H31Z Class. Book. CopsrKiiSh I ( HART'S vj POPULAR SYSTEM PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY, FOR THE USE OF PUBLIC AND COMMON SCHOOLS. A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS FROM THE CENSUS OF 1850, L NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY CAM & BURGESS, No. 60. John Street. BY BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 1851 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Recommendation. New York, July 15, 1851. I have long been familiar with a PRACTICAL GEO- GRAPHY by Joseph C. Hart, containing a full and well- digested arrangement of Questions on Maps, better adapted for Exercises than any other Manual used in our schools. This little work will be equally applicable to all the correct Atlases in use. I am pleased to have an opportunity to recommend this Geography to our Common School Teachers throughout the State. JOSEPH Mc KEEN, County Superintendent of Common Schools for the City and County of New York. SMITH'S IMPROVED ATLAS. Among th~ many School Atlases which have come under my notice, I consider Smith's Improved Atlas admirably adapted to illustrate my Geography, and in some respects better calculated for that purpose than any other with which I am familiar. There will be some delay in preparing the plates for the new Atlas which I propose to publish ; and, in the meantime, I cor- dially recommend Smith's as a valuable substitute, to accompany this New Edition of my Geography. JOSEPH C. HART. New York August, 1851. METHOD OF TEACHING BY HART'S GEOGRAPHY. What country do you live in ? #f*£> POPULAR SYSTExM PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY, THE USE OF SCHOOLS, AND THE STUDY OF MAPS. TO WHICH IS APPENDED A FULL EXERCISE UPON THE MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. A NEW AND GREATLY IMPROVED EDITION" OF " GEOGRAPHI- CAL EXERCISES FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS ON MAPS," ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK HIGH SCHOOLS, TPIE PUBLIC SCHOOL SOCIETY. AND THE PRINCIPAL COMMON" SCHOOLS OF THE STATE. BY JOSEPH C. HART If circumstances Which lead directly to the door of truth, Will give you satisfaction, you may have it. Shak s-pe rr* NEW iOUK: PUBLISHED BY CADY & BURGESS, No. 60 John Street. SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. ,w. j, i.h$ j.' : ,k • /„..j;-»>' Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by JOSEPH C. HART, the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of NeTf York. Stereotyped by Vincent Dill, Jr., Nos. 21 & 23 Ann Street, N. Y. * a. a V ( | PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. It is now over a quarter of a century since the first edition of this popular Geography was published by the author. During that time, the system perfected by him has come into general use ; and it has continued to be preferred by our ablest teachers. This improved and corrected Abridg- ment contains, notwithstanding the small number of its pages, a vast amount of geographical information, arranged in the most simple, sys- tematic, and practical form for classes. As an introduction to an extended course of geographical reading it is invaluable. The great and striking alterations which have recently taken place in the civil aspect of our own country, — the acquisition of new and extensive terri- tory, the creation of new States, the increase of population, the taking of the census of 1850, and similar changes in foreign countries, have induced the author thoroughly and carefully to revise his work, so as to make it con- form, as far as possible, to the present state of the Geographical world. Thus revised and improved, as a general system, it will be found a ready and convenient key to the better class of Maps and Atlases now used in our schools ; and it is one of its principal features, that the pupil, by the means herein to be obtained, can soon be taught to construct them for himself. The author has very properly rejected the multiplicity of facts, usually given under the head of Geography in school-books, as useless lumber, and therein consists a part of the originality and excellence of his system. The introduction of a finished exercise upon the State of New York, an Empire within itself, will supply much that is omitted in other Elementary Geographies, and commend itself to the Public Schools of the State. 4®= The author will shortly publish a practical work, on the Elements of Aitronomy and the Use of the Globes, which will serve as a Text-Book for Schools, upon the plan of this Geography. INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION OF THE LARGER WORK, In preparing the following pages for the use of schools, I have aimed at introducing a system of pure and legitimate Geography. Independent of the want of correct information in many of the school-books which treat of thi.3 branch of study, I conceive that the authors have strayed widely from the subject, in crowding their pages, and consequently overwhelming the understandings of children, with multitudes of facts which belong to other sciences, and which are foreign, to the last degree, from that of Geography. When, with a very imperfect sketch of the branch in question, we observe notices of Botany, Chemistry, Agriculture, Geology, History, Chronology, Statistics, Theology, Politics, and other subjects of description, mingled together, and called " Geography,''' — would we suspect its true definition to be, — " the science which treats of the natural and political divisions of the earth, distinct from its productions V It is because children are compelled to commit this heterogeneous mixture to memory, without the opportunity of location, that the study becomes uninteresting, and is regarded with such unconquerable aversion that the pages disappear before the lessons are ac- complished, under the frequent and destructive application of manual fric- twn. And what, I would ask, is the utility of committing any elementary book to memory, if the facts are not secured by some mental image, or its principles by familiar illustration ""? It is practical application, after all, that makes the scholar proficient in any science. A correct delineation of the earth's surface is therefore of far greater value to the student, than the best treatise on Geography that can be written ; and he needs no other aid to make the study pleasant and profitable, than a geographical text-book, to guide him directly to its prominent features. Conduct a child to the map, and he is on the very threshold of the science of Geography, and the know- ledge he obtains there will be true and permanent ; but detain him from it, and descriptions may be multiplied until his brightest days are buried in the vale of years, and a distinct idea of tho subject cannot be conveyed to him. A full exercise upon the map of the" State of New York has been appended, in order that children may obtain a better knowledge of the magnificence of their native State, and feel proud of her consequence. It is not intended, however, to propose a particular study of New York to teachers in other IStates who may adopt this treatise ; but as every child should be familiar with the Geography of his own section of the country, it is respectfully re- commended to teachers to write out an exercise on the State in Avhich they are giving instruction, and cause it to be thoroughly understood by their pupils. Should this be deemed unnecessary by any, it is presumed a suffi- cient quantity of matter will be found in the work for general use, of a character calculated to lead to just geographical views of the Western Hemisphere ; to awaken some new ideas in the bosom of the young American, and keep his imagination at home when he would contemplate nature in her loftiest character of sublimity, and man in the enjoyment of all the blessings of the happiest government on earth. Having long tested the merits of the plan of teaching almost exclusively Prom maps, and being satisfied of its vast superiority, I lay the system before a &seri minuting public without further apology. vu NOTICES OF HART'S GEOGRAPHY, PUBLISHED IN THE EARLY EDITIONS. New York, September, 1824. Mr. J. C. Hart. Dear Sir,— Your Book is received, and I think well of its plan and execution. I have long operated on the system of teaching Geography almost exclusively from maps, and your book at once relieves me from a very great portion of my labor ; I mean that of inventing the exercises at the moment when they are to be used. I know your zeal and ability ; I have witnessed your success : and you may be assured that whatever I can do for the promotion of your views, or the advancement of your interest, shall be most cheerfully done. Your cordial friend, D. H. BARNES, A. M. Associate Principal of the New York High School. EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. New York, November, 1824. The Mechanics' School Committee, having carefully examined Hart's Geo- graphical Exercises, and for several successive months witnessed its utility exemplified in the rapid progress of the scholars of the institution under their care, in geographical knowledge, have no hesitation in recommending it as preferable to any other system which has come under their inspection. From this work extraneous and irrelevant matter is excluded, and the pupil is at once directed to the map as the true source of knowledge, as it necessarily fixes on the mind the location of the places designated, and thus impresses them permanently on the memory. A series of practical and useful lessons is intro- duced, which are doubly imprinted on the mind by the use of good maps and by the construction of others, in which the ingenuity, and, above all, the thinking powers of the pupil are brought into immediate action. The condensed tables at the end of the book, derived from authentic sources, are arranged in a lucid manner, and are sufficiently minute, not only for pupils, but for those who have made a greater proficiency in geographical science. The author has very properly exemplified his plan by introducing a full exercise on the map of the State of New York, which is not only calculated to fasten on the minds of the scholars a minute geographical knowledge of their native State, (which not to be acquainted with, would betray a wrong course of study,) but, in connexion with the questions and facts on America at large, "to lead the pupils to just views of their country, to awaken some new ideas in the bosoms of the rising generation, and to keep their imaginations at home when they would contem- plate nature in her loftiest character and sublimity, and man in the enjoyment of the happiest government on earth." Resolved, That the School Committee, duly appreciating the merits and prac- tical utility of the " Geographical Exercises," prepared by Mr. J. C. Hart, Principal of the Mechanics' Society School, do authorise its introduction in said School, under the full conviction that it is eminently calculated to improve the Scholars in Geographical Science and the use of maps in general. COMMITTEE : James Benedict, Wm. A. Merceitv, Abraham Bloodcood, Stephen B. Young, John I. Labagh, Francis T. Luqueer, Thomas Bjchards. Wm. I. Waldron, John Sutphen, Wm. Mandeville. John Lang, Ex-offi,cio, and President of the Mechanics' Society. Thomas R. Mercein, Cliairman. Richard K. Mount, Secretary. From an inspection of the " Geographical Exercises" of J. C. Hart, f fully coincide with the respectable Committee of the Mechanics' School in their opinion of its merits. The mode of instruction upon which it is founded, I have long considered as the best that can be adopted. JOHN GR1SCOM, LL. D. J2sy,) 409,000 Baltimore, 189,000 Boston, . 137,000 New Orleans, 116,000 Cincinnati, 115,000 Brooklyn, 98,000 St. Louis, 64,000 Albany, 51,000 Pittsburg, 51,000 The Cities of Charleston, Buffalo, Louisville, Washington and Providence, copulation, rank in the eleventh place. larger The State of New York has thus four of the largest cities in 'the United States. How many cities of the largest class has the State of New York ? Name them ? What other states have cities of the class ? 30. What state has one-seventh of the whole population of the U. S. ? (Neiv York.) How many of the States have a population less than the City of New York ? (14.) Name them, and point them out rapidly ? (See Table 7.) What single state has a population greater than that of all the Eastern or " New Eng- land " states put together ? 40 hart's geography. Is the term "'New' -England" a proper geo graphical term ? It is not generally used by good geographers, arid relates only to the Colonial history of a few towns of two of the Eastern States — Massachusetts and Connecticut. It should become obsolete by disuse. 35. What is the form of government of the U. S. ? Which are the Atlantic States ? What state and territory border on the Pacific ? At sea, in lat. 28° N. and long. 88° -W. what course is it to the island of Cuba ? From Cuba to N. Orleans what is your course ? 40. From New Orleans to Delaware Bay, by water, what courses ? Through what waters may you proceed from Lake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean ? How many degrees of sea-coast are claimed by the United States on the Pacific Ocean ? (IV.— See Map of North America.) W^hieh are the longest rivers W. of the Mis- sissippi, and where do they rise and empty? What large rivers are East of the Mississippi, and flowing into that stream ? 45. How many rivers are there in the U. S. of 500 miles in length, and upwards ? Up. of 20. Name them, and point them out rapidly ? Which is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the United States ? When did the U. S. declare themselves " free and independent" of Great Britain ? (4^ of July, 1776.) How many years have since elapsed ? Note. — After having proceeded thus far to the satisfaction of the teacher, the pupil will next take up the land and water divisions in detail, and ad- here as closely as possible to the questions at the head of each section. 41 RIVERS m NORTH AMERICA. Questions. Where do they rise? What course do they run, mid through what countries ? Where do they empty ? What is a River ? Examples. Hudson ? — Rises in the North part of the State of New York, runs a Southerly course, and flows into New York Bay. Susqueharwiah ? — Rises in New York, crosses the boundary between the States of New York and Pennsylvania, three times, and then takes a South course through Pennsylvania, and falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay. Miles ' Miles Missouri 1 Missouri, to the Sea, Mississippi, . . Arkansas, . '.,.' Grande del Norte, McKenzie's, j. ■ Tennessee, . St. Laurence, Columbia, and its head Red, . Ohio, . Platte, . . Brazos, Colorado, W. Colorado, E; Ottawa, . . . Cumberland, ':■' . Alabama, and its head, Potomac, Lewis, . Tombigbee, ,.j White, .' . Wisconsin, . Altamaha, . Clark, . Appalachicola, and its Great Pedee, . L ! Santee, . . * Susquehannah, Trinity, - . Savannah, . Roanoak, Connecticut, head 3,100 4,350 3,000 2,000 1,800 1,500 1,200 1,000 1,000 950 950 800 700 700 600 600 600 600 550 520 500 500 500 500 500 500 470 450 450 450 450 440 400 400 Wabash 1 Chatahoochee Kanhawa, Des Moines Illinois, Neuse, Delaware, Allegany, Cape Fear, St. John, Hudson, Sabine, Pearl, . Monongahela, Rock, . Iowa, . Flint, . Yellow-Stone Penobscot. Kentucky, Kaskaskia St. Peter's, Shenandoah, Suwanee, Kennebec. S Tar, . Scioto, Merrimac, . Androscoggin, Mohawk, . ■ . . Rappahanock, Genessee, Mobile, 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 375 350 350 350 324 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 275 260 250 230 200 225 200 180 160 160 140 135 130 125 70 Do you measure the importance of a River by its length 1 The importance of a River is not always to be measured by its length. Thus, the Hudson, in the State of New York, in addition to its unsurpassed beauty and grandeur, is the common highway of a greater commerce, both internal and foreign, than any other River in America. The City of New 42 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. York, situated on its banks, alone receives and distributes two-thirds of all the Foreign merchandize imported into the entire country ; and its Exports with its Agricultural and Domestic Trade, by way of the Canals and the Hudson River, are proportionably enormous. That great city, the empo- rium of the trade of America, also pays two-thirds of the whole revenue of the United States. Although only some 300 miles in length, and navigable but half that distance, the Hudson is alike the most celebrated and the most important River in the Western World. GULFS, BAYS, SOUNDS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? What is a Gulf or Bay ? A Sowid, ? Example. Gulf of Mexico ? — Indents the south shore of the United States, and the East coast of Mexico — is nearly enclosed by the Peninsulas of East Florida and Yucatan, and is tributary to the Atlantic Ocean. Baffin's ? Lancaster Hudson's James St. Laurence Fundy Passamaquoddy Penobscot Casco Massachusetts Cape Cod Boston Harbor Buzzard Vineyard Narragansett Long Island Sound New Haven New York Bay Sackett's Harbor Quinte Green ? Georgian Saginaw Delaware Chesapeake Albemarle Pamlico Mexico Campeachy Honduras Caribbean Sea. Norton Bristol Cook's Q. Charlotte Nootka San Francisco California Panama NORTH AMERICA. 43 STRAITS, PASSAGES, &c. Questions. Between what shores are tliey ? What waters do they connect ? What is a Strait ? Example . Bhering's ? — Between the North-West part of North America and the North-East extremity of Asia — connects the North Pacific Ocean with the Arctic. * Davis's ? Gulf of Florida, or Cumberland Florida passage ? Hudson's Providence Channel* 'A Belleisle Ship Channel Hell Gate & East River Windward Passage Mackinaw Leeward, or Mona Bhering's passage * See Map of the West Indies. CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated ? Into what waters do they project ? What is a Cape ? Example. Cape Malabar ? — In the East part of Massachusetts — at the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula. It projects into the Atlantic Ocean. Farewell ? Sable Cod Malabar Sandy-Hook ? May Henlopen Charles Judith Montaug Henry Hatteras 44 hart's geography. Lookout ? St. Nicholas ? Fear Tiber on Carnaveral Roxa Sable 2d, Beatta Flattery Di sappoi ntm ent Foulweather Enganq Roxo Negril Mendocino St. Lucas Morant Portland • Maize Lodo or Balize Point St. Antonio Catoche Cruz Gracias-a-Dios Frangais See Map qf the West Indies, for the last column of Capes. PENINSULAS. Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? In what Capes do they terminate? What is a Peninsula ? , - y Example. Florida ?— Projects from the South-Eas.t extremity of .the United States — is embraced by the Atlantic on the East, and the Guljf of Mexico on the West ; terminating on the South in Cape Sable. Greenland ? Labrador Nova Scotia Cape Cod Michigan Florida ? Yucatan Alaska Mexican California New Jersey NORTH AMERICA.- 45 MOUNTAINS. Questions. Where are they ? In what direc- tions do the ranges extend ? What is the height ? What is a mountain ? Example. Calif oniian M'ts. ? — Extend North and South on the West side of North America — commencing at Cape St. Lucas, and terminating at the Arctic Ocean. — Mount St. EHas, near the Northern extremity, is 17,850 feet high. • Feet. Allegany Mountains? U. States, . . 4,000 Green Mountains ? . Vermont, . . 3,500 White Hills ? . . . N. HampsMre, . 6,000 Catskill Mountains ? New York, . . 3,500 Ozark Mountains ? . Arkansas, . . Black Hills ?.. .. . . Missouri, Rocky Mountains ? . N, America, . 6,000 Californian Mnt's. V W. Coast Amer., - — — Mount St. Elias ? . N. W. Coast, . 17,850 Blue Mountains ? . I. of Jamaica, . 7,500 LAKES. Questions, In what part of the country are they situated ? What outlets have they ? Where do they empty ? What is a lake ? Example. Champlain ? — Between the States of New York and Ver- mont — Communicates with tho River St. Lawrence by Sorelle River. Superior ? ' ' Erie ? Huron ? I Ontario ? Michigan ? Ohamplain ? St. Clair ? ;. George ? 46 hart's geography Oneida ? Cayuga ? Seneca ? Chatauque ? Great Bear ? Slave ? Athapescow, or Lake ) of the Hills ? \ For what are the Lakes, Erie and Champlain, particularly celebrated 1 Lake Erie is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by the Ameri- cans over a British fleet, September 10, 1813. Lake Champlain is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by. the A.mericans over a British fleet, September 11, 1814. Winnipeg ? Lake of the Woods ? Great Salt ? Borgne ? Pontchartrain ? Tezcuco ? Nicaragua ? ISLANDS. Questions. Where are they situated ? What waters surround them ? What is an island ? Example. Long Island ?- of New York — surrounded by Iceland ? Melville ? Southampton ? Disco ? Newfoundland ? Anticosti ? Prince Edward's ? Cape Breton ? Nantucket ? -South of Connecticut — belongs to the State Long Island Sound, Atlantic Ocean, &c. Martha's Vineyard ? Long? (140 miles) Manhattan or New ) York? \ Queen Charlotte's ? Vancouver's ? Manitouline ? Royal ? Bermuda ? WEST INDIA Group of the Great ) Antilles ? 4 in No. \ Cuba ? (700 m. long) ISLANDS. St. Domingo, or Hayti or Hispan- iola? (480 long) NORTH AMERICA. 47 Jamaica ? Porto Rico ? Group of the Virg. Is St. Thomas ? Santa Cruz ? Group of the Baha- mas 1 500 in num. Bahama ? Abaco ? Eleuthera ? Providence ? Guanahani, or St. ) Salvador or Cat ?* \ G. of the Carribbee ? Guadaloupe 1 Marti nico ? Barbadoes ? Trinidad ? Group of the Little ) Antilles ? ) Margaritta ? Curazoa ? What land was first discovered by Columbus 1 * San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, was the first land discovered by Columbus, October 12, 1492. His armament consisted of three small vessels and ninety men. His course from Spain was first Southerly to the Canary Isles, and then nearly West to America. {See page 78.) CITIES AND TOWNS. Questions. In what States are they ? How situated — on rivers, or inland? In what direc- tion do they lie from New York ? From Wash- ington ? What is a city ? Exajvepl.es. City of New York ?— In the South-East part of the State of New York ; situated on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers ; North-East from Washington, &c. Chief Cities, are placed at the head of each Section. Capitals, are distinguished by the letter C. IN THE NORTHERN STATES. In New York. Pop. New York 1 . . 515,507 Brooklyn, 97,838 Albany, c. . 50,763 Buffalo, . 42,261 Rochester, 36,403 Williamsburg, 30,780 In New York. Pop. Troy! . 28,785 Syracuse, 22,271 Utica, 17,565 Poughkeepsie, 13,944 Lockport, 12,323 Oswego, 12,205 48 hart's geography. In New York. Newburg ? Kingston^ Auburn, . Fishkill, . Schenectady, Elmira, . Rome, West Troy, Black Rock, Watertown, • Pop. 11,415 10,233 9,548 9,240 8,921 8,166 7,918 7,564 1 7,508 7,201 In New York. Pop. Owego \ . 7,159 Ithaca, 6,909 Whitestown, . • 6,810 Hudson, . ; 6,286 Canandaigua, . 6,143 Johnstown, 6,131 Lansingburg, . 5 Plattsburg, Catskill, . . .5,618 5^54 West Point,* , , . . What is the probable number of persons in the City of New York, daily -1 Adopting the plan of European and other cities for estimating their popu- lation, the City of New York with its suburbs and the strangers doing business therein, will have a population of over three quarters of a million. Thus- New York City proper, contains 516,000 ' Suburbs, Cities and Villages, , . . - . . 150,000 Strangers, . . . .■■'.' ... . 100,000 Total, 766,000 And, upon extraordinary occasions, a million of people may be found in the city of Manhattan. New York is the first city in America, and, with the exception of London, the first commercial city in the world. It may safely be assumed that her resources and "enterprise will shortly control the exchanges and commerce of the globe. What National Institution do you find at West Point 3 * West Point, on the West bank of the Hudson, is the seat of that import- ant National Institution, the U. S. Military Academy. There- are two hundred and fifty Cadets, selected from all parts of the- Union, who are carefully and thoroughly educated at the public expense, in military science. In Pennsylvania. Pop. - In New Jersey. Pop. Philadelphia 1 . 408,815 Jersey City 1 . " . 6,856 Pittsburg, 50,519 Trenton, c. . v 6,466 Allegany, 21,262 Elizabethtown, 5,583 Reading, . . . 15,748 Burlington, . . Woodbridge, . - ■ . . 5,399 Lancaster, . . . 12,369 5.368 Easton, . 8,791 Morristown, . . - . ' 4,995 Harrisburg, c. 7,834 Pottsville, 7,415 In Delatvare. ' Erie, .... York, .... Wilkesbarre, Carbondale, . 5,858 5,813 5,651 4,945 Wilmington 1 Dover, c. . New Castle, r ... 13.979 4,278 3,088 Carlisle, . 4,581 In Michigan . In New Jersey. Detroit 1c. 21,019 Newark 1 . 38,894 Ann Arbor, 4.868 Paterson, ... 11,341 Jackson, ... 4,147 New Brunswick, . 10,019 Flint, 3,304 Camden, ... 9,598 Grand Rapids, 3,147 NORTH AMERICA. In Wisconsin. Pop. In IVisconsin. MlLWAUKIE 1 Racine City, Kenosha City, 20,061 Janesville 1 5,107 Mineral Point, 3,455 I Madison, c. 49 Pop. 3,451 2,5*4 1,525 IN THE EASTERN STATES In Maine. In Mas sachusetts. Portland 1 . 20,815 Bangor, . Augusta, c. . . 14,432 8,225 Boston 1 c. Lowell, . Bath, 8,020 Salem, Gardiner, 6,486 Roxbury, Saco, 5,801 Worcester, Charlestown, In New B T ampshire. New Bedford, Manchester 1 . 13,932 Cambridge, Lynn, Portsmouth, 9,738 Concord, c. . Dover, 8,576 8,186 Springfield, Taunton, Newburyport, In Vet mont. Lawrence, Burlington % Bennington, Brattleboro, Rutland, . 6,110 3,923 3,816 3,715 Danvers, . Nantucket, Andover, Marblehead, St. Alban's, 3,567 Northampton, Middlebury, . 3,517 Montpelier, c. 2,310 In Connecticut. In Rhode Island. New Haven 1 c. . Providence 1 c. . 41,512 Hartford, c. . Newport, c. . 9,563 Norwich, Bristol, c. 4,616 New London, S. Kingston, c. 3,807 Bridgeport, E. Greenwich, c. 2,358 Danbury, How many Capitals has Rhode Island 1 (Five.) Name them. IN THE CENTRAL STATES. In Ohio. In Indiana. Cincinnati 1 . . 115.436 New Albany 1 Columbus, c. . 18,183 Indianopolis, c. Cleveland, . 17,034 Madison, . Dayton, . . 10,977 Lafayette, Zanesville, 7,929 Fort Wayne, . Chilicothe, 7,100 Charleston, Xenia, 7,055 Evansville, Steuhenville, . 6,139 Lawrenceburg, 50 hart's geography. In Illinois. Pop. In, Tennessee. Pop. Nashville 1 c. . 10,000 Chicago 1 29,963 Memphis, . • 8,841 Quincy, . 6,901 Knoxville, 2,076 Galena, . 6,004 . Peoria, 5,562 In Kentucky. Springfield, c Alton, 4,533 Louisville 1 . . 43,196 3,875 - Lexington, ,. . 10.000 Waukegon, 2,947 Covington, . 9,408 Belleville, 2 941 Newport, 5,895 Jacksonville, 2,745 Maysville, 4,255 Rushville, 2,609 Frankfort, c. 3,000 11 * THE SOUTHERN STATES. In Virg inia. , In Florida. Richmond % c. 27,482 St. Augustine 1 4,000 Norfolk, . 14,326 Pensacola, 3,000 Petersburg, 14,010 Tallahassee, c. 2,000 Wheeling, 11,391 St. Mark's, . 2,000 Alexandria,* Portsmouth, 8,752 i 8,122 Apalachieola, . 1,500 Lynchburg, . 8,071 In Alabama. Fredericksburg, 4,062 Mobile 1 20,513 ' 4,874 * Re-ceded to Va. by Dist of Col. Montgomery, c. . Tuscaloosa, Huntsville, Blakely, \ In Mart) Baltimore 1 . Havre-de^Grace, land. 189,048 ' 6,105 4,000 2,863 2,000 Frederick, 6,028 In Mississippi. Annapolis, c.f 3,011 Natchez 1 10,000 In North L ^arolina Vicksburg, . . 5,000 Wilmington 1 5,000 Jackson, c. 3,000 Raleigh, c. . Fayetteville, . 4,518 4,285 In Louisiana. Newbern, 4,000 , New Orleans 1 c. 116,348 In South C arolina Baton Rouge, . Natchitoches, . 3,905 2,000 Charleston 1 42,985 Columbia, c. 6,060 In Texas. Georgetown, . Hamburg, Beaufort, . . . I 4,000 3,000 2,000 Galveston 1 . San Antonio, . Houston, - X 4,177 3,343 2,396 In Geoi gia. Austin, c. 1,000 Savannah 1 Augusta, 15,000 8,000 District of Columb 'a. Columbus, 5,942 Washington 1 c. U. S 40,001 Milledgeville, c. . 2,216 Georgetown, . 8,366 What National Institution do you find in Annapolis 1 f Annapolis, on the Severn, is the seat of a'new but very important National Institution, called the United States Naval Academy, for the edu- cation of young Naval officers. NORTH AMERICA. 51 IN THE WESTERN STATES. In Missouri. St. Louis 1 . , :". Lexington. Booneville, St. Charles, . Jefferson City, c. . In Ioiua. Burlington City 1 Iowa City, c. Muscatine, In California. San Francisco 1 . Sacramento, . . . Los Angelos, . . . San Jose, a, . Vallejo, c. Pop. 64,252 3,732 2,326 2,000 2,000 5,30 3,000 2,539 25,000 6/820 1,610 1,000 500 In Arkansas. •Little Rock 1 c. In Minnesota. St. Paul'? c. ;-Fe1 c. In Oregon. Portland! . Oregon City, c. Astoria, ,. . . . In Utah. Salt Lake City 1 c . IN THE BRITISH PROVINCES. In Canada East, L. C. Montreal 1 Quebec, " c 35,000 30,000 In Canada West, U. 1 'Jit ■: Toronto 1 c ~ . 12,000 Kingston, .-■ . . 6,000 In Nova Scoiin: Halifax 1 c. . . 18,000 MEXICAN STATES. Mexico! c. ... - . ■ . 150.000 Puebla, i .' . . 70,006 Guadalaxara, . . . 60,000 San Luis Potosi,. . . . 50,000 Oaxaca, . ." V .'40,000 Vera Cruz, . . . 10,000 Tampico, . . . 7,000 Matarnoros, . . . 4,000 Acapulco, ... .■ 4,000 In Central America. In New Brunswick. Guatemala 1 c. San Salvador, c. Nicaragua, c. 25.000 15,000 10,000 St. John's'? . St". Andrew's, . Fredericton, c. In Cape Breton. Sydney 1c. . "". In Newfoundland. St. John's, c. ' . WEST INDIES. In Jamaica. Kingston 1 . . Spanish Town, c. . In Cuba. Havana ? c. . Principe, . Matanzas, . . In Hayti. Port au Prince 1 c. . San Domingo, . Capo Haytien, In Porto Rico. San Juan 1c. Pop. t 2,174 1,112 4,846 821 697 4,000 13,000 4,000 3,000 1,000 20,000 30,000 5,000 125,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 12,000 12,000 30,000 52 DIAGRAMS, MAPS, &c. FOR RECAPITULATION. The Teacher wiD greatly accelerate the progress of his students by intro- ducing the following among the exercises as they proceed. A convenient number of pupils will be designated in turn, to construct what is required with chalk upon a large black board, without lettering ; and the remainder of the class will prepare the Maps upon a slate against the day of Geogra- phical recitation. The Maps must be drawn upon as large a scale as the slate or board will admit. A recapitulation of the lessons which have pre- ceded will then take place upon the blanks, and the instructer will correct such inaccuracies as may appear in the delineation. 1. Draw a large circle, and represent within it the principal great and small circles ; and answer all the questions relative to the sphere which are found under Definitions. (See Diagram at Page 22.) 2. Draw the outline of North America, and insert the boundaries of the large political divisions. 3. Draw the outline of the State of New York, and within it insert the counties, rivers, towns, lakes, canals, islands, &c. 4. Draw the outlines of the several States and Territories, separately, and insert their rivers and towns. 5. Draw the outlines of the Eastern division of States together, and re- present the rivers and towns of each State. 6. Draw the outlines of the United States collectively, and insert the principal rivers, capitals, chief towns, lakes, &c. 7. If the pupils are of proper age, and possess sufficient ability, they will draw the maps of the State of New York, and the United States, upon paper, and letter and color them under the direction of the teacher. SOUTH AMERICA. 54 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO SOUTH AMERICA. Three-toed Sloth. Ant Eater. Brazilian, or Striated Monkey. Anaconda. Condor. Armadillo. Guinea Pig. Turtle, of the Gallipagos Islands. Electric Eel. Toucan. sotrra AtaEkroAr. s 55 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. . . : v, . . ■ . I Point to the Map of South America ? Where is South America ? J What natural division of land is it ? What are its boundaries ? 5. What are the large political subdivisions of South America ? What are the boundaries of— New Granada ? Uruguay ? Venezuela? Paraguay? Equador ? Peru? Guiana ? Bolivia ? Brazil? Chill ? Buenos Ayres ? Patagonia ? What civil divisions are on the North ? What on the East ? What on -the South ? >■ 15. What on the West ? What in the centre ? Whicli is the largest South American Island ? What river in South America is said' to be the largest in the world ? : Among what mountains does it rise ? What is its length ? (4,000 miles.) 20. How long is it, including its source, the Apurimac ? (4,700 miles.) What other river is also called the source of the Amazon ? ( Tunguragna.) What is the latitude of the mouth of the Amazon ? Why ? What mountains are on the Western side of this large American peninsula ? 56 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. What is the extent of the Andes ? (4,500 m.) 25. What peak among the Andes is the most elevated in all America ? (Chimborazo.) What is its altitude ? (4 miles.) Which is the most noted strait in South America ? How long is it ? (300 miles.) What island does it separate from the main ? 30. What capes are on the North, East, South, and West extremities of South America ? What rivers are tributary to the Amazon ? How many rivers are there in South America, whose length is upwards of 1000 miles ? {Eleven.) Name them, and point them out rapidly ? What islands lie along the North coast of South America ? 35. What capes are at the entrance of the La Plata ? Through what part of South America does the Equator pass ? What is the first city in South America ? Its situation and population ? The second 1 The third 1 The fourth % The fifth 1 The sixth 1 The seventh 1 The eighth % The ninth 1 The tenth 1 Rio de Janeiro, . Bahia, o)- St. Salvador, Buenos Ayres, . Quito, Santiago, . Pernambuco, Lima, Bogota, Cuzco, La Paz, . pop. 200,000 160,000 100,000 70,000 65,000 62,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 40,006 What are the latitudes and longitudes of the four extremities of South America ? SOUTH AMERICA. 57 What courses will you sail, and what waters will you navigate, on your passage from Carraccas to Lima ? 40. What is the capital of each of the divisions of South America, and where situated ? What direction is South America from the United States of North America ? How much of South America does Brazil claim ? {One-third.) Wliat is the population of South America 1 {See Table 6.) What coast of South America is called the Spanish Main ? ( The North.) 45. How many peaks of the Andes in Chili are 20,000 feet in height ? {See Mountains.) Which is the highest volcanic mountain in the world ? {Cotopaxi.) How high is it ? (19,000 feet.) Where is the island of Juan Fernandes ? For what is Juan Fernandes remarkable ? 50. Which is the only kingly government on this continent of Republics ? {Brazil.) How many miles would the passage from New York to India, or China, be shortened by a canal passage through the Isthmus of Darien? {12, 500 miles.) From N. Y. to Chagres, what courses and over what waters ? Over what land to Panama ? From Panama to San Francisco ; from San rrancjsco to Canton; from Canton to the Cape of Good Hope, and thence home, what courses and through what seas ? 58 hart's geography. RIVERS. ; . Questions. Where do they rise? What courses do they rim, and through what countries'? Where do they empty ? Miles. Mites. Amazon T .' . . . 4,000 AraguayT . St. Francisco, . 1,000 Amazon, and its Jiead, . 4,700 .! 1,000 La Plata and its head. . 2,450 Parana, . 1,000 Madeira, . ... .. 1,80D ' Pilcomayo, . : 1,000 Negro, . . ■ . . 1,400 Magdalena, . 800 Orinoco, . v . 1 . . 1,380 Uruguay, . 800 Tocantins, , . , . .. 1,200 V.erinejo, . 700 Paraguay, . . . 1,200 Salado, . 600 GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? Darien ? Guayaquil? All Saints ? Archip. de Chonos ? St. Matthias ? Archip. de Toledo ? St . George ? Paria ? Bonaventura ? Venezuela? STRAITS. Questions. Between what shores are they ? What ivaters do they comiect ? Magellan ? Le Maire ? Carlos ? SOUTH AMERIQA, 59 CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated? Into what waters do they project ? De la Vela? Blanco? St. Roque ? Tres Montes ? Santa Maria ? Pilares ? St. Antonio? Horn? PENINSULAS. Questions, From what country do they pro- ject ? What, waters embrace them ? South America ? St. Joseph ? Tres Morites ? MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what direction do the ranges extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the peaks ? How high are they ? Andes chain 1 Quito city % Antisana peak 1 Cotopaxi volcano 1 Pitchinca- volcano 1 Chiuiborazo peak 1 Potosicity'? ' . Chilian peak 1 . Manflos peak 1 . Tupungato peak 1 Descabezado peak 1 Blanquillo peak 1 Longavi peak % . Corcobado peak 1 Feet. . West Coast S. A. from 10 to 20,000 Equador, . . 10,000 do. . . 19,000 do. . " . ' ." 19,000 do. ■ . . . . . 16,000 do. . . . 21,500 Bolivia, . ... 11,000 Chili, . 20,000 do. . 20,000 do. . 20,000 do. . 20,000 do. ' . . . ■ 20,000 do... . . 20,000 Patagonia, . 20,000 60 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. LAKES. Questions. Where are they ? What their out- lets ? Where do they empty ? Maracaybo ? Titicaca ? ISLANDS. Questions. Where are they situated ? water surround them ? What Group of the Little Antilles ? Trinidad ? Juan de Marajo ? South Shetland ? Solidad ? Staten Land ? Juan Fernandes ? Gallipagos Group ? Madre de Dios ? Tierra del Fuego ? Falkland Group ? Great Falkland ? Georgia ? Chilo6 ? Hermit ? CITIES, &c. Questions. In what countries are they ? How situated — on rivers or inland ? What direction from Lima ? From St. Salvador ? From Montevideo ? In New Granada. Pop. Bogota 1 c. . 40,000 Popayan, .... 25,000 In New Granada. Pop. Carthagenal . . . 18,000 Panama, .... 12,000 SOUTH AMERICA. 61 In Venezuela. L Pop. Caraccas 1 c. Maracaybo, Cumana, . hi Equador. Quito 1 c. Guayaquil, Cuenca, In Guiana. Georgetown 1 c. . Paramaribo, c, Cayenne, c. . hi Brazil. Rio de Janeiro 1 c. Bahia, . . . . Pernainbuco, . Maranham, Para, . . . 23,000 20,000 12,000 70,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 260,000 160,000 62,000 30,000 20,000 In Buenos Ayres, or Argentine Republic. Buenos Ayres *J el . 100,000 In Uraguay, or Banda Oriental. V , Pop. , , , 12,000 Monte Video 1 c. In Paraguay. Assumption 1c. . In Peru,. Lima 1 c. Cuzco, Arequipa, Guamanga, In Boliva. La PazI . Potosi, Oropesa, La Plata, or 2 '.[ Chuquisaca, c. In Chili. St. Iago 1 c. Valparaiso, Concepcion, Coquimbo, 10,000 60,000 40,000 35,000 25,1)00 40,000 35,000 25,000 18,000 65,000 26,000 10^00 10,000 Rapid Travelling on the Map, by Land and Water. What course will you take — through what countries — and over what waters 1 From New York to . . Albany ? From Albany . . . to . . Buffalo ? From Buffalo . to . . Cleveland? From Cleveland . : V to ■. . Cincinnati? From Cincinnati . . vto . . St. Louis? From St. Louis . . to "'.' . New Orleans ? From New Orleans . to . . New York ? From New York to . . Philadelphia ? From Philadelphia . to . . Baltimore ? 62 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. From Baltimore . . to . . Norfolk ? From Norfolk . . . to . . Boston ? From Boston . . . to . . Providence 1 From Providence to . . New Haven ? From New Haven . to . . Brooklyn ? From Brooklyn . . to . . New York From New York to . . Cuba ? From Cuba . . . to . . Rio Janeiro ? From Rio Janeiro to . . Valparaiso 1 From Valparaiso . to . . Sandwich Is. ? From Sandwich Is. . to . . St. Francisco ? From St. Francisco . to . . Astoria ? From Astoria . . . to . . Java ? From Java .... to . . Acapulco ? From Acapulco . . to . . Panama ? From Panama . . to . . Jamaica ? From Jamaica . . to . . St. Domingo? From St. Domingo . to . . New Orleans ? From New Orleans to . . Cuba ? From Cuba . . . to . . New York ? MAPS. 1. Draw the outline of South America upon a large scale; insert the boundaries of the divisions, rivers, towns, lakes, &c. 2. Draw the map of the Western Hemisphere upon paper; insert boundaries, rivers, capitals, and chief towns ; letter the map, and finish it by coloring EUROPE. 64 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO EUROPE. Reindeer. Ibex. Lynx. Chamois. Wild Boar. Hedgehog. Merino Sheep. Tamed Buffalo. Swan. Falcon. EUROPE. - 65 MAP OF EUROPE. Point to the Map of Europe ? Where is Europe ? r What are its boundaries ? What are the political subdivisions of Europe ? 5. What are the boundaries of-r . Norway? Switzerland,?:, Sweden? Austria? Russia ? ■■: > Portugal ? Great. Britain-?-. , Spain? Denmark ? Italy ? Holland ? Turkey ? Germany ? Greece ? Prussia ? .Belgium ? France ? 15. What governments are on the North ? What governments are in the centre ? What on the South ? Wliat in the West ? What countries in Europe are peninsulas ? Whicii is the largest European island ? What city is the capital of each of the govern- ments of Europe, and where situated;? gj 20. Which is the largest country in Europe ? Which is the smallest ? (Repub. of St. Marino.) Where is the Republic of St. Marino ? San Marino is a Republic in Italy, containing only. 7,600 inhabitants. It has one town, San Marino, containing a population of 5,500, arid four small villages: It is the smallest state in .Europe and one of the most ancient. Area 22 square miles. It is under the protection of the Pope of Rome., Where is the Ionian Republic ? Of what islands does it consist ? , [See Islands.) 66 HART'S GEOGRAPHY 25. What is the capital of that republic ? (Corfu.) Which are the largest islands in the Mediter- ranean Sea ? What mountains, rivers, and seas, form the eastern boundary of Europe ? What is the length of Europe, from Lisbon to the Uralian mountains ? (3,300 miles.) What is the breadth of Europe from Cape North to Cape Matapan ? (2,500 miles.) 30. Which is the principal city of Europe ? Where is it situated, and what is its population ? London, j nop. 2,560,000 The second 1 . . Paris, . The third 1 . . Constantinople, 500,000 The fourth 1 . . St. Petersburg, 470,000 The fifth 1 . . Moscow, 385,000 The sixth 1 . . Vienna, 360,000 The seventh 1 . Manchester, 360,000 The eighth 1 . . Naples, 350,000 The ninth 1 . . Berlin, 291,000 The tenth 1 . . Liverpool, . 287,000 The eleventh * . Glasgow, . 285,000 The twelfth 1 . Lisbon, 250,000 The thirteenth 1 . . Dublin, 240,000 The fourteenth 1 . . Madrid, 236,000 The fifteenth 1 . Amsterdam, 207,000 45. Which is the largest sea belonging en- tirely to Europe ? Where is the Baltic Sea ? In what direction will you sail from England to the United States of North America ? What towns in England and France are nearest each other ? (Dover and Calais.) How wide is the Strait of Dover ? (22 miles.) 50. What capes are there in the North of Europe ? On what island is Cape North ? (Mageroe.) EUROPE. 67 What rivers of Europe run into the waters of the Arctic Ocean ? 40. In what direction do the other quarters or grand divisions of the world lie from Europe? Which is the largest Danish island 1 {Iceland.) What country of North America belongs to Denmark ? {Greenland.) What is the population of Europe ? See Tab. 9. What straits are at the entrance of the Baltic Sea 1 45. What waters will you navigate on your passage from London to Constantinople ? Where is the " Canal Royal" of Languedoc ? (In France.) What waters does it unite ? How long is it ? (140 miles.) How wide is the isthmus of Corinth ? {5 or 6 miles.) 50. What countries in Europe border on the Atlantic 1 What countries of Europe are washed by the Mediterranean ? What is the length of the Mediterranean Sea from East to West ? (2,000 miles.) Which are the principal islands in the Baltic Sea ? What clusters of islands do you find in the vicinity of Scotland ? 55. Sailing from New York to Gibraltar, what group of islands do you pass, and what is your course ? What wind would be ahead ? Mention the lat. and long, of the largest island of the Azores 1 68 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Is Germany a distinct country of Europe ? It is not : It is a Confederation of several- States. ' (See Table 12.) What are the principal States of Germany and their capitals ? (See Map ofGetmany.) The German Territories consist of 38 independent States : including about one-third of Austria, the greater part of Prussia, part of Denmark, part of the Netherlands, and the remainder of small independent States, governed by native German princes, together with the four free cities, Ham- burg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubeck. The confederation is represented by an assembly, called the Germanic Diet. The sessions arc held at Frankfort, on the riverMayne, which has been declared the permanent seat of the Diet, and may, therefore, be con- sidered the capital of Germany. The principal States thus rank in population :— States. Population. 1. German Austria, . . 11,714,000 2. German Prussia, . . . 10,908,000 3. Kingdom of Bavaria, . . 4,339,000 4. Kingdom of Hanover, . . 1,748,000 5. Kingdom of "Wurtemburg, ' . 1,667,000 6. Kingdom of Saxony, . . 1,666,000 : : Capitals. Vienna. Berlin. Munich. Hanover. Stuttgard. Dresden. What city may he called the capital of Ger- many ? (Frankfort.) 60. What countries are called Great Britain ? What river forms part of the boundary be- tween j Englaricl and Scotland ; ? ( Tweed.) What part of England is called Wales ? Where is the rock of Gibraltar ? What is the name of the South part of Norway ? ()5. What are the North and West capes of Spain ? What is the South- West cape of Portugal ? What is the North cape of France ? What are the names of the North and South and West extremities of Europe? What water washes the North coast of Spain and the West coast of France ? EUROPE. 69 TO. At sea, in latitude 45° North, and longitude 10° West, what direct course is it to Lon- don ? What wind would be ahead ? Point to longitude 18° East, and latitude 40° , North, and say where it is ? Where are the islands of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla? < What rivers are tributary to the Baltic Sea ? Which is the highest and most celebrated vol- canic mountain in Europe ? - '{Etna.) 75. What mountains form the natural bound- ary between France and Spain? What large bodies of water sourround Europe ? Point out, rapidly tM of the largest rivers in Europe ? W T hat are the situations of the largest seas of Europe ? What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 80. What is the climate of the North part of Europe ? (Cold.) What is the climate of the Southern part of Europe? (Temperate.) What waters separate England from the con- tinent? Which is the largest Italian island ? By what strait is it separated from the Penin- sula ? 85. How wide is the Strait of Messina ? (From 2 to 5 miles.) How many and what republics are there in Europe ? (Three.) How many and what kingdoms? (Twenty.) TO HART'S GEOGRAPHY. How many and what empires? {Three.) Will you name them ? Europe contains three empires, Russia, Austria, and Turkey ; ttoenty king- doms, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Hanover, Saxony, Hun- gary, Lombardo- Venetian, Galicia, Bohemia, Illyria, Sardinia, and Naples ; three republics, Switzerland, the Ionian, and St. Marino : together with the Sovereignty of Greece. 90. At what place does Europe make the nearest approach to Africa ? How does Europe rank in size and population among the grand divisions of the globe ? (See Tables 3 and 4.) What are the States of Italy and their capitals ? Italy, which consists of eight independent governments, may be divided into three parts, Northern, Central, and Southern, in the following order : N. 1. States. Kingdom of Sardinia, including the island, . . . . . . 4,087,000 Duchy of Parma, .... Duchy of Modena, .... Popedom, or the Ecclesiastical State, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Lucca, .... Republic of St. Marino, K'm. of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, Population. Capitals. 4,087,000 Turin. 466,000 Parma. 403,000 Modena. 2,733,000 Rome. 1,481,000 Florence. 166,000 Lucca. 7,600 St. Marino 7,957,000 Naples. id on or near the What capitals will you Tagus ? What is the name of the coast of the Mediter- ranean East of Can dia ? (Levant.) What are the principal States of Austria, and their capitals ? The following are the principal States of Austria. Those marked [*] belong also to the German part of the empire. States. Population. Capitals. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arch-Duchy of Austria,* . Kingdom of Hungary, Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, Kingdom of Galicia, Kingdom of Bohemia,* . 2,191,000 12,506,000 . 4,629,000 . 4,643,000 . 4,129,000 . Vienna. . Buda. . Milan. . Lemberg. . Prague. EUROPE. 71 RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Miles. Miles. Wolga! .... 2,00( Oder! . . . . .400 Danube, 1,800 Bog, . 400 Dnieper, 1,200 Ebro, . 400 Don, . 1,000 Drave, 380 Rhine, 950 Dwina, N. . 350 Elbe, . 720 Garronne, . 350 Dwina, W. 625 Guadiana, . 350 Loire, 620 Theiss, 350 Tagus, 600 Guadalquiver, 320 Save, . Vistula, Rhone, 590 550 530 Pruth, Bug, . . Mayne, 300 250 230 Petchora, . 500 Shannon, 220 Seine, Duero, 500 500 Thames, Weser, 210 200 Dniester, 500 Tiber, 150 SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? what larger waters are they tributary ? Tc Petchora ? White Sea ? Mezen ? Archangel ? Onega ? Candalax ? Waranger ? North Sea, or Ger- man Ocean ? Baltic Sea ? Bothnia ? Finland ? Riga? Dantzic ? 72 HART 7 ? ; GEOGRAPHY. Zuyder Zee ? Forth ? The Minch ? Solway ? Irish Sea ? Cardigan ? St. George's ? Bristol ? British ? Donegal ? Galway ? Dundalk? Foyle ? Dublin ? Biscay ? Mediterranean Sea? Lyons ? Genoa ? Tuscan Sea? Naples? Tarento ? Venice or Adri- ) atic Sea ? \ Ionian Sea ? t Grecian Archipel- } ago, or Egean > Sea ? S ■< Sea of Azof? Black Sea ? Sea of Marmora ? STRAITS. Questions. Between what countries are they ? What waters do they connect ? Way gat ? Scaggerac ? Port Patrick ? Dover? Bosphoros or Constantinople ? Kattegat ? Great Belt ? Little Belt ? i ,il Elsinore ? Gibraltar? Bonifacio ? Messina? Euripo or Negro- pont ? Dardenelles or Hellespont ? Jennicale ? EUROPE, 73 CAPES. Questions. Where waters do they project ? Canin ? Sviatoi ? Nord or North ? La Hogue ? Ortegal ? Finisterre ? Naze? Skaw ? Roca? Espichel ? St. Vincent ? Gibraltar or Europa ? Spartivento ? Rizzuto ? are they ? Into what Leuca ? Matapan ? Duncansby ? Kinnaird's ? Flamboro' ? Start ? Lizard ? Cornwall or Land's End ? Wrath 1 The Butt ? Malin I Cansore ? Clear ? Slyne ? MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges extend? Where do they commence and termi- nate ? tude ? Where are the peaks ? What the alti- Ural chain 1 . Dofrefield chain 1 North Cape'? . Carpathian chain 1 The Alp3 1 . Russia, Norway and Sweder Isle of Mageroe, . Austria, fyc. N. Italy, fyc. 6 to 10 to Feet. 7,000 7,000 1,300 8,000 14,000 74 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Mont Blanc 1 The Appenines 1 The Pyrenees 1 Mont Perdu ! I'antabrian Mountains'! Promontory of Gibraltar Grampian Mountains 1 Snafield peak 1 Snoefiel peak 1 Monte Rotondo 1 . Olimpo 1 Peak of the Alps, Italy, France and Spain. P. of the Pyrenees. Spain, . do. Scotland, Isle of Man, Iceland, Corsica, Turkey IV. of Larissa 5 or 5 to Feet. 15.700 6,000 10,000 11,000 8,000 1,540 4,000 3,500 7,000 8.600 £500 What did the ancients believe concerning Olympus Olimpo, anciently Olympus, 19 miles N. of Larissa, was supposed by the ancients to be the highest mountain on the globe. They imagined the heavens to rest on its summit, and that it was the residence of the gods or heathen deities. VOLCANOES. Feet. Pico? Pico Is. . . 9,000 Hecla? Iceland, . . 5,000 Vesuvius ? . . . . Italy near Naples, 4,000 Etna? Sicily, . . . 11,000 Psiloriti or Ida ? . . Candia, . . 5,000 Stromboli ? ' . . . Stromboli Is. . 3,000 What are Volcanoes 1 LAKES Questions. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Where do they empty ? Wener ? Constance or ) Boden ? S Onega ? Geneva ? Ladoga ? EUROPE. 75 ISLANDS. Questions. In what direction are they situa- ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- round them ? Nova Zembla ? Azores or Western ) Spitsbergen ? Mageroe 1 Luffoden Isles ? Isles ? \ Fayal ! Balearic Group ? Iceland 1 Majorca ? Faroe Group ? Zetland Group ? Orkney Group ? Hebrides ? Minorca 1 Ivica ? Corsica ? Sardinia ? Great Britain ? Ireland ? Li pari Group ? Sicily ? Man ? Malta ? Anglesea ? Ionian Isles ? Zealand ? Corfu ? Funen ? Paxo? Rugen ? Santa Maura ? Bornholm ? Ithaca or Teaki ? Oland ? Gothland ? Cephalonia 1 Zante ? Aland ? Cerigo ? Retusari or Kronstadt ? Crete or Candia ? Dago ? Negropont ? Osel or Ezel ? Rhodes ? Texel ? Cyprus ? Note. Some of the last mentioned .tre mentioned here for the convenience islands are considered Asiatic, but of the pupil. 76 hart's geography. What Islands form the Ionian Republic 1 Name them 1 Corfu and the six following islands in the list constitute the Ionian Re- public, or the Republic of the Seven Islands. In 1815 they were placed under the protection of Great Britain by the Congress of Vienna, inhabitants, (about 200,400 in number) are mostly Greeks. The PENINSULAS, Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? I?i what capes do they terminate ? Norway and Sweden I Italy ? Spain and Por tugal ? Turkey ? Denmark ? Morea ? Krimea ? CITIES, &c. Questions. In what governments are they? How situated, on rivers or inland? In what direction do they lie from Paris ? From St. Petersburg ? From Constantinople ? In Russia. Pop. St. Petersburg 1 c. Moscow, . . . . Odessa, . Riga, . . . . Cronstadt, 470,000 385,000 69,000 67,000 50,000 In Poland. Wars aav 1 c. Cracow, . 140,000 37,000 In Sweden. Stockholm 1 c. . Gottenburg, Cavlscrona, Upsal, . 84,000 29,000 12,000 5,000 In Norway. Pop Christiana 1 c. Bergen, . Drontheim, Christiansand, 23,000 22,000 12,000 8,000 In Denmark. Copenhagen 1 c. . Flensborg, Sleswick, 119.000 14^00 11,000 In Belgium. Brussels 1c. Ghent, . Antwerp, Liege, Bruges, 104,000 92,000 77,000 63,000 44,000 EUROPE. 77 In Holland. Pop. In Switzerland. Pop. Amsterdam 1 . 207,000 Geneva 1 . 28,000 Rotterdam, 74,000 Basle, . 20,000 The Hague, c. 59,000 Berne, c. . 20,000 Leyden, . 36,000 Zurich, c. . 12,000 Utrecht, . 36,000 Lucerne, c. . 7,000 Groningen, 30,000 In Sardinia. In Germany. Turin 1 c. . 104,000 Genoa, . 93,000 See note, pg. 68. Alessandria, . 36,000 Hamburg 1 154,000 Cagliari, . . 26,000 Munich, . Tfi-P^fl ATI OOO o o o OOO In the Roman States. J71 CoUCiij • • Frankfort, c. Rome 1 c. . 149,000 Bremen, . 58,000 Bologne, . . 69.000 Leipsic, . 48.000 Ravenna, . leiooo Lubeck, 47',000 Stuttgard, 38,000 In the Two Sicilies. Altona, . Hanover, 26,000 24.000 Naples 1 c. . 350,000 Kiel, ll',000 Palermo, . Messina, . Catania, . . 140.000 . 83;000 . 52,000 In Pr ussia. Syracuse, . 17,000 Berlin 1c. . 291,000 Breslau, . 89,000 In the small Italian States. Konigsberg, Cologne, . Dantzic, . Magdeburg, 68,000 66,000 56,000 51,000 Florence 1 c Leghorn, Parma, c. Modena, c. Lucca, c . . 98,000 . 76.000 . 36,000 . 27,000 . 24.000 In Ax stria. San Marino, c 5,500 Vienna 1c. . Milan, . ■360,000 185,000 In 1 ^rance. Prague, 108,000 Paris 1 c. ■ . . 910,000 Venice, 97.000 Marseilles, . 170,000 Pesth,- 65,000 Lyons, . 147,000 Trieste, 51,000 Bordeaux, . 95,000 Verona, 49,000 Rouen, . 92,000 Buda, 41.000 Nantz, . 75,000 Lintz, 23,000 Lisle, . 72,009 Strasbourg, . 50,000 In Turkey. Metz, . 43,000 Constantinople 1 Adrianople, c. 500,000 . 90,000 Havre, Rochelle, . 30;009 15,000 Salonica, . 65,000 In Spain. Buchorest, 60,000 Sophia, . 50,000 Madrid 1 c. Barcelona, . 236,000 . 120,000 In G repr ' Seville, . 91,000 Valencia, . 66,000 Athens 1 c. . 17,000 Malaga, . . 65,000 78 HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. In Spain. Pop. In England. Pop. Cianada, 60,000 Hull, . 53,000 Cadiz, 59,000 Portsmouth, . 53,000 Saragossa, 43,000 Bath, . 51,000 Paios,* Brighton, . 47,600 Plymouth, . 37,000 In Portugal. Southampton, . . 27,000 Lisbon 1c.-, 250.000 York, . 26,000 Oporto, . 80,000 In Scotland Coirubra, 20,000 Elva, 17,000 Glasgow 1 . 2S5,000 Braga, St. Ubes, 15,000 Edinburg, c. . 162,000 15,000 Paisley, . . 50.000 Dundee, . . 45,000 In England. Aberdeen, . 41,000 London 1 c. . 2,560.000 Greenock, . 30,000 Manchester, 360.000 In Ireland Liverpool, 287,000 Birmingham, 190,000 Dublin 1 c. . . 240,000 Bristol, 117.000 Cork, . 107,000 Leeds, 72,000 Belfast, . . 70,000 Sheffield, 68,000 Limerick, . 67,000 Newcastle, 65,000 Galway, . . 33,000 Norwich, 62,000 Waterfbrd, . 30,000 Nottingham, 53,000 Londondeny, . . 14,000 How many Capitals and Cantons has Switzerland 1 The Diet or Assembly of Switzerland meets in rotation at Berne, Zui'ich, and Lucerne. This republic consists of twenty-two cantons, confederated under the government of a general Diet for the common security of all. From what port did Columbus sail 1 *Palos, at the mouth of the river Tinto, in Spain, is the port from which Columbus sailed, in 1492, on the celebrated voyage in which he discovered America. (See j)g. 47.) CAPITALS OF ISLANDS. What is the capital of the island of Islands. Capitals. Iceland ? Reikiavik West. Is. or Azores ? .... Fayal Majorca? . Palma Minorca ? Port Mahon Ivica? Ivica EUROPE. 79 Islands. Capitals. Corsica ? . Ajacgio Malta ? . . .- La Valetta Candia? Candia Rhodes ? Rhodes Negropont ? Negropont Scio ? Scio Corfu? Corfu Paxo 1 Porto Gai Santa Maura ? . . . . . Santa Maura Ithaca ? Vathi Cephalonia ?...... Argostoli Zante ? Zante Cerigo ? Cerigo Rapid Travelling on the Map, by Land and Water. What is your course — through what countries — and over what waters 1 From London . . to New York ? From New York . to Liverpool ? From Liverpool . . to . Malaga ? From Malaga . . . to . Trieste ? From Trieste . . . to Cairo ? From Cairo . . to . Gibraltar ? From Gibraltar . . to Seville ? From Seville . . . to Madrid ? From Madrid . . . to Paris ? From Paris . . to Moscow ? From Moscow . to St. Petersburg ? From St. Petersbi irg to Dublin ? From Dublin . . to Amsterdam ? From Amsterdam . to . Cape North ? 80 hart's geography. From Cape North to Rome ? From Rome . . . to . Naples ? From Naples . . From Hamburg . to to Hamburg ? Berlin ? From Berlin . From Constantinople From Bordeaux . to to to Constantinople ? Bordeaux ? Havre ? From Havre . to Galway ? From Gal way From Philadelphia to to Philadelphia ? Stockholm ? From Stockholm to Cadiz ? From Cadiz . . to Florence ? From Florence . to Buda ? From Buda . . to Athens ? From Athens . . to Venice ? From Venice . . to Boston ? From Boston . . . to Madeira ? From Madeira From Copenhagen to . to Copenhagen ? Madeira ? From Madeira to New York ? ] VI A P S . 1. DraAv the outlines of the following countries upon the black board and slates ; insert the rivers and towns, and prepare for an examination on as many countries, either separately or in connection, as the teacher may direct. Russia . Denmark Norway and Sweden Germany Prussia Switzerland Austria Italy Holland France Belgium Spain and Portugal Turkey Great Britain and Ireland 2. Draw the entire outline of Europe ; delineate the rivers, and insert the capitals, chief cities, lakes, islands, &c. ; and in recapitulating the exer- cises, point out the situations of all the civil and natural divisions. 3. Delineate the N. and S. coasts of the Mediterranean Sea ; mark the countries on its borders, and insert all the islands. 4. Construct the map of Europe upon paper, and letter and color it under the direction of the teacher. ASIA 82 OBJECTS OF NATURAL, HISTORY TECULIAR TO ASIA. Arabian Courser. Khinoceros. Elephant. -?35te| Boa Constrictor. Camel. Tiircr. Dromedary. Leopard. Pheasant. Peacock. ASIA. 83 MAP OF ASIA. Point to the map of Asia ? Where is Asia ? What are the boundaries of Asia ? What is the longitude of the Eastern ex- tremity ? 5. What is the longitude of the Western ? What is the latitude of the Northern ex- tremity ? What is the latitude of the Southern ? Point out the countries of Asia ? What are the boundaries of — Siberia or Asiatic ) Arabia ? Russia ? \ Persia ? Chinese Empire ? Hindoo-stan ? Independent or ) Birman Empire ? Western Tartary ? ) Empire of Japan ? Turkey ? Afghani-stan ? 20. What country forms the Northern part ? What countries form the Eastern part ? What country forms the Central part ? What countries form the Western part ? What countries form the Southern part ? 25. In what zones does Asia lie ? What countries of Asia are in each of those zones ? Which is the largest Asiatic island ? What group of Asiatic islands are denominated the Fifth Grand Division of the globe ? (See Islands and Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 84 What three principal islands form the empire of Japan ? The empire of Japan consists of the islands of Niphon, Ximo or Kiusiu, and Sikoke. 30. What is the capital of each political divi- sion of Asia? {See Cities.) Where are those capitals situated ? Which are the two largest countries of Asia ? How much of Asia belongs to Russia ? {One-third.) How much forms the Chinese empire ? {One-third.) 35. How much remains for the rest of Asia ? What seas in Asia are properly lakes ? What rivers are tributary to the sea of Aral ? What quality is peculiar to the waters of the Caspian and Aral ? {Salt.) In what direction does Asia lie from the other grand divisions of the globe ? 40. What is the length of Asia from West to East ? (7,500 miles.) What is its breadth from North to South ? (5,250 miles.) What are the natural boundaries of Asia on the West ? What part of Asia is called India ? {Southern.) What country is called India within the Bur- rampooter ? {Hindoo-stan.) 45. What country is called India beyond the Burrampooter ? {Birmah, fyc.) What are the principal islands of the Oriental Archipelago ? {See map of the Pacific.) ASIA. 85 What are the principal islands of Austral-Asia ? What are the principal islands of the Poly- nesia ? (See Islands and Map of the Pacific.) What are nearly all the Asiatic Islands you have named, sometimes improperly called ? Oceanica and Malaysia. The use of these names leads to confusion of Geographical terms, and they are therefore not adopted by good Geo- graphers. 50. What countries of Asia are peninsulas ? Which is the largest peninsula attached to Asia ? (Africa.) By what isthmus is Africa joined to Asia ? How wide is it ? (60 miles.) What isthmus connects the peninsula of Malacca with the main land ? (Kraw.) 55. How wide is the isthmus of Kraw ? (70 m.) What part of Asiatic Russia is called Sibe- ria ? That part of Asiatic Russia which lies East of the Ural Mountains, is called Siberia, and is divided into three great governments ; Tobolski in the West, Tomsk in the centre, and Irkutsk in the East. The remainder of Asiatic Russia lies in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, and its two principal governments are Astracan and Orenburg. Government. Population. Capitals. Orenburg, 1,771,000 Tomsk, 1,077,000 Tobolski, 685,000 Irkutsk, 507,000 Astracan, 259,000 Orenburg. Tomsk. Tobolsk. Irkutsk. Astracan. There are forty-four millions of slaves in Asiatic and European Russia ; 21,000,000 being the absolute property of the Emperor, and 23,000,000 the property of individuals. One proprietor alone possesses 110,000. What are the three great governments of Siberia ? What two other principal governments of Asiatic Russia lie near the Caspian Sea ? What are the capitals of the five great govern- ments of Asiatic Russia ? 86 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 60. What oceans are contiguous to Asia ? What ocean is on the North ? What ocean is on the South ? What ocean separates Asia from America ? How wide is the Pacific Ocean ? (10,000 m.) 65. In what part of Asia are the highest mount- ains yet discovered ? {See Mountains.) What is the name of the range ? What name is given to the highest peak ? How high is it ? (5 miles.) How many peaks of the Himmaleh mountains are said to be upwards of 19,000 feet in height ? (25.) 70. What capes are on the north of Asia ? What cape has the highest latitude ? In what part does Asia approach nearest to America ? What rivers of Asia are tributary to the Arctic Ocean ? What is the amount of population in Asia ? 75. Which is the first city of Asia ? Where is it situated, and what is its population ? Pekin, j jop. 1,500,000 The second 1 . Canton, . 1,200,000 The third 1 . King-le- Ching, . 1,100,000 The fourth 1 . Hang-cheou, . 1.000,000 The fifth 1 . Jeddo, . 750,000 The sixth! . Benares, 630,000 The seventh 1 Meaco, 500,000 The eighth] . Nankin, . 400,000 The ninth! . Madras, . 400,000 The tenth 1 . Calcutta, . . 380,000 80. In connection with the city of Jeddo, what have you to say in regard to the uncertainty of the population of other places in Asia ? The population of Jeddo has generally been estimated at 1.000,000. The Japanese stated to Golownin, who visited the empire in 1812, that it ex- ASIA. 87 ceeded 10,000,000 ; that the principal streets alone contained near 800,000 houses, averaging upwards of thirty persons each ; and that there were 36,000 blind men in the city. It is generally stated by persons who have travelled through various parts of Asia, that a crowded population is ap- parent ; but as no two agree in the precise amount of inhabitants of any section of that country, it is extremely difficult to arrive at just conclusions. As an instance of the disagreement of travellers upon this point, it is stated, that Ispahan, at a recent date, contained 1,100,000 inhabitants ; Chardin, in 1686, gave the population at 600,000 ; Oliver, in 1796, at only 50,000 ; in 1800, it was stated at 100,000 ; Morier, in 1808, gave it at 400,000, but in his second journey at only 60,000 ! Kinneir states it at 200,000, which is probably more than double its present population. How does Asia rank in size with the other grand divisions of the globe ? (See Table 3.) How does Asia rank in population ? (See Tab. 4.) Which are the largest lakes in Asia ? Which are five of the longest rivers, and where do they rise and empty ? 85. Is the Wolga an Asiatic river ? It is sometimes said to be entirely in Europe. Formerly it was a part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. By what seas and gulfs is the Eastern shore of Asia indented ? What waters indent the Southern shore ? What rivers are tributary to the waters of the Indian Ocean ? What is the extent of the imperial canal in China ? (650 miles.) 90. What artificial boundary has China on the North ? The great wall which bounds China Proper on the North, is a most stu- pendous work of art. It was built by the Chinese, 214 years before the Christian era, to prevent the incursions of the Tartars, and extends 1,250 miles, over mountains and rivers. What is the extent of the great wall ? For what purpose was it built ? What river runs through lake Baikal ? Angara. What name is applied to the Eastern coast of Hindoo-stan ? (Coromandel.) 88 hart's geography. 95. What to the Western ? {Malabar.) What are the length and breadth of New Holland ? (See Islands.) What waters will you navigate, and wdiat will be your courses, in passing from Suez to Bussorah ? From Bussorah to Jeddo ? From Jeddo to New York ? In what part of Turkey is Palestine, or the Holy Land ? (South- Western.) Where is the desert called the Steppe of Issim ? Cobi ? Shamo ? 100. What part of the Chinese empire is called China Proper ? What part is called Eastern Tartary ? What part of the Chinese empire is called Thibet ? What are the boundaries and capital of China ? Of Thibet ? Has Eastern Tartary a distinct capital ? None. 105. Is any city known as the capital of Arabia ? {No?w.) Which is the chief city of Arabia ? (Sana.) Which is the chief city of Turkey ? (Aleppo.) Is any city in Asia known as its capital 1 None. What city in Europe is the capital of Turkey in Asia 1 (Constantinople.) 1 10. What other government in Asia has its capital in Europe ? (Russia.) What is the name of that capital ? (St. Petersburg.) What part of Hindoo-stan is possessed by the British ? ASIA. 89 What is the capital of British India ? {Calcutta.) What is the nominal capital of the interior, and the residence of the Great Mogul ? The British possess the East and West coasts of Hindoo-stan, and their influence extends to a considerable degree over a large part of the Penin- sula. They also claim Bootan and Nepaul on the Isorth, which were included in Thibet. The capital of the interior is Delhi, on the river Jurnnah. It is the residence of the Great Mogul or Emperor of India, whose authority, however, is merely nominal, as he is in fact reduced to humiliating dependence on a foreign power. Great Britain, under the pretence of extending civilization, but with a rapacity that has no parallel in modern history, has wrested the country and conquered 94,000,000 of the Asiatics by the cannon and the bayonet ; and she now contemplates a farther conquest, by the invasion of the country of the Afghans, for the like purpose of rendering it tributary. What will be your course — through what countries — and over what waters — Calcutta ? Canton ? Singapore ? Madras ? Suez ? Delhi ? Bagdad ? Ispahan ? Smyrna ? Jerusalem ? Tyre ? Mecca ? Jeddo ? Bombay ? Cape of Good H. ? Cape Horn ? New Holland ? New York ? Canton ? From Pekin . . . to . From Calcutta . . to . From Canton . . to . From Singapore to . From Madras . . to . From Suez . to . From Delhi . . . to . From Bagdad . . to . From Ispahan . . to . From Smyrna . to . From Jerusalem to . From Tyre . to . From Mecca to . From Jeddo . . to . From Bombay . . to . From Bombay . to . From Cape Horn . to . From New r Holland to . From New York . to . 90 hart's geography. RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty 1 Miles. Miles. Ohel 2,700 Ganges'? .... 1,500 Yenisei, 2,600 Burrampooter, 1,500 Kiang-ku, 2.300 Indus, 1,200 Amour, 2.200 Irrawady, . 1,200 Lena, . 2,100 Tigris, 1,146 Wolga, 2,000 Sihon, 800 Hoang-ho 01 Yellow, 2,000 Irtish, 640 Euphrates, 1,800 Jihon, 500 Cambodia, 1,700 Oural, 500 SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what large waters are they tributary ? Kara Sea ? Obe Sea ? Anadir ? Kamptshatka ? Okhotsk, or Lama Sea ? Japan Sea ? Yellow Sea ? Canton ? Tonquin ? China Sea ? Siam? Bengal ? Arabian Sea ? Cambay ? Persian ? Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf? Levant ? Carpentaria ? Botany ? Java Sea ? ASIA. 91 STRAITS. Questions. Between what shores are they ? What waters do they connect ? Bhering's ? Channel of Tartary ? Korea ? Macassar ? Malacca ? Sunda ? Palk's ? Ormus ? Babelmandeb ? Torre's ? Bass' ? Cook's ? Dardanelles ? Constantinople ? CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated? Into what waters do they project ? Tamura ? Dondra ? Lopatka ? York ? Comorin ? Wilson's Promon- > Ras ? tory ? ^ Java Head ? Maria Van Die man ? Pedro ? MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the peaks ? What is the altitude ? Feet. Himmaleli Mountains % . . . Hindoo-stan and Thibet, . 20,000 Dhawala-giri, or White Mountain 1 Highest Pk. of the Himrnaleh, 27,000 Altaian chain 1 Siberia and East Tartary, . 10,000 hart's geography. Avatsha 1 Caucasian chain 1 . Elburus Peak 1 Demavend Peak 1 . Mount Ararat 1 Eastern Gauts 1 Western Gauts 1 . Chain of Korea 1 Kaah Mountain 1 . Otaheitean Peak ] . Mount Ophir T Surnatran Volcano 1 Mount Egmont 1 . Feet. 9,600 . Volcano, Kamptshatka, . Russia, W. of the Caspian, . Highest of tlie Caucasian, . 17,000 . Persia S. of Caspian Sea, . 10,000 Do. W. of do. . . 9,500 . Hind. Coromandel, . . 4,000 . Hind. Malabar, . . 4,000 . Korea, 4,500 . Owyhee, . . , 18,400 . Otaheite, . . . 10,900 . Sumatra, .... 14,000 Do. . ... 12,500 . New Zealand, . . . 15,300 What mountain is reputed to he the highest in the world 1 Dhawala-giri, or the White Mountain, or as it is sometimes called Kan- tel-peak, is said to he the most lofty mountain yet discovered on the globe. It is, however, doubted by some authors whether the H ; mmaleh mountains are more elevated than the Andes of South America, as the method used to ascertain their altitude was of questionable accuracy. There are Twenty- five peaks said to be upwards of 19,000 feet high. LAKES Questions. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Where do they empty ? Caspian Sea ? Baikal ? Aral Sea ? Asphaltites ? What peculiarities distinguish lake Asphaltites 1 There are several names by which lake Asphaltites is distinguished ; as lake Bitumen, or Asphaltites, Salt Sea, lakes Sirbon, Bahheret-Lut, or sea of Lot, Dead Sea, and, anciently, sea of Sodom. It is situated in Palestine, and receives the river Jordan on the North, and several other smaller rivers ; but sends not, like other lakes, a tribute to the ocean. The waters of this lake are uncommonly transparent, and unusually salt ; sulphur and bitumen are found on its shores, and large quantities of asphaltum, or mineral pitch, float on its surface. This celebrated sea has recently been thoroughly ex- plored by an American exploring party, under the command of Lieut. Lynch of the U. S. Navy. ASIA. 93 PENINSULAS. Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? In what capes do they terminate ? Kamptshatka ? Malacca '? Korea ? Hindoo-stan ? Birmah, &c. ? Arabia ? ISLANDS. Questions, hi what directions are they situa- ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- round them ? To what clusters do they belong ? (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Aleutian Group or ) Lekoo or Loochoo ? Fox Islands or > Formoso ? Northern Arcbip. ? S Macao ? Oonalaska 1 Hainan ? Bhering's ? Mergui's Archipel. ? Kurile Group ? Andaman Group ? Tchoka or Seg- ) Great Andaman ? halien ? ) Little Andaman ? Jesso ? Nicobar Group ? I | Japan Empire 1 Ceylon ? Niphon ? Lacadive Group ? Sikoke ? Maldive Group ? Ximo or Kiusiu ? Socotra ? Leoo-Keoo Group ? 94 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. ORIENTAL ARCHIPELAGO. (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Borneo ? Philipine Group ? Luzon or Luconia ? Magindanao ? Palawan ? Celebesian Group ? Celebes, or Ma- cassar ? Moluccas, or Spice Islands ? Gilolo ? Sunda Group, or ) Sumatran Chain ? J Sumatra ? Banca ? Java ? What remarkable tree was reported to grow in the Island of Java ? The Upas or Poison Tree, was said to grow in the centre of the island of Java, and to destroy, by its noxious effluvia, all animal and vegetable life, for twelve miles round it. It is ascertained, however, that this tree does not exist, and consequently the account of it, originally published in Holland in 1780, proves to be an imposture. AUSTRAL-ASIA. This division of the Asiatic Islands is called the FIFTH GRAND DIVISION OF THE GLOBE. (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) New Holland or ) New Britain ? i^ustralia ? > 2,000 by 2,700 miles. S Papua or N. Guinea ? Van Die man's land ? New Ireland ? New Georgia or Solomon's ? New Hebrides ? New Caledonia ? New Zealand ? ASIA. 95 POLYNESIA, THE REGION OF MANY ISLANDS (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Caroline Group ? Pelew Group ? Navigator's Group ? Friendly Isles ? Society Group ? Otaheite ? Laclrone Group ? Sandwich Group ? Owyhee ? Marquesas Group ? Madison's or Nooaheva ? CITIES AND TOWNS. Questions. In what governments are they ? How situated, on rivers or inland? In what direction do they lie from leddo ? From Aleppo ? From Cape Comorin ? From Cape Tamura ? In Russia. Pop. In Japan. Pop. Astracan 1 c. . . 31,000 Jeddo 1 c. 750,000 Orenburg, c . . . 20,000 Meaco, 500,000 Tobolsk, c. . . 15,000 Nangasacki, 50,000 Irkutsk, c. . 15.000 Tomsk, c. . io;ooo In Birmah. In China. Umerapoora 1 . . 50,000 Pekin 1 c. . Canton, King-le-Ching, 1,500.000 1,200,000 1,100,000 Rangoon, . Ava, c. . Pegu, Aracan, Prorue, . 40.000 . 30,000 . 10,000 . 8,000 5,000 Hang-Cheou, Nankin, i,ooo;ooo 400,000 In Chinise Tartar y. In Hindoo-stoM. Cashgar 1 . . 24,000 Benares 1 Madras, . 630,000 400,000 In Tlxihet. Calcutta, c. . 380,000 Patna, . 300,000 Lassa 1 . 24,000 Bombay, . 230,000 96 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. In Hindoo-stan. Delhi, Lucknow, Dacca, Hyderabad, Surat, In Sia?n. Bang-Ivor 1 c. In Anam. Sai-gon 1 Kesho, Hue, c. Pop. 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 157,000 50,000 180,000 150,000 60,000 In Independent Tartary. Bokhara 1 c. Samarcand, Balk, In Persia. Ispahan 1 Teheran, c. . Meshed, . Tauris or Tabriz, Shiraz, 150,000 10,000 2,000 100,000 70,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 In Turkey. Damascus 1 Smyrna, . Aleppo, Bagdad, . Bussorah, Hamah, . Diarbekir, Mosul, . Erzeroum, In Arabia Sana 1 Mecca, Medina, Judda, Mocha, In Afghanistan. Cabul 1 c. Candahar, Peshawar, . Herat. In Beloochi-stan. Pop. 120,000 120,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 44,000 40,000 35,000 20,000 40,000 28,000 18,000 5,000 5,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 45,000 Kelaf? .... 20,000 What remarks have you to make on the two countries, Afghani-stan and Beloochi-stan 1 Cabul is said to be the capital of a modern kingdom, called Cabuli-stan, or Afghani-stan, or Candahar. The limits of this doubtful kingdom are not well defined, but it is said to comprise the Eastern part of Persia, the North- Western part of Hindoo-stan, and the Southern part of Independent Tartary. Another doubtful modern kingdom, Beloochi-stan, like Cabul, is so little understood, and so uncertain in its governments, that it is hardly worth our while to give it a locality on maps or a name in books. (The word "Stan," signifying Country, should be pronounced distinctly.) CAPITALS OF ISLANDS. What is the capital of the island of % Islands. Capitals. Luzon ? Manilla Magindanao 1 Magindanao Borneo ? . Borneo Celebes ? Macassar ASIA. 97 \ Islands. Capitals. Ceylon ? ....... Columbo Sumatra ? Acheen Java. ? Batavia New Holland ? Sydney Vaa Dieman's Land ? ... Hobart Town Socotra ? Tamarida Sandwich Islands ? . . . . Honololu PvAPID TRAVELLING on the Map, by Land and Water. What is your course — through what countries— -and over -what waters 1 From Asia . . . . to . America ? From America . to . Asia ? From Asia . . . . to . Austral- Asia 1 From N Holland . to . England ? From England . to . Mecca ? From Mecca . . to . . Jerusalem ? From Jerusalem . to . . Rome ? From Rome . to . . Venice ? From Venice . to . Lyons ? From Lyons . . to . Dead Sea ? From Dead Sea . . to . Acre ? From Acre . . to . . Suez ? From Suez . to . Trebizond ? From Trebizond . to . Borneo ? From Borneo . . to . . Nankin ? From Nankin . to . . Thibet ? From Thibet . . . to . Samarcand 1 From Samarcand . to . Smyrna ? From Smyrna . to . Bokhara ? From Bokhara . to . Teheran ? 98 hart's GEOGRAPHY • From Teheran to . . Medina? From Medina to . . C. of Good K? From Cape Town to . . Honololu ? From Honololu . to . . C. Comorin? From C. Comorin to . . Peru ? From Peru to . . Gallipagos Is '* From Gallipagosls. to . . J. Fernanles- From Juan Fern'ds. to . . Cape Horn ? From Cape Horn to . . Rio Janeiro ? From Rio Janeiro to . . Rhodes 1 From Rhodes to . . Paris ? From Paris . , to . . Lyons ? From Lyons . . to . . Aix? From Aix . . . to . . Liverpool ? From Liverpool . to . . China? From China . . to . . Philadelphia ? From Philadelphia to . . . New York ? MAPS. 1. Construct maps of the following countries upon the black board and slates ; insert the rivers, towns, mountains, lakes, &e. ; mark down the adjacent islands, and prepare for recapitulation. Siberia, Western Tartary. Chinese Empire, Turkey, Birmah, icith ) Persia, Tonquin, &c. $ Arabia, Hindoo-stan. Japan Empire. 2. Project the whole map of Asia ; insert the boundaries of the political divisions, rivers, capitals, chief towns, &c. 3. Construct maps of the following clusters of islands : — Oriental Archipelago, Austral- Asia, Polynesia. 4. Construct the following maps upon paper, and letter and color them : Asia, Oriental Archipelago, } Together with the Asiatic Austral-Asia, > and American coasts on the Polynesia, *) Pacific. AFRICA 100 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO AFRICA. Hippopotamus Zebra. Crocodile. Common Monkey. Porcupine. Baboon. Ostrich. Orang-outang. AFRICA. 101 MAP OF AFRICA. Point to the map of Africa ? Where is Africa ? What natural division is it ? What are its boundaries ? Into what grand divisions may Africa be sub- divided ? 5. What countries form the Northern part ? What countries form the Western part ? What countries form the Southern part ? What countries form the Eastern part ? What countries form the Central part ? NORTHERN AFRICA. 10. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Morocco ? Morocco. Algeria ? Algiers. Tunis ? Tunis. Tripoli ? ........ Tripoli. Barca 1 Derne. Fezzan ? Mourzouk. Egypt ? Cairo. WESTERN AFRICA. 1 5. What are the boundaries and capital of— Countries. Capitals. Country of Foulahs, &c. ? . . . Goumel, fyc. Foota Jallo ? Teemboo. 102 hart's geography. Countries. Capitals. Sierra Leone ? . . . . Free Town. Liberia ? Monrovia. Ashantee ? Coomassie. Dahomey ? Abomey. Benin ? Benin. Biafra ? . . . . . . . Biafra. Loango ? Loango. Congo ? St. Salvador. Angola? St.PauldeLoando. Benguela ? Benguela. Zimbebas? (Desert,) . . SOUTHERN AFRICA. 30. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Hotentot Country ? Letakoo. Colony of the Cape ) „ T of Good Hope? 5 " * * • Lape 10Wn ' CafTraria? Port Natal. EASTERN AFRICA. 35. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Mocaranga or Mo- ) ~ . -, ^ o > . . . . Zimbao. nomotapa I ) Mozambique ? Mozambique. Quiloa ? Quiloa. Melinda? Melinda. Magadoxo ?...-... Magadoxo. AFRICA. 103 Countries. Capitals. Ajan ? Ajan. Berbera ? Berbera. Adel? Add. Abyssinia? Gondar. Nubia ? Senaar. CENTRAL AFRICA. 45. What are the boundaries and capital of— Countries. Capitols. Za'ara, or The ) Great Desert ? £ Bornou ? ......... Bornou. Begherme ? Begherme. Bergoo ? Wara. Darfur ? Cobbe. Houssa ? ......... Houssa. Timbuctoo ? Timbuctoo. Bambarra ? Sego. Soudan, or Nigritia ? (Regions K of the M'is. of the Moon.) Ethiopia ? {Regions S. of the Mountains of the Moon.) 55. In what direction does Africa lie from the other quarters of the globe ? In what direction from the United States of North America ? What are the four extremities of Africa ? What is the lengh of Africa from Cape Serrel in the North, to Cape Aguillas in the South ? (4,980 miles.) 104 What is its breadth from Cape Verde in the West, to Cape Guardafui in the East ? (4,500 miles.) 60. In how many zones does Africa lie ? Through what part of Africa does the Equator pass ? Which is the largest island near Africa ? What clusters of islands lie off the North-West coast of Africa ? How is Africa separated from Europe ? 65. At what place do they approach nearest 1 What towns in Europe and Africa are nearest each other ? {Gibraltar and Ceuta.) What neck of land prevents Africa from being an island 1 What sea lies between Africa and Arabia ? What is the extent of the great desert of Zaara from East to West ? (3,000 miles.) 70. What is its extent from North to South ? (1,000 miles.) What countries are comprehended under the name of Sene" Gambia ? The countries included between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, inhabited by the Foulah, Jaloff, and many other distinct nations, are distinguished by the general name of Scne-Gambia. Among what mountains do the rivers Senegal, Gambia, and Niger rise ? {Kong.) What mountains in Africa gave name to the Atlantic ocean ? {Atlas.) How wide is the Atlantic Ocean ? (3,000 m.) 75. What river passes through lake Dembea 1 {Blue.) AFRICA. 105 What rivers empty into the Gulf of Guinea ? What is that part of Egypt called which is embraced by the mouths of the Nile ? Delta. Sailing down the Nile from the 20th degree of North latitude, what towns do you pass ? Starting from Cairo, by what waters and courses will you reach the city of New- York ? 80. By what waters and courses will you pro- ceed from Tripoli to Suez ? What cities do you find on the northern coast of Africa ? What lakes are in Africa ? (See Lakes.) Is Cape Serrel or Cape Bon the more north- erly ? Is the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Aguillas the more southerly ? 85. What chains of mountains extend through the centre of Africa ? What rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean ? What cluster of islands do you find in the channel of Mozambique ? What islands lie East of Madagascar ? What is the amount of population in Africa ? 90. How does Africa rank in size with the other grand divisions of the globe ? How in population ? (See Tables 3 and 4.) What river in America has the same parallel of latitude with the Cape of Good Hope ? Which is the first city of Africa ? Where is it situated, and what is the amount of its population ? 106 The second 1 . The third I . The fourth 1 . The fifth 1 . The sixth 1 . The seventh 1 The eighth 1 . The ninth ? . The tenth 1 . HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Cairo, . Tunis, Mequinez, Fez, Morocco, Alexandria, Algiers, Damietta, Tripoli, Constantia, Pop. 240,000 120,000 100,000 88,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 30.000 25,000 25,000 100. Where is the desert of Cimbebas ? What channel separates the island of Mada- gascar from the main ? How wide is the channel of Mozambique ? (270 miles.) What rivers form the head branches of the Nile? What cities are situated at the mouths of the Nile? 105. How many and what islands compose the cluster of the Cape Verde ? (See Hands.) How many and what islands form the Comora ? How many and what islands form the Canary ? How many and what islands form the Madei- ra ? Where is the point on the map of Africa which has neither longitude nor latitude ? 110. Why? Point to the prominent capes on all the coasts of Africa, and name them. What capes are on the island of Mada- gascar ? What mountains are in Madagascar ? What mountains are in Southern Africa ? AFRICA. 107 115. In latitude 20° South, and longitude 5° West, are you on land or sea, and what will be your direct course to the Cape of Good Hope ? In latitude 25° North, and longitude 5° East, where are you ? From that point, what would be the direct course of a caravan to the town of Nun ? What are the great features of Africa ? {Deserts.) What countries border on the Red Sea ? 120. How is the coast of Guinea divided ? What mountains in Africa are the most ele- vated 1 (See Mountains.) What is the altitude of the mountains of Geesh? What are the length and breadth of Madagas- car ? (See Islands.) How does it rank among the large islands of the world? (Third.) 125. Where is lake of Tchad ? What river flows into it ? What is the course of the Niger, and where does it empty ? Up to what year was the course of that river a mystery ? (1830.) Point to the island of St. Helena, and say for what it is celebrated ? (See Islands.) 130. Where is the land of Hotentots ? Where is Nigritia, or land of Negroes ? Where is Liberia, or the republic of blacks 1 What course is it from Liberia to New York ? 108 hart's geography. RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Nile, and its head 1 White, or Bahr-el-Abiad, Blue, or Bahr-el-Azrek, Tecazze, Niger, Miles. 2,500 2,000 Senegal 1 Orange, Gambia, Zaire, or Congo, Yeou, . Miles. 1,000 900 700 SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? Mediterranean Sea ? Benin ? Sidra ? Arabian Gulf, or Guinea ? Red Sea ? Bight of Biafra ? Delagoa ? STRAITS. Questions. Between what shores are they? What waters do they connect ? Gibraltar ? Mozambique ? Babelmandeb ? AFRICA. 109 CAPES. Questions. JVhere are they ? Int waters do they project ? Bon? Good Hope ? Serrel ? Aguillas 1 Spartel ? Natal ? Blanco ? Corrientes ? Verde ? Delgado ? Palmas ? Guardafui ? Negro ? Ambro ? Voltes ? St. Mary ? wvto MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the veaks ? What is the altitude ? Gee3h Mountains 1 ... Abyssinia, . Atlas Chain 1 . Morocco, Kong Mountains 1 . Mountains of the Moon % Central Africa, Do. . Lupata Mountains 1 Brenas Mountains 1 Eastern Africa, Soutlwrn Africa Nieuwveld, or Snowy Mountains 1 Peak of Teneriffe 1 Ked Mountains % . Do. Teneriffe, Madagascar, Feet. 15,000 12.50'.i 10,000 12,300 11,000 110 HART'S geography. LAKES. Questions. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Where do they empty ? Dibbe ? Bahr-Heimed ? Fittre ? Bahr-Dwi ? Dembea ? Tchad ? Maravi ? ISLANDS. Questions. In ted from the near round them ? The Delta ? Madeira Group ? Madeira 1 Porto Santo ? Canary Group? Teneriffe ? Fuert^- Ventura ? Grand Canary ? Palma ? Lancerota ? Gomera ? Ferro ? Cape Verde Gr. ? St. Iago ? St. Vincent ? St. Lucia ? St. Nicholas ? what directions are they situa- est coast ? What waters sur- Sal? Bonavista ? Mayo ? Fogo ? Brava ? St. Helena ? Madagascar ? 900 miles by 200. Bourbon ? Mauritius or Isle of France ? Co mora Group ? Comora ? Mohilla ? Joanna ? Mayotta ? AFRICA. Ill For what is the island of Ferro distinguished 1 The French and English Geographers formerly reckoned longitude from the meridian of the Western extremity of Ferro ; but latterly they have adopted the meridians which pass through the capitals of their respective countries. The first meridian was established in Ferro, as early as the time of Hipparchus, the Astronomer, B. C. 140. For what is the island of St. Helena celebrated 1 The island of St. Helena, unimportant in itself, is forever rendered cele- brated by its being the prison of Napoleon, Emperor of France, after his abdication, and also the place of his death. He was banished to that island in 1815, while claiming the protection of England as the " most generous of his enemies ;" and, after six years imprisonment, he expired there in 1821. For this treatment of a fallen warrior, certainly the most distinguished hero the world ever saw, history has set its mark of disappro- bation upon England and her king. Mc Culloch very justly observes, that " The sending of Napoleon to St. Helena, and his treatment while there, constitute the most discreditable chapter in the history of modern royalty." The body of Napoleon, after lying in a humble grave near his prison house for nineteen years, was carried to France in 1840, and buried by his country- men with great pomp and solemnity. CITIES AND TOWNS. Questions. Where are they ? How situa- ted — on rivers, or inland ? What direction from Cairo ? From Cape of Good Hope ? From Cape Verde ? In Morocco. Pop. In Egypt. Pop Mequinez 1 100,000 Cairo'? c. . 240,000 Fez, . . . 88,000 Alexandria, 40,000 Morocco, c. . 80,000 Damietta, 30,000 Mogadore, 10.000 Suez, .... 1,500 Tangier, . 10,000 In Algeria. In Nubia. Algiers 1c. 40,000 SenaarI c. . Constantia, 25,000 In Abyssinia. In Txmis. Tunis'? c. . 120,000 GONDAR 1 C. . 10,000 In Tripoli. In Cape Colony. Tripoli 1 c. . 25,000 Cape Town 1 c. . 20,000 Cabcs, 20,000 In Sierra Leone. In Barca. Derne 1c. Free Town 1 c. . 15,000 In Fez z an. In Liberia. MoURZOUK 1c. 2,500 Monrovia 1c. 2,000 112 CAPITALS, &c. OF ISLANDS. Islands. Capitals. Madeira '? Funchal. Grand Canary ? .... Palmasr;;- Canary. TenerifFe ? Santa Cruz. St. lago '? . . . . . . Porto Pray a. St. Helena ? Jamestown. Mauritius ? Port Louis. MAPS. 1. Draw the outline of Africa upon the black board and slates ; insert the boundaries, rivers, and chief towns, and mark down the adjacent islands. 2. Draw the map of Africa upon paper, and letter and color it. 3. Project the map of the Eastern Hemisphere upon paper, and letter and color it. 4. Project the map of the World, and finish it by lettering and coloring, under the direction of the teacher. STATE OF NEW YORK. 114 MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Will you give a general description of the State of New York 1 The State of New York holds the most elevated rank in the Union, in political importance, wealth, population, and public improvements ; in every natural as well as artificial advantage for agricultural and manu- facturing industry ; in commercial enterprise ; and in the general diffusion of education and intelligence among the inhabitants. What was the amount of population in the State of New York, by the census of 1850 1 3,097,098 ; being about one-seventh of the whole number of inhabitants in the United States. How many Counties are in the State of New York ; and how are they divided 1 There are fifty-nine Counties in the State, which according to the Constitution of 1846, are divided into thirty-two " Senate Districts," each of which elects a State-Senator. Will you name the Districts, and point out the Counties on the Map 1 Dist. Counties. 1. — Suffolk, Richmond and Queens. 2.— King's. 3.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 4. — Several Wards of the City of New York. 5.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 6.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 7. — Westchester, Putnam and Rockland. 8. — Dutchess and Columbia. 9. — Orange and Sullivan. JO. — Ulster and Greene. NEW YORK. 115 Dist. Counties. 11. — Albany and Schenectady. 12. — Rensselaer. 13. — Washington and Saratoga. 14. — Warren, Essex and Clinton. 15. — St. Lawrence and Franklin. 16. — Herkimer, Hamilton, Fulton and Montgomery. 17. — Schoharie and Delaware. 18. — Otsego and Chenango. 19.— Oneida. 20. — Madison and Oswego. 21. — Jefferson and Lewis. 22. — Onondaga. 23. — Cortland, Broome and Tioga. 24. — Cayuga and Wayne. 25. — Tompkins, Seneca and Yates. 26. — Steuben and Chemung. 27. — Monroe. 28. — Orleans, Genesee and Niagara. 29. — Ontario and Livingston. 30. — Allegany and Wyoming. 31.— Erie. 32. — Chatauque and Cattaraugus. CITIES, COUNTY TOWNS, &C. Questions. In what counties are they ? On what waters ? In what direction from New York ? From Albany ? Example. — New York ? — It constitutes the County of New York — at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers — South of Albany, &c. - Counties. Pop. County Towns. 1 New York, .... 515,394 New York. 2 King's, . 138,899 Brooklyn. 3 Erie, 101,112 Buffalo. 4 Oneida, . 99,818 Utica. Rome. 5 Albany, . 93,297 Albany. 6 Monroe, . 87,338 Rochester. 7 Onondaga, 85,900 Syracuse. (Salina.) 8 Rensselaer, 73,435 Troy. 9 St. Lawrence, 68,634 Ogdensburg. Canton. 10 Jefferson, 68,156 Watertown. 11 Steuben, . 63,785 Bath. 12 Oswego, . 62,150 Oswego. Pulaski. 13 Ulster, 59,959 Kingston. 116 hart's geography. m 1 3 7? Counties. Pop County Towns. I 14 Dutchess, .... 58,994 Poughkeepsie. 15 Westchester, . 58,267 White Plains. Bedford. 16 Orange, . 57,164 Newburg. Goshen. 17 Cayuga, . 55,489 Auburn. 18 Chatauque, 50,624 MayviHe. 19 Otsego, . 48,740 Cooperstown. 20 Saratoga, 45,620 Ballstown Spa. 21 Wayne, . 44,967 Lyons. 22 Washington, . 44,761 Sandy-Hill. Salem. 23 Ontario, . 43,978 Canandaigua. 24 Madison, 43,081 Morrisville. 25 Columbia, 43,014 Hudson. 26 Niagara, 42,224 Lockport. 27 Livingston, 40,887 Genesee. 28 Chenango, 40,313 Norwich. 29 Clinton, . 40.000 Plattsburg. 30 Delaware, 39^72 Delhi. 33 Cattaraugus, . 38,910 Ellicottville. 32 Tompkins, 38,749 Ithaca. 33 Herkimer, 38,257 Herkimer. 34 Allegany, 37,600 Angelica. 35 Queen's, . 37,042 Hempstead. m Suffolk, . 36,826 Riverhead. 37 Greene, . 34,124 Catskill. 38 Schoharie, 33,537 Schoharie. 39 Wyoming, 32,123 Warsaw. 40 Montgomery, . 31,913 Fonda. 11 Essex, 31,203 Elizabethtown. 42 Broome, . 30,660 Binghamton. 43 Chemung, 28,964 Elmira. 44 Genesee, . 28,538 Batavia. 45 Orleans, . 28,464 Albion. 46' Seneca, (Senoka,) 25,442 Ovid. Waterloo. 47 Tioga, 25,384 Owego. 48 Franklin, , 25,115 Malone. 49 Sullivan, 25,090 Monticello. 50 Cortland, 25,058 Cortland. 51 Lewis, 24,570 Martinsburg. 52 Yates, 20,590 Penn-Yan. 53 Fulton, . 20,158 Johnstown. 54 Schenectady, . 20,057 Schenectady. 55 Warren, . 17.159 Caldwell. 56 Rockland, 16,965 Clarkstown, (N. City Vil.) 57 Richmond, 15,066 Richmond. 58 Putnam, . 14,134 Carmel. 50 Hamilton, 2,188 Lake-Pleasant. Total in 1850, .... Population, in 1840, Gain in ten years, (27 per cent.) 3.099.249 2,429,550 STATE OF NEW YORK. 117 11 New York, . 516,000 2jBrooklyn, . . 98,000 3jAlbany, c. . 51,000 4 Buffalo, . 42,000 5; Rochester, . . 37,000 6iWilliamsburg, . 31,000 TlTroy, . . 29,000 How many Cities and Towns are there in the State of New York, which have a population of over 10,000? Will you name and point them out on the map ; and mention their situation, and population in round numbers ? Pop. Pop. 8jSyracuse, . . . 22,000 9 Oswego, . . . 22,000 lOlUtica, .... 18,000 lllPoughkeepsie, . . 14,000 12jLockport, . . . 12,000 ISNewburg, . . . 11,009 14!Kingstou, . . . 10,233 (See page 48, for other New York Cities and Towns.) How many inhabitants were in those fourteen Cities and Towns in 1850 ? (913,000.; How many of the States have a smaller popu- lation than those fourteen New York Cities combined ? 23.— {See Table 7.) What is the original and proper name of New York City ? (Manhattan.) Is it desirable that the name of New York City should be restored to that of Manhattan 1 The restoration to its original name of Manhattan, -would be but an act of justice to History, as well as to the inhabitants of that ancient city, im- properly named after the meanest of the kings of England — the Duke of York, afterwards James II., who was expelled from his kingdom for mis- conduct, by his own people, and was succeeded by William, of Holland, — the country of the first enterprising discoverers and settlers of Manhattan. I VE RS. Questions. Where do they rise 1 What general courses do they run ? Through what counties ? Where do they empty ? Example. — Hudson? — Formed between the Counties of Warren and Saratoga, by the union of the Sacondago with a stream called the North 118 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Branch of the Hudson ; thence it runs a short distance to Sandy-Hill ; then it takes a South course and flows into New York Bay. The Great North, or Hudson ? East ? (Strait.) Mohawk ? Senoka, or Oswego ? Genesee ? Tonewanda ? Salmon ? St. Regis ? Raquet ? La Grasse ? Black ? St. Lawrence ? Niagara ? Tioga ? Saranac ? Au Sable ? Sacondago ? Susquehannah ? Delaware ? Questions. their outlets, ? waters ? Where are they ? What are Where do they discharge their Example. — Chatauque ? — In the centre of Chatauque County ; an out- let leaves it on the South-East, and its waters are discharged into Cone- wango Creek ; thence into the Allegany River. Miles. Erie 1 Ontario'? . Champlain 1 Cayuga'? . Seneca ! (Senoka,) George 1 . Oneida 1 . 250 files by 45 195 % 43 110 by 10 38 by 4 35 by 4 33 !>y 2 20 by 3£ Chatauque 1 Crooked 1 ? . Otsego 1 . Skaneateles 1 Canandaigua 1 Owasco 1 18 by 3 18 by Ik 9 by 2 15 by U 14 by 1 11 by 2 ISLANDS . Questions. Where are they ? surround them ? What waters Example. — Manhattan ? — Situated in the South-East part of the State of New York. Surrounded by Harlem, East, and Hudson Rivers. It ia STATE OF NEW YORK. 119 the most important island, of its size, in the world. It contains the great city of New York, which has a commerce only equalled by one other city, namely, London. Miles. Long Island ? 140 by 15. Staten j 14% 7. Manhattan ? 13 by 2. What is the character of the Public Works in the State of New York ? The State of New York has fairly taken the lead of all other countries in her Public Works and internal improvements, among the most prominent of which are her Canals and Rail Roads. The Canals exceed 1000 miles in length ; and those belonging to the State, produce a revenue of over 3,500,000 dollars annually. The cost of all the Canals in the State is about 50,000,000 of dollars. The Great Erie Canal may Justly be considered a Wonder of the Western World. The Rail Roads are nearly 3,000 miles in length, and cost 100,000,000 of dollars. They belong to incorporated companies. The New York and Erie Rail Road, a stupendous work, the most gigantic of its kind in the world, cost over 20,000,000 of dollars. It has an uninterrupted, broad track of 543 miles, and, with its twelve branches, traverses a region of 1155 miles. These great and splendid works are testimonials of the indomitable per- severance and enterprize of the people of the State of New York, and are alone sufficient to give to the State an enduring character of grandeur and superiority. Will you name the principal Canals in the State of New York ; and mention their length and direction, and what Counties they pass through ? N. Y. Canals. Miles. N. Y. Canals. Miles Erie Canal, . Genesee Valley Chenango, Black River, Champlain, . Chemung, Oswego, Cayuga and Seneca, Crooked Lake, 363 118 97 90 66 39 38 23 8 10 Oneida Lake, Several short Canals, . Total State Canals, . Delaware and Hudson, . Other Incor. Canals, Total State and Incor. 6 53 901 109 47 1,057 What is a Canal 1 It is an artificial channel constructed for purposes of water transportation. 120 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Will you name the principal Rail Roads in the State of New York ; and mention their length and direction, and what Counties they pass through ? N. Y. Rail Roads. Miles. N. Y. Rail Roads. Miles. i :\e\v York and Erie, 513 17 Albany &W. Stockbridge. 33 v 12 Branches to do., 612 18 Cayuga & Susquehanna, 35 li Hudson .River, 144 19 Oswego and Syracuse, . 35 4 Northern, 118 20 Hudson and Berkshire, . 32 5 Rochester and Syracuse, 104 21 Attica and Buffalo, 32 (> Long Island, 93 22 Rensselaer and Saratoga, 25 7 Water-town and Rome, 97 23 Sackett's H. & Ellisburg, 23 8 Sew York and Harlem, 80 24 Buffalo & Niagara Falls. 22 9 Auburn and Rochester, 78 25 Saratoga & Schenectady, 22 10 TJtica and Schenectady, 78 26 Schenectady and Troy, 21 11 Buffalo and State Line, 67 27 Chemung, 18 12 N. York and N. Haven, 61 28 Albany and Schenectady, 17 13 Syracuse and Utica, 53 29 Troy and Greenbush, . 6 14 Canandaigua & Corning, 48 Several short Branches, 50 15 Tonawancla, 44 16 Saratoga & Washington, 40 Total, 2,639 What is a Rail Road 1 It is a road nearly level, upon Avhich bars or rails of iron are securely placed, and constructed for purposes of rapid land transportation. Will you point out the map of the State of New York ? How is that State bounded 1 How many counties are in the state ? How many Senatorial Districts ? Will you name and point out the counties rapidly 1 Will you name and point out the Senatorial Districts '? Name the first ten counties in the order of population ? How is each county bounded, beginning at New York or Manhattan ? STATE OF NEW YORK. 121 What counties are on the border of Lake Ontario ? What counties are bordered by Pennsylvania ? What great inland seas belong to New York ? Which is the largest lake entirely within the State of New York ? What lake within the State of New York is the most picturesque in the world ? LAKE GEORGE. — NEW YORK. What great naval battles were fought upon Lakes Champlain and Erie ? Between what nations ? Who were the victors ? Seep. 46.. How manv inhabitants has the State of New York ? What proportion does the population of this great state bear to the United States ? One-seventh.) What streams are tributary to the " Great North River ?" 122 HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. Who gave that celebrated stream the name of " The Great North V (Hendrick Hudson.) When was it discovered by him ? (1609.) What towns were first settled in this state ? Manhattan, Albany, Schenectady, and the Post of Esop, (or Esopus.) They were the first permanent settlements of any of the older states, and were established by our gallant and enterprising ancestors, the Hollanders, as trading posts, many years before the coming of the Anglo-Saxon people, who called themselves Puritans. In 1613 the whole coast from New i ranee, (now Nova Scotia, &c) down to the Capes of the Delaware, Avas surveyed by the Hollanders ; and in 1616, the first vessel built in North America, was launched at Manhattan. To what other race, besides the Hollanders, do the New Yorkers, or Knickerbockers, owe their origin ? (To the Huguenotic French.) What and where is the greatest and most celebrated natural curiosity in the world ? THE GREAT CATARACT OF NIAGARA. — NEW YORK. What is the perpendicular pitch of the Falls of Niagara ? (160 feet.) Sailing West of Albany, what towns do you find on the Great Canal ? STATE OF NEW YORK. 123 What is the largest island belonging to N. York ? Long Island is the largest, and next to Manhattan, the most important in the United States, and belongs to the State of New York. It is one hundred and forty miles in length, and from ten to fifteen broad, and con- tains three counties and numerous flourishing towns. Population, 213,000. What counties are on Long Island ? What is the population of Long Island ? How long is it ? How ivide ? How many of the states have a smaller popu- lation than Long Island ? {Seven.) How many counties are on Staten Island ? How many counties are on Manhattan Island ? Which is the first city in the state ? The second ? The third ? The fourth ? The fifth ? What city is the capital of the state, and where situated I What is the population of the city of New York ? Of Brooklyn ? Of Albany 1 Of Buffalo ? On what island is the city of N. Y. situated ? What river separates that island from the main land ? (Harlem.) What river or strait separates New York from Brooklyn ? (East.) What three counties are farthest North ? Which is the most Westerly county ? Where is Tappan Bay '? New York Bay ? Jamaica Bay ? Gardner's Bay ? South Bay ? What is the distance from New York to Albany ? (145 miles.) What towns are on lake — Chatauque ? Cayuga ? Canandaigua ? Owasco ? Seneca ? Champlain ? 124 hart's geography. Sailing up the Hudson, what towns do you meet with ? What waters are united by the Northern or Champlain Canal ? {Champlain and Hudson.) What is its length ? What waters are united by the Great Erie Canal ? {Erie and Hudson.) What is its length ? Point out the lakes which discharge their waters through the Seneca or Oswego River into Lake Ontario ? Seneca River is formed by the outlets of Lakes Canandaigua, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles and Onondaga. After receiving the outlet of Oneida Lake, it becomes Oswego River, and flows into Lake Ontario at the city of Oswego. What lakes empty into the Genesee River ? What lake passes into the Susquehannah ? What lake discharges through the Sorelle ? Sailing from New York city, by what inland water communications can you go to Buffalo ? To Oswego ? To Cincinnati ? To N. Orleans ? What county, island and city, belonging to this state, are of the same name and extent ? {New York.) What single state contains a population greater than all " New England V {New York.) How many states have a smaller population than the city of New York ? {Fourteen.) Name the southern range of counties ? Name the counties East of the Hudson River ? What counties border on the West side of the Hudson River ? What are the central counties of New York ? STATE OF NEW YORK. 125 Between what parallels of latitude, and meri- dians of longitude, is the State of New York situated ? What is the form of government of New York ? The State of New York is one of the Thirty-one Independent Republic? which form the United States of North America. The government is the purest Republican ever known. All the official functionaries from the highest to the lowest, legislative, civil, judicial and military, with scarcely a siugle exception, are elected by the people. Every male citizen is entitled to vote who has attained the age of twenty-one years. By the revised Con- stitution of 1846, the Executive and Legislative government is made to consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, a Senate of thirty-two mem- bers, who are elected every two years, and an Assembly of one hun- dred and twenty-eight members, who are elected every year. This state is independent of all other states, as it relates to its internal affairs ; but it i^ associated with the other thirty states for the general purposes of commerce and common security. Is there any religion established by law in the State of New York ? None whatever. Every person worships according to the dictates of his own conscience. The constitution of the state and the spirit of the people forever forbid compulsion in matters of religion. No part of her history is stained with religious persecution. What are the character and condition of the Military Establishment of the State of New York ? This patriotic state can send into the field, armed and equipped, over 200,000 of her sons — more than sufficient to repel aggression from any source or combination, whatever. In the war of the Revolution she did her part- bravely, according to her means. It is a historical fact that the Revolu- tion originated in New York, by the first resistance of her citizens to British tyranny and oppression, as early as 1765, and that resistance spread to the other colonies, until it finally broke out into open warfare. The second war against Great Britain was sustained upon our frontier almost entirely by her resources, energy and patriotism ; and by far the larger portion of the troops and sailors who fought in that war, were furnished by New York alone. In the more recent war with Mexico, her sons were bravest among the brave. What is the condition of the state in Agricul- ture, Commerce and Manufactures ? In the first two New York is without a rival upon this continent. Her tonnage is the greatest. Her ships and steamers are the finest and fleetest in the world, and are found in all parts open to commerce. In manufac- tures she stands in the first rank. Her commerce and manufactures pene- 126 trate everywhere ; and the extent of her agriculture is unsurpassed. Her unrivalled rivers interlock each other in their head waters in all directions, and together with our great chain of inland seas and canals, and our ex- tensive rail-roads, furnish the facilities of communication and the means of carrying, not only our own products, but those of distant states, to our great American metropolis and emporium — the city of Manhattan, whence they are exported to other countries. The city of New York alone, by her great commerce, pays two thirds of the entire revenue of the United States ; and it may safely be predicted that, at no distant day, this flourishing city will regulate the exchanges of the world. What have you to say of the state of Educa- tion and the condition of the schools in New York ? No other state or country pays as much attention to the education of youth as the State of New York. Her crowning glory is her schools. There are 800,000 children receiving education in the common schools, and at least 100,000 in the private Seminaries and Academies. The number of children taught or receiving education, in this great state, is in the pro- portion of one in every three and four-tenths of the entire population of 3,097,000 inhabitants. The statistics of education thus show the State of New York as taking the lead, in this regard, of all other civilized states or countries. [The proportion educated in England and Wales, given by one authoritj 7 , is one child in every fourteen persons ; by another authority. one in seventeen. For further authentic detail, see Table 11, at the end of this book.] The means of carrying out the stupendous and unequalled plan of educa- tion of New York are enormous. She has a fund devoted to that object of over 7,000,000 of dollars, including the deposit of the United States govern- ment fund of $4,000,000, besides the amount raised by taxation and her pub- lic lands. This state expends more in a single year for Teachers and School-houses, than the amount of the permanent fund of any other state. For the Teachers of Common Schools, alone, over one million and a quarter of dollars are expended annually. The Common School Districts number nearly 12,000. The excellent State Normal School, the pattern Common Schools, and the Academies and Colleges of the State, which have no superiors, are constantly sending forth thoroughly educated and practical teachers, who, in their laborious and responsible vocation, are doing honor to themselves and their country. The Common School system of the State of New York furnishes a model for the study and imitation of other states. What country do you live in ? In what state ? In what county ? In what city ? In what town ? In what village ? In what latitude ? 1. Draw the outline of the State of New York upon your slates and black boards, and insert the counties, rivers, towns, &c, while reciting your 2. Construct the Map of the State of New York upon paper, and finish it by lettering and coloring, under the direction of your teacher. 127 TABLES. Table 1. — Contents of the Earth's surface ac- cording to Hassel. Water, 146,321,340 Square miles. Land, 50,454.960 Square miles. Total surface of the globe, . . . . 196,776,300 Square miles. Table 2. — Contents of the Earth's surface ac- cording to Lavoisne. Water, 157,323,135 Square miles. Land, 41,648,651 Square miles. Total surface of the globe, .... 198,976,786 Square miles. Fable 3. — Comparison of the Grand Divisions of the Earth in size, according to Graberg. Grand Divisions. Square miles 1 America, .... 2 Asia, Africa, Austral-Asia, and Asiatic Isles, 5 Europe, .... 15.737,120 15.301,736 11,043,347 4,655,520 3,220,704 Total of the Land 49,958,427 128 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Table 4. — Comparison of the Grand Divisions of the Earth by Population. Grand Divisions. Population. l|Asia, 2 Europe, . 3 Africa, 4! America, 5 j Austral- Asia, 2 m., and Asiatic Islands, 30 m., . 430,000.000 231,000,000 100,000.000 55,000,000 32,000,000 J Total population of the Earth, .... 848,000,000 Table 5. — Countries of North America. Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 2 3 4 5 6 United States, . Republic, Mexico, . . . Republic, West Indies, . . Colonies, Central America, . Republics, British America, . Colonies, Russian America, . Colonies, Indians in N. A., estimated at Total of North America, 24,000,000 7,500,000 3,270,000 2,000,000 1,450,000 50,000 1,730,000 Washington. Mexico. Havana, &c. St. Salvador, &c. Quebec, &c. 40,000,000 Table 6. — Countries of South America. Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 Brazil, . . . Empire, 6,000,000 Rio de Janeiro. 2 Peru, . Republic, 1,700,000 Lima. 3 New Granada, Republic, 1,687,000 Bogota. 4 Chili, . Republic, 1.250,000 St. Iago. 5' Bolivia, Republic, 1,030,000 Cbuquisaca. 6 Argentine, . Republic, 1,000,000 Buenos Ay res. 7 1 Venezuela, . Republic, 900,000 Caraccas. 8 Equador, Republic, 600,000 Quito. 9 Paraguay, Dictatorship, 300,000 Assumption. lORanda Oriental, Republic, 200,000 Monte Video. 11 [Guiana, Colonies, 183,000 Geo. Par. & Cayenne. 12|Patagonia Indians, 150,000 Total of So uth America, 15,000,000 TABLES. 129 Table 7. — Showing the Rank of the United States according to their Population, and the Capital of each State. p States. Pop. in 1S50. Capitals. 1 New York, .... 3,097,000 Albany. 2 Pennsylvania, 2.312,000 Harrisburg. 3 Ohio, . 1,977,000 Columbus. 1 Virginia, 1,381.000 Richmond. 5 Tennessee, . 1,003,000 Nashville. 6 Kentucky, . 1,002,000 Frankfort. 7 Massachusetts, . 993,000 Boston. 8 Indiana, 9S9,000 Indianopolis. 9 Georgia, 879,000 Milledgeville. 10 North Carolina, 869,000 Raleigh. 11 Illinois, 852,000 Springfield. VI Alabama, 772,000 Montgomery. 13 Missouri, 684,000 Jefferson City. 14 South Carolina, 655,000 Columbia. 15 Mississippi, . 593,000 Jackson. Id Maine, 583,000 Augusta. 17 Maryland, . 583,000 Annapolis. 18 Louisiana, . 501,000 New Orleans. I9j New Jersey, 490,000 Trenton. 20 Michigan, . 396,000 Detroit. 21 Connecticut, 371,000 N. Haven & Hartford 22 New Hampshire, 318.000 Concord. 23 Vermont, 314,000 Montpelier. 24 Wisconsin, . 304,000 Madison. 25 Arkansas, . 208,000 Little Rock. 26 California, . 200,000 San Jose'? Vallejo 1 27 Iowa, . 192,000 Iowa City. 28 Texas, 188,000 Austin. 2D Rhode Island, 148,000 Providence, &c. 30 Delaware, . 92,000 Dover. 31 Florida, 88,000 161,000 300,000 Tallahassee. Indians in U. S. and Ter., 56 Tribes in aU. United States, . 23,495,000 Washington City. The figures in the above Table, will probably be slightly varied by the official returns of the Census of 1850, which have not yet been entirely pub- lished. Estimates, in several cases, have, therefore, been resorted to, from the best sources within the reach of the compiler. (See pages 37 and 38.) 130 hart's geography. Table 8. — Territories of the United States, ac- cording to their Population ; and the Indian Tribes. Pop. in 1850. Capitals. New Mexico, District of Columbia, Utah, . Oregon, Minnesota, . Nebraska, . Indian Territory, Indians, E. of Rocky Mountains, Total Territory & Indians, 62,000 52,000 25,000 13.000 6,000 3.000 100,000 200,000 461,000 Santa Fe. Washington. Salt Lake City. Oregon City. St. Paul. Not organised. 18 Tribes, emigrants. 38 Tribes, scattered. Table 9. — Comitries of Europe according to Population. Countries. Population. Capitals. ] Russia, . Empire, 49,000,000 St. Petersburg. 2 Austria, . Empire, 37,000,000 Vienna. 3 France, . Republic, 34,000,000 Paris. 4 Britain and Ireland, Kingdom, 25,000,000 London . Italian States, King., &c. 17,000,000 Naples, Rome, &c. 6 Germany, (proper,) Confed., 14,000,000 Frankfort. 7 Prussia, . Kingdom, 14,000,000 Berlin. 8 Spain, Kingdom, 12,000,000 Madrid. 9 Turkey, . Empire, 9,500,000 Constantinople. 10 Belgium. Kingdom, 4,000,000 Brussels. 11 Sweden & Norway, Kingdom, 4.000.000 Stockholm. 12 Portugal, Kingdom, 3.500.000 Lisbon. L3 Holland, Kingdom. 3.000.000 The Hague. 11 Denmark, Kingdom, 2.000,000 Copenhagen. IS Switzerland, . Republic, 2.000.000 Berne, &c. 16 Greece, . Kingdom, * Europe, 1,000,000 Athens. 1 Total population o 231,000,000 TABLES. 131 Table 10. — Countries of Asia, according their supposed Population. to S Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 Chinese Empire, 168,000,000 Pekin. »> Hindoo-stan, . . Colonies, 150,000,000 Calcutta. 3 Japan, .... Empire, 25.000,000 Jeddo. 4 Turkey in A. or Ottoman Empire, 12,000,000 Constantinople. 5 Birman Empire, Anam, &c, . 11,000,000 Ava, &e. 6 Arabia, . . . Tribes, 10.000.000 Mecca, &c. 7 Persia, ... Despot., 9,000,000 Teheran. 8 Afghani-stan, &c, . Tribes, 6,000,000 Cabul, &c. 9 Independent Tartary, . Tribes, 5,000,000 Bokhara. 10 Russia in Asia, . . Despot., 4,000,000 St. Petersburg. 11 Austral-Asia, . . Colonies, 2,000,000 Sydney. Asiatic Islands, Total pop. in Asia & Islands, 30,000,000 432,000,000 Table 11. — Showing the number of Children receiving Education, in proportion to the Pop. of several countries in America and Europe. 1 New York, One in 3.6 15 Bavaria, . One in 8.0 2 Ohio, . One in 4.0 16 Holland, . One in 8.3 3 Massachusetts, One in 4.0 17 Scotland, . One in 10.0 4 Connecticut, . One in 4.0 18 Austria, . One in 10.0 5 Saxony, One in 5.3 19 Belgium, . One in 10.7 6 Bohemia, One in 5.7 20 Lombardy, . One in 12 7 Baden, . One in 6.0 21 Ireland, . One in 13.0 8 Maine, . One in 6.0 22 France, . One in 13.3 9 New Hampshire, . One in 6.0 23 Switzerland, . One in 13.6 10 Vermont. One in 6.0 24 Indiana, . One in 17.0 11 Rbode Island, One in 6.0 25 Spain, . Venetian Pr( . One in 17.6 12 Prussia, One in 7.0 26 )v., . One in 30.0 13 Denmark, One in 7.0 27 South Caroh na, . One in 64.0 14 Sweden & Norway, One in 7.0 28 Russia, . One in 77.2 The above Table, drawn from authentic sources, small as it is, is one of the most instructive and valuable in the statistics of Education.' An inspection will reform several errors, repeated in many elementary works, and copied from one into another and believed, without investigation. "Thus, Scotland, Prussia, and the "New England" States, heretofore supposed to pay more attention to educa- tion than other countries, will be found behind others that were considered much lower down in the scale. New York, which stands at the head of this list, as she does in all other great national qualities, has now, (1851), even a greater appreciation, — standing at three and four-tenths, instead of the number above given by Don Ramon de la Sagra, of Spain. The Table is partly taken from a work of that gentleman, who, within a few years, visited many States where common schools were established, for the purpose of devising a plan of elementary education for his own country. 132 hart's geography. Table 12. — Showing the 38 States composi?ig the German Confederation. 3 (0 3 7? States Population Capitals. 11 German Austria, . Empire, 11,714,000 Vienna. 2 German Prussia, . Kingdom, 10,903,000 Berlin. 3 Bavaria, . . . Kingdom, 4,339,000 Munich. 4 Hanover, . . . Kingdom, 1,743,000 Hanover. 5 Wurtemburg, . . Kingdom, 1,667,000 Stuttgard. 6 Saxony, . . . Kingdom, 1,666,000 Dresden. 7 Baden, . . . G. Duchy, 1,227,000 Carlsruhe. S Hesse-Darmstadt, . G. Duchy, 793,000 Darmstadt. 9 Hesse-Cassel, . . Electorate, 722,000 Cassel. 10 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchy, 479,000 Schwerin. 11 Holstein, . . . Duchy, 477,000 Kiel. 12 Nassau, .... Duchy, 383,000 Wisbaden. 13 Luxemburg & Limburg, G.Duclr^, 332,000 Luxemburg 14 Brunswick, . . G. Duchy, 269,000 Brunswick. 15 Oldenburg & Kniphausen, G. D., 267,000 Oldenburg. 16 Saxe Weimar, . . G. Ducby, 246.000 Weimar. 17 Saxe Meiningen, . . Duchy, 149.000 Meiningen. 18 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, . Duchy, 140,000 Gotha. 19 Saxe-Altenburg, . . Duchy, 122.000 Altenburg. 20 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, G. Duchy, 88.000 Strelitz. 21 Lippe-Detmold, . Principality, 83,000 Detmold. 22 Reuss, (younger), Principality, 72,000 Schleiz. 23 Rudolstadt, . . Principality, 66.000 Rudolstadt. 24 Anhault Dessau, . . Duchy, 61.000 Dessau. 25 Waldeck, . . Principality, 56.000 Arolsen. 26 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Pr . , 56.000 Sondershausen. 27 Bernburg, . . . Duchy, 47.000 Bernburg. 28 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prin., 43,000 Sigmaringen. 29 Kb' then, .... Duchy, 40.000 Kb'then. 3d Reuss, (elder), . Principality, 32.000 Greiz. 31 Schaumburg-Lippe, Principality, 28.000 Buckburg. 32 Hesse-Homburg, . Landgravate, 23.000 Homburg. 33 Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Prin., 20.000 Hechingen. 34 Liechtenstein, Principality, 7.000 Vadutz. 35 Hamburg, . . Republic. 154.000 Hamburg, Free City 36 Frankfort, . . Republic, 65,000 Frankfort, Free City 37 Bremen, . Republic, 53,000 Bremen, Free City 3s Lubeck, . . Republic, Total of the Confed. States, say 47,000 Lubeck, Frankfort, on Free City 38,000,000 the Mayne To Germany Proper, 14,000,000 To other States, (see Table 9, and pages 68 ai id 70,) . 24,000,000 Total as above, . 38,000,000 Is^g^- ■ mm% mwmmmm m m®m PUBLISHED B¥ \ 60 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK, i (Between Nassau and William Streets.) BOOKSELLERS, |i MERCHANTS and SCHOOLS, P III SUPPLIED WITH ALL KINDS OF rami mih 3&ttfta?« %uksi\ BILAHIE B®(D)ra 9 WRITING and WRAPPING PAPER, I STATIONERY, frc. 5 AT FAIR PRICES, FOR CASH OR APPROVED CREDIT. (2R CADY