LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DDDDSHESlfl'^i Class ^Hi-2L_2__ Rook .H^ R l /.M?-^ THE /^j ;;^^ /^^ STEAMBOAT & EAILROAD TRAVELLER'S GUIDE 'It) THK HUDSON RIVER, WITH DESCRIPTIOXS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF S SUBLIME ALONG THE ROUTE, AS WTLL AS OF THE SHAKER SETTLEMENT, THE CATSKILL MOUNTAIIVS, LAKE GEORGE, SARATOGA, AND THE CITY OF NEW YORK. ?R8?8glLI ILLiSf Blf IB Wif 1 From Photographs and Pencil Drauftngs. — *•♦ — li NEW YOKK: ALEX. HARTHIIili AND COMPANY, 20 NORTH WILLIAM STREET. Sold by Booksellers and yews Agents everywhere. PRICE TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. STEINAVAY & SONS' GRAND & SQUARE ARE NOW C3NSIDERED THE BEST PIANOS MANUFACTURED. THESE PIANOS HAVE TAKEN THE FIRST PREMIUM, Where and whenever Exhil)itcd in Competition with tlie Best Makers of NEW YORK, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE. AMONG THE JUDGICS WEKE GOTTSCHALK, WM. MASON, H. A. WOLLENHAUPT, AIVB OTHER ITIUSICAL CELEBRITIES. CERTIFICATE given hj nearly all our Greatest and most Prominent ifusicians and Artists regarding our Instruments : New-York, Jax. 1S60. The iinderiigncd, liaving porgonally examined and practically tested the improvement in Grand Pianos, invented by II. STKINVVAY, in which the covered strings are overstrung above those remaining, do hereby certify : 1. That as a result of the said Improvement the voice of the Piano is greatly improved in quality and power. 2. The sound by Steinway'a Improvement is much more even, less harsh, stronger, and much better prolonged, than that realized in any otiier Piano with which we are acquainted. n-' '^^^ undersigned regard the improvement of Mr. Ste.nway as mo.st novel, ingenious and important. No Piano of similar construction has ever been known or used, so far as the undesigned know or believe. GIJSTAV S.^TIER, WILLI \M M.\SO:^. S. B. MILLS, JOHN N. P.\TTISON. W.\I. S.V.\R, K03ERT GOLDBECK, U. C. HILL. GEORGE W. MORGAN, VVM. A. KING, CARL BERGMAN.V, GEO. F. BRISTOW, IIENKY C. TIMM, AND MANY OTHERS. Every Instrument Warranted for the Term of Five Years. Ware Rooms, Nos. 82 & 84 Walker Street, near Broadway, NEW YORK. JOSEPH GILLOTT'S Steel Pens. THE MANUFACTUEERS' BRANCH HOUSE, 91 Jolm Street^ ISTeTv York, 13 AT ALL TIMES FULLY SUPPLIED WITH A GENERAL A9S0RTMEXT OF THOSE FOR SALE TO THE TRADE, AND MAY BE HAD OF ALL STATIONERS. HE:\IIY OIVETV, Afewt. L. M'INTOSH, Importei* and ]Slan^lfactnx'eI* OF CLOAKS AND MANTILLAS, 332 CANAL STKEFT, KEAV YORK. Always on hand a seasonable and complete assortment of the above articles. The Trade Supplied on liberal Terms. THE BOSTON REMEDY! VBC^STASLS OINTHSITT i Is perrcctly free from any mercurial matter or injurious particles, and in no case will its application interfere with the remedies that may be prescribed by a regular physician. It is an indispensable article of household necessity, being used alike by rich and poor, and has proved itself the best and surest remedy for all those numerous bodily alfiictions, viz. — Burns, Smlds^ Felons, Old Sores, Flesh Wounds, Piles, Chapped Hands, Chilhlains, Erysipelas, Sore Nij^ples, Frost Bitten Parts, Sjna^ins, Corns, Wens, Cancers, Ulcers, Whitlows, Warts, Bunions, Ringworm, Sties, Sore Lips, Sore Eyes, Nettle Bash, Salt Eheum, Musquito Bites, Spider Stings, Flea Bites, Shingles, Cuts, Boils, Eruptions, Pimples, In-growing Xaih, Freclles, Tan, Sun-Burn Blisters, and all Cutaneous Diseases and Eruptions Generally ! *,» This Salve IS put vip in metal bnxes. three sizes, at 25 cents, 50 rents and ?I. The largest size contains the quantity of six of the smallest boxes. :iuJ is warranted to contain its virtues m any climate. REDDING «fe CO., Proprietors, Boston, Mass. 2^" BARNES 8l PARK, Wholesale Agents, New- York. CHILSON'S COME FURNACE, Paknted in America, England and lYance. TliP Riihsciibpr's lont? oxpfrlfnce in the invention, :ii:uuit'actiirc' and erection of I'l'KNACKS, enables him 1 itli c-nfidence to pnhlicly challenge all other known inventions for heating buildings to equal the " CONE ITKNACK" in any i)ftrticnlar, as- more than tinenty- jivc hundred teslimoniaU, received during the last five yeaip, will prove. Kvery intelligent person will at niR-e conipniiend, by an examination of the engraving, the ppciiliar advantages combined in thiii Furnace, with its broad, shallovir fire-pot, its cluster of tapering radiiitrs nr cones ntanding over the fire, holding the smoke and gas back near the fire, and thereby causing a thorough and peifect combustion, while the heat U made to impinge against and radiate from the immense C'lne surfaces, thus combining a powerful heater with great economy in fuel, superior strength and durability of the apparatus (with no joints over the fire to allow leakage of gas or smoke,) simplicitj- of structure, ease of management, and above all, a fresh, healthful heat, free fiom the scorching, disagreeable odors common to the usual IIot-Air Furnaces, (emitted from their red-hot cylinders, cracked pots, and broken joints.) The "CONE" received a Gold Mkpal at the last Fair in Hoston, and the only Gold Medal ever awarded to a Furnace in Massachusetts. CHILSON'S ELEVATED No Housekeeper Should Fail to Examine It. The highly satisfactory testimony received from the large number of these Ranges in use, makes it quite certain that no housekeeper will long use any other plan of Cooking R!»nge or Stove after once seeing this Range. And feeling confident that it must c< me nito general use, it was determined it should be got up so veiy perfect in its principle and workmanship, as to have no eqiwil in the world — and a visit to my store in Boston, or my foundry at Mans- field, will prove the truthfulness of this assertion, and show the largest and much the best assortment of Ranges and Furnaces to be found in any one es- tablishment in the United States. This Range ex- cels all others in its entirely new principle and thorough workmanship, its e.xti'a, heavy fine cast- ings, its great economy in the use of fuel, and in its own cost, its quick and even baking ovens, its sim- plicity and case of management, its self-regulating Hues, avoiding the usual vexatious complication of dampers, and its fine plates, preventing the loss of heat in the brick wralls. Thrsr lart two improvcmentf: fill open the eyes of the h'enniniiist, to see how great is the savin'4 in fuel over the extravagant waste in other ranges. Sizes !-! in variety for dwellings, hotels. Aic., with orwithout Water Backs. Hot-.Air Fixtures for heating addi- tional rooms. Hot Closets, ic. WITH A FULL ASSORTxMEXT OF MANTELS, GEATES, REGISTERS, VENTILATORS, STOVES, &c. AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. Personal attention yiveii to the erection of IleatinLT, Cooking and Ventilating Apparatus in any part of the country. Ware ISooiiii^, 99 <& 101 Baackstomc Sircct, Boston, FOUNDRY AT MANSFIELD, MASS. THE RIVER HUDSON, TOGETnEK WITH ^tstri|tioiis aitb lllustrattoiis THE CITY OF NEW YORK, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, LAKE CHAMPLAIX, LAKE GEORGE, SARATOGA. ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTY ENGRAVINGS i: NEW YORK: ALEX. HARTHILL AND COMPANY, 20 NORTH WILLIAM STREET. Sold by Booksellers and News Agents everywhere. / ?. r: ': F'j^'^:E^Tf^'^ "v^idfle; ^^Eiiiroii^cs-- The above cut rppicsente PATFNT AVIRK FENCING, maniifacturrd of Annealed Wire, and likewise Galvanized AnncnUd Wire, of Various kinds, adapted to Field, Kailroad, and Ornamental purpoaes. Prices ranging from T.S cents to $3 per rod. Descriptive Cataloguea may be had gratis by applying to Z. HOSMER & CO., 33 Eatterymarch Street, Eoston, Mass. COUGHS, COLDS, HOARSENESS lNFi.rE>TA, Irritation, Soreness, or any affection of the Throat Ct'rkd. the Hacking Cough in Constimi>tion, Bronchitis, Whooping Cocgh. Asthma, Catarrh, Relieved by BROWN'S BRONCHIAL TROCHES or CorGii Lozenges. " A .simple and elegant combination for Coushs, Ac." — Dr. G. F. Bigelow, Boston. " Have proved extremely .serviceable for Hoarseness." — Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. " I recommend their use to Public Speakers." — Rev. E. H. Chapin, New York. " That trouble in my throat, (for which the ' Troches' is a specific) having made me often a mere whi.sperer." — N. P. AVillis! "Most salutaiy relief in Bronchitis." — Rev. S. Seigfried, Morristown, Ohio. " Beneficial when compelled to speak, sufl'ering from cold."— Rev. S.J. P. Andersox, St. Louis. ' "Ettectual in removing Hoarseness and Irritation of the Throat, so common with speakers and singers." — Prof. M. Stacy Johnson, La Grange, Ga., Teacher of Music in Southern Female College. "Great benefit when taken before and after preaching, as they prevent Hoar-senes-s. From their past effect, I think they will be of permanent advantage to me." — Rev. E. Rowlet, A. M. I'resident Athens College, Tenn. Sold hy all Ih-vggists at 25 cenU per box. Also, Brown's Laxative Troches, or Cathartic Lozenges, for Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Con stipation, Headache, Bilious AfTections, &c. "GET THS BEST." WEBSTER'S UNABRIBGED BICTIONAEY. NEW PICTORIAL EDITION. 1500 Pictorial Illustrations. 9000 to 10,000 NEW WORDS in the Vocabulary. Table of SYNONYMS, by Prof Goodrich. Table giving Pronunciation of the names of sbOO distinguished psrsons of Modern Times. I Peculiar use of words and Terms in the Bible. With other new features, together with all the matter of previous edtions. In One Volume of 1750 Pages. Price $6.50. Sold by all Booksellers. " GE'T THE best:' " GET THE BEST." C. & G. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass. CONTENTS. PAGE Across the Hudson at West Point lit Albany, Citv of 'J-i, liG All So'uls' Churcli, N. V 64 Anthoiiv's Nose 15 Aulbuig, Vt 42 Ausable River 42 Barnegat 21 Bergen Heights i) Blood V Pond Sti Bolton, N. Y 39 Breakneck Mountain 21 Broadway-, N. V 45 Brooklyn, L. 1 60 Bull's Ferry St Bull Hill 15 Burlington, Vt 42 Business Streets of New York 44 Butter Hill 15 Buttermilk Falls 15 Caldwell, Hudson River 12 Caldwell, Lake George 37 Catskill Village 23 Catskill Mountains 30 Catskill Mountain House 34 Chart of Hudson River Chimney Point 41 Claverack Falls 24 Clermont t* Cooper Institute, New York 51 Coevman's 24 Columbia 24 Cold Spring 15 Cornwall Landing 15 Constitution Island 15 Cronest 15 Croton Dam 13 Crown Point 41 Custom House, New York 48 Dade's ^Monument 16 Denny's Point 20 Diamond Island 39 Dobb's Ferry 'J Dome Island 3'J Duuderburg Mountain 12 Fawn's Leap 33 Fishkill 21 Fonthill 9 Fort Cassin 41 Fort Lee 9 Fort Ticonderoga 40 Fort Washington 9 Four Brothers 41 Fourteen Mile Island 39 Free Academy, N. Y 50 Glenn's Falls S6 Greenwood Cemetery, L. i i_,S Gambling on the River. 62 Hastings 9 Haverstraw ]2 Highlands of the Hudson !-> High Peak 34 High Bridge, New York 56 Hoboken, jf . J 9 Hotel at West Point ....'. VJ Howe's Landing 40 Hudson River, source of 25 " " chart of C " •' from Railroad 5 " " description of 7 " " Railroad distance Table ... 5 Hudson City 24 Hyde Park 2 1 Idlewild 1.5 Isaac Newton Steamer s Institutions of New York 56, 57 Irvington, Washington Irving 1] Islands of Lake George 38 Juniper Island 42 Kauterskill Falls 32 Kinderhook 24 King's Ferry 12 Kingston 23 Kosciusco's Monument if; Laboratory at West Point 19 Lake Champlain 41 Lake George 37 Lake George, Islands on 38 Laurel House 34 Lebanon Springs 24, 26 Libraries in New Yorlv 65 Low Point 21 Maiden 23 Manhattanville 9 Marlborough 21 Merchants' Exchange, N. Y 49 Mountain House, Catskill 34 Monument, Kosciusco's 16 " Dade's 18 " Paulding, Williams and Van Wart's '. 11 Narrows, Lake George 39 New Baltimore 24 Newburg on the Hudson 18 New Hamburg 21 New Lebanon 24, 26 New Paltz ; 21 New Y'ork City 7, 43 " " Hospitals 52 " " Business streets of 44 " " Markets of 56 CONTENTS. PAGE I New York Halls of Justice 47 Nyack 11 Oakhill 23 Objects of Interest in New York 55, 57 Piermont 11 Placentiii i^l PUittsburi? 42 Pliiuterkiil Clove 34 Pleasant Di-ives in New York 57 Port Jackson 42 Port Kent 42 Puttier's Point 42 Ponghkeei)sie 21 Public markets of New York 5*5 Public Parks of New York 57 Rliinebeck 23 Rockland hake 14 Rock Dundee 42 Rondout 23 Rondout Creek 22 Rogers's Slide 40 Routes fiom New York 57 Rouse's Point 42 Round Top 34 Sabbath Day Point 40 Saratoga 35 Saugerties 23 Shaker Society, The , . . .26, 27, 29 Shelving Rock 39 SingSing 12 Sleepy Hollow 33 Spuyten Duyvil Creek 9 PAGE Split Rock 41 Staatsburg 21 Stoney Point 12 Stoney Clove 34 Storm King 15 Sugar Loaf. 15 Sylvan Lake 31 Tappan 11 Tarry town 11 Table of Hudson River Railroad 5 Tivoli 23 Tombs, N. Y 47 Tongue Mountain 39 Trenibleau Point 42 Trinity Church, N. Y 53 Turk's Face 21 Underclift". 15 University, N. Y 47 Verplanck's Point 12 Villa at Peekskill 20 View down the Hudson 17 View from the Battery at West Point 17 View across the Hudson 19 Washington's Head-quartei-s 21 '• Landing J'lace 20 Westport ." 41 West Point 15 West Point, Laboratory, and Hotel at 19 Weehawken 9 Whitehall 41 Winooski 42 Yonkers 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. All Souls' Church, New York 54 Broadway, New York 45 Caldwell, on Lake George 37 Catskill Mountains, Scene on 30 Chart of Hudson River 6 City Hall and Park, New York 4G Cooper Institute, New York 51 Croton Dam 13 Custom House, New York 4S Dade's Monument, West Point IS Entrance to the Narrows, Lake George 39 Fawn's Leap ^ 34 Free Academy, New York 50 Halls of Justice, New York 4S High Biid^e at Harlem 58 Hospital, New York 52 Hudson River, Chart of <5 Hudson River Railroad distance Table 5 Isaac Newton, View of Saloon 8 Islands on Lake George 38 Kauterskill Falls, Catskill 32 Kosciusco's Monument, West Point lO Laboratory and Hotel at West Point 19 Lake George from Caldwell 38 " " Islands on 33 " " Entrance to the Narrows 39 Merchants' Exchange, New York 49 New York, View of the City 43 New York University 47 New York Hospital 52 Palisades, from the Railroad " Steamer passing the Paulding, Williams and Van Wart's Monu- ment Park and City Hall, New York Peekskill, Villa near Private Residence, New York Rockland Lake Rondout Creek Saratoga, Town of Saratoga Lake Scene on the Catskill Mountains Shaker Costume Shaker Dance Sleepy Hollow Source of the Hudson River Sunnyside Sylvan Lake Trinity Church, New York Turk's Face University, New York View across the Hudson View down the Hudson View of the Hudson from the Battery, West Point " View down Sleeny Hollow View of the Hudson from Fort Putnam Villa at Peekskill Washington's Head-quarters Washinijton's Landing Place AGE 10 10 11 4(5 20 51 14 3(5 30 27 23 33 11 31 53 23 47 19 17 17 It) 20 21 20 Illustrated Time Indicator. til RIVER HUDSON FROM THE RAILROAD. HUDSON RIVER FROM THE RAILROAD. Although our description of the scenic beauties of the Hudson River is taken from the deck of an upward bound steamer, it by no means follows that tlie flying passenger on the Hudson River Railway may not, partially at least, enjoy the trip with us. As the cars make a brief stop at each of the places on the east side of the river which we have named, the passenger may, b}' keeping our description in view, know at what place, at what time, and in wiiat direction to turn his eye in order to witness the different objects of interest we have endeavoured to portray. As the cars run close to the water's edge along the entire route from New York to Albany, tlie passenger can at all times command a full view of the river, as Avell as of the towns and villages lying on the western bank, and also of the Palisades and Catskill Mountains. For the benefit of our railway readers we append a list of the towns lying on the railroad — in their regular order — together with a few of tlie places situated opposite eacli station, with distances from town to town, and from New York. From New York to Albany. NEW YORK. Manhattan. Yonkers 9 Dobb's Ferry . . 6 Tarrytown .... 5 Sing Sing 5 Peek-skill 11 Garrisons 8 Cold Spring . . 3 Fishkill 6 Hamburg 6 Poiighkeepsie. . 9 Hyde Park . .' Staatsburg. . Rhinebeck. . . Barrytown . . Tivoli 4 Germantown. . 5 Oakhill 5 Hudson 6 Stockport .... 4 Stuy vesant ... 3 KinderhookSt.i. 3 Schodac 1 Castleton 3 East Albany . . 6 Troy 8 Miles. From N. Y. 8 17 23 28 33 44 52 55 61 OY 76 82 87 93 98 102 107 112 118 122 125 128 1.35 138 144 152 Opposite. Bull's Ferry Palisades Piermont Nyack Rockland Lake Caldwell's Landint West Point Canterbury Newbury Ilamj^ton New Paltz Pelham Rondout Glasgow Saugerties Maiden Catskill Athens Coxsackie New Baltimore Coeyman's Alban}^ West Troy Ohjects of Intrrest. Forts Lee and Wasliington. Fonthill, E. Forrest. Washington's Head-quarters. Andre's place of arrest. State Prison. Highlands. Military Academy, and views. Cronest and Storm King. Idle wild,N.P. Willis' : Turk's Face. Scenery. J. K. Paulding's residence. Scenery. Rondout Creek. Scenery. Catskill Mountains. Mountain House, Robert Fulton, who con- structed the fir'*eamboat in America— if not in the world— '^'ed the steamer " Clermont" on the waters ^^^ Hudson— from New York to Albany. 7 engine which worked the Cler- mont, was b'g^' frotii England for the pur- pose. RIVER HUDSON — HOBOKEN TO DOBB S FERRY. in an hour — and make your way to tlie promenade deck, pick out your seat on that sidd of the boat wliich you think will keep you shady, sit down and make yourself com- fortable. As soon as the boat swings off, you take a parting view of the Battery, and turn your attention to the multitude of vessels of every size and from every clime, moving in every direction, and among which your steamer seems to swim with a celerity and grace of motion, that satisfies you at once tliat were the river as full again of craft there would be uo danger of collision. Hoboken, iV. J., is the first point worthy of notice after leaving the pier. It is one of tl>e lungs of New York, to which the citizens repair in immense numbers on Sundays and fair week days, for the purpose of breathing a little fresh air, drinking a draught of pure water from the Sybil Cave, and taking a walk through the pleasant Elysian Fields, and, perchance, from there to Weehawken, or Bergen Heights. Passing on we amuse ourselves with watching the movements on the river, and the pano- ramic view of the city as it passes on in its endless variety of palaces and huts, of riches and poverty, until we arrive at Hull's Ferry, six miles from the city. This is a favourite summer resort, and many New York merchants and capitalists have beautiful residences here. Daring the warm season ferry boats are continuallj' plying between this place and the citj", the fare being usually 12^ cents per passenger. One mile further on, and we come to Manhattanville, which maj'be called the suburban portion of the city. It is a beautiful place, embosomed in the midst of woods and hills, and wears the most charming rural ap- pearance imaginable. Just above the village is Clermont, once the residence of Joseph Bonaparte ; and here, also, is the resting-place of Audubon, the great naturalist. Just on the edge of the village is situated the Lunatic Asylum, commanding a high and healthy position, surrounded by forty acres of land, divided into gardens and pleasure grounds. We next come to Fort Lee. — Just above this place commences the far-famed Palisades, which are com- posed of bold, precipitous rocks, rising to the height of between five and six hundred feet, and extending along a distance of more than twenty miles. In some respects these grand and imposing precipices resemble the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. Being fringed with brushwood on the top, and dotted here and there at their base with neat little cottages built at the very water's edge, they afford a very fine appearance as the steamer glides swiftly by. The two views we give of the Palisades, one being from the steamer, and the other from the railroad, will convey an idea of their general appearance. Fort Washiiir/ton lies nearly opposite Fort Lee, and its history reminds us of the dark and despei'ate days of the Revolution. In 1776 it fell into the hands of the British, and its garrison of three thousand men were made prisoners of war, but at a cost to the victors of twelve hundred men, and the loss of the ship Mercury, which was so riddled with balls that she sunk soon after the battle. A little further on is Spuyten Devil (spite the devil) Creek, famous in song and story. Yonkers is one of the most ancient settlements in the neighbourhood of the city. Long before the Revolu-tion it was the home of the famous Phillips's family, of which was Mary Phillips, said to have been the first love of Washington. During the Revolution, Yonkers was the scene of manj' a conflict between the British and Americans. In 1777 a naval action occurred on the I'iver at this point between the American gunboats and two British fi'igates. Among the many striking residences to be seen in this place, we may mention Fonthill, built, and once occupied by, Edwin Forrest, the distinguished tragedian. Passing on three miles, we come to Hastings, a pleasant, thriving village; and two miles beyond, we reach Dobb's Ferry, named after an old settler who established the first ferry across the river at this point. This also has many scenes connected with the Revolution, not the least interesting of which is the sad story of Ai*nold and Andre. Four miles above hero is 9 ALBANY STEAMER TASSING THE PALISADES, ON IIEE WAY TO NEW YORK. VIEW (JF THE PALISADES FROM YOKKERS STATION. 10 IRVINGTON, PIERMONT AND TARRYTOWN. SI NM IDl Irvington, named after the distiugiiished author, Washington Irving, whose beautiful cottage of Sunny- gl^i- — a representation of which we present al- though Ij'ing close to the river, is so completely smothered in dense siirub bery, that it is hardly dis- oernible from the decks of the passing steamers. A little further up, and on the opposite side of the river, we come to Picnnont, which was for- merly the eastern terminus of the Erie Railroad. Tlie river is here three miles in breadth, and the shores are so bold and picturesque as to present to the beholder from the river, some of the most striking and attract- ive pictures to be seen on tlie route. Two or three miles back of Piermont is the old town of Tappan, where Washington for a time held his head-quarters. It was here also that the unfortunate Major Andre was imprisoned and executed. Tlie jail in which he was confined is still standing, as also is the house in which Washington resided. Pursuing our course, we pass the village o( Nt/ack, on the same side of the river, and come to Tarn/town, which lies on tlie opposite side. This place is doubly famous. In the Revo- lution it was the scene of many a rough and sanguinary encounter between the lawless- bands of the British and American ar- mies, known as Skin- ners and Cow-boys, who chose the- ground hereabouts, as being between the two encamp- ments, as the scene fur continual strife. Ileri-, too, in the very centre of the town, is the spot wlit-re Major Andr6 was arrested by the patriots Paulding, Williams and Van Wart, just as he was returning tp the British encamp- ment, after his in- PAULDING, WILLIAMS AND TAN WARt's MONnMENT. tcrvieW witll the 11 SING SING TO THE HIGHLANDS. traitorous Arnold. "We present a faithful view of the monument which has been erected to commemorate that great event. Tarrj-towu is also famous in the history of old Diedrich Knickerbocker, immortalized by Washington Irving. About two miles up the valley, at the back of the village, is the place known as " Sleepy Hollow," so graphically described by Washington Irving in his interesting legend. By turning to our description of the Catskill Mountains, a correct sketch of one of the many views to be had at " Sleepy Hollow " will be found. Leaving Tarrytown, we sail on for about five miles, and then touch at Sin^ Siiiff. — This village is built upon a hill slope, which rises to a height of 200 feet, and presents a fine appearance from the river. The principal object of curiosity here is the State Priwn, which is a massive structure, the main building being 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and five stories high. The area covered by the whole establishment is 130 acres. The prison contains one thousand single cells, which unfortunately are almost always filled. Two miles above the village the Croton River, from which the City of New York receives its supplj- of water, enters the Hudson. We give a view of the Croton Dam on next page. Opposite Sing Sing is a commanding height 250 feet above the river, upon the top of which is Rockland Lake, a sketch of which during winter we present. Three miles onward we pass the village of Haverstraw, and three miles beyond that we come to Stony Point. This is an-other of the famous places which are embalmed in American Revolutionary history. Between this place and Verplanck's point, which lies oppos^ite, was established what was called the King's Ferry, which was commanded by forts on both shores. In Ma}', 1779, these were taken by the British, but, on the following July, Stony Point was retaken by the Americans, and the works destroyed. A light-house now stands upon the extremity of Stony Point. Verplanck's Point is celebrated as being the place at which Henry Hudson anchored his good ship, the "Half Moon," on his first voyage up the Hudson River, The surprise of the Indians in those days maj' be imagined, at seeing for the first time, a vessel of such pro- portions invading their quiet waters. A writer records the following incident as having occurred at that time: — ■ " Filled with wonder, the Indians came flocking to the ship in boats, but their curiosity ended in a tragedy. One of them, overcome by acquisitiveness, crawled up the rudder, entered the cabin window, and stole a pillow and a few articles of wearing apparel. The ship's boats were sent for the stolen articles, and when one of the natives, who had leaped into the water, caught hold of the side of the shallop, his hand was cut off by the stroke of a sword, and he was drowned. This was the first blood shed by these voj'agers. In- telligence of it spread over the countr}', and the Indians hated the white man ever after," Leaving Verplanck's Point, the river narrows considerably, and the voyager's eye is at- tracted to the Highlands of the Hudmn, which begin to rise at this point. On the east shore is the pretty village of Peekskill, and on the west is seen the rugged front of Dunderberg, or Thunder Mountain, at whose base the little village and landing of Caldwell are nestled. It was at this little place that such active measures were taken a few years ago in search- ing for the sunken treasures of Captain Kyd, who was supposed to have scuttled one of his rich ships in this neighbourhood. After a laborious search of many months, with diving- bells and other submarine apparatus, the adventurers gave up their profitless speculation, receiving only tlie jeers ana ridicule of the people as their reward, instead of the weighty bullion which they had anticipated. As the steamer proceeds up the river, the tourist, if he has ever sailed up Loch Lomond (Scotland), will be forcibly struck with the similarity in appearance which the Hudson here presents to it. At one time you will be sailing past islands possessed of all the beauty of Ellen's Isle on Loch Katrine (Scot.), with high hills wooded to their tops on each side, whilst, proceeding onwards, the channel of the river appears completely blocked up, till the Bteamer takes a turn round the base of one of the hills, only to open up another scene of 12 VIEW OF CROTOX DAM. The above sketch represents a view of the Croton Dam, from whence issues the water sup- plied to New York Cit\-. This Dam is 2.i0 feet long, 40 feet high, TO feet wide at the bottom, and 7 feet at the top. From it the water pro- ceeds through tunnels in the soha rocks, cross- ing vallej's by embankments, and rivers by bridges until it reaches the Harlem River, across which it is carried through iron pipes laid on the roadway of the magnificent High Bridge, of which we give a sketch elsewhere. The building and other necessary equipments connected with bringing the water into New York, occupied between 7 and S years, and cost about 14 millions of dollars. The fountain reser- voir is about 40 miles from New York. Croton Station, on the Hudson River Railroad, is the nearest station to it, and, independent of the fine situation and scenery about the vicinity of the dam, the spot may be seen at Pine's Bridge, (seen in the foreground of the above sketch,) where Major Andre crossed the Croton River after Lis interview with Arnold. 13 ROCKLAND LAKE AND ICE CUTTING. ' y? " Rockland Lalce, a clear and crystal body of water, about four miles in circumference. It is from this beautiful lake that the citizens of New York obtain their supply of ice during the summer months, and if nste be the criterion of worth, no mine in California has given more wealth to the world than has been cut from the frozen bosom of Rockland Lake. In the above engraving will be seen the Ice Company's men busy at work reaping the icy harvest, and storing it in the ice-house at the edge of the lake. That ice-house is cap- able of stowing away about 20,000 tons of ice, and preserving it completely from the effects of the external heat during the summer season. 14 ANTHONY S NOSE, WKST POINT AND COKNWALL. great magnificence, and to roveal the HighlauJ beauties of liill and dale, clotlied in their brightest summer foliage. The Highlands — as they are well named — extend along the course of the river about 25 miles, and during the wliole trip, no portion will be better en- joyed until the last height is reached near Newburg. On rounding Dunderberg Mountain, will be seen Anthony's Nose, 1128 feet high, wliich is as high as anj- respectable nose can be expected to turn up. Two miles further on, the Sugar Zoo/" reaches up to an elevation of 806 feet — wliilst on the west side Buttermilk Falls are seen descending over the face of the hill. In §ome of these Highland passes on the river, are sometimes to be found numbers of wind- bound vessels, tacking about, and presenting a beautiful sight as the\- wriggle themselves like so many eels, in their attempts to get into a broader part of the river. Before reach- ing the next stopping-place we have to round Constitution Island, which, in Revolutionary times, was fortified, the remains of the works still being perceptible. From this island to West Point a chain was thrown across the river as an obstruction to the enemy's ships. Some links of this defence are still to be seen in the neighbourhood. We now reach West Point. The Revolutionary reminiscences connected with this jjlace, the unrivalled beauty of the scenery, and its being the seat of the principal military school in tlie coun- try, all combine to make this one of the most attractive points on the river. It is for this reason that we have devoted so much space to pictorial illustrations of "West Point and vicinity, and tliese we shall distribute through onr pages, without much regard to their immediate connection with our descriptive matter. The United States Military Academy at West Point, was established by Congress in 1802, and is entirely controlled and supported by government. There are a large number of cadets here, who are educated gratuitously in a course of studies through a period of five years, and embracing every theme required for a thorough knowledge of the military art. At the expiration of his studies, each student is expected to continue eight years in the public service unless sooner excused. In the time of the Revolution West Point was considered a place of great importance, as it was the great key to the river, and it was this place that the infamous Arnold would have given into the hands of the British, had not Andre, the agent in the affair of treachery, been so ])rovidentially arrested at Tarrytown, as before stated. If the tourist has time, he will be well repaid by spending at least one day in a visit to West Point, and in examining its many points of interest. On leaving West Point, we proceed on until we come to Cronest, which towers to a height of 1428 feet, and is called one of the grandest moun- tains in the Highland range. George P. Moriis thus sings of this prominent peak: " Where the Hudson's wave, o'er silvery sands, Winds through the hills afar, And Cronest, like a monarch stands, Crowned with a single star." After passing this romantic locality, we reach Butter Hill, or, as Mr. N. P. Willis has re-christened it, the Storm King, which is 1500 feet high, and the last high range of hills on that side of the river. Passing on, we reach Cold Spring, which is built upon a steep ascent, from behind which rises Bull Hill, whose shadow falls upon Undercliff, the rural residence of George P. Morris, the poet. A short distance further on, and we come to Cornwall Landing, above which is tlie seat of Mr. N. P. Willis, named Idlewild, sur- rounded with all the natural romantic beauties which we fancy any poet would delight to dwell amongst. Shortly after leaving this beautiful place, yre come to the important town of Newburg. (See page 18tt21.) 15 WEST POINT. Thaddecs Kosciusco was born in Litbuania, in 1756, and was educated in War- saw, Poland. He after- wards removed to Paris, where he contiuued his studies. Wliile in this hatter city he made the acquaintance of Dr. Frank- lin, who, on learning the intention of the young adventurer to visit Amer- ica for the purpose of aid- ing in the struggle for in- dependence, gave him a flattering letter of intro- duction to General Wash- ington. On his arrival in America, he was appointed engineer in the army, with the rank of colonel, in Oc- tober, 177fj, and soon after went to West Point and superintended the erection of the defences of that place. He was highly esteemed by the army, and received the thanks of Congress vices. At the close of the war he returned to Warsaw, where he remained until KOSCIlSCO'^ MOM MLST A\ CsT I DINT for his ser. the war of VIEW FROM FOllT PUT-NAM, WEST rOlXT. 16 "WEST POINT. 1704, wlun lie was np- pointed geiierulissinio of the Polish army, with the power of dictation. Being taken prisoner, he was sent to St. Petersburg, where he was kept in confinement until the death of the Em- press Catherine. In 1707, the gallant Pole again vis- ited America, and was re- warded by Congress with an especial grant. He aft- erwards retired to Switzer- land, where he lived in peaceful seclusion until his death in 1&17. The above monument was erected hy the cadets of West Point, as a tribute of respect for his many private virtues and acknowledged worth. The above engraving will serve as a companion picture to the one given below. This one shows us the river on its downward course, and takes ia both shores, as seen from the water. Although these views are photographed from VlliW IXJUX THE 111 DSOX, AT WEST POINT. VJhW FrtOM 'HIE BATIKKV, WEST I'OiM. 17 WEST POINT, DADE's MONUMENT AND NEWBURG. Niiture, and give as faithful an outline of living scenes as it is possible to present, yet it must be confessed that no art, however higli may be its attainment, can do exact justice to tlie exquisite subjects we have endeavoui-ed to illustrate. To thoroughly enjoy these splen- did views, one must look with his own eyes, and hear with his own ears, for in scenes like the above the very murmurings of the atmosphere " bear pleasant sounds along." The view given of the Hudson Eiver, as seen from the Battery at West Point, is as pleas- ing to the eye as it is truthful to nature. The opposite range of mountains stretching into the distance as far as tlie eye can reach ; while the majestic river winds its Avay in grace- ful curves, bearing upon its placid bosom the buoyant steamer, which cleaves its unerring course as true, and almost as swift as the arrow speeds from the bow, leaving the smaller craft to wage a harmless warfiire against their, sometimes, natural enemies — wind and tide ; — all these, and a host of other indescribable scenes, serve to make a picture that is seldom equalled even in tiiis region of magnificent sights. The other engraving of West Point was taken from Fort Putnam. This fort was erected in the days of the Revolution in consequence of its commanding position, it being situated on the top of a hill nearl}^ 600 feet above the river's edge. Its elevated position, from which not onlj' the river, but tiie counti-y for miles around is plainly visible, makes it an admirable point from wliich to pliotograph the scenic beauties which are so lavishly spread around this highly-favoured region. DADE S MONUMENT, WEST POINT. Kewhurg, witli its 12,000 inhabitants, finely situated on the face of the hill. To the south of the town is the spot Avliich once formed the liead-quarters of Washington, a rep- resentation of which we give on another page. fp. 21.) ^ 18 VIEWS AT WEST POINT. LABOUATOUV ANU IlOriCI. AT WEST I'OI.NT. The " Laboratorj' "' building, repivsiented in our engraving, is con- nected with the United States Military Acadeniy at West Point. Tho " Hotel" is built upon the brow of the hill, and is approached by a good carriage road from the landing ; or the pedes- trian may reach it by a foot-path, nuieh shortor, but more difficult. Tlie view from the observa- tory of the hotel is very tine and far-reaching. Tlie windings of the heautiful river, the towns and vilhiges that fringe its banks on either side, the broad expanse of countr}-, spreading in evei'v direction, and chequered with innu- merable fields, gardens, orchards, and strips of woodland hemmed in bv the dim range of far-distant mountains, — all these, and many more, enchanting lights and shades of buposite Newbiirg. When Washington held his head-quarters in the old stone mansion, fi short distance south of Newburg village, he ■was in the habit of fre- quently crossing the river, for the purpose of spending an liour or two at this point, ■\vhieh subsequently took his name. Hero the great chief would sit and contemplate the quiet beauties of the scene spread out before him. And here, it is, peruaps, not too much to suppose, he entered into some of those calm but serious retiee- tions resulting in the formation of those great plans which soon after obtained victory over the British army, in the unconditional surrender of the claims of England, and in the com- plete recognition of the independence of the United Colonies. The following en"-i-aving represents one of the many beautiful villas which adorn the banks of the Hudson. These residences are mostly owned and occupied by retired mer- chants and other men of wealth from New York, who, tired with the noi^e and confusion of the great city, come here to eke out their remaining days in the quiet and wholesome enjoyments of rural life. These villas are gen- erally erected on or near the summits of gentle slopes of ground facing tlio river, and just far enough away from the noisy town to be free fi-om annoyance by its bustle and excitement, and just near enougli to liave quiek and easy ac- cess to its markets and stores. There are some fine villas on the Hud- son, which are only occu- pied during the summer months, their owners preferring the gaieties of the city to the sober quiet of the country, during the long winter season. mk. saugext's villa, near peekskill. 20 WASHINGTON'S HEAD-QUARTERS TO PLACENTIA. WASUINGTON S HEAD-QDAnTERS NEWBUBGH. The bouse wliicli "Wasliington occupied 13 still standing, and is an object of niucb pride ■with tlie citizens. It Avas bere that tlie Rev- olutionary armj'^ was finally disbanded at the close of the war in 17 S3. Opposite New- burg, on the east side of the river, is Break Neck 3/onniaiii, which was sujiposed to have resembled a Turk's face, and can be easily seen from the deck of the steamer when ap- proachng Pallopel's Is- land. The story con- nected with this moun- tain is as follows : "Some Irishmen were quarrying for granite once, when one of them put a blast of powder before the Turk's face, saying he thought the old fellow- would like to have his nose blowed, and the nose was completely blowed away. The admirers of the curious and beautiful think that the Irishman, who was shortly after killed, was justly hurried from the world for his barbarity to the works of Nature." A view of the defaced /ace as it appeal's now is presented on a following page. Fhhkill, which lies nearly opposite jS'ewburg, numbers about 2,000 inhabitants, and contains many fine residences of retired New York merchants. Besides the Revolutionary legends connected with the history of Fishkill, it possesses an interest as being the scene of many of the leading incidents in Cooper's novel of the "Spy." Two miles northeast of Fishkill Landing is the Verplanck House, interesting as having once b?en the head- quarters of Baron Steuben, and the place in which the famous Society of the Cincinnati was organized in 1783. Passing Low Point, three miles above Fishkill, and the villages of Xew Hamburg, Marl- loronfjh and Barncfjat, we reach the largest city on the river between New York and Albany, • Ponghkecpxie, which is 75 miles from New York, and the half-way station on the Hud- son River Railroad. It is a fine city, containing 15,000 inhabitants, and is a place of much business importance. It was settled by the Dutch 150 years ago, but at present bears but little evidence of its Teutonic origin. It is built upon an elevated plane, half a mile east of the river, and is regularly and symmetrically laid out. Professor Morse, the inventor of the magnetic telegraph, and B. J. Lossing, the historian, reside here. New Paltz Landing is just opposite Poughkcepsie, and is the landing-place for passen- gers from the town of New Paltz, which lies eight miles west. There is a ferry from here to Poughkeepsie. Hyde Park and Placentia are five miles beyond, situated on the east side of the river. Placentia is the residence of the veteran author, James K. Paulding, who is passing a green and healthful old age between his books and the fields, and has chosen a spot from which some of the finest views on the river are presented. Passing Staatsburg, a small stopping-place on the railroad, we come to Readout 21 SCENE ON THE RONDO UT. SCENE ON KONDOL'T CREEK, STATE OF NEW YOKK. The aliove view represents a seene on the small stream of the Rondoiit, whieli takes its rise in Sullivan county, N. Y., about 100 miles from New York, and enters the Hudson at Eddyville, near Rondout, 90 miles from New York. The Delaware and Hudson Canal fol- lows the stream all the way through the valley in which the Rondout flows. Rondout, a village on the Hudson, takes its name from the creek, and is the stopping- place for the steamers between New York and Albany, for Kingston, three miles distant, the most important town between these two cities. The view given above; was engraved from a photograph bj- D. Huntingdon, and portrays a scene of great beauty. A writer on this scene says: — " In it we have the constituents of many pictures which reproduce our characteristic land-features, viz. : repose, grace, richness of foliage, softness of sky, gentle flow of water — all liarmonizing to produce a very inspiriting sensation iu the mind." 22 ROXDOUT TO CATSKILL. VIEW OF THE TURK'S FACE, ON THE IIUDScXV. Royidout, which is situated on Rondout Creek, (a view of which is on last page,) is the terminus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, through which large supplies of coal are brought into market. Kingston, a thriving and pleasant town of 6,000 inhabitants, is situated on an elevated plain tiiree miles back of Rondout. It was settled by the Dutch near two hundred yeai;a ago, and in 1777 was burned by the British. The first constitution of the State of New York w^as framed and adopted in a house still standing. Rhinebeck is on the railway, opposite Rondout, to which it is connected by a ferry. We now pass in rapid succession the towns of Saugerties and Maiden, on the west, and Tlvoli and Germantown, on the east side of the river, and during our voyage our eyes are atti-acted by the new and magnificent features which present themselves before us. To the east, the pleasant villages and graceful scenery along the banks of the river appear in striking contrast to the wild, bold ranges of tlie Shawangunk and Catskill Mountains, which loom up in the west, and form fresh and charming pictures at every step of oui progress. Oakhill is a station on the railway for the opposite town of Catskill, which lies on the west side of the river. Those who intend visiting the Cats- kill Mountains must debark here, where they will find carriages to take them to any part desired. A full description of these mountains will be found in another part of this book. The town of Catskill of itself presents many objects of attraction. Rising with a gradual slope from the margin of the creek to a high elevation towards the north, its pretty cot- 23 HUDSON TO ALBANY. tage3 and elegant villas are seen to the best advantage fi-oni the river in front, as well as from the mountains wliich rise on the west of the town. As tl)e steamer |)asses the mouth of tlie creek, an excellent distant view of the Catskill Mountains is obtained, with tlie Mountain House standing like a speck on the top of a ridge. The distance to the Mountain House from the creek is about ten miles. Hiuhon. — This beautiful city lies oa the opposite shore from Catskill, and about 5 miles further up the river. Commercially and topographically this is one of the most important towns on the Hudson. The main street commences at the river — from a bold proinontor\', called Promenade Hill, which rises abruptly full 60 feet above the water — and running througli the centre of the city, terminates at the foot of Prospect Hill, which rises to an altitude of 200 feet, and from wliose top some of the tinest views imaginable are to be seen. The populous city, spread out like a map, just below ; the noble Hudson stretching its tor- tuous length for miles on cither side ; and the lofty heights of Catskill looming up like great clouds in the distance, can all be taken in at a glance. From Hudson a trip can be made to Columbia, 5 miles distant, and to Clavorack Falls, 8 miles off. Lebanon Springs, 36 miles h'om Hudson, are reached by taking the Hudson rincipal building consists of a large Meeting-Houso, where the devotional exercises are conducted, and in the summer time, on Sundaj-s, in the presence of vast numbers of strangers who are sojourn- ing at the Springs. The Exti'act House is another of tlie chief buildings. Li it is the La- boratory, where the herbs, and tinctures from them, are pressed by means of crushing mills, vacuum pan, etc., under a skillful chemist, one of themselves. The estimation in which such are held, maj^ be judged of from the fact, that in one year about 14,000 pounds' weight have been sold — the extracts of butternut and dandelion forming two of the principal ones sold. In another part of the village is the Seed House, formerly the old Meetiiig-House, near which is the Tannery, Dairy, and workshops Avhere wooden-ware, door-mats, etc., are made. The Herb House, with its drying rooms, store rooms, etc., is another portion of the manufacturing premises. There, about 70 tons of herbs and roots — the produce of about 75 acres of their garden land — are pressed anntially, by means of a hydraulic press of SOO tons pressure. In various parts of the building may be seen both men, women, and chil- dren busily engaged in the different processes of manufacturing the articles named, or packing them up ready for market. The Community at New Lebanon consist of about 500 persons, divided into eight fami- lies, as thej' are called, each family being presided over by two elders and two elderesses, each of whom have an equal position in the management, and to whose orders tlie members yield perfect obedience. The management of the temporal affairs of the Society is entrusted to trustees, who are 26 THE SHAKERS — COSTUME, ETC. elected by tlie ministry and elder?, and wlio are legally in possession of all real estate belonging to the community. The chief business trustee is a Mr. Edward Fowler, a man of about 65 years of age. Tlie principles they profess are Ciiristian, although their views of ChristiiUiity are pecu- liar. It would take up too much of our space to go into detail respecting these ; but we may briefly say that they believe the millennium has come ; tliat theirs is the millennial Cliurch ; that marriage prevents people from being assimilated to the character of Clirist; tluit the wicked are punished only for a season ; that the judgment-day has begun in their Church being establislied ; and tliat their state of existence is the beginning of heaven. They entertain the doctrines of the spiritualists to a certain extent, and profess to have had their regular " manifestations of the spirit" for many years past, and that, for instance, the hymns they sing — both words and music — are revealed to them every week in time for devotional exercises on Sunday. In the Meeting-House they assemble at aliout half past 10 o'clock every Sunday morn- ing, and, Quaker-like, the sexes are seated separately, with the men and women facing each other ; all the men, excepting the elders, being in their shirt sleeres, and wearing blue cotton and woolen trowsersand vests, with calf-skin shoes, gray stockings, and large turned- down collars, as seen in figure 1 in engraving of costume. The women wear, for the most part, pure white cotton dresses, with white cotton handkerchiefs spread over their necks and shoulders, with a white lawn square tied over their heads, with boots similar in ap- pearance to the high-heeled boots lately in fiishion — the fashion of the time when the Society was established — and made of a light blue prunella. See figure? in engraving of costume. SHAKER COSTUME. The above engraving represents the various costumes worn by the Shakers, both at home, ind when froii? home. Figures 1 and 7 represent the worship costume, and attitude of man and woman. Figure 2, that of a field-hibourer, or storekeeper's assistant. Figure 3, an elder. Figures 4 and 5, travelling costume, and Figure 6, a half-dress costume. After sitting a short time in silence, the members from the extreme ends of the room approach the centre, when the seats are removed, and the whole congregation place them- selves in marching order in serried rows, three or four men and women alternately. Whilst 27 THE SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. thus standing silenth" — the women with their eyes looking to the floor — one of the elders in the midst of them makes a few i'emai*ks, after which a hymu is sung to a very lively tune, the whole of the congregation keeping time with their feet After the hj'mn the worshippers conmience a dance, an illustration of one of tlie move- ments or steps of which we give. Tlie dance consists of a series of evolutions of different fortns, presenting in each all the precision of well-trained pupils, moving as if with only one step. The illiisti'atiuu will give an idea of a backward and forward dance or march, with SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. them keeping time to the hymns they sing, at the same time, following the example, as they say, of David, when he danced before the Lord with all his might. After this, and when all the seats are replaced, and the congregation seated as before, one of tiie eblers delivers a discourse, when the seats are removed again to give place to another dance of a different style, and to another hymn. This lime the dance is of a more lively character, with the action of the arms, thrown up and down, and clapjiingof hands in regular order. In this way are several hymns sung and danced to, and addresses delivered ; and however much parties, on reading the accounts of such, may be disposed to smile, no one can wit- ness the devotional exercises of these people, such as they are, without being iiu[)ressed with feelings of the deepest respect and solenmity ; and however much the}' maj- differ fnnn the Shakers in opinion, thej' will be ready to give them full credit for thorough conscien- tiousness, and faith in what they believe to he right. Occasionally' the "spirit manifests itself" by one or more of the congregation getting up au'i dancing or whirling round and mund with extraor reaching to an altitude of 3,720 feet, and should be AJEsited by all tourists. Stony Clo-ve is- a wild mwintain pass, situated abo'Ut six miles from the Mountain House, but well worth a long walk to see. Plauterkill Clove is another graad' pass, five lailes below the Kautei-skill passage. A nifHintain tovrent, combining aM the sublime beauties of glen, rock and cascade, winds romantically through it. The Mountaiii House, CedsMll. — Tlus is a lai-ge first-class hotel, resting near the edge of a j)recipitous cliff full 2,200 feet above the Hudson Kiver, and from which a most magnifi- cent view o£ the suiTounding countr}' is obtained ; embracing not only tlie thriving vil- lages which adorn either side of the Hudson, but commanding the distinct proportions of the l&ng rarnge of New England hills to tlie eastward. The site of this house is made interesting by the remark of old Leatlier-Stocking (in Cooper's " Pioneere,") who described it as a spot, ' whence creation might be seen at a single glance." Within a mile of tlii house is me piace where Ining's " nappy" hero. Rip Va7% Winkle, had his famous sleep < \' fifteen Vcni-s' duration. The Lanrel House is a small and very well-conducted hotel, situated close to the r'ilk, and overlooking the magnificent glen. This house is open all winter, and its charges are somewhat Wwer tlmn at the other house. Guides. — In order to see and enJ0y all the beiintiful sights as Avellastolearn their legendary historj- — noiie the less interesting if tinctured with foble — it is advisable tliat six or more tourists should club together, and engage a guide to conduct them to the various places of interest. Such a course will save much time, and introduce many novel sights that might "be lost to the solitary stroller. 34 SAWOERSOpy, BROTHERS it CO., Iw!i:.A.3SrTJr-A.CTXJIlEP{,S OF THE CELEBRATED CAST STEEL, FOR MAKING SUPEEIOE TOOLS, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND. GENUINE MOUSEHOLE ANVILS, ETC, 16 CliflF Street, New York. Agencies : — Boston, 42 Batteryinarcli Street, riiiladelphia, 516 Commerce Street, New Orleans, 24 Bank Place, Cincinnati, 0., Tyler, Davidson & Co., Baltimore, Md., Hiss & Cole, Montreal, St. Paul Street, F R E ]V C H'S CONICAL mwm MMwm PRICE ONLY 110. One woman, with this simple, compact, ctnruble, portable, efficient and economic!\l machine, can easily and perfectly do the washing of an ordinary family before breakfast. This IS the only machine that will wash all kinds of clothes perfectly without injury. It has been tested in the laundry of French's Hotel and elsewhere, with all other washing machines making any pretensions to noyelty, and has, in every instance, performed its work in less than half the time required by any other, and much more thoroughly and satisfactorily. It will wash a single handkerchief, collar, lace sleeve, six shirts, or all of these articles to- gether, without the necessity of soaking or boiling. These results are produced by the constant reaction of the suds, and not by friction of rub- [ bing surfaces. It is admirably adapted for introduction into houses with stationary tubs, as it I may be inclosed and connected with the waste and water-pipes, and will majce an important I feature in houses " with all the modern improvements." I In Families, Laundries, Hotels, lioarding-houses, Hospitals, Asylums, Boarding-schools, on ! Ships and Steamers, and in the Army, it will be found unequalled and indispensable. i This machine may be seen in operation at the laundry of French's Hotel, and at the depot, No. 419 Broadway, corner of Canal street, and at No. SIO Fulton street, Brooklyn. j PKICE ONLY TEN DOLLAES. Entire satisfaction given or the money returned. I N.B. — The undersigned Proprietors are now prepared to organise agencies for the sale of these machines j in all parts of the country, and to supply orders to any extent. Agents wanted in all parts of the United Btate«. Send for a circular. P. & K. FRENCH. Addres.'i P. 0. Box 2S93, New York City. TH^ir^JNTY &: CO., IMPORTERS and MANUFACTURERS, No. 550 BROADIVAY, ]^EW-YORK, AND Rue Richelieu, No. 79, Paris, In calling attention to their stock, beg to present to the notice of their friends and the public, the following facts : That their importations and manufactures in Gold and Silver com- prise a more extensive variety than any other house in the same line — that their foreign connections, of which their Paris house is the focal centre, gives them extraordinary faci- lities for the selection of their general stock, and the execution of special orders — that it is their deter7nination^ as it is their interest^ to make reasonable charges as prominent a feature of their establishment as the beauty and variety of their stock. DIAHOITDS AlTD OTHSPv PRECIOUS STONES. C.FR0DSHAM'S,C00PER'S,JULESJURGENSEN'S&,PATEKPHILIPPE&C0'8 WATCHES. Mh(x Mm, llatflr Haw, Wk €\\ikq; Clocks, Bronzes, Artistic Gas Fixtures, Desks, Dressings-Cases, Work- Boxes, Je'wel-Boxes, F^NS, RICH POUOELA.!!^, And luany Other Articles of Art and L miles loiig^ 3 miles wide, situated about 3 1-2 miles from theSprings^ and 8 miles west of the Hudson, into which its waters flow through the Fish Creek. Saratoga Lake is visited by almost every so- journer at the Springs ; the beauty of the lake, the change of scene it presents, the delicious fish which are there caught, and the delightful excursions made upon its waters, as well; as amongst its woods, all conspire to render ft one of the great attractions of Saratoga. There are about twelve different springs in the neighborhood of Saratoga; but those chiefly resorted to are nine in number, of diflTcrent names, the waters of some of them being as in- jurious as the others are beneficiar fn certain complaints. The chief fountain is krtown by the name of Congress Spring, with an invariable tempera- ture all the year roimd! of Mty degrees Fah- renheit. The hot-cIs are usmerous and nncxception- able-,. at from $2 to 82 50 (S.<. to KX) per day, with numerous e-vccllent boarding houses, at vcFj' reasonable charges. The scenery of and around Saratoga docs not call for special i-emark,. being: for the most part, tame ; yet several pleasant excursions may bo made in the neighborhood, more particiihu-ly tO' the- lakc^ noticed above. Saratoga is situated 185 mile* from the city of ^Xcw Tork, and 239 miles from Boston, rail all the way. Fronn New York proceed by rail, or steamboat, up the Hudson — " the Rhine of America" — to Albanj-, liH miles, theuc© per rail, 39 miles, to Sai-atoga_ Tourists bound for Lake George from Sara- toga proceed by the Troy and WliitehalP Kail- road for 15 miles to !^^oreau; Station, thence by stage for other 15 miles on plank-road to Cald- well, the southern end of the lake. On the way thither, Glenn's Falls, 9 miles, and Bloody Pond, 4 miles fit)m the lake, may be visited. GLENN'S FALLS. The bold and rugged scenery of this place is in striking contrast with the tame and quiet country in and near Sara- toga. 'The passage of the river is through a wild, romantic ravine and the writhing waters rush in a furious descent of 75 feet over a rocky precipice 900 feet in length. Cooper, in his " Last of the Mohicans," has chosen this neigh- bourhood as the scene of some of his most inter- esting chapters. BLOODY POND. About midway between Glenn's Fulls and the lake we pass a dark glen, in which lie the famous waters of ^to/y P'""', and close by is Tniliamji'J\ocl; marking the spot where fell Col. Williams in an engagement with the French and Indians in 1755. The slain in this sanguinar_v battle were carelessly thrown into the waters near by, since known as Bloody Pond. LAKE GEORGE. This is esteemed one of the most beautiful of the lesser lakes of America, aiid is situated near the eastern border of the State of New York, and empties its waters in a northerly direction into Lake Cliamplain. It lies north and south, is 36 miles long, and from 2 to 3 miles wide. Its elevation is neai* 250 miles above tlie Hudson River. The water is remarkably clear and transparent,, the bottom being plainly seen at several fiithoms depth. Tlie scenery along its banks is extremely picturesque, and very pleasing to the lover of natural beauty. Tl»e lake is dotted wser "with numerous little islands of various forms and sizes, the number of wliich is stated by the popular voice to be equal to the number of days in a j-ear. Many of these are respectable in size, and very fertile; others are dimi- nutive and barren. P'ish, such as salmon •.I'.'Ut, silver-trout, broi>k-tror,t, ptj-ch, pike, etc., abound, and are of good size, and easil}- caught. The Indian name of this lake is Horicon or the Silveri/ Waters. They also called it Caniderioit or the (ail of tJic lake, in reference to its position near the southern termina- tion of Lake Champlain. B}' the French it was named Lac Sacraynent, signifying the purity of its waters. The first and the last names are really significant of the purity and clearness of tliis delightful lake, which is the more noticeable from tlie fact that all the other lakes on either side are more or less colored and impregnated witli lime. "VVe annex a few sketches of the most b8a:utiful po-rtions of its scenery. CALDWELL— LAKE GEORGE. The above sketch represents the village of CaTdwelT, which is situated at the southern extremity of tlie lake, and near the ruins of the old fort. It is one of tlie most frequented points, although not the most retired in this charming district. The neighborhood of Toole's Inn, a few miles eastward, as well as Bolton and Garfield, will be found more secluded, and admirably adapted for angling pursuits, and where ample and excellent accommodation is to be met with. Caldwell is a small village, containing a population of about 200, and several liandsome private residences, two first-class hotels, two churches, court-house, jail, etc. The ruins of Fort William Henrj-, which are close to the hotel of that name, were built by the British in 1755. A mile south-east are the ruios of Fort George. 37 CALDWELL — THE ISLANDS ON LAKE GEORGE. LAKE GEORGE. FROM CALDWELL. The above illustration represents the pretty little steamer Minnchalin leaving the head ■waters of the lake, from -whioh she proceeds to Ticonderoga — 36 miles distant — at the other end of the lake, where she lands her passengers, gives ample time for a survey of that localitj', and returns the same day to Caldwell. The trip is one which ouglit to be taken by all tourists; reminding one very much, in many respects, of the sail on Loch Katrine (Scotland), to Avhose beauties those of Lake George have been considered equal. THE ISLANDS ON LAKE GEORGE. During the course of the steamer up the lake, the tourist will have an opportunity of seeing the various islands which cover the face of the lake at particular points, leading us back to tlie recollection and a comparison when threading through amongst the Thousand 38 ENTRAJS'CE TO THE NARROWS. islands on the noble St. Lawrence, or when passing up Loch Lomond, the Queen of the Scottish lakes. We here quote the words of Addison Richards, an American writer, who says regarding this particular portion of the lake: '• With every changing hour— dawn, sunset and night — with the varying weather from the calm of di'owsy morning to the eve of gatliering storm — these islands are found in ever- changing phases. As they sleep for a moment in the deep quiet of a passing cloud-shadow, you sigh for rest in their cooling bowers. Anon the sun breaks over them, and you are still as eager to mingle in their now wild and lawless revelr}-. You may shake up the lake like a kaleidoscope, seeing with every varying change a new picture by simply vary- ing your relative position to these islands. Jfow you have a foreground of pel>l)lv beach, or, j>erchance, of jagged rock, or of forest debris, with the spreading water and the distance- tinted hills to till up tlie canvas; or, peeping beneath the pendent boughs of the beech and maple, an Arcadian bower discloses vistas of radiant beauty." The islands, as passed, come in the following order: — Dini/iond Ishmd, near Durham Baj-, once the scene of a sharp engagement between the troops of General Burgoyne's arm^- and the Americans, in 1777. Lonff Island, near Harris Bay, where Montcalm moored his bateaux in 1757. Dotne Island, where Putnam's troops bivouacked whilst he went to acquaint General Webb with the movements of the enemy. Bolton, situated at the widest part of the lake. From the Inghest elevation in the vicinity exten^ve and magnificent views are obtained of Lake Cliamplain and surroundinc country. Excellent sport for the rod and the gun is to be had there. Tongue ^foHutain will now be reached, projecting considerabl}- into the hike, with Black Mountain rising up beidnd it. Shelving Hock, on the eastern shore, the pallisades of the lake, and Fourteen Mile Island, situated in front of the last-mentioned rock. The steamer now approaches the " Xarrows," and to all appearance as if at the end of tlie delightful journej-, but only to proceed with a change of scene which we now notice. i^Hi^hr"^^ ENTRANCE TO THE NARROWS. FROM THE sorxn. Almost the finest portion of the trip is when passing through the Narrows. At every turn tlie steamer takes in threading through the apparentl}- mountain barriers, new views and scenes of beauty are presented to the eye. At one point, in passing one of the nar- 39 LAKE GEORGE — FOKT TICONDEROGA. towf, a broad expanse of lake opens up to view ; a distant island is seen resting on its soft reflection in the calm water ; beyond that is a neck of the mainland, darkened by the shadow of a neighbouring hill; and, in the extreme distance, a massive mountain, raising its bold top into the clouds, and rendered soft, blue and indistinct by the intervening at- mosphere; while several islets, clothed with rich verdure, shroud the foreground of the picture in deep, eft'eetive shadow. At other spots the prospect widens, revealing a sweep of the lake, studded with islands of various shape and size, whose verdure is tipped ana streaked witli flickering gleams of liglit. Sa/tbath-Dai/ Point. — The first place of interest after leaving the Narrows is the point made memorable by the landing of Gon. Abercrombie, who here sought refi-e»lmient and rest for his army on a briglit Sabbath morning in 1758 ; hence the name of " Sabbath-Day Point." Two years before a small band of colonists had been attacked and defeated with great slaughter by a party of Freneli and Indians. In 1776 this place Avas made a scene of strife between a body of Americans and a party of Tories with their Indian allies, which resulted in the defeat of the latter. Roffers'K Slide. — This place is named after a Major Rogers, who, while flj-ingfrom a party of Indians in 1758, exhibited a specimen of what in our days would be called Yankee cun- ning, by changing his snow shoes from toe to heel so as to make his pursuers tiiink he had walked over a huge precipice, when in fact he had slidden cautiously down to a lower point, and from thence to the ice below, where ho snapped his fingers at his ft)e, and made good his escape. On the opposite side of the lake at this point is to be seen the precipice known as Anthony's Nose. Prisouer'st Island. — Two miles further on we come to the island which obtained its name from the circumstance of its having been used during the war as a place of confinement for prisoners taken by the English. Howes Landing. — The next point of interest is named after Gen. Howe, who was killed at the attack of Ticonderoga. The English, just previous to that event, landed their troops at this place, which lies near the foot of the lake, and terminates the list of interesting objects on the sheet of " silvery waters." Fort Ticonderoga. — On leaving Lake George, a walk or ride of about four miles brings us to Fort Ticonderoga, which lies on the stream of water which connects Lake George with Lake Champlain. The fort, which in fact belongs to the last-mentioned lake, is made famous on account of its historical associations. It was originally erected b}- tiie French, in 175G, and being surrounded on three sides by water, and protected by a large swamp on the fourth side, it was considered a f)lace of great strength. In 1758, the English with 16,000 men under Gen. Abercrombie, attacked the fort, and for two days fought with a valour and perseverance deserving of success. But the impreg- nability of the place, and the constant fire of the garrison of 6,000 French from behind their impenetrable breastworks, were too much for the brave besiegers, who were obliged to retreat with a loss of 2,000 men. Lord Howe being among the first to fiiU. In the following year, however, the fort was taken, with scarcely any resistance, by Gen. Amherst, and it remained in the hands of the English until the commencement of the Re- volutionary war. In 1775, Congress directed the famous and eccentric Ethan Allen to head his band of " Green Mountain boys" and take the fort, which duty Ethan accomplished without shed- ding a drop of blood. On reaching the shore opposite the fort, Allen happily procured the services of a boy named Nathan Beman, who was in the habit of playing in the fort, and was acquainted with every nook and corner in it. With his little guide, and 83 men, he crossed the stream, and being too impatient to wait for the rest of bis troops, he deter- mined to attack the enemy with the force he had. After making a brief but iiisjiiring speech to his men, he led them rapidly up the heights. It was just at the dawti of day, and so cautious and silent had been the march that, on arriving at the gates, tlu-y were found wide open, and the first intimation the sentinels had of the pi-esencc of the foe, was the sight of Allen iind his men walking into the barrack-yard. After securing the aston- 40 * LAKE CHAMPLAIN. islied guards, Allen drew up liis men on the parade ground, who announced tlieir presence to the sleepy garrison by giving three hearty cheers. Allen then hastened to the room of the commandant, and demandeii the immediate surrender of the fort. The astonished commandant, springing from his bed and rubbing his eyes, as if bewildered by a dream, asked by what authority such a preposterous demand was made. " B}' authority from the Great Jehovah and tlie Continental Congress," was Allen's cool reply. Seeing the uselessness of defence against a resolute and armed body of men backed by such high authoiitj-, the commandant immediately surrendered, and with his garrison of fifty men were soon after forwarded to Hartford as prisoners of war. The fort was subsequently taken by the English under Burg03^ne, and held to the close of the war. LAKE CHAMPLAIN. There is probably no lake in America, which, in the beautiful variety of its scenery, and in historical interest, can compare favourably with Lake Champlain. As our limits will not permit a complete desci-iption of this fixmous Lake, we must be content to point out such of the principal objects of intei'est as will be of most value to the tourist or to the general reader. Lake Champlain runs nearlj- north and south, and is 120 miles in lengtii ; its breadth varying from oiie-fourtii of a mile to 13 miles, covering an area of 500 miles. Its waters are well stored with all the varieties of lisli usually found in the larger lakes. The lake was discovered in 1G09, bj- Samuel Champlain, the founder of Quebec, wiio, after a bloody conquest of a body of Iroquois Indians whom he met on its banks, took formal possession, and baptized it with his own name. The lake is connected with the Hudson River by the Champlain canal, which is 64 miles long and 40 feet wide, and was constructed at the cost of over $1,000,000. It also connects with the St. Lawrence and Montreal by railroad and canal. WliUehaU. — This is the starting-point from the head of the lake bj- such travellers as conte from Albanj^ by rail, and is a thriving, busy town of some 4 or 5,000 inhabitants. Steamers, during the travelling season, daily leave this place for a voyage up the lakes, and, touching at Benson, 13 miles distant, and Orville, 7 miles further, reach, at the twenty- fourth mile Fort Tieonderoga, where passengers from Lake George are taken on board, and commence the voyage up the wider part of the lake. Crown Poiiit. — During the Revolution, the English had a fort at this place, whicli was surprised and taken by a detachment of " Green Mountain Boys," under Seth Warner, on the same day on which Ethan Allen took Tieonderoga. Chimney Point is on the opposite shore, and obtained its name from the fact that a number of chimnej-s once belonging to the old French huts, were found standing after the place was abandoned in 1759. The lake at this point is half a mile wide. / Westport is 1<5 miles from Crown Point, on the «««frside of the lake. A pretty village /V iyV^ of 1,000 inhabitants, having a ferry to the opposite shore of Vermont. Fort Ca.tmi. — This is a small village on the Vermont side, and was formerly a landing- place for Vergennes passengers, who now stop at Basin Harbour, opposite Westport. This place is remarkable as having been the point where Commodore McDonough, in 1814, fitted out the fleet with which he gained his memorable victory over the English in the same year. The place is named after Lieut. Cassin of the American navy, who, with 200 men, gallantly and successfully repulsed a large body of English, who attempted to de- stroy the American fleet, while getting ready for sea. Split Rock is one of the greatest curiosities of the lake. It is an immense mass of rock, about half an acre in extent, and 30 feet above the water, and has been detached by some convulsion of nature from the neighbouring cliff, from which it is separated about 12 feet. A little south of this rock a light-house has been erected. Four Brothers are four small islands, on which, in consequence of their Iving out of 41 LAKE CHAMPLAIJST. the line of passage, and therefore being undisturbed, large quantities of gulls delight to congregate. Juniper Inland, four miles further on, has precipitous banks of slate rock over thirty feet higli. A light-house was erected here in 1826. Rock Dundee next appears, rising from the water to a height of 30 feet ; and close to it is Pottier'n Point at the mouth of Shelburne Bay. Burlington. — This is one of the largest and handsomest towns in Vermont, and forms a centre for several lines of railway, steamboat and stage-coach communication. It is 25 miles from I'lattsburg, and 50 from Rouse's Point, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. The position of the town is very fine, and many of its buildings really beautiful, particu- larly that of the University of Vermont, Avhich was founded in 1791. Twenty miles north- east of the town. Mount Manxfield rises to a height of 4,279 feet, and at about the same distance on the south-east the Camel's Hmnp lifts up it» back to an elevation of 4,183 feet. Both are plainly seen from the lake. Winooski, Port Kent and Trentblen Point, are small, but thriving villages, which lie along the route, the former in Vermont, and the two last in New York. AuHuble River flows into the lake a little north of Port Kent. There are several beautiful falls on this river. The one called the Chasm, 2 miles back of the lake, falls through a ravine of singular magnificence. The rocks rise perpendicularly from 80 to 150 feet on either side of the river, for the distance of 2 miles, and with an average width of 50 feet. Port Jackson. — This place is celebrated as being near the scene of a severe naval engagement between the English and American fleets, in 1776. The Americans were de- feated, and running their ships on shore, the men escaped, and left their vessels to be burned by the enem}-. Plaltsbury. — This is a thriving town of 4,000 inhabitants, and is used as a national mili- tary post. The government have erected extensive barracks here. It was near this town that the American and British fleets and armies met on water and on land, and entered into deadly conflict in September, 1814. On the lake the action continued for two and a half hours, and resulted in the striking of the British flag. The enemy on shore, behold- ing the result on the lake, became disheartened and confused, and soon retreated, leaving the Americans masters of the field and lake. Rouse's Point. — Passing a few picturesque islands and one or two small villages, the voyager comes to Rouse's Point, which is the last stopping-place within the United States, being 125 miles from Whitehall. Railways from the Eastern States connect here with lines to Montreal. Passengers may take the cars here for Montreal, or, if they choose, con- tinue their voj'age to St. Johns, which lies at the head of navigation on the lake. If the latter course is chosen, the only objects worthy of especial notice on the route is Ash Is- la7id, at the mouth of Richelieu River; La Colle, a British military post; Me aux Noix,& British frontier post, now occupied by British troops, and commanding the channel of the river; Aulburg, a small village on the Vermont side, and Highgate, 17 miles above Rouse's Point, and which is a favoui-ite place of resort during the summer months, on account of the excellent springs which abound here, and for its hunting and fishing advantages. If the passage on Lake Champlain be made on a pleasant, calm daj', the vo3-ager will discover a thousand beauties during his journey over this beautiful route, which cannot be d«Bcribed in books or writteu with the pen. 42 THE BEST PAPER PUBL.IJ§HED f FOR ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, MECHANICS, AND SCFENTIFIC MEN. PuUkTied in WeeMy Nos. at 5 cte., and Monthly Part& at 25 ds. THE ARCHITECTS' AND MECHANICS' FOU Architects, Builders, Carpenters, Landscape Gardeners, Decor- ators, Constructors and Country Gentlemen, AS WELL AS ALL INTERESTED IN BUILDING OPERATIONS IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. The AKCniTKCTS' AND MECHANICS' JOURNAL commends itself to all interested in Scientific research, the Fine Arts, Building, Engineering and Mechanical operations, and construction generally. The best Literary, Artistic and Practical talent is employed upon its original articles and illustrations. Its reports of scientific meetings, lectures, and general reading matter present a complete refle.x of every thing new as developed in connection with Science, the Mechanical, Constructive, Decorative and Fine Arts, theieby rendering it a periodical pre-eminently instructive, aud acceptable aliice in the city or country mansion, the cottage and the workshop. It is the only Journal of its kind which is of any real utility in this country for practical men, such as Builders, Carpenters, and Manufacturers of Building Materials and fixtures. The best proof which can be offered as to its intrinsic excellence, is the approbation it has met with from th>> press, and the scientific, reading and thinking public. The Illustrations which are published in it consist of Elevations and Ground Flans of Buildings, Working Details in Carpentry and Masonry, Practical Examples of Building Construction, City and Country Houses, Stores, &c., Engineering and Hechanical Works, Conservatories ::nd Landscape Gardening, Decorative Details, Plaster Work, &c , Important New Patents. The leading journals in Europe and America have pronounced the Architkcts' and Mechanics' Joubnal the best paper of the kind ever published. 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HERBV k COMrV'S Fasliioiiahle Custom Tailoring Establisliiiiciit, 57 WALKER STREET, NEW YORK HAVE THE GOOD FORTUFE 'I'd .■immuiict' tlmt tliry Iwivc rocfivpil, nnd hnvv uow iti Stcri'. ;i complete assortment of Xi'w Oo.i.ls, li.-iiiir niaili' to ord.T lor tli.'ir Full ami Winter S;ili-s. tlirouicli ITIcssrs. BARI.01V, PAYAE & CO., {MdniifacturerH .'gents, Londo», England.) Adapted to the irantx of GENTLEMEN OF TASTE -irlio appreciate style and quality in Clothing. MERCHANT TAILORS AND IMPORTERS, r)? Walker Stseet, IVew York. NEW YORK. Ix our description of tlie groat city of the 1 dovofed to such details. We prefer giving a Western world, we shall avoid, as far as possi- | brief account of the city from the earliest to the ble, all statistical matter, regarding whicli am- I ])reseiit time, and, with the views given of it3 pie information may be had in works exclusively | magnificent streets and buildings, we hope to convey to our readers at a distance, an idea of its importance as the most populous city on the whole continent of America. As may be known by many, Xew York was discovered in 160'J, by 43 an Englishman named Henry Hudson, at that time in the service of the Dutch— and in 1613, the settlement of the Island was commenced, under the titls of New Amsterdam. In 1621, a CITY OF ISEW YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS, ETC. Dutch West India company commenced opera- i branch of manufactures is carried on in New tions upon it, and in lO^G, purchased the whole " " island from the Indians (the Manhattans) for the paltry sum of §l'.5, {£r> stg.) the exports aiouL' that year amounting to ."JlyOO. It was thus held till lOB-i, when it was taken by the English. Charles the i^d, then king, cha"nged its name to that of New York, in lionour of James the '2d, who then bore the title of Duke of Vork and Albany. In lOsO, James the 2d, then king, abolished the representative system, and, as attbrding one of the numerous proofs of his kingly bigotry, took it into his head to pro- hibit the use of the printing-press. It was retaken from the English by the Dutch in li;73, retaken again in 1074 by the English, and held by them till the Revolutionary period of 177li-17!^r> when it was finally evacuated by the British army, thus ending British rule on the 2.>th November, 17s3. In 1812-13, another war broke o\it between Great Britain and Amer- ica, but not leading to New York changing hands once more. Notwithstanding, therefore, wars, fevers, tires, great commercial disasters, cholera, etc., etc.. the city has gone on progres- sively, from a population of 23,614 in 1786, to upwards of ()Ut\(.iW in 1859. New York is situated upon what is called Manhattan Island — a strip of Wind 13^ miles long, by one mile and three-hftbs average width. Greatest breadth, at 83d street, is two miles and one-third. In all, about 22 square miles, oi- 14,000 acres. It rises gradually above the level of the water ai'ound the sides, whilst the gi'eater part of it is level, or been rendered so. It is very compactly built upon tor about 5 miles, in straight lines from the point at the Battery end of it. The stieets, for the most part, are laid out in a convenient and easily un- derstood plan. The streets commencing at Houstoft street, (one mile from the City Ilall,) are cltissetl into 14 regular "avenues," "as they are called, which are crossed at right angles by 156 streets, numerically designated. Some of the streets are crooked and narrow, but gene- rally speaking, they are wide and spacious — ranging from 60 to 120 feet wide. The greatest fault a stranger is likely to find with the streets is the filthy state the most of them are in — as if there were neither scavengers nor paviours in the citj. New "Y ork is bounded on the north by the Harlem River— which separates Manhattan Is- land from the main land ; on the east by the East River, which separates it from Long Island ; on the south by the harbour, and on the west by the North, or Hudson River, which sepa- rates it from New Jersey. Tlie width of the East River is from one-third to half a mile, and that of the North River from 1 to 1-J miles. Navigation is open throughout all the year. There can bo no doubt but that the harbour of New York is one of the most beautiful in the York, excepting in the great items of cotton and wool — whilst its commerce extends to ev- ery corner of the American continent, as well as all over the world, wherever the natural products of the earth, or manufactures, are to be bought, sold, or exchanged. The public buildings are very numerous. We annex a list elsewhere, together with engravings of a kw of the principal ones, together with a list of .such places of interest and amusement as the stran- ger will be pleased in visiting. The stieets where the private residences are, are elegant in the extreme. We allude more particularly to such as 4th and 5th Avenues, and Union and Madison Squares, where the most stately mansions will be found, finished off in first-rate style, mostly built of a brown- coloured stone. In summer, with the rows of trees along each side of the streets, their fine appearance will at once attract the admiration of the stranger. The principal street for bankers, insurance offices, etc., is Wall street— the Lombard street of America. For wholesale dry goods stores — Pearl, Wil- liam, Broad, Fine, Cedar, Liberty streets. Col- let Place, and Vesey street. For wholesale grocers, and commission and shipping merchants — Water and Front streets. For heavj- dry goods and variety stores. Grand and Catharine streets. For hardware — Beekman, Piatt, John and Pearl streets. For booksellers and publishers, binderies, etc. — Nassau and William Streets. For Jewellers — Maiden lane, Courtland street, and Broadway. For boot and shoe materials. Ferry, Jacob, and Gold streets. Whilst Broadway, like Cheapside in London, contains an omnium ijathcnun of all sorts — from the selling of a cup of coffee in a restaurant, to a ship load of "Yankee notions."' The wharves extending all round New York nearly — the vessels placed with their bows all pointing towards the city, and so situated very conveniently for loading and unloading, and when ready for sea, have only to drop into the stream and are carried down and out to sea, the magnificent river and bay liaving few ob- structions in the shape of bars, etc. The stranger, however, who has been accus- tomed to look at the shipping in the stupendous docks of London and Liverpool, will at once discover the poor accommodation New York affords in comjiarison with the facilities afforded for the harbouring or dockage of vessels in Great Britain. Notwithstanding this, however, the immense shipping business of the port of New Y'ork is carried on somehow — the ingenuity of the Americans finding ways and means to clear their vessels with promptitude and ease. Broadway is the great main artery of the world— presenting one of the finest spectacles city, through which people, omnibuses, wag- on a fine day— with its piers crowded with ships ons, and carriages, rush in one incessant of all nations — the numbers of clean-looking ! stream, surging backward and forward, from steamers passing up and down, and the beauty i the earliest hour in the morning, to the latest of the scenery cm the opposite shores, and on : hour at night. evtry side. | A walk along Broadway will disclose pictures The defences are placed at the Narrows — on [ of society — men and things, in all conceivable Long Island side, and on Staten Island — and in | variations and degrees. There, the slouching the East River at Throg's Neck ; whilst within I "loafer" will be seen, close to the " Broadway the harbour are batteries on Bedlixi's and Ellis swell" — the successful miner, just arrived from Islands, Governors Island, Castle William, and the Californian diggings, alongside of the South Battery — commanding every point of en- wealthiest and most handsomely dressed lady trance. We may safely say, that "nearly every in New York, who is out for her walk on that 44 NEW YORK — BKOADWAY AND CITY HA'LL. great " vanity fair" — the newly-arrived emi- grant from Great Britain, as he goes gaping along at what he sees, whilst he is almost stupefied with the bnstle and confusion around him. It is entirely ditlerettt from any one of the great thoroiiifbikres of London, "whilst it com- \ BROADWAY, NEW YORlv. bines the features of all — the bustle and throng of Cheapside, in its incessant stream of omni- buses and vehicles of all sorts — of Regent street, with its fashionable promenade and hon Um of society — of Oxford street and Holborn, with middle-class stores, as well as elegant ware- houses, including the exclusively wholesale stores of a St. Paal's churcli-yard, as well. "Tlie other chief artery of the city is that of the Bowery — partakinir very much of IJolborn, with a mixture of the Whitechapel of London — where a large amount of retail business is transacted. " The City Hall of Nkw York — from its central ]iosition, and classic marble frontage — is one of the finest and most prominent buildings in the city. The front and two end-s aie of white nwrble, and the back, which is never shone njion by the sun, of brown sandstone. The (,'ity Hall contains a gallery of historical art, invaluable to the lover of Knickerbocker times. In the Governor's Room, enjoyed by the public only on reception days, are the pojtraits of all the governors of the State, from the time of Lewis, and of the mayors of the city, with several of the ()residents, painted by artists of national reputation. Thercmay be seen Henry Hudson, Columbus, and hosts of other worthies, while the archives of the city contain a vast amount of information of great interest to the historian. Besides the rooms of the aldermen and common council, ther« was in former limes a noble banqueting hall foi'thecitvmasrnates." 45 THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. I_J_^» ^tjJ^.^X^^f. -.^s^lfU fV i'^ ill ^: 9'r --f^ -^^.^i THE PARK AND CITY UALL, NEW YORK. Adjacent to the City Hull is the old Debtor's Prison, now the Hall of Records, the old Alms House, entirely appropriated to governmental use. In the Park are held public meetings, and in front of the City Hall are planted cannon, which are fired by the respective political parties, on the achievement of any party victory, as well as on other general public rejoicings. The Park forms a great resort for the citizens, and in the hot months of summer, forms, by its trees, a delightful shady retreat. Last year, tlie City Hall took tire, and a large portion of the upper part of it was destroyed. It is now being re-built, however. The Nkw York University, situated between Washington Place and Waverly Place, fronts Washington Square towards the west, forming a noble ornament to the city, being built of Westchester marble, and exhibits a specimen of the English collegiate style of architecture. The building is 180 feet long, and 100 wide. It was founded in 1S31. "In front, this oblong is divided into five parts — a central building, with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each of the fo\ir corners of the edilice. This central building or chapel is superior to the rest in breadth, height, and character, and is somewhat similar to that of King's College, Cambridge, England — amaster- jiiece of pointed architecture, and a model for succeeding ages. It is .5.5 feet broad, and 85 feet deep, including the octangular turi'ets, one of which rises at each of the four corners. The two ends are gabled, and are, as Avell as the sides, crowned with an embattled parapet. The chapel receives its principal light from a win- dow in the western end. This window is 24 feet wide, and 50 high. From the central building, or chapel, wings project right and left, the windows of which have square heads, with two lights, a plain transom, and the upper division trefoiied. The principal entrance is under the great western window. The doors are of oak, richly panelled, and filled with tracery of open work, closely studded with bronze. " The institution has a chancellor and eleven professors. It has in its collegiate department 150 students, and a valuable libiary and philo- sophical apparatus. Connected with it is an extensive gi-ammar school, and a flourishing medical department. The whole number of students is about 700. Commencement, third Mondav in July. (See next page for engraving.) 46 NEW YoPvK rXlVEKSITY '^ .«^i^ •^idia'i^-v'^^ UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. "The chapel is probably the most beautiful ro(»ni of the kind in America. It is open to the public, on Sundays, for relitrious worship. The Library and rooms of the New York Historical Society are in the building. The building is accessible to the visitor at all times." "TriK Tombs occupy the space between Centre, Elm, Leonard and Franklin streets, the site of an old filthy pond, which had its outlet through Canal street. The Halls of Justice is a much-admired specimen of modern- ized Egyptian architecture. It is built of light siranite from Hallowell, Maine. It is ii.i-S ieet long, and 200 wide, and occupies the four sides of a hollow square, with a large centre building within the area. The front is ap])roached by eight steps, leading to a portico ot four massive Egy|)tian columns. The windows, which extend to the height of two stories, have massive iron grated frames, surmounted with cornices, orna- mented with awiuged globe and serpents. Tiie tw(j fronts on Leonard and Franklin streets have each two entrances, with two massive columns each. The gloomy aspect of this build- ing has won for it the general name of "The Tombs." It is occupied by the Court of Ses- sions, a police court, and some other court- rooms, besides a prison for male and female oflfenders awaiting trial. The open court within the walls is used as a place of execution for State criminals. Persons can gain admittance on application for a written permit, at the keeper's room, between 10, a. m. and 3, p. m." In the fore-ground of the view will be seen one of the "City Railroad Cars," noticed else- where. \ Custom House. — The lower engravmg on the following page, represents the Custom House of New York, situated at the corner of Nas- sau and Wall streets. "The Custom House has the form and solidity of a Greek temple, and is as enduring as the pyramids. The edifice, of white marble, is 200 feet long, by 90 in width, and 80 feet high. Some of the blocks weigh 30 tons. The two fronts have S Doric columns, nearly 6 feet in diameter; the sides, IS heavy pilasters. A tlight of IS steps from Wall street, brings the visitor to the main entrance. The Rotunda is 60 feet in diameter, and the dome, under which the four deputy collectors have desks, is sup- ported in part by 16 Corinthian pillars. In the little room of the treasurer, near at hand, is re- ceired two-thirds of the revenue of the country. Tlw Custom House was erected between the HALLS OF JUSTICE, OE THE TOMBS, NEW YORK. CUSTOM-HOUSE, WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 48 >rERCHAXTS EXCHANGE. MERCIIAXTS' EXCHANGE, WALL STRKET, SEW YORE. years 1S34-1841, and cost, includiug the lot, , inexhaustible quarries of Qiiiiicy, Massachii- §1,195,000." I setts. The most remarkable features of tliis The amount of accommodation provided for j huge building are its graceful portico, preseiit- the transactious of the Custom House, appeals i ing to the eye a facade of IS Ionic columns, each to be totally inadeipiate to the immense auiouat 1 neaily 40 feet in height, and upwards of 4 feet of business furnished bx- the port. in diameter, the shafts r)f which are each a sin- I gle stone (wrought in the most perfect manner, Merchants' Exch.^.vge. — The above engrav- \ at a cost of ^oOOO, ) and the Rotunda, or Ex- ing repiesents one of the most beautiful and : change Room, which is 100 feet in diameter, costly buildings in America, and surpa.ssing any | with ti double dome of brick, surmounted by a oiheiin the city in size and solidity of construe- vertical sky-light, witli movable sashel, which tioM."It occupies a whole square of ground, allows thorough and complete ventilation, and has a front of '200 fuel on Wall street, with The dome is supi)orted partly by 8 massive an iivciage depth of liio feet; is .t stories high, i Corinthian columns of Italian marble, weigh- including the basement, and lire-proof through out, the lloors and rout being entirely of masonry and metal. The principal material is brick-faced, with massive blocks of granite, chiefly from the ' is one of the finest ia America. 49 ing 41 tons each, in very large sections, imported expressly for the purpose." The floor is flagged with the'same material, and altogether the room XKW VwKK KiiEj-: ACADKMV. '"^^^.^^30 ^. "Tee Free Academy is on Le.xin^'ton avenue. The cost of the sn.nn.l Mas i-?,T n>^ of t'-e corner of Twentv-th.rd street, ;»„i may easilv bnil-lin::, s::.. xvl.ile the various" nnnlianc'^' oe readied by tak.nsr a Bmadway and Fourth of aj.paratns and fnn.if.ve have cost' ko/4: Shr^I'^r h' '"■ '''^"^"■'r^r^"-'^'?"- '^I'P^ The onlv requisites for admission are a'know N wde h» '- "TA I'^e bmld.nir is 1J.> leet deep and is intended to schools; it being also requii-ed that the apt-li- t'le loun-halls of the Netherlands, and is schools for at least one vear." well ada])ted for its purpose, besides being a conspicuous ornament to the upper part of The dtr. 50 t I I\ \'li 1 ISlOl ^(,I — (.COKNKP OF OTH AvENUK AND S4tII StIIEKT, NeW Yo.'K PETEK COOPER INSTITUTE, NEW VOKK. XE^V YORK ITOSriTAL. NEW VUK.v ilOSl'lTA]-. liiiOADW'AV. On the piecoflinfic pago we give an illustra- tion of a private residence in one of the princi- i pal streets in New York, viz., tlie Fifth avenue, i In this street may be seen some of the hirgest and liandsoniest of the private residences of the New York merchants. In summer, wlien tlie tiees which line each side of the avenue are in fidl bloom, the street then has all the appearance of a beautiful grove. The subject of the illustration in qticstion forms one of the hand.'^oinest residences in the avenue, and in general architectural outline, eotnparts favorably with any of the hand- !-ome mansions in the same locality. Tiio ar-hitect is Mr. J. Sexton, of 121 Nassau ^treet, 2vew Y'ork. The Cooper Institute. — This institution de- serves a place among our illnstrations of i)ublic buildings of the city, not only on account of the magnitieence of the edifice, as a building, but as a memento of a most princely act on the part of a New Y'oi-k merchant — Mr. Peter Cooper — who, out of his wealth, has built tliis house with the view of founding an institution to be called "The Union," for the nioral, social, and physical imjirovement of the youth, not only belonging to the City, or State, but of any part of the world. The sum donated to such a noble purpose, amounts to :j;SOO,oOO (£'00,000 stgi. "The building is in Astor Place, opposile the new Bible House. The edifice is six stories high, occupying a space equal in extent to eight full lots, each 25 feet by 100, or 20,0ii() square feet. In the basement is a commodious lecture- room, 13.1 feet long, and in the upper story an observatory. The Union provides free courses of lectures, a free library, rooms for debating and other societies, and an office for the l>eneHt of persons seeking literary employment, where their names and wishes may be registered, and apidication for their services received. "The School of Design, for females, have rooms in this building, ami)lj- supplied with the materials for instruction. ' Tm: Nkw Y'oitK IIospit.al is one of the principal lienevolent institutions of New Y'ork, which tlie stranger, as he walks along llitia.iwav, cannot fail to notice. TRINITY CHURCH, BROADWAY. ''Situated on Broadway, fronting Wall street, with its portals invitingly open every day in the year, stands Trinitv Church, a beautiful temple of worship, ft is the third edifice of the kind erected upon the spot, the first having been de- stroyed in the great fire of 177G. The entire length of the building is ISO feet, of which 4.) are due to the chancel. Width of nave, 'A feet ; of chancel, oS feet. Height to eaves, oO feet, and to ridge, yO feet, with a fine open roof. Tlie inside walls of the church are of Caen stone, bro\ight from Normandy in France — a material of an agreeable colour, and easily worked, being solt enough to be cut with a saw or knito. The wiiulows are of richly stained glass ; the ceilings painted blue, and the roof tim- bers covered with polychromatic decora- tions. The lloors are tiled throughout, witli tasteful ornamental patterns in chancel. The building will seat about Si.'ii, its cost having been §•_'•)!), uOO. The architect of this splendid church is Mr. Lpjohn, a cele- brated Scotch architect. "The lofty spire of- the church is the Ponipey's Pillar of New York — the most jiromiiient object that first arrests the at- tention of the stranger, as he aiijiiiiaches the city from tin- Atlantic. The view from the top of the spire is without doubt the finest to be liad in the citv." TRINITY CHURCH, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 53 CirUKCII OF ALL SOULS, NEW YORK. This magnificent buildini;, recently encted, is remarkable for its peculiar urcliitecture — being bnilt in the style of many of the Italian churches of the midille ages — of brick, and cream-cohmred stone, alternately. Adjoining the church is the parsonage, situated on Twen- tieth street. Included in tlie design for this church, is the mugniticeiit s]>irc, or campanile, 3uo feet higli, the foundation only of it being at present built. The church, inside, is fitted up elegantly and most ^ comfortably, in small and large pews, to suit tiie ¥^; families of members. The peculiar hue of the ])aint =- on the walls, the magniticently stained glass win- % dows, partially obscured by a huge arch, facing the e(iually giami-looking, and powerful organ in the gallery opposite, the light streaming down from the cupula, behind the pulpit — the well- 7-__ planned |)osition the congregation occupy for .seeing and hearing— the rich and gay dresses ^ . _: of the vast crowd of hearers — fnrm iill.ifrcflii'r M '=^^ co'ip lU to one (d the L^nitarian conglegatioll^ of New \ ork, o\er which the Kev Dr. Ijcllow- i-. p.i-«to' It bus cost already irl7o,o(ni, incKidnig the parsonage. The c.impa.idc is isti- mated to cost $40,000; so that when _ it is coniple;ed, the wliole edifice will have cost the large ^uni of 5>jln ono^ (£4>2,(i0o sfg.). The architect is Mi Jacob Wiev Mould. It is situated on the Foui Mi A\ i nue, near to Union Square— cuie of the most beautiful localities in tiie oitv. The cars which start fioin opjhtkiU the Astor House, pass the entiance c the church. Till-: CilUKCH OF ALL .SOL'I.S -NKW V(,)KK. 54 PUBLIC IXSTITUTIOXS. The Mercanth.k I.riiitAUV. — One of the liu- est and must iisuliil iiistitutinii-i in New York, is the library and rending room ot the Mereantile Library Association, situated at Clintou Hall, Astor Place, a little way ciul of Broadway (west end). The leading room is a magnihcent apart- ment, equal to the reading rooms of the clubs in London and elsewhere. It is attended by a voung lad\' waitress. There is a branch ottice in the city, for the convenience of parties resid- ing in Brooklyn and jilaces adjacent — where or- ders for books are received and delivered. From a report we (juote : — " The Library now contains 30,000 voUimes, is rich in every popular ami scientific department, and is catalogued to the end of the year ISoO. Nearly 75,000 volumes were delivered to ineiuhers in ISoO. More tlian "20,000 of these were distributed through the branch oDice, at .No. 16 Nassau street. The reading rooms are the most extensive in the United States, and contain nearly oiiO magazines and newspapers selected from all parts of the world, full tiles of all the princi- pal newspapers from their commencement, and a large immber of bo Railroad.— Depot : foot of At- lantic street, Brooklyn. New Jersey Railroad.— Depot : foot of Court- landt street. New York and Erie Railroad. — Depot: West street, foot of Duane street. New Jersey Central and Steamboat Line. — Office— (3y Wall street. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Post-office, (Nassau street.)— J'roceed to 14G Broadway, and east through Liberty street. Custom House, (Nassau, corner Wall street.) — ^Proceed to 86 Broadway, and east in Wall street. (See engraving.) Assay Office, (Wall street.") — Proceed as above for Custom House. Merchants' Exchange, (Wall, corner William street.) — Proceed as above. (.See engraving.) City Hall, (in the Park.) — Proceed in Broad- way to 2G0, and east in the Park. (See engrav- ing) Board of Education Rooms (Gi'and, corner Elm street). — Proceed to 4.)S Broadway, and east in Grand street. Free Academy, (23d street and Lexington avenue.) — Take a 3d or 4th avenue c;m- to 23d street The Academy is located between those avenues. [See engraving.] PUBLIC MARKETS. Fulton, (South and Fulton streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 20S, and east in Fulton street to the river. Catharine, (South and Catharine streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 222, and east in Park Row, Chatham street, and East Bi'oadway to No. 15, and southeast in Catharine street to the river. Washington, (Fulton and West streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 2o7, and west h) Fulton street to the river. Centre, (Grand and Centre streets.) — Proceed to No. 4.58 Broadway, and east in Grand street to No. 162. Essex, (Grand and Essex streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 458, and east in Grand street to No. 334. Tompki.ns, (Bowery and 6th street.) — Proceed to 698 Bioadway, east in 4th street to No. 394, and north in Bowery to No. 395. Jefferson, (6th and Greenwich avenues.) — Proceed to No. 76lt Broadway, and west in yth street to No. 1. Spring Street, (West and Spring streets.) — Proceed to 527 Broadway, and west in Spring street to the river. 56 PLEASANT DRIVES — LINES OF TRAVEL, HorsTox Street, (Pitt and Hoiistou streets.) —Proceed iii Broadway to No. 60S, and east in Houston street to 174. PUBLIC PARKS. Battery, (Foot of Broadway.) — Proceed to No. 1 Broadwaj', and cross Battery Place. Park, (corner Chambers street and Broad- way.) — Proceed to 271 Broadway. Washington, (Fourth and Wooster streets.) — Proceed to 698 Broadway, and west to Wooster street. Union, (14th street.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 862. Madison, (2.3d street.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. y4S. Tompkins, (Avenue A.) — Proceed in Broad- way to No. 754, and east in Eighth street. Central, (•"9 th street.) — Proceed in Broad- way to its junction with Sth avenue — or take a 2d, 3d, or 4th avenue car to S6th street, and proceed west. PLEAS.iXT DRIVES. To High Bridge, via Bloomingdale. — Proceed north in Broadway, through Bloomingdale road, into the Ninth avenue. To High Bridge, via McComb's Dam. — Pro- ceed north in Broadway to No. 948, and north in Fifth avenue to Harlem River; after crossing the river, proceed west. To Fort Washington. — Proceed north in Broadwa}', through Bloomingdale, Manhattan- ville and Carmausville, along the King's Bridge road to 175th street, and west to the river. To Jajiaica, via Cypress Hills' Cemetery. — Proceed to No. 458 Broadway, east in Grand street to the riv.er, cross Division avenue ferry; pass through South 7th and South Oth streets and Broadway', east into Johnson street, which leads to the plank road. To Flushing, via Green Point and Newtown. — Proceed in Broadway to No. 7S4, and east in Tenth street to the river ; cross the ferry, and proceed east along the plank road. To Patekson, via Hoboken. — Proceed to either No. 227, 417, or 769 Broadway, and west through Barclay, Canal, or Ninth and Christo- pher streets to the river, and cross the ferry — • taking the phuik road to the west. OBJECTS OF INTEREST. High Bridge, (over Harlem River.) — Drive out Broadway and Bloomingdale road, and into the 9th avenue beyond Bloomingdale — or take a car to Harlem, from 4th avenue and 27th street, and then take stages west from Harlem. (See engraving.) Distributing Reservoir, (5th avenue and 42d street.)— Take a Broadway and 42d street, or a 5th avenue stage, or a 0th avenue car from Broadway and Vesey or Canal street, to 42d Btreet. Receiving Reservoir, (86th street.)— Take a 2d, 3d or 4th avenue car to 86th street, and pro- ceed west. Greenwood Cemetery, (South Brooklvn.) — Proceed to 208 Broadwax', and cast in t'ulton street to the Ea.?t River; cross the ferry, and take the Court street cars, which go to the Cemetery gate. Hoboken and Elysian Fields. — Proceed to either 227, 417, or 769 Broadway, and west through Barclay, Canal, or Ninth and Christo- pher streets to the river, and cross the ferry. HOW TO LEAVE NEW TORK. For Philadelphi.*., via New Jersey Railroad Depot at Jersey City.— Proceed to 171 Broad- way, thence to the foot of Courtlandt street, and cross the ferry. For Philadelphia, via Camden and Amboy Railroad. — From Pier No. 1 North River. Pro- ceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west in Battery Place to the river. For Boston, via Stonington and Providence. —From Pier No. 2 North River. Proceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west through Battery Place to the river. For Boston, via Fall River and Newport.— From Pier No. 3 North River. Proceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west through ]}attery Place to the river. For Boston, via Norwich and Worcester. — From foot of Courtlandt street. Proceed to No. 171 Broadway, and thence through Courtlandt street to the river. For Boston, via New Haven Railroad. — Depot 27th stieet and 4th avenue. Take a 4th avenue car, which starts from the Astor House, or a Broadway and 4th avenue sti?ge, north to 27th street. For Albany, via Hudson River Railroad. — Depot, Warren street and College Place. Pro- ceed to 260 Broadway, and west in Warren street to College Place. For Albany, via Harlem Railroad. — Depot 27th street, corner 4th avenue. Take a 4th avenue car, which starts from the Astor House, or a Broadway and 4th avenue stage, north to 27th street. For Albany, via People's Line Steamboats. — From foot of Courtlandt street. Proceed in Broadway to No. 171, and west in Courtlandt street to the river. For Albany, via Merchants' Line Steam- boats. — From foot of Robinson street. Proceed to No. 237 Broadway, and through Park Place west to the river. For Buffalo or Dunkirk, via New York and Erie Railroad. — Depot, foot of Duane street. Proceed in Broadway to No. 303, and west in Duane street to the river. For New Haven, by steamboat. — From Peck Slip. Proceed to 208 Broadwav, and east iu Fulton street to the river; thence northeast two blocks. lUGII BRIDGE, HARLEM. HIGH BRIDGE, CROTON AQUEDUCT. Among the gigantic enterprises of modern times, the magnificent Croton Aqueduct, which Kunplies the City of New York with a never- failing stream of pure water, maj' justly be con- sidered as the finest, both as to cost, and to the magnitude of its public uses. Through fhis immense structure, water is conveyed to the city, from Croton River, over 40 miles distant. The dam on Croton River is 40 feet high, and 1G6 feet above tide water. Through a covered canal strongly built of brick and stone, and Iti tunnels of an aggregate length of 0841 feet, the wjiter is conveyed to Harlem River, which it crosses on the High Bridge, represented in the above engraving. Thisbridge is 14.30 feet long, and is supported by 8 arches, with a span of SO feet each, springing from piers 20 feet wide, the upper structure being 114 feet above the river. About five miles above the City Hall is the receiving reservoir, covering 88 acres, and capable of holding 150,000,000 gallons of water. Near 3 miles below, on Fifth Avenue, is the distributing reservoir, which has a cajfacitv of ii0,000,000 gallons. In supplying the city from this j)oint, some 300 miles of pipe have been laid, capable of distributing 60,000,000 of gallons daily. The whole works, in connection with In'iiiging tlio water into the city, has cost up- wards of ,si:., 01.10,000 (£'2,400, OOo'stg). During the Suiumer months, " High Bridge " is much visited, the scenery around being very cbarming, and the river at this point being favorable for fishing pui-poses. This Spring (IS.'/J) a line of small steamers have commenced running every hour, from I'eck Slip to High Bridge, at the small fare of IG cents each way. GREENWOOD CEMETERY. This beautiful enclosure occupies an area o. 400 acres, and is the most extensive place "f sepulture ever formed in modern times, llor^' Nature and Art have combined to produce all the quiet and graceful surroundings which the most affectionate heart could desire for the List resting-place of its beloved ones. One can scarcely imagine a form of scenic beauty that cannot be found in this mournful, but enchant- ing place. Apart from its sad uses, it might well be mistaken for an earthly paradise. Hills, valleys, and plains ; strips of woodland and a series of brush enclosures, with here and there a tiny lake, whose placid bosom sparkles with silver light, are met within constant succession by the visitors who thread the silent avenues of this " City of the Dead." A whole day is not too much to devote to a thorough review of these grounds, and the various interesting monu- ments, which are to be met with on every hand. An hour's ride will only allow of a circuit around the enclosure, without offering opportunity for any thing like a fiiir inspection of the most notable points of interest. Strangers or citizens desirous of visiting this Cemetery, which is by far the most interesting place of the kind in the country, can procure free tickets of admis- sion by calling at the company's office at No. On Broadway, New Yoi'k. The Cemetery is reaciicd from New York, by crossing on Fulton Ferry to Brooklyn, where a line of horse cars is always ready to take passengers on the landing of each boat, direct to the grounds, at a fare of 5 cents each jierson. Carriages are in attendance at the Ceinevery gate, for the accommodation of such visitors as prefer to ride 58 BROOKLYN, NEW YORK. The City of Brooklyn is justly considered one of the most delightfil places in the Union. Its close proximity to New York, its beautiful, cleanly and well-shaded streets, its salubri- ous atmosphere, the reputation of its divines and professional men, and the general ele- vated character and public spirit of its citizens, all combine to give to this " City of Churches" advantages which, if we may judge from the remarkably rapid growth of its population, do not fail of appreciation. Brooklyn, aa now consolidated, numbers 225,000 inhabitants, and is therefore the third city in point of population in the United States. Several lines of steam ferries run from the principal thoroughfares of the city, and con- nect with various points on the New York side, boats starting every two or three minutes, the fares being from one to three cents for each passenger. From most of these ferries city railways diverge in every direction into the country, which give to the city great freedom and capacity for expansion and growth. Brooklyn is one of the best built cities in the United States. Its site is considerably ele- vated, that prominent portion known as the " Heights" being TO feet above the river, and affording a most magnificent view of Xew York, the harbour and the surrounding coun- trj-. The streets, with but one or two exceptions, are straight and even, intersecting each other at right angles, and being generally of about 60 feet in width. Many of these streets, especially those lying on the south-west side of the city, are adorned with elegant and substantial private residences, surrounded by fine j-ards and tastefully-arranged gar- dens, while long lines of magnificent trees stretch on either side as far as the eye can reach, giving a lovely rural appearance to the city, which is really delightful, especially during the summer season. Brooklyn was first settled in 1625. In 1806 it was incorporated as a township, and in 1834 received a city charter. In January, 1855, by a legislative act, Brooklj'n, Williams- burgh and Bushwick wore consolidated into one city, which lias been divided into eighteen wards, each one forming a township in King's County. T The public buildings of Brooklyn are numerous, and many of them are elegant and?- imposing structures. It numbers over seventy^ houses of Christian worship, which lias given it the title of " The City of Churches." Among the public charitable institutions, we maj- mention the City Hospital, whicli lias accommodations for 175 patients; tlie Graham Institution, for the relief of aged and indi- gent females, with room for nearly 100 persons; the Orphan Asylum, which furnishes a home for 200 children ; the Marine Hospital, for sailors, and several other smaller charities. The principal literary institutions are the Brooklyn Athenfeum, which contains a free library, a reading-room, and a large hall for lectures, and was erected at a cost of $60,(»00 ; the City Library, containing a large number of valuable books; the Lyceum, a fine gran- ite bufiding, with a large lecture-room, and the United States Lyceum, which is situated in t!ie Navy Yard, and contains a rare collection of curiosities, including geological and mineralogical cabinets. The United States Navy Yard occupies fort}- acres of ground on the south side of \\i\\- labout Bay, and is well worth visiting by s-trangers, wlio are readily admitted on applica- tion at the gates. The Atlantic Dock is also worthy of note as being one of the most extensive works of the kind in the country. It was erected in 18-40, at an expense of $1,000,000, and is of sufficient depth to accommodate ships of the largest class. Quite a large number of fine buildings have been erected for educational purposes, among the finest of which are the Polytechnic Institute for the education of buys, now numbering between 400 and 500 pupils, and the Pack^-r Institute for young ladies, having over TOO pupils. Among the great improvements of this year, (1859,) the most important is the introduc- tion of pure water into the city, which will add largely to the health, wealth, and growth of the population. Some of the finest cemeteries on the continent are located in Brooklyn. The most noted of these are Greenwood, the Evergreens, Cypress Hills, and Calvary Cemeteries. A brief description of the first-mentioned will be found on the preceding page. 50 COMPARATIVE TIME INDICATOR— GAMBLING ON THE RIVER. COMPARATIVE TIME KTDICATOR, SJwwing the Time at tie Principal Cities of the United States and Canada, comjm-ed with Noon at Washington, New York and Montreal. There is no standard railroad time in America as in Great Britain. Each railroad com- pany adopts the time of its own locality. Travellers are apt to experience considerable annoyance in consequence of such difference. The onlj^ way is to oLsorve what difference there is between the time in each particular place, and arrange accordingly. For difference of time between Washington and the chief cities in the United Slates and Canada, see Time Indicator on following page: — NOON AT NEW YORK. J.I It will bi Augusta, Ga 11 SO a. Baltimore, Md 11 50 " Boston 12 12 p. Buffalo, N. Y 1140 a. Charleston, S. C II 3(5 '' Chicago, 111 11 (3 " Cincinnati, 11 IS '' Cleveland, 11 30 " Columbus, 11 24 " Detroit, Mich 11 24 " Indianapolis, lud 11 14 '' Louisville, K}' 11 14 '' New Orleans, La 10 54 '' Philadelphia 11 55 " Pittsburg, Pa 11 35 " Portland, Me 12 16 " Richmond, Va 11 46 " St. Louis, Mo 10 55 '' St. Paul, Min 10 45 " NOON at MONTREAL. /( will he 12 12 P. M. 11 40 A. M. Boston Buffalo Collingwood, C. W 11 S3 Goderich, C. W 11 2S Hamilton, C. W 11 S5 " Kingston, C. W 11 49 " Loudon, C. W 1130 " New York City 11 58 " Ottawa, C. W 11 52 " Paris, C. W 11 37 " Peterborough, C. W 11 40 " Port Hope,"C. W 11 40 " Portland, Me 12 14 p. si. Quebec, C. E 12 10 " Richmond 12 6 " Sarnia, C. W 11 25 a. m, St. Thomas, C. E 12 13 " Three Rivers, C. E 12 4 p. m, Toronto, C. W 11 S6 " Windsor, C. W 11 23 a. m, DIFFERENCE OF TIME BETWEEN" EUROPE AND AMERICA. WHEN IT IS NOOX AT NEW YORK, ! /( will he At London 4 55 p. v.. Liverpool 4 44 " Dublin 4 SO " Edinburgh 4 43 " Glasgow 4 44. " At It will hi Madrid 4 40 p. m. Rome 5 46 " Hamburg 5 35 " Constantinople 6 51 " Paris " GAMBLING ON THE RIVER. Some five-and-twenty years ago, gambling was as prevalent on the Western rivers as eating, drinking, or even conversation. Just as soon as breakfast, dinner, or supper was ended, the tables were cleared for card-playing, which was indulged in until preparations for the next meal disturbed the sport. Gamblers, in pairs, sixes, and sometimes in dozens, were found on board every boat. These harpies did nothing else but traverse the rivers, up on one boat and down on another, fleecing and bullying the passengers with impunity. The general rendezvous of these rogues were on points below Memphis, on the Mississippi; especially at Vicksburg and Natchez. At these places, the gamblers seemed determined to overawe the citizens, by their brutality and arrogance. They strutted through the streets, occupied the best rooms in the hotels, and in various other wa^'s elbowed the honest merchant and mechanic, with an impudence bordering almost on the sublime. These things were borne, until forbearance ceased to be a virtue ; when, one morning, the gamblers of Vicksburg were waited upon by a company of determined citizens, and ord,000 to over 85,000 square feet, equal to a one-story build- ing covering two acres of ground. This establishment now gives employment to over three hundred workmen, and in addition to this force they have a beautiful and power- ful steam-engine, every revolution of whose ponderous wheel gives life and activity to over fifty beautifully working machines, adapted to almost any conceivable part of their work, performing an amount of work equal to the whole number of their men, and with far greater accuracy than can possibly be done by hand labor. When we look at the powerful array of forces we no longer won- der that their elegant pleasure wagons are completed at the rate of one per hour, and even then not keeping pace with their orders, which their liberal advertisements, scattered broadcast over the land in the form of newspa- pers, books, charts, descriptive catalogues, etc., have brought them from almost all parts of the habitable globe where carriage wheels have rolled, making the name of G. & D. Cook & Co., not only in New Haven, but in every city in the Union, as "familiar as household words." Should you visit the establishment of the Messrs. Cook, you will always find one of their firm ready to attend to your wants and to conduct you through all the depart- n'ents of their mammoth f:\ctory, explaining the opera- tions of the numerous machines, from the delicate sewing machine (of which they have some dozen in the trimming department), to the huge monster who stands near the entrance to the ba-sement, puffing from his powerful iron lungs the breath which keeps alive the numerous forge fires in their immense blacksmith's shop. Their ccrdial and gentlemanly bearing towards all visitors and customers is highly appreciated, and the lib- eral course they have ever pursued, together with the taste, skill, and talent manifested in all their operations, have made the firm the well known favorite of the car- riage-dealers and consumers throughout the country — Life Illustrated.