HISTORY New Jeksey, FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO THE PRESENT TIME. DESIGNED FOB :^ommon Schools, ^tattcmics, ^^oUcgcs, families and llibrarijcs -" ' BY ,-, jf R.^"SYPHEli AND E.^ A. APGAR. PHILADELPHIA ^ J. B. LIPPING OTT & CO. 1870. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by J. R. SYPIIER AND E. A APGAE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of New Jersey. LIPPINCOTT'S PRESS, <. PREFACE. The inhabitants of a State should have a general knowledge of its history. The story of the pioneer set- tlers in an unexplored wilderness, their mastery of the ] elements, their struggle for personal rights, their mainte- nance of the principles of English liberty, their attain- ment of national independence and the establishment of a commonwealth, are subjects that should command the interest of every citizen. When and how the resources of the State were developed, when public improvements were constructed and public institutions were erected — how, from small beginnings, settlements grew into power- ful manufacturing and trading communities, and how the wealth and prosperity of the commonwealth were attained, are questions worthy the attention of a people living in the enjoyment of these priceless boons transmitted from an ancestry, who, through much suffering and unre- counted toil, struggled from poverty and insignificance up to wealth and an honorable fame. This book was com- piled to make the acquisition of this knowledge eaSy for every citizen, and in the hope that the rising youth in the State will, in their school-days, be made familiar with the history of their own inheritances, and be thereby incited to foUbv/ the examples of industry 4 PREFACE. and skill, and to emulate the virtue and patriotism, of the early settlers and the fathers of the Commonwealth. Much that is interesting^ in the annals of the State has been necessarily excluded, though nothing that is essential to a full comprehension of its history has been omitted. The questions at the foot of each page are intended to guide the teacher, who will readily multiply them to meet the Avants of his class. The tables in the Appendix are arranged for reference, and epitomize the history of the State. Trenton, October 29, 1869. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAQE Early Settlements 9 CHAPTER II. Division of the Province — East and West Jersey 20 CHAPTER III. The Province of West Jersey 33 CHAPTER IV. The Royal Government Established— Cornbury's Administration... 46 CHAPTER V. Early Legislation-Government Separated from New York 57 CHAPTER VI. Land Titles — Frontier Wars — A Colonial Union Proposed 66 CHAPTER VIL French-and-Indian War — Troops Sent — Braddock's Defeat — De- fence against Indian Invasion 74 CHAPTER VIII. Close of the French-and-Indian War — Military Action of New Jersey 81 1 * 5 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTEK IX. PAGE "Taxation without Eepresentation is Tyranny" 88 CHAPTER X. The Eight of Government Assumed by the People— Preparations for War 100 CHAPTER XI. The Declaration of Independence— The New Government 114 CHAPTER XII. The Revolutionary War — Campaign of 1776 — Tlie State Overrun by the Enemy 124 CHAPTER XIII. Campaign of 1777 — Battle of Princeton — Enemy Driven from the State — Noble Conduct of the State Militia 135 CHAPTER XIV. British Foraging parties — March across the State — Battle of Mon- mouth 150 CHAPTER XV. Tory Marauders — Village Burned and Inhabitants Murdered — Destitution in Camp — Battle of Springfield 160 CHAPTER XVI. Revolt in Camp — End of the War — Contributions of the State and Sufierings of the Inhabitants 173 CHAPTER XVII. The Constitution of the United States Adopted 183 CHAPTER XVIII. The State Government Organized 187 CHAPTER XIX. The Condition of the State of New Jersev 201 CONTENTS. 7 CHAPTER XX. PAGE Education 205 CHAPTER XXI. Public Improvements 219 CHAPTER XXII. Natural Resources — Manufactures 224 CHAPTER XXIII. The Rebellion 238 APPENDIX. Table I. — Counties in New Jersey 251 II. — Table of the Governors of the Colonies, of the Pro- vinces and of the State 252 III. — Table of the Principal Officers of the United States from New Jersey since the Adoption of the Con- stitution 255 IV. — Railroads in New Jersey 256 V. — Canals in New Jersey 257 VI. — Agricultural Products of New Jersey in 1868 257 VII. — A Chronological Table of Important Events in the History of New Jersey, from the Discovery of the Delaware in 1609 until 1869 258 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. CHAPTER I. Early Settlements — Government Established. PALISADES ON THE HUDSON. 1. New Jersey is bounded on the north by New York; on the east by Hudson river and the Atlantic ocean ; on the south by Delaware bay ; and on the west by Delaware river. The greatest length of tlie State, from the north-west point to Cape May, is about 168 miles ; the greatest width is about 60 miles ; the area is 7576 square miles. 2. This territory was first visited by European mariners Chapter I. — 1. Bound New Jersey. State its dimensions. 2. When did Europeans first visit this territory? When and by whom was the first settlement made on Manhattan Island ? Where, when and by whom were the first settlements made in New Jersey? 9 10 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in 1609, when Captain Henry Hudson, sailing on an ex- l)lo)-ino- expedition to America under the patronage of the Dutch East India Company, touched at the mouth of the bay, but, finding shoal water, withdrew ; and sailing north- ward, entered the mouth of the great river which is now called Hudson, in honor of the discoverer. Hudson's men established a trading-post on Manhattan Island ; they also made small settlements at Bergen and at other points in New Jersey as early as 1617. In 1621 these were transferred to the West India Company of the United Netherlands— a cor- poration formed in Holland to monopolize trade in America. In 1628 this company took possession of the whole country discovered by Captain Hudson, which included all the ter- ritory lying between Delaware bay, called South River, and the Hudson, called North River. The possessions of the company w^ere named the " New Netherlands." This territory was at that time inhabited by small tribes of Indians, or parts of the great tribes, that, occupied the country between the lakes on the north and the Susquehanna river. 3. A colony arrived in 1623, built New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, and sent Captain Cornelius Jacobus May, with a party of adventurers, to the "South" River, under instructions to form a settlement and to explore the country on the borders of the river. The commander of this expedi- tion sailed into the Delaware, gave his own name to Cape May, and the southern cape he called Cornelius, which name it bore until the arrival of the Swedes, when it was named Cape Henlopen. He erected Fort Nassau near where Gloucester now stands, a few miles below Camden, which was the first settlement made by Europeans on the shores of the Delaware. The fort was soon abandoned. The place was 3. "When and by wliom were the first attempts made to settle on tlie Delaware? EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 11 several times visited by exploring parties, but no permanent colony was established there by the Dutch. 4. The Swedes founded a colony on the west bank of the Delaware in 1638. Some of the pioneers crossed the river and established themselves at Swedesboro' and at other points below Camden. Attempts were made by parties from Con- necticut and other parts of New England to settle on the eastern bank of the Delaware, but the settlers Avere driven away by the Dutch, who claimed the whole country between Connecticut and Virginia, which they named "New Nether- lands." Several plantations were founded by Dutch patroons near Communipaw about the year 1638. These were aban- doned in 1651, and reoccupied in 1661, when a ferry was established to Manhattan Island. The first settlement at Hoboken was made in 1656. 5. Great Britian conquered the New Netherlands in 1664, and claimed all the lands on the Atlantic coast, from the French possessions on the north, southward to the Spanish possessions in Florida. On the 20th of March, 1664, King Charles II. issued a grant to his brother, the Duke of York, for that part of his American possessions lying between New England and Maryland. This included New York, Penn- sylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. As soon as the duke had obtained this grant, and before he had been placed in possession of the property, he sold that portion of it which afterward became New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 6. The new proprietors prepared and published a plan of 4. Who founded the first jjeriuanent colony on the Delaware? What was this country called? Where were early settlements made? 5. When and by whom was it conquered? How did the king of England dispose of the land ? What did the duke do with part of it? 6. What did the new proprietors do? What were some of the pro- visions of the fundamental law? 12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. government, something in the nature of a fundamental law or constitution, called the "Concessions and Agreements of the Lords' Proprietors of the Province of New Jersey, with all and every of the adventurers and all such as shall settle or plant there." This constitution was dated February 10, 1664. It provided that all who were or should become sub- jects of the king of England should be admitted to plant and to become freemen of the Province; that the people should be secured in the enjoyment of property; that full toleration in religion should be allowed. No person should be in any Avay molested or punished, or called into question for any difference of opinion or practice in matters of relig- ion, but all might freely and fully enjoy their judgments and consciences in matters of religious faith. 7. The government of the Province was to be administered by the governor and Council and General Assembly. The governor was to be appointed by the proprietors. The mem- bers of Council should be selected by the governor, and should not be less than six nor more than twelve in number. The General Assembly formed the legislative branch of the government. It was composed of the governor and Council and twelve representatives chosen by the freemen of the Province. 8. The first Assembly was to divide the Province and to provide for an annual election on the 1st of January, at which time each division should choose two representatives, and the majority of these representatives, with the governor and the Council, should form the General Assembly of the Province. 9. The General Assembly was authorized to appoint the 7. How was the government to be administered? 8. How was the General Assembly formed ? 9. What was the Assembly authorized to do? What had the As- sembly power to do? EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 13 time for its own meeting and adjournment, and to determine the number required to form a quorum, provided that num- ber shoukl not be less than one-third of tlie wliole ; to enact laws necessary for the government of the Province ; to estab- lish courts, and to determine the limits, powers and jurisdic- tions of these ; to fix the number of officers for each court and their respective salaries and fees. The Assembly had power to levy taxes equally on all the lands, except the lands of the proprietors ; to provide for the defence of the Province ; to pass naturalization laws ; to provide for the maintenance of the governor and for the defraying of the necessary expenses of the government. 10. The governor was commander-in-chief of the military forces. In case of his death or removal, the president of the Council became the chief executive. The fundamental laws for the Province secured freedom of conscience and worship to every one who should conduct himself as a peaceable citi- zen, provided justice to be administered by tribunals erected under public authority, and gave an unlimited privilege of appeal or petition. 11. On the same day that this instrument of government was signed, Philip Carteret, the brother of one of the pro- prietors, received a commission as first governor of Ncav Jersey. He made immediate preparations to go to his Prov- ince, and in August, 1665, accompanied by a number of persons who were disposed to become settlers, sailed from England. This company of pioneers entered Newark bay and landed on the banks of the Passaic, at a place to which they gave the name of Elizabeth, in honor of the lady of Sir George Carteret. Governor Carteret found four families es- 10. What is said of tlie governor? What was secured ? 11. Who was first governor? Wlien and how did he come to the Province? Where did tlie governor make the first settlement? 2 14 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tablished at this place, aud he resolved to settle there with them. 12. Colonel Nichols at this time Avas governor of New York, and had been directed by the Duke of York to assume the direction of affairs throughout the whole of the country that had been conveyed to him by the king's grant. Nichols had not been informed of the sale of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret, and therefore supposed himself to be in authority over that portion of country. He regarded Philip Carteret and his party of settlers as intruders and usurpers. 13. Governor Carteret without delay entered upon the dis- charge of his duties, and sent messengers abroad to publish the " Concessions" and to set forth the advantages that were offered, both in the government and in the fortunate situa- tion of the country. These reports Avere received with great favor, and many people moved to New Jersey. Numerous emigrants came from the neighboring settlements and from England, and the population increased rapidly. The gov- ernor appointed his Council,* and proceeded to organize his government. 14. The first duty of the governor was to establish rules for the division and sale of lands. These rules provided that all lands should be divided into general lots ; one- seventh of each lot was to be reserved to the proprietors, * Captain Nicholas Verlett, Daniel Pierce, Eobert Bond, Samuel Edsall, Robert Vanquellen and William Pardon were the members of the first Council. . 12. How did the governor of New York receive these immigrants? 13. What did Governor Carteret do to secure settlers? What was the effect of this? 14. What rules were established? How was the land divided? How granted to settlers ? EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 15 and the remainder to be conveyed to individuals or com- panies who chose to purchase. A surveyor-general was appointed, who was commanded to lay out the lauds in accordance with these rules. He was required to inform the chief secretary or register of the name of the grantee, the date of the warrant, the number of acres and the situa- tion of lands granted ; and his survey was to be entered by the register in a book prepared for that purpose. A yearly rent of one penny, or one halfpenny, according to the value of the lands, was to be paid by the purchasers to the pi-o- prietors or their heirs. The first payment was to be made in March, 1670. 15. Settlements had been established at Shrewsbury in 1664, and at Middletown in 1666, under grants from Gov- ernor Nichols, who supposed he had authority to dispose of the lands of New Jersey. This afterv/ard became a fruitful source of difficulties between the government and the in- habitants, 16. In 1666 an association was formed by a company of persons in New England for the purpose of establishing a settlement in the Province of New Jersey. This association adopted as part of a fundamental " Agreement," a declara- tion that none should be admitted freemen within their town, on the bank of the Passaic river, except such as were mem- bers of some Congregational church ; nor should any but such church members have any vote in any elections. One of the articles of this "Agreement" was as follows: "We shall, with care and diligence, provide for the maintenance of the purity of religion professed in the Congregational churches." The pioneers of this association settled on the Passaic river near Elizabeth, on the 17th of May, 1666, 15. What settlements were made by the authority of Gov. Nichols? U). How and when was Newark settled? 16 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and their settlement was the beginning of the city of Newark. 17. A period of three years elapsed before the government projected by the new proprietors was fully organized. On the 7th of April, 1668, Governor Carteret issued a proclama- tion requiring the freeholders of each town to choose two representatives to the General Assembly, who should be citi- zens of the district from which they were elected. In obedi- ence to this proclamation the election was held, and the first Legislature of New Jersey assembled at Elizabeth on the 26th of May, 1668. At this meeting of the Legislature, represent- atives were present from Bergen, Newark, Elizabeth, Middle- town and Shrewsbury. The session continued four days and was harmonious throughout. An act was passed for the pun- ishment of crimes ; another providing for the expenses of the government, and fixing the annual meeting of the Legislature on the first Tuesday of November, and the elections on the 1st of January preceding. The Assembly authorized the governor to call an extra session of the Legislature whenever necessity should require, and then adjourned to the 3d of November following. 18. The second meeting of the Assembly took place, in accordance with the adjournment, on the 3d of November, but the harmony and good-feeling that had prevailed in the first session w^cre not found in this. The session was short. Nothing was done for the interests of the Province or of the people. On the third day the representatives sent a mes- sage to the governor and Council, declaring themselves dis- satisfied with the organization of the General Assembly. On 17. When and how was the organization of the government com- pleted? Where and when did the first Legislature assemble? How was the Province represented? Wliat acts were passed? IS. What is said of the second meeting of the Assembly? EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 17 the day following they adjourned, and seven years elapsed before another Legislature was convened. 19. The settlements at Shrewsbury and Middletown at an early period refused to recognize the authority of the new proprietors ; and when the time approached for the payment of the quit-rents, in March, 1670, they declared their open hoocility to the government. They asserted that they had purchased their lands from the Indians under permission from Governor Nichols, and had fully paid for them. Gov- ernor Carteret endeavored to uphold his authority and to enforce the laws of the Province. The people were urged to take out patents for their lands under the new government, and were warned against purchasing lands under any other title than that given by the proprietors. 20. The settlers who had come in under the grants from Gov- ernor Nichols resolved to form an independent government. Deputies were elected in the several towns, and the members so chosen convened at Elizabeth on the 14th of May, 1672, and claimed to be the true legislative body of the Prov- ince. James Carteret was elected governor by this Legisla- ture. He also set up a claim to the government of the Province under pretence of a grant from his father, but he persistently refused to show his commission. The authority of the usurpers extended over the northern part of the Prov- ince, but did not reach to the settlements on the Delaware. The old governor and Council found it utterly impossible to enforce their authority, and Governor Philip Carteret there- fore returned to England to lay the matter before the pro- prietors. John Berry was appointed to serve as deputy-go v- 19. Who refused to recognize tlie autliority of the government, and why ? 20. Wliat did the settlers do? How far did this movement ex- tend ? 2 » B 18 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ernor during his absence, but he soon followed the governor to England. 21. The condition of aftairs in the Province was laid before the Duke of York, and he addressed a letter to Governor Lovelace, of New York, on the 25th of November, 1672, directing him to take notice of the disturbance in Ncav Jersey, and to make known to all persons concerned iu it, that the duke would countenance nothing which would in the least impair the government of the proprietors. Governor Lovelace was further instructed to give aid and assistance to the jjroprietary authorities for the restoration of order. The grants under authority of Nichols were declared by the duke to be void. 22. A king's commission was sent to Deputy-Governor Berry, confirming his appointment and commanding all per- sons to give obedience to his authority. The proprietors also sent to Governor Berry an explanation of their "Con- cessions," which made several important changes in the original constitution. The power of the executive was ex- tended in the appointment of officers of the Province, both civil and military. It was also provided that in all General Assemblies the governor and his Council were to sit by them- selves, and the deputies or representatives Avere to form a separate chamber. Instructions were given to the governor and Council directing that lands should be purchased from the Indians only in the names of the proprietors. The final payment of all quit-rents was postponed three years from 1673. 23. Lord Berkeley, one of the proprietors, had become discouraged at the management of affairs in New Jersey, and 21. How was the difficulty settled? 22. AVho was commissioned governor? What changes were made in the Concessions? 23. AVhat cliange was made in the proprietorship? EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 19 therefore, on the 18th of March, 1673, sold his one-half in- terest in the Province for less than $5000. John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge, two English Quakers, were the pur- chasers. 24. A dispute arose between the new proprietors about the division of their property, and William Penn, who after- ward became the founder of Pennsylvania, was chosen arbi- trator to settle the difficulty, and succeeded to the satisfaction of all parties interested. Fenwick sailed from London in 1675, in the ship " Griffith," with his family and a small company of Quakers. This was the first English vessel that came to New Jersey with immigrants. The party sailed up the Delaware bay, and entering a creek, landed on its banks three miles and a half from the Delaware. This creek, and the settlement founded on it, Fenwick named Salem. This was the first English settlement permanently established in West Jersey. 24. What dispute arose and how was it settled? When and by whom was a new settlement made? CHAPTER II. Division of the Province — East and West Jersey. TUE HOME OF AN EARLY SETTLER. 1. The war between Holland and England, which broke out in 1672, extended to America. A squadron of Dutch vessels appeared before New York in July, 1673, and de- manded the surrender of the English authorities at that post. Manhattan Island was surrendered without resistance, and the fall of New York was immediately folloAved by the sub- jection of the surrounding country, including New Jersey. The officers of this Province were summoned to meet the commander of the Dutch fleet on Manhattan Island and take an oath of allegiance. 2. The Dutch rule was, however, of short duration. On Chapter II. — 1. When and by whom was the country reconquered ? What wa.s demanded of the public officers of New Jersey ? 2. How was the country regained by England? Who was appointed governor ? 20 DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 21 the 9th of February, 1674, a treaty of peace was concluded between England and Holland, under which New Jersey again became an English Province, and the title of its pro- prietors was reconfirmed. Edmund Andross was appointed governor of New York, and Philip Carteret returned to America as governor of New Jersey. 3. Governor Carteret met with no opposition from the set- tlers. He published his instructions at Bergen on the 6th of November, 1674, in the presence of his Council and commis- sioners from most of the towns in the Province, and thus re- sumed the reins of authority with the aj^probation of his people. The General Assembly was convened on the 5th of November, 1675. Eight members of Council, including the governor, were present, and fourteen representatives from the towns. Laws were enacted at this session for the defence of the Province, providing for the organization and arming of military companies and the erection of forts. County courts were established, and a treasurer was appointed. An act of amnesty was passed, granting full and free pardon to all per- sons who had been guilty of any offence against the laws of the Province. 4. On the 1st of July, 1676, the Province was divided into two portions, to be called East and West New Jersey. Philip Carteret was retained as governor of East New Jer- sey, Having completed the organization of his govern- ment, Carteret endeavored to establish a commerce for his Province, and attempted to open a port at Elizabeth, where vessels might enter from and clear to any ports in the world. In 1679 he issued a proclamation, declaring Amboy 3, How was Governor Carteret received ? What is said of the meet- ing and acts of the Assembly ? 4. When and how was New Jersey divided ? What did Governor Carteret endeavor to do? How were the efforts to establish commerce resisted ? 22 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. to be a free port of entxy to all vessels trading to East Jersey. The first trader to the Province was a vessel from Barbadoes, which entered the port at Aniboy. This circumstance called into action the interference of Governor Andross of New York, who was always ready to take advantage of any pro- vocation to meddle with the government of his neighbors. He sent messengers to Am boy to take possession of the Bar- badoes vessel and bring it to New York, where the master was com})elled to pay duties. 5. The Assembly of East Jersey entered a strong protest against this procedure, and offered a premium of £150 for the encouragement of vessels to enter the ports of East Jersey, not- withstanding the opposition of the governor of New York. In March, 1G79, Andross directed a communication to Governor Carteret, requesting him to cease from the exercise of any authority until his power should be properly acknowledged by the authorities on Manhattan Island. Governor Carteret called a meeting of his Council and of the most eminent men in his Province, and after full consultation with these, replied to the demands made by Andross. He declared that his authority was not founded ujjon any presumption or pre- tence, but upon the grant from his royal highness and the commands of the king of England ; and that he and his Council and the people felt bound to the government of Sir George Carteret, and were resolved to maintain it by force if necessary. 6. Andross issued a proclamation dissolving the govern- ment of New Jersey, and required that all persons should submit to him as a representative of the king's authority. Governor Carteret replied in a counter-proclamation, that 5. What action did the Assembly take on this subject? Eelate tlie controversy between Governor Andross and Governor Carteret. 6. What action did Governor Andross take? How did Governor Carteret reply ? DIVISION OF THE FROVINCE. 23 his authority had been established in i^ursuance of his majes- ty's commission and command, and that it could not be sur- rendered without the same command ; and that the people of his Province were resolved to live and die with the name of true subjects, and not traitors. 7. Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in the year 1679, and the Province descended by will to trustees, to be sold for the benefit of his creditors. His widow, Elizabeth Carteret, became proprietress, as guar- dian for her grandson. The death of the proprietor caused no immediate change in the management of j^ublic affairs. 8. On the 30th of April, 1680, Axidross sent an armed force into New Jersey, which seized Governor Philip Car- teret and carried him a prisoner to New York, where he was detained until the 27th of May. A court convened for his trial, and declared him innocent of all the charges brought against him by the officious Andross. Yet, not- withstanding his acquittal, Andross declared that he should not again enter the Province of New Jersey until he gave security not to assume any authority or jurisdiction there, either civil or military. 9. Having thus disposed of Carteret, Andross attempted to take possession of his Province. He appeared at the General Assembly, which convened on the 2d of June, 1680, and informed that body that he had brought the king's let- ters patent, under the great seal of England, to his highness, the Duke of York, and also the duke's commission to him- self; and that these gave him authority over the government 7. When did Sir George Carteret die ? What disposition was made of his property in New Jersey? 8. What outrage was committed by Governor Andross? 9. How did he attempt to take possession of tlie Province ? What reply did the Assembly make to his demands? 24 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of New Jersey. He recommended the passage of an act confirming all former proceedings in the Province, and de- manded the acknowledgment of the authority of the Assembly of New York over that of New Jersey. The Assembly re- plied with boldness, that they were the representatives of the freeholders of the Province; that they had their authority from a royal grant ; that the great charter of England was the only rule of safety to freeborn Englishmen, and that they could acknowledge no other authority than that derived from the grants to the pro^^rietary government of their Prov- ince. This firmness on the part of the Assembly completely defeated the designs of Andross. 10. In September of this year a communication was re- ceived from Lady Elizabeth Carteret, containing an absolute command to her government not to take notice of any com- missions, warrants or orders from Sir Edmund Andross. She also directed that an account of the charges and damages sustained by her Province in consequence of the usurpation of Andross should be drawn up and sent to England. A communication was sent to Andross from the duke, com- manding him to desist from any further interference with the government of New Jersey, and declaring that Philip Car- teret Avas the recognized executive of East New Jersey. In order to prevent any further troubles between these neighbor- ing Provinces, the Duke of York authorized his attorneys, on the 6th of September, 1680, to prepare a full and com- plete conveyance of all his rights and interests in the gov- ernment of East New Jersey unto the proprietors, and notice of this complete transfer was sent to the governor of New York. 11. The contest with the authorities at New York had 10. How was the difBculty finally settled? 11. What dispute arose between tlie Assembly and the governor? How was it ended ? DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 25 prevented the people of New Jersey from giving any atten- tion to the alterations made in their constitution by the ex- planation of the "Concessions" brought from England by Governor Carteret. In October, 1681, the Assembly con- vened at Elizabeth, and at once entered upon the discus- sion of this subject. The representatives of the people declared that the proprietors had no right to change the " Concessions," and that the changes were contrary to ex- press stipulations and grants. The governor and Council insisted that the alterations had become necessary, and were warranted by the change of circumstances and the times. A violent dispute arose, which was terminated by a procla- mation from Governor Carteret, dissolving the House of Deputies. 12. This was an exercise of authority under the new inter- pretation of the constitution. The deputies unanimously sent a protest against the act, as being contrary to the " Con- cessions" and an innovation on the government. According to the original constitution, the Assembly had power to de- termine its own meetings and adjournments. 13. The trustees under the will of the late Sir George Car- teret now offered the Province of East Jersey for sale, but no private purchasers presenting themselves, it was resolved to put up the whole proprietary interests at public auction. Fortunately for the settlers, William Penn, wuth eleven asso- ciates, became the purchasers.* 14. These associates sold their entire interests to James, * The original proprietors were : William Penn, Robert West, Thomas Eudyard, Samuel Groome, Thomas Hart, Robert Mew, Am- brose Riggs, John Hayward, Hugh Hartshorne, Clement Plumstead, Thomas Cooper, Thomas Wilcox. 12. How did the deputies receive this exercise of authority ? 13. What change was made in the proprietorship of the Province? 14. Wlint Airtlier rh;iiiL!e was matlo? 26 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Earl of Perth, John Drumond, Robert Barclay, David Bar- clay, Robert Gordon, Arent Somnans, Gowen Laurie, Ed- ward Bylliuge, James Braine, William. Gibson, James Bar- ker, Robert Turner, Thomas Warne. 15. The deeds of conveyance were dated the 1st and 2d of February, 1682. Each of these purchasers soon afterward sold one-half of his respective interest to a new associate, and thus the number of the projjrietors was doubled. Though the original proprietors were all of the Society of Friends, in the subsequent division of the Province members of other sects were admitted to the proprietaryship. The conveyance to the new proprietors was dated 14th of March, 1682, and was signed by his royal highness, the Duke of York. On the 3d of November, 1683, the king issued a letter, in which he confirmed the grant of the Duke of York to the twenty- four proprietors of East Jersey. 16. The new proprietors appointed Robert Barclay gov- ernor. He Avas a native of Scotland, and one of the most eminent of the associates of William Penu. He was distin- guished both for his learning and for his religious piety. He accepted the appointment under the express stipulation that he would not be required to go to the Province, and that he should have power to appoint a deputy. Thomas Rud- yard, one of the proprietors, was appointed, by Barclay, deputy-governor. He departed for the Province in com- pany with Samuel Groome, another of the proprietors, who had been commissioned receiver and surveyor-general. 17. Governor Barclay sent a letter with his deputy to " the planters and inhabitants of the Province of East Jersey 15. AVhen were the deeds of conveyance dated? What did the new proprietors do ? 16. Who was appointed governor? What is said of Governor Bar- clay? Who was appointed deputy-governor? 17. What message did Governor Barclay send to tlie people? DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 27 in America," inwliicli he stated that it was the desire of him- self and his associates to promote the welfare of the people ; that they held themselves obliged by the laws of the country and the just laws of men, as well as their own interest, to use all proper means to render the plantation pi'osperous. Upon his arrival in the Province, Rudyard appointed six persons as liis Council, in the presence of whom he was sworn into office as deputy -governor.* 18. Before the arrival of Governor Rudyard, the Assem- bly was convened. It met on the 1st of March, 1682, at Elizabeth. Two subsequent sessions were held in the same year, and important laws were passed. Four counties were erected — Bergen, Essex, Middlesex and Monmouth. For each of these a high-sheriff was commissioned, and the boun- daries were defined. 19. Acts were passed reorganizing and establishing the judiciary department of the government. Courts which had been erected without the authority of the Assembly were abolished. One general court for the whole Province was established, called "The Court of Common Right." To this court appeals might be taken from any inferior tribunal in all actions or suits for £5 or upward. It had jurisdiction in all capital, criminal and civil causes of equity, and causes triable at common law. It was to consist of twelve members, and hold four terms, at Elizabeth. County courts Avere authorized in each county within the Province, in which trials by jury were allowed. 20. The Assembly revised the criminal and j^enal code. * The members of the Council were Lewis Morris, John Berry, John Palmer, William Sandford, Lawrence Andross and Benjamin Price. 18. What did the Assembly do? 19. How were the courts established? 20. What is said of tlie criminal code? 28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Capital punishment was limited to a much smaller number of cases than under the former laws. It was provided that in all capital or criminal cases there should be a grand in- quest, and that twelve men of the neighborhood should try the offender. All persons arrested should be bailable by suf- ficient sureties. The estates of murderers, after all debts were paid, were to be divided, one-third to be given to the heirs of the sufferers and two-thirds to the heirs of the crimi- nal. Penalties were prescribed against profane swearing, drunkenness and Sabbath breaking. 21. A difficulty arose between the deputy-governor and the surveyor-general. Rudyard was appointed secretary and register, and Gawen Lawrie, a Quaker and one of the proprietors, was appointed deputy-governor. His com- mission was dated July, 1683. Lawrie had long been in- terested in West Jersey, and was familiar with the affairs of the Province. He was recommended by Barclay as "his trusty and well-beloved fellow-proprietor." He was ap- pointed for a term not exceeding seven years, with power in case of urgent necessity to appoint a deputy under himself. 22. Governor Lawrie arrived in the Province in 1684, and took the oath of office on the 28th of February of that year. He carried with him a new code of laws, called the "Fun- damental Concessions." These declared that Barclay had been appointed governor for all the days of his life, but provided that after his death the proprietors should choose a successor, who should be required to reside in the Prov- ince, and who should continue in office not longer than three years ; and that a proposition for his reappointment or the 21. What change was made in the administration ? 22. When did Laurie arrive in the Province? What alterations were made in the fundamental law '! DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 29 appointment of his son " should be esteemed as a betrayal of the public liberty of the Province." 23. The legislative authority was placed in the "Great Council," to consist of the twenty -four jDroprietors or their proxies, and one hundred and forty-four persons to be chosen by the freemen of the Province. At first, and until after the Province should be fully divided, only seventy-two repre- sentatives were to be chosen. One-half of the proprietors or their proxies, and one-half of the representatives should form a quorum, and the consent of twelve of the former and of two-thirds of the members present was required to pass an act. 24. All laws Avere to be published, and no law should re- main in force more than fifty years after it was enacted, unless confirmed, excepting only the fundamental articles, which were not to be repealed, but to remain for ever in force. The executive authority was placed in the governor and " Common Council," the latter to consist of the twenty- four proprietors or their proxies and twelve persons chosen by ballot out of the "Great Council." This executive body appointed the public ofiicers for the Province, such as secre- tary, register, treasurer and surveyor-general, and all the sheriffs, judges and justices of the peace for their several counties. It was provided that no person in the Province should be arrested, imprisoned or injured in his person or estate excej^t by the lawful judgment of his peers. All trials should be by twelve men, the iDeers and equals of the accused. Persons of every religious pei'suasion were allowed to appear in any court in their own manner and plead their own cause, and no persons were allowed to take money for jjleading or advice in such cases. 23. What is said of the legislative department? 24. What is said of laws? Of the executive authority ? How were public officers appointed ? How were court trials conducted ? 3 « 30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 25. No per.son who .should " confess and acknowledge the One, Almighty and Eternal God, and hold himself obliged in conscience to live peaceably and quietly in civil society, should be molested or prejudged for his religious persuasion and exercise in the matter of fjiith or worship, or be com- pelled to frequent or attend any religious place or ministry. But no man should be admitted a member of the Great or Common Council, or to a position of public trust, who should not profess faith in Jesus Christ, and solemnly declare that he doth not feel himself bound in conscience to do anything to subvert the government of the Province, or injure any person because they may differ from him in opinion, or be- cause in his opinion they are heretics." 26. The provisions for the defence of the Province were such as to harmonize with the views of all religious sects. No one having conscientious scruples against bearing arms could be forced into the military service. 27. In February, 1685, Charles II. died, and James, Duke of York, became king of England. In this elevated position he had little regard for the grants and the engagements he had made in a lower situation. Though he had at three dif- ferent times conveyed all the rights of ownership and govern- ment in New Jersey to the proprietors of that Province, he now deliberately attempted to annul these contracts and to resume possession of the territory he had previously sold. In Ajiril, 1686, he caused a suit to be brought against the \)yo- prietors for the purpose of having the proprietary titles re- vested in the crown. During the pendency of these pro- ceedings the General Assembly was convened for the first time under Governor Lawrie. It met at Perth Amboy 25. What is said of religious toleration ? 26. What is said of military service? 27. AVhen did the Duke of York become king? How did the new king treat the proprietors of New Jersey? DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 31 on the 6th of Aj:)!-!!, 1686. At this session the place of hohling the courts of common rights was changed, in accord- ance with the orders of the proprietors, from Elizabeth to Perth Aniboy. A law was passed prohibiting the wearing of arras or the sending a challenge to any pei'son to fight a duel. 28. The proprietors and the people soon became dissatisfied with the administration of Laurie, and on the 4th of June, 1686, he was superseded by the apjiointment of Lord Neill Campbell, a brother of the Duke of Argyle. The removal of a Quaker and the appointment of a Scotch Presbyterian gave great satisfaction to the inhabitants of East Jersey. The Quakers were not numerous in the Province, and a majority of the people, both of the old and of the new set- tlers, were of other persuasions. Many had come from New England, and brought with them their stern Puritan faith. Many immigrants had also come from Scotland, who ad- hered strongly to the Presbyterian Church. 29. Tlie new deputy-governor had purchased an interest in the proprietary right of East Jersey, and had sent over a large number of settlers. Camj^bell remained in the Prov- ince but a short time. He returned to England on the 10th of December, leaving the government in charge of Andrew Hamilton, a Scotchman, who had lately arrived in the coun- try. Hamilton was commissioned deputy-governor in March, 1687, and at once entered upon the duties of his office. At a session of General Assembly, held on the 14th of May, 1688, the county of Middlesex was divided into Middlesex and Somerset counties. 28. What is said of Laurie's administration ? Who was appointed governor? What was the effect of this cliange? 29. What is said of Campbell's administration ? Who succeeded him? What new county was erected ? 32 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 30. The proprietaries of both East and West New Jersey had never received any profits from their possessions in America. They had been continually annoyed by the agents of the duke at New York and at New Castle on the Dela- ware, and an extinction of their title was now threatened by the suit of the king. They therefore proposed a surrender of the government to the crown. Negotiations for that pur- pose were entered into, but they were not completed until after the accession of Queen Anne, in 1 702. The deed of transfer was entitled, "The surrender from the proprietors of East and West New Jersey of their perpetual right of government to her majesty," and was dated the loth of April, 1702. 31. This instrument Avas signed by twenty-two persons for the eastern Province and by twenty-two for the western. In two days after this, the government was formally accepted by the queen at the Court of St. James, in the presence of a number of persons of the court and some of the j)roprietors, and the deed of surrender was enrolled in her majesty's high court of chancery. 30. What important change-was made in the government? When did the transfer take place ? 31. How was the transfer effected ? CHAPTER III. The Province of Wed Jersey. GOING ASHORE ON THE ICE. 1. In the second grant made by the Duke of York to the proprietors of New Jersey a division line lietween East and West Jersey was indicated. The boundaries, however, were not surveyed. After West Jersey had been transferred to William Penn and his associates, an agreement was entered into between the proprietors of the two Provinces, which es- tablished the division line, beginning at Little Egg Harbor and extending north-westward to a point on the Delaware river in 41 degrees of north latitude. This article of agree- ment was called "An indenture quinti parti," because it was made between five persons. It was dated July 1, 1676. 2. All that portion of New Jersey lying east of this line Chapter III. — 1. How was New Jersey divided? 2. What were the divisions called? How was Fenwicke's interest disposed of? C 33 34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was called East New Jersey, and all that lying west of it was called West New Jersey ; and each was recognized as an independent Province. After this line had been established, John Fenwick's interest in West Jersey was conveyed to John Eldridge and Edmund Warner in fee, and they were admitted into the number of proprietors. 3. In order to establish a government for the Province of West Jersey, provisional autho'rity was given to Richard Hartshore and Richard Guy, residents of East Jersey, and to James Wasse, who was sent especially from England to act on behalf of the proprietors. These pei-sons were com- missioned on the 18th of August, 1676, by Byllinge and his trustees, in conjunction with Eldridge and Warner, and full power was given them to conduct the affairs of the govern- ment in accordance with instructions from the proprietors. 4. Fenwick, who had founded a settlement at Salem, re- fused to recognize the transfer of his portion of the Province to Eldridge and Warner, and declared himself to be inde- pendent of this new government. It therefore became the first duty of the commissioners to settle this difficulty. All efforts, however, for that purpose failed. 5. The original plan of the government was devised by William Penn and his immediate associates. It was after- ward approved by all the proprietors interested in the Prov- ince, and was first published on the 3d of March, 1676, as " The Concessions and Agreements of the proprietors, free- holders and inhabitants of the Province of West Jersey in America." 6. This constitution declared that no man or number of men on earth had power or authority to rule over men's con- 3. How was the government of West Jersey established? 4. How did Fenwicke regard the new government? 5. Who devised the plan of government? Wlien was it published? 6. What did the constitution provide? THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 35 sciences in religious matters ; and that no person or persons within the Province should be in any wise called in question or punished, in person, estate or privilege, on account of opinion, judgment, faith or worship toward God in mattei-s of religion. That no proprietor or inhabitant of the Province should be deprived or condemned of life, limb, liberty or estate, Avithout due trial and judgment passed by twelve good and lawful men of his neighborhood. That no person should be arrested or imjirisoned, except in criminal and treasonable cases, until jjersonal summons, setting forth the cause, should have been given, and sufficient time allowed to make answer; and that no man should be imprisoned for debt if he had neither goods nor property wherewith to pay. That all the inhabitants of the Province should have the right to attend court and be present at all proceedings, "to the end that justice may not be done in a corner, nor in any covert manner, it being intended and resolved, by the help of the Lord and by these concessions and fundamentals, that all and every person and persons inhabiting this Prov- ince shall, as far as in us lies, be free from oppression and slavery." 7. It was declared that the rights and privileges granted in this instrument were to continue as the foundation of the government, and that they were fixed and unalterable, not to be revoked or changed at any time by the legislative authority. They were to be read at the beginning and dis- solving of each General Assembly, and Avere also to be read " in a solemn manner" four times in a year in every hall of justice in the Province. 8. The executive authority of the government was lodged in the hands of commissioners, to be appointed at first by 7. How long were tliese laws to remain in force ? When were they to be read ? 8. How was the executive anthoritv exercised? 36 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the })r()i)rietors or a majority of them ; but after the further settlement of the Province they were to be chosen by the resident proprietors and inhabitants, on the 25th of March of each year. The first election for commissioners occurred in 1680. 9. The commissioners were empowered to govern the affairs of the Province in accordance with the provisions of the con- stitution ; to superintend the execution of the laws ; to see that the officers of the courts established by law fully per- formed their duties ; to punish any delinquency or abuse of power; to suspend the execution of the sentences of the courts until the meeting of Assembly ; to see that lands were surveyed and that titles were properly made ; and generally to provide for the safety and peace of the Province. 10. The legislative authority was lodged in a General As- sembly, to consist of one representative from each of the one hundred proprietary divisions in the Province, to be elected by the inhabitants therein on the first day of October of each year. These were to meet annually in one chamber, and had author- ity to fix their own time of meeting and adjournment. The votes of two-thirds of the members present were required to pass any act that was submitted to them. The Assembly had i>ower to pass laws necessary for the government of the Province, and to provide that the administrations of justice and the characters of the laws should be agreeable to the laws and customs of England. Chief justices, ambassadors and commissioners of the public seal and treasury, were chosen by the Assembly. Justices of the peace and consta- bles were elected by the people. Each member received one shilling a day "as the servant of the people." 9. What was the power of tlie commissioners? 10. How was the General Assembly constituted? What were the l)owers of the Assembly? THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 87 11. The constitution provided that before any lands could be taken up by settlers, they must be purchased from the Indians by the commissioners, and that when any difficulty arose between the natives and the settlers the commissioners had full authority to adjust the matter. They were charged to take good care in every case that full justice should be done to the Indians ; and in all cases of trials between natives and the inhabitants, the trials should be by six of the inhabitants and the same number of Indians. The pur- chasers of land were to pay one penny and a half per acre to the proprietors for all lands that should be laid out in towns, and one penny per acre for all other lands. One hundred and fifty-six names were subscribed to this constitution. 12. This was the first effort of the Quakers at legislation. Many of the principles that were then adopted have run through all the constitutional law of the American States, substituting mercy and love for severe justice and revenge. 13. One of the most remarkable features in this instrument is the fact that no authority is retained by the proprietary body. " We put the power in the people," was the language of the fundamental law ; and it fully provided that no authority was to exist in the Province except such as was established by popular action. No further restraints were imposed or allowed than Vt^ere necessary for the maintenance of order. The constitution gave the fullest security to lib- erty, and was in that respect in advance of all governments then existing. It gave free scope for individual effort and action, and completely enfranchised the minds of the in- habitants. The person of every citizen was safe ; and his 11. How were public lands to be disposed of? What is said of tiie treatment of Indians? 12. Wliat is said of this legislation ? 13. What was the ciiaracter of the government? 4 38 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. property was placed wholly beyond the reach of arbitrary exactions. 14. The proprietors appointed nine executive commission- ers under this constitution.* They arrived in the Province in August, 1677, accompanied by a large number of settlers, most of whom were members of the Society of Friends. The company landed at the mouth of Raccoon creek on the Dela- ware, where a few Swedes from the west bank of the river had settled. This was the second body of emigrants from England to West Jersey. The commissioners purchased from the natives three tracts of land on the Delaware, the whole reaching from Assunpink on the north to Old Man's creek on the south. The southern boundary was the line of the territory owned by Fenwick. 15. At about this time two land companies were organ- ized in England to settle lands in West Jersey, one called the Yorkshire company and the other the London company. The Yorkshire company selected a tract extending from Rancocas creek to the Falls of the Delaware, which was sur- veyed and assigned to the agents of the company as the " First tenth." The agents of the London company took up a tract on the Delaware in the vicinity of Arwamas and Timber creeks. Afterward, however, an agreement was made between these two companies for the purpose of settling a town jointly. They selected a site on the Delaware and laid out a town, to which they gave the name of Beverly. This name was after- ward changed to Bridlington, and finally to Burlington, * TJie first commissioners appointed were : Thomas Olive, Kobert Stacy, Benjamin Scott, Daniel Wills, John Ivinsey, .John Renl'ord, Richard Guy, .Joseph Helmsley and Thomas Foiilke. 14. When did the executive commissioners arrive in the Province? Where did they land ? 15. What cotnpanies were organized ? Where did these companies settle ? , THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 39 which last name it still bears. The lands transferred to the London company were called the " Second tenth." 16. The proi:)rietors made wide publication of the princi- ples of the government and the character of the country in West Jersey, and William Penu and his colleagues addressed a circular letter to the Friends, setting forth the advantages of the independent settlement, governed by Quaker princi- ples, in a new country. Large numbers of the Quakers, who had long suftered severe persecutions in Europe, availed themselves of the opportunities thus opened to escape from the hands of their oppressors. In the course of the year 1677 upward of four hundred persons of this faith immigrated to West New Jersey. The population was thus rapidly in- creased by the arrival of families distinguished for Christian virtues, intelligence, energy and skill. 17. Following the ship which brought the commissioners came the "Willing Mind," bringing about seventy passengers. It arrived at Elsinburg, on the Delaware, in November. Next came the "Martha," from Yorkshire, with one hun- dred and fourteen passengers, and in December, 1678, the "Shield" arrived from Hull. As the " Shield" was passing Coaquanock, the site of what afterward became the city of Philadelphia, her spar struck the trees, and some one on board remarked, "How fine a spot this is for a town!" The ship sailed up the river to Burlington, where the pas- sengers next morning went ashore on the ice. 18. Though many settlers arrived in the Province, some of them coming in the middle of winter, the hardships en- dured were comparatively few. Perseverance, industry, tem- perance and self-reliance, the strong characteristics of this 16. How was the population increased ? 17. Wliat ships arrived? 18. How did the settlers escape hardships? 40 HISTORY OF i^EW JERSEY. people, surmounted every difficulty and placed the strangers in the new world in comfortable dwellings. 19. Although the population in West Jersey increased rapidly, and the people were industrious and prosperous, the government was not established without difficulty. The Duke of York and his agents attempted the same interfer- ence with the proprietary rights that had so greatly embar- rassed Sir George Carteret and his associates in East Jersey. Against this interference an earnest protest was made ; and an argument in behalf of the colonists drawn up by Wil- liam Penn, George Hutchinson and others, chiefly Quakers, evinced a spirit of liberty worthy the founders of an early commonwealth in North America, and contained the germs of those principles which were subsequently incor^iorated in the Declaration of Independence, and which finally led to the emancipation of the colonies and the establishment of an independent nation. 20. The proprietaries declared that they had bought the territory and the government, which had been conveyed by the crown to the duke, and by the duke to Lord Berkeley, and by Lord Berkeley to his successors ; that they had paid a valuable consideration ; and that in the conveyance the powers of government were expressly granted; and that with- out these they could not have been induced to purchase the territory, for the plain reason that to all prudent men a gov- ernment of the people is more inviting than the soil. They very pertinently asked, " What is good land without good laws ? And if we could not assure the people of an easy and free and safe government, both with respect to their spiritual and worldly property, a mere wilderness would be no en- 19. How was the govei-nment embarrassed? What was the charac- ter of the protest of the proprietors ? 20. What did the proprietors declare ? Wliat pertinent questions did they ask ? THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 41 courageinent ; for it were madness to leave a free, good and improved country to plant in the wilderness and there adventure money — thousands of pounds — to give an absolute title to another person to tax us at will and pleasure." 21. They protested against the attempt of the Duke of York to collect taxes, not because it laid upon them a bur- den or because of any hardship it enforced, but because they believed it to be wrong. " To give up the power of making laws is to change the government, to sell, or rather to resign ourselves to the will of another, and that for nothing. For under favor we buy nothing from the duke, if not the right of an undisturbed colonizing, and that as Englishmen, with no diminution, but expectation of some increase of these free- doms and privileges enjoyed in our own country. The soil is not his ; it is the natives', by the laws of nations. To con- clude this point, we humbly say that we have not lost any part of our liberty by leaving our country ; for we leave not our king or our government by quitting our soil, but were transmitted to a place given by the same king, with express limitation to erect no polity contrary to the established gov- ernment." 22. Unpalatable as this argument must have been to the British court it was triumphant, and the duke was com- pelled to abandon all claims to West Jersey, and to confirm the title to the soil of the Province in the fullest terms to William Penn and his associates. In this conveyance the right of government was expressly lodged in Edward Byl- linge, his heirs and assigns. A few years later, acting under this conveyance, Byllinge attempted to assume the sole con- trol of the government. The battle of rights was there- 21. What did they protest against ? 22. What was the effect of this protest? 42 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. fore to be fought over again. The second victory, like the first, was gained by the people. 23. Though the proprietors were not satisfied with the action of the duke in lodging the sole right of government in Byllingc, they nevertheless elected him governor and gave him authority to appoint a deputy. Under this authority he appointed Samuel Jennings deputy-governor, in 1679, but when a few years later he attempted to remove his deputy, the General Assembly disputed his right to do so, and elected Jennings governor of the Province, and success- fully resisted the pretensions of Byllinge. In 1684 the As- sembly sent Governor Jennings a commissioner to England to negotiate with Byllinge for the recognition of the principles of the "Concessions," which provided that purchasers of ter- ritory should become participants in the government. Upon the departure of Jennings, Thomas Olive Avas elected gov- ernor. The mission was successful, and the government was restored to its original basis as set forth in the " Conces- sions." John Skeine was then received as the deputy-gov- ernor of Byllinge. 24. Byllinge died in 1687, and Dr. Daniel Coxe, of Lon- don, already a large proprietor, purchased the interest of Byllinge's heirs in the soil and government. Coxe was elected governor of the Province, and continued in that office until the year 1690. In 1691 he conveyed the government to a company of proprietors called the " West Jersey So- ciety," Avho, in 1692, appointed Andrew Hamilton gov- ernor. Thus the question of the right to govern was finally settled. 25. Under the administration of Governor Jennings the first Assembly convened on the 25th of November, 1681. 23. Wlio was elected governor? Who appointed deputy-governor? 24. Wliat cliange occurred in the proprietorship? 25. AViiat laws were passed In' the first Assembly? THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 43 This body enacted several important laws. It provided for the annual election and meeting of the Legislature; for the appointment and removal of officers ; declared that no taxes or customs should continue longer than one year ; that no one should be incapable of holding office by reason of his religious belief. It restricted the power and the authority of the deputy-governor. A notable act passed by this As- sembly was one providing for the building of a highway from Burlington to Salem, and another imposing a heavy penalty for the selling of intoxicating liquors to the Indians. 26. The second Assembly met in May, 1682. It provided for the issuing of the coin called " Patrick's half-pence," with a condition that no one should be compelled to receive more than five shillings of it in one payment. It established Burlington and Salem as ports of entry, and empowered justices to solemnize marriages on fourteen days' notice and consent of the parents. It directed that ten bushels of corn, necessary apparel, two horses and one axe should be given as freedom dues to servants. It prohibited the imprison- ment of debtors who surrendered their estates, and de- clared the town of Burlington to be the chief city of the Province. 27. At the third session, which convened in May, 1683, the governor. Council and Assembly met together and con- stituted the General Assembly of the Province. An act was passed at this session for the encouragement of learning and the better education of youth. It set aside the island of Matenicuuk for school purposes " to the town of Burlington and to others concerned therein in the First and Second tenths," and declared that all the rents and profits therein should be for ever employed for maintaining schools. 26. What by the second Asfsembly ? 27. Wliat important act was passed by the third Assembly? 44 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 28. During the period of ten years the farmers of West Jersey were undisturbed, and the Province increased in pop- ulation and prosperity. The huvs were mild, contained no enactments against arson, no prescribed punishment for murder or treason, and yet during twenty-four years under their administration these crimes were unknown within the Province. In every case the legislation of West Jersey sought reparation and reclamation of the offender rather than punishment. Whoever destroyed the property of his neighbor was condemned to make a fourfold return and to suffer imprisonment at labor ; and personal injuries might be pardoned by the sufferer. Thus in all cases mercy presided over the justice-seat. 29. One of the early deputies said of the inhabitants: " They are generally a sober, professing people, Avise in their generation, courteous in their behavior and respectful to those in office. There is not in all the Province a poor body that wants. The servants work not so much by a third as they do in England, and are fed much better. They have beef, pork, bacon, pudding, milk, butter, and good beer or cider to drink. When they are out of their time they have land for themselves, and generally turn farmers. Servants' wages are not under two shillings a day, beside victuals." 30. In this season of prosperity a third tract of land was sold to emigrants from Ireland. This was called the "Irish tenth." It extended from Pensaukin to Timber creek. The " Fourth tenth" extended from Timber creek to Old Man's creek. The settlers in the "Third and Fourth tenths" found it inconvenient to transact their public business in Burling- ton and Salem, and therefore resolved to establish a central 28. What is said of the spirit of the laws? 29. What is said of the character of the people ? 30. What new settlement was made? What new county ? THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 45 jurisdiction, and for this purpose a convention was helc^ in Gloucester in May, 1686. This convention adopted an agree- ment which determined the limits and the jurisdiction of the territory and divided it into townships, and provided for the establishment of courts, with the times and places of their sittings. This new division was called the county of Gloucester. 31, Under the administration of Governor Hamilton the Assembly convened on the 3d of November, 1692. At this session the boundaries between counties were confirmed. The division between Burlington and Gloucester was de- fined, and a new county called Cape May was established. It provided that courts for the trial of small cases might be held in the several divisions of the Province, but higher cases were to be tried in the sessions at Salem.' 32. In 1694 the manner of electing representatives to the General Assembly was changed. Before that time they had been elected from the several tenths, but it was then provided that they should be chosen from counties. In the apportionment, Burlington was given 20 representatives, Gloucester 20, Salem 10, and Cape May 5. The appointment of Governor Hamil- ton had been hailed with delight by the people, and his ad- ministration resulted in great good to the Province. . 33. The first "Friends' Yeai'ly Meeting" was held at Governor Jennings' house, near Burlington, on the 28tli of June, 1681. The old house is still standing, and is on the farm owned by Joseph Parrish. 31. Wlien was Cape May county formed ? 32. How was representation apportioned ? 33. Where and when was the first yearly meeting field? CHAPTER IV. The Royal Government Established — Cornbury's Adminidratioii. US'i, ■5^. ■,^^.^ '^fyr^ M^\ J^ GOVERNOR JENNINGS HOUSE. 2%?^. 1. The articles of surrender, accepted by Queen Anne, April 17th, 1702, transferred the government of the Jerseys to the crown, l)ut left the ownership of the soil with the old proprietors. There Avere thus two authorities set up Avithin the Province — one of government and the other of proj^erty. The Province of New Jersey, now comprising the whole of East and West Jersey, contained at the time of the surrender about 20,000 inhabitants, of which number about 12,000 were in East and 8000 in West Jersey. Most of the inhabitants were Quakers, Presbyterians and Anabaptists. There were Chapter IV. — 1. What was the effect of the transfer of tlie gov- ernment to the crown? What was the number and character of in- habitants in East and West Jersey at the time of their transfer? 46 THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 47 two Episcopal ministers in the Province, but the members of that denomination were not sufficiently numerous and wealthy to provide churches for their i-ectors. The militia force numbered 1400 men. Immigrants had come from all parts of Eurojje ; the people therefore differed widely in character, language and habits. All, however, had come to the Westers world for one purpose — fleeing oppression in Europe, seeking liberty of conscience and perfect freedom in America. By the common bond of human rights they were closely joined in orderly communities. The habits of industry and econ- omy, so common among the Scotch and Quakers, the Puri- tans and the Dutch, soon gained for New Jersey a prosperity that invited a large immigration. 2. Slavery was introduced into these settlements at a very early period, planted and protected by royal patronage. The efforts of the German settlers in Pennsylvania to restrict the trade in slaves were heartily seconded by the inhabitants of New Jersey. In the year 1696 the Quakers united with their brethren in Pennsylvania in recommending their own sect to refrain from the importation of slaves and from the employment of them. 3. The commerce of the Province had already become considerable. The exports consisted of agricultural pro- duce, furs, skins and fish oil. At this time Burlington was the principal poi't, and it was commended by early writers for the comfort and neatness of its buildings. At the l)egin- ning of the seventeenth century it contained a thriving manu- factory of linen and woolen cloth. These, however, were soon smothered by the selfish policy of the mother-country. 4. The new constitution under the queen's government was published on the 16th of November, 1702. Lord Corn- 2. What is said of slavery in the Province ? 3. WJiat is sakl of commerce? Of Burlington? 4. When was the constitution under tlie queen's government pub- 48 HISTORY OF Ni:W JERSEY. bury was appointed governor both of New York and of New Jersey. Under this constitution the government of New Jersey was vested in a governor, Council and General As- sembly. The governor and members of the Council were appointed by the crown. The General Assembly consisted of 24 representatives, chosen by the inhabitants. The first apportionment was 2 representatives from Perth Amboy, 2 from Burlington, 2 from Salem and 2 from each of the nine counties of the Province.* The constitution provided that a representative must be the owner of at least 1000 acres of land in the division from which he was chosen, or must own personal estate to the value of £500. No person could vote who did not own at least 100 acres of land, or personal estate to the value of £50. 5. The Assembly Avas to meet alternately at Perth Amboy and at Burlington, and might be convened and adjourned or dissolved by order of the governor. Full power was given to enact all laws necessary for the peace and good govern- ment of the Province, provided no laws should be passed in conflict with the laws and constitution of the English govern- ment. The constitution provided that the proprietary rights, the rights of the inhabitants and the Indian policy estab- tablished by the former government should be maintained. The constitution also provided that all laws should within three months after the passage thereof be sent to England for approbation, and that all such as were not approved under the royal authority should become utterly void. * The names of the counties were : Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, Mon- mouth, Somerset, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem and Cape May. lished? Who was appointed governor? How were the officers of the government appointed ? How was the General Assembly constituted ? What was the qualification of members? 5. What wore the powers of the Assembly? How were laws enacted ? THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 49 6. The governor had power to veto auy act of the Assem- bly ; also, with the advice and consent of the Council, to establish as many courts as might be necessary, and to de- termine the authorities, privileges and fees of all the officers belonging to them. He appointed judges, justices of the peace and other officers for the administration of justice. He might pardon all offences, except in cases of treason or wil- ful murder, when he could only reprieve. He had power to provide for the defence of the Province and to execute martial law in case of invasion or insurrection. In case of the death or absence of the governor these duties were to be performed by a lieutenant-governor commissioned by the crown, or by the oldest member of Council whose name was first placed upon the governor's instructions. 7. The constitution provided further that no man's life, member, estate or goods should be taken away other than by established laws; that liberty of conscience was to be allowed to all persons, except Papists, who conducted themselves in a peaceable, quiet manner. Persons who made a religious scruple of swearing were allowed to take a solemn affirmation instead of an oath. Encouragement was given to commerce and trade. The "Royal African Company," of England, was especially recommended to the end that the Province should be constantly supplied with "merchantable negroes" at moderate rates. The governor was enjoined to take care that God Almighty should be devoutly served throughout the Province, and an especial form of service with the doc- trine and discipline of the Church of England was to be en- couraged and maintained. 8. The new government was less favorable to popular in- 6. What were the powers of the governor? 7. What did the constitution provide ? 8. How did the new government compare with the old? How were (iie liberties of the people affected by the new constitution? 5 D 50 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. terests and the rights of the people than the old had been. The powers of the representative branch were greatly re- stricted, and the General Assembly was wholly dependent upon the will of the governor. The establishment of courts and the fixing of the salaries of the officers were taken from the people and lodged in the executive. Public revenues and the expenditure of moneys were laid under the strict sui)ervision of the governor. The complete religious freedom formerly enjoyed was reduced to an imperfect toleration. Papists w'ere excepted from the grant of liberty of con- science, and the patronage of the government was given in favor of a particular Church. The institution of slavery, which had formerly been endured under j^rotest, was now urged upon the Province by royal recommendation. Worse than all, instructions were given that, " inasmuch as great in- convenience may arise by the liberty of printing in our said Province, you are to provide by all necessary orders that no person keep any press for printing, nor that any book, pam- phlet or other matters whatsoever be printed' without your special leave and license first obtained." 9. Lord Cornbury arrived in New Jersey in August, 1703. His Council had previously been appointed by the queen.* 10. The governor summoned his Council to meet him, and issued orders for the election of representatives. The Gen- eral Assembly convened at Perth Amboy on the 10th of November of that year. Twenty-three members were pres- ent, representing nearly all the divisions in the Province. * The members of the first Council were : Edward Ilnnloke, Lewis Morriis, Andre\t Eowne, Samuel Jennings, Tlionias Eevel, Francis Davenport, William Pinhorne, Samuel Leonard, George Deacon, Samuel Walker. Daniel Leeds, Samuel Sandford and Robert Quarry. 9. When did Cornbury arrive in the Province? 10. Wiiat were the first acts of the governor? AViien did the first General Assembly meet, and how was it organized ? THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 51 Thomas Gardiner, of Burlington, was chosen speaker. The governor explained the constitution and his purposes to the Council and Assembly. He assured them that they and the people they represented might enjoy all the liberty, happi- ness and satisfaction that good subjects might wish for, and said that they were now met for the purpose of passing such laws as might conduce to the quiet and welfare of the Province — that he was commanded to recommend them to raise a revenue for the sup2:)ort of the government, and to determine the rights and privileges of the proj^rietors to the soil. 11. The representatives returned thanks for his excel- lency's kind expressions, and said that they were assured that the proprietors, by their surrender of the government had put the people and the Province in much better circum- stances than they were under former rulers, who had not been able to give protection "from the villainies of wicked men." They said, that "relying upon her majesty's protec- tion, they would endeavor to do those things that would give her content and be to her honor." 12. The governor and the Assembly, however, soon fell into a violent quarrel on the question of revenue, and on the 13th of December the house was prorogued, the governor de- claring that the representatives, either through want of dis- position or ability, were unwilling to legislate for the good of the Province. 13. The next session of the Assembly was held at Burling- ton, beginning on the 7th of September, 1704. The governor again urged the necessity for determining the rights of the proprietors, and for raising a fund for the support of the government, and also to j)rovide for the defence of the Prov- 11. How did the Assembly reply to the governor's address? 12. On what grounds did the governor and Assembly quarrel? 13. What occurred at the next meeting of the Assembly? 52 HISTOliT OF NEW JER8ET. ince. The Assembly acted upon the business laid before it with great deliberatiou, and finally resolved to raise the sum of £1300 per annum for the supjjort of the government, to continue for the term of three years. This did not meet the expectations of the governor. He demanded £2000 per annum for the term of twenty years, and arbitrarily dis- solved the Assembly for refusing to grant it, and then issued a proclamation for the election of a new house, to meet on the 13th of the following November. 14. There was a majority against the government in the new Assembly, but in order to overcome this, he caused three members to be rejected, and thus secured a majority in his favor. The house thus organized by his interference, complimented his excellency for his mode of conducting the government, declaring that "it was carried on with great diligence and exquisite management, to the admiration of his friends and the envy of his enemies." The sum of £2000 per annum for tAvo years was voted for the support of the government. An act establishing a militia force was agreed upon, and an act of amnesty for all past oflTences was passed. A law was enacted extending the right of suffrage to all free- holders, and declaring that the representatives met in Gen- eral Assembly were the judges of the qualifications of their own members. Finally, the Assembly investigated the cases of the rejected members, and finding that no sufficient grounds existed for their exclusion, admitted them to seats. 15. Before the surrender of the government a council of proprietors had been organized in the western division of the Province, for the purpose of managing the sale and transfer of lauds. This council continued to hold meetings and to transact business after the establishment of the new govern- 14. How did the governor secure a majority of the Assembly in his favor? What acts were passed ? 15. Wliat is said of tiie proprietary riglits? THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 53 nient, until Governor Cornbury conceived it to be his duty to iuterfei-e with its authority. In 1706 he summoned the members of this council to meet him, and demanded an ex- planation of their powers and objects. They replied that they Avere entrusted with the management of all affairs re- lating to the landed interests of the proprietors — that they purchased lands from the natives, ordered surveys, granted warrants and inspected the rights of claimants. The gov- ernor was not satisfied with this reply, and issued an order prohibiting the council from any further exercise of power in disposing of lands. 16. In 1707, the time when the appropriation for the sup- port of the government was exhausted, the governor ordered a new election and called a meeting of the Assembly. By this time the people had become thoroughly acquainted with the powers of the new government and the character of the governor. It was discovered that the protection which was promised came rather in the form of oppression, and that the liberty which had been formerly enjoyed by the people w'as now greatly restricted. The colonists were not disposed to submit quietly to this abridgment of their rights and privileges. 17. The new Assembly met on the 7th of April of this year, and among the representatives were men strong both in ability and resolution to maintain the rights of the people. The house received the governor's address, and then resolved itself into a general committee for the consideration of public grievances. It prepared and sent a petition to the queen and a remonstrance to Governor Cornbury, in which the governor was charged with interference with the rights of the proprietors ; with trespassing upon the .privileges of the As- 16. How was the new government now regarded? 17. What was the character of the new Assembly ? What action did it take? What cliarges did it bring against the governor? 5 «- 54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. sembly by excluding legally-elected representatives from that body ; Avith an undue exercise of the pardoning power, and refusing to sign l)ills necessary for the well-government of the Province. The members charged the governor with bribery, and said, " liberty is too valuable a thing to be easily parted with ; and when such mean inducements procure such en- deavors to tear it from us, we must say that they have neither heads, hearts nor souls that are not moved by the miseries of their country, and are not forward with their utmost powers lawfully to redress them." They reminded the governor, in conclusion, that no artifice was necessary to secure the affections of the people, who required only to be left in the unmolested enjoyment of what belongs to them. 18. This remonstrance was read to the governor and his Council by Samuel Jennings, speaker of the Assembly. The governor was much irritated, and frequently interrupted the reader ; but Jennings calmly repeated, with strong emphasis, the passages at which he was interrupted, and read the docu- ment through. The governor requested the representatives to meet him at some future day to receive his reply. His answer was weak, undignified and abusive. It was especially severe on the Quakers, who, as a people, had given him no cause for this abuse ; but the answer gave no promise of reform. 19. Soon after this the governor adjourned the Assembly, which met again in October of the same year. The first act at this session was a resolution that no money should be granted for the support of the government until redress was obtained for the grievances which had been complained of. The representatives then drew up an answer to the gov- 18. How did the governor receive the remonstrance? What was his answer thereto? 19. Wliat occurred at tlie next meeting of the Assembly? i THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 55 ernor's I'cply. They again set forth the complaints of the people in stronger language than before, and reminded his excellency that it was the General Assembly of the Province that complained, and not the Quakers, with Avhom they had nothing to do, but who would probably be able to vindicate themselves from the charges that were thrown upon them in the governor's answer. They declared that their expecta- tions of full protection to their liberties under the govern- ment had not been realized, and that the reasons given by the governor to justify his conduct were insufficient ; that the governor had no authority to pardon willful murderers ; that his course in reference to the council of proprietors was an abuse of power, and that his rejection of members of the Assembly was wholly inconsistent with the nature of free representative bodies. It would place the liberties, the lives and the properties of the people entirely at the governor's disposal, which was contrary to the design of her majesty's government. And finally, the charge of bribery against the governor was repeated, and particular circumstances were specified. The governor refused to receive this reply, where- upon it was entered upon the journal of the house, and two days afterward the Assembly was adjourned by order of the governor, and the quarrel between the departments of the government was referred to the queen. 20. A new Assembly met on the 5th of May, 1708. The governor laid before this body a message, in which he re- quired that a bill should be passed raising a revenue of £1500 annually, to continue for the term of twenty-one years. He recommended that the militia bill should be amended, and that laws should be passed confirming the rights and property of the general proprietors and the titles 20. What laws did the governor recommend to be passed ? What reply did the Assembly make to the recommendation? How did the governor receive the reply ? \ 56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of estates. The Assembly replied that they had always been ready and desirous to siq^port the government, and that they re2:retted the misunderstandinfr that had occurred between the governor and themselves — that they had formerly men- tioned to his excellency a number of grievances under which the country labored, and which had not been removed. They stated as additional ground of complaint that a recent application for a writ for the election of new members had been refused. They clearly intimated that a redress of these grievances was the only way of securing a full co-operation between the different branches of the government. They were willing to comply with the commands with regard to the rights of property and the titles to estates, but they con- sidered the militia bill oppressive and obnoxious to the people, and they were unwilling to appropriate money for the support of a government that did not protect them in their rights. The governor Avas highly offended by this reply, and immediately adjourned the house until the following Sep- tember, and before that time arrived he issued an order dis- solving it. 21. It now became evident that there would be no peace in the government of the Province under Cornbury's rule. He had been equally unsuccessful in his administration in New York. He was therefore removed in 1708, and Lord Lovelace was appointed his successor. 21. How was this quarrel ended ? CHAPTER V. Early Legislation — Government Separated from New Yorh. WILLIAM PENN. 1. Governor Lovelace made his first communication to the General Assembly on the 3d of March, 1709. He showed a proper regard for the feelings and a full apprecia- tion of the rights of the colonists. He assured them that he would give no just cause for uneasiness, and expressed the hope that by mutual forbearance perfect harmony might be restored and maintained, and that all animosities would be forgotten. Her majesty would not be burdensome to her people, but would only require that the funds necessary for the support of the government should be raised in a manner that would be most convenient to the inhabitants of the Chapter V. — 1. When did Governor Lovelace make his first com- munication to the Assembly? What was the character of this com- munication ? 57 58 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Province. He recommended that a militia law should be passed in such a form as would give no dissatisfaction to the people. 2. The house replied to this communication in a spirit of moderation, and exhibited a willingness to concur in the views of his excellency and to adopt the measures set forth in his message. The members gave him a cordial Avelcome to the Province, and declared that they had acted from no animosities, but from a desire to maintain their rights ; and they had no doubt that a hearty agreement Avould be main- tained. They promised to give a faithful support to his government. 3. The Assembly passed an act granting to the governor the sum of £1700 for one year, established a militia system, and adopted a bill declaratory of the rights and privileges of the members of the General Assembly. 4. The hopes of the people for a season of quiet and pros- perity were suddenly terminated by the death of the gov- ernor. The disappointment occasioned by this event was increased by the fact that Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby had already made himself unpopular in the Province. 5. The war declared by England against France in 1702 had extended to the American Provinces, and in 1709 New Jersey was called on to furnish 200 men for the army to operate against the French settlements in Canada. Gov- ernor Lovelace died on the 5th of May, 1709. The Assem- bly convened soon after this event, and received a communi- cation from Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby, setting forth the 2. What reply did the house make ? 3. What acts did the Assembly pass ? 4. How were the hopes of the people disappointed? 5. What war was now waged in Europe? How did this afiect New .Jersey? Who succeeded Governor Lovelace? What important acts were passed by the Assembly ? EARLY LEGISLATION. 59 requisitions of the English ministry, to which they gave im- mediate attention, and passed an act for the raising of £3000, to be used in her majesty's service. It was under the author- ity of this act that paper money Avas first issued in New Jersey. It was authorized upon the plea of urgent neces- sity, but afterward became a j^art of the settled policy of the go'';ernment. 6. At the next meeting of the Assembly, which occurred in November of the same year, the attention of the house was given wholly to domestic affairs. It prescribed that each representative should be an actual resident within the Province, and of some city, town or county of that division from which he was chosen. An act was passed to ascertain and determine the boundaries of the several counties ; an- other declaring that the Assembly should thereafter meet at Burlington. 7. Governor Ingoldsby was superseded by William Pin- horne, who held the office until June 14, 1710, when he was succeeded by Brigadier-General Huntei', who had been commissioned governor of New York and New Jersey. General Hunter had previously served as governor of Vir- ginia, and was held in high esteem in America. His ap- pointment, therefore, gave great satisfaction. He met the Assembly of New Jersey on the 7th of December, and his address to the house was characterized by a frankness unusual in such papers. He said that he was little accustomed to making speeches, and should not be tedious. " There has been much complaint of unchristian divisions, an evil of which all complain, but which few take the right method to remedy. Let every man begin at home. Leave disputes to the laws and injuries to the avenger of them, and as good subjects 6. To what did the next Assembly give its attention ? 7. When and by wboni was Governor Ingoldsby superseded? What is said i>f General Hunter? 5 * 60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and Christians act together for common good." He ex- pressed the hope that there Avould be no diflerences about the question of means to support the government, and promised that he should heartily concur in whatever was necessary for the peace and welfare of the Province. His address closed Avith this sentiment: "All power, except that of doing good, is but a burden." 8. The house congratulated the governor, and expressed the hope that the time had arrived when the causes of "un- christian differences" would no longer exist. They said that an instance of her majesty's favor had been experienced in the appointment of the good Lord Lovelace as governor of the Province, by which an end was put to the worst admin- istration they had ever known ; and that they considered the appointment of his excellency, the present governor, as a new mark of royal favor. 9. Among the instructions to the governor was one directing him to cause an act to be passed in the Gen- eral Assembly, in conformity with that which had been passed in New England during the reign of William III., allowing the solemn affirmation and declaration of Quakers to be accepted instead of an oath. A law embodying this provision was passed by the Assembly, but was rejected by the Council, which had set itself in opposition to both the governor and the representatives. The militia bill met the same fate. A remonstrance against the action of the Coun- cil was sent to Governor Hunter. He made a careful inves- tigation of the whole subject, and sent such representations to the queen as led to the speedy removal of several mem- bers of the Council, and thus harmony was fully restored in the government. 8. How did the house receive Governor Hunter ? 9. What important acts were passed during Hunter's administra- tion? EARLY LEGISLATION. 61 10. The Province was again called upon to aid the expedi- tion against the French in the north. The Assembly con- vened on the 16th of July, 1711, and passed an act to raise £5000 to defray the expenses of volunteers for this service. The governor was gratified with this act, and dismissed the Assembly with thanks for its prompt response to the requisi- ti(^ns of the queen. This appropriation, in connection with what had been previously given for military purposes, was the beginning of the public debt in the Province. This Avas increased by the French and Indian war, and also by appro- priations made during the Revolution. 11. The affairs of the government were now so equitably administered that another meeting of the Assembly was not required until the close of the year 1713. At the opening of this session the governor simply asked the representatives to adopt such measures as, in their judgment, the situation of the Province appeared to require; and that provision should be made for the support of the government and for affirming and ascertaining the respective properties of the proprietors and the people. The proceedings were entered upon in the best of feeling, and the wholesome laws which had been previously rejected by the Council were now re- enacted. Provision was made for the support of the govern- ment. Quakers were made eligible to all offices and privileges, upon making a solemn affirmation or declaration instead of an oath. The militia law was established upon more liberal principles. An act was passed to prevent the elopement of slaves, denying to freedmen the rights 10. To what was the Province asked to contribute? How did it respond? How did tlie governor receive this action of the As- sembly? 11. How was the government administered? When did the As- sembly again meet? Wliat was it asked to do? What laws were passed ? 6 62 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of property, and laying a tax of £10 upon every negro, Indian or mulatto slave imported into the Province. 12. At this session the county of Hunterdon was estab- lished. It was taken from Burlington. The governor again thanked the house for the earnest support it had given her majesty's government, and for the salutary laws it liad passed, after which the Assembly adjourned. 13. Queen Anne died on the 1st of August, 1714, and George I. became king of England. A new commission Avas sent to Governor Hunter, and the Assembly was sum- moned to meet at Perth Amboy on the 4th of April, 1716. On the 27th of November of the same year the Assem- bly convened at Chesterfield. Nothing Avas done beyond providing for the support of the government. The Assem- bly again met at Perth Amboy on the loth of January, 1718. At this session an act was passed for determining the boundary line between New Jersey and New York, and an- other settling the division line between East and West New Jersey ; for though the Province had been united for politi- cal purposes, the landed interests of the proprietors required that a division line should be surveyed. 14. In the following year. Governor Hunter visited Eng- land, intending, with the king's permission, to return to his Province. Upon liis arrival in England, however, an agree- ment w^as entered into by which he was appointed treasurer of customs, and William Burnett, Esq., was commissioned governor of New Jersey. Governor Burnett was the son of the well-known Bishop Burnett, and had therefore inhei'ited a name distinguished for learning and piety. He had re- 12. What new county was formed ? 13. What occurred in Ejiglandf Wliere and wlien was the Assem- bly suMHiioned to meet? What acts were passed in 1718? 14. Wliat eliange occurred in tlie government of New Jersey? What is said of Governor Burnett? EARLY LEGISLATION. 63 ceived from his predecessor an intelligent account of his Province, the character of the people and the duties of the office he was about to assume. 15. Governor Burnett arrived in New Jersey in February, 1721, and met with a cordial reception from the Assembly, which convened on the 28th of that month. The new gov- ernor was, however, unfortunate in his dealings with the Assembly, and soon raised an opposition which greatly em- barrassed his administration. His demand for an increased and permanent revenue for the support of the govern- ment, at a time when the Province was burdened with debt, his apparent anxiety to restrict the powers of the Assembly, together with the assumptions of his Council, created great dissatisfaction. The Assembly formally re- sisted his demands, and was therefore dissolved on the 26th of May, 1721. 16. New representatives were soon elected, and a new Assem- bly was organized, which was more disposed to yield to the wishes of the governor. One of the first acts passed by this house was a law to protect his majesty's government in Ame- rica against the designs of the Papists. A few emigrants of this fiiith had settled in the Province, and the present act subjected them to rigid restrictions. All suspected persons were required to swear that they " would be faithful and bear true allegiance to his majesty, and that they did in their hearts abhor deceit and abjure the impious and heretical doc- trines of the Pope." A salary was voted for the governor, to continue five years, and his excellency and the Assembly parted in good feeling. 15. When did he arrive in the Province, and how was he re- ceived? What were the relations between the governor and the As- sembly ? IG. What was the disposition of the new Assembly ? What acts were passed ? 64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 17. The next Assembly, which convened in 1723, gave its attention principally to the financial concerns of the Prov- ince. It authorized the issue of £40,000 on " Bills of Credit," the amount to be distributed in proper proportions among the counties. The bills were made a legal tender in all transactions, and a certain portion were specifically ap- plied for the redemption of old bills and the jiayment of in- terest thereon. The rate of interest on the public debt was fixed at five per cent. 18. In 1727, Governor Burnett was transferred to the Province of Massachusetts, and John Montgomery, Esq., was commissioned governor of New Jersey on the 15th of April, 1728. In this year the General Assembly passed a resolu- tion inquiring whether it would not be advantageous to the Province of New Jersey to have a governor who would be independent of New York. By this resolution no unfavor- able action toward the new governor was designed. It was simply the intention to express a desire that the Province should have a governor of its own. 19. Governor Montgomery died in July, 1731, and Lewis Morris, president of the Council, administered the affairs of the government until the 1st of August, 1732, when William Cosby, Esq., was commissioned governor. 20. The General Assembly met on the 26th of April, 1733. The representatives called the attention of the governor to the fact that hitherto the Assembly had met at irregular periods, and that no regular time for holding the elections 17. To what did the next Assembly give its attention ? 18. Who was appointed governor of New Jersey? What resohi- tion was passed by the Assembly ? 19. What changes took place in the administration of the govern- ment? 20. What important laws were passed by the Assembly? How were these received bv the crown ? EARLY LEGISLATION. 65 had been established. An act was therefore passed to regu- late the meetings of Assembly. It provided that a session should be held at least once in three years, alternately at Burlington and Perth Amboy, and established triennial elec- tions. This act received the approval of the governor and Council, but was rejected by the king. Acts were passed for shcrtening lawsuits, for regulating the practice of law and the duties of public officers, concerning the acknowledgment and registry of deeds and other conveyances in the several counties, and for the enforcement of the ordinance regulating fees. All of tliese acts Avere deemed necessary, and Avould have been highly beneficial in the administration of justice, but they were rejected by the king. 21. Upon the death of Cosby, in the year 1736, John Anderson, president of the Council, assumed executive con- trol. He soon afterward died, and the direction of affairs was assumed by John Hamilton, Esq., the oldest living mem- ber of the Council. Hamilton administered the government for nearly two years, when the separation from New York, petitioned for, was granted, and the executive department of the Province was made independent of the authorities on Manhattan Island. 21. What changes occurred in the administration? What import- ant change was made in the government of tlie Province? 6* E CHAPTER VI. Land Titles— Frontier Wars — A Colonial Union Proposed. COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY. 1. Lewis Morris was appointed governor of New Jersey in 1738. After the separation of the Province from New York, some changes were made in the administration of the government. The Council was made a separate branch of the Legislature, and the governor was not expected to take part in the deliberations of that body. 2. Under the new organization the General Assembly met on the 27th of October, 1738. During the long struggle of the people against the executive authority of the Province, Morris had been a firm friend of the former. His apjioint- Chapter YI. — 1. AVho was appointed governor? Wliat changes were made in the govern inent ? 2. Wiien did tiie Assembly first meet? How was tlie appointment of Morris received? What is said of his address? 06 LAND TITLES. 67 ment therefore gave great satisfaction in all parts of the Province ; but it was soon discovered that the possession of power had destroyed his interest in the people and made him both selfish and arrogant. In his first address he con- gratulated the people on their escape from the authority of New York, and pressed upon the Assembly with considerable emphasis the questions of salary and support of the govern- ment. He promised to give his assent to all bills that were proper, and expressed the hope that no other would be proposed. 3. After some delay a bill for the support of the govern- ment was agreed upon by the Assembly. It appropriated £1440 annually for three years. Of this amount, £1000 were set apart for the jirivate use of the governor, and a special grant of £500 was made for his expenses in coming to the Province. The same act defined the salaries of all other public officers. With this appropriation the governor was not satisfied, and declared that the sum was insufficient. A sharp dispute arose between the governor and the house, which resulted in the dissolution of the Assembly, by execu- tive order, on the 15th of March, 1739. 4. The next session of the Assembly began on the 10th of April, 1740. The governor's address to this body expressed the hope that he would not be asked to sign imj^rojier bills ; also that an honest effort would be made to provide for the support of the government. The reply of the house showed very distinctly that the members were disposed to support the action of the previous Assembly. The old quarrel was therefore renewed. A long and bitter contest ensued, in which the governor refused to sign any bills passed by the Assembly, 3. How did the Assembly respond? How did tlie governor re- ceive the act of the Assembly ? What followed ? 4. What occurred at the next session ? 68 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. aud the Assembly as persistently refused to vote any support for the government. 5. A period of nearly two years passed in unsuccessful attempts to make a compromise, so that the public business might be relieved from unnecessary embarrassment. Finally, the quarrel was terminated by the death of the governor, which took place in May, 1746. John Hamilton, the oldest member of the Council, now became the chief executive of the Province. 6. War was declared between England and France in 1744 — known in American history as " King George's War." The contest soon extended to the American Provinces. The French emissaries had long labored to persuade the Indians on the frontier to join them in a Avar against the English colonies, and many of the savage cruelties visited upon the settlers in New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia were owing to the influence of the French. There seemed to be no remedy for these increasing evils short of the destruction of the French power in America. 7. Finally, in 1740, the British government resolved upon the conquest of the French possessions. Louisburg, the cap- ital of the French settlement at Cape Breton, had already been captured by the Provincial troops from New England, aided by the English navy ; and instructions were now sent to the colonial governors to organize their forces for a cam- paign against Canada. These instructions were laid before the Legislature of New Jersey in July of that year, by Gov- 5. How was ihe quarrel terminated ? 6. When was war declared between England and France? How (lid this aflect the American Provinces? What was the remedy for tiiese evils? 7. What did the British government resolve to do ? What instruc- tions were sent to the colonial governors? How ditl New Jersey re- spond? How did the war end? LAND TITLES. 69 ernor Hamilton. An act was passed to encourage the en- listment of 500 men and to provide for their subsistence and transportation. In this act the Assembly declared that they were heartily desirous to do all in their power in support of his majesty's interests. A like disposition was shown by the other colonies, but the military operations were tardily and feebly conducted by the British ministry, so that no advan- tages were gained by the English. The war was ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. This treaty was characterized in history as an inglorious surrender on the part of the British ministry. 8. John Hamilton, president of the Council, died in 1747, and the administration of the government of New Jersey de- volved on John Reading. A commission was soon after given to John Belcher, appointing him governor of the Province. He was a prudent, mild, judicious officer. He seldom opposed the measures of the Assembly, except when acting under instructions from the king. During his admin- istration several of the laws which had been rejected in the time of Governor Morris were passed, and others which had been enacted for a limited period were renewed and con- tinued. Thus the departments of government were united to administer the laws in the interests of the Province and for the prosperity of the people. 9. Large tracts of lands in New Jersey Avere held under irregular titles, some by Indian purchasers, others under grants given by Andross and other governors of New York. Tlie early proprietors were not disposed to disturb the peace of the inhabitants by insisting upon their rights to these lands, for which they had never executed title-deeds. But 8. What changes occurred in the administration ? What was tiie character of Governor Belcher? Wliat was the character of his administration ? 9. What violent disputes arose in tlie Province? 70 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. now the proprietary titles liad fallen into the hands of per- sons in authority, who were disposed to enforce their claims to all lands held by other than proprietary titles. Attempts were made to compel all persons to pay rents, or to pur- chase the lands they held by virtue of Indian purchases or grants from New York. 10. The people occupying these lands formed associations and resolved to maintain their possessions by force, if neces- sary. Some of the inhabitants were arrested and brought into court, were found guilty of disturbing the peace, and were committed to prison ; but in every case these were forcibly released by their friends, Thus for a time the laws became powerless. • 11. Some of the leading members of the Council, the chief- justice and other officers of the courts were largely inter- ested in these lands. They therefore urged upon the Assem- bly the passage of an act authorizing the use of the militia to enforce the laws. The Assembly, however, did not con- sider the matter of sufficient importance, and therefore re- fused the use of the military to sustain the courts. Thus, though the enforcement of strict justice was deferred, peace was preserved in the Province. 12. Finally, two acts were passed by the Assembly which terminated the dispute. One of these was an act to pardon all persons who had been guilty of riotous conduct ; the other was an act for the suppression and prevention of riots and disorders. 13. Another difficulty arose on the question of taxation. The Assembly passed an act taxing all profitable tracts of 10. How were the settlers on these lands treated? 11. Who were largely interested in these lands? How did the As- sembly treat their demands? 12. How was the difficulty finally adjusted? 13. What new trouble arose? How was it terminated? A COLONIAL UNION PROPOSED. 71 land held by patent, deed or survey, on which any improve- ments had been made. The Council objected, declaring that only such lands as were productive should be taxed, and that this was in accordance with the royal instructions. Neither party would yield, and thus the government was left without support for neaidy three years. Governor Belcher at length dissolved the Assembly. A new house met in May, 1751, which was disposed to terminate the quarrel. A new bill was passed, in which lands were classified and were taxed in proportion to valuation. 14. During the administration of Governor Belcher tAvo new counties were organized. The first, established by an act passed the 19th of January, 1747, was taken from the southern portion of Salem county, and was called Cumber- land. The other was established by an act passed on the 8th of June, 1753, taken from Morris county, and was called Sussex. 15. In 1749 the old struggle between England and France for the possession of the north-western territory was rencAved, and finally resulted in open war. In 1754 an expedition, commanded by Colonel Joshua Fry and Major George Washington, was sent from Virginia to defend the Ohio. These troops fought several battles with the French and Indians, and were finally defeated and forced to return to the Potomac. 16. While these military operations were going on, efforts were made to unite the Provinces into a general treaty with all the Indian tribes on the English frontiers. For this pur- pose a convention was called to meet at Albany in June, 1754. The proclamation from the king authorizing this con- 14. What new counties were organized ? 15. What struggle was renewed ? Wliat followed ? 16. What great convention was called? What action did New Jersey take on this subject? 72 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. vention was laid before the Assembly of New Jersey in April of that year. The inhabitants of this Province, however, had never been directly concerned in the Indian trade, nor had their settlements been disturbed by the inroads of the savage warriors. The Assembly therefore declined to take part in the proposed treaty, but expressed a willingness to join the other colonies in resisting the encroachments of the French. New Jei'sey was therefore not represented in the Albany convention. 17. The treaty with the Indians was concluded, and then a communication was presented from the English secretary of state recommending the colonies to form a general plan of union for mutual aid and defence. This proposition was favorably entertained, and on the 4th of July, 1754, articles of union, drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, were adopted by the representatives of the colonies. The plan of union was referred for approval to the Provincial Assemblies and to the Board of Trade in England. 18. The articles provided for the appointment of a gov- ernor-general and the organization of a senate, to be com- posed of representatives from the colonies. All questions of war, levying troops, assessment of taxes for general defence were to be referred to the senate and the governor-general. The Assemblies thought too much power Avas given to the governor-general, and that the jjlan was too aristocratic; hence they refused to ratify it ; the Board of Trade thought it gave too much power to the people, was too democratic, and also rejected it. Therefore the union was not effected ; but the principles of a united government were freely dis- cussed, both by the congress and by the peo^ile, and out of this effort sprang ultimately our noble Declaration of Inde- 17. What did the English government recommend ? How was this recommendation acted upon ? 18. Wliat did these articles provide? How were they received ? COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY CHARTERED. 73 peudence, in 1776, wherein the United States Avere proclaimed a free nation. 19. The desire for a more liberal education than could be afforded by the schools already established in the several counties was now felt throughout the Province. At the solicitation of many of the leading inhabitants, Governor Belcher procured, in 1748, from George II., a liberal charter for the College of New Jersey, which had been incorporated two years previous. This institution was first established at Elizabeth. In 1748 it was removed to Newark. In 1756 it was permanently established at Princeton, and Nassau Hall was erected for its accommodation. It early became one of the most celebrated schools in America, and has ever main- tained that honorable position. 19. When and how was the College of New Jersey founded ? 7 CHAPTER VII. French-and-Indian War — Troo2)s Sent — Braddoclcs Defeat — Defence against Indian Invasion. ESCAPING ACROSS THE DELAWARE. 1. The British ministry now resolved to prosecnte the war against tlie French and Indians with great vigor. Two regi- ments of infantry were sent to America in 1755, and Edward Braddock, a young Irish officer of distinction, was sent over as commander-in-chief of all the British and Provincial forces on the continent. Braddock landed his troops near Alexan- dria, in Virginia, and after some delay marched to Cumber- land, on the Potomac, where he organized an expedition against Fort Du Quesne, in the forks of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers. Chapter VII. — 1. Wliat did tlie British ministry resolve to do? Wiiat was this war called? What expedition was sent out? 74 • i FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WAR. 75 2. The people of New Jersey dreaded more from an attack from Canada, by way of New York, than from the French and Indians on the Ohio. The Assembly, therefore, provided for the organization and maintenance of a battalion of 500 men, to be sent to the army operating on the northern frontier. Peter Schuyler, with the rank of colonel, was put in command of this force. The popularity of this officer was such that the ranks of the battalion were promptly filled, and many asked to be enlisted who could not be received. The battalion was fully armed, equipped and provided with supplies, and was sent to Albany, which was at that time the headquarters of the northern army. 3. Braddock's army marched westward from Fort Cum- berland on the 12th of June, and crossed the Alleghany mountains, numbering 2200 men. The line of march cor- responded neai'ly to what afterward became the " National Road." 4. George Washington, who had volunteered as an aid-de- camp on Braddock's staff, knew more about the country to be traversed and the enemy to be encountered than any one else in the expedition. He had from the beginning advised the general to leave the wagons and heavy artillery in the rear, and to march in light order, with pack-horses to carry supplies. A council of war was held at Little Meadows, where Washington renewed his advice and urged it with such forcible arguments that it ultimately prevailed. 5. Braddock selected 1200 men and twelve pieces of light cannon for the purpose of making a rapid march against the 2. "What action did the Assembly take? Who was the commander of the first battalion ? , 3. What is said of Braddock's march ? 4. Who was an officer in this expedition? What is said of Wash- ington ? 5. How did Braddock condnct his march ? 76 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY. enemy. The remainder of the army, with all the heavy cannon and baggage, was left at the Meadows, under the command of Colonel Dunbar. Washington knew that it was necessary to make a rapid march into the enemy's country, and to fight the Indians and the French in the American fashion, if anything Avas to be accomplished by the expe- dition. 6. Braddock was haughty and arrogant, and sneered at the advice of his subordinate officers, who endeavored to guard against surprise and ambush to the line that moved so slowly through the wilderness. He was confident of an easy triumph, and thought more of the glory a great victory would shed on his name than of the means whereby that victory might be won. He crossed the Monongahela seven miles above Fort Du Quesne, and while marching along, heedless of the advice of the American ofliicers, his progress was suddenly arrested by a deadly fire on the front and left flank of his vanguard. No enemy was seen, though it Avas clear noonday, but the smoke rising from behind every tree and bush, the rattle of musketry, the sharp crack of the rifle, the falling soldiers and the confusion in the ad- vance column, revealed the presence of a powerful and deadly foe. 7. Washington, seeing the great danger into which they had been led, proposed to fight the enemy according to the American custom, by skirmishing and firing from the shelter of trees, rocks and underbrush ; but this the arrogant com- mander refused. He ordered his troops to form and to fire in platoons. For three hours the concealed enemy kept up a destructive fire on the British line; the ground was soon 6. What was the character of General Braddock? Wliat befell his army? 7. What did Washington propose ? How was the battle conducted ? BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. 77 covered with the fiilleu men ; every mounted officer but Washington was killed or disabled, and finally the brave Braddock himself was mortally wounded. 8. When the regular soldiers saw their commander fall they fled from the field. Washington, though two horses had been killed under him, and four balls had passed through his clothes, was unhurt, and now assuming com- mand, rallied the Provincial troops, and formed a rear- guard of such strength that the enemy feared to follow. 9. The defeated army retreated to Dunbar's camp at Little Meadows. After Dunbar had collected the broken fragments of the companies, he led the troops back to Shippensburg, and thence to Philadelphia. 10. The report of Braddock's defeat spread rapidly through- out the whole country, and filled the frontier settlements with alarm. The inhabitants of Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York were now without protection against the inroads of the savages from the west. When Governor Bel- cher received the report of this unexpected event, he sum- moned the Assembly of New Jersey to meet him on the 1st of August. 11. Early in the winter marauding bands of Indians in- vaded the western and northern counties of Pennsylvania and overran the whole country, forcing the inhabitants to flee before them, killing all who fell into their hands, burning dwellings and driving away stock. In a short time the whole country to the banks of the Delaware, on the northern frontier, was laid waste. The people residing in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, fled for safety into New 8. How did the battle terminate? 9. Wliat became of the defeated army? 10. Wliat was the effect of Braddock's defeat? 11. What is said of Indian marauders? « 78 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Jersey. Many, by receiving timely notice, were able to thresh out their corn and carry it away, and to drive their cattle across the Delaware. 12. The inhabitants of New Jersey were aroused by the sufferings of their neighbors, and prejiared not only to de- fend their own borders, but to march across the river to help their friends. Colonel John Anderson, of Sussex county, rapidly collected 400 men and marched to the defence of Easton. He pursued the enemy far into Northampton county, but without being able to overtake him. The gov- ernor promptly sent troops from all parts of the Province to the defence of the western frontier. The wealthy inhabitants freely advanced the money necessary for the maintenance of these troops, and the Assembly, in the middle of December, passed an act to provide for the subsistence of the militia and for the recall of the battalion under Colonel Schuyler. Throughout the Province the people organized companies and associations to resist the march of the savage warriors and to relieve the distress of their friends west of the Delaware. 13. The army sent against the French in Canada was also unsuccessful, though it suffered a less disastrous defeat than that which marched against Fort Du Quesne. The French not only successfully maintained their position in Canada, but also succeeded in taking some of the British posts on the lakes. 14. At the capture of Oswego, Colonel Schuyler and half of the New Jersey regiments, which formed a part of the garrison, were made prisoners and were sent to Canada. They were released at the end of the campaign, on parole not to serve against the French for eighteen months. New 12. What did the inhabitants of New Jersey do? 13. What is said of the army sent against Canada ? 14. What befell Colonel Schuyler and the New Jersey troops ? DEFENCE AGAINST INDIAN INVASION. 79 recruits, however, were iiuinediately sent from the Province, the regiment was again tilled up to its original strength, and Colonel Parker was appointed to its command. A third expedition, which had been organized to march against Forts Niagara and Frontenac, likewise failed to accomplish the object for which it was sent out, but suffered no di!= aster. 15. At the death of General Braddock, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, was appointed commander-in-chief. He summoned the governors of the northern and middle colonies to meet him at Albany, New York, in the spring of 1756, to determine the plan for the campaign of that year. This council resolved to raise 10,250 men, to be sent against Niagara, to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, to besiege Fort Du Quesne, and to send a small force by way of the Kennebec river to alarm the capital of Canada. 16. The people of New Jersey had during the winter erected forts and block-houses along the mountains and at favorable points on the east bank of the Delaware, to protect themselves against the approaches of the enemy. When the plan of campaign for 1756 was made known, they promptly filled the requisition made upon the Province, and returned their regiment to the headquarters of the army on the north : 250 volunteers were sent to the frontier, to take the place of the troops that were sent to the northern army. The line of defence on the Delaware and on the northern bound- ary of the Province was under the command of Colonel de Hart. 17. The British government unfortunately sent to America incompetent officers to command the expeditions that had been determined upon by the Provincial governors. The 15. What preparations were made for the campaign of 1756? 16. What was done in New Jersey? 80 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. entliusiasm of the people of the colonies was met by a cold suj)erciliousness that destroyed it. This, added to the tardy execution of the plans, brought disgraceful defeat and ended the campaign of the second year of the war in disaster to the English arms. 17. What was the character of the British officers sent to America ? What effect h*ad this on the people ? CHAPTER VIII. Close of the French-and-Indian Wars — Military Actio7i of New Jersey. CAPTAIV GARBINER S RANGERS. 1. The campaign of 1757 was confined to the single object of the capture of Louisburg, Ample force had been pro- vided, but the expedition, led by the same tardy officers who had failed the year before, was destined to defeat. Thus another summer of disaster was added to the two already noted. 2. New Jersey contributed 500 men for the northern ex- pedition, and kept on the frontier a body of rangers number- ing 120 men, under Captain Gardiner,* who, though they * The captain of this company received 6 sliillings, the lieutenants 5, sergeants 4, corporals 3-and-6-pence, and the private soldier 3 shil- lings per day. Each officer and soldier was furnished with a blanket, Chapter VIII. — 1. What is said of the campaign of 1757? F 81 82 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. could not always prevent invasions, gave great security to the citizens along the east bank of the Delaware. 3. The troops were w'ithdrawn from the northern frontier of New^ York to join the expedition against Louisburg. A force of 3000 men -svas left to garrison Castle William, on the southern shore of Lake George. The New Jei'sey regiment, commanded by Colonel Parker, was part of this detachment. An army of 9000 Canadians and Indians, commanded by Montcalm, invested the fort. Major-Gen eral Webb made strong exertions to relieve the garrison by arousing the militia of New York and New Jersey ; 1000 men were sent from New Jersey, and 3000 more were put in readiness to march on short notice, should their services be required. The garrison, however, w^as unable to hold out, and therefore surrendered to the enemy. General Webb threw his rein- forcements into Fort Edward, checked the progress of the enemy, and compelled Montcalm to withdraw his army into Canada. The New Jersey regiment, and other prisoners who had been carried away by Montcalm, were released, and re- turned to New York on parole, not to serve again during eighteen months. The regiment was therefore disbanded. 4. After three years of blunder and failure, the British government became fully aroused; the ministry now saw that greater vigor must be infused into the campaigns in America, or the colonies would be overrun by the enemy. an under jacket, a kersey jacket lapelled, buckskin breeches, 2 check shirts, 2 pairs of shoes, 2 pairs of stockings, a leather cap and a hatchet. 2. What did New Jersey contribute ? What is said of Captain Gar- dinei-'s rangers? 3. What is said of the siege of Fort William? How did New Jersey contribute to this expedition? What befell the New Jersey regiment? 4. What was thought of the war in England? What in America? CLOSE OF THE FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WARS. 83 The Provincial forces were not discouraged by the strengtli of the foe, but were heartily sick of the gross mismanage- ment inflicted upon them by the British ministry. The American officers and people felt themselves fully able, if left to their own resources, to defend their homes against the French and Indians ; but the arrogance of the English officers, added to their utter unskillfulness in conducting campaigns, had greatly oppressed and embarrassed the colonists. 5. In this hour of gloom, William Pitt, by far the ablest statesman in England, was called to the control of public affiiirs. He came into power, as secretary of state, in June, 1757. Energy and sound judgment were at once infused into every department of the government. Loudon, the tardy commander in America, was recalled, and Abercrom- bie was apj)ointed general-in-chief. 12,000 English troops, and a large fleet under the command of Admiral Boscawen, were sent over to aid the Provincial forces. Pitt addressed stirring letters to the several colonies, and asked them to raise 20,000 men, promising, in the name of the British gov- ernment, to supply arms, tents and provisions. He also promised to repay the money that would be expended in recruiting and clothing the troops. 6. The vigorous policy foreshadowed, and the liberal offers transmitted through these letters, electrified every heart and roused the people in every colony to the greatest activity. New England immediately raised 15,000 men ; New York, 2700; New Jersey, 1000; Pennsylvania, 3000; and Vir- ginia, 2000. Other colonies in the South reported smaller numbers ; but so great was the excitement that in May, 1758, 5. Who was called to control public affairs in England? What is said of Pitt? What did he do? 6. How did tlii.s iJoiicy affect the colonies? How many troops were raised ? 84 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. when Abercrombie took command of the army, he found over 50,000 troojis ready to obey his orders. 7. The phm of the campaign was also comprehensive. Louisburg, Ticonderoga and Fort Du Quesne were the prin- cipal points against which powerful expeditions were to be sent. The first IjIow was directed against Louisburg, a place so strong that it had been styled the Gibraltar of America. Forty armed vessels and a land force of 12,000 men in- vested the town early in June, and, after a siege of about fifty days, during which all the French shipping in the harbor had been destroyed, compelled the enemy to surrender. 8. The expedition against Ticonderoga did not succeed in taking the fort, but inflicted severe punishment on the French by defeating them in a vigorous battle, and by capturing their naval station and depot of supplies at Frontenac. U. The army in Pennsylvania, numbering about 7000 men, sent against Fort Du Quesne, was commanded by General Forbes. Colonel George Washington, who had three times marched over this ground, was one of the officers in this ex- pedition. When the army arrived within a few days' march of Fort Du Quesne, the regiment in command of Washing- ton was ordered to make a rapid march to surprise the enemy, while the main force followed more slowly. 10. The French-and-Iudian garrison, having heard of the success of tlie northern expeditions, and of the defeat of the French on the lakes and at Niagara, was greatly demoral- ized. Wlien the Indian scouts brought in the reports of the rapid approach of Washington's regiment, the troops aban- doned the fort and set fire to the buildings on the 24th of 7. Wliat was the plan of campaign ? 8. What did the expedition aganist Ticonderoga acconiplisli ? 9. What is said of tlie army in Peimsylvania ? 10. How did tills expedition terminate? CLOSE OF THE FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WARS. 85 November, 1758, and fled dowu the Ohio river. Washing- ton took possession of the ruins on the following day. The British flag was hoisted, and the place was named Fort Pitt, in honor of the distinguished English statesman by whose vigorous policy the enemy had been expelled from his strong- holds in America. 11. While the colonies were prosecuting the w^ar against the foreign enemies with great vigor, they were also zealous in their efforts to re-establish peaceful relations with the In- dians. In October, 1758, a convention was held at Easton, which lasted twenty -one days. The governors of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, attended by members of their Legisla- tures and many citizens, mostly Quakers, were present to rep- resent the interests of the settlers. The Indians were repre- sented by chiefs and deputies from fifteen different tribes, accompanied by many warriors with their women and chil- dren. After a long and full discussion of all matters in dispute, the points of difference were satisfactorily settled, and a treaty of peace was agreed upon and signed by the delegates. Thus, at the end of the fourth year of the war, the English armies were victorious in the field, and the power of diplomacy was triumphant in the assembly. 12. The successes of the military campaigns in the north,* terminating with the capture of Montreal in 1760, brought peace and safety to all the English Provinces. * The British ministry, elated witli their success, sent powerful armies into Canada early in the spring of 1759. Quebec and Montreal were besieged, and the forts on Niagara and on Lake Chaniplain were attacked by armies confident of victory. At the close of tlie campaign, Quebec and all the forts on the lakes had fallen. Montreal alone re- mained in the possession of the French. In September, 1760, this 11. What great Indian council was held this year? What year of the war was this, and how did it end? 12. How did the war terminate? 8 86 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 13. During the years of this struggle the people of New Jersey were never discouraged by the failure brought upon the Provincial troops through the incompetency of British officers, but steadily and promptly provided their quota of men and money to sustain the army. Upon the receipt of the spirited letter from Pitt, the Assembly, instead of raising its quota of 500 men, doubled that number, and to fill the ranks immediately offered, a bounty of £12 per man, in- creased the pay of officers, and voted the sum of £50,000 for the maintenance of their troops. At the same session an act was passed providing for the erection of barracks at Burling- ton, Trenton, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy and Elizabeth, each large enough to accommodate 300 men. 14. On the 31st of August, 1757, in the midst of the war. Governor Belcher died, in the 76th year of his age. For two years previous his health had been so infirm that it was necessary for the Assembly to meet him at his residence at Elizabeth. At the death of the governor the administration again devolved on John Reading. Francis Bernard was commissioned governor on the 13th of June, 1758. He con- ducted his administration in perfect harmony with the Legis- lature until the 4th of July, 1760. He was then transferred to Massachusetts, and Thomas Boone became governor of New Jersey for one year, when he was transferred to South Carolina, and Josiah Hardy was commissioned governor of stronghold was forced to capitulate, and with it all the fortifications, ships and munitions of war in Canada were surrendered to the Eng- lish. This was the last blow in the series of successes that destroyed the power of France on the Western continent. Thus ended the French-and-Indian war. 13. What is said of the coaduct of New Jersey during this war ? 14. When did Governor Belcher die? Who succeeded him? When was Franklin appointed governor? When did his administration terminate? THE LAST COLONIAL GOVERNOR. 87 New Jersey. Hardy was soon after appointed to the consul- ate of Cadiz, and William Franklin, the son of Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor in the spring of 1763. Thus within five years New Jersey had five executives. Franklin was the last of the colonial gov- ernors. His administration was terminated by the people in 1776, when they declared New Jersey to be an independent State. CHAPTER IX. "Taxation Without Representation is Tyranny. REQUESTING STAMP OFFICERS TO RESION. 1. England had for many years carried on wars against France and Spain, both in Europe and in America, and had thus contracted a large public debt, from which the people clamored for relief The strength and wealth exhibited by the American colonies in their prompt response to the calls for men and iiioney to prosecute the French-and-Indian war revealed to the British ministry the wealth of their trans- atlantic possessions. The government, therefore, was easily persuaded to levy taxes on the property and commerce of the Americans, in order to raise funds for the depleted treas- ury of England. Chapter IX. — 1. How did England contract her debt? tlie ministry seek relief? 88 How did TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION. 89 2. The same achievements, however, that had revealed the wealth of the Provinces had also demonstrated their strength. The failure and humiliation brought upon the people through the weakness of British army officers during the first three years of the war, and the subsequent successes when com- bined efforts Avere directed by skillful commanders, taught the colonies the power and wisdom of union. 3. Their property, their lives and their homes had been defended by military campaigns and expeditions wherein the whole strength of the colonial governments had been united for the attainment of a single purpose. The infer- ence, therefore, was natural that personal liberty and the right of self-government would be best defended by making them the common cause of all the people. The knowledge of their strength also gave the American freemen greater boldness in asserting and defending their just rights and chartered privileges. 4. The first attempt of the ministry to levy taxes on the colonies without their consent was promptly met with the declaration, which afterward became the political maxim of America: "Taxation Without Representation is Tyranny!" 5. The mother-country might justly have invited the colonial Assemblies to make appropriations for the use of the king's government, but the British ministry was too proud to ask as a favor what it believed it had the power at least, if not the right, to exact as lawful dues. Ten years were spent in dis- cussing the principles of taxation, during which time several schemes were proposed and numerous laws enacted, all of 2. What lesson did the late war teach ? 3. How was the lesson of union learned? 4. How was the attempt to levy taxes met ? 5. What might the mother-country have done ? How were the prin- ciples of taxation discussed? 8 «• 90 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. which were resisted witli ti dignified firmiie.s.s that could not fail to command the respect of the friends of freedom through- out the world. 6. In 1765 the "Stamp Act" was passed, which declared that no legal instrument should be valid unless it bore the government stamp. The passage of this act aroused the American people to the most intense excitement, and called forth some of the most eloquent denunciations of tyranny and oppression that grace the pages of history. Benjamin Frank- lin, who had been sent to England a second time on public business, wrote home to Charles Thompson, of Philadeljihia : "The sun of liberty has set. You must light up the candles of industry and economy." To this remark, Thompson re- plied : "I am apprehensive that other lights will be the consequence." 7. The colonies, with remarkable unanimity, declared that the General Assemblies had the sole right and power to lay taxes upon the inhabitants, and that eveiy attempt to vest such power elsewhere than in the Assemblies tended to the destruction of British as well as American liberty. A reso- lution was passed by the Massachusetts Legislature declaring that a congress, composed of commissioners from the colonies, ought to be held at New York on the first Tuesday of Octo- ber, 1765, to consider what action the colonies should take to resist the attempts of the home government to tax the Ameri- can people without their consent. The Massachusetts Assem- bly appointed three commissioners to attend the congress, and addressed a circular letter to the other colonies, urging them to make similar appointments. 8. This circular was laid before the Assembly of New Jersey on the 20th of June, 1765. Governor Franklin 6. When was the Stamp Act passed? What was its effect? 7. What did the colonies declare? What did Massachusetts recom- mend? A CONVENTION CALLED. 91 favored the schemes of the ministry, and therefore ojiposed the Massachusetts proposition, and exerted his influence to defeat the appointment of commissioners to the " Stamp Act Congress." The Assembly deferred action on the cir- cular until near the close of the session, when, in a hasty manner, the speaker was directed to transmit a somewhat ambiguous answer to the Massachusetts Assembly. 9. The inhabitants of New Jersey refused to endoi'se this action of their representatives, and demanded that a conven- tion be called to appoint commissioners to the congress at New York. The speaker of the house therefore issued a call to the members of the Assembly to meet in convention at Amboy. The members responded promptly to the call, and the Amboy convention appointed Joseph Ogden, the speaker of the Assembly, Hendrick Fisher and Joseph Borden, dele- gates to the congress. These proceedings were denounced by Governor Franklin as being irregular and unconstitu- tional. The measure was, however, defended by the As- sembly at its next session, and heartily aj)proved by the people. 10. The delegates from the colonies assembled in New York in October, and agreed upon a united memorial to the king and parliament on the subject of the rights and griev- ances of the American people. The declaration of rights and the petition for redress were approved by the Assem- blies of the several Provinces, and were transmitted to England. Some of the representatives in this congress thought these petitions should be transmitted by the con- vention ; others believed they should be first submitted to 8. How was this circular received in New Jersey ? 9. How did the inhabitants receive tlie act of the Assembly? What was done in reference thereto? What did Governor Franlclin say of tliese proceedings? 10. What action did tlie New Yorlc congress take? 92 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the Assemblies for their action, and that copies should be sent to the king from each colony, with the endorsement of the Assembly. Joseph Ogden, of New Jersey, advo- cated the latter mode, and therefore refused to sign the petitions with the other members of the convention, 11. The Assembly of New Jersey met on the 27th of No- vember, at the request of Speaker Ogden and some of the members of the house. Ogden's refusal to sign the petitions of the convention was disapproved. He therefore resigned his seat in the Assembly, and Cortland Skinner was chosen speaker. The report of the proceedings of the meeting at New York was laid before the Assembly, and was unani- mously approved. A series of patriotic resolutions was adopted, and the house declared that as the late act of Par- liament was found to be utterly subversive of the rights and privileges of the people, originally secured by grants and concessions from the Crown of Great Britain, they considered it a duty to themselves, their constituents and posterity, to leave a record of their resolves upon their journal. 12. These resolutions declared that the people were at- tached to the king and his government, and were ever will- ing to give them a hearty support, as they had recently in the wai'S against France and Sjiain ; that the inhabitants of the American colonies were entitled to all the rights and liberties of natural-born subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain ; that it is inseparably essential to the freedom of the people and the undoubted rights of Englishmen that no taxes be imposed on them but with their own consent, given personally or by their representatives ; that the people of this colony cannot be represented in the Parliament of Great 11. What did the Assembly of New Jersey do in reference to the action of tlieir delegates in congress ? How did they receive the pro- ceedings of congress? What patriotic declarations were made? 12. What did the resolutions of the Assembly declare? THE ASSEMBLY'S RESOLUTIONS. 93 Britain ; that the only representatives of the people are per- sons chosen by themselves ; and that no taxes can be im- posed under the constitution of this Province, granted by his majesty's predecessors, excejjt by their own Legislature ; that all supplies being free gifts, the people of Great Britain cannot grant to his majesty the property of the people of this colony without their consent ; that the profits of trade arising from this colony eventually enrich Great Britain ; that giving unlimited power to Parliament to im- pose taxes on the colonies by stamped 2:iaper or otherwise appears to be unconstitutional, contrary to the rights of the subjects and dangerous in its character ; that any encum- brance which in eflEect restrains the liberty of the press in America is an encroachment upon the subject's liberty; that the extension of the powers of the court of admiralty within this Province is a violent innovation of the rights of trial by jury, which this house holds most dear and invalu- able; that as the tranquillity of this Province hath been in- terrupted through fear of the dreadful consequences of the Stamp Act, the officers who continue to administer the affairs of the Province in the accustomed manner are entitled to the support of the Legislature. The people were advised to preserve the peace and good order of the government, and to unite their endeavors with the inhabitants of the other colo- nies in efforts to secure the repeal of the Stamp Act. 13. William Coxe had been appointed stamp officer for ISTew Jersey, to distribute the stamps through the Province. The law was to take effect on the 1st of November, but early in September, Coxe resigned his office, being unwilling to attempt to perform this obnoxious duty. 14. An organization of freemen was established in Connec- 13. What is said of the stamp officer and tlie Stamp Act? 14. What is said of the "Sons of Liberty"? What did they require the stamp officers to do ? 94 HISTORY OF NEW JEJRSET. ticut and New York, and soon extended to New Jersey, called the "Sons of Liberty." Members of this society called on all the stamp officers in the Province and required them to write public letters of resignation. In November, a number of the inhabitants of Salem county, learning that John Hat- ton had made application to be appointed stamp officer, com- pelled him to make a declaration that he would not accept the office to distribute stamps. 15. A ship, bearing stamped paper for New Jersey, Penn- sylvania and Maryland, arrived at Philadelphia on the 5th of October, convoyed by a sloop of war. As these vessels reached Gloucester Point, flags in the harbor were hoisted at half-mast, the bells were muffled and every countenance as- sumed the semblance of affliction. 16. On the last of October the newspapers were put in mourning for their approaching extinction, for the editors had resolved to suspend publication rather than use stamped paper. All other business requiring the use of this paper was suspended. 17. The refusal to submit to the Stamp Act caused the total suspension of legal proceedings. The members of the bar in New Jersey met about the middle of February, 1766, at New Brunswick, to consider the propriety of continuing their practice, but their convention was waited upon by a delegation of the "Sons of Liberty," who declared that the people were not satisfied with the suspension of law pro- ceedings, and recommended the lawyers to resume busi- ness. This they resolved to do on the first of the ensuing April. The " Sons of Liberty" also called upon the pro- 15. How were the stamps brought to the Provinces? 16. What is said of the newspapers? 17. What efiect had the refusal to obey the Stamp Act on business in the Province ? PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS FORMED. 95 thonotaries of the several counties and demanded that their offices be reopened for the transaction of business. 18. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the several colonies had organized themselves into protective associations, and had re- solved not to import or to use imported goods from England, nor to enter into any transactions that would require the use of government stamps. This resolution of the people seri- ously aifected English manufacturing and commercial inter- ests, and thus secured a powerful party in Great Britain in favor of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The merchants in London and Liverpool, and the manufacturers in Manches- ter, finding their trade suddenly cut off, filled the country with cries against the policy that deranged the whole busi- ness of a vast portion of the empire. Under this powerful combination the pride of the British ministry was broken. A new ministry was organized in March, 1766, and the Stamp Act was repealed. 19. The repeal was hailed throughout the colonies with joy ; the people felt that they had escaped a great calamity. The rejoicings, however, were of short duration. The British government was unwilling to relinquish the hope of drawing a revenue from the American colonies, and hence new schemes of taxation were soon devised. 20. The ministry and Parliament thought the colonists objected only to the manner and not to the principle of taxation. They therefore framed a bill in 1767 impos- ing a duty on glass, paper and other articles imported. This w'as regarded by the American people as a renewed 18. What associations were formed ? How did these affect the English manufticturers and Englisli commerce? What was the result? 19. How was tlie repeal of the act received ? 20. What new attempt at taxation was made? How was this re- ceived in America? 96 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. attempt at taxation without representation. The law, there- fore, met with firm resistance in all the colonies, and the non- importation pledges were renewed, with disastrous results to British trade. 21. The Assembly of New Jersey sent an address to the king, dated May 7, 1768. This paper clearly set forth the condition of the inhabitants of the Province, and defined their rights and privileges as English subjects. It declared that one of the rights vested in the people is the privilege of being exempt from any taxation but such as is imposed on them by themselves or by their representatives ; and this they estimate so invaluable that they are fully persuaded no other right can exist without it. 22. Parliament was finally forced to remodel the law, and in 1770 the duties were abolished on all articles save three- pence a pound on tea. The colonists then modified their non-importation agreements, so as to prohibit only the im- portation of tea. 23. In defiance of the determination of the American people not to use a pound of tea shipped from England as long as the tax law remained unrepealed, large cargoes were sent to the several colonies by the " East India Company," whose agenis .were authorized to collect the tax and sell the tea. Public meetings were held in every colony, and the people resolved that the tea should not be sold. In many places even the landing was refused, and the com- missioners appointed to receive the cargoes were requested to resign. The people protested against the attempts 21. Wliat principle of government was announced by the Assembly in 1768 ? 22. How was the tax law modified? What effect had this modifi- cation ? 23. How did the English attempt to force tea upon the American people? How was this attempt resisted? THE ARRIVAL OF THE TEA SHIPS. 97 of the Bi'itish ministry to force them to receive articles they did not want and to pay taxes levied without their consent. 24. The tea ships entered the Delaware in the fall of 1773. They were warned by the pilots not to enter the harbor, as it would be unsafe to attempt to land. The vessels, there- fore returned to England, carrying back their cargoes. In Charleston, South Carolina, the tea was stored away in damp cellars, where it was left to rot ; and in Boston 342 chests were broken open on the ships, and the tea was thrown over- board into the sea. 25. Tlie foreign trade of New Jersey was small, and therefore the action of the people of the Province had less effect upon the commerce of Great Britain than that of the neighboring Provinces. But neither the people of Massa- chusetts in their extremest action, nor the merchants of New York and Philadelphia in their non-importation resolutions, ever failed to receive the support and unqualified endorse- ment of the people of New Jersey. 26. In October, 1769, the Assembly resolved that the thanks of the house be given to the merchants and traders of this colony, and of the colonies of New York and Penn- sylvania, for their patriotic conduct in withholding im- portations of British merchandise until the restrictive acts of Parliament be repealed. Public meetings were held in all parts of the Province, which endorsed these resolutions and expressed like sentiments in support of the American merchants. 27. On the 8th of February, 1774, the Assembly provided 24. How were the tea ships received in the Delaware? 25. How did these tax laws affect the people of New .Terse)' ? AVere they therefore less active in resisting? 26. What action did the Assembly take on this snbject? How were these rt'solutions received by the people? 1) (i 98 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. for the appointment of a committee of correspondence and inquiry* to obtain early and authentic intelligence of all the acts and resolutions of the British Parliament, or the proceed- ings of the administration that may have any relation to or may afieet the liberties or privileges of his majesty's subjects in the British colonies in America ; and to maintain a corre- spondence Avith other colonies respecting these important considerations, and to lay their proceedings before the house. This action was reported to the Assemblies of the other Provinces. 28. These proceedings gave great offence to King George ; and as the Bostonians were most violent in their resentment, the heaviest stroke of the royal disfavor fell upon that city. The port of Boston was closed and the custom-house trans- ferred to Salem. The Provincial charter of Massachusetts was revoked, and persons accused of resisting the king's authority were ordered to be sent to England for trial and punishment. The " Boston Port Bill" went into operation on the first day of June, 1774. 29. On that day the committee of correspondence sent a reply to a communication that had been received from Mas- sachusetts. In this was expressed the sympathy of the people of New Jersey with the inhabitants of Boston, and the course of the British ministry was condemned in the strongest terms. Public meetings were called in different parts of the Prov- ince, in which the people resolved to support their suffering * James Kinsey, Stephen Crane, Hendrick Fisher, tSamuel Tucker, John Wetherill, Robert Friend Price, .John Hinchman, John Nehelni and Edward Taylor were appointed the committee. 27. What important committee was appointed by the Assembly ? 28. How were these proceedings regarded in Great Britain ? What punishment was inflicted on Boston ? 29. How did the people of New Jersey sympathize with the people of Massachusetts? Where was the first public meeting held? A COLONIAL CONGEESS CALLED. 99 neighbors of Massachusetts. The first of these meetings took place on the 6th of June, at Lower Freehoki. 30. On the eleventh of the same month a meeting of the citizens was held at Newark, at which they agreed to address letters to the inhabitants of every county in the Province, re- commending them to appoint local committees of correspond- ence. It was resolved to hold a convention at New Bruns- wick on the 21st of July. Similar action was taken in the other colonies, and it was finally agreed that a colonial con- gress should meet in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. 31. Governor Franklin refused to convene the Assembly. The people therefore resolved to take the matter of a redress of grievances into their own hands. In response to a circular sent out by the Newark meeting, the inhabitants of the sev- eral counties elected county delegates, which met in general convention on the 21st of July, at New Brunswick, and elected delegates to the congress. Seventy-two delegates were in attendance at this convention. Stephen Crane was chosen chairman, and Jonathan D. Sergeant, clerk. This convention appointed a " general committee of correspond- ence" * for the Province. * This committee consisted of William Peartree Smith, John Chet- wood, Isaac Ogden, Joseph Borden, Robert Field, Isaac Pierson, Isaac Smith, Samuel Tucker, Abraham Hunt and Hendrick Fisher. 30. What is said of the meeting at Newark ? • 31. What important action was taken by the people? CHAPTER X. The Bight of Government Assumed by the People — Preparations for War. BURXINU TEA AT GREENWICH. 1. The first Continental Congress met in Car23enters' Hall, Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774. Delegates were present from eleven colonies,* and on the 14th those from North Carolina appeared and took their seats. New Jersey was represented by James Kiusey, William Living- ton, John B. Hart, Stephen Crane and Richard Smith. The regular business was begun on the morning of the 7th, after an impressive prayer by Rev. Jacob Duche. Congress re- mained in session until the 26th of October, and the meas- * North Carolina and Georgia were not represented. Chapter X. — 1. Where did the first Continental Congress meet? Who represented New Jersey ? 100 BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 101 ures decided upon received the approbation of the American people. 2. The address to the inhabitants of the colonies, coun- seling them to maintain their just riglits at all hazard, and that to the people of England, asking an impartial judgment on their action, and their petition to the king, were written v/ith such marked ability and wisdom, that the great William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, said in the House of Lords : " I must declare and avow, that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion, under such a com- plication of circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general Congress at Philadel- phia." 3. When Congress adjourned, to meet again on the 10th of May, 1775, unless England should sooner consent to re- dress their grievances, the members earnestly hoped that another meeting would not be necessary ; but they were doomed to disappointment. Pride and love of power had made Great Britain both blind and obstinate. Additional laws were enacted by Parliament for the punishment of America, and soldiers were sent from England to enforce obedience. 4. From New Hampshire to Georgia the people were aroused to a true sense of their danger. They accepted the last resort, and determined to oppose foreign troops with freemen's steel. Early in September, 1774, the people began to arm, organize and drill. On the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, on the green at Lexington, Massachusetts, the first blood of the Revolution was shed. The report of the skirmish spread rapidly from house to house and from 2. What was the character of the addresses issued by Congress? 3. How did Congress adjourn ? 4. What is said of the spirit of the people? Where was the first battle of the Revolution fought? 9« 102 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. colony to colony, until all hearts were inflamed. In a few days the patriots of New England were in arms, and before the end of April more than 20,000 men were forming camps and building fortifications around the British army in Boston. 5. At daAvn of day, on the 10th of May, Colonel Ethan Allen, at the head of a company of " Green Mountain Boys," appeared before Fort Ticonderoga and demanded its sur- render. The British ofiicer in command, suddenly aroused from his sleep, asked, " By what authority do you demand it?" "By the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Con- tinental Congress!" said Allen. The fort was surrendered, and two days later Crown Point was captured. The cannon, small arms and the large stores of ammunition in these forts were of vast service to the Americans in the beginning of the war. The battle of Bunker Hill was fought on the 17th of June following, and thus the war of the Revolution was fully begun. 6. On the 10th of May, the very day on which Colonel Ethan Allen had captured Ticonderoga, the second Conti- nental Congress assembled in the State House, in Philadel- phia. As their first duty, the representatives sent a most loyal petition to the king and a conciliatory address to the people of England ; but at the same time they said to the British government, "We have counted the cost of this con- test, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery." The presence of a strong foreign force and the blaze of war already lighting up New England admonished Congress that delay would be disastrous to the cause of liberty. 7. Armed resistance had now become necessary, and Con- gress immediately voted to raise an army of 20,000 men, and 5. What other battles were fought ? 6. What is said of the second meeting of Congress? 7. Wliat liad become necessary? What preparations were made? THE TEA BURNED. 103 appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Con- tinental forces. 8. The people of New Jersey heartily endorsed the ac- tion of Congress, sent contributions to aid the people at Boston, and heartily approved their conduct in resisting the British government. On the 16th of November, 1774, a Vv_'ssel with a cargo of tea quietly entered the Cohansey creek, and landed at Greenwich, Gloucester county. The tea was stored in a cellar. On the 22d, forty men, disguised as Indians, carried the chests to an adjoining field and burned them. 9. A resolution of Congress recommended that " commit- tees of superintendeijce and correspondence" should be ap- pointed in the counties of the several colonies, to act as a sort of independent governmental authority during the progress of the Revolution. 10. England feared the union of the colonies more than anything else, and the governors of the respective Provinces were instructed to use all their powers to prevent such a union. Governor Franklin had long refused to call the Assembly together, notwithstanding the people had fre- quently and urgently jietitioned for a session. The first re- presentatives to Congress were therefore appointed by a con- vention of delegates, and not by the Assembly. 11. When the Legislature met in January, 1775, the gov- ernor delivered an address, in which he reviewed " the late alarming transactions in this and neighboring colonies," and endeavored to prevail on the members of the Assembly to separate themselves from their neighbors, to reject the pro- ceedings of Congress and to send a petition to the king for 8. What was done in New Jersey? What occurred at Greenwich ? 9. What did Congress recommend? 10. What did England fear? AVhat was done to prevent this? 11. What course did Goveinor I'ranklin adopt? 104 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY. redress of grievances. He assured them that such a petition would be treated with respect by the ministry and the Crown. He warned them that the opposite course woukl lead to bloodshed, and that all who joined in those proceedings would be summarily punished. He closed the address by saying: "You have now pointed out to you, gentlemen, two roads — one evidently leading to peace, happiness and the restoration of the public tranquillity ; the other inevitably conducting you to anarchy and misery and all the horrors of a civil war." 12. The New Jersey delegation reported the proceedings of Congress to the Assembly on the 11th of January. They were, notwithstanding the governor's \^arnings, unanimously approved, the Quaker members of the Legislature excepting only to such parts as seemed to wear the appearance of a resort to arms. The house resolved that the same gentlemen who had represented the Province in the last Congress should continue to represent it until otherwise ordered. 13. The representatives of the people reproved the gov- ernor for having neglected to call a meeting of the Assembly at a much earlier date, and reminded him that much incon- venience to the people might have been thus prevented. They assured him that they would not give their approbation to measures destructive to the welfare of their constituents ; that they would do all in their power to preserve the excel- lent form of government under which they at present lived ; and that they intended neither to usurp the rights of others, nor to suffer any rights vested in them by the constitution to be wrested out of their hands by any person or persons what- soever. 14. The Assembly's answer to the governor's address 12. How did tlie Assembly receive the proceedings of Congress ? 13. How did the Assembly reply to the governor's message? PETITION AND ADDRESS TO THE KING. 105 closed by saying: "We sincerely lament the unhappy differ- ences which at present subsist between Great Britain and the colonies. We shall heartily rejoice to see the time when they shall subside, or exist consistently with the rights and interests of both, which we ardently hope is not far off; and though we cannot conceive how a separate petition of one colony is more likely to succeed than the united petition of all, yet in order to show our desire to promote such a pur- pose by every px'oper means, we shall make use of the means pointed out by your excellency, in the hope that it will meet that attention that you are pleased to assure us will be paid to the representatives of the people." 15. The tone of the governor's reply to the Assembly was in good temper, and clearly showed that his excellency had discovered that the people were resolved on full redress — that they had counted the cost of the contest and had re- solved to endure all in defence of their personal rights and liberties. 16. The house adopted a petition to the king, which re- cited the whole catalogue of the grievances, and prayed that the redress promised from his majesty by the governor might be speedily granted. But inasmuch as the Assembly had already ratified the proceedings of Congress, this petition, with similar documents from other colonies, received but little consideration. 17. The houses of Parliament joined in an address to the king, declaring that there was an open rebellion in Massa- chusetts, and called upon the ministry to suppress it promptly by force of arms. A proposition was made by Lord North, which proposed full pardon to any colony whose General 14. How did this address close? 15. "What did the governor's reply show? 16. What is said of the petition to the king? 17. What was done in England ? 106 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Assembly Avould make provision for the support of civil government and the administration of justice within its own territory; and gave assurances that Parliament would not tax the people so long as such provision should be made. The object of this proposition was to work a division of the American colonies. 18. Governor Franklin convened the members of the As- sembly at Burlington on the 15th of May, 1775, for the purpose of laying before them this proposition. The Assem- bly replied that inasmuch as Congress was now deliberating on the situation of affairs, it would be inexpedient to con- sider the proposition at that time, and that they would abide by the determination of Congress. They afterward took up the resolution of the House of Commons, and de- clared that it contained no new proposition for a redress of grievances. 19. The New Jersey "committee of correspondence" ap- pointed by the convention met at Newark on the 2d of May, 1775, and directed the chairman to call a second Provincial convention, to meet at Trenton on the 23d of May, to con- sider the affairs of the Province. This convention met at the time and place appointed. Hendrick Fisher was chosen pre- sident; Samuel Tucker and Jonathan D. Sergeant, secre- taries ; William Patterson and Frederick Frelinghuysen,* assistant-secretaries. * Frederick Frelinghuysen was born in Somerset county, April 13, 1753. He was the son and grandson of distinguished clergymen, re- ceived a liberal education in the law, and an early training that fully prepared him to act a conspicuous part in the struggle for American independence. In 1775, at the age of 22 years, he was chosen a repre- sentative to the Continental Congress. He resigned his seat in 1777, 18. What action did the Assembly take on the resolutions of Parlia- ment? 19. What new convention was called? PROVINCIAL CONGRESS OF NEW JERSEY. 107 20. The delegates declared that inasmuch as they were the representatives of a Christian community, it became them to " look to that all-powerful Being by whose providence all human events are guided, humbly imploring his divine favor." It was therefore ordered that the president should invite the ministers of the gospel in the town to open the proceedings every morning with prayer. 21. The convention, under the title "The Provincial Congress of New Jersey," assumed the full authority of all the branches of the government. This Congress, though professing profound veneration for the "family and jDerson of George III.," resolved to provide for the defence of the Province against invasion by foreign troops. On the 25th of May a written message was sent to the Continental Con- gress, then in session at Philadelphia, declaring that the Provincial Congress of New Jersey was convened with " dis- position most heartily to concur, to the utmost of their abili- ties, in the common cause of America, but that they did not deem it advisable to enter into any measures of consequence until some general plan had been adopted by the general Congress." because lie thought himself too young and inexperienced to assume so great responsibilities, and because he believed he could better serve the cause in another position. He was appointed captain of an artillery corps, was in the battles of Trenton and Monmoutii, and as colonel of militia in Sonurset county rendered good service to the State. At the close of the war he successively filled important county offices, and in 1793 was chosen a United States Senator. He died on the 13th of April, 1804. The epitaph inscribed on his tomb appropriately says: " He was beloved by his country. From his youth he was entrusted with her most important concerns. Until his death he never disap- (lointed her hopes. At the bar he was eloquent, in the Senate he was wise, in the field he was brave." 20. What occurred at the opening of this convention? 21. What action did the convention take? 108 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 22. The ansAvcr to this message, received on the 30th of May, was that Congress was not then prepared to give any advice upon the state of the Province, but that due attention would be given to the requests contained in the message. 23. The New Jersey Congress adopted a form of associa- tion to be signed by the inhabitants of every township in the Province. It was in the nature of a pledge, in which the signers, after reciting the hostilities and cruelties of the British ministry against Massachusetts Bay and other colo- nies, declared that, " with hearts abhorring slavery, and ardently wishing for reconciliation with our parent state on constitutional principles, we solemnly associate and resolve, under the sacred ties of virtue, honor and love to our coun- try, that we will jiersonally and, so far as our influence ex- tends, endeavor to support and carry into execution whatever measures may be recommended by the Continental and our Provincial Congress for defending our constitution and pre- serving the same inviolate." 24. The organization of the military force was now the first subject of importance, and received due attention from the Provincial Congress. Instructions were issued for the organization of one or more companies of 80 men each in every township or corporation, the companies to be under the control of the respective committees, and to have power to elect their commissioned officers. The inhabitants of Morris, Sussex and Somerset counties had already organized com- panies of minutemen, pledged to march to any point in the country whenever called on. The Provincial Congress ap- proved of this conduct, and passed a vote of thanks to the inhabitants of these counties. After passing an act to raise 22. How did Congress reply to this message? 23. What form of association was adopted ? 24. How was the military force organized? To whom was the ad- ministration of aliiiirs entnistod ? QUOTA OF TUOOFS. 109 a fund of £3000 by taxation, the Congress entrusted the ad- ministration of affairs to a committee of three of its members, and adjourned on the 3d of June. 25. The Provincial Congress of New Jersey reassembled on the 5th of August, 1775, and immediately provided fur- ther means for the collection of taxes and the organization of the militia. It directed that 54 companies, each of 64 minutemen, should be organized, assigning a propor- tionate number to each county, and authorizing the county committees to select officers for these troops. The minute- men adopted the following pledge: " We, the subscribers, do voluntarily enlist ourselves as minutemen, and do promise to hold ourselves in constant readiness, on the shortest notice, to march to any place where our assistance may be required for the defence of this and any neighboring colony, as also to pay due obedience to the commands of our officers, agreeably to the rules and orders of the Continental Congress or the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, or, during its recess, to the orders of the committee of safety." These troops were organized into ten battalions. In Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, Monmouth, Somerset, Morris, Sussex, Hunterdon and Bur- lington, one each. In Gloucester and Salem, one. Cumber- land and Cape May counties had large companies of inde- pendent light infantry and rangers already organized. Phil- emon Dickinson and William Livingston were appointed brigadier-generals to command these troops. 26. The Quakers, and other persons whose i-eligious j^rinci- ples did not allow them to bear arms, were advised by Con- gress to contribute the more liberally to the relief of their distressed brethren, and to do all other services to their op- 25. When did the Provincial Congress again meet? What was done at tliat ses-sion ? What is said of the " minutemen" ? How were the troops organized ? 20. Wliat were non-combatants advised to do? in 110 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. pressed country that was consistent with their religious pro- fessions. 27. In order to perpetuate its authority, the Provincial Congress at this session provided for the election of members to that body, annually on the third Thursday of September, and declared that Congress should assemble every year on the 3d of October until the termination of the struggle with Great Britain. It also provided for the election of members of the county "committees of observation and correspond- ence" annually, on the second Tuesday of March. These committees were now clothed with full administrative author- ity in their respective counties. Congress appointed Jona- than D. Sergeant treasurer, organized a " committee of safety" to exercise executive power during the recess, and then adjourned to the 20th of September. At the Septem- ber session no important measures were adopted. The new Congress elected in this month convened in October. During its session the military regulations were extended and per- fected, and a " committee of safety" was appointed. 28. A special session of the Provincial Congress was called to meet at New Brunswick on the 31st of January, 1776, to consider several communications from the Continental Con- gress relative to the raising of additional troops and the establishment of a court of admiralty. This Congress pro- vided for the erection of forts at Perth Amboy to defend the colony from the British fleet in the bay of New York, and at Swedesboro' to resist an invasion from the Delaware. The Continental Congress contributed twelve pieces of small cannon and the maintenance for two companies of military to equip and man these forts. 29. An act was passed at this session requiring all persons 27. What provision did tlie Provincial Congress make to carry on the government ? 28. What further provision for defence was made? PREPARING FOR WAR. Ill to join the "general association" of the township, and pro- viding that those whose religious principles would not allow them to bear arms should prefix the following pledge to their signature : " I agree to the above association as far as the same is consistent with my religious principles." All persons refusing to sign this modified form were to be disarmed, and wee required to give security for their peaceable conduct. The county committees were authorized to arrest all persons who refused to comply with this act. A premium was offered for the manufacture of nitre and common salt ; and soldiers enlisted in the service of the United Colonies were granted exemption from execution for small debts. On the 6th of February, William Livingston, John de Hart, Richard Smith, John Cooper and Jonathan D. Sergeant were appointed dele- gates to the Continental Congress. 30. The Provincial Congress changed the time of the annual election to the fourth Monday of May, and extended the right to vote to all persons of full age who had signed the "general association," had resided in the colony for one year, and who were worth £50 in personal estate. 31. Governor Franklin convened the Legislature on the 16th of November, 1775. No important business was trans- acted, and on the 6th of December the Assembly was pro- rogued by the govei'uor to meet on the 3d of January, 1776, but it never reassembled, and this was the end of Provincial legislation in New Jersey under royal authority. 32. Notwithstanding these preparations for war, the people awaited with anxious hope the king's answer to the last peti- 29. What were the inliabitants required to do ? What was done to encourage enlistment? 30. What changes were made in the laws of the Province ? 31. What is said of the end of royal legislation ? 32. What was done in England? How was this declaration of war received in America? 112 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tion of Congress for justice and reconciliation. The earnest prayer of the oppressed subjects was spui-ned from the throne, the inhabitants of the colonies were declared to be "rebels," and orders were given for the seizure and confisca- tion of their property. A land and naval force of 55,000 men Avas voted for the king's service against the colonists ; and in addition to these, 17,000 troops were hired from Hesse Cassel, in Germany, to join the British army in America. Thus the sword was drawn on both sides, and the American patriots were compelled to fight their way up to national in- dependence, or ignominiously surrender to a despotism that would speedily reduce them to slavery. They nobly accepted the challenge, and with " liberty or death" for their battle- cry, resolved to defend their rights as freemen or perish in the attempt. 33. Intelligence of the determination of the British gov- ernment to subjugate the colonies was received in America in January, 1776. The whole country was roused to greater activity by the king's proclamation of war. The army was increased, the seaports were fortified, and Washington, who had surrounded Boston on the land side by the Continental army, prepared to force the British troops from the town. His efforts were crowned with success, and on the 17th of March the enemy evacuated their forts and sailed away to Halifax. Meanwhile the organized companies in every Prov- ince had marched to the seaports and made preparations to oppose the landing of foreign troojDS. 34. During the whole time of the bitter controversy that preceded the clash of arms the people professed the most un- ceasing loyalty to the British Crown ; but now the grand idea of an independent nation began to force itself upon the popu- 33. What effect had the king's prochimation ? 34. What important movement was inaugurated? In wiiat did it result? BRITISH FLAGS BURNED. 113 lar mind, and every heart was filled with the desire for a govei-nment that should be beyond the control of the power that oppressed the people. The voice of every Provincial Assembly was soon heard in favor of independence, and on the iPth of May, Congress, then sitting in perpetual session in Philadelphia, recommended the formation of State govern- ments in all the colonies that should be independent of royal authority. Less than two months later, about noon on the 4th of July, the representatives of the people unanimously declared the thirteen colonies free and independent States, to be called the United States of America. 35. Four days after this action had taken place, the com- mittee of safety and that of inspection marched in procession to the State House in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was read to the battalions of volunteers and a vast concourse of citizens. The British flags were then taken down and removed from the court-rooms, and were burned, amid the shoutings of the people, while the church bells were ringing and the peals from the State House bell proclaimed liberty throughout the land. The building within and around whose walls these scenes were enacted was after- ward called " Independence Hall." The members from New Jersey in this historic Congress were : Richard Stockton, Abraham Clarke, John Hart, Francis Hopkinson and John Witherspoon, elected on the 21st of June. 35. How was the Declaration of Independence published? 10* H CHAPTER XL The Declaration of Independence — The New Government. ^--^^JUJ/, ./ igis* lis ^■^•« ARRLbT tF GOVERNOR FR4\KLIN 1. It was now 159 years after the time when the first set- tlement had been made in New Jersey. The government of the Province was 112 years okh The proprietary author- ity had ruled from the organization of the Province to 1702 ; and the royal government, under which governors were ap- pointed by the Crown, had administered the public affairs 74 years. 2. Though the Provincial Congress of New Jersey had to a great extent assumed the control of public affairs in the Province, it had not renounced the royal authority. The Chapter XI. — 1. How old was the Province of New Jersey at the beginning of th^ Revohitionary War? 2. Wliat important change was made in the government? What is said of the adoption of the new constitntion ? 114 THE STATE DECLARED INDEPENDENT. 115 new Congress, elected on the fourth Monday in May, 1776, convened at Burlington on the 10th of June. Petitions were sent in from all parts of the Province, urging the representa- tives to organize a new government, in accordance with the recommendations of the Continental Congress made on the 15th of May. On the 24th of June a committee was ap- pointed to draft a constitution. This committee, after two days' deliberations, reported the form of a constitution, which was briefly considered, and was adopted on the second day of July. New Jersey was, however, not yet disposed to abandon all hopes of reconciliation with the Crown, and therefore provided in the last article of this constitution that the instrument should become void whenever the king should grant a full redress of grievances, and agree to administer the government of New Jersey in accordance with the consti- tution of England and the rights of British subjects. But, on the 18th of July, 1778, the Provincial Congress assumed the title of "The Convention of the State of New Jersey," declared the State to be independent of royal authority, and directed that all ofl[icial papers, acts of Assembly and other public documents should be made in the name and by the authority of the State. 3. Though New Jersey left open the way for a return to the protection of the Crown, it cannot be rightly inferred that the people or the representatives were timid, or hesitated to engage in the contest before them. The Province had felt the hand of the oppressor in a smaller degree than any of its neighbors. It had no ships and no foreign commerce, and it therefore would have suffered comparatively little from the proposed taxation which had been so stoutly resisted throughout all the colonies. Nevertheless, the people kept pace with the foremost in the adoption of measures to resist 3. What is said of the spirit of the people? Of the last clause of the constitution ? 116 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the encroachments of the British ministry. The delegates to Congress chosen on the 21st of June, just before the appoint- ment of the committee to draft the new constitution, were in- structed to unite with the other colonies in a declaration of independence from Great Britain. Moreover, the last clause of the constitution, and the only part in it which seemed to indicate fear, had been adopted when but few members of the Provincial Congress were present ; and it was declared that had the house given a full vote that clause would have been rejected. 4. After the adoption of the constitution, the State conven- tion, which was in fact the State Legislature, proceeded to enact laws to provide for the thorough organization of the government in every county. The time for the State election was fixed for the second Tuesday in August. Every voter or public officer was required to take an oath or affirmation that he did not hold himself bound to bear allegiance to George III. of Great Britain, and would not by any means, directly or indirectly, oppose the measures adopted by the State or Continental Congress ; but that he would bear true allegiance to the government established under the authority of the people. 5. In the south-eastern part of New York and in the northern part of New Jersey, where the king's government had the most influence, a very considerable portion of the population adhered to the Crown. The people divided them- selves into two parties. Those who espoused the American cause were called " Whigs," and those who adhered to the British government were named "Tories." The Tories in the upper part of the State were quite numerous, wealthy and active. They were the friends and relatives of influen- 4. Wiiat did the State Convention do? 5. How were tlie people divided on tiie question of independence? THE EFFECTS OF WAR. 117 tial families in England, and exercised a very dangerous in- fluence on the new government. 6. Throughout the war for independence, New Jersey was a frontier State, and was exposed to all the miseries of a border warfare. Never wholly without an army within its boundaries, several times completely overrun by the enomy, and often made the camping-ground for both the British and the Continental armies, the losses to its people were great and the privations and distress severe. 7. During the period of resistance to British taxation there was great unanimity throughout the Province. All persons united in the defence of personal liberty and opposition to the assumptions of the ministry. But after that period had been passed, and the question of independence was submitted an 1 war threatened, dissensions and divisions sprang up in almost every county. The royal officers, their friends and relatives who lived on royal patronage, opposed the overthrow of the royal authority. The Quakers, who were opposed to war, were also strongly attached to the parent state and to their churches and family connexions in England. They shrank from the idea of a conflict of arms, and labored to maintain their rights by peaceful persuasion. The great body of the people, however, led by bold, daring, liberty-loving spirits, were not only ready for the Declaration of Inde- pendence, but were prepared to pledge their lives, their property and their sacred honor in defence of the new government. 8. At the head of the opposition was Governor Franklin. But the torrent of public sentiment that swept around him 6. Wliat was the position of New Jersey ? 7. What effect had the Declaration of Independence and the threat of war on the people ? 8. Who led the opposition to the new government? What is said of the administration of royal authority in the State? 118 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and over the Province was so strong that he was unable to resist or to turn its course. He was therefore compelled to be an idle spectator whilst his powers were completely swept away. Even before the establishment of the new govern- ment the executive authority had passed, by the voice of the people, into the hands of the delegates in the convention, and all power derived from royal authority was suspended. And finally, when he issued a proclamation on the 30th of May, 1776, summoning the members of the Legislature to meet, the Provincial Congress, which was then in session, passed a resolution declaring that the proclamation of William Frank- lin, late governor, ought not to be obeyed. 9. Soon after this. Congress declared him to be an enemy to the liberties of the country, ordered his salary to be dis- continued, and that the treasurer of the Province should account only to the Provincial Congress or to the future Legislature. An order was issued to Colonel Nathaniel Heard, who commanded the Middlesex county militia, directing him to arrest "Mr. Franklin," and to take his parole in writing that he would not attempt to exercise any special authority in the Province ; and that if he should refuse to sign the parole, to put him under strong guard and keep him in close custody until further orders. 10. He refused to sign the parole prescribed by the Pro- vincial Congress. Colonel Heard therefore surrounded his house with a guard of 60 men, and despatched a messenger to the Congress asking for further instructions. He was commanded to bring the late governor to Burlington. The Provincial Congress sent a report of the arrest of Governor Franklin to the Continental Congress in Philadeljjhia, and asked in what manner he should be dealt with, recommend- 9. How was Governor Franklin treated? 10. Wliat is said of the arrest of Governor Franklin ? GOVERNOR FRANKLIN. 119 ing at the same time that he shoukl be removed to some other Province. The Continental Congress directed that the governor be examined, and if, in the opinion of the Provin- cial authorities, it is necessary that he should be confined, then the Continental Congress will direct in what manner and place he shall be imprisoned. 1 1. Franklin was arraigned before the Provincial Congress on the 21st of June ; but he refused to answer any questions put to him, and denied the authority of that body over him, and denounced it for having usurped the king's authority in the Province. He was thereupon ordered into close confine- ment, under a guard commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Bowes Read. On the 25th of June an order was received from the Continental Congress, directing that Franklin should be sent under guard to Governor Trumbull of Con- necticut, who was requested to take his parole. Immedi- ately after his release, Franklin * sailed for England. 12. The public policy of the new government toAvard that part of the population which remained loyal to England was at first very lenient. In January, 1776, a resolution * William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, was born in Phila- delphia in 17.31. He was a captain in the French war, accompanied his father to England, and was appointed governor of New Jersev in 1763. He remained loyal to the British government, and was a con- spicuons enemy to American independence. There was no intercourse between him and his father during the whole of the Revolutionary struggle. The governor proposed a reconciliation with his father in a letter dated July 22, 1784. His father replied: "Nothing has ever hurt me so much and affected me with such keen sensations as to find myself deserted in my old age by my only son ; and not only deserted, but to find him taking up arms against me in a cause wherein my good fame, fortune and life were all at a stake." Governor Franklin died in England, November 17, 1813. 11. How was he finally disposed of? 12. What is said of the treatment of Tories? 120 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was passed by the Provincial Congress recommending the several township and county committees and other friends of American liberty to explain to the honest and misguided citizens the true nature of the controversy — how the people had struggled to adjust their differences with Great Britain, how their petitions had been rejected, and how a redress of grievances had been refused ; and that only when resistance to a determination on the part of Great Britain to force these obnoxious laws upon the people became necessary did the leaders of the independence party resolve upon establishing an independent government. The committeemen Avere in- structed, however, to proceed with vigor against any active partisans whose conduct injured the jieace of the community. These were disarmed, and either bound by sufficient sureties to keep the peace, or, in default of this, were taken into custody. 13. On Long Island and in the north-eastern parts of New Jersey the enemies of independence were sufficiently strong to organize and boldly declare their determination to aid the British troops in their efforts to subjugate the people. When General Howe entered the Province of New York and Lord Cornwallis came to New Jersey at the heads of their respective armies, they were received with open arms by the Tories. These officers issued proclama- tions offering protection to all w'ho would take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain within sixty days, and assuring the people that the obnoxious laws wdiich had occasioned the war would be revised. 14. These proclamations and the presence of a large body of British troops almost extinguished the American party in this part of the State. A few companies of militia, com- manded by General Wilson, and afterward by General Dick- 13. What is said of the conduct of the Tories? 14. What efibct liad the presence of the enemy on the people? TORY ASSOCIATIONS. 121 inson, were almost the only force that opposed the enemy. The majority of the inhabitants were either in full sympathy with the enemy, or had too little interest in the cause of American independence to risk either their lives or their property in its support. When called upon by the earnest patriots to take up arms against the invaders, many of them replied that " General Howe promises peace, liberty and safety ; more than this we could not desire." 15. Associations were formed in the counties adjoining New York and within the influence of the British officers, whose members pledged themselves not to pay any taxes levied by order of the Provincial Congress, nor to purchase any forfeited goods that should be sold under the authority of the new government. The manifestation of this spirit of disloyalty to the State and the presence of the British army made it necessary to adopt more stringent measures to main- tain the authority of the government. The county and town committees were instructed to enforce the resolves of the Provincial Congress, and to arrest all who were found in active sympathy with the enemy. These instructions were promptly obeyed by the militia in the several counties, and many of the principal Tories were brought before the com- mittee of safety. Many of the prisoners confessed their faults and asked for pardon. Most of these were dismissed unpunished or .upon the payment of a small fine. This course, however, was not severe enough to suppress the power of the Tories. Armed insurrections broke out in Monmouth county, which were quelled by the militia under authority from the Provincial Congress. 16. When the State government was organized under the new constitution, the Legislature enacted laws for the arrest 15. What organizations were formed near New Yorlv ? What in- structions were sent to the committees? How were tiicse enforced? 16. What laws were passed by llic Lcgishitare ? 11 122 HISTORY OF JSTEW JERSEY. and punishment of all persons who opposed its author- ity, and declared that any citizen who should, by speech, writing or open deed, maintain the authority of the king and Parliament of Great Britain should be subjected for the first offence to a fine not exceeding £800 and imprisonment not to exceed one year. For the second, to the pillory and the like imprisonment. That reviling or speaking con- temptuously of the government of the State, of the Congress of the United States of America, or of the measures adopted by the Congress or by the Legislature of the State, or malici- ously doing anything whatever Avhich would encourage dis- affection or tend to raise tumults and disorders, or to alienate the affections of the people from the government, or to ter- rify or discourage the subjects of the State, should be pun- ished in the same manner. 17. This act was at the time considered severe, but it was soon followed by still more stringent measures. On the 5th of June, 1777, an act was passed providing for the con- fiscation of the property of all citizens who joined the enemies of the State. In the following year the act was so amended as to make it the duty of the county commissioners to seize the property of all persons who had gone within the lines of the British army, or who had in any way given aid or com- fort to the enemy ; and the tenants on all lands owned by the enemies of the State were required to pay the rents to the county commissioners. 18. During the greater part of the war the Tory refugees from New Jersey maintained an organization on Staten Island under the protection of the British army, and when- ever opportunity offered, they made raids into the northern counties of the State. Their hostility was far more ma- lignant than that of the British soldiers. They frequently 17. "Wliat other measures were adopted? 18. Wliat is said of the Tory organization on Staten Island ? WHIGS AND TORIES. 123 inflicted the most savage cruelties upon their former neighbors. They were intimately acquainted with the country, and could suddenly enter an unprotected community, and after treating the inhabitants in the most barbarous manner, suddenly re- treat to their place of safety on the New York islands. 19. The people of the northern counties organized inde- pendent companies to meet these Tory invaders, and the conflicts which occurred between these parties were among the fiercest ever witnessed on this continent. Many a tale of heroic daring and of fearless devotion to the cause of lib- erty is told of these banded patriots, who loved their homes and liberty more than their lives. The cedar swamps and the pine forests on the north-eastern borders of this State wit- nessed many scenes of sacrifice, of suffering and of death in the cause of American independence that are unsurpassed in the annals of our country. 19. What is said of the conflicts with these marauders? CHAPTER XII. The Revolutionary War — Campaign of 177G — The State Overrun by the Enemy. WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 1. The British army, commanded by General Howe, arrived in New York harbor early in the month of July, 1776, and encamped on Staten Island. Admiral Lord Howe soon arrived from England Avith a fleet and a large body of troops. On the 22d of August the enemy entei'cd Long Island, which was held by the American forces under Major- General Greene. Several days were spent in manoeuvring and in skirmishing. On the 27th and 28th a severe battle was fought, in which General Sullivan commanded the Chapter XII. — 1. When did the British army arrive in New York? Wiiat battle was fought ? 124 THE BRITISH OCCUPY NEW YORK. 125 American troops. His army was overwhelmed by the supe- rior numbers of the enemy, and suffered great loss. In the midst of a heavy rain, on the dark and stormy night of the 28th, the remnant of the Continental army withdrew to Manhattan Island and joined the main army under General Washington. '?. The British army soon entered New York, forcing General Washington to withdraw to the Highlands on the east bank of the Hudson. Nearly three months were spent here by the British generals in their endeavors to draw General Washington into battle upon such disadvantageous ground as would enable them to wholly crush the American army. This, however, Washington Avisely avoided, and so baffled the royal generals that they finally abandoned their efforts and retired to Manhattan Island. The Ameri- cans still held Fort Washington on that island, and opposite, on the New Jersey bank of the Hudson, was Fort Lee. Both of these posts were under the command of General Greene. 3. Washington discovered that it was the intention of the enemy to cross the Hudson to invade the State of New Jersey. He cautioned General Greene to keep a strict watch upon the movements of Howe, and to defeat any attempts on his part to invest Fort Lee and make the garrison prisoners. Wash- ington also wrote to Governor Livingston, apprising him of the contemplated movements of the enemy, and asked him to hold the militia force of New Jersey in readiness to join the Continental army, and to make all possible resistance to the advance of the enemy. 4. On the 13th of November, General Washington crossed the Hudson w^ith the best part of his army, leaving the East- ern regiments under the command of General Lee, with orders 2. What movements were made by the armies ? 3. What instructions did Wasliington issue? 4. When did Washington's army enter New Jersey? 11 « 126 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. to follow the comniandcr-in-chief sliould General Howe effect a crossing. Orders were given to General Greene to hold Fort Washington and Fort Lee as long as it should seena to him advisable. Fort Washington was surrounded by General Howe's army, and after a severe engagement, on the 16th of November, the whole garrison was surrendered prisoners of war. 5. The captui'e of this fort induced the evacuation of Fort Lee, and the removal of all the military stores to the interior of New Jersey was immediately commenced. On the 19th of November, before all the stores could be removed from Fort Lee, a detachment of the enemy, commanded by Lord Cornwallis and numbering about 6000 men, crossed the Hud- son river below Dobbs' Ferry, and by a rapid march, at- tempted to enclose the garrison of Fort Lee between the Hudson and the Hackensack rivers. General Greene, how- ever, had closely watched the movements of the enemy, and rapidly withdrew his forces across the Hackensack, but the heavy cannon and many of the stores at the fort were lost. 6. The whole of that portion of the army under Washing- ton which had crossed the Hudson was now posted along the western bank of the Hackensack rivei'. This little band of patriots numbered only 3000 effective men, while in their front and on the banks of the Hudson the enemy numbered nearly 12,000. With such heavy odds against him, Wash- ington saw the necessity of withdrawing his army from be- tween the Hackensack and the Passaic to a less dangerous position. There was no hope for immediate reinforcements, and the militiamen of New Jersey could do little more than keep their Tory neighbors in subjection. 7. Washington made every possible exertion to concen- 5. Where and when did tlie British enter the State ? 6. "What was the strengtli and position of Wasliingfon's army? MOVEMENTS OF THE AMERICANS. 127 trate the forces of the Continental army in front of the enemy. General Schuyler was ordered to hasten from Lake Champlain with the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops. General Lee was ordered to cross the Hudson immediately, and to hold himself in readiness to join the commander-in- chief Unfortunately, however, nearly all of General Schuy- ler's army, and a great part of the troops in General Lee's division, had enlisted in the fall of 1775 for one year, and their term of service, therefore, had nearly expired. The army was daily melting away, and a total dissolution of the Continental regiments stared the commanding general in the face. General Mercer, who commanded the flying camp at Bergen, was called upon to join Washington's army, but the time of service of his men expired on the 1st of December, and his troops were therefore unavailable. 8. Notwithstanding all these disadvantages, Washington still preserved a show of resistance, with a view of covering the few stores which still remained to be removed to the in- terior. With the brigades commanded by Beal, Heard and Erwin, Washington crossed the bridge at Acquackanonck and took post at Newark, on the south bank of the Passaic. The British army closely followed the retreat of the Ameri- cans, and encamped on the opposite bank of the Passaic. Having placed the principal rivers between himself and the enemy, Washington put forth renewed efforts to increase the strength of his army. He sent General Mifflin, who was highly esteemed by the Pennsylvanians, into that State, with orders to organize the militia and bring a body of troops to his relief; and Colonel Joseph Reed, who was held in high favor in New Jersey, was sent to Governor Livingston to press upon him the absolute and immediate necessity of call- 7. What was the condition of the American army ? 8. What policy did Washington adopt? What movements did lie make? What efforts were made to increase his strengtli ? 128 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ing out tlie -whole force of the State. Under these discour- aging circumstances, when almost the last ray of hope had departed, the Tories of New Jersey began to organize to resist the American authority, so that it became necessary to detach bodies of troops from the little army of patriots to suppress local insurrections. 9. The British now began to cross the Passaic, and on the 28th of November, Lord Cornwall is entered Newark. General Washington slowly withdrew his army southward, retreating to New Brunswirk. The terrible day of the 1st of December now arrived, and the Maryland and New Jersey troops, entitled to their discharge, forsook their comrades- in-arms in the face of the advancing enemy. 10. From New Brunswick the commander-in-chief again wrote to Governor Livingston, informing him that the enemy was occupying New Jersey and would cross the State to Phil- adelphia, unless some strong measures were taken to resist his advance ; but it was not within the power of the governor to furnish the aid required. The enemy had already spread over the northern and middle counties, and had overaAved the people so that the organization of companies of militia was exceedingly difficult. A small body of the militia from Morris and Sussex counties joined Washington's army. The lower portion of the State yet unoccupied by the enemy was inhabited principally by Quakers, who were non-combatants. The State was therefore prostrate beneath the feet of the advancing foe. 11. AVashington skillfully mana?uvred his little ainny so as to conceal its weakness and to retard the advance of C'Orn- wallis. He nevertheless cautiously retired before the van- 9. What crisis arrived? 10. Wluit did Wasliington write to Governor Livingston? AVhat response was made to Wasliington's request? 11. How was tlie American army manoeuvred? RETREAT THROUGH NEW JERSEY. 129 guard of the enemy. He withdrew from New Brunswick to Princeton ; and leaving Lord Sterling, with two brigades of Virginia and Delaware troops, numbering about 1200 men, to watch the enemy, he continued his retreat to Trenton. He had sent orders to have the boats on the Delaware col- lected and held in readiness to ferry his own army across to Pennsylvania, and also to prevent the boats from falling into the hands of the enemy. The military stores and bag- gage were placed on the west bank of the river. 12. The retreat through New Jersey was one of the most embarrassing and discouraging events of the war. It com- menced after the heavy loss on Long Island and the capture of Fort Washington. The troops had lost their baggage and their stores and a large quantity of arms and ammuni- tion. They were without tents, blankets, shoes, and utensils to cook their scanty supply of provisions. Companies and regiments were almost daily disbanding and leaving the ser- vice. The little army was surrounded by Tories, and was confronted by the overwhelming numbers of a victorious enemy. Nothing but that love of liberty which rises above circumstances, and the personal presence of the commander- in-chief, who was able to inspire confidence amid these accu- mulating misfortunes and disasters, held together this band of patriots as they slowly retired before the advancing lines of an exultant foe. 13. Following immediately upon the track of these dis- solving regiments, poorly clad, half starved, heartsick with disappointments and misfortunes, came a well-appointed army with dazzling equipments and imposing pomp, con- scious of strength and confident of victory. The effect upon 12. What is said of the retreat across the State? Of the condition of the army ? 13. What is said of the enemy's condition ? What effect had this circumstance on the people? I 130 HISTORY OF NFW JERSEY. the inhabitants of the country through which these two armies marched may be readily imagined ; it is not sur- prising that many gave up the hope of achieving independ- ence and made haste to submit themselves to the favor of the royal authorities. The patriots were called " a band of ragamufhns ;" the enemy was styled "the royal army of Great Britain." 14. The British commissioners who accompanied the army, taking advantage of these circumstances, issued a proclamation commanding all persons in arms against his majesty's government to disband and return to their homes, and offered a full pardon to all who, within sixty days, would appear before an officer of the Crown and claim the benefits of this proclamation. Under this invitation many, who had before made great protestations of love for the American cause, humbly sneaked into the British camp and craved the mercy of their conquerors. 15. Washington, however, was not discouraged, and was still able to inspire the band of patriots who followed his standard with confidence in their cause. Finding that Corn- wall is paused at New Brunswick, he sent forward a detach- ment of 1200 men to Princeton, so as to give the appearance of an advance against the enemy, in the hope that he might thus reanimate the people of New Jersey. General Mifflin had been successful in Pennsylvania, and had organized a large body of militia in that State; 1500 of these, well armed and equipped, marched to Trenton ; and a battalion of Germans, authorized by the Continental Congress and commanded by officers who had served in the European armies, also marched to Washington's camp on the Dela- 14. How did the enemy attempt to demoralize the people ? 15. What was Washington able to do ? What reinforcements did he receive? What movements were made? When did the American army cross the Delaware ? GENERAL LEE TAKEN PRISONER. 131 ware. The British general, perceiving this forward move- ment, broke camp at New Brunswick, and attempted by a circuitous march to fall in the rear of the detachment sent to Princeton. The commander-in-chief, however, was on the alert, and promptly withdrew his troops to Trenton, and on the 8th of December, at the approach of the British army, crossed the Delaware into Pennsylvania. 16. Washington posted his army along the western bank of the river to guard the fords, and carefully watched the movements of the enemy. The British arrived at the river close upon the rearguard of the American army. Cornwallis encamped with the main body of his troops at Trenton, and threw out detachments above and below that place. He reconnoitred the banks of the river for a considerable dis- tance, and made several attempts to seize a number of boats guarded by Lord Sterling at Coryell's Ferry, but, failing to get possession of these, he made no further efforts to cross the river. 17. After having made every possible disposition to guard the passes of the river, Washington again apj^ealed to the neighboring States to send forward their militia Avithout delay. General Lee was now tardily marching to join the commander-in-chief. Whilst passing through Morris county, near Baskingridge, on the 11th of December, he went to a private house, about three miles from his army, to remain during the night. He posted only a small guard at the door. A body of British cavalry, who had been watching his movements, was informed of this circumstance, and early on the morning of the 12th surrounded the house, seized the general and carried him a prisoner to the British headquar- ters. General Lee had been held in high esteem by the 16. How were the armies posted ? 17. What misfortune befell one of the American generals? What reinforcements were received on the Delaware? 132 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. American people, and was regarded as second only to the commander-in-chief. His capture, thei-efore, was consid- ered as a great public calamity. General Sullivan as- sumed the command of Lee's division, and promptly march- ing by way of the Phillipsburg road, joined Washington's camp on the 20th of December. On the same day General Gates arrived with a body of Northern troops. With these reinforcements the army on the Delaware numbered 7000 effective men. 18. The British army had gone into winter quarters at Trenton, Borden town, Whitehorse and Mount Holly, on the Delaware, and extended its lines across the country to the Hackensack. General Maxwell * was ordered by General Washington to form an encampment at Morristown, where he collected about 800 Jersey militia and three regiments of Northern troops from Peekskill. Maxwell was instructed to watch the enemy, to harass his marches, to give intelli- gence of his movements to the commanding general, and to do Avhatever in his judgment would tend to keep up the spirits of the militia and to keep the inhabitants from going within the British lines. * William Maxwell was born in 1733, at Greenwich, Sussex county, New Jersey. He served in the French war, in 1755, as an officer of Provincial troops, was at Braddock's defeat, and fouglit under General Wolfe at the taking of Quebec. He was afterward attached to the com- missary department as colonel. As soon as he heard of the resistance of the colonies lie resigned his commission, marched on foot to Trenton, and tendered his services to tlie Provincial Congress, then in session. He was appointed colonel, raised a battalion and set out for Quebec, but he returned on hearing of the defeat of Montgomery. He was appointed general, served with distinction in the battles of German- town, Monmouth, Brandy wine, Springfield, Wyoming, etc., and re- signed in 1782. He died November 4, 1796, aged 63 years. 18. What is said of the position of the enemy ? What was General Maxwell ordered to do? WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 133 19. Though Washington had crossed the Delaware on his retreat on the 8th of December at the head of the remnant of an army depressed and almost without hope, he was now, at the end of seventeen days, strong enough to recross the river and give battle to the enemy. He had discovered that the British commander, presuming on the weakness of the Ar-.ericans, and entertaining no fears of an aggressive move- ment, allowed his troops to occupy their camps without keep- ing a close watch on the banks of the Delaware. Washing- ton matured a plan to surprise the enemy, in the hope that he might strike an effective blow and thus revive the failing courage of the American people. 20. Marching orders were sent along the line, and the troops were supplied with three days' rations and forty rounds of ammunition. Washington had determined to cross the river at Mackonkey's Ferry, nine miles above Trenton, with 4000 troops under his immediate command, assisted by Generals Sullivan and Greene. General Erwin was directed to cross at the Trenton fei-ry, and to seize the bridge below the town to prevent the escape of the enemy by that road. General Cadwalader was to cross at Dunks' Ferry and capture the post at Mount Holly, and General Putnam was directed to unite the forces engaged in fortifying Philadelphia with those at Bristol, and to cross the river at that point. 21. On the night of the 25th of December, AVashington crossed at Mackonkey's Ferry, at the head of 2400 veterans. The current was swift and thick with floating ice. The wind blew violently in the faces of the men. Snow began to fall at 11 o'clock, and soon a north-west storm of wind, sleet and hail set in and beat pitilessly upon the soldiers, who success- 19. What is said of tlie armies on the Delaware? What did Wasli- ington resolve to do? 20. What orders were issued ? 21. Describe the crossing of the Delaware? 12 134 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. fully ferried the stream, and, regardless of icy roads and pelting elements, pressed forward toward the enemy's camp. The other divisions of the army were prevented by the ice and storm from crossing. 22. At daylight, General Sullivan, who commanded the right Aving of the army, reported to the general-in-chief that his men's powder and arms were wet. " Then tell your gen- eral to use the bayonet, for the town must be taken," said Washington to the messenger who brought the report. 23. The troops pushed bravely on, and the town of Trenton was taken. Colonel Ralle, the Hessian commander, had spent the night in drinking and card-playing, and was wholly un- conscious of danger until the roll of the drum and the crack of the rifle fell upon his dull eai's. The Hessians rushed to arms, but were speedily overcome by the impetuous charge of the Americans. Seventeen of the enemy Avere killed, seventy-eight wounded and nine hundred and forty-six were taken prisoners. Washington captured 1200 small arms and six brass cannon. The battle lasted only thirty-five minutes, and the Americans returned to their camjDS without the loss of a man. 24. The news of this victory filled all patriot hearts with joy. The Tories, who, before the battle, rejoiced at the low condi- tion of the American army, were now silenced and abashed ; but the friends of liberty, recently so despondent, rose in the pride and strength of their principles, and were bold to talk and work for the cause of independence. Troops again flocked to the victorious standard of Washington ; the vet- eran soldiers, whose term of service expired the first of the year 1777, re-enlisted, and thus the army and the people were inspired with new vigor and courage. 22. What did General Sullivan report? 23. Describe the battle of Trenton ? 2^. Wliat was the effect of this victory? CHAPTER XIII. Campaign of 1111 — Battle of Princeton — Enemy Driven from the State — Noble Conduct of the State Militia. WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS, MORBISTOWN. 1. 'After the battle at Trenton the British forces with- drew from the Delaware and established themselves at Princeton and New Brunswick. The strength of Washing- ton's army was so rapidly increased that the commanding general resolved to enter upon a winter campaign, in the hope that he might drive the enemy from New Jersey and encourage the patriots there to re-enlist in the cause of inde- pendence. 2. He ordered General Heath, at Peekskill, on the Hud- son river, to move into the northern part of New Jersey and to threaten the British encampments. General Maxwell was Chapter XIII. — 1. Wliat campaign was undertaken ? 2. What orders were issued to Heath and Maxwell? 135 136 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. directed to collect the New Jersey militia and to attack the outposts of the enemy. 3. Washington, at the head of the main army, crossed the Delaware at Trenton on the 30th of December. Generals Mifflin and Cadwalader marched up from Bordentown and Crosswicks with nearly 4000 militia, and joined Washing- ton on the 1st of January. Lord Cornwallis had watched these movements from Princeton, and on the 2d of January marched down at the head of a large force toward Trenton. 4. On his approach, General Washington withdrew his force across the Assunpink creek, and formed his line of battle on its southern bank. The British attempted to cross the stream, but the guards at the fords could not be over- come. The enemy therefore halted and kindled their fires for the night on the northern bank of the Assunpink. The American troops lighted their fires on the opposite bank, and during the evening a brisk cannonade was kept up from both sides. 5. Washington saw that his army was now in a danger- ous position. He could not hope, with his 5000 troops, to gain a victory over the large and well-disciplined army that lay in his front. To suffer a defeat would sacrifice the great advantages that had been secured by the vic- tory at Trenton the week before. The Delaware Avas now floating thick with ice, so that it would have been impossible to withdraw his forces to Pennsylvania. He therefore re- solved not to risk a battle when the chances of victory were so largely in favor of the enemy. A council of war was called, and a plan to fall upon the enemy's flank and rear, submitted by the commander-in-chief, was unanimously approved. 3. What movements were made ? 4. How did the armies encamp ? 5. What was the position of Wasliington's array? BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 137 6. As soon as it was dark the baggage was removed to Burlington. About one o'clock in the morning of the od of January the fires "were renewed so as to burn brightly, the guards along the stream were strengthened, and the army then quietly marched away on the Quaker road toward Princeton. 7. Washington had resolved to fall upon the rearguard of the British array, to overwhelm it, to capture Princeton, and then, by a rapid march, reach New Brunswick in time to seize the large magazines and storehouses of the enemy at that point. Three British regiments had encamped on the Quaker road on the night of the 2d. These were encoun- tered at sunrise by General Mercer's brigade, which formed the vanguard of Washington's army. A sharp battle en- sued, in which General Mercer was mortally wounded and his troops were routed, but the fortune of the day was imme- diately changed by the appearance of General Washington at the head of a body of regulars. These attacked the enemy with great spirit, and soon forced the British lines to give way. The regiments were separated and driven from the field, having suffered great loss in officers and men. Wash ington then pushed forward to Princeton. The British regi- ment which had been left to guard this place Avas drawn up in the college grounds. The Americans attacked these troops and compelled them to surrender. 8. In the actions of this day about 100 British were killed and nearly 300 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Ame- ricans was somewhat less, but among their number was in- cluded General Mercer of Virginia, an officer who had been highly esteemed by the commanding general, and had been 6. Wliat movement was made? 7. What did Washington expect to do? What battle was fouglit? Describe this battle. What occurred at Princeton ? 8. What were the casualties of the day? 12 - 138 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. frequently entrusted with the discharge of the most important duties. 9. At daylight on the od, Lord Cornwallis discovered that the American army had withdrawn from his front, and he immediately comprehended Washington's plan and his move- ments. He faced about his troops and marched with the utmost speed toward New Brunswick, in order to save the magazines and valuable military stores at that point. His vanguard came up close to the rear of the American army before it had left Princeton. Thus General Washington was again placed in a very perilous situation. His army was exhausted with the fatigue of night-marches and battles, and his troops had been without sleep. They were without blan- kets in the midst of winter, many of them barefoot and thinly clad. They were in the vicinity of an enemy who greatly outnumbered them, and were at least eighteen miles from any point of safety. The commanding general there- fore wisely abandoned the idea of moving on New Bruns- wick, and retired across Millstone creek, destroying the bridges between Princeton and New Brunswick. He with- drew on the road leading up the country to Pluckemin, and there permitted his troops to halt for rest and refreshments. Cornwallis was too anxious for the safety of New Brunswick to pay any attention to troops marching in another direction. He therefore passed by Washington's fatigued army and hurried forward to save his stores. 10. The experience of this short, brilliant and successful movement taught Washington that his undisciplined militia and his poorly-clad army were not prepared to endure the exposure of a winter campaign. He therefore withdrew his army to Morristown, and there went into winter quarters. 9. What is said of Cornwallis? What was now the condition of Wasliington's army ? 10. What were the effects of these battles ? POWER GIVEN TO WASHINGTON. 139 The battles of Trenton and Princeton were regarded by the people as great victories. To them this campaign Avas evi- dence that the American troops were far superior to the royal army, that the Continental generals were more skillful than the leaders of the enemy, and that ultimate success must attend the eftbrts of the patriots. 11. Congress gave Washington authority to raise sixteen additional regiments of regulars, and conferred upon him for six months almost unlimited powers to conduct the war. The public spirit was now so strong in favor of the Conti- nental army that these regiments were rapidly filled up by recruits from the States. 12. The favorable change in public aftairs was nowhere more sensibly felt than in New Jersey. Here the people had suffered all the horrors of war. When the royal army first entered the State the inhabitants generally remained quietly in their houses, and many of them received certificates of protection signed by order of the British commander-in- chief. These papers, however, were wholly disregarded by the licentious and unrestrained soldiery. No class of citizens was exempt from plunder and insult: the property of the inhabitants was taken and destroyed without distinction. The Hessians could not read the certificates of protection, and the British soldiers deemed it foul play that the Hes- sians should be the only plunderers. The enemy therefore made no distinction between friend and foe. Neither age nor sex was protected from outrage. Men, women and children were robbed and stripped, and often left in their houses without so much as a blanket or an article of clothing to cover their nakedness. Furniture which could not be 11. What authority was given to Washington? 12. AVhat effect had these successes on New Jersey? What is said of the conduct of the enemy in the State ? Describe some of the out- rajies committed ? 140 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. carried away was wantonly destroyed. Cattle and horses were driven off. Dwellings and outhouses were burned or rendered uninhabitable, and even churches and public build- ings were consumed. Young girls, middle-aged and old women were treated in the most barbarous and cruel manner. 13. This terrible suffering accomplished for the American cause what the earnest appeals of patriots, the recommenda- tions of Congress, the zealous exertions of Governor Livings- ton and the State authorities, together with the suj)plications of General Washington, could not effect. The whole country was aroused, and the people as one man rose in arms against the invaders. Those who from age and infirmities were unable to enter the army acted as spies and informers. They kept a strict watch on the movements of the enemy, and made haste to communicate all important information to their countrymen in arms, and all who were able enrolled themselves in organized companies and joined the troops in the field. The militia of New Jersey, which had hitherto been overawed by the presence of the enemy to such an ex- tent as to render it almost useless, was now inspirited and disciplined for the duties of the severest campaigns. Detach- ments scoured the country in every direction, seized the British stragglers wherever found, and in several sharp skir- mishes conducted themselves with the steadiness and gal- lantry of veterans, achieving marked successes over the British troops. 14. Within four days after the battle of Princeton a com- pany of " Waldeckers" was completely destroyed by the New Jersey militia under Colonel Spencer, at Springfield. On the 2()th of January, General Dickinson, with about 400 militia and a company of Pennsylvania riflemen, fell upon a 13. Wliat effect had these outrages on tlie people ? 14. Name some of the exploits of the State militia? WASHINGTON'S PROCLAMATION. 141 British foraging party at Somerset Court-house, and captured 40 wagons, upward of 100 liorses, with a large number of cattle and sheep, which the enemy had collected. A month later. Colonel Neilson, of New Brunswick, surprised and cap- tured Major Stockton and his company of Tories near that place. 15. Thus, in an incredibly short time, the Americans had completely overrun the Jerseys. The enemy was forced to leave Woodbridge. General Maxwell surprised the gar- rison at Elizabeth and took nearly 100 prisoners, with a quan- tity of baggage. The British were driven from Newark, and after a few weeks the royal troops were shut up in New Brunswick and Amboy. 16. General Putnam pitched his camp at Princeton, and guarded the country in that vicinity. During the winter he sent out flying expeditions toward the enemy's lines, which greatly perplexed and harassed the British commander. 17. Washington took advantage of this favorable senti- ment in the State, and issued a proclamation directed to all the inhabitants Avho had taken protection from the enemy. It ofiered full and free pardon to all who would appear before any general ofiicer and swear allegiance to the United States. The same terms were also included in an act passed by the New Jersey Legislature, wdiich was at this time in session. These measures had a very salutary effect upon the people. Many flocked in from every quarter to take the oath of alle- giance, and a strong sentiment in favor of American inde- pendence now grew up where but a few weeks before loyalty to Great Britain filled the community. 18. The rising spirit of liberty spread through the whole 15. What other movements were made ? 16. What is said of Putnam's troops? 17. What efforts were made to win tlie people to the cause of inde- pendence ? 142 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. State of New Jersey. The work of organizing the militia Avas carried on vigorously, and the war of skirmishes on every side of the British army was kept np throughout the winter. The loss to the British in this succession of encounters was considerably more than that sustained at Trenton and Prince- ton. The enemy's foraging parties were so closely watched and so frequently captured that their cavalry and draft horses were put on short allowance, and at the oj^ening of spring they were in very ill condition to enter upon a campaign. 19. The British government had sent a powerful army into Canada, commanded by General Burgoyne. When the spring of 1777 opened this army began to move toward the upper valley of the Hudson. Washington believed that General Howe, with the British army at New York, would either move up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne's troops, or would endeavor, by a campaign across the State of New Jersey, to capture Philadelphia. He therefore determined to remain in the high grounds of the State to discipline his ai-my and arrange his plans to meet the enemy, no matter in what direction he should move. On the 28th of May the army broke camp at Morristown and advanced to Middle- brook, not far from the Raritan and ten miles from New Brunswick. His army numbered 8378 men, of whom up- ward of 2000 were sick. More than half of these troops had never met the enemy, and were therefore undisciplined in battle. General Sullivan lay at Princeton with a body of Continental troops, which was daily increased by the addi- tions of New Jersey militia and by the arrival of re(?ruits from the Southern States. General Howe had resolved not to attack the Continental army in its fortified camp, but en- 18. Wliat was tlie state of public feeling? 19. Wliat is said of the condition of tlie enemy? What transpired in the North ? What was the strengtii of Washington's army ? MOVEMENTS OF GENERAL HOWE. 143 deavored to draw it out in the open field, in the hope that he might there meet it and overwhehu it. This, however, Wash- ington had resolved to avoid, and had instructed all his gen- eral officers to harass and annoy, but not to attack, the British forces. 20. Early on the morning of the 14th of June, General HoT/e marched out from New Brunswick in two columns. The first was led by Lord Cornwallis, and reached Somerset Court-house at the break of day. The second division, under General Heister, marched to Middlebush, between New Brunswick and Somerville. Receiving intelligence that the enemy was approaching, Washington posted his Avhole army in order of battle on the heights in front of his camp. This position he maintained during the day, and at night the troops slept on the ground. The New Jersey militia, with commendable promptness and with unexampled ardor, took the field in great numbers and marched to General Sulli- van's camp, who had retired behind the Sourland Hills, toward Flemington, where he collected quite a large army. When General Howe found that he could not draw Washington away from his strong position, and saw that the inhabitants of the country all around him had rushed to arms to resist his progress, he determined to waste no more time in en- deavoring to reach Philadelphia by marching through New Jersey. He therefore returned to New Brunswick with his whole army on the night of the 19th. From thence, on the 22d, he marched to Amboy, and sent his baggage trains across to Staten Island, on a portable bridge which he had constructed dui'ing the winter for the purpose of crossing the Delaware. 21. Washington had closely watched the movements of 20. What movements were made by the enemy? How did Wash- ington prepare to meet these? Why did Howe withdraw to Amboy? 21. How did Washington embarrass his march? 144 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the enemy, and sent General Greene with three brigades with orders to fall upon the rear of the British army. Gen- eral Sullivan was directed to move with his division to co- operate with Greene, and General Maxwell was sent to attack the enemy's flank. These troops inflicted serious damage on General Howe's rearguard. Washington ad- vanced his whole army to Quibbletown, on the road to Amboy, and Lord Sterling's division moved forward to Matouchin Meeting-house. 22. General Howe, observing these movements, deter- mined to face about, and, if possible, bring on a general en- gagement with the American army. Early on the morning of the 26th he made a rapid march in two columns toward Westfield. The right, commanded by Lord Cornwallis, took the road by Woodbridge to Scotch Plains ; and the left, ac- companied by Sir William Howe in person, marched by Matouchin Meeting-house to ftill in the rear of the first column. General Howe had ordered his left column to pass round and attack the left flank of the American army at Quibbletown, while Lord Cornwallis should gain the heights on the left of the camp at Middlebrook. Four battalions with artillery were detached to take posts at Bonhamtown. 23. Washington discovered the movements of the enemy, and at once penetrated his object. He therefore instantly put his army in motion, and with the utmost celerity re- gained his fortifications at Middlebrook and took possession of the heights on the left, which it had been the design of the enemy to seize. Lord Cornwallis encountered Lord Ster- ling's division, and a smart skirmish ensued, in which the Americans were driven from the ground with the loss of three field-pieces and a few men, and Sterling withdrew his 22. What did Howe attempt to do? 23. How did Washington prepare to meet him? Wiiat was the re- sult of tilt movement? THE BRITISH LAND IN MARYLAND. 145 troops to the hills about the Scotch Plains. General Howe saw that the object for which he had performed this skillful raanffiuvre could not be obtained. He therefore marched back through Rahway to Amboy, and on the 30th of June crossed with his whole army to Staten Island. 24. Washington remained for some days at his camp at Middlebrook, until the enemy had withdrawn his military stores and baggage from the coast opposite Amboy. He then saw that Howe had given up his intention of marching across the State to Philadelphia. 25. General Howe embarked his troops at New York and put to sea on the 23d of July. Washington regarded this as a movement against Philadelphia from the south, and there- fore took up the march toward the Delaware. On the 30th of July the enemy's fleet appeared off" the capes of the Dela- ware, and orders were given by Washington for concentrating his forces at Philadelphia. The fleet, however, soon disap- peared from the mouth of the bay, and no further intelli- gence was received of its movements until the 7th of August, when it was reported to be a few leagues southwai'd of the Delaware capes. On the 16th of August the Avhole fleet ap- peared at the mouth of the Chesapeake. Meanwhile, General Washington had posted his forces on the Delaware below Philadelphia. The foists at Red Bank on the east side of the Delaware, and on Mud Island on the west side, were strength- ened and the garrisons were increased. 26. The British landed near the village of Elkton, in Maryland, on the 25th of August. Washington moved his army to the banks of the Brandywine, and prepared to meet the enemy at Chadd's Ford. The British army confronted 24. What was given up ? 25. What great movement was now undertaken ? What is said of it? 26. Wliere did the British land? Wliere did the armies meet? 13 K 146 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY. Washington's line on the 11th of September. Skirmishing * soon began between the advance parties. At ten o'clock, General Maxwell, commanding the New Jersey troops, which had been sent over the stream to watch the movements of the enemy, was driven across Brandy wine creek, below the fords. General Howe sent a detachment under General Knyphausen to threaten the crossing at Chadd's Ford, while with the main body of his army he marched up the creek, crossed at the uj^per fords and came down upon Washington's right flank. 27. A severe engagement took place near Birmingham Meeting-house, beginning at four o'clock in the afternoon. The enemy broke through the American lines, and compelled Washington to fall back in order to save his army. The British rushed forward in hot pursuit, eager for the total de- struction of the patriot regiments. General Muhlenberg's brigade Avas instantly formed and thrown forward as a rear- guard. These troops made such obstinate resistance to the advance of the enemy that Howe was compelled to move with great caution, and finally receiving a severe check by the charge of General Greene's division, he abandoned the pursuit. 28. While the battle was raging on the right, Knyphausen attempted to cross the creek at Chadd's Ford, but he was so stoutly resisted by Generals Wayne and Maxwell that he was unable to accomplish his purpose. When, however, the right wing was defeated, the troops at the ford fell back and joined the main army, which retreated upon Chester. 29. In this battle the Americans lost 900 killed and wounded. Among the wounded was General La Fayette, 27. What battle was fought? Describe it. 28. Describe tlie battle on the left. 29. What were the casualties ? ATTACK ON FORTS MERCER AND MIFFLIN. 147 who had but a short time before arrived in America and joined Wasliiugton's army. The British loss was 100 killed and 400 wounded. 30. Washington retired to Philadelphia and encamped his army at Germantown. Four days after the battle of Bran- dywine the Americans crossed the Schuylkill and marched toward Goshen, for the commander-in-chief had determined to risk another battle for the possession of the city. The enemy had encamped near Village Green, in Delaware county, and on the morning of the 16th the two armies con- fronted each other. The skirmishers in the front of the picket-lines opened a brisk fire, when suddenly a violent rain-storm set in and separated the hostile forces. Washing- ton was informed by his officers that the ammunition of his men had become so wet as to be unfit for use ; he therefore withdrew to Warwick Furnace, where he obtained a new supply. 31. On the 23d of September the British army crossed the Schuylkill near Norristown, and three days later marched into Philadelphia. Howe ordered the main body of his troops into camp at Germantown, but established his head- quarters in the city. The British general had sent his fleet from the Chesapeake round into the Delaware bay, and had ordered the navy to join the army at Philadelphia. 32. The forts on the Delaware below the city were de- fended by the American garrisons with a tenacity that greatly perplexed the British commander. The British fleet was unable to pass up the river until Fort Mifflin, on the Pennsylvania side, and Fort Mercer, on the New Jersey side, 30. Where did the armies encamp after the battle? How was an- other battle prevented ? 31. When did the enemy occupy Philadelphia? 32. What is said of the forts on the Delaware and the efforts made to capture them ? 148 IIISTOBT OF NEW JERSEY. were captured. In the efforts to gain possession of these forts nearly two months were consumed, and lieavy losses were sustained by the enemy. On the 2'2d of October, over 2000 Hessian grenadiers, under Donop, made an assault on Fort Mercer. They were repulsed with heavy loss and their commander was slain. The little garrison of patriots defend- ing the fort numbered less than 500 men, and was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Greene. The enemy's war vessels came up the river to assist in the reduction of the fort, but the 12 galleys and the 2 floating batteries from the Penn- sylvania navy attacked these royal ships with such vigor that two of the largest were driven aground and blown to pieces by the explosion of their magazines. 33. These disasters greatly exasperated the British gen- eral, and he therefore concentrated his land and naval forces against Fort Mifflin. The heroic garrison defended that post with matchless courage until their block-houses were re- duced to heaps of ruins, the pallisades broken down, their guns dismounted, and until the men, Avorn down by incessant labor and loss of sleep, were unable to continue the defence. The garrison then withdrew on the night of the 15th of No- vember, set fire to the barracks and carried away their can- non and stores. Three days later, Fort Mercer was evacuated, and the American fleet on the Delaware sailed by the city at night and escaped up the river. Thus, after a long and dis- astrous contest, the army and fleet of the enemy formed a junction at Philadelphia. 34. General Washington had pitched his camp at Potts- grove, 35 miles up the Schuylkill river. On the 4th of Oc- tober he fell suddenly on the British camp at Germantown, fought a severe engagement with the British troops at that point, and upon the approach of reinforcements from Phila- 33. How were these forts finally taken ? 34. "What is said of the battle of Germantown ? WIA'TER QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. 149 delphia rapidly withdrew his army and encamped near Whitemarsh. 35. On the 4th of December the British forces marched out against this camp, in the hope of being able to surprise and destroy Washington's army. Fortunately for the Amer- ican cause, a patriotic lady — Lydia Darrach — had overheard the reading of General Howe's secret orders for this expedi- tion, and had sent word to Washington of the approaching danger. The British general, to his great surprise and mor- tification, discovered the American army drawn up ready to receive him. He therefore sullenly withdrew his forces to their camp. 36. On the 11th the American army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. The men moved toward the wooded hillsides selected for their resting-place, many with- out shoes to protect their bleeding feet from the ice and frozen ground of midwinter. They speedily converted the forest trees into huts, which they plastered with mud and covered with boughs and bark. The untiring vigilance of Washington secured the camp against surprise. Love of country and aflTectionate attachment to their general sus- tained the troops under hardships that would have disheart- ened and dispersed weaker and less patriotic men. The winter was colder and longer than usual ; the men were thinly clad ; had not so much as bare straw to lie down upon at night ; often half starved for want of even the meanest food. Yet that freezing, starving little army of patriots knew that its cause was just, and felt that its labors and suf- ferings must end in victory. 35. Where did the enemy attempt to surprise Washington's camp? How was this prevented ? 36. Where did Washington's army go into winter quarters? What was the condition of the army? 13 » CHAPTER XIV. British Foraging Parties— March Across the State— Battle of Monmouth. Ll H \t r M NM LTIl l\irLLHEir 1. After the battle of Brandy wine, New Jersey was called upon to furnish reinforcements for the army. The recollection of past suffering, and the fear that the enemy might again occupy the State, induced the inhabitants to enlist more freely and to reorganize the militia of the State. 2. Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander at New York, invaded the northern counties in order to draw the attention of the New Jersey troops from General Howe's army at Philadelphia. He entered the State and marched 3000 men by way of Elizabeth, on the 13th of September, 1777, The enemy collected large quantities of provisions. Chapter XIV. — 1. What occurred after the battle of Brandy wine? 2. How was the State invaded? 150 THE SPIRIT OF THE STATE MILITIA. 151 General McDougal, Avith a division of Continental troops, and General Dickinson, at the head of the New Jersey mili- tia, marched against Clinton's troops, and compelled them to withdraw to Staten Island. 3. These movements on the northern border of the State induced the Jersey militiamen to watch the enemy in that quarter. A small body, however, crossed the Delaware to co-operate with Washington's array on the Schuylkill. After the battle of Gerniantown the New Jersey troops were or- dered back to the State for home defence. 4. Lord Cornwallis entered New Jersey opposite Philadel- phia with 5000 men, and j3amped on Gloucester Point, whence foraging parties were sent into the country to collect provisions. General Greene commanded a. body of troops, part of which were New Jersey militia, but he did not feel himself sufficiently strong to attack the British in their entrenched camp. At a favorable opportunity, however, Greene sent a detachment of 150 men from Morgan's rifle corps, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Butler, and about an equal number of State militia, under General La Fayette, against a picket station of the enemy about 300 strong. A spirited engagement took place, in which the enemy was routed and pursued to the very lines of his encampment. The Americans then hastily retired and left the enemy in such perfect bewilderment that he did not pursue the victori- ous Jersey men. La Fayette, in a letter to Washington, said : " I found these riflemen even above their reputation, and the militia above all expectation I could have formed of them." Soon after this, Cornwallis withdrew his division to Phila- delphia. 5. The loss to the Americans at Brandywine, Philadel- 3. What was the effect of these movements ? 4. What engagements took place opposite Philadelphia? Wliat is said of the spirit of the Jersey militia? 152 HISTORY OF NEW JKRSEY. pliia aiifl (Icnuaiitowii in tlif fall of 1 777 was iiion^ tlian balanced jjy the capture of the avIioIc! JJritisli army under General Burgoyne, near Saratoga, on the l.'3th of October of the same year. An army of 5752 British officers and soldiers was thus destroyed and captured. The finest train of artil- lery that had ever entered the American continent, together with 7000 stands of excellent arms, clothing for 7000 recruits, V. ith tents and other military stores of great value, fell into the hands of tlie Continental troojjs. This ev(!nt filled all patriot hearts with joy. It enabled (leneral Washington to draw large reinforcements froju the northern army to o[)eratc against the enemy in Pennsylv.ania. It greatly discouraged the British ministry, gave character and credit to tlu; United States in all ])arts of the world, enabled Franklin to con- clude a treaty with France, wherein tin; king acknowledged the independence of the colonies and |)ledged himself to assist with money and arms to maintain it. 6. In compliance with tliis treaty, the French government sent a scpiadron of 12 ships and 4 large frigates to America, with orders to proceed to the mouth of the Delawan; antl blockade the British fleet in tliat bay. 7. Early in the spring of 1778, the enemy made incursions into New Jersey. About the middle of ]\Iarch a body of 1200, commanded by Colonel Mahwood, entered the State at Salem, and dispersed a small body of inilitia stationed at that ])lace under Colonels Hand and Holme. Several skirmishes took place on the banks of Alloways creek, in which the militia lost about 50 men. General Washington had learned of this expedition, and sent Colonel Shreve with a regiment of regulars to join the New Jersey militia at Iladdonfield. 5. How Avere the American losses balanced? Wliat was the effect of tlio capture of I5iirgo\'ne? 0. Wliat did tlie French govornnieiit do? 7. AVhat occurred at Salem? Till': TililTmiT EVACUATE I'///LA D/CL/'IIIA. IT)!} Miiliwoix] addressed ii lett(!r to (JoloiK;! Iliiml, in uliich Ik; offered t(j pay for all the cattit; and foraj^c; lie had (;olleeted if the militia would lay down their arin.s and return to their homes, but if they refused to accept this proposition, he threatened to arm the Tories and to authorize them to cap- ture all p(!rs()ns found in arms against tlu; royal autlujrity, to l)urn tluir dwellings and reduce th<;ir famili(!S to th(! ut- most poverty. (JoIoik;! Jfarid indignantly n^jettted the pro- position, and Mahwood fully executed his threat. He seized and imprisoned the patriots, and in the lower part of the State plundered their hou.sr-s and destroyed their pnjperty without restraint. H. In the beginning of June, Sir Henry Clinton assumed command of the Jiritish for(;es at Philadcilphia. On the 18th of that month he evacuated the city and took up his march across New Jersey toward New York. 'J'he approach of the French fleet rendered Philadelphia a dan- gerous camp for the enemy. He therefore wisely with- drew his army and fleet before the arrival of the French .squadron. i). Washington had closely watched the movements, and had disposed his forces so as to follow the Briti.sh army, and, if possible, bring it to battle upon advantageous grounds. General Maxwell, with the N(;w .Jersey brigade, was ordered to take post at Mount Holly and unlit; with Cien- eral Dickinson, who was tirming the New .j<;r.sey militia for the fiurpose (jf breaking down bridg(;s and felling trees in tin; roads, and doing all that was possible to embarrass the march of the (;nemy. Orders were given to these troops to keep themselves in light marching order and to avoid a general engagement, 8. Wlicn wan Philadelpfiia evacuated? 9. VVliat had Wasliington rcHolved to do? W'liat ordorH were iHsued ? 154 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 10. General Clinton moved with great caution. He seemed to expect an attack, and held himself in readiness to give battle. He encamped at Haddonfield for one night, and thence marched through Mount Holly, Slabtown and Crosswicks to Allentown and Imlaytown, where he arrived on the 24th of June. Dickinson and Maxwell retired slowly before the enemy, breaking down the bridges and otherwise destroying the roads. 11. Washington broke camp at Valley Forge, crossed the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry on the 22d, and encamped at Hopewell on the following day. He had resolved to hold his army on the high grounds and to guard the passes of the Highlands. General Arnold was ordered to enter Philadel- phia, and to send forward a detachment of 400 Continental troops and all the militia that could be collected, under the command of General Cadwalader, to harass the rearguard of the enemy. From Hopewell, Washington sent out Morgan with 600 riflemen to watch the enemy's right flank, and or- dered Dickinson, with about 1000 Jersey militia and Max- well's brigade, to hang on the enemy's left. 12. The armies in New Jersey were now of nearly equal strength. The British numbered about 10,000 men, fully armed and well disciplined. Washington had under his command nearly 12,000, part of whom were militia and in- dift'erently armed. A council of war decided against accept- ing a general engagement. Generals Wayne and Cadwalader were strongly in favor of giving battle. General La Fayette favored the decision of these officers, but did not press his views. Washington himself was resolved upon battle. Al- io. Who commanded the enemy in New Jersey ? How did he move? How was his marcli embarrassed? 11. How did Washington conduct tlie pursuit? 12. What was the relative strengtli of the armies in New Jersey? Who favored a general engagement ? MOVEMENTS OF THE AMERICANS. 155 though the council of war decided against him, he was so strongly supported by a few officers in whom he had the highest confidence that he determined to bring on a general engagement. 13. The enemy was now approaching Monmouth Court- house. Washington sent forward a select body of 1500 men under Brigadier-General Scott, to join the divisions on the left flank of the enemy. He afterward sent forward General Wayne, with an additional corps of 1000 men, to strengthen this part of his army. These troops, numbering about 4000, and placed under the command of La Fayette, gained the enemy's front. The general was ordered by tlie commander- in-chief to co-operate with General Dickinson to impede the march of the British and to inflict upon them the severest pos- sible loss. The execution of these orders would inevitably lead to a general battle. General La Fayette so understood them, and fully prepared himself for that event. 14. On the 26th, Washington moved his army forward to Greenburg to support his advanced division. His van- guard had pressed forward and taken position on the Mon- mouth road, about five miles in the rear of the enemy, with the intention of attacking him on the next morning, but the intense heat of the day and a heavy storm coming up checked the progress of the enemy, and La Fayette was ordered to draw oflT his troops toward Englishtown. Early on the morning of the 27th, Lee was sent forward with 2000 men to join La Fayette. 15. W^ashington communicated to his army his intention to attack the enemy as soon as he should attempt to move from his present position. At five o'clock on the morning of the 28th, word was received from General Dickinson, at 13. How did Washington dispose his troops? 14. What disposition did Wasliington make for battle ? 15. What occurred on the 28th of June? 156 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the head of the New Jersey militia, that the front of the enemy was in motion. The troops were immediately under arms, and Lee was directed to move up and attack the rear. He was at the same time informed that the main army Avould march to support him. 16. General Clinton, perceiving that the Americans were upon him, changed the order of his march. His baggage was placed under the care of General Knyphausen, while the flower of his army formed the rear division, commanded by Lord Cornwallis. In order to avoid pressing upon Knyp- hausen, Cornwall is remained quiet in his camp until about eight o'clock. He then descended from the heights of Free- hold into a plain about three miles in extent, and took up his line of march in the rear of the baggage trains. General Lee now prepared to attack the rearguard of the enemy. General Dickinson was ordered to detach part of his troops to co-operate with Lee, and Morgan was sent to threaten the enemy's right flank. Lee gained the heights of Freehold as soon as the enemy had left them, and following the British into the plains, ordered General Wayne to open the battle. 17. Clinton now discovered the Americans on both his flanks, and heard the roar of attack upon his rearguard. Believing that this was an attempt to seize his baggage trains, he determined to fall upon the troops in his j-ear so vigorously as to compel Washington to call off" the troops from his flanks. 18. It was now about ten o'clock, and both armies were preparing for action. At this moment a column of Ameri- cans moving obliquely on the flank led Lee to suppose that Washington had ordered the troops in front to retire. He therefore resolved to withdraw his division behind a morass 16. Describe the opening of the battle of Monmouth. 17. What did Clinton resolve lo do? 18. Wiiat blunder was committed? THE RETREAT OF GENERAL LEE. 157 that was in his rear. The enemy opened a vigorous attack on this retiring column. The firing was heard in the rear, and Washington, regarding it as the opening of the battle, immediately ordered his troops to throw off their packs and advance rapidly to the front. The commanding general had received no intelligence from Lee notifying him of his re- treat. As the troops approached the scene of action, Wash- ington rode forward, and to his utter astonishment and mor- tification met his advanced corps retiring before the enemy without having made any considerable efforts to maintain its ground. 19. Washington galloped forward to the rearguard of the division, which was closely pressed. He there met General Lee, whom he addressed with great warmth, implying disap- probation of his conduct. He gave orders to the troops to form immediately upon advantageous grounds, which he pointed out, and directed General Lee to make every effort to stop the advancing column of the enemy. The com- mander-in-chief then rode back himself to arrange the rear division for battle. These orders were executed with great promptness. A sharp conflict ensued, and when General Lee's troops were forced from the ground on which they had been posted, they retired in good order and formed in the rear of Englishtown. 20. Meanwhile the left wing and a second division of the American army had formed on high ground, partly in a wood and partly in an open field covered by the morass in front. Lord Sterling, who commanded this wing, brought up a detachment of artillery, which played with considerable effect on a body of the British pressing to the charge. This artillery fire, well supported by the infantry, eflfectually stopped the advance of the enemy, 19. How was it rectified ? 20. How was the line of battle formed? 14 158 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 21. General Greene, commanding the right wing, had early in the morning been sent out to the New Church, two miles from Englishtown, with orders to form in the Mon- mouth road, a short distance in the rear of the court-house. Having, however, learned of Lee's retreat, he immediately withdrew his division and took position on the right. The enemy, being unable to overcome the artillery fire in the front, attemjited to turn the left flank of the Americans, but was repulsed with severe loss. An attempt on the right Avas equally unsuccessful. General Greene had there strongly posted his artillery and infantry, and cut down the enemy with a severe enfilading fire. At the same moment General Wayne came up with his infantry upon the front, and charged with such vigor that he forced the British to with- draw behind the morass to the grounds upon which the first halt had been made. 22. The enemy's line was reformed on very strong ground ; both flanks were protected by thick woods and morasses, while the front could be reached only through a narrow pass. Nevertheless, Washington resolved to renew the engagement. He sent a body of troops under General Poor to gain the enemy's right flank, while Woodford with his brigade turned the left and his artillery advanced upon the front. The ob- structions upon the flank, however, were found to be so great that before the troops could gain that part of the line it Avas nearly dark. The divisions Avere therefore ordered to halt. The troops on both flanks and on the front bivouacked, and Avere held in perfect readiness to rcncAV the engagement. AVashington passed the night in the midst of his soldiers, en- couraging them by his presence to exert their whole ])OAver on the coming day to destroy the British army in their 21. Describe General Greene's movements. Wayne's charge. 22. How did the battle end? BRITISH AND AMERICAN LOSSES. 159 front. About midnight the enemy silently stole away, and left the patriot army in jjossession of the field. 23. Washington regarded the action as highly favorable to the American cause, and finding that the enemy would gain the Highlands before he could be overtaken, he resolved to relinquish the pursuit. Leaving the New Jersey brigade to hover upon the enemy's rear and to protect the country from depredations, he withdrew the main body of his army to the Hudson to occupy the passes in the Highlands, 24. In the battle of Monmouth the loss of the Americans was 8 officers and 61 privates killed, and about 160 wounded. The British reported their loss at 4 officers and 184 privates killed, 16 officers and 154 privates wounded. This report, however, was proven to be false by the presence of 4 officers and nearly 300 privates left dead on the field. In addition to the casualties of this battle, the British lost in their march through New Jersey about 100 prisoners and nearly 1000 by desertion. 25. After passing a few days on the high grounds near Middletown, General Clinton marched to Sandy Hook, and thence transported his army to New York. 23. How did Washington regard the result? How was the enemy pursued ? 24. What were the casualties in the battle of Monmouth ? When did the Britisli withdraw from New Jersey ? CHAPTER XV. Tory Marauders — Villages Burned and Inhabitants Murdered — Destiiidion in Camp — Battle of Springfield. LLUM.NU UF .;LT lAKMS. 1. After the battle of Monmouth and the expulsion of the enemy from New Jersey, active military operations were transferred to the South. Georgia, the Carolinas and Vir- ginia became the battle-fields, and during nearly four years, beginning with November, 1778, the struggle for independ- ence pressed sorely upon the inhabitants of those States. The enemy maintained his hold on New York throughout the war. Washington's army in New Jersey, with detach- ments on the Highlands and in New England, kept a strict watch on the Bi'itish forces camped on the New York islands. Chapter XV.— 1. Wlmt occurred after the battle of Monmouth? 160 NEW JERSEY AGAIN INVADED. 161 2. Marauding j^arties and foraging expeditions frequently left these islands to prey upon the inhabitants of the surround- ing country. Near the close of September, 1778, a body of 5000 troops under Cornwallis entered New Jersey, A detachment of this expedition surprised Colonel Baylor's cavalry regiment at Harrington. The enemy came upon the cavalrymen at night, and found them sleeping in a barn. They surrounded the regiment, and, refusing quarter, put the men to the bay- onet : 67 were killed or wounded, and all of the officers were wounded and captured. A few days later, this massacre was fairly matched by Colonel Richard Butler and Major Lee, who, with a body of Provincial cavalry, fell upon a party of the enemy commanded by Captain Donop, and, without the loss of a man, slew 10 of the enemy's party, captured 18 and carried away the officers as prisoners of war. 3. About the same time, Count Pulaski's camp at Little Egg Harbor was betrayed into the hands of the enemy by a professed British deserter. Three companies of infantry and 40 cavalrymen were captured ; but the principal body, led by the count, cut its way through the enemy's lines and escaped. 4. In December, Washington's army went into winter quartei's. Part of it camped in Connecticut, and part at West Point and at Middlebrook. 5. In the spring of 1779 strong expeditions were sent against the Indians on the Western frontier, who had been employed by the British to plunder the border settlements and massacre the inhabitants. General Maxwell's brigade of New Jersey troops, stationed for the winter at Elizabeth, 2. How was New Jersey invaded ? How was Baylor's cavalry de- stroyed ? How was this massacre avenged ? 3. What occurred at Little Egg Harbor? 4. Where did the army go, into winter quarters ? 5. W^hat occurred in the spring of 1779? 14 « L 162 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was ordered to join General Sullivan's expedition against the Six Nations in the western part of New York. 6. Early in May the officers of the First New Jersey regi- ment in Maxwell's brigade sent a remonstrance to the gen- eral, addressed to the State Legislature, declaring that unless their complaints on the subject of pay and subsistence re- ceived immediate attention, they would, at the expiration of three days, resign their commissions, and requested the Legislature in that event to appoint officers to succeed them. 7. In forwarding this address to the Legislature, General Maxwell sent a letter, in which he said: "Nothing but necessity, the officers being unable to support themselves, would have induced them to resign at so critical a juncture." These officers at the same time declared their readiness to make every necessary preparation to march against the Indians, and to keep their regiments in discipline until a reasonable time for the appointment of their successors should elapse. Washington attempted by patriotic appeals and paternal remonstrances to change the resolution of these officers. Their condition, however, was one of extreme privation. 8. The petitions of the officers and the letter of General Maxwell were laid before the Legislature. A resolution was adopted to refer the matter to Congress. A resolution was also offered, censuring General Maxwell for the use of too strong language in his letter. This, however, was voted down. 9. This tardy action of the Legislature was not seconded by the patriotic people of the State. The soldiers and offi- 6. What difficulty occurred in Maxwell's brigade? 7. What did General Maxwell say of this ? 8. How was the petition of the officers received by the Legislature? 9. What action did the people take? SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 163 cers in the camp at Elizabeth were in want, and their con- dition demanded immediate relief. Governor Livingston, joined by eight patriotic and wealthy citizens,* called upon the treasurer of the State on the 15th of January and re- quested him to pay into the hands of Enos Kelsey, a com- missioner for the purchase of clothing, the sum of £7000, to be applied to the purchase of clothes for these officers, ugreeing to replace the sum in the State treasury if the Legislature at its next session did not assume the debt. 10. On the 30th of April, the Legislature, being then in session, assumed this debt, and appropriated the additional sum of £25,000 for the purpose of furnishing other officers with necessary supplies. The commissioners, however, were tardy in filling these orders, and on the 7th of May the re- monstrance of the officers was repeated. The house then directed that clothing should be furnished immediately to the amount of £200 to each officer, and that the sum of £40 should be paid to each soldier in the brigade. 11. After these difficulties had been adjusted, Sullivan's expedition marched to the Chemung Valley, where the In- dians and Tories had formed a large camp near Elmira. Sullivan attacked this camp on the 29th of August. General Hand and General Maxwell, commanding the New Jersey troops, were ordered to take the front of the enemy's line, while other troops operated on the flanks. The attack was successful, and the enemy was routed and driven across the river with great loss. 12. During the summer of 1779 marauding parties of * The persons wlio joined the governoi- were — John Cooper, Andrew Sinnickson, Josepli Holmes, Robert Morris, Peter Tallman, Abraliani Vannest, Silas Condict and William Churchill Houston. 10. What did the Legislature do for the officers ? 11. What part did New Jersey take in Sullivan's expedition? 164 HISTOET OF JSTEW JERSEY. Tories and expeditions of regular troops from New York and Staten Island made devastating excursions into New Jersey. The Tories sought i)lunder and revenge, whilst the regular troops were sent out to forage and to keep up the appearance of aggressive operations. The T-ory parties fre- quently took shelter in the deep pine forests of Monmouth county and plundered the inhabitants without distinction. 13. Among the most notorious of these freebooters were, Fagan, Bourke, Stephen West, Ezekiel Williams and Fenton. Parties of militia were authorized to hunt down and destroy these Tory leaders, who, in their depredations, inflicted the most barbarous cruelties upon the inhabitants. Fagan was finally killed by a party of militia under Captain Benjamin Dennis. This same officer, with the assistance of a bold guide named Vankirk, entrapped Bourke, West and Wil- liams as they were in the act of embarking from Rockpond for New York with a large quantity of booty which they had collected. Dennis had concealed a party of his men in the thicket, Avho shot down these Tory leaders as they were en- tering their boats. Their bodies, with that of Fagan, were hung to the limbs of trees by chains. Fenton soon met the same fate. 14. The inhabitants of Bergen county were particularly exposed to the hostile inroads of malicious Tories. On the 10th of May a party of these savages entered the settlement of Closter, murdered or carried away the principal inhabit- ants, burned their dwellings and plundered the entire settle- ment, wantonly destroying the furniture and abusing the women. This party was a detachment from Colonel Van Bushkirk's regiment, who was one of the most violent Tory 12. What is said of marauding parties from New York and Staten Island ? 13. Wliat notorious freebooters were killed ? 14. Wliat is said of the inhabitants of Bergen conntv. RAVAGES OF THE TORIES. 165 partisans that infested the State. His companies were made up of the former residents of Closter and Tappan and a number of negroes. 15. On the 17th of the same month, Van Bushkirk marched through Bergen county, marking his course at every point with desolation and slaughter. Not a house within his reach belonging to a patriot inhabitant escaped. Abraham Allen and George Campbell, influential citizens, Avere barbarously murdered. Joost Zabriskie, a prominent citizen, was stabbed in fifteen places, and two negro women in his place w^ere shot down for endeavoring to drive off" their master's cattle. The county militia rallied and marched against this horde of plunderers, but they avoided punish- ment by a precipitous retreat. 16. On the 9th of June a body of 50 Tories entered Monmouth county. They murdered several of the inhab- itants, and returned to New York laden with plunder. About the 1st of August a small band of rufiians sur- rounded the house of Thomas Farr, near Crosswicks Baptist church, broke into his dwelling, cruelly wounded Mr. Farr and murdered his wife. His only daughter escaped by flying to the house of a neighbor. A party of the enemy's light dragoons landed at Stony Point, above Amboy, on the 18th of October. They burned the stores at Boundbrook, de- stroyed a number of boats at Van Veighton's bridge, and marched out to Somerset Court-house, which they also burned. On their return by way of New Brunswick they were attacked and routed by a body of militia, and their colonel was made a prisoner. 17. The season for active operations in the North having closed, the army retired into winter quarters. The main 15. Describe the conduct of the enemy in Bergen county. 16. Describe the conduct of the enemy in Monmouth county. How was it punislied ? 166 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. division, under Washington, encamped on the heights in the rear of Scotch PLains, New Jersey, but late in December moved to Morristown, where the soldiers occupied log huts during the winter. Detachments were thrown out toward the bay to watch the enemy on Staten Island. The destitution of the army in the winter of 1779 and 1780 was almost as great as that which the soldiers had suffered at Valley Forge two years l)efore. The supply of provisions was finally ex- hausted, and famine invaded the American camp at Morris- town. Washington addressed a circular letter to the magis- trates of the several counties in the State of New Jersey, requiring them to forward a quantity of meat and flour to the camp within six days, proportioned to the resources of the inhabitants. He stated that the pressing wants of the soldiers demanded immediate relief, and that if the supplies could not be obtained by this appeal, a resort to force would be inevitable. To the lasting honor of the patriotic people of the State, this appeal was promptly answered, and the necessary supplies were immediately furnished. The soldiers in camp patiently endured their hardships, and the people, from their scanty stores and their impoverished fields, will- ingly divided their supplies with their patriotic defenders in the neighboring camps. 18. The winter was very severe. The Hudson river, New York bay and even some of the arms of the sea were frozen over with ice strong enough to bear the march of an army. 19. On the night of the 14th of January, 1780, Washing- ton sent General Lord Sterling with 2500 men to 'join a de- tachment under General Erwin, with orders to march across 17. Where did the armies go into winter quarters? What was the condition of the army at Morristown ? How did Washington supply its wants? 18. What was the character of tlio winter? 19. What eflbrt was made to capture Staten Island ? DEPRECIATION OF PAPER MONEY. 167 the ice and attack the British troops on Staten Island. The enemy, fully aware of the dangers that surrounded them, were on the watch, and had made every preparation to re- ceive reinforcements from New York. Lord Sterling- dis- covered this, and deemed it unwise to risk his troops in battle. He therefore withdrew to New Jersey on the morn- ing of the 17th. 20. The army encamped in New Jersey and in New Eng- land was now threatened by an evil almost as great as the famine which had endangered its existence in the beginning of the winter. The depi'eciation of paper money had become so great that the pay of a major-general was not sufficient to defray his daily expenses, and all the money a private re- ceived would not have paid for the shoes which he wore out on the march. The national Congress and the State Legisla- ture Avere slow to remedy this evil. Finally, a committee of Congress was apjjointed to inquire into the condition of the troops. This committee reported " that the army was unpaid for five months ; that it seldom had more than six days' pro- visions in advance, and was on several occasions for sundry successive days without meat; that it was destitute of forage; that the medical department had neither sugar, tea, choco- late, wine nor spirituous liquors of any kind ; that every de- partment Avas without money, and had not even the shadow of credit left ; and that the patience of the soldiers, borne ■down by the presence of complicated sufferings, was on the point of being exhausted." 21. The long course of suffering had produced a relaxation of discipline, and the discontents of the soldiery finally broke out in open mutiny. On the 25th of May two Connecticut 20. How did tJie depreciation of paper money affect the array ? What is said of paying the soldiers ? What is said of provisions ? 21. What effect had this suffering in camp? What effect had tliis revolt on Congress ? 168 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. regiments paraded under arms, with a declaration that they would return home or obtain subsistence at the point of the bayonet. The soldiers of many other regiments, though not uniting with the mutineers, showed no disposition to suppress the mutiny. By great exertion on the part of officers, and the bringing up of a neighboring brigade of Pennsylvanians, the leaders were secured and the troops were persuaded to return to their camps. The temper of the troops alarmed Congress and the whole country, and ra-oused the people everywhere to strenuous efforts to supply the reasonable wants of the army. 22. The story of these demonstrations in the camps, and the complaints of the people of New Jersey, who had fre- quently been called upon to divide their stores of provisions with the soldiers, had been greatly exaggerated and repeated to the British commander in New York. He was thus led to the belief that the American soldiers were ready to desert the cause of independence and the people of New Jersey to change their government. In order to take advantage of this feeling. General Knyphausen, with about 5000 men, was sent from Staten Island on the 6th of June. He landed at Elizabeth Point in the night, and early next morning marched toward Springfield by way of "Connecticut Farms." 23. \Yashington had arranged with Governor Livingston to call out the State militia whenever occasion should require. On the appearance of this invading army the call to arms • was sent throughout the counties in the northern part of the State. The militia assembled with great alacrity, marched upon the flanks of the enemy's column and greatly impeded 22. What deceived the Briti.sh commander in New York ? What expedition was sent out? 23. What arrangement liad Wasliington made with Governor Liv- ingston ? How did the militia respond to the call to arms? Of what was the British general convinced? BURNING OF '^ CONNECTICUT FARMS." 169 its progress. The number of the militia hourly increased, and the resistance they offered to the march of the enemy soon became so great as to convince the British general that he had been wholly misinformed as to the temper of the in- habitants of New Jersey. So far from being ready to sur- render their government, he found that they defended it with a spirit and determination that rendered the position of his army exceedingly dangerous. Knyphausen ordered his column to halt at "Connecticut Farms." Mortified and enraged by disappointment and the failure to accomplish his purpose, the enemy determined to take revenge on the de- fenceless village in which he had camped. 24. " Connecticut Farms," with its church and parsonage, was reduced to ashes. Mrs. Caldwell, the wife of the Rev. James Caldwell,* remained quietly in her dwelling, sitting in * James Caldwell was born in Virginia in 1734. He graduated at Princeton College in 1759. In 1761 he was ordained by the Presby- tery of New Brunswick, and installed pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth. He was married in March, 1763, to Miss Han- nah Ogden of Newark, a lady whose piety and fortitude clieered and sustained her husband through many dark and trying scenes. At the beginning of the war he was appointed chaplain of the New Jersey brigade. In June, 1776, he joined Colonel Dayton's regiment on the northern lines. His popularity with the army and people in New Jersey was unbounded. His wisdom and talents were held in high esteem, and he was bitterly hated by every enemy of American liberty in the State. He was at home the night before the attack on " Connecticut Farms." Hearing that the enemy was approaching, he endeavored to persuade his wife to flee with him, but she would not go. Whilst drinking a cup of coffee in his saddle, he saw the enemy in the dis- tance, and, bidding his wife farewell, galloped away. He never saw her again alive. He was shot at Elizabeth Point on the 24th of No- vember, 1781, and died instantly. The soldier who shot him was a Jersey militiaman, supposed to have been bribed by the enemy. He was tried and executed for willful murder. 24. Describe the destruction of " Connecticut Farms." 15 170 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. her room with an iufaut in her arms and surrounded by her children. A British soldier came to the window and dis- charged his musket at her. The ball passed through her bosom and she instantly expired. 25. From the ruins of "Connecticut Farms" Knyphausen proceeded toward Springfield. The New Jersey brigade, under General Maxwell, and the militia that had joined it, took a strong position in front of Springfield, determined to defend it. Knyphausen halted in front of Maxwell's lines and camped during the night, but made no efforts to dislodge the Americans. Washington had drawn up his army early in the morning on which Kny2:)hausen had landed at Eliza- beth Point, and advanced to the Short Hills, in the rear of Springfield. Knyphausen, perceiving that he was in danger of being attacked by an overwhelming force, rapidly retired to his boats. He was closely followed by a detachment which attacked his outposts and annoyed his rearguard, 26. The American army in the vicinity of the Hudson numbered 5580 Continental troops, only about 3000 of w'hom were eflTective soldiers. Sir Henry Clinton had now returned from the South, so that the strength of the enemy in New York was increased to 12,000 regulars, with an additional force of 4000 Tory militia. The British commander resolved to invade New Jersey, for the purpose of destroying the Ame- rican camps and stores at Morristown. He first made a de- monstration against West Point, in order to draw off Wash- ington's troops in that direction. On the morning of the 23d of June he landed a force of 5000 infimtry and a large body of cavalry and artillery at Elizabeth, and took up his march toward Springfield. General Greene, whose camp was at Springfield, commanded two brigades of Continental troops 25. What followed the destruction of "Connecticut Farms?" 20. What was the relative strength of the American and British armies near New York ? What was undertaken ? BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD. 171 and the New Jersey militia. The greater part of Washing- ton's army had been directed to march slowly toward Pomp- ton. As soon as Washington learned of the movements of the enemy, he detached a brigade to hang on his right flank, and prepared himself to support General Greene. 27. At Springfield, General Greene posted Major Lee on the Vauxhall road, on which the right column of the British was marching, and Colonel Dayton on the direct road to Springfield, to face the enemy's left. A detachment of Greene's artillery was posted to defend the bridge over the Railway, supported by Colonel Angel. Colonel Shreve, with his regiment, guarded a second bridge to cover the retreat of Colonel Angel's men. Major Lee's dragoons and the pickets under Captain Walker, supported by Colonel Ogden, defended the bridge on the Vauxhall road. The main body of the British troops was drawn up on high grounds in the rear of the town, with the militia on the flanks. 28. As the enemy approached Springfield he opened an artillery fire on the Americans, which was answered by Colonel Angel's battery at Rahway bridge. The British attacked Lee on the Vauxhall road. He resisted the pas- sage of the bridge until a body of the enemy had forded the river above him and gained his flanks, when he withdrew his troops to avoid being surrounded. On the left, Colonel Angel maintained his ground until he was compelled to yield to superior numbers. He then retired in perfect order, bringing oft' his wounded men. Colonel Shreve, after covering Angel's retreat, rejoined his brigade on the hill. The British then took possession of the town, and immediately set it on fire. 29. The stern resistance he had encountered, the gallantry and discipline of the Continental troops, the firmness dis- 27. Describe the position taken at Springfield. 28. Describe the battle of Springfield. 172 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. played in the skirmishing, the strength of Greene's position, the spirit and luiiiihcrs of tlie New Jersey militia, together \vith the report that a formidable fleet and army were daily expected from France, induced Sir Henry Clinton to aban- don the further invasion of New Jersey. He therefore with- drew from Springfield, and on the same night returned to Staten Island. The conduct of the New Jersey brigade and of the State militia in this day's fighting was conspicuously noticed, and was honorably mentioned by the commander-in- chief. 30. On the 10th of July the first division of the French army, which had been sent out to co-operate with Washing- ton, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island. General Washington visited Hartford in order to have an interview with the French commander and to arrange plans for the campaign. Whilst the commander-in-chief w'as absent from his camp on this business, Benedict Arnold attempted to surrender the military posts at West Point to the enemy. His treason was discovered and defeated, but the traitor fled to the British camp at New York before he could be arrested. ol. The spirit of the campaign in the South made it im- practicable to undertake any considerable movements in the Middle States. The close of the summer was spent in re- cruiting, and early in December the army went into winter quarters. The Pennsylvania troops, under General Wayne, were stationed near Morristown ; the New Jersey regulars en- camped at Porapton ; the New England troops near West Point, and the New York regiments at Albany. 29. What induced the enemy to abandon the invasion ? What is said of the conduct of the New Jersey militia? 80. When did the French army arrive, and where did it land? What treachery was attempted? 31. Where did the army go into winter quarters? CHAPTER XVI. Revolt in Camp — End of the War — Contributions of the State and Sufferings of the Inhabitants. RUTOERS COLLEGE, NEW BRUNSWICK. . 1. The year 1781, which closed in glorious triumph, opened with many gloomy prospects and disheartening cir- cumstances. The soldiers had served their country in many severe campaigns, almost without pay ; often without suffi- cient clothing to cover their shivering bodies or food to stay their hunger. Congress had sent promise after promise that relief would be afforded speedily, but the promises were un- fulfilled. The soldiers became dissatisfied, and finally, on the 1st of January, a body of Pennsylvania troops in the camp at Morristown i-esolved to march to Philadelphia and demand immediate justice from their representatives. 2. General Wayne was in command of these troops, and Chapter XVI. — J. Wbnt occurred in tlie beginning of 1781? 1,« 17:5 174 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. every oue of the 1300 who had entered upon this desperate purpose dearly loved his general. He followed the men, and by persuasion and threats endeavored to bring them baek to his camp. They would not listen to his entreaties. Finally he threw himself in front of the column, drew his pistol and threatened to shoot the leaders if they did not face about and return to Morristown. The men instantly surrounded Wayne with their fixed bayonets, and, pointing their muskets at his heart, cried out, "General, we love and respect you; often have you led us into the field of battle, but Ave warn you to be on- your guard. If you fire your pistol or attempt to en- force your commands, we shall put you instantly to death." Brave Anthony Wayne still stood firm, not fearing harm at the hands of his own men. He appealed to their patriotism, reminded them of toils and sufferings already endured for the cause of American liberty, and begged them not to sacri- fice, in one rash moment, the honor and advantage they had gained by years of w^eary marches and terrible battles. He recited to them how the enemy would rejoice and how their friends would grieve over their conduct. 3. The men replied by exhibiting their tattered garments and relating the story of their sufferings for want of food, and then repeated their determination to march to Philadel- phia and demand from Congress immediate redress. Find- ing himself unable to restrain the troops, Wayne resolved to accompany them, and at the same time sent orders to his quartermaster to send supplies after him, for he knew the men would soon need them. 4. At Princeton the party was met by a committee from Congress, who promised that the just demands of the sol- 2. Who commanded these troops? How did he endeavor to bring them back to camp? 3. What answer did tlie soldiers make? 4. How did tlie revolt terminate? SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT. 175 diers should be granted. The men whose enlistment had expired were allowed to go home, and those whose term of service had not yet ended agreed to return to their camps. 5. When intelligence of this revolt reached the British commander in New York, he despatched agents to Princeton to bribe the soldiers and persuade them to desert and join the enemy. But these troops seized the British emissaries and delivered them to General Wayne. They were tried by military commission, and condemned to be hung as spies. 6. The success of the Pennsylvania regiments in obtaining redress of grievances stimulated part of the New Jersey troops to pursue the same course. On the night of the 20th of January, part of the brigade stationed at Pompton rose in arms and claimed the same privileges that had been granted to the Pennsylvanians. A body of 160 men marched to Chatham, where another brigade was stationed, and invited their comrades to revolt. 7. General Washington had already discovered the danger of yielding to the violent demands of soldiers with arms in their hands, and therefore resolved upon severe measures to bring the mutineers to unconditional submission. He sent a detachment under General Howe, with orders to arrest the leaders and to bring them to punishment. Howe's troops arrived at Chatham early in the morning, and surrounded the camp of the revolters. Colonel Barber, of New Jersey, commanded the mutineers to parade without arms and to march to designated ground. They hesitated to obey, and Colonel Sprout was ordered to advance with his regiment and give them five minutes' time to comply with the com- 5. What did the British commander do? 0. What eflect liad the success of the Pennsylvanians on other troops ? What occurred at Pompton ? 7. How was til is revolt suppressed ? 176 IIISTOUT OF NEW JERSEY. niand of Colonel Barber. With fixed bayonets and leveled muskets on every side of them, they instantly laid down their arms and complied with the order. Three of the most active leaders were tried and executed on the spot. 8. Sir Henry Clinton heard of the mutiny of the New Jersey troops, and despatched emissaries to offer them the same terms that had been offered to the Pennsylvaniaiis. He sent General Robertson, at the head of 3000 men, to Staten Island for the purpose of supporting the mutineers. The British emissaries, however, proved false to their com- mander, and delivered their papers, containing instructions and propositions, into the hands of Colonel Dayton, who com- manded the American outposts. 9. These severe measures not only enforced discipline in the camps, but aroused the States to give immediate atten- tion to the w'ants of the soldiers. It was in this hour of gloom and extreme want that Robert Morris of Philadel- phia threw into the empty treasury of the nation his immense fortune and credit, which enabled the commanding general to clothe and feed his army, and to prepare for a vigorous campaign in the approaching summer. 10. Washington and the French general. Count Rocham- beau, had agreed upon a plan to attack the enemy in New York. For this purpose the French troops were ordered from Newport late in June. But large reinforcements Avere received by the British commander, and Washington there- fore deemed it unwise to risk a battle. Word was received also that a large French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse, would soon arrive in the Chesapeake bay. The American and French commanders therefore resolved upon transferring their armies to Virginia to co-operate with this 8. What is said of the British emissaries? 9. Wliat was the efltct of tliese severe measures? 10. Wliat campaign was planned? THE MARCH TO WILLIAMSBURG. Ill fleet. The British general, Lord Cornwallis, had collected a large army at Yorktowu, in Virginia, and a British fleet was stationed at Gloucester Point, in the York river. 11. Washington wrote letters, in which he gave instruc- tions for an attack upon New York, and made arrangements to allow these to be captured by the British scouts. He thus led Sir Henry Clinton to expect an assault upon the city. While the enemy labored under this deception, Washington's army and the French troops marched through the State of New Jersey, by way of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware near that city, and thence through Pennsylvania and Mary- land, and arrived at Williamsburg, in Virginia, on the 14th of September. It is recorded of this march that such was the discipline and order of the French troops that in passing a distance of 500 miles through a country abounding in fruit not a peach or an apple was taken without leave of the com- missioned oflicers. 12. Count de Grasse had arrived in the Chesapeake with his fleet late in August, and General La Fayette had fortified a camp on James river. La Fayette had informed De Grasse of the position of the enemy, and upon the arrival of General Washington and Count Rochambeau, laid before them a care- ful description of the country and the approaches to the British camp. The whole French fleet was now concentrated at the mouth of the Chesapeake, and the British fleet, from New York, upon reaching the southern coast, stood to sea outside the harbor. A naval engagement occurred on the 5th of September with part of the enemy's fleet, but no advantage was gained on either side. 13.. On the night of the 6th of October the combined Amer- ican and French armies surrounded the camp of Lord Cornwal- 11. How did Washington deceive Clinton? Describe the raarcli to Williamsburg. 12. What great commanders met on the James? 178 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. lis at Yorktown. They jirosecuted the siege with great vigor. 'J'he officers and soldiers of France and America vied with each other in conrage and skill. A series of battles, extend- ing through thirteen days, was fought with great spirit, until almost every gun on the enemy's fortifications was dismounted and the batteries were prostrated. On the 19th, Lord Corn- wallis surrendered his army with the arms and munitions of war to Washington, and the ships and seamen to Count de Grasse. The total number of prisoners exceeded 7000 men. During the siege. Sir Henry Clinton had arrived outside of the harbor with 7000 troops and 25 ships, but finding it im- possible to break through the French lines, he returned to New^ York. 14. The capture of Cornwallis crushed the British power in America. Praise and thanksgiving went up to the Lord Omnipotent from every family altar where the love of lib- erty dwelt. In every church, in legislative halls, in the army and in Congress, the voice of the people was heard in prayer. The dark clouds of war which had hung over the States during seven years now began to break away, and peace dawned in the horizon of the new-born nation. 15. Count de Grasse sailed for the West Indies. A de- tachment of Washington's army, under General Wayne, marched to the aid of General Greene in the Carolinas. The French troops remained in Virginia, and the Eastern regiments returned to New York and New^ Jersey, under the command of General Lincoln. 16. In Great Britain the people now began to clamor for peace. Strong resolutions were adopted by Parliament in 13. Describe the siege of Yorktown. 14. What was tlie efTect of this victory ? How was the news re- ceived ? 15. What disposition was made of tlie troops ? 16. Wliat occurred in England ? THE MURDER OF CAPTAIN HUDDY. 179 1782, requiring the king and his ministry to bring the war to a close ; and on the 14th of March the House of Commons dechired by a vote that those Avho should advise or attempt a further prosecution of an offensive war on the American continent were enemies to his majesty and the country. A new ministry was formed, and the British commanders in America were notified that negotiations for peace were about to be entered upon. 17. NotAvithstanding these measures, a spirit of hostility still dwelt in the bosom of the Tories in and about New York. The traitor Benedict Arnold had been commissioned an officer in the British army, and at the head of troops com- posed of men of like character made frequent incursions into New Jersey, and inflicted most barbarous cruelties upon the inhabitants. 18. On the 2d of April, 1782, a party of these Tories attacked the blockhouse on Tom river, commanded by Cap- tain Joshua Huddy. The little garrison gallantly defended the post until it was overpowered by superior numbers and captured. The captain was taken to New York and impris- oned, and on the 12th he was carried by a party of Tories to Middletown Heights, where, without trial, he Avas hung. Huddy was a man of extraordinary bravery, and met his cruel fate with fortitude and perfect composure. He wrote his will in a clear, steady hand on the head of the barrel from which he was to be executed. 19. Washington wrote to Sir Henry Clinton at New York that unless these murderers were surrendered he would re- taliate by the execution of some of the British officers in his hands. The demand was refused, and Captain Asgill was 17. Who invaded New Jersey? 18. What occurred on Tom river? What is said of Captain Huddy? 19. What notice did Washington t.ake of tliis murder? What reply did the British commander make ? 180 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. desio-uated by lot to expiate the death of Captain Huddy. Meanwhile, however, the British commander had organized a court-martial to examine into the affiiir. It was found that the murder of Huddy had been perpetrated under instruc- tions from Governor Franklin, who was now in New York, and was president of the "Associated Loyalists," as the Tories there called themselves. Sir Guy Carleton, who now commanded on Manhattan Island, gave orders for the disso- lution of the society of "Associated Loyalists;" and assured General Washington that these outrages would not be re- peated. Asgill was then released. 20. Preliminary articles of peace were signed on the 30th of November, 1782, to take efiect on the 20th of January, 1783. On the 15th of April the return of peace was pub- licly celebrated at Trenton. On the 19th — the eighth anni- versary of the battle at Lexington — a proclamation, declaring the cessation of hostilities, was read to the troops, and on the 3d of November the army was disbanded. The enemy was allowed ample time to collect his troops and materials of war, and to embark them for England. The British were finally removed from New York on the 25th of November, 1783. Washington took leave of his soldiers and officers in New York on the 4th of December, and proceeded to Annapo- lis, where, on the 23d of that month, he surrendered his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental army to Congress, and then quietly retired to private life. 21. During the eight years of war, from 1775 to 1783, New Jersey furnished 10,726 soldiers to the army. This, 20. When were articles of peace signed? How was tlie news re- ceived? When was the army disbanded? When did the British finally leave New York? When did Washington resign his com- niission ? 21. How many troops did New Jersey furnisli during the war? What other contributions were made? OUTRAGES OF TORIES. 181 however, was the smallest part of the contribution of the in- habitants to the cause of liberty. The State several times became the public highway of marching armies. It was almost the permanent camping-ground for divisions of the Continental troops, was in constant fear of invasion, and was frequently overrun by detachments of the enemy. The main body of Washington's army camped three winters on its highlands, and drew upon the inhabitants for supplies until almost every family was reduced to extreme destitution, leaving barely enough to sustain life. 22. In addition to this drain upon their resources, the State was preyed upon by associations of Tories, freebooters and robbers, who inflicted the most barbarous cruelties upon all the inhabitants, disregarding public or social posi- tion, age and sex. Movable property was carried away, dwellings were sacked, villages were burned, men were shot down in the fields and on the highways, young girls and aged women Avere outraged in their own homes and mur- dered in cold blood. 23. The inhabitants of the northern part of the State for years could not enjoy an hour of exemption from the fear of these marauding hordes. The frequent incursions of the enemy kept the State militia almost constantly under arms, so that there was scarcely time or labor to sow the fields or to gather the harvests. The State might therefore with pro- priety have been regarded as the battle-field of the nation, rather than as a source of supplies for the army. 24. Though the war had absorbed the strength of the people, there was nevertheless kept alive amid scenes of car- nage a desire to cultivate the arts of peace. As soon, there- 22. Describe the sufferings of the people. 23. What occurred in the northern part of the State? 24. What followed the close of the war? Wliat institutions were established? 16 182 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. fore, as the war ended, many unfinished enterprises, suddenly arrested by the call to arms, were resumed. The institutions of learning at New Bi'unswick are conspicuous illustrations of this fact. George III. chartered Queen's College in 1770. The charter was granted to " such Protestants as had adopted the constitution of the Reformed churches in the Nether- lands." The Dutch Reformed Church held a convention in New York in 1771, and resolved to establish a theological seminary at New Brunswick. This was the first institution of its kind in America. 25. The struggle for American liberty which had already begun, and the war for independence that so speedily fol- lowed, demanded the whole strength of the people. All civil projects were deferred until the Avar should be brought to an end. The theological seminary was not formally opened until the year 1784. In 1825 the name of the col- lege was changed to Rutgers College. The two instituions were partially united, and provided with an able corps of instructors. From that time they grew in strength and in- fluence, and are now among the most successful schools in the country. 25. What is said of these institutions? CHAPTER XVII. The Constitution of the United States Adopted. v:i' I i,!ih EMBLEMS OF THE NATION. 1. The war for independeuce had now closed. With peace came the labor of laying the foundation of a new nation. The toils of the statesman began where those of the soldier had ended. The efforts of the army closed in triumph, it was now the duty of statesmen to preserve, in constitutional law, the principles of personal and national liberty wrenched from the monarchies of Europe and successfully defended by the swords of the patriots. The establishment of a govern- ment, to be administered by the people and for the people, was the task imposed by the victory of our arms. 2. At the beginning of the war necessity had forced a hasty union of the colonies. Their regiments and brigades were united into an army, commanded by Continental officers. Chapter XVII. — 1. What had the patriots accomplished, and what was yet to be acliieved ? 183 184 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and were led against the common enemy ; but the great work of constructing a nation that should have power over the sev- eral colonies which by the successful issue of the struggle had become independent States, had not yet been undertaken. 3. The limited authority of Congress became still more in- significant upon the establishment of peace. There was no- where a guiding power to lead the people up to the full real- ization of the fruits of their victory, nor to direct them in the construction of a representative government, under whose supreme control the States might become free republics, bound by a uniform system into a great nation, strong to develop the resources of the continent and powerful to defend the rights of its people in all parts of the world. 4. The wisdom that had prevailed in council and triumphed in the field was again brought into harmonious action. A convention was called to meet at Annapolis,* Maryland, Sep- tember 17, 1786, which agreed that another convention should be called to meet in Philadelphia, for the purpose of consid- ering what changes should be made in the Articles of Con- federation adopted in 1776 for the government of the States during the war. The representatives for New Jersey in the Philadelphia convention were — David Brearley, William C. Houston, William Patterson, William Livingston, Abra- ham Clark and Jonathan Dayton. 5. The convention assembled on May 10, 1787, and sat in the room which had been occuj)ied by Congi-essf when * Tlie New Jersey commissioners were — William C. Houston, Abra- ham Clark and James Sclirereman. t The Continental Congress assembled at Princeton, June 30, 1783, and at Trenton, November 1, 1784. 2. What had been done at the beginning of the war? What had not been undertaken ? 3. What was needed ? 4. What was done to organize the government? CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA. 185 the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Delegates were present from all the States except New Hampshire and Rhode Island. Washington was chosen president of the con- vention. He was surrounded by many great and good men, who desired nothing so much as the glory of their country and the w^elfare of the people. The delegates soon discov- ered that the Articles of Confederation were so defective and limited in their power that it would be useless to endeavor to adapt them to the wants of the nation. They resolved therefore to enter at once upon the work of framing a new constitution. 6. Several plans of government were presented by the delegates from the different States, and there Avas great diversity of opinion among the best and wisest men in the convention. A number of days had been spent in discus- sion, and many began to fear that the members would sep- arate without accomplishing anything. Finally, some one proposed an adjournment, but at this crisis Benjamin Frank- lin rose and said : " IVIr. President : How has it happened that while groping so long in the dark, divided in our opin- ions, and now about to separate without accomplishing the great object of our meeting here, we have hitherto not once thought of humbly applying to the Father of lights to illu- minate our understandings ? In the beginning of our contest with Great Britain, when all were sensible of danger, we had daily prayers in this room for divine jjrotection. Our prayers, sir, were heard and graciously answered." He then offered a resolution that, "henceforth, prayers, imploring the assistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations, be had in this assembly every morning before we proceed to business." 5. When and where did the convention assemble ? What was dis- covered ? 6. How did the work progress? Wliat did Franklin propose? 1(5 « 186 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 7. The suggestion was iid(_)pted, and the clergy of the city were invited to officiate. From that day there was greater harmony in the convention ; and, guided by Divine wisdom, the delegates soon agreed upon articles of government, which were adopted on the 17th of September, and subsequently, having been ratified by the people, became the Constitution of the nation. 8. The Articles of Confederation, and with them the Con- tinental Congress, expired on the 4th of March, 1789, and the Constitution of the United States became the or- ganic law of the nation. On the 6th of April of the same year. General Washington was elected the first President of the United States. He was then at his home at Mount A^ernon, Virginia, but having been again called to serve his country, Avent to New York, the place appointed for the meeting of the new Congress, and there, ^in the presence of a vast assembly took the oath of office on the 30th of April, 1789. 9. Congress gave its attention to the organization of the national government, and the inhabitants of the several States, relieved from the excitement of public affairs, devoted themselves to the development of the resources of the country. Eoads were opened between widely-separated settlements, churches were organized, schools were established, factories were erected, trade and commerce were extended, and the people, speedily recovering from the effects of the war, be- came prosperous and happy. 7. What was the cflect of prayer? Wlien was the Constitution of the United States adopted? 8. When did the Confederation end and tiie United Slates begin ? Who was the first President ? When was he eU'cted ? Wiien and where was lie inangurated? 9. Wiiat did Congress do? What did tlie {ie()i)ic do? CHAPTER XVIII. Tlie State Government Organized. GOVERNOR tlVINGSTON'S MANSION. 1. The lirst Constitution of the State of New Jersey was adopted by the Provincial Congress at Burlington on the 2d of July, 1776. It provided that members for the first Leg- islature should be chosen on the second Tuesday of August, 1776, and thereafter on the second Tuesday of October of each year. The Legislature was to convene on the second Tuesday after the election. This constitution received the general sanction of the people, who observed and enforced its provisions. 2. The first election was held on the appointed day, and Chaptee XVIII. — 1. When was the first State Constitution adopted ? What were some of its provisions ? 187 188 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the members chosen met in General Assembly at Princeton on the 27th of August. Two days after the opening of the ses- sion both houses of the Legislature — the Council and the Assembly — were organized. John Stevens Avas chosen vice- president of the council, and John Hart was elected speaker of the house. On the 31st of August, the two houses, having met in joint ballot, elected William Livingston governor of the State. A committee w-as appointed to devise a public seal, and until that could be made it Avas ordered that the private seal of Governor Livingston should be used as the great seal of the commonwealth. 3. On the loth of September, Governor Livingston deliv- ered his first address to the Legislature. He stated clearly and forcibly the questions at issue in the war between Eng- land and America, strongly endorsed the action of the Conti- nental Congress and the Declaration of Independence, and closed with the following exhortation : " Let us, then, as it is our indispensable duty, make it our invariable aim to exhibit to our constituents the brightest examples of a disinterested love for the commonweal. Let us, both by precept and ex- ample, encourage the spirit of economy, industry and patriot- ism, and that public integrity and righteousness that cannot fail to exalt a nation, setting our faces at the same time like a flint against that dissoluteness of manners and political cor- ruption that will ever be the reproach of any people. May the foundation of our infant State be laid in virtue and the fear of God, and the superstructure will rise glorious and endure for ages!" The Assembly replied to this address, endorsing the moral and patriotic sentiments expressed by the governor. 4. In order to perfect the organization of the government, 2. When was the first election lield ? What is said of the first Legis- lature? Who was elected the first governor? 3. Wlial is said of tlie governor's address? THE STATE MILITIA ORGANIZED. 189 the Legislature elected John de Hart chief justice of the State, Samuel Tucker second justice, and Francis Hopkinson third justice. William Patterson, was appointed attorney- general ; Bowes Reed, clerk of supreme court ; Charles Petit, secretary of state, and Richard Smith, treasurer. An act was passed to establish courts of justice, and other measures nef^essary for the complete organization of the government were adopted. 5. The second meeting of the Legislature was opened at Burlington on the 13th of November. It was at this time that all the terrors of the first British invasion chilled the heart of every patriot in the land. The enemy had already established himself in New York, and the American army was slowly retiring southward from the Hudson. In this hour of gloom, when the American cause was meeting with defeat and disaster in every field, the Legislature of New Jersey gave its full attention to the organization of the mili- tia of the State and to recruiting for the Continental army the full quota of troops required by Congress. A bill was passed providing for the raising of four battalions. 6. The retreat of Washington's army through the State and the rapid advance of the enemy brought the session of the Legislature to a sudden end. Provisions for the support of the government were hastily made, and on the 2d of De- cember both houses adjourned to meet again on the 18th of January, 1777. 7. Washington's victories at Trenton and Princeton, near the close of the year, again aroused the hopes of the Ameri- 4. What State officers were elected ? 5. Wlien and where was tlie second session of the •Legislature held? What was the condition of the country ? 6. How was tiie session ended ? 7. What effect had the victories at Trenton and Princeton on the people? Wiicre did the Legislature meet ? • 190 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. cans. The timid inhabitants, who had been forced into sub- mission by the presence of the enemy, now took courage. The base and treacherous men who had given aid and com- fort to the public enemy were compelled to withdraw from the State, and the large majority of the people, who had held fast to the cause they had espoused, were now filled with hope for a speedy deliverance from the hand of the op- pressor. The action of the State authorities was immedi- ately resumed, and the Legislature was summoned to meet at Pittstown on the 22d of January, 1777. The governor congratulated the members on the great success of the Amer- ican armies in the State, and declared that there was no reason to be dispirited in the contest unless the people and government were wanting to themselves. 8. Before the houses had entered fairly upon business it was rumored that the enemy was marching southward. The Legislature therefore adjourned to Haddonfield on the 29th of January. At this session Robert Morris was appointed chief justice, Isaac Smith second justice, and John Cleves Symmes third justice, in place of Hopkinson, who had been chosen a member of the Continental Congress. The Legisla- ture found great difficulty in framing a militia law, that would ensure an armed force for the defence of the State, and at the same time respect the rights of the very large class of citizens who, from conscientious scruples, could not engage in war. The bill provided that all able-bodied men should be eni-olled, and that those whose religious obliga- tions prevented them from entering the army might pay a sum of money to be released from actual service. 9. An act was passed establishing a council of safety, to consist of twelve members, who, with the governor, were 8. To what place did the Legislature adjourn ? What was done at this session ? 9. Who were authorized to govern the State in times of invasion? THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 391 vested with power and authority to administer the aflliirs of the State in times of invasion, or wlien it was impracticable to call a session of the Legislature. This body was clothed w^ith almost unlimited power. It might order the arrest of suspicious and dangerous persons in the State, correspond with Congress and with other States, and transact any busi- ness necessary for the public good. It could call out the militia to resist invasion or to suppress insurrection, and do whatever, in the judgment of the governor and the council of safety, might be necessary to protect the inhabitants in their lives and property. 10. A bill was passed for the support of the government, which provided that the pay of the governor should be £600 per annum, that of the chief justice £300, of the third justice £200, and of the attorney-general £40. Each dele- gate in Congress was to receive twenty shillings a day, each member of the State council ten shillings, and each member of the Assembly eight shillings. 11. After a shoi't recess the Legislature reconvened at Haddonfield on the 7th of May, 1777. At this session severe penalties were enacted for the punishment of all per- sons who should in any way give aid to the enemy. In lay- ing before the house the conduct of the Tories and banditti in the northern counties. Governor Livingston said: "They are resolved to contaminate the British name by every spe- cies of infamy, rather than abandon their purpose of enslaving a free and unoffending people." 12. The governor and council of safety were authorized to arrest and imprison as many persons known to be disaffected in the State as might be thought sufficient to induce the enemy to release such of the patriotic citizens as had been 10. Name the salaries of public officers? 11. What did Governor Livingston say of the Tories? 12. What was the governor and council of safety authorized to do ? 192 HISTORY OF NUW JERSEY. kidnapped and carried oft'; also to arrest and imprison all suspicious persons. An act was passed confiscating the per- sonal estates of all who had deserted to the enemy, unless they should Avithiu a stated period return and renew their allegiance to the State. This induced many who had already become sensible of their error, and Avho had been deceived by the enemy, to petition to be restored to citizen- ship. The Legislature adjourned on the 7th of June. 13. When the members again convened at Haddonfield on the 3d of September, Governor Livingston congratulated them on the victory of the Americans at Bennington and on the successful resistance made against the march of General Burgoyne's army down the Hudson. The efforts of the Leg- islature at this session were devoted to raising money to de- fray the expenses of the State and to the remodeling of the militia law. An act was passed continuing the council of safety, and authorizing them to give relief to officers and privates of the militia who had been disabled in public service, and to the widows of those who had been killed. An act for the punishment of high treason prescribed that Avhen any one should be convicted the punishment should be the same as in the case of murder. On the 24th of Septem- ber the Legislature adjourned to meet on the 29th of the same month at Princeton. 14. Members for a new Legislature were chosen on the 14th of October, 1777, and it convened on the 28th of the same month. The houses organized by the re-election of the old officers, and on the 1st of November AVilliam Livingston was unanimously re-elected governor. Events of the utmost importance to the State and to the whole country were now 13. What important acts were passed by the Legislature at Haddon- field? 14. How was the State government organized? What important events were transpiring? THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 193 taking place. The British had successfully invaded Penn- sylvania from the south, and had entered Philadelphia. De- tachments were thrown across the Delaware to protect the foraging parties of the enemy that scoured the lower counties. As an offset to these misfortunes, the northern army had captured the splendid army of the enemy commanded by Purgoyne. The efforts of the government were devoted chieHy to preparing for a vigorous campaign in the opening of the following year, when the British Avere to be driven from the State. The enemy took up his winter quarters in Philadelphia, and the American army was at Valley Forge. 15. On the 15th of November the Continental Congress had perfected a plan for the perpetual union of the thirteen States into a confederacy, under the name of the United States of America. This plan was sent to the several States to receive their sanction. It was submitted to the Legislature of New Jersey on the 14th of December. The early adjournment prevented immediate action on this mat- ter, but on the 26th of February, 1778, the articles were read and entered upon the journal, and on the 25th of March committees were appointed to consider the subject and make report thereon. These reported the result of their deliberations to the Legislature on the 15th of June. The whole subject had been carefully considered, and sev- eral important alterations were recommended. These were adopted by the Legislature and forwarded to the Continental Congress. Other changes had been recommended by the dif- ferent States. Congress, however, rejected all these, and adopted the Articles of Confederation as they had been orig- inally sent out. 15. What had the Continental Congress perfected ? How were these articles received by the Legislature? 17 N 194 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 16. The members of the Legislature elected in October, 1778, met at Trenton on the 27th of that month, and organ- ized by reappointing the old officers. Governor Livingston was also re-elected. The first act of this session was the ratification of the Articles of Confederation ; the delegates in Congress were instructed to sign them. It was to this Legis- latui-e that the petition from the New Jersey troops and the letter from General Maxwell were sent, and the labor of j^ro- viding remedies for the extreme wants of the soldiers consti- tuted the chief work of both houses until their adjournment. 17. The Continental Congress had called upon the several States to raise by taxation large sums of money to pay the expenses of the war. This subject Avas brought before the Legislature of New Jersey in May, 1779. An act was then passed to raise the sum of £1,000,000, which Avas to be col- lected and paid into the treasury before the 1st of Decem- ber of that year. Of this sum, £401,250 were to be paid to Congress. The balance was reserved for the use of the State government. 18. The legislation during this and the two following years was given up almost wholly to schemes for raising money to defray the war expenses of the State and to contribute to the general fund demanded l)y the Continental Congress. 19. On the 4th of May, 1782, the act of the British Par- liament to enable the king to conclude a peace with the United States was brought before the Legislature. A reso- lution was adopted which declared "that the power of the State of New Jersey should be exerted to enable Congress to support the national independence of America ; and that who- ever attempted any pacification between the States and Great Ifi. What is said of the legislation of 1778? 17. What did Congress ask of the States? 18. What occupied the attention of the Legislature? 19. What action was taken on the proposition for peace? ABDItl^SS OF GOVERNOR LIVINGSTON. 195 Britain, implying the least subordination or dependence of the United States to or upon Great Britain, ought to be treated as an open and avowed enemy ; and that, although peace upon honorable terms is an object truly desirable, yet war, with all the calamities attending it, is incomparably preferable to national dishonor and vassalage ; that the Leg- islature will maintain, support and defend the sovereign in- dependence of these States, and will exert the power therein to enable Congress to prosecute the war until the independ- ence of these United States shall be fully established." 20. William Livingston was annually re-elected governor by the Legislature. When the termination of the war was celebrated throughout the State on the 19th of May, 1783, he delivered an address to the Legislature, in which he said : "Perhaps at no particular moment during our conflict with Great Britain was there ever a greater necessity than at the present juncture for unanimity, vigilance and exertion. The glory we have acquired in the war will be resounded through the universe. God forbid that we should ever tarnish it by any unworthy conduct in times of peace. We have estab- lished our character as a brave people, and exhibited to the world the most incontestable proofs that we are determined to sacrifice both life and fortune in defence of our liberties. Let us now show ourselves worthy of the inestimable bless- ings of freedom by an inflexible attachment to public faith and national honor. Let us establish our character as a sovereign State on the only durable basis of impartial and universal justice." 21. Upon the return of peace the Legislature gave its attention to the thorough organization of the government, to the support of public improvements, to the establishment of 20. What is said of Governor Livingston? What advice did he Mve 21. To what did the Legislature give its attention? 196 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. schools for the education of the people, and to the encourage- ment of the inhabitants in the development of the agricul- tural and mineral resources of the State. 22. The new Constitution of the United States, framed by the convention at Philadelphia in 1787, was submitted to the Legislature of New Jersey on the 26th of October of that vear. On the 30th of October the Legislature passed a reso- lution which provided for the holding of a general election on the fourth Tuesday of November, to choose three persons from each county to serve as delegates in a State convention, to take action on the proposed Constitution. 23. This convention assembled in December, and on the 18th of that month unanimously ratified the Constitution of the United States. The convention also resolved that the State should offer a district of land, not exceeding ten miles square, for the seat of government of the United States. New Jersey was the third State that ratified the Constitution. 24. The proceedings of the State convention were submitted to the Legislature on the 28th of August, 1788. Governor Livingston, who had for twelve years administered the affliirs of the government, accompanied these proceedings with a communication, in which he congratulated the peo- ple on the early and unanimous ratification of the national Constitution, and said: "We are now arrived to that au- spicious period which I confess I have often wished that it might please Heaven to protract my life to see. Thanks to God that I have lived to see this day !" 25. This venerable patriot had, with eminent skill, per- 22. When was the National Constitution laid before the Legislature ? 23. How and when was the Constitution of tlie United States rati- fied? What otiier action was taken in the con%'ention ? 24. How did Governor Livingston submit tliese proceedings to the Legislature? SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FIXED. 197 formed the duties of his office during the difficult and peril- ous years of the war. He had assisted in framing the plan for the general government, and used his powerful influence in favor of its adoption. And now, in the fulfillment of his hopes and as the full reward of his services, he witnessed the attainment of the independence of the American people and the establishment of the National Union. He died on the 25th of July, 1790.* 26. At the session of the Legislature in November, 1788, Jonathan Elmer f and William Paterson J were chosen United * William Livingston was born in New York, 1723, graduated at Yale College in 1741, was early in life distinguished as a lawyer, re- moved to New Jersey before the opening of the Revolutionary strug- gle, and was in 1774 chosen a member of the first Continental Congress. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was gov- ernor of New Jersey during all the years of the Revolution, and was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States. Governor Livingston was one of the purest patriots named in American history. He lived to see his country established an inde- pendent nation, and then died at his mansion near Elizabeth. f Jonatlian Elmer, one of the first Senators from New Jersey, was born in Cumberland county, 1745, was liberally educated in medicine and law, was a member of the Philosophical Society — the friend and associate of Benjamin Franklin. He was one of the most earnest de- fenders of the American cause, was a member of the New Jersey Vigi- lance Committee, and of the committee that framed the first State con- stitution. He was during the war a member of Congress, and afterward a Senator of the United States. His ancestors are distinguished in the annals of America for their devotion to the cause of religion and human rights, and his life of public service added lustre to the name. J William Paterson was born in 1745, graduated at the College of New Jersey 1763, and was admitted to practice law 1769. He was a member of the State convention that adopted the constitution in 1776, 25. What is said of Governor Livingston ? 26. When were United States Senators first chosen ? When was the seat of government established at Trenton ? 17 » 198 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. States Senators, and provision was made for the election of members of Congress. By an act passed on the 25th of November, 1790, the seat of the State government was per- manently established at Trenton. 27. By the constitution of 1776 the political power of the commonwealth was divided into three departments — the leg- islative, the executive and the judicial. The legislative power was vested in a Council and Assembly, to be chosen by the qualified voters on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of October. The Legislative Council consisted of a governor and a member from each county, elected annually. The Assembly was composed of delegates from each county, apportioned to the number of the population. The execu- tive power was vested in a governor, who was annually elected by the Council and Assembly, in joint convention, at their first session. The secretary of state and the treas- urer were also chosen by the Legislature. The judiciary power was vested in a court of appeals, court of chancery, supreme and circuit courts, courts of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, courts of common pleas, quarter ses- sions and orphans' courts, and courts held by justices of the peace for the trial of small cases. The judges of the supreme court were elected by the Legislature, and held their ofiices during seven years. Judges of the inferior and also of the national convention that formed the Constitntion of the United States. He was a firm supporter of tlie American cause during the llevolutionary struggle — was one of the first Senators of the United States chosen by New Jersey. In 1791 he was elected governor of the State, and three years later was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1799 he revised the laws of the State. He died in 180G. 27. How was the political power of the State divided ? How was the Legislature organized? How was the governor elected? What courts were established ? How were the justices chosen ? TREATMENT OF THE INDIANS. 199 courts and justices of the peace were chosen for five years. 28. The last remnant of the Indian tribes left this State in 1802. The Indian titles had been extinguished by a treaty made at Crosswicks in 1758, with the exception of the right of fishing in all rivers and bays, and of hunting on all unen- closed grounds. A tract of three thousand acres was pur- chased at Edge Billock, in Burlington county, for the resi- dence of the Indians remaining in the State. About sixty persons lived there until 1802, when they removed to New Stockbridge, New York, and thence to Statesburg, near Green Bay, Michigan. These Indians, in order to provide them- selves with agricultural implements, petitioned the Legisla- ture in 1832 for the sum of $3000, in consideration of the re- linquishment of all their rights in the State. The sum named was promptly granted by the Legislature. 29. Hon. Samuel L. Southard,* in presenting this claim before the legislative committee, said : "It is a proud fact in the history of New Jersey that every footstep of her soil has been acquired from the Indians by fair and voluntary pur- chase and transfer — a fact that no other State of the Union, not even the land which bears the name of Penn, can boast of." In gratefully acknowledging the receipt of this money, * Samuel L. Southard, son of a distinguished citizen of New Jersey, was born in Baskingridge, 1787, was educated in the law, and early gained distinction in his profession. At the age of twenty-eight he was placed on the Supreme Court bench of the State, and in 1821 was elected a Senator of the United States. In 1823 he was appointed Secretary of the Ni^vy by President Monroe, and was subsequently reappointed by President Adams. At the close of this administration he was appointed attorney-general of the State, and afterward was twice sent to the United States Senate. He died in 1842. 28. How and when was the Indian title extinguislied ? 29. How were the Indians treated? 200 HISTORY OF NFW JERSEY. the chief, Bartholomew S. Calvin * (known as Schawriskhe- hung, or Wilted Grass), on March 12, wrote: "Not a drop of our blood have you spilt in battle — not an acre of our land have you taken but by our consent." This just treat- ment of the original occupants of the soil was rewarded with the enjoyment of perpetual peace by the early settlers. * Bartholomew S. Calvin, an Indian of pure blood, was educated at Princeton at the expense of the Scotch Missionary Society. At the commenceraent of hostilities in the Avar for Independence, being then in his twenty-third year, he left his studies, shouldered his musket and fought against the common enemy. At the presentation of the petition by him on behalf of his people he was eighty years old. CHAPTER XIX. The Constitution of the State of New Jersey. STATE HOUSE, TRENTON. 1. The convention to revise the Constitution of the State of New Jersey met at Trenton on the 14th day of May, 1844, and having agreed upon the provisions to be submitted to the people for adoption, adjourned on the 29th day of June. 2. The preamble of this constitution expresses the gratitude of the people of the State to Almighty God for civil and religious liberty, and reliance on Divine power for blessings to all succeeding generations. 3. The first article declares that all men are by nature free and independent ; that no person shall be deprived of Chapter XIX. — 1. When was the constitution revised ? 2. What does the preamble express ? 3. How are personal rights secured? 201 202 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the privilege of worshiping God in the manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; that there shall be no established religion in the State ; that no law shall be passed abridging the liberty of speech or the press ; and that no person shall be imprisoned for debt. 4. Article second provides that every white male citizen fvf the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in the State one year and in the county five months, shall be entitled to vote; but no pauper or idiot, insane person or any one convicted of felony, can vote. The Legislature may pass laws to deprive persons, convicted of bribery at elections, from voting.* 5. The powers of the government are divided into three departments — legislative, executive and judicial. 6. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and General Assembly. Members of the Senate and General Assembly are elected on the second Tuesday of October, and the two houses meet separately on the second Tuesday of January. The Senate is composed of one senator from each county in the State, elected for three years ; and only one-third of the number of State senators is chosen at each annual election. The General Assembly is composed of members elected annu- ally ; the number cannot be less than one from each county, nor more than sixty from the whole State. 7. The Legislature is not allowed to grant divorces or to authorize lotteries in the State. The members of the Legis- lature are required to take the following oath or affirmation : * Women voted under tlie constitution of 1776, but in November, 1807, a law was passed by the Legislature confining suffrage to white male citizens of the age of twenty-one years. 4. Who may vote? 5. How are the powers of government divided ? 6. How is the Legislature organized ? 7. What restrictions are placed on legislation ? THE STATE CONSTITUTION. 203 " I do solemnly swear [or affirvi] that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the constitution of the State of New Jersey ; and that I will faithfully dischai-ge the duties of senator [or member of General Assembly] accord- ing to the best of my ability." 8. The executive power is vested in a governor, to be chc^en every third year at the general election, and to be installed on the third Tuesday of January, to continue in office during three years. The governor cannot be re-elected at the expiration of his term of service. He must be at least thirty years of age, have been for twenty years a citizen of the United States, and a resident of New Jersey seven years preceding his election. In case of the death, resigna- tion or removal of the governor, the powers and duties of the office devolve upon the president of the Senate ; and, in case of his removal, upon the speaker of the House, until another governor shall be qualified. 9. The judicial power is vested in a court of errors and appeals, a court of trial of impeachments, a court of chancery, a supreme court, circuit courts, and such other inferior courts as may be established by law. Justices of the supreme court, chancelors and judges of the court of errors and appeals, are appointed by the governor ; judges of the court of common pleas are appointed by the Senate and General Assembly ; justices of the inferior courts are elected by the several dis- tricts in which they reside. 10. Amendments must be proposed in the Senate or General Assembly, and if approved by the majority of the members of the two houses, they are referred to the next Legislature. If approved by that Legislature, they are sub- 8. What is said of the executive? What are the necessary qualifica- tions for tlie office of governor ? 9. How is the judicial power vested ? How are judges ajipointi d ? 10. How may the constitution be amended? 204 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. mitted to the people ; and if ratified at a special election by a majority of the people voting, they become part of the con- stitution. But no amendment or amendments shall be sub- mitted to the people by the Legislature oftener than once in five years. 11. This constitution took eflfect on the 21st day of Sep- tember, 1844. 11. When did this constitution take effect? CHAPTER XX. Education. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 1. The history of educational efforts in this State begins with the date of the earliest English settlements. There are no records of schools established by the Dutch settlers at Bergen or by the Swedes on the east bank of the Delaware. The Swedes west of the river opened schools soon after their arrival there, and the same is true of the Dutch on Manliat- tan Island. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the families settled in New Jersey also provided for the education of their children. 2. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists, who were Chapter XX. — 1. When did educational wori< begin in New Jersey ? 18 205 206 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the earliest immigrauts under the English authority, came to the Province bringing preachers and school-teachers with them. By the side of the log church the primitive school- house was erected, and schools, supervised and supported l)y the church authorities, were established in the early settle- ments at Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown, Freehold, Shrews- bury, Piscataway, Perth Amboy, Woodbridge and other places in East New Jersey. 3. The pioneers in West New Jersey were Quakers. Education was part of the religion of these people. To them school-houses were scarcely second in importance, and were usually placed under the same roof with the church. Fenwick's Settlement, at Salem, opened a school soon after its establishment, and maintained it without interruption to the present day. 4. The settlement at Burlington exhibited a wonderful degree of progress, both in the appreciation of learning and in the knowledge of the best plan for the support of public schools. In 1683 an island in the Delaware, opposite the town, was set apart for educational purposes, and the reve- nues derived from the rent or sale of the lands were reserved for the support of schools for the education of the children in the adjoining settlements. This was certainly the first school fund established in the Province ; and it is doubtful whether any other settlement in America was in this respect in advance of Burlington. 5. As early as the year 1667, George Fox advised his brethren in New Jersey to establish boarding-schools, " that 2. How did tlie English immigrants come? Where were schools established? 3. What is said of the pioneers in West .Jersey? Where did they establish a school? 4. What early appropriation was made? 5. What did George Fox advise? What school was opened? COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY ESTABLISHED. 207 young men of genius in low circumstances may be furnished with means to procure requisite education." The Shackel- well school, which was opened about this time, was estab- lished "for the teaching of whatsoever things were civil and useful in creation." 6. The General Assembly of East New Jersey, in session at Perth Amboy in 1693, passed an "Act for the establish- ment of schoolmasters in the Province." This act author- ized the inhabitants of any town to elect three or more school commissioners, whose duty it was to employ and to fix the " rate for the salary and maintaining of a schoolmaster within said town." The majority of the people might com- pel the minority to pay their share of the teacher's salary. If any person refused to pay his proportion, the commission- ers had authority to levy upon and sell his goods or property for the payment thereof This was a complete recognition of the principle of taxing property for the support of public schools, which at the time was up to the most advanced leg- islation on this subject in America. 7. In 1695 this act Avas amended, providing that three men should be chosen yearly in each separate town, to have "power to appoint the most convenient place or places where the school shall be kept, that as near as may be the whole inhabitants may have the benefit thereof" Under the oper- ation of this law, schools were established in all parts of the Province, wherever a majority of the inhabitants desired them. 8. The College of New Jersey was incorporated in the year 1746. In 1756 it was permanently established at Princeton. This institution at an early period of its history attained an honorable position among the best colleges in Amer- 6. What was the first legislation on this subject? 7. When and how was this act amended? 8. When was the College of New Jersey incorporated? What is its character? What other celebrated institution is at Princeton ? 208 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ica, and has ever maintained a high reputation. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States founded a theological seminary at Princeton in 1811, which has long been celebrated for the extent and liberality of its teachings. 9. Rutgers College was chartered by King George III. of England in 1770, under the name of Queen's College, and was established at New Brunswick. The name was changed by the State Legislature in 1825, in honor of Henry Rutgers, one of its most liberal benefactors. The institution is con- trolled by the Reformed Dutch Church. The theological college of this denomination, the first theological school established in America, is also at New Brunswick, founded in 1771. 10. In 1816 the Legislature passed an act creating a pub- lic fund for the support of free schools in the commonwealth. This act directed the State treasurer, to invest the sum of fif- teen thousand dollars in United States bonds, bearing six per cent, interest, as a permanent school fund. This sum was increased by act of Legislature in 1817. 11. In 1818 the governor, the vice-president of councils, the speaker of the Assembly, the attorney-general and the secretary of the commonwealth were "appointed trustees for the control and management of the fund for the support of free schools." The Avhole amount of the fund was then in- creased to the sum of 8113,238.78. 12. A law was passed in 1820 authorizing the inhabitants of any township to raise by taxation money for the education of the children of the poor. In 1824 the Legislature provided that one-tenth of all the State taxes should every year be 9. When was Bntgers College founded? What other institution is at New Brunswick ? 10. What was done in 1S16? 11. Who were appointed to manage the school fund ? LEGISLATIVE ACTION ON EDUCATION. 209 added to the school fund. Four years hiter, the people were authorized to raise funds in town meetings to erect or re- pair school-houses. The presidents of such meetings were directed to read to the people the act of 1820, and also that of 1828. 13. A "central committee" on education was appointed by a convention held at Trenton in 1828 to canvass the State and collect statistics from every county. Committees were appointed in the several counties and in the majority of townships to aid the central committee. The reports from these committees show that many schools had been estab- lished in all parts of the commonwealth, but more than one- third of the children in the State were reported to be with- out schooling of any kind. Many of the county reports contain evidence that the leading men in the State thor- oughly understood the true basis of a public-school system. 14. The chairman of the committee for Essex county said: " I very much wish that some plan of improvement may be attempted to raise the tone of feeling respecting our common schools. I have thought of no plan better than to establish a high school for the sole purpose of educating young men for teachers. Let them be taught in this school not only the common branches required to be taught in common schools, but let them be instructed and properly disciplined in the best mode of communicating ideas to the young mind. They should learn to govern themselves, and to govern their schools without a rod or without a cross word. Let all government be effected by mild and pleasing persuasion, that shall so win the affections of every child that he will feel most pleasure when he pleases his teacher most." 12. What were the people authorized to do ? 13. What important work was undertaken? What did these com- mittees report? 14. What did the Essex county committee say? 18 » 210 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 15. The proposition to establish a normal school at that early period was in advance of public action on that subject anywhere in America, and evinced a just appreciation of the wants of a successful system of public instruction. 16. In 1829 the Legislature first began to make annual appropriations for the supjoort of common schools. In that year $20,000 were apportioned to the several counties in pro- portion to the amount of taxes paid by the inhabitants. This act also provided for the election of school committees in each townsliip. The committees were authorized to divide the townships into convenient school districts, to examine and license teachers and to call annually district meetings. 17. At these meetings three trustees were chosen every year, to determine how many months the schools should be kept open, to provide suitable school-houses, to prepare a list of children in the district between the ages of four and six- teen years, and to send a copy of the list to the townshij) committee. The public money was divided among the dis- tricts in each township in proportion to the number of chil- dren reported in the official lists. 18. The school committees were required to visit and in- spect the schools at least once in every six months, and to make a report of the condition of the schools in the town- ship. This report was read at the annual town meeting, and was then sent to the governor, to be laid before the Legisla- tui'e. Though this act was amended in 1830 and 1831, no important changes were made during a period often years. 19. In 1838 the inhabitants of each township Avere recom- mended to raise, by taxation or otherwise, money for school 15. What is said of tlie proposition ? What does it show? 16. What is said of annual appropriations? W^hat further was done that year? 17. What were the trustees to do? 18. What wei-e the school committees required to do? THE SCHOOL SYSTEM REMODELED. 211 purposes. This act also authorized the trustees to use the State appropriation exclusively for the education of the poor. The most important change made from the old law was the provision that the public money, which had been paid to the trustees of the districts, should now be paid to the several schools in the township, whether they were pub- lic, private or parochial. This change was made in obedi- ence to the demands of the religious denominations in the State. Schools had been established by churches and meet- ings in all parts of the commonwealth, and the friends of these demanded, and finally obtained, part of the annual appropriation from the public treasury. The money was therefore distributed among all schools in proportion to the number of children taught. 20. In 1838 there was a general movement throughout the State to remodel the school system. Public meetings were held, and a State convention assembled at Trenton on the IGth of January. This convention declared that the school laws were defective and ought to be repealed. It recommended the appointment of a State superintendent of common schools, and appointed a committee, of which George W. Doane was chairman, to issue an address to the people. 21. The address of the committee reviewed the condition of public education in the State, recommended proper changes in the school system, and said to the inhabitants, " Tax yourselves for the support of common schools, and you will never be in danger of taxation from a foreign power. You will need less taxation for the support of pauperism and the 19. What was recommended ? What important change was made? Why? 20. What occurred in 1838? AVhat was recommended by the con- vention ? 21. What was the character of the address? 18 « 212 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. punishment of crime. Look to your school-houses. See that they are convenient of access, that they are comfort- able, that they are neat and tasteful. Look to the teachers. See that they are taught themselves and apt to teach — men that fear God and love their country. See that they are well accommodated, well treated, well remunerated. Respect them and they will respect themselves, and your children will respect them. Look well to the scholars. Remember, you are to grow old among them. Remember, you are to die and leave your country in their hands." 22. The Legislature, instructed by the action of the people, passed an act in 1838 that increased the annual appropriation to $80,000, authorized each township to raise by taxation a sum equal to double the portion received from the State, re-established the district system of distributing the public money, created a board of examiners for each county, with authority to issue county certificates to competent teachers, fixed the age for admission at five years, allowed the use of public money for the erection of buildings, the purchase of fuel, furniture and books and the payment of teachers, and granted to schools already established by any religious socie- ties a fair proportion of the public fund. 23. During the sessions of an educational convention at Trenton, in January, 1845, a preliminary meeting of citizens from all parts of the State, of which Ex-governor Peter D. Vroom was elected chairman, was held on the 13th of that month, for the purpose of organizing a State Historical So- ciety. This meeting appointed a committee to draft a consti- stitution and by-laws, and then adjourned to meet again on the 27th of February. At the second meeting the "New 22. What act did the Legislature pass ? Wiio were authorized to examine teachers? 23. Wiien and liow was the Historical Society organized? What has been done by this society? HISTORICAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED. 213 Jersey Historical Society" was fully organized,* The society publislied au address to the people, inviting all who possessed papers, books, or anything relating to the history of New Jersey, to forward them to the librarian. • The inhabitants of. the State responded freely to this request, and the society thus became the recipient of much valuable historical matter. This has been carefully compiled by the secretary, William A. Whitehead, and published in several volumes, entitled "Collections of the New Jersey Historical Society." 24. The constitution adopted in 1844 declared that " it shall not be competent for the Legislature to borrow, appro- priate or use the school fund, or any part thereof, under any pretence whatever, for any other purpose than for the support of public schools for the equal benefit of all the people." f A supplementary act, passed by the Legislature in April, 1845, authorized the State trustees of the school fund to appoint a superintendent of public schools for the counties of Essex and Passaic. Other counties might come under the provisions of the law by resolution of the board of freeholders. * The following officers were elected at the meeting in February : President, Joseph C. Hornblower ; vice-presidents, Robert G. Johnson, Peter D. Vroom and James Parker; treasurer, Thomas J. Stryker; librarian, Tliomas Gordon ; corresponding secretary, William A. White- head ; recording secretary, Joseph P. Bradley ; chairman of executive committee, Daniel V. McLean. f This provision Avas inserted in the new constitution through the efforts of James Parker, the father of the school fund and an ardent supporter of public education. Mr. Parker was also an early advocate of the construction of canals and railroads across the State, was long an able legislator in the Slate and in Congress, and an active philanthro- pist during many years. He was the second president of the State Historical Society. He died at the age of ninety-two years, at Perth Aniboy, in 1863. 24. What does the Constitution declare? What supplementary act was passed ? When was the jurisdiction of the superintendent extended ? 214 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The superintendent was required to visit the schools and to make an annual report to the Legislature. He received three dollars a day for the time given to this work. The jurisdiction of the superintendent was extended over the whole State in 1846.* 25. The general school law was amended in 1846, so as to require every township to raise for school purposes a sum of money at least equal to its portion of the State appropriation. It also authorized the election of township superintendents, who were required, among other duties, to visit the schools once every quarter, and to make a report of their condition to the State superintendent. It authorized the board of trustees and town superintendents to erect school-houses and to determine what books should be used in the township. It made it the duty of the trustees of the school fund to elect the State superintendent and to fix his salary, and limited his term of office to two years. 26. In 1851 the annual appropriation was increased to $40,000.t The act of that year provided also that the public money should be apportioned to the counties in the ratio of their population, and to the townships in propor- tion to the number of children between the ages of five and eighteen years. No township was allowed to raise by taxation, for school purposes, more than three dollars an- * State superintendents of New Jersey : T. F. King, from 1845 to 18-52. John H. Phillips, from 1852 to 1860. F. W. Eicord, " 1860 to 1SG4. C.M.Harrison, " 1864 to 1866. E. A. Apgar, " 1866 to f By joint resolutions, the Legislature had added $10,000 to the annual appropriation in 1849 and in 1850, making the appropriation for each of these years $40,000. 25. How was the school law amended in 1846 ? 26. What was done in 1851 ? How was the public money to be used? STATE NORMAL SCHOOL ESTABLISHED. 215 nually for each child on the list. The public money was to be used in maintaining "a free school in each township, in which all children who desired might be taught free of charge." 27. In 1854 teachers' institutes were established by law, and $100 were appropriated annually to each institute. In the following year the Legislature provided for the purchase of a copy of Webster's Dictionary for each school in the State. The annual appropriation for the support of schools was increased to $80,000 in 1858— $50,000 from the school fund and $30,000 from the general revenues. 28. The educators in New Jersey were among the first in the United States to advocate the establishing of schools for the professional training of teachers. Professor Philip Lind- say, acting president of the College of New Jersey, in 1823 declared in favor of professional schools for teachers. In January, 1828, Professor John Maclean, of the same institu- tion, in a public lectui'e, recommended the establishment of a school "to educate young men for the business of teach- ing." In 1847, Professor E. C. Wines read to a convention at Mount Holly a " report on normal schools," which was printed and widely circulated. The subject was presented to the State Teachers' Association in 1855, in an essay by John T. Clark, of New Brunswick. County educational meetings and the reports of the State superintendents and letters from many leading citizens forcibly pressed ui:)on the authorities the necessity for the immediate founding of a normal school. Richard S. Field and David Naar greatly assisted the friends 27. AVhen were teachers' institutes established? When was the State normal school established? What is the object of this school? What book was purchased for the schools? 28. When and by whom was the establisliment of a normal school advocated? When and how was the State normal school provided for? 216 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of this movement by using their influence to procure the legis- lation whereby, in 1855, the State normal school was estab- lished, with an annual appropriation of $10,000 for its support. 29. The city of Trenton provided buildings for the accom- modation of the institution, which was opened for students in March, 1856. The property of the normal and model school, and the boarding-houses for students, are valued at $160,000, An auxiliary department, called the Farnum Preparatory School, was founded at Beverly in 1856, by Paul Farnum, who gave $70,000 in property and money for the support of that school. 30. The State normal school is placed under the super- vision of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. Two trustees are appointed from each congressional district.* The board ajipoints the teacher-s and prescribes rules for the government of the school. f The management of the institution has been highly successful, and has resulted in great good to the State. The profession of teaching has been elevated, educational interests in every county have been advanced, better teachers have been pro- vided, and the public schools in all parts of the common- wealth improved rapidly. The attendance at the State nor- mal school in 1868 was, in the normal department, 259 ; model department, 555; preparatory, 302; total, 1116. * Hon. Richard S. Field was elected first president of the board of trustees, and has lield that position to the present time — 1869. f William F. Phelps was appointed principal of the State normal school in 1856. In 1864, Professor Phelps resigned, and John S. Hart, LL.D., was appointed principal. 29. When and where was the school opened ? What is the value of its property ? 30. How is the normal school governed? W^hat is said of this in- stitution ? THE SCHOOL LA W REMODELED. 217 31. The State Board of Education was established in 1866. The trustees of the normal school, the governor, attorney- general, state comptroller, secretary of state, president of the Senate, speaker of the House, and the principal and treasurer of the State normal school, were, by act of the Legislature, constituted this board. It has authority to appoint the State superintendent, makes an annual report of the educational work in the State, and prescribes rules and regulations for holding teachers' institutes. The distribution of public money to private and parochial schools was now discon- tinued, and the State appropriation was reserved for the sup- port of the public schools. 32. In 1867 the school law was remodeled, the best features of the old system were retained, and important new provisions were adopted. The State board was confirmed and its powers were enlarged ; the qualifications and duties of the State super- intendent were defined ; the otfice of county superintendent was established; the "township board of trustees" was recog- nized as the legal association of the district trustees for each township ; teachei's were required to keep a " school regis- ter ;" a school month was defined to be " twenty school days, or four weeks of five school-days each ;" Christmas, the first of January, the fourth day of July, and days of thanksgiving and fasting appointed by the President of the United States or governor of the State, were declared to be holidays. 33. A State board of examiners was established, with authority to grant and revoke State certificates, which entitle the holder to teach in any part of the commonwealth ; also 31. Who constitute the State board? What are its powers and duties? What important change was made in the distribution of the public money ? 32. When was the school law remodeled? Name some of the lead- ing features of the law. What is a school month ? 33. What is said of examiners? For what was provision made? 19 218 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. county aud city boards with similar powers in their respect- ive localities. Ample provision was made for the govern- ment and support of the State normal school at Trenton. 34. This act gave authority to the inhabitants of any two or more districts to establish a graded school, to be supported by public funds and governed by a board of trustees. The collection of taxes, the increase of the school fund and the distribution of the public money were carefully provided for, and the system in all its parts was adapted to the educational wants of the people. 34. What authority did this act give ? CHAPTER XXI. Public Improvements. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 1. The first road of any considerable extent in New Jersey was that which opened communication between the Hudson and the Delaware. It began at Elizabeth Point, crossed the Raritan near where New Brunswick now stands, and reached the Delaware above the present site of Trenton. A branch of this road swept eastward from the ford on the Raritan and crossed the Delaware at Burlington. This was for many years only a bridle-path, and as late as 1695 only £10 annually were required to keep it in repair. In 1684 a road was opened from Perth Amboy to Burlington, and a ferry boat was established between Amboy and New York. 2. An express wagon was run between New York and Chapter XXI. — 1. Where were the first roads opened in New Jersey ? 2. When were the first express and stage wagons run ? 219 220 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Philadelphia before 1707, to carry produce and merchandise. A few years later a "stage wagon" for passengers and freight was put on the road from Burlington to Perth Amboy, an- other on the New Brunswick road, and a third by way of Bordentown. 3. A mail system was devised by Colonel John Hamilton, in 1694, which was adopted by the English government. In 1729 the mail passed once a week between New York and Philadeljjhia in summer, and once a fortnight in winter. This schedule continued till 1754. From that date the mail system was rapidly improved, and in 1764 the carriers passed over the route three times a week, and made the trip from city to city in twenty-four hours. There were, in 1791, six post- offices in the State; these were at Newark, Elizabeth, Bridge- ton, New Brunswick, Princeton and Trenton. 4. Legislation for the building of turnpikes in the State began in March 1801. A charter was granted in that year to the Morris Turnpike Company for the construction of a turnpike from Elizabeth, through Morristown, to the Delaware. Within thirty years from that date fifty-four companies were organized and obtained permission to build roads, but only about one-half of these were built. John Stevens, a citizen of the State, was one of the first advocates of railroad-building in the United States. At his solicitation the Legislature granted a charter in 1815 for the construc- tion of a railroad, either of wood or iron, from the Delaware river near Trenton to the Raritan near New Brunswick. This was the fii-st railroad charter granted in America. 5. The Morris and Essex Canal Company was incorporated in December, 1824, with a capital of $1,000,000. The at- tempt to connect the Hudson with the Delaware by the con- 3. What is said of mail service and post-offices? 4. When and where were turnpikes constructed? When was the first railroad charter granted ? PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 221 struction of this canal was at the time by far the most stu- pendous project undertaken on this continent. The work was begun in 1825, and was completed, so as to admit of the passage of boats, carrying twenty-five tons, from Newark to Philipsburg, in 1831. The Avork Avas afterward extended to Jersey City : the cost of the whole line, comj^leted in 1836, exceeded $2,000,000. 6. The Delaware and Karitan Canal, which connects the Delaware river at Bordentown with the Raritan at New Brunswick, was completed in 1834. This project had long engaged the attention of the inhabitants of the State. In 1804 the construction of a canal between these rivers was strongly urged ; in 1816, and again in 1823, commission- ers appointed by the Legislature examined the route and pro- nounced it practicable. The company that finally completed the work was chartered in 1830. In February, 1831, this company and the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company were consolidated, and soon thereafter entered upon the con- struction of their great lines across the State.* 7. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company was incor- porated in Februaiy, 1830, with authority to construct a rail- road from the Delaware river, in Gloucester county, to the * Under subsequent acts these companies united with the New Jersev Railroad and Transportation Company, and obtained control of several other lines. They own the following: Philadelphia and Trenton (Kensington to Trenton, Delaware Branch), 26.G miles long; Trenton to Jersey City, 57.1; Jamesburg to Monmouth Junction, 5.5; Camden to Amboy, 61.2; Bordentown to Trenton, 6.1; Monmouth Junction to Kingston, 4; and branches, 4.5; total length, 165. They have a con- trolling interest in the Rocky Hill to Kingston, 2.5 miles long; Bur- lington to Mount Holly, 7.1; Mount Holly to Camden, 16.5; Pember- ton to Mount Holly, 5.9; Vincenttown Branch, 3; West Jersey to 5. When was canal-building begun ? What is said of the Morris and Essex Canal ? 8. When was the Delaware and Raritan Canal built? 19 » 222 HIS TOBY OF NEW JERSEY. Raritan bay. A train first passed over the entire length of this road in 1833. The line from New Brunswick to Jersey City was completed in 1836; the Belvidere Delaware to Lambertville, in 1851, to Easton in 1854, and to Belvidere in 1856 ; the Central of New Jersey, in 1852 ; the Morris and Essex, in 1853; the Camden and Atlantic, in 1854; the West Jersey, in 1857, to Woodbury, and in 1861 to Bridge- ton; the Millville and Glassboro', in 1861, and the Northern New Jersey, in 1864. In 1869 there were nine hundred and four miles of railroad in the State, constructed at a cost of $55,995,000. * 8. The position of New Jersey, between two great cities, and the adaptability of its soil and climate to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables, have induced many of its citizens to engage in that business, so that the State has been named " the market-garden of New York and Philadelphia." Within the past few years numerous settlements have been formed, wherein the families devote their efforts chiefly to the growing of small fruits, which are shipped to the city markets. Hammonton, in Atlantic county, is the centre of one of the most prosperous fruit-growing communities in the State. Vineland, in Cumberland county, is another. This village Bridgeton, 37, and from Millville to Glassboro', 22; Cape May and Millville, 44; Salem Branch, 17; Freehold and Jamesburg, 11.5; Millstone, G.6 ; Perth Amboy and Woodbridge, 6.4; Belvidere Dela- ware, 68.7; Flemington Branch, 11.4; total, 259.6; and they lease the Pemberton and Hightstown and connecting roads, 31.3. These united companies thns control 65 miles of canal and 456 of railroad, costing nearly $30,500,000. The last year's business, as re- ported in April, 1869, was $7,830,525. The number of passengers car ried nearly six millions, and the tonnage over a million tons. * See Table IV. Appendix. 7. When were the principal railroads completed? 8. To what are the climate and soil of the State adapted ? Wliat is said of fruit-growing? SLAVERY ABOLISHED. 223 was founded in 1861. The population of the township is now about five thousand ; the viHage contains three churches, four manufactories and twenty-five stores. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the cultivation of small fruits, from the sale of which they derive their principal revenue. 9. The sea-coast of this State has recently become a favor- ite place of resort. Cape May has long been a popular watering-place during the summer season. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad was completed in 1854, and soon there- after large hotels were erected at its terminus for the accom- modation of guests, and since that time many people have an- nually spent the summer at Atlantic City. At Long Branch and Deal Beach the soil is said to be the only fertile terri- tory immediately on the coast from Maine to Georgia. Long Branch has recently become a village of vast hotels, which are occupied by persons who leave the great cities during the summer season to enjoy the sea air and bathing. 10. Slavery was introduced into New Jersey at the foun- dation of the province, but it was never popular with the people. In the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland and Cape May there were comparatively few. These counties were inhabited by Quakers, who early de- clared themselves opposed to this institution. The traffic be- tween this and other States was prohibited in 1798. In 1804 an act was passed for the gradual abolition of slavery, which provided that all children born in the State after that date should be free. In 1800 the number of slaves was 12,422 ; under the operation of the emancipation act this number rapidly diminished. In 1810 it was 10,851 ; in 1830, 2254, and in the census of 1860 it was reduced to 18. 9. What has the sea-coast become ? Where are the principal places of resort? 10. What is said of slavery ? CHAPTER XXII. Natural Resources — Manufactures. MANUrACTURE OF GLASS. 1. The northern part of the State is crossed by a series of ridges of the Appalachian chain, and is therefore moun- tainous. The central part is hilly, and the southern half is level and sandy. 2. On the borders of the ocean and on the Delaware bay, there is a strip of land, from one to five miles in width, that is on a level with the high-water line. This is called the tide-marshes. It is covered with grass, but beneath the tough sod there is a deposit of soft mud, which in some places is thirty feet deep. Chapter XXII.— 1. Describe the surface of the State. 2. What are the tide-niarslies? 224 SHIP-BUILDING AND MILLS. 225 3. The pioneers in New Jersey at a very early day gave their attention to ship-building and to the erection of saw and grist mills to supply their pressing wants. Ship-building began in 1683. In 1694 an act of Assembly for the encour- agement of ship-building provided that no timber should be exported except to Gi'eat Britain. A town lot in Amboy was granted to Miles Foster by the proprietors, as a reward for having built the first sloop at that place. The ship-yards at Salem and Burlington were early noted for the number and quality of the vessels built at them. 4. The first saw-mill of which any record is found was erected at Woodbridge in 1682 ; another was built at Salem in the same year. In May, 1683, Governor Rudyard wrote from Amboy, "There are five or six mills going up here this spring." Saw and grist mills were erected at Little Egg Harbor by Edward Andross in 1704, and others, in 1758, at Pemberton on the north branch of the Rancocas. In 1798 there were in New Jersey nearly five hundred saw-mills. Woodbridge also claims the first corn-mill in the State. It was built in 1670 by Jonathan Dunham, who agreed with the town to furnish "two good stones of at least five feet diameter." The owner received grants of land as an encour- agement, and was allowed a toll of one-sixteenth. Other mills were built in 1705, 1709 and 1710. Newark appointed Robert Treat and Richard Harrison, in 1668, "to erect a grist-mill on the brook at the north end of the toAvn," and two of the six days of the week were made grinding days. In 1682 a mill was built at Hoboken by residents of New York. A water-wheel mill Avas built near Rancocas creek, West Jei'sey, by Thomas Olive, and another at Trenton by Robert Stacey, in 1680. In 1690, John Townsend built a 3. What is said of ship-building? 4. Where were saw and grist mills first built? P 226 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. mill ten miles below Little Egg Harbor. A patent for an improvement in grist-mills, by the use of horizontal wheels, was granted in 1791 to Mr. Macomb. In 1796 there were five hundred flourishing mills in New Jersey. 5. The second paper-mill in the country (the first being at Roxboro', Pennsylvania) was built at Elizabeth previous to 1728. It was owned by Samuel Bradford, the government printer for New Jersey and New York, who lived there for some time. In 1769 there were forty paper-mills in this State and the adjoining States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, manufacturing to the amount of £100,000 value annually. Several manufactories of paper-hangings were established in New Jersey, Boston and Philadelphia prior to 1787, and shortly after the establishment of the Patent Office, patents for imjDrovements in these goods were taken out by J. Condict and Charles Kinsey of this State. 6. Printing in New Jersey was transiently done by Samuel Keimer, Avho transported a press from Philadelphia to Bur- lington to do the printing for a lot of New Jersey paper- money. James Parker, a native of Woodbridge, was the first resident printer. He established a press at that town in 1751. The next year he published a folio edition of the laws of the Province. In 1765 he removed his press to Burlington, but returned to Woodbridge after printing "Smith's History of New Jersey." He published the "New American Maga- zine" monthly for twenty -seven months. This was the first periodical issued in New Jersey, The first newspaper pub- lished was the " New Jersey Gazette," issued at Burlington December 3, 1777, It suspended publication November, 1786, The "New Jersey Journal" was first published in 1779, at Chatham, It was removed to Elizabeth in 1786, A quarto edition of the Bible was published at Trenton 5. What is said of paper-mills? 6. What of printing? BRICK-MAKING AND GLASS-BLOWING. 227 in 1791. "The Quarterly Theological and Religious De- pository" was coiinaenced at Burlington in 1813. "The Biblical Repertory and Theological Review" was first issued at Princeton, in 1825.* 7. As early as the year 1683 the size and quality of brick made in the Province were regulated by act of Assembly, and thus the stability of many early buildings was ensured. The first record of a brick structure is the Friends' meeting- house at Salem, built in 1700, at a cost of £415 13s. Whether the bricks were imported or of home manufacture is not known. In 1713 a large dwelling was built at Had- donfield of brick imported from England; and in 1721 a brick Episcopal church was erected at Salem. Freestone was first quan-ied at Newark, in 1721. 8. In 1748 a glass factory was established at Freasburg by German workmen, imported at considerable expense ; but the proprietor was soon ruined by the workmen deserting him to become land-owners. In 1765, "Wistai-'s Glass Works" were in operation about three miles from Allowaystown, Sa- lem county. The first factory for the making of window glass was established near Malaga, Camden county, about the year 1780. By the beginning of the next century others were in operation at Port Elizabeth and Millville. In 1820 works were running at Clementon, Camden county, and Hammonton, Atlantic county. Other factories were estab- lished at Waterford in 1825, at Jackson in 1829, at Winslow in 1832, and the increase since that date has been steady. * There are now (1869) in tlie State seventy-eight publishing estab- lishments, issuing ninety-eight publications — seventeen daily, seventy- eight weekly and three monthly. Two dailies and five weeklies are printed in the German language. 7. Of brick-making and buildings? 8. Where was glass first made ? What is the extent of its manu- facture ? 228 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The works at Glassboro' were started in 1810, and were the first to make hollow-Avare glass. At the close of 1868 there were thirteen glass factories in the State. Ten furnaces con- nected with these produced to the value of about $1,000,000 of window-glass, and twenty furnaces manufactured $1,500,- 000 worth of hollow-ware goods during that year. 9. Small works for the manufacture of salt were scattered along the shores of New Jersey during the Revolution. A number of these were destroyed by foraging parties of British troops. In 1778 several salt-works on the south side of Squam Inlet, Monmouth county, were burned ; and Dr. Har- ris' large establishment near Townsend Sound, Cape May county, was threatened because the owner had furnished gun- powder to the American troops. 10. The cultivation and home manufacture of hemp and flax flourished in the early settlements of New Jersey. These were introduced into West Jersey by Scotch immigrants be- fore 1684. In 1678 the Quakers from Yorkshii-e and Lon- don, who settled Salem and Burlington in West Jersey, in- troduced the manufacture of cloth, serges, druggets and crapes ; good plushes, with several varieties of linen goods, were made at the same time. The first fulling-mill in the Province was built in February, 1703, by Richard Clarke, and for his encouragement he was granted twenty acres of land. In 1784 there were forty-one fulling-mills for house- hold woolens, but no woolen factories. 11. The Legislature chartered, in 1791, a "Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures," with a capital of $200,000, divided into shares of $400 each. This com- 9. Where was salt made? 10. Wliat is said of flax and hemp, and woolen cloth ? 11. How was manufacturing at Paterson begun? When and where were calico prints first made? What is said of Paterson ? What of Belleville? Where is thread made? MANUFACTURING AND TANNING. 229 pany had the exclusive privilege of carrying on all kinds of manufacturing at the falls of the Passaic. It was under the patronage of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. In 1792 the association founded the town of Paterson, and in the following year the first yarn was spun there. The first factory was completed in 1794, and in that year calico goods were first printed in Nev/ Jersey. In 1823, Paterson contained three extensive woolen and two duck factories, which chiefly supplied the navy with canvas, and consumed over one ton of flax per day. " The New Jersey Bleaching, Printing and Dyeing company" at Belleville, nine miles from New York, was incorporated December, 1824, with a capital of $150,000. It erected one of the largest and most com- plete factories in the United States. In 1840 the manufac- ture of silk from the cocoon w^as begun at Paterson by John Kawle of England. That town has since become the princi- pal seat in the country of that industry, and produces an- nually silk goods to exceed $2,000,000 in value. The " Pas- saic Flax Mills," for making shoe, sewing-machine and all kinds of linen thread, were established at Paterson, 1864. The "American Velvet Company," previously located at Newark, erected a factory in Paterson in 1865. This was the first attempt to manufacture velvets on a large scale in America. To Paterson also belongs the credit of having produced the first locomotive engine made in the State. It was built at the Rogers Machine Works in 1837. These works were established in 1831 for the manufacture of machinery for cotton, woolen and flax factories. They were for many years one of the most extensive establishments in the country. 12. Tanning was introduced into the Province by the first settlers of Elizabeth in 1664, and was encouraged by John 12. Where was leather first made? What is said of its manufacture? 20 230 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Ogden, one of the proprietors. Throughout East Jersey ef- forts were made to induce mechanics to settle, and at Newark a lot of land was set apart as a gift to the first of every trade who should settle there. In 1676, Samuel Whitehead, the first shoemaker from Elizabethtown, was " formally admitted a member of the community, on condition of his supplying it with shoes." The exportation of hides was forbidden by law in 1678. The first tannery in Newark was established in 1698 ; and the first japanned leather made in this country was produced in that city. The leather trade is indebted for some of its most valuable mechanical aids to William Edwards.* 13. The manufacture of iron-Avare, jewelry, leather, har- ness and carriages is now carried on extensively at Newark, and the city has recently increased rapidly in population and wealth. In 1830 it contained a population of 10,000 inhab- itants, and was little known as a manufacturing town. In 1869 its population had increased to 120,000, and the pro- duct of its manufactures to nearly $40,000,000. The "Clark Thread Company" in 1865 erected, at a cost of three-quarters of a million dollars, at this place, the most extensive factory in the United States for the manufacture of cotton thread. * Colonel William Edwards, grandson of the eminent Jonathan Ed- wards, and a descendant by his mother from the Ogdens, was born at Elizabeth, in 1770. He learned the business of his uncles, Colonels Mathias Ogden and Oliver Spencer, two Revolutionary officers, who had a factory in that town. At Northampton, Massachusetts, when twenty years of age, he carried on the tanning, and it is believed he there em- ployed the first bark-mill run by water. He subsequently invented and patented the copper heater, long used by tanners, the hide mill or fulling stocks, and the beating or rolling mill. The saving of manual labor thus effected gave a great impulse to the manufacture of leather. 13. What is said of manufactures at Newark ? MINERAL RESOURCES. 231 Newark now takes the place of the third manufacturing city in America.* 14. New Jersey contains rich mineral deposits — iron, cop- per and zinc. The zinc mines in Sussex county are among the richest in the United States, and have long been exten- sively worked by the New Jersey Zinc Company. In colo- nial times the most celebrated and productive copper mine was in the town of Hanover, Hudson county. This ore was discovered in 1719 by a negro servant, who picked up a piece of copper near that place. Hammers and other tools were found in an opening which had been worked many years before that date by Dutch settlers. The rich ore was trans- ported by a short land-carriage to the Hudson, and thence through New York it was shipped to England, where it was sold for £40 per ton. Before the Revolution the shaft had been sunk nearly two hundred feet. A steam engine was im- ported by Colonel John Schuyler in 1745, to keep the mine clear of water. It was the third engine erected in America, and continued in use forty years. 15. In 1750, Elias Boudinot, of Philadelphia, leased for ninety-nine years a mine of copper within one-quarter of a mile of New Brunswick. He erected a stamping-mill and sent many tons of ore to England, but the mine was subse- quently abandoned. 16. Some of the rich mines of iron ore in this State have been worked for a century and a half, and during many years * Summary of manufactures at Newark in 1868 : No. of hands. Capital. Production. Iron 3,000 $3,500,000 $4,250,000 Jewelry 1,493 2,259,000 4,500,000 Leather 1,500 3,000,000 4,300,000 14. When and where were mines opened ? 15. What is said of copper-mining? 16. What is the character and location of the iron ore? 232 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. furnished a large proportion of the iron manufactured in this country. Many of tliem still contain immense beds of ore above water-level, which may be taken out without the em- ployment of expensive machinery. These mines could be made to yield, advantageously, a million tons of ore annually for many years to come, which would be sufficient to supply nearly half of the consumption in the United States. They are situated in the counties of Sussex, Passaic, Warren and Morris, within an area of three hundred square miles. 17. The first iron-works were established near Shrewsbury, and were on a large scale for an infant settlement. They are supposed to have been founded by James Grover, and were bought from him by Lewis Morris, a merchant of Barbadoes. The deed for 3540 aci-es of land bears date October 25, 1676. Good iron was made by the smelting furnace and forge in 1682 ; over sixty negroes and a number of Avhite laborers were then employed. In 1714, Colonel Morris addressed a letter to the " Lords of Trade," transmitting an address from the Coun- cil and Assembly, asking encouragement for the iron interests of the Province. The first settlements in Sussex and Morris counties were made near Hanover, in 1685, for the purpose of smelting the ores found there. Forges were erected at a point that is still known as "the Old Forges," twenty miles eastward of the Suckasunny mine, in the town of Randolph. This mine was public property until 1716, w'hen it was taken up by Joseph Kirkbride. It subsequently became the pro- perty of Mahlon Dickerson, whose name it now bears. Bat- sto furnace was erected in 1766, by Charles Reed, near the junction of Batsto and Egg Harbor rivers in Burlington county. During the Revolutionary Avar it was employed in casting cannon, shot and shell for the use of the American army, and boilers for the salt-works on the coast. 17. Where were iron-works first established? IRON MANUFACTURES. 233 18. Before 1720 mining was commenced at Clinton, Mer- cer county. Union Furnace, which was abandoned in 1778, was supplied with ore from this place. The Oxford furnace was established in Sussex (now Warren) county in 1741. The first iron was made March 9, 1743. It is one of the oldest remaining in the Union, and being in complete repair is still running as a steam hot-blast furnace, two-thirds of the year on charcoal and one-third on anthracite. The Ring- wood and Longpond Bloomeries were built near Boardville, Passaic county, by Baron Hass before the Revolution. The Troy Bloomery, Morris county, is as old as the Oxford. At Andover, in the southern part of Sussex county, a blast furnace was erected before the Revolution, and the works were noted for their superior quality of bar iron. In Janu- ary, 1778, Congress directed that all steel for the use of the Continental artificers should be made of this iron, and the works were seized, as the owners were Royalists. They were again put in operation in 1847 by Messrs. Hewitt and Cooper. The first experiments in this country with the Bessemer pro- cess were made with this iron at the Cooper furnace at Phil- lipsburg. The first wrought-iron beams for fire-proof build- ings were also made by this company at its rolling-mills in Trentoii. 19. In 1775, Thomas Maybery manufactured sheet iron at Mount Holly. Congress ordered from his factory, in May of that year, five tons of sheet iron to make camp-kettles for the troops. A nail factory was in operation at Burlington in 1797. The earliest rolling-mill was built at Dover, Morris county, in 1792. The first anthracite furnace was blown in at Stanhope, Sussex county, in 1840. In 1784, New Jersey had 18. Where are the oldest furnaces in the State? Wliere was steel first made ? 19. Where was sheet iron made? What was the extent of iron- making in 1840 ? 2u « 234 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. eight furnaces and seventy-nine forges for the manufacture of iron. Ten years later there were made in the State 1200 tons bar iron, 1200 tons pig, 80 tons nail rods, besides hollow-ware and castings. At the close of the century ten mines were Avorked in Morris county, and two furnaces, three rolling-mills and forty forges were in operation. 20.. The foundry for the manufacture of malleable iron was established in Newark, in 1827, by Seth Boyden. This city is now one of the largest producers of this metal. 21. In 1867 the State manufactured of anthracite iron 36,919 tons, standing third in quantity among the States ; of charcoal pig iron, 9000 tons. Its forges and bloomeries made 5980 tons, and its rolling-mills produced 2076 tons of rails. In 1866 the other products of the rolling-mills were 11,478 tons of bar and rod iron, 6000 tons plate, 435 tons hoop, 24,519 tons nails and spikes, 6184 tons axles, etc.; total, 48,616 tons. Its manufacture of steel was then 4157 tons. 22. The manufacturing establishments at Camden, on Cooper's Creek and at Gloucester Point, are comparatively of recent date, but they have grown rapidly and now rival the largest in the country. The American Nickel Works, owned by Joseph Wharton, founded in 1842, are on Cooper's Creek. This is the only establishment of the kind in America, and the operations carried on there are truly Avonderful. The nickel ore is obtained from a mine in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, which is the best found in the world. From this ore 200,000 pounds of nickel metal are produced an- nually, valued at $250,000. Cobalt-oxide, blue vitriol and copperas are made from the same ore. The nickel is used at 20. When and by whom was malleable iron first made? 21. What was the extent of iron manufactures in 1867? 22. What is said of manufactures at Camden ? Describe the nickel- works. y COTTON AND WOOLEN MANUFACTURES. 235 the United States' mints in the making of coin, and in the manufactui'e of German silver. 23. The manufacture of dyewood extracts, paint colors, fertilizers and other chemical compounds, is carried on in several large establishments. The first of these was erected on Cooper's Creek in 1842 ; their annual product is now nearly $2,000,000. 24. Cotton and woolen goods are produced in considerable quantities. The Washington Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1844, and employs a capital of $450,000, in the manufacture of cotton goods. The first loom was started in August, 1845. The works occupy ten acres of ground, contain 847 looms, 48,150 spindles and employ nearly 1000 hands. The manufixctures are printed cloths, jeans and sati- nets, of which 9,000,000 yards, valued at $720,000, are pro- duced annually. The Gloucester Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1845. Its works occupy eight acres of ground, employ 250 hands and produce annually 30,000,000 yards of calicoes. The buildings of this company were to- tally destroyed by fire on the 14th of September, 1868, and were entirely rebuilt and began the manufacture of goods before the middle of March, 1869. Large works for the manufacture of fine French cassimeres were erected on Cooper's Creek in 1864, with the capacity of turning out $800,000 worth of these goods annually. There is also in Camden a large mill for the manufacture of girths, reins, webs, bindings, cords, tapes and other like fabrics. 25. Carding-machines, spinning-jacks, looms, wool-pickers and other machinery are manufactured to the value of $500,000 annually. The Camden Iron Works produce cast- 23. What other articles are manufactured at Camden ? 24. What are the principal cotton-mills? State their capacities? What woolen goods are produced ? 25. What machinery is made? 236 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY. iugs and apparatus used in tlie raanufticture of gas. New York, Philadelphia and thirty-four of the principal cities in the United States have been supplied from this establishment. It consumes annually 16,000 tons of iron, and produces over $1,000,000 worth of machinery.* 26. The manufacture of fine porcelain ware was begun in a small way in Jersey City about the year 1835. In 1852 the Trenton potteries were established, and the extensive manufacture of porcelain door-knobs and trimmings began. 27. In 1866 the village of Marion was founded, and the United States Watch Company was established there. The company erected a large iron and glass building for the manufacture of watches, and dwellings for the accommoda- tion of workmen. At this place six hundred hands are employed, producing one hundred and fifty watches a day of fifty-six diftei-ent styles, valued at $11,250, and equal in mechanism and finish to any made in America. 28. The extensive marl-beds found along the coast, and in many places in the interior of the State, are sources of great wealth. The marl when spread on the sandy soil of the lower counties greatly increases its productiveness. Green- sand marl was first used as a fertilizer in Monmouth county, in 1768. An Irishman employed in ditching a meadow on Peter Schenck's farm, near Marlboro', discovered a marl-bed. * Tliere are 42 forges and bloomaries in the State, nearly all of which are in the counties of Sussex and Morris. The oldest of these, the Petersburg Forge, near Milton, was erected about the year 1725. There are eleven blast-furnaces, as follows: in Sussex county there are 5 ; in Passaic, 3 ; Morris, 1 ; Warren, 1 ; Cumberland, 1. There are fifteen rolling-mills: In Morris county, 5; Mercer, 2; Passaic, 3; Hudson, 2; Warren, 1; Camden, 1; Cumberland, 1. There are seven steel-works: In Essex, 3; Morris, 2; Passaic, 1; Mercer, 1. 26. Where is 2:)orcelain made? 27. Where are watches made? 28. What is said of the use of marl ? MARL. 237 A small quantity was taken out and spread on a field, where it produced a marked effect in the growth of the crop. In 1795 marl was dug on Hop Brook and used on the farm owned by John H. Smock, and soon came into general use in that neighborhood. It was not until about the beginning of the present century that the value of marl began to attract the attention of farmers in all the sandy region of the State. Its use spread rapidly, until in many places the most sterile soils were made productive, and waste places were converted into vast fruit and vegetable gardens that enriched their owners and added millions of dollars to the wealth of the State. CHAPTER XXIII. The Rebellion. PHILIP KKARNET. 1. During the political camjiaign that preceded the Presi- dential election in 1860, leading men in the South declared, that if Abraham Lincoln were elected President of the United States, the Southern States would secede from the Union. 2. South Carolina was the first to put this suicidal threat into execution. On the 20th of December, 1860, a conven- tion of delegates elected by the voters of that State adopted an "Ordinance of Secession," wherein it was declared that the State was no longer under the authority of the national government. Other States followed this example, and before the close of the administration of James Buchanan seven Chapter XXIII. — 1. "What threats were made in 18G0? 2. How were these carried out? 238 THE REBELLION. 239 had seceded from the Union. In February, 1861, delegates from the seceded States assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, adopted a constitution, appointed Jefferson Davis President and Alexander H. Stephens Vice President, and organized a government called the " Confederate States of America." 3. The conspirators rapidly organized armed forces, seized the mints, custom-houses, arsenals, navy-yards, forts and other property of the national government in the Southern States, and on the 12th of April began the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. The garrison made an heroic defence, lasting three days, and then on the 15th sur- rendered the fort to the enemy. 4. The news of this attack on the national troops created the most intense excitement throughout the whole country. On the 15th of April, the day on which the garrison surren- dered, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, is- sued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteer troops to defend the Union. The people of the North laid aside all political disputes, and with great unanimity resolved to sus- tain the government. 5. " New Jersey, from her revolutionary battle-fields, an- swered the Nation's call with eager pledges of help. The old flag, displayed aforetime only on fair holidays when no storms beat, flung out its folds in every town and hamlet and over secluded country homes, and became a perpetual sign of covenant-keeping faithfulness — a pledge to all the world that the cause it symbolized should be maintained at what- ever cost. In every town and village the people, assembled in public meetings, pledged their utmost resources in behalf ef the imperiled government. The banks came forward 3. What did the conspirators do ? 4. What effect had the capture of Fort Sumter on the Northern peo- ple ? What did the President do ? 5. W^hat was done in New Jersey ? 240 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with liberal offers of money ; leading citizens proffered their assistance to the authorities ; every fireside shone with the lustre of patriotic feelings, and even the schools shared in the absorbing excitement. It was a carnival of patriotism from one end of the State to the other." * 6. New Jersey's quota of troops under the President's call was four regiments, of 780 men each. Governor Olden f re- ceived the requisition of the War Department on the 17th, and immediately issued a proclamation for volunteers to report within twenty days. The people everywhere promptly responded to the call ; the organized companies in the State opened recruiting-stations ; 2)ublic meetings were held in every town and city to assist enlistments ; the churches en- tered earnestly into the work, many sending full companies into the ranks ; and everywhere the popular heart beat strongly in favor of the Union. Within a few days over one hundred companies, exceeding ten thousand men, offered their services to the governor. The first regiment of the Hunterdon Brigade reported for duty on the 18th of April, and was the first organized body of troops ready for service. The Camden Zouaves reported on the same day. Many offers of individual services came from citizens who afterward were distinguished in the field. | The Olden Guards of Trenton, * " New Jersey and the Rebellion," by Jobn Y. Foster. f Charles S. Olden, a distinguisbed citizen of tbe State, was elected governor in 1859. He was experienced in public affairs, and eminently qualified for tbe high office be beld in tiiis trying period of tbe nation's history. X Joseph W. Revere, George D. Bayard, Judson Kilpatrick, William S. Truex, William Cook, H. W. Sawyer, J. H. Simpson, William B. Hatch, Mark B. Collett, Mrs. Kitty K. Painter were among those who first tendered their services to Governor Olden. 6. What was the quota of tbe State under the first call ? How were these troops raised? What troops were first enrolled? TROOPS FOR THE REBELLION. 241 mustered into the service on the 23d of April, were the first enrollment from this State for the National army. So rapidly had the volunteers come forward that on the 30th of the month the quota was completed and the regiments stood ready to march. 7. The State authorities took active measures to strengthen the defences on the Delaware and to protect the numerous inlets on the coast. Organized companies were offered for garrison duty in the forts on the Delaware and in New York harbor, and every effort was made to put the commonwealth in a complete state of defence. An extra session of the Leg- islature was called by Governor Olden to meet on the 30th of April. This Legislature, upon the recommendation of the governor, appropriated $2,000,000, and levied an annual tax of $100,000 for military purposes. The common council of Newark voted $100,000 to the families of soldiers and $5000 for equipments. The banks throughout the State placed $451,000 at the disposal of the governor. Among the individual subscriptions made may be named those of Sophia and Esther Stevens, each of whom on the 29th of April sent to the governor $1000; and within a month after the firing on Fort Sumter these private subscriptions ex- ceeded one million dollars. 8. Theodore Runyon, of Newark, was appointed brigadier- general of the brigade organized for the National service. When the brigade had been fully organized, a despatch was received from the Secretary of War, stating that the govern- ment could not furnish equipments and arms for the troops. The State authorities thereupon resolved to supply the defi- ciency of the National government, and to send forward the 7. What did the State authorities do? What did Newark do for the soldiers' families? What was contributed by private citizens? 8. Who was appointed to command the First Brigade? How were these troops armed and equipped? 21 Q 242 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. troops clothed,* armed and fully equipped for active service. Governor Olden desj)atclied a messenger on the 1st of May to General Butler, commanding at Annapolis, informing him that the New Jersey Brigade would leave the State on the first, second and third of that month, and urged him to make arrangements to receive them and to promote their comfort. As the troops were about to move, it was found that the gov- ernment could not even so much as supply ammunition. A messenger was sent to New York, and after the most persist- ent efforts succeeded in obtaining five thousand musket-ball cartridges and one hundred thousand percussion caps. These were immediately shipped after the regiments that had already gone forward, and were distributed to the men on board the steamers on Delaware Bay. 9. The troops arrived at Washington on the 6th of May, and went into such quarters as could be hastily provided for them. The arrival of these three thousand Jerseymen, thor- oughly armed and equipped, inspired a feeling of security in the Departments at Washington that had not been felt for many days. New Jersey never stood higher in the esti- mation of the loyal peojole of the country than at that junc- ture, when she sent to the nation's defence a full brigade of troops in every particular prepared for immediate action. 10. After a few days the brigade was ordered to go into camp at Meridian Hill : here the service of camp-duty * Tlie First Kegiment was clothed at Newark at the expense of the State. The Second Regiment was mostly clothed by a committee of liberal and isatriotic gentlemen of Jersey City at their own expense, without any instructions or authority from the State. The Third and Fourth Regiments were clotiied entirely by the State. 9. When did the brigade arrive in Washington? How was it received ? 10. Where did the regiment encamp? What was the first service performed ? BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 243 began. The severest discipline was enforced, and the troops were required to observe the strictest regulations of army life. On the 24th the brigade crossed Long Bridge into Virginia and encamped along the heights south of the Potomac. The work of entrenching the camps and of building redoubts was immediately begun. The principal work constructed by the Jersey men was named Fort Runyon, and was known by that name during the war. 11. On the 3d of May the President called for thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, to serve for three years or during the war. The quota of New Jersey under this call was three regiments. So enthusiastic had been the response to the first call for troops that nearly five thousand men who could not be received in the New Jersey quota had gone to New York and enterSd the service from that State, and almost a sufiicient number of organized companies now stood I'eady to fill the quota under this second call. The troops were received at Camp Olden near Trenton, and organ- ized into regiments. These regiments were clothed and fur- nished with camp and garrison equipage by the State, and were armed by the General Government. They left Trenton on the 28th of June, and reported to General Scott at Wash- ington City on the following day. 12. In the disposition of troops on the 15th of July for the advance against the enemy at Bull Run, the New Jersey Brigade and all other troops held in reserve were placed under the command of General Runyon. When the main army was defeated on the 21st of July, and fell back in dis- order and confusion, the New Jersey Brigade, together with the First, Second and Third three-year regiments, advanced 11. When was the second call for troops made ? What was the quota of the State? How was the quota filled? 12. What position was assigned to the New Jersey troops in the movement against Bnll Rnn? 244 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in good order to Centreville, where their presence and cool- ness gave confidence to many of the ileeing fragments of companies, and induced them to form in the rear of these troops. Thus a strong rear-guard was organized for the protec- tion of the trains of the retreating army. Before live o'cloclv in tlie afternoon the stampede was stopped, the road was cleared, the army-wagons halted, and order had come out of chaos, mainly through the efforts of the New Jersey regiments. 13. The First Regiment was thrown forward beyond Cen treville to resist tlie advance of the enemy, in case it should be attempted. After the whole army had fallen back the troops were withdrawn and reached Fort Albany, near Alex- andria, on the afternoon of the 22d, having been on duty thirty hours without provisions. Many of the men dropped down exhausted beneath the shelter of fences and trees, whence they were afterward rescued by their comrades. The term of service of the First Brigade had now expired, and the men were accordingly mustered out on the 25th. They returned to the State, but many of them re-enlisted and served in other regiments during the war. 14. After the disaster at Bull Run another call came from the National capital for troops. The quota of the State was placed at five regiments. These Avere named resjDectively the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth regiments. The Fourth Regiment reached Washington on the 21st of August and Avas assigned to the brigade commanded by Brigadier General Kearney,* and with the First, Second and Third * Philip Kearney was born June 2, 1815. He graduated at Colum- bia College, New York, studied law, and at the age of twenty-one was commissioned a lieutenant in the regiment of dragoons for service on 13. What part did they take in the battle? 14. What occurred after the battle of Bull Eun ? What was tlie State's quota under this call ? How was it filled? AVho commanded tliese brigades? PHILIP KEARNEY. 245 regiments composed the First Brigade of New Jersey volun- teers. The Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth regiments were organized into the Second Brigade of New Jersey volun- teers, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Starr. the Western frontier. In 1S40 he was sent by the United States govern- ment to the military school in France. He accompanied the Frencli army to Africa, and distinguished himself in two engagements. After returning from France he was attached to General Scott's headquarters. He served witli distinction through the Mexican war, and for gallant conduct was promoted to the rank of major. After having served several years in Indian wars he resigned his commission and went to Europe. In 1859, during the Italian war, he was aide-de-camp on the staff of General Morris, commanded the cavalry of the Guard and was present at the battle of Solferino. In consideration of the services rendered in this campaign, the Empei'or Napoleon conferred on him the Cross of the Legion of Honor. When the rebellion broke out in America, Major Kearney instantly abandoned his life of ease and luxury in Europe, and hastened to the defence of his country. He was com- missioned a brigadier-general, and assigned to the command of the First Brigade of the New Jersey three-year regiments. In front of the enemy south of the Potomac, Kearney soon attracted a large share of public attention. In the advance against the enemy at Manassas, in the Peninsular campaign and during the series of terrible battles that ended at Malvern Hill, no general officer was more conspicuous in the thickest of the fight than brave Gener.al Kearney. In Pope's campaign the commanding general again found a hearty support in the New Jersey troops under this gallant officer. After the National army had been defeated on Manassas Plains and driven across Bull Bun with heavy los.s, and wlien General Lee had resolved to crush the retreating troops before they had reached the Potomac, General Pope determined to make another desperate stand, and in this he resolved to trust only such officers as had never failed in the severest duty. Kearney, Reno and Stevens were placed in the most trying positions. The New .Jersey troops had been sl)attered and thinned by the severe struggles they had just passed through, but with Kearney as their leader they were still a strong arm of defence. On the first of September the enemy made a bold flank attack on Beno, near Ciiantilly, in order to seize the road leading to Washington. Beno and Stevens made a desperate resistance, 21 * 246 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 15. Though the people of New Jersey Avere wholly unpre- pared for war, without a military establishment or men expe- rienced in military duty, yet, by the energy of the officers of its government, and the skill and patriotism of its people, it was enabled to respond promptly to every call for assist- ance from the General Government. During the year 1861 the State equipped and sent forward thirteen regiments at an expense of $665,303. In addition to this there were numer- ous instances of independent action by communities and indi- viduals. The jmtriotic women of Newark organized a relief association on the 24th of April, 1861, to provide conve- niences for the soldiers and delicacies for the sick, that could not be supplied by the government. The women of Jersey City formed a similar association at about the same time, and these noble examples Avere speedily followed in other places. In 1863 the " United States Sanitary Commission for New Jersey" was formed. During the first year of its operations but were driven back by overpowering numbers. General Stevens fell, flag in hand and cheering on his men, in the very front of the line. At the moment the National forces were giving way. General Kearney appeared on the field. With characteristic impetuosity he hurled his columns of Jerseymen against the lines of the enemy, ordered his bat- teries to fire with double canister, and placing himself at the head of the charging column, rushed upon the enemy. He broke tlirough the centre of his lines and hurled it back in disorder and confusion. Thus he rescued Pope's army and saved the National capital. Soon after sunset the general was riding forward to examine the position of his troops, and unexpectedly came upon the enemy. He was summoned to surrender, but refusing, was shot dead. The death of no soldier during the war created more profotmd regret and deeper grief, nor was the loss of any one more deeply lamented, than that of the heroic Kearney, who nobly died that the nation might live. 15. What was the military status of the State at the beginning of the war? How were the demands on the State met? What was done during the first year? What private action was taken? What contri- butions were made? BR AVERT OF JERSEY TROOPS. 247 the Commission collected for the relief of the soldiers, in money and supplies, $128,806.85. Nine hundred and thirty boxes of jjrovisions and goods were sent from the State to the army, about $50,000 were contributed to the great fair at Philadelphia, and $20,000 were sent by local societies through other channels. The contributions, as far as it is possible to state them, were as follows : of supplies, Elizabeth gave $7755; Boonton, $4140; Salem, $4136; Millville, $2062; Plainfield, $4322; Paterson, $3122; Rahway, $2328; Somerville, $2216; AVoodstown, $1598; Lodi, $1616; Montclair, $1793, and Schralenburg, $1838. The contribu- tions in money were, from Newark, $7052 ; Jersey City, $5566; Hoboken, $1050, and Pequaunock township, $1015. There were many liberal contributions made by the citizens of other towns not here named, for the patriotism and liber- ality that actuated the people of New Jersey during the period of the nation's struggle for life was not bounded by political divisions, nor confined to party, faction, sect or con- dition : the action of the people in all parts of the State was generous and prompt. The Legislature authorized the au- thorities of Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, Rahway, Camden and Bordentown to appropriate money for the support of soldiers' families. This and many other acts of devotion to the Union cause consumed large sums of money that cannot be fully estimated. The patriotic women of the State were also represented in the field. Several won distinction as nurses in the hospitals at Washington, and as agents of the Sanitary Commission in the Army of the Potomac. 16. During the four years of war New Jersey was called upon for 78,248 men. In response to these several calls it sent into the field 88,305, or 10,057 more men than its pro- 16. How many troops were called for? How were the calls an- swered ? 248 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. portion of the contril^utions for the war.* The Legislature also appropriated money for the support of the families of the men who entered the service, and for this purpose $2,317,374 were spent. 17. Most of these troops were sent to the Army of the Potomac, where they participated in all the campaigns and battles through which that great army passed, in its efforts to defend the National capital and to overthrow the power of the enemy at Richmond. The New Jersey regiments, here and in the West, are frequently mentioned in the official re- ports of the several commanders, and are commended for gallant conduct under the most trying circumstances. The troops of no State made a more honorable record for devotion to the National Union or for skill and bravery in the field. 18. Many regiments from New York and the New England States, on their way to and from the seat of war, passed through this State. The citizens along the lines of the rail- * The following statement exhibits tlie number of men called for, and the number furnished by this State, and the term of enlistment, from April 17, 1861, to April 30, 1865: Number men furnished for four years 155 " " " three " 42,573 " two " 2,243 " " " one year 16,812 " " " nine months 10,787 " " " three months 3,105 " " " one hundred days 700 " " not classified 2,973 Credited to State 79,348 Furnished, but not credited 8,957 88,305 Total number of men called for 78,248 Surplus over all calls 10,057 17. What is said of these troops? 18. How were troops passing through the State treated? CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 249 roads spared no efforts to minister to the wants of these troops, and everywhere cheered on the patriot soldiers who were hastening to the front, or who, having honorably served their country, were returning home from the toils of war. 19. The term of office of Governor Olden expired in 1863, when Joel Parker was inaugurated governor of the common- wealth. Governor Parker, though not agreeing in political vicAvs with his predecessor, was a true patriot, and administered the affairs of the State in the full interest of the National cause, vigorously carrying out the war policy inaugurated by Governor Olden.* In 1865 an act was passed providing for the establishing of "The Soldiers' Children's Home" to sup- port and educate the destitute children of soldiers. In the following year a Home for Disabled Soldiers was established at Newark, and money was appropriated by the Legislature to remove the bodies of the New Jersey soldiers from the battle-fiekls to the National cemeteries. 20. It is now 252 years since the first settlements were made in the north-eastern part of the State by the Dutch ; 205 years since the establishment of the government of East Jersey ; 193 years since the establishment of the government * Governor Pnrker was ever attentive to the wants of the State troops — frequently visited the army and personally inspected the regi- ments. He established agencies at Washington and in Philadelphia to attend to the interests of the soldiers, and despatched a messenger to examine into tlie condition of the New Jersey regiments in the Western army. When Pennsylvania was invaded in 1863, he forwarded troops with great promptness to Harrisbnrg to aid in the defence of that State. No call was made on the State for assistance, during his administration, that was not cheerfully and promptly met. 19. What is said of Governor Parker? What was done for the soldiers ? 20. What is the age of the oldest settlements? What of the Prov- ince? Of the commonwealth ? What is said of the character of the people? 250 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of West Jersey; 167 years since the merging of the two Provinces into one under the crown, and 93 years since the organization of the commonwealth. The inhabitants of New Jersey were early noted for the observance of the principles of peace, and for strict justice in dealing with the Indian tribes found in the territory. Though they had much less to fear from British taxation on American commerce than any of their neighboi's, they were not surpassed in devotion to the cause of human rights, nor in promptness to defend personal liberty and to adopt the principles of the Declaration of In- dependence, by the people of any other Province. 21. The public men of New Jersey were conspicuous dur- ing the Revolutionary struggle, and made large contributions to that wisdom in council and bravery in the field that suc- cessfully maintained the cause of the colonies against the power of the British government. New Jersey was the only State wherein the National Constitution was adopted unani- mously and without amendment. In making early provision for the education of the young, in establishing public tho- roughfares and undertaking the construction of vast public improvements, the inhabitants of this State have ever evinced a degree of skill and energy equal to that of any other peoj)le. The early settlers were noted for their rigid piety, and their descendants have maintained an honorable reputation for a liberal support of religious, educational and philanthropic institutions. 21. What is said of tlie public men of New Jei'sey? Of tlie adop- tion of the Constitution ? Of the people? APPENDIX. TABLE I. Comities in New Jersey. Counties. When Formed. ropuLAxioN in IStiO. County Towns. Salem 1675 22,458 Salein. Gloucester 1677 18,444 Woodbury. Bergen 1682 21,618 Hackensack. Middlesex 1682 34,812 New Brunswick. Somerset 1688 22,057 Sornerville. Burlington 1694 49,730 Mount Holly. Essex 1710 98,887.. Newark. Monmouth 1710 89,346 Freehold. Cape May 1710 7,130 Cape May Court-house. Hunterdon 1714 33,654 Flemington. Morris 1739 34,677 Morristown. Cumberland 1748 22,605 Bridgeton. Sussex 1753 23,846 Newton. Warren 1824 28.433 Belvidere. Passaic 1837 29,013 Paterson. Atlantic 1837 11,786 May's Landing. Mercer 1838 37,418 Trenton. Hudson 1840 62,717 Jersey City. Camden 1844 34,457 Camden. Ocean 1850 11,176 Tom's Kiver. Union 1857 27,780 Elizabeth City. Population: 1790, 184,139— 11,423 slaves; 1800, 211,949— 12,422 slaves; 1810, 245,555—10,851 " 1820, 277,575— 7,357 " 1830, 320,823— 2,254 " 1840, 373,306— 674 " 1850,489,555— 236 " 1860,672,035- 30 " Total vote for President in 1868, 163,122; 1864, 136,048; 1860, 121,125; 1856, 99,396; 1852, 83,283; 1848, 77,765; 1844, 76,944; 1840, 64,385 ; 1836, 51,729 ; 1832, 47,249 ; 1828, 45,708. 251 252 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. TABLE II. Table of the Governors of the Colonies, of the Provinces and of the State. Access. Exit 1614. Carstiansen (first Dutch governor) 1624. Peter Minuit (Governor of New Netherlands) 1633. Woiitcr Van Twiller (Governor of New Netheriands) 1638 1638. Wm. Keift (Governor of New Netherlands) 1646 1642. Col. John Printz (Governor of New Sweden) 1653 1646. Peter Stuyvesant ( " " New Netherlands) 1664 1664. Philip Carteret (first English governor) 1676 1674. Major Edmund Andross (appointed by Duke of York) 1676 Division into East Jersey and West Jersey. KA.ST JERSEY. 1676. Philip Carteret 1682 1682. Robert Barclay (Proprietary Governor in England) 1690 1682. Thomas Rudyard (Deputy Governor) 1683 1683. Gawen Lawrie " •' 1686 1686. Lord Neill Campbell " " 1687 1687. Andrew Hamilton '•' " 1688 1688. Edmund Andro.ss (Royal Governor New York) 1689 1690. John Tatham (Proprietary Governor; rejected by Province). 1690 1691. Col. Joseph Dudley " " " " " 1691 1692. Andrew Hamilton 1697 1698. Jeremiah Basse 1699 1699. Andrew Bowne (Deputy Governor) 1699 1099. Andrew Hamilton 1702 WEST JERSEY. 1676. Board of Commissioners 1679. Edward Byllinge (Governor) 1687 '1679. Samuel Jennings (Deputy Governor) 1684 1684. Thomas Olive " " 1085 1685. John Skeine " " 1687 1687. Daniel Coxe (Governor) , 1690 1690. Edward Hunloke (Deputy Governor) 169C APPENDIX. 253 Access. Exit. 1691. "West Jersey Society of Proprietors" 1691 1692. Andrew Hamilton 1697 1697. Jeremiali Basse (both Provinces) 1699 1699. xindrew Hamilton 1702 PROVINCE OF NEW JERSEY UNDER THE CROWN. 1702. Lord Cornbury * 1708 1708. Lord Lovelace* 1709 1709. Richard Ingoldsby (Lieutenant-governor) 1710 1710. Robert Hunter* 1720 1720. Wm. Burnett* 1727 1728. John Montgoraerie* 1731 1731. Lewis Morris (President of Council) 1732 1732. Wm. Crosby* 1736 1736. John Anderson (President of Council) 1736 1736. John Hamilton " " " 1738 1738. Lewis Morris 1746 1746. John Hamilton (President) 1746 1746. John Beading " 1747 1747. Jonathan Belcher 1757 1757. John Beading (President) 1758 1758. Francis Bernard 1760 1760. Thomas Boone 1761 1761. Josiah Hardy 1763 1763. Wm. Temple Franklin 1776 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 1776. Wm. Livingston 1790 1791. Wm. Paterson 1793 1794. Richard Howell 1801 1801. Joseph Bloomfield 1802 1802. John Lambert (President) 1803 1803. Joseph Bloomfield 1812 1812. Aaron Ogden 1813 1813. Wm. S. Pennington 1815 1815. Mahlon Dickerson 1817 ••• Governor-in-chief of New York and New Jersey. 22 254 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Access. Exit. 1817. Isaac H. Williamson 1829 1829. Peter D. Vrooni, Jr 1832 1832. Elias P. Seeley 1833 1833. Peter D. Vroom 1836 1836. Philemon Dickerson 1837 1837. Wm. Pennington 1843 1843. Daniel Haines 1844 1844. Chas. C. Stratton 1848 1848. Daniel Haines 1851 1851. Geo. F, Fort 1854 1854. Kodman M. Price 1857 1857. Wm. A.Newall 1860 1860. Chas. S. Olden 18G3 1863. Joel Parker 1866 1866. Marcus L. Ward 1869 1869. Theodore F. Randolph APPENDIX. 255 TABLE III. ToMe of the Principal Officers of the United States from New Jersey, since the Adoption of the Constitution. PRESIDENT CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. Term of Service. Elias Boudinot 1782-1783 SECRETARIES OP THE NAVY. Samuel L. Southard 1823-1829 Mahlon Dickerson 1834-1838 Win. M. Eobeson 1869- ASSOCIATE JUDGE OP THE SUPRE5IE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. William Paterson 1793-1806 PRESIDENT OP THE SENATE. Samuel L. Southard 1841-1842 SPEAKERS OP THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. Jonathan Daytou 1795-1798 William Pennington 1860-1861 MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY AND RESIDENT. J. P. Stockton, Minister Kesident. Rome 1858 Wm. L. Dayton, Minister Plenipotentiary. Paris.. 1861-1864 Judson Kilpatrick, Minister Resident. Chili 1865 256 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. TABLE IV. Railroads in Netv Jersey. Name of Company. Cost. Length. Caimlen and Amboy $11,221,696 63 64 New Jer.sey 7,341,277' 93 33 Perth Amboy and Woodbridge 214,581 57 CJ Millstone and New Brunswick 109,918 42 Q,^^\ Kocky Hill E. K. and Transportation Co... 45,008 71 Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural 329,305 42 Belvidere Delaware 3,914,895 68 64 Flemington R. K. and Transijortation Co.. 389,922 12.G Peniberton and Ilightstown 533,785 75 Camden and Burlington Co 710,962 50 Vincenttown Branch of Burlington County E. R. and Transportation Co 45,256 61 West Jersey 1,840,303 78 47 Cape May and Millville 873,5-55 93 Salem 278,327 80 Northern 525,563 12 21 Paterson and Hudson Eiver 630,000 l^ Hackensack and New York 191,245 88 Paterson and Eamapo 350,000 15 Central 10,234,725 81 64 South Brancli 435,249 04 Warren 2,000,000 18 Sus.sex 474,400 Morris and Essex 15,002,013 62 53 Ogden Mine 450,000 Hibernia Mine 55,000 Newark and Bloomfield 103,850 Earitan and Delaware Bay 4,098,592 45 Long Branch and Sea Shore 223,440 53 Camden and Atlantic 2,062,101 95 60 APPENDIX. 257 TABLE V. Canals in Neiv Jersey. Name op Company. Cost. Delaware and Raritan $4,580,394 70 Morris Canal and Banking Co 3,408,224 06 Length. 65^ 102 TABLE VI. Agricultural Products of New Jersey in 1868. Products. Indian corn. ..bushels. Wheat do — Eye do Oats do Barley do Buckwheat do Potatoes do Tobacco pounds. Hay tons. Total a. o &i o . t: ■VhOO 'i> . o'=o ■^ i-H a; o S o 6C rt a 01 > < < 37.5 10,216,000 1,432,000 13.9 1,358,000 13.5 6,368,000 22.4 26,000 22.9 852,000 16.7 3,670,000 97 150,000 700 486,000 1.40 a; '3 . a o S s ^3 J o 't "^ ^ :- 0) K ^ OJ 0) S C 5 .fH c3 -is ^ ^ 272,426 $0 9.^ 103,021 2 11 100,592 150 239,642 69 1,135 155 51,017 128 37,835 97 214 10.5 347,142 19 00 1,153,024 $10,113,840 3,021,520 2,037,000 3,703,920 40,300 1,090,560 3,559,900 15,750 9,234,000 32,816,790 COTTON MANUFACTURES IN 1868. Mills, 30 ; spindles, 175,042 ; average yarn, No. 32| 10,767,600 pounds; average per spindle, 61.51 pounds. 22 « R cotton spun, 258 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. TABLE VII. A Chronolofjlcal Table of Important Events in the History of Neiv Jersey, from the Discovery of the Delaivare in 1609 xmtil 1869. 1609. Delaware Bay discovered by Henry Pludson. Hudson anchored at "Half Moon" Avithin Sandy Hook, September 3. IGIO. The Dutch establish trading posts on Manhattan Island and at Albany. 1617. Bergen settled by Danes. 1621. The West India Company organized to settle New Netherland. 1623. Tlie Dutch build Fort Nassau on the Delaware. 1624. Peter Minuit appointed governor of the New Netherlands. 1633. Wouter Van Twiller governor of the New Netherlands. 1634. Charles I. granted charter to Lord Palatine Plowden of New Albany, extending fi'om Long Island to Pennsylvania, Jan- nary 21. 1638. \Vm. Keift becomes governor of the New Netherlands. First permanent settlement of Swedes on the Delaware. 1642. Col. .lolin Printz appointed governor of " New Sweden." 1643. Fort Elsingburg built on the east bank of the Delaware by the Swedes. 1646. Peter Stuyvesant governor of the New Netherlands. 1648. Six families settled at Middletown. 1654. Swedish settlements on the Delaware subjugated by the Dutch. 1661. First ferry established at Coramunipaw. 1664. Dutch possessions conquered by the English. Deeded by Charles II. to Duke of York. New Jersey granted by Duke of York to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, June 24. " Concessions" of the Proprietors published Feb- ruary 10. Philip Carteret appointed governor of New Jersey, February 10 (Old Style ; New Style, 1665). Site of Elizabeth- town, first permanent English settlement in New Jersey, pur- chased from the Indians by the " Elizabethtown Associates," October 28 ; land granted by Governor Nichols, December 2. Shrewsbury settled. 1665. Swedes on Delaware submitted to Sir Robert Carr. First church established at Elizabethtown by Congregationalists and Inde- APPENDIX. 259 pendents; enlarged, 1760; burned January 25, 1780. Gov- ernor Carteret arrived in Elizabethtown with tliirty settlers, August. 1666. Newark settled by tliirty fomilies from Branford, Connecticut, under Eev. Mr. Pierson, May 17. Middletown and Piscata- way settled. 1667. Woodbridge directed to be laid out, December 3. Site of Newark purchased from Indians, July 11. Courts of justice instituted in Monmouth county under authority of Col. Nichols. 1668. Meeting-house built at Newark. Session of first Legislative Assembly of New Jersey at Elizabethtown, May 26. Second session, November 3. Bergen chartered, September 22. Grant of 276 acres issued for Hoboken, May 12. 1669. Woodbridge chartered, June 16. Township erected, June 1. 1670. First settlement of Friends' Meeting in East .Jersey, at Shrews- bury. First monthly meeting held. Presbyterian congrega- tion formed in Woodbridge. First grist-mill erected at Wood- bridge. 1672. First Friends' meeting-house built at Shrewsbury. 1673. Berkeley sold West Jersey to John Fenwick and Edward Byl- linge, March 18. Dutch recover New Netherlands and New Jersey. 1674. New Jersey surrendered to the English by the treaty of Feb- ruary 9. West Jersey divided ; one-tenth to Fenwick and nine-tenths to Byllinge. Byllinge assigns his nine-tenths to Wm. Penn, etc., February 10. Fenwick leases his one-tenth to Eldridge and Warner. 1675. Fenwick sailed from London. Salem, first English colony in West Jersey, settled by him in June. First Friends' meeting established at Salem. Salem and Cumberland townships bought from the Indians. First Baptist congregation at Cape May established. Presbyterian meeting-house erected at Woodbridge. General Assembly met at Elizabethtown, No- vember 5. Courts of justice first established by law. 1676. Andror.s ordered Fen wick's arrest, November 8. Eldridge and Warner conveyed Fenwick's lease to Penn, etc. "Quinti partite deed," dividing Province into East Jersey and West Jersey, dated July 1 ; the former assigned to Carteret, the latter to Penn. " Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors" of 260 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. West Jersey issued, and government established, March 3. General Assembly at Woodbridge. Vessels cleared from Perth Amboy by Carteret. Newark authorized the engagement of a schoolmaster, February 7. Col. ISIorris erected iron mills at Fenton, Monmouth county. 1677. Ship "Willing Mind" arrived at Elsingburg with seventy pas- sengers. "Martha," from Yorkshire, brought one hundred and fourteen passengers. Burlington laid out, and Friends' meeting for worship held in tents. Government commission- ers arrived in West Jersey. 1678. "Shield," from Hull, witli 114 passengers, was the first ship that ascended the Delaware to Burlington, December. Sir George Carteret directed East Jersey to be sold, by will dated De- cember 5. Salem and Cohansey laid out into lots, Septem- ber 18. 1679. Amboy declared a free port by Governor Carteret. Death of Sir George Carteret. Jennings appointed deputy governor by By Hinge. 1680. Andross arrested Carteret, April 30. Carteret tried and ac- quitted. May 27. General Assembly repudiated Andross' authority, June 2. Second grant of West Jersey to Proprie- tors by Duke of York, August 6 ; grant of East Jersey, Sep- tember. Wm. Cooper settled on tract of land between the Delaware and Cooper's creek. First voyage from Burlington to Barbadoes, by ketch of 50 tons. Friends' meeting estab- lished at Amboy. Friends at Salem purchase house for wor- ship. First meeting in Burlington county established at Ches- terfield, and meeting-house built. Vicinity of Trenton settled by Phineas Pemberton. First water-wheel mills in West Jersey built at Eancocas creek and at Trenton. 1681. Assembly met at Elizabethtown. First Assembly met at Bur- lington and organized government, November 21. Building of the first highway, from Burlington to Salem, authorized. Newton meeting settled. First yearly meeting of Friends for discipline in this country held at Burlington, June 28. The times for religious worship regulated, June 31. Yearly meet- ing established at Salem. Women's meetings for business first established at Burlington. Site of New Brunswick granted to John Inians and company, November 1. APPENDIX. 261 1682. Pliilip Carteret died, December. Deputy-governor Riidyard ap- pointed September IG. East Jersey sold to Wm. Penn and associates, February 1 and 2. New conveyance of East Jersey to twenty-four Proprietors by Duke of York, Marcli 14. Robert Barclay appointed governor. Assembly met at Elizabetbtown, March 1. Friends' quarterly meeting established in Burling- ton county. Six weeks' Friends' meeting held at " William Cooper's Pine Point," June 16. First land grant for school purposes by act of Assembly (Matenicunk Island), September 28. Fenwick conveyed title to Governor Penn, March 1. First saw-mills built at Salem and Woodbridge. Salem made a port of entry. East Jersey divided into four counties, and the boundaries defined. 1683. Friends' meeting-house built at Freehold. Perth Amboy laid cut into 150 lots. Death of Fenwick. Ordinary (tavern) established at Woodbridge ; first in the Province. Population of Shrewsbury, 400; Middletown, 500; Piscataway, 400; Woodbridge, 600; Elizabetbtown, 700; Newark, 500; Ber- gen, 350. Gawen Lawrie appointed deputy-governor, July. 1084. Yearly meetings of Society of Friends held alternately at Bur- lington and Philadelphia until 1761. Site of Camden occu- pied by Messrs. Cooper, Eunyon and Morris. First govern- ment house erected at Perth Amboy for Proprietors. Ferry across the Raritan, between Perth Amboy and Newark, estab- lished. "Long Ferry Tavern" built— first public-house in Amboy. 1685. Death of Charles II., February. Assembly West Jersey acknow- ledges John Skeine deputy-governor under Byllinge. St. Peter's Episcopal church founded at Perth Amboy ; the first in New Jersey. Friends' meeting-house built on Lower AIlo- way's creek. Court-house built at Perth Amboy. 3686. Friends' monthly meeting established at Amboy. First yearly meeting at Salem, February 11. Lord Neill Campbell ap- pointed governor of East Jersey, June 4. Semi-annual iiiirs authorized at Amboy for three days, commencing first Tues- days in May and October. 1687. Death of Byllinge. Dr. Daniel Coxe purchased his interest. Collector and receiver of customs commissioned at Perth Amboy, November 30. 262 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 1688. First Baptist church in East Jersey built at Middletown ; also occupied by the Qualvcrs. 1689. Second Baptist church built at Piscataway. Schoolmaster ap- pointed in Woodbridge, ]March. 1690. Death of Governor Barclay, October 3. Baptist church at Co- hansey erected. 1691. West Jersey Society of Proprietors bought Governor Coxe's claim for £8000. 1692. Andrew Hamilton appointed governor of both East and West Jersey. Presbyterian church established in Freehold and in Woodbridge. "The great flood" in the Delaware. 1693. Burlington incorporated. Schoolmaster allowed to be appointed by townsmen and taxes levied for his support, October 12. 1694. Custom-house established at Pertli Amboy by Assembly. 1695. Salem incorporated. Location of schools in towns authorized. 1696. Kaighn's Point settled. Quakers recommended their brethren to refrain from importing slaves. 1697. First dam in New Jersey erected on Alloway's creek. Presby- terian church established at Fairfield, Cumberland county, by Connecticut emigrants. 1698. Rev. Edward Perthuick, first Episcopal minister, arrived at Perth Amboy. The sale of liquor forbidden by Assembly at semi-annual fairs. 1699. Andrew Hamilton reappointed governor of both Jerseys. 1700. Friends' brick meeting-house built at Salem. First lands in Morris county bought near Pompton Plains. 1701. Total population of New Jersey, 15,000. Ten rods of land given in Woodbridge for school-house, December. 1702. Government of New Jersey surrendered to the Crown, April 17, and both Provinces united. INIilitia force, 1400 men. New constitution established, and Lord Cornbury appointed gov- ernor, November 16. 1703. General Assembly met at Pei'th Amboy, November 10. Corner- stone of Episcopal church, Burlington, laid, March 25. First Episcopal service at Elizabethtown, November 3. 1704. Assembly met at Burlington, September 7. Friends' monthly meeting established at Woodbridge. Episcopal church built at Hopewell. Swedish church built at Raccoon. 1705. Four-rood road laid out from Salem to Morris river. APPENDIX. 263 1706. St. John's Episcopal church built