5^'^^ { .n4 fl5 Copy 1 THE Vital Statistics of Massachusetts foe 1897, WITH A Life Table BASED UPON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE FiVE-YEAR PeRIOD 1893-97. By Samuel W. Abbott, M.D., Secretary of the Board, ^^'' IVIAY 23 m =^The Vital Statistics of Massachusetts for 1897, WITH A Life Table based upon the Experience OF the Eiye-tear Period 1893-97. The following brief digest embraces the vital statistics of the State for the year 1897, to which has been appended a life table, constructed mainly from the State census of 1895, and the mor- tality of the years 1893, '94, '95, '96 and '97. Population. The assumed population in 1897, based upon the rate of increase from 1890 to 1895, was 2,613,023. Assuming the rate of increase of each sex to have been the same as that of the five-year period 1890-95, the males were 1,269,556 and the females, 1,343,467. The number of registered marriages was 23,038 ; of births, 73,205 ; and of deaths, 47,419. Marriages. The total number of marriages was 23,038, and the marriage-rate was 8.82 per 1,000 of the living population, or 17.64 per 1,000 (persons married). The following table expresses the seasonal marriage-rate for 1897 and for the period 1876-95 : — Marriages by Months, Quarters and Half-years. Monthly Ratio reduced to a Marriages, 1897. Daily Standard of 100. 30 Years — 1876-95. Months. Quarters. Half-years. January, 1,738 89.2 ) 97.0 February, 1.563 88.8 \ 79.4 1 92.4 March, 1,188 61.0 ) 54.9 April 1,862 98.8 ) J- 96.6 101.8 May, 1,553 79.7 \ 113.6 J 89.5 June, 3,082 163.5 ) 126.2 July, 1,537 78.9 ) 82.1 August, 1.607 82.5 [ 92.2 1 80.1 September 2,187 116.0 ) 112.0 October 2,571 132.0 )■ 104.2 129.4 November 2,569 136.3 1 116.2 J 147.8 December, 1,581 81.2 89.1 Total 23,038 - _ - _ Mean, - 100.0 - - 100.0 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. Births. The living births in 1897 were 73,205, and the birth-rate Avas 28.02 per 1,000. This rate was less than that of 1896, but greater than that of any previous year since 1874, except those of 1892 and 1893. The birth-rate of the twenty-year period 1876-95 was 25.86. The following table expresses the seasonal birth-rate for 1897 and for the period 1876-95 : — Births by Months, Quarters mid Half-years {1897 and 1876-95). Months. January, . February, March, April, May, . June, July, August, . September, October, . November, December, Total, 6,265 5,634 6,388 5,705 5,665 5,693 6,356 6,708 6,238 6,330 6,015 6,208 73,205 Monthly Ratio keddced to a 8TANDABD OF 100 PEK DAY. so Years — " 1876-95. Months. Quarters. Half-years. 100.8 1 101.3 95.6 100.3 1 98.6 102.7 ) 98.0 )■ 97.2 94.8 ;i 94.9 91.1 \ 93.5 J 94.0 94.6 S 98.1 102.2 ) 104.1 107.9 \ 104.6 1 106.6 103.7 |i 104.4 ;■ 102.6 101.8 ) 101.3 99.97 > 100.6 j 101.5 99.8 s 102.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The order of intensity was as follows, beginning with the month having the highest daily birth-rate : August, September, March, July, October, January, February, November, December, April, June, May. This corresponds fairly with the normal means for the period 1876-95, in which the months having the highest daily birth- rates were August and September, and the lowest in May. For the past forty years the last half of each year has usually had a higher birth-rate than the first half, but the difference which existed at the early part of the period has gradually been growing less. Still-births. — The number of still-births registered w^as 2,652, of which number 1,636 were males, 1,005 were females, and the sex of 11 was not stated. The ratio of males to females was as 1,628 to 1,000. The total number of births living and dead was 75,857. Sexes. — Of the total number of living births, 37,689 were males and 35,489 were females, being in the ratio of 1,062 males to each VITAL STATISTICS. 5 1,000 females. In this estimate 27 births are excluded, the sex of which was not stated. The births for the period 1876-95 indicated a ratio of 10.53 males to 1,000 females. Deaths. The registered deaths in 1897 were 47,419 and the death-rate was 18.15. This was lower than that of any year since 1879, and, with the exception of 1878 and 1879, the lowest since 1867. Sex. — Of the whole number of deaths, excluding the still-born, 24,004 were males and 23,415 were females. The death-rate of males was 18.91 per 1,000 and that of females 17.39 upon the assumed population as stated on page 799. » Ages. — The most important factor in the general death-rate is the death-rate of infants under one year, which is usually expressed as a ratio per 1,000 births, since the census enumeration at the early years of life is unreliable. The numbers dying at this period are high both absolutely and relatively, while those who die at extreme old age are only relatively high in number. For more accurate information on this subject the life tables following this summary may be consulted. The deaths under one year in 1897 were 10,751, which was equivalent to a death-rate of 146.9 per 1,000 births. The deaths at the next ages of life were as follows: second year, 2,257; third year, 1,058; fourth, 744; fifth, 493; and for the two five-year periods 5-10 and 10-15, 1,287 and 682. For the death-rates at these and later ao-es see life table. Infant Mortality. In the twenty-eighth annual report of the Board, page 753, a table is presented, giving the statistics relative to infant mortality in each of the 32 cities of the State for the ten years 1881-90. In the following table the figures are presented for the next seven years, 1891-97, with two parallel columns, b}^ means of which the rank of each city may be compared for the two periods. In these two last columns the infant mortality of the State is taken as a standard of comparison, or mean of the whole period, the figure 6 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 100 representing the mean. The results may be read as follows : for every 100 deaths of infants under one year old which occurred in the State during the seven years 1891-97, there were 165 in Fall River, 107 in Boston, 71 in Beverl}', etc. Comparing these columns, there appears to have been a diminished infantile death-rate in the latter period in the following cities : Bos- ton, Lawrence, Salem, Holyoke, Cambridge, Chelsea, Springfield, Haverhill, Marlborough, Pittsfield, Worcester, Somerville, Brock- ton, Medford, JMalden, Waltham and Beverly, and in the remaining cities it was increased. The death-rate of the whole urban group was also diminished from 174.9 per 1,000 births in the entire period to 164.2 in the later period. That of the rural group, comprising the remainder of the State, remained practically the same (129.5) in both periods, while that of the whole State diminished from 160.4 per 1,000 births to 154.6. Infant Mortality of Cities, 1891-97. Births. Deaths 0-1. Infant Mortality. Rank — THE State = loo. Cities. 1891-97. 1881-90. Fall River, . 20,910 5,339 255.3 165 149 Lowell, 18,397 4,185 227.5 147 139 Chicopee, 4,282 917 214.2 139 110 Lawrence, . 10,788 2,163 200.5 130 133 New Bedford, 12,389 2,478 200.0 129 111 Salem, . 6,574 1,106 168.2 109 112 Boston, 108,139 17,834 164.9 107 117 Newbui-yport, 2,250 364 161.8 105 95 Taunton, 5,031 788 156.6 101 87 Holyoke, 11,609 1,817 156.5 101 105 Cambridge, . 17,038 2,590 152.0 98 107 Chelsea, 6,614 998 150.9 98 104 Springfield, . 10,001 1,459 145.9 94 98 Haverhill, . 5,870 835 142.2 92 98 VITAL STATISTICS. Infant Mortality oj Cities, 1891-97 — Concluded. Infant Rank— THE State =100. Cities. Births. Deaths 0-1. Mortality. 1891-97. 1881-90. Gloucester, . 4,654 655 140.7 91 86 Lynn, . 11,473 1,608 140.2 91 88 Woburn, 3,058 425 139.0 90 79 Fitchburg, 6,273 865 137.9 89 84 Everett, 4,057 552 136.0 88 82 Marlborough, 2,958 400 135.2 87 96 Pittsfield, . 3,766 505 134.1 87 90 Northampton, 2,711 362 133.5 86 86 Worcester, 20,659 2,738 132.5 86 97 Somerville, . 9,866 1,295 131.3 85 96 North Adams, 4,600 600 130,4 84 72 Brockton, 5,381 687 127.7 83 91 Newton, 4,847 600 123.8 80 70 Quincy, 4,681 555 118.6 77 77 Melrose,* 1,854 217 117.0 76 - Medford, . 2,530 291 115.0 74 81 Maiden, 5,667 650 114.7 74 83 Waltham, 3,786 424 112.0 72" 82 Beverly, 1,733 191 110.2 71 74 Urban, . 344,039 56,493 164.2 106 109 Rural, . 132,119 17,113 129.5 84 80 The State, 476,158 73,606 154.6 100 100 * The figures for Melrose are introduced to facilitate future comparison, although that town had not become a city till after the period embraced in the table. From an examination of the statistics of other towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in each, it appears that the town of Framingham 8 STATE BOAKD OF HEALTH. had the lowest infantile mortalit}- (95.9) for the seven years, while Rockport had the highest (203.3 per 1,000 births). Further ex- amination of the record shows that this high infantile mortality in Rockport occurred mainly among infants whose parents were natives of Finland, who were employed upon the granite quarries in Rock- port. The following table presents the infantile mortality of the towns havino- over 5,000 inhabitants in each (not cities), arranged with those having the hio-hest infantile death-rates at the top of the list. Infant Mortality of Totons having more than 5,000 Inhabitants in Each (not Cities), 1891-97. [Deaths (0-1) per 1,000 births.] Rockport, . . . . 203.3 Athol, 130.8 Stonghton, 188.2 Montague, 129.2 Palmer, 171.7 Peabody, 128.1 Ware, 171.2 Spencer, 127.9 Northbridge, . 170.7 Clinton, . 125.1 Braintree, 164.4 Concord, 124.6 Gardner, 163.2 Hyde Park, . 123.7 Revere, . 162.1 Dedham, 121.5 West Spi'ingfield, 159.5 Oi'ange, . 120.3 Southbridge, . 159.2 Watertown, . 118.9 Grafton, 154.4 Stoneham, 117.3 Hudson, . 148.8 Westfield, 116.9 Mill bury, 147.9 Franklin, 112.8 Wakefield, . 145.6 Greenfield, 112.5 Milton, . 145.4 Natick, . 109.8 Webster, 143.5 Whitman, 108.0 Methuen, 142.4 Andover, 106.2 Weymouth, . 140.4 North Attleboroug 1, 105.2 Marblehead, . 139.5 Plymouth, 104.5 Arlington, 138.8 Rockland, 103.5 Adams, . 137.7 Milford, . 103.4 Winchester, . 135.4 Brookline, 101.4 Attleborough, 135.0 Danvers, 99.4 Amesbury, 134.2 West borough. 96.9 Leominster, . 134.0 Middleborough, 96.8 Blackstone, . 133.3 Framingham, 95.9 The total living births which furnished the infantile mortality represented in these two periods (shown in the twenty-eighth VITAL STATISTICS. 9 annual report and in the present report) were nearly 1,000,000 (985,445), and the deaths under one year were 155,277. Seasons of the Year. — The seasonal intensity of the death-rate is expressed in the following table. The standard employed for com- parison is 100 deaths per day throughout the year. The actual number of daily deaths in 1897 was 129.9. Deaths by Months, Quarters and Half-years (1897 and 1876-95). January, . February, March, April, May, . June, July, . August, . September, October, . November, December, Totals, Means, 189T. Deaths. Monthly Ratio heducbd to a Standard of 100 Deaths per Day. 20 Years — 1876-95. Months. Quarters. Half-years. 4,051 3,929 4,730 4,057 3,805 3,291 100.6 108.0 120.2 104.1 94.4 84.4 S 108.7 1 94.3 1 j. 101.5 J 105.0 100.0 102.3 102.1 93.9 83.5 4,254 4,566 3,969 105.6 113.4 101.8 1 107.0 j. 98.5 J 109.3 120.0 104.5 3,808 3,475 3,485 94,5 89.1 86.6 1 90.1 93.1 88.9 96.6 47,419 - - - - - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 By this table it appears that the greatest intensity of the seasonal death-rate was in March and in August and the least was in May and June, in 1897, while the highest in the twenty-year period (1876-95) was in July and August and the lowest was in June and JSTovember. Causes of Death. In the following table are presented the ten most destructive causes and groups of causes of death in Massachusetts for the ten- year period, 1888-97, arranged in the order of their intensity. From this table it appears that the relative intensity of consump- tion, brain diseases, pneumonia, heart diseases and cholera infantum continued very much in the same order throughout the period. The only change in the table, as compared with that of 1896, is in the last two causes, diphtheria and croup having taken the tenth place in the list, instead of the ninth. The total number of deaths from these causes was 29,875, as compared with' 31,146 in 1896, a 10 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. difference of 1,271 in favor of 1897. The deaths from consump- tion, brain diseases, heart diseases, cholera infantum, cancer, old age and diphtheria were less than those of 1896, while those from pneumonia, kidney diseases and bronchitis were more than those of 1896 from the same causes. In the tables on pages 807-809 are presented the deaths and death- rates from fifteen causes of death for the twenty years 1878-97. These include the principal infectious diseases, together with cer- tain other destructive causes and groups of causes. The columns contain the absolute numbers in each case, together with the death-rate per 10,000 of the living population and the per- centage of the total mortality. From this table it appears that the death-rate from small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera infantum, child-birth, consumption, dysentery and whooping-cough in 1897 was less than the mean of the twenty-year period 1878-97, while that of pneumonia, cancer, heart diseases, kidney diseases and brain diseases was greater than the twenty-year mean. Mortality from Ten Prominent Causes, 1888-97. Deaths. 1897. Rank — 1888-97. Causes of Death. V* a OB 1* 9 9) ac p« OB Consumption, Brain diseases, . Pneumonia, . Heart diseases, . Cholera infantum. Kidney diseases, . Cancer, Old age. Bronchitis, . Diphtheria and croup, 5,431 5,276 4,796 3,827 2,231 2,017 1,739 1,602 1,530 1,426 29,875 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 8 9 6 1 3 2 4 5 8 9 6 7 10 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 6 7 9 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 6 7 10 1 2 3 4 6 9 8 7 10 5 1 2 3 4 5 9 8 7 10 6 1 2 3 4 5 9 10 6 8 7 VITAL STATISTICS. 11 s « PS IS Q o K t^ t» H JO a38)uaDj3j ^ OO^eOOOt~Ni(5tO-*CO(N OOOJCOIMCOOl-l(M(Mi-(C» (M O CO O CO to 00 i~ >o to •* -w (N § (M lMC<>(MIM'M(MC^ tOOJOlOOtOtOOiOiOiOrHt' to u^ i-H r-l t^ 00 CO o> M CO-^Ovft-^^CO^^-^-^CO CO CO CO CO IM IM IN CO •su^Bsa to 637 882 1,072 1,079 860 875 768 800 922 943 891 835 0^ (M O •>* 00 l- a Ph H Ij K o o eq o O CO to CO o >o IN to (Nrtr-IOi-lrHrHOr-lrHOO O i-H i-H 11 rt O O -^ •Su[A!T OOO'OT J3d ajBa-q;B3a CO 00(NI^t-t-l«Ol~aiT!)l0>tS -H Ol ^ to 03 O CO CO ■^COIMi-tCOCOCOrHC^IMOO 1-1 O CO IM r-l rl I-t ?q •sq^Baa o O-^t-OOOt-t-r-lTi^TiHxotO u3t-OSr-it-(MOOCOOiOC005 OOOCOCO»«tDiOCO*OOf-1f-l to Ol O CO O ^ to i-f -»t 00 -^ oq to 00 to -^ cq IN 1 a •jfjUKHOIV IBJOX JO aSe^uaoMj tOt-COOOmOIM>raN(MrHtO OtDtDf-ioOI?^OOCOl-tO-rJf(M IN GO to T-i X5 CO »rs 1-1 lo IN (N cq §s to OOOOOOOOrHOOO O O O O O o o o •3uiA!7 OOO'OI jad a}Bj-i[}Baa 00 I-fCOM-^t-TftOtOOJOOOUS O -^ Cq TH !« iO to O! 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"a 1 cT CO <* U5 to fj* on CS o ^ IN CO irT to" 00 00 00 CO 11 rH rH rH 00 00 S S in in !h 'H r-i IH in VITAL STATISTICS. 13 •SuiAi-T 000*0t 00 03 O 03 o> O^ o O O O O O 1-t lO -^ O G^ O 0* 00 Ol Ol O O O jH rH rH tH (M rH C^ (M g o o s CO CO in to a> cq (N CO CO CO d CD o ^ 1 O) 'Tt* N c^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tll •>» -* ^ ^ in >o ■<* >o UJ OO JO aSeiuaojaj ■SuTAiT OOO'OT J9d 9j8a-ii;'Eaa ^ to a irt lO lO O CO 00 05 to 1—1 CO 00 OO Ol O G la r-i tC> ^ t~* ^^ ^ ^ r^ ^ r-^ CO "^ O t- O CO CO 00 iOiO>^^^^^^ r-l (N CO (M lO O -H t- (M CO f-i (N eg ^ r=ic^c^oj^cor:;a?co-Jco0 5D (3j(^^_(,— IQ^CO^DOC^ "<*^ lO^ O -rt* »« CD CO ^^VTi-Tc^'c^'c^ (M cq c^ CO cocococo cococococo JO 9SB;u9oa9(i •5UIAIT OOO'OI aad 9(11.1-111^90 CD 00 00 CD 00 ■^ O C0iO»«C0r-l(MC0»r:>C0C0^-l;^O ;^0i'^C0iOt^00Ot^i-;JOCJiC^rH'^CD0i0i'-' «rH ^ ^ ^ cc Q^ b^^^^^^^^, ^^ oi oi •^;n^i-iow IB40X JO 9§BiU90J3J SutAiT OOO'OI j9d gi-ei-m^aa CO O 00 (M b' lO CD OlOSQ0C^»ra00-riHCD COeOt6t-OD660iOOOrHi-jOCOi-HCOtD<0 c^c^c^c4c^c^c^c^oicocQcocoICOCOG^C^C^'^C^C^ 'iC;ii^^TOw i^^ox JO 9Sb;U90J9J •SutAH OOO'OI j9d ^;13J-^:^B^(I CO (M (M •<** fc-u^O»^— ^cocoooooo 05C0l:^rH0lOi-HrHt0(M CDoOCOOOt-QOt-Oit- M to CO (M t- t- »« OOO^OOi— 'OOOOi to»-Hco"*os>n'OcotoTf'* Ol^Ot-^tOOtOCOt-^'^CDt-lOOOOOr-icOtDCOro'^ t--n*t-tDcO'^'^CDCO J— I CD O Oi O^ O tC Tj<^ CO^ CO^ t>^ cTofco'cTc^COC^CO C^ CO CO O C5 —< "M CO to — ' •* CO CO C-l 05 o O -rt* I-H to t' CO -^ Tp to CO OS O l-H c^ OO 00 00 00 CO OCOSOrH(MCO'^»iOCOt>- 00 Oi Ol Oi Oi 00 OO 00 00 00 OO 14 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. A Massachusetts Life Table for the Five Years 1893-97. The usefulness of life tables is not confined to the work of life insurance. A life table also serves as an index of the sanitary con- dition of the community out of whose data it is constructed. Life tables difler for the same group of population from year to year, and they also difter when calculated from the statistics of different portions of a group of inhabitants, as, for example, the city of Boston, compared with any of the outlying districts beyond its borders. The work of constructing a life table for any American State or city is necessarily less satisfactory in its results than the work of making a similar table for any of the civilized nations or com- munities of Europe, since most foreign populations are much more stationary than our own. The English life tables, compiled by Dr. Farr, which have proved universally useful as- standards of good work in this direction, were usually calculated from the living population at two successive census enumerations and from the deaths occurring in the interven- ing period. The factor of migration, however, in an American State affects the accuracy of such a calculation ; hence a somewhat diff'erent method has been employed in constructing the following table, and a shorter period of five years has been selected. Massa- chusetts has an advantage not enjoyed by many communities in havino; an intervenino; State census five years after the national census, and this advantage is especially useful in any State whose population is far from stationary. The materials selected as the basis of the following table are the census of 1895, and the deaths, numbering 240,215, which were registered in the State in the five years 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896 and 1897. The mid-year of this period (1895) was the census year, and the census was taken very near the middle of that year (in the months of May and June) . The mean annual number of deaths at •each age is compared with the population maintained at such age. The limitations which affect the accuracy of a life table for Massa- chusetts are the following : — 1. TJie Effect of Migration. — The natural increase of the popu- lation, or that which results from the excess of births over deaths, has for many years constituted only a portion of the total increase VITAL STATISTICS. 15 from year to year. The census enumerations of 1890 and 1895 showed an increase of 261,240, of which number the excess of births formed only 36 per cent., the balance, 64 per cent., being the differ- ence between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants ; or, in other words, the effect of migration exceeded that of natural in- crease in the ratio of nearly 2 to 1. Moreover, the increment by means of immigration is not uniform at the different age periods, fully one-half of the immigrants being between fifteen and thirty years of age, while the numbers at the extremes of life are comparatively^ small. The following table presents the classified material out of which the life table is constructed : — Population of Massachusetts^ 1895, and Deaths, 1893-97. Population, 1895. Deaths, 1893-97. Age Periods. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. 0-5, 235,647* 118,453* 117,194* 78,779 42,710 36,069 5-10, . 224,119 112,296 111,823 6,730 3,345 3,385 10-15, . 202,900 101,574 101,326 3,460 1,655 1,805 15-20, 225,881 110,565 115,316 6,305 2,899 3,406 20-25, . 265,983 123,692 142,291 9,982 4,899 5,083 25-35, , 465,943 227,630 238,313 20,148 10,103 10,045 35-45, . 341,535 168,997 172,-538 18,832 9,610 9,222 45-55, . 245,586 118,417 127,169 19,377 9,895 9,482 55-65, . 157,651 72,766 84,885 22,334 11,278 11,056 65-75, . 90,088 41,040 49,048 25,561 12,694 12,867 75-85, . 35,405 15,460 19,945 20,547 9,675 10,872 85-95, 6,123 2,180 3,943 7,105 2,713 4,392 Over 95, . 308 77 231 559 152 407 Age unknown. 3,014 1,554 1,460 496 378 118 Total, 2,500,183 1,214,701 1.285,482 240,215 122,006 118,209 * The population figures in this line (0-5) were not used in the construction of the life table, but the figures employed were estimated from the registered births and the deaths under 5 years of age. 2. Defects of the Census. — Mr. Henry Gannett, in a paper contributed to the "Publications of the American Statistical Asso- ciation" (Vol. IV., p. 99), estimates a '' shortage in the census of 1890 of negro children of about a quarter of a million," and of the native white children "about the same." If this be correct, the entire shortage or deficiency in the total population, including that 16 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. among foreign whites, must leave at least a million unaccounted for in the United States. A careful examination of the last two census enumerations of Massachusetts (those of 1890 and 1895) shows that Mr. Gannett's estimate is probably none too large.* It is possible to supply the actual deficiency for the first four or five years of life, with some degree of accuracy, from the registered births ; but beyond this period of life it is hardly practicable to make estimates which are of greater value than mere conjectures. 3. The Practice of incorrectly reporting the Ages of the Living and the Dead. — This error is of two kinds : (a) It invariably hap- pens that greater numbers of persons are reported at the even ages, 20, 30, 40, etc. (both of the living and the dead), than at 19, 21, 29, 31, etc., in consequence of the common habit of using round numbers instead of oiving the more accurate ag-es. This is in a measure eliminated by employing the periods used in England, 25— 35, 35-45, etc., instead of 20-30, 30-40. (6) The habit, especially noted among unmarried females, of understating the ages of the living. This appears to a greater or less degree to be a common practice in all countries where census enumerations are made. 4. Defects in Birth and Death Registration. — These defects, so far as Massachusetts is concerned, are probably insignificant, and in this respect the material collected by the registration officers o± cities and towns compares favorably in its accuracy with that of foreign nations and communities having established systems of regis- tration. Great pains are taken in most of the municipalities to obtain accurate and full returns, since a pro rata fee is allowed to the local officers for them ; moreover, the certifiers of births and deaths (physicians, midwives and undertakers) are compelled, under penalty, to comply with the statutes requiring such returns. There is also a comparatively small number of persons included in the census whose sex and ages are unknown, and the same may be said of the registered deaths, the latter being probably mostly deaths of prematurely born infants, and a small number of bodies of unknown persons found dead. Certain comments and explanatory statements are necessary in relation to the construction of the following tables. * Mr. E. B. Elliott also assumes an approximate shortage for the first five years of life alone of 100,000 in the United States census of 1870. "Volume on Vital Statistics, page 522. , VITAL STATISTICS. 17 The figures for the first five years of life have been compiled from the births, and from the deaths which occurred among children under five years of age. The census figures for these five years were dis- regarded, for the reasons already stated in former reports, and in accordance with the common usage in other countries.* Dr. Farr says, in regard to this subject: " We can scarcely feel surprised to find, in the various censuses of Europe, errors in the statements of age, traceable to ambiguities of language. In the early years of life these mistakes demand attention, otherwise they may lead us into such grave mistakes as we have to notice." These well-known defects may be corrected without serious difficulty for the first years of life. An exact and accurate life table of any population or community can be made only by taking a definite number of persons, say 100,000 or 1,000,000 at birth, and following their life history, noting the age of each person at death, until the entire number has ceased to live. Such a process is impossible, especially in an American community, subject, as it is, to the variable eff'ect of migration. In view of this manifest impossibility, it is therefore necessary to construct an approximate table from such data as are accessible, bearing in mind the limitations, to which reference has been made, and making such corrections of errors as are customary in the con- struction of similar life tables for other communities. Starting with a hypothetical 1,000,000 or 100,000 births, this generation of per- sons of both sexes may be followed, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, to the extinction of the last survivor, at the age of one hundred or more, by the application of the rules which it is custom- ary to employ. In the case of Massachusetts we have selected the number 100,000 as the basis of the table, since this is the largest round number near the exact number of annual births in the State. The sexes at the time of birth are unequally distributed, the males being in the ratio of 51.350 and the females 48.650 out of each 100,000 born during the period selected for the construction of the table. These numbers are therefore taken as the numbers at birth of the two sexes, out of the hypothetical 100,000 born. In order to eliminate the effects of epidemic years or of abnormal conditions existing in the census year 1895, the mean annual deaths * Twenty-sixth Annual Report Massachusetts Board of Health, page liv ; also Dr. Farr's Vital Statistics, Memorial volume, page 207. 18 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. of the five years 1893-97 are employed to obtain the death-rates at each year of life. In the English life tables it has been customary to estimate the population at the middle of a given year for life-table purposes, the census being taken on the first of April. The State census of Massachusetts being taken at a time quite near the middle of the year, no allowance has been made for the few days elapsing between the time of such taking and the mid-year, since such allow- ance would at most only afiect the second place of decimals in a death-rate expressed as a ratio per 1,000 living of a given age. Moreover, the population enumerated in May, near the middle of a five-year period, differs much less from the actual mean than that which is taken near the middle of a ten-year period, as compared with a mean of the two extremes of such period. Dr. Billings says, in his introductory remarks in the twelfth volume of the tenth census, 1880 (page cxliii) : "The preparation for any given locality, race or occupation, in this country ^ of a life table which shall accurately represent the tendency to death or the probability of survival at each age, is practically impossible, because of the want of accuracy in the necessary data, and because of the irregular migrations of the population. It should be clearly under- stood that all tables of vital statistics, including data derived from large numbers of people, even when these are obtained by the most accurate census possible, and by the most complete system of regis- tration which can be enforced, give probabilities only, and that scientific accuracy in this field is practically unattainable." The foregoing remarks apply with less force to Massachusetts than to the United States as a whole, since our own State has had a system of registration in existence since 1842, the results of which may now be considered as fairly accurate. Dr. Billings therefore pub- lishes an approximate life table in the volume referred to for Massa- chusetts and for certain other communities, from such data as were obtainable for the census year 1880. In the life table on pages 822-826 pains have been taken to make it as accurate as possible from the data at hand. The compiler is entirely responsible for whatever errors or inaccuracies it may contain. One hundred thousand infants, followed throughout their first year during the period named, in Massachusetts, yield 90,250 years of life. To obtain this mean of the infants living throughout the first year, the following method was employed : — VITAL STATISTICS. 19 All of the deaths of infants under one month old which occurred in the years 1893-97 were tabulated from the mortality returns in the office of the Secretary of State, also those of infants who died in the second and the third months of life separately, then those of infants who died in the three succeeding months of life (3-6) in one group, and then those who died in the succeeding six months in another group. From these data, and from the births registered in the five years ending with June 30, 1897, the figures for the first year of life were calculated after the method shown by Dr. Farr in his life table No. 3, page xxiii. The foregoing mean, 90,250 (the arithmetical mean of the series Zq, ?y^2, ?2/i2 . . . Zj* is used as the first term of column P (see tables 1 and 2). All of the succeeding terms in the column for the years 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., are the means of the terms in the preceding col- umn L, usins the formula P, ''x'T- 'x + l The total number of persons living under five years of age in the State in 1895, as stated by the census, was 235,647 ; but the number as calculated from the living births in these years was 294,604, or 58,957 more than the figures of the census would indicate. No allowance is made in this estimate for migration, which would slightly increase the diflTerence. The effect of migration at this period of life, however, is much less than at later ages, especially from fifteen to thirty years. Population tinder 5 Years. Statb Census op 1895. Calculated from the Births and Deaths under 5. Difference. Males, Females, . • v^ • . • 118,453 117,194 149,582 145,022 31,129 27,828 235,647 294,604 58,957 Description of the Tables. In tables 1 and 2, column x, ages, presents the ages for each sex from birth up to 100 years. Column d^ presents the numbers of those dying in each age of life for each sex. 20 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. Column l^ presents the survivors of each sex, out of 100,000 of both sexes, at each age of life, beginning with 51,350 males and 48,650 females at birth. Column P^ presents the population maintained by the numbers in column l^. Column Q^ shows the aggregate number of years which the per- sons at each age in the table will live, until their extinction by death. Column ^^ ( r= — ) is the mean future life time of the persons living at each age in the table, the expectation of life. Column m^, (Table 3), the mortality column, presents the mor- tality per unit of the population at each age of life, the figures being obtained by dividing the deaths in each age by the population at such ages, the proper corrections and interpolations having been applied. From this column {m.^) the probability of living at each year of age {j:)^) (Table 3) is obtained by the formula ^p,, = ^ — ~ 2 -f- niy. applied to each year of the series. Column J^ is obtained by the formula l^ XJ^x — h-i^i^ ^^^ column JP^ is obtained by the formula J^JJlJttl. What may he learned from these Tables. It appears that, out of 100,000 children born alive in Massachu- setts in 1895, 16,000, or nearly one-sixth, die before arriving at the age of one year ; 78,963, or nearly four-fifths, attain the age of three years ; 77,051 survive the age of five years, or 77 per cent. ; 50,126, or a little more than one-half, attain the age of fifty-three years ; 25,406, or a little more than one-fourth, live to the age of seventy- two years. These figures present very decided differences as compared with those which were published for 1855 by Mr. E. B. Elliott (sixteenth Massachusetts Registration Report, 1857). In those reports it was shown that the numbers dying before the close of the first year out of 100,000 born were 15,510, or very nearly the same as those for the year 1895 for the same age. At the end of three years the sur- vivors were only 74 per cent., instead of 79 per cent., as in 1895, and that one-half had died before the close of the forty-first year, instead of surviving to the fifty-third, as in 1895. In consequence of the fact that the numbers of each sex are un- equal at birth, the males continue in greater numbers until the fifty- VITAL STATISTICS. 21 third year, when the greater death-rate of the males has reduced their number below that of the females, and the females continue in excess throughout the remainder of life. Observing the table more closely, it appears that the comparative intensity of the dc ath-rate of the sexes varies at different points in the table. For the first five years the death-rate of males exceeds that of females. From age five to age nineteen inclusive the rate of females exceeds that of males, and from age twenty to the end of life the death-rate of females is less than that of males. In Table 3 are presented two columns in which are shown the probability of living one year from each age and the mortality per unit of the population at each year. At birth the probability of living a year is for males .82569 and for females .84939, that of boys at birth being about the same as for men of eighty-six, and that of girls about the same as that of women at eighty-six or eighty-seven. The probability of living a year is at its highest point for bojs at age twelve (.99722), and for girls it is about the same forage eleven as at age twelve (.99695 and .99693). A comparison of the death-rates of Massachusetts at different periods presents certain points worthy of notice. The death-rate of children under five and especially of those under one year of age has not undergone very marked changes (see table) ; but that of all ages from five to forty has very perceptibly dimin- ished, while that of ages above forty has increased. This result has been produced by the great reduction in the number of deaths from infectious diseases, including consumption, which occur in the early period of life, from two years up to thirty. By this means a much larger ratio of the population than formerly survives to live through- out the useful and wage-earning period of life. This causes a ma- terial increase in the number of years lived at the later ages of life. These persons being spared from the diseases incident to childhood, the relative moitality from the diseases of adult life and of old age is naturally increased. This decided increase in the number of survivors throughout the useful ages of life has a marked effect upon the vitality of the popu- lation. It is undoubtedly due in no small degree to the increased attention which has everywhere been given in the past twenty- five years to public hygiene. The population of almost any one of the United States differs essentially from the more stationary populations of the old world in the fact that it is constantly being recruited by the addition of con- 22 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. siderable numbers of immigrants at the healthy ages of life. These additions constitute a selected clasSk, not only on account of their age distribution (50 per cent, are between tlie ages of fifteen and thirty), but also because many of the weaklings must be left behind, in con- sequence not only of their inability to become wage-earners but on account of the exclusive action of the immigration laws.* One consequence of this? is the comparatively large number of persons at the later ages of life, an eflect which has been produced by the long continuance of immigration. Data for Construction op Diagram of Survivors. Table showing Survivors at Different Ages of Life out oj 10,000 born. Sweden — f 1881-90. England and Wales —J Massachu- setts— Massachu- setts — § 1855. Spain— II 1878-82. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100^ 10,000 8,895 8,586 8,399 8,258 7,882 7,713 7,551 7,338 7,109 6,876 6,628 6,349 6,043 5,687 5,239 4,658 3,900 2,948 1,872 894 275 10,000 8,536 8,067 7,878 7,758 7,495 7,423 7,281 7,090 6,844 6,550 6,216 5,839 5,405 4,891 4,275 3,534 2,684 1,786 970 388 100 14 10,000 8,400 8,054 7,896 7,786 7,487 7,366 7,167 6,906 6,615 6,308 5,988 5,651 5,275 4,821 4,272 3,622 2,869 2,042 1,266 654 259 67 10,000 8,449 7,733 7,424 7,258 6,873 6,726 6,437 6,100 5,748 5,408 5,078 4,748 4,409 4,022 3,597 3,065 2,475 1,833 1,059 437 118 20.5 2.2 10,000 8,083 7,060 6,433 6,161 5,747 5,602 5,413 5,164 4,008 4,596 4,378 4,088 3,765 3,381 2,914 2,327 1,666 997 465 149 40 * "If on examination there shall be found among such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot or any person unable to take care of himself or herself, without becoming a public charge, . . . such person shall not be permitted to land." (Extract from immigration act of Aug. 3, 1882, section 2.) t For convenience of comparison with Mr. Elliott's table of 1855, the figures of this table are reduced to a scale of 10,000, while the diagram is made upon a scale of 100,000. J Fifty-fifth Report of Registrar General. Supplement, vol. 1, page xiv. Vol. 10, part 1, page 75. § Sixteenth Registration Report, Massachusetts, 1857. II Bulletin de I'inetitut international de statistique. Note. — In consequence of corrections made after the construction of the diagram on page 819, the line for MasBachusetts survivors, 1893-97, should be placed one to two millimeters lower, after age 15. VITAL STATISTICS. 23 /oooo - 24 STATE BOAED OF HEALTH. The preceding table and diagram present the numbers of survivors at each of several age periods in Sweden, England, Spain and Massa- chusetts (in the latter for the year 1855 and for the period of 1893-97) . Sweden is selected as a country having a very low death-rate, and also because it is occasionally selected as a standard of a healthy population. Spain, on the contrary, has a high death-rate, chiefly due to excessive mortality in the early years of life. In consequence of the close contiguity of the lines in the first five years of life, the figures for the first five years are given upon a separate diagram, in which the divisions representing the age periods are increased ten-fold. A brief review of the life tables of Massachusetts shows that quite marked changes have taken place from year to year in the life his- tory of the population. The earliest life table in existence pertaining to the population of Massachusetts is that of Edward Wigglesworth, D.D., of Harvard University, made from records of bills of mortality collected prior to 1789.* The total number of deaths employed in the construction of this table was 4,893. Its defects consisted mainly in the limited numbers used for com- putation, in the crude method of recording the ages of the popula- tion by the first census (in five periods only, all under 10, 10-16, 16-26, 26-45, and all over 45), and in the fact that the table w^as framed on the assumption of a stationary population. This table was for many years an authority in the courts of the Commonwealth. In 1855 a table for Massachusetts was published in the Sixteenth Registration Report (1857) by the eminent statistician, Mr. E. B. Elliott. This table is calculated from 16,086 deaths, which occurred in 166 towns of Massachusetts in the year 1855. f In the tenth census of the United States, Vol. 12, part 2, pp. 773- 791, Dr. Billings publishes approximate life tables for the population of Massachusetts and other States, and for certain cities. Those of Massachusetts are for the white population of the State, and for the census year 1880, comprising 31,341 deaths, and also for the whole population of the State for the five years ended June 30, 1882, and comprising 171,639 deaths. * Published in the second volume of the " Transactions of the American Academy," 1793. t The calculation was limited to the returns of these 166 towns, since the system of registra- tion then in practice in the State was not believed to be " sufficiently complete to furnish data for a lile table for the whole State." These 166 towns constituted two-thirds of the population of the State in 1855 (Sixteenth Registration Report, Massachusetts, page 199). VITAL STATISTICS. 25 The statement of Dr. Josiah Curtis in the Sixteenth Registration Report of Massachusetts (1857)* as to the value of life tables is worthy of note. He says : " There are weightier reasons for desir- ing correct information concerning the comparative mortality of our communities. The governing powers and enlightened statesmen are enabled better to discharge their high and responsible duties to the people by a correct knowledge of the physical powers, possessions and resources of the inhabitants. . . . The Christian philanthropist and sanitarian will be enabled to give some definiteness and efficiency to their labors, by a correct knowledge of where, and to what pur- pose, the laws which prevail over life and death teach them to direct their laudable efforts. The question here forcibly arises, Have the records of registration in Massachusetts, or in any considerable portion thereof, ever been sufficiently complete to enable any one to determine with reliable accuracy what law" or laws do prevail over the mortality of the inhabitants of the State, or such portions of it? We consider this question, and its answer, taken in their broader sense .and application, as the most important practical con- sideration connected with our system of registration, and it affords extreme gratification to be able to give an affirmative answer to the question. Aside from its intrinsic value, it is creditable to the State of Massachusetts, because it is the first instance where such data have been thus furnished and thus used in any considerable community on this continent. The great practical results in the variety of their applications of such laborious deductions will furnish, not only im- mediately, but for years to come, the government and intelligent statesmen as well as others, with the means of determining many social and political questions of high practical value hitherto un- determinable." * Page 197. 26 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. Table No. 1. — Males. X. Dying In Each Year of Age. Born and Surviving at Eacli Age. Population or Years of Life lived in Each Year of Age. Years of Life Lived in and above Each Year of Age. Q. Expectation of Ijife at Each Year of Age. I 10, 11, 12| 13 14i 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 2^ 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 8.849 51,350 46,343 2,264,048 1,794 42,501 41,604 2,217,705 818 40,707 40,298 2,176,101 559 39,889 39,609 2,1.35,803 424 39,330 39,118 2,096,194 316 38,906 38,748 2,057,076 252 38,590 38,464 2,018,328 205 38.338 38,235 1,979,864 170 38,133 38,048 1,941,629 146 37,963 37,890 1,903,581 123 37,817 37,755 1,865,691 110 37,694 37,639 1,S27,936 104 37,584 37.532 1,790,297 ni 37.480 37,424 1,7.52,765 135 37,369 37,301 1,715,341 159 37,234 37,154 1,678,040 181 37,075 36,984 1,640,886 195 3fi.8B4 36,796 1,603,902 211 36,699 36,593 1,667,106 226 30,488 36,375 1,530,513 241 36,262 36,141 1,494,138 255 36,021 35,893 1,457,997 268 35,766 35,632 1,422,104 280 35,498 35,358 1,386,472 289 35,218 35,073 1,351,114 296 34,929 34,781 1,316,041 301 34,633 34,482 1,281.260 305 34,332 34,179 1,246,778 309 34,027 33,872 1,212,599 313 33,718 33,561 1,178,727 316 33,405 33,247 1,145,166 318 33,089 32,930 1,111,919 319 32,771 32,611 1,07«,989 319 32,452 32,292 1,046,378 320 82,133 31,973 1,014,086 322 31,813 31,652 982,113 325 31,491 31,328 950,461 328 31,166 31,002 919,133 331 30,838 30,672 888,131 334 30,507 30,340 857,459 337 30,173 30,004 827,119 341 29,836 29,665 797,115 346 29,495 29,322 767,450 352 29,149 28,973 738,128 359 28,797 28,617 709,155 368 28,438 28,254 680,538 379 28,070 27,880 652.284 393 27,691 27,494 624,404 410 27,298 27,093 596,910 429 26,888 26,673 569,817 VITAL STATISTICS. 27 MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. Based on the Mortality of the Five Yeaks, 1893-97. Table No, 1. — Males — Concluded. Age. Dying In Each Year Born and Surviving at Popiilation ■>r Years of Life lived in Each Years of Life Lived in and above Each Expectation ot Life at Each Year of of Age. Each Age. Year of Age. Year of Age. Age. X. 4. h. A. Q.. K. 50 448 26,469 26,235 643,144 20.63 51 466 26,011 25,778 516,909 19.87 52' 483 25,545 26,303 491,131 19.23 53 602 25,062 24,811 465,828 18.59 5*, 520 24,560 24,300 441,017 17.96 55 639 24,040 23,770 416,717 17.33 56, 561 23,501 23,220 392,947 16.72 57 585 22,940 22,647 369,727 16.12 58 608 22,355 22,051 347,080 15.63 59, ..... . 636 21,747 21,429 326,029 14.95 60 659 21,111 20,781 303,600 14.38 61 677 20,452 20,113 282,819 13.83 62 691 19,775 19,429 262,706 13.28 63 709 19,084 18,729 243,277 12.75 6*; 729 18,375 18,010 224,548 12.22 65, 748 17,646 17,272 206,538 11.70 66, 769 16,898 16,513 189,266 11.20 67 789- 16,129 15,734 172,753 10.71 68, 810 15,340 14,936 157,019 10.24 69, ..... . 827 14,530 14,116 142,084 9.78 70 840 13,705 13,283 127,968 9.34 71' 845 12,863 12,440 114,685 8.92 72 847 12,018 11,594 102,245 8.51 73 ..... . 842 11,171 10,750 90,651 8.11 ^< 831 10,329 9,913 79,901 7.74 75 816 9,498 9,090 69,988 7.37 76 794 8,682 8,285 60,898 7,01 77 ..... . 769 7,888 7,503 52,613 6.67 78 741 7,119 6,748 45,110 6.34 79; 707 6,378 6,024 38,362 6.01 80 672 5,671 6,335 32,338 5.70 81 ..... . 632 4,999 4,683 27,003 5.40 82 ..... . 590 4,367 4,072 22,320 5.11 83 ..... . 546 3,777 3,504 18,248 4.83 8*; 499 3,231 2,981 14,744 4.66 85, 462 2,732 2,506 11,763 4.31 86 402 2,280 2,079 9,257 4.06 87 363 1,878 1,701 7,178 3.82 88 307 1,525 1,371 5,477 3.69 89, 263 1,218 1,086 4,106 3.37 90, ..... . 220 955 845 3,020 3.16 91 181 735 644 2,175 2.96 92 ..... . 146 554 481 1,531 2.76 93 ..... . 116 408 350 1,050 2.57 94; ..... . 88 292 248 700 2.40 95 66 204 171 462 2.22 48 138 114 281 2.04 97 83 90 73 167 1.86 98 23 67 45 94 1.65 99, 15 34 26 49 1.44 100 9 19 14 23 1.21 28 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. Table No. 2. — Females. X. Dyiws in Each Year of Age. Rorn and Surviving at Each Age. Population or Years of Life lived in Kach Year of Age. P. Years of Life Lived in and al)ove Eacii Y'ear of Age. Q. 7,151 1,662 763 544 385 318 250 208 170 147 129 113 113 123 146 172 195 206 218 230 241 251 255 261 265 269 274 278 282 286 290 294 297 301 302 306 308 312 315 318 320 324 326 329 332 335 346 354 367 379 48,650 41,499 39,837 39,074 38,530 38,145 37,827 37,577 37,371 37,201 37,054 36,925 36,812 36,699 36,576 36,430 36,258 36,063 35,857 35,639 35,409 35,108 34,917 34,662 34,401 34,136 33,867 33,593 33,315 33,033 32,747 32,457 32.163 31,866 31,565 31,263 30,957 30,649 30,337 30,022 29,704 29,384 29,060 28,734 28,405 28,073 27,738 27,.392 27,038 26,671 43,907 2,267,469 40,668 2,223,562 39,455 2,182,894 38,802 2,143,439 38,337 2,104,637 37,986 2,066,300 37,702 2,028.314 37,474 1,990,612 37,286 1,953,138 37,127 1,915,852 36.990 1,878,725 36,868 1,841,735 36,755 1,804,867 36,637 1,768,112 36,503 1,731,475 36,344 1,691,972 36,160 1,6.58,623 35,960 1,622,468 35,748 1,5S6,.508 35,524 1,550,760 35,283 1,51.5,236 35,042 1,479,948 34,790 1,444,906 S4,.53l 1,410,116 34,268 1,375,585 34,001 1,341,317 33,7.30 1,307,316 33,454 1,273,586 33,174 1,240,132 32,890 1,206,958 32,602 1,174,068 32,310 1,141,466 32,014 1,109,156 31,715 1,077,142 31,414 1,045,427 31,110 1,014,013 30,803 982,903 30,493 952,100 30,180 921,607 29,863 891,427 29,544 861,564 29,222 832,020 28,8y7 802.798 28,570 773,901 28,239 745,331 27,905 717,092 27,565 689,187 27,215 661,622 26,8.54 634,407 26,481 607,553 VITAL STATISTICS. 29 MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. Table No. 2. — Ferkales — Concluded. Dying in Born and Population or Years of Life Years of Life Lived in and Expectation of Life at Age. Each Year Surviving at lived in Each above Each Each Year of of Age. Each Age. Year of Age. Year of Age. Age. X. 4. L P.. Qr. K. 50, 395 26,292 26,094 581,072 22.10 51 410 25,897 25,692 654,978 21.43 52 423 25,487 25,275 529,286 20.77 53 ..... . 437 26,064 24,845 504,011 20.11 54; ..... . 457 24,627 24,398 479,168 19.46 55, . . . . . . 476 24,170 23,932 454,768 18. SI 58 •■ . ... 494 23>694 23,447 430,836 18.18 57 512 23,200 22,944 407,389 17.56 58 530 22,688 22,423 384,445 16.95 59; 650 22,168 21,883 362,022 16.34 60 572 21,608 21,322 340,139 16.74 61 688 21,036 20,742 318,817 15.16 62 606 20,448 20,145 298,075 14.58 63, 625 19,842 19,630 277,930 14.01 6*1 644 19,217 18,895 258,400 13.45 65, ..... . 665 18,573 18,240 239,505 12.90 66 689 17,908 17,563 221,265 12.36 67 715 17,219 16,861 203,702 11.83 68 743 16,504 16,132 186,841 11.32 69; 771 16,761 15,375 170,709 10.83 70, 793 14,990 14,693 155,334 10.38 71 ..... . 809 14,197 13,792 140,741 9.91 72 821 13,388 12,977 126,949 S.48 73 825 12,667 12,154 113,972 9.07 J< 824 11,742 11,330 101,818 8.67 75, ..... . 818 10,918 10,609 90,488 8.29 76 ..... . 806 10,100 9,697 79,979 7.92 77 790 9,294 8,899 70,282 7.56 78 768 8,504 8,120 61,383 7.22 ?9; 742 7,736 7,365 53,263 6.89 80, ..... . 711 6,994 6,638 45,898 6.66 81 ..... . 678 6,283 5,944 39,260 6.25 82 ..... . 640 6,605 5,285 33,318 5.94 83 600 4,965 4,665 28,031 5.65 8*; 569 4,365 4,085 23,366 5.35 85, 518 3,806 3,547 19,281 5.07 86 476 3,288 3,050 16,734 4.79 87. ..... . 434 2,812 2,595 12,684 4.61 88 393 2,378 2,181 10,089 4.33 89, 351 1,985 1,810 7,908 3.98 90, 310 1,634 1,479 6,098 3.73 91 270 1,324 1,189 4,619 3.49 92' ..... . 232 1,064 938 3,430 3.25 93 194 822 725 2,492 3.03 9*; 160 628 648 1,767 2.81 95 129 468 403 1,219 2.60 96 100 339 289 816 2.41 97 77 239 200 527 2.20 §S; : : : : ; : 56 162 134 327 2.02 , 40 107 87 193 1.80 100, 27 67 63 106 1.58 30 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. Table No. 3. ■mx. Px. Age. m^. P.. Age. ANNUAL JMORTALITT Probabilitt of Annual Mortality Phobability of PER UNIT AT Each LIVING One Year per unit at Each living vE Year Year of Age. FROM Each Age. X. Year of Age. FROM Each Aqk. X. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 0, . . 1 .19095 .16287 .82569 .84939 50, . . .01708 .01514 .98307 .98488 .04313 .04087 .95778 .95995 51 . . .01S08 .01596 .98208 .98417 1 ■ • • 1; : : 4, . . .02030 .01933 .97990 .98085 52; . . .01909 .01674 .98109 .98340 .01411 .01403 .98599 .98607 53, . . .02023 .01759 .97997 .98266 .01084 .01004 .98922 .99001 54; . . .02140 .01873 .97888 .98144 5, . . 6, . . 7, . . 8, . • 9, . . .00815 .00835 .99188 .99168 55, . . .02268 .01989 .97758 .98031 .00655 .00663 .99347 .99339 56, . . .02416 .02107 .97613 .97915 .00536 .00550 .99464 .99452 57 . . .02583 .02231 .97450 .97793 .00447 .00456 .99556 .99646 58, ■ . .02757 .02364 .97280 .97664 .00386 .00396 .99616 .99606 59, . . .02968 .02513 .97075 .97518 10. . . 11, . • 12 . . 13, . . 14, . . .00326 .00349 .99675 .99652 60, . . .03171 .02683 ,96878 .97353 .00292 .00306 .99709 .99695 61 . . .03366 .02835 .96689 .97205 .00277 .00307 .99722 .99693 62 . . .03557 .03008 .96505 .97037 .00297 .00336 .99703 .99665 63, ■ . .03786 .03200 .96285 .96850 .00362 .00400 .99640 .99601 64; . . .04048 .03408 .96032 .96648 15, . . 16 . . 17, . 18, . . 19, . . .00428 .00473 .99573 .99528 65, . . .04331 .03646 .95761 .96419 .00489 .00539 .99511 .99464 66, . . .04657 .03923 .95449 .96152 .00530 .00573 .99471 .99429 67 . . .05015 .04241 .96107 .95848 .00577 .00610 .99426 .99392 68, . . .05424 .04606 .94719 .95498 .00621 .00647 .99381 .99356 69, . . .05859 .05015 .94307 .95108 20, . . 21, . . 22, . . 23, . . 2*; . . .00667 .00683 .99335 .99320 70, . . .06324 .05434 .93869 .94710 .00710 .00716 .99292 .99286 71 . . .06793 .05866 .93430 .94301 .00752 .00733 .99251 .99268 72, . . .07306 .06327 .92951 .93867 .00792 .00756 .99212 .99249 73 . . .07833 .06788 .92462 .93435 .00824 .00773 .99179 .99230 74; . . .08383 .07273 .91964 .92983 25, . . 26, . . 27, . . 28, . . 29, . . .00851 .00791 .99153 .99212 75, . . .08977 .07784 .91409 .92508 .00873 .00812 .99131 .99192 76 . . .09584 .08312 .90854 .92020 .00892 .00831 .99112 .99170 77 . . . 10249 .08877 .90261 .91500 .00912 .00850 .99092 .99154 78 . . .10981 .09458 .89591 .90969 .00933 .00870 .99072 .99134 79; . . .11736 .10075 .88915 .90408 30, . . 31 . . 32, . . 33, . . 34; . . .00950 .00890 .99054 .99114 80, . . .12596 .10711 .88150 .89834 .00966 .00910 .99039 .99094 81 . . .13496 .11406 .87357 .89209 .00978 .00928 .99026 .99077 82 . . .14489 .12110 .86490 .88581 .00988 .00949 .99017 .99055 83, • . .15582 .12862 .85544 .87915 .01001 .00961 .99004 .99043 84; . . .16739 .13684 .84554 .87192 35, . • 36 . . 37, . . 38, • . 39; . . .01017 .00984 .98988 .99021 85, . .18037 .14604 .8.3455 .86390 .01037 .01000 .98968 .99006 86 . .19336 .15607 .82369 .85523 .01058 .01023 .98948 .98982 87 . . .20752 .16724 .81199 .84667 .01079 .01044 .98927 .98962 88, . .22392 .18019 .79863 .83470 .01101 .01063 .98905 .98942 89, . ■ .24217 ,19392 .78399 .82322 40, . . 41, . . 42; . . 43, . . 44, . . .01123 .01083 .98881 .98923 90, . • .26036 .20960 .76963 .81028 .01150 .01109 .98857 .98897 91 . . .28106 .22708 ,75357 .79607 .01180 .01128 .98827 .98878 92 . . .30353 .24733 .73617 .77989 .01215 ,01152 .98792 .98855 93, • .83143 .26759 .71569 .76399 .01255 .01176 .98753 .98831 94; . . .35484 .29197 .69663 .74522 45, . . 46 . . 47, . . 48 . . 49, . . .01302 .01200 .98706 .98802 95, . . .38596 .32010 .67647 .72406 .01359 .01255 .98650 .98753 96 . . .42105 .34602 .65218 .70502 .01430 .01301 .98581 .98708 97 . . .45206 .38500 .63128 .67715 .01513 .01367 .98498 .9864:^ 98 . • .51111 .41045 .59292 .65944 .01608 .01431 .98404 .98679 99; . . .67692 .45977 .56224 .62617 100, • . .64286 .50943 .51361 .69399 VITAL STATISTICS. 31 The following table presents the mean annual death-rates at each of thirteen periods or groups of years, beginning with birth, for the five years ( 1893-97) . To these are added as a matter of convenience the death-rates at certain other groups (1-4, 0-9, etc.). Table l^o. 4. Mean Annual Death-rates at Certain Periods of Life. Persons. Males. Females. Age Periods. Persons. Males. Females. Age Teriods. Death-rate at Each Period. Death-rate at Each Period. Death-rate at Each Period. Death-rate at Each Period. Death-rate at Each Period. Death-rate at Each Period. 0-4, . 56.23 60.12 52.22 45-54, . 15.78 16.67 14.88 5-9, . 5.76 5.69 5.82 55-64, . 28.18 30.42 26.00 10-14, . 3.25 3.11 3.40 65-74, . 55.34 59.67 51.37 15-19, . 5.48 5.29 5.68 75-84, . 107.22 116.20 99.88 20-24, . 7.40 7.48 7.32 85-94, . 199.71 223.50 184.81 25-34, . 9.06 9.33 8.78 95-f 384.43 429.20 367.07 35-44, . 10.97 11.19 10.74 Additional Groups or Periods. 1-4, . 21.86 22.38 21.33 1-19, . 8.61 8.62 8.60 0-9, . 31.93 33.97 29.83 20-59, . •. 12.24 12.73 11.74 1-9, . 13.10 13.31 12.89 60 and over, 66.29 69.50 63.42 0-14, . 22.73 24.09 21.35 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 821 183 6 •