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Digitized by tine Internet Archive 
 in 2010 witii funding from 
 Tine Library of Congress 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/mexicosiseorOOroge 
 
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MEXICO? 
 
 SI, SENOR. 
 
 7 
 
 THOS. L. ROGERS, 
 
 ' Space there is for all to travel, 
 Theretore is the world so wide." 
 
 IVilkelm Meister 
 
 REVISED EDITION. -' «. j^^^^ 
 
 BOSTON : 
 1894, 
 
Coi'YKIGHTED, 1894, 
 HV 
 
 Mkxican Central Railway (Jo., 
 Limited. 
 
 RNCRAVKU AStt I'KINTKl) AT COLIJNS FKKSS, BOS' 
 
 ,i 
 
MEXICO ? SI, SENOR. 
 
 CAUTION. 
 
 ^O avoid disappointment, don't expect 
 too much ! This book is not intended 
 to be a History of Mexico. It does 
 not contain even all that the writer 
 knows about that country; and what 
 he does not know would fill several 
 large volumes. Its purpose is to call 
 attention to some of the places and 
 things in Mexico that are both worth 
 seeing and worth going to see. 
 
 The towns mentioned lying north 
 of the city of Mexico are on the 
 Mexican Central Railway, the main line of which runs through 
 the centre of the country 1,224 miles, from Juarez, the border 
 city on the Rio Grande, opposite El Paso, Texas, to the capital. 
 One branch or division of the road, 415 miles in length, connects 
 the capital with Tampico, the only good harbor on the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Another division reaches out 161 miles westward from 
 the main line to Guadalajara, the second largest city in the 
 country, and will, one of these days, be extended to the Pacific. 
 Two other branches serve the two great mining cities, Guanajuato 
 and Pachuca, This great central thoroughfare is the principal 
 railway of the Republic, and the only line of standard gauge 
 connecting the city of Mexico with the United States. The 
 Mexican Central Railway Company operates, at the present 
 
time, 1,846 miles of road, passing through eleven states and the 
 Federal r3istrict, and serving cities, towns, and states which 
 contain over 6,000,000 people, more than half the population of 
 the whole country. In road-bed, bridges, and equipment this 
 line offers the best ; its whole management is first-class in every 
 respect. Whoever makes the trip to and from Mexico over this 
 line only will see a large part of the country, and learn a vast 
 amount about its people and their institutions. 
 
 The cities and towns mentioned here lying beyond the capital, 
 south or east or west, are reached by the National, the Mexican, 
 the Interoceanic, or the Valley railways, or by the street car lines 
 from the city. 
 
 From among the many excursions made and places visited 
 we have selected for comment only those which are most inter- 
 esting and inviting to the average tourist ; and it has been our 
 aim to say about those only just enough to convince any one who 
 is fond of travel, who has a desire to see this beautiful country 
 and the picturesque people who live in it, that the few scenes 
 referred to are, of themselves alone, worth a much longer journey 
 and a much greater expenditure of time, money, and trouble 
 than they cost. 
 
 The \vriter claims to be only a " looker-on " in Mexico ; but as 
 he looked on in twenty of the twenty-nine political divisions, 
 and in more than half of the towns of the country having a 
 population of over five thousand each, and as he looked last on 
 the capital, Nov. 8, 1892, he may safely claim that he has seen 
 something of Mexico as it is to-day. 
 
 A second caution like unto the first, and yet unlike it, may not 
 be out of place. It is this : — 
 
 To avoid disappointment, don't expect too little. The im- 
 pression has gone abroad that the traveller in Mexico cannot 
 get enough to eat. Doubtless many of the natives of the 
 country do not have four, or even three " square meals" a day, 
 but the reason is not a lack of plenty in the country. The 
 
average tourist keeps to the line or spends his time in the large 
 towns, and no one with money enough to pay for meals need 
 worry at all about lack of satisfactory provision for his wants. 
 Along the Central road the eating places compare favorably with 
 those along the railroads west of the Missouri River, and the 
 management is rapidly improving them. So much for comfort 
 along the Hne ; and as for the cities and towns, it may be said 
 that they have been slandered by those who expected too much, 
 and so were, of course, disappointed. The wonder is, taking all 
 things into account, that the traveller can fare so well, for so 
 little money, in Mexico. 
 
 And, further, don't worry about the language. You don't 
 speak Spanish ? Well, no matter, the Mexicans will speak it for 
 you. You speak your English, and they'll get your meaning if 
 there's any money in it. You'll have lots of fun watching them 
 interpret your remarks. Keep cool ; be patient ; use signs in- 
 stead of words, and you'll be surprised to see how well you'll get 
 along. But let me say this is not a case where " a little learning 
 is a dangerous thing " ; a little knowledge of the Spanish lan- 
 guage is a very valuable thing in Mexico for the traveller from 
 the States, but even that is not indispensable, 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 Things to take : Time, patience, money. 
 
 Things to leave : Hurry, worry, work. 
 
 If so be that you shall heed the above cautions, and provide 
 for your journey " as per memorandum," you cannot fail to have 
 a good time in Mexico. Si, Senor ! 
 
" Huine-keejiinj^ ymitli have ever homely wits." 
 
 'J'~co Gt-nlleinen of I'i'roiia. 
 
 ROIJABIA', if people knew that Mex- 
 ico is the finest summer resort on 
 the continent, they would go there 
 in July as they now do in January." 
 " Summer resort ! Mexico ! I 
 ne\ er heard of such an idea ! " 
 " I presume you never did, 
 ■ my friend, l)ut it is a foct that 
 in July, August, and September, 
 our hottest months, the temper- 
 ature of the city of Mexico is de- 
 SUT ■^^8!9^'Y*'^3i?*^^ ' hghtful, and so is that of the whole 
 II '^'w* f ^^^ ' ^^^]^ ! pl^^c^i'^- Summer is the best time 
 
 to visit the country, lea\ ing out of 
 account the places on the coast." 
 "You surprise me, Major, but how does it happen? That 
 country is very far south." 
 
 " Klevation. That word tells the story. When you get 
 above the ocean level six, seven, eight thousand feet, ' south ' 
 doesn't seem to count for much. You know that many of the 
 'eternal snow ' peaks are in the vicinity of the ei[uator. Alti- 
 tude beats latitude, every time." 
 
" Well, you have given me a new idea, and in good time, for 
 I am under contract to give my boys a trip abroad this summer, 
 I think I'll suggest to them three months in Mexico." 
 
 " You can't do better, my friend, and I will re-enforce your 
 suggestion, for I am going there myself; and if you will put them 
 in my charge, I shall be delighted to have their company. I 
 love those boys." 
 
 "That settles it, then. They love you too, and they often 
 have wished that they could go on some trip with you. Do 
 you really mean it. Major? " 
 
 "Never was more serious in my life." 
 
 " I'm delighted to hear you say so. It seems almost too good 
 to be true that they can have such a chance, and at once. When 
 do you go ? " 
 
 " In a few days ; say a week from to-day." 
 
 " Good ; that will give us time to get them ready. What about 
 clothes? They want a summer outfit I suppose, light all round? " 
 
 " Oh no, not light ; and no straw hats ! I arrived in the 
 capital once with a straw hat, but as I didn't see any one wearing 
 that kind of a tile, I shed mine the next day and wore a Derby 
 ever after. No, summer clothes in Mexico are just such clothes 
 as we wear in Boston in the spring and autumn. There is 
 seldom an evening when a light overcoat is not needed, and 
 never a night when a blanket is not comfortable, and even 
 necessary in Mexico." 
 
 " The boys can be ready in two days, if you are in any hurry." 
 
 " No hurry. In the land of 7iia7ia?ia, to which we are going, 
 my friend, there is a law against haste, and I would not violate 
 that law even here in this land of rush." 
 
 " Why, Major, I believe you have become a real Mexican ; 
 that isn't American doctrine. You know our creed is ' hustle 
 or get left.' " 
 
 " Yes, I know it, but lots of hustlers get left too. I believe in 
 the happy medium, the golden mean, that wise worldly old 
 
Horace praised so much ; and I think the peo- 
 ple of this lovely land of Mexico know a thing 
 or two. They have given an affirmative answer 
 to the question of Longfellow : — 
 
 ' Do you not know that what is best 
 In all this restless world is rest 
 From turmoil and from worry? ' " 
 
 "That is good poetry, and I don't know but 
 it is also good philosophy, Major ; but it won't 
 work here." 
 
 " It ought to work, at least in the summer, 
 and I am going where it will work." 
 J ?'i "I wish I could go with you. But next to 
 
 going myself will be the thought that the boys 
 are having such a fine time, and the pleasure 
 of hearing them and you 'tell us all about it' 
 when you return. I must rush off now and tell 
 them of their good fortune for this Columbian 
 year." 
 
 " My good fortune too, if you please. I 
 shall enjoy their company as much as they 
 can enjoy the excursion." 
 
 This conversation, at the Algonquin, be- 
 tween Major Teller and his friend, Mr. New- 
 ton, resulted in the formation of a party for 
 a summer tour through Mexico. The party 
 consisted of the Major and the two boys, 
 Howard and Clardner. The Major told the 
 boys that he was not willing to be the only 
 titled one of the party, anil that for the pur- 
 poses of this trij) or campaign, if you like, 
 Howard should be a cajitain, and Gardner a 
 little corporal. 
 
 8 
 
After recovery from the duties and pleasures of the "glorious 
 Fourth," the party started from Boston, July 8, 1S92. 
 
 There is no better preparation for a trip in a foreign land than 
 a long journey in one's own country. Happily such a journey is 
 a necessity for the great majority of Americans who wish to visit 
 Mexico. To those who make, for the first time, the excursion 
 from the Atlantic to the Rio Grande every hour is a revelation 
 of the beauty and of the greatness of the best country in the 
 world. To those who make the trip for the hundredth time, it 
 will still be a revelation of the surprising growth and prosperity 
 of the people who live under the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 " Westward the course of empire takes its way," said the good 
 and wise Bishop Berkeley. How true a prophet he was, only he 
 who follows that course can know. What " the West " means 
 words cannot tell. Can language convey to a blind man what 
 "color" means, or to a deaf man the meaning of music ? No 
 more can the pen of the most " ready writer" adequately de- 
 scribe our country. Give to each valley a volume, to each State 
 a shelf, and to our land a whole library in way of description, 
 and yet the half would not be told. One must see it or not 
 know it, and see it often, too, for its rapid growth makes it 
 practically a new and another W^est every ten years. 
 
 America astonishes the world. To the world the United 
 States is America, and it is the duty as well as the pleasure of 
 every citizen of our great Republic to see and to study, first of 
 all, his own country. The school on wheels is the only first- 
 class teacher. Consider for a moment what a lesson in geog- 
 raphy, in history, in political economy a trip of three thousand 
 miles across our country can be made to convey. There is 
 nothing else in the world equal to it for pleasure or profit in 
 way of education. Well did Cowper understand this when he 
 said : — 
 
 " How much a dunce that hath been sent to roam 
 Excels a dunce that hath been kept at home." 
 
The journey from lioston was full of never-ceasing interest to 
 the boys, ami everywhere the evidences of progress were both in- 
 structive and entertaining;, and the Major's time was very fully occu- 
 l)ied in answerinj^ their numerous cjuestions. As Mexico is their 
 objective ]>oint, howe\er, we will omit the details of this i)art of the 
 journey and consider the party to ha\ e at length arrived at El Paso. 
 
 " ' One more river to cross,' " said the C'orporal exultantly, "and 
 we will be in the land (jf pretty soon, by and by, i/iaTiana, and 
 poto-tiempoy 
 
 " Ves, the land of sunshine and adobe and burros," added the 
 Captain. 
 
 " Right, both of you," said the Major,; " it is that, and much 
 more. It will be the greater wonder to you for this journey 
 through our own country. Vou will each constantly ask your- 
 selves the question, Why is this so? Why is Mexico, which is so 
 much older than our country, what she is, and not more like our 
 own? Why have a thousand years done so little for her, and why 
 have three hundred, we might almost say one hundred, years 
 made the United States the greatest nation on the globe ? .\ 
 question worthy of careful study." 
 
 " It is vacation. Major, but th's kind of study is just to my 
 liking," said the Captain. " I don't cpiite see what Emerson 
 meant when he said, 'Travel is a fool's paradise.' I'erhaps I 
 am one of the fools, but, certainly, this trip has been a ]terfect 
 paradise for me thus far." 
 
 "And to me, too," added the Corporal. " I've learned more 
 about the United States than I ever knew before, to say nothing 
 of the fun we have had while learning." 
 
 The conversation was interrupted by an exclamation from 
 the Corporal, " There's El Paso, I see the smoke of a factory I " 
 
 " It must be the silver factory then," said the Major, " that is 
 the smelting works. Yes, here we are, safe and sound, and no 
 more tired than when we left home." 
 
 lo 
 
" I feel as fresh as a daisy," said the Corporal. 
 
 "And I am all right, too," added the Captain. 
 
 " How about something to eat? " asked the Major. 
 
 " Not hungry," said both boys. " We fared sumptuously every 
 day. How comforting it was," said the Captain, " to have the 
 restaurant man come round and say, ' Don't hurry, you have ten 
 minutes yet.' " 
 
 "And how nice," said the Corporal, " to have one of the girls 
 say, 'Have a little more chicken?' or 'Will you have hot 
 cakes?'" 
 
 " Yes, that is nice," said the Captain ; " I wish we may find it 
 as nice along the Mexican Central." 
 
 " You'll find it so," answered the Major, "or as nearly so as 
 circumstances will allow. You'll have no occasion to complain, 
 I am quite sure. You'll find plenty to eat and always half an hour 
 for meals." 
 
 " And here is El Paso," exclaimed the Captain, " and here 
 and now rageth the dog star." 
 
 " Let him rage," replied the Major, as the party stepped into 
 the station. " This is the middle of July, and it is his time to 
 rage. He won't have us but one day at most, and I am willing 
 to bet that it is not as hot in El Paso to-day as it is in Boston. 
 We'll leaAC our baggage here, for from this station we shall 
 start to-morrow for the capital of the Montezumas." 
 
 II 
 
II. 
 
 "Thou art not for the fashion of these times." 
 
 As You Like It. 
 
 "The old order changeth, yielding place to new." 
 
 The Pitssittg of ArlJiur, 
 
 ^TAXDIXCj on the bridge over the Rio 
 Grande, the Major, pointing towards 
 the south, said to his companions, 
 " Yonder is the land of wonders ; to- 
 morrow we shall enter it, a land which 
 excites the admiration of every visitor 
 of intelligence. Its past history is 
 so mysterious, its present is so promis- 
 ing, and its possibilities for the future 
 are so vast that the thoughtful mind 
 has the widest range both backward 
 and forward. One sees here a giant 
 touched by a spirit which rouses him from a sleep of centuries 
 and reveals to him at the same time what he did not seem to 
 know before, namely, that he is indeed a giant. No country in 
 the world, perhaps, has greater natural resources, the raw ma- 
 terial of wealth, than Mexico, but until recently those resources 
 have not been available. Now the railroads have brought the 
 mountains and the valleys into communication witli the world, 
 and Mexico has a marvellous future. We are to look at Mexico 
 as tourists. We may be called sentimental travellers, for we 
 are not on any particular business. We are simply sight-seers 
 in search of entertainment, and we shall surely find it, if we 
 
 14 
 
keep our eyes open. You boys will be Howard and Clardner, 
 or, beg pardon, the Captain and Corporal in 'Wonderland.' 
 You will wonder at what you see and at what you don't see. 
 A walk of half a mile from this bridge will reveal to you as 
 strange scenes as you would find in Cairo or Calcutta. It 
 will introduce you into what will seem almost another world, 
 so different from our own are the customs, the costumes, and 
 the characteristics of the people even here on the border line." 
 
 " And this is the Rio Grande ! " exclaimed the Corporal. "The 
 name sounds bigger than the river looks." 
 
 " Well, I must really apologize for the Rio Grande. I don't 
 think he expected company to-day. This is no fair sample. 
 You remember as we came along we saw, in certain places, quite 
 a stream, but just here it is mostly out of sight. In fact, the 
 river seems to be upside down. It will happen so once in 
 a while, and besides, that is the fashion with many of these 
 streams in the far West. They go 'on a tear' part of the 
 year, and then take a rest, a siesta, so to speak. But the 
 Rio Grande never gets lost. You have seen it above, and 
 if you should go below here a hundred miles you would see 
 how it has tunnelled its way through opposing rocks, and defied 
 the everlasting hills to stop it on its way to the sea. Should you 
 see the result of the battle at the caiion you would think it 
 worthy of the name of ' grande,' and of its other title, ' bravo.' " 
 
 "And how about El Paso? That means 'the pass,' I sup- 
 pose," said the Captain. " I don't see anything that looks 
 like a pass here." 
 
 " No, you cannot, but the place is properly named, for all that. 
 You must remember that you are here on the backbone of the 
 continent. Our ascent has been so gradual that we hardly knew 
 we were climbing up day and night for the last thousand miles 
 of our journey. But we are 3,712 feet above sea level now, and 
 we are also at the Jowest point in the Rocky Mountain range for 
 2,000 miles. Go in any direction from here and you must climb up 
 
 IS 
 
hill. This town seems to be the centre of a great star with shining 
 iron rays, each about 1,200 miles long. Look at your map and 
 you will find Kl Paso to be about 1,200 miles from the city of 
 Mexico on the south, and very nearly the same distance from 
 Kansas City on the north. New Orleans on the east, and San 
 Francisco on the west. It seems to be a kind of cross roads 
 town, but it is a lively one. It is a typical frontier and railroad 
 
 BRIDGE OVER KU) GRANDE. 
 
 town. The rough element which dominated it a few years ago 
 has disapi)eared or has been suppressed, and now it is, as you 
 see, a clean, well-kept town, of which its people may justly be 
 proud." 
 
 " Here comes a car," exclaimed the Captain. " All aboard 
 for Mexico. It's a bobtail car, not a very stylish rig for us to 
 go in to visit our sister Republic." 
 
 " Look out for the mule when the bell rings," said the Cor- 
 poral. 
 
 "The mule, the faithful mule," said the Major, " how much 
 this country owes to this abused servant 1 His praises have never 
 been properly sung, nor have his virtues been fairly recorded. 
 His vices have been heralded over the world by a vicious and 
 venal press, the function of which seems to be to let the evil 
 
 16 
 
which men (and mules) do live after them, and to see to it 
 that 'the good is oft interred with their bones.' Even so genial 
 a soul as the late lamented Josh Billings said, 'If I was goin' 
 to attend the funeral of a mule, I'd stand in front of him.' 
 Now, that is too bad. This country couldn't have been brought 
 to its present high degree of civilization without the much- 
 maligned mule and his little brother the burro. You will know 
 these comely creatures better before you get back to Boston, 
 and I'll venture that you will think of them kindly ever 
 after." 
 
 As they entered the car, the Captain remarked, " Why ! the 
 driver is smoking, and so is the conductor ! " 
 
 "Of course," replied the Major, "and so are the passengers." 
 
 "Upon my word," whispered the Corporal, " there is a woman 
 smoking too. Isn't that odd ? " 
 
 " Perhaps so to you, my boy, but you won't notice a little 
 thing like that after a while. All over Mexico, everybody or 
 nearly everybody smokes. I never saw but one Mexican who 
 didn't smoke, if he had anything to smoke, and he was on a 
 steamboat on Lake Chapala. He positively decHned a cigar 
 which I offered him ! " 
 
 "Perhaps he was afraid that it wasn't a good one. Major." 
 
 " Well, he didn't try it. He was a curiosity, sure enough. 
 He'll be put in a museum some of these days. Why, the Mexi- 
 cans smoke everj-where, in the cars, in the theatres, in the stores, 
 in the schoolhouses, everywhere except in the churches. But 
 the cigarette is the article in universal use. I never saw a 
 Mexican smoking a pipe, nor did I ever know of one who acquired 
 the distinctively American habit of chewing tobacco. Give the 
 Mexican his due." 
 
 " Tiene usted, seiior, algo que pague derecho." 
 
 " No, seiior, nada." 
 
 "Adios, seiior ! " 
 
 "What was all that, Major?" 
 
 17 
 
"That's the customs officer of the Mexican Republic, my boy ; 
 we've passed ! " 
 
 " Short work, wasn't it ? " 
 
 "Yes, that's the beauty of having nothing; that is, nothing 
 dutiable." 
 
 "Polite, wasn't he?" 
 
 " Yes, very ; there's more politeness to the acre in this country — 
 remember we're in Mexico now — than there is to any dozen 
 acres north or east of the Rio (kande. You'll be more and 
 more impressed with that fact the longer you stay in Mexico, 
 and most deeply impressed when you recross the river on your 
 way home. In all your intercourse with these people, from 
 highest to lowest, you'll find them like the two old worthies of 
 whom it is written, — 
 
 ' In all they did you might discern with ease 
 A willing mind and a desire to please.' 
 
 That certainly ought to be set down to their credit, and so 
 let it be recorded." 
 
 As they stepped out of the car in Juarez, the Captain ex- 
 claimed, " Well, I hope that driver has tired himself out with 
 slapping and punching and pounding that poor mule ; he has 
 tired me out anyhow." 
 
 " Oh, that's nothing ! The mule doesn't care, probably, 
 and the driver wouldn't think he was driving if he didn't do 
 that. Do you know you are no longer under the protection of 
 the * Red, White, and Blue ' ? You are under the ' Red, White, 
 and Cireen ' now. The sister republics dress nearly alike in the 
 matter of flags. Both wear stripes, and the eagle is the national 
 emblem of each." 
 
 "Well, the American flag is good enough for me," said the 
 Corporal. 
 
 " Right, good enough for anybody, and long may she wave. 
 But our Mexican neighbors enthuse over their flag and national 
 
 i8 
 
emblems more than we do, and let us applaud their patriotism. 
 Their heritage, like ours, has cost blood, and no people on the 
 globe excel the Mexicans in devotion to their country." 
 
 "A great city this is," exclaimed the Corporal with a smile 
 which revealed his thought better than his words. 
 
 "No, not great ; it isn't exactly great, it is hardly a small one, 
 but still it is a ciudad. We have some cities in the States, 
 you know, that are not beauties, that have neither the grace of 
 age nor the name of a president. There is Jones City, for in- 
 stance." 
 
 "Well, where is the city, anyhow?" 
 
 " My dear boy, in Mexico a city requires only two things, a 
 church and a plaza. In the States still less is required^ a 
 saloon and a cross-road station constitute a city. I have seen 
 several ' cities,' in fact, which consisted only of two posts and 
 a signboard with a name on it. That signboard is a prophecy 
 of a city yet to be. Well, there is more than that here, a great 
 deal more. Here are several streets devoted to business, some 
 fine stores, a large new customs building, and a big lottery 
 establishment. What more do you want ? But you are in the 
 ' land of by and by,' the land of ' some time,' and of ' take it 
 easy.' Don't be impatient. They'll get there one of these 
 bright days, and surprise you as well as themselves. You see 
 they have already begun ; there has been more growth here 
 in the last ten years than in the two hundred years previous to 
 1880. I'll give you a little modern history now. In 1865 this 
 place was the actual capital of the Republic of Mexico. Wher- 
 ever Benito Juarez, the President, was, there was the capital, 
 and he was here for nearly a year, keeping out of the hands of 
 the French. At last the foreigners were beaten, and Juarez and 
 his cabinet resumed business in the city of Mexico. He was 
 three times elected President, and died in office in 1872. He 
 was pure Indian, a grand specimen of the old Aztec race. He 
 was a great man, and the Mexican people honor his name as we 
 
 19 
 
)l.l) t.l.sl>>M lIuUSK. 
 
 do that of Washington. In 1888 a statue was erected here to 
 his memory, and the name of Paso del Norte was changed to 
 Juarez in his honor. As 1 have said, the idea of progress has 
 arrived and is at work. See that fine new custom house, — 
 you should have seen the old one ! and you see improvements 
 going on everywhere ; slowly, perhaps, but steadily Juarez is 
 growing more like its neighbor over the river." 
 
 NEW Cl'STOM llorSK. 
 
"■ Really," said the Captain, " there is something pleasing in 
 the ' comfortable look ' of the place. I'hese adobe houses, low 
 and flat roofed, cannot be very attractive to the eye, but an 
 inspection of them shows that they are the best for such a 
 climate, and that they can be made very charming within." 
 
 "Yes, that is true ; all through Mexico, in every house, how- 
 ever poor or however forbidding it may look outside, you will 
 find signs of a love for the beautiful. Poverty alone prevents 
 the people, as a whole, from having the prettiest homes imagi- 
 nable. Mexicans are fond of music and flowers." 
 
 The party went across the little plaza into the famous old 
 church of Guadalupe^ 
 
 "Here, boys," said the Major, "you see one of the great in- 
 stitutions of Mexico, the plaza. This is only a little one, and 
 not very attractive ; but in the larger towns great care is taken 
 to provide a pretty place of recreation for the people. The 
 plaza is the property of everybody ; it is about the only thing in 
 a Mexican town that is not walled in. As you see here, the 
 parish church and the government buildings in every town are 
 found on the plaza. This church building, made of adobe, is 
 notable principally for its age. A mission was founded here in 
 1662, and has been maintained ever since. The house has very 
 few ornaments, and gives evidence of the poverty of the parish. 
 Some fine carving can be seen on the great beams which hold 
 up the heavy roof, but the altar and the pulpit are severely 
 simple. Well, boys, this is enough of the seventeenth century, 
 let us get into the glorious nineteenth, that suits me better." 
 
 A short walk brought them to the station of the Mexican Cen- 
 tral Railway. It is a handsome structure of a single story, and 
 of cool, gray color, built, after the Mexican style, around an open 
 court or patio. Plats of grass, palm trees, plants, and flowers 
 give the patio the appearance of a park, and abundance of water 
 keeps it always fresh and cool. The north end of the building 
 is used by the officials of the division, and the south end is 
 
 21 
 
devoted to waiting-rooms, restaurant, express and baggage 
 rooms. Entrance to all the offices is made from the patio. 
 Happy is he who hath his place of business looking out upon 
 such a refreshing scene. 
 
 " Isn't this fine?" exclaimed the Captain. " Ii is like an oasis 
 in a desert. How delightful a contrast to what we have just 
 seen ! This is a better plaza than that in front of the church." 
 
 " I should say so," said the Corporal ; " I'd like to be division 
 su[)erintendent myself, and have my office here." 
 
 ||;j,lj^lU' T i'^iit'll 
 
 ,id 
 
 " I don't know of anything finer than this, for its purpose, in 
 either the United States or Mexico," said the Major. " It 
 seems just perfect, but then, it's only a sample of the style of 
 the company. * Everything must be \ i ,' is its motto. As fast 
 as possible, stations, restaurants, shops, and houses belonging to 
 the company are being brought to the high standard of which 
 this is a completed specimen. This is only one of several large 
 buildings of the company here. Over there you see the great 
 freight-houses. See what extensive yards, and what a conven- 
 tion of cars ; there must be a thousand here at times." 
 
 "Well," said the Ca])tain, "this is the nineteenth century, 
 sure enough. Here is the sign of the power that can transform 
 
 22 
 
Mexico by teaching her her own power and assisting her to 
 develop her great resources." 
 
 " I am proud of the enterprise of our own country," said 
 the Major ; " but for that, Mexico might have had to wait a 
 century longer before she could shake off her lethargy, but 
 now the United States has shown her what to do and how to 
 do it." 
 
 " Ciood for the United States," exclaimed the Corporal. 
 " Let's go back to that best of countries." 
 
 "Yes, we must go at once," said the Major, "for we have to 
 attend to some matters in El Paso. There's the matter of 
 money, for one thing." 
 
 "And there's the matter of dinner, for another," said the 
 Captain. 
 
 " Dinner and di?iero both important," added the Corporal, as 
 they boarded the bobtail car for the United States. 
 
 " Let's attend to the dinero first, the bank may be closed 
 before we finish dinner," said the Captain. 
 
 "All right," replied the Major, "and here comes Uncle Sam's 
 collector of customs, but the Treasury Department won't get 
 anything out of us this time." 
 
 "Any goods?" asked the collector. 
 
 " Nothing, sir," answered the Major. 
 
 "Passed again," he added, as the collector left the car; "but 
 that fellow took fifty cents from me pretty quickly the last time 
 I met him. I had a parcel in my hand containing a dozen 
 photographs, which I had bought in that curio store. He 
 scented the game and brought it down. 
 
 "'What did they cost?' he asked.' 
 
 " ' Two dollars,' I answered. 
 
 "'Fifty cents duty,' he remarked, and the car stopped while 
 he waited for me to settle. 
 
 "'I thmk ni return them, for the seller did not tell me they 
 were dutiable.' 
 
 23 
 
" ' All right, you can do that, but you must pay the duty 
 fust.' 
 
 "' Have I crossed the line?' I asked. 
 
 " ' Vou have crossed the Rubicon,' said the scholarly deputy 
 collector of the United States customs, at El Paso, Texas. 
 
 I'AllD ur .-^lAMUN. 
 
 " I paid, and as I rode, the question of the ages, ' Why did 
 Caesar pause at the Rubicon?' seemed to have been solved at 
 last. Uhere must have been a customs collector there, who 
 held him up for tribute. '(Ireat Cresar's ghost!' said I (to 
 myself as I supjjosed). The driver must have understood 
 me, for he turned and said, 'Si, Sefior.' " 
 
 "If the Rubicon wasn't more of a river than this Rio Grande," 
 said the Corporal, " Caesar probably paused on account of sur- 
 prise at seeing no water. A Roman candle could wade this river 
 now, and not wet its fuse, and a Roman soldier wouldn't wet his 
 ankles." 
 
 24 
 
"My boy, I've told you that the river is taking a rest just 
 now, and will do better the next time you come to see it." 
 
 Arriving at the bank, exchange of funds was soon made, and 
 it was greatly in favor of American money. 
 
 "That's good," said the Captain, "that will make travel in 
 Mexico cheap enough." 
 
 "Yes, I believe that there i-s no country in the world where the 
 traveller can get so much of so good quality for his money as in 
 Mexico. Why, see how many more Mexican dollars we have 
 than we had American dollars to trade ! " 
 
 "Good, that'll make opals cheap too, won't it?" exclaimed 
 the Corporal. "Si, Senor." 
 
 For the convenience of passengers the Mexican Central train 
 is backed over to the Santa Fe station in El Paso an hour be- 
 fore the time of departure for Mexico. Ample time for the 
 examination of baggage and for supper is allowed in Juarez. 
 Examination by the Mexican ofificials is made so politely that 
 the passenger feels like thanking them for their attentions. 
 He is equally happy to see them paste on his trunk the pretty 
 little label marked, " Reconocido por la Aduana de Ciudad 
 Juarez," and to see the baggageman put it into his car. A visit 
 to the " despacho de boletos " (that is the new name for ticket 
 office) soon fixes one for the journey so far as passage and 
 Pullman affairs are concerned. And then supper, your first 
 meal in Mexico ! Visions of chile con came and tortillas flit 
 through the mind only to vanish as you enter the restaurant on 
 the south side of that pretty patio, already referred to. Behold 
 no Mexican man, woman, or viuchacho, but a manager and 
 waiters from the Flowery Kingdom, and a bill of fare that equals 
 the one you saw in the Union depot at Kansas City. 
 
 "That was a good supper," said the Captain, as the party came 
 out, " good enough for anybody." 
 
 " Now let us go out and look over the train. I don't think 
 you ever have seen one just like it." 
 
 25 
 
" How does it differ from our trains? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " They have first, second, and third class cars in Mexico. The 
 Pullman makes another, we might say super first class, just as it 
 is in Kngland. The government, when it arranged with the 
 builders of the roads, made provision for the poor of the country. 
 Travel in second and third class cars is very cheap." 
 
 "Well, it ought to be," said the Corporal. "I should want to 
 be paid for riding in this third-class car. Seats only lengthwise, 
 
 AT IIOMK WKDNKSDAVS. 
 
 one on each side, and two, back to back, down the middle of the 
 car, mere benches ! " 
 
 "True," replied the Major, "but even they nnist be easier 
 to ride on than the poor burro, especially if one must travel 
 some hundreds of miles. You ought to have a ride in a 
 Mexican liiligctuia, say for twelve or twenty-four hours. You'd 
 think this a palace in comparison with that." 
 
 " The second class looks comfortable enough," said the 
 Captain ; " and the first-class coach is first class, and a little 
 more too, having chairs for the comfort of passengers." 
 
 26 
 
" Vamonos ! did you hear that, Corporal?" 
 
 " What does that mean ? " 
 
 "That means practically 'all aboard.' " 
 
 "And so we are really off! " exclaimed the Captain. 
 
 ' My native land, adieu, adieu, 
 I cannot always stay with you, stay with you.' " 
 
 "It will be dark pretty soon," said the Corporal, as the train 
 started, "and we can't see the country between here and 
 Chihuahua at all. That is too bad." 
 
 "Not so bad as it might be, but it would be a fine thing 
 if we could go, as some trains in our country go, 'through 
 by daylight.' However, I'll tell you about the stations, and 
 the interesting features of those parts of the line which we 
 pass over in the night ; you'd better study your folder and 
 map, so that you will not have to remark, ' Mr. Speaker, where 
 was I at?' " 
 
 Returning from a visit to a neighbor, the Major inquired, 
 " What does the folder tell you, ye pilgrims from the Rio 
 Grande? " 
 
 " It tells us that it is 225 miles to Chihuahua, and that we get 
 breakfast there." 
 
 " That folder is a Truthful James, but it doesn't tell all the 
 truth. It says nothing of what is between Juarez and Chihua- 
 hua, except that 'it is a fine stock-raising country,' " replied 
 the Captain. 
 
 " Well, a folder would have to be a book, and a large one too, 
 if it were required to tell much about the country between sta- 
 tions on this long line of nearly two thousand miles. It can 
 only speak of sections ; and this section is chiefly a stock-raising 
 region. But I can add a little to that morsel of information, I 
 think. 
 
 " In general, between here and Chihuahua the country is much 
 like that through which we passed the last day of our journey to 
 
 27 
 
El Paso ; it is about 'the same thing continued ' for four hundred 
 miles from the border. No land is richer than this ill-looking 
 plain, but it needs water to bring out its capacity. Where water 
 is, there you will find growing fields of corn, flax, beans, wheat, 
 and barley. Grass is abundant, and large herds of cattle and 
 horses are raised for the market. 
 
 " Now, more in detail. The first station out is Samalayuca, 
 which calls for no comment. At San Jose, and at the next 
 station, Ojo Caliente, there is little to attract attention. We 
 begin to climb a hill, on the side of which is the station Monte- 
 zuma, and on its summit is (lallego, the highest point between 
 Juarez and Chihuahua. A curious-looking mountain, named 
 
 Montezuma's Chair, is 
 in sight for hours, but 
 we recede from it as 
 we go down the hill on 
 the other side to La- 
 cuna. There is an 
 extensive view from 
 ( '.allego, where we are 
 seventeen hundred feet 
 above the Rio Grande 
 ^ valley and fifty-four 
 hundred feet above the 
 sea. The country 
 shows more signs of 
 fertility than appear 
 farther north. Not far away is a hacienda in a beautiful grove 
 under the hills. The sight of living green is evidence of water, 
 and the railroad supplies its reservoirs from a spring in the hill. 
 Here we begin to see some of the great herds for which the 
 state of Chihuahua is noted. Could the great plain about here 
 be in some way irrigated, this sterile-looking region would 
 blossom like a garden. The soil is deep and very fertile, and. 
 
 THREE I.llTLE BROTHERS. 
 
 38 
 
like most of the land of Mexico, would easily produce two and 
 even three crops a year. We now descend to a great plain, 
 which it is a delight to look upon. The name of the station, 
 Laguna, indicates that there is a lake somewhere near ; and sure 
 enough there is the Lake of Evergreen Oaks (Laguna de E^n- 
 cinillas), a body of water which is sometimes, but not always, 
 fifteen miles long and three miles wide. This is a paradise 
 for birds and for cattle. Of course, such a bonanza as a 
 lake in a country like this would be appreciated and appro- 
 priated. 
 
 "Looking across the lake, you see great white walls shining 
 out from among the trees. They remind one of a fortification, 
 but they are the walls of one of the most famous haciendas of 
 Mexico. That is the place of business, as 'hacienda' means, the 
 headquarters of the great estate belonging to Don Enrique 
 Miiller, of Chihuahua, and Don Luis Terrasas, ex-governor of 
 the state. They are said to have more than seventy- five 
 thousand head of cattle on their properties, and the whole 
 country, for more than eighty n^iles along the track, belongs to 
 them." 
 
 " Dons they are, to be sure," said the Captain, " but if one 
 of them is a German, he would be a baron, at home, I sup- 
 pose." 
 
 " No doubt, but he is a Don here. By the way, did you 
 know that the last Spanish viceroy of Mexico was an Irish- 
 man? " 
 
 "Ridiculous ! " exclaimed the Captain. 
 
 " Well, perhaps it is, but his name, as it appears in the list of 
 viceroys, is Juan O'Donoju. If that isn't John O'Donohue, then 
 I don't know Spanish, Irish, or English." 
 
 "Good for old Don O'Donohue," exclaimed the Corporal 
 "If there were any chance for an office now in Mexico, more 
 O'Donohues might come here, but the United States seems to 
 be good enough for them.'' 
 
 29 
 
Well, on we go, across this great cattle country ; gradually 
 descending till we come to Sauz (willow), where more water is 
 seen and more trees too ; thence on i)ast Sacramento, and in 
 an hour we are at Chihuahua. This is the story of the country 
 whi( h we pass over during our first night in Mexico. 
 
 30 
 
CHIHUAHUA. 
 
 III. 
 
 " I'll not march through Coventry with them, that's flat." 
 
 King Henry IV. 
 
 ^ ■ ^HERE it is," exclaimed the Captain in the 
 Va, I morning, " the great church of Chihuahua, 
 
 n I of which I have seen so many pictures, and 
 
 ^1 it is a picture itself." 
 
 I Yes, it is a beauty ; and what a setting 
 
 the picture has ! In the background the 
 
 purple hills ; to right and left, the dark, 
 
 gray, flat-roofed houses spread out on a 
 
 brown plain ; in the foreground, the green 
 
 foliage of the plaza ; these, with the great 
 
 dome and the two high, graceful towers 
 
 rising against the sky, combine to make a 
 
 picture which, once seen, can never be 
 
 forgotten. Novelty may add to its charm, 
 
 but its real beauty is what makes so lasting an impression ; for 
 
 after you have seen all the great landscape views of this land of 
 
 beauties, you remember this as one of the finest of them all. 
 
 As the city is built upon an elevated plain, it can be seen a 
 long time before the station is reached ; and as the train does 
 
 31 
 
not come within a mile of the town, the passenger has a long 
 look at this charming picture, which grows in beauty as the 
 distance lessens. 
 
 'I'he train stops at the north siile of the little river Chubiscar 
 for breakfast and for change of engines. Here there is a large 
 colony of operatives of the company. It is really a village of 
 great importance, both to the company and to its passengers. 
 The chief interest of the traveller is ccnireil in the restaurant, a 
 large and inviting building with broad veranda, where a duplicate 
 of the meal at Juarez is offered. It is a good breakfast on the 
 way south, and a good supper on the way north, that the travel- 
 ler finds ready here on arrival. 
 
 At this point are great machine shops and a round-house of 
 the company, with locomotives, cars, and material for repair of 
 equipment, which indicale that this is one of the busiest points 
 on the line in the operating department. The hospital for 
 employes is a first-class establishment. Near here also is a flour- 
 ishing iron works, a Mexican enterprise, which is doing a great 
 business. Native as well as imported iron is manufactured, and 
 the works supply the Mexican Central road with a large amount 
 of material. 
 
 The passenger station is on the south side of the river ; from 
 there connection is made with the city by street car or carriage 
 ride of a mile along the river. At the station the boys saw for 
 the first time a considerable group of genuine uncjualified Mex- 
 icans. 
 
 "Good gracious ! who are all these people?" asked the Cor- 
 poral, as he stepped out of the car ; " are they all going to take 
 the train?" 
 
 " Well, hardly, my boy, perhaps a dozen of them are going. 
 The rest have come to see them off and to see us arrive. These 
 are ' the reception committee.' A railroad in Mexico couldn't 
 be run without them, so they seem to think. They constitute 
 the typical crowd that you will see at every stopping place 
 
 32 
 
between here and the capital. Study them a little. Notice 
 that all the men are dressed in white coarse cotton, wear the 
 broadbrim sugar - loaf 
 sombrero of straw, and 
 wrap themselves, even 
 in summer, in a shawl 
 (called a zarape) . No- 
 tice that the women 
 are dressed in all the 
 colors of the rainbow, 
 and are partly wrapped 
 up in a dark colored 
 cotton scarf or shawl 
 (called a re/>oso). 
 From the border to 
 the coast, the costume 
 of the natives is the 
 same. Notice also 
 
 that nearly all of them, women as well as men, are barefoot or 
 have only sandals on their feet." 
 
 " Not pretty are they?" said the Captain. 
 
 "No, but picturesque, eh?" 
 
 "To an artist perhaps, but not to me." 
 
 "Oh, that is rank heresy, Captain." 
 
 Comfortable quarters were found at the hotel, and the 
 day was spent looking about this very enterprising Mexican 
 town. 
 
 "This is something like a city," exclaimed the Corporal. 
 "What handsome stone buildings ! " 
 
 "Yes, no town in the United States of twice the population 
 can show48o many fine buildings." 
 
 "None have any such church as this," said the Captain, as he 
 pointed to the so-called cathedral which they had admired from 
 a distance in the morning. 
 
 RECEPnON COMMIXrEE. 
 
 33 
 
" No, no city in our country has a silver mine to put 
 under tribute. This church of San Francisco was built, they 
 say, from a tax on the product of the fiimous Santa Eulalia mine. 
 Corporal, figure up how much that mine produced if the tax of 
 twenty-five cents a pound on its silver bullion gave the good 
 fathers $800,000 for the building of their church. Silver was 
 worth more then than now, but reckon on a dollar an ounce and 
 sixteen ounces to the pound." 
 
 "Some other time, Major. I am not figuring now, but look- 
 ing at the figures on the church." 
 
 "Any time will do, my boy, but don't forget how much these 
 fine figures of the twelve apostles and of the good San Francisco 
 owe to their rich sister, Santa Kulalia. These are as fine speci- 
 mens of stone carving as you will see in many a day. They are 
 not foreign, but the work of native artists."' 
 
 "Is this a very old church, Major?" 
 
 "A little more than a hundred years old. You can remember 
 its age, perhaps, by recalling the fact that it was completed the 
 same year that the Constitution of the United States was 
 adopted, in i 789." 
 
 Next, the mint was visited. The building was once the 
 Hospital Real. Historically it is an interesting place, for here 
 Hidalgo and his associates, leaders in the war for independence, 
 were imprisoned, and from here taken to the place of execu- 
 tion, which is now marked by a monument." 
 
 "Who was Hidalgo?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 "He was a priest, and a good one. He was likewise a soldier, 
 at least in his later career. Here he died, but we will hear 
 the story of his life later on, when we reach the spot where he 
 did the work which made his name immortal." 
 
 " What a fine idea this is of having long rows of coipnnades ; 
 they give such a pretty appearance to the street, and furnish 
 such refreshing shade ! And what pretty colors the houses 
 have ! " 
 
 34 
 
"Yes, they call the colonnades porfa/es; they are a character- 
 istic feature of Mexican cities. And then the stone benches, 
 with their high backs, here and there along the highway and 
 through the parks ! Could anything be more considerate on 
 the part of the city fothers 
 or more acceptable to the 
 people? " 
 
 The great aqueduct which 
 spans the valley on stone 
 arches excites the admira- 
 tion of all visitors. It 
 serves its purpose to-day as 
 it has served it for more 
 than two hundred years, 
 and is in perfect condition. 
 A walk through the Ala- 
 meda, or park of sycamores, 
 brings the visitor to the San- 
 tuario or Chapel of Guada- 
 lupe, a beautiful church in 
 which is a statue of Loyola ; 
 and in the suburbs beyond 
 are seen many of the finest 
 houses and gardens in the vicinity. The Alameda, in the upper 
 part of the city, is kept in better shape than the other, and 
 people of a better class resort to it to enjoy the shade of its 
 splendid trees, or pass through it on their way to the new baths. 
 
 "Well, where is the wonderful Chihuahua dog?" inquired the 
 Corporal; "I haven't seen one since I've been here." 
 
 "Go ask the winds or the women, my boy. I can't tell you. 
 For my part, I never want to see one again, do you? " 
 
 "No, but I'd like to know how they raise them." 
 
 " A good many are raised, I think, as the darky raises chickens, 
 by hand ; but the dog business is a little dull now, they say : 
 
 ^^TT— 
 
 35 
 
plenty of orders, but not goods enough. Hut Chihuahua does 
 a large business in otlier kinds of goods. It is the great centre 
 of trade with the rich mining districts in the mountains, and 
 as old abandoned mines are reopened or new ones discovered, 
 the volume of trade must increase. This is a very large 
 state, and as we go south to-morrow 1 will give you some 
 further facts about it. Let's go to the hotel now and write 
 home to our friends." 
 
 The reception committee was at the station again in the 
 morning, apparently as eager to see our party leave as they had 
 been anxious to see them arrive. 
 
 " Don't they look more picturesque than they did yesterday, 
 Captain? " 
 
 "Well, a little. I can acquire a liking for theni if 1 ha\en't 
 it now. I like them in a way already, they seem so intent and 
 so content. How like children ! " 
 
 " That's it exactly ; the whole Mexican people of the lower 
 class are simply children. They are a constant study to visitors, 
 and they'll be a constant surprise to you. 
 
 "This morning," said the Major, as they " fixed " themselves 
 for the journey, " we ride through some of the great estates of 
 Mexico, called haciendas. Vou saw some small farms on the 
 way here, and I told you of a few extensive establishments last 
 night ; to-day you will see some for yourselves. Yonder is the 
 smelting works of the famous Santa Eulalia mine, and not far 
 away is a great hacienda, comprising more than 60,000 acres of 
 fine land, belonging to the gentleman of whom I spoke ; Mr. 
 Henry Miller, we would call him in English. On that estate is 
 an adobe palace 200 feet long and 125 feet wide. The gates 
 and pillars are of cut stone finely carved by natives. It has 
 beautiful towers at the angles and a patio within that is as large 
 as the plaza of some towns, and much more attractive. A 
 yearly crop of 75,000 bushels of wheat and of 25,000 bushels of 
 corn is pretty good business for a single farm, isn't it? A little 
 
 36 
 
PARISH CHURCH, CUIUL'AHUA. 
 
farther on are two more haciendas, one of 60,000 acres and 
 another of 120,000 acres, so they say." 
 
 
 MEXICAN LAUNDRY. 
 
 " Major, please tell us exactly what a hacienda is and how 
 carried on," said the Corporal, evidently interested in the 
 figures just mentioned. 
 
 " It is a little world by itself, and not a very little one either. 
 More definitely, the term 'hacienda' is used to signify a great 
 estate made up of numerous parts, as, for instance, ranches, 
 mills, mines, forests, and plantations. The headquarters of the 
 estate is spoken of as //zi? hacienda ; you will see some of the 
 fort-like buildings as we go along. Here is the residence of 
 the owner or of the administrador, and, near by, the homes of 
 many of the laborers. Here are the great storehouses for grain, 
 and corrals for horses and cattle. Here also are the church and 
 the school, and the hospital for the families who live and labor 
 on the estate. The store which supplies the families is here 
 also, and often factories form a part of the hacienda. The 
 whole establishment is a relic of the feudal system, under which 
 the weak and the poor engaged to serve the strong and rich, 
 and these, in turn, agreed to exercise a paternal and protective 
 authority over their servants. The system belongs to the fif- 
 teenth century, but is out of place now. It is not consistent 
 with progress or liberty." 
 
 37 
 
" Does it prevail in Mexiro?" 
 
 "Ves, I may say it docs prevail, for the greater part of the 
 land in this country that is fit for, or can be made fit for, culti- 
 vation or for use in any way, is owned in great tracts by a few 
 families or inilividuals." 
 
 " I can see, easily enough," said the Captain, " what the effect 
 of that must be." 
 
 "Think of one estate of a million and a half acres ! another 
 of two hundred and fifty thousand, and so on. The ground 
 for hope of stability in the I'nited States is the foct that, while 
 there are some large estates, there are more than four million 
 small forms owned anil worked by the families that live on them. 
 Mexico must make it at least possible for one million of its 
 people to own 'forty acres and a cow.' " 
 
 " And a mule." 
 
 "Yes, and a mule, or, anyhow, a burro." 
 
 " The hacienda business is, practically, slavery, and there is 
 no progress in it. Here we are at Horcasitas, a station 
 named for the gentleman who owns an estate through which 
 this road runs for more than twenty-five miles. Yonder is 
 another hacienda of about forty thousand acres, a little one, 
 owned by a banking firm." 
 
 "What river is this, Major?" 
 
 "This is the San Pedro, and it flows into the Conchos, a little 
 east of us ; we cross a handsome bridge here. The next 
 station is also named for a great hacienda of 150,000 acres. 
 Las Delicias. About 10,000 acres are under the plow on this 
 estate." 
 
 " It doesn't look like very good land, Major. The cactus 
 seems to be the chief ])roduct." 
 
 "That is the native weed. Of course, the land will grow 
 cactus if you don't give it something else to do. (iiveanyof 
 this soil water and seed and a little labor, and the result will as- 
 tonish you." 
 
 3S 
 
Here we are in sight of the Conchos River. We run up 
 that stream now for thirty miles. Notice along here, the great 
 canals which have been made to convey the water to and 
 ^ through the fields. All 
 
 this region is fertile and 
 f J\ )^, usually very productive. 
 
 Jj It has been very dry for 
 
 4N*i^MMi'HI^!!''^^9H|^ci~ i\^ ^^^ years now through 
 ^^^ • '''^^'* ^^'^i^.> Northern Mexico, and 
 
 everything has suffered, 
 but you see that even now the valley isn't without crops. The 
 region raises barley, corn, and wheat, and also cotton to some 
 extent. 
 
 And here is Santa Rosalia. Many an unfortunate has blessed 
 her name and her famous springs. This is a place worth 
 stopping at. Its little plaza is 
 a bit of paradise. And you 
 see this town has the luxury 
 of two rivers ; here the Flori- 
 do joins the Conchos, which 
 we crossed a few minutes since, 
 and we shall cross the Florido 
 just below the dinner station, 
 Jimenez. 
 
 The village of Santa Rosalia 
 is not so pretty as its name, 
 or so fragrant as its springs. 
 These smell like sulphur; but 
 they are four miles away, and 
 don't smell to Santa Rosalia. 
 
 There are six of these 
 springs which boil up from 
 
 under a yellowish sulphur-colored hill, and the waters are very 
 hot. The waters are led through ditches into adobe bath- 
 
 39 
 
houses, where the victim or the visitor for pleasure can parboil 
 himself for health or for fun. Accommodations are not yet 
 suitable for invalids, but if half that is told of the curative 
 power of these waters is true, it can't be long before Santa 
 Rosalia will be visited by thousands of sufferers from rheu- 
 matism and the gout. Let the enterprising^ hotel man take 
 notice. 
 
 And now our course is, for about fifty miles, up the Rio 
 Florido. The valley of this stream is extremely fertile ; it re- 
 minds one, in the extent of its cultivation, of the valley of the 
 Lerma in Jalisco. 
 
 " Do see that team," exclaimed the Corporal. " What is the 
 man doing? " 
 
 "Plowing. Primitive, isn't it? See the yoke, only a beam 
 tied to the animals' horns. And the plow ! simply a V-shaped 
 piece of wood shod with iron. Sometimes the oxen are driven 
 'by fours.' " 
 
 " Why don't they get American plows and do their work 
 right?" asked the Captain. 
 
 " Qiiiefi sabe ! Our plows have been tried here, but the Mexi- 
 cans at once perpetrated an ' improvement ' on them. They cut 
 off one of the handles ! Costumhre del pais, — it is the way of 
 the country. But modern implements are fast taking the place 
 of the old." 
 
 Well, here we are at Jimenez. Here we meet the up train 
 and we get dinner. When we come back, we"ll see a splendid 
 new dining-room, but just now " dinner is ready in the dining- 
 car" on a side-track. Plenty of everything and good service. 
 Jimenez is a point of great importance. It is a city of 9,000 
 population, in a rich agricultural district. Fifty miles west is the 
 great silver country of which Parral is the centre. A daily stage- 
 line connects this station with Parral, and parties from the coun- 
 try west, even from the Pacific coast, come to Jimenez to take 
 the train. 
 
 40 
 
"Jimminy ! what a name. How did the company ever come 
 across such a name as they gave this station?" asked the 
 Corporal. 
 
 " That is a good name. Call it Hemanez, if you please. 
 It sounds better than it looks. It is the name of one of 
 Hidalgo's associates, who was executed at Chihuahua. Walk 
 down the track a little way, and you can see a great natural 
 curiosity, an aerolite. This is only a piece of the mysterious 
 
 /isitor from another sphere, but it weighs about twenty tons ! 
 The other part of it, and the much greater part, is somewhere 
 in the region west of us." 
 
 "What is it, anyhow?" asked the Corporal, as he proceeded 
 to examine it. 
 
 "Is it stone, or iron, or copper, or what?" asked the Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 " On the outside it looks like copper, having the color of that 
 metal ; within it appears to be pure iron. On cutting with a 
 cold chisel the metal looks like steel. The whole piece has the 
 appearance of the segment of a sphere. Strike the edge, and it 
 sounds like a bell. It is a wonderful thing; where it came 
 from who can tell?" 
 
 41 
 
"This looks as if it had been fused or melted," said the 
 Captain. 
 
 "It certainly does, but alas ! we do not know 
 
 ' What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
 In what a forge or what a heat.' 
 
 If it could only tell its story ! 
 
 "The next station of importance is Kscalon. A new and 
 very extensive mining district has been opened in the Sierra 
 Mojada in the state of Coahuila, some seventy-five miles north- 
 east of this point. There are veritable ' mountains of ore ' 
 there ; some of it is worked at home, and thousands of tons 
 are annually shipped to other points, some to San Luis Potosi 
 and some to the States. Escalon is one of the youngest, 
 but at the same time one of the heaviest stations on the 
 line. The Mexican Northern road connects here with the 
 Central." 
 
 "What state are we in?" asked the Captain. 
 
 "Still in Chihuahua ! We are 420 miles from Juarez, and still 
 in Chihuahua." 
 
 " Great state, isn't it ! How large is it? " 
 
 " About 90,000 square miles, an area larger than that of all 
 New England, about as large as all that part of our country east 
 of the Hudson ; it is the largest of the states of Mexico ; we 
 leave it in a few minutes and cross into Durango. Nothing of 
 special interest is observable till we reach Lerdo. A curious 
 thing, however, is the sulphur mountain east of us at Conejos. 
 You can see the stripes of color which the mineral has given 
 the mountain. 
 
 " Another curious thing, which you will understand by refer- 
 ence to your profile maj), is this whole region. It is a bolson, 
 that is, a pocket, a valley, or a basin, without a proper natural 
 outlet. The valley of Mexico is another, and there are several 
 places of the kind in the country. This is the Bolson de 
 
 42 
 
Mapimi. You will notice that we shall have descended eight 
 hundred feet between Jimenez and Lerdo. This great depressed 
 region is east of us, and is known in general as the Laguna 
 country." 
 
 "Laguna means lake, does it?" 
 
 "^ Yes, a shallow lake or pond, or swamp only, as this is some- 
 times. In rainy seasons such a region is flooded, but in dry 
 seasons water remains only in the lowest places, so these la- 
 gunas vary in size. Many streams, some of them quite large, 
 like the Nazas, which we shall cross, flow into this bolson and 
 stop there, unless there are underground passages for their 
 discharge." 
 
 " Is it a fertile section of country? " 
 
 "Very fertile. It is the great cotton country of Mexico. 
 Forty thousand bales of cotton are shipped over the Central 
 
 every year from Lerdo. It is said that the Mexican cotton 
 plants continue to bear profitable crops from four to six years 
 without replanting and without fertilizers. Practically, here, 
 cotton is a perennial, and not an annual plant ; but while the 
 product is larger, it is not of so fine a quality as that grown in 
 the States. As might be expected, there are cotton mills and 
 oil mills here." 
 
 "I suppose the business will increase?" 
 
 43 
 
" Yes, it will, without doubt. The government is actively at 
 work adjusting the matter of water rights, and other questions 
 of engineering, about which the people of the states of Durango 
 and Coahuila have had differences, and on account of which the full 
 development of their section has been greatly retarded. Mexico 
 must look to this Laguna country for its supply of native cotton ; 
 there will, some day, be a very much larger acreage under culti- 
 vation. Lerdo is a flourishing city, with a population of about 
 10,000, and presents an attractive appearance. Looking to the 
 future, Lerdo has the brightest prospects for growth. The 
 elevation of the city is almost exactly that of El Paso, and 
 Lerdo, on account of its superb climate, is the resort of many 
 who find the high plateau too cold for them." 
 
 A ride of five kilometres brings us to another very impoi- 
 tant station, Torreon. 
 
 This is a meal station. Here the passenger will find a 
 plentiful supply of good quality. The inevitable Chinese man- 
 ager looks after the establishment, and is extremely attentive to 
 his guests. 
 
 At Torreon the Mexican International road crosses the Cen- 
 tral. It has just been extended (November, 1892) to the city of 
 Durango, and now another great state and greater region on the 
 west is put in quick communication with the world. From the 
 mines on the International, great quantities of coal are brought 
 to the Central for distribution in the interior of Mexico. Who- 
 ever goes to the capital via the Eagle Pass route goes over 
 the Central from Torreon, more than seven hundred miles. 
 Torreon is not a thing of beauty, but it is a place of business. 
 A large flour mill, the shops of the International road, and the 
 natural recjuirements of such a junction-point combine to make 
 it an active, thriving town. 
 
 An hour from Torreon brings us to Picardias, a station of con- 
 siderable importance, from which connection is made by stage 
 three times a week with the city of Durango. 
 
 44 
 
"Think of a ride of 150 miles in a Mexican diligence, Cap- 
 tain, how would you like that?" 
 
 " I can think of much worse things than that, Major. I 
 rather think I should like one trip anyhow." 
 
 "Well let us wait till some other time. I suppose we can find 
 a better section to explore than this, say, down in Oaxaca." 
 
 Now that the railroad reaches Durango, probably the occupa- 
 tion of Picardias is gone, so far as stage line is concerned. 
 
 And now we come to Jimulco. This is a more important 
 station than it appears to be. Here is the headquarters of the 
 operating department for one of the divisions of the line. A 
 commodious station house, large round-house, machine shops 
 and other buildings necessary to the service give Jimulco an air 
 of great activity. Of course, there must be quite a railroad 
 colony at such a point. 
 
 Night shuts out the view now, and we begin our ascent from 
 the basin in which we have been running for the last 150 miles. 
 The ascent is gradual, however, for we rise only about 2,800 feet 
 in the next 200 miles. The country on all sides appears to be 
 a vast plain fringed with hills, but as we rise the view widens, 
 and we appreciate the fact that we are climbing, climbing, every 
 minute to a higher level. There are signs of fertility all about 
 us. A great part of the section is under cultivation. One of 
 the peculiar features of this inclined plane is the red color of 
 the soil, reminding one of the brick-colored clay of New Jersey. 
 Can it be that this region is as rich as that garden of the two 
 great cities in the States, that "dumb-bell suburb" as Dr. Holmes 
 calls it, of New York and Philadelphia? Well, hardly as rich as 
 that, but evidently it is good farming land (when it has water). 
 But the color ! that is the wonder of the great Yellowstone 
 Park no more than of this region. Mr. Church is on record 
 as saying that " Mexico is superior to Italy in landscape effects." 
 The plain which we are here leaving behind, as seen from the 
 summit to which we rise, charms beyond expression when 
 
 45 
 
lighted by the afternoon sun. The most skilful attempt of the 
 artist to transfer its color to canvas utterly foils. 
 
 On we go, up and up all night, until we reach a line 
 which, though imaginary, is one that every schoolboy and 
 schoolgirl has heard about. Passing the Durango state line 
 at Camacho, we have been in the state of Zacatecas since 
 one o'clock. At " five o'clock in the morning " we are at 
 the pretty station with the pretty name, Caiiitas. At half past 
 five we reach Gutierrez, and at half past six are due at 
 Fresnillo. Between these last-named stations lies that myste- 
 rious line which we have read about, but never have seen, the 
 Tropic of Cancer. 
 
 When the Major reminded the boys of this fact, they said 
 they must get up to see that line anyway. 
 
 " We don't cross a tropic every day, and we should be show- 
 ing disrespect to geography if we didn't turn out to meet it," 
 said the Captain. 
 
 "Yes, that's so," added the Corporal, "but I don't care 
 for the disrespect. I'd like to have a kick at that twenty- 
 three and a half degree thing that used to bother me so. Let's 
 get up, by all means." 
 
 "So be it," said the Major, "we'll make sure of a call. I'll 
 ask ' the gentleman from Missouri ' to wake us up." 
 
 "Porter!" 
 
 " Yes, sah ! " 
 
 " Please call us three about twenty minutes before we get to 
 the Tropic of Cancer, we want to be up when we get to the 
 torrid zone." 
 
 "Torrid zone ! No such station, sah." 
 
 " What, are you sure ? " 
 
 " Never heard of it, sah. " 
 
 The boys had to laugh at the look on Pete's face. Evidently 
 he thought he knew the names of stations, but in order to justify 
 his statement he drew out a time table, and read : — 
 
 46 
 
"Jimulco, Camacho, Pacheco, Fresnillo ; no Cancer there, 
 5ir ! Here's Caiiitas ; maybe that's what you mean, sah." 
 
 " Oh, no, this train goes past Cancer, or I have been mis- 
 informed," said the Major, very positively ; " and if I have been, 
 I'll make a row." 
 
 " Maybe it's on the other road, sah, and you ought to have 
 changed cars at Torreon, the supper station," said the porter, a 
 little disturbed. " Say it again, sah, please ; I don't get on to 
 the Spanish very well." 
 
 "Tropico de Cancer," soberly said the Major. 
 
 " Sorry, sah, but you're on de wrong train, suah. No such 
 station on dis yer road ; no Topico, no torrid zone." 
 
 " Well, porter, you are not to blame if we are. I am going to 
 Zacatecas anyhow, and can go back, if necessary, from there ; 
 maybe it is on the International ; but please wake us at half 
 past five." 
 
 "Yes, sah, suah." 
 
 "Good joke, wasn't it?" said the Corporal, when Pete had 
 gone. 
 
 "Pretty good," said the Captain; "'no such station, sah'; 
 you're too bad to play so on the gentleman of the bedchamber. 
 He'll lose all confidence in himself, if he can't trust himself to 
 remember the stations along the line." 
 
 " Oh, well, he'll remember this one next time. Listen." 
 
 Pete's voice was heard in the smoking-room. A dialogue was 
 going on between the conductor and porter. 
 
 Porter: "Got a time table? Less see it." (Silence.) 
 "Jess like mine." 
 
 Conductor : " What is it ? " 
 
 " Why, that Major with the two boys wants to be called at 
 Topico de Cancer. I tole him no such station." 
 
 " Was he awake? " 
 
 " Certain." 
 
 " Did he say Topico ? " 
 
 47 
 
" That's what he said. He said this train go past that, or 
 he's been tole wrong." 
 
 "Well, you didn't understand him ; he knows what he's about, 
 he's been over this road before." 
 
 " Maybe he has, but he nebber seen no Cancer all the same ; 
 he's pium crazy or I'm out ; but he gets off at Zacatecas. I'll 
 wake him up at five o'clock, and let him hunt for it." 
 
 All was soon quiet in the car, and nothing further disturbed our 
 
 party till five o'clock, when Pete re- 
 marked to the Major, — 
 
 " Time to get up if you want to 
 get up at five o'clock." 
 
 *' Pete, you know I said half past 
 five, but no matter. Found that 
 station yet?" 
 
 "No, boss, some mistake some- 
 how. We are gone past Canitas ; 
 that's the nearest I can make out 
 to your Cancer." 
 
 "All right, Pete, that's near 
 enough. The place I mean is be- 
 tween Gutierrez and Fresnillo." 
 " Flag station, maybe^ Major ; express trains don't stop there 
 I reckon,"' said Pete, still puzzled, and off he went. 
 
 The party was soon ready to see all there was to see, and so 
 was Pete, on the sly. Gutierrez was passed. No sign of move- 
 ment could Pete detect, except a languid looking out of the 
 window, but soon the Major said, "Come on, boys, let's go out 
 on the platform." 
 
 Pete had business that way too. He must know about this 
 thing. Some other crank, some day, might strike him about the 
 same place. 
 
 The Captain spoke up, " That tropic and the other one, how 
 they bothered me at school." 
 
 48 
 
"There's hvo of 'em," said Pete to himself. 
 
 "That's so," joined in the Corporal ; " that twenty-three and a 
 half degree business was what I never could understand." 
 
 " Must be curves," thought Pete, " twenty-three and a half 
 degree, no such curbs on this yer road. This is a straight road 
 mostly; eighteen degrees enough for any road." 
 
 " 'Twas a puzzler to me, too," said the Major. 
 
 "And it is to me, too, suah's you born," said Pete to himself. 
 
 " How I remember it — imaginary line twenty-three and a 
 half degrees from the equator, and is the northern boundary of 
 the torrid zone." 
 
 "What's that he's sayin'," thought Pete, " International line 
 twenty-three and a half degrees from Zacatecas, and north of 
 Torreon. Oh, he's off suah, away off, and he ought to got off at 
 Torreon." And Pete retired, satisfied that the party was hunt- 
 ing for some station on the International, certainly not on the 
 Central. 
 
 " Well, boys, it must be just about here, anywhere about 
 here." 
 
 "There is Mendoza, 740 miles from El Paso, and you have 
 been a few minutes already in the torrid zone," said the Major. 
 
 "This is anything but torrid," shivered the Captain; "I want 
 my overcoat." And the Corporal added, — 
 
 "And I want mine too. I can imagine the line, but I can't 
 imagine any heat, I am cold." 
 
 " Well, elevation has something to do with this shock to the 
 faith of your early days. Let's go in now ; we've got up an 
 appetite for a good breakfast, which we are sure to get at Calera, 
 not far away." 
 
 " Why, look here. Major, it's an hour and more to breakfast, 
 we haven't come to Fresnillo yet." 
 
 "No, but we've passed Tropico, and we'll spend part of 
 the hour talking about that and other imaginary things ; here 
 you are in the torrid zone, in July, 1892, shivering and calling 
 
 49 
 
for your overcoats : there's nothing imaginary about that, is 
 there? Not a bit of it, it is a cold fact. The air will be colder 
 before it is warmer. ^Vhen we get up to Zacatecas, a thousand 
 feet higher tlian we arc now, you'll easily imagine that you are 
 in the edge of the frigid or at least of a very intemperate zone, 
 especially if the zephyrs are up and stirring, as they usually are 
 there. 
 
 "Fresnillo ! here we are at an old mining town, and a place 
 of 20,000 inhabitants, they say. Nothing new about this place, 
 but the railroad and its commodious buildings. l'>esnillo is sixty 
 years older than Plymouth Rock. It dates from 1554. Can you 
 think so far back. Captain? There was a famous mine discovered 
 near here in that year, and the town sprung up. There is a stage 
 line from here to Durango. Chance for another excursion of 
 a hundred and eighty miles ! " 
 
 "No, I thank you," said the Captain. " Calera is as far as I 
 care to go, at least before breakfast." 
 
 "We'll have a good appetite, anyhow," said the Corporal. 
 "The porter says that we shall get a fine breakfast there ; that's 
 the best thing I've heard to-day." 
 
 "You certainly will," replied the Major. "I never have heard 
 of a poor meal at Calera since the present administration came 
 in. I am quite ready myself to pay my morning vows to the 
 generous Lady of Calera, bless her Yankee heart ! " 
 
 " An hour passed on, the Turk awoke." This Turk was the little 
 Corporal who was quick to catch the porter's "Calera, half an 
 hour for breakfiist." 
 
 The party's great expectations were more than realized. A 
 good breakfast was looked for, as there was no occasion to doubt 
 the uniform testimony of all who mentioned the hostess, but 
 the breakfast was better than had been expected. It was a sur- 
 prise, because no one had thought to find American cooking and 
 a first-class bill of fare at a little railroad station on the hills in 
 the heart of Mexico, seven hundred and sixty-seven miles from 
 
 50 
 
the border. The meal was surprise number one, and the build- 
 ing in which they found such satisfiction was surprise number 
 two. Nothing so fine had been seen since they left the beautiful 
 station at Juarez. New were the house and the furniture, clean 
 and bright was everything about the establishment, from kitchen 
 to parlor. 
 
 "That is something to write home about," said the Captain, as 
 he came out of the dining-room. " The folks will hardly believe 
 what I shall tell them." 
 
 "Let me see what you write," said the Corporal, "and I'll say 
 something else. I know you won't write all that might be said. 
 This is splendid." 
 
 " Yes, people in the States have been kept from coming to 
 Mexico by the cry of ' nothing to eat.' But things are chaiiging 
 for the better. I don't think they ever were so bad as repre- 
 sented, but certainly they are good enough now. This is an 
 ideal restaurant, and represents the standard to which the presi- 
 dent of the road is working to bring the whole meal service 
 along the line, and it won't be long before he'll have duplicates 
 of Calera." 
 
 From the platform is to be seen a group of pottery kilns. 
 Among the industries of Mexico the third in importance is the 
 manufacture of vessels from clay. Almost every village has a 
 potter. We shall see the various styles and qualities of work as 
 we visit different sections. Here in the state of Zacatecas the 
 ware is red, hard baked, and glazed inside. 
 
 As they started again the Major said, — 
 
 " Eighteen miles to Zacatecas ! and a climb all the way. 
 ' Mountains to lefc of us, mountains to right of us,' and a 
 mountain in front of us, exactly in front of us ; we can't slide 
 along it, we must climb right over it." 
 
 " Well, I feel as if I could walk to Zacatecas if necessary, or 
 help push the train up," said the little Corporal. 
 
 " We can all ride ; our horse is a good one, and he won't get 
 
 51 
 
stalled. Hut he h;is got good \v(jrk to do. For nine or ten 
 miles the grade is not severe, but then comes 'a tug of war' 
 for nine miles. This morning's ride shows us the first really 
 bold scenery and high grade mountain engineering we come to 
 in Mexico." 
 
 The party went to the rear platform. From there they could 
 see the vast red plain, over and up which they had been climb- 
 ing all night, spread out and illuminated by the morning sun. 
 The view was a revelation of grandeur and beauty. 
 
 " This is a royal ride," said the Captain. 
 
 " Grand," said the Corjjoral. "This is worth coming to see. 
 This beats the breakfast." 
 
 "These curves beat any on the Pennsylvania," said the Cap- 
 tain, " and they are rather ' mule shoes ' than horseshoes." 
 
 " Yes, and sometimes double at that," said the Corporal. 
 
 " What grade is this. Major? " 
 
 " About one and a half per cent, I think." 
 
 " Well, what is that a mile ? " 
 
 " Figure it out, my boy; the rise is, say, a foot and a half in a 
 hundred feet of track." 
 
 "That is just about eighty feet a mile." 
 
 " That is about it ; in ten miles we rise about eight hundred 
 feet; a steep climb, eh?" 
 
 " Sure enough. What are those white monuments on the 
 sides of the mountains? " 
 
 " They are mine boundaries." 
 
 ".And these walled establishments?" 
 
 " They are the reduction or hoisting works of various mines. 
 We are now in one of the great silver-producing regions of the 
 world." 
 
 As the party were gathering up their trajjs, i)reparatory to 
 leaving the train at Zacatecas, Pete came u|) and said, — 
 
 "Sorry yo was tole wrong, boss, but you can get back to 
 Torreon to-morrow morning." 
 
 52 
 
"Thanks, Pete, we don't go back, we are all right and so are 
 
 you. Did you ever go to school, Pete? " 
 " Mighty little, boss." 
 "Ever study the map? Geography?" 
 " Neber did, boss, for a fac', only the railroad map." 
 " Well, I'll send you a book that will tell you about the place 
 
 that we were looking for. Good by." 
 
 
 ^^#f ■ _ 
 
 
 1^" ^ A P" :' 
 
 
 "^; /' 
 
 ^^ ,^f--* -' ' 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
I 
 
 IV. 
 
 " Has this fellow no fctling of his business? 
 Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness." 
 
 Ilamlel. 
 
 ACATMCAS is a sample mining town. 
 The surrounding hills are supposcfl to 
 be full of silver. It is said that mining 
 was begun here in 1516, and further, 
 it is estimated that a i)r(Kluct of fully 
 I JL inf If 1^ > eight hundred million dollars has been 
 
 3 *T,';'k i /3^'4^ taken out already. It is a curious 
 
 ^ place ; there is but one other in Mexico 
 like it, the city of Guanajuato, which 
 we shall visit later on. In tSS6 there 
 were about fifteen thousand miners at work in and about these 
 hills. 
 
 "Where is the city?" asked the Captain, as the party stood at 
 the station. " I see only a few straggling huts in the valley and 
 along the hillside. I thought this was a large place." 
 
 "So it is ; walk down the track with me a few rods, you'll see 
 something that will surjjrise you." 
 
 As they walked, they met a score of men packing bags upon 
 the backs of burros. I'our small sacks or two large ones loailed 
 the little animals with all they could carry. They also met a 
 group of soldiers escorting and guarding a motley crowd of men 
 bearing water in casks suspended on poles. The men were 
 prisoners bringing tlie daily water sup])ly from a tank above the 
 track. On the hillside was a novel sight. ;\ group of men was 
 
 54 
 
seated around a little fire, and two or three women were provid- 
 ing for the group what, by courtesy, we'll call a breakfast. The 
 little burros were nosing about while they were waiting for 
 their loads. What they could find to eat did not appear to the 
 party. Farther on was a wood- pile, and such wood ! crooked 
 as a ram's horn. 
 
 "What is that man doing?" asked the Captain, "that one 
 under the three poles?" 
 
 "Oh, he is weighing wood ! You see he doesn't want to load 
 the donkey too heavily, and besides, he sells wood by weight. 
 See the donkey below the pile there, partly loaded, and see that 
 boy on the lower side bracing up the animal; but for the boy, 
 the donkey would roll over and (£\^ 
 down the hill. And that hut ! 
 a dug-out, thatched with a few 
 branches and parts 
 of old bags. How 
 is that for a summer 
 residence?" 
 
 " Look here. Ma- 
 jor, I am cold. How 
 the wind blows !" 
 
 "We are now more than eight thousand feet high, and our 
 overcoats are needed for comfort. Even with them on, we must 
 move about lively to keep warm. But what do you think of 
 those poor creatures who have on only a little cotton?" 
 
 They walked on a few rods farther, the Major calling their 
 attention to sundry sights along the upper side of the track, 
 when suddenly he said, "Now turn and look at the city." 
 
 There lay the houses of Zacatecas, as grain lies in the hopper 
 of a mill. Hills on every side, the low, flat-roofed, square build- 
 ings rise in terraces up the steep declivities, having the ap- 
 pearance of blocks fastened to an inclined plane. And how 
 crowded ! There seems to be no room for growth, unless it 
 
 55 
 
be up the nmuntains, or down tlic one valley towards the plain 
 of Guadalupe. 
 
 "That is a beautiful sight, and no mistake," exclaimed the 
 Captain. And the C'orporal chimed in, — 
 
 " How like the pictures I have seen of Oriental towns ! " 
 
 " Yes, everybody remarks the likeness to the cities of Pales- 
 tine. This flat-roof style of house is of Moorish origin, and 
 came here from Sj^ain, where the Moors held ilominion for 
 eight hundred years." 
 
 " \\'hat a curious shaped mountain ! that high one above the 
 town," said the Captain. "It looks like a buffalo with his 
 back up." 
 
 "That is the name of it, the ' Bufa,' the Spanish for buffalo. 
 How would you like to climb up that trail on your knees? 
 That is what a good many people have done, going to do 
 penance and get absolution in that chapel away up there, called 
 Los Remedios." 
 
 " I'll be good," replied the boy. " Please, I don't want to." 
 
 " ^\'ell, now let's go back to the station, get our hand baggage, 
 and look up a hotel." 
 
 " Shall we take a carriage? " 
 
 " We might, if we could find one, but I never saw a half- 
 dozen carriages, public or private, in this city. That is one 
 curious thing about the town, the absence of vehicles, e.vcepting 
 carts and ore wagons. The burro is the barouche for this 
 place. We'll take that street car, it runs from the station 
 through the town, to the foot of the Bufa." 
 
 " This seems quite American," said the Corporal, as he 
 boarded the car. 
 
 " 'Tis American, made in New York, you observe." 
 
 " But this isn't American," said the Captain, as the car went 
 flying down the hill as fast as mules can run. The little animals 
 had to galloj) or get run over. The car did the driving, and 
 the driver smoked. About half-way of the trip a conductor got 
 
 56 
 
The largest, 
 
 on, took the fare and handed each passenger a ticket, from 
 which the corner was torn, that it might not be used again. 
 No one collects the tickets. The Ca])tain read on his, which he 
 preserved as evidence of a visit to the city, " Compania 
 Zacatecana de Tranvias, 6 Centavos." 
 
 " Now about a hotel, let's look at the cards which were put 
 into our hands on arrival this morning," said the Major. 
 " Here they are. Ah, Hotel Central, ' el mas elegante y mejor 
 amueblado de la ciudad. Camas de Resorte,' etc. The most 
 elegant and the best furnished in the city, and spring beds ! 
 That sounds well, but listen to this : ' Hotel Zacatecano, el mas 
 grande, hermoso y sano de la ciudad.' 
 most beautiful, and healthiest in the 
 city. ' Magnifica situacion ' — fine 
 situation. ' Puede alojar,' etc. Its 
 ample and elegant rooms will 
 accommodate any number that 
 may be desired. That is the 
 hotel for us," said the Major; 
 and he added, " You will find 
 these very same words on the Zacatecano letter paper. Lucky 
 for us that the house can accommodate ' un numero consider- 
 able de pasajeros.' Boys, you'll have the pleasure of sleeping 
 in a convent to night. That's something new for you, eh?" 
 
 " A convent, you don't mean a nunnery? " 
 
 " Oh, no, and not even a convent now. The building was 
 once the Augustinian convent. Part of it is the hotel, and 
 part of the old establishment is a Protestant church." 
 
 The car came, passing through a narrow, crooked street, into 
 a large square, where one of the most curious sights in all Mex- 
 ico is presented. The boys could not find words with which to 
 express their surprise, and so were silent. But their feelings 
 could be read in their faces. The Major said, — 
 
 " Boys, what do you think of that? " 
 
 57 
 
They both exclaimed, " Well that beats all ] ever saw. Let's 
 get off and watch them." 
 
 " No, we'll come back as soon as we have got rid of our 
 traps at the hotel. That is the sight of Zacatecas. Isaac and 
 
 Rebecca at the fountain are 
 not a circumstance to these 
 poor creatures scooping up 
 water." 
 
 " Well I should say not. 
 Do look at those jars." 
 
 The party found the Zacate- 
 (ano to be muy graiuie, if not 
 mas grande, everything about 
 it was large. Each of the 
 two stories is at least twenty 
 feet high. As is customary in 
 all fine Mexican houses, the 
 patio is a little park or flower 
 ,L,Mi(len. The lower story is 
 devoted to business matters, 
 the upper story to dormitories 
 and dining-room. 
 
 The first excursion from 
 the hotel took them up the 
 main street to the pretty little 
 plaza, and to the Cathedral. 
 
 " Can we get into the Ca- 
 thedral? It is a beautiful 
 building." 
 
 "Oh, yes, and you II I'liid inan\ jjcojjle there. All day long 
 the old and young, men and women and children, arc going in, 
 kneeling and coming out. Hats off as soon as you approach the 
 outer door ; almost every man on the street takes off his hat as 
 he passes the door of any church." 
 
 58 
 
"Beautiful!" said the Captain in a whisper. "The white 
 and gold make a ])leasing combination. The statues are par- 
 ticularly good. I want to see that solid silver font, which is 
 said to be worth a hundred thousand dollars." 
 
 " You'll have to wait a good while before you see that. It's 
 gone where the silver statues of the apostles went 
 that Napoleon once found in a church." 
 
 " Where is that?" asked the Captair 
 
 "Napoleon said, 'What are these : 
 standing here for? Melt them up, ai 
 make them do as their Master did, "go 
 about doing good." ' You'll learn 
 about the confiscation of church 
 property by and by, and then you'll 
 know what became of the silver font. 
 Come on, Captain." 
 
 Crossing the street, they turned 
 to look at the imposing front of 
 the building. The material is 
 brownstone, and the carvings are 
 very fine. 
 
 There are few more attractive 
 towers in Mexico than the three 
 of this church, one square, one 
 tall and graceful, and one a 
 mosque-like dome. 
 
 " Things here are old in the 
 matter of churches," said the Major, 
 in 1612. It grew slowly, and was not completed till 1752." 
 
 "Yes, I know," said the Captain, "these great buildings are 
 the real century plants. Cologne Cathedral, I have read, re- 
 quired more than six hundred years for completion." 
 
 " Well, we'll see the best and leave the rest, boys. That old 
 church up the hill is fine too, the church of San Jos^ ; but if we 
 
 '-»M|6V 
 
 "This building was begun 
 
 59 
 
go into half the churches in the towns we visit, we shall have no 
 time left for the other things." 
 
 " Let's go to that fountain now," said the Corporal ; " that beats 
 anything I ever saw." 
 
 " Very well, notice the odd things along the streets as we go. 
 The streets present a view of every-day life as the majority of 
 the people of Mexico have it. You will see that it is a life of 
 burden largely ; and if they were not the most patient people in 
 the world, I should think life itself would be a great burden." 
 
 "I noticed," said the Captain, 
 " that everybody seems to be 
 carrying something; babies, bags, 
 boxes, bricks, fruit, hay, water, 
 everything is carried on the head 
 or back. Although in the city, I 
 should say this is the hack country ; 
 every building has been packed up 
 on somebody's shouUersy 
 
 " That reminds me of what a 
 Boston lady wrote from here about 
 some good lessons that the Ameri- 
 cans might take from the Mexicans. 
 She says, 'There is their way of 
 holding the dear, dark little babies, 
 with a long fold of the nurse's 
 reboso, or scarf, wound around the little creature from mouth 
 to hips, supporting the back and neck well, and throwing the 
 child's weight on the bearer's shoulder, instead of her arms and 
 hips.' Well, I thought, how do these babies like it, and now 
 would our babies like it, and what is the matter with a baby 
 carriage, and did the dear woman think that nurses in Mexico 
 carry babies on their shoulders? Well, hardly. Mothers who 
 tnust tote thv.-ir babies along carry them thus, so as to leave the 
 arms free to carry their wares ; in fact, to get the young ones out 
 
 60 
 
[l^mSSH^ 
 
of the way. Rut it is a fact that it is easier to carry a weight 
 on your back or head than in your arms. These people, the 
 men I mean, can hardly learn that any other way is possible. 
 The contractor who is building the Baptist church, and who built 
 the great market yonder, told me, while you were looking at 
 that train of burros, that he introduced the wheelbarrow here. 
 
 The Mexican laborer loaded the vehicle, and then put it on his 
 head and carried it into the building ! The American showed 
 him how to wheel it, and, as he found it easier to take the load 
 that way, he continued to wheel it ; but what do you think ! 
 after dumping the load he put the wheelbarrow on his head and 
 carried it back to the brick-pile. The same thing was true of 
 the laborers who worked on the railroad." 
 
 6i 
 
" I should think they would know better than that," said the 
 Captain. " What did they think the wheel was for?" 
 
 " Qtiien sabe! Captain. They don't seem to think. They 
 go about their work mostly like Longfellow's ' dumb, driven cattle.' 
 They are as patient and as tough as oxen." 
 
 "Ah, there it is, there's the fountain," exclaimed the Corporal. 
 "What a sight ! " 
 
 " Yes, it is a sight. I've stood and watched them for an hour 
 at a time," said the Major, " so eager and active. Come up 
 close to the basin and you'll see why they have to almost stand 
 on their heads to get the water, and why it takes so long to fill 
 one of their jars." 
 
 From the centre of a stone basin, about twenty feet in diameter, 
 rises a fountain ; water is flowing by half a dozen small streams 
 into the reservoir, around which are constantly fifty or sixty people 
 ready to catch the first drop that comes within reach. The 
 water never attains a depth of half an inch in the reservoir, 
 except in the night. What accumulates then is all carried away 
 before the visitor is up. As the wall of the basin is quite high, 
 short people have a hard time to get any ; all have to balance 
 across the wall and scoop up what they can. The implement 
 mostly used is a piece of gourd or a piece of tin slightly bent. 
 Jars of red clay with large mouths are the most common articles 
 for transportation ; they are carried on the shoulder. However, 
 in recent times, the large square oil cans of commerce have 
 displaced the jar. Whole families seem to come to the fountain. 
 One member will dip awhile, a second holds the baby and 
 gossips with the neighbors, while a third looks on ; then the 
 third dips awhile, the first holds the baby, and the second 
 looks on. It takes hours to fill a can or a jar when business is 
 lively, that is, when the walls are crowded with the dippers. 
 
 "Well," said the Captain, after the party had gazed on the 
 scene long enough, " that is certainly worth coming to see. It is 
 an Oriental scene, and I do not wonder that visitors are struck 
 
 62 
 
by the resemblance of things here to those in Morocco, Pales- 
 tine, and the Orient generally." 
 
 "Now let us go down to Guadalupe, and see, as many people 
 think, the prettiest chapel in all Mexico. We have a ride of six 
 miles down grade by gravity, and a return ride, up grade of 
 course, by mule power. We get out of this ravine into a beau- 
 tiful valley, and far away from 'the madding crowd.' " 
 
 Down went the little train, looking and acting for all the world 
 like a runaway train. But it kept the track and soon delivered its 
 
 passengers, first and second class, right side up and in good 
 order, in Guadalupe. 
 
 Passing through the plaza and then through a little park in 
 front of the church, the party entered the building, where they 
 found a large number of worshippers. The high altar is sur- 
 rounded by large statues of the chief actors in the crucifixion, 
 and seems to stand on Calvary itself, as there is behind it a great 
 painting showing a multitude such as we may suppose sur- 
 rounded the three crosses in Judaea. 
 
 The chapel is the gem of the establishment. It is not an old 
 building, but it is beautiful beyond description. The inlaid floor 
 
 (>Z 
 
of different colored woods ; the gorgeous decorations of the altar, 
 displaying silk and gold and silver and onyx trimmings ; the 
 frescos on walls and dome, — all combine to make a most pleas- 
 ing impression on the eye. 
 
 "Who pays for these costly altars?" asked the Captain. "The 
 people seem too poor to do it ! You say this cost half a million 
 dollars?" 
 
 "Ah, you know 'mony a puckle maks a muckle' ; and enough 
 ceniavos will make a peso. But this chapel, like many others in the 
 country, is the gift of a lady of wealth. Let us be thankful to her 
 for giving the world something new and pretty, and for refrain- 
 ing from 'improving' (and spoiling) some beautiful old thing. 
 We ought to go to the orphanage here," added the Major, 
 "but we have not time enough. It occupies an old convent, and 
 is one of the most interesting places in Mexico. It seems to me 
 in utility to be ahead of the famous Hospicio of Guadalajara. 
 Here are about three hundred orphan boys being taken care of and 
 taught useful trades. They run a bakery which supplies their own 
 establishment and some other public institutions ; they make the 
 cloth for their own clothes, and they do most of the public 
 printing of the city. That is a practical charity." 
 
 "Indeed it is," said the Captain; "I'd like to go through their 
 building and see them at work. Don't you think that they are 
 making a better use of the old convent than the old monks 
 did?" 
 
 "Well, 'comparisons are odorous,' you know, Captain. Let us 
 say, we're glad the orphans have a home, and that the good old 
 padres builded better than they thought." 
 
 "Vamonos ! a Zacatecas." 
 
 Six mules seem to have enough to do to get the train up to 
 the starting point in Zacatecas, but they get there in time. 
 
 Rising early the next morning the party went to the great 
 market, one of the finest institutions of the kind in the Republic. 
 It is an immense iron structure, recently erected, for two pur- 
 
 64 
 
poses, trade and recreation. The ground floor is devoted to 
 trade, and the upper floor to music and dancing on occasion. 
 Whoever fails to visit the market places of Mexico misses half 
 the fun of the trip. There, as nowhere else, the native is at 
 his best, and at her best, for the women are in the majority. 
 Everything you can think of, from a pepper to a pig, is on 
 sale ; chile, charcoal and chickens, tortillas, tomalcs and turkeys, 
 beans and brooms, nuts and iiaraiicas, fruits and roots, sandals, 
 and sweets, and almost every namable 
 thing you can think of is for sale or 
 trade. In the market place you will 
 always find a lively scene, and one 
 worth going to see. 
 
 Back to the Zacatecano for coffee 
 and rolls, and thence to the station, 
 was the programme now. Another 
 look at the fountain scene, a glance 
 
 into open doors of the hovels called houses, a ride up the long 
 hill, and they are there half an hour before train time. They 
 paid a visit to the old pantheon or cemetery, just across the 
 track near the station. 
 
 "There is something old over there, boys, but I think you'll 
 see something new," said the Major, on the way. 
 
 " What can there be new there ? " asked the Captain. 
 
 " It was new to me to see human bones kicked around in a 
 graveyard." 
 
 " What ! how came the bones there? " 
 
 "Well, that is the new thing I was telling you of. At home 
 we buy lots in cemeteries, and expect that when we lie down in 
 them we shall not be disturbed. Here, space for burial is 
 bought by many people for a period only, say of five years. 
 When the time expires, the occupant of that space must make 
 room for another tenant. If friends come to receive the 
 remains of the late lamented, well and good ; but if not, said 
 
 65 
 
remains are subject to eviction, and hence these bones of the 
 human anatomy which are often seen in these enclosures." 
 
 " Well, Major, I'll take your word for it. I see the tonribs, 
 and I think I don't care to see any more. Let us walk down the 
 track again and get that view of the city." 
 
 "Good," said the Corporal, "that's the best thing we can do, 
 and I want to see them load that donkey with wood again." 
 
 " But we must look at this fine station, too. It is not large, 
 
 but there's a lot of business done there. Let us look into the 
 
 freight-house. We can see the city as we go along in the train." 
 
 A visit to the freight- house gave the boys some idea of the 
 
 great variety and quantity of the merchandise required by a 
 
 great city like Zacate- 
 cas, w h i c h manufac- 
 tures very little and 
 buys almost every- 
 thing it uses. It 
 also gave them an 
 iilea of the prod- 
 ucts of the sur- 
 rounding region, 
 which are brought 
 in for shipment. A 
 freight-house isn't 
 very pretty, but like 
 any plain schoolma'm it can tell you a whole lot that you didn't 
 know before. In Mexico "pictures" are plenty at the pas- 
 senger stations, but pesos are coined across the track at the 
 freight-houses. 
 
 The descent of the mountain to the plain on the south of 
 Zacatecas is, if possible, more exhilarating than the ascent from 
 Calera. The train runs round the rim of the basin in which 
 the city lies, passes in a few minutes from the station eastward 
 over one of the great mines, under the walls of a reduction works, 
 
 66 
 
and turns the point of the mountain. Along the side of this 
 its course is due west to the head of a great ravine, where it 
 resumes its course south for a moment, and then runs east again 
 along the other side till the point of another mountain is 
 turned, when a straight course is taken to the plain. This ra- 
 vine is a busy spot. In it are several works for the treatment 
 of ores. You can look directly down into the yards where the 
 "patio process" is in operation. From these two turning points 
 of the mountain fine views of the city and of the valley leading 
 down to Guadalupe are obtained. You see across the valley 
 
 ^^gj^a^^^^^gj^^^^ 
 
 the little train on its runaway trip to the suburban city, and 
 you notice also the numerous reduction works and mills along 
 the valley. 
 
 After a six-mile run, and a descent of five hundred feet, the 
 station of Guadalupe is reached. In a straight line it is not 
 more than three miles from Zacatecas ; but a straight line 
 wouldn't be so picturesque, even if it were possible. The 
 station is about a mile west of the town, and high above it. The 
 view across the valley is charming. The group of graceful 
 churches, with their towers and tiled domes and minarets, domi- 
 nates the landscape. How different this from the close and 
 crowded city under the mountains which we have just left ! As 
 
 67 
 
far as the eye can reach to the south and east, the valley glows 
 with green and gold. Away beyond Ciuadakipe, in the east, a 
 little lake glistens like a mirror in an emerald frame. It is Lake 
 Pevernaldillo. On its farther shore, among the trees, can be 
 seen the walls and chimneys of a large pottery, which supports 
 the little town of Ojo Caliente, and which supplies the women at 
 the fountains in Zacatecas, and at many other places, with their 
 jars for water, and other wares for household use. For twenty- 
 five miles we continue our ride across this beautiful valley, which 
 is largely under cultivation. 
 
 At Soledad we are in the immediate vicinity of salt and soda 
 lakes, which give employment to many men, and considerable 
 
 business to the road. In the forty miles from Zacatecas we 
 have dropped some fifteen hundred feet, and now we have almost 
 a straight and level line to Aguas Calientes. 
 
 We keej) now in a fertile and cultivated country for many 
 miles. On either side of the train we see haciendas, some near 
 and others farther away; beyond, are fields of corn and grain, 
 as well as groves and orchards. Around us are the hills, every- 
 where the hills, now blue, now brown, now puri)le. Passing 
 Rincon, Pabellon, and Las Animas, we come to C'hicalote, where 
 we cross a little stream which rejoices in the strong name of Rio 
 Brazos Santiago. This Chicalote is not a large or an important 
 
 68 
 
station, as you will observe, but it is the point of departure of 
 the Tampico branch from the main Hne ; trains for that divis- 
 ion, however, are made up at Aguas Calientes, nine miles south 
 of Chicalote. Soon on our right we see the campanil of the 
 parish church, the domes and towers of other churches, and 
 in a few minutes we arrive at Agnas Calientes, one of the most 
 charming cities in Mexico. 
 
 69 
 
" But whate'er smacke<l of nuyance or unrest 
 Was far, far off expellM from this lielicious nest." 
 
 Castle of Indolence. 
 
 I the Station there is ahvays great activity. Besides 
 
 the usual reception committee, three trains are 
 
 there at once, — the train from Mexico, the train 
 
 from 'lampico, and the one from El I'aso. 
 
 Hustle and bustle, and all over in half an hour, 
 
 till next day at the same time when the trains 
 
 from the border, the coast, and the cai)i- 
 
 tal meet here again. 
 
 " Aguas Calientes is a busy place, "'ex- 
 claimed the Captain. 
 
 "Is it always like this?" asked the 
 
 Corporal. " Why this is like a fair or a 
 
 market day. Look at those men with 
 
 their feather-work, their cotton and linen 
 
 napkins, their mosaic and hair-work, candies, and fruits, and, 
 
 well, no end of things." 
 
 " Yes, this is their chance, and they make the most of it. Let's 
 get out of the crowd." 
 
 " Dinner is ready. Major, let's go in." 
 
 " .All right, we always get a good meal here. A French pro- 
 prietor looks after things, and we'll find things good enough for 
 anybody." 
 
 After a satisfactory dinner, the party took a look about the 
 station before going to the cily, which is a mile off to the west. 
 
 
 70 
 
They saw a large commodious building with convenient offices, 
 restaurant, waiting and baggage rooms. Up the track were the 
 large freight-houses and the shops and buildings for repairing and 
 housing the motive- power. Across a little plaza were several fine 
 houses which the company had just completed for the use of 
 their agents or employees. It was evident, from the amount of 
 property here, that the company regards this as one of the most 
 important points on the line. 
 
 Plere also is a fine hospital for the employes of the road. 
 The hospital service of the Central is most efficiently equipped. 
 Besides the buildings here and at Chihuahua, there are others at 
 Tampico, at Guadalajara, and at the city 
 of Mexico. These establishments are 
 supported by contributions and by as- 
 sessments upon the wages of employes. 
 When the men require hospital service 
 they have it free, and have the best treat- .^ 
 ment that medical science can provide. 
 
 As the junction point of the Tampico 
 division it, of necessity, has more busi- , -- : ^Hi.^ - 
 
 ness and requires the services of a larger number of men than 
 any station we have seen, excepting the terminal point, Juarez. 
 
 A stroll from the southern end of the station brought them to 
 the old paseo of the town, through which street cars run from 
 the railroad east a mile to the famous springs, and west a mile to 
 the plaza of the city. 'Y\i\% paseo or alameda is an avenue, not 
 paved, however, shaded by immense trees, which form by their 
 limbs and foliage a continuous green arch. 
 
 On one side of this avenue is the ditch or narrow canal 
 through which flows the water from the springs, and which affords 
 the average citizen, male and female, old and young, the use of 
 a laundry and a bath-house free of price. 
 
 " How different this from Zacatecas ! " said the Captain. 
 " Like another world ! " 
 
 71 
 
" Yes, and a beautiful world too," said the Corporal. 
 
 " Very different and very beautiful," added the Major. 
 " Plain instead of mountain, comfort instead of cold ; shed 
 your overcoat here. Water, and plenty of it. No standing 
 on your head to scoop it up. Generous old Lady Nature not 
 only gives plenty, but gives it hot for washing and cold for 
 drinking. Here is where the free Mexican citizen disports him- 
 
 self under the cottonwood and chaparral ; the whole family, too, 
 does the same thing, and neither native nor visitor makes any 
 one afraid." 
 
 " Well, let's go and try the waters ourselves ; is the bath-house 
 far away?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " No, right here close to the station. The old baths are at 
 the eastern end of this avenue, but a short walk will bring us to 
 the Banos Chicos, the newest and finest baths of the place." 
 
 " Come on then," said the Captain, "what are we here for, 
 I should like to know, if not to go in swimming?" 
 
 "Can we have a swim, a real swim?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 '•Certainly, you'll see as fine a pool as the one you like so 
 much, ' down at the big rock,' and a great deal warmer." 
 
 72 
 
"What a pretty building ! See the bright green plants, and 
 the brilliant flowers. Why, this is a park ; palms, bananas, 
 orange-trees ! Where are we at?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " This is the place, here we can get any kind of a bath we 
 may want. We want a swim, of course." 
 
 Down the long corridor from one court to another, past the 
 little cells where shower and tub baths are supplied, they came 
 
 to the great pool in which half an hour of luxury was enjoyed, 
 and from which they came out feeling as chipper as a sparrow 
 after its morning flutter in a fountain. 
 
 " Now for the hotel and a look at the city," said the Major. 
 " The Plaza Hotel is kept by an American and on the Amer- 
 can plan, so far as circumstances will allow. The table is good, 
 and you are made to feel at home as soon as you enter the house. 
 All the rooms open upon a beautiful patio filled with plants and 
 flowers. If the great membrillo-tree in the corner is in blossom, 
 you will see something very handsome and very rare." 
 
 The plaza is well kept, and the taste displayed in winding 
 walks, artistic grouping of flowers, and variety of plants makes it 
 very attractive to visitors as well as to the residents. Around 
 the square are fine buildings; the parish church on one side, the 
 
 73 
 
government palace on another, the hotel and stores on a third, 
 and fine stores on the fourth. The streets are wide and are 
 kept clean. Two lines of street cars provide the people with 
 cheap rides to the suburbs. The visitor has a choice of twelve 
 churches and of three bathing establishments. The garden of 
 San Marcos is like a section of the Alameda in Mexico, and sur- 
 passes that beautiful park in the display of flowers. 
 
 It was very fortunate for the visitors that they were here on a 
 feast day, for it gave them an opportunity to see more people 
 
 from the surrounding coun- 
 try, and to see them to 
 better advantage than or- 
 dinary circumstances would 
 offer. It was the day of 
 NuestraSenora de la Asun- 
 cion, to whom the largest 
 church is dedicated. The 
 building was decked with 
 flags from ground to tip 
 of the beautiful campanile. 
 Business was suspended, 
 and everybody was out for 
 a holiday. 
 
 The Corporal was es- 
 pecially interested in the 
 bells, which were ringing 
 all day. Each bell had a 
 ringer of its own. A pe- 
 culiarity' of Mexico, which any keen observer will notice, is that 
 bells are not rung by ropes, but are tumbled over and over 
 by liand. Above the bells are blocks which afford a leverage, 
 and which about balance the bell. The ringer, pulling at the 
 top, easily turns the bell over, and once revolving he keeps it 
 going. Another thing noticeable here is, bells are not hung in 
 
 74 
 
chimes. Each one goes it alone, and the effect on the ear when 
 a half-dozen or more bells are going as they please, and are not 
 in unison with each other to start with, is not the most agree- 
 able. The ringers seem to be on a race and keep at it till they 
 are exhausted, when new ringers give them a rest ; but the bells, 
 the bells ! they get and give no rest. 
 
 " I want another swim," said the Captain. " I.et's go to the 
 other bath-house, the old one." 
 
 " VVe can't spend too much of our time in the water, my boy. 
 We must look around this place, there is much to see that is 
 worth coming to see. The governor's palace is something very 
 beautiful, and the market is very entertaining. We must give 
 more time to land than to water, even in Aguas Calientes. 
 
 "By the way, „_. 
 see how nicely """^ ^-p^^' 
 
 the stone in the 
 
 walls is dressed. ' ] 
 
 No such work . ..^..^.-^-^ { 
 
 can be done in 
 adobe. 
 
 "This town is ' 
 remarkable for t 
 the fine display ^ 
 of carved stone 
 in its street ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 " Down the new faseo, or boulevard, to the river is a beau- 
 tiful drive, and there is a little park there devoted to picnics. 
 Not every town in Mexico can have such a variety of parks and 
 places of recreation as this. After that we must look into the 
 old Church of San Diego and see those mosaic floors of wood. 
 We ought to go to jail too." 
 
 " To jail ! I've heard that Mexican jails are terrible places." 
 " The people here are particularly proud of their jail. It is 
 
 75 
 
really a fine thing fur a jail — in Mexico. Oh, there's lots to dOj 
 and not much time to do it in ; so vamanos ! " 
 
 "Well, Major, isn't this the land of maiiana?" 
 
 "Not for us, Captain. It may be that for the natives." 
 
 "We'll do what we can this afternoon, and then take time for 
 that other swim, when we leave for the station in the morning." 
 
 "Lead on, O Spartacus, to church or jail, I'll follow thee." 
 
 " I think this is rushing things," said the Corporal. 
 
 After supper the party went to the plaza and listened to the 
 music. This was the boys' first experience of the evening use 
 of a plaza ; they were delighted with the provision made for 
 entertainment. Fine music, comfortable seats, bright lights, and 
 pleasant promenades. One thing impressed them as rather 
 odd. The Captain inquired, — 
 
 " How is this? I don't see men and women walking or sitting 
 or talking together. The gentlemen go one way around the 
 park, and the ladies the other." 
 
 "Yes, that's the way here. The custom of the country, in all 
 parts the same, doesn't allow of the mingling of the maidens and 
 youth in public or in private, as they mingle in our country, nor 
 anything approaching it. If you see a lady and gentleman 
 together here, you may conclude that they are members of the 
 same family, or are soon to become such. As to talk, there is a 
 language of the eye which is widely spoken on these prom- 
 enades. That they may see and be seen, they promenade in 
 opposite directions." 
 
 "That wouldn't suit me," said the Corporal. 
 
 " Nor me," added the Captain. 
 
 " Well, it has to suit the Mexican, and he has to suit himself 
 to the traditions and social laws of the land. Some time you'll 
 see an interesting sight — a young man 'playing the bear,' and 
 then you'll think he has hard lines sure." 
 
 "What in the world is that, playing the bear? Does he play 
 alone and in public? That must be fun ! " 
 
 76 
 

" Yes, he has to play it alone and quite in public, anfl I 
 suppose it is fun, or he wouldn't play it. The game must 
 be seen to be appreciated. I'll show it to you in the city 
 of Mexico. Remind me of it some day when we are ram- 
 bling there." 
 
 After breakfast they took another stroll through the famous 
 garden of San Marcos, made another visit to the market, and 
 thus completed their exploration of Aguas Calientes. l"he boys 
 were enthusiastic in their exclamations upon the certain but 
 almost undefinable charm of the city and its suburbs. 
 
 "It is quite dull, just now," said the Major. "To see it at 
 its best, we want to be here between the 20th of April and 
 the loth of May. That is the great fiesta of the year, and 
 that period also includes the Mexican fourth of July. St. 
 Mark is the patron saint of these people, and for two weeks 
 they celebrate his virtues, although they do not closely imi- 
 tate them. Turkeys are ripe at that season, and thousands 
 of them are picked by the pious pilgrims to la fiesta de San 
 Marcos." 
 
 Leaving the hotel in ample time, they soon arrived at the 
 Banos Grandes, or big baths, at the east end of the Alameda. 
 The car stops on the edge of a large pool, on the farther 
 shore of which are several large adobe bath-houses. These 
 enclose perhaps twenty separate baths, of different sizes and 
 degrees of temperature. Each one has a name, usually that 
 of some saint. The boys wanted a swimming bath, and so 
 chose the one properly named for St. John the Baptist, and 
 found a pool twelve feet square, open to the sun. In this 
 pool they splashed and swam to their hearts' content, and in 
 half an hour the party were ready to return. They then 
 walked around the pond and saw a dozen women washing 
 clothes on flat stones, and hanging them on the bushes in 
 the sun to dry. • 
 
 "Is that warm water?" asked the Captain. 
 
 77 
 
GARDEN OF SAN SfARCOS. 
 
 Certainly ,t as the spring water ; it comes up inside the 
 
 buildings, and flows out into this pool ; from that it flows to 
 
 own through the canal which passes under the track close by 
 
 the station. In the bath named San Ramon the wat^r is 
 
 78 
 
hottest, being about ninety-six degrees. In the canal it is sixty- 
 five degrees or less." 
 
 As they walked along the canal they saw scores of men, 
 women, and children getting a free bath. The Major saluted 
 everybody with the tuenos dias, and the salute was cordially 
 returned in every case. The boys could say nothing in Spanish, 
 the only language worth talking there ; but they kept up a lively 
 looking all the way, and made sundry remarks to each other and 
 to the Major. 
 
 "Don't these people object to visitors?" 
 
 "No, they don't care a centavo who sees them. In fact, they 
 rather like American visitors, for no one of them would pass 
 these little chocolate muchachos without dropping a few centa\os 
 into their chubby hands." 
 
 There was, of course, a remarkable absence of clothes and 
 conventionalities, but everything about the bathing business was 
 conducted modestly and with as much regard to the proprieties 
 
 79 
 
as circumstances would allow. There was, really, nothing more 
 there to shock a delicate sense than one will see at any fashion- 
 able bathing beach in the States. 
 
 On account of the /les/a there were more people than usual 
 enjoying the luxury of the canal. Of course swimming is not 
 practicable because the canal is narrow; but sitting baths are 
 taken by wholesale along the entire length of the bath-tub, from 
 the pool to the railroad station. Not only nor chiefly for bath- 
 ing is the canal used by the people : it is the great laundry of the 
 
 city. Every day in the year 
 scores and sometimes hun- 
 dreds of women come to its 
 banks to do their washing. 
 The bushes afford a ready 
 clothes line, and by the time 
 t'ne lavandera has taken her 
 own bath, her washing is 
 dried and bleached. 
 
 "I wish we could stay 
 here longer," said the Cap- 
 tain, " this is the finest place 
 I've seen." 
 
 "So do I," said the Corporal. "There can't be anything 
 nicer. I would like to stay a week." 
 
 Resuming the journey southward, we continue through a 
 region very similar to that about Aguas Calientes, We are in the 
 better part of Mexico. Culti\ated fields abound, and everywhere 
 are proofs of fertility and industry. Haciendas are more fre- 
 quently to be seen, and the green fringes on the landscape tell 
 the story of streams. In an hour and a quarter we enter the 
 state of Jalisco, and soon see on the right of the train a consid- 
 erable town, a mile or two distant. Above the town rise the 
 graceful towers and dome of a church. The town is Encarnacion, 
 the church is the Candelaria. 
 
 • th^ Jltkk^^d 
 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 B 
 
 HL 
 
 ■f^ 
 
 -i 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 80 
 
We now come to the longest and highest bridge on the whole 
 line. It crosses the barranca through which runs the little river 
 Encarnacion. The bridge is seven hundred and thirty-five feet 
 long, and is one hundred and fifty feet above the stream. Look- 
 ing down into the gorge on the left side of the train, we see how 
 people manage in this country to secure and conduct water to 
 their towns and fields. A fine piece of stone-work makes a 
 reservoir of the river, and the water is led off in ditches. One 
 bridge has been carried away by this innocent-looking stream, 
 
 but the present structure seems able to defy the utmost mis- 
 chief or malice of the flood. 
 
 Beyond the town, on the hillside, we see the city of the dead, 
 the Campo Santo, with its white walls and chapel. The railroad 
 station is beyond the bridge, about a mile from the town. A 
 tramway connects the city and the station, passing through San 
 Pedro, a suburb. The dome of the church of San Pedro is very 
 imposing, far surpassing that of the parish church of Encar- 
 nacion. Within the next two hours we pass a number of large 
 haciendias and see numerous artificial lakes, or presas, which 
 store the water for irrigating the lands. 
 
A quaint station is that of Santa Maria, and not less so that 
 of Santa Barbara, below which we climb a sharp grade to Los 
 Salas, and immediately descend to Lagos, the next station 
 of importance. This is a thriving city of twenty thousand 
 population and the centre of trade for a very rich agricultural 
 district. The station building, a handsome two-story struc- 
 ture of adobe, and the freight- house show that the people 
 
 of this much-laughed-at place 
 are not slow in the business 
 either of shipments or of con- 
 Mmiption. 
 
 There are numerous stories 
 about the people of Lagos, 
 "^"^r* which, if true, show them to be 
 somewhat like ; o' ^ Falstaff, " not only witty, but the cause 
 that wit is in other men." 
 
 It is said that there is an inscription on the bridge which 
 reads, "This bridge was built in Lagos," and that some one 
 added to that inscription making it read, "This bridge was 
 built in Lagos to walk under and not over." 
 
 That is nearly as bad as a notice by the government in 
 Oaxaca which announces a fine on any one " crossing on the 
 bridge when the stream is not too high to ford." 
 
 Again, they say, that the council of twelve was to hold a 
 meeting in the hall where was a bench on which all should sit. 
 Six came, and each put his hat beside him on the bench. When 
 the other six came, there was no room for them. It was 
 decided to stretch the bench. Each man ])ut his hat on his 
 head and the twelve men pulled on the bench, six at each 
 end. Then they all sat down, for the bench was now long 
 enough for them all. 
 
 This is a current legend in Mexico : In some work on the 
 plaza, at Lagos, a hole was dug, and left unfilled ; several 
 children fell into it. The council held a session, and ordered 
 
 82 
 
it filled. It was filled, by dirt dug near by; and lo ! there was 
 another hole ! Now that was ordered filled. It was filled but 
 lo ! there was still a hole, as dangerous as the first, but of course 
 farther away from the plaza. By a series of fillings the succes- 
 sive holes were annihilated, and the last hole was away out of 
 town ! Thus was the dangerous hole moved from the plaza of 
 Lagos. 
 
 Again, it was reported that grass was growing on the roof of 
 a public building. The council resolved that the grass must be 
 removed. But how? After serious deliberation it was ordered 
 that an incline be made, and a cow driven up to eat the grass 
 from the roof! Thus will some unkind inventor of fairy tales 
 slander the good people of Lagos. 
 
 Lagos has had a hard time within the last few years. The 
 diligences which used to connect with the railroad the great 
 cities of Guadalajara, two hundred and ten miles on the west, 
 and San Luis Potosi, one hundred and fifty miles on the east, 
 have been remanded to the realms of "innocuous desuetude" 
 by the railroad itself, which now has branches to both cities. 
 Thus Lagos lost much of its importance as a passenger station. 
 And again, the city suffered enormously by the diastrous flood 
 of 1888. Many lives were lost then, and a vast amount of 
 property was destroyed ; but in spite of slander and of raging 
 streams, Lagos still lives and flourishes. 
 
 The scenery about Lagos is beautiful. The view here pre- 
 sented will give the reader a faint conception of the charm 
 of the valley. For the first time the traveller from the north 
 meets the organ-cactus, so called from its resemblance to the 
 pipes of an organ. It makes a pretty fence, needs no paint, 
 in fact is always fresh, and grows ready barbed. It is hog 
 and dog proof, almost bullet proof. Picturesque to a degree 
 is an a\enue between hedges of this organo, and musical to 
 a degree does the viuchacho become who attempts to climb the 
 fence. 
 
 83 
 
The Hotel de Diligencias is said to be one of the best in all 
 Mexico. Janvier, who seems to know them all, says, " It is quite 
 worth while to stop at this pretty little town for a day or two, 
 solely for the sake of benefiting by Don Pedro's culinary skill. 
 He is a Gascon, an old soldier, and a cook of noble parts." 
 
 Twenty miles south of Lagos we enter the state of Guanajuato ; 
 descending lower into the valley, we soon arrive at Leon, a large 
 and flourishing city, noted for its manufactures, delightfully sit- 
 
 ■ uated in the midst of 
 gardens on the banks of 
 the Rio Turbio. 
 
 The people of Leon 
 seem to believe, with 
 ihe old tanner, that 
 after you have said 
 and done all, there is 
 nothing like leather." 
 
 Here leather is made 
 and here leather is 
 turned into shoes, san- 
 dals, and saddles. Leon 
 re\ els in the rcboso and 
 scintillates in the za- 
 ijpe. The jclwso is the 
 universal woman's wrap, 
 "> . . ^ ur the universal wrap of 
 vv-. 'iiLiu i:i M. \ii M. '1 ill' (I mini- ill . » iiton shawl or scarf, generally 
 blue or brown, that you see on the common class women, is the 
 rcboso. The better class wears a black garment of the same 
 scarf kind, called a tapalo; and the lady of high degree, one 
 made of fine wool or lace, called the vianiilla, which is the fetch- 
 ing, finishing garment of the senorita of song and story. 
 
 The zarape is the man's wardrobe, or at least the most impor- 
 tant piece of it. This is likewise a scarf or shawl. Nothing 
 
 84 
 
seems to delight the male Mexican like "a bit of color," unless 
 it be two or three bits, and accordingly this indis])ensable gar- 
 ment, to have value in his eyes, must rival Joseph's coat as to 
 colors. The gayer it is the better it suits the vv^earer. We would 
 call the zarape a blanket perhaps, and so it is by night, but by 
 day it is a cloak. When the average Mexican man gets under 
 his great sombrero and within his zarape, there isn't much to be 
 seen of the man. 
 
 Leon annually makes thousands and thousands of zarapes 
 and rebosos, and also great quantities of soap, cutlery, and com- 
 mon crockery. It used to be counted the second city in the 
 Republic, but by the latest returns it is the sixth in population. 
 It has, of course, a plaza mayor and a dozen smaller parks. 
 
 The Cathedral of Leon is a handsome building, begun in 
 1746. It has no aisles, but has two very high towers (finished 
 in 1878). The patroness of Leon is Our Lady of Light, whose 
 image is in the Cathedral. The city government solemnly swore 
 allegiance to her. May 23, 1840, and Pope Pius IX. approved 
 the act Dec. 20, 185 i. That does not seem very long ago, does 
 it? It is known, however, that there was a Spanish town here 
 before 1550, so the town is old, even if Our Lady of Light is 
 young as patroness. 
 
 Leon has every appearance of thriftiness. The people all 
 seem to be busy, and their houses, many of them of stone, show 
 the results of profitable labor. Much of the manufacturing is 
 done at home. The old-fashioned hand loom is a more frequent 
 article of furniture than the piano, and its operation is constant. 
 The people take their music in the plaza and at the theatre. 
 The main plaza here is like that of all large towns, but more 
 attractive than that of many. The square enclosing it is formed 
 by the city hall on one side, and rows of colonnades or portales 
 on the other three sides. There are also eight or ten smaller 
 plazas in Leon. The paseo is part of the highway to Silao, but 
 such another you can scarcely find in Mexico. It is a cause- 
 
 S5 
 
way paved with a reddish stone, shaded by triple rows of great 
 trees, and bordered by hedges of orange-trees. Fancy a prome- 
 nade through such an aisle, on the sides of which are displayed 
 at the same moment the green leaf, the white blossom, and the 
 yellow fruit ! 
 
 Then the theatre at Leon ! that surprises everybody who visits 
 it. It is worth stopping over to see. It is even more beautiful 
 than the famous Teatro Nacional of the capital. A lady thus 
 writes of it : "A fine edifice of stone, with a great open vestibule 
 
 •II if "\1 
 
 roKTAI.r.S AT Aia'AS CAI.IKNTKS. 
 
 sixty feet square as entrance, filled with flower beds, a fountain 
 in the centre, and domed with glass, into which opened the wide 
 galleries by four separate flights of broad stone steps. Behind 
 every group of eight seats a latticed door gave egress to the 
 gallery on each of the four stories, so that no possible panic 
 could produce more than a momentary result." 
 
 86 
 
The city is a mile or more away from the station, and no one, 
 without going to it, would imagine that surrounding the great 
 dome and lofty towers of the Cathedral in sight there was a town 
 which boasts of more than five hundred streets, more than two 
 hundred blocks, and more than eight thousand houses. Leon 
 is a lion in a pretty cage, well fed and happy. 
 
 The Mexican Central runs a local daily train to and from 
 Leon and Guanajuato and the city of Mexico. The people of 
 these two large cities, and of all stations below Leon, enjoy 
 therefore the luxury of two passenger trains a day, while those 
 above have to be content with one. 
 
 87 
 
VI. 
 
 "Tricks he hath in liiin which j^cntlemen have." 
 
 Airs Well Thai Em/s IVell. 
 
 " Asleep in the lap of legends old." 
 
 T/ie Eve of St. Agnes. 
 
 ILAO is certainly a place of importance to every trav- 
 eller on the Central road, as it is a supper station for 
 south-bound and a breakfost station for north-bound 
 trains. This statement indicates that the remaining 
 distance (two hundred and thirty-eight miles) be- 
 tween Silao and the capital is passed over in the 
 night. Whoever goes over this part of the line by 
 night loses some very fine scenery. The boys did 
 not wish to miss anything interesting, and both said 
 at once, " Let us stop over at Silao, and take the rest 
 of the trip by daylight." 
 "We will do so," replied the Major. "The restaurant in the 
 station is first-class, and for lodging there are two good hotels 
 near the station. No danger now ' after dark in Silao.' It is 
 a place of sunshine by day and of silence by night. Once 
 the headquarters of the dreaded banditti, it is now a division 
 headquarters of the * army of civilization,' and, of course, this 
 means extensive shops, round-house, and other buildings per- 
 taining to the operating department of the road. There must 
 necessarily be quite a colony of railroail people here, and there 
 is always quite a colony of people in search of rest, recreation, 
 or health. The climate of Silao is equable and delightful. 
 
 88 
 
Many who find the capital too high or too anything for com- 
 fort, come to Silao, which is two thousand five hundred feet 
 lower, and therefore affords relief and a radical change from 
 life in a poorly drained city, at an elevation of more than seven 
 thousand feet." 
 
 From Silao a branch road runs to the great mining city 
 Guanajuato, capital of the state. 
 
 The principal business of Silao is the grinding of wheat. 
 Next to maize the greatest crop of Mexico is trigo, or wheat, and 
 this state of Guanajuato produces large quantities of it as well as 
 of silver. The grain is sown between November and January 
 and harvested in April and May. Its yield is from fifteen to 
 forty times the seed. Instances of a crop one hundred times 
 the seed are not uncommon. Humboldt says that Mexican 
 wheat is among the best in the world. The crop of 1880, in 
 this country, was valued at $18,000,000, while the corn crop 
 was valued at $113,000,000. You see the proportion; corn is 
 king. The bread of Mexico is not the wheaten loaf, but the 
 thin tortilla made from meal and without yeast. 
 
 " Oh, the tortilla; tell us about that, Major." 
 
 "There isn't much to tell. You have read about the 'two 
 women grinding at the mill' in Palestine two thousand years ago. 
 Just so the women grind in Mexico to-day. They soften corn 
 and lay it on a flat stone called a inetdte, and with another stone, 
 shaped like a rolling-pin, they grind the corn to a paste. This 
 paste is patted into thin cakes, and baked quickly on another 
 flat stone or metal plate." 
 
 " And what about ' Mexican potatoes,' Major? " 
 
 "Oh,fnjoles: they are beans. They form the principal food 
 of the common people. They grow with the corn, being 
 planted between the rows, and the value of the crop in 1880 
 was about $9,000,000 ; half that of the corn crop, you see. 
 The old bill of fare of the poor of Mexico is the same to-day 
 that it was a thousand years ago, and p<robably will be a thou- 
 
 89 
 
sand years hence. Frijoles and chile, beans and red pepper, 
 soft and hot, reaching the spot, twice a day sure, everyday in 
 the year. If corn is king, beans are close to the throne." 
 
 " I should think, Major, that it must be hard work to grind at 
 such a mill as you describe," said the Captain. 
 
 " It is hard work, my boy. Talk about the old wash-board, that 
 meant scrub and scrub, but that doesn't mean the work it takes 
 to run such a mill ; and yet these women will get down on their 
 knees, or crouch flat on the ground, and keep 
 mill going from morning till night. But 
 Ml they don't have many dishes to wash." 
 How is that?" 
 
 'Why, you'll see when you observe how 
 they eat their tortillas and frijoles. 
 They spread the beans on the corn 
 cake, holding the cake as a plate. 
 They double up another cake for a 
 scoop, and with this they shovel the 
 beans into their mouths; when the 
 l)eans are gone they eat the plate and 
 the scoop, and there are no dishes to 
 wash ! " 
 
 "That's a good scheme," exclaimed 
 the Corporal ; " I wonder how that 
 would work in Boston?" 
 
 "Not style enough about it," said 
 
 the Captain. "Can we get tortillas and fri- 
 
 ' -^ joles in Silao?" 
 "You can get them anywhere and everywhere in Mexico, if 
 you can get anything at all. I never struck but one place where 
 they could not be had," said the Major ; " that was way down in 
 Lower California. We asked for corn, for beans, for eggs, and 
 for 'anything in the world' to eat, and all the reply we could get 
 was, ' No hay, seiior' (there are none, sir). And it was a fact. 
 
 90 
 
r- 
 
 The poor people had not a single mouthful 
 
 of food in their hovel, which we named 
 
 Hotel de No Hay. We had a good supply 
 
 of provender with us. We gave ^^,r<^'\ 
 
 them one scjuare meal, and 
 
 left them stuff enough ; 
 
 for another when we R 
 
 departed. You've ^ 
 
 struck ' poverty ranch ' \ ^ ^^^ 
 
 sure enough when you ^S^fc'^''' ^ V"**^^ 
 
 can't find there tortillas and 
 frijoles." 
 
 There is nothing very re- 
 markable at Silao, but a col- 
 lection of fifteen thousand 
 Mexicans is sure to be picturesque and entertaining, and Silao 
 glories in that number. The churches are not extraordinary, 
 but the Santiago displays one of the prettiest spires in Mexico, 
 and the church of Vera Cruz contains a very ancient Santo 
 Cristo. This figure is life size, and is said to date " from 
 
 91 
 
before the Moorish conquest of Spain." If it is a fact, that 
 image (of pith or whatever material it is made of) is the oldest 
 European article in Mexico, The town of Silao dates from 
 1553, and so itself is no mushroom growth. 
 
 On the arrival of the branch train from Guanajuato and the local 
 from Leon, the party bade adieu to Silao and resumed the jour- 
 ney southward, passing through more of the same rich section 
 which they had seen the day before. In 
 fact, the whole run of a hundred miles 
 through the state of Guanajuato from above 
 Leon to below Celaya is made in the re- 
 nowned Bajio region. It is a vast T-shaped 
 depression or wide low plain (not exactly a 
 valley), noted for its fertility and delightful 
 climate. Its elevation is less than six thou- 
 sand feet, and it has always been a favorite 
 '7^: region for residence. It is 
 1^ the most densely settled sec- 
 - tion of the whole country. 
 Seiior Barcena, author of 
 a "History of the State of 
 Jalisco," and of other im- 
 jjurtant statistical works, says 
 in Republicana Mexicana : 
 " The Bajio is an extensive 
 and rich region, where every 
 year are raised enormous 
 ( rops of cereals. In this 
 section many crops requiring irrigation are also raised, since 
 there is an ample supply of water even in the dry season, 
 coming from the reservoirs on the plantations. Besides this, 
 subterranean water is found at little depth, and this facilitates 
 irrigation. To this are due the many vegetable gardens and 
 orchards of Leon and Salamanca." 
 
 92 
 
Through such a region, the most productive in the Republic, 
 does the Mexican Cen'.ral run for more than a hundred miles, 
 and we may say for more than two hundred, since the Guadalajara 
 branch covers one arm of the T. 
 
 These general remarks will apply, therefore, to the lands seen 
 on either side of the track between Leon and Quer^taro. It 
 only remains to describe the various towns along the line. 
 
 Twenty miles below Silao, after passing numerous haciendas, 
 we come to Irapuato, the famous "strawberry station" of the 
 country, from which point the Guadalajara branch starts for the 
 beautiful " Lake Region " of Mexico and for La Perla del Occi- 
 dente, as its terminal city is called. Irapuato has a population 
 of about fourteen thousand. The town is about a mile 
 away from the station, and the tourist, unless he goes to 
 the plaza, can see nothing of Irapuato, but a few church and con- 
 vent towers. He won't see much else, if he does go ; but the 
 court of the convent is worth going to see, and so is the pretty 
 little plaza or alameda itself. Here is the prettiest little nook 
 imaginable, and such a queer conjunction of the antique and the 
 modern. The antique is represented by the church and by the 
 curious (in such a place) machinery for elevating water. Fancy 
 an old-fashioned " crotch and pole " well-sweep in the Public 
 Garden ! You have it in the alameda at Irapuato. The modern 
 is represented by the charming little zocoio, or music stand, and 
 the artistic flower beds margined and banked with different 
 colored pebbles laid in mosaics. 
 
 Most of the people are out in the strawberry-beds probably, 
 but there will be enough there to make it lively for you in dis- 
 tributing centavos. One will find that it is a peculiar place in 
 some respects. One can see hereabout the old Egyptian style 
 of irrigation, the results of which are seen in the baskets of 
 delicious fresas (strawberries), which every day in the year 
 are to be had at Irapuato station, and so cheap too ! Dos 
 reaks for a heaping basket of strawberries in March, say, or 
 
 93 
 
in December ! And do you believe it, the buyer will beat down 
 the seller, though the offer is basket and all for a quarter ! 
 Sometimes, it is said, that there is more basket than berries ; 
 but even if there is, the basket ought to be nearly worth that 
 money. 
 
 Between the trains the people about the station spend their 
 time in sorting and "deaconing" the fruit. That word "deacon- 
 ing" as applied, means "putting the best on top," as they say a 
 certain good man did with his apples up in New Hampshire 
 (some more slander, no doubt, on the good man), but these 
 people do as I have saitl ; I ha\ c seen them at it. The baskets 
 
 IKAl'l ATO SlArioN. 
 
 offered sometimes show trickery. The consequence of a few 
 such operations is that the buyer exi)ecls to be cheate<l, anil so 
 gets his bargain as low as possible. I have seen fine baskets of 
 fine berries bought for a real, and even for a dime. 
 
 Thirteen miles below the strawberry station we come to what 
 may be called the "straw hat " station, Salamanca; a pretty 
 name for a busy place of about fifteen thousand inhabitants. 
 
 94 
 
Everywhere along the way hither, and all about the city, are 
 cultivated fields and lovely gardens. Salamanca exports kaolin 
 and white clay ; also sells large quantities of leather goods ; but 
 her chief article of commerce is the straw so)nl>rcro so univer- 
 sally worn by men, women, and children of the lower class 
 throughout the country. 
 
 Not being a junction point, and being so near other more attrac- 
 tive or interesting places, Salamanca is skipped by the great 
 majority of tourists, but there is something worth seeing there. 
 The avenues between cactus hedges are fine, and the gardens 
 beautiful. The Church of San Augustin shows on its altars some 
 of the finest specimens of wood carving in Mexico. 
 
 But don't buy your sombrero till you get to the city of Mexico. 
 You'll see a really fine article there, a really "way up" piece of 
 head gear, large every way, wide brimmed, high crowned, with 
 cord and tassel of silver or gold, costing all the way from five to 
 fifty and even to three hundred dollars ! 
 
 A short ride brings us to Celaya, a city of 25,000 people. 
 This is the great "candy" town of Mexico. Huyler would be 
 nowhere, in Celaya. His sweets are no more dear to the heart 
 nor more sweet to the lips of the average girl than those of Celaya 
 to the sweet-toothed sehorita. Indeed, some people, who have 
 sampled the candies of many countries, say that the dukes of 
 Celaya are " the best in the world." The Celaya dukes are 
 made from sugar and milk. In Puebla we shall find some made 
 from white sweet potatoes, in San Luis Potosi a cactus duke, 
 and in Vera Cruz a squash candy. For my part I must say that 
 of Mexican candies, "a little more than a little is by much too 
 much." To look in on the many dukcrias one would think that 
 a majority of the population is in the candy business, and in foct 
 so it is, either as maker or buyer. But Celaya is a busy town, 
 something like Leon ; it has bleacheries and factories ; here are 
 made large quantities of soap, and of cotton and woollen goods, 
 and of the reboso. 
 
 95 
 
If railroad facilities count for anything, this ought to become a 
 very important city, for the National crosses the Central here. 
 Celaya is the commercial centre of a rich agricultural district, 
 particularly of the valley of the Laja. The people of this town 
 are evidently aware of the importance of good roads to and from 
 Celaya. They have built and maintained a long and expensive 
 causeway across the surrounding lowlands, which at certain 
 seasons of the year would be almost impassable without this 
 causeway. If not as impressive as the aqueduct at Quer^taro, 
 it is quite as important in its own way. 
 
 Celaya was founded in 1570 by a company of Biscayans, con- 
 sisting of " sixteen married men with their wives and children, 
 and seventeen young bachelors." They chose a pretty site for 
 their town, and the king, Philip IV., made it a city by royal 
 order in 1655, ^^''"lile the town of (luanajuato had to wait until 
 I 741 for the honor. The Celayans will not let this fact be for- 
 gotten. 
 
 The Church of Our Lady of Carmen, in Celaya, is the master- 
 piece of the Michael Angelo of Mexico, Kduardo Tresguerras, 
 who was a native and lifelong resident of this city. He was 
 an architect, sculptor, and painter. This church, containing 
 some of his most celebrated frescos, is 220 feet long, 55 feet 
 wide, and 69 feet high. It is not an old church (dating only 
 from 1803), but it is one of the finest, some think the most at- 
 tractive, of all the church buildings in Mexico. Other churches 
 in Celaya also have specimens of Tresguerras's work. The 
 splendid altars of the San Francisco group of churches and 
 chapels, and also those of the church of the Tercer Orden, 
 are the work of his hand. The tower of San Augustin, which 
 excites the admiration of all visitors, is a monument to his skill, 
 and the beautiful chapel of Dolores he built for his own tomb. 
 Whoever wishes to see the best sj^ecimens of native architec- 
 ture, sculpture, and painting must go to Celaya and study the 
 work of Kduardo Tresguerras. 
 
 96 
 
Shortly after leaving Celaya, we pass out of the state of 
 Guanajuato and enter Quer^taro, one of the smaller divisions of 
 the Republic, but a state that has made a lot of history. It is 
 about half as large as Massachusetts, and is about as prominently 
 connected with the great events of Mexico as the old Bay State 
 is with those of the United States. In Aztec tradition the people 
 of this region were spoken of as noted for their valor and for 
 their fidelity to their vows. They had a goodly land ; they loved 
 it and defended it in 
 the olden time and no 
 less in later times. 
 We shall learn some- 
 thing about their his- 
 tory in our visit to 
 their capital, which 
 bears the same name 
 as the state. 
 
 " Quer^taro is one 
 of the most interesting 
 cities of Mexico." 
 
 " How so ? " asked 
 the Captain. "It 
 doesn't seem to be a 
 very energetic town." 
 
 "Energetic !" re- 
 plied the Major, "that 
 word is hardly known 
 in Mexico. This place has much of history connected with it, 
 and also not a little of mystery. This beautiful valley could not 
 fail to attract any one who wished to have a nice place to live in. 
 Here is an atmosphere as near perfection the year round as can be 
 found anywhere. Nature could do no more for any region than 
 she has done for this, except to furnish plenty of water on the 
 spot. That lack, however, could be supplied by the people, and 
 
 97 
 
accordingly Querctaro has been a local habitation, and has had a 
 name beyond the reconls of man. It is said to have been 
 founded by the Otomites in 1400, and upon their chosen site 
 has grown what you see, and much that has disappeared in the 
 course of five centuries. 
 
 " On'i cuti )i;s tradi'.ion belopgs to the early day of this town. 
 It is a kind of David and Goliath affair, or perhaps nearer that 
 of the Horatii and the Curatii ; and it has also some of the 
 features of the famous story of Constantine's march. The tradition 
 states that a native cacique, by name Fernando de Tapia, had a 
 vocation to go and convert these people to Christianity. He 
 organized an army and took along with his soldiers several 
 priests to baptize the converts whom he was sure to secure. 
 
 " Coming to Queretaro he proposed to the people that they 
 should select champions to meet an equal number to be chosen 
 by himself, and promise to abide by the results of the fight 
 
 98 
 
between these champions. If Fernando's men should gain the 
 victory, the people should submit to baptism and abandon the 
 worship of their Aztec idols ; if the people's champions won, 
 Fernando should withdraw his forces and leave Quer^taro as he 
 found it ; this was the agreement. The fight raged all day. 
 It was literally a hand-to-hand conflict, for the contestants were, 
 by arrangement, to use only their hands and their feet. Doubt- 
 less there were 'garments rolled in blood,' for cuffs and kicks 
 can draw blood ; the people cheered their champions by shouts, 
 
 ^^'^^:^'\ ^.^,^H '-...;;- -^ifi^^^ ^ 
 
 
 jiGL . ^'-V -.. 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 and prayers, and by every conceivable demonstration that they 
 could make. Suddenly in the sky above appeared, visible to 
 every eye, the form of the blessed Santiago, and near him a red 
 cross. This vision put an end to the battle. The people of 
 Quert^taro yielded and begged the services of the priests. They 
 erected a stone cross on the spot where the fight occurred, and 
 in due time the Church of the Santa Cruz arose in its place. 
 The original stone cross may now be seen in this church. 
 
 99 
 
Quer^taro has been noted ever since for the number and the 
 richness of its churches. You should be there on a Sunday 
 morning and hear their bells. You would feel as if the lonely 
 Selkirk on his island in the sea had a cause for gratitude rather 
 than grief, where no church-going bell he could hear." 
 
 " Why ? " asked the Captain, " don't you like to hear church 
 bells?" 
 
 " Nothing is sweeter to the ear, my boy, than those bells 
 which call the people to worship, if they only call musically and 
 sweetly. It has always struck me as a strange thing that the 
 people of Mexico, who seem to have so much love of music, 
 could endure the discord of the clanging bells on their churches. 
 You'll know better what I mean after you've heard them. While 
 we are speaking of churches, let me say that the church and 
 convent of Santa Clara here was founded by the son of the 
 afore-named Fernando, named Diego. This cacique had an only 
 daughter for whom he was very anxious to provide ; he built this 
 convent and made her its first novice. He also founded the 
 church and hospital of the ' Purisima Concepcion.' " 
 
 " Did you say he was an Indian?" 
 
 "Yes, a chief, as was his father; but the Indians were given 
 over to idolatry, and so a good monk made them an image to 
 worship. The good man argued, 'If they will worship an image, 
 let them have a good one to worship.' He accordingly con- 
 structed a nearly life-size image of the Virgin for their shrine. 
 It can be seen in its costly camarin in the church at Pueblito, 
 the popular name of the little hamlet of San Francisco, just 
 west of Quer^taro." 
 
 "This is a pretty place, and no mistake," said the Captain 
 as they came upon the plaza. " Here are soriie rare plants, and 
 what a fine fountain ! " 
 
 " Yes, pretty it is, sure enough. The plants are not so very 
 rare, however. These are the first of the kind you have seen on 
 the plateau, but you will see plenty of them south of this point. 
 
You'll see some more in the beautiful gardens which we shall 
 visit; especially at the Hercules mill there is a fine display." 
 
 "Mill ! what kind of a mill?" asked the Captain. " We have 
 not seen any, at least not many manufactories in the country so 
 fiir ; a few flour mills and a few cotton factories are all I can 
 recall, except the various ore reduction works." 
 
 '•' Quite true, Mexico lacks manufactories. She is supplying 
 ' a long-felt want ' as rapidly as she can, but there are some 
 very fine establishments now, and this Hercules mill is one 
 of the finest in any land. It is well worth a visit. Beauty 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^■i 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ll|||o 
 
 
 
 ->-_ ^&^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 5^* 
 
 ''-V^J^'^^ 
 
 ir'"2^S! 
 
 
 ^9| 
 
 ^^Sife' "^ ^^^fSttt^^W^ 
 
 '"" ^'^^3^^^^^^^*^^ 
 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
 hH^^P 
 
 ^HJlJ^^^^IB^t^v^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 ^KtSkaB^'^^^i:..^^ 
 
 dJ^^H^^^^HBcB^^IH 
 
 
 
 nn 
 
 seems to be a partner, though a silent partner, of business there. 
 Statuary, fountains, parks, flowers, and fruits combine to instruct, 
 refresh, and delight operatives and visitors alike at the Hercules. 
 Palms and banana plants make the gardens look like a section of 
 some tropical park. But the high walls, with loopholes for 
 muskets, seem to indicate that once, if not now, this peaceful 
 scene of beauty was not free from alarm, and prepared for war." 
 
 "What are those beautiful arches?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 "They are a part of the great stone aqueduct by which the 
 
city is supplied with water from the mountains. The water is 
 brought about fi\e miles across the plain. There are nearly 
 eighty of those arches, and some of them are over ninety feet 
 high. The aqueduct is a great piece of work. It is not so long 
 as that of San Cosme at the capital, which has nine hundred 
 arches, but its height makes it very impressive. The city owes 
 this luxury chiefly to the generosity of the Marques de la Villa 
 del Villar de la Aguila (pretty name), whose statue you see in 
 the main plaza. This is one of the prettiest plazas, by the way, 
 in this land of parks and gardens." 
 
 "Well, he did a great thing for the people and deserves a 
 statue," said the Captain. " A much better use of his money 
 this than church and convent building, don't you think so?" 
 
 " Well, I think these people must think so, if they think at all. 
 You'll be surprised, as you go farther, at the amount of labor 
 expended by the people in ' packing ' water. The Aguador you 
 have seen already in abundance, but you'll see more of him later 
 on. Yes, the Marques is greater than Coricz. The sun does its 
 part, but the Marques has enabled Querctaro to revel in the 
 
luxury which only a good water supply can render possible. The 
 former statue was shattered by a cannon-ball during the siege, 
 but this finer one rightly takes its place." 
 
 "Siege! what siege?" asked the Captain; "has there ever 
 been war here? " 
 
 " Certainly, have you forgotten so soon the story of Santiago 
 and the Cross? The Mexican Horatii?" 
 
 "Oh, that was a tradition, you said." 
 
 " Perhaps, but it was about war, though it was only a fisti- 
 cuiif and hoof business, a kind of football scrimmage, with no 
 touch-tlown for the team from Quer^taro. This place witnessed 
 the downfall of an empire. Over on that ' Hill of the bells ' 
 (Cerro de las campanas), east of the city, the Emperor Maxi- 
 milian was executed, with two of his generals, Miramon and 
 Mejia. You can see the crosses which mark the spot where 
 they met death." 
 
 "Tell us about it, please," said the Captain. 
 
 "First a few words about the siege of 1810. Hidalgo and his 
 associates, who were getting ready to strike for the freedom of 
 Mexico from Spanish rule, had many friends here in this city 
 which has always been known as one of the most conservative 
 towns in the country ; a church town, if you please. When 
 the cause of Hidalgo failed for the time, this place had to suffer 
 for its disloyalty to the king and its loyalty to the patriots. 
 
 "The latest siege occurred in 1867. Maximilian and his 
 forces were shut up here, and Gen. Escobedo with the Liberal 
 army besieged the city. On the 19th of May, the Emperor was 
 captured, and the crosses on yonder hill tell you the result." 
 
 " But I want to know about the war, the why and the where- 
 fore," said the Corporal. " Please tell us about that." 
 
 "It is a long story," said the Captain. "You must read it." 
 
 " Oh, I think I can make a short story of it," said the Major; 
 "however, it is well, right here where it ended, to recall the main 
 facts about the Empire of Maximilian. 
 
 10; 
 
"In iS6i, the Mexican Congress decreed a suspension of 
 payment on foreign debts. The principal creditors were Eng- 
 land, France, and Spain. These three nations united in a 
 hostile demonstration for the purpose of enforcing a repeal of 
 the decree. Mexican agents of the party which opposed Juarez 
 and the Liberals urged intervention, and the foreign forces were 
 sent to Vera Cruz in January, 1862. Commissioners came along 
 with the troops, and an agreement was made with Juarez that 
 when satisfaction was obtainetl the forces should be withdrawn. 
 A treaty was soon made and approved by all parties. The English 
 and Spanish troops returned home. But France withdrew 
 approval of the treaty, kept her forces in Mexico, and sent 
 others to re-enforce them. In May, 1S62, the French forces 
 marched on the capital. At Puebla they were held in check 
 by Gen. Zaragoza, and by this repulse President Juarez was 
 enabled to stay in the capital a year longer, in which time his 
 cause was greatly strengthened. But Puebla fell in May, 1863, 
 and Juarez and his cabinet were compelled to leave the city of 
 Mexico. In June, 1S63, the French took possession of it. 
 Juarez had his capital wherever night overtook him ; he 
 tramped all over the country with the government. Vera Cruz, 
 Guadalajara, San Luis Potosi, Paso del Norte, and other places 
 were at various times ' the capital ' in Juarez's time. On the i6th 
 of July, 1863, a convention of the leaders of the Conservative 
 or Church party declared that Mexico should be governed by a 
 hereditary monarch, and that the ruler should be a Catholic. 
 They offered the crown to Archduke Maximilian, brother of the 
 Emperor of Austria. Maximilian accepted the crown. He 
 required two things as conditions : first, an election by the 
 people of Mexico; second, that Napoleon III. should support 
 him by military force so long as such force was necessary. In 
 June, 1864, Maximilian and Carlotta his wife (a daughter of the 
 king of Belgium) were crowned Emperor and Empress of 
 Mexico. Their reign was short. The Emperor soon found that 
 
 104 
 

 
 ^:-i?'''*"^''^is^^'^L.^vi -^ 
 
 r-^' 
 
 
 f-' ''"^-W/^i^" 
 
 
 
 OLD SPRING, NEAR QUERETARO. 
 
his policy of reconciliation pleased neither party. Bad ad- 
 visers made trouble, and worst of all for him the United States 
 notified Emperor Napoleon III. that there was no occasion and no 
 room on the continent of North America for a monarchy. This 
 was practically a notice to (}uit, and Napoleon so understood it. 
 He withdrew the French troops, and Maximilian was left to his fate. 
 He made a feeble defence, but was captured here, as I have said. 
 Efforts were made to save his life, but it seemed to be a political 
 necessity that he should be executed. Accordingly he was shot 
 June 19, 1867." 
 
 " A sad end of the three-year visit to Mexico," said the 
 Captain, 
 
 " Yes, very sad. Poor Carlotta lost her reason; her husband 
 lost his crown and his life. A knowledge of this sad story will 
 make the visit to that dreary hill one of interest., 
 
 "In the town are various mementoes of the Emperor. You can 
 see the table on which the officials signed the death sentence ; 
 the stools on which Miramon and Mejia sat at the trial in the 
 Yturbide Theatre : there would have 
 been a third had the Emperor been 
 present, but he was ill and did 
 not attend, except by repre- 
 sentative. The rough coffin in 
 which Maximilian's body was 
 brought from the place of exe- 
 cution can also be seen here. The 
 room in the Convent of the Capu- 
 
 cines in which the Emperor was confined can be visited, though 
 now it is a part of a private house. A sight of these mournful 
 relics will add a new interest to those of the Emperor seen in 
 the museum at the capital, which remind you of his palmy days, 
 if he had any, in Mexico. There you will see the gold and 
 silver service of his palace, his state carriage, and other insignia 
 of royalty. As you drive on the paseo you will think of Carlotta 
 
 105 
 
and her husband, who planned and executed the construction 
 of that famous thoroughfare, but when you look from the heights 
 of Chapultepec towards this lonely plain of Quer(^taro, you \vill 
 think of the beginning and of the end of Maximilian in Mexico. 
 6VV transit gloria nii/m/i." 
 
 " Indeed, it is an interesting story," said the boys. 
 
 " Yes, but I have only outlined it ; you must read it up when 
 you get home. It is a valuable episode in the history, not only 
 of a country, but of a continent. It teaches the rulers of Europe 
 and of the Old World that this side of the globe is reserved for 
 republics, and that no autocrats or monarchs need apply." 
 
 "I wonder what Napoleon III. thought when he heard the 
 news from Washington," said the Captain. 
 
 " I think he was nearly as much surprised as when he heard 
 the news from Met/.. You know the old joke : 'He went out to 
 see Dan, and saw William.' He came here to see Mexico, and 
 saw Sewaid. The United States may have done wrong to 
 Mexico in 1847, but in 1867 Mexico had great cause for 
 gratitude to Uncle Sam, and had proof that he is a friendly 
 neighbor." 
 
 " Well, that's enough of history, Major ; all interesting of 
 course, but I want to look into this opal business a little," said 
 the Captain. 
 
 "Of course this is the opal station just as IrajMiato is the straw- 
 berry station, and Celaya is the candy station. Somebody has 
 said that in (^ueretaro 'it is always about A. D. 1640, and four 
 o'clock in the afternoon.' Perhaps that is so, but it is a lively 
 town in the matter of opals. In the early tlawn and in the 
 dusky evening, by the noonday glare and by the flickering torch 
 at night, the o])al seller welcomes the coming guest to Queretaro. 
 liut the bi-st time to ])urchase is the mornent of departure of the 
 train, ^\'hen the coniluctor says, '\'amonos,' then doth the oj)al 
 man know that it is 'now or never' with the passenger who has 
 hesitated and will soon be lost." 
 
 106 
 
"Some of the stones are very beautiful, are they not?" said 
 the Captain, "and very cheap?" 
 
 "Yes, they are both, but when a man is buying jewels he 
 wants plenty of time to examine them. In this case he will sel- 
 dom find a jewel at the station. It is doubtless a fact that once 
 in a while there is a fine stone offered for sale very cheap. It 
 may have been stolen, but probably what is said to be nwy 
 botiita is not so bonita, and may prove very defective." 
 
 "Well, I saw some as we came along," said the Captain, 
 " that looked fine and were certainly cheap, even if they were a 
 little defective." 
 
 "No doubt," answered the Major; "I have often been sur- 
 prised at the small price asked for such good-looking stones. 
 They were cheap, any way you could fix it. If they were only 
 pieces of brick polished, or a common pebble doctored to refract 
 light, they would be cheap at the money ; the work on them 
 must be worth more than is asked for them. I once saw a 
 hundred opals sold for five dollars, but I also once saw a single 
 opal sold for five hundred dollars. So you see there are opals 
 and opals, as well as buyers and buyers." 
 
 " If I can find a good bargain I am going to take it," said the 
 Captain. 
 
 "You'll find it, my boy; it is here and you needn't look for it, 
 it will come to you. There it comes now," said the Major, as 
 he saw a seller siding up to the party, and preparing to open his 
 little black-paper parcel. And sure enough the Captain and his 
 money were soon parted ; the Mexican felt in another pocket 
 for another bargain for the Corporal, a better bargain he said 
 than had just been taken ! The little Corporal evidently thought 
 it good enough for him, and some more money was exchanged 
 for opals right then and there. 
 
 The Major, an old bird, was evidently not approachable. The 
 vender scarcely ventured to try hnn as a purchaser. It was 
 clear to the Mexican that that man " had been there before." 
 
 107 
 
The Major heard the story of the seller to the boys, and after- 
 ward told them that the transaction recalled Aldrich's experience 
 at the fair at Nijnii-Novgorod, where the seller tells a wonderful 
 storv of a jewel which he was offering for three hundred rubles. 
 He said a Jew had bought it ; 
 
 " Hut bought it cheap to sull it dear, 
 The ways of trade are cruel. 
 
 " But I — be Allah's all the praise ! — 
 Such avarice I scoff it ! 
 If I buy cheap, why, I sell cheap. 
 Content with modest profit. 
 
 " This ring, such chasing, look milord, 
 What workmanship ! by Heaven, 
 The price I name you makes the thing 
 As if the thing were given ! 
 
 " A stone without a flaw, a queen 
 Might not disdain to wear it, 
 Three hiindrcd x\xh\ts buys the stone. 
 No kopeck less, I swear it. 
 
 "Thus Hassan, holding up the ring 
 To me no eager buyer, 
 A hundred ruijles was not much 
 To pay so sweet a liar." 
 
 1 08 
 
/\ 
 
Leaving Quer(5taro, we begin to rise from the IJajio, but still 
 run for thirty miles or more through the same rich agricultural 
 country to San Juan del Rio, a thriving city of about 20,000 
 inhabitants. It is an important point with respect to business,, 
 being the distributing centre of a productive district, but it does 
 not offer much to the tourist. Just below this station we pass 
 into the state of Hidalgo and ascend the great plain of Cazadero, 
 thus named from the fact that here took place the great hunt 
 with which the natives honored the first Spanish viceroy, 
 jMendoza, in 1540, showing their good-will and welcome 
 to the new 
 
 more than eleven hundred feet 
 
 above San Juan del Rio. 
 
 The scenery about here 
 
 is very fine, including 
 
 ruler in this characteristic way. 
 At the station Cazadero we are 
 
 I,A CANADA, NKAR IIEKCL'I.ES. 
 
 valley, plain, and mountain. Frequent haciendas dot the wide 
 landscape, and show that farms now occupy the territory of the 
 great hunt of three hundred and fifty years ago. 
 
 And now the climb begins . in good earnest. In the next 
 twenty-five miles we rise 800 feet, and at Leiia we reach the 
 highest point on the whole line, an altitude of 8,133 feet. The 
 scenery now becomes bolder and more impressive, and for the 
 
 109 
 
iKxt luxnty-five miles we enjoy some of the finest views on the 
 route. Our descent begins at once, and in less than an hour and 
 a half we are at Tula, nearly 1,500 feet below Lena, but also 700 
 feet lower than the city of Mexico, fifty miles away. The ride 
 down the mountain is a succession of surprises. The greater 
 quantity of semi tropical vegetation that appears here makes a 
 
 VIEW l-KDM Till': SfMMlT. 
 
 most agreeable change from the comparatively barren region 
 above, and awakens great expectations as to the renowned 
 country below and beyond. We know that here we are on the 
 hills over which the mysterious Toltecs came into the valley of 
 Tula from the north in the year 64S ! We have come over the 
 
 110 
 
Santa F6 trail in the States, and now we are on the trail of th«> 
 Toltecs in Mexico, close to their camp and capital. 
 
 Talk about old Mexico ! When you get to Tula, you havt 
 reached a place which was an important town more than a 
 thousand years ago ; that is, seven or eight hundred years before 
 the time of Cortes. 
 
 Tula was the capital of Mexico until A. D. 1325. The Toltecs 
 founded it, and the Chichimec tribe conquered it four hundred 
 years afterward, or about A. D. 1200. The casas granges, im- 
 mense columns and images found in ruins buried and unburied 
 at various places in and near the present Tula, indicate its former 
 greatness and importance. For an extensive account of explo- 
 rations here one must read Charnay ; but one can, in a day's 
 excursion from the city of Mexico, visit the sites of some of the 
 ancient temples and palaces. He can see some broken columns 
 in the plaza ; an old Toltec baptismal font in the fort-like 
 looking church of San Jos6 ; and a bridge, across the Tula River, 
 which is one of the oldest structures of the kind on the continent. 
 The old church, in the great square, is unique. It was built in 
 1553, and evidently served two purposes, one of worship, the 
 other of protection from hostile tribes. The walls are seven feet 
 thick. The building is about two hundred feet in length, forty- 
 one in width, and eighty-two in height, with a tower one 
 hundred and twenty-five feet high. The cloister is now a stable 
 for the horses of the rural guard, and the pictures on the walls, 
 which were once the delight of devout worshippers, still present 
 to the view of the soldiers (and visitors) the worthy deeds of 
 the good San Francisco. The atrium before the church is sur- 
 rounded by a high turreted wall, which gives the whole establish- 
 ment the appearance of a strong fortification. 
 
 Tula is a quaint place. Most of it is of the average, not to 
 say ancient, Mexican kind, but modern notions have made a 
 show also. There is a very pretty little hotel called The 
 Montezuma, which offers hospitality to the visitor for a small 
 
consideration. Modern lime-kilns, un the northern suburb of 
 the village, make business as well as lime. A visit to the plaza 
 and market place is interesting, and a walk through the paseo, 
 under great green arches, to the river and the old bridge, on the 
 way to the great ruins, can never be forgotten. The scenery 
 all about Tula is fine. No one who is interested in the Mexico 
 that is "older than Egypt" can afford to slight Tula, and the 
 lover of beautiful scenery will find satisfaction in a visit. 
 
 Crossing the little market place near the plaza, the party 
 turned into the highway to Mexico which leads out of the village 
 
 '& 
 
 by a wide causeway shaded by immense trees, and came to the 
 old bridge over Tula River. 
 
 "This is the finest bit of scenery we have looked at," said the 
 Captain. " It is just perfect, so much foliage, such green fields, 
 and then the vines, and the flowers, and the river !" 
 
 " Vou can find no prettier landscape than this anywhere," said 
 the Major. "On the Lernia there are bits like it, but none 
 prettier. I don't wonder that the Toltecs settled here, or that 
 their successors and heirs made their capital here." 
 
 "And this river?" asked the Corporal, "does it run into the 
 Pacific?" 
 
 112 
 
" No, it empties into the Gulf of Mexico through the river 
 Panuco, which enters the gulf at Tampico. Speaking of water 
 reminds me of drink," continued the Major; " and thinking 
 of drink in Mexico reminds me of ////<///<?." 
 
 " Oh, pulque ! yes we must know about that, I've heard of it," 
 said the Corporal. "That is the national tipple, isn't it ? " 
 
 " No, not that, they don't tipple it, they pour it down," an- 
 swered the Major. " What beer is to the German, pulque is to 
 the Mexican. This is a good 
 place to talk about it, for right 
 here in Tula pulque was dis- 
 covered or invented. Here it 
 became a beverage of royalty, 
 and at the same time it became 
 a torpedo, which blew up the 
 kingdom of which Tula was the 
 capital." 
 
 " Why, how romantic ! Tell 
 us about it." 
 
 " Well, first I'll tell you what 
 it is, and then the story of the 
 fall of the Toltec Empire. 
 
 "There is a wonderful plant 
 here in Mexico called the mag- 
 uey. We call it in general 'the 
 century plant.' It is said that 
 there are thirty-three varieties 
 of the plant on these high plateaus, of which it is a native. It 
 flourishes best at an elevation of about seven thousand feet. 
 You'll see miles of maguey fields east of us here, and east of the 
 capital as you go to Vera Cruz or Puebla." 
 
 "Is it really a century plant? " asked the Captain. 
 
 " No, it is not. The average life of the maguey is, perhaps, 
 twelve years. In its enormous leaves, often eight or ten feet 
 
 113 
 
long, a foot wide, and half a foot thick, it stores its juices for 
 ten or twelve years, and finally produces its flower and dies. 
 This flowering is prevented by cutting out the heart and stem 
 of the plant. The reservoir thus formed at the base of the great 
 leaves now receives their sap, and this sap is gathered by the In- 
 dians. It is sweet, and hence is called ag»a mid (honey-water). 
 .After a process of fermentation for twenty-four hours it is pulque, 
 and twenty- four hours after that it is swi/l." 
 
 " How much of this sap will a plant yield?" 
 
 An astonishing quantity. From a hundred to a hundred and 
 fifty gallons ! " 
 
 " Gallons ! you mean quarts, Major." 
 
 "No, gallons ! The maguey is no little maple-tree. A good 
 plant yields twelve pints a day for two or three months : you 
 can figure that up. Pulque making (and drinking) is an enor- 
 mous business ; the city of Mexico alone consumes one hundred 
 thousand pints every day in the year. In this little state of Hi- 
 dalgo the maguey haciendas are valued at $8,000,000." 
 
 " Well, Major, while you are talking about drinks, tell us about 
 those others, wesca/ and tequila,''' said the Captain. 
 
 " Pulque is the fermented juice of the largest maguey. Mes- 
 cal is a very fiery and intoxicating liquor obtained by distillation 
 from the root and central part of another and smaller variety of 
 the plant. Tequila is simply a brand of mescal. A famous 
 hacienda named Tequila produces the best, and all mescal is 
 called tequila, just as all cigars are called Havanas. Now, about 
 the discovery of pulque, and the dire disaster which followed ; 
 it is something like Charles Lamb's story of the discovery of 
 roast pig. Prepare for tough names. 
 
 " There was once a Toltec chief named Tepaulcatzin. He 
 lived and died in ten hundred and something. At the court of 
 this chief, here in Tula, was a nobleman named Papantzin. He 
 was the fother of pulque as well as of a very beautiful daughter 
 named Xochitl, called the ' Flower of 'iula.' To the monarch 
 
 I 1 } 
 
he sent a sample of the new beverage with his compliments, by 
 the hand of his daughter. The chief was delighted with the 
 drink and with the daughter, to say nothing of the compliments. 
 He asked the maiden to make her home at the palace, and she 
 returned not to papa Papantzin, who mourned for a while, but 
 afterwards became reconciled, and likewise became the grand- 
 father of a prince, who in time took the throne of the Toltecs. 
 Mrs. Tepaulcatzin didn't like to see the son of the Flower of 
 Tula take the throne away from her own boy, and there was a 
 family row, which resulted at last in the downfall of the Toltec 
 tribe." 
 
 "And here is where pulque and the row began? " 
 
 " Right here ; perhaps 
 the pretty girl passed over 
 this very path on her way 
 to the palace with her gift. 
 You'll see a beautiful pic- 
 ture of the great event of 
 the presentation in the art 
 gallery at the capital." 
 
 "Where is that train 
 from, the one now cross- 
 ing the bridge?" 
 
 "That is from Pachuca, a great mining town in this state, 
 forty-three miles east of Tula. This is the junction point, and 
 we may stop here again on our way to that city. We are only 
 fifty miles now from the capital, but we must on the way 
 down, or up rather, talk about and look at a great piece of 
 work which has no parallel in the history of civilization, — the 
 cut or canal of Nochistongo. This is an open cut more than 
 twelve miles in length, with an average depth of one hundred 
 and eighty feet, and an average width of four hundred feet. 
 The work is said to have cost many thousand lives and eighteen 
 million dollars ; but it is a failure, so far as its main purpose is 
 
concemsd. It was intended to save the city of Mexico from 
 inundation. The capital occupies ground only six feet higher 
 than the lowest part of the valley. Lake Texcoco, in its nor- 
 mal condition, is lower than the city, but any flood that raises 
 the water in Texcoco more than six feet endangers the city. 
 There are five other lakes in the valley, the highest of which 
 is Lake Zumpango, situated east of this cut. The river Cuatit- 
 lan empties into Zumpango. Plngineers believed that if the 
 course of this river were turned from the lake into the Tula, 
 the city would be safe, and this canal was made as a pas- 
 sageway for the waters of the Cuatitlan. The river does not 
 now threaten the city, but the heavy rains in this region often 
 alarm the people by raising Texcoco nearly to the danger line, 
 and it has been proved that safety requires better provision 
 for drainage." 
 
 " Have floods ever occurred in the city?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " Several times. Once the city was a veritable Venice for 
 five years ! all communication was by boats. That time was 
 long ago, between the years 1629 and 1634. Many houses 
 collapsed, and thousands of people were drowned. The king of 
 Spain sent orders to remove the city to higher ground at 
 Tacubaya, but the orders were not carried out. The govern- 
 ment at various times, during the last two hundred years, has 
 attempted to provide drainage for the valley and for the city, 
 but hitherto without success. A work is now in progress, how- 
 ever, which, when completed, will render further trouble from 
 water in the city very nearly impossible. A canal thirty miles 
 long, twenty-six feet wide, and twenty feet below the main 
 square, is to extend to Lake Zumpango, from which the waters, 
 by a tunnel seven miles long, will be carried out of the valley 
 into the ravine of Tequizquiac. This great work will be com- 
 pleted in 1894." 
 
 The Mexican Central Railway track runs through the cut of 
 Nochistongo about fifty feet above the stream, and a good view 
 
 116 
 
of the canon miy be obtained from the right-hand side of the 
 south-bound train. A pleasant excursion to this vicinity can be 
 made by going out on the morning, and returning on the even- 
 ing train. The excursionist, however, should not forget to 
 take along a lunch, as the Hotel de Nochistongo is a veritable 
 "Hotel de No Hay." 
 
 117 
 
VII. 
 
 "A thousand years scarce serve to form a state: 
 An hour may lay it in the dust." 
 
 ChilJe Ilarohrs Pilgrimage. 
 
 "The use of traveHin}^ is to regulate the imagination by reality, and in- 
 stead of thinking how things may Ik-, to see them as they are." 
 
 Dr. yohnsott. 
 
 BEFORE we reach the city, where our attention will 
 be absorbed by the scenes immediately about us, it 
 will be well to get a good idea of the Valley of 
 V Mexico. The common conception of a valley is 
 r not the correct one for this region. The Valley of 
 Mexico is a basin about seventy miles 
 in length and forty- five 
 miles in width, meas- 
 ured through the ex- 
 tremities. It extends 
 from Pachuca on the 
 northeast to the mountains 
 south of I^ke Chalco, and 
 the Sierra Nevada range on 
 the east to the Sierra de las Cruces range on the west. This 
 valley has an area of seventeen hundred and fifty square miles, 
 about a fourth greater than the State of Rhode Island. It is 
 divided nearly in halves by a low range of mountains. In the 
 northern half are three small lakes and scores of small villages, 
 but no large towns except Pachuca. In the southern half are 
 three large lakes, many large villages, and the city of Mexico. 
 
 ii8 
 
The lowest portion of the basin is Lake Texcoco, which is only 
 six feet below the level of the city. The bottom of the valley 
 has an elevation of 7,400 feet, while the highest point on the 
 sides is about 17,777 feet above the sea. We enter the northern 
 half of the valley through the cut of Nochistongo, and the 
 southern half through an opening on the western side of Sierra 
 Guadalupe. The view from Chapultepec, or from the Cathedral 
 towers, or from any eminence south of the city, commonly 
 spoken of as "a view of the Valley of Mexico," includes in fact 
 only a part of this southern half, or an area of perhaps one hun- 
 dred square miles. At our feet is the city, a little beyond are 
 the lakes, a little farther off many cei-ros or 
 hills from two hundred to seven hundred feet 
 high, beyond these are higher broken moun- 
 tains, and around the whole enclosure, contain- 
 ing city, lakes, towns, hundreds of hamlets, and 
 scores of these lesser mountains, rise the far-away 
 ranges, the two highest points of which are covered 
 with perpetual snow. This is the view of which 
 Humboldt says: "There can be no richer, 
 no more varied spectacle than that which 
 the Valley of Mexico presents on a beautiful 
 morning, when the heavens are clear and of 
 that turquoise blue which is so peculiar to 
 the dry and thin atmosphere of high moun- 
 tains." But it is well to know and to remember that the Valley 
 of Mexico is a vastly larger region than can be seen from any 
 point either within or without it. 
 
 In this valley we are in the earliest home of man on this con- 
 tinent. To say nothing of traditions about the Ulmeca, we have 
 accounts of the settlement here of the Chichimecs in A. D. 635. 
 A hundred years after that the Toltecs came, and these were 
 succeeded by the Aztecs in A. D. 890. Their name for the re- 
 gion was Anahuac, meaning " the place of water." 
 
 119 
 
This is the proper place to array some facts concerning the in- 
 habitants of the country in general, and concerning the people of 
 the Valley of Mexico in particular. Mexico has a population of 
 nearly 12,000,000. Of this number about 19 per cent is Euro- 
 pean, fully 38 per cent is In<lian and 43 per cent a mixed race, a 
 composite of Indian and white (Mestizos), of Indian and black 
 (Zambos), and of black and white (Mulatos) ; these last found 
 mostly on the coast. There are no slaves in Mexico : slavery 
 was abolished in 1829. It is estimated that there are fully 
 2,000,000 Aztecs and about 1,500,000 of the Otomites and 
 Zapotecs now living ^^^m^mm^m^^^^^m ^^ the Republic. 
 The famous Presi- ^^HSSj^^AlS^^^H d^i^t Benito Juarez 
 was a full-blood Za- ^^^^^^BBmRS^^I potec, and one of 
 the ancestors of ^^^Lrv^KSfll^^H President Diaz is of 
 
 MEKLIIANI 
 
 the same tribe. The Aztec language is still spoken, as is also 
 the Zapotec ; and while the Spanish is the prevailing language, 
 there are 4,000,000 Mexicans (one third of the population) who 
 neither use nor understand it. Of the 10,000 foreigners settled 
 in Mexico, 5,000 are Spaniards, and the other half is composed 
 of Frenchmen, Englishmen, (iermans, .Americans, and Italians. 
 Only 2,044 foreigners have been naturalized. There are about 
 
i,ooo Chinese in the country. Everybody who can afford to 
 buy, borrow, or steal one, "packs" a pistol, but the ratio of 
 criminals is not large. Seventy-five per cent of the criminals 
 arrested cannot read. The chief occupations of the natives are 
 farming, mining, stock raising, fishing, and small trade. For- 
 eigners do most of the banking and railroading of Mexico. 
 Having spoken of the people of the country in general, we may 
 answer the question : What about the people of this most 
 favored portion of the Republic? At the capital city, containing 
 a population of 330,000, are the best schools in 
 the Republic, and one may suppose that the , , 
 people of the Federal District, composing '^' ■ 
 (with the city) a population of about half 
 a million, would be much higher in edu- 
 cation than those of any other section. 
 
 The following figures, taken from a 
 late census, tell their own story, and 
 the reader can from them draw his 
 own conclusions. The exact population 
 of the Federal District in 1889 was 
 451,246 (214,544 men and 236,702 
 women). Of this population, 437,860 
 were Catholics. Only 162,000 are able 
 to read and write : of these 7,000 are 
 foreigners; 145,000 are recorded as 
 having no occupation; 91,000 are reg- 
 istered as scholars and students ; 74,000 as servants and la- 
 borers ; 67,800 as artisans; 22,000 merchants and clerks; 
 8,500 soldiers and sailors; and 7,500 as government employes. 
 It will be seen by these figures that there is a great work for 
 the schoolmaster to do. More schools and more wage-giving 
 work are the two things most needed now in Mexico. 
 
 As we approach the city, Aztec names appear on the stations. 
 Huehuetoca, Teoloyucan, Tlalnepantla, how strange they seem ! 
 
 BROOM SELLER, 
 
From Huehuetoca on the left we see for the first time the glistening 
 peaks of the volcanoes. The garden spot of the valley is south 
 and west of the city, but we see about us here every sign of 
 fertility, and evidence of thrift ; every inch of ground is utilized 
 for grain or garden or grazing. Evidently we are near a market, 
 for the roads are alive with natives carrying their packs of 
 vegetables, fruits, fowls, wood, hay, and flowers, somewhere 
 beyond ; they are "going to market." Soon we see hundreds of 
 domes and towers ; we cross a few straggling streets and enter 
 
 the capital at its northwest corner. " The stranger within the 
 gates" is not within massive walls, but he is within walls of water, 
 for there is a moat around the city, and where the country roads 
 cross this canal to enter the city are the i^arifas (gates) estab- 
 lished for customs purposes. 
 
 Let us look about us, and see the new before we go into the 
 city to study the old. The fine three-story brick building, in 
 which are the general offices of the Mexican Central Railway 
 
Company, contrasts curiously with the heavy-looking squat 
 adobe structures in the vicinity. It is perha])s the only pitch- 
 roof building in the city. On the lower floor is the treasury 
 department, occupying the front rooms ; back of these are the 
 offices of the passenger and freight departments. The rear of 
 the building is occupied by the offices of the auditor's depart- 
 ment, in which are employed from seventy to eighty clerks. On 
 this floor also will be found the telegraph operators, and the 
 division and local officials. 
 
 On the second floor, the west side of the building is occupied 
 by the general manager and his clerks. The offices of the assist- 
 ant manager and his force occupy the east side of this floor. 
 The third story is devoted to the use of the engineering de- 
 partment. 
 
 Just west of this office building is the passenger station where 
 are the waiting and baggage rooms, ticket and express offices ; 
 an iron railing keeps " the reception committee " away from 
 arriving and departing trains ; the passenger coaches await their 
 
 123 
 
occupants within an enclosure, having a floor of concrete, and an 
 iron roof supported by piers or columns of stone. It has no 
 walls, and therefore it is as light and airy as a tent without sides. 
 North of these buildings lies the yard in which are cars of all 
 degrees from freight to Pullman, the offices of the material 
 department, the hospital, the shops, round-houses, and other 
 buildings pertaining to the operating department, and the store- 
 houses from which the requirements of a large part of the line 
 are supplied. Around the property is a canal which serves the 
 purpose of a fence or wall ; this canal is bordered by trees, and 
 the railroad yard in the vicinity of the buildings has quite a park- 
 like appearance. 
 
 Near the gate at the passenger station we see a car which 
 seems to be a fixture, and is entered by a flight of steps to its 
 rear platform. This is the Railroad Men's Reading-Room. 
 Here are papers, magazines, and other current literature. In 
 the front end of the car is a library of perhaps a thousand vol- 
 umes. Neither the reader of this statement nor the visitor to 
 Mexico is prohibited by law from contributing to this library. 
 
 It is not an easy thing to find in the city of Mexico a reading- 
 room where can be found the latest and best American periodi- 
 cals, although there are stores where some of them can be 
 bjught. This reading-room is a valuable institution, and speaks 
 well for the intelligence and enterprise of its founders and sup- 
 porters. The company gives the use of a car, and in due time 
 will provide a fine room for the association, but the reading- 
 room and library are sustained by contributions of members 
 and patrons. 
 
 In a large yard, shut off from the street by a high wall, are 
 waiting, at train times, scores of carriages for the conveyance of 
 passengers to points in the city ; from the east side of this 
 enclosure we pass through a gate into the street near Buena 
 Vista I'lace, the first and the last street of Mexico for passengers 
 by the Mexican Central Raihvay. 
 
 124 
 
VIII. 
 
 *' Lax in their gaiters and laxer in their gait." 
 
 The Theatre. 
 
 " Infinite riches in a little room." 
 
 The yew of Malta. 
 
 F\VIDENTLY we shall have space for only a 
 small part of the very interesting matter 
 that might be written about the city of 
 Mexico. The history of the city is sub- 
 j stantially the history of the country. 
 For more than five and a half centuries 
 it has been a capital where successively 
 cacique, conqueror, viceroy, emperor, 
 dictator, or president has made and 
 executed the laws of the land. It has 
 always been the commercial as well as 
 the social and political centre of the 
 country. 
 
 On an island in Lake Texcoco, in 
 the year 13 12, the Aztecs, after wan- 
 dering more than seven hundred years, discovered the prophetic 
 sign by which they were to know where to make their final 
 home. Here they laid the foundations of the place which was 
 called Tenochtitlan, in honor of their holy guide, and also 
 Mexico, in honor of their war god Mexitli ; and Mexico is the 
 name not only of the country, but of a state in the national 
 union, of the valley, and of the Federal District. The relation 
 
 125 
 
of the ancient to the modern city we will trace as we visit 
 various points. 
 
 " Well, I suppose we shall go at once to the plaza, as usual," 
 said the Captain, as the party left the station. 
 
 " Oh, no, not this time ! First we will go to the hotel. The 
 expressman has our checks, and we can wend our way as we 
 please." 
 
 " What hotel do we go to, Major? " 
 
 " The Iturbide is the place for us. The Jardin is liked better 
 by some, but we can get along well enough in a palace, can't 
 we?" 
 
 " A palace ! " exclaimed the Captain. "We've slept in a con- 
 vent, and now we are going to a palace ! Great country this ! " 
 
 " You can go to another convent or hospital, if you prefer the 
 Jardin. That hotel is part of the old San Francisco monastery. 
 All its rooms open upon a garden, and at first sight one would 
 prefer quarters there ; but the Iturbide is a much larger estab- 
 lishment, and we'll try it there. If we care to do so, we can 
 move to the Jardin afterwards." 
 
 The boys were quite surprised to see the great number of 
 carriages waiting in the yard, and quite as much surprised at the 
 absence of noise among the drivers. 
 
 " We need not take a carriage, as we know the way," said the 
 Major ; " we will walk. But notice here the little flags on the 
 coaches ; little tin flags on the left side of the driver." 
 
 " Yes, I see one : it is blue. What does that mean? " 
 
 "The flag indicates that the hack is unengaged, and the 
 color indicates the class of carriage. Blue flags mean first- 
 class, red flags second, and yellow flags third-class coaches. 
 These hacks are under municipal control, and the tariff for ser- 
 vice is fixed. In each coach is a tariff" card, so that he who 
 rides may read and know just what he ought to pay." 
 
 The first thing that calls for notice is the new statue of Colum- 
 bus in the square of Buena Vista, a short distance from the 
 
 126 
 
station. (It was unveiled on the 12th of October, 1892, by 
 President Diaz.) It is a handsome memorial, but not as im- 
 posing as the larger one erected on the Paseo de la Reforma. 
 The wide street just south of this statue is the " Avenue of Illustri- 
 ous Men," extending from San Cosme to the Cathedral. It was 
 the western causeway from the old island city to the mainland. 
 Over this road fled Cortes and his followers on the famous night 
 called "the sad," la noclie triste. Into this ancient highway the 
 party turned, near the spot where Captain Alvarado is said to 
 have saved his life by a leap over the moat. They made their 
 way through the crowd of street merchants near San Fernando 
 to the Alameda, one of the most beautiful promenade parks in 
 the world. Crossing the park diagonally they entered San 
 Francisco Street, and soon arrived at the entrance to the Hotel 
 Iturbide. This building is palatial only in its dimensions. It 
 is the largest hotel in Mexico, and the only one that indulges in 
 the luxury of an elevator. The old part of the house is four 
 stories in height ; the new part has three stories. The main 
 patio is rich in stone arches and columns and tinted walls, but it 
 seems strange that this great court should be left so barren of 
 plants and flowers, for it could be made, with but little expense, 
 one of the most attractive patios in all Mexico. 
 
 The best Mexican hotels have registers, but they also have 
 blackboards on which the names of guests are duly written 
 against the number of their rooms. Blackboards have their uses, 
 but they seem a little superfluous in a hotel office. What need 
 of two registers ? 
 
 " That is strange," said the Corporal, " that notice on the 
 elevator, ' This elevator runs from 10 a. m. to 10 p. M.' " 
 
 "Yes," said the Major, "it does seem strange that it should 
 begin or stop at so unseasonable an hour. The idea seems to be 
 that no gentleman will be up before ten in the morning," 
 
 "What about ten in the evening?" asked the Captain. 
 
 "Well, I don't know exactly, but I have seen some who 
 
 127 
 
showed signs of discouragement and even of disgust when, coming 
 in with ' that tired feeling,' they found that they had to climb the 
 stone stairs to the third story. Moral : get in before ten o'clock. 
 There is a demand for a first-class hotel, and I have heard that 
 there will be one very soon. If there were an establishment at- 
 tractive in its appointments, doubtless many more visitors would 
 make a lonir stay. Here are many interesting things and places 
 
 HOTEL TTrRRIOE. 
 
 to see, here is perpetual June weather, and here is lovely scenery 
 on every hand. When peojjle learn the facts about Mexico, they 
 will wish to stay longer than they do now. A fine hotel facing 
 the Alameda could scarcely fail of success, it seems to me." 
 
 "Well, Major, tell us about this house," said the Corporal. 
 
 "It was always a private residence until 1855, when it was 
 turned into a hotel." 
 
 128 
 
" How does it happen to be called a palace ? " asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 " Because Gen. Iturbide, who lived in it, happened to be an 
 Emperor, the first and the last native-born Emperor of Mexico. 
 He lived here about a year (March, 1822, to March, 1823), and 
 was living here when he was proclaimed Emperor." 
 
 " Tell us, please, how he happened to be made Emperor, and 
 what became of him," said the Corporal. 
 
 " He was born in the city of Morelia, entered the army when 
 he was only fifteen, and before he was thirty years of age he had 
 risen to the highest rank. He was a royalist, and fought fiercely 
 against the patriots who were trying to secure independence 
 from Spanish rule. Afterwards he changed his views, but his 
 superior, the viceroy, did not know of this change, and made 
 him Commander-in-Chief of the South, where the patriots were 
 most active. Iturbide, after a few feeble battles with them 
 there, agreed with Guerrero, their leader, to unite with him in 
 obtaining independence for Mexico, and the army followed its 
 leader. In January, 1821, he proclaimed the 'Plan of Iguala,' 
 which was a sort of Declaration of Independence, of which 
 these three things were the chief features : first, the Catholic 
 Church shall be the exclusive form of religion ; second, Mexico 
 shall be an independent monarchy, having some member of the 
 royal house of Spain as ruler ; third, there shall be a friendly 
 union of Spaniards and Mexicans. These three articles became 
 known as * the three guarantees,' and the colors of the 
 Mexican national flag, as adopted at that time, represented 
 these three articles of political faith, — white for religion, green 
 for union, red for independence. Iturbide now became an 
 ardent loyalist, and in September, 182 1, after victorious battles 
 at Quer^taro and Puebla, he entered the capital in triumph. 
 Independence was gained, and Iturbide was hailed as the libera- 
 tor. He had certainly put an end to the Spanish power which 
 had tyrannized the land for three hundred years. 
 
 129 
 
" Iturbide's plan was to have a regency govern the country 
 until Spain should send out a prince to be ruler. But Spain de- 
 layed consent to the treaty, and party spirit rose rapidly. One 
 party, composed of the patriots and most of the resident Span- 
 iards, said, ' Wait, wait till the prince comes ' ; the other party, 
 consisting of the army, some of the Spaniards, and the church 
 officials said, 'Iturbide the Liberator shall be Emperor.' The 
 Congress, May 19, 1S22, went through the form of an election, 
 sixty-seven members voting for and fifieen voting against Itur- 
 bide, and on the 21st of July, 1822, he and bis wife were 
 anointed and crowned in the Cathedral, Emperor and Empress 
 of Mexico. He was, officially, Augustin I. He endeavored to 
 strengthen his position, but Santa Anna led in a revolt which, 
 in March, 1823, resulted in the banishment of Iturbide. In 
 consideration of his service against Spain, the Congress voted to 
 pay him $25,000 a year during life, but decreed, later on, that 
 he should be treated as a traitor if he returned to Mexico. He 
 came back, was arrested, and shot July 19, 1824." 
 
 " This doesn't seem to be a healthy place for Emperors," said 
 the Captain ; " both the native and the imported articles seem to 
 live but a short time." 
 
 " Look in here," said the Major to the boys as they were 
 passing an open door on the third floor of the hotel. 
 
 "Why, what is this? It looks like a chapel! how pretty, 
 in white and gold, and what a beautiful dome ! " said the Cor- 
 poral. 
 
 " A chapel it is. I suppose the Emperor said his prayers here, 
 and certainly his wife did. But the Marquesa de Valparaiso, who 
 built the house, had the chapel arranged for herself. See the 
 figure of Mexico's Virgin Saint Guadalupe over the door ! While 
 we are looking round, we might as well go up another story and 
 get the magnificent view from the roof." 
 
 Passing through an iron gate beside the dome of the chapel, 
 they stood on the roof of the hotel and surveyed the charming 
 
 130 
 
landscape. It was the first view the boys had taken from an 
 elevation. It was a revelation, a surprise most charming. Miles 
 of streets, hundreds of domes and towers, were immediately 
 about them. In one direction the Alameda, and beyond the 
 avenue of trees along the Paseo, ending at the hill of Chapulte- 
 pec, crowned by the castle. In the opposite direction was the 
 Plaza Mayor, and beside it, rising over the square, the Cathedral 
 towers. Beyond lay the lake of Texcoco, and fifty miles away, 
 piercing the clouds, could be seen, without a thing to obstruct 
 the view, the snow-covered volcanoes. 
 
 AVENIUA JUAREZ. 
 
 "Well, if there were nothing but this view to be seen in Mex- 
 ico,''' said the Captain, "I should be glad I came." 
 
 "Yes, this is splendid," said the Corporal. "See those rows of 
 trees across the valley, three, four, five of them, miles of trees." 
 
 "Yes, they make much of the charm of the valley. Excepting 
 the east, go in whatever direction you will out of the city, you 
 pass under arches of trees, poplars or cypresses, north to Guada- 
 lupe, south to Tlalpam, west to Tacubaya. They not only make 
 
 131 
 
the landscape beautiful, but also add much to the comfort of ex- 
 cursions through the valley. Now get your bearings, boys. Fix 
 a few points in minil, and everything will seem straight afterwards. 
 " Vou see how the city lies ; it is nearly a stjuare, and the 
 streets run nearly at right angles. One need have no difficulty in 
 finding his way about, even if there are some irregularities in the 
 streets, and if the same street may have a half-dozen sections, 
 and each section a name of its own. There was once no end to 
 the confusion caused by the naming of these sections, but now 
 it is largely obviated by the new nomenclature of the streets antl 
 avenues. The old names, however, will be retained for a long 
 time by the ])eople ; but eventually this city will be as easy to 
 understand as the heart of Philadelphia, which lies within 
 
 * Market, Arch, Race, and V'ine, 
 Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, ami I'ine.' " 
 
 "What is this church nearest us?" asked the Corporal, pointing 
 across the street west of the hotel. 
 
 " That is what is left of the monastery of San Francisco. The 
 whole establishment occupied, for more than three hundred years, 
 what is now four large blocks of the city. It was the oldest, 
 largest, and most important religious concern in the New World. 
 The monastery was begun in 1524, and for two hundred and fifty 
 years kept on growing, till nine dormitories with three hundred 
 cells, eleven churches and chapels, a hospital, a refectory where 
 five hundred monks could dine at once, a large garden, and a 
 cemetery were within the enclosing walls of San Francisco. It 
 comprised nearly as large an area as the Alameda. But the nine- 
 teenth century has changed things. The walls are gone now ; 
 that street was the old cemetery. It is named for Padre Gante, 
 one of the thirteen holy brethren who walked from Vera Cruz to 
 Mexico to convert the heathen Aztecs. The Hotel Jardin oc- 
 cupies the hospital of the monastery, and enjoys the luxury 
 of the garden from which it takes its name ; moreover the chapel 
 
 132 
 
is used as the bar-room of the hotel, and the refectory of the 
 monks is now a Uvery stable. Independence Street runs through 
 the middle of the old grounds. One of the chnpels is now a 
 Methodist church, and a Protestant Episcopal organization uses 
 the old church of San Francisco as a place of worship. You see 
 that if we had gone to the Hotel del Jardin, we should have 
 been on historic ground, as we are here. Yes, historic ground 
 indeed it is. This very spot is where the Aztec kings had their 
 wild-beast gardens, and where the Franciscans built their first 
 school and first church for the Indians out of stones taken 
 from the Aztec temple. Cortes gave the money for this first 
 church, attended mass here, and his bones lay here sixty- five 
 years (till 1794). Here was commenced the confiscation of 
 church property by President Comonfort on account of treason. 
 Here Juarez continued the work, and now the ground, and even 
 the building which was the scene of the first work of the faith- 
 ful, is occupied by the heretic and the infidel ! How the good 
 brothers would pray to go back to their tombs, if, like the Seven 
 Sleepers of Ephesus, they should wake up and see how the world 
 has degenerated since the good old days when the seven 
 churches of San Francisco were in their glory ! 
 
 " In the next street west, just beyond San Francisco, is the 
 little church of Santa Brigida, one of the most fashionable in 
 the city, though a most insignificant-looking building. Two 
 more churches I will call attention to ; one near by on the 
 northeast called the Profesa, just above the main entrance 
 to the hotel. It is one of the most beautiful churches in Mexico, 
 and like our little chapel here, it is decorated in white and gold. 
 The famous architect Tolsa designed its great altars. We must 
 go and see La Profesa. The other is over yonder a few blocks 
 away on the southeast ; it is the church of San Augustin, now 
 occupied by the National Library. Well, the churches are legion 
 here. We will visit some of them ; your visit to the roof will 
 be of value to you." 
 
 ^33 
 
^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 As it was Sunday, the party 
 resolved to make it a Sab- 
 bath, a day of rest, and not 
 to begin their excursions till 
 the next day. But Sunday is 
 the great day for observation 
 in Mexico. It is everybody's 
 " day out," and everybody is 
 out. The usual order for the 
 fashionable class is, mass in 
 the morning, the Alameda for 
 a promenade from eleven to 
 (ine o'clock, and driving on 
 the Pasco fruin four to seven in the evening. 
 The order for the million is shopping in the 
 morning, and wandering about the rest of the 
 day. If one wishes to see the extremes of society in Mexico, 
 he must go, while the four hundred 
 are at church, into the southeast part 
 of the city, anywhere between the 
 Plaza and San Juan Market. The 
 natives throng the streets, such mul- 
 titudes of people, and such people ! 
 rhey are mostly the poor, 
 the very poor. This is 
 their buying and selling 
 time ; the sandals, the 
 zarapc, the rebozo, 
 the white and the 
 colored cloths from 
 which their gar- 
 ments are made, house- 
 hold utensils, and sweets and toys for the rhlMren, all 
 - are largely bought on Sunday morning. Street mer- 
 
 134 
 
 \ their 1 
 ^j^^tir 
 
chants then do their greatest trade of the week. All this com- 
 ing and going, dickering and bartering, you must see, or you do 
 not see Mexico. Don't be afraid to mingle with the multitude. 
 You never will find a more quiet and orderly crowd anywhere. 
 It is a sight of a lifetime, in its way. Good-nature prevails, and 
 politeness, at least as sincere if not as demonstrative as that of 
 
 PULQUERIA. 
 
 the Alameda, will be seen in the streets among these people, 
 whose fortune seldom ever amounts to a peso. They seem to 
 have a satisfactory philosophy of life, which is expressed about 
 thus : — 
 
 " Our portion is not large indeed, 
 But then ! how little do we need ! 
 
 For nature's calls are few. 
 In this the art of living lies, 
 To want no more than may suffice, 
 
 And make that little do." 
 
 Now to the Alameda. It covers twenty-two acres and has nines 
 of walks, a deer park, bird garden, and children's play grounds. 
 It is crowded too, but with what a different class of people ! The 
 beautiful women and handsome men for which Mexico is noted 
 
 135 
 
here parade an hour, for their own delectation and for the delight 
 of foreigners. 
 
 What Saxe said of people at Saratoga may, with a little change, 
 be said of the procession in the Alameda : — 
 
 " Some go to show off their daughters, 
 And some to show off themselves." 
 
 Take a chair on any of the dozen avenues which radiate from 
 the great central glorieta (circle) ; sit an hour and watch the 
 panorama. You need not go to the show, it will come to you ; it 
 will puss and repass before you ; it is worth going to see, and it 
 must be seen, or "the pride of Mexico" is missed. Was there 
 ever anything so " fetching" as that hand salute, that waving of 
 the fingers? or anything so touching as that embrace, that patting 
 on the shoulder, and that double kiss (always on the cheek) of 
 meeting friends? Did you e\er hear so little talking from so 
 many people ? and yet everybody is talking, but how quietly and 
 how musically they do it ! A half-dozen Americans or two Ger- 
 mans will make more noise in conversation in the house or on the 
 street or promenade in half an hour than a hundred of these 
 people would make in a day. Fashions the latest, garments the 
 richest, flowers the brightest, faces the prettiest, forms the finest, 
 smiles the sweetest, are all in the picture moving before you. 
 Where can you see such another? Nowhere but in the Alameda 
 of Mexico, and there only on Sunday or on some political or 
 ecclesiastical feast day. 
 
 After reviewing the promenade the party strolled westward 
 through the park, and turning to the left came into the Avenida 
 Juarez, which leads to the Paseo. The Captain seemed to be 
 thinking about what he had seen, for he suddenly asked, — 
 
 " How do they make that hand and finger salute ? " 
 
 "That's a cute thing," chimed in the Corporal ; " 1 must learn 
 that trick ; that's good enough to take home." 
 
 " It is a preUy flourish, something like our ' chase the geese.' 
 It is called beso soplado, or blowing the kiss. The fingers of the 
 
 136 
 
right hand are gathered closely together in a grouj), brought to 
 the lips, and then thrown out like the oi)cning of a fan. The 
 saluting party blows on the hand as the fingers fly apart, and 
 thus conveys five kisses at once to the saluted one. I have 
 beard some American ladies say, 'That's just too cunning for 
 anything.' By the way, let us cross over to that corner, I 
 see something there that will interest you, and something 
 that I promised to tell you about. This pretty Moorish pavilion 
 
 CITY TICKET OFFICE. 
 
 is the structure in which Mexico made its fine exhibit at the 
 World's Fair at New Orleans. The Lottery Company occupies 
 it now." 
 
 " Lottery tickets seem to be plenty here," remarked the Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 " I should think so," added the Corporal, " two or three kinds 
 of them, and sellers as plenty as flowers." 
 
 " Chances to make your fortune meet you at every corner. 
 You can see the elegant headquarters of the great Lottery Com- 
 pany opposite the Central's city ticket office." 
 
 137 
 
The party reached the corner, but the Major made no remark 
 as to what he wished to show the boys. At last the Corporal, 
 puzzled not a little, inquired, " What is it, Major? I don't see any- 
 thing about here but houses and people." 
 
 " \\'cll, I see a bear," replied the Major, "or at least a young 
 man ' playing the bear,' Don't be rude about it, but look up 
 to the little balcony yonder and you'll see a smiling senorita. 
 She is the Juliet, and here comes the Romeo of this little play. 
 She is the queen and he the Raleigh, saying with his longing 
 eyes, ' Fain would I climb.' " 
 
 " I see her," whispered the Corporal. "She's pretty." 
 
 " And I see him," said the Captain. " He's going away." 
 
 " He's only moving on : he'll be back in a moment. The 
 lady, too, has gone away, you'll observe. She'll be out again 
 soon. We'll watch this play awhile. It is called ' playing the 
 bear ' {haciendo del oso)^ 
 
 " How does it get that name ? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " From the walking to and fro, like the caged or tied animal. 
 An invisible but strong cord holds this young man. One end of 
 the cord is around him, and the other is tied to the balcony. 
 ' So near and yet so far.' There she comes agam, and here 
 again comes Romeo. Let's move on now ; we'll take another 
 look on our way back. We shall be sure to find the play 
 going on, for evidently the parties are well along in their love- 
 making. A young lady in this country has no freedom outside 
 of the family. A young man cannot call on her at any time 
 except in the presence of others, and he is not permitted to 
 call at all until he has obtained the consent of her family to pay 
 his attentions to her. In our country attention is not always 
 intention, but here it is a serious matter from the start. The 
 method of the mania is this : the young man sees somewhere a 
 young woman who attracts him. He finds out, if he doesn't 
 know already, who slie is and where she lives. He promenades 
 where she can see him from her little cage. She marks him and 
 
 13S 
 
in licates her feeling towards him by her actions. If she rejects 
 his attentions, she gives no response to his glances and demon- 
 strations of blissful pain or pleasure ; she turns away and practi- 
 cally says, ' Go away.' If, on the other hand, she wishes to 
 encourage him, she looks at him tenderly and even gives him a 
 smile. The young man understands the language of the eye 
 and of the fan, and hears ' a song without words ' — happy 
 youth ! Day after day, sometimes for years, he vi^alks to and 
 fro in sight of his sweetheart. Sometimes he has only his labor 
 for his pains, for there are flirts among the fair in Mexico. But 
 generally, after a period of promenading, and smiling, and 
 sighing, in which the young man has proved the sincerity of his 
 profession, he is allowed to call. After that, if everything is 
 satisfactory, in due time an engagement is announced, and if 
 nothing breaks a wedding , ■ . 
 
 follows, and of course, 'they 
 live happy ever after.' " 
 
 Facing the entrance to 
 the Paseo stands the oldest 
 and largest bronze in all 
 Mexico. It is an eques- 
 trian statue of Charles IV., 
 and it has a very remarkable 
 history. In the first place, 
 it is a remarkable piece of 
 work. Humboldt says that, 
 next to the monument of 
 Marcus Aurelius, in the city 
 of Rome, this is the finest equestrian statue in the world. It 
 is nearly sixteen feet high, weighs about thirty tons, and is cast 
 in a single piece. It was the first, and some say it is the 
 largest, bronze statue ever made in America. It is the work of 
 the famous Tolsa. Formerly it stood in the Plaza Mayor, where 
 it was erected in 1803. In 1824 it was taken down from the 
 
 139 
 
Plaza, anil put out of sight in the court of the University, where 
 it remained till 1852, when it was erected in its present position. 
 On account of its various removals it was nicknamed "Caballito 
 de Troya" (the litile Trojan horse). A Mexican, who may safely 
 be supposed to know a perfect horse, says there is only one little 
 defect about the statue. See if you can find out what that is 
 when you look at this famous bronze. The beauty of the work 
 and the name of Tolsa saved the statue from obscurity, if not 
 from destruction, as an inscription on the pedestal declares. 
 Love for Spain is not a great passion in Mexico ; Cortes has no 
 monument in the country that he conquered, and Charles IV. 
 would have none except for Tolsa. This is a monument to Tolsa 
 rather than to the king. 
 
 Near the king of Spain stand, in oxidized bronze, two 
 Aztec princes, one on either side of the boulevard. It is said 
 that horses used to shy at sight of them, and the princes them- 
 selves seem to say, with the Prince of Morocco, — 
 
 " Mislike me not for my complexion, 
 The sharluwefl livery of the hurnished sun, 
 To whom I am a neighbor, and near bred." 
 
 We recognize their right to refuse, like Falstaff, to " give a 
 reason on compulsion " for their being where they are, or for 
 being at all. The name of the party on the right, as one looks 
 toward the west, is Ahuitzotl ; the gentleman on the left glories 
 in the name Axaydcatl. These princes were noted for something, 
 probably, but I have found only one notable thing in any records 
 of them that I have seen ; it is stated that H. R. H. Axaydcatl 
 "killed himself by over-exertion in killing prisoners." His 
 present exposure may atone for some of his cruelty. The 
 pedestals of these statues are fine specimens of workmanship, 
 and deserve to bear a better burden. 
 
 There are four glorietas (circles) in the Paseo, each three 
 hundred feet in diameter, and intended for heroic statues. Two 
 
 140 
 
of these places are already occupied : the first by a monument 
 to Columbus; the second by a memoriil and statue of Cuauhte- 
 moctzin, or Montezuma III., the last Aztec prince. 
 
 The Columbus monument (unveiled in 1877) is the work of 
 Cordier, and was a gift to the city from Seiior Don Antonio 
 Escandon. It is in three parts : first, the base of basalt, octag- 
 onal in form ; second, the square pedestal of Russian jasper, 
 bearing four basso-relievos, and four life-size figures ; third, the 
 statue of the discoverer, 
 with one hand drawing the 
 veil from the Western 
 World, and with the other 
 pointing heavenward. In 
 the design and detail this 
 is a very handsome monu- 
 ment. 
 
 In the second glorieta 
 there stands the memorial 
 of Cuauhtemoctzin, hero of 
 the last days of the Aztec 
 Empire. Many regard it 
 as the finest work in Mexico. It was designed by the eminent 
 architect Jimenez, presenting primitive and modern features in 
 pleasing combination. On a platform having four stairways, each 
 guarded by leopards in bronze, stands a basaltic pedestal in three 
 parts. The first of these bears two reliefs and two inscriptions. 
 The reliefs represent, one, the captive prince before Cortes, 
 the other, the torture of Cuauhtemoctzin and Tetlepanpuetzal 
 (from whom Cortes expected to learn where the royal treasure 
 was hidden). On the second part of the pedestal are the names 
 of four heroes, and representations of Aztec arms and shields. 
 The third section, beautifully ornamented with ancient symbols, 
 is surmounted by a bronze statue of Cuauhtemoctzin, who was 
 every inch a king, and who could and would have annihilated 
 
 141 
 
Cortes had Montezuma allowed him to arouse the people against 
 the invaders. The figure represents the chief advancing and 
 about to cast the spear raised in his right hand ; on his feet 
 
 are sandals, over his shoulders the royal robe, and on his head 
 the feathered crown. This memorial is almost reverenced by 
 the Indians, who, on every 21st of August (the anniversary 
 of his torture), hold a festival in the glorieta. Cuauhtemoctzin's 
 memory is honored by addresses in the Aztec language, and by 
 
 peculiar demonstrations, in 
 which flowers, processions, 
 and dances play important 
 parts. Thii statue is always 
 beautiful, but it is most beau- 
 tiful in the early morning. 
 
 In the third glorieta will 
 soon be erected a bronze 
 statue of Hidalgo, twenty 
 feet in height; and in the fourth a statue of Juarez, sixteen feet 
 high. These works have already been cast in Rome. 
 
 142 
 
On the south side of the Paseo, near the Columbus monument, 
 are extentive bath-houses (Pane and Osorio). The Alberca 
 Pane is the largest and finest in every respect. Here may be 
 enjoyed shower, swim, Roman, Russian, and Turkish baths. This 
 establishment runs its own street cars (the Circuito de Baiios), 
 and conductors give a free ride to the bath-house to pur- 
 chasers of bath tickets. 
 
 As they were returning to the hotel the party took another 
 look at the pretty play on and before the balcony. After lunch 
 the " Fair God " was read aloud by the Captain for the benefit 
 of all, and the "tzin," its hero, seemed to be a living hero. This 
 reading and the writing of letters quickly brought the hour when 
 the four hundred and the million of Mexico are out to be 
 seen and to see on the Paseo. 
 
 The Paseo between four and six o'clock on any day in the 
 year, but particularly on Sunday, is another sight which is worth 
 going a long way to see. The boulevard itself is one of the 
 finest driveways in the world. Mexico owes a debt of gratitude 
 to the unfortunate Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, for the reforma- 
 tion of the Plaza and for the creation of the Paseo. Before her 
 day the Plaza was simply a bare and barren square ; she trans- 
 formed part of it into a lovely park and a charming garden, as 
 we see it to-day. This boulevard, called the Paseo de la Re- 
 forma, two miles in length, one hundred and seventy feet in 
 width, with its glorietas and its magnificent trees, is the bequest 
 of the Empire to the Republic. The royal avenue is the pleasure 
 drive of the people. Here may be seen a larger number of fine 
 horses and carriages and, in general, more display of wealth 
 than in the park of any city in the world with twice the popula- 
 tion of the city of Mexico. When it is remembered that but a 
 small proportion of the population is either able or pretends to 
 be able " to keep a carriage," this statement is the more worthy 
 of note. It carries its own lesson, and comment is unnecessary. 
 The Paseo is Vanity Fair on wheels, and many are there who 
 
 143 
 
can ill afford to be there in the style they affect. But that is 
 nothing to the looker-on in Mexico. We are here to see the 
 show, and the Paseo, with its real and imitation aristocracy, 
 gives us one of the greatest shows on earth. What if some 
 appear to be taking only a penitential excursion, and others 
 seem to say with Desdemona, — 
 
 " I am nut merry, hut I do beguile 
 The thing I am hy seeming otherwise ! " 
 
 Nearly all the world appears both young and fair on the 
 Alameda and on the Paseo. All Mexico seems to be looking 
 on, and happy enough. This is a lotos land, and we know that 
 the poet speaks the truth when he says : — 
 
 " The dole e fur niente is a delightful game, 
 If only one can spare the time who plays it. 
 If one can be content to sit and watch year after year 
 The world's great ships go sailing by and never want to steer. 
 The dole e far nientc is a delightful game 
 For people who have lives to spare to play it." 
 
 144 
 
IX. 
 
 " The good old rule 
 Sufficeth them — the simple plan 
 That they should take who have the power, 
 And they should keep who can." 
 
 Rob JRoy's Grave, 
 
 "The world, which credits what is done, 
 Is cold to all that might have been." 
 
 In Memoriam. 
 
 OW we are going to ' the very heart of Mexico,' the 
 Plaza Mayor de la Constitucion," said the Major, as 
 the party stepped into San Francisco Street. "This 
 street is the principal thoroughfare of the city, and 
 is at once a Fifth Avenue and a Broadway^ Mexico 
 has no Beacon Street or 
 Commonwealth Avenue. 
 Many of the finest stores as 
 well as some of the finest 
 residences are on San Fran- 
 cisco Street, which is now 
 called Fourth Avenue." 
 As they walked along, attention was called to the showy stores, 
 the costly houses, cafes, and club houses, the Profesa and other 
 churches. Reaching the end of the street they found them- 
 selves in the great square which has been reserved wholly for 
 public use since i6i i : they crossed to the Zocalo and took seats. 
 The history connected with the Plaza is very interesting. 
 Where the little garden is now there stood in 13 12 the rocky 
 
 PLAZA MAYOR IN 1803. 
 
 145 
 
island on which the long-looked-for sign was discovered by the 
 Aztecs. Here they built their first temple, here was the enor- 
 mous Teocalli, or place of celebration and of sacrifice. On this 
 ground in 152 1 occurred the final struggle between Cortes and 
 Cuauhtemoctzin (so vividly described in "A Fair God"), and 
 here the new city was begun on the ruins of the old one, the 
 temple making way for the cathedral. For three hundred 
 years, on the 13th of August, the celebration of the conquest 
 
 ANOTIIKR PARTS'. 
 
 was celebrated here by processions in which the mayor bore 
 the standard of Cortes, the viceroy, the council, and the nobility 
 following it on horseback. More than sixty royal governors 
 made official display here, and at least two Kmperors were here 
 proclaimed, and in that church had coronation. Since 1821 the 
 flags of two foreign nations have floated from yonder staff, and 
 chief magistrates, almost without number, have crossed this 
 
 146 
 
ground to assume their functions as rulers. Prisoners of church 
 and state have passed here on their way to the fagot and the 
 scaffold. 
 
 The square was practically a market place till i6ii,whena 
 royal order was given for removal of the booths ; trading was, 
 however, continued here, and in 1692 a famine riot occurred in 
 which three million dollars' worth of property was destroyed. 
 For a century the Plaza was a dirty, desolate-looking place, but in 
 
 1803 the viceroy prepared a place for the statue of Charles IV. 
 by enclosing a large circular space by a stone wall and iron 
 fence. That statue was removed in 1824, and later the founda- 
 tion was laid for a memorial to Mexican independence. The 
 band-stand of the Plaza is built upon that foundation (or zocaio), 
 and the Plaza is called "The Zocaio." One hears people say, 
 " We are going to the Zocaio " much oftener than " We are going 
 
 147 
 
to the Plaza." There was no garden or park here till 1866, and 
 the gardens about the Cathedral date only from 1880. Many 
 booths are seen in and about the square, but i)robably they will 
 all disai)pear in time, if the city ever reaches a point when it can 
 get along without the revenue whic h the traders contribute. 
 Visitors may well hope that that point is far distant, for with the 
 removal of these peculiar places of trade will vanish one of the 
 characteristic features of Mexican life. 
 
 " This seems to be the centre of everything," said the Cor- 
 poral. " Do all the street cars start from here ? " 
 
 "Nearly all, and they go, as you see, in trains ; that is, two or 
 three start together and run on the same time. The custom is, 
 perhaps, a relic of barbarism or of the old days when protection 
 was the chief thing to think, of and provide for. Instead of run- 
 ning one car every five or ten minutes, they start a train of two 
 or three every twenty or forty minutes ; this wholesale style 
 makes a wholesale waste of time for passengers, but then time 
 isn't money in this country. Class distinction accounts in part 
 for the train system." 
 
 " I notice that there are different colored cars," said the 
 Corporal. 
 
 " Yes, colors denote classes. The yellow are first-class and 
 the green second-class coaches. You notice also a kind of 
 double-decked passenger and freight car. The poorest are 
 accommodated." 
 
 " And yonder is a black one ! " exclaimed the Captain. "An 
 open i)latform car with roof only and a cross above it." 
 
 "That is a funeral car, Ca]jtain. \'ou will often see the 
 same article in white. You'll see processions of cars on the 
 way to and from the cemeteries. There is one coming now. 
 See, the black car has a casket on it. The mourners are in 
 the two following coaches. That is a first-class funeral, as 
 you may know by those yellow cars. Many thousands of fu- 
 nerals have started from this square. It looks now like a little 
 
 148 
 
paradise with its trees, flowers, fountains, and cozy seats for 
 weary walkers, but in days past blood has thoroughly drenched 
 this ground." 
 
 "You mean in Aztec times," said the Captain. 
 
 "Yes, and as late as 1803. The gallows stood near where 
 we are sitting, right in front of the viceroy's palace, and there 
 was the frame on which the heads of criminals were exposed 
 for a terror to evil-doers. Riots and revolutions almost without 
 number have been witnessed here." 
 
 The Plaza now comprises about nine acres, the part between 
 the garden and the palace being used as a parade and review 
 ground for troops. The Cathedral occupies the north side of 
 the Plaza. 
 
 "Is that the palace on the east?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " That is the National Palace, the Federal Capitol, the largest 
 building in Mexico. It was begun in 1692, and has been en- 
 larged, as you see, till it covers the whole immense block, an 
 area of about eight acres." 
 
 " It looks more like a barracks than anything else," said 
 the Captain. " See the towers and the grated windows, and 
 the soldiers keeping guard." 
 
 "Yes, it does," replied the Major; "but it is government 
 headquarters. There are a dozen patios within the walls of the 
 buildings, and around these are arranged the offices of the 
 Treasury, State, and other departments of the government. 
 On that site was the palace of Montezuma, which was destroyed i 
 then Cortes built his residence there, and that palace was 
 used by the viceroys. From that block have gone out the 
 decrees which have governed Mexico for more than fiv'e hun- 
 dred years. Of course we must make a tour of the buildings 
 on the block, for among them are the National Museum. But 
 now look over to the west side of the square." 
 
 " Nothing there but houses and stores," said the Corporal, 
 "and not very nice ones either." 
 
 149 
 
" Nothing gaudy to be sure, but they stand on ground once 
 occupied by a palace. Montezuma lived there while Cort<is 
 held him captive in 1519 ; and even now there is one of the 
 great institutions of Mexico housed there. Some think it is the 
 'most beneficent institution in the world,' the Monte de 
 Piedad." 
 
 "What is that?" asked the Captain. 
 " It is the national itawn-shoj)." 
 
 " I'awn-shop I what is there good about that?" asked the 
 Corporal. 
 
 " ' Hard times comes a-knockin' at de door ' of a good many 
 ri( h people, though he spends most of the time hammering on the 
 
 poor man's door. There are 
 some good folk who will lend 
 the people who are crowded for 
 money, if sufficient security can 
 be given or sufficient interest 
 be paid. These lenders have 
 been named ' uncle ' by the pa- 
 trons of their shops, but I think 
 the name doesn't imply any af- 
 fection. Hamlet's uncle, who 
 took his brother's life and wife, 
 and robbed his nephew of a 
 crown, was a royal type of the 
 traditional pawn-broker. What 
 kind of an uncle is it that will 
 charge for a small loan on good security three per cent a month 
 interest for the first six months, and two per cent a month after 
 that ; interest thirty per cent a year ! isn't that robbery?" 
 
 " I should say it is. 'Ihat is blood money," said the Captain. 
 
 "This institution is intended, by lending at a low rate of 
 
 interest, to prevent such e.xtortion. The Count of Regla, in 
 
 1775, founded this pawn-shop and endowed it with a fund of 
 
 150 
 
;^300,ooo, the income to pay running expenses. Loans were and 
 are made up to a])out three fourths of the value of the article 
 deposited. At first no charge at all was made, the founder 
 believing that grateful patrons would sustain the charity by vol- 
 untary gifts, but they did not, and the fund was seriously im- 
 paired, but now a fixed rate is charged, and the great pawn-shop 
 is doing an immense business. I saw the statement for one 
 month in 1892. In that month ^16^8,000 was loaned on 27,000 
 pawn tickets. Ab.out ^60,000 was paid on renewals. The total 
 amount out on loans and secured by articles in the warehouses 
 was $1,050,000. It lends about a million dollars a year to forty- 
 five or fifty thousand patrons." 
 
 "There are plenty of other pawn- 
 shops, I suppose?" said the Captain. 
 " Every city has plenty of them." 
 
 "Yes, there are seventy of them 
 in this city, and the census shows 
 that nearly $5,000,000 was lent last 
 year. We will look into some of 
 these private ones, and will see some 
 fine jewels in the great Monte de 
 Piedad." 
 
 " I can see now how even a pawn- 
 shop can be made a good thing for 
 the unfortunate, if managed as this 
 one is," said the Captain. 
 
 The remaining part of the west 
 side of the Plaza is occupied by a long arcade, over which are 
 residences. This arcade is called the Portal de Mercaderes. It 
 has twenty-seven arches, and under them are numberless stands 
 for the sale of notions, newspapers, cigarettes, and candies. 
 Formerly that part of the square was occupied by an Aztec 
 dancing school. The poriales continue round the corner of this 
 block for a long distance down Sixth Avenue or Coliseo Street. 
 
The southern side of the square has the City Hall, or the 
 Palacio Municipal, a building mostly two stories, but at the 
 corners three stories in height. Here is again a long row of 
 stone arches finer than those of the west side, and in these 
 portaUs are some of the large dry-goods stores of the city. On 
 this site the commander-in-chief of the Aztec army had his 
 headquarters. The city government and the district officials 
 occupy the upper stories. 
 
 This rapid review of the buildings facing .the Plaza will indi- 
 cate the important place that this little tract of land holds in the 
 history of Mexico. 
 
 Entering the great Cathedral, the party found, of course, a 
 service going on, and took seats near the door. The boys 
 were surprised to see kneeling on the floor, side by side, the 
 richly dressed lady and the ragged Indian, the fashionable 
 gentleman and the poor street sweeper. Cripples hobbled across 
 the floor, and children walked from altar to altar with their par- 
 ents while the priest was reading and the choir was singing their 
 parts of the service. At last the benediction was given, and the 
 great church was left almost deserted ; perhaps half a hundred 
 people remained kneeling and saying their prayers. 
 
 The great church is in the form of a Latin cross, and over the 
 central arches rises a magnificent dome decorated by the most 
 celebrated artists of the day. The dimensions of the church 
 are : length, three hundred and fifty-four feet ; width, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-seven feet ; height, one hundred and seventy- 
 nine feet. There are five naves, six altars, and fourteen chapels. 
 The grandeur of the great structure is, however, detracted from 
 by the enormous choir enclosure in the central nave ; by the high 
 altar, which is too lofty and too gaudy to harmonize with the 
 general simplicity of the surrounding gray and white walls ; bv 
 the division of two of the naves into chapels ; and by a wooden 
 floor ! But while the first impression is somewhat disappointing 
 as compared with that made by a visit to any of the great 
 
 152 
 
cathedrals of Europe, the visitor is surprised by such a display 
 of magnificence. He thinks, what must it have been in the 
 days of its glory ! 
 
 The massive railing about the entrance to the choir is a 
 curiosity in metal as well as in art. It is a composition of gold, 
 silver, and copper, and came from China. Along the passage 
 from the choir to the altar are sixty or seventy small figures 
 made of the same brilliant metal, serving as light bearers. The 
 pulpits and the huge holy-water basins are of onyx. 
 
 Of the fourteen chapels, seven are on each side. In one of 
 these on the west side is the tomb of Iturbide, and here the 
 title " Liberator " is accorded him. Of the six altars the most 
 beautiful is the Altar of the Kings, modelled after the one by the 
 same artist in the cathedral of Seville. Below this rest the re- 
 mains of some of the viceroys and of the four patriots, Hidalgo, 
 Aldama, Allende, and Jimenez, who were executed in Chihuahua. 
 
 The Cathedral stands on the site of the Aztec temple destroyed 
 by Cortes. It was begun in 1573, and finished in 1667. 
 The towers were finished in 1 791, at a cost of 
 $200,000. The whole structure cost about 
 $2,000,000. 
 
 On the wall of the west end of the 
 Cathedral there is a blackened space 
 with an interesting inscription on it. 
 
 "What does all that mean?" asked 
 the Corporal. 
 
 " It says that here was exhibited 
 till 1885 the famous stone of the 
 sun, or Calendar Stone of the Aztecs, and that now you can 
 see it in the National Museum." 
 
 " Is that the stone we see so many pictures of? " asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 " The same, and there is a cast of it in the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution at Washington. The stone was first found about three hun- 
 
 153 
 
dred years ago, but buried again at the order of the archbishop. 
 In 1790 it was discovered again — it had not stirred probably — 
 two hundred and twenty feet west of the main entrance to the 
 National Palace. It was l)rought here, where it remained till 
 1885. Certainly it is a wonderful thing. It is an immense block 
 of porphyry nearly twelve feet s(]uare, about three feet thick, and 
 weighs nearly twenty five tons. On this block is engraved a disk 
 more than eleven and a half feet in diameter. In the centre is 
 carved the face of a man ; some say it represents the sun, others 
 think he is the man of the moon and the months. Around this 
 are symbols, arranged in seven circles. It is now believed, I 
 think, generally, that it had more to do with slaughter than with 
 seasons. Bandelier, the highest authority, concludes that this 
 stone was a sort of nether millstone in the Aztec sacrifices ; his 
 words are, ' It served as the base of the smaller perforated stone 
 to which the victim was tied, and upon the two stones the 
 gladiatorial sacrifice was performed.' Strange relic of a strange 
 people ! 
 
 " Here is the Flower Market. We must come up to it early 
 in the morning. You will be astonished to see how many 
 flowers you can get for a quarter, or rather for the omnipotent 
 dos rea/cs." 
 
 "What kind of flowers?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " All kinds, and all the year round. Roses, and pansies, and 
 heliotrope, ' too numerous to mention.' ' Afuy bonita, seJior,' 
 and ' Mity barata,' the sellers say, and very pretty and very 
 cheap the buyers think. We shall see great boat loads of 
 flowers when we go to the Viga Canal, and there are often liter- 
 ally wagon-loads here in and about this little pavilion of iron 
 and glass called the Mercado de Flores. 
 
 " While we are so near it," continued the Major, " let us go 
 into the Plaza de Santo Domingo. It is rather a forlorn- looking 
 square at present, but, like the large Plaza, it has been the scene 
 of interesting events. Here is the house of the Inquisition, 
 
 i54 
 
which ' strong fort and mount of Zion,' as one writer calls it, was 
 founded in Mexico in 157 1. Indians were l)y roya! order 
 excluded from the jurisdiction of this holy court, but the 
 Inquisition found material enough to work upon. The patriot 
 Morelos was the last victim. He died in 181 5." 
 
 "Did they burn people in this square of Santo Domingo?" 
 asked the Corporal. 
 
 " No, they divided the honor, or the horror, as we thmk, be- 
 tween two other squares. The principal brasero, or burning 
 place, was near the church of San Diego, on ground which now 
 is a part of the Alameda. You see that blunt-cornered building 
 yonder? In that were the 
 court and prison of the In- 
 quisition." 
 
 "And what church is 
 this? " asked the Captain. 
 
 " The monastery church 
 of Santo Domingo. Like 
 that of San Francisco, the 
 establishment has been all 
 cut to pieces by new streets 
 and other improvements. 
 Many buildings once here 
 have disappeared entirely, 
 parts of some remain, as 
 you see, but the church has 
 
 been spared. It is one of the largest churches in the city. 
 This plaza is interesting also as the second-hand market of 
 Mexico. Let us look around a little." 
 
 "What is that man doing? Is he writing?" asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 "Yes. He is an evangclis/a, one of a class that has nearly 
 gone out of business ; its business is to write letters for those 
 who cannot write : love letters, begging letters, all kinds." 
 
 155 
 
" He seems to be busy ; why do you say the class is going 
 out?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 "The schools are doing the business. Thousands of children 
 have learned to write in recent years, and much that these 
 street writers used to do is now done at home by the chil- 
 dren. The city has more than a hundred schools now, and 
 is increasing the number rapidly." 
 
 "That is good for Mexico," said the Cap- 
 tain. "There is its chief hope for the 
 future." 
 
 " Yes, Mexico is rising ; the pres- 
 ent administration is doing nobly 
 m providing schools, but at present 
 hardly one third of the children of 
 school age are in attendance. Forty 
 years ago not over Si 00,000 was de- 
 voted to schools by the government ; 
 now it appropriates about $3,500,000 
 a year. A good beginning has been 
 made, however, and rapid advance- 
 ment may be expected. The people 
 are learning that education means 
 money to them. 
 " There are three or f jur interesting points near the Alameda," 
 said the Major, " which we can visit before lunch." 
 
 "Oh, this beautiful Alameda ! " exclaimed the Corporal as they 
 entered the park ; " it seems prettier than ever." 
 
 " It is always charming. And what a pretty name ! that, you 
 know, comes from alamo, a poplar ; but we see here now not 
 only poplars, but eucalyptus, willow, ash, cypress, and pepper 
 trees. Then the palms and banana plants, and the roses, 
 geraniums, and calla lilies ! Isn't it beautiful? Notice here the 
 models or miniatures of the volcanoes, crater and all." 
 " We might ascend Popocatepetl," said the Captain. 
 
 156 
 
"Yes, we might, hut there would be an eruption if that police- 
 man should see us. 
 
 ' Try not the pass, the old man said,' 
 
 or would say." 
 
 As they reached the west end of the park they stopped on the 
 spot where the Inquisition punished its offenders, near the church 
 of San Diego. 
 
 "Do you see that flag, boys?" asked the Major. 
 
 " Hurrah ! " exclaimed the Corporal, " it is the stars and 
 stripes. Hip, hip, r ' 
 
 hurrah ! Salute the 
 flag ! " 
 
 "There is the of- 
 fice of the legation 
 from the United 
 States. Our minister 
 plenipotentiary and 
 envoy extraordinary 
 exercises his mighty 
 functions on ground 
 once belonging. to 
 the Monastery of San 
 Diego. The church 
 is still used, and its 
 interior is beautiful." 
 
 " I dare say our 
 minister doesn't at- 
 tend church there," 
 said the Captain. 
 
 " A minister ought to go to church," remarked the Corporal. 
 
 " He wouldn't have to go far," said the Major, " for here are 
 five Catholic churches almost within a stone's throw, and right 
 over yonder is a Protestant church. Between those two churches 
 
 OLD cuuKCH OF SAN HiroLrro. 
 
 157 
 
across the street to the north stands the monument ot" Morebs, 
 tne last victim of the Inquisition, and a hero second only to 
 Hidalgo. He, too, was a priest; he carried on Hidalgo's work 
 and followed him in martyrdom. Maximilian unveiled this 
 memorial in 1865. Well, here we are at the old church of San 
 Hipolito. Notice that stone memorial tablet on the corner, so 
 worn that we can hardly read its inscription." 
 
 "If it were in letters of gold or of blazing fire, I couldn't 
 read it," said the Captain, " it is in Spanish." 
 
 " Well, can you read the picture in stone ? You see an eagle 
 bearing aloft an Indian (not a snake, as on the coat of arms). 
 The story of that aeronaut is this. An eagle carried him away 
 from his work in a field to a m.ountain cave ; there a spirit told 
 him he must return and tell Montezuma that the gods were angry 
 with him, and that the kingdom would be destroyed. The 
 eagle brought him back and set him down right on this spot. 
 Now you know the story in stone. .As to the inscription, it 
 remarks: 'In this place on the night of July i, 1520, called the 
 Dismal Night, so great was the slaughter of the Spaniards by 
 the Aztecs, that after entering the city again in trium[)h the next 
 year, the conquerors determined to build a memorial here to be 
 named the Chapel of the Martyrs ; and to be dedicated to San 
 Hip61ito, for on that saint's day the city was taken.' " 
 
 " Martyrs ! Cortes and company martyrs I " exclaimed the 
 Captain. " If the inscription had said butchers, it would have 
 been nearer the truth." 
 
 " Well, they're dead now," said the Cor])oral, " don't rake up 
 old scores. Was Cortes here himself ? " 
 
 "Yes, but his captain, .Mvarado, was the hereof the hour. 
 Right here was the city limit on the west ; a moat surrounded 
 the town, and here was a fortification ; in fact, it was also the 
 prison where slaves intended for the sacrifices were kept. 
 The Spaniards had been in possession of the city since Novem- 
 ber, 15 19, and their cruelty caused the Aztecs to rebel. They 
 
 i=;8 
 
pursued the Spaniards, who were fleeing 
 for their Hves, over this causeway to 
 the mainhmd. Here so great a 
 slaughter occurred that the moat 
 was filled with bodies. Alva- 
 rado, like Ney, the last to re- 
 treat, sa\ed himself by a most| 
 wonderful leap over the canal/ 
 and joined Cortes, who had halted 
 at Tacuba. The tree, called the 
 El Arbol de Noche Triste, under 
 which Cortes wept, is still standing. 
 The Spaniards started for the coast, 
 but went only to Tlascala, where they were promised men 
 and means by the Tlascalans, who were the mortal foes of the 
 Aztecs. Six months Cort(^s worked day and night getting ready 
 to return and punish the rebels. Re-enforcements came from 
 Cuba, boats were built and launched on Lake Texcoco. Sulphur 
 was brought from the volcano and made into gunpowder, and 
 the native troops were drilled in the art of war. On the last 
 day of the year, 1520, Cortes with his Spanish force and Indian 
 allies began the siege of the doomed city. The siege lasted 
 more than half a year, and on Aug. 13, 15 21, the Spaniards took 
 possession again and ruled the country for exactly three hundred 
 years. Iturbide, you will remember, put an end to their power 
 in August, 1 82 1." 
 
 ''This is an 'old corner bookstore,' " said the Corporal ; "it 
 tells us so much." 
 
 " Well, come on, there's another place near by that will tell us 
 several stories. It is the pafitto?i of San Fernando, only two 
 blocks west of San Hip61ito. 
 
 "This is the little plaza of San Fernando; that bronze is a 
 statue to Vicente Guerrero, the leader of the patriots, with whom 
 Iturbide joined to achieve the independence of Mexico, and 
 
 159 
 
>vho afterwards was President. We shall see his tomb in the 
 enclosure yonder, which has been aptly termed the Westminster 
 of Mexico. There many of the most distinguished men of the 
 country are buried. The names of Juarez, Ciuerrero, Zaragoza, 
 Comonfort, Mejia, and Miramon recall the most stirring events 
 in the history of the Republic." 
 
 Of the tombs none are worthy of note except that of Juarez. 
 This is by far the finest memorial in Mexico. On a stone plat- 
 form in an open marble temj)le, the roof of which is supported 
 by sixteen Doric pillars, stands the massive sarcophagus on 
 
 which rests the memorial sculpture. It rei)resents the Rc|)ublic 
 holding in her lap the head of the hero over whose dead body 
 she mourns. A grateful country has filled the little temple with 
 tokens of admiration and affection. The tomb of Juarez meets 
 every requirement of a worthy memorial to one who, like our 
 Washington, was " first in war, first in peace, and first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 " Here Juarez slumbers m divine repose, 
 His effigy in marble rubes arrayed, 
 And in the statucd lap of Krce<lom laid 
 As pure as the Sierra Madre's snows." 
 
 1 60 
 
A suggestive fact it is that here, within a few feet of the tomb 
 of Juarez, rest, in sepulchres inscribed only with their names, 
 the remains of the unfortunate generals, Miramon and Mejia. 
 A magnanimous country, in permitting their burial here, recog- 
 nizes their bravery. 
 
 "This is not now a public cemetery," said the Major, as they 
 were walking towards the gate. " There are perhaps one thou- 
 sand two hundred graves here ; many of them, as you see, cham- 
 bers in the walls of the enclosure." 
 
 " Curious they don't give dates of birth and death," said the 
 Captain, pointing to a tablet on which were only two words. 
 "Here is 'ELLA DUERME,' and nothing more." 
 
 "That is enough," replied the Major, smihng at the natural mis- 
 take. "You will probably find a name and the dates on the other 
 sides of the monument. Those words simply say, 'She sleeps.' " 
 
 " That is a good one on you, Captain," said the Corporal. 
 
 " Easy enough to make a mistake like that here where men 
 are named Maria," replied the Captain, smiling. 
 
 "Let us look into the old church of San Fernando," continued 
 the Major. " It is one of the largest churches in the city." 
 
 "Are there many Protestant churches in Mexico?" asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 " The Presbyterians have about ninety churches, and a mem- 
 bership of about four thousand ; the Methodists have fifteen 
 churches, and a membership of nearly four thousand ; the Baptists 
 have fifteen churches, and a membership of about one thousand." 
 
 " And how about CathoUc churches ? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 "The census of 1888 state that there are 10,112 Catholic 
 churches and chapels in Mexico. The membership includes the 
 whole population of 12,000,000, excepting, perhaps, 25,000. 
 State and church are separated by the Laws of the Reform, 
 established in 1874, but operative before, under the administra- 
 tion of President Juarez. Six archbishops and twenty-one bishops 
 now administer the affairs of the church in Mexico." 
 
 i6i 
 
X. 
 
 I will scarce think you have swam in a gondola." 
 
 ^1s i'ou Like It. 
 
 AM( )X( )S ;i la \'iga ! " exclaimed the Major, as the 
 party finished the coffee and rolls. " This early 
 start is the right thing, first, because early morn- 
 ing is the lively time along 
 the canal ; and, second, 
 we must get back in time 
 to visit the Museum, 
 which is open only till 
 r.'^' noon." 
 
 "1 don't care much for 
 a canal," said the Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 " But you will care for 
 this one. The Viga Ca- 
 /ul'-'.-^ .-■r*'" nal has no towpath, and 
 ' - no boats with any decks. 
 The Viga fleet is composed wholly of flalboats, and the motive- 
 power of the same is a pole and an Indian." 
 
 ".An Indian cni^ine 1 \\ Ould two Indians make a comjiound 
 engine? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " Wait a little while and you'll see for yourself" 
 
 Taking street cars at the south side of the great Plaza, a 
 
 short ride through the lowest anil dirtiest jjart of the city brings 
 
 us to the stream with the i)retty name, which is spelled with a 
 
 \', and which suggests \'enice. Visions of gondolas soon 
 
 162 
 
vanish, and Venice is forgotten ; tlie illusion is rather a delusion. 
 We discover that the street cars run along the bank of the 
 stream, and that from them a better view of the things we have 
 come to see can be obtained than from a flatboat, and so we 
 pass the flatboats by, that is, we do if we are 
 wise. As the party came to the poi nt where. 
 the passenger boats are tied up, the | 
 Major said, 
 
 " Here you are. Corporal ; all 
 aboard for Santa Anita, Ixtacalco, 
 and Xochimilco." 
 
 " I think I'd rather make the 
 trip in the car," said the Corporal. 
 "We can see more that way." 
 
 " Yes, and do it in less time," 
 atlded the Captain. 
 
 " Which way is up stream ? " 
 asked the Corporal. 
 
 "Away from the city is up 
 stream. Lake Xochimilco, which supplies the water, is four feet 
 higher than the city, and so, towards the city is down stream." 
 
 "That is lucky for the boatmen. They have the current with 
 them in getting their loads to market," said the Captain. 
 
 163 
 
" They have big loads, too ; see those boats stocked with 
 wood ! A man would not be able to pole that load up stream. 
 You see what a variety of stuff the boats bring in, — vegetables, 
 hay, wood, stone, sand, fruit, and flowers." 
 
 " Flowers ! look at that load ! " exclaimed the Corporal. "The 
 boat is so full that there is hardly any room for the engine to 
 work ! " 
 
 " .^nd here on the bank," said the Major, " you see an active 
 market, piles of fruit and stocks of flowers. Notice that families 
 
 live on the boats while in ])ort. They have a floating hotel ; in 
 fact, many families live all the time in their boats. Here is one 
 of the gates {garifas), where the city tax is collected. They 
 don't have much ' free trade ' in Mexico." 
 
 " See those little island gardens ! " exclaimed the Captain, 
 "and the boats going about in tlic ditches around them." 
 
 164 
 
IRRIGATION. 
 
"Yes, these are the famous 'floating islands' of story. They 
 are called chinainpas by the natives. Perhaps they once floated, 
 but they do not float now." 
 
 " No, Major, they are stuck in the mud," said the Corporal. 
 
 " Right, and they are made mostly of mud. You see men at 
 work digging mud from the large canal and carrying it to these 
 islands, where they spread it or use it in banking up the sides. 
 The gardens are very fertile and bear crops all the year round." 
 
 "They are alj shaped alike, I see," said the Captain, " say two 
 hundred feet long and narrow, not more than ten or twelve feet 
 wide. What a fine road this is, and all the way under great 
 shade trees ! " 
 
 " Santa Anita ! here we are. Pretty name, but not a very 
 pretty place. Mostly thatch-roofed restaurants or flat-roofed 
 gambling places ; games going on> in a small way, almost all 
 the time. We'll stop off and watch them on our way back." 
 
 Off again, the next stop is Ixtacalco. Along the bank of the 
 canal the sportive mules gallop as if they were in a hurry to 
 arrive. They don't mean it, but they do beat the solitary Indian 
 poling along his light canoe, and the passenger feels glad as he 
 
 165 
 
passes the boats that he stayed on the car and did not consign 
 himself to the creeping chalupa on the raging canal. More 
 alleged floating gardens are passed, and we come to another 
 market i)lace and a small village, which can show a big church 
 more than three hundred years old ; this is Ixtacalco. ]!ut we 
 are going farther, and so do not make a stop here. 
 
 "Where are we going?'' asked the Corporal; "to the lake?" 
 " No, not quite. \N'e are going to Ixtapalapa, and then to the 
 Hill of the Star; we turn east from the canal at the next village, 
 which is Mexicalcingo. The canal goes on directly south, five 
 or six miles farther, to the lake : we will see the lake from the 
 hill. Vou can see the hill yonder." 
 
 " That one with the cross on the summit? " 
 
 "Yes; tluii i.> ail historic old hill, and from it we shall get a 
 fine view of the lakes and of the valley and the volcanoes." 
 
 " Here we are at Mexicalcingo," said the Captain, " not much 
 to see here ! " 
 
 "Nothing, except this rare old briilge , isn't that a ]»retty 
 view? Over that highway, crossing the bridge, Cortes went, in 
 1 5 19, to meet Montezuma, who came out of the city to recei\e 
 him. We leave the canal here and follow that highway to 
 Ixtapalai)a, where th«re is something to see worth going to see." 
 
 The car passed through a long narrow street of low adobe 
 houses, and came to the entl of the track, where the mules 
 
 1C6 
 
ceased from their festive gallop, the driver from his arduous 
 labor, and the passengers from their interesting ride. 
 
 "What on earth is there here, Major? two pulque shops, 
 three dusty streets, and a dozen dirty children, that is all. I can 
 see," said the Captain. " Oh, yes ; there is a woman and a dog 
 and two burros ! " 
 
 " This is the worst I ever saw," added the Corporal, " dead as 
 Julius Caesar ! " 
 
 " Yes, dead, and not buried," said the Captain. 
 
 " Not quite as bad as that, boys ; not quite dead, but very 
 old. This was a royal residence when the Spaniards came into 
 the country, and perhaps founded in the year 669. We are 
 on prehistoric grounds, and in a place that has a right to 
 a good rest after a lifetime of more than a thousand years. 
 What the people of Ixtapalapa lack in vivacity, they make up for 
 in devotion to their religion. Aztec traditions and customs 
 prevail here undisturbed by modern notions. This was the 
 home of Cuauhtemoc, the brave prince who made a Noche 
 Triste for Cortes." 
 
 Going down one of the dingy streets ornamented chiefly by 
 cactus, they came to a little market place, and crossing it 
 entered the great yard of the church, in which were many 
 tombs. A massive wall of stone, with embrasures and turrets 
 like those of a fort enclosure, surrounds the yard. 
 
 " This is something like the wall around the old church at 
 Tula," said the Captain. 
 
 " Very like it, and doubtless was intended for the same pur- 
 pose, — defence. It is probably as old, too." 
 
 The front door of the Parrequia was fastened, but an Indian 
 was found who admitted the visitors by an entrance through a 
 chapel. The notable things to be seen in the church are the 
 "blue moon and yellow sun" at the high altar, and they are 
 peculiarly sacred to these Indian worshippers. Crossing again 
 the market place to the south, a short walk through a better part 
 
 167 
 
of the town brought them to a stone chapel which is attractive in 
 appearance., both without and within. Here an Indian was con- 
 ducting some sen'ice, and many worshippers were kneeling and 
 saying prayers. Here were found some fine jiaintings and every 
 sign of a well-sustained chapel. The boys were much impressed 
 by what they saw, and the Captain asked, — 
 
 " Do they attend church every day? " 
 
 "Nearly, I think. I never was here when I did not see some 
 senice going on ; at any rate, these people are notably religious. 
 In this chapel they sometimes have passion plays, as they do at 
 
 IXIATAI-ArA. 
 
 .\mecameca. The Indians perform the parts here as there. 
 What a fine avenue of shade trees this is ! And here is a sacred 
 cave," continued the Major, leading the way j)ast the chapel on 
 the east. 
 
 A well-worn ])ath led under an immense arch, and the party 
 found themselves in a low cave, long and wide, the floor of 
 whi( h was covered with large stones which have fallen there. 
 At the extreme end of the cave is a spring, and a path made to 
 it through the rocks shows that it is much used ; in fact, two 
 Indians were seen di])ping water while the party was in the cave. 
 The boys noticed many little crosses, and also crowns and 
 
 1 68 
 
wreaths made of small twigs or splinters, and stuck in the 
 cracks of the rocks all about the entrance and overhead along 
 the path to the spring. 
 
 "What do these things mean?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " They are offerings, or they indicate prayers. Notice that 
 some of them are wound with hair ; those are either signs of 
 thanks for relief from headache or other sickness, or of prayers 
 for deliverance from some disease. The cave and the spring 
 are both regard'ed as sacred by the natives. If those Indians 
 were not here, I might gather a few of these votos as curiosities ; 
 there is a pretty one." 
 
 "You wouldn't really take any of them, would you?" said the 
 Captain. 
 
 " Perhaps not ; but I have seen visitors take some of them." 
 
 " This is certainly an interesting place. I'm glad we came," 
 said the Corporal. "Let's have a drink from the sacred spring." 
 
 The Indians had not yet gone out with their jars of water, and 
 on request seemed much pleased to give a drink to the visitors. 
 They told the Major that great cures had been effected by its 
 waters in answer to prayers. When he told the boys what they 
 said, the Corporal remarked, — 
 
 "I don't doubt it, I feel better myself already." 
 
 " Now for a little chmb. The ' Hill of the Star ' is about 
 seven hundred feet high, and we have a mile walk to reach the 
 top. There is the trail behind the chapel." 
 
 "Pretty steep grade. Major, but my wind is good," said 
 the Captain. 
 
 " You'll need to go slowly. . Remember you are two thousand 
 feet higher now than the top of Mt. Washington. The air is 
 thin here. You will get tired very easily." 
 
 Following the trail they gradually rose above the village and 
 the surrounding valley. Suddenly they came upon the edge of 
 a great cavity, thirty or forty feet across and ten or fifteen feet 
 deep. 
 
 169 
 
" What is this? " asked the Corporal. " It looks like a ciater 
 of a volcano." 
 
 " 'Jhat is just what it is. This whole hill is of volcanic 
 origin ; in fact, all the hills you see in the Valley of Mexico 
 are of the same origin. This hill has a great many of these 
 blow-holes or little craters, and about it are sulphur springs. 
 Over yonder to the west of us is a great lava bed called the 
 Pedregal, covering an area of more than ten square miles. 
 From the edge of it came the great stone of the sun and also 
 the greater sacrificial stones. This lava bed is from twenty to 
 forty-five feet thick. There are caves and fissures in it ; fissures 
 like those in the Mer de Glace and other glaciers. This hill is 
 simply the cone of a crater. The top of it has been levelled off, 
 as you will see." 
 
 " Why, there is corn growing in this hole," exclaimed the 
 Captain. 
 
 "As sure as you live," added the Corporal. "Nice warm 
 place for a garden. Already walled in, too." 
 
 They soon came upon another and a larger cavity, in which 
 could be seen greater evidences of the action of heat. The 
 trail now led off to the west to a promontory considerably below 
 the summit, and quite overhanging the valley. The view from 
 here was fine, especially towards the west. The canal seemed 
 to be just below them, and could be traced its whole length 
 from the Lake of Xochimilco, which now was seen by them 
 for the first time. The floating gardens appeared like strij)s of 
 green carpet with silver borders. Domes and towers marked 
 the location of a score of villages, the largest of which are San 
 Angel and Tlalpam. 
 
 "Beautiful I " exclaimed all. " This is worth coming to see." 
 
 " lUit the best is to come yet. Another little climb, and 
 standing by that cross we shall have one of the finest landscape 
 views in the world. How is your wind, Captain? " 
 
 " (Jood, but I'm glad the top is no farther away." 
 
 170 
 
" I would like some more of that holy spring water," said the 
 Corporal; "why, here is a wheat-field, and there is a potato 
 patch almost on top of the mountain ! " 
 
 In a few minutes they reached the rocks, which project almost 
 perpendicularly from the cone. Here they had a steep climb, 
 but soon were on the summit. 
 When he had recovered his 
 breath the Corporai said, — 
 
 " What a great cross ! These 
 timbers are as large round as I 
 am ; and who placed it here, 
 I wonder." 
 
 "This has been a sacred hill 
 for centuries, certainly five cen- 
 turies, and perhaps ten," said 
 the Major. 
 
 "Why is it called the 'Hill 
 of the Star ' (Cerro de la Es- 
 trella)?" 
 
 " The shape of this plateau 
 is not unlike that of a star ; per- 
 haps that suggested the name. 
 This level place is artificial, 
 not natural; probably the hill came to a ragged peak, or was 
 a crater-like rim, as that one is yonder. It was levelled for the 
 site of a temple." 
 
 " A temple ! up here ! " exclaimed the Corporal. 
 
 " Yes, one of the most sacred places of the Aztecs. Here a 
 solemn procession came once in every fifty-two years to celebrate 
 the beginning of a ' new period,' somewhat as the Jews cele- 
 brated the great jubilee or fiftieth year. At the expiration 
 of a cycle every fire was extinguished, and priests and people 
 came here to obtain the new fire for another cycle. A victim 
 was sacrificed, and with great ceremony the high priest built a 
 
 HILT. OF THE STAR. 
 
 171 
 
fire from which was taken the ember or torch which gave the 
 new fire to the nation. And now take in the view from this 
 summit. Did you ever see anything so grand? Yonder on the 
 north is the capital, see the Cathedral towers ; and the spires of 
 a hundred monasteries, convents, and churches. Beyond is the 
 sacred hill of Guadalupe ; east of it the volcanic peak of Penon ; 
 then Texcoco Lake, a blue sea with here a white beach 
 and there a green shore. On the west in the distance is Cha- 
 pultei)ec, crowned with its castle, and nearer, a chain of pretty 
 villages, succeeded by twin Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco ; the 
 whole valley rimmed by mountains which yonder, as you see, 
 lift their white heads almost to the sky." 
 
 " It is a splendid view," said the Corporal. " I would not like 
 to miss this, but I suppose many do miss it." 
 
 " Oh, yes, very few come here, but those who do come are 
 charmed with their trip." 
 
 " It beats anything we have had yet," said the Captain. " You 
 see so many things of difierent kinds in a short excursion. 
 There is the canal, the gardens, the chapels, and caves, and 
 craters, and lakes, and last and greatest of all those volcanoes ; 
 they seem very near here. This is perfectly splendid ! " 
 
 " I think there is no other lookout point in the valley to 
 compare with it," said the Major. " You are here four times as 
 high as the Cathedral towers, or the Castle of Chapultepec. 
 You are in nearly the middle of the valley, midway between 
 the lakes, and your view is unobstrueted in every direction. For 
 these reasons it appears to me the best point of observation in 
 the Valley of Mexico." 
 
 "And easy to reach," said the Cai)tain. " In two hours from 
 the hotel we can be on top of this hill." 
 
 "What a place fur a picnic," said the Corjioral. "Bring a 
 basket of sandwiches from the hotel ; get our fruit here in the 
 village, and our water at the spring in the cave, and here you are 
 for as long as you please. Let's come again and spend the day." 
 
 172 
 
"We certainly shall if we can find time; this is my favorite 
 excursion in the Valley of Mexico. I have wondered why the 
 guide-books make so little mention of its charms." 
 
 The Museo Nacional occupies that part of the Palace Block 
 which was formerly the Mint. At the entrance, No. 921 Caile 
 de la Moneda, are heavy bronze doors under 
 a portal of Corinthian columns, which admit 
 the visitor to a charming patio in which may /* 
 be seen splendid specimens of the peculiar 
 plants of Mexico. On either side of the 
 court a broad stone stairway leads to the 
 upper storv of the Museum, which is 
 - devoted to the natural his- 
 tory exhibit. The ground 
 ., floor is occupied by the 
 exhibit of antiquities. Here \ 
 the visitor will find a won- 
 derful collection of prehistoric 
 ren:iains. Among the most wonderful things 
 j -^ I to be seen are the names of the parties 
 
 \ 
 
 173 
 
commemorated. They are as massive as the monoliths and as 
 dreadful to contemplate as the Sacrificial Stone. The Spaniards 
 deserve a vote of thanks for bringing a new and musical set of 
 names into this once distressed country. 
 
 It is not necessary for the visitor to pronounce any of these 
 frightful names. For gods and goddesses alike he may use the 
 universal name of "what's his name," and all will be well; they 
 don't understand English. 
 
 The reader is alreaily familiar with the so-called Aztec 
 Calendar Stone (see page 153). He must now be made 
 acquainted with the idol Huitzilopochtlih Mexitli. It is a two- 
 faced, as well as a two-named, image in porphyry, nearly 
 nine feet high. This represents the chief god of ancient 
 Mexico. The Indio Triste (the sad Indian), of 
 black basalt, three and one half feet high, was 
 found (dead) in the street now named for him 
 in 1828. This statue is one of the stone torch- 
 )earers at the portal of some building. The Sac- 
 «jj^ rificial Stone, a cylinder of porphyry, two and 
 three quarters feet high, eight and one half feet in 
 diameter and twenty-seven feet in cir- 
 cumference, was found near the south- 
 west corner of the Cathedral in 1791. 
 Its surface bears reliefs nearly an inch 
 high. In the centre is a circular 
 ^ basin one and one half feet in diam- 
 '* eter and six inches deep ; around 
 this are seven rings bearing signs 
 similar to those on the Calendar 
 Stone. Around the rim are thirty figures representing warriors 
 holding men and women (supposed to be victims for sacrifice) 
 by their hair. The date of the stone is 1484. Chac-Mool 
 (god of fire) is represented by two figures. These were brought 
 from Yucatan. They are interesting, but nut pretty. 
 
 174 
 
Space and patience forbid any further attempt to list the 
 strange things which may be seen in the Museum of Antiquities. 
 We must mention, however, a few of the principal objects of 
 interest in other departments. Here are relics of Hidalgo, his 
 standard, his cane, and his gun ; the red damask standard of the 
 conquerors, a portrait of Cor- 
 tes, the helmet of Alvarado, 
 the carriage and silver service 
 of Maximilian. In the central 
 gallery hangs a shield of Mon- 
 tezuma, which was sent by 
 Corti^s to the Emperor Charles 
 V. ; it was formerly in the 
 Museums of Brussels and of ~ 
 Vienna, but in 1866 was pre- 
 sented to this Museum by 
 Maximilian. The display of 
 earthenware, of coins, of im- 
 plements of warfare and of 
 domestic use is rich and very 
 interesting. One may spend 
 many hours in this Museum 
 very profitably. To see this 
 exhibit is worth a trip to 
 Mexico. 
 
 In the Art Gallery, called 
 the Academy of San Carlos, 
 there are a few paintings of 
 superior merit. There are 
 miles of canvas on which the masters of Europe, as well as of 
 Mexico, have displayed their skill. Murillo, Rubens, Van Dyke, 
 and Leonardo da Vinci are represented in the third gallery. The 
 most notable paintings of Mexican artists are, " Xochitl and her 
 Father Papantzin presenting the Toltec Prince Tecpaucaltzin 
 
 175 
 
with a new Drink" (imlque), by Obregon, and "Brother 
 Bartolomc cle las Casas as Protector of the Indians," by Parra. 
 This hist named, says Janvier, " in nobihty of subject, grandeur 
 and simplicity of treatment, and strong but subdued color, ranks 
 as one of the great pictures of the world. Work such as this 
 affords ample ground for fiiith in the future of Mexican art." 
 
 As the party left the Art (iallery, the Major said, " Now we 
 will go and look at a jucture that is vastly more beautiful than 
 any we have seen, and thousands of years older than any of the 
 antiques in the Museum." 
 
 "What do you mean? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " I mean the view of the \'alley of Mexico from the towers of 
 the Cathedral." 
 
 "The afternoon is the best time for that view, isn't it?" said 
 the Captain. 
 
 " Yes, we'll go up now and stay till sunset. You will get the 
 view of a lifetime, and it will last you for a lifetime. Keats must 
 have recalled some such view when he wrote : — 
 
 ' A thing of beauty is a joy forever: 
 Its loveliness increases; it will never 
 Pass into nothingness.' " 
 
 176 
 
XI. 
 
 " The monarch of mountains, 
 They crowned him long ago 
 On a throne of rock, in a robe of clouds. 
 With a diadem of snow." 
 
 Manfred, 
 
 E must go to Amecameca to-morrow morn- 
 ing," exclaimed the Major, laying down the 
 paper which he had been reading. 
 
 "Why, to-moriow is Sunday," said the 
 Corporal, in surprise. 
 
 " I know it, but we'll 
 go along with the pil- 
 grims. There is to be 
 a peregrinacion to Sacro 
 Monte." 
 
 "What is that?" the 
 Captain asked. 
 " In English we call it a pilgrimage." 
 "Do they make pilgrimages in this country? " 
 " Yes, plenty of them, and they are interesting sights to 
 visitors from our country. Pilgrimages have been more frequent 
 than usual this year on account of the fear of cholera." 
 
 " What has that to do with a pilgrimage? " asked the Corporal. 
 " Everything; what is a pilgrimage for? " 
 " I am sure I don't know ; tell us, please." 
 " It is a visit to some shrine for the purpose of returning 
 thanks or of asking a special blessing. The people here are 
 
 177 
 
alarmed at the prevalence of cholera in Europe, and many are 
 going to Sacro Monte to-morrow to pray that Mexico may be 
 l)rotected from the pestilence. There have been several 
 pilgrimages to (iuadalupe for the same purpose, and there will be 
 many more before the summer is past. I heard of two train 
 loads of pilgrims on the Central to-day : one from Zacatecas 
 and one from San Luis Potosi. You see that these people go a 
 great way to visit their shrines." 
 
 " It certainly will be interesting to see one of these pil- 
 grimages," said tiie Captain ; " let us go by all means." 
 
 "Where is the Sacro Monte?" asketl the 
 Corporal. 
 
 " It is a hill about forty miles southeast 
 of this city, at the base of the volcanoes. 
 It rises boldly out of the surrounding plain 
 at Amecameca, and affords the best possi- 
 ble view of the great mountains, — one of 
 the great views of the world." 
 
 "There will be a crowd, of course," said 
 the Corporal. 
 
 " I should like to see a Mexican crowd," 
 said the Captain. " It must be a pictur- 
 esque sight." 
 
 "They arc a ipiict and orderly people. Vou'll have an inter- 
 esting day, I assure you. There are some interesting sights along 
 the road, some in the village and vicinity, and the shrine itself is 
 a curious thing. We pass over the lowest point in this valley, 
 and go where you can almost put your hand on the base of the 
 highest, the snow-capped Popocatepetl." 
 
 " We shall have a full day's work then, if we are to take 
 account of a village, two volcanoes, a holy mountain, and a pil- 
 grimage," said the Captain. 
 
 "Study up this evenings© that you will know something about 
 what you are looking at. You are to visit that ' highest moun- 
 
 178 
 
tain in Mexico ' that the schoolbooks tell us about. The name 
 Popocatepetl signifies ' smoking mountain,' and Ixtaccihuatl 
 means 'white woman.' " 
 
 The Corporal reported, a short time after, the result of his 
 study as follows : The volcanoes are fifty miles southeast of the 
 city of Mexico. Popocatepetl is 17,777 feet, and Ixtaccihuatl 
 17,071 feet in height. No trees grow above an elevation of 
 13,054 feet, no vegetation is found above 13,710 feet, and per- 
 petual snow is found at a height of 14,104 feet. 
 
 " Do many people go up these mountains ?" asked the Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 " Yes, quite a number every year. The ascent of Popo- 
 catepetl can be made safely and quite easily from Amecameca. 
 There is a miners' camp and 
 residence at an elevation of 
 12,772 feet, known as the 
 'Rancho de Tlamacas,' and 
 it is just about as high above 
 the village as the summit of 
 Mt. Washington is above the 
 Glen House in the White 
 Mountains. The aspiring 
 climber stays over night at 
 this ranch, starts up Popo- 
 catepetl very early the next 
 morning, reaches the crater 
 and goes down into it four 
 hundred to five hundred feet by bucket and windlass, up out 
 of it by the same means, and returns to the ranch the same 
 day. You see that is quite a day's work. The entrance to 
 the crater is at a height of 17,260 feet, and one has to make 
 from the ranch an ascent equal to that of Mt. Washington, 
 more than half of it (3,600 feet) above the line of perpetual 
 snow. The two peaks of the crater's rim are called ' Espinazo 
 
 POl'OCATErETL FROM SACRO MONTE. 
 
 179 
 
del Diablo' (the Devil's Backbone) and 'Pico Mayor' (the 
 Highest Point). Very few visitors reach that point." 
 
 " I should think that any one would be satisfied with an eleva- 
 tion of three and a half miles," said the Captain. 
 
 " Yes, so should I, but then you know the 
 
 'Youth who bore mid snow and ice 
 The banner with the strange device.' " 
 
 " Oh, yes, and I know what happened to him." 
 
 " We might as well finish up the volcanoes while we are talk- 
 ing about them," added the Major. " We have seen them in 
 miniature on the Alameda. The crater is oval in shape, about 
 two thousand feet across one way and thirteen hundred feet the 
 other way. It is very like a funnel; on its ragged walls are 
 layers of lava and crystals of feldspar, and sulphur." 
 
 " It is not an active volcano now, is it? " 
 
 " Not very; the last eruption occurred in 1802 ; the volcano 
 is just now taking a siesta, but all the time it is breathing out 
 sulphur through a dozen nostrils, each from eight to ten inches 
 in diameter." 
 
 " Is what's her name, the White Woman, a volcano too?" 
 
 " Probably it is, although her crown has not the common crater 
 shape. There are several real glaciers on Ixtaccihuatl, and it is 
 a very difficult thing to ascend that mountain." 
 
 " You spoke of a miners' ranch. What is mined on the 
 mountain?" 
 
 " Sulphur ; it is believed that Popocatepetl is a bonanza, for 
 its sulphur is of superior quality." 
 
 " Then these mountains are good for something besides show," 
 said the Corporal. 
 
 "Oh, yes indeed, Cortes found use for them in 1520; here 
 he procured his supply of sulphur; and this was the great and 
 only ice producer of this region until quite recently. Mexico, 
 Pucbla, and other cities obtained their ice from the net'eros (or 
 
 180 
 
snow gatherers) of Amecameca and other villages near the 
 mountains. Another product is charcoal, which is the chief and 
 almost the only fuel of this country. Many men and burros get 
 their living by making and transporting it from the forests." 
 
 " A curious combination that of ice-house and sulphur mine," 
 said the Captain. 
 
 The mine has been worked steadily since 1849 ; the product 
 is about four tons a month. The great highway from the coast to 
 
 the capital passes now, as it did long before the time of Cortes, 
 between the two volcanoes. By that road, a highway indeed, 
 Spanish, French, and American invaders of this country have 
 marched, and from those heights have descended on its capital. 
 
 "Shall we go with the pilgrims?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " Of course," answered the Captain, " for we are pilgrims and 
 strangers too. Let us go with the pilgrims, by all means." 
 
 181 
 
" One object of our visit to Mexico," said the Major, " is to 
 see the people as they are, in their homes, at their business, on 
 their excursions of pleasure, at their devotions in church, at their 
 amusements, and now we shall see thousands on a religious 
 journey, ^^'e must go early to the station or we shall not find 
 a seat. I'll leave orders to be called." 
 
 Up at five o'clock and off for San Lazaro station of the Inter- 
 oceanic Railway. The train of seventeen coaches is packed 
 twenty minutes before starting time, and sale of tickets is 
 stopped, disappointing hundreds who had put off hast.i manana 
 what they should have done esfa vianiina. The prudent ones 
 all aboard and the careless ones all left till next time, the 
 train with its twehe hundred pilgrims pulls out promptly. A 
 few prayer-books are seen in use, but there is a good deal more 
 of lunch than litany going on. All seem interested in the scen- 
 ery ; good order and good nature prevail, and all enjoy themselves 
 as best they can. 
 
 On we go across the plain, Lake Texcoco on our left glisten- 
 ing like burnished silver, and soon arrive at the famous olive 
 vill.ge Ayotla, on the northern shore of Lake Chalco. Did you 
 ever see such big olive-trees ! Then we arrive at La Compania, 
 where we might take a tram car to the quaint old, very old 
 town of Chalco, dating back to 990, and where we do take on 
 an extra locomotive for the ascent of the Sierra Nevada, which 
 begins here. We are on historic ground all the way, for this is 
 the region in which — 
 
 " Cities arose, ruled, dwiiulled to decay, 
 linipires were formed, then darkly swept away, 
 Race followed race, like cloud shades o'er the field. 
 The stranger still to stranger doomed to yield." 
 
 This village of Amecameca was fjunded by the Chichimecs in 
 A. D. 647; the Toltecs drove them out in 713; the Aztecs 
 subdued the Toltecs in 8S5 ; and Cortes, in 1520, made the 
 
 1S2 
 
Aztecs subjects and slaves of Spain. How "like cloud shades 
 o'er the field " have races come and gone ! 
 
 On and up we go nearer to the snowy peaks which are in sight 
 all the way, until we are so near that we can almost touch them, 
 and the train stops at the station in Amecameca at the foot of 
 the hill of pilgrimage, " Cerro del Sacromonte." 
 
 The boom of cannon and strains of music greet the pilgrims; 
 the cura welcomes the leaders of the host. A procession is im- 
 mediately formed and pro- ^ 
 ceeds to the parish church, 
 which is very gayly deco- 
 rated for the great occa- 
 sion. The celebration of 
 a mass keeps the pilgrims 
 in the church for an hour, 
 after which they scatter in 
 groups about the atrium, 
 or in the large yard, for re- 
 freshments. Many repair 
 to the plaza, where the na- 
 tives are present in force 
 with their merchandise of 
 fruit, tortillas, /a males, en- 
 saLidas, etc., ready to sup- 
 ply the pilgrims with some- 
 thing substantial to assist 
 them in making their jour- 
 ney to the shrine on Sacro 
 Monte. ■- - '"""^ -■■■-- 
 
 "Let us leave them," said the Major, "and make our pilgrim- 
 age ahead of the crowd ; for when this great multitude gets there, 
 we can see nothing but the multitude and the mountain. We 
 want to see much more, so let's go now, taking a bite of history 
 as we go." 
 
 183 
 
Crossing the plaza the party passed under the arch on which 
 stands a statue of Saint Simon Stilites, with a leg up, which he 
 cannot get down. 
 
 " Simon says legs up," said the Corporal, as he gazed at the 
 saint. 
 
 On the way to Sacro Monte is a tile in the wall of an aban- 
 doned chapel on which are some grateful words for the late 
 lamented Emperor Vturbide. The ascent of the hill is made 
 upon a broad stone-paved road, quite steep, leading to the shrine 
 near the summit. This is the Via Crucis, having a little chapel 
 at the foot, and the fourteen stations of the Cross along the way. 
 Groups of pilgrims are already climbing the hill and kneeling at 
 each station. It is said that very devout pilgrims make the 
 entire journey over the rough stones on their knees. 
 
 Arriving at the shrine in the chapel, illuminated with many 
 candles and already nearly filled with kneeling, praying wor- 
 shippers, the party saw the object of veneration, a life-size image 
 of the dead Christ. Some say that a pious monk placed this 
 image here about 1527 ; others say that a mule bearing it strayed 
 from a train which was carrying sacred things to Mexico, and was 
 found in this cave ; that the people of the town bought the image 
 which had thus signified its wish to remain here, and placed it in 
 a shrine in the cave. It is well authenticated that the image was 
 here before 1550; and hence this has been a sacred mount for 
 nearly three and a half centuries ! The image, made of cork, 
 weighing only two and one half pounds, is enclosed in a glass 
 casket, from which it is removed but once a year, in Holy 
 Week. On Ash Wednesday the image is brought down to the 
 parish church, where it remains until the night of Good Friday, 
 when it is taken to its shrine. In Holy Week occurs the great 
 festival of the year. Thousands come to the fair which is then 
 held in the town, and remain to take part in the great closing 
 event of the week, the return of the image to Sacro Monte. 
 Before its removal from the church the Indians perform a pas- 
 
 184 
 
sion play in the vestibule. After darkness has settled on the 
 town a procession is formed, and amid groans and prayers the 
 faithful worshippers escort by torchlight the sacred relic to its 
 resting place for another year. 
 
 "It must be an interesting scene," said the Captain. 
 
 " It must be, indeed. I wish we could be here on Good Fri- 
 day night," added the Corporal. 
 
 " If we were we should not see a procession, for a recent law 
 forbids religious processions." 
 
 "Well, how then can there be one to-day? " 
 
 "That will be different from the old one. It is not a 'pro- 
 cession ' within the meaning of the law. It is only ' pilgrims 
 marching along.' It will not have the sacred image with it, and 
 perhaps the people are forgetting the law for the day. In 1886 
 there was no procession ; a custom which had been observed 
 religiously for more than three hundred years became a thing of 
 the past in 1885." 
 
 "That seems too bad, doesn't it? What harm could it do? " 
 
 "I don't know, I am sure," replied the Major. "In some 
 places, the capital, for instance, where party spirit runs high at 
 times, processions might be the means of doing harm, and a law 
 against them or any law must be enforced in the corners as well 
 as at the centre of a country." 
 
 "Do you know the origin of these pilgrimages ? " 
 
 " No ; the Spanish invaders found the natives given to them, 
 and substituted new images for those of the Aztecs and of the 
 other tribes whom they worked to convert. What a magnificent 
 view this is ! " 
 
 " Ah ! there they come," exclaimed the Captain, pointing to 
 the village. " They have left the plaza already, and will soon 
 be on the Via Crucis. Let's get a seat where we can be a little 
 above and close to them as they pass." 
 
 " That is a good idea," said the Major, " and let us study the 
 faces of the pilgrims. We shall see whether they are devout or 
 
 185 
 
indifTerent, whether they have a meaning and interest in what 
 they do or are simply doing this because they think they must 
 do it." 
 
 The citizens had made rustic arches over the Via Crucis at 
 several points. Near the chapel at the foot of the hill was a 
 beautiful one made of leaves and heno or Spanish moss, and 
 bearing the words, Bicn Venidos Sean (Welcome). The pro- 
 cession soon passed under this, and began the ascent, the priests 
 reciting the Litany of the Saints, and the pilgrims responding, 
 
 Ui\i /.'. /.../i. .Ml 
 ages were represents 
 in the solemn march 
 and music. The child 
 of six and the matron 
 of sixty walked side by side bearing lighted cand'o, and taking 
 an equal part in the service. Slowly the i)rocession of pilgrims 
 moved on and up, bearing various banners and emblems of de- 
 votion, to the sacred shrine. All along the way on either side of 
 the procession were throngs of jjeople, mostly residents of the 
 village, but there were also many Indians from the mountain dis- 
 
 i86 
 
tricts. These, all with uncovered heads, moved with the solemn 
 procession, apparently as intent on the business of the hour as 
 the pilgrims themselves. They joined in the responses and in 
 the chants. It was a devout multitude, inspired by the de- 
 votion of the pilgrims from Mexico. To all alike this was a 
 sacred mount, and a looker on could hardly fail to think that 
 these devotees were m their spirit like those of the olden 
 time who climbed the holy hill of Zion to seek a blessing in 
 Ihe Temple. 
 
 The company arriving at the chapel, the priests celebrated a 
 solemn mass in the chapel. The ciira was the preacher 
 of the day. He took for his text the words' of the prodigal son. 
 Me Lvaniare e ire a vii padre (" I will arise and go to my 
 father"). The effect of his earnest and eloquent words was 
 manifest in the faces of his hearers. Many were moved to 
 tears. After the discourse, the multitude scattered about the 
 hill in groups for refreshments ; it was pleasing to see so many 
 family groups. All the people seemed happy ; they were not 
 over-serious, but were free from levity and were remarkably 
 quiet. 
 
 At two o'clock the pilgrims gathered again about the chapel, 
 where there was a most happy surprise awaiting them at the 
 hands of the cura. He granted them the greatest favor in 
 his power, and one that nobody had dared to ask, namely, to 
 touch and to kiss the sacred image. The cura and priests took 
 the image from the casket and placed it on a bier prepared for 
 it. Gentlemen begged the privilege of being bearers. The bier 
 was placed in front of the sanctuary, and there it was permitted 
 to as many as could reach it to touch and kiss the feet of the 
 image. All could not do so, but hundreds gratified their holy 
 desire. The time for departure approaching, the cura took 
 the image in his arms and stepping upon a platform showed 
 it to the multitude as a sign of blessing. This act deeply 
 impressed everybody, and many were moved to tears and sobs. 
 
 1S7 
 
The cura then dismissed the ]Mlgrims with his benediclion, and 
 ihey left the slirine with every sign of satisfaction and happiness. 
 It was a day of a hfetime to many, no doubt, and children's 
 children will hear of this notable pilgrimage to Sacro Monte in 
 August, 1892. 
 
 188 
 
CHURCH OF GUADALUPE. 
 
XII. 
 
 'They say miracles are past." 
 
 AWs Well That Ends 
 
 Well. 
 
 " The great world's altar stairs 
 That slope through darkness up to God." 
 
 /n A/eworiam. 
 
 ^ER the northern causeway devout pilgrims 
 from Tenochtitlan, in 892, went to the 
 sacred hill Tepeyacac ; over nearly the 
 J ,^ same ground to the same place, now 
 "" known as Guadalupe, do pilgrims and 
 strangers make their journey in 1892. 
 On this hill there was, a thousand 
 years ago, a sanctuary dedicated to 
 the deity called sometimes "Mother 
 of the Gods," sometimes "Goddess 
 of Corn," and sometimes "The Fruit- 
 bearer." The Spaniards destroyed 
 the sanctuary and also the causeway, 
 ^ but the natives continued to worship 
 their images there. The devoted 
 It "> /^"^ '"'"'^ missionaries lamented this, and in due 
 time, here, as at Quer^taro, they substituted a new object of 
 worship for the old; "in the place of the heathen Mother of 
 
Gods was put the Christian God -mother." A Spanish historian 
 tells the miraculous tale of how the change was accomplished to 
 the satisfaction of all concerned. 
 
 On Dec. 9, 1531, Saturday, an Indian, Juan Diego by 
 name, when going to mass heard the angels singing as he 
 passed this hill. A glorious Lady called him and told him to go 
 to the bishop and say that she wished to have a temple built 
 where she was standing. Juan delivered the message, but the 
 bishop desired further e\idence of the truth of the Indian's 
 story. Juan returned to the hill and reijorted what the bishop 
 said. The Lady told the Indian to come again. He came 
 the next day, Sunday, the loth, and a second time she sent him 
 with the same message to the bishop, who told Juan to bring 
 some voucher from the Lady. Juan reported again, and the 
 Lady told him to come to her the next day, and she would 
 give him all the proof he needed to convince the bishop. 
 When Juan arrived home he found there his uncle very sick ; he 
 gave his whole attention to him and did not return to the Lady 
 the next day. The sick man grew worse, and Juan started on the 
 morning of the 12th to call a priest, and he tried to avoid 
 another meeting with the Lady by going to town by a path on the 
 other side of the hill. But he did not escape. The Lady stopped 
 him. He said he was in a hurry, going for a confessor for his 
 dying uncle. She told him that he need not worry about his 
 uncle, for he had recovered his health, and then she commanded 
 him to gather the flowers at his feet. Lo ! there were flowers 
 on the barren spot where nothing green had ever grown before. 
 " Take these flowers to the bishop," she said, " they are the 
 sign of my divinity." Juan took the flowers in his /i/z/ia (or 
 blanket) and carried them to the bishop's house. When he 
 opened the blanket to show the flowers, behold there a])peared 
 on it a beautifully painted image of the Virgin ! What further 
 sign could the bishop ask? Verily this was the Virgin, the Holy 
 Mary, and she it was who wished to have a chapel built at the 
 
 190 
 
hill where the Mother of the (lods had been worshipped ! If 
 the bishop was convinced, what of the Indian? The sing- 
 ing of angels, the vision and the voice of the Lady, the 
 flowers blooming on a rock, and the image on his tilma! (was 
 ever Indian blanket or canvas of artist so glorified?) and his 
 uncle restored to health ! Could an Indian resist such over- 
 whelming evidences? Verily this is a true divinity, and hence- 
 forth she shall be worshipped at Tepeyacac. The bishop kept 
 the tilma of Juan Diego, on which 
 was the miraculous painting, in his 
 oratory till he had built a chapel 
 for the Lady, and then he placed 
 the holy image there February 7, 
 
 1533- 
 
 "A remarkable story," said the 
 Captain, " but why the name Gua- ^ 
 
 dalupe? " 
 
 "Ah, the bishop saw that the 
 painting was a copy of the sacred '\ 
 image of Seiiora de Guadalupe, the 
 Virgin of a village in Spain, famous 
 in church annals." 
 
 "And was the Indian converted?" 
 asked the Corporal. .,,.»...».- 
 
 " Yes ; he and his wife and his uncle, all three, and, of course, 
 in time everybody worshipped here the new divinity." 
 
 "What and where is this painting or image now?" asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 "We are on our way to see it. It is a painting on a coarse 
 canvas, about six feet long and three feet wide. Whether it is 
 an oil painting or a water color cannot be determined. Artists 
 who have examined it differ in their beliefs as to the method of 
 making the picture." 
 
 "Can we see it?" asked the CorporaL 
 
 191 
 
"Certainly; it is in a frame of gold and silver inside a glass 
 case, which is placed in the tabernacle of the big church at the 
 foot of the hill, called the church of Nuestra Senora de Guada- 
 lupe. This church took the place of the little chapel which the 
 bishop built. Well, here we are at the end of the track, and 
 in front of the church. We will go and see the tilma and its 
 magnificent residence, and then visit two or three other points 
 of interest here. This is an important place for a little one." 
 
 "Why, this is a magnificent cathedral!" said the Captain, 
 when they had entered it. " I think it is finer than the great 
 one in the city." 
 
 " It shows better having so fine a light, and the white and 
 gold finishing makes it very attractive to the eye." 
 
 192 
 
"There is the filma," said the Major, pointing to the beautiful 
 tabernacle of Carrara marble. " Look at it carefully, for that 
 picture is no more notable in the church than it is in the 
 political history of Mexico. You may see here how an institu- 
 tion grows with time. The story of the appearance being be- 
 lieved, this Virgin soon became the object of the greatest 
 veneration, most of all to the 
 Indians, who on every 12th 
 of December, for over three 
 hundred and fifty years, have 
 come by the thousands to this 
 shrine to worship. A hun- 
 dred years after its establish- 
 ment the pope granted that 
 that day should be forever, in 
 the church calendar, the festi- 
 val of the Virgin of Mexico. 
 A hundred years later still the 
 clergy and people solemnly 
 chose her as the patroness 
 and protector of the country. 
 In 1754, the pope confirmed 
 
 the people's choice, and this gave the Virgin of 
 Guadalupe the highest place in the church calendar 
 in New Spain. When Hidalgo started on his cam- 
 paign against the Royalists in 18 10, he took for his 
 banner a picture of this Virgin from the little church 
 at Atotonilco. The patriots rallied under that ban- 
 ner, and so the Virgin became the patroness of independence. 
 She was now regarded as peculiarly the champion of Mexico 
 against Spain, and when independence was gained she was ac- 
 corded all possible devotion for her divine assistance. She 
 became now to the new nation the savior of Mexico. Congress, 
 among its first acts, made the festival of Dec. 12a national holi- 
 
 193 
 
day. Emperor Yturbide created, as highest decoration of his 
 court, the Order of the Virgin of Guadalupe. The first Presi- 
 dent of the RepubHc changed his name to Guadalupe Victoria. 
 The Emperor Maximilian and several of the Presidents have 
 made official pilgrimages to this shrine. From this you can 
 see how it is that this has come to be ' the holiest shrine in 
 Mexico.'" 
 
 Passing out of the church and through the market place, the 
 party now went to the " chapel of the little well " (Capilla del 
 Pocito). This is a small but handsome building with an enam- 
 elled tile roof which makes it an important feature of the view 
 from the hill above. In the vestibule of the chapel is a spring 
 greatly venerated by the Indians, for they believe that this 
 spring was created by the pressure of the Virgin's foot as she 
 emphasized her message to the bishop. There is an iron railing 
 and a covering protecting the spring, but the chained bucket is 
 in constant use by residents and visitors in drawing water, much 
 of which is taken to distant parts. Many American visitors take 
 or send home some of it. The chapel is well lighted and has, 
 therefore, a cheerful appearance. An image of Juan Diego sup- 
 ports the beautiful carved pulpit, and f^iir pictures adorn the 
 walls and dome. 
 
 The ascent to the "chapel of the little hill" (Capilla del Cer- 
 rito) begins near the door of this "chapel of the little well." A 
 long flight of stone steps leads to the summit on which the 
 chapel stands, on the spot where the Indian gathered the flowers. 
 
 As the party approached the top, the Corjioral exclaimed, 
 "What in the world is that? a ship up iierc on the hill?" 
 
 " It does look like it, doesn't it? " 
 
 " It really docs," said the Captain. " I saw that from below 
 and wondered at it, but forgot to ask about it. I'n^m a distance 
 it looks exactly like the mast of a shij) with sails set." 
 
 "That is what it is intended to represent," said the Major. 
 "It is a 7vfo, if you please. This huge mass of stone means 
 
 194 
 
just what the little spUnter crosses in the cave and the crutches 
 in the chapel mean. Somebody has been saved, and these are 
 memorials of gratitude to the Virgin for deliverance. The story 
 of this stone sail is that some sailors who were threatened with 
 shipwreck prayed to this Virgin for preservation, and promised 
 to bring the mast of their ship and set it up as evidence of her 
 power and of their gratitude, if she would give them safe pas- 
 sage. They reached the land, and here is their memorial." 
 
 " Well, that is certainly a curious thing," said the Corporal. 
 
 " I don't believe there is anything like it anywhere else," said 
 the Captain. "I have never 
 heard of such a monument." 
 
 The chapel on the hill is 
 not a very attractive build- 
 ing without or within, but of 
 course every one must visit 
 it. The view from the plat- 
 form in front of it is charm- 
 ing. It includes, besides 
 the village at the foot of 
 the hill, a look over the city 
 of Mexico, the Lake of Tex- 
 coco, and the valley be- 
 yond, ending, as every out- 
 look from any eminence 
 hereabout must end, in the 
 snow-capped summits of the volcanoes. It is one of the notable 
 views of the Valley of Mexico. 
 
 "What are these women selling?" asked the Corporal, as the 
 party came down the steps from the chapel. 
 
 " Quesadillas, try some of them ; they are good. They are 
 little tortillas, Indian corn sweet cakes. We shall come across 
 some mud sellers pretty soon, and you can try Xhtix jabon." 
 
 " Mud sellers ! What do you mean?" 
 
 IN THE GROTTO. 
 
 195 
 
" I mean exactly that. Not only is the water of the little 
 well considered holy, but the earth about it is believed to have 
 wonderful healing power. The natives eat it, and, of course, 
 somebody will make what anybody will buy ; hence you can get, 
 if you wish, little cakes of tierrita." 
 
 " Not any for me, thanks, but these sweet cakes are fine." 
 
 After visiting the little cave or grotto on the west side of the 
 hill, where is a curious display of broken glass and china in 
 mosaics, the party took a stroll through the pretty park in the 
 plaza, went to the old convent near the chapel of the well, took 
 a peep into the windowless stone cells where the Capuchin nuns 
 used to sleep on benches of stone, and returned to the city, 
 where they visited some schools. 
 
 On the way the Corporal said, " We shall be too late, I am 
 afraid. It is now nearly four o'clock." 
 
 " Time enough," said the Major. " The schools here are in 
 session until dark." 
 
 A ^ 
 
 196 
 
XIII. 
 
 c 
 
 " Not once or twice in our rough island story 
 The path of duty was the way to glory." 
 
 Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 HAPULTEPEC to-day ! " exclaimed the Captain. 
 " I expect a treat." 
 
 " You will not be disappointed. It is all your 
 fancy has painted it, and more," said the Major. 
 Unless one wishes the ride through the Paseo, 
 no carriage is needed for 
 the trip to Chapultepec, as 
 the Tacubaya and San An- 
 gel street cars pass one of 
 the entrances to the park, 
 and the visitor should walk 
 rather than ride through 
 , ^^^^^se^ the grove of cypresses if 
 ■f i] Tt^TiUfiili^'^'' he wishes to get the finest 
 views. Afternoon is the 
 best time to go to the hill, but the view from it is lovely at any 
 time. The park is open daily between 5 a. m. and 7 p. m., but 
 a permit is necessary for admittance to the castle. This permit 
 may be obtained at the office of the " Governor of the Palace " 
 in the National Palace. Chapultepec (the hill of the grass- 
 hopper) is a bold projection of porphyry, rising about two 
 hundred feet above the valley. It was once an island in Lake 
 Texcoco, but is fully four miles from the present shore. The 
 Aztecs, who gave it the name which it now bears, occupied it in 
 
 197 
 
i279> ^vcre driven from it by a neighboring tribe, but later 
 regained it and built a temple on its summit. Some of the 
 princes had their effigies carved on the rocks ; a part of one cati 
 still be seen on the eastern base of the hill. On the south side 
 is a large spring which is the water supply of part of the city. 
 On the north side near the driveway to the castle is a large 
 cave, which was the sanctuary of Malintzin, the spirit of the 
 murmuring spring. The cave is said to be connected with the 
 castle by a passage. The driveway winds round the western 
 
 end ui the liill and terminates on the south side at the entrance 
 to the castle grounds. There is the West Point of Mexico, the 
 National Military School. 
 
 "This is the pride of young Mexico I suppose," saiil the 
 Captain, as he saw some of the handsome and handsomely 
 uniformed cadets. 
 
 " Yes, and the pride of the whole nation. There are about 
 three hundred young soldiers here." 
 
 " A lot of fine fellows in a fine place," added the Corporal. 
 
 19S 
 
" Yes, and they are ready to fight at any moment in defence 
 of their country, as were their predecessors in 1847. At the foot 
 of the hill is a beautiful memorial to the cadets who fell in battle 
 at the storming of Chapultepec. The students make the anni- 
 versary of the battle a memorial day, and the President places a 
 wreath on the monument. The cadets and the nation are justly 
 proud of the record of its young soldiers." 
 
 "Has Mexico much of an army?" asked the Captain. 
 
 "About thirty thousand men and about three thousand officers, 
 all told. It includes thirty battalions of infantry, fourteen regi- 
 ments of cavalry, four battalions of artillery, and other organiza- 
 tions, the most notable of which is the corps of gendarmes, 
 known as the ' Rurales.' This is the finest body of horse- 
 men in the world. It consists of about two thousand men, the 
 best riders in Mexico, and on the annual display of troops at 
 the celebration of independence the 'Rurales' are the chief 
 
 199 
 
aitraction of the parade. They are handsomely mounted on 
 spirited horses and wear a tawny leather suit with the tall gray 
 felt sombrero, both properly ornamented with silver. There is 
 nothing like the * Rurales ' outside of Mexico. Besides the active 
 army there are about one hundred thousand reserves ready for 
 an emergency, which, let us hope, will not occur soon." 
 
 "What about the navy?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 "The Mexican navy is not formidable, my boy, for the whole 
 fleet comprises only six vessels : four of these are small gun- 
 boats and two are unarmored vessels of four hundred and fifty 
 tons and six hundred horse-power. It may interest you to know, 
 however, that the army and navy of Mexico cost about twelve 
 million dollars a year, nearly one third of the total revenue of 
 the government." 
 
 " Beautiful front, this is really a palace," exclaimed the Cor- 
 poral. "What is that firing on the left? Is some one storming 
 Chapultepec? " 
 
 "Oh, that is target practice, I presume! What a splendid 
 parade ground ! Ves, this is really a palace, dating from 1785." 
 
 "Where does the President live?" asked the Captain. 
 
 "The eastern end of the castle is his resilience pait of the 
 year. Isn't this a magnificent establishment? 
 
 " Can we get into the big White House ? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " Ves, we have a pass, and we were lucky to get it. Very 
 often visitors can get no farther than the gate, because of repairs. 
 It seems as if they were making repairs here three fourths of the 
 time." 
 
 " Well this is beautiful and no mistake !" exclaimed the Cap- 
 tain, as the party went through the arcade and the garden, jjast 
 the fountain out to the north terrace. 
 
 "This modern work is due to Maximilian," said the Major. 
 "Notice the Pompeiian style. What beautiful marble ! This is 
 fine enough for a king ! What a royal retreat ! It has been a 
 home of rulers for more than six hundred years." 
 
" Please tell us something about the President." 
 "Porfirio Diaz was born in Oaxaca in 1830. His ancestors 
 were Spaniards, who came to Mexico in 15 21. The grandfather 
 of his mother married an Indian woman, and thus he represents 
 in his person to some degree the Spanish and the Indian races. 
 His father died in 1833, leaving his mother with five children 
 and very little property. The boy was trained for the church ; 
 he was a student for five years in the seminary, and graduated 
 from it at the age of nineteen. He did not, however, take 
 orders, but, to the great grief of the bishop and the greater 
 sorrow of his mother, he decided to become a lawyer rather than 
 a priest. When a student in the seminary he and his mates had 
 volunteered in 1847, and. asked to be sent to the front to fight 
 the invading foe under Gen. Scott. In the disturbed times 
 between 1849 and 1859 he was frequently in battle, and attained 
 to the rank of colonel. He was sent to Congress in i860, but 
 left for the field again, where he was first victor and then prisoner, 
 now captive and then conqueror, in the next two or three years ; 
 but finally gained lasting renown and the highest rank in the 
 army by the capture of Puebla and the French army in 1867. 
 The French were driven from Mexico, and Juarez resumed his 
 office in the capital as a result of this great victory. Gen. 
 Diaz resigned his command, returned to Oaxaca, married Sra. 
 Delfina Ortega y Reyes, and spent some time in retirement at 
 his. Hacienda La Noria. He was again elected to Congress 
 from Oaxaca. 
 
 "When Juarez died in 1872, Lerdo was elected President, but 
 Gen. Diaz became the leader of the opposition to Lerdo, and 
 after a series of romantic and remarkable experiences, drove 
 Lerdo from power and became President in 1877. His first term 
 ended in 1880, during which year he lost his wife. Gen. Gonza- 
 lez was President from 1880-84, when Gen. Diaz was re-elected, 
 and has been President ever since that time, having been re- 
 elected in 1892 for another term of four years. He married in 
 
iSS2 his present wife, Carmen Romero Rubio, daughter of liiw 
 Secretary of the Interior in his Cabinet. She is the pet of the 
 people and the pride of Mexico as well as of the President. 
 
 "(len. Diaz is a wise ruler and a patriot, whose ambition is 
 to serve his country well. Mexico has been regenerated and 
 reinstated among the nations of the earth under his sagacious 
 and firm leadership. His administration has been and is re- 
 markable for its energy and honesty. He well deserves the 
 honors which his people have so repeatedly awarded him. 
 Mexico seems to believe, with Robert Browning, that ' He who 
 did well in war earned the right to begin (and continue) doing 
 well in peace.' Long live President Diaz ! " 
 
 " He has a fine record," said the Captain. " I don't wonder 
 the people want to keep him in charge of the country." 
 
 " Take in this view, boys. I will point out some of the places 
 that we can see. Away in the northeast is the sacred hill of 
 Guadalupe, with its little chapel on the summit. There is the 
 long aqueduct. How they build things to stay in this country ! 
 Those nine hundred arches were put up in 1607, and there they 
 are yet." 
 
 " Isn't there another aqueduct on the other side of the 
 castle?" asked the Captain. 
 
 " Yes, that conveys the water from the great spring just at the 
 foot of this hill. It was comi)leted in 1779 by that best of all 
 the viceroys, lUicareli, whose tomb we saw at Guailalupe. If all 
 the viceroys had l)con like him, Mexico would never have had 
 any reason to rebel against Sj^anish rule." 
 
 "These two aqueducts can't supply the city, can they? " said 
 the Corporal. 
 
 " No, not wholly. There are hundreds of artesian wells 
 besides, and Mexico has good water. Yonder is Tacuba, 
 where the Spaniards made a halt on the Noche Triste. Just 
 north are the two very old places, Atzcapatzalco and Tlalncjiantla, 
 once famous seats of royal power." 
 
 202 
 
Crossing now to the south terrace, the Major continued, — 
 "What a view this is ; see the chain of little towns along t'nc 
 foot-hills ; this one nearest us is Tacubaya, sometimes called 
 the city of the martyrs ; the martyrs being certain parties who 
 lost their heads for taking the wrong side in politics. It is now 
 a favorite place of summer residence for the wealthy families of 
 Mexico." 
 
 " I see," said the Captain, " that one guide-book says, 
 ' Tacubaya is known as the city of political martyrs, of gardens, 
 and of gambling places.' " 
 
 " That is a variety of attractions, isn't it? The martyrs are 
 represented by a small monument ; the gardens are mostly 
 hidden behind thick and high walls, and the gambling places 
 are open to the public, but we don't want anything in that line, 
 do we?" 
 
 To the right you see on the summit of the hill the walls of 
 the Panteon de Dolores, the largest cemetery in Mexico. It 
 
 203 
 
belongs to the Federal District, comprises nearly two hundred 
 and fifty acres, and is divided into six parts, in each of which 
 the price of lots varies. The highest priced lots are those 
 near the space reserved for distinguished men, the " Rotunda 
 de los Hombres Ilustres." Some illustrious men are buried 
 there, among them two Presidents, Arista and Lerdo. The 
 grounds are amply shaded by pines, cedars, and eucalyptus 
 trees. The cemetery was opened in 1875, and since that time 
 more than one hundred thousand interments have been made 
 there. 
 
 Beyond Tacubaya south is a region given to gardening. You 
 can see Mixcoac, the first village, and just west of it is La 
 Castenada, a public garden and pleasure resort. Here they 
 have mimic bull fights sometimes, no killing, but a good deal of 
 bothering of the animal, plenty of pulque and mescal, and 
 also plenty of gambling. 
 
 Farther south, and eight miles from the city, is the 
 ^7 pretty village of San Angel on the side of the hills. 
 p^t^'r^iia^. Orchards abound there ; for that is the region 
 which supplies the city with most of its apples, 
 peaches, apricots, and pears, and also its straw- 
 berries. The flower market, too, gets a large part 
 of its supply from San Angel and vicinity. 
 "What is that place away beyond San Angel a little east? " 
 asked the Captain ; " I see a train going down the valley towards 
 it." 
 
 " That is Tlalpam, eleven miles from Mexico. It was once 
 the capital of the state of Mexico." 
 
 " What is the capital of the state now?" 
 " The city of Toluca, over the mountains west of us. You 
 see a village exactly in line between us and Tlalpam, east of 
 San Angel ? That is Coyoacan, and right close to it is Churubusco. 
 You see that great hacienda building near the church? We will 
 go down that way, taking two or three days for excursions about 
 
 204 
 

 IN TROPICAL MEXICO. 
 
that part of the valley, but I'll tell you something about it while 
 we are looking it over from this hill. 
 
 " Cortes lived at Coyoacan. All this section that we are 
 looking at belonged to him once. You know Emperor Charles 
 V. made him Marquis del Valle de Oaxaca, but Cort(§s took in 
 a good share of the Valley of Mexico. Coyoacan is older than 
 the city of Mexico, and was the seat of government for some 
 time. The Marquis got rid of his wife there by drowning her 
 in a well. Part of his palace is still used by the village govern- 
 ment. It occupies the north side I of the plaza. No section 
 of the valley is so attractive as this 
 Churubusco. It is one continuous 
 garden, and many of the best fami- 
 lies of the city own or rent 
 
 J •sir j| 
 
 summer places there." Jf^^ . 
 
 between San Angel and 
 
 HOME OF CORTES. 
 
 " What is that solitary hill away to our left, east of Coyoacan ? 
 It is a little beauty." 
 
 " That, my boy, is the hill which you enjoyed so much the 
 day we went to Ixtapalapa ; that is the ' Hill of the Star.' You 
 know I told you that Cuauhtemoc was living there when Cortes 
 came, but I don't think I told you that he was an exile there. 
 Montezuma, his uncle, banished him for political reasons. The 
 prince wished to drive out the Spaniards, but Montezuma seems 
 to have been the victim of superstition, and feared that he 
 
 205 
 
would offend the gods by opposing the white visitors. At hist 
 Montezuma was deposed and Cuauhtemoc attempted to save the 
 empire, but it was too late. Cuauhtemoc was, like Cato, — 
 
 " A brave man struggling in the storms of fate, 
 And greatly falling with a failing state." 
 
 It was at Coyoacan that Cortes tortured and killed •' the 
 tzin,' and his comjjanion whose name appears on the beautiful 
 monument in the Paseo. You can see the lava bed just south 
 
 of Coyoacan," continued the 
 Major ; " it is called the Pcdre- 
 gal (the stony place). By some 
 convulsion the lava has been 
 projected at that point into the 
 valley ; it is said that pieces of 
 pottery and also human bones 
 have been found enclosed in 
 the lava. The basaltic blocks 
 from which the Calendar Stone 
 and the Sacrificial Stone are 
 hewn came from this locality. 
 It is an interesting point to 
 visit." 
 
 " Cireat view this from the 
 south terrace," said the Cor- 
 poral. " It is prettier than that 
 from the north side." 
 
 " Perhaps it is," replied the 
 Major, " but we have looked at distant things so much that we 
 have almost forgotten the things close by. Look at these great 
 trees. They are among the wonders of Mexico ; they are what 
 we call the cypress tree. The Indian name, however, is Ahue- 
 hnete, or Sabino ; it grows very large, as you see. There is an 
 immense one in this grove called Montezuma's tree ; it is a 
 
 206 
 
double growth, a kind of twin tree. Humboldt tells of one that 
 he measured in 1804; it was one hundred and seventy feet in 
 circumference. The moss and the orchids which are often seen 
 upon these trees give them a strangely beautiful appearance. At 
 the foot of this stairway there is a little zoological garden which 
 we will look into ; Montezuma's spring and the monument of the 
 cadets are near by." 
 
 "And is there still another view to get from Chapultepec? " 
 asked the Corporal. 
 
 "Yes, the best one of all. You haven't seen the city of 
 Mexico yet, have you? nor the volcanoes I believe, nor the 
 lakes ? We take in nearly all we have already seen, and those 
 crowning beauties besides, from the eastern terrace." 
 
 And so the boys found it. At the foot of the precipitous hill, 
 on the brow of which the eastern end of the palace stands, and 
 immediately in front, the grand Paseo commences. On either 
 side at some little distance are two calzadas, or driveways, 
 marked, like the Paseo, by continuous avenues of trees ; on the 
 north the Calzada de la Veronica, with the ancient aqueduct of 
 Santa F6 ; on the south the Calzada de Chapultepec, with the 
 great aqueduct from the water works just below the castle. 
 Yonder is the gray city, gleaming in the afternoon sunlight. 
 The Alameda and the Plaza Mayor look like little meadows in 
 the distance, and the great Cathedral towers stand out against 
 the background of lake and mountain like sentinels on guard. 
 Above the valley the snow-covered peaks pierce the sky, and 
 dominate the landscape. 
 
 "This is a wonderful sight ! " said the Captain. 
 
 " If I had seen nothing but this," added the Corporal, " I 
 should say it is worth a trip from Boston to see." 
 
 " It certainly is. I think you will agree that Bayard Taylor, 
 who had looked upon most of the wonderful sights of three con- 
 tinents, was about right when he said that this is 'one of the 
 loveliest scenes in the civilized world.' " 
 
 207 
 
XIV. 
 
 " Oh, the pleasure travel brings I " 
 
 "Jean de Paris. 
 
 " Survey our empire, and behold our home, 
 These are our realms, no limit to their sway." 
 
 T/m Corsair. 
 
 JOURNEYS to more distant places must now be made, 
 and we will indicate briefly a few of those which no 
 visitor to Mexico should omit. On the National Rail- 
 way, two points especially demand attention, Lake 
 ^^ Patzcuaro and Toluca. The lake is two hun 
 3*S dred and twenty-five miles from the city 
 
 of Mexico, but is worth going to see. 
 Toluca is only forty- six miles away, 
 and the excursion to this pretty city, 
 the capital of the state of Mexico, re- 
 quires but one day. The scenery 
 ;.7: 1 iJjlitT(i1|tlj|!!!|!!!! a.long the way is as fine as any in 
 Mexico. The passenger over the Si- 
 erra de las Cruces reaches an elevation of ten thousand five 
 hundred and fifty-one feet on the continental divide. 
 
 Puebla must, of course, be visited. The Interoceanic Railway 
 reaches the city by way of Texcoco, a pretty village which 
 stands on the site of the royal residence of Prince Netzahual- 
 coyotl, the Aztec Pericles whose capital has been aptly named 
 " the Athens of America." At Texcoco the "fleet" of Cortt-s 
 was launched, and here the bones of the con(]ueror rested for 
 seventy years. Ruins of palaces, temples, and aqueducts are 
 
 . ^-^ .-xie^^ 
 
 208 
 
encountered here, and the vicinity is a paradise for the anti- 
 quarian. 
 
 Puebla is a charming city of eighty thousand population. It 
 has one of the finest cathedrals in Mexico, and no other town 
 can present such splendid views as are here offered by the 
 
 Hill of Guadalupe, which is 
 itself historic ground. Here 
 occurred the famous repulse 
 of the French by Gen. Zara- 
 goza in 1862, and the more 
 famous battle of 1867, in 
 which Gen. Diaz captured a 
 French army and sealed the 
 doom of Maximilian. 
 
 Eight miles west of Puebla 
 is the wonderful pyramid of Cholula, on which stood the temple 
 of Quetzalcoatl, "God of the Air." This was an Indian Mecca 
 when the Spaniard came to the "world wrongly called the New." 
 About twenty miles north of Puebla is Tlaxcala, in the valley 
 of the Atoyac, capital of the Rhode Island of Mexico, the state 
 of Tlaxcala. In the City Hall are portraits 
 of the four chiefs who assisted 
 Cortes in his campaign of con- 
 quest, also the robes in which 
 they were baptized and the 
 standard which was given 
 to them by Cortes. In 
 the chapel of the church 
 of San Francisco (founded 
 in 15 21) on a pulpit is the 
 interesting inscription, "Aqui 
 tubo principio el Santo Evangelio 
 
 en este nuevo mundo" (Here the Holy Gospel had a beginning 
 in the New World). A mile from the town is the famous shrine 
 
 209 
 
of " Our l^dy of Ocotlan," where some very remarkable carving 
 by an Indian sculptor may be seen. At Tlaxcala were built the 
 boats which were launched at Texcoco, and which were an im- 
 portant factor in the conquest of Mexico. 
 
 Pyramids more remarkable than the one at Cholula may be 
 seen at San Juan Teotihuacan, on the Mexican Railway, about 
 tliirty miles northwest of the city of Mexico. A day's excur- 
 sion will enable one to visit the Pyramids of the Sun and of the 
 Moon, and also to get a glimpse of the most important enter- 
 prise of modern times in the country, the Tequizquiac tunnel 
 
 
 rVKAMins ANH sri;i:i;r "F mi; iiK\i>. 
 
 for drainage of the valley. Many of the relics of the olden 
 time in the National Museum came from the region about 
 Teotihuacan. 
 
 Jalapa is well worth a visit. It was an old town before the 
 conquest, and, until Puebla was built, the only place of note 
 between the coast and the capital. Here was held the great 
 annual fair for the sale of the goods brought by the Spanish 
 fleet, Jalajia is a rare old place on the mountain-side, from 
 which one of the finest views of Orizaba can be obtained. The 
 
scenery along the line of the Interoceanic road to Jalapa is very 
 fine, as is that also between Jalapa and Vera Cruz. 
 
 Coatepec, a little village six miles away, at the base of Ori- 
 zaba, apparently, is reached by tramway from Jalapa. Both the 
 town and the road " must be seen to be appreciated " ; they are 
 
 unique. Coatepec is noted for its fine coffee, its delicious 
 oranges, pineapples, and bananas. The visitor sees at a glance 
 the most beautiful tropical verdure, and the mountain peak 
 forever white with snow. 
 
 Another novel excursion can be taken from Jalapa to Tejeria, 
 seventy miles away, over the longest tramway in the world, that 
 which connects the city with the Vera Cruz Railroad. It is 
 better, however, for the tourist to go only to Rinconada, forty 
 miles by tramway, and returning to 
 Jalapa, make his journey to Vera 
 Cruz over the Interoceanic road. _ 
 
 The mules gayly gallop ten miles r^^^^-^-'^-- ^'^^ lJjUUii..^r^ri 
 an hour, and the journey is a de- 
 lightful one. Of all the excursions I 
 
 have made in Mexico, I enjoyed none more than that from Jalapa 
 to Rinconada and return. Bill Nye's senatorial mules " Eyether 
 
and Neyether, Peter and Repeater," are no more worthy of 
 l)rai.se than the Httle animals that i)ly between Jalapa and Tejeria. 
 'I'he road runs through beautiful scenery over the old highway 
 from the coast which, historically, is one of the famous highways 
 of the world. 
 
 Vera Cruz, or Villa rica dc la Santa Vera Cruz, as Cortes 
 named it, is just where he founded it in 1519, but it has been 
 moved three times. A royal order in 1600 restored it to its 
 original site. It is a city of about i 2,000 population ; it has a 
 charming plaza, and a luxuriant Alameda, which are thronged at 
 certain hours. Excursions by boat (weather permitting) may be 
 made to the fortress San Juan de Ulua. The parish church, the 
 lighthouse " Benito Juarez," which is the tower of San Francisco 
 church, and the buzzards attract the attention of visitors. 
 
 The zopiloles, or vultures, or buzzards, are the scavengers of 
 the municipality, and a more efficient street-cleaning department 
 cannot be found in any city. 
 
 Between A'era Cruz and Esperanza on the Mexican Railway is 
 some of the finest scenery in the world. The plain for forty 
 miles offers nothing attractive except the view of Orizaba in the 
 distance. Above Paso del Macho we meet picturesque scenery 
 where brilliant orchids illuminate the trees festooned with moss, 
 and where the landscape is variegated by fields of bright green 
 sugar-cane and by groves of dark green coffee plants. Follow- 
 ing up the Atoyac, we cross massive bridges and wind round 
 cafions luxuriant in tropical vegetation ; banana gardens and 
 orange orchards abound. At C6rdoba, sixty miles from the 
 gulf, we reach the spot where the finest fruit of Mexico is offered 
 us at the station; baskets of guavas, pinas (pineapples), bana- 
 nas, oranges, pomegranates, and chirimoyas, " the fruit of the 
 angels." Next we go through and across the wonderful Metlac 
 canon on a marvellous iron bridge three hundred and fifty feet 
 long and ninety-two feet above the stream. This bridge is built 
 upon a curve of three hundred and twenty-five feet radius, and 
 
 212 
 
the grade of the road on the bridge is three per cent. At an 
 elevation of four thousand feet we come to Orizaba, a favorite 
 summer and winter resort, noted for its fine climate and 
 beautiful scenery. The name signifies "joy in the water," and 
 the numerous cascades hereabout show that it is a descriptive 
 and appropriate name. 
 
 Leaving Orizaba we run up the Rio Blanco, and crossing sev- 
 eral small streams, and passing through several tunnels, come 
 to one of the most remarkable points on this or on any rail- 
 way line, the Barranca del Infernillo (the Ravine of the Little 
 
 Hell). Along the very edge of this gorge the track runs for 
 some distance, and from the car window the passenger can see 
 the foaming water rushing in its self-hewn canal, fully six hun- 
 dred feet below him. This caiion affords a passageway to the 
 beautiful valley of La Joya (The Jewel) , where reposes the pretty 
 village of Maltrata, which, like its larger sister, Orizaba, revels in 
 red-tiled roofs. From the station at Maltrata, look across the 
 valley and far up on the mountain-side ! See that trail of white 
 
 213 
 
along the slope ! that is the rock face on the upper side of our 
 road. Soon we shall be away up there looking down on this little 
 village and this lovely valley ; we shall have a veritable bird's-eye 
 view of Maltrata as we soar above it fully two thousand feet. The 
 train now climbs by long detours, by sharp grades and many 
 curves, and in a short time we are on the heights overlooking 
 the village and the valley, ^\'hat a view 1 AVonderful achieve- 
 ment of man to carry a line of railway uj) such steeps and over 
 such yawning chasms. 
 
 " If anything in Mexico is worth going to see, this is the thing," 
 exclaimed the Captain, as they looked down on the valley and 
 the village of Maltrata. " I think that if I could make but one 
 excursion from the city of Mexico, that one should be the trip 
 to Paso del Macho and return." 
 
 "Vou would make no mistake in that choice," said the Major. 
 
 
 
 i.jI. ^a.^-.!t.^^-.a.jj'^^ 
 
 ^^^^s-ry^M 
 
 214 
 
XV. 
 
 " I am sure care 's an enemy to life." 
 
 Tvielfth Night. 
 
 " Poco a poco se va lejos." 
 
 Proverd. 
 
 RAPIDLY the time allotted for the summer excursion 
 I passed, and the party began their return trip. They had 
 now visited the chief cities and towns in the Republic, 
 with the exception of Pachuca, Gaudalajara, Gauna- 
 /pej juato, San Luis Potosi, and Tampico. Gauda- 
 j^.\J /^ lajara and Guanajuato are reached only by 
 
 the Mexican Central Railway. The Pachuca 
 branch leaves the main line at Tula. 
 
 Pachuca has an elevation of eight thou- 
 sand feet, and Hes in a basin around which 
 y:-^.' "se lofty mountains noted for their veins 
 "^ * " of silver. The Aztecs mined here and 
 
 the Spaniards began work on the veins in 1520. In Cerro San 
 Juan, north of the city, is the deepest shaft in Mexico, 1,645 ^^^t- 
 The streets of the town are narrow and steep. One of the sights 
 is the transportation of ore from the mines to the reduction 
 works or to trains for shipment. It is not a pleasant sight, 
 however, for one cannot but feel sorry for the poor animals. 
 Between the work of pulling great loads up sharp 
 grades, and the pounding by the drivers, they must 
 suffer all that it is possible for mules to endure. 
 
 There are a few fine buildings in the town, 
 but they are not worth going to see. Even the 
 
 21S 
 
churches have an appearance of being neglected, and the old 
 missionary college has become a school of mining. From Pa- 
 chuca se\eral interesting excursions may be made amid beautiful 
 and bold scenery. The canon of Regla, a basaltic formation, is 
 one of the wonders of Mexico, but the average tourist will be 
 satisfied with a trip to Real del Monte, which can be made in a 
 carriage. A pass from the administrador is necessary if the 
 visitor wishes to see the ecjuipment of the mines of the Real del 
 Monte Company. 
 
 As they were going to get their pass, the party saw from a 
 bridge, men, women, and children wading and working in a 
 muddy stream with pans, and scooping something from the bed 
 of the stream. 
 
 " ^Vhat are they looking for? " asked the Captain. 
 
 " Quicksilver, and that means silver too. This water comes 
 through a patio above, and brings with it some bits of the 
 amalgam from the reduction works. These poor people can 
 sometimes find a few centavos' worth of silver in their pans." 
 
 " That patio isn't like those we have seen, 1 suppose," said the 
 Captain. 
 
 " Not exactly, not a garden-like affair ; a patio is, literally, 
 an enclosure ; this is a level floor enclosed for the treatment 
 of ore. The ores are pulverized, spread on a stone floor, and 
 mixed with water, salt, and ([uicksilver. In this rich mud mules 
 are made to walk to and fro, and men are set to work with 
 sticks and shovels, for the purpose of thoroughly mixing the 
 mass. This method of extracting silver, which is generally in 
 use in Mexico, is called 'the patio process'; it was invente i 
 here in Pachuca by Medina in 1557. We will visit the Loreto 
 amalgamating works and see the curious ojieration ; it seems to 
 be a wasteful process and a cruel business both for men and 
 mules." 
 
 Obtaining the pass frcjm the administrador, the jjarty started 
 off in a light two-seated carriage. The driver, uf course, was a 
 
 2 16 
 
Mexican ; but as he was a driver of horses and not of mules, 
 pounding was not a part of his profession. He was even gentle, 
 and did his part to make the ride enjoyable. The road is one 
 of the very best in the country, though now it is not in as good 
 a state of repair as it might be. It must have cost a mint of 
 money, but it was built to serve mines which have produced 
 mints of silver. The Trinidad mine is said to have turned out 
 more than forty millions of dollars in ten years. The road 
 was built when all the mines were making plenty of money, 
 and will remain a fairly good road for years without much work 
 on it. 
 
 As the ascent is made the view over the valley widens. 
 First, we have a bird's-eye view of the city, lying at the foot of 
 the mountain ; we can look directly down into the patio of a 
 reduction works and see the men and mules stirring the rich 
 silver pudding. Across a deep valley on the sides or the summits 
 of hills we see several fort-like establishments on mines, and the 
 white winding roads leading to them. Some of these roads rival 
 in cost that over which we are riding to the Real. On the way 
 up we pass many heavily loaded carts, which puUing mules and 
 
 pushing men are toiling to get to the summit. 
 
 We also meet trains coming down, and the de- 
 scent does not seem very much easier for the 
 animals than the ascent. 
 Some curious vehi- 
 
 cles attract our attention. A single burro is dragging an enor- 
 mous stick of timber to town ; one end of the stick resting on a 
 little cart, the wheels of which are only circular pieces of plank 
 about a foot in diameter. We see many of these little burro 
 
 217 
 
teams, each accomjjanled \)y a man, a woman, a child, and 
 generally a dog. The whole family seems to be going to town 
 with each stick of timber. 
 
 At last the summit of the mountain is reached, and a new 
 vegetation appears as we descend the other side into Real del 
 Monte. Nowhere in Mexico is a transition more sudden or sur- 
 prising. It is explained by the fact that the eastern side of the 
 mountains gets the moisture from the gulf breezes, and on those 
 sides vegetation luxuriates, while on the 
 western sides it languishes and loses its 
 life for want of water. The transition is 
 a most delightful one. The view from 
 the summit is superb ; behind, before, 
 and on both sides are mountains and 
 valleys. The elevation of more ^han 
 nine thousand feet opens out a prospect 
 in every direction which cannot be de- 
 scribed. Right below is the quaint little 
 Milage of Real del Monte, most of the 
 inhabitants of which are Cornish miners 
 and their families. On the hillsides are 
 cultivated fields and flourishing gardens. 
 Flowers abound, and the verdure of the 
 
 MILKMAN. . . ^ ui .. .L 
 
 region is most agreeable to the eye. 
 
 From the pretty little plaza in the village we have to make a 
 sharp climb to the promontory on which stands the great Mae- 
 stranza containing the powerful machinery which operates the 
 pumps and hoisting works of the Real del Monte Company. 
 Here is one of the largest wheels in the world, about fifty feet 
 in diameter, and here too is one of the longest pump-rods in the 
 world, a plunger sixteen hundred feet in length ! 
 
 The water is not pumped to the surface, but to a tunnel about 
 four hundred feet below the summit, and through that discharged 
 into the valley. There are more than fifty miles of drifts and 
 
 218 
 
tunnels in the Real district. This single pump hoists the water 
 which drains from a dozen mines. 
 
 " This is your chance, Captain, to go down into a mine," said 
 the Major. 
 
 " No, thanks," said the boy, who had just seen one of the 
 miners come up, dripping and shivering with cold on a car-load 
 of ore. " I'll choose a dry mine when I go down, and I think 
 I'll take one not quite so deep. Six hundred feet will be enough 
 for me ; never mind the other thousand." 
 
 On the way back to the village the boys were greatly interested 
 in the groups of women waiting with lunches for the miners 
 about the various shafts, and in seeing many of the men come out 
 from their cells under the mountain. The ride to Pachuca was 
 quite as enjoyable as that to Real del Monte. A visit to one of 
 the great amalgamating works occupied the remainder of the 
 day, and the party duly arrived at Tula ready to resume their 
 journey northward to Irapuato, from which point they were to 
 make a trip to the " Lake Region of Mexico," to the Falls of 
 Juanacatlan, and to the city of Guadalajara. 
 
 Bl'ENLS DIAS SENOR. 
 
 2 19 
 
XVI. 
 
 "Gems of the Sunlaml, never yet 
 Were lake; in lovelier valleys set." 
 
 ^ ■~^^HE Guadalajara division of the Mexican Central 
 I Railway, branching from the main line at Ira- 
 
 \ I puato, runs through one of the most attractive 
 
 ^^ I and fertile sections of Mexico. Mention of 
 
 ^ I Like Chapala, of the Lerma River, and of the 
 
 »_R -JL Niagara of Mexico will suggest the scenery 
 
 which is awaiting the traveller, and a few figures as to 
 the products of the region will convince any one of its 
 fertility. The state of Jalisco produced, last year, more 
 than eighteen million bushels of corn, more than three 
 million bushels of wheat, and one million bushels of 
 beans : a large part of this yield grew on lands which lie 
 — in sight of the passenger over this (li\ision. 
 Leaving Irapuato in the morning, the whole division is passed 
 over by daylight ; the train arrives in Guadalajara before five 
 o'clock in the afternoon." The first few stations are unimpor- 
 tant. Passing Penjamo, a place of nine thousand pojiulation, 
 and La Piedad about the same size, both centres of consider- 
 able trade, we cross the Lerma and arrive at La Barca, a town of 
 

 
 ~>- 
 
 C 
 
 ><^.. ^^'/.V 
 
 f O t^ 
 
ten thousand population, and a place noted for its excellent 
 oranges, and which was formerly the point of departure for the 
 steamer on Lake Chapala. The passenger can see from the 
 bridge over the Lerma the relics of the steamer "La Libertad," 
 which was brought over the mountains, three hundred miles, 
 from the Pacific, and launched on Lake Chapala. Part of her 
 lies on the river bank at La Barca, and part of her is now running 
 on the lake. 
 
 Sixteen miles beyond La Barca we reach Ocotlan. This pretty 
 place is on the little river Sula, a short distance above its junction 
 with the Lerma. The station is connected with the town by 
 street car which runs to the bridge just above the steamboat 
 landing. 
 
 Ocotlan is situated on a plain which slopes southward a few 
 miles into the shore of the lake. With its pretty plaza, beautiful 
 
 church spires, its portales, and its two bridges (one over the 
 Sula, south of the village, and one west over the Lerma), Ocotlan 
 is very picturesque. 
 
 The water front of the city is on the Sula, just above the bridge. 
 Here a novel sight is seen on the levee. No great steamers are 
 moored there, but scores of great canoes are loading and unload- 
 

 ing, or waiting fur the spirit of their captains to move. These 
 canoes have hitherto done all the business on Lake Chapala. 
 
 The water works of Ocotlan are not extensive, but such as 
 they are, they can be seen at the bridge across the Lerma, over 
 which passes the highway to Guadalajara. They consist of one 
 large wheel and a pump. The wheel is on a frame under 
 
 one of the arches of the bridge. 
 The current of the river runs the 
 wheel, and the wheel, of course, 
 runs the pump. But rivers in 
 this region rise and fall, and 
 there are times when this wheel is si.x feet above the water. 
 Whenever the current cannot reach the wheel, the people of 
 Ocotlan get their water by carts and carriers. 
 
 The steamer "Chapala" is a flat-bottom stern-wheel boat, 
 very like those that are common on the shallow rivers of the 
 West; the only boats adapted to shoal-water service. Every- 
 thing about the steamer appears new, but one of the things not 
 new on the " Chapala " is Juan Perez, the pilot. He is not neces- 
 sarily old, but he is a veteran in ser- 
 vice. He bears a good old name, a 
 name historic, for it is the same as 
 that of the good priest, who, in 149 1, 
 brought Columbus to the notice of 
 Queen Isabella. 
 
 The reception committee of Ocot- 
 lan has an unusually good place for 
 observation ; it is the bridge above 
 the wharf. There being plenty of 
 room, the committee is large, both 
 on arrival and departure of the boat, 
 which is always announced by a pro- 
 longed whistle. "All aboard — cast off"; and away we go. 
 Down the little Sula, only a quarter of a mile, and we are in the 
 
channel of the Lerma ; rounding a sharp point on the left, we 
 head up stream towards the lake, four or five miles away. 
 "Nice turn, that, wasn't it? " said the Captain. 
 " Yes, but if you want to see some fancy work in handling a 
 steamboat, you want to see Juan bring this boat around that point 
 the other way. Getting out of Ocotlan is not 
 much of a trick, but getting in is something to 
 talk about. Look out for this exhibition when 
 we come back." 
 
 In a few minutes they were in sight of the 
 lake. From the upper deck the party 
 took in the extended view. On the left 
 the great lagunas or swamps east of the lake, green as a meadow 
 in June, extend for miles ; directly ahead is the broken range 
 of hills forming the southern shore, and to the right the bold 
 Cerro Chiquihuitillo. Behind is the plain reaching away to the 
 distant hills on the north, and from this beautiful plain rise the 
 graceful white towers of Ocotlan church. 
 
 " What a large lake ! " exclaimed the Corporal. 
 "Yes, it is larger than some celebrated lakes, for instance, 
 the Lake of Geneva ; that is only forty-five miles, and this is 
 more than fifty miles long ; that is only nine, while this is eigh- 
 teen miles wide. It is the largest lake in Mexico." 
 
 " It must be pretty well up in the world, too," added 
 the Captain. " What is its elevation? " 
 
 " It is higher than the top of Mt. Washington. 
 Chapala is nearly the highest navigable body of water 
 on the globe, and now that it is so easily accessible it 
 is destined to become a great pleasure resort for very 
 many people. You can see how beautiful the surround- 
 ings are ; the climate is all that can be desired, and everything 
 about the lake is attractive to the lover of fine scenery. A 
 day may be spent most pleasantly in an excursion about the 
 lake." 
 
Mescala is the first landing-place ; not much to be seen here, 
 the village itself being hidden in the trees on the hillside. 
 
 Opposite the town lies the large island of Mescala. Here are 
 the ruins of an ancient i)rison. Massive walls are still standing, 
 and might be easily restored to service. This island ought to be 
 utilized by the federal or state government in some way. 
 
 The sail along the north shore from Mescala to the town of 
 Chapala is delightful. We seem, at times, to be shut in, but the 
 pilot finds a way out and duly brings us to a pretty little city 
 
 llU.MK i;v lUl. ..H 
 
 which nestles at the base of a sugar-loaf mountain, and which is 
 the largest town on the lake. A fine old church is one of the 
 attractions of the town for visitors, but the hot springs which boil 
 up not far from the plaza have given Chapala fiime as a health 
 resort. The springs, although not numerous, remind one of 
 those at Aguas Calientes; they have made Chapala a favorite 
 
 224 
 
resort of the people of Guadalajara and vicinity, and when better 
 known will attract people from a greater distance. "Charming" 
 is the word to describe Chapala ; I doubt if there is another town 
 in Mexico more prettily situated. A short distance from shore is 
 a large island, which is made use of as a picnic ground. The 
 view from the hill immediately back of the town is one of great 
 beauty. 
 
 It is an interesting sight to see the water works of Chapala in 
 operation. No wheels, no pumps, no fountains; only dippers. 
 The lake is the reservoir, and women are the dippers. They 
 wade out as far as they please, fill their jars as full as they please, 
 shoulder them and march home. No scooping with gourds as 
 at Zacatecas, for water is plenty, and no one has to wait for an- 
 other. 
 
 Chapala is sure to become more and more a favorite watering 
 place. Already there are some fine summer " seaside " cottages 
 there, and in the offing you can see a yacht ! With a combina- 
 tion of delightful climate and hot springs, with mountain climb- 
 ing, boating, bathing, and fishing as recreations for visitors, why 
 shouldn't charming Chapala become the finest health and pleas- 
 ure resort in Mexico? 
 
 The next port is Xocotopec, at the extreme western end of 
 the lake. The town lies in a pretty valley three miles back from 
 the lake, and is the centre of an extensive rural trade. Return- 
 ing along the south shore we find no towns of commercial impor- 
 tance, but do find a succession of beautiful views which charm by 
 their variety. We pass San Martin, San Cristobal, Tuscueca, and 
 see, partly hidden by groves of orange and lemon trees, the flour- 
 ishing city of Tizapan which reposes on the hillside two miles 
 from the lake, along the little Rio de la Pasion. 
 
 We sail over what is supposed to be an oil well, some signs of 
 which appear on the surface of the lake ; we touch at the fisher- 
 man's village with the pretty name. La Palma, and thence com- 
 plete our eighty-mile circuit of Lake Chapala by a direct return 
 
 225 
 
to Ocotlan, where we resume our railroad journey. Not far from 
 the station we cross the river Lerma. Looking out of the win- 
 dow on the left, the Corporal exclaimed, " There are the water 
 works of Ocotlan again." 
 
 " Yes, and how graceful the arches of that old bridge look 
 from here ! " said the Captain. 
 
 The Lerma is in sight from the train now most of the way for 
 thirty miles. The ride along it is one of constant pleasure. 
 
 One can easily imagine himself in New England if he will con- 
 sider only the scenery. But the costumes and houses of the 
 people, the haciendas and farm equipments, which constantly 
 claim attention, remind one of nothing but Me.xico. 
 
 A few words about the Lerma are in order here. It is called 
 the Mississippi of Mexico, being the longest river in the country, 
 it rises south of us, just east of Toluca, and after a course of four 
 hundred and fifty miles empties into the Pacific Ocean at San 
 Bias. It drains an immense territory. It passes through the 
 northwest corner of Lake Chapala. Its course through the lake 
 (in be distinctly traced by the color of its flood. Indeed some 
 regard the lake as chiefly if not wholly a reservoir of the river, 
 and so geographers give the same name to the river below the 
 
 226 
 
lake as above. On some maps, however, the stream which leaves 
 Lake Chapala is named Rio Grande de Santiago. It is nowhere 
 navigable, except for a few miles near the lake. 
 
 At Poncitlan, eleven miles from Ocotlan, is a beautiful bridge 
 (seen on the right of the train) and some charming scenery. 
 We are in the best wheat country of Jalisco now for a few miles. 
 
 Atequiza, thirteen miles farther west, is a good station for 
 any one to stop at who wishes to visit a great hacienda comforta- 
 bly, and without a ride through the country. You can visit one 
 here by rail. The station here, as is common along the whole 
 line, takes its name from the great hacienda nearest. Atequiza 
 is in sight, half a mile away on the left. This hacienda has miles 
 of wheat fields, hundreds of oxen and other animals, and thou- 
 sands of men at work on its farms or ranches. You see here the 
 
 neadquarters of the vast estate ; here are storehouses, corrals, 
 workmen's homes, mills, hospital, schoolhouse, and church, 
 besides the princely residence of the owner. Some have thought 
 this is the place called " Miraflores " in Christian Reid's beautiful 
 story, "x\ Cast for Fortune," a tale of Mexican life in Jalisco. 
 
 The hacienda has its own railroad and cars, connecting with 
 the Mexican Central, and also a complete electric light plant. 
 
 I 2 7 
 
From Atequiza one can go directly over the hill on the south to 
 C!hapala on the lake, a fine ride of twenty miles. A day could 
 be well spent in a visit to Atecpiiza and an excursion to Chapala. 
 At i;i Castillo we change cars for a trip to the Niagara of 
 Mexico. We cannot say of the Falls of Juanacatlan what 
 Anthony TroUope said of Niagara, but we may say that no tourist 
 can afford to pass by El Castillo and not go over the hills to the 
 river, unless he prefers to ride to the falls from Guadalajara. 
 What 'I'rollope said was this : " Of all the sights on this earth of 
 ours, which tourists travel to see, I am inclined to give the palm 
 to Niagara. In the catalogue of such sights I intend to include 
 all buildings, pictures, statues, and wonders of art made by men's 
 hands, and also all beauties of nature prepared by the Creator 
 for the delight of his creatures. This is a long word, but as far 
 as my taste and judgment go, it is justified. I know of no other 
 one thing so beautiful, so glorious, and so powerful." Anything 
 that suggests the falls " so beautiful, so glorious, so powerful," 
 must be worth going to see. Juanacatlan does more than sug- 
 gest, it resef/i/'/es Niagara. It is really a miniature of the mighty 
 cataract. There is the crescent form, the little Luna-like island 
 on the brink of the precipice, the Terrapin Rock where the 
 old tower used to stand ; there are the rapids above and below ; 
 the great gorge and the awful roar; all at Juanacatlan as at Niag- 
 ara. I'he Lerma seems to be trying to pour all the waters of 
 Lake Chapala, and of an area of forty thousand square miles, 
 over the falls at once as does Niagara the waters of Erie and the 
 upper lakes. The river here is five hundred ami sixty feet wide, 
 and falls sixty- five feet in its single leap to a lower level. The 
 mighty power of the falls is not allowed to go to waste ; it is util- 
 ized by a great mill, but is to be still fiirther employed by an elec- 
 tric light plant for the benefit of Guadalajara, fifteen miles distant. 
 Here again is a likeness to Niagara, for the great engineering 
 feat that has been accomplished there will soon be seen in minia- 
 ture at Juanacatlan. 
 
 228 
 
Be sure and go to the falls, and when there make a tour 
 through the great mill. If you can talk or understand Spanish, 
 you will learn much as to the grain products of this fertile region, 
 the methods of handling and trading in them, the making of 
 flour, etc. ; but if you cannot talk much, you can see there, 
 without inconvenience, what you may never have an opportunity 
 to see elsewhere. 
 
 You can get to the falls by tram road from El Castillo station. 
 Mules gallop gayly over the hills under the gentle persuasion of 
 the lash, and land you at the mill in half an hour. If you are fond 
 of riding, you will find 
 the excursion to the falls 
 on horseback from Gua- 
 dalajara exhilarating and 
 interesting. 
 
 Returning to the train 
 at El Castillo, a run of 
 forty minutes will bring you to Guadalajara, the capital of the 
 state of Jalisco, and, excepting Mexico, the largest city in the 
 Republic. The traveller will find here as fine a terminal station 
 as at many large towns in the States. Everything about it is as 
 neat as wax, and as substantial as stone and iron can make it. 
 Moreover it is right in town, only a few blocks from the Plaza de 
 Armas and the Cathedral. 
 
 Guadalajara and vicinity may be said to offer to the tourist 
 more attractions than any other region of Mexico, excepting the 
 capital itself and its valley. It is no wonder that the city has 
 been named La Perla del Occidente, the Pearl of the West. It 
 might safely be called " the jewel of Mexico." No other city 
 approaches it, unless it be Puebla ; but the real beauty of that 
 city is outside, while Guadalajara has many charms within her 
 gates, and also many just beyond. The centre of its charms is, of 
 course, the plaza, a beautiful garden surrounded by splendid 
 buildings. On one side is the government palace, on another 
 
 229 
 
f 
 
 the Cathedral, and on the other two sides long rows of portales 
 with their graceful arches. One can never forget his first even- 
 ing on the plaza in Guadalajara. The balmy air, heavy with 
 fragrance of roses and orange blossoms ; the enchanting music ; 
 the array of beautiful women and handsome men prom- 
 enading 7>is-a-vis (so as to see and to be seen) ; the blaze of 
 electric lights and the flicker of the venders' torches ; the sight 
 of the highest and lowest classes mingling in pursuit of pleasure 
 in the park belonging no more to the proud don than to the poor- 
 est peon, — all combine to make a scene which can scarcely be 
 - , witnessed elsewhere. Some visitors have said that 
 J^ ? "improvement" has made Guadalajara less at- 
 tractive. To be sure it has, in its parts, a look 
 of comparative newness, but no one should 
 complain of that : it really means comparative 
 cleanness. It is one of the brightest of Mexi- 
 can cities. Its Cathedral is rivalled only 
 by that of the capital anl that of 
 Puebla. Its government build- 
 ing has a modern air about it 
 that is pleasing. Its stucco 
 is colored a light gray, and its 
 white trimmings are decidedly 
 agreeable to the eye. No 
 gaping griffins threaten you 
 from the eaves, and even the 
 cannons which constitute the 
 uater-spouts of the building 
 are welcome for a change. 
 Above the great clock on the 
 front of the building is a relief of the national arms, ami below 
 one of the state arms. Towers, one on each corner, complete 
 and ornament the fagade of the palace, and the visitor is re- 
 minded of the Royal Exchange in London by seeing on a 
 
 230 
 
government building an inscription of a Bible passage. Here 
 the passage is, "Nisi Dominus custodierit civitatem, frustra vigilat 
 qui cusiodit earn" ("Except the Lord keep the city, the watch- 
 man waketh but in vain "). 
 
 Guadalajara is noted the world over for its beautiful ladies, 
 and, like Athens of old, it is very religious. In its loyalty to the 
 church it is second to none in Mexico, and it makes good its 
 claim by works of charity and mercy, as well as by public wor- 
 ship. 
 
 The famous Hospicio will, of course, be visited by every 
 tourist. It is a very extensive establishment of charity and 
 devotion. It luxuriates in twenty-three patios, each one made 
 bright and fragrant and refreshing by fountains and flowers. The 
 
 LAW SCHOOL. 
 
 unfortunate inmates must be counted fortunate in such surround- 
 ings. How much better off are they than their thousands of 
 very poor neighbors across the river ! And here is a contrast 
 which will strike the visitor. Let him go from the beautiful part 
 of the city, say from the great plaza, across the river to the 
 suburb called San Juan de Dios (St. John of God). Here the 
 poor are huddled together in unpaved streets, the dreariness of 
 which is nowhere relieved by a park or plaza containing shade or 
 
 231 
 
-:^ 
 
 flowers. An open square without ornament is all the breathing 
 place they have. Such houses for homes ! often with no window, 
 and always without good air ; with the ground for a bed and rags 
 for covering, in abject poverty here live, or rather exist, many 
 hundreds, if not thousands, of the families who make up the 
 ninety-five thousand population of the " Pearl of the West " of 
 Mexico. The visitor who is to see Mexican life among the poor 
 as well as among the rich must make a flying trip to San Juan de 
 Dios. Having seen the worst, one may, perhaps, forget it in 
 seeing the best. A trip to San Pedro is a 
 ^^ delight. The ride is along the 
 f.^_jm^ ancient calzada under great trees 
 that must have been kissed by the 
 sun for a hundred years and per- 
 haps for two or three times 
 as long. Paved streets, 
 handsome residences, fine 
 stores, beautiful gardens, 
 and happy faces will greet 
 you at San Pedro. 
 This is the favorite suburb of 
 Guadalajara. Here the wealthy 
 people have their out-of-town homes. Here the famous Guadala- 
 jara pottery ware is made. The visitor who wants the genuine 
 ware at decent prices should buy it here, and not at the capital, 
 where he may or may not get the real article, and will certainly 
 have to pay double its worth. 
 
 If you want to see yourself as others see you, get a bust of 
 yourself at San Pedro. You can do it thus : 'Iwo native " artists 
 in clay," in fact, sculptors, dwell in San Pedro ; they are father 
 and son, named Panduro. Anybody can tell you where to find 
 them, and they will mould you to the life. Or, if you will send for 
 them, one at least will wait on you at your hotel, and in due time 
 return you a statuette of yourself daintily done in clay. It is 
 
 232 
 
said that the Panduros are to be sent to the Columbian Fair by 
 the state of Jalisco. 
 
 Days may be spent pleasantly in this beautiful city and other 
 days in exploring the grand surroundings. A visit to the famous 
 barranca should not be omitted. The Lerma or Santiago River 
 has here cut its way from the plateau to a lower level, and has 
 made an enormous caiion, the perpendicular sides of which are 
 two thousand feet high. At the top of the chasm you are in 
 a temperate climate ; at the bottom you get a taste of the 
 " torrid " temperature, which must be felt to be appreciated. 
 Nowhere else in Mexico, and probably nowhere else in the world, 
 can so satisfactory an excursion be made so easily ; two hours' 
 ride from the city brings one to the barra7ica, but the visitor 
 should devote the whole day to the excursion to this region of 
 the banana and the palm. 
 
 IN THE BARIlfN.NCA. 
 
 211 
 
XVII. 
 
 • Which 1 have earned with the sweat uf my brows." 
 
 Don Quixote. 
 
 \UANAJUATO, the fifth city of Mexico, with 
 a population of fifty-three thousand, Hes 
 in a mountain ravine fourteen miles east 
 from Silao. The locomotive will only 
 take you to the suburb Marfil, eleven 
 miles ; there you take a street car, and 
 '^c^^^ the mules do the rest. Marfil is a Moorish-look- 
 •• ing village composed of low, square, flat-roofed 
 stone houses ; adobe seems to be at a discount in 
 and about Guanajuato. Everything in the vicinity 
 seems built to stay. The road up the ravine from 
 Marfil to the city is a wonderful piece of engineering, 
 which took eighty-five years to complete. Heavy 
 loads require good roads, and Guanajuato has both. 
 The yield of the mines and the supplies for their 
 operation make this one of the most important stations for busi- 
 ness on the line. 
 
 Guanajuato is one of those terraced places where it would be 
 convenient for people to have one leg shorter than the other. 
 The residents must be both climbers and creepers. Such nooks 
 and crooks and crannies ! It reminds one of those hillside vine- 
 yards on the Rhine. The wonder is that so much level space has 
 been found or made. It is said that it cost one hundred thou- 
 sand dollars to make the lot on which the costly church of the 
 Compania is bui't, which is one of the finest churches in Mexico. 
 
 %X - 
 
 234 
 
The Jesuits had hard times here ; they spent some twenty 
 years in comi)leting this church, and two years afterward were 
 expelled from the country. In the Compaiiia are some beautiful 
 paintings, and on the fagade several superior statues. 
 
 There is plenty of silver in these overhanging mountains, but 
 little of it seems to get into the hands of the common people. 
 There are traditions about washing pigs for the silver which they 
 have accumulated by a wallow in the rich mud-puddles ! Why 
 not try some of the children? Won't silver stick to them? 
 
 Exceedingly Mexican is Guanajuato. The streets are a sight ; 
 burros and bargains everywhere. Where so many are sellers, 
 who are the buyers? The sellers themselves are, of course, 
 buyers of other goods than their own, and the slippery centavo 
 makes the lively trade of the street. 
 
 One thing that will attract attention in Guanajuato is the varie- 
 gated stone used in many of the finest buildings. It seems to 
 have all the colors of 
 the rainbow, but green 
 prevails. There is an 
 immense theatre, four 
 stories in height, built 
 of this stone near the 
 Alameda. The great 
 walls look as if they 
 had been frescoed. 
 This theatre is said to 
 be the largest in North 
 America, certainly it is 
 the largest in Mexico, 
 and when it is completed it will be one of the notable buildings 
 of the continent. A visit to the quarries above the city is most 
 interesting. Immense grotto- like caves, the roofs of which are 
 supported by columns, have been made there by the extraction of 
 the stone. Men transport the product of these quarries on their 
 
 235 
 
backs down the mouniaiii-side, through the streets, and up 
 
 ladders to the workmen on the walls. 
 
 The main plaza is a small but very pretty triangular park raised 
 
 above the streets, surrounded by fine stores on two sides, and on 
 
 the third side by the parish 
 church. The chief resort of 
 the people, however, is in the 
 park called La Presa, near the 
 upper reservoir ; there are the 
 music stand and the prome- 
 nade, and there is the oddest 
 place of recreation in this odd 
 country. 
 
 Historically the Alh6ndiga 
 de Granaditas, known now as 
 "The Castle," is the most in- 
 teresting building in the city. 
 It was once an " Exchange," 
 as its name indicates, but now 
 it is a federal prison. Hi- 
 ilalgo captured it early in his 
 fight for inilependence. His 
 companions were few, and 
 so they could not hold the 
 fort. Later in the conflict 
 _^^^^^^^_^^^^ the heads of the four leaders 
 ^r ^^^^^■fetjZ_^?' were brought here from Chi- 
 
 r ^^^^mmi huahua and exposed on the 
 
 corners of the castle as a 
 
 warning to traitors. The republican has honored Hidalgo with a 
 
 statue on the spot where the royalist tried to disgrace him. The 
 
 Mexican Republic is Hidalgo's true monument. 
 
 The history of (luanajuato is a series of surprises. The city 
 
 was founded on account of a surprise away back in 1548. The 
 
 ^36 
 
traditional mule got away, and in hunting him up, silver was 
 found, as well as the mule. It has grown by a constant increase 
 of surprises ; new discoveries of rich minerals are being made, 
 as exploration is constantly going on, and this district, which has 
 been worked almost continuously for more than three hundred 
 years, still startles the country every now and then with a new 
 and rich strike. Zacatecas may be ahead of Guanajuato a little, 
 it is estimated that that district has yielded one thousand million 
 dollars in gold and silver ; but Guanajuato cannot be very far 
 behind. The annual output now is about six million dollars. If 
 the present yield had been the average for three hundred years, 
 the result would be eighteen hundred millions. But one can get 
 some idea of the wealth of Mexico in its mountains when he re- 
 calls the fact that since the conquest, Mexican mines of gold and 
 silver have yielded four thousand million dollars, or about three 
 eighths of the total yield of the globe during that period. They 
 are turning out now about fifty millions annually, and this state 
 of Guanajuato is supplying one eighth of that product. It is 
 said that the Valenciana mine alone has produced more than 
 eight hundred million dollars. That is a good mine to visit, by 
 the way, for it has a convenient stone stairway to its treasure 
 house. 
 
 " There are a great many reduction works here," observed the 
 Captain. 
 
 "Yes, more than fifty," said the Major. "The method of 
 extraction used here is the same as that at Pachuca, the patio 
 process, but now a large quantity of ore is shipped away for 
 treatment in smelters; much of it goes to San Luis Potosi." 
 
 "What is inside those high walls over there?" asked the Cor- 
 poral, pointing to the north. 
 
 " That is the cemetery of the city, the panteon, as they call it 
 here. About ten acres of ground are enclosed by walls, per- 
 haps ten feet high. Bodies are deposited in chambers such as you 
 see in the vaults ia our cemeteries ; I told you about that in Zaca- 
 
 237 
 
tccas, where we saw some bones on the ground. Here there is an 
 immense sub- cemetery where the bones are placed at the expira- 
 tion of the chamber leases. By a winding stairway you descend 
 into this great charnel-house, which is nearly nine hundred feet 
 long, twenty feet wide, and more than twenty feet high. The 
 room is arched and well lighted, and contains all that is left of 
 more than thirty thousand good Mexicans. Bones and skulls are 
 piled up at either end of this storehouse, indiscriminately and 
 without reference to ownership. It beats the church of St. 
 Ursula in Cologne all to pieces." 
 
 " That is where the bones of the eleven thousand virgins are, 
 isn't it?" said the Captain. "I remember; those relics are 
 nicely arranged along the walls behind glass." 
 
 " Yes, but these are thrown in as they come. Don't you wish 
 to go over there, Corporal ? " 
 
 " No, I'd rather go to a bull fight." 
 
 " But I haven't told you all yet. There are mummies in the 
 room too, twenty or thirty of them. They are worth going to 
 see." 
 
 " Well, thank you, I don't care to see them." 
 
 " Neither do I," added the Captain. 
 
 " Do look at that man with a water jar as long as he is," 
 exclaimed the Corporal. "That is a new thing." 
 
 " Yes, styles differ. You'll see another style in San Luis. The 
 jars you have seen are mostly earthenware, but this long one 
 is made of leather. 
 
 ' The hills are so sleep, and the streets are so narrow, 
 He can't carry earthen jars on a wheelbarrow ' 
 
 in Guanajuato ; maybe that's the reason for the shape of these 
 curious articles. We must happen round by a fountain where a 
 regiment of these agitatfores is in line waiting to fill up." 
 
 "Where does the water that supplies the city come from ? " 
 asked the Captain. 
 
 238 
 
" From springs in the mountain range above. The supply 
 is not equal to the demand, but a series of dams across the 
 ravine forms reservoirs, and the storage system here constitutes 
 the most remarkable water works in Mexico." 
 
 Many are the strange and interesting things in and about 
 Guanajuato ; most impressive of all perhaps the wonderful en- 
 gineering of the city. Nowhere else can one see terraces of 
 artificial lakes, supplied by mountain streams and supported by 
 enormous retaining walls. Over great stone dams these lakes 
 discharge their waters into one another in a series of beautiful 
 cascades ; along these walls and overlooking these resevoirs are 
 situated some of the cosiest and costliest houses of the city. 
 Vines and flowers conceal the work of man, and nature makes 
 this marvel of utility a masterpiece of beauty. 
 
 "I should want to be on the mountain or out of town if a 
 break occurred in one of these walls," said the Captain. 
 
 " Breaks have occurred ; at least there have been terrible 
 disasters here from floods. One is recorded of the year 1760, 
 and the latest was in 1885, in the night, when a vast amount of 
 property was destroyed and many lives were lost." 
 
 239 
 
The return to Marfil was quickly made, the trip being down 
 hill all the way. What a wonderful road that is through the 
 ravine, what sharp curves, what solid bridges, and what dusty 
 streets ! 
 
 On the way back to Silao the Major gave the boys an account 
 of the martyr and patriot Hidalgo. 
 
 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was parish priest of Dolores, a lit- 
 tle place near (iuannjuato. He was the leading spirit in the effort 
 to liberate Mexico from Spanish rule. His plans were discovered 
 before he was ready to strike, but he decided to defy the op- 
 pressors with what forces he could raise. As news of his dis- 
 covery was brought to him about eleven o'clock at night, he had 
 but one way of rousing the people. The church bells of Dolores 
 were rung, and the alarmed populace rushed to the plaza, where 
 Hidalgo, with a musket in one hand and a torch in the other, met 
 them, told them of the proposed movement and cried, " Long 
 live our mother, most holy (luadalupe, long live America, and 
 death to bad government." This was the declaration of inde- 
 pendence. This is what is called "The Grilo," and is the 
 national watchword with which the President of the Republic be- 
 gins the annual festivities of the Mexican Fourth of July. These 
 words he repeats from the balcony of the palace in the capital to 
 the thousands assembled to hear them at eleven o'clock at night, 
 on the 15th of September, the anniversary of the very hour when 
 Hidalgo uttered them at Dolores in 1810. 
 
 The first blow was struck at (iuanajuato. He ami his follow- 
 ers besieged the castle and captured the city. He moved on 
 with his followers, daily increasing in numbers by arrivals from 
 every part of the country, and defeated the viceroy's army in 
 several battles. In January, 181 1, the royal forces defeated the 
 rebels, as the patriots were called, and Hidalgo, with the other 
 leaders, Jimenez, AUende, and Aldama, fled northward, hoping to 
 reach the United States. They were betrayetl and captured in 
 May: in July they were executed at Chihuahua, Their heads 
 
 240 
 
were brought to Guanajuato and exposed on the Alhundiga de 
 Granaditas, or Castle, which they had captured a few months be- 
 fore. Although Hidalgo was slain, the cause for which he died 
 found defenders and friends by thousands. Morelos, another 
 priest and brave patriot, welcomed Hidalgo's fate for liberty's sake. 
 Later, Yturbide accomplished the work that Hidalgo com- 
 menced, and in 182 1 Spain acknowledged the independence of 
 Mexico, The remains of the patriots were taken with the high- 
 est honors to the great Cathedral in the capital, where they now 
 rest beneath the most costly altar of that " holy metropolitan 
 church of Mexico," the Altar of the Kings. 
 
 J41 
 
XVIII. 
 
 " Then you have an immense pleasure to come." 
 
 High Life Below Stairs. 
 
 " In lands of palm, of orange blossom, 
 Of olive, aluc, anil maize and vine." 
 
 yVie Daisy. 
 
 E are now going to the very spot where the 
 European first set foot on the American 
 continent," said the Major, as the train left 
 Aguas CaUentes for 'I'ampico. "Americus 
 Vespucius landed at Tampico in 1497, and 
 made a report of his visit, which is very 
 interesting reading." 
 
 "Where can we find it?" asked the 
 Captain. 
 
 "In Fiske's history, 'Discovery of 
 - America.' Tampico was at that time 
 ''1 called Lariab. Americus tells about 
 a big g.ime dinner that he had there, 
 which clearly shows that the region was then, as now, the para- 
 dise of the sportsman. This Columbian year is a good one for 
 you young discoverers to devote to a tour of exploration in this 
 ancient region. Having seen where Corlds landed in 15 19, it 
 will be interesting to stand where, thirty-two years before him, 
 stood the man whose name the New World bears." 
 
 242 
 
:w. V 
 
 5 05.,, 
 
 
 U- 
 
 < C n; 
 
 o - 5 
 
 X ~ 
 
 r 
 
 s. 
 
 <->= 
 
 . V 
 
 '> 
 
 ^i JC 
 
 M V. /. ^ ^ ' 
 
The Tarapico train runs north nine miles on the 
 main Hne to Chicalote station, where the division 
 branches off to the northeast. For an hour we 
 continue in the same fertile country that surrounds 
 the city of Aguas CaHentes, and then begin to rise 
 to a region in which we see no wheat or corn, but 
 ride for miles through fields of maguey. We pass 
 a number of unimportant stations with pretty 
 names (San Gil, San Marcos, La Honda), but 
 with little else to attract attention. The Captain 
 was observing the landscape closely, as his ques- 
 tions clearly showed. 
 
 "How is this country. Major, is it poor land? 
 I notice that all this maguey is very small. There 
 are no such large plants as we saw on the way to 
 Pachuca. Does that indicate that the soil isn't 
 able to produce them?" 
 
 " No, not exactly that, although this region may 
 not be as rich as that. There are numerous kinds 
 of maguey, you know, just as there are various 
 kinds of the cactus. This is the first time we have 
 come upon this plant, which is the mescal maguey, 
 and not the pulque plant ; it is smaller and its 
 product is not secured in the same manner. You 
 remember that I told you mescal was produced by 
 distillation, while pulque was obtained by fermen- 
 tation of the natural sap of the plant." 
 
 "Is that a hacienda over there?" asked the 
 Corporal. 
 
 "Yes, a mescal hacienda. Rather pretty name, 
 eh? It sounds better than 'whiskey still,' but 
 that is what it is. There are very extensive es- 
 tablishments about here, — no moonshining in 
 Mexico," 
 
 r 
 
 243 
 
" Is that another? " askeci ihe Captain, pointing to a walled en- 
 closure in the distance. 
 
 "No mescal about that," replied the Major. "We are now 
 coming to the Me.\ican Syracuse. 'I'hose are the great salt 
 works of Penon Blanco or, in Spanish, Las Salinas del Penon 
 Blanco, and this is Salinas station." 
 
 " Great country this," said the Captain ; " it has on hand silver 
 mountains, sulphur mines with automatic openings, onyx mines, 
 hot springs, and here a salt mine I " 
 
 •• Nut exactly a mine, though it is worth more to its owners 
 than most mines are. We have here a great salt lake ; its ex- 
 tent is unknown." 
 
 " Why, that doesn't seem to be a very large lake," said the 
 Captain, pointing to a large pond, near the train. 
 
 "Oh, that isn't the salt lake; that is a little fresh-water lake, 
 and overlies the salt one, which is a few feet below. This is a 
 two-story lake country, if you please, and you'll come to a two- 
 story cave between here and Tampico." 
 
 244 
 
" I should think the fresh water would run through the 
 ground into the salt lake," said the Corporal. 
 
 " So it v.'OLild if it weren't for a water-tight roof over the salt 
 lake. You see how green that mud looks in the patio ; that is 
 some of the clay. A roof of that material prevents percolation 
 from above. But for a large part of the year there is no fresh- 
 water lake here. The sun licks it up soon after the rainy season 
 is over. We are in a valley here, but we are nearly eight thou- 
 sand feet high. Just east of us is the highest point on this divis- 
 ion, and only two stations on the main line, Zacatecas and Lefia, 
 are higher." 
 
 "How do they get the salt out of the water?" asked the 
 Corporal. 
 
 "They don't," answered the Captain; " they get the water 
 out of the salt." 
 
 " That is chemistry for you," said the Major. " The sun does 
 the business. Evaporation is the process chiefly used ; but as the 
 sun doesn't work fast enough, steam is made use of. You see 
 one of the steam salt factories yonder." 
 
 "Where does all this salt go to? " asked the Corporal. 
 
 " It goes all over Mexico. The mines use an enormous quan- 
 tity ; one of the chief materials of the patio process of ore sepa- 
 ration is salt, and the consumption for domestic purposes is very 
 great. This subterranean lake, with the sun for a reduction 
 works, is a big bonanza." 
 
 "I see mules at work over there ; what are they doing? " 
 
 " Yes, the mule is a silent partner in almost every business in 
 Mexico ; not always silent, for sometimes he sings, but always at 
 work. The mules are pumping the water into the vats. See the 
 big wheels with their great leather buckets. Those revolving 
 buckets dip the salt water and empty it into troughs which carry 
 it to the evaporating vats. The pumping apparatus is called a 
 "noria," and is quite an ingenious affair, almost as primitive as 
 the well sweeps of Irapuato." 
 
 245 
 
" W'liat a great establishment it is ! " said the Corporal. " It 
 looks like a fort, a factory, a reduction works, and a residence all 
 in one." 
 
 " It is all that, and more too ; it is a mint ; not quite as fine 
 in appearance as the park-like property at the Hercules mill 
 which we saw at Queretaro, but as a money-maker it can discount 
 that mill. You see the raw material is cheap, the machinery is 
 cheap and cheaply run, and the market is without limit. 'After 
 
 you've said and done all, 
 there's nothing like salt,' say 
 the men of Salinas." 
 
 " What is the use of those 
 walls?" asked the Captain; 
 "and that ditch about them 
 filled with water? Why, 
 look at the towers and the 
 places for guards, and a 
 drawbridge over the moat ! 
 What, warder ho, let the 
 l)ortcullis fall." 
 
 "Of no use at all now ; a fence would answer all present needs 
 of i)rotection, but there was a time when things were different." 
 " How long has the lake been worked. Major? " 
 "About fifty years. From a small beginning the establishment 
 has grown to these great dimensions. You can scarcely get an 
 idea of the size of it without making a tour over it. There are 
 miles of railroad track on the pro])erty serving the various store- 
 houses, and connecting them with the road and the station. 
 This is one of the great freight stations of the line ; salt, salt, 
 everlastingly salt. The whole town of five thousand people lives 
 on salt." 
 
 " Who owns this concern?" asked the Corporal. 
 " It is owned by a family or estate, but it is said that not one 
 of the owners has lived here for vears. There is within those 
 
 246 
 
massive walls a building which is finer, in many respects, than 
 the palace in the capital. In its early days it must have been a 
 regal residence, for even in its abandoned state it surprises and 
 charms the visitor. The great patios are parks in which flowers 
 and fountains blend their attractions, and it would seem as if 
 any one might be contented and happy there ; but Paris is good 
 enough for these people as long as salt supplies the pesos. The 
 banquet hall of their castle at Salinas is deserted." 
 
 There are no other stations of importance until we reach San 
 Luis Potosi, but the country through which we run for the next 
 fifty miles is not witliout interest to a thoughtful traveller. We 
 come upon new vegetation, or at least upon a profuseness of 
 plants, of which we have seen but scattered specimens. This 
 seems to be the home of the yucca, and certainly the fantastic 
 prickly pear or nopal, which forms part of the national coat of 
 arms, finds here its most congenial climate and soil. 
 
 After a very comfortable night the party took an ante-break- 
 fast stroll about San Luis Potosi. They went past the Cathedral 
 to the Alameda. The street scenes were novel 
 and characteristic, but the trans- 
 portation of water seemed to at- 
 tract the attention of the boys 
 more than anything else did. 
 
 " Look at that curious old wheel- 
 barrow ! " exclaimed the Corporal. 
 " What is it loaded with? " 
 
 "And what kind of a team do 
 you call that?" said the Cap- 
 tain. " Where is the other 
 steer?" 
 
 " Not a one-horse team, is it? " 
 said the Major. " But what do you want of another steer? What 
 is that saying of Goldsmith ? ' He who can make one animal do 
 what trt-o generally do is a benefactor to his race.' I believe he 
 
 2-17 
 
spoke of blades cf grass, but the i)rincij)le is the same. No use 
 for two when one will answer, but it looks odd. Both these 
 establishments are water-carts. Styles among water-carriers you 
 know differ in Mexican cities. You saw the style in Guanajuato, 
 and here you see two other styles on wheels. Curious traps ! 
 
 - Look at the things closely. The 
 wheels have no spokes ; they are 
 simply round pieces of plank. It 
 must lake some muscle and much 
 l)ush to proj)el that wheelbarrow." 
 
 "'I'his is a beautiful promenade," 
 said the Captain, as they reached the 
 Alameda. 
 
 " Fine, and a gift of the church ; 
 no, not exactly a gift, but a kind of 
 forced loan. It used to be the pri- 
 vate garden of the monks, the rec 
 reation place for the i)ious people 
 connected with the church anil con- 
 \ent here. Ikit one day the govern- 
 ment concluded that what was good 
 for the i)ious i)riests was good for 
 the poor people, and said, ' Brethren, 
 give us this,' and they gave it, after 
 a little persuasion." 
 " Vou mean, after considerable confiscation," said the Captain ; 
 "that reformation was cpiite a revolution, wasn't it?" 
 
 " \'es, it was, sure enough. It left its marks in every town." 
 " Do you recognize that handsome building o\er yonder?" 
 " Why, that is the Mexican Central station ! It is a beautv, 
 and right in the city too, as at Guadalajara. Vou don't see 
 many finer railroad stations than that anywhere." 
 
 " No, you don't. I think such a building must have an edu- 
 cative intluence in such a place as this. It teaches the people, 
 
 llH;Al.i.u .MD.NX.MKM. 
 
 248 
 
TUNNELS IN TAMASOPO CANON. 
 
^ 
 
 'i 
 
 who never have seen any but these massive adobe and stone 
 walls, that grace can go with strength, and beauty with utility." 
 
 Part of the day was spent in a visit to the great works of the 
 Compania Metalurgica Mexicana, an American enterprise, and 
 the largest smelting plant in the country. 
 
 This is an institution r ; 
 
 of immense importance 
 both to the Republic 
 and the railroads reach- 
 ing San Luis Potosi. 
 These works and those 
 at Monterey were but 
 recently established, 
 and their great pros- 
 perity will perhaps lead 
 to the building of other 
 plants in Mexico, but 
 certainly to the enlarge- 
 ment of these already 
 in operation as occa- 
 sion requires. 
 
 There are many fine 
 buildings in San Luis 
 Potosi. The govern- 
 ment palace is attrac- 
 tive in appearance ; the 
 Cathedral shows some 
 fine stone work on its 
 towers. There are 
 characteristic paintings 
 of high quality in the 
 church of El Carmen. Much can be seen in a given time at San 
 Luis by taking a street car or carriage to the church of Guada- 
 lupe, as the visitor thus takes in the Paseo, the fountains, the 
 
 CHURCH OF GUADAT.UPE. 
 
 249 
 
jail, and the market on the way, and reaches something worth 
 going to see at the end of liis ride. The old church has a clock 
 which was given by the king of Spain. 
 
 On the entrance to this beautiful sanctuary arc these comfort- 
 ing and inspiring words : — 
 
 AQUI EL QUE PIDE RKCinE 
 
 KL QUE BUSCA HALLA 
 AL QUE TOCA SE LE AHRE 
 
 " Here who asks receives, who seeks finds, to him who knocks 
 it is ojiened." 
 
 San Luis has a population of 63,500, and is the fourth city in 
 the Republic. It has always been a very busy and flourishing 
 place, holding the same relation to eastern that Guadalajara 
 holds to western Mexico. The surrounding country is a very 
 fertile district, and San Luis furnishes a ready market for its 
 produce. The rapid growth of and the dis])lay of enterprise in 
 San Luis have given it the right to be called "the Chicago of 
 Mexico." 
 
 "Thirty-seven miles from San Luis we come to Peotillos 
 station, which takes its name from a great hacienda about three 
 miles north of the track," said the ^Lajor as they resumed the 
 journey. "This hacienda is one of the famous establishments 
 of this region of colossal estates. It is said to have about six 
 thousand dependants." 
 
 " Did you ever visit the hacienda, Major? " 
 
 " I did, and a gay time I had too." 
 
 " Tell us about it please," said the boys. 
 
 " With plea.sure, but words cannot describe the courtesy and 
 cordiality with which one who is properly introduced is received 
 there, 'i'he owners in San Luis had tele|jhoned the adminis- 
 trador to have carriages at the station. We found there the 
 administrador himself with two light coaches and an escort. 
 Our party consisted of only two, a gentleman from Virginia and 
 
myself. Each of us could have had a coach with driver and 
 outriders, but we preferred to go together ; so we rode with our 
 host, and the other carriage went back empty. Half an hour 
 brought us to the main entrance to the enclosure of the hacienda. 
 Grouped together here were a chapel, storehouses, corrals, and 
 lastly, an immense residence which, by its great length and its 
 high veranda, reminded me of the front of Congress Hall in 
 Saratoga Springs. This residence, or course, was the chief ob- 
 ject of our visit. Passing through the grand entrance we came 
 into a great patio, in which was a fine stone fountain and a great 
 variety of semi-tropical fruits and flowers. After refreshment 
 of various but delicious kinds in the salon, a great room hand- 
 somely furnished with French furniture and embellished by fine 
 paintings, we were shown over the premises. 
 
 " From the tower above the main entrance we had an exten- 
 sive view over the whole region. We could see, on the south, our 
 train waiting for us at the station ; on the east, the great fields of 
 maguey, from which the main product of the hacienda is obtained ; 
 on the west, an Indian village, a curious collection of thatched 
 huts, or jacalcs, as they are called, in which many of the peons 
 lived. 
 
 " A curious but pathetic scene was witnessed when we came 
 down from the tower. This was the distribution of rations to 
 the poor dependants of the hacienda. . Some two hundred 
 people are fed here daily at the expense of the estate. There 
 have been two bad years in this region ; that is, years without 
 sufficient rain, and corn has been imported, much of it from the 
 United States, to feed these people. A procession was formed, 
 and each one passing the distributor received a ladleful of 
 cooked corn and beans, a kind of succotash. The line of appli- 
 cants included both sexes and all ages. The child hardly as 
 tall as the great earthen jar which steamed with hot rations, 
 was preceded or followed hy the tottering old man or shrivelled 
 old woman, and all were in rags. 
 
 !5i 
 
"It was an interesting, but a sad and touching sight; one 
 which showed the other side, the shady side, if you please, of the 
 hacienda Ufa. This estate has expended more than $60,000 in 
 the past two years for the support of its dependants. Verily 
 haciendados have their ' hard times ' as well as their luxurious 
 seasons." 
 
 .At the next station, \illar, we arc thirteen hundred feet below 
 San Luis, and now begin to descend more rapidly through the 
 San ^'sidro valley. Past Cerritos and two or three small stations, 
 we rush on to Cardenas, where a good meal will be ready 
 for us. We notice that, below Villar, we are in a verdant belt, 
 spreading at last into a vast plain, where green has taken the 
 place of gray, and brightness has supplanted brown in the land- 
 scape. Such a change has occurred as we noticed on our ride 
 into Real del Monte, and for the same reason. The side of the 
 
 i I I y i ^H 1 \ I % E 
 .3 § J = 1 1 
 
 100 126 iM 17& an tu tto n& aw 3S> »o n» «M tUMUw 
 I'RdFILE MAP OK TAMPICO DIVISION. 
 
 valley which faces the gulf receives moisture, while the other 
 side does not. Hence in all these lateral valleys and on the 
 intervening sloping plains we find the same thing ; one side 
 fresh and fruitful, the other side comparatively dry and barren. 
 A reference to your profile of the line will give you the clearest 
 idea of our progress to the sea level. \'ou will see that we are 
 going down stairs, and that each step is one of these sloping 
 plains. These plains or table lands of different levels we reach 
 through passes and canons. 
 
 -52 
 
The pass through which we are going down to the next step 
 is the San Ysidro. The profile will give you an idea of the grade 
 (some of it is two and one half per cent), but it can convey no 
 conception of the crookedness of the road. The taste of eigh- 
 teen degree curves which we get on the way down the San Jose 
 mountains is a good preparation for the feast of them which we 
 shall have farther on ; and the scenery too is a vast improvement 
 on any that we have had since we left Aguas Calientes. We are 
 reminded of the "Notch" in New Hampshire. 
 
 " Curious names along here," said the Captain, looking on 
 the map ; " this one is pretty, La Joya, the jewel." 
 
 "How about this one. El Gato, the Tom-cat?" said the Major. 
 
 Cerritos is the most important station between San Luis and 
 Cardenas. The country about here is very fertile and the valley 
 very extensive. Large towns are at a little distance both north 
 and south of Cerritos. On the north is El Maiz in the centre of 
 a great grain region, and on the south the city of Rio Verde, on 
 the river of the same name, the business centre of a remarkable 
 fruit country. 
 
 " By the way. Corporal, what would you think of a smoked 
 orange? " asked the Major. 
 
 " A smoked orange ! I never heard of such a thing." 
 
 " Neither did I, anywhere else, but they say that the Rio 
 Verde people smoke their oranges as we smoke hams." 
 
 "Why?" asked the Captain; "I should think it would spoil 
 their flavor." 
 
 "Well, I suppose they know what they are about. They 
 claim that smoking them keeps them fresh." 
 
 A run of about fifty miles, passing the unimportant stations 
 San Bartolo and Las Tablas, brings us to Cardenas, the end of the 
 six-hour run from San Luis Potosi, in which we have dropped 
 nearly twenty-two hundred feet. 
 
 Cardenas is an important station for the passenger ; here he 
 gets a good meal. Quaint little place this Cardenas ; most of 
 
 '■53 
 
it lies " untler the hill " below the station. Near the track there 
 is a large storehouse, or hacienda, if you please, belonging to the 
 governor of the state of San Luis Potosi. Corn is the chief 
 product of the region. 
 
 There is a rich agricultural district south of this point watered 
 bv the Rio \'erde, which runs for many miles nearly parallel with 
 
 the road at a distance of, 
 perhaps, fifteen miles. 
 ^ The station house at 
 
 Cardenas is a fine sub- 
 stantial building, and ojie 
 that makes a wonderful 
 contrast with the prevail- 
 ing architecture of the 
 natives. 
 
 Leaving Cardenas we 
 skirt the stream and pass 
 immediately through a 
 Ljreat cut which leads us 
 to the green western side 
 of another valley named 
 Canoas. 
 
 From Cardenas we must 
 Ljet down four thousand 
 feet, and we must be 
 about it miiy proi.to, no 
 manana about it. \\'e be- 
 u'iii in the cut and down 
 
 BAMBOO. ■ . 1 • 
 
 we go mto tins cup or 
 canoe, as it is named. What fantastic sides the valley has ! 
 The soil of the bottom is red and e\idently ricli, for you see great 
 fields of corn and wheat, and along the little stream great cy- 
 press trees which tell you of another change, this time a change 
 of climate as well as of vegetation. lUit the sides of the cup ! 
 
 = 54 
 
they are high mountains, which do not slope off gradually into a 
 plain as those do which we have seen along our journey. These 
 mountains seem to have been pushed up through the edges of 
 the valley, and their peaked points are directly above us. Here 
 and there are strange formations of rock, some of them project- 
 ing into the valley from the sides of the mountains, some of 
 them standing quite alone. Near the Canoas station is one of 
 these formations which will attract special attention. It has the 
 appearance of an immense turreted castle wall. 
 
 This valley of Canoas has an elevation of about three thousand 
 six hundred feet, and a most genial cHmate. It is an ideal 
 spot. Some of the officials of the road say that they had much 
 rather live in this valley than in any other place they know of in 
 Mexico. 
 
 Just as we leave Canoas we begin a long toboggan slide. 
 The steep decline begins at a little bridge near the station ; 
 we feel the plunge the moment we pass that point. The slide 
 is twenty-eight miles long, extending from Canoas to Rascon. 
 It takes about two hours and a half to make the trip, but the 
 traveller would forgive the management if it would allow five 
 hours to this section of road. There is no more delightful 
 scenery on any railroad line in the world than that which greets 
 the eye in the few hours spent between Cardenas and Rascon. 
 The charming valley of Canoas is quickly succeeded by the 
 yawning gulf or gorge of Tamasopo — the straight line by the 
 tortuous trail. The plain is succeeded by precipitous mountains 
 sloping a thousand feet below us to the stream, and a thousand 
 feet above us toward the sky. Clinging to the sides of these 
 mountains the road parallels the river, piercing numerous sharp 
 points with tunnels. It is supported in many places by enor- 
 mous retaining walls. Across the little stream, which far below 
 glistens like a thread of silver, rise the mountains which are the 
 counterparts of these on whose sides w-e are smoothly sliding. 
 We can get a somewhat adequate idea of what man has achieved 
 
 255 
 
here over nature by imagining how great a work would be neces- 
 sary to render it as easy and as safe for us to ride along those 
 mountain-sides as we find it to ride along these. Had we not 
 ocular demonstration to contradict us, we should say at once that 
 it could not be done. 
 
 The peculiar charm of this grand canon of the Tamasopo is 
 the verdure of the mountains from base to summit. In the 
 Toltec gorge and in the grand caiion of the Arkansas in Colo- 
 rado we are awed by the masses of bare rock which tower above 
 us or yawn below us, but here we seem to be floating along on 
 the tree-tops. The moisture which comes from the sea supplies 
 the vegetation of the caiion with ample and constant means of 
 
 HIS TitSY DAY. 
 
 growth, and the mountains are arrayed in green, even 'though the 
 plains above may enjoy no rain for months at a time. The 
 sense of grandeur is not wanting, but the sense of beauty sur- 
 passes it in the mind of the observer. When one comes at last 
 to stand on the height above the mouth of th? canon, and to 
 look down ui)on the great valley spread out at his feet, shining 
 in its gorgeous mantle of tropical hues and stretching away to 
 
 25C 
 
EL SALTO DEL AIUi-A. DE CABALLEROS. 
 
other mountains beyond, he feels, " even nature could no further 
 go," and that he is beholding one of the great finished views of 
 the world. Edward P^verett said it was worth a trip across the 
 ocean to see where the Potomac breaks through the mountains 
 at Harper's Ferry ; he certainly would have thought it worth 
 a journey from Boston or from Pekin to stand on Monument 
 Rock at Prospect Point and feast his eyes on this picture ot 
 the Tamasopo. 
 
 From Prospect Point we see just below us the mouth of the 
 great canon along the southern wall of which we have been wind- 
 ing for the past hour, and down which we have to creep yet 
 another hour. On the left is the lofty mountain range that 
 forms the northern wall of the canon, and before you the carpet- 
 like plain, bordered by palms and other tropical trees, and 
 checkered by plantations of sugar-cane. Over all the landscape 
 is that charm which Wordsworth saw in a picture, " The light 
 that never was on sea or land." This magnificent view remains 
 some time in sight as we ride along the mountain-side, for the 
 track turns, at the Point, sharply to the south. We trace our 
 road down to the plain by the line of clearing, forward, and back, 
 and around, and then straight away through the forest. The 
 track is seen at four different points, each on a different level 
 below us. And what is that in the dim distance beyond the 
 trees ? A train waiting for us to pass and give it the right of 
 way up the mountain. 
 
 "Well, this beats all the railroading of my life," exclaimed the 
 Corporal, as the train turned the Point. 
 
 " Nothing so grand as this have I ever seen," said the Cap- 
 tain. " Look where we shall soon be — there — and there — 
 and there ! " 
 
 "Yes, indeed, 'and there' once more," said the Major, point- 
 ing to a gap in the eastern range beyond the valley ; " through 
 that we pass to yet another plain, and that plain is even more 
 extensive than this now before us." 
 
 257 
 
Wonders of engineering seemed to increase as they looked 
 from the left side of the train in the descent. There is, not far 
 from the Point, a remarkable slump in the mountain. There 
 has been a "subsidence"; in other 'vords, the bottom or floor 
 
 has dropped out, 
 and the roof has 
 dropped in, leav- 
 ing an enormous 
 funnel-like depres- 
 sion. It is called 
 by the natives El 
 Hoyo de San Jose 
 (St. Joseph's Pit). 
 .Around this crater 
 the road must run, 
 KAiLKOAD TOY\nr.r..\s. and, in finding its 
 
 way down, the train goes, within fifteen minutes, south, east, 
 north, east again, then southeast, and at last northeast to the 
 station at the foot of the mountain. 
 
 " Look up there ! See where we have come from ! " exclaimed 
 the Corporal, pointing to the mountain. 
 
 "If you could look ahead, my boy, you would exclaim, ' See 
 what we are coming to ! ' you are in wonderland, and although 
 you don't seem to know it, you are right now in a coffee grove ! 
 See the shiny green leaves and the tiny red berries ! " 
 "Sure enough, but I thought we were in a forest." 
 " And so we are. The coffee plant must have shade, and so 
 is planted under other trees when possible. This is the only 
 ciifelixl, or coffee grove, that we pass directly through. But here 
 we are close by one of the great curiosities of this wonderful re- 
 gion — a natural bridge. The natives call it Puente de Dies 
 (the bridge of God). 
 
 " On our left, a half-mile from the track down in the stream 
 that we saw in the bottom of the great caiion as we came along, 
 
 25<5 
 
is this bridge of stone. It is just below one of the prettiest 
 pools in the world, one that might be properly named ' Monte- 
 zuma's Bath.' It is worthy of a royal name and a princely 
 patron ; and when an easy way of reaching it is provided, as it 
 will be some day, everybody who goes over the road will take a 
 side trip down to this wonderful grotto. 
 
 "The water in the pool is blue. The 'Blue Juniata' is gray 
 compared with this Tamasopo, hitherto unknown to fame. The 
 main body of the stream comes down in a cataract and reaches 
 the pool by a fall of twenty or thirty feet ; but a part is sepa- 
 rated above, and finds its way into the pool in a dozen little 
 streams, over the mossy rim of the basin. These rills, rushing 
 out from beneath the overhanging foliage of palms and ferns 
 and vines, present a charming picture. To get a good view of 
 the arch it is necessary to go in swimming." 
 
 "That would suit me," interrupted the Captain. 
 
 The whole stream does not run under the arch, there isn't room 
 for it ; but the water has chiselled a cavern of several rooms from 
 the rock, as well as made this arched bridge. It may be possible 
 that the lime from the spray of the water has built up the whole 
 promontory which faces the cataract and forms the lower side 
 of the pool. This formation of stone is constantly going on 
 there ; limbs of trees are found encrusted with lime an inch and 
 even two inches thick. The limbs have rotted away and left the 
 rock looking like a tube. Many beautiful specimens of such 
 formation have been taken from there. 
 
 On now through a new world of trees and flowers and ferns, a 
 perfect tangle of tropical luxuriance. Moss sways from the 
 limbs, and thousands of bright orchids make us think we are 
 in some great orchard of strange trees loaded with a stranger 
 fruit. If this isn't fairyland, we shall not see it on this trip, or 
 on any other. 
 
 Passing the station Tamasopo, where the waiting train is on 
 the siding, and another small stopping place, we come, after a 
 
 259 
 
short run across the plain to Rascon, a small but im])ortant 
 place ; imjjortant to us as a place of refreshment, and to the rail- 
 road company as headquarters of the operating department for 
 the mountain service. The company has considerable property 
 at Rascon. The station building is handsome and commodious. 
 The shops are large and fully equipped, as they must be, to meet 
 the requirements of a mountain division. Here is the home of 
 the largest locomotives in the world. The company has just 
 placed three of these monster machines on this mountain sec- 
 tion. They are double-truck, compound engines peculiarly 
 
 MOIMAIN r.VClNK. 
 
 adapted to freight service on heavy grades and sharp curves. 
 They have two boilers with fire boxes placed back to back, and 
 the driving wheels are carried by two swivelling truck frames, one 
 under each boiler. Look at the picture and you will under- 
 stand all about them, perhaps. The weight of each engine is 
 two hundred and fifty thousand pounds ! 
 
 This is the region of the palm and bamboo : it is also one of 
 the sugar sections of Mexico. The home of the parrot and of 
 the monkey is not far away. Great haciendas are near by, and 
 
 260 
 
although the country is sparsely settled, its production is small 
 only in comparison with what it might be, and doubtless will be 
 before long. The railroad makes as well as takes business. 
 
 "What a day we have had !" said the Captain. 
 
 "Yes," said the Corporal, "and it's only half a day at that." 
 
 " Think of it," said the Major, " only forty-two miles from 
 Cardenas ! in a few hours, between breakfast and dinner, we 
 have dropped three thousand feet, and come into what is a new 
 world to you, where we are not one thousand feet above the sea. 
 And how much we have seen that is grand and strange ! Climate 
 has changed, vegetation is different, a new style of architecture 
 
 appears. Where in the world | 
 
 outside of Mexico can you find 
 such contrasts and changes in 
 so short a time? " 
 
 At the station of Micos (the 
 monkeys), fifteen miles from 
 Rascon, we enter upon another 
 caiion, which is called El Abra 
 de Caballeros. The Caballeros 
 (Cavaliers) are the two bold 
 mountains rising, one on either 
 side, above the river along which 
 the track runs through the 
 cafion. In this short cafion is 
 some of the finest scenery on 
 the line. The river is a con- 
 stant delight, and at the mouth 
 of the canon it surprises us by a series of cascades called El 
 Salto del Abra de Caballeros. The waters here make a descent 
 of three hundred feet. Immediately above the cascades, across 
 the river from the track, rises an immense cone-shaped mountain 
 fully two thousand feet high. Its side towards us is a precipitous 
 cliff, which is largely covered by vegetation of the brightest green, 
 
 !6l 
 
and looks like a great rug hung out for an airing. The waters 
 seem to catch the hue, for they are green also, but their appear- 
 ance is accounted for by the moss on the rocks over which they 
 pass. The view, looking up the river here from the rear of the 
 train, is indescribably beautiful. 
 
 But looking forward also we have a view which reaches the 
 limits of the power of sight. Here, as at Prospect Point, we are 
 high above a vast plain which stretches away almost to the sea. 
 
 To get down to the lt\el ui un^ i>iain wc lurn to the right just 
 below the falls, and run along the mountain-side, having in sight 
 the valley and the almost boundless plain. We pass through Valles, 
 a station of some importance, and arrive at El Abra, which, for 
 a while at least, was the "heaviest" station on the Mexican Cen- 
 tral line. We mean that here the heaviest loads were taken, and 
 the greatest number of them. As they approached the station 
 the Major said, " Here we come to something interesting, boys." 
 
 " Why, it looks like a railroad camp," said the Captain. 
 
 "That's what it is. Let's look round; there's lots to see 
 that you won't see elsewhere, and that won't be here long." 
 
" What curious huts and what odd-looking clothes ! " said the 
 Corporal. "And what a box in the rocks this place is !" 
 
 " Not much clothes, anyhow," said the Captain. " See that 
 procession of water-carriers ! The whole village seems to be 
 out for water." 
 
 " Yes ; there is no supply here, and water is brought in tanks 
 on flat cars. When a car arrives the chief business is toting 
 jars and cans till the tanks are empty. Round here there is 
 nothing like stone," said the Major. 
 
 " I should say nothing but stone," added the Corporal. 
 " That quarry looks like it sure. See the men up yonder drill- 
 ing. They are blasting away a whole mountain." 
 
 "What for?" asked the Captain; " for the railroad?" 
 
 " Not exactly, but indirectly. The stone is taken to Tampico 
 and thrown into the sea to make a wall. You know they are 
 building jetties there. Well, here you see the beginning of the 
 downward career of this mountain, and there you will see the 
 end of it." 
 
 "This is robbing Peter to pay Paul." 
 
 " No ; not quite so bad as that," replied the Major. " Paul 
 has to pay Peter something on account. Peter gives rock, and 
 Paul pays for it in part by sending back sand for road ballast. 
 This is a kind of ' balance of trade ' affair. At present the 
 balance is against the sea, but it is expected that when the work 
 is done, the sea will refund all the outlay. Tampico is to be the 
 chief seaport of Mexico on the Atlantic, and this division will be 
 the greatest business piece of railroad in the Republic. You see 
 what it has to attract the sight-seer, but it wasn't built for 
 scenery, it was built for business and is bound to have it. This 
 outlay of millions at Tampico is only a loan which the gulf must 
 pay back with perpetual interest." 
 
 " How much rock have they taken from here? " 
 
 " I was told about thirty-seven thousand car-loads. Corporal, 
 how many tons in that, say at fifteen tons to a car? " 
 
 263 
 
" Something over half a million." 
 " Heavy business at this station, I should say." 
 " Yes, but it won't last long, as the work is nearly done. As 
 you say, there is nothing here but stone, and soon these Indians 
 will have to move on to some other work. They are like poor 
 Joe. Let us hope they will find some paying work to do else- 
 where ; when here 
 
 They fold Iheir tents like the .\ral)s, 
 And silently steal away.' 
 
 We are now in the last ' pass ' of our journey. Through this 
 ' Boca del Abra ' we come to the last plain, but we have much to 
 
 see in the next ten miles," 
 continued the Major; 
 "and first the Cathe.irair 
 "What, a church here !" 
 exclaimed the Corporal. 
 
 "Not exactly, but a cave 
 which I call the Cathedral, 
 on account of its resem- 
 blance to one. I'll tell you 
 about it, and you can see 
 for yourself whether I tell 
 you the truth about it. It 
 is a short distance up the 
 mountain above the track. 
 The ascent to this place is 
 accomplished by means of 
 cut-stone steps! Think 
 of that ! Passing through 
 a large vestibule, you find 
 yoiiist.li HI u cross-shaped room of magnificent proportions, with 
 arch and dome. On cither side are smaller rooms, chapels if 
 you please, just as you see them in the churches. The whole 
 
 .64 
 
edifice is lighted through skyhghts. The walls, being colored 
 light gray, reflect the light enough to make it easy to see every- 
 thing in the cave." 
 
 "Who could have put in those cut-stone steps and those 
 skylights?" asked the Corporal. "Are you telling us a fairy 
 tale, Major? " 
 
 " Not at all, you'll see for yourself in a little while. Nature 
 made the windows \vhen she built the Cathedral. The sun . 
 furnishes the light, and the railroad people made the steps for 
 the convenience of pilgrims. Strange, but true, there is a 
 garden in one of the chapels, and in every window there are 
 plants, and flowers, and vines, and even trees. Such ' window 
 gardening ' you never saw in your life. Then there are statues, 
 as white and nearly as life-like as some you have seen in the 
 old churches in Mexico. One of these looks like St. Peter, 
 and is named for him ; others are smaller, and some are broken. 
 You may be sure that 
 
 ' 'Tis like some Bedlam statuary dream, 
 The crazed creation of misguided whim, 
 That, hlce a giant wroth. 
 Rushed down impetuously, as seized at once. 
 By sudden frost, with all his hoary locks, 
 Stood still.' 
 
 I don't think frost had much to do with this St. Peter, but he's 
 there and he stands still." 
 
 "And the train is stopping!" exclaimed the Captain. "Now 
 we'll see this Cathedral for ourselves." 
 
 As they climbed the mountain the Corporal said, " Sure as 
 you live, here are cut-stone steps." 
 
 "Well, only a few," said the Captain. 
 
 "A few is eight, according to good authority," said the Major, 
 defending his statement. " All the steps are stone, and some of 
 them are cut stone; that's true, isn't it? And now for the sky- 
 lights and the window gardening." 
 
 265 
 
" Literally true," said the Captain, as he looked with astonish- 
 ment at the entrance, the vestibule, the statuary, and plants on 
 the floor and on the roof of the cave. " Wonderful ! and just 
 
 like a cathedral ! And the 
 walls are frescoed too." 
 
 " It does look so ! That 
 is color from some mineral. 
 The skylights are here, you 
 see, Captain." 
 
 " Yes, there is a great deal 
 here that you didn't men- 
 tion." 
 
 " See, here is a tree grow- 
 ing up straight through the 
 skylight from the floor of the 
 ( hurch," said the Corporal. 
 " It is as large and as straight 
 as a telegraph pole." 
 
 " Yes, my boy, but it grew 
 dounj first from the dome to 
 the floor, and then grew up 
 again. See these little hair- 
 like tendrils reaching duun ; they will keep on till they find the 
 soil, and taking root they will grow and grow till they are as 
 large as this one. You see hundreds ol them. ' 
 "What made these statues?" asked the Corporal. 
 " Drippings from the lime rock above. You see those stalactites 
 hanging from the ceiling, like iti( les. In time they may reach 
 the floor, and in time they will become columns or assume the 
 shape of statues or take some fantastic form. It has taken 
 much longer j)robably to build tliis Cathedral tlian any one 
 you ever saw." 
 
 " Well, it is a beauty anyhow. I didn't know we could see 
 anything like this on our trip," said the Corporal. 
 
 !C6 
 
"This is fine, but is not as large as another cave not very 
 far from here, more difficult to reach, 'i'he entrance to that 
 one, being very large, can be seen in the mountain-side a long 
 distance off, and the name of it is La Ventana (the Window). 
 It is said that the great hall in that cave is seven hundred feet 
 high, and that it is lighted, as this one is, through openings in 
 the roof." 
 
 "That is a stunner ! " 
 exclaimed the Corporal ; 
 "but the Cathedral is 
 cave enough for me." 
 
 As they came out they 
 were greeted with a scold- 
 ing kind of chatter by a 
 flock of little parrots who 
 hovered over them, some- 
 times coming quite near. 
 
 "A short ride along the 
 mountain-side," said the 
 Major, " will bring us to 
 another cave, in which a 
 great pool can be seen. 
 That one is below the 
 railroad; in fact, the 
 track goes exactly over 
 the skylight, and you can 
 see the pool from the 
 track." 
 
 The boys had learned 
 by this time that the Ma- IP*,;^ 
 jor's statements could be 
 entirely trusted, and so expressed no doubt. In a L\\ irmuites 
 they had an opportunity to see for themselves again. As the 
 train came upon an iron bridge, the Major said, " Here we are 
 
 267 
 
at Choy Cave. Look over the rail now as the car passes this 
 bridge." 
 
 The boys looked as directed, and sure enough there was the 
 stream two hundred and five feet beneath them. 
 
 " Now," continued the Major, " as you have seen the water 
 from the bridge, it is only right that you should see the bridge 
 from the water. Let us go down and verify my story." 
 
 Down the sidehill on cut-stone steps (a few again) and into 
 the first opening of the cave the party found themselves on a 
 steep incline of broken stone. Had they gone a little farther 
 
 LUUKINU Ul T UK ClIOV CAVE. 
 
 down on the outside they would have had an easier time inside, 
 but they did not know this fact until the return trip out of the 
 cave. There are two i)arts to this lofty cave, each having a sky- 
 light as in the Cathedral. At the bottom is a jjooI which is a 
 wonder in extent and in weird attractiveness. No bath, natural 
 or artificial, of which they had knowledge by sight or by story, 
 had even suggested to the boys such a scene as was now before 
 
 26S 
 
CHUV CAVE. 
 
them. The west wall of the cave rises in a curve to the dome, 
 two hundred and five feet above. Through the opening at the 
 top, directly overhead, could be seen the bridge from which they 
 had looked down upon the pool a little while before. The cave 
 runs into the mountain two or three hundred yards, but loses its 
 great height as it recedes. The pool is a " still place " in the 
 swift stream which resumes its rapid pace at the mouth of the 
 cave. It is said that this is a lost river which comes to the sur- 
 face here ; certainly there is no sign of a stream on the moun- 
 tain above the cave. The pool is about fifty feet wide, three 
 hundred feet long, and very deep. Near the lower end the 
 bottom can be seen twenty or thirty feet down, and so clear is the 
 water that a stone sinking in it can be seen till it reaches that 
 depth, but farther up the stream is much deeper. 
 
 "This is immense ! " said the Captain. 
 
 "Perfectly tremendous ! " said the Corporal. 
 
 " Big words, boys, but this is a great natural curiosity and no 
 mistake ; the oftener one sees it, the more wonderful it seems. 
 Four hours now to Tampico," said the Major, as they re- 
 sumed the journey, " through a country, tame, of course, com- 
 pared with that we have passed, but not without interest to the 
 traveller. We can look and at the same time talk about some 
 of the things we have seen and some that we shall see. While 
 the ride from Canoas to Tamasopo is fresh in your mind, I want 
 to ask you how you would like to take that ride on a hand-car? "' 
 
 "It would be glorious," repHed the Captain; "a regular 
 toboggan slide. 
 
 "And think of a seventeen- mile toboggan slide," said the 
 Corporal. " That rather beats Corey Hill, doesn't it? " 
 
 " I thought so when I took it," said the Major. " It beats all 
 the rides I ever took. Last August a party of two came over 
 the road with the division superintendent, and he treated us to 
 the luxury of a ride through the caiion on what they call a trolley, 
 which is a large hand-car provided with seats. I needn't under- 
 
 269 
 
take to tell you how I enjoyed it, you can better imagine that. 
 We stopped at that camp where we saw the men making wall, 
 and there we saw some pheasants. The road master, who joined 
 us there, shot one, and we had a game dinner." 
 
 " Is there much game about here?" asked the Captain. 
 
 " Ves, all along the line from Cardenas to Tampico. There 
 are in this section many small and a few large beasts ; among 
 the latter the deer, the mountain lion, the tiger, the jaguar, the 
 wolf, and the bear, among the former the fox, the wildcat, the 
 rabbit and squirrel. Birds are plenty ; along the rivers and 
 lagoons below here are thousands of wild ducks and wild geese 
 and other water fowl ; quail and partridge abound in the interior, 
 and in the mountains pheasants are plentier than blackberries. 
 I have no fancy for hunting, but from all I can learn, after 
 careful inquiry, I think that the country between Cardenas and 
 Tamjjico offers as much to the sportsman as any equal area 
 on the continent." 
 
 " Pheasants ! " exclaimed the Corporal. " I think it is wicked 
 to shoot pheasants, they are so confiding and innocent." 
 
 "I think so too," said the Captain; "and I should think it 
 would be almost wicked to kill anything that is harmless in this 
 sunny, beautiful climate, where everything that walks or flies 
 seems to enjoy life so much. In a cold country there may be an 
 excuse for the cruelty of killing, but here there is none what- 
 ever." 
 
 "That is about my own idea, boys," said the Major; "but if 
 men will hunt, this is a good place for them. It is probable that 
 there was much more large game in this region in ancient times, 
 for this coast country was once more thickly populated than 
 now. This we know by the statements of explorers, and by the 
 ruins and remains which have been discovered in this state of 
 I'amaulipas, into which we have just come since we left Choy 
 Cave." 
 
 " What ! in this section? " asked the Captain ; " ruins ! " 
 
 J 70 
 
"Yes, we are not far, at this moment, from the ruins of an 
 ancient city." 
 
 " Anything Hke Tula? " asked the Corporal ; " let's go to it." 
 " No, not much like Tula. There are no such remains as are 
 found there. These people did not build of stone, but rather of 
 wood and reeds, so their houses perished with them, while those 
 at Tula could neither be removed nor destroyed. Probably it is 
 not Toltec, but almost certainly these are not Aztec ruins. Noth- 
 ing Aztec is found near the coast. It is more probable that the 
 people who lived here were a part of the Maya race, which left 
 such remarkable evidences of their superior civihzation in Yuca- 
 tan. But really nothing is known about the matter. Here are 
 
 some curious remains of a strange race, and that is all we know. 
 Here is a moated platform which was, perhaps, the site of a 
 temple and a sculptured column of stone. Beyond are scores and 
 perhaps hundreds of flat-topped hillocks with embankments pro- 
 tected by slabs. From one of these mounds small figures and 
 articles of pottery have been obtained." 
 
 A little farther on we come to Tamos, which is only eight 
 miles from Tampico ; here are the shops and other buildings of 
 
 271 
 
the operating department. They were established here because 
 of the convenience of the place, it being on the river, and acces- 
 sible by steamer. Here you see the PAnuco, one of the largest 
 rivers of Mexico, and a little way beyond this station we cross 
 another large river, the Taniesi, which empties into the Panuco 
 just below the bridge. 
 
 " How agreeable to the eye these rivers appear in a country 
 which is so largely without water ! " said the Captain. 
 
 "There are many more streams in Mexico than are seen 
 by the traveller by rail. Here, for instance, we see these 
 streams for the first time, Vxit we have been near one of them 
 or its tributaries almost all the way from San Luis Potosi. 
 Vou will doubtless be surprised to hear that this river Panuco 
 rises in the foot-hills lying west of the city of Mexico. A chip 
 thrown into the little brook called Agua Nueva, flowing down 
 the western rim of the Valley of Mexico, would, if it did not 
 get stranded on the way, float through the great cut of Nochis- 
 tongo, under the bridge at Tula, and past Tamos and Tampico 
 into the (iulf of Mexico. Passing through six states, that little 
 bark would have a voyage of over four hundred miles, and find 
 itself here eight thousand feet lower than when it started. Vou 
 will see by this statement that this river Panuco drains an im- 
 mense area of territory. It is the outlet of a watershed forty- 
 five thousand square miles in extent. Boats drawing only eight 
 or nine feet of water can ascend the PAnuco eighty miles, 
 and smaller craft can go up another eighty or one hundred 
 miles." 
 
 " .And at high tide I suppose much larger boats could go up," 
 said the Captain. 
 
 " No ; there isn't tide enough to be of much service in that 
 •way. If a boat were aground and only needed a little more 
 water to float her, the tide would help her of course ; but there .is 
 an average tide here of only fourteen inches, and there is only 
 one high tide in twenty- four hours." 
 
 272 
 
" Why ! how is that ; I never heard of such a thing. Every 
 place 1 know of on the seashore has two tides a day," said the 
 Captain. 
 
 " It is different here. This gulf is something of a little sea by 
 itself, and seems to do business largely on its own account. It 
 has little connection with any other house, as the advertisers say. 
 Look on a map and you will see that Cuba almost shuts off the 
 gulf from the Atlantic at Florida, and from the Caribbean Sea at 
 Yucatan. By reason of this peculiar relation to the ocean, the 
 gulf has rather odd tidal habits. If it weren't different from the 
 rest of creation in its habits, it wouldn't be the Gulf of Mexico, 
 hence only one tide a day, and hence also the numerous bars at 
 the mouths of the rivers which empty into the gulf." 
 
 "This river seems to be a large one," said the Captain. 
 
 " It is large for Mexico. At Tampico it is one thousand and 
 eight hundred feet wide, and for several miles above here it has 
 a channel eight hundred feet wide and twenty-five to thirty feet 
 deep. The Tamesi, which enters the Panuco here, is a large 
 river too ; it seems as if such streams ought to be made of use 
 to the country." 
 
 "Well, aren't they of use?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " They haven't been worth much yet, but it is proposed to 
 give them a chance to see what they can do. That bar at the 
 mouth of the Panuco has hindered commerce here, but when it 
 is opened so that large ships can come to the wharves, things 
 will be different." 
 
 Tampico is situated on the river Panuco, six or seven miles 
 from the gulf. Part of the town lies but little above the lagoons 
 which seem to surround it ; but the better part occupies higher 
 ground, from thirty to sixty feet above the river. It is a pretty 
 city ,; it may be said to be composite in its architecture and 
 cosmopolitan in its population. 
 
 Of course it is Mexican, but only partly so. Here you see 
 pitched roofs, and verandas outside, or on the street side, of the 
 
 273 
 
houses. The everlasting adobe is not the only material used in 
 construction ; wood, stone, or iron takes its place in many build- 
 ings. It is said to be against the law to paint any wall white in 
 Tampico, and one would think that the city fathers required 
 every householder to keep his place neat and bright, as they com- 
 pel landlords to do in San Luis Fotosi. 
 
 bird's-eye view of tampico and VICIMTV'. 
 
 1. — Coast Range of Hills. 
 
 2. — Jetties. 
 
 3. — Lighthouse and Jetty Buildings at 
 
 La Barra. 
 
 4. — Mexican Central Railway Docks at 
 
 Dona Cecilia. 
 
 5. — Entrance to Lagoons at Tuxpan. 
 
 6. — Monterey and Mexican Gulf Rail- 
 road Wharves. 
 
 7. — Shipyard. 
 
 8. 9, 10. — River Front of Tampico. 
 II. — Laguna del Carpintero. 
 
 15 
 
 Bayou from Tamesi River. 
 
 Pa'nuco River. 
 
 Mexican Central Railway Docks at 
 
 Tampico. 
 Mouth of the Bayou leading into 
 the Panuco River. 
 16. — Tamesi River. 
 17. — Lagunas. 
 18. — Pueblo V'iejo. 
 
 19. — Chain of Lakes and Rivers leading 
 to Tuxpan. 
 
 Tampico is a tinted town, barring the white ; the people color 
 their houses pink or green or blue or cream or other color as 
 they please. The combination of hues suits the visitor also, gen- 
 erally speaking, although there be spots that amuse some and 
 
 274 
 
torture others. The population numbers about six thousand, but 
 there does not appear to be among them the usual proportion of 
 the very poor. No one need starve in Tampico ; if he can't find 
 work, he can go and catch fish. He is sure of something to eat. 
 Moreover, wages are higher in Tampico than in most places in 
 Mexico, for many of the men had rather fish than work, and will 
 not work unless they can get fair wages for their labor ; but there 
 seems to be plenty of work to do. 
 
 "What a charming plaza they have here ! " said the Corporal. 
 
 " Yes, its charm is in its shade. I suppose this is the shadiest 
 public park in Mexico; but you see you can't have flowers too. 
 We can get flower views from the street, however. Look at the 
 verandas ; see the plants, and flowers, and vines, almost as rich 
 a display as we had at the Cathedral cave, and more color than 
 we had there. It seems as if the city fathers must require every 
 lady to decorate her house front. What charming pictures these 
 veranda gardens make ! " 
 
 The authorities look after the health as well as the beauty of 
 the city. They employ a great number of scavengers, who work 
 for nothing. These not only receive no pay, but " find " them- 
 selves. They are the flocks of ravens which, in consideration of 
 service, are accorded " a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
 happiness " anywhere and everywhere in the city. 
 
 " Well, boys, now we shall have a trip down to the gulf, for the 
 commodore of the Mexican Central Navy has invited us to go 
 with him on the ' Orinda' down to the bar. We shall have a 
 fine chance to see the jetties, and to get acquainted with His 
 Majesty the Gulf. You'll find the Commodore to be the best 
 fellow you ever sailed the sea with. He will make you feel that 
 you are conferring a favor on him by making a trip with him." 
 
 The sail down the river is delightful. It gives one a fine view 
 of the city and a good idea of the surrounding country. The 
 town appears to have a considerable elevation, and with its 
 straight streets, its variegated houses, its sloping roofs and 
 
 275 
 
church towers, presents a pretty view from the river. The 
 breeze which one encounters, although sHght, makes a welcome 
 contrast to the close, stilling air of the town in summer. The 
 water front is a notable feature of the " view of Tampico." 
 Here are wharves, and not moles as at Vera Cruz. Here vessels, 
 ranging from schooners to ocean steamers, are discharging and 
 receiving cargo without the intervention of lighters. Ship and 
 rail come together at Tampico, which is now a port, a veritable 
 harbor. It can no longer be said truthfully that " on the whole 
 gulf coast there is no good harbor easy of access, or any 
 sheltered anchorage." The jetty work has already changed all 
 that ; a fact of immense importance, not only to the whole Re- 
 public of Mexico, but also to every nation in the world engaged in 
 foreign commerce. On the northern bank of the river, in and 
 below the city, one sees the railroad stations, their warehouses 
 and wharves ; farther down, at La Barra, the administration and 
 other houses pertaining to the jetty company, and last of all, on 
 the sandy shore of the gulf, the government lighthouse. 
 
 On the other side of the river, in the state of Vera Cruz, 
 directly opposite Tampico and facing a large lagima, is Pueblo 
 Viejo, or Old Town, a neighbor now, but perhaps the ancestor 
 of the new city. It may some day catch the spirit of the century 
 and become an important feature in the work of development. 
 Below this is a shipyard, but the Panuco does not yet rival the 
 Kennebec or the Clyde in the matter of shipbuilding. The 
 shore on the Vera Cruz side is generally low and marshy. Four 
 miles below Tampico we come to the entrance of the canal by 
 which small vessels may pass to lagunas and streams extending 
 down the coast to Tuxpan. Below this canal the shore becomes 
 bolfler, and on the elevated ground in this vicinity we may 
 behold " Tampico Highlands," or a seaside residence j)lace 
 under some other attractive name. 
 
 " Here is the gulf," exclaimed the Corporal, as the boat 
 began to heave. " Don't you feel it?" 
 
 276 
 
" Yes, here it is," said the Commodore, " and it is a little 
 rough to-day, but we'll go out over the bar just the same." 
 
 "And these are the jetties," remarked the Captain in a tone 
 that indicated disappointment ; " they don't seem very impres- 
 sive." 
 
 "They are nothing but walls," added the Corporal. "That 
 isn't much of a show, I'm sure." 
 
 "True," said the Commodore, "they don't show very much, 
 but they are for business, and not for show. They are not in- 
 tended to impress visitors ; their purpose is to repress the Gulf 
 of Mexico, or at least the rushing, pushing part of it called the 
 Gulf Stream, and its rampageous partner called the 'Norther.'" 
 
 "Well, Major, what is a jetty?" asked the Captain ; "is it only 
 a wall?" 
 
 "No, it is not ^ only a wall' ; not every wall is a jetty, is it? 
 Suppose we say it is a projected wall ; literally the word means 
 a projection, something thrown forward." 
 
 " I see ; we say ' projectile ' in speaking of things thrown out 
 by a gun or a cannon, and we speak of a jet of water or of 
 steam." 
 
 " Exactly, and jetties are structures thrown out into the sea to 
 arrest the action of the ocean current which prevents a free 
 discharge of the river into deep water ; they do not stop the 
 current, of course, but they compel it to keep off farther from 
 the shore line, and thus give the river current a chance to reach 
 deep water." 
 
 " Has the work here been a success? " asked the Captain. 
 
 " I should say it has been a big success," answered the Com- 
 modore ; " we had only six to eight feet of water on the bar when 
 the work was begun ; now we have eighteen feet, and soon we 
 shall have twenty-four feet, and that is all we want for the largest 
 steamers. There is no doubt about our success. Notice now 
 how jetties are constructed. Piles are driven ; a trestle and track 
 are laid on them about twelve feet above the water ; material is 
 
 277 
 
brought on cars just over the spot where it is required, and then 
 droj)ped. On a timber framework bundles of brush are fastened 
 in layers lengthwise and crosswise, making a mattress about 
 ten feet wide and six feet thick. This mattress is loaded with 
 rock, and sunk ; larger stones are then thrown 
 upon it to hold it down. A pyramid of 
 mattresses is built up ; the 
 lowest layer is, say, sixty 
 feet in width, the next fifty 
 
 feet, and so on, to the top. Small stones are dumped upon the 
 slope, and these, together with the drifting sand, which the sea 
 kindly contributes, make a smooth-faced solid wall which the 
 waves may slide up, but cannot lift or move." 
 
 " How many tons of rock did we estimate had been brought 
 to the sea?" asked the Major. 
 
 " Something more than half a million tons," answered the 
 Captain. " And here we can see only the tops of two walls 
 made by that enormous quantity of rock ! How little shows ! 
 but weight and work have made a safe harbor." 
 
 " How long are these walls?" asked the Corporal. 
 
 " Seven thousand feet each, and one thousand feet apart," 
 answered the Commodore. 
 
 "Are the jetties completed?" asked the Captain. 
 
 "Nearly; the work of 'crowning' is not done yet, but the 
 walls will nc^t be extended farther unless we find that the river 
 
 278 
 
needs still more assistance to reach deep water with its load. 
 This bar must go, and work will be continued until it does go. 
 The jetties now reach into twenty-two feet of water, but if 
 necessary they will be pushed out another thousand feet." 
 
 "What is the bar made of, Commodore?" asked one of the 
 boys. 
 
 " A little of everything, — sand and shells, old schooners and 
 steamers." 
 
 " Steamers ! what do you mean? " 
 
 "Just what I say. We've fished up parts of two or three 
 vessels. You can see the old iron and brass at the dock in 
 Tampico. I suppose they got aground here, and a norther came 
 along and knocked them to pieces. This Gulf makes nasty 
 navigation when he is mad, but let him rage all he wants to, 
 ships can get out of his clutches and find safe shelter in the 
 Panuco ; the river will beat the gulf after this year." 
 
 " They have had a long fight of it," said the Major. 
 
 " The Gulf is an old salt, and didn't like having fresh water 
 poured into him, I think ; but he's taking kindly to it now, and 
 I guess the old chap will behave himself for the good of his 
 country." 
 
 " Shake hands. Commodore ; I am glad to hear you say 
 ' guess,' " said the Major ; " that's downright Yankee ; it makes 
 me feel at home." 
 
 " Guess is good enough for me," said the man of Cape Cod. 
 ^' I don't have any ' fawncy ' or ' reckon ' or ' allow ' in my dic- 
 tionary. Well, I guess we'd better go ashore ; we want a dip in 
 the gulf, don't we? " 
 
 "A dip," exclaimed the boys, "we want a swim." 
 
 " All right, but don't swim out too far ; there are sharks in 
 ihese waters, and they like white boys." 
 
 Landing at La Barra, the party hastened to the beach, and 
 soon in the surf they forgot for half an hour all about sharks, 
 jetties, cations, cities, caves, and ruins ; they remembered only 
 
 279 
 
the sea. On the way back to the " Orinda," they stopped at 
 the company's administration building, where, on the broad 
 veranda, they enjoyed the sea breeze for a while, and in the 
 
 i'H)ms of the engi- 
 neers looked over 
 some of the maps 
 and drawings of the 
 jetty work. 
 
 " I hope we shall 
 have a model of the 
 jetties at the Colum- 
 bian Fair," said the 
 Commodore ; " few 
 people know any- 
 thing about jetties." 
 " Without doubt a 
 nuxlel of this work 
 w'Hild be an inter- 
 L>ting thing." said 
 the Major ; " I saw a 
 model of the Eads 
 Mississippi jetties at 
 the exposition in 
 N e w O r 1 e a n s J it 
 was very attractive 
 because of its nov- 
 elty, and of course it 
 was an educator on 
 the whole subject of harbor improvemen:. The importance of 
 this enterprise to Mexico, as you say, cannot be over-estimated." 
 Returning to the "Orinda," a quick trip was made to the city. 
 On the way u]) the river the Commodore told the party all about 
 the difficulties which had to be overcome in the progress of the 
 construction of the jetties and in the opening of the channel ; he 
 
 TAMllCO LlUIlTHOlSi:. 
 
 '.So 
 
enlarged on the beauties of the " back country " about Tampico, 
 and on the general features of the region which are attracting the 
 attention of both Mexican and American capitaUsts. He said 
 that there is a large section of the Republic easily accessible now 
 from Tampico which offers the greatest opportunities for devel- 
 opment and rich results, including coffee lands, sugar lands, 
 tobacco lands, and territory peculiarly adapted to the cultivation 
 of the valuable products of a tropical climate. The Huesteca 
 country (mentioned in the records of Americus Vespucius) was 
 described, and the party came near being persuaded into taking 
 a trip through that remarkable region by way of boat to the head 
 of navigation on the Panuco, and then by burro to the El Dorado. 
 They also wished to go up the Tamesi and investigate the won- 
 derful deposits of asphaltum said to be found there ; but when it 
 was stated that a syndicate had obtained control of them, our 
 sentimental travellers gave up all thoughts of trying to pre-empt 
 land of any kind in Mexico. 
 
 " Glad to hear that there is so much wealth in store here for 
 enterprising Americans," said the Major ; " the railroad will no 
 doubt develop all this region, which has so long lain dormant, 
 into a productive country." 
 
 "It is bound to do it," replied the Commodore. "Capital is 
 already coming in, and considerable land has been taken up. 
 Well, here we are at the wharf. Had a good time, boys? " 
 
 " Splendid," replied both, " and we are indebted to you for it. 
 We shall never forget this trip." 
 
 The evening was spent on the plaza chiefly in emptying 
 schooners of lemonade, and talking about the new era that 
 has dawned upon Mexico. To the delight of the boys, a fishing 
 excursion was arranged for next day. 
 
 " The red snapper is a mighty fine fish," said the Commodore ; 
 " and then there is the tarpon, he's big game." 
 
 "Tarpon!" exclaimed the boys. "Are there tarpon here? 
 ■Out in the srulf? " 
 
 aSi 
 
" Right here in the Panuco. Vou are in a gamy country 
 when you are in Tanipico. Really you oughtn't to go away till 
 you've caught a tarpon." 
 
 " Oh, we can't leave, Major, till we've caught a tarpon or have 
 seen you or the Commodore catch one. We can stay over, can't 
 we?" 
 
 " We can stay a clay or two if you wish to, but I am not sure 
 we can stay till we catch a silver king. Tarpon are like deer ; 
 you hear a good deal about them, but seldom see them." 
 
 "Co with me, however, and I'll show you some good snapper 
 fishing, or I'm no fisherman." 
 
 " Of course I can't resist such a temptation, Commodore. 
 I surrender to overpowering numbers," said the Major. 
 
 Great expectations were realized in the visit to the fishing 
 banks just south of the jetties. There was plenty of fish and 
 plenty of fun, and besides there was anticipation. Snappers! 
 the bite, the fight, the fish — the big beauties. Each boy was 
 catching snappers all the way back to 'J amjnco and saying nothing 
 about it. Anticipation was all they had with regard to tarpon ; 
 for when the Commodore went to see about his boat, he found 
 that some one had borrowed the sail without his permission, 
 and no other suitable craft could be procured for the occasion. 
 
 The afternoon was filled with delightful episodes, under the 
 guidance of the Commodore. The party took a ride to some 
 interesting places, and were surprised to find such pleasant 
 nooks in a region which appeared from the^ river to be so unin- 
 viting. Another evening on the plaza, enlivened by music, 
 closed the visit to Tampico. The party, being under necessity 
 of rising early to take the train back to .Aguas Calientes, sought 
 the shelter of the mosquito netting correspondingly early. 
 
 The return trip to the main line is, if possible, more charming 
 than that to the coast; as nearly all the fine scenery of the divis- 
 ion is encountered between Tampico and Cardenas. On the 
 trip eastward the passenger has a view of the valley of Canoas 
 
 282 
 
and of the canon of Tamasopo by the morning light ; returning 
 he sees them by. the afternoon hght. He gets a better idea of 
 the marvellous engineering on the mountain as he ascends it 
 seated on the rear platform of the Pullman, and sees himself 
 soaring higher and higher above the plain and valley below. If 
 1 could take a trip but one 
 way over this or any other 
 famous mountain line, I 
 would choose to make the 
 ascent rather than the de- 
 scent ; one has thus a con- 
 stant series of dissolving 
 views before him and an 
 endless panorama of mag- 
 nificent proportions. 
 
 Rascon is reached at 
 dinner-time. Soon after 
 the train is at the foot of 
 the mountain, and, from 
 two o'clock until five, we 
 are passing through the 
 magnificent scenery of 
 Tamasopo canon. The 
 great plain, with its occa- 
 sional palms and frequent 
 fields of cane, is before us 
 for an hour or more as we 
 rise, and vanishes only as 
 we turn round Prospect 
 Point to skirt the moun- 
 tain above the gorge. In another hour we come to the home ol 
 the cypress and the pine, and stop for a moment at cozy Canoas. 
 Running round the rim of the beautiful valley of La Labor for 
 anotner half-hour, we pass out of it through a cut, ar.d at supper- 
 
 283 
 
time reach Cardenas. We have seen enough for one day ; we 
 are glad to have night come and shut out the common world, 
 while we are under the enchantment of beauty. At noon of the 
 next day we arrive at Aguas Calientes, having passed once over 
 the whole Mexican Central Railway line, and twice over a part 
 of it. We complete the circuit now by our journey northward 
 and homeward. 
 
 The journey to the border was even more entertaining to the 
 boys, in some ways, than their trip southward, and, although not 
 so novel, was never uninteresting; everything in Mexico is 
 picturesque, and a constant delight to the intelligent traveller. 
 
 " Have you thought," asked the Major as they were approach- 
 ing the Rio Grande, " what a large part of this country you have 
 seen on this trip? You have seen nearly all the large towns, 
 and have passed through eighteen of the tAventy-nine political 
 divisions of the Republic. You have sailed round Mexico's 
 largest lake, you have seen its longest river, its greatest cataract, 
 and its loftiest mountains. You have visited the gulf, and have 
 been within two hundred miles of the Pacific. All this and 
 much more you have reached by the Mexican Central Railway." 
 
 " Really I hadn't thought we had seen such a large part of 
 the whole country." 
 
 " Mexico is only about one thousand seven hundred miles 
 long, and about seven hundred miles wide. This road is one 
 thousand two hundred and twenty-five miles in length north and 
 south, and about six hundred miles in length east and west. 
 So you see, it practically serves the whole of Mexico." 
 
 " Father will be a little surprised, I think, when we report how 
 much we have explored the country," said the Captain. 
 
 " And more surprised," added the Corporal, " when we tell 
 him that we have had a much cooler summer vacation in Mexico 
 than he has had at Manchester-by-the-Sea." 
 
 "And still more surprised," added the Major, "when I show 
 him what your excursion has cost." 
 
 2 84 
 
" A large bill I am afraid, for we have been everywhere and 
 have had everything that we needed, and a great deal that we 
 didn't need," said the Captain. 
 
 " No, not a large bill ; he will be surprised at its small amount. 
 Mexico is the cheapest country in the world to travel in, if the 
 traveller is content to accept such entertainment as the best 
 hotels in the country afford." 
 
 " But railroad fares are high, aren't they? " 
 
 " No, the fare from El Paso to the city of Mexico and return is 
 only fifty dollars ; where can you travel in the United States two 
 thousand four hundred and fifty miles for that sum? The fare 
 from Chicago to the city of Mexico and return, fifty-seven hun- 
 dred miles, is eighty-eight dollars and sixty cents. Nowhere else 
 in the world can you make so long a journey in first-class style 
 for that amount of money. To the city of Mexico and return 
 from New York or Boston, seventy-eight hundred miles, costs 
 only about one hundred and thirty-five dollars." 
 
 "Those figures are certainly small ones for so long a journey," 
 said the Captain ; " but people generally think of Mexico as a 
 far-away country, and of the trip as very expensive. But really, 
 San Francisco is farther from Boston than the city of Mexico is." 
 
 " Not only is the railroad fare low," added the Major, "but 
 the cost of living in Mexico is small, very small indeed, to a 
 tourist, as his bills are payable in Mexican money, and exchange is 
 largely in his favor." 
 
 " Oh, yes, taking that into account," said the Captain, " travel 
 in Mexico costs less than in any other country in the world." 
 
 " This is an interesting and an important fact. Americans, 
 who are great travellers, will doubtless be glad to hear it, and if 
 they make the excursion they will find our statements correct." 
 
 Information as to rates, and a great deal of other valuable in- 
 formation concerning a trip to Mexico, may be obtained by 
 
 285 
 
addressing any of these oflficials of the Mexican Central Raihvay : 
 
 K. A. White, Gen. Pass. Agt., City of Mexico, Mexico. 
 
 M. H. King, Asst. Gen. Frt. and Pass. Agt., 236 South Clark St., 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 j. J. Ai.LKN, Eastern Agt., 261 Broadway, New York. 
 C. JO. Miner, Gen. Trav. Agt., 105 No. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. 
 T. R. Ryan, Commercial Agt., 105 No. Broadway, St. I^uis, Mo. 
 
 \\'hoever follows the directions which these gentlemen will 
 cheerfully give, on request, will see all that is mentioned or 
 hinted at in the foregoing pages, and much more besides, .^s we 
 stated in our cautionary preface, our purpose has been to outline 
 and to briefly sketch an itinerary which cannot fail to interest 
 and entertain any intelligent man, woman, or child. We close 
 our pleasant task with the hope that many who have given their 
 time to the reading of these imperfect notes of travel will give 
 themselves the pleasure of a trip to Mexico. Si, SeTwr. 
 
 286 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abra de Caballeros . 
 Academy, Military 
 Academy, San Carlos 
 Aduana 'Custom House) . 
 Agents of Mexican Central 
 Aguadores .... 
 Aguas Calientes . 
 Aguila, Marquez de la 
 Ahuehuete .... 
 Augustin, San . 
 Ahuitzotl, Statue ol . 
 Alameda . - . .35 
 Aldama .... 
 Alh6ndiga de Granaditas . 
 Allende .... 
 Altarof the Kings 
 Altitudes . . 15, 109, 
 Alvarado .... 
 Amecameca 
 Americus Vespucius . 
 Anahuac .... 
 Angel, San .... 
 Angelo, Michael, of Mexico 
 Angels, Fruit of the . 
 Anita, Santa 
 
 Antiquities .... 
 Aqueducts .... 
 Arbol de la Noche Triste . 
 Arcades (Portales) 
 Army of Mexico. 
 Artesian Wells . 
 Art Gallery 
 
 Atequiza .... 
 Athens of America 
 Atzcapatzalco 
 Augustin I., Emperor 
 Avenida Juarez . 
 Axayacatl, Statue oi . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 261 
 . 198 
 
 • 175 
 . 20, 23, 25 
 
 . 285 
 
 102, 238, 247 
 
 . 70 
 
 102 
 
 . 2o5 
 
 • 95 
 140 
 
 < 77. 135. 156 
 
 • 153, 240 
 
 . 236 
 
 • 153, 240 
 
 • 153 
 119, 215, 2.18 
 
 177, 102 
 . 242 
 . 119 
 
 170, Z04 
 
 . 212 
 
 . 163, 165 
 
 153. 174. 208 
 
 35, loi, 202 
 
 • 159 
 
 35, 151 
 
 199 
 
 202 
 
 175 
 227 
 
 130 
 131, 136 
 . 140 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ayotla, Olive Trees of . . . 182 
 
 Aztec Antiquities . . 153, 174, 208 
 
 " Celebrations . 142, 168, 171, 184 
 
 " Palaces 149 
 
 " Pericles 208 
 
 " Race 120 
 
 Back Burdens . 
 
 60, 
 
 122 
 
 Bajio, The . 
 
 
 Q2 
 
 Balconj' Scene 
 
 
 138 
 
 Banner of Cortes 
 
 
 175 
 
 " " Hidalgo 
 
 
 175 
 
 Baptists in Mexico . 
 
 
 j6i 
 
 Barranca del Infernillo 
 
 
 213 
 
 " de Rio Lerma . 
 
 
 233 
 
 " " Encarnacion 
 
 
 81 
 
 Baths at Aguas Calientes 
 
 73 
 
 , 77 
 
 " " City of Mexico . 
 
 
 143 
 
 Beans, Mexican 
 
 89 
 
 220 
 
 Bear, Playing the 
 
 76. 
 
 138 
 
 Bells, Clanging . 
 
 74. 
 
 100 
 
 Black Birds of Tampico . 
 
 
 27s 
 
 Blowing the Kiss 
 
 
 136 
 
 Boca del Abra . 
 
 
 264 
 
 Bolson de Mapimi 
 
 
 42 
 
 Bones .... 
 
 65. 
 
 338 
 
 Bridge at Lagos 
 
 
 82 
 
 " " Tula 
 
 
 HI 
 
 " " Encarnacion 
 
 
 81 
 
 Brigida, Santa . 
 
 
 133 
 
 Bucareli, Viceroy 
 
 
 Z02 
 
 Buena Vista Station . 
 
 
 122 
 
 Bufa, Cerro de la 
 
 
 56 
 
 Bull Fights 
 
 
 204 
 
 Burdens, Bearing 
 
 60, 
 
 122 
 
 Burros .... 
 
 >7. 54. 
 
 217 
 
 Buzzards (Zopilotes) . 
 
 
 212 
 
 287 
 
o. 
 
 DiJcls of Chapultcpcc 
 Calcra 
 
 Calendar Stone . 
 Callc de Ids Mucrtos . 
 " " San Francisco 
 Calzadas 
 Camacho 
 
 Campanas, Cerro de las 
 Canal al Aguas Calientcs 
 " de Nochistongo 
 " " Tcquizquiac 
 " " la Viga 
 Cancer, Tropic of 
 Candy Station . 
 Caniias 
 
 Canoas Valley . 
 Cardenas . 
 Cargadorcs 
 Carlotta, Empress 
 Casas, Barlolom^ de 
 Casas Grandes . 
 Castillo, El 
 Castle of Chapultepec 
 Cathedral Cave . 
 Cathedral of Chihiiahi 
 " " Guadalaji 
 
 " " Mexico 
 
 " Pucbla 
 " " San Luis Pot 
 
 " " Zacatecas 
 
 Causeways 
 Cave at Amecameca 
 " " Chapultepec 
 " Cathedral . 
 " Choy 
 " La Ventana 
 Cazadero, Plain of 
 Cclaya.City of . 
 Cemeteries (Panteons) 65, 159 
 Century Plant . 
 Cerro de las Campanas 
 
 " " la Estrclla 
 Chaico, Lake 
 Chapala, Lake . 
 
 " Town of 
 Chapultepec 
 Charles IV., Statue ol 
 City of Mexico 
 
 9^ 
 
 SO 
 «S3 
 310 
 
 M5 
 
 207 
 46 
 
 103 
 7'. 78 
 
 "S 
 16, 210 
 
 162 
 46 
 95 
 46 
 
 254 
 253 
 
 .60, 122 
 •04. 143 
 
 • 17s 
 III 
 
 . 228 
 
 200 
 
 . 365 
 
 • 34 
 . 230 
 
 149. 152 
 209 
 
 • 249 
 
 ■ 59 
 •59. '8j 
 
 . 184 
 . 198 
 . 265 
 . 368 
 267 
 . 109 
 
 • 95 
 304, 337 
 
 • "3 
 
 • «03 
 166, 205 
 118, 173 
 320, 223 
 
 . 325 
 
 ■ >97 
 
 «39. M7 
 250 
 
 Chicalote . 
 
 Chichimccs 
 
 Chihuahua, City of 
 " State of 
 
 Chinampas 
 
 Chirimoya . 
 
 Cholula 
 
 Choy Cave 
 
 Church, Protestant 
 
 " Roman Catholic 
 " Santa Brigida 
 " San Diego . 
 " Santo Domingo 
 " San Francisco 
 " San Hipolito 
 " La Profcsa 
 
 Churubusco 
 
 Ciudad, La 
 
 Clothing 
 
 Coaches 
 
 Coatepec 
 
 Coffee Grove 
 
 Cologne Cathedral 
 
 Colors, Mexican 
 
 Columbus Monument 
 
 Comonfort, President 
 
 Convent of Santa Clara 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 Corn Crop 
 
 Cortes, Hernando 
 " Fleet 
 
 Costume of the Natives 
 
 Cotton Region 
 
 Courting, Mexican 
 
 Coyoacan . 
 
 Cross of Querrftaro 
 
 Cuauhtemoctzin, Home of 
 " Statute of 
 
 " Sketch of 
 
 Curalii, Mexican 
 
 Custom House . 
 
 Cypress Trees 
 
 David and Goliath 
 Dead, Street of the . 
 Delicias, Las 
 Diaz, President Porfirio 
 
 PACE 
 
 68 
 
 III, 119 
 
 • 31 
 
 »7. 42 
 
 . 165 
 
 ai2 
 
 . 309 
 . a68 
 . 161 
 . 161 
 
 • 133 
 '55. 157 
 
 • »55 
 
 • 132 
 . 158 
 
 • 133 
 
 • 204 
 19 
 
 • 7.33 
 
 • "3 
 an 
 
 . 258 
 
 • 59 
 18. 129 
 
 ■ M> 
 133, 160 
 100 
 ata 
 320 
 140, 158, 305 
 208, 310 
 
 • 33 
 
 • 43 
 . .38 
 
 • 204 
 
 99 
 . 167 
 
 • 141 
 . 205 
 . 98 
 
 30, a3, 35 
 197, 3o6 
 
 98 
 aio 
 
 38 
 
 30I 
 
 (88 
 

 PAGE 
 
 Diego, Juan, Indian . 
 
 . igo 
 
 Diego, San, Cliurch of 
 
 • 157 
 
 Dishes, Washing the . 
 
 ■ 9° 
 
 Dog, Chihuahua 
 
 • 35 
 
 Dolores, Panteon de . 
 
 . 204 
 
 Drainage .... 
 
 . 116 
 
 Dulces, Mexican 
 
 • 95 
 
 Durai.go .... 
 
 42, 44 
 
 Eagle Pass Route 
 
 • 44 
 
 Eastern Features 
 
 56, 62 
 
 Education . 
 
 . 156 
 
 El Abra .... 
 
 . 262 
 
 El Castillo .... 
 
 . 228 
 
 El Paso .... 
 
 10, 15 
 
 El Salto del Abra 
 
 . 261 
 
 Emperor Augustin I. 
 
 • 130 
 
 Empire of Maximilian 
 
 . 104 
 
 Encarnacion 
 
 . 81 
 
 Escalon .... 
 
 • 42 
 
 Esperanza .... 
 
 . Z12 
 
 Eulalia, Santa, Mine . 
 
 • 34 
 
 Evangelista, The 
 
 • 15s 
 
 Expenses of Trip 
 
 . 284 
 
 Excursion Rates 
 
 . 285 
 
 F. 
 
 Fair God, A 
 Fairs in Mexico 
 Falls of El Abra 
 
 " " Juanacatlan 
 Fares, Railway 
 Feast Days 
 Fertility of Lands 
 Festivals, National 
 Feudal System . 
 Flag, Mexican . 
 Floating Islands 
 Florido, Valley of the 
 Flower Market . 
 Foreigners in Mexico 
 Fountain at Zacatecas 
 Fourth of July . 
 Francisco, San, Chihuahua 
 
 " " Mexico 
 
 Fresas 
 French 
 
 143, 146 
 
 • 77 
 . 261 
 . 228 
 . 28s 
 
 77. 184 
 3, 92, 165 
 
 • 193 
 
 • 37 
 
 18, 120 
 165, 170 
 40 
 
 154 
 120 
 62 
 240 
 
 34 
 132 
 
 93 
 104 
 
 Fresnillo 
 Frijoles 
 Funeral Cars 
 
 PAGE 
 
 • 5° 
 . 89 
 . 14S 
 
 Gallego 
 Game 
 
 Gante, Padre Pedro de 
 Garden of San Marcos 
 Gardens, Floating 
 Garden, Zoological 
 Garitas 
 Glorietas 
 God, A Fair 
 Gondolas . 
 Gonzales, Gen. 
 Grades 
 
 Grito de Dolores 
 Guadalajara 
 Guadalupe, Zacateca- 
 " Shrine of 
 
 Guanajuato 
 Guatimotzin (see Cuauhtemoclz 
 Guerrero, Vicente, President 
 Gulf of Mexico . 
 Gutierrez .... 
 
 . 28 
 242, 270 
 
 • 132 
 
 74. 77 
 165, 170 
 
 . 207 
 122, 164 
 
 . 140 
 
 143, 146 
 
 162 
 
 . 201 
 52, 252 
 
 . 240 
 
 . 229 
 
 ■ 63 
 
 1S9, 193 
 
 89, 234 
 
 in) . 141 
 
 159 
 272 
 46 
 
 Hacienda .... 
 " of Atequiza 
 " Mescal 
 " Miiller 
 " Peotillos 
 Harbors of Mexico . 
 Hercules Mill . 
 Hidalgo . 34, 103, 142, 153, 
 
 Hill of the Star . . . 166, 
 Hipolito, San .... 
 
 Horcasitas 
 
 Horatii 
 
 Hospicio of Guadalajara . 
 Hospitals of Mexican Central Ry. 
 Hotel Iturbide .... 
 
 " del Jardin .... 
 
 " Plaza .... 
 
 " Zacatecano 
 Huitzilopochtlih Idol 
 Hunt, The Great 
 
 29.37 
 . 227 
 
 ■ 243 
 29. 36 
 . 250 
 . 276 
 
 . lOI 
 
 17s, 240 
 
 169, 205 
 
 . 158 
 
 ■ 38 
 
 • 231 
 3?. 71 
 . 128 
 
 • 133 
 
 • 73 
 
 • S7 
 
 • 174 
 109 
 
 289 
 
I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Idol, Aztec 174 
 
 Images, Sacred . 91, 100, 184, 189 
 
 Independence Day . • 77> 240 
 
 Inquisition .... 154, 157 
 
 International Railway ... 44 
 Intcroccanic Railway 208, 211 
 
 Intervention, French . 104 
 
 Inundations .... 83, 116 
 Irapuato ..... 93, 320 
 Irish, Spanish Viceroy ... 29 
 
 Irrigation 8>. 93 
 
 Iturbide, Emperor i3g, 133, 184, 194 
 
 " Hotel 128 
 
 Ixtacaico 163, 165 
 
 Ixtaccihuatt 179 
 
 Ixtapalapa 166 
 
 J. 
 
 Jalapa 
 
 
 210 
 
 Jalisco 
 
 
 330 
 
 Jardin Hotel 
 
 
 >.ia 
 
 Jetties at Tatnpico 
 
 
 277 
 
 Jimenez 
 
 *o, >53. 
 
 240 
 
 Jimuico 
 
 
 4:; 
 
 Josrf, San, Church of 
 
 
 III 
 
 Juanacatlan, Falls of 
 
 220 
 
 228 
 
 Juan del Rio, San 
 
 
 109 
 
 Juarez, Benito, President 
 
 '9. '04 
 
 142 
 
 " City 
 
 
 '9 
 
 " Tomb of 
 
 
 160 
 
 Kings, Altar of the 
 Kiss, Blowing the 
 
 »53 
 136 
 
 La Barca 
 
 La Barra 
 
 La Casteiiada 
 
 Lagos 
 
 Laguna 
 
 La Joya 
 
 Lake Chaico 
 " Chapala 
 " Paizcuaro . 
 " Pcvcmaldillo 
 
 . 320 
 
 • 379 
 304 
 
 83 
 
 »9. 43 
 a'3. 253 
 iiS, 173 
 
 330, 333 
 . 3o8 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lake Texcoco . 
 
 
 119 
 
 " Xochimiico 
 
 
 
 163 
 
 " Zumpango 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 Lands, Fertility of 
 
 
 28, 38, 89, 
 
 i6s 
 
 Landscape Colors 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 Language, Spanish 
 
 
 5 
 
 120 
 
 Languages, Other 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 La Palma . 
 
 
 
 32S 
 
 La Piedad . 
 
 
 
 220 
 
 La Profesa . 
 
 
 
 «33 
 
 Las Casas, Bartulume 
 
 dc 
 
 
 .76 
 
 Las Vegas . 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Laundry, Mexican 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Leather Work . 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 Leg of Saint Simon 
 
 
 
 .84 
 
 Legends 
 
 
 82, 98, 158, 
 
 '7« 
 
 Lefia . 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 Leon . 
 
 
 
 8s 
 
 Lerdo 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 " President 
 
 
 201, 
 
 304 
 
 l.erma, Rio 
 
 
 
 336 
 
 Library, National 
 
 
 
 •33 
 
 " Railroad Men's 
 
 
 124 
 
 Life of Common People 
 
 
 60 
 
 Ix)Comotive, The largest 
 
 
 360 
 
 Lottery 
 
 19 
 
 »37 
 
 Love-making 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 Maguey, The . 
 
 "3.243 
 
 Maize (Corn) . 
 
 . . 89 
 
 Maltrata . 
 
 . 313 
 
 Mantilla 
 
 . . . 84 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 84, 8s, loi 
 
 Mapimi, Bolson de 
 
 • 42 
 
 Marf^l 
 
 • 234 
 
 Market in General . 
 
 ■ • 65 
 
 " Flower . 
 
 • 154 
 
 " San Juan 
 
 • «34 
 
 Martyrs, Ch.ipcl of 
 
 . . .58 
 
 Massachusetts of Mexico 
 
 • 97 
 
 Maximilian 
 
 103. 17s 
 
 Meals • 4, 35, 3 
 
 2, 40, SI, 70, 88 
 
 Medina 
 
 ai6 
 
 Mcjia, Gen. 
 
 103, 161 
 
 Memorial to Cadets . 
 
 • >99 
 
 Mendoza, Viceroy 
 
 109 
 
 Mescal 
 
 • >'4. 243 
 
 Mescala 
 
 . 224 
 
 290 
 

 
 
 r 
 
 ACE 
 
 Methodists in Mexico 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 Metlac Caiion . 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 Mexicalcingo 
 
 
 
 166 
 
 Mexican Army . 
 
 
 
 199 
 
 " Railway 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 " Central Railway 
 
 
 J 
 
 284 
 
 Mexico, a Summer Resort 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 " City of 
 
 
 125 
 
 -195 
 
 " Federal District 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 " Republic of 
 
 
 14. 
 
 120 
 
 " People of 
 
 • 36, 
 
 136, 
 
 178 
 
 Michael Angclo of Mexico 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 Military School 
 
 
 
 198 
 
 Mills . 
 
 
 
 lOI, 
 
 229 
 
 Mines, Rich 
 
 
 
 217, 
 
 237 
 
 Mints 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Miraculous Spring 
 
 
 
 
 169 
 
 Miramon, Gen. . 
 
 
 
 103, 
 
 161 
 
 M ixcoac 
 
 
 
 
 204 
 
 Moat . 
 
 
 122 
 
 158, 246 
 
 Monte de Piedad 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 " Sacro 
 
 
 
 178, 
 
 184 
 
 Montfzuma's Bath 
 
 
 
 
 259 
 
 Cave 
 
 
 
 
 198 
 
 " Chair 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Palace 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 Shield 
 
 
 
 
 17s 
 
 " Tree 
 
 
 
 
 206 
 
 Monuments 
 
 
 139. 
 
 159 
 
 199 
 
 Monument Rock 
 
 
 
 
 257 
 
 Moon, Pyramid of 
 
 
 
 
 210 
 
 Morelos 
 
 
 155 
 
 158, 
 
 241 
 
 Moss, Spanish . 
 
 
 
 
 207 
 
 Mule, The . 
 
 
 6, 211, 
 
 215. 
 
 245 
 
 Mummies . 
 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 Museum, National 
 
 
 
 149. 
 
 173 
 
 N. 
 
 Napoleon III. 
 
 
 104 
 
 National Library 
 
 
 133 
 
 " Holiday 
 
 
 240 
 
 " Museum 
 
 149 
 
 173 
 
 Palace 
 
 
 149 
 
 Native Languages 
 
 
 120 
 
 Navy 
 
 
 200 
 
 Nevada, Sierra . 
 
 118, 
 
 182 
 
 Netzahualcoyotl, Prince . 
 
 
 208 
 
 Niagara of Mexico 
 
 220, 
 
 228 
 
 Noche Triste 
 
 158 
 
 159 
 
 Nochistongo, Canal of 
 Nopal, The 
 Noria, The 
 Nuns, Capuchin 
 
 PAGE 
 
 • "5 
 
 • 247 
 , 24s 
 
 196 
 
 Oaxaca, City of . 
 
 . 201 
 
 Occupations 
 
 . 121 
 
 Ocotlan, Town of 
 
 . 221 
 
 " Shrine of 
 
 . 210 
 
 Offerings . 
 
 . . i6g 
 
 Ojo Caliente 
 
 . 68 
 
 Old Mexico 
 
 . Ill 
 
 Oldest European Article ir 
 
 Mexico . 92 
 
 Olive Trees of Ayotla 
 
 . 182 
 
 Opals 
 
 . 106 
 
 Orchids . 
 
 . 207 
 
 Oranges, Smoked 
 
 • 253 
 
 Organo Cactus . 
 
 • . 83 
 
 Oriental Features 
 
 56, 62 
 
 Orinda, Steamer 
 
 • 27s 
 
 Orizaba 
 
 210, 213 
 
 Orphanage, Zacatecas 
 
 . . 64 
 
 Otomites . 
 
 98, 120 
 
 Pachuca .... 
 
 • "5. 215 
 
 Palace, National 
 
 • 149 
 
 Panduro, Artists 
 
 • 232 
 
 Panteon de Dolores . 
 
 . 204 
 
 " San Fernando 
 
 • 159 
 
 " at Guanajuato 
 
 • 237 
 
 Panuco, Rio 
 
 • 113. 272 
 
 Parral .... 
 
 . 40 
 
 Parrots .... 
 
 260, 267 
 
 Paseo, in general 
 
 71. 8s, IDS 
 
 Paseo de la Reforma . 13 
 
 4, 139. 143 
 
 Paso del Macho . 
 
 . 212 
 
 Paso del Norte . 
 
 20 
 
 Passion Play 
 
 i63, 184 
 
 Patience of the People 
 
 . 60 
 
 Patio . . . 
 
 21, 216 
 
 " Process 
 
 . 216 
 
 Patzcuaro Lake . 
 
 . 208 
 
 Pawn Shops 
 
 . 150 
 
 Pedregal, The . . . . 
 
 170, 206 
 
 Penjamo .... 
 
 . 220 
 
 Penon Blanco . . . . 
 
 • 244 
 
 291 
 
People of the Country 36, 
 
 Peolillos, Hacienda ol 
 
 I'erez, Juan 
 
 Pericles, Aztec . 
 
 Picardias ... 
 
 Pilgrimage to Sacro .Moiitc 
 
 Pilot of" Chapala" . 
 
 Plains of Mexico 
 
 Plateau, The 
 
 Playing the Bear 
 
 Plaza (General) . . 19, 21, 
 
 Plaza Mayor de la Constitucion 
 
 " de Santo Domingo 
 Plowing 
 
 Politeness of the People 
 Poncitlan . 
 Pool at Aguas Calicnlcs 
 
 " " Puente de Dios 
 Popocatepetl 
 Population . 
 Portales 
 Pottery 
 Prcsas 
 
 Presbyterians in .Mexico 
 Presidents of Mexico 
 Processions, Religious 
 Profcsa, La, Church of 
 Profile Map 
 Promenades 
 Prospect Point . 
 Protestant Churches . 
 Puebla, City of . 
 Puente de Dios . 
 Pulpit, Oldest . 
 Pulque, Story of 
 Pyramids . 
 
 73 
 
 PAGE 
 136, 178 
 250 
 923 
 
 2C8 
 44 
 '77 
 222 
 
 45 
 6 
 138 
 76,85 
 MS 
 154 
 40 
 5. 136 
 227 
 
 73. 77 
 259 
 179 
 120 
 35. 151 
 51,68 
 81 
 . 161 
 . 204 
 
 • 185 
 
 • 133 
 . 252 
 
 76, 135 
 
 • 257 
 . 161 
 
 2CX) 
 
 ■ 258 
 . 209 
 
 • "3 
 209, 210 
 
 Querrftaro 97 
 
 QuetzalcoatI, God of Air . . 209 
 
 Quicksilver ai6 
 
 Quiet Habits of People ij6, 178 
 
 R. 
 
 Railway, Mexican Cenlrut , 3, 284 
 
 Rascon 260 
 
 Rates of Fare 285 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Reading Room at Station . -124 
 
 Real del Monte 218 
 
 Reboso 33. 84 
 
 Reception Committee 32, 123, 222 
 
 Keforma, Paseo de la 134, 139, 143 
 
 Religion 161 
 
 Reser\'oirs 239 
 
 Restaurants . 4,23,32,40,51,70 
 
 Rhode Island of Mexico . . 209 
 
 Rio Grande . . • '5 
 
 " Lerma ..... 226 
 
 " Panuco .... 113, 272 
 " Tula . .112 
 
 Roman Catholic Church . . .161 
 Rosalia, Santa ..... 39 
 Ruins . Ill, 208, 210, 271 
 
 Ruralcs, The ..... 199 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabino, The . . . . 
 
 206 
 
 Sacred Springs . . . . 
 
 168, 198 
 
 " Images . 91, 10 
 
 0, 184, 189 
 
 Sacrificial Stone 
 
 • «74 
 
 Sacro Monte 
 
 178, 184 
 
 Salamanca 
 
 • 95 
 
 Salinas del Pciiou Ulaiico . 
 
 • 244 
 
 Salt Lake .... 
 
 • 244 
 
 Salutations 
 
 . '36 
 
 San Angel 
 
 204 
 
 San Augustin 
 
 VS. «53 
 
 San Jos6 .... 
 
 . Ill 
 
 San Juan del Rio 
 
 . 109 
 
 San Luis Potosi . 
 
 ■ 247 
 
 San Marcos Gardens . 
 
 ■74. 77 
 
 San Pedro .... 
 
 . 232 
 
 Santa Cruz .... 
 
 • 99 
 
 Santiago and Cross . 
 
 • 99 
 
 Santa Rosalia 
 
 • 39 
 
 Schools .... 
 
 . .56 
 
 Seward, Secretary 
 
 . 106 
 
 Shield of Montezuma 
 
 • >75 
 
 Shrines .... 
 
 • "77. 190 
 
 Sierra Mojada 
 
 • 42 
 
 Sierra Nevada . 
 
 118, i8a 
 
 Silao 
 
 88,93 
 
 Smelting Works 
 
 • '49 
 
 Soledad .... 
 
 68 
 
 Sombrero .... 
 
 • 95 
 
 Smoking Habit, The . 
 
 »7 
 
 292 
 
Springs, Sacred 
 
 168, 198 
 
 Standard of Cortes 
 
 • 175 
 
 " " Hidalgo 
 
 • 17s 
 
 Star, Hill of the. 
 
 166, 205 
 
 Station at Juarez 
 
 21 
 
 " " Mexico 
 
 . 122 
 
 Stations for Meals . . 25 
 
 , 32, 40, 50 
 
 Statistics .... 
 
 120, 161 
 
 Statues .... 
 
 139. 159 
 
 Statuette of yourself . 
 
 . 232 
 
 Steamer on Lake Chapala . 
 
 . 222 
 
 Stone, Calendar 
 
 • 153 
 
 " Sacrificial 
 
 • 174 
 
 Strawberries the Year round 
 
 • 93 
 
 Straw Hats 
 
 • 94 
 
 Street Cars 
 
 56, 148 
 
 Street Scenes 
 
 . 60 
 
 Street, Main, of Mexico 
 
 • 145 
 
 Street of the Dead 
 
 . 210 
 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 . 180 
 
 Summer Resort . 
 
 6, 284 
 
 Sun, Pyramid of 
 
 . 210 
 
 Sunday in Mexico 
 
 • 134 
 
 Sweetmeats 
 
 • 95 
 
 T. 
 
 Table Lands (see Plateau) 
 Tacuba 
 Tacubaya . 
 Tajo de Nochistongo 
 Tamasopo Canon 
 Tamesi River 
 Tamos 
 Tampico 
 Tapalo 
 
 Tapia, Fernando de 
 Tarpon 
 Tenochtitlan 
 Teotihuacan 
 Tepeyacac (see Guadalu 
 Tequila 
 
 Tequizquiac Tunnel 
 Texcoco, Lake . 
 " Town . 
 Tide, Gulf . 
 Tilma of Juan Diego 
 Tizapan 
 Tlalpam 
 Tlamacas . 
 
 pe) 
 
 . 202 
 116, 203 
 . 116 
 • 255 
 . 272 
 . 271 
 242, 273 
 
 2ai 
 125 
 210 
 
 . 114 
 116, 210 
 116, 195 
 208 
 272 
 
 igo 
 225 
 204 
 180 
 
 Tlaxcala 
 
 Toboggan Railroad . 
 
 Tolsa, Work of . 
 
 Toltccs 
 
 Toluca 
 
 Tomb of Juarez 
 
 Torreon 
 
 Tortilla 
 
 Traditions . 
 
 Trains 
 
 Travel in Mexico 
 
 Tree of the Sad Night 
 
 Tresguerras 
 
 Tropic of Cancer 
 
 Tula .... 
 
 U. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 159, 209 
 258, 269 
 133. 139 
 
 no, 114 
 208 
 160 
 44 
 
 171 
 26 
 285 
 159 
 96 
 46 
 no, 215 
 
 Ulmeca, The .... 
 
 . 119 
 
 Ulua, San Juan de . 
 
 212 
 
 United States and Mexico 
 
 . 106 
 
 United States Legation 
 
 ■ 157 
 
 Ursula, St., Church of . 
 
 . 238 
 
 Valley of Mexico 
 
 
 . 118 
 
 176 
 
 Ventana, La , . . 
 
 
 267 
 
 Vera Cruz, City of . 
 
 
 212 
 
 Vespucius, Americus 
 
 
 243 
 
 Vessels, Cortes' 
 
 . 208 
 
 210 
 
 View from Chapultepec . 
 
 
 207 
 
 " Hill of the Star 
 
 . 170 
 
 172 
 
 " ofMaltrata . 
 
 
 214 
 
 " " Puebla 
 
 
 
 209 
 
 Via Crucis . 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 Viga Canal 
 
 
 
 162 
 
 Villar 
 
 
 
 252 
 
 Virgin of Mexico 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 Volcanic Hill.'! . 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 Volcanoes . 
 
 
 
 1,6 
 
 Votos at Shrines 
 
 
 169 
 
 194 
 
 Vultures (Zopolites) 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 Walls of the City 
 
 
 122 
 
 Washing Dishes 
 
 
 90 
 
 Water Carriers . 
 
 102, 238, 
 
 247 
 
 Water Supply of Mexico . 
 
 • 198, 
 
 202 
 
 Water Works of Chaj 
 
 >ala . 
 
 
 225 
 
 293 
 

 PAGB 
 
 Y. 
 
 
 Water Works of Guanajuato 
 
 a39 
 
 
 PAGB 
 
 " " " Ocotlan . 
 
 222 
 
 Ysidro, San 
 
 . 252 
 
 " " " Qucr<taro 
 
 lOI 
 
 Yturbide, Emperor 
 
 130, 241 
 
 " " *' San Luis Potosi 
 
 '47 
 
 " Theatre 
 
 . los 
 
 " " " Zacatecas 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 Westminster Abbey . 
 
 . 160 
 
 
 
 Wheat Crop .... 89, aao 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 White House o( Mexico . 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 WooJ by Weight 
 
 55 
 
 Zacatecas .... 
 
 ■ 54 
 
 
 
 Zaragoza, Gen. . 
 
 160, 209 
 
 
 
 Zapotec Indians 
 
 120 
 
 X. 
 
 
 Zar.ipe .... 
 
 33. 84 
 
 
 
 Zocalo .... 
 
 • '47 
 
 Xochitl, The Flower of TuLt . 11 
 
 4. >75 
 
 Zoological Garden 
 
 . 207 
 
 Xochimilco, Lake 
 
 . 163 
 
 Zopilotes .... 
 
 212 
 
 Xocotopec 
 
 225 
 
 Zumpango, Lake 
 
 . 116 
 
 !94 
 
rrvh 
 
 I r. ■/