile employment 
 in Boston and after^vards in South America, he returned to Lowell, 
 and early in the Rebellion entered the service of his country. As com- 
 mander of cavalry he exhibited an intrepidity and daring which won 
 the admiration of both of friend and foe." 
 
 Lowell in the Navy, 1861-65 — The services of Lowell men in the 
 navy during the Civil W^ar were hardly so conspicuous as those of 
 the men in the army. The late Charles Cowley, nevertheless, found 
 much to record in a paper which he delivered before the Old Residents' 
 Association in August, 1893. 
 
 From this account it appears that at the outbreak of the war, when 
 Gideon Welles took charge of the navy, no Lowell man of commis- 
 sioned rank was in any department of the naval service, though Gus- 
 tavus V. Fox, a high school classmate of General Butler, had resigned 
 a commission a short time before. 
 
 Fox's career during the struggle is, naturally, traced in some de- 
 tail. This Lowell man watched the growth of the secession idea from 
 the day of Lincoln's election. In January, 1861, he submitted to Presi- 
 dent Buchanan a plan, which was rejected, for relief of Fort Sumter. 
 He returned to New York from Charleston on April 18, the day before 
 the bombardment. Several public-spirited men at this moment were 
 
324 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 equipping the steamer "Yankee" to keep clear the water line to the 
 national capital. From Commodore Breese, commandant at the me- 
 tropolis, Fox received the following order : 
 
 New York Navy Yard, 
 April 25t'h, 1861. 
 Sir: — You are hereby appointed an acting lieutenant in the Navy 
 temporarily, and will take command of the steamer Yankee, now fit- 
 ting out at this yard for service. All persons on board are required to 
 obey you according!}'. Respectfully your obedient servant. 
 
 Mr. G. V. Fox, New York. S. L. Breeze, Commandant. 
 
 This, according to Cowley, was the first aiJjKiintment of a volun- 
 teer naval officer during the war. Fox, it should be added, took the 
 "Yankee" to Hampt<in Roads and thence to Annapolis, where he 
 ])laced the \essel in the hands of General Butler. He himself pro- 
 ceeded to Washington. A commission as commander in the navy would 
 have been his for the asking, but he decided to accept a tendered 
 position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. His services in that 
 capacity belong to the general history of the Rebellion. He died in 
 New York. October 2(), 1883. Some thirty-eight other Lowell men 
 held na\al commissions during the war. 
 
 Rallies for Lowell Recruiting — Even as recruiting became more 
 difficult throughout the north, Lowell and its surrounding towns con- 
 tinued to bear a good reputation for always filling out their quota, and 
 a little more. Popular interest in the war was not permitted to flag. 
 On July 12. 1862, for example, was held in Huntington Hall the first of 
 several mass meetings in the interest of enlistment. Mayor Hosford 
 presided. There was a patriotic address by Adjutant-General Schouler 
 and briefer exhortations by these home speakers : A. R. Brown, T. M. 
 Sweetser. D. S. Richardson, John F. McEvoy, E. A. Alger, James 
 Dean, B. C. Sargeant, Tappan W'entworth and John Wright. Dracut, 
 too, which still included the Pawtucketville suburb of Lowell, lived up 
 to its Revolutionary fame as a centre of devotion to military duty. It 
 was reported on August 19, 1862, that the town's full quota of twenty- 
 two three-year men was made up, and on that day a mass meeting was 
 held in the town house, presided over by George W. Coburn as first 
 selectman, at which it was resolved to appropriate $100 for each volun- 
 teer, thirty responsible citizens ofifering guarantees that this amount 
 would be paid. On August 25 a Dracut correspondent of "The Citi- 
 zen" reported: "We learn that the full quota of men for the nine 
 months' term was obtained on Friday evening, with a few extra ones 
 for contingencies." 
 
 A statistical epitome of what Lowell had done in the war was pre- 
 pared soon after the close of the conflict by the mayor of the city. The 
 figures in this summary help to understand why the city's population 
 
IN THE CI\'IL WAR 325 
 
 was ccmsideralily less in 11^65 than in i860; though, of cottrse, tlie en- 
 listments and casualities were not the only cause. The city's record 
 follows : 
 
 1861 — April 15, call for 75,000 men for three months. Lowell fur- 
 nished 22T, men, at a cost of $596.08 ; a\'erage cost, $2.67 3-10. 
 
 1861 — Ma}- 3, call for 50,000 men; July I, call for 600,000. (Jur 
 quota under these calls was 2,oy8 men for three years. The number 
 recruited was 2,390, at a cost of $65,861.78; average cost, $27.48. 
 
 1862 — August 4, call for 300,000 men for nine months. Our quota 
 was 2T,^. We enlisted and furnished 557 men, at a cost of $22,162.25; 
 average $35,78 8-10. 
 
 1863 — October 17, call for 300,000 men. We furnished 211 men. 
 at a cost of $902.30; a\'erage cost, $4.27 6-10. The repijrt of the .\dju- 
 tant-General. January I. 1864, stated that we had at that time a sur- 
 plus of 179 men. 
 
 1864 — July 18, call for 500,000 men ; our quota, 627. We furnished 
 (including 196 navy recruits) 998 men, at a cost of $147,594.11 ; aver- 
 age cost, $147.94^4. 
 
 1864 — December 19, call for 300.000 men. No quota was ever 
 assigned to Lowell under this call. I was informed by the Provost 
 Marshal that our quota, January i, 1865, was eight men short of all 
 requirements. We continued our enlistments until the surrender of 
 Richmond The number enlisted subsequent to the call in December 
 was 132 men at a cost of $i7,i39-55 : average cost, $129.08. 
 
 Of the volunteers for 100 days, Lowell furnished 252, at a cost of 
 $143.80 — making the whole number standing to our credit, 4,736 men, 
 and the whole cost of recruiting and bounties, $254,074.87. In addi- 
 tion to this we have expended for uniforms, interest on State Aid 
 paid, and other incidental expenses of the war, exclusive of the Ladd 
 and \Miitney monument, the sum of $39,141.02 — making a grand total 
 of $293,215.89. It should be stated that there were 450 men from our 
 city who enlisted in the naval service, but in the apportionment which 
 was made, only 196 were allowed to our credit. Had we received full 
 credit for these men, our whole number furnished would have been 
 5,022. 
 
 Lowell Receives Souvenirs from the Front — Souvenirs of the war 
 began to arrive at Lowell and to excite keen interest among all classes 
 of the population. Many of these have been preserved. 
 
 The famous steam gun, a sort of prototype of the machine gun of 
 to-day, which was captured in Mar\-land, near the Relay House by a 
 detachment of the Massachusetts Sixth, reached the city on August 13, 
 1861. Especial curiosity regarding this piece had been excited, and a 
 crowd gathered as it was taken from the train. Those who examined 
 the mechanism saw a bulky construction weighing about two tons and 
 resembling a snow plough. It was invented by Charles S. Dickinson, 
 of Cleveland, Ohio, who had formerly taught dancing in Lowell. The 
 capacities of the gun were thus set forth by the inventor : "Rendered 
 ball proof, and protected by an iron cone, and mounted on a four- 
 
326 HISTORY OF LOWEi^L 
 
 wheeled carriage, it can be readily moved from place to place, or kept 
 on march with army. It can he constructed to discharge missiles of 
 any cajjacity from an ounce 1)all tn a 25-]»iun(l shot, with a range and 
 force equal to the most appro\-ed gun-powder projectiles, and with a 
 discharge of from one hundred to five hundred balls per minute." 
 Mechanics of the Spindle City wdio hidkfd this piece over di<l not 
 highly approve its action and wondered at the report that the Rich- 
 mond government had a]ipro]3riated $5,000 to build another like it. 
 As a curious relic of the contest it was turned over to the Middlesex 
 Mechanics' Association. 
 
 Relics and mementos, none of them i)erhaps C[uite so exciting as 
 the steam gun, continued to be sent home liy officers and men at the 
 front. Hardly a week passed but the newspapers recorded something 
 that would be a valuable "document" in a war museum. 
 
 A secession flag from New Orleans was certainly one of the most 
 exciting reminders of the war. .Ml day long, on the Fourth of July, 
 1862, this banner flew from the pole on City Hall, but not in such a 
 fashion as to suggest that Lowell had been captured by the secession- 
 ists, for directly over it was the larger emldem of the Union. 
 
 A letter from General Butler explained the circumstances of this 
 
 gift to the people of Lowell: 
 
 Headquarters of the Gulf, 
 New Orleans, June 5, 1862. 
 Mr. Mayor: — I send enclosed to your order the flag of Fort Liv- 
 ingston, Louisiana. The fort is said to have surrendered to the navy, 
 but I have the flag and 1 assure you that I did not borrow it. The 
 truth is, the fort surrendered to a heroic Lhiion girl, who has brought 
 me the flag, which I send you in order that our people may see for the 
 first, and, I hope, only instance, what kind of a rag secession and rebel- 
 lion jiroposes instead of the glorious flag of our fathers. Please have 
 it hoisted under the stars and stripes, on the Cit}- Hall, on the Fourth 
 of |ul\', anrl give one thought to your fellow-citizen whom duty calls 
 to Ik- far a\\ay from the city of his home. 
 
 I am ver}' truly your friend, 
 
 TiF.NiAMTN F. Butler. 
 
 When this thrilling letter was read by the mayor to the board of 
 .•ildernieii the following resolve was soon worded: 
 
 Ordered, That the ma\-or be recpiested to cause the secession flag 
 this day received from Major-General Butler to be displayed on the 
 staft' of the city government building, under the stars and stripes, dur- 
 ing the Fourth of July next. 2nd. That the flag be preserved as a 
 trophy, and placed with the other collections relating to secession in 
 the citv library (if the city. 
 
 The "rebel flag" which thus greeted celebrants on the National 
 holida\- in 1862 had dimensions of nine bv sixteen feet. It was made 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 327 
 
 in New Orleans. It shdwed three bars, two of them red and one white, 
 with thirteen stars in a bkie field. 
 
 Much noise was created in Lowell, literally, by another reminder 
 of the South which was received in February, 1862, by former Alder- 
 man W. G. Morse, from one of the soldiers in the Massachusetts 
 Twenty-sixth. This gift was a young porker, (if a sort familiar to 
 visitors in southern cities but a curiosity in the north. .Vs described 
 by a writer of the time, "it is a queer looking customer, weighs less 
 than three pounds, and is covered with long black bristles or hair. It 
 is probably but a few weeks old. but he can squeal equal to an old 
 grunter. If that is a specimen of the fresh pork our soldiers get at 
 Ship Island they are to be pitied. It is worse than 'Pennsylvania drag' 
 or salt horse. The animal has been purchased at great expense by a 
 lover of animals and will be raised to hoghood. The hide is said to 
 make capital leather for belting." Further data regarding this visitor 
 are not available. 
 
 Stories of atrocities were quite as rife in the Civil War as during 
 the World War upon which the LTnited States entered in April, i<)i7- 
 From Virginia, whither he went in the summer of 1862, on a trip of 
 inspection, Samuel P. Hadley, later Judge Hadley, of the Police Court, 
 brought back to Lowell a good specimen of a "poison bullet." This 
 ball had been given him by a member of the Thirty-third Regiment, 
 who was certain that it was constructed to contain poison. It was said 
 to be one of many fired at the battle of Manassas, from which L'nion 
 soldiers were sufifering with wounds swollen to enormous size. This 
 bullet, of the familiar "Minie" pattern, was exhibited for a time in the 
 window of former Mayor Sargeant's bookstore. 
 
 As the war dragged on there were periods in which little that 
 was directly connected with military or naval events happened in 
 Lowell, except the continual reception of dead bodie.s and wounded 
 men. Every now and then occurred some public demonstration 
 worthy of special recording in this narrative. Fur the rest the city 
 lived on from inrmth to month, with the fate of the armies at the front 
 alwa\'s in everybod)''s consciousness. 
 
 The Burial of Captain Edward Abbott — .\nnouncement cjf the 
 deaths of Lowell men, which was a portentous event in the first days 
 of the war, soon became comnmnplace. Obituary notices of this kind 
 were chronicled very frequently, for casualties were numerous among 
 the five thousand or more of the city's sons who saw service. 
 
 One death, however, that more than ordinarily startled Lowell, 
 was that of its first commissioned officer to fall. Captain Edward G. 
 Abbott, who was slain while leading his men at the battle of Cedar 
 .Mountain. This son of Judge Jusiah .Abbott was a graduate of the 
 Lowell High School and of the Harvard College class of i860. 
 
328 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Although only just of age he had won the confidence and respect of 
 military men. His letters to Lowell friends were eagerly read and 
 sometimes published in the newspapers. Shortly before the fatal 
 engagement in which he lost his life he had written: "We are just on 
 the point of marching towards Culpepper, I believe. The health of 
 the comi)any and regiment is very good, which I attribute to good 
 cooking. A New York regiment, just arrived here, have 300 men on 
 the sick list ; they don't understand camp life, nor do their officers, 
 who are quite inexi)erienced, and so do not projierly attend to the 
 camp police. Here is a strong reason why men should enlist in old 
 regiments, where the cooking is good, and the officers know their 
 dutv. I hope a dozen recruits will be saved for me out of Lowell's 
 quota." 
 
 The request cnuld nut be granted to the officer who made it. In 
 the nii<lst of careful, attentive service of this kind, General Gordon's 
 brigade was ordered by General Banks to resist the onslaught of 
 Stonewall Jackson's force of 25,000 men in the valley of Cedar Run. 
 The brigade, on the extreme right of Banks' line, was very severely 
 punished, having 74 men killed, i()i wounded and 79 missing. In this 
 severe fray Captain ,\l)l)ott distinguished himself by his bravery. 
 General Gordon, his brigade commander, said: "I saw when he fell. 
 I was proud that I had done sumething to educate him to the profes- 
 sion he so much, so peculiarly, adorned." 
 
 After the battle Captain Abbott's body was recovered and sent to 
 Boston. The family would have preferred that the burial should be in 
 Mount .\nburn Cemetery. So urgent were the requests, however, 
 from Captain .\bI)ott's Lowell friends that Judge and Airs. Abliott 
 acceded to ,'i i)lan iif interment in the Li.iwell Cemetery. A memorial 
 service was held in Boston on August 18, which was attended by the 
 llar\ard class of i860 in a body and by a delegation of city officers and 
 many others from Lowell. Thence the casket was l)rought to the 
 Middlesex station, Lowell, and in solemn procession carried to the 
 final resting jilace, where Rev. Dr. Kdson made a touching address. 
 
 Throughout 1862 Lowell residents read their papers with espe- 
 cial eagerness for news from the Department of the Gulf, where Gen- 
 eral Butler and his regiment were operating in Louisiana. 
 
 Lowell Boys at Ship Island — A great departure of Lowell troops 
 was witnessed in the first weeks of the year. General Butler had 
 previously ol)tained authority from the President to raise and equip 
 six regiments, for which purjjose he was assigned temjjorarily to the 
 Department of New England. With the beginning of 1862, however, 
 he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, and was expected 
 to make a record for effective operations on the long coast line between 
 Kev West and Brownsville 
 
IX THE CI\1L WAR 329 
 
 Those Lowell troops who were attached to this Gulf of Mexico 
 division left the city on the 2nd of January. On the next day there 
 was a great mustering on Boston Common, where, despite the intense 
 cold, flags were presented to two newly enlisted regiments. In each 
 case General Butler gave the colors, "styling them as the emblem of 
 the unity of the republic and the 'hieroglyph' title of the indivisibilit\- 
 of the Nation." From the Common the troops proceeded to Long 
 Wharf, where they embarked for the long journey south. 
 
 A little incident significant of the conditions under which some 
 enlistments were made occurred at this embarkation. Two Lowell 
 thieves, J. L. and J. H. Edds, had had their sentences commuted on 
 condition that they go to the front. They deserted in Boston and, with 
 the well-known lack of imagination of criminals, found their wav back 
 to Lowell, where they promptly fell into the hands of the police. Offi- 
 cers Rand and Plaisted rushed them back to the Hub and got them 
 aboard the "Constitution" just as she was about to sail. 
 
 The tri]5 south was made successfully, and on January 21 a batch 
 of more than 150 letters from Lowell boys at Ship Island caused wide- 
 spread rejoicing among relatives and friends. 
 
 An important contribution from the Spindle Cit}- to the encamp- 
 ment on Ship Island was a crew of expert mechanics, the best that the 
 city could offer. The men chosen to serve their country in this capac- 
 ity were: Captain, James M. Howe; clerk, James R. Hopkins; car- 
 penters, Alphonzo Crosby, A. A. Lanikin, Ira Caverly, Elbridge Kim- 
 ball, William H. Cargill, J. K. Hodgdon, Thomas L. Leighton ; wheel- 
 wrights, Joshua Ames, John \'arnum, N. C. Lock, Edson Upton, 
 Charles Montgomery, E. B. Caldwell, L. H. Caldwell; blacksmiths, 
 Joseph Tibbets, F. W. Champney, A. S. Straw ; James Hughes, Charles 
 W. Stinson ; masons, Charles Marshall, H. K. Barnard, H. A. Searl, 
 -A. E. Patrick; shoemakers. Worthy Parker. Thomas Davis; tinmen, 
 G. W. Barnard, A. D. Holt ; mechanics and teamsters, L. B. Stevens, 
 S. G. Stevens, W. A. Boy; tent-maker, H. C. Bailey. 
 
 Ship Island, at which many of those Low-ell men saw their first 
 service in the war, had been chosen by General Butler as a base of 
 operations against New Orleans. The commanding ofificer in his book 
 gives the following description of it: "Ship Island is an island of 
 white sand thrown up by the winds and wa\es. It is between five and 
 six miles long, and is about ten miles distant from the Mississippi 
 coast. At the upper part of it there is some soil on which is a growth 
 of pine which serves at once for the fuel and timber required. This 
 eastern end of the island rises to some considerable height above 
 the waters of the Gulf. The western end is more flat and rises only a 
 little above the sea, in places less than two feet, and in case of any 
 considerable sea, the waves wash o\ er it. At the time of the arrival 
 
330 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 of my troops there was not a house on the island. We brought some 
 sectif)n houses to l)e put up for hospital pur]ioses and to cover stores 
 and supplies, but we relied for shelter upon our tents." Very enter- 
 taining descriptions of life on the island were written by Mrs. Butler. 
 These facts first saw print in the volumes of Butler correspondence 
 edited by Jessie Ames Marshall. 
 
 It is fur militarv historians to adjudicate the standing dispute as 
 the rclati\ e share taken by General Butler and his Massachusetts 
 troops and Commodore Porter and the na\al forces in the campaign 
 which resulted in the capture of New Orleans on April 23, 1S62. Pos- 
 sibly as the political and social animosities of the late nineteenth cen- 
 turv are forgotten a different estimate of this campaign luay be given 
 from that which the Harvard College school of historians has made 
 conventional. General Butler's side, certainly, of an old controversy 
 is vigorously expressed in his autobiography. 
 
 The newspapers of the first days of Ma}-. 1862, brought the an- 
 nouncement of the capture of New Orleans by Commodore Farragut 
 and of General Butler's entrance into the city. It was soon afterward 
 reported that the community was governed with an iron hand by the 
 democratic attornev from Lowell ; that the poor were provided with 
 food and a reign l^f law and order introduced to which the peojjle of 
 the Crescent Citv had long been strangers. Public approval in the 
 general's home town undoubtedly greeted the story of his issuing the 
 famous "General Order No. 28," threatening with the punishment of 
 the calaboose those high-bred women who persisted in hindering the 
 execution of good government and respect for the National emblem. 
 Man\- letters from officers and men regarding these occurrences were 
 printed locallv. Of such sort, expressing an opinion undoubtedly 
 favorable to the general's management of the situation in the Lciuisi- 
 ana metropolis, was a letter in which Second Lieutenant David Field, 
 writing under date of May 30, 1862, said: "Gen. Butler is deservedly 
 popular here. The citizens speak of him in the highest terms. He 
 has grap|)led with all the great questions at issue with them, and has 
 shtiwn the qualities of a commanding general, the statesman, the law- 
 ver and the civilian, and the man. His keen legal talent and discern- 
 ment of men and character ha\e enabled him to read things in this city 
 which most generals would have passed b\'." 
 
 What Butler Told Lowell About New Orleans — An accounting of 
 his stewardship at New Orleans was given by General Butler, in pres- 
 ence of his fellow-citizen townsmen, on January 13, 1863. The doughty 
 Lowellian, on December 15 preceding, had lieen superseded in his 
 command by General lianks and a few da_\s later had started north, 
 issuing before he left an address to the people of New Orleans in which 
 he earnestlv entreated them to return "not with lip service, but w)*^b 
 
IX THE CI\'IL WAR 331 
 
 the heart," tu their true allegiance. In \e\v York he was extensively 
 inter\ie\ved. When at last he arrived in Lowell he found that a recep- 
 tion had been arranged in his honor in Huntington Hall, Mayor Hos- 
 ford presiding. As orator of the occasion, Hon. John A. Goodwin de- 
 livered an address of welcome to which the general replied feelingly, 
 stating that it was due to the loyalt}' and efficiency of Lowell men that 
 he had been able to accomplish what he had. He told his listeners that 
 his experiences in New Orleans had not made him less Init rather more 
 of a Democrat ; that he had found fourteen thousand of the laboring 
 people of the city quite ready to take the oath of allegiance to the 
 United States, but that the propert}- owners were, as a class, bitter 
 rebels. "The object of this rebellion"" he said, "is to enable the landed 
 aristocracy to govern the country. The poor people in the South are 
 not consulted in their government. They fight because they are com- 
 pelled to fight : they will not volunteer as our men have done, because 
 they feel no interest in the controversy." 
 
 After the addresses an informal reception was held at which thdU- 
 sands of men and women pressed forward to grasp the general's hand. 
 
 The papers for some months thereafter carried frequent items 
 about General Butler's opinion on one subject or another, but nothing 
 regarding further military or administrati\e exploits, for during the 
 major part of 1863 he held no command. It was not until November 
 that he was for a second time placed in command of the Department 
 of \'irginia and North Carolina with results which will appear. 
 
 The hostile attitude of many leading English public men and 
 newspapers toward the L'nited States in its struggle for preserving 
 National integrity caused much indignation in Lowell. In April, 1862, 
 an indication of this attitude of hurt surprise was shown in a decision 
 of the Middle.'^ex Mechanics' Association to cancel their subscription 
 to the "London Times." The assigned reason was this: "Although it 
 may be desired and perhaps profitable for us to know what intelligent 
 foreigners think of our people and our institutions, and, while we 
 would not betray an undue or morbid sensitiveness under the lash of 
 criticism, we do think that the subscription price of the London Times 
 is too much to pay for the privilege of being abused m its columns." 
 
 How the City Supported the Administration — The election of 1862 
 aroused Lowell as it did most Northern connnunities. The problem 
 was whether the electorate would or would not sustain the Lincoln 
 administration. The Republicans were naturally very active. On 
 October 23 Huntington Hall was filled with one of the most enthusi- 
 astic political meetings in the city's history. Senator Charles Sumner 
 had been secured as the principal speaker by a committee whose offi- 
 cers were as follows: President, Ht)n. .\. P. Bonney ; vice-presidents, 
 Hon. John Nesmith. W. S. Southworth, John A. Buttrick, E. F. Wat- 
 
,^32 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 son, Horace J. Adams, F. P. Appleton, L. G. Howe, Rufus Rogers, 
 William G. Morse. Alfred Gilman, James C. Ayer, William Nichols, 
 A. L. Brooks. T. L. P. Lamson, Francis H. Nourse, Dr. Harlin Pills- 
 bury, John L. Cheney. Dana B. Gove; secretaries, Z. E. Stone, George 
 F. xMorey, S. P. Hadley. 
 
 Senator Sumner spoke with his accustomed eloquence for two 
 hours, devoting about half of his address tii an elaborate defence of the 
 Republican conduct of the government during the great crisis. 
 
 On October 2y came another great rally, with Henry Wilson as 
 the oratiii'. 
 
 At the succeeding electinn. on No\einber 3. Lowell gave substan- 
 tial Republican majorities to all candidates. Governor Andrew's vote 
 was 1 ,i.;77. against 1.427 for the Democratic candidate, Charles Devens, 
 Jr. To Congress the district elected Hon. George S. Botitwell, of Gro- 
 ton. 
 
 The First of the Great Sanitary Fairs — In Lowell, early in 1863, 
 originated in conception and practical fumi the first of the many "sani- 
 tarv fairs." which during the middle and later years of the war were 
 held in several of the country's largest cities. This extension of the 
 \\ork of the Soldiers' .Aid Association was undoubtedly one of the 
 finest achievements of the ci\ilian pojudation. 
 
 A participant's account of the beginning of this splendid imder- 
 taking is as follcnvs : "C)n the evening of the 24th of January, 1863, a 
 score of ladies assembled at the house of a gentleman in Lowell, at 
 the request of his daughters, to consider the expediency of holding a 
 fair in aid of the Sanitary Commission. At first it was only intended 
 to make this a neighborhood affair; but as they talked, the cause 
 inspired them with deeper interest and stronger faith; and before they 
 separated. the\- had nut only decided to ask the cooperation of every 
 religious societv in the citv. Protestant and Catholic, but a notice was 
 written fur the city pajiers requesting all persons interested to meet 
 at a specified jilace. ;\ large number of ladies and gentlemen responded 
 til the call .\ ].)lan was drawn up. and an executive committee, com- 
 ]i<ised of nine gentlemen and six ladies, chosen. Committees, with a 
 chairman for each, were appointed for each department. The originators 
 expressed their expectation that Lowell will give still another proof of 
 that patriotism and liberality which have hitherto entitled it to a 
 prominent place in the history of the times. In four weeks from the 
 dav when the first meeting was called, without a dollar in hand or an 
 article ])re])ared. the first Sanitary Fair was opened — a fair which, for 
 harmon\- of action, beautv of decorations, system and order of arrange- 
 ments, and ]>erfection of financial arrangements, has never been ex- 
 celled, if ecpialed." 
 
 The executive committee in charge of this enterprise was: Chair- 
 
IX THE CI\'IL WAR 333 
 
 man. Mayor Hocuni Hosford ; secretary, W". F. Salmon; E. P. Patch, 
 George Riple\-, H. H. Wilder, Isaac Place, Abiel Rolfe, E. F. Sherman, 
 Jacob Rogers, Mrs. James B. Francis, Mrs. John Nesmith, Mrs. George 
 Hedrick, Mrs. C. P. Talbot, Miss B. Robbins, Miss M. Hinkley. The 
 heads of special committees were as follows : Finance, S. D. Sargeant ; 
 music, Charles Merrill; tables, ^^'illiam P. Brazier; refreshments, O. E. 
 Gushing ; decorations, J. G. Peabody ; flowers, Mrs. John Nesmith ; 
 clothing, H. P. Perkins; police, N. F. Crafts; printing, S. W. Huse. 
 
 The three days' bazaar and fete in Huntington Hall was markedly- 
 successful in spite of a severe rainstorm that continued during most of 
 the time. There were amusing as well as picturesque incidents. Some 
 complaints were heard to the effect that young ladies in charge of the 
 tables did not gi\e change or bills tendered in payment for articles. 
 One young man asked a girl who seemed loath to give him specie in 
 change to hand him some small articles in its lieu which would always 
 remind him of her. She promptly drew a pickle from a jar and gave it 
 to him. 
 
 The net receipts from the Sanitary Fair were $4,884.99. When 
 this amount was tendered to the National Sanitary Commission it 
 drew from Dr. Bellows, the well-known Unitarian divine of New 
 York, such a letter of appreciation and of commendation of the Lowell 
 spirit as deserves to reappear in full in any record of the city's achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Mr, Salmon had written to Frederick Law Olmsted, then general 
 secretary of the Sanitarv Commission, stating the amount that had 
 been raised and the feeling of the local committee that a part of the 
 fund might properly be disbursed for articles made in Lowell, for 
 which advantageous terms cotild be secured and which would keep the 
 mills running for the benefit of the working class. From New York a 
 few days later came this enthusiastic letter : 
 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission. 
 New York Agency, 823 Broadway. 
 New York, March 21, 1863. 
 Wm. F. Salmon, Esq., Secretary of Executive Committee of Ladies 
 of Lowell — 
 Sir: — Your favor of the 14th inst. has just been referred to us by 
 the General Secretary of the U^nited States Sanitary Commission. 
 
 The zeal and liberality of your community have been conspicuous 
 in every hour of the war. The Sanitary Commission has met the 
 Lowell soldiers in many fields ; and among its very^ earliest experi- 
 ences recalls a delightful meeting with your mayor and other citizens 
 at Fortress Monroe, where a Lowell company was admitted into the 
 line with regulars, and proved itself their peer in drill and discipline. 
 Even your repeated contributions to our stock of supplies had not led 
 us to anticipate such a splendid addition as you now offer! You would 
 have been up to the average if }-ou had stopped where you were. You 
 
334 HISTORY OF LOWI'.LL 
 
 will make it \ ery ilifticult for any cuinimmit}' (tlii> sidt- the Rocky 
 iMountains) to keep |)ace with you, now that you pour four thousand 
 eight hundred and fifty dollars into our treasury! I think we must 
 declare you the banner town in New England. It is perhaps due to the 
 fact that you have a larger proportion of women than of men in your 
 ])opulation : and needles and prayers are the weapons witli which 
 women carry on the war, after they have sent all the men they can 
 s])are (and more) to the front, with guns, and freemen's souls liehind 
 them. 
 
 \(iur suggestion about the mode of vising the fimd \(iu have 
 raised is perfectly acceptaljle to us. We acquiesce in your view, and 
 request you to transmit half of the amount in a check or draft to our 
 treasurer N. T. Strong, Esq., No, 62 Wall street. New York, and the 
 other half in supplies to ovir Auxiliary, No. 22 Summer street, Boston. 
 As to the nature of the supplies we refer you to that .\uxiliary, on 
 wdiom we draw for certain articles which we must look to communities 
 like vciiu"s in her \'icinity to suji[>ly her depot with. -\sk her what she 
 needs most to meet our calls upon her, and govern yourselves accord- 
 ingly. System is so necessary in our work that you'll apjireciate the 
 reasons of this apparent indirection. 
 
 With lively gratitude to the ladies and citizens of Lowell, I am, in 
 behalf of the Sanitary Commission, and still more of our sick and 
 wounded soldiers, Your obliged friend and servant, 
 
 Henry W. Uhllows, President. 
 
 The Chicago Sanitary Fair closely followed Lowell's. The Bos- 
 ton Fair came in December, 1863, and netted receipts of $153,568.97. 
 Several other communities adopted this Lowell-born plan for assist- 
 ing the National Sanitary Commissit)n. 
 
 The old Sixth Regiment, now a \'eteran organization, returned 
 to Lowell u])on the expiration of its enlistment on May 30, 1863. As 
 was natural considering that it was the pioneer volimteer regiment a 
 receptiiin was tendered the officers and men in Huntington Hal!. 
 Mayor Hosford, in his address, congratulated the regiment on its 
 achievements. CoK)nel Albert S. Follansbee, who had been with the 
 regiment since the aitair in Baltimore, made appropriate reply. The 
 Sixth's service was not at an end, however, for it again went out for 
 one hundred days. 
 
 During the protracted \'irginia campaign, which was finally 
 brought to a close by Grant's dogged determination, casualty lists 
 were eagerly scanned in Lowell and many such deaths were noted as 
 liave l)een referred to in the paragraphs on the records of the separate 
 regiments. Boys from the Merrimack valley did a big bit toward 
 winning Gettysburg, toward preventing actual defeat at the Wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 What Lowell Learned About Fort Fisher — His fellow-citizens 
 were natur;illy much interested in the first and disastrous assault u]ion 
 l^'ort l'"ishcr because of the prominence in it of General Butler and his 
 son-in-law, General Adelbert Ames. Many Lowell friends of the 
 
IN THE CIVIL WAR 335 
 
 militant lawyer felt, whether rightly or wrongly, that certain leading 
 men of the navy were not altogether ingenuous in foisting upon this 
 one army nfficer the entire blame for the occurrences in front of one of 
 the Confederacy's mightiest strongholds. 
 
 What readers of the Lowell and Boston newspapers gathered from 
 reports was that on December 13, 1864, General Butler, as part of the 
 strategy planned by Generals Grant and Sherman for ending the war, 
 sailed with seven thousand troops of his department from Fortress 
 Monroe to cooperate with Admiral Porter in an effort to take Fort 
 Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina. It was General Butler's 
 suggestion that a steamer loaded with upwards of two hundred barrels 
 of gun powder be driven in as close as possible to the walls of the fort 
 and exploded, with expectation that the walls would be shattered and 
 the garrison paralyzed by the shock. The explosion occurred, but 
 perhaps because the orders were not executed skillfully, inflicted little 
 if any damage upon the Confederates. An attack in force had been 
 agreed upon for the following day, but as the sea ran high the troops 
 were not all landed and those that reached shore gained only a slight 
 success over the opposing outposts. Thereupon General Butler and 
 General Weitzel, his chief engineer, deciding that the fort could not 
 be carried by assault, ordered all the troops who were on shore to re- 
 embark. This fiasco, if such it was, ended General Butler's militaiy 
 career. A second attack on Fort Fisher, three weeks later, carried the 
 place. That, however, the Lowell general's caution was justified by 
 the circumstances of the situation at the time of the first attack has 
 been strenuously maintained by his friends and supporters. Colonel 
 William Lamb, furthermore, who defended the fort, afterwards as- 
 serted in an article on "The Defence of Fort Fisher," that Admiral 
 Porter was quite as much to blame as General Butler for the first 
 failure. As for the retirement General Weitzel, as a qualified engi- 
 neering expert, took, before a Congressional committee on the conduct 
 of the war, the blame of advising General Butler, saying: 
 
 In the two instances when the enemy assaulted my position the_\ 
 were repulsed with heavy loss. After that experience, with the in 
 formation 1 had obtained from reading and study — for before this wa. 
 I was an instructor at the Alilitary Academy for three years unoei 
 Professor Mahan on these very subjects — remembering all the re 
 marks of the Lieutenant-General commanding, that it was his inten 
 tion I should command that expedition liecause another officer selected 
 by the War Department had once shown timidity, and in face of thi 
 fact that I had been ap])ointed Alajor-General (inly twenty days before, 
 and needed confirmation ; notwithstanding all this I went back to 
 General Butler and told him 1 considered it wduld l>e murder to ordei 
 an attack on that work with that force. I understood Colonel Com 
 stock to agree with me perfectly, although I did not ask him, and Gen- 
 eral Butler has since said that he did. 
 
J36 HISTORY OF LOWF.LL 
 
 Di-s])ite the success which liefell tlie second attack on Fort Fisher 
 when an immense hombarding flotilhi cooperated with a force of some 
 2,000 sailors and marines and an additional command of 2,400 troops, 
 the committee on the conduct of the war, with Hon. Ben Wade as 
 chairman, reached a conclusion that exonerated General Butler from 
 the charges of timidity and defective judgment. Their conclusion 
 was: "In conclusion your Committee would say, from all the testi- 
 mony before them, that the determination of General Butler not to 
 assault the fort seems to have been fully justified by all the facts and 
 circumstances then known or afterwards ascertained." 
 
 A full report on the Fort Fisher happenings was rendered to his 
 fellow-citizens I)v General Butler at a reception which was arranged 
 in his honor on the 30th of January, ii%5. The general was loudly 
 ajjplauded in such passages of his address as when he asked whether 
 he ''ought to be hounded down and a price almost set upon my head, 
 like a wolf, l:>ecause I did not order an assault which two of the best 
 engineer officers in the United States service advised me not to make 
 and in reference to which, one of them said to me (I use his very ex- 
 pression). 'If vou order it. General, it will be murder'." 
 
 Inception of the Ladd and Whitney Monument — The earliest pub- 
 lic announcement nf a plan to honor the last resting place of the first 
 \ictims of the war was made in Mayor Hosford's inaugural address of 
 Tanuary 4, 1S63. In the course of this he asked : "In the border of our 
 cemeterv rest the revered remains of young Ladd and Whitney, the 
 first martvrs to our cause, unmarked the spot, unobserved by the 
 passer-by Ought we not to provide a 'Heroes' Field' where others 
 may sleep, and i)\'er their sacred remains raise heavenward the crystal 
 granite or the polished marlile shaft?" 
 
 Influenced presumably by this suggestion. Representative J. N. 
 Marshall of Lowell, on April 17th following, introduced a resolution 
 appropriating from the State Treasury the sum of $2,000 toward a 
 suitable monument for Messrs. Ladd and Whitney, on condition that 
 the city of Lowell appropriate a similar amount. This proposal was 
 subsequently accepted by the city government and plans made for a 
 memorial 
 
 Progress on the Ladd and Whitney monument was noted from 
 time to time by adults and small boys during the winter of 1864-1865. 
 The plans had been drawn by Woodcock & Meacham, Boston. The 
 work of erecting the shaft and laying out the approaches in Lowell 
 was commissioned to Runels, Clough & Company. The memorial was 
 to take the form of a simple granite shaft twenty-seven and one-half 
 feet high. On the plinth of one side were the words: 
 
 Addison O. Whitney, born in Waldo, Me., October 30th. 18^9, and 
 Luther C Ladd, born in Alexandria, N. H., Dec. 22d, 1843. Marched 
 
IX Till-: CI\'II. \\-AR 337 
 
 from Lowell in the 6th M. V. Al. to the defence of the National Capi- 
 tal, and fell mortally wounded, in the attack on their regiment, while 
 passing through Baltimore, April 19, 1861. 
 
 The Commonwealth of Rlassachusetts and the City of Lowell 
 dedicate this monument to their memory, June 17, 1865. 
 
 On the reverse iilinth is a quotation from Milton's "Samson Ago- 
 
 nistes :'' 
 
 Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail 
 (Jr knock the breast ; no weakness, no contempt. 
 Dispraise or blame, nothing but well and fair 
 And which may quiet us in a death so noble. 
 
 It was originally proposed to dedicate this monument on the 
 lyth of April, but unexpected delays prevented. Even if ever}thing 
 had been in readiness the National calamity of April 14 would have 
 changed all plans. 
 
 Victory and the Assassination Thrill the City — Excitement began 
 to run high in the spring of 1865, as it was realized that the end of the 
 war was in sight. C)n April 6 a mass meeting was called in Hunting- 
 ton Hall to celebrate the recent Union successes on the field. Mayor 
 Peabody presided. Fervently patriotic addresses were made by Rev. 
 Mr. Backus, Joseph C. Kiinball, former Mayor Sargeant, and Rev. J. 
 O. Peck. The exercises closed with the singing of "John Brown's 
 Body" by the Glee Club and of "Old Hundred" by the Glee Club and 
 the entire audience. 
 
 Finally, on the afternoon of April 10, readers of the "Lowell Citi- 
 zen" beheld with delighted eyes, under a representation of the Stars 
 and Stripes, the headlines: "God be Praised! The Morning Cometh. 
 Closing Victory of the \\'ar. Surrender of Lee and his Army." By 
 that token every man. wuman and child knew that, though still tech- 
 nically existent, the Confederacy was really dead ; that it was only a 
 question of a few days before the remnants of the rebel armies must 
 follow the e.xample of their former commander-in-chief. An imme- 
 diate invitation was issued to all citizens to attend another mass meet- 
 ing in Huntington Hall. Again the mayor presented a list of local 
 speakers, Dr. Elisha Huntington, John Wright, James Dean and sev- 
 eral of the resident clergy. On that evening and for two days after, 
 the city rang with rejoicing. 
 
 Black lines between columns in the newspapers of Ajiril 15, 1865, 
 signified a National tragedy. The news of President Lincoln's assas- 
 sination had reached Lowell. The story which came from Washington 
 over the wires was essentially that with which every school child is 
 now familiar — of the president's attending the theatre to seek a little 
 recreation in a time of especially anxious care ; of the sudden appari- 
 tion of the assassin with his pistol shot and his melodramatic shout of 
 "Sic semjjer tyrannis." Thereupon blackness fell upon the land. 
 
 I.- 2 
 
338 HISTORY Ol'^ LOWI^LL 
 
 'I'he details of tlu- dreadful e\ent at W'ashingtt)!! helung, of course, 
 rather to general than t(j lucal history. 
 
 An incident of the forenoon in which the news was received in 
 Lnwcll is worth citing as illustrating the tense and overwrought state 
 of ]>ul)lic feeling. In the ]iresence of Daniel S. Greenleaf. a loyal citi- 
 zen, (ine Otis Wright, a merchant who had lately come to the city 
 from New Hampshire, a State then regarded as much of a hotbed of 
 "copperheadism," ventured to ex])ress himself as well satisfied with 
 the assailant's work, adding "words of contempt for the President too 
 brutal for repetition among civilized men." Mr. Greenleaf in indigna- 
 tion reported these utterances in the street and within a short time 
 a crowd of several hundred angry peojjle gathered in front of Mr. 
 Wright's place of business in the Museum Iniilding and demanded his 
 appearance. The man came forward bearing an American Hag and 
 denying that he had said anything disloyal. 
 
 Mr. Greenleaf. howe\er, pr(.)m[)tly addressed the crowd, rejieat- 
 ing the New Hampshire man"s exact words as he rememljered them 
 and challenging him either to deny or correct them. Then the "cop- 
 jjerhead" hung his head and became too confused to answer. The 
 crowd l)y this time was in ugly mood and it might have fared badly 
 with the man Wright, had not Mayor Peabody arrived on the scene 
 and begged his fellow-citizens to indulge in no rioting, as he under- 
 stood that the offender had already made arrangements to leave the 
 cit\'. Soon after this the assailant of the martyred President's charac- 
 ter left Lowell for good and all, as it is belie\-ed. 
 
 Solemn services in all the clun-ches on Sunday, the i6th, attest- 
 ed the awed solemnitv that had liefallen the city since the news 
 of the assassination at ^^■ashington. On Thursday, the 20th. appro- 
 ]>riate memorial exercises were held in Ihuitington Hall, with Con- 
 gressman (afterwards Co\-ernor) George S. Bontwell as orator of the 
 occasii m. 
 
 The Dedication of the Monument — As Powell slowly recovered 
 from the feeling of stunned grief that Walt Whitman so nol)ly 
 expressed in his "Captain, Mv Cajitain," preparations were continued 
 for the dedication which should memorialize the beginning and sig- 
 nalize the end of the long conlbct. It was decided to imveil the Padd 
 and Whitney monument on June 17. 
 
 fust i)rior to the dedication two portraits of the fallen heroes were 
 exhibited at the store of H. M. Ordway, in Merrimack street. These 
 were the work of Alfred Ordway, of Boston, one of the founders of the 
 Boston Art Club. They were designed, it was announced, to be part 
 of the collection of the "National Gallery of Heroes," for which ambi- 
 tious plans were then under consideration. Credit for commissioning 
 Mr. Ordway to do these portraits appears to have rested with Messrs. 
 
IN TIIK CIX'IL WAR 339 
 
 Nesmilli aiul Talbot, of Lowell. The pictures were hung in Ilunting'- 
 ton Hall during the dedicatory exercises. 
 
 Finally, on the anniversary of Bunker Hill battle came the most 
 spectacular celebration Lowell had yet had. 
 
 In addition to the turn-out of old and young from every street in 
 the city, a crowd estimated at about twenty thousand poured in from 
 the surrounding cities and towns. 
 
 The long procession through Lowell streets was headed by the 
 Spalding Light Cavalry, closely followed by nine companies of the old 
 Sixth and three companies of the Thirty-third, the latter under the 
 tattered colors which they had lately borne "from .\tlanta to the sea." 
 Then came the sheriff of Middlesex county, the wliole city government 
 of Lowell, various Masonic Ijodies, aged veterans of 1812 and 1845 ''^ 
 carriages; the Independent Order of Cadets, of Boston; officers of the 
 stafT of the Governor of Maryland ; Major General Butler ; the Execu- 
 tive Council of the State of Massachusetts; the chaplain and toast- 
 master : the mayor and aldermen of Boston ; representatives of the 
 Great and General Court of Massachusetts; representatives of the 
 Massachusetts Judiciary; representatives of the governments of Wor- 
 cester and Lawrence, and the selectmen of Groton, Acton and Stone- 
 ham ; former majors of Lowell ; the Lowell Fire Department ; Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows; Independent Irish Benevolent Society; 
 Young Men's Catholic Library Association; American Protestant 
 Association ; Lowell Circle of Feniam Brotherhood ; Franklin Zouaves. 
 
 An incident of the parade was the massing of young women, 
 arrayed in white and waving the flags of the loyal States, in front of 
 the Appleton street house of George F. Willey, music master. These 
 girls sang the national airs which were taken up by the veterans as 
 the}- passed. Residents of the Chapel Hill district had prepared vast 
 quantities of lemonade, which was tendered to the thirsty paraders 
 as there were pauses in the line of march. 
 
 At one thirty the head of the procession arrived at Monument 
 Square. The subsequent exercises were divided into two parts, fra- 
 ternal and civic. The square at first was made the scene of a Masonic 
 Grand Lodge, ojiened by Most Worthy Grand Master William Park- 
 man, of Boston, who made an eloquent address. The situaticMi was 
 then turned over to the civic authorities. After a prayer by the Rev. 
 Amos Blanchard. Mayor Peabody introduced the orator of the occa- 
 sion, John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 The ringing periods of the Governor's elaborate resume of Massa- 
 chusett's part in the Ci\-il War were in the best manner of the oratory 
 of the period. It was a supreme effort, worthy of the day on which 
 Lowell and the Bay State were as conspicuous in the eyes of the nation 
 as at any time in the nineteenth century. The speech was printed 
 
340 
 
 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 \'ei"l)atim in a ten-column story of the events of the celebration in the 
 "Citizen," an unusual journalistic feat for the time. As a reminder of 
 its style and substance the peroration, at least, should be given : 
 
 Let this monument, raised to preserve the names of I, add and 
 Whitney, — the two young artizans of Lowell who fell among the first 
 martyrs of the great rebellion, — let this monument now dedicated to 
 their memory stand for a thousand generations ! It is another shaft 
 added to the monumental columns of Middlesex. Henceforth shall 
 the inhabitants of Lowell guard for Massachusetts, for patriotism and 
 liberty, this sacred trust, as they of Acton, of Lexington, of Concord, 
 protect the votive stones which commemorate the men of April, 'j~,. 
 
 Let it stand as long as the Merrimack runs from the mountains 
 to the sea ; while this busy stream of human life sweeps on by the 
 banks of the river bearing to eternity its freight of destiny and hope. 
 It shall stand here, a mute, expressive witness of the beauty and the 
 dignity of youth and manly prime consecrated in unselfish obedience to 
 Duty. It shall testify that gratitude will remember, and praise wait on 
 the humblest, who, by the intrinsic greatness of their souls, or the 
 worth of their offerings, have risen to the sublime peerage of Virtue. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 Lowell, from Civil War to Chicago Exposition. 
 
 Industrially and socially considered the period from the end of the 
 War of the Rebellion to about the time of the Chicago Exposition and 
 the panic of 1893 forms rather a distinct unit in the history of the city 
 of Lowell. The happenings of these three decades are in marked con- 
 trast to the stirring scenes of the years 1861-65. While progress was 
 steady and continual in many directions this was not a time of sensa- 
 tional developments, of startling achievements or even, perhaps, of 
 so much display of enterprise and initiative as had characterized the 
 first years of the manufacturing community, or has since 1893 marked 
 the conduct of affairs in the city. 
 
 Pessimism, indeed, concerning the future of Lowell was more 
 rife in the seventies and eighties than it has been since the successful 
 establishment of the Lowell textile school and the continual broaden- 
 ing of the industrial life of the neighborhood by intensive development 
 and specialization among the established manufactures and by further 
 diversification of the local businesses. Reasons for alarm were not 
 wanting; these were easily magnified by those who lacked vision to 
 sense the corrections of evil conditions which were already in prepara- 
 tion. Many of the gravest problems of the twentieth century city first 
 became acute in the last decades of the nineteenth century : deteriora- 
 tion of originally inadequate housing facilities fur the working class; 
 indiiiference to city planning for the future ; neglect of the welfare 
 of newly arrived immigrants ; increasing tolerance of the evils of 
 alcoholism and sex disease ; a spread of coarsening influences in popu- 
 lar amusements and recreations ; a new tendency toward vulgarity 
 and ostentation among some of the well-to-do. 
 
 Exaggeration of these evils was sometimes practised by orators 
 and writers who felt that the experiment of the high-minded founders 
 of a model manufacturing community was coming to grief ; that 
 Lowell was visibly approaching some such ruin as Kirk Roott had 
 once predicted. The well-ordered town of 1835 had become a city 
 with serious problems by 1885. The compen.sating features were fre- 
 cpiently ignored, for it was not so apparent, as it became thirty years 
 later, that cosmopolitan Lowell has within itself all the elements 
 needed for its own regeneration. 
 
 A marked change in the racial complexion of the city, and espe- 
 cially of the operative class, was unquestionably the most striking 
 communal development of the post-bcUnm years. It was likewise one 
 
342 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 whicli frequently caused gloomy, and, as it has turned out, needless 
 fcireboding's. 
 
 In i8f>5 the mills at Lowell were still filled with young people 
 from \ew England farms, even though this source of labor supply no 
 longer yielded quite so many new recruits as in the first days of the 
 manufacturing cumminiit}". Practically the only "foreigners'" were 
 those using the English language and practising arts of living gener- 
 ally similar to those of the native-born population: the English, Irish 
 and Scots, with a few people from the maritime Canadian provinces. 
 By i8qo, on the contrary, most of the native "Yankees" still left in the 
 factories were elderly yjersons, survivors of former conditions; jjrac- 
 tically all the young men and women were aliens by Ijirth or parent- 
 age, and many of these spoke languages which sounded to the man in 
 the street like jargon. The operative population in the nineteenth 
 centur)' was not so mixed and pol_\'glot as it has since become, Init it 
 was already in visible process of diversification ; it included French, 
 Germans, Swedes, Russians and a few of the Greeks, Syrians and 
 Armenians, who now have large colonies. 
 
 This tendency toward racial complexity in the laboring population 
 was not, of course, peculiar to any one New England textile center. 
 The national figures ul the nativity of cotton mill employees during 
 three succeeding censuses, tell statistically and quite accurately the 
 story of what was happening in Lowell, as may be seen from the 
 following table : 
 
 Percentages. 
 
 Born in U, S. 1870 1880 1890 1870 1880 l8go 
 
 United States 7i,547 94,oio 9O,.404 64.1 55.6 44.7 
 
 British America 7,613 3f>.385 40,(m)o 6.9 21.4 25.5 
 
 Ireland 18.713 19.73^ 16.306 6.8 11.6 9.5 
 
 Great Britain 16,805 16,237 17,131 10.6 9.6 9.9 
 
 Germany 11,214 1,988 3,763 i.i 1.2 2.2 
 
 All iitliers 664 1,419 3.587 0.5 0.8 2.1 
 
 In exposition of these figures Copeland says, in his valuable book 
 on the cotton manufacture: "In 1870 the Irish predominated among 
 the foreign-born employees in our cotton mills, and the number has re- 
 mained about the same, while the proportion has declined. The num- 
 I)cr of JMiglish and Scotch, likewise, has not manifested much change; 
 the outflow and inflow have balanced. The Irish and particularly the 
 British o]jeratives, however, have moved upward in the scale of em- 
 ployment within the mills. Nearly all of the luiglish are mule spin- 
 ners, weavers, slasher tenders or overseers." 
 
 The Coming of the French-Canadians — As regards Lowell the 
 overshadowing racial development of the years in question was due to 
 the coming of the French-Canadians. Within one generation descend- 
 ants of Norman and Breton jieasants became so numerous as to give 
 a tone to whole sections of the town. 
 
AFTER THE C]\IL WAR 343 
 
 The appL-araiice of French-speaking people in Lowell began much 
 earlier than has generally been stated. While it is true that the great 
 exodus from Canadian farms to New England factories did not start 
 until after the Civil War, a considerable number of French families 
 were settled here prior to i860. 
 
 The first comers, it is understood, were not Canadians by birth, 
 for they were of the New York State French villages situated in the 
 Adirondack region. From this district a few French people found 
 their way to Pittsfield and the Connecticut valley cities and thence to 
 Lowell. The first native American of French tongue, so far as known, 
 to settle in the city was Alaric Mercier, who came in 1845 and who in 
 1917 was still living. Several others followed in 1848, among them 
 Louis Bergeron, Paul Lesieur, Edouard Courchesne, Joseph Dufresne, 
 H. Dozois, Pierre and Luc Viau, St. Onge Laurence, M. Gobeil, Nar- 
 cisse Remy. Some of these men boarded in a house off Middlesex 
 street, in the rear of the present Richardson's Hotel. Several of them 
 were wood-workers. One was a blacksmith. From 1852 onward 
 their number increased, and during the war as many as 400 enlistments 
 of French Americans were noted. After the war the immigration 
 from French -Canada increased rapidly. 
 
 Arrived in Lowell the French-Canadians brought with them the 
 characteristic institutions of their Quebec villages. Their priesthood 
 was their own : they did not join in worship with the Irish Roman 
 Catholics. In 1868 was organized a branch of the St. Jean Baptiste 
 Society, which had previously been started in Quebec in 1834 and 
 which was already widespread throughout French-speaking Canada. 
 This society in 1872 had a great celebration of the feast of St. John 
 the Baptiste. The fete was renewed two years later. By 1877 the 
 society had a Lowell membership of nearly 600. Numerous other 
 French societies, lay and religious, were started at later dates. 
 
 Little Canada, which became the residential quarter of at first a 
 majority of the Lowell French, was an open field prior to the Civil 
 War, situated between the western end of the Lawrence corporation 
 and the Great Bunt in the Merrimack. The location was convenient 
 enough for a colony of mill operatives, to whom carfare would have 
 been a prohibitive consideration. A plan of the Locks and Canals 
 Company to lease house lots in this tract proved to be very profitable 
 to the company. It was not, however, conducive to substantial build- 
 ing. The landlord's one object, only too often, was to realize large 
 returns on an investment which he knew might be impaired by refusal 
 at the end of the stipulated sixteen years to renew the lease. 
 
 The newcomers, therefore, were housed for the most part in flimsy 
 structures, ranging from renovated horse sheds up to a large wooden 
 "Idock"' containing thirty-two tenements. Some promoters are re- 
 
344 HISTORY' OF LOWELL 
 
 ported t(i have realized iniineiise profits from their venttires in this 
 district. iMjout 18IS1, according to a credible account, a two and one- 
 half story house on Merrimack street, very decrepit, was sold at auc- 
 tion for ten dollars, the seller who purposed rebuilding on his land, 
 supposing that the old structure would be turned into kindling wood. 
 The new owner, however, had the timbers moved over into Little 
 Canada, spent about $400 on patching them up for occupancy and 
 obtained good paying tenants who gave $480 a year for the quarters. 
 As the land rental was only $40 a year the landlord more than covered 
 the total investment in a year and thereafter had an income exceeding 
 one hundred per cent, on his money. 
 
 The fire risks were stich, and sanitary conditions so unsatis- 
 factory, that about 1885 there was more or less public disctission of 
 the advisability of condemning the whole quarter and requiring the 
 population to find other homes. Nothing was done collectively, how- 
 ever. The French people themselves, to a certain extent, began to 
 solve the prolilem by moving over into a more substantially Iniilt sec- 
 tion along Moody and Merrimack streets. 
 
 Increasing Cosmopolitanism of the City — 1 he fortuitous settle- 
 ment of other racial colonies in New England manufacturing towns 
 has been a nujst interesting phenomenon since about 1880. Lowell 
 began early to ha\-e its share, some conservatives maintained more 
 than its share, of the polyglot populations that were seeking oppor- 
 tunity for a livelihood in the New World. 
 
 The Southern Slavs, who are now so numerous, must have been a 
 mere handful about 1883, when a family of Greek fruit vendors oper- 
 ated a stand in City Hall a\'enue. Even in 1892 lower Market street 
 still had more sakions than coffee houses. The Germans and Belgians, 
 who in these years were flocking to America, rarely came to Lowell. 
 The same thing is true of the Finns, who were beginning to furnish 
 Fitcliluirg manufacturers with their most reliable help. The Swedes, 
 while more inclined to settle in Worcester, made up a small but in- 
 creasing element in Lowell, and there were a few Poles. Toward the 
 end of the designated era, marked expansion of the Jewish colony 
 added to the cosmopolitanism of Lowell. A few- families of German 
 Hebrews had settled in the city before 1880 and had become an integral 
 part of its commercial life. About 1890 the Russian and Polish Jews, 
 manv thousands of whom were coming into the countrv of New 
 York, began to find their way to the Merrimack valley. Apparently 
 there was more or less direction (if their migration. In August, i8()i, 
 the Lowell mill agents received letters from the L'nited Hel)rew Chari- 
 ties of New York, asking if they could ofifer work to Russian Jews, 
 driven from their own country by persecution. "There are many 
 skilled niechanics among their numlicr," the communication stated. 
 
AFTER THE C1\TL WAR 345 
 
 "as well as families who have some experience and are well fitted to 
 become operatives in mills and factories." This proposal, coming at a 
 time when labor was not particularly well employed, created much 
 antagonism in Lowell as in other New England textile centres. "In 
 the present condition of labor in Lowell," said the "Times," "the ship- 
 ping of these Hebrew paupers here would mean that some hundreds 
 of people already settled here and paying taxes would be out of em- 
 ployment." Reports were spread that the Jews had brought much 
 typhus fexer from Russia. In Fall River the labor unions made strenu- 
 ous objections to their employment in the mills. In an elifort to coun- 
 teract the prejudice that had been aroused in Lowell Agent Joseph S. 
 Ludlam. of the Merrimack company, invited a newspaper man to visit 
 the mills with him and see such Jews as were already at work. The 
 reporter was evidently impressed. He wrote that "these women are 
 dark with lovely eyes," and he readily accepted Mr. Ludlam's testi- 
 mony that they were among the most industrious, thrifty and self- 
 respecting operatives in the company's employ. Despite opposition, 
 they continued to come, though never in such numbers as to rank 
 with the French-Canadians or Greeks as candidates for citizenship. 
 
 One effect of the incoming of these immigrants which was grati- 
 fying to local pride was, of course, to maintaiit the city's numerical 
 growth. Lowell in 1870 was a small city of 40,000 inhabitants ; in 
 1890 it had nearly 80,000 people, and was plainly destined soon to 
 reach the 100,000 class. 
 
 That racial diversification should be accompanied by new social 
 cleavages was inevitable. These did not add to the democracy of the 
 commiuiity, and they had one eftect whose value may be variously 
 interpreted. These cleavages were so marked that they beyond pre- 
 adventure hindered the growth of economic class consciousness, which, 
 in an industrial city of fairly uniform population, will invariably, as a 
 natural and proper phase of social evolution, arise. Solidarity of the 
 workers was held back in Lowell by the fact that native Americans 
 and Irish often hesitated to fraternize with French-Canadians, Greeks 
 and Hebrews. This lack of cohesion might conventionally be inter- 
 preted as advantageous to Lowell manufacturers. Yet throughout the 
 eighties and nineties was witnessed the phenomenon of the rise of Fall 
 Ri\-er and New Bedford to leadership in the textile industry, so that 
 by 1893 Lowell, the ])ioneer large factory city of America, had became 
 distinctly a secondary factor in the cotton industry. For Fall River's 
 rapid rise, the advantage of tide-water transportation has been gener- 
 all\- alleged. It is significant, nevertheless, as a possible supplementary 
 factor, that owing to a larger percentage of English-born and English- 
 speaking operatives, the labor union movement has been much more 
 vigorous in "the Cit}' of the Dinner Pail" and ;it Xew Bedford than it 
 
346 inSTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 ever has been in Lowell ; and the query rises, if perhaps the kind of 
 WLirkingf people who are capable of getting together and asserting 
 themsehes are not in the long run a great asset to the community, the 
 assurance of its further progress. Freedom from labor disturbances 
 is not necessarily a sign of commercial health ; it may be a mark of 
 jiartial stagnatioti. 
 
 Be that as it mav, Lowell took no such leading place in the labor 
 union movement of the j^ust-bcUiDii years as from its historic position 
 in the manufacturing world might have been expected. The Mule 
 Spinners' Lhiion of Fall River, which had been organized in 1858, con- 
 tinued to be the model of its kind in the textile trades. In Lowell the 
 increased prominence of ring spinning, which requires less of skilled 
 help, mav have l.ieen a factcir in checking organization. 
 
 Beginnings of Trade Unionism — Perhaps the most interesting ex- 
 ample, indeed, of working-class self-assertion in Lowell in the time 
 under review, came at its very beginning. In the autumn oi 1865 ^ 
 decided effort was made by working men to influence the city's repre- 
 sentation in the Legislature. The undertaking, as it turned out, was 
 only partially successful, even though the nominations made by a 
 workingmen's committee were taken over bodily by the Democratic 
 party. The incident at least was not without economic significance 
 and the resolutions which were adopted on October 25, 1865, at the 
 first meeting of the Lowell workingmen's committee, should be a good 
 document for some future historian of American labor relations. They 
 are in direct evidence of a considerable growth of class consciousness, 
 as thus expressed : 
 
 Whereas, we heartil}' sympathize in the movement miw being 
 agitated throughout the ciiuntrv in favor of a redtiction in the hours of 
 labor, and we believe that the future stability of our prosperity of our 
 republican institutions in America depend on the intelligence and edu- 
 cation of the masses — we therefore, in behalf of the workingmen of 
 Lowell, set forth and adopt the following resolutions : 
 
 Resolved, That the institutions of civil liiierty given us by our 
 fathers, and preserved from traitorous assaults by our gallant soldiers 
 and sailors, can only be perpetuated by a thinking ballot box. 
 
 Resolved, That the interests of our manufacturing industry and all 
 (lur mechanic arts flourish or decline according as the laborers em- 
 ployed in them are educated or ignorant, moral or vicious, and that 
 the standard of education and morality among laboring people is 
 higher or lower according as the o])portnnities afforded them ior intel- 
 lectual and moral culture. 
 
 Resolved, That to secure any impro\'ement in education and 
 morality among the laboring classes it is indispensable that there be 
 a reduction in the hours of lalior. 
 
 Resolved, That we disapprove and discountenance "strikes" as 
 tending to lead to difliculties between the employer and emplnyed and 
 retard the interests of both. 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR .^47 
 
 Resoh'ed, That havinnf lieen silent during the war. now brought to 
 a glorious termination, when capitalists made their fortunes, though 
 laborers still struggled for their subsistence, we now claim the aid of 
 legislation to secure a reduction of the hours of labor, and of the Dress 
 to advocate this reduction. 
 
 Resolved. That the fleets and armies whose valor sa\ed the Uninn 
 from dismemberment were recruited chieflv from among the working 
 men : that justice demands that a liberal policv be pursued towards 
 our returned soldiers and sailors, and that those who answered the 
 first calls of their country should receive at least equal bounties with 
 those who responded to summonses of a later day. 
 
 Resolved. That in behalf of the working people of Lowell we will 
 labor to secure the election of such candidates for public office, and 
 such only, as we believe to be friendly to these measures, and com- 
 petent to promote their successful adoption. 
 
 This undertaking to create a distinctive labor party in local poli- 
 tics catised more or less excitement which was reflected in the press. 
 .\ largely attended meeting was held a few days later in Jackson Hall, 
 tmder the auspices of an "Amalgamated Short Time Committee," 
 which brou,ght forward as orator of the evening J- B. Howe, of Bos- 
 ton. The ever broad-minded Dr. ]. C. Ayer also spoke briefly, urging 
 "organization of workingmen for their own interest, as capital is 
 organized for its own protection." The following nomination for the 
 Legislature w^ere made : Senator, Charles F. Howe ; representatives. 
 Foster ^^'ilson. Lorenzo D. Cogswell. L Henry Paige. Benjamin L. 
 Butterworth. Charles Hunt. Foster Nowell. 
 
 A characteristic proceeding followed. A Democratic partv cau- 
 cus, seeing capital to be made out of this inovement. next dav adopted 
 the foregoing list of candidates as its own. .Such action may or may 
 not have been helpful to the laboring man's cause. In the ensuing 
 election the Republicans as usual carried the city ; of the working- 
 men's candidates only Foster Wilson was elected. 
 
 Abotit 1883 there was a general strengthening of class conscious- 
 ness in Massachusetts which was at least mildly reflected in Lowell. 
 The time was that in which Henry George's "Progress and Poverty" 
 was first attracting the attention of the more progressive American 
 bourgeois, whose beau ideal of social reform it has been and is. Mak- 
 ing much less of a stir but influencing a few thinking workers and "in- 
 tellectuals" here and there, a certain A\'ilhelm Liebknecht. member of 
 the German Reichstag, lectured in Boston in 1886, as in several other 
 American cities. He was accompanied by Dr. and ]\Irs. Edw'ard Avel- 
 ing, of London, the wife a daughter of Carl Marx. This visit effected 
 the introduction of scientific socialism into the United States, occur- 
 ring just prior to the greatest effulgence of romantic or Utopian social- 
 ism, that promoted through the famous book "Looking Backward." 
 
 In Lowell the Central Labor Union \vas formed in 1887. It was 
 
34H HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 com])ose(l of delegates from all the local unions. These were not so 
 many, all told, considering the niimljer of ununionized employees in 
 the city. Lowell was then — and still is — a hard town from the view- 
 j)oint of social propaganda. An important point was gained, from the 
 unionists' contention, when in 1890 the spinners' union was formed. 
 Two years later the Central was found strongly supporting the 54 hour 
 law for women and child workers, the final enactment of which was 
 one of the achievements up to that time in safeguarding the health of 
 those workers who are peculiarly helpless and liable to exploitation. 
 The bill was passed May 19, 1892. It was a great victory for labor and 
 yet not, as the sequel proved, in any way a real defeat foi the manu- 
 facturers who managed to live under it and in many jilants to improve 
 their product in directions rer|uiring enhanced skill and perscjnal inter- 
 est on the operatives' part. 
 
 A Generation of Normal Business Growth — Recovery of the busi- 
 ness on which the life of Lowell depended, from the partial prostration 
 which overtook them during the Rebellion, was virtually comi)lete 
 before the jianic of 1X73 temporarily retarded their growth again. 
 After that som,ewhat artificial depression (which was due in the main 
 to excesses of speculation and the weaknesses of our unscientific 
 monetary system) the industrial life of the city ran 1 m quite smoothly, 
 with the usual ups and downs of commercial elation and depression, 
 but with very few occurrences that were in any way startling or 
 epoch making. 
 
 How the city had suffered during the war was proved numerically 
 by the Massachusetts census of 1865. On July 3 of that year citizens 
 learned for the first time through an informal announcement made by 
 Samuel A. McPhetres, appointed by the Legislature to take the Lowell 
 census, that their population had dro])ped from 36,227 in 1S60, to 
 30,757 in the month of President Lincoln's assassination. No note of 
 discouragement was heard, nevertheless. The whole citv went to 
 work. 
 
 Another bit of evidence of the depressed state of the cotton indus- 
 try out of which Lowell had to emerge, may be noted from figures 
 collated by Edward Atkinson at the beginning of 1864 for the preced- 
 ing year. He found then that the number of idle spindles was 2,169,- 
 650. As the total numlx-r of spindles in the States surveyed was 
 4,288,113, it was evident that only about half the spindles were in 
 operation in the last fidl year of the war. 
 
 The rapidity, in especial, with which the cotton manufacture 
 began to improve after the cessation of iKjStilities gave cause for 
 abundant optimism in Lowell. In Jul}- and August, 1865, the news- 
 papers were filled with such statements of the revival of business as 
 the following, from the "Citizen ;" 
 
AFTER THE CI\"1L \\'AR 
 
 349 
 
 With the return of jieace and the greater demand for cloths and 
 dry goods generally, a steady increase in jiroduction is noted. As is 
 well known, the season of quiet has been well improved in refitting 
 machinery in our mills, and to some extent in replacing old works with 
 new, and the introduction of machinery for the production of new 
 fabrics. In the Suft'olk mills, as also in the Lawrence, these changes 
 are most marked, the former now turning out new and beautiful styles 
 of woolen and mixed goods for both men's and women's wear. On 
 the Lawrence Corporation the manufacture of hosier}', shirts and 
 drawers is now so well systematized that 700 dozen shirtings are pro- 
 duced dail}', while the number of shirts and drawers amounts to 35 
 dozen each day ; and what is more, the style and texture of the goods 
 compares favorably with the best English fabrics of this description. 
 It is certain that the coming fall and winter will witness a very large 
 increase of the industrial output of our city. 
 
 The importance, economic and social, of the mill agent was prob- 
 ably at its height in the seventies and eighties As the older genera- 
 tion of shareholders died off their heirs became more and more 
 accustomed to leave all details of the manufacture to the treasurer, 
 with offices in Boston ; and he in turn had so many financial duties and 
 responsibilities that he leaned heavily upon his man at the mill for 
 judgment concerning all details of operation. It was, fortunately for 
 the mills and for the community, an era of able mill men wh<:), if less 
 daring and spectacular than some of the leaders of the same industry 
 in Southern ^Lassachusetts, at least were alwavs conservatively pro- 
 gressive. Critics, like the late General Butler, often assailed the 
 absentee ownership of the factories, but they were usually quick to 
 admit that the resident agents did about as well as could be expected. 
 Collectively the mill agents formed a group of men whose influence in 
 public and institutional aft'airs was very powerful. In contradistinc- 
 tion to some of the agents whom they succeeded they were nearly all 
 men who had risen from the ranks. 
 
 In 186S Alexander G. Cumnock, destined to leadership in Aineri- 
 can textile education, became agetit of the Boott corporation. He was 
 born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1834, a son of Robert L. Cumnock, who 
 in 1848 came to this country and settled on a farm at Mason, New 
 Hampshire. Of eight sons of this Glaswegian, five became successful 
 manufacturers. Alexander Cumnock came to Lowell at twelve years, 
 and after education in the public schools and at a commercial college, 
 entered the employment of the Hamilton Company. Thence he rose 
 from position to position until upon the retirement of William A. 
 Burke, in 1868, he was chosen agent of the Boott corporation. 
 
 In 1874 the agency of the Merrimack Company, the oldest of the 
 great corporations, was assigned to Captain Josejjh Smith Ludlam, 
 born at Cape May, X. J., in 1837, a navigator who had seen much 
 
350 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 service in China and the Orient generally and a life-long friend of 
 General C G. (Chinese) Gordon. Under this leadership the company, 
 with its affiliated print marks, lost nothing (jf its old-time reputation. 
 
 Charles F. Battles, agent of tiie Tremont and Suffolk from 1858 
 on\vard, died in 1870. He was succeeded by Edward \V. Thomas. 
 
 Homer Bartlett, first agent of the Massachusetts Cotton Mills, 
 and later treasurer, resigned January 22, 1872, after thirty-two years' 
 service with the corporation. He was born July 19. 17Q5. at Granby, 
 and was graduated frmii Williams College in iSiS. He died in 1874. 
 The resident agent down to i88(j was Frank Forbes Battles, born at 
 Dorchester, in 1820, and educated in the Lowell public schools, where 
 he was a classmate at the high school with General Butler and Cajjtain 
 Gustavus W. I'^ox. He was paymaster of the Frescott Mills prior to 
 their absorption by the Massachusetts in 1856, and thereafter was 
 appointed agent of the combined corporations. Mr. Battles was suc- 
 ceeded by William S. Southworth, born at Chicago in 1849, and named 
 after an uncle who was agent of the Lawrence Manufacturing com- 
 pan^■ in Lowell. i\lr. South\\(jrth came to Lowell as an office boy 
 on the Lawrence in 1864. After \-arious services, including five years 
 with the Draper Manufacturing Company at Hopedale, he returned 
 to Lcjwell in 1882 to become superintendent of the ALassachusetts. 
 After his a])pointment as agent in 1889 he was enabled to enter upon 
 the great course of expansion at Lowell and in the South which has 
 put the Massachusetts into the \-er}- forefront of New England manu- 
 facturing enterprises. 
 
 William Al\-ord lUirke, whose agency at the Boott Cotton ^lills 
 was terminated in iSfi8, in order that he might accept the office of 
 treasurer nf the Tremont and Suffolk, was another of the leading mill 
 men of this era, and nne who kept his residence in Lowell. He was 
 born at Windsor. \'eriuoiit, in 18S1. As a buy he displayed exceptional 
 capacit\- fur learning languages, Init the family circumstances i)re- 
 vented his going to college and at fifteen he was apprenticed to the 
 machine shop of the Nashua Manufacturing Company. He learned 
 the machine trades thoroughly, and at twenty-three he was at the 
 head of the ( iay Machine Works in Nashua. Two years later he was 
 called tn direct the re])air works of the Bo(]tt Company in Lowell. In 
 1845 he was made superintendent of the Lmvell Machine Shop, a posi- 
 tion which he held until i8t)2, when he was made agent of the Boott. 
 In iSjd he was elected treasurer of the Machine shoji, holding this 
 responsible office until 1884. He died in 1887. 
 
 In 1884 Oliver H. Moulton. born at Dover, New Hampshire, in 
 182c;, came tcj Lowell as agent of tlie Hamilton Conipau}-. He was 
 h'kewise a director of the Kitson Machine Comjiany, the Shaw Stock- 
 ing Coni,i)any and other manufacturing enterprises. 
 
■STlULlXCr MILI-: 
 
 Tltli.MUXT ANU .SLTFB^OLK iIll,I..S. 
 

 .MASSAciirsi'rr'i's i -mi-ti ..\ .\iii,i,s 
 
 ■'•V 
 
 
 M ICKKIM Ai-K M.',.\TFArTri;l\i: CI ^\I1•AX^- 
 
 .; .i: -«»« 
 
 
 
 IlOliTT .MILLS, 
 
AFTER THE CI\'IL WAR 
 
 351 
 
 The destinies for tlie Appleton Company for many years were 
 directed by Charles H. Richardson, born at Xorthfield, Massachusetts, 
 in 1^43. anei one of the highly trained "graduates'' of the Lowell 
 Machine Shop. Mr. Richardson rose through sheer ability to one of 
 the large positions of the textile industry. 
 
 Agent of the Lowell Manufacturing Company from 1852 to 1874, 
 and thereafter its treasurer until his death in 1880, Samuel Fay was 
 one of the most conspicuous figures in Lowell manufacturing in the 
 post-bellum period. Born at Warwick, Massachusetts, in 1817, he 
 came to Lowell at sixteen and after brief clerkships in se\eral down- 
 town stores he became an office boy in the counting room of the Law- 
 rence corporation. He rose rapidly and presently was recommended 
 !)}• his eni.ployers for the ])osition of paymaster. He here enjoyed the 
 confidence of the then agent, Alexander Wright, whom he succeeded 
 after the latter's death. Mr. Fay was accounted one of the mathe- 
 matical ex]jerts of the textile trade. "His ability," said a writer in a 
 New York trade journal in 1880. "to estimate and compute the relative 
 cost of raw material and manufactured goods was almost marvelous, 
 and his associates were frequently astounded at the accuracy of his 
 computations and predictions, his foresight being wonderfully great 
 and correct." He was for a long time treasurer of the National Asso- 
 ciation of Wool Manufacturers. 
 
 Lowell Manufacturers at the Centennial Exposition — Under such 
 leadership as the foregoing, New England textile manufacturers made 
 a particularly good showing at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. 
 The Lowell mills were represented with a display of sheetings, shirt- 
 ings, drillings, calico flannels, jirinted calicoes, furniture coverings, 
 bleached and dyed cambrics. The machine shops likewise sent 
 exhibits. 
 
 The figures of operation of the principal Lowell ct)rporalions in 
 this year of the American centennial, just half a century after the 
 incorporation of the town, as compiled liy \\'el)ber. may be cited: 
 
 No. of Lbs. of Yards 
 
 Name of Company. Spindles. Operatives. Cotton. Produced. 
 
 Merrimack Manufactnring Co 15*^.-164 2.700 6,34-1,000 37.700.000 
 
 Hamilton Manufacturing Co .=;6,o8o 1,225 3,900,000 14,040,000 
 
 .\ppleton Manufacturing Co 42.458 600 4.092.OOO 12.480.OOO 
 
 Tremont& Suffolk Manufacturing Co. g3.528 1.400 7,280,000 19,760,000 
 
 Lawrence .Manufacturing Co 92.000 1.700 q.tocooo 22.920,000 
 
 Boott Manufacturing Co 112,752 1.875 6.760.000 23.020.000 
 
 Massachusetts Manufacturing Co... 101.720 1.475 0,256.o<xi 27.76S.000 
 
 These figures represented not only growth of output, but con- 
 servation of human labor. Scientific management, or "efficiency 
 engineering," was, of course, still far in the future. In 1876 the idea, 
 nevertheless, of improving the ratio between labor cost and value of 
 product was already strongly present. It was appreciated to some 
 
352 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 extent, at least, that production is variable, depending much on the 
 skill of the operative and his interest in his work. 
 
 What a lessening; in costs of producing cotton cloth had taken 
 place since the beginning of the industry was disclosed in a jjaper read 
 in 1S76 before the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers by 
 WiUiam A. Burke. Air. Burke's comijarative figures were based on 
 the costs of making sheetings and ilrillings at the Itoott mills in 183S 
 and in 1876. They showed that the cost of laVjor required to make a 
 pound of cloth in the former year was 4.7935. while in the latter year it 
 was 2.8533. Otherwise expressed, one hour's labor per person in the 
 Boott mills of 1876 yielded 3.30 pounds of cloth, wdiile in r838 it would 
 have given only 1.012 pounds. This enhanced productivity, Mr. Burke 
 explained, as due to: (i) larger mills with better opportunities for 
 arranging machinery the standard having grown from 6,000-8,500 
 spindles in 1838, to 20,000-50,000 spindles in 1876; (2) inventions and 
 new methods, prominent among the former being the Wellman card 
 stripper, use of lapboard (so-called) in double carding, stop motion on 
 drawing frames, ring spinning in place of mule spinning, and use of 
 slashers for sizing; (3) doubling of number of looms tended per indi- 
 vidual; (4) fifty per cent, reduction of piecing, in progress from bale 
 to cloth. Such data as have m(^re lately been compiled on the effect 
 of fatigue upon lireakages, on the limits of the "speeding up" process, 
 were still to be compiled in 1876. 
 
 New conditions of selling and price of raw cotton confronted 
 Lowell manufacturers after the war. The financial straits in which 
 many cotton planters at the South found themselves is generally 
 understood to have been the original excuse for the formation of the 
 New York Cotton Exchange in 1870. This institution, it would per- 
 haps be conceded !:)>' most New England textile men, has not been an 
 unmixed blessing to the industry. Copeland sa}'s of it that "so far as 
 the selling of spot cotton is concerned, its usefulness has steadily 
 waned with the reestablishment of the simpler method of marketing." 
 The metropolitan exchange, in brief, has not been a "traders' market," 
 hut primarily a sjieculative, tir gambling, exchange. 
 
 The Menace of Southern Competition — A considerable portion of 
 the periijd of Lowell history now under consideration was one in 
 which most New England manufacturers imagined themselves 
 engaged in a bitter struggle for existence against Southern competi- 
 tion. How this fantasy arose is easily seen. Mills of the South had a 
 small but impressive exhiliit at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. 
 In the years immediately following, factories began to be built in the 
 Piedmont belt from Virginia to Alabama. These new manufactories 
 had their tiwn propagandists, who made the most of the argument from 
 location. It soon became a fashion in many quarters to predict that the 
 
BAY .STATK COTTON CORPORATION. 
 
 SILF:SrA JIILLK OF UNITED STATES WORSTED ClWrPANY, 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 353 
 
 multiplication of mills close to the cotton fields spelled the ruin of 
 such cities as Lowell. 
 
 These jeremiads overlooked, of course, certain very patent factors 
 favoring continued prosperity of the cotton industry in New England. 
 They ignored the truth that with millions of unclad and half clad peo- 
 ple in the world there was room, for all the factories of both sections. 
 The value of experience passed on from generation to generation of 
 textile workers was not always properly appreciated. Neither was it 
 foreseen that many Northern mills, as notably those of New Bedford, 
 would become more profitable than ever before through turning their 
 attention to the making of fine and high-jjriced goods, in which the 
 element of the worker's skill is far more significant than the cnst of the 
 basic raw material. Pessimism, likewise, failed to take into account 
 the larger reservoirs of quick capital which are available in thrifty 
 New England, for the manufacturer who can command ready cash in 
 buying his cotton is always at an advantage over the other manufac- 
 turer whose bank account and credit are more limited. These and 
 other factors, which are now generally understood, operated to keep 
 Lowell's spindleage gaining even at a time when many people were 
 anxiously expecting that the city's basic industry would soon begin 
 to decline. 
 
 Intensive Improvement of Lowell's Water Power — While water 
 power, with the example of Fall River and its coal-powered mills be- 
 fore them, was undoubtedly not so highly esteemed among mill men 
 in the second half of the nineteenth century as it had been regarded in 
 the earlier decades, no effort was lost at Lowell to utilize to the fullest 
 extent possible the gift of the Merrimack. 
 
 During 1875 and 1876 much of the Pawtucket dam from "Great 
 Rock" to the Pawtucketville shore was reconstructed under direction 
 of Cleveland J. Cheney, who in 1863 had succeeded Paul Hill as super- 
 intendent uf the Locks and Canals Company. During this period some 
 400 men worked in the river bed whenever conditions permitted. 
 
 In 1889, again under Mr. Cheney's supervision, an extension of 
 the Boott Company's penstock was accomplished, and at the same time 
 work was begun of removing obstacles in the river at Hunt's Falls, 
 with the object of lowering the water in the basin between Central 
 and Aiken street bridges and thus increasing the head of water in the 
 turbines all along the river front. 
 
 New Industries for a Growing City — While the established manu- 
 facturing corporations were either holding their own or making 
 gradual advancement, Lowell was continually gaining new industries, 
 usually, up to 1893, in some way connected with the textile trades. 
 The advent of at least a few of the most considerable of these should 
 be noted in this narrative 
 
 L-23 
 
354 HISTORY Ol- [J)\VI':LL 
 
 Ivichanl Kitson, founder of the machine sh(j]i that lont;' lias l)orne 
 his name, and whose principal development was from about i860 
 onward, was born at Cleckheaton, Yorkshire, England, in 1814, a son 
 of John Kitson, a card clothing manufacturer. He was trained in his 
 father's shop. In 184';, when a valualjle patent was about to expire 
 and when the firm was in difficulty on account of the dishonesty of 
 an employee, the }ounger Kitson received a proposal from Francis 
 Calvert that he migrate to Lowell. He did so and in a small shop on 
 Broadway Liegan to make the first needle-pointed card clothing in 
 America. Being a Ixirn in\entor, Mr. Kitson [jresently turned his 
 attention to the construction of pickers, on which he received many 
 patents. In 1852 he devised a single card-opening machine which 
 became popular throughout the textile industry. He introduced the 
 needle-pointed cylinder to take the jdace of the beater in certain lap- 
 pers. The "trunk system'' of opening and cleaning cotton fibre owes 
 its inventiiin to him. These machines of Mr. Kitson's contriving were 
 at first made by contract in other shops, as he lacked the capital to 
 establish such a machine shop of his own as he desired to have. In 
 i860, however, he succeeded in obtaining the means to buy land on 
 which an old school house stood to the rear of the i)resent Kitson 
 Machine Shop. This was the beginning of one of Lowell's most pros- 
 perous manufacturing concerns. The business was incorjiorated in 
 1874 under the title of The Kitson Machine Company, iif which Mr. 
 Kitson was elected president, serving initil his death, July 14, 1885. 
 Its expansion since iQio has been one nf the notalile features of the 
 Lowell industrial situation. 
 
 Comb i^ins began to be made at the shop of Walter H. Bagshaw 
 about 1871. This manufacturer was born at Derb^-shire, England, in 
 1847. being the son of a pin manufacturer. In 1S67 he came to the 
 United States to take a place in a sewing machine company. In 1871 
 he established himself at Lowell as a comb pin manufacturer, with one 
 boy as an assistant. His business increased rapidly and within a short 
 time he was eni|iloying alxiut 25 men in making this specialty. 
 
 riu- largest American Inisiness of making reed^ and harnesses 
 was established in Lowell 1)y Robert Carruthers, born at Blackburn, 
 Lancashire, in 1846, of a famil}- whose male memliers for more than a 
 century had specialized in this manufacture. Mr. Carruthers came to 
 this counti-y in 1872. After employment with the Providence Reed and 
 Harness Company, he went into btisiness for himself, at first, in Law- 
 rence, and then, while looking for larger quarters, decided to inove to 
 Lowell. His establishment in Dutton street soon liecame the largest 
 of its kind in North America. 
 
 Wilson W. Carey, borti at Lcmpster. New Hamjishire, in 1831, 
 and trained as a wood-worker, brought the manufacture of wood- 
 
AFTER THE CIA'II- \\AR 355 
 
 working machinery, hangers, shafting and pulleys to Lowell, begin- 
 ning in 1867. In the following year he took a partner, George W. 
 Harris. This hrm continued in business for twelve years and then 
 Wr. Carey became the sole owner. 
 
 .\ machine shop for manufacture of steam and gas fitting special- 
 ties was founded at first in Howe street and later in Middle street by- 
 Horace R. Barker, who in a relatively short life became one of the 
 city's foremost citizens. Mr. Barker was born in 1829 at Lexington, 
 Massachusetts, the son of a skilled maker of cutlery. He served an 
 apprenticeship with the New England Gas Pipe Company of Boston. 
 In 185 1 he started his business in Lowell. He died of enlargement of 
 the heart in 1886. 
 
 Specialties in the way of patent warping, baling and beaming 
 machines, expansion combs and traverse card grinders, which are now 
 made in large quantities in Lowell, for sale to textile manufacturers 
 all over the world, are due to the inventive talent of Thomas C. Ent- 
 whistle, who started his shop in the city in 1887. Mr. Entwhistle was 
 born at Belmont, Lancashire, England, in 1846, a scion of a family of 
 mill managers. He learned his trade in his native country and came 
 to America in 1869. He helped set up at Manchester, New Hamp- 
 shire, one of the first slashers ever used in that State. He patented a 
 new type of warping machine. For five years he was with the Drapers 
 at Hopedale. In 1880 he came to Lowell and organized the Phoenix 
 Machine Company, of which he was agent. Presently he left to take 
 a more important position at Hartford, Connecticut, and then in 1887 
 he returned with sufficient capital to start a machine shop on his own 
 accovmt. 
 
 In 1871 the Pevey brothers, John M., George E., Franklin S. and 
 James A., sons of Abiel Pevey, for twenty-five years foreman of the 
 Lowell Machine Shop, opened their extensive foundry on Walker 
 street, which was enlarged in 1882 and again in 1887. This became one 
 of the largest firms of its kind in the United States, its castings going 
 to every part of the continent, in addition to supplying regular and 
 rush work for the leading manufacturers of Lowell. 
 
 Copper washers were made for the first time in the United States 
 at the Button street shop of David H. Wilson, born at Paisley, Scot- 
 land, in 1839, and educated in Lowell public schools, in the carpet 
 designing department of the Lowell Manufacturing Company, and 
 under David A. Dana, coppersmith. In 1874. with his brother, John 
 C. Wilson, he inaugurated a metal working establishment with distinc- 
 tive specialties. 
 
 From about 1890 active eiTorts of the Board of Trade, of which 
 John Smith was secretary, to bring new businesses to Lowell were 
 crowned with manv successes. One of the most conspicuous of the 
 
,556 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 companies thus induced to settle in the Spindle City was the Massa- 
 chusetts Mohair Plush Company, one of the American pioneers in 
 weaving the long silky hair of the Angora goat, for generations a spe- 
 cialty of the English city of Bradford. 
 
 Lowell's prominence in the knit goods industry was assured in 
 May, 1869. when the Lowell Hosiery Company was incorporated with 
 a capital stock limited to 8200,000. The company started with a capital 
 of $100,000, which was subsequently raised to $175,000. The charter 
 was granted to William F. Salmon, Thomas Nesmith, Hocum Hos- 
 ford and their associates and successors. 
 
 .\nuther of the remarkable industrial developments of this period 
 in Lowell grew out of the invention of machinery for making seamless 
 hose. Residents of the Pawtucket street neighborhood about 1877 
 became aware of a newcomer in Arlington street, a man of strong fea- 
 tures, picturesque l.ilack curly hair and heavy mustache, who was 
 reputed to be a clever in\entor. This was Benjamin Franklin Shaw, 
 who, as textile people knew, had for the past ten years been working 
 on apparatus for making seamless stockings. To the educational 
 world Mr. Shaw was already well known, for in the years 1860-64, 
 while in the employ of a Philadelphia publishing house, he had com- 
 piled two famous geographies, based on objective and associative 
 methods which were then only beginning to be understood. 
 
 When Mr. Shaw came to Lowell from Cambridge in 1877, his tex- 
 tile project was virtuallv ready for fulfillment on a large scale. It 
 immediately gained the attention of local capitalists and the Shaw 
 Stocking Company was formed. In 1880 Mr. Shaw took his loom to 
 England, where it was e.xhibited to manufacturers from every Euro- 
 pean country and, under most picturesque circumstances, to the Lord 
 High Chancellor at Westminster palace. The apparatus was speedily 
 recognized to make svich an advance in the art of knitting as to make 
 its in\'entor tlie compeer of Lee. who invented the first stocking frame. 
 
 ]\lr. Shaw was managing head of the stocking compan)- that bore 
 his name down to his death in 1890. Apart fronx his standing in the 
 manufacturing world, he gained celebrity throughout New England 
 through his [jurchase and development of Ossipee Park, on the eastern 
 slope of the New Ham])shire mountain of that name, whose falls and 
 scenic outlooks were carefully preserved from vandalism. 
 
 The Multiplication of Patent Medicines — The fame of Lowell as a 
 patent medicine centre grew apace. 
 
 The Hood manufacture of patent medicines, which through in- 
 genious advertising ri\alcd the Aver company in international pub- 
 licity, was founded by C. I. Hood, born at Chelsea. Vermont, in De- 
 cember. 1845, the son of an apothecary from whom he first learned the 
 elements of the drug Inisiness. Mr. Hood came to Lowell as a youth 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 357 
 
 and served a five years' apprenticeship in the shop of Samuel Kidder, 
 at Merrimack and John streets. For two years he was prescription 
 clerk in the establishment of Theodore Metcalf, Boston, which has 
 had a remarkable reputation for the successes of its "graduates." In 
 I1S70 Mr. Hood bought an interest in the store, later EUingwoods', 
 in the old Barristers' Hall building, at the corner of Merrimack and 
 Central streets. Here Hood's sarsaparilla was conceived. It had local 
 success from the outset. In 1878 the business had grown to such an 
 extent that rooms for the manufacture were engaged in Southwick 
 block, Prescott street. A year later the Crosby building, Church 
 street, was rented. In 1882 the company contracted for the present 
 large lalioratory near the railroad station, four stories high, with floor 
 one hundred by fifty feet and with a bottling capacity of 10,000 bottles 
 a day. 
 
 Municipal Affairs After the Civil War — The administration of 
 municijja! afl'airs in Lowell from 1865 to 1893 continued to be on a 
 general high plane of honesty and efficiency, though it is not to be 
 denied that occasional occurrences pointed to such a situation as led in 
 the present century to adoption of the commission form of govern- 
 ment. Only good men of either of the political parties could be elected 
 to the mayoralty ; the council sometimes contained members of rather 
 small calibre. 
 
 No loyal citizen of Lowell, certainly, need to be ashamed of the 
 mayors who held office from the Civil War onward. 
 
 Josiah Greenough Peabody, who was mayor of Lowell at the 
 close of the Civil War. has already been mentioned. He took a life- 
 long interest in political and municipal affairs. As a young man he 
 was a Democrat, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise Act 
 threw his allegiance over into the Republican party, with which he 
 remained during the rest of his life. In 1837 he served a term in the 
 Legislature. In the years 1850, 1859 and i86o he was in the common 
 council. In 1865 and 1866 he was mayor and again in 1872. In all 
 the years he served the city he missed but one meeting of any kind at 
 which he was supposed to be present. He had among other interests 
 the affairs of the Merrimack River Savings Bank, of which he was 
 president for twent_\-four years and of Dean Academy, Franklin, of 
 which he was a trustee; of the First L^niversalist Church in Hurd 
 street, of which he was long the oldest member. No finer example of 
 intelligent and high-minded citizenship occurs in the history of Lowell. 
 
 George F. Richardson, who was mayor in 1867 and 1868, was one 
 of the three lawyer sons of a Tyngsboro attorney, all of whom attained 
 distinction in their profession. He was born in 1829, and educated at 
 Philli])s Academy, Exeter; Harvard College, from which he was grad- 
 uated in 1850. and the Harvard Law School. In 1862-63 he served in 
 
35S HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 the ciimmon council. After his nia\iiralty, in 1871 and 1.S7J. he was 
 State Senator from Lowell. His other public services were many. 
 For a number of years he was president of the Middlesex Mechanics' 
 Association and a trustee of the Public Library, in whose work he 
 took great interest. He was president of the Lowell Manufacturing 
 Company and a director of the Prescott mills. 
 
 Jonathan P. Folsom was mayor in 1S69 and 1870. He was born 
 at Tamworth, New Hampshire, October 9, 1820. He came to Lowell 
 in 1840 to take clerical work with Dinsmore and Reed. Like several 
 other Lowell men of the middle decades he tried the South for a time, 
 settling at Benson, Alabama, but after six years he returned to the 
 Spindle City. He built up a dry goods business on Merrimack street 
 and soon was accounted among Lowell's successful men. Lie served 
 in the common council of 1856 and 1867: as alderman in 1859,1861, 
 1862 and 1878. After his mayoral years he had two terms in the 
 Legislature. He was a director of the Old Lowell National Bank and 
 a trustee of the Central Savings Bank. 
 
 Edward Fay Sherman, mayor in 1871, was a brilliant graduate of 
 the Lowell High School and of the 1844 class of Dartmouth College. 
 A descendant of Rev. John Sherman, second minister of Watertown, 
 he was a son of Captain Edward Sherman, who came to Lowell from 
 Wayland in 1824. The younger Sherman had a brief experience as a 
 schoolmaster. He was admitted to the bar and later became secretary 
 and treasurer of the Traders' and Mechanics' Insurance Company, of 
 Lowell. He was in the Massachusetts houses of representatives of 
 1862 and 1867. He died in Lowell, February 10, 1872, on his fifty-first 
 birthday. 
 
 In the years 1873, 1874 and 1875. Francis Jcwett was mayor. This 
 verv able business man had a career which is of national as w-ell as 
 local interest for he was one of the founders of the dressed beef busi- 
 ness, as it is carried on to-da}-, the firm which he founded being one of 
 the components of the "beef trust." Mr. Jewett was born at Nelson, 
 New Hampshire, September 19, 1820. After preliminary schooling in 
 the district school of Nelson, he entered the Baptist Seminary at Han- 
 cock, a nearby town, where he continued his education until he was 
 twenty-one. He acquired his father's farm, but trading in cattle inter- 
 ested him more. In 1848 he came to Lowell and took work at the 
 slaughter house of Clement Upham, in Chelmsford. He learned what 
 he could about the meat business and in 185 1 he started a concern of 
 his own. In 1877 the firm became Jewett & Swift, the first dealers in 
 dressed beef in Lowell and the prototype of the present Swift organiza- 
 tion of Chicago and Boston. Mr. Jewett was not only a remarkable 
 man of business, but a ])oi)ular mimicipal officer. He had two years in 
 the common council, 1864 and 1865, and two in the board of aldermen. 
 
AFTER 'I'HE CI\'IL WAR 359 
 
 i868 and 1869. When he first ran for mayor he had as opponent for- 
 mer Mayor Hosford, who was the citizens' candidate. Mr. Jewett was 
 the only one on the regular Republican ticket to be elected. In 1875 
 he was nominated by both Republican and Citizens' parties and had a 
 practically unanimous election. In 1877 and 1879 he was Senator from 
 the Lowell district. He was a director of the Wamesit National Bank ; 
 senior vice-president of the Merrimack River Savings Bank; director 
 of the Erie Telephone and Telegraph Company ; president of the Mid- 
 dlesex Odd Fellows' Building Association ; president of the proprietors 
 of the Odd Fellows' Building; director in the Swift Refrigerator Com- 
 pany; director of the Ayer Home for Young Women and Children. 
 He died Ajiril 22, 1896. 
 
 Charles A. Stott. mayor in 1876 and 1877, was a son of the woolen 
 manufacturer, Charles Stott, formerly of Rochdale, England, whose 
 story has already been told in this hist(jry. 
 
 The younger Stott was born in Dracut, August 18, 1835. He re- 
 ceived his education in the public schools of Lowell, of whose high 
 school he was a graduate. After brief service in a hardware store and 
 in the counting room of the .Merrimack company, he went into the em- 
 jiloy of his father's company, the Belvidere ^^'oolen Mills in 1856. 
 Down to the senior Stott's death, in 1882, he was clerk and paymaster 
 of this company. Thereafter he became agent and treasurer. Before 
 the Civil War, Mr. Stott was captain of Company H, Sixth Regiment, 
 Massachusetts \'olunteer Militia. Upon the regiment's enlistment he 
 went in as major and had nine months' service under Colonel A. S. 
 Follansljee. In politics Major Stott was a Republican, who served the 
 city in the common councils of 1859 and i860 and the hoard of alder- 
 men in 1869 and 1870. He was chairman of the Republican State 
 committee in 1881 and 1882 and ])residential elector in 1884. 
 
 John A. G. Richardscjn, the tirst Democratic mayor of the city in 
 twenty-eight years, was elected in 1878 and reelected the year follow- 
 ing. He was born in Lowell. October 13, 1840. W'ith a brother, he 
 conducted a successful pruvisicm business. Personally a very ]5opular 
 man, he was elected to Legislature in 1874 as a Democrat from the 
 Republican stronghold of ^\ ard Four. He was a member of Company 
 C, Sixth Regiment, during the Ci\il War. In 18S2 a desire to operate 
 in a larger business field led to his going to Minneapolis, where the 
 rest of his life was spent. 
 
 The mavoralty contest of 1880 brought tn the front one of the 
 ablest and most eloquent of the younger men of his time, Frederic T. 
 Greenhalge. The pride with which a former teacher of this statesman 
 and orator described his youthful attainments to her class of ten-year- 
 old I)oys and girls is well recalled bv the present historian. Mr. 
 Greenhalge was born at Clitheroe, England, July 19, 1842. The family 
 
36o HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 came to America durint,' his hoyhood. His early education was re- 
 ceived in the Lowell school. He entered Harvard College in 1859, but 
 on account of military service did not finish his course. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1S65. He was in the common council in 1868 and 
 1869. From 1871 through 1873 he was a valued member of the school 
 board. His distinguished career, after the years of his mayoralty, will 
 appear in the later narrative. 
 
 George Rimcls, mayor in 1882, was born at Warner, New Hamp- 
 shire, February 3, 1823. After ordinary schooling in district schools 
 and New London Academy, he moved to Lowell and learned the stone 
 cutter's trade. Of a naturally adventurous disposition he did not 
 really settle down in Lowell until several years later. One of his ex- 
 periences was to embark on a three years' whaling voyage from Salem. 
 About eighteen months out, the ship was wrecked on one of the Fiji 
 Islands The crew were three days in open boats and then picked up 
 bv a vessel which landed them nn the coast of New Zealand. Mr. 
 Runels remained in the British cobmy for three months, during which 
 time he helped to build the first large wharf in the islands. Afterwards 
 he shipped on a trading vessel and for more than a year saw something 
 of most of the Fast Asiatic ports. In 1845 he returned to Lowell and 
 resumed stone cutting, but the lure of California caught him and in 
 1849 he went West. Five years later he was back again to engage in 
 business once again. He retired with a competence in 1878. He served 
 in the common cciuncil of 1862 and in the board of aldermen in 1S64 
 and 1873. 
 
 Many creditable achievements stand to the credit of John J. Dono- 
 van, mavor in 1882 and 1883. This very able man of affairs was born 
 at Vonkers, New York, July 2S, 1843. His widowed mother brought 
 him t(i Lowell in 1846. He had a good education in the Washington 
 grammar and Lowell high schools. On leaving school he entered the 
 em])loyment of David Gove, at 223 Central street. At twenty-one he 
 was admitted to partnership. In 1877 Mr. Donovan became interested 
 in pai)er-making in Dracut and seven )ears later he organized the .At- 
 lantic Telegraph Company, of which he was treasurer. In 1882 he 
 was serving on the lioard of overseers of the poor when he was elected 
 mayor on the Democratic ticket. The electorate approved his adminis- 
 tration bv giving him a second term, llis mayoralty was a time of 
 large achie\'ements. The .\iken street and Central bridges were then 
 practically completed. New buildings were erected at the City Farm. 
 The Pawtucket grammar school and the Powell street school repre- 
 sented important additions to the city's educational plant. Largely 
 thrnugh the mayor's initiative the annual dues for service from the 
 Public Library were remitted and free reading rooms were ojiened. 
 .After his vears of office ]\lr. Donovan became Democratic candidate 
 
AFTER THE CI\TL WAR 301 
 
 for Congress from the eighth Massachusetts district and was nearly 
 elected. He was a felicitous public speaker and a man who made a 
 remarkably favorable impression on public occasions. 
 
 Edward J. Noyes, mayor in 1885, was born at Georgetown, Sep- 
 tember 7, i(S4i. He was educated in the schools of his native town 
 and in Lowell. At age cif nineteen he took part in the recruiting of 
 soldiers for General Butler's Gulf of Mexico expedition. He was with 
 the general at Ship Island and at New Orleans. He saw much active 
 service in Louisiana and Texas, receiving a wound in the shoulder in 
 I\Iay, 1863. which incapacitated him for some time. He had by this 
 time risen to the rank of major. He returned to Lowell in 1S64. In 
 1868 he studied law at Columbia University, New York. In 1S81 he 
 was elected chief of police of Lowell. His election to the mayoralty in 
 T885 was by a vote of 5,012 against 4,477 for his opponent, George \\'. 
 Fifield. During his year the municipal debt was reduced by about 
 $200,000. In 1888 Mr. Noyes was again chief of police. 
 
 The local Democratic party in 1886 elected and the following 
 \ear reelected to the mayoralty James C. Abbott, born at Andover, 
 June 3, 1823, a graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover, for two years 
 a student at Dartmouth College and a student at the Harvard Law 
 School. Mr. x\bbott practiced his profession in Lowell for more than 
 fifty years, with honor and reasonable emolument. He was for many 
 years president of the First National Bank and president of the Lowell 
 Mutual Fire Insurance Company. He was elected to the board of 
 aldermen in 1880. He gave six years to the service of the school board. 
 
 The Republican party came back in the city election of 1888. the 
 beginning of Charles Dana Palmer's three years' mayoralty. Mr. Pal- 
 mer, a son of George \\". Palmer, book publisher, was born at Cam- 
 bridge, November 25, 1845. -^^^ ^ member of the 1864 class at the Bos- 
 ton Latin School, he received one of the four Franklin medals. He 
 entered Harvard College and was graduated in 1868. Going into the 
 service of the Washington Mills Company, Lawrence, he showed such 
 ability that in 1869 he was chosen by the United States commissioners 
 of Paris Exposition to gather statistics concerning the wool industry 
 of Canada. In 1872 he engaged in the manufacture of woolen shoddy 
 at North Chelmsford, whence his long connection with Lowell affairs. 
 In 1880 he married Rowena, youngest daughter of Fisher A. Hildreth, 
 who had died in T873, leaving a large estate. After his marriage much 
 of Mr. Palmer's time was given to managing the Hildreth properties. 
 
 George \V. Fifield, a Democrat, was elected mayor in 1891 and 
 reelected in 1892. He was born at Belmont, New Hampshire, in 1848 
 and was educated at Gilmantnn Academy. He learned the machinist's 
 trade, and, being a man of vigorous personality and very considerable 
 inventiveness, he soon rose out of the employee class. The Fifield 
 
362 - HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Tool Company, which he organized, became one of the principal 
 manufacturing companies of its kind in the United States. Mr. Fifield 
 was also president of the Appleton National Bank, of the Lowell Elec- 
 tric Light Corporation and director in many other business enterprises. 
 
 Lowell's Representatives in Congress — The Congressional repre- 
 sentation of Lowell was regarded b}- local business men and working 
 men as a matter of especially vital concern in the 3-ears in which the 
 country was recovering from the elTects of the Civil War. JMost rep- 
 resentatives of the manufacturing interests were strongly committed 
 to a high tariff. From the end of Congressman Train's second and last 
 term in 1863 down to 1870 the district was represented by Hon. George 
 S. Boutwell, of Groton, afterwards Governor of the State. In the lat- 
 ter year George jM. Brooks, later judge of probate for Middlesex 
 county, was chosen, to be followed two years later by Constantine 
 Esty. In 1874 John K. Tarbox was elected; in 1876, General Butler; 
 from 1878 through 1882, William A. Russell ; in 1884, Charles H. Allen, 
 of Lowell, being reelected in 1886; in 1888, Frederic T. Greenhalge, 
 also of Lowell; 1890, Moses T. Stevens, reelected in 1892; 1894-1902, 
 William S Knox, of Lawrence; 1902-12, Butler Ames, of Lowell; 
 1912. John Jacob Rogers, of Lowell, the incumbent at this writing. 
 
 During the years 1866-76, General Benjamin F. Butler was con- 
 tinuously in Congress, but not from the North Middlesex District. 
 The Lowell statesman had acquired a summer residence on Cape Ann 
 and was regularly elected as a Republican of independent proclivities 
 from the Essex District. It was during this service that he espoused 
 the cause of fiat mone}' with all the intensity of his temperament. 
 
 General Butler's Governorship — General Benjamin F. Butler, of 
 Lowell, was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1883 as a Democrat 
 ujH.in a platform which promised, among other measures, to undertake 
 a thorough investigation of the State institutions. The electorate 
 knew in advance that the gubernatorial thrust w(juI(1 Ije directed espe- 
 cially against the Tewksbury almshouse concerning the management 
 of which serious charges had been made at intervals for some years 
 past. The proximity of this institution to Lowell naturally led Gen- 
 eral Butler's fellow-citizens to be keenly interested to see what prog- 
 ress he would make with his jilan of a general housccleaning at Tewks- 
 bury. 
 
 The narrative of this investigation, which stirred the whole Com- 
 monwealth during the spring and summer of 1883, and which ended 
 somewhat inconclusively despite the apparent evidences of abuses of 
 management which the Governor's committee amassed, and which the 
 Governor himself presented to the public in the character of a prosecu- 
 tor, belongs rather to the history of Massachusetts than of Lowell. It 
 should at least l)e noted that one of the strong points which General 
 
AFTER THE Cl\ IL WAR 363 
 
 Butler was able to make against the conduct of the State almshouse 
 was the superior record of the Lowell city almshouse, then under direc- 
 tion of Colonel Albert Pinder, situated only eight miles from the other 
 institution and operated without any such ghastly statistics of mor- 
 tality as had aroused a certain section of the public. One of the most 
 serious charges, indeed, which the investigating committee made 
 against the Tewksbury almshouse was based on figures showing that 
 of babies born at the institution or transported there during infancy 
 practically none survived, the mortality among them exceeding ninety 
 per cent. ! The defence, as commonly urged at that period, was that 
 these children were born with inherited weaknesses such that nature 
 in any circumstances would mercifully release most of them from 
 suffering. Upon this argument, which we now know to be in the 
 main baseless (since characteristics acquired in the lifetime of parents 
 are not inherited). General Butler countered by showing that under 
 the city of Lowell's treatment unfortunate babies did not die. In his 
 "Argument before the Tewksbur}- Investigation Committee" this is a 
 significant passage : 
 
 Albert Pinder, superintendent uf the Lowell almshouse, testified 
 in answer to questions from Governor Butler: "In the iiurser}- I have 
 an average of from forty to forty-five." 
 
 Q. "How old does the nursery include?" 
 
 A. "All the way from a birth to nine or ten years old." 
 
 Q. "How many children have you in the reform school?" 
 
 A. "I think I have twenty-six sentenced children, besides about 
 as many more pauper children." 
 
 Q. "Twentv-six convicts — that is, sentenced there by the courts, 
 sentenced there hv the Police Court?" 
 
 A. "Yes, .sir." 
 
 Q. "And about the -iame number of what?" 
 
 A. "About the same number of pauper children : they all attend 
 the same school." 
 
 Q. "How many children under the age of nine, in the nursery, 
 did you lose last year?" 
 
 A. "I don't think I lost a child last year, if my memory serves me 
 right ; I have lost one or two this }-ear." 
 
 This good showing of the Lowell almshouse furnished the guber- 
 natorial investigator with excellent argumentative material, for in the 
 vear preceding the investigation seventy-one out of seventy-two chil- 
 dren at the State almshouse had died — this, too, in face of the fact that 
 Colonel Pinder was allowed only $1.07 for food per child, while the 
 similar item of cost at Tewksbury was $2.09. 
 
 The literature of this now historic controversy about the conduct 
 of the State almshouse from its foundation under a law of 1852 down 
 to the vear of General Butler's governorship, is well represented in 
 the collections of the Boston Public Library. From, a cursory survey 
 
364 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 of it uiie would not want to pass judgment on the question (which 
 supplied the governor's primary animus ) whether or not officers of 
 the Harvard Medical School misused their privilege of receiving a 
 supply of cadavera from this source. It would at all events appear 
 to be well established that the chief executive, with his almost pre- 
 ternatural aliility to discover damaging circumstances, did succeed in 
 uncovering about as disgraceful management as has ever gone un- 
 checkefl for a period of years in any Massachusetts institution. It 
 was at the time gratifying to local pride that the Lowell almshouse 
 could be used to refute the argument that careful and kindly treatment 
 are of little avail in preventing infant mortality among the children 
 of unfortunate parentage. 
 
 Activities of City Departments — The departmental work of the 
 cit}- government gradually grew in scope as Lowell attained more and 
 more of the proportions of a large city. 
 
 Defects in the plan of appointment of police officers became very 
 apparent in the years just succeeding the Civil War. From the time of 
 incorporation there had been inherited a system under which appoint- 
 ments were made after each election. The policeman's position was 
 thus a part of the spoils system, dependent on political pull rather than 
 personal fitness for the work. This situation was not peculiar to 
 Lowell. To remedy it the Massachusetts legislature passed the Civil 
 Service Law of 1884, Chapter 320. Two years later the title of City 
 Marshal was dropped and that of Chief of Police was substituted. 
 The police department thus constituted has been singularly free from 
 charges of corrujition or incompetence. 
 
 .■\ serious epidemic oi small-pox alarmed the city in February. 
 1 87 1. The disease got the upper hand and was epidemic all summer. 
 Nearlv si.x hundred persons were attacked by it and 178 of these died. 
 There was much criticism of the health authorities for letting the 
 disease get started, and out of this criticism grew a new efficiency in 
 the handling of problems of the i)ublic health. 
 
 Streets and l)ridges were extended as the cit}- continued to expand. 
 An iron liridge at Pawtucket Falls w-as completed on November 25, 
 1871. Tliis structure took the place of the former toll bridge, whose 
 story has been told at some length in this history. In this year also 
 was finished and dedicated the iron bridge at Tyngsborough, the costs 
 of which were assessed bv the county commissioners according to the 
 following percentages: The cnunty, 38; Tyngsborough, 40: L(:)well, 
 16; Dunstable, 3: Chelmsford, 3. The Aiken street bridge, popularly 
 termed "the red elephant," was completed in .\])ril, 1883, at an ex- 
 pense of $195,000. The opposition that was aroused by the proposal 
 to span the river at this point is well remembered ; it was some years 
 before the traffic over the liridge in any way justified its erection; and 
 
AFTER THE CIVIE WAR 365 
 
 even now it carries a much smaller traffic than that of the hridg^e be- 
 low it. 
 
 A fire of August 4, 1SS2, destroyed the old Central bridge. In its 
 place was built an iron structure, at a cost of $113,441, which was 
 opened to traffic in September, 1883. 
 
 Problems of a proper water supply for a growing city agitated both 
 the water board and the general public of Lowell for many years. A 
 nearly ideal solution was finally found in the driven well system. 
 
 The Merrimack river in primitive conditions l)rought singularly 
 clear and ])ure water from the New Hampshire mountains to the sandy 
 intervale lands such as flank the stream from Concord downward. 
 The growth, however, of manufacturing cities and villages on the 
 main stream and on many of its influents during the nineteenth cen- 
 tury caused steadv deterioration of the quality of the river water. A 
 generation ago the dictum to the eft'ect that running water purifies 
 itself was often repeated in justification of continued use of a supply 
 from the river. This notion was held true down to a comparatively 
 recent date : it was quite effectually disproved by studies of the con- 
 tent of nitrites and nitrates in the water of the Potomac river from 
 Harper's Ferry to Washington about 1906. 
 
 In 1869 agitation of the city water problem arose. One engineer's 
 estimate of the cost of serving the city with filtered water was $740, 
 000. James B. Francis, of the Locks and Canals Company, presently 
 brought out a pamphlet in which the probable cost was set at $2,000,- 
 000. A referendum on the subject of a new system was held on Feb- 
 ruary 2T,, 1869. It resulted: Yeas, 1,866; nays, 1,418. 
 
 This was a victory for the joint special committee on a supply of 
 water for the city of Lowell. Their report had shown conclusively the 
 inadvisability of attempting to draw a water supply from the Concord 
 river or from Beaver brook. No ponds in the vicinity were found to 
 have sufficient drainage area to guarantee a water supply for a city 
 of rising forty thousand people with an average daily consumption of 
 sixty gallons per inhabitant. The Merrimack was indicated as the 
 offering the one feasible source of supply. 
 
 The need, meantime, of a more adequate system of obtaining pure 
 water was shown by the continued use of wells in the most crowded 
 parts of the city. Some of the wells, on the outskirts, were presum- 
 ably fairly innocuous. One at the corner of Dummer and Lowell 
 streets was imderstood to be a menace, even in days when the danger 
 of polluted water was less universally realized than now. "This well," 
 wrote the investigating committee, "is evidently supplied mainly from 
 the washing of the streets and the drainage of sewers and vaults, fil- 
 tered through a few feet of earth. The result is a comjiound which 
 
366 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 may fairl}- he characterized as poisonous. It is understood that the 
 water, when accessible, is used by at least too families." 
 
 .A decision to introduce a system of filtered water having been 
 reached, a i)oard of water commissioners was appointed in January, 
 1870, to hold office for three years, unless the proposed water works 
 should l)e finished sooner. Under this board was constructed one of 
 the most elaborate systems of "natural filtration" _\et undertaken any- 
 where. 
 
 The basis of the system was a filtering gallery, whose intake was 
 on the Pawtucketville side of the river about quarter nf a mile aliove 
 the falls. The water was admitted to the gallery from the river 
 through a metal pipe. The length nf the gallery was 1,300 feet. It 
 connected with a conduit whose total length from the inlet chamber 
 to the terminal chamber was 14.1S2 feet. Lender Beaver Brook, which 
 was crossed near the Dracut navy yard, the water was carried by an 
 in\erted syphon. Thence the conduit ran to the newlv established 
 ])umping station in West Sixth street, Centralville. 
 
 The pumping station that was ci instructed by the water commis- 
 sioners has long been one the show places of Lowell. Its operations 
 are spectacular enough to interest the general public : thev were for a 
 long time enough of a novelty to bring engineers to visit the works. 
 The Morris engine, indeed, which was installed as part of the original 
 pumjiing arrangements, was soon imicpie. It happened that in 1872, 
 when the conmiissioners were considering pumping apparatus, Henry 
 J. Morris, of Philadel])hia, built for the Spring Garden Works of that 
 city an engine which was considered remarkable on account of its 
 large results from a small expenditure of coal. It specifically was 
 guaranteed to raise seventy-five million poimds of water one foot on 
 one hundred ]30un<ls of coal : Init in tests it far exceeded that estimate. 
 It had a guaranteed capacity of five million gallons a day, an ainoiuit 
 fully ten times the then requirements of the city of Lowell. Opin- 
 ions differed as to the wisdom of installing so large an engine ; but 
 it was finally decided to include the future in the planning, and a 
 duplicate of the Philadelphia engine was contracted for at a cost to the 
 cit}' of $75,000 and a loss to the manufacturer, so it has been stated, of 
 about $20,000. Soon after the engine was finished in 1S73 the Morris 
 works were burned and the original patterns were destroyed. The 
 .Spring (u-irden engine, a few years afterwards, was broken up and the 
 Morris engine at Lowell was left, the only one of its type in existence. 
 Later, when the consumption of water exceeded all expectation and 
 a protection against possible breakdown was reipiired, a Worthington 
 engine was added to the eqtii])ment. 
 
 For storage of the water filtered and innnped under this svstem a 
 reservoir was built on the top of Christian Hill. This stone-lined 
 
1. CHAmjOS \V. MOUKV SCHOOL. 
 
 2. i'..\l;Tl.|.:TT GKAM.MAR SCHOOL. 
 
 3. A1I|;.\I!.\.M IJ.VCDLX SCHOOL. 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 367 
 
 basin covered with its enihankments and approaches covers a little 
 more than fifteen acres. The reser\oir basin proper was 520 feet long 
 by 510 feet wide. It had a depth of twenty-four feet at high-water 
 mark, which was four feet below the top of the embankment. The 
 high-water surface was 181. 5 feet above datum (that is, about thirty- 
 two feet below the top of Pawtucket dam). 
 
 The reservoir contained 30,000,000 gallons when filled to capacity, 
 or enough to supply one hundred thousand people for one week. Its 
 height proved to be sufficient to serve every part of the city except 
 some hilltop sections of Centralville and Belvidere. To take care of 
 these, a second high ser\ice reservoir was constructed in 1881 on the 
 hill above the original reservoir. This reservoir, at an elevation of 
 of 253.5 feet has a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons. 
 
 The difficulty of thorough filtration of jMerrimack ri^"er water 
 increased as population grew in the valley. By the middle eighties the 
 river over long stretches had taken on the aspect and odor of an open 
 sewer. The volume of trade wastes which it carried was steadily 
 mounting. No scientifically approved disposition of sewage was in 
 sight. Dumps, stich as those at Manchester and near Little Canada 
 in Lowell, did not add to the wholesomeness of the river. In 1890 an 
 epidemic of typhoid in Lowell and Lawrence was traced to a source of 
 infections not five miles above the former city. 
 
 Geologists in the meantime had emphasized the fact that the real 
 flow of a river basin is often much greater than the stream which fol- 
 lows a thread through its lowest portion ; that there may be a continual 
 seepage of water downward through the subsoil and through perme- 
 able strata of rock. By finding an area where there is a considerable 
 concentration of this subterranean water it is sometimes possible to 
 secure a supply sufficient for the uses of a large community. Such an 
 area was finally found in the broad intervale on the north side of the 
 Merrimack, where Edward Colburn and Samuel Varnum first occu- 
 pied lands in the town of Dracut. Here, in 1892, were put down the 
 Andrew wells, ninety-one in number, which in a single year furnished 
 nearly nine hundred million gallons of pure cold water. George Bow- 
 ers, a descendant of Jerathmeel Bowers, one of the original settlers of 
 Middlesex village, was city engineer during the installation of the 
 driven well system. He was born in Lowell in 1848 and educated in 
 the public schools and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
 He entered the office of the city engineer in 1868. To his faith and 
 enterprise, in largest measure, was due Lowell's possession of the 
 inestimable advantage of safe and agreeable water. 
 
 Schools in the Seventies and Eighties — Lowell public schools in 
 the epoch under our review arrived at a standing among the schools 
 of Massachusetts and of the Nation such as thev had not had before 
 
368 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 The high school, in especial, under the principalship of Charles 
 C. Chase and his successor, Frank F. Coburn, became famous for the 
 thoroughness with which it prepared boys and girls for college and for 
 the soundness of the instruction given those who followed the so- 
 called English course. At a time when Harvard College was taking 
 the lead among American institutions of higher education in at once 
 broadeninjT and intensifying requirements for admission the Lowell 
 High School kept up with the most exacting of expectations. The 
 record of youths who passed the Harvard examinations with credit, 
 often for the purpose of entering other colleges, became fairly surpris- 
 ing to the "office" at Cambridge. 
 
 Merely the fact of living up to the new Harvard requirements 
 with their inclusion of courses in science and the modern languages 
 meant that the high school must broaden its plan of instruction so 
 that in all departments, science as well as the classics, laboratory as 
 well as text-book methods must be used. The well equipped chemical 
 and physical laboratories to the rear of the historic building in Kirk 
 street gave many boys and girls their first real understanding of scien- 
 tific method. There was to be sure one patent defect in the high 
 school of the seventies and eighties which has since been remedied : 
 the lack of adequate provision for instruction of young people whose 
 primary capacity was mechanical ; who in language of present-day 
 psychology were "motor minded." These mentalities now have ad- 
 mirable facilities which were then wanting for manual training. 
 Otherwise, so far as the great classes of "eye minded" and "ear- 
 minded" boys and girls were concerned, it was nearly an ideal school, 
 and fortunate was the youth who during his impressionable years re- 
 ceived the best part of his education within its walls. 
 
 Not only was the high school curriculum good, in the main, but 
 the body cf teachers was far superior to the technical methods of the 
 courses which they taught. At the risk of seeming ])ersonal in sin- 
 gling out one period for tribute to a particular corps of in.structors, it 
 is perhaps fair to contend that rarely in any school has a group of 
 more inspiring teachers been brinight together than in the Lowell 
 High School of the eighties and early nineties. The principal, the 
 late Mr. Coburn, was not only a trained scientist with a gift for im- 
 parting his subjects, but a disci[)linarian of such natural dignity as 
 never to need to resort to violent or repressive measures. His look of 
 quiet reproval was more etTective than any other teacher's display of 
 temper. 
 
 His submaster, Frank B. Sherburne, whose tragic death in a later 
 era brought widespread sorrow, was one of the most efficient classical 
 masters of his time. The fluency with which his pupils read their 
 Latin and Greek used to astonish freshmen from other preparatory 
 

 1 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 ^-i^'« 
 
 HWB^^*^ 3*. 
 
 6 
 
 4. WASHINGTON SCHOOL. 
 
 5. ORKIONHALGK SCHOOL. 
 
 6. MOODY SCHOOL. 
 
AFTER TIIF. CI\'1L WAR 7,r>o 
 
 schools where the customary fumbling and stumbling was tolerated. 
 "Bunny." as Mr. Sherburne was affectionately called, was a teacher 
 with marked capacity for ha\ing "something d(_iing every minute" in 
 his classes. The droning sleepiness of the average classical lecture 
 room was c[uite absent from his bailliwick, and the alertness of his 
 recitations undoubtedl}' had an eft'ect in "speeding up" the manner of 
 teaching of yuunger people when they were elected to classrooms at 
 the schoeil. 
 
 The mathematical and luiglish teaching of Miss Mar\- A. Webster 
 was not less effecti\-e in making the Lowell High School one of the 
 best preparatory schools in the country. During a long service Miss 
 Webster earned the gratitude of every earnest boy and girl who came 
 into one of her classes by her patient insistence on clearness and sim- 
 plicity of demonstration. Her own grasp on the subjects she taught 
 was impeccable, and she was almost preternaturally quick to discover 
 whether a pupil really understood or was only trying to "Iduff 
 through." 
 
 About 1S85 there came to the high school a young man who 
 looked so young that he was frequently mistaken for one of the stu- 
 dents. This was the late principal, Cyrus Irish, just graduated from 
 Harvard, where he had specialized in scientific subjects. He was, like 
 Mr. Coburn, an enthusiastic advocate of the laboratory inethod of 
 torching and he made chemistry fascinating to every youth who took 
 it up. 
 
 So one might go on enumerating the whole list of really remark- 
 able teachers of the decade in which the Lowell school first lived 
 closely up to the ideal that President Eliot had set for the secondary 
 schools of the country. Out of the discordant situation which Mr. 
 Chase experienced in the first years of his principalship, when the 
 female half nf the schnol was under a separate jurisdiction, he suc- 
 ceeded before his retirement in creating a fine unified loyal corps of 
 teachers and a quite wonderful school spirit. This condition was 
 handed on to his successor. The spirit is by no means extinct. 
 
 An element that affected most of the community very favorably 
 was introduced in t88t when military drill was made compulsory for 
 high school boys. The hall in the historic market building in Market 
 street was long used as a drill hall. The exhibitions and field days 
 of the battalion did much to advertise the institutions. The efficiency 
 of the drill as imparted by Captain Hanscom was such as to place the 
 Lowell high well up among the leading military schools of the State. 
 The instruction undoubtedly gave many boys a decided "slant" toward 
 a military or naval career. In 1889 courses of "calisthenics" or physi- 
 cal culture for girls were introduced. 
 
 The graimnar schools in this period were likewise undergoing 
 
 1^24 
 
370 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 cuntiuual im])r(.ivement. L'ndcr [jruf^ressive school liuards the curricu- 
 lum was enriched, as it should lie in any well ordered system of in- 
 struction for children, who are incapable of intensive application upon 
 a few subjects and whose energy is best spread over many subjects. 
 well taught. The music instruction under George F. W'illey, who 
 served as special teacher, and who appeared once a week with 
 accordeon and pitch pipe, was of a very good grade. A step was 
 taken toward recognition of the claims of the manual arts when draw- 
 ing was introduced about 1875. The first instruction, based on South 
 Kensington models, was rather hard and mechanical, but not alto- 
 gether unadapted 10 the conditions of a textile city. The annual ex- 
 hibitions in Huntington Hall brought forth much work of decided 
 merit. In the "three R's" the instruction was that of the period : the 
 arithmetic liable to be over the heads of all but the better mentalities 
 of the class ; the handwriting mechanical rather than calligra]>hic ; the 
 spelling following analytical rather than synthetical methods. The 
 various subjects, ne\-ertheless, were taught by teachers drawn from 
 the liest elements of the community. It was a privilege for the boy 
 or girl, whether of humlilc nr fortunate parentage, to be under their 
 influence from the crude little ])rimary schools that still sur\ived from 
 earlier days through the five grammar grades and into the high school. 
 Public services, privately administered began to assume a new im- 
 portance in Lowell as electric lighting, electric traction and the tele- 
 ]>hiine came into prominence. 
 
 From Horse Cars to the Trolley System — Expansion of street car 
 transportation which was destined radically to alter the life of the 
 community after electrification became general, had already begun 
 before the success of the trolley car experiment at Richmond. \'irginia, 
 was assured. Up to 1886 the Lowell Horse Railroad Company had a 
 mono])oly of the local transportation. Their horse cars, with the 
 flours co\ered with straw in winter, ji>gged o\er a few lines radiating 
 from the old post office in the Hildreth building. In addition to the 
 original Belvidere-Pawtucket street, Gorham street and Middlesex 
 street lines, the company had made extensions on Westford and 
 Chelmsford streets and <in Broadway. The service was good of its 
 kind ; most people li\-ed S(j near the Inisiness centre as not to be abso- 
 lutely dependent on it. 
 
 Competition appeared in t886 when the Lowell and Dracut Street 
 Railway Company was organized imder articles of association v^'ith a 
 cajjital of fifteen thousand dollars. 'I'he proposal to build tracks 
 through Lakeview avenue on the CentraKille side of the river to Dra- 
 cut na\}- \-ard met with some opposition, but was successfully carried 
 through. The rails were laid on Bridge street and presently the car- 
 were permitted to cross the river. 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 371 
 
 In 1887 the Lowell and Dracut company was incorporated with 
 an authorized capital of $100,000, which was all subscribed within the 
 year. The promoters of this enterprise were among the first in the 
 American street railway world to plan to take advantage of electric 
 traction. In 1888 a little group of Boston capitalists went down to 
 Richmond and there saw Frank J. Sprague's trolley cars buzz out of 
 the car barns, climb steep grades and thread their way through 
 crowded streets. Steps were at once taken which made Boston the 
 first large city to introduce the new system. These developments were 
 closely watched in Lowell, and in 1889 bonds were issued for the pur- 
 pose of furnishing an electrical equipment for the line that was already 
 in process of extension to the Dracut shore of Tyng's pond. 
 
 To finance this and other innovations the Lowell & Dracut Com-. 
 pany in March, 1890, was authorized to issue further stock to the 
 amount of $100,000. It then had routes running from Post Office 
 square to Pawtucketville. to Fort Hill Park, to the Lowell cemetery 
 and into the Highlands, making in all about thirteen and one-half 
 miles of track. 
 
 The social effect of this spreading of transportation lines was 
 already beginning to be felt by the opening of the Chicago Exposition. 
 An outlet was provided from the congested central parts of the city. 
 Working class homes began to be built in districts which heretofore, 
 though within the city limits, had remained consistently rural, in- 
 habited chiefly by families engaged in farming or sufficiently well to 
 do to travel back and forth from downtown Lowell by buggy. 
 
 In looking back it is seen to have been regrettable that this dif- 
 fusion of population due to the new form of transportation was not 
 more intelligently guided. In the succeeding years neighborhoods of 
 much esthetic charm, inherited from days of sound solid construction, 
 have Ijeen hurt by an influx of flimsy, jerry-built houses, placed with- 
 out order or logical arrangement. A commission on city planning in 
 1890 might have saved much of the re}jroach of the present appear- 
 ance of large sections of Lowell suburbs. It might have succeeded in 
 establishing types of suburban dwellings which, if cheap, should at 
 least not be offensively so. The unrestricted individualism that has 
 injured Middlesex village, Pawtucketville and Dracut Centre might 
 have been so modified that old and new in these naturally agreeable 
 communities would have been perfecll}' consistent, and both good of 
 their kind. 
 
 To the families of operatives, at all events, it was a distinct l)less- 
 ing when cheaper and quicker transportation made it possible for the 
 worker to live at some distance from the factory, to have a little gar- 
 den, to enjoy the benefits of sunlight and pure air. The areas of con- 
 gestion have never been depopulated, for always there have l)een new- 
 
372 IIIS'J'ORY OF LOWELL 
 
 comers to win mi ti i rent the ciklest and most unsanitary of tenements. 
 Chance, nevertheless, has lieen afforded to the worker as he has he- 
 come settled in the industrial community to acquire his own home. 
 
 The ancient hailliwick of the Hildreths. lying between Central- 
 ville and the navy yard, was one of the first districts to feel the impulse 
 toward workingmen's homes. Even before the coming of the Lowell 
 and Dracut street railway the opening of the Aiken street bridge in 
 1883 resulted in the construction of a sort of annex to Little Canada 
 on the north side of the river. After the arrival of the electric cars 
 growth of streets and houses was rapid over these pleasant acres. 
 
 Exi)ressed statistically, while the populatiim of Lnw'ell \va^ in- 
 creasing thirty-one per cent, the number of dwelling houses grew 
 fortv-one per cent. From 18S0 to 1885 the population increased seven 
 per cent. ; street railway facilities in the same time, twenty per cent. 
 From 1885 to 1895 the increase of population was twenty-two per 
 cent. ; of traction facilities, four hundred per cent. A "greater Lowell" 
 was thus made not <inly possible but inevitable. 
 
 Credit for the initiation of this street railway expansion ntidoubt- 
 edlv belongs to John Ames, of Dracut, born in 1821, a carriage-maker 
 by training and for many years in the real estate lousiness in Lowell. 
 As projector of the original line from Merrimack square to the navy 
 vard he was elected first president of the new company. Failing health 
 caused his resignation. He was succeeded by August Fels, born in 
 the Austrian Tyrol in 1844, trained in textile manufacturing in New 
 York and New Jersev and from 1877 onward, connected with the his- 
 toric woolen manufacture at Dracut. Mr. Fels continued in the presi- 
 dencv of the company for three years, resigning when a consolidation 
 with the Lowell Horse Railway Company took place and the Lowell 
 & Suburlian Street Railway Company became the dominating factor 
 in the traction situatimi 
 
 The Meigs Memorial — A reception was arranged, rather prema- 
 turely as 't turned out, June 12, 1890, to congratulate Captain J. V. 
 Meigs on the ''success" of his elevated railwa}' scheme, which then 
 seemed certain to be adopted in Boston. The doughty caj^tain's vic- 
 tory was seen, a few days later, to be pyrrhic ; the organized in\est- 
 ment forces of the Hub, already committed tn a more conventional 
 type of overhead trans]iortation, decided to give the Low-ell inventor 
 his coup dc i/nicc. On July 2 following, the West End elevated rail- 
 way bill ]iassed the Massachusetts House by a vote of 92 to 72, and it 
 was evident to the initiated that the long struggle for adoption uf the 
 Meigs miiudrail system had ended disastrously. As late as April 11, 
 1894, however. Captain Meigs was still trying to demonstrate the 
 feasibility nf his ele\-ated road for use in the Flub. 
 
 Judgment on a technical matter such as that of the relative merits 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL \\ AR 373 
 
 of an overhead monorail and a three-rail elevated railway of the sort 
 finall)' adopted in Boston cannot be given by a layman. The Lowell 
 man's system, as it was operated experimentally for a time on a minia- 
 ture track in East Cambridge, looked fascinatingly simple, logical, safe 
 and simple. Either, however, it contained insuperable defects or 
 American street railway enterprise has been less alert to opportuni- 
 ties than sometimes supposed. Not only was the scheme rejected in 
 Boston (possibly, as was then charged, with an accompaniment of 
 bribery), but none of the cities more recently outfitted with rapid 
 transit has adopted it. That the monorail has possibilities of ex- 
 tremely rapid and efficient transportation has been shown by the 
 Elberfeld-Barmen line in Germany, differing from the Meigs plan in 
 that the cars are swung from the single rail instead of being supported 
 above it. 
 
 Captain Meigs, whose inventions interested many of his fellow- 
 citizens, was a native of Tennessee, of Connecticut ancestry, who 
 espoused the loyal cause during the Civil War. He was commis- 
 sioned by President Lincoln to raise the first negro battery, which he 
 successfully brought together at Nashville. After the war he was de- 
 sirous of continuing a career as inventor which he had begun in the 
 shops of the Memphis & Charleston railroad, and through his acquaint- 
 ance with General B. F. Butler he was led to settle in Lowell. 
 
 One of the periodic revivals of interest in a possible reconstruc- 
 tion of the old Middlesex canal occurred in the winter and spring of 
 1890. A petition for reopening the waterway reached the Legisla- 
 ture. John R. Freeman, a well-known engineer of the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, testified against the plan, urging that it was 
 impracticable for want of water. His position was corroborated by 
 Frederick S. Clark, head of the Talbot Mills, North Billerica, and 
 Major Charles A. Stott, representing the Lowell mills using Concord 
 river water, who asserted that diminution of their power would be far 
 more to the detriment of the Commonwealth than any possible use of 
 the canal could be to its advantage. Their objection prevailed. Since 
 then occasional letters advocating coal carriage through the Middlesex 
 canal have appeared in the public prints, but no large organized efifort 
 in this direction has been made. 
 
 Lowell as a Telephone Centre — On April 25, 1877, Professor Alex- 
 ander Graham Bell, of Boston, delivered a lecture and exhibition in 
 Huntington Hall. Then was shown in Lowell for the first time the 
 telephone, destined to enrich so many of its citizens who had sufficient 
 imagination to foresee its immense possibilities. The eminent inven- 
 tor, still struggling, literally, to gain a hearing for his instrument, was 
 introduced by Rev. Dr. J. M. Greene. After his explanation of the 
 aspects of his scientific "toy," four telephones, which had Iieen in- 
 
374 HI STORY OF LOWF.LL 
 
 stalk-(l ill tlic hall, were connected with the telegTa])h lines to Bos- 
 ton and in dne course of time the office of the professor in Boston was 
 called and to their astonishment the Lowell people clustered around 
 them heard clearly several airs jjlayed on a concert organ twenty-five 
 miles way. 
 
 This memorable lecture was given in Lowell, it may be noted, 
 only a little more than a year after Dr. Bell had uttered to his assist- 
 ant, Thomas A. Watson, the first words ever transmitted by telephone. 
 The demonstration proved to be intensely interesting. It prepared the 
 way for the active participation of many Lowell men in the develop- 
 ment of one of the world's greatest public utilities. 
 
 Just when the telephone was first used practically in Lowell is 
 still a matter of some dispute. It was claimed by William H. Bent, 
 who took part in the formation of several early telephone companies, 
 that the Pioneer Telephone Company, doing business between Boston 
 and Lowell, made the first installations. The first record, however, of 
 a petition for leave to erect wires on Iniildings and poles for construc- 
 tion of a telejihone system in Lowell came from the New England 
 Telephone Company under date of March 12, 1878. It was signed by- 
 Charles J. Glidden. A committee of the commiin council consisting 
 of Horace R, Barker, George F. .Scribner, Charles H. Harvey, Robert 
 Goulding and Samuel D. Butterworth reported in favor of the petition, 
 which was granted. 
 
 Prior to the creation of the long distance telephone, small units of 
 organization were the rule. Among the many telephone companies 
 that were started in the first years of the telephone, Lowell capitalists 
 took a distinguished and highly profitable ])art. Among those con- 
 cerned in the first promotions were \A'illiam .\. Ingham, Charles J. 
 Glidden, .Alonzo A. Coburn, Loren N. Downs and William H. Bent. 
 
 Dr. Moses Greeley Parker, and, by his advice, Frederick Ayer 
 became large holders of telephone securities, the former emerging in 
 1S86 as managing director of the New England company. A\hich had 
 absorbed several (itlier com|ianies of the foin- northern .States of New 
 England. 
 
 The chief local ser\ice at the outset was that rendered by the 
 Lowell District Telephone Company, organized in 1870 with a capital 
 of $15,000. In 18S0 this company had about 500 stations in Lowell. 
 The central office was then at Room 12, Shattuck block. Mr. Ingham 
 was presiilent ; Mr. (Glidden treasurer and manager. The companv in 
 1880 was combined with a Worcester companv and later with the 
 National ''ell Company of Maine under the name of the Lowell Dis- 
 trict Telephone Company, with a capital stock of $1,500,000. Three 
 years later a consolidation of the National Bell of Maine, the Granite 
 
1. ("ORTl H:,\TI( i.\ IKlSPlTAI.. 
 
 :;. I.' IWIOLL, CKNKCAL HDSI'IT.Vr,. 
 
 3. ST. JkHN'H hospital. 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 375 
 
 State, Suburban and Lowell District companies gave the present New- 
 England Telephone Company, capitalized at $12,000,000. 
 
 To attempt to follow the financial manipulations by which these 
 combinations were achieved and larger and larger issues of stock 
 floated belongs to the historian of the telephone utility rather than of 
 Lowell. The operations produced a new crop of millionaires in a city 
 whose fortunes up to this time had been created mainly through manu- 
 facturing enterprises of one kind and another. As control of the tele- 
 phone in New England passed into the hands of the "State Street 
 crowd" in Boston, some of the Lowell investors went further afield 
 and placed their money with the Erie Telephone and Telegraph Com- 
 pany, which for several years had its headquarters in Lowell. It cov- 
 ered territory in Ohio. Texas, Arkansas, Minnesota and the Dakotas. 
 It was finally absorbed by the Bell companies. 
 
 Multiplication of charitable and philanthropic institutions was 
 normalh' to be expected in Lowell as fortunes were amassed and a 
 sense of obligation toward the unfortunate was developed among the 
 comfortably placed. Before the war, as has been seen, a humani- 
 tarian spirit was well aroused. This expressed itself from 1865 on- 
 ward in ever widening circles of beneficence. 
 
 The First Years of St. John's Hospital — On March 27, 1867, the 
 Legislature passed an act empowering Anne Alexes Short, Anne Aloy- 
 sia Reed, Emerentiana Bowden, .-Xnne \'incent McCloskey, Blandina 
 Davaux, Mary Frances Quirk and Mary Oswald Spalding and their 
 successors to form a corporation by the name of St. John's Hospital 
 "for the purpose of maintaining a hospital in the city of Lowell for 
 the sick and disabled." This act was signed three days later by Gov- 
 ernor Alexander Bullock. In the preceding autumn these Sisters of 
 Charity had bought the Old Yellow House, whose story has already 
 been told. In 1868 St. John's Hospital was completed and opened for 
 its beneficent work. As one of the early reports stated: "Its doors 
 are always open to cases where individuals are suddenlv struck down 
 or injured by accidents in the mills, or on the railroad or by other 
 means." On the staff of this hospital many of the foremost physi- 
 cians of Lowell have given devoted service year after vear ; to its 
 funds citizens have subscribed, regardless of considerations of reli- 
 gious belief. 
 
 A certain deterioration of public health which was expressed in 
 the death rates of the eighties was somewhat facetiously attributed in 
 a mayoral inaugural to steadily increasing expenditures upon the 
 work of the board of health. The real explanation, of course, was 
 more complex, though it lay in easily observed facts. The older 
 generation of citizens, born and bred in the country, was dying of? and 
 relatively fewer of the same stock was coming to Lowell. Of the 
 
3/6 J-llSTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 younger generation of native Americans born in the city, after their 
 school days many of the most robust and enterprising went West or 
 to New York City to settle; those who remained in Lowell were per- 
 haps not always of greatest physical stamina. The working class 
 population was more and more composed of newcomers of the Euro- 
 pean peasant classes, laboring for small compensation and ignorant of 
 ways of right living in tenement houses which in and fnr themselves 
 yearly become more decrepit and worse infected with the tuberculosis 
 of preceding generations. Alcoholism was not less prevalent than it 
 had been earlier and science had not yet joined with religion in eff(fc- 
 tive work against it. The deferred effects of diseases due to other im- 
 morality of the sort which accounts for the deaths of one man in nine 
 and one woman in thirty between the ages of thirty-five and fifty-five, 
 were as yet little realized, even though Ibsen was even then writing 
 "Ghosts " Certain apparently min(.ir atrocities almost universally 
 practiced at the time by women must have contributed to mortality 
 and sickness lists. It was the day of tight lacing and the bustle. 
 
 These, to ejiitomize, were the death ratios per thousand of popula- 
 tion that gave alarm : 18S5, 20.70; 18S6, 2},.2y ; 1887, 24.96; 1888, 24.51 ; 
 1889, 25.31 : 1890, 25.24. 
 
 Donations Toward a Lowell General Hospital — The need of a 
 large free hcjspital i.if modern type which had long been felt in Lowell, 
 was supplied at this juncture by the incorporation and endowment of 
 the Lowell General Hospital. 
 
 In the autunui of 1891 it was reported that James K. I'ellows. one 
 of the older residents of the city, who had laid the foundations of an 
 am])le fortune in the jewelry business, had generously agreed to buy 
 Samuel Fay's former residence on Varnum avenue in f\-iwtucketville 
 to be used as a general free hos])ital. The appropriateness of the site 
 for such a purpose was indubitable, for the large brick mansion, on a 
 swell of land between Flag Meadow and Clay Pit brooks, had long 
 been one of the most cons]iicuous in the neighborhood. To the rear 
 was a healthful pine grove and lieyond that the most lu'a\-il_\- wooded 
 region in the Lowell district. The exposure to westerly and southerly 
 winds insured good air at all seasons and especially in summer. The 
 site was recognized as practically ideal and there was widespread 
 ;ip])reci;ition of Mr. Fellows' numificence. Mainly thr(jugh the initial 
 efl'orts of Dr. Lorenzo wS. Fox, a hospital association had already been 
 formed of which former Mayor Charles D. Palmer was president ; Rev. 
 A. St. John Chambre, vice-president. 
 
 The rumor of such a gift was substantiated. On October 13, 1891, 
 the officers of the new association received from Mr. Fellows the fol- 
 lowing letter, a model of precision as well as practical jihilanthropy : 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 377 
 
 Lowell, Oct. 13th. 1 89 1. 
 To the trustees of the Lowell General Hospital : 
 
 The lack of a public hospital in our city has long been so obvious 
 as to excite much comment. The institutions that at all approach that 
 character, while doing a good work, are yet far from meeting the exist- 
 ing need of our community, besides which they are under private 
 management With the object of promoting the movement to estab- 
 lish a public hospital for our city I have acquired title to the estate of 
 the late Samuel Fay, situated in the part of Lowell known as Paw- 
 tucketville, and I take great pleasure in herewith transferring to your 
 corporation the title to this property for use in accordance with the 
 defined object of your organization, but with the understanding and 
 explanation on my part that your board of trustees will raise a fund 
 equal in amount to at least twice the value of the estate conveyed, the 
 income of which fund shall be applied to the maintenance of this hos- 
 pital for the relief of suffering humanity in Lowell and vicinity. 
 
 It seems proper for me to stipulate that the property thus deeded 
 (being now free) shall at no time be encumbered by any debt and that 
 the building shall be kept well insured. It is also my desire that you 
 and your successors shall constantly keep at least one woman on the 
 stafY of attending physicians, and that in recognition of this gift you 
 will exclude from said staff any physicians who habitually prescribe 
 alcoholic stimulants, believing as I do, that their use is unwise, un- 
 scientific and therefore should be discouraged. 
 
 That this hospital may be speedily found in operation and prove 
 an enduring blessing for the relief of human suft'ering is my most 
 earnest desire. Sincerely yours, 
 
 James K. Fellows. 
 
 This letter was duly engrossed and framed by the trustees of the 
 new Lowell General Hospital. 
 
 Following this gift of an estate which, according to a current esti- 
 mate, represented an expenditure of about $30,000, eft'orts were con- 
 tinuous for several years to build up an endowment. The first bed to 
 be endowed was one for which Major C. A. Stott contributed $5,000 
 in honor of his wife, Lizzie A. Stott. The Lowell dispensary, the 
 founding of which under Mr. Carney's initiative has already been 
 noted, gave $15,000 to found three free beds. Other gifts followed 
 until at a later date Frederick Fanning Ayer's generosity ])lac<'(l the 
 institution upon its present firm financial foundatioiL 
 
 Inauguration of Several Humanitarian Institutions — The ( )1(1 
 Ladies' Home, a monument to the efforts of Mrs. William North and 
 other philanthropic women, was organized in July, 1867, with Mrs. 
 George Hedrick as president and Dr. William Bass as physician. By 
 means of subscriptions and a fair, money was raised to buy a house in 
 Moody street, which was occupied for several years. In 1S82 the 
 association took possession of the present specially designed home in 
 Fletcher street, which has accommodations for twentv-four dcservin;?; 
 
378 IllSroRV OF LOWELL 
 
 old woini-n. The instilutii in has been suiiported mainly \>y annual 
 fairs and t;'ifts from friends. 
 
 Or])hans lia\e heen cared for ft)r years past at the Theodore 
 Edson Or])hanai;e, No. 13 Anne street. This orphanage, non-sec- 
 tarian in character and sui)i)orted in part by contributions from St. 
 .\nne's parish and in part by donations from the general public, was 
 started in 1S75 \>y Rev. Dr. Theodore Edson, under the style of St. 
 Mary's Orphanage. The name was changed upon the founder's death 
 in 1884, to The Theodore Edson Or])hanage. 
 
 The historic Old Stone Mouse, a landmark in l^awtucket street 
 from the inception of the town of Lciwell, in October. i8g2. was con- 
 veyed, through the generosity of Mrs. Josephine Ayer, of Paris, and 
 her son Frederick Planning Ayer. of Mew York City, to one of the 
 city's finest charities, the "Home for Young Women and Children." 
 which had been organized in 1876. The purpose of this institution, 
 henceforth known as the Ayer Home for Young Women and Chil- 
 dren, is to provide a temporary home at moderate expense, to assist 
 in finding employment and otherwise to help in the adjustment of 
 family relations. It is likewise a home for unfortunate and destitute 
 children who. on account of the loss of both parents or one. are left 
 helpless and uncared for. The original officers were : President, J. K. 
 Chase; vice-presidents, Mrs. D. S. Richardson. Mrs. E. D. Burke; 
 clerk. Mrs, E. B. Adams; treasurer. Thomas Nesmith ; auditor. Levi 
 .Sjirague ; jihysician. Dr. F. A. Warner; directors. Mrs. ]. K. Chase, 
 Mrs. D. S- Richardson, Mrs. E. D. Burke. Mrs. David Gove, Mrs. 
 Robert Wood, Mrs. W. C. Avery, Mrs. A. L. Richmond. Mrs. E. B. 
 Adams. Levi S])rague. Francis Jewett, Horace J. Adams, Jeremiah 
 Clark. A. G Cumnock. W^ G. Ward. 
 
 Mrs. Ayer, who thus became one of Lowell's chief Isenefactors, 
 liAcd in Paris for many years after the death of her husband. Dr. J. C. 
 Ayer. She was a daugliter of Royal Southwick. Her uicnacjc. in the 
 stately mansion formerly occupied by the Duchesse de Aloudry. ncc 
 Princesse Murat. on the Esplanade des Invalides, was described by 
 ]\Lary Bacon Ford in the "Cosmoj)olitan ALagazine" for April, 1893. 
 Mrs. Ayer was one of the first Americans to form an extensive collec- 
 tion of works by the modern French school of painters. To her timely 
 help, it is well understood, the .\merican Art Association owed its 
 existence during its first struggling years. She died in i8<;7. 
 
 A branch of the Women's Christian Teiuperance L'nion was or- 
 ganized in Lowell. I'ebruary 17, 1875. 
 
 The h'ather Matthew Temjierance Institute, which has exerted 
 much influence toward sobriety among yovmg men of Irish lineage, 
 was formed in Lowell, janu.ary i, 1882, in response to a call issued by 
 Florence \. H. Donoghue and P. F. Sulli\-an, later jiresident of the 
 
AFTER THE CIX'IE WAR 379 
 
 Bay State Street Railway Company. This association within a few- 
 years became one o{ the largest and strongest of its kind anywhere. 
 
 The Channing fraternity was added to the list of Lowell [jhilan- 
 thropies on May 24, 1871. As the name indicates, it is a Unitarian 
 organization, designed to aid the worth}- poor : to provide for religions 
 meetings in public places and to institute courses of improving lec- 
 tures. The fraternity was incorporated in 1884 with the following 
 incorporators : Rev. Josiah Lafayette Seward, Benjamin Gamage 
 Franklin, George Reed Richardson, Edward Kirk Perley. Walter U. 
 Lawson. Ralph Fletcher Brazer, Helen Augusta W'hittier. Martha 
 Coburn. The work of the fraternity has consisted of Sunday evening 
 meetings in the Unitarian church and elsewhere: of lectures, concerts 
 and occasional theatrical entertainments. 
 
 The People's Club, an tirganization making for social enjoyment 
 under democratic conditions, had its origin in the spring of 1S72. 
 What this association has accomplished for men and women who for 
 one reason and another could not belong to an expensive club has been 
 of incalculable social worth. To Lowell, throughout its history, young 
 people of good training and decent tastes have come as strangers, un- 
 certain whether how long they will remain ; often for one reason or 
 another averse to forming close affiliations with distinctively religious 
 bodies. For such the People's Club has provided opportunities for 
 cjuiet reading and study and for harmless amusements. It organized a 
 well appointed reading room, supplied with many magazines and 
 newspapers, long before the Public Library was so provided. The 
 checker and chess tournaments conducted at the rooms in the Nesmith 
 building were among the innocent and gentle diversions of scores of 
 promising youths of the seventies and eighties. 
 
 A plan for a club of this character was first Ijroached at a public 
 meeting of March 12, 1872. in Mechanics' Hall, at which Cajitain G. \'. 
 Fox was chairman, and Dr. F. M. Nickerson secretary. It was de- 
 cided to organize a "social union" for the following purpose : "Its 
 objects shall be to ])romote a place of resort in the City of Lowell to 
 which all shall be freely invited who are in need of amusement and 
 recreation for leisure hours and the influences of social companionship 
 and home life." At a later meeting the name of "People's Club'' was 
 adopted. The first officers were: President, Captain G. V. Fox: vice- 
 president, John A. Buttrick, George F. Richardson : executive com- 
 mittee, the foregoing and John F. McEvoy, J. H. Sawyer, Mrs. C. P. 
 Talljot, Mrs. Horatio Wood, Mrs. Frederick .\yer, Mrs. David Gove ; 
 
 treasurer. : assistant treasurer. Miss Maria Swan; secretary. 
 
 lames A\'atson : assistant secretary. Miss E. O. Robbins. 
 
 The mainstay of the People's Club was the untiring devotion of 
 the Rev. Horatio Wood. Having j)erceived that the club was filling- a 
 
38o HISTORY OF LOWPXL 
 
 real need, especially among young unmarried men, this clergyman 
 undertook the responsibility of seeing that the experiment did not 
 fail for want of advocacy and supervision. From 1876 until his health 
 hmke down about ten years later he was most assiduous in attendance 
 at all meetings, in organizing entertainments, in soliciting funds. 
 After he was no longer able to continue his labors his associates in one 
 of the chib's annual reports paid a well deserved tribute to his efforts. 
 Of the very practical character of his services they wrote; "For 
 years he collected all the funds outside of the sum annually contriljuted 
 by the corporations. * * * I le had entire charge of the libraries, buy- 
 ing every book placed upon the shelves and choosing them with great 
 care and skill for the readers for whom they were intended. He also 
 engaged every lecturer, going to Boston often for those personal inter- 
 views which he thought far beyond the force of any correspondence to 
 explain to them the purposes of the club and to fix the engagements." 
 
 The People's Club at the outset was formed for the benefit of men 
 members. Soon, however, it was seen that a class of women em- 
 ployed in the city would appreciate its advantages and a women's 
 branch was formed, with headquarters in the W'yman's Exchange 
 Iniilding, 
 
 Mr. Wood's services in the interest of the People's Club, as of 
 manv other humanitarian enterprises in Lowell, were not forgotten 
 after his death. In July, 1893, a tablet in his memory was placed on 
 the walls of the free Chapel of the Ministry-at-large in Lowell. It 
 bears this inscription, written by Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, of Har- 
 vard University: "To the memory of Rev. Horatio Wood, who by 
 24 years of wise, faithful and self-denying service, placed the ministr}- 
 at-large in Lowell on a firm foundation and won for himself the honor, 
 gratitude and love of our whole communit}-." Mr. Wood died in 
 Lowell, May 12, 1891, aged eighty-four years. 
 
 Among other charitable organizations of the city owing their in- 
 ception to this period are the Day Nursery, started in 1885, the Dor- 
 castrian Association, Faith Home, St. Peter's Orphan Asylum, the 
 Holy Name Society of St. Patrick's Church, Massachusetts Society for 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Children, L'Union St. Joseph de Lowell. 
 
 The multijilication of charitable agencies, with many possibilities 
 of duplicated effort, resulted in the formation. May 6, 1881, of the 
 Associated Charities of Lowell. The stated object of this organiza- 
 tion, which conforms to a t}-pe familiar to many cities, is to ".give 
 proper direction to the charities of the benevolent; to aid in dis- 
 criminating between the deserving poor and the fradulent ; and to 
 secure justice in the proper distribution of the contributions in aid of 
 the stiffering.'' 
 
 The historj- of most Lowell churches from 1865 to 1893 was one of 
 
AFTER THE C1\'1L WAR 381 
 
 continuance rather than of marked increase in activities. Several new 
 ciiurches were organized in the Highlands district of the city. This 
 was the era in which the Church of the Immaculate Conception, within 
 surrounding landscape development, became a landmark of Belvidere. 
 
 Particularly among the older Protestant churches there was a 
 forcw arning of the struggle for existence which has been ver}' e\-ident 
 in the present century. Without necessarily any considerable diminu- 
 tion of natural religiosity in the population, it is unquestionable that 
 habits of church going became less dc rigciir toward the latter end of 
 this period than they had been at first. 
 
 Efforts, naturally, were made by devoted clergy and la}-men to 
 stay this tendenc}'. It certainly progressed less rapidly in Lowell than 
 in many other American cities. 
 
 A notable instance of a church's working against an apjjarcntly 
 inevitable tendency came into prominence when the free church move- 
 ment, much in evidence in Boston about 1890, was brought to the con- 
 sideration of Lowell people in 1892. The future of John Street Con- 
 gregational Church at this date was already very dubious. This 
 stronghold of orthodoxy, which in the middle nineteenth century had 
 been one of the really great churches of New England, was steadily 
 losing attendance, after the fashion of many downtown churches, as 
 the native American population more and more tended to move into 
 the suburbs, or sometimes to drop all church connections. The church 
 was obviously situated too close to Kirk street and to the First Church. 
 Even the brilliant pastorate of Rev. Henry T. Rose failed to stay the 
 decline, and in January, 1892, when Mr. Rose, having been called to 
 the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Northami)ton and 
 being minded to accept, tendered his resignation, his letter contained 
 the statement : ".A.bout 50 years ago the John Street church was a 
 very prosperous organization ; its seats were all rented and were filled ; 
 its Sunday school was large. Then its constituency was all, or nearly 
 all, drawn from within a radius of half a mile from its doors." Mr. 
 Rose's resignation was reluctantly accepted and a committee appoint- 
 ed to consider and report on the free church plan, as de\eloped by Rev. 
 C. A. Dickinson, formerly of Lowell, at Berkele}- Temple, Boston. 
 This committee, consisting of Frank Coburn, N. G. Lamson and Dr. 
 W. H. Lathrop, visited Mr. Dickinson's exiieriment in Boston, and to 
 the disajjpointment of some memljers of the church, made rather a 
 lukewarm report regarding the proliability that such success as it 
 was having could be duplicated in Lowell. The subsequent decline of 
 Berkeley Temple among the churches of Boston may be taken as 
 justifying this committee in their belief that Lowell offered too limited 
 a field for a church of this character. 
 
382 HISTORY OF LOWPILL 
 
 Lowell's First Collegiate Institution — A mo\cment to convert 
 French-Canadians of Lnwell and other New England cities to Protes- 
 tantism gained some impetus and for several years excited much inter- 
 est among Americans of English ancestry. 
 
 In 1878 a French Protestant Society of seven members was 
 formed in the city by the Rev. T. G. A. Cote, who took a residence 
 on Arlington street in a native American neighborhood, and who soon 
 impressed local Congregationalists and others with his ability and sin- 
 cerity. The little congregation at first worshipped in a rented h;ill. 
 .A.S it grew in numbers a church building fund was started. In ( )cto- 
 ber, 1881. the society held services for the first time in the plain stone 
 church, .still standing at the corner of Fletcher and Bowers street. In 
 1883 a jubilee was celebrated to commemorate the extinction of the 
 last dollar of indelitedness. Mr. Cote, in the meantime, had been 
 chosen general missionary among the French-Canadians of Massachu- 
 setts and had been succeeded in his pastorate by the Rev. Calvin E. 
 -Vmaron, B. D. 
 
 In a little publication entitled "The Evangelization of the French- 
 Canadians of New England," Mr. Amaron proposed that steps be 
 taken to found a French Protestant College, to be conducted in Lowell. 
 Cordial ap])ro\'al of his proposal was offered by several of the local 
 ministers. The college was duly ojiened in rented quarters in Octo- 
 ber, 1886, with si.xteen ])Upils. During the first year the attendance 
 increased tu twenty-five and \v(juld have gone to at least forty had 
 accommodations been available. The officers of the college at its 
 inception were: President, J. M. Greene, D. D. ; clerk. Rev. C. A. 
 Dickinson; treasurer, George A. Hanscom; executive committee. Rev. 
 Owen Street, D. D., Rev. C. E. Amaron, B. D., Rev. C. H. Willcox, 
 Martin L. Ilamblet. 
 
 In the secimd year of the French Protestant College some fifty- 
 one boys and young men sought admission. During this school year 
 the trustees entertained an offer of a gift of land at Springfield, (jn con- 
 dition that the institution be mo\-ecl to that city. Certain manual 
 training advantages, much needed for the class of students attracted 
 Iiy this college, were accessible in Springfield and were at the time 
 lacking in Lowell. In the third \-ear, therefore, the new college was 
 mo\ed from its birthplace. Its subsec|uent histor\- belongs to that of 
 the city of Springfield. 
 
 Social Aspects of Lowell's Late Nineteenth Century — Socially 
 considered, Lowell oi the later decades of the nineteenth century was 
 still a pleasant place to live in. There was a constant and healthy 
 infusion of new elements of population, due to the fre(iuenc\' with 
 which manufacturers and executi\es came to Lowell from elsewhere — 
 from other .\merican cities and often from Great Britain. The fami- 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL- WAR 383 
 
 lies of these newcdiners helped to jjrevent the unfortunate condition in 
 which everybody in a community is a cousin to everybody else. 
 
 The geographical layout of the city was, and is, somewhat con- 
 ducive to social diversity. Belvidere, the Highlands, Centralville, 
 Pawtucketville and Middlesex have tended each to develop its own 
 traditions and customs. The early rivalry between Belvidere and 
 Pawtucket streets as a place of residence of the wealthiest families was 
 visibly disriiijiearing by 1890; Pawtucket street, historically the oldest 
 and most aristocratic section of the city, had been hopelessly distanced 
 by Belvidere. 
 
 The Yorick and Highland Clubs — Ambition to emulate the larger 
 cities in cluli life may lia\ c helped tn bring into being two of the most 
 ambitious new social projects i>f this ])eriod of Lowell history, the 
 Yorick Club and the Highland Club. 
 
 The Highland Club was dedicated February 6, 1892. This struc- 
 ture was designed by Messrs. Stickney and Austin for situation on 
 a tract of 90,000 feet of land on Harvard and Princeton streets. The 
 dedicatory exercises were thoroughly impressive. They were in 
 charge of a committee consisting of Colonel J. W. Bennett, chairman ; 
 Orrin B. Ranlett, C. C. Streeter, Charles W. Wilder, C. W. Pierce. 
 The chairmen of other committees were: Reception, William E. Liv- 
 ingston ; decorations, E. S. Hylan ; music, D. E. Dwelly ; costumes, 
 Fred Home: supper, Frank H. Haynes ; billiards, C. Arthur Abliott ; 
 carriages, J. S. Hanson ; doorkeeper, George W. Dearborn. 
 
 A club, for "clubable men," of a sort familiar in the larger cities, 
 first took form in Lowell in the eighties. The Yorick Club, at which in 
 these later years a male visitor to the city is reasonably sure to be 
 entertained, dates from a meeting held November n, 18S2, at the home 
 of Joseph A. Nesmith. the purpose stated in the call being to organize 
 "a young men's social club." At this and at a subsequent meeting at 
 the home of George Richardson the club was definitely formed. A 
 room was hired in Wyman's Exchange. The club began with a mem- 
 bership of twenty and the following officers : President, Percy Parker : 
 secretary, Frederick W. Stickney ; treasurer, Frederick A. Chase ; 
 directors. George R. Richardson and Walter M. Lancaster. The other 
 members of the club were: Joseph A. Nesmith, James E. Nesmith, 
 George S. Motley. Theodore E. Parker, Jr.. \\'alter U. Lawson, Paul 
 Butler, Samuel E. Stott, Charles H. Hooke, Harry V. Huse, Edward 
 Ellingwood, Herbert P. JefTerson, Frederick C. Church, Gerard 
 Bement, Harry A. Brown, Frank W. Hnwe. The name of "Yorick 
 Club" was adopted May 19, 1883. 
 
 The Yorick Club continued for some years to occupy rented quar- 
 ters ; after May, 1883, in the then new Post Office building in Merri- 
 mack square; then in Room 42, Hildreth building, and lieginning Julv 
 
384 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 I, 18S5, in a suite of rooms in the Mansur building-. Central street. 
 The apartments last named served the club for sixteen years. Finally, 
 after a fire which swept the rooms in the Mansur building in June, 
 1900, action was taken toward securing the present club house, a three- 
 stor}- brick house built by the Merrimack Manufacturing Company 
 for occupancy by some of its high officials. This house was bought, 
 altered and furnished at a cost of about $60,000 and was occupied for 
 the first time on the evening of July 22, 1901. 
 
 Deterioration of Huntington Hall — The safety of historic Hunt- 
 ington Hall, over the old Boston and Lowell "depot," began to l)e seri- 
 ously questioned in March, 1892, after a bazaar for the benefit of St. 
 John's Hospital, in which considerable sagging of the floor was re- 
 corded. J. Frank Page recalled that in 1856, when Rufus Choate spoke 
 in Lowell, the hall settled in the middle "abdut an inch, but it seemed 
 to us as if it were ten feet." At that time there was a public scare, but 
 Mr. Page's father, Jonathan Page, was engaged to bolster the floor 
 with two iron trusses and after that no more alarm was felt. The 1892 
 incident presaged the day when this famous hall, with which so much 
 of the communal life of the city had been connected, must be abolished 
 in the name nf public safety. 
 
 The Era of Intensive Athletics — Outdoor sports had an extraordi- 
 nary expansion in Lciwell after the Civil War — one to which at least 
 suggesti\e reference should be made. This was the period in which 
 baseball became the national .\merican game; tennis, the characteristic 
 athletic amusement of the well-to-do (with golf as a lively competitor 
 from about 1885 i>n\\;ird ) ; Rugby footliall an autiminal dixersion of 
 college students and high school l)oys. Lowell, through its consider- 
 able British and Canadian population, likewise became celebrated in 
 New England for its devotion to cricket and association football. 
 
 Aquatic sports, in particular, had a vogue in Lowell about 1880 
 such as they have not enjo^-ed since. Throughout the summer season 
 the reaches of the Merrimack above the f.alls were alive with shells 
 and working boats. In those halcyon days of oarsmanship good races 
 were rowed b\- "Big Pat" Mclnerny, ex-Councilman Driscoll, janitor 
 of the \'esper Boat Club; John Tweed, W. S. Stevens. Jack Barry. 
 Tom Butler, Ralph Brazer and many another. Above all "lul" Han- 
 Ion, the world's chaminon, liked the Lowell course and used to train 
 on it. One of the present historian's proud recollections is to have 
 helped put H anion's shell into the water at least twice and to have 
 received a nod of acknowledgment from the sturdv oarsman. No 
 Fourth of July amusements of late years can have equaled in general 
 ]iopularity the regattas of those years when for miles upstream on 
 both sides of the river every available \antage spot was denselv 
 thronged. 
 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 385 
 
 The Vesper Boat Club was chartered April 9, 1875. It at first 
 had its headquarters at Corbett's boathouse on Pawtucket street, 
 lately moving to its own clubhouse at the head of the Pawtucket canal. 
 In the first decade of its existence sculling was a very popular sport on 
 the river, and the \'esper Club became one of the chief centres of 
 aquatic interest in New England. The pleasure of canoeing began 
 to be appreciated about 18S0. Two or three of the members bought 
 birch canoes in Canada. These craft were not altogether satisfactory. 
 The cedar and canvas canoes were just beginning to be known and 
 soon there was a little fleet of these. Harper's Young People, and per- 
 haps other juvenile periodicals of the time, gave expositions of ama- 
 teur canoe building, and many youths who frequented the boathouses 
 helped to put together canvas canoes which, when made, might or 
 might not need a ballast of sand bags to prevent them from tipping 
 over. Canoe sailing came into vogue toward 1890 and, largely through 
 Paul Butler's example and precept, the Vesper Club took a leading 
 place at all American canoe meets. 
 
 Local baseball was never, perhaps, in the history of Lowell main- 
 tained at a greater height of public frenzy than in 1887 and there- 
 about. In February of that year the Lowell Baseball Corporation was 
 organized with F. W. Howe, president; Edwards Cheney, secretary 
 and treasurer ; directors, Edward Gallagher, J. F. Callahan and H. E. 
 Shaw. To review the history of the succeeding teams with which 
 Lowell was represented in the New England League might not com- 
 port with the traditions of dignified historical writing. To the future 
 student, however, of the manners and customs of the late nineteenth 
 century the sporting pages of the Lowell newspapers will long be a 
 source of huge amusement and instruction. In the summer of 1888, 
 during a spirited contest with Portland for the championship, popular 
 excitement reached an intensity that has probalily never since been 
 surpassed, and Lowell at that time had no more popular citizen than 
 the heavy-hitting little shortstop, Hugh Duffy, afterwards a distin- 
 guished figure among the teams of the major leagues. 
 
 The Twilight of Willow Dale — Milder sports such as fishing from 
 flatboats, swimming in fresh water and riding "flying horses," were 
 cultivated at the several picnic resorts of the neighborhood : at Willow 
 Dale, Long Pond, Nabnasset, Haggett's Pond and Tj'ng's Island. 
 
 An account of the origin of the picturesque resort on Tyng's Pond 
 has already been given. It remains to chronicle the stirring events 
 which attended the establishment of a second resort on this beautiful 
 bodv of water and which forecasted the gradual waning of the popu- 
 larity of Willow Dale. 
 
 Resentment and resistance of the now aged Jonathan Bowers and 
 his hardy sons to street railway encroachment upon their pretty soli- 
 
 1-25 
 
386 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 tude created a stir in Lowell in the spring of 1890. In the intervening 
 years "Johnny" had carried on his business in his own inimitable way. 
 The place was respectable and well kept up. It entertained hundreds 
 of Sunday school picnics. High school graduating classes often held 
 their dinners in the long banquet hall that projected out over the 
 water. The fleet of flatlioats that made harbor in a tiny co\e, with 
 sandy beach, were among the safest vessels that ever swam. li.xcept 
 for this jMcnic ground, much concealed by rows of willows, the shores 
 of the lake were of almost primeval wildness. On the eastern side a 
 sandy carriage road ran among the pines and from this there was a 
 short cut leading over to Long Pond, where the late Charles Coburn 
 had an even simpler and more rural resort for picnickers. 
 
 Came suddenly the Lowell & Dracut Trolley Company, with 
 plans to buy up the whole eastern shore, install a dance hall, a rustic 
 theatre, steamboat landing and other appurtenances of a new type of 
 pleasure park. The cars began to bring to the "pond," now called Lake 
 Mascuppic, cosmopolitan crowds. A whole city was suddenly emptied 
 upon a quiet countryside. 
 
 Despite the obvious opportunities for making more money than 
 ever before, Mr. Bowers, his wife, his sons and his nephew, Edward 
 Caldwell, appear genuinely to have resented the change wdiich elec- 
 tric traction had produced in their affairs. 
 
 Most irritating of all, the designation strips on the electric cars 
 bore the announcement that passengers were transported to "XMllow 
 Dale." This was adding insult to injury. On .\pril 6. 1890. Jonathan 
 Bowers, through his attorney, warned August Eels, president of the 
 street railway company, that his organization had no right to use the 
 title "Willow Dale." The communication claimed that the name was 
 an essential part of assets accumulated during fifty-three years' occu- 
 pancy of the place. "The Messrs. Bowers are asking for no favors in 
 this matter from your company, and thej- have instructed me to grant 
 none," was one of the emphatic statements of the letter. 
 
 The street railway people apparently were anxious to avoid 
 trouble, for on May 8 it was reported that an honoral)le agreement had 
 l)een reached and that the name "Willow Dale" would be withdrawn 
 from the cars. It was also intimated that the street car company had 
 supposed it was doing Mr. Bowers a favor by advertising his place. 
 
 On May 28, however, to the amazement and amusement of all 
 Lowell, an assault case was filed in the Police Court against the two 
 sons of Jonathan Bovvers and their Caldwell cousin, on the ground 
 that they li.'id thrown President Eels to the ground in an altercation 
 regarding a wooden fence which the Willow Dale proprietor had 
 erected to part his place from the electric railway domain. The elder 
 Bowers was a witness in fjivor of his boys, who were finally, on June 
 
AFTER THE CI\IL WAR 387 
 
 10 discharged from custody liy Judge Hadley on a finding to the eflfect 
 that Mr. Eels and his men iiad no right of way on the Bowers property 
 and that unnecessary force had not been used in the ejectment. 
 
 A simultaneous development of Lakeview and Willow Dale fol- 
 lowed in the next few years. Camps and cottages sprang up in every 
 direction around the lake. The prosperity of the Bowers family pre- 
 sumably was not al)riilged by the enhanced value of their lands and 
 by the increased demand for their products, including their celebrated 
 Saratoga chips. The character of the whole region, howexer, was 
 rapidly changed — some might say cheapened. 
 
 The genial proprietor of Willow Dale lived some years longer. 
 He was immortalized in facile verse of "Ered" Greenhalge's, who 
 sometime about 1892 or thereabouts wrote an often cjuoted Willow 
 Dale song, to be sung to the air of "Cockles and Mussels," the first 
 second and last stanzas of which may be quoted : 
 
 Oh, good Johnnie Bowers, how jocund the hours, 
 
 That sang their sweet chime o'er thy glimmering lake ; 
 
 In June or December, 'tis sweet to remember, 
 Thy crispy potatoes and juicy beefsteak. 
 
 Chorus — 
 
 Oh, John of the Dale ! Oh, John of the Dale, 
 We'll praise thy good suppers. Oh, John of the Dale. 
 
 Thy face apostolic (yet just a bit frolic) 
 
 Has brightened our banquets for many a year; 
 
 And now thy deep laughter would ring to the rafter, 
 .•\nd wake all the echoes on mountain and mere. 
 
 Chorus — Oh, John of the Dale ! etc. 
 
 Then soft be thy pillow beneath the green willow. 
 
 And never may sorrow thy rosy cheek pale ; 
 And we will remember, in June or December, 
 
 To praise thy good suppers, Oh, John of the Dale. 
 
 Chorus — Oh, John of the Dale ! etc. 
 
 Willow Dale for sotiie years had a rival as a picnic resort in Tyng's 
 Island, the ancient Wickasee, which was once Wannalancet's place of 
 residence. Especially in the days of the steamer "Evangeline," which 
 had been somehow brought up from the sea and which plied the 
 course froin the head of Pawtucket canal under command of "Coinmo- 
 dore" Edward B. Peirce, "the island" drew almost numberless excur- 
 sions. In 1887 Daniel Emery and a number of other Lowell men took 
 the place over and continued to run it. A personal recollection is that 
 its character as a resort did not improve as the years went on. It later 
 became the home of the combined Wsper and Country clubs. 
 
 Two Historical Celebrations in Lowell — Preservation of local his- 
 torical data such as have been extensively used in cmnpiling this 
 
388 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 record of the growth of an American city, began to be a matter of 
 organized effort soon after the war. 
 
 The formation of an Old Residents' Historical Association in 
 1868 meant much to every future historian of Lowell and of Massachu- 
 setts. The papers which were read at its meetings sujiplemented with 
 wealth of detail and anecdote the dry records of the municipality and 
 of the townships out of which it was formed. The association, for- 
 tunately, was started at a time when several of the founders of the 
 citv were still alive. Out of their personal recollections it was possible 
 to save material that would otherwise have been lost completely. 
 
 The association was first proposed in September, 1868, by Z. E. 
 Stone, then editor of the Vox Populi. On the 21st of the following 
 November a meeting was called at the bookstore of Joshua X. Merrill. 
 Fifty-four persons were present. George Brownell served as chair- 
 man, Mr. Stone as secretary. The following were appointed a com- 
 mittee to formulate a plan for permanent organization : John O. 
 Green, J. G. Peabody, Charles Morrill, George Brownell. E. B. Patch, 
 E. M. Read, Samuel Fay, Artemas L. Brooks, Charles Hovey, Z. E. 
 Stone, E. B. Howe. 
 
 The attendance at the next meeting, on December 21, was so large 
 that it was necessary to adjourn to Jackson Hall, where the constitu- 
 tion was read and adopted and officers chosen as follows: President, 
 John O. Green; vice-president, A. L. Brooks; secretary and treasurer, 
 Z. E. Stone. 
 
 The Historical Association held its first annual meeting in May, 
 1869, at which time it had eighty-five members. In 1871 Alfred Gil- 
 man became secretary and to his efforts in the next eight years were 
 due in large measure the association's many admirable publications. 
 
 The greatest commemorative occasion in Lowell history prior to 
 the centennial that will doubtless be appropriately celebrated in 1926, 
 was the semi-centennial celebration of March i, 1876. 
 
 The initiative in this celebration came from Councilman Charles 
 Cowley, LL. D., born in England in 1832, educated in the public 
 schools and in the law office of Josiah G. Abbott and Samuel A. 
 Brown. As one of the historians of Lowell, upon whose works every 
 subsequent writer has drawn, and a most enthusiastic member of the 
 Old Residents' Historical Association, Judge Cowley was peculiarly 
 fitted to conduct such an affair as was finally arranged at Huntington 
 Hall. 
 
 The first premonition of a celebration was in Feliruary, 1875, when 
 Judge Cowley, then a member of the crjuimon c<iuncil introduced the 
 following resolution: "OrdkkI'.d, That a joint special committee, to 
 consist of the Mayor, the President of the Common Council, two mem- 
 bers of the Board of .\ldermen and three members of the Common 
 
AFTER THE CIML WAR 389 
 
 Council, be appointed to consider the propriety of commemorating the 
 entry of the municipality of Lowell upon the fiftieth year of its exist- 
 ence on the first day of March next, and to report in what manner, if 
 any, the same should he commemorated." 
 
 This proposal was entrusted to a committee composed of Mayor 
 Francis Jewett ; Aldermen. John A. Goodwin, Hapcjood Wright ; Presi- 
 dent of the Council. Albert A. Haggett ; and Councilmen. Charles Cow- 
 ley, Charles W. Slee])er and Edward B. Reed. Some preparations 
 were made and Tappan Wentworth was chosen orator of the occasion. 
 Mr. \\'entworth's death, however, a few days later and the shortness 
 of the time made it seem inadvisable to undertake the celebration until 
 the actual expiration of the first half century — that is in March, 1876. 
 
 The matter lay ciuiescent for some months. On November 23, 
 
 1875, the Old Residents' Historical Association forwarded to City Hall 
 the subjoined letter: 
 
 To the ]\layor, .Mdermen and Common Council of the City of Lowell: 
 At the quarterly meeting of the Old Residents' Historical Associa- 
 tion, held Thursday evening, November 11, 1876, it was unanimously 
 Resolved, That this Association earnestly desires that there be a 
 pulilic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the municipal inde- 
 pendence of the Town, now the City of Lowell, which occurs March i, 
 
 1876. and will gladly cooperate with the City Council in any measure 
 which it may adopt for that purpose. 
 
 Alfrf.d Gilm.\x, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 The communication from the Old Residents' Association was re- 
 ferred to a committee consisting of Aldermen John A. Goodwin, Hap- 
 good Wright; Councilmen Charles Cowle\-, W. A. Read and Francis 
 Carll. 
 
 This committee heartily recommended that the pro]iosed celebra- 
 tion be held. The proposal was likewise supported in the inaugural 
 of Mayor Charles A. .Stott. On January 3, 1876, Mr. Cowley offered 
 the following in the council : 
 
 Resolved, That a joint special committee, to consist of three mem- 
 bers of the Common Council and two members of the Board of Alder- 
 men, be appointed to make all necessary arrangements for the public 
 celebratif)n of the fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the Town 
 of Lowell, March i, 1876. and that all papers referred to the present 
 City Council by the last City Council, relating to the communication 
 of said incorporation, and also so much of the Mayor's inaugural 
 address as relates thereto, be referred to said committee. 
 
 This committee was appointed as follows : Councilmen : Charles 
 Cowley, John F. Kimball, Edward Stockman; Aldermen: John A. 
 Goodwin, George E. Stanley. On January 1 1 it made this report : 
 
390 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 Resolved, That in commcnioration of the incorporation of the 
 Town of Lowell, the Mayor, the City Council and the citizens g-ener- 
 ally, or so many of them as may be pleased to do so, shall assemble in 
 Huntington Hall at two o'clock p. m. on the first day of March next 
 ensuing, being the fiftieth anniversary of said incorporation, for thanks- 
 givingand praver, — for singing in which the children and youth of the 
 public schools shall join — for hearing historical addresses and letters 
 — and for such other exercises as are appropriate to the occasion ; the 
 Mayor shall be requested to preside. From sunrise to sunset on that 
 day' the American ensign shall be displayed on the public buildings 
 and such other places as the Mayor may direct. At meridian, on such 
 day, a national salute shall be fired, and from meridian to one o'clock 
 the bells shall be rung. The people of the city in general — and the 
 survivors of the earlier inhabitants and the Old Residents' Historical 
 Association in particular — are invited to assist in these commemora- 
 tive services. 
 
 The committee of arrangements shall cause a record of such serv- 
 ices to be published in a style uniform with other city documents, and 
 the expense thereof shall lie charged to the reserved fund. 
 
 To the celebration committee, in which the city government was 
 represented as above, these members of the Old Residents' Historical 
 Association were added: J. G. Peabody, John W. Smith, Alfred Gil- 
 man, Benjamin Walker, Hapgood Wright. 
 
 Under such auspices the program of March i, 1876, went through 
 faultlessly All the addresses were reported stenograiihically. .\s 
 later published in a municipal document, they embodied much infor- 
 mation which might otherwise have never been amassed. 
 
 The forenoon services included choral singing by about five hun- 
 dred pupils of the public schools, conducted by George F. Willey. 
 Orchestral music was rendered by the Germania Orchestra of Boston. 
 A blessing was invoked by Rev. George F. Stanton, of South Wey- 
 mouth. The addresses were by Rev^. Warren H. Cudworth, of Boston, 
 and Jonathan Kimball, superintendent of schools at Chelsea. 
 
 In the afternoon session there was singing by tlie Lowell Choral 
 Society and an orchestral program l>y the Germania Orchestra, con- 
 ducted by Carl Zerrahn. the celebrated leader who had brought these 
 musicians irom Berlin about twenty years previously. The prayer 
 was by Rev. Dr. Theodore Edson. General Benjamin F. Butler made 
 one of the capital addresses of his career, filled with fascinating remi- 
 niscences and touching tributes. 
 
 Other addresses at the afternoon session were made by John A. 
 Lowell, nephew of Francis Cabot Lowell ; Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, 
 Protestant Episcopal Bishnji (if Rhode Island, who had been first prin- 
 cipal of the Lowell High School ; Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, a manu- 
 facturer whose connection with the Spindle City was close for many 
 years; Rev \. A. Miner. L^niversalist clergyman of Boston, who held 
 
AFTER THE CIML WAR 391 
 
 a pastorate in Lowell in the forties ; Dr. John O. Green, representing 
 the Old Residents' Historical Society. Letters containing valuable 
 data were read from Judge Josiah G. Abbott, Seth Ames, Samuel 
 Batchelder and others. An original poem was recited by John S. 
 Colby, editor of the "Vox Populi." 
 
 A public levee and reception in the evening ended one of the red 
 letter days of this era of Lowell history. 
 
 The 1876 celebration had one outcome that aft'ects the centennial 
 celebration to be held, presumably, in March 1926. While the city was 
 still talking of the inspirational exercises in Huntington Hall, the 
 councilmen received the following letter from one of the members of 
 the celebration committee : 
 
 Lowell, March 7, 1876. 
 To the City Council of the City of Lowell : 
 
 Gentlemen : — Having lived in the town and city of Lowell since 
 182S and been in trade since 1830, and I believe now the only person 
 in Lowell in trade at that date, and having been thankful to Almighty 
 God for his great goodness to me, I therefore wish in this form to give 
 unto others of my fellow-men, for their benefit and improvement in 
 the future here in Lowell, where I have lived so long and enjoyed so 
 much, the small gift of one thousand dollars, if the City Council will 
 accept the same, upon the following conditions, to wit : I wish the 
 money to be put on interest for fifty years, the centennial year of the 
 town of Lowell, and the interest added to the principal either annually 
 or semi-annually, until that time, when all but the original sum of one 
 thousand dollars may be expended for the benefit and improvement 
 of the city and citizens of Lowell as the City Council may determine, 
 by a two thirds' vote, upon the manner of disposing of the same at that 
 time, it may be left to succeeding city governments to dispose of by 
 the same two-thirds vote of the City Council. The original one thou- 
 sand dollars shall again be put at interest as before described, and at 
 the end of every fifty years thereafter, all but the original principal 
 may be disposed of in the same manner as before mentioned. 
 
 Respectfully yours. H.\p(;ood \\'right. 
 
 N. B. — If there is no objection it may be called the Hapgood 
 Wright Centennial Trust Fund. 
 
 This gift was, of course, thankfully accepted by the representa- 
 tives of the city government, and the Hapgood Wright Centennial 
 Trust Fund was put at interest. 
 
 Mr. Wright, whose benefaction thus initiated, will normally ex- 
 tend to Lowell's latest posterity, was born at Concord, Massachusetts, 
 March 28, :8ii. His early life was passed on a farm. As a youth he 
 became intensely interested in Unitarianism, through his acquaintance 
 with Rev. Ezra Ripley, then living at the Old Manse. In 1828 \oung 
 \\'right was sent by his father to Lowell to sell some produce. The 
 energy and bustle of the new tciwn impressed him, and he determined 
 to settle in it. A short time later he found a clerkship in a shoe shop 
 
392 HISTORY OF LOWELL 
 
 on Central street and thus entered upon his long and honorable mer- 
 cantile career. From 1830 to 1840 he was in ])artnership with Llijah 
 Mixer. From the first he was prominent in the affairs of the new 
 Unitarian church. In 1844 he actively assisted in the foundation of 
 the Ministry-at-Large. In i86y he served in the Board of .\idernien. 
 "Probably no trader in Lowell," said his contemporary, Benjamin 
 Walker, "has ever exceeded Mr. Wright in the length of his business 
 experience, and certainly no one has e\-er acquired and maintained a 
 more enviable reputation than he for upright and honorable dealings." 
 In iSSi Dartmouth College gave Mr. Wright a well-merited honorary 
 degree of Master of Arts. He died May 14, 1896. 
 
 Thmughout his long life Mr. W'right maintained a live interest 
 in his birthplace and when, in September, 1883, Concord celebrated 
 the J50th anniversary of its founfling. he endowed a memorial fund in 
 the same amount and under the same general conditions as that given 
 to Lowell. He also had given the "Lowell Courier" to the Concord 
 Librarv frmn 1843 onward, and at the time of the celebrati(_in he gave 
 the town $300, the interest to be used to make the gift perpetual as 
 long as such a news])aper shall be [lublished. 
 
 The 1886 Celebration — A fitting celebration of the fiftieth anniver- 
 sary of the incorporation of the City of Lnwell was arranged in the 
 winter of 1886. 
 
 One of the mo\ing spirits in this dignified and api)roj)riate cele- 
 bration was Councilman Laurence J. Smith, who introduced the origi- 
 nal order and who directed many of the subsequent arrangements. 
 
 Mr. Smith was thoroughly representative of what the city was 
 doing for the children of newcomers from abroad. Born in County 
 Meath, Ireland, June 13, 1850, he was brought to Lowell as a child by 
 his ])arents and given public school education up to the age of four- 
 teen. He then had thirteen years' service with the Middlesex Manu- 
 facturing Company, acquiring a thorough knowledge of textiles and 
 textile values. In the meantime he had been employed during cer- 
 tain e\-enings of the week as a clothing salesman and had become in- 
 terested in the merchandising of fabrics. In 1877 he was made man- 
 ager of the Lowell One Price Clothing Company, then one of the 
 ("coming concerns" of the city. Mr. Smith's ability as buyer and 
 seller of fabrics made him a source of strength to this store. He inter- 
 ested himself early in public affairs, serving as a Democratic member 
 of the Common Councils of 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1886; as a member of 
 the library directorate and the police commission. He was one of the 
 early memliers and later sujireine cliief ranger of the Foresters of 
 America. It fell to this admiral)le citizen to take the lead in express- 
 ing public gratitude for the far-sightedness of the founders of Lowell. 
 
AFTi'.R 11 II'; L\\[[. WAR 393 
 
 With active approval and coo])eration of Mayor J. C. Ahl)ott a 
 series of meetings was set tor April I, iSS6, in Huntington Hall. 
 
 At the morning exercises four hunch-ed children of the public 
 sciiools were brought together as a chorus under direction of H. D. 
 Dav. Councilman Smith presided. The ])ra}er was by Rev. George 
 W. iiicknell. l-^irm Principal C. I'. Chase, of the high school, read a 
 retrospective address, many extracts and citations of which have 
 already appeared in this narrative. 
 
 In the afternoon Mayor Abbott gave a lirief introductory address. 
 Then after a prayer by the Rev. Owen Street, Hon. Frederic T. Green- 
 halge delivered one of the best commemorative addresses of his career, 
 calling attention to patent defects in the working out of the Lowell 
 plan, but crediting the founders with large insight and noble aims. 
 In the e\e)iing came a general levee and reception. 
 
 The committee in charge of these exercises consisted of: Honor- 
 ary chairman, ]Mayor J. C. Abbott; chairman, Laurence J. Smith; 
 aldermen, Jeremiah Crowley and James B. Francis ; councilmen, Ros- 
 well 'M. B'lUtwell. Charles S. Richardson and Charles H. Hobson. On 
 the reception committee were William F. Salmon, Artemas S. Tyler, 
 Oliver E. Cushing, Thomas R. Garity, George A. iMarden, Solon \V. 
 Stevens, Albert A. Haggett, Prescott C. Gates, Walter Coburn, \\ alter 
 H. Leighton, James W. Bennett, George F. Lawton, Da\ id W . 
 O'Brien. The chief marshal was General Charles A. R. Dinion, who 
 was assist v'd by the following young men: Paul Butler, Edward H. 
 Shattuck, W. E. Westall, John Welch, Robert E. Crowley, Edward 
 Ellingwood, H. G. C). Weymouth, Royal W. Gates, James A. Carney. 
 J. H. Carniichael, A. W David, E. B. Conant. Charles F. Blanchard, 
 Henry \'. Huse, W. W. Tuttle, The addresses, of this celebration, in- 
 cluding man\- letters of congratulation and reminiscence from former 
 residents of the city, were subsequently published. 
 
H 77 78 
 

 
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